ILLUSTRATION LIST.

VOLUME 1.

Photographs and etchings.

Illustration..................Artist

ICHABOD CRANE (colored).......E.A. ABBEY

CONSTANCE DE BEVERLEY................TOBY ROSENTHAL

LADY BOUNTIFUL.......................ROB. W. MACBETH

SYDNEY CARTON........................FREDERICK BARNARD

BERNHARDT AS CLEOPATRA...............From a Life Photograph

ABBÉ CONSTANTIN......................MADELEINE LEMAIRE

CAPTAIN CUTTLE.......................FRED BARNARD

THE RELIABLE ECKART....................JULIUS ADAM

ELAINE...............................TOBY ROSENTHAL

Wood engravings and typographs.

ABELARD..............................A. GUILLEMINOT

ÆNEAS SHARING HIS STORY WITH DIDO....P. GUÉRIN

ALBERICH'S PURSUIT OF THE NIBELUNGEN RING...HANS MAKART

ALETHE, PRIESTESS OF ISIS............EDWIN LONG

ALEXIS AND DORA......................W. VON KAULBACH

ALICE, THE MILLER'S DAUGHTER.........DAVIDSON KNOWLES

THE RIME OF THE ANCIENT MARINER................GUSTAVE DORÉ

ANDROMEDA

ANGÉLIQUE AND MONSEIGNEUR DE HAUTECOEUR...JEANNIOT

ANGUS AND DONALD.....................W.B. DAVIS

ANTIGONE AND ISMENE..................EMIL TESCHENDORFF

ANTONY AND THE DEAD CAESAR...........

ARCHIMEDES...........................NIC BARABINO

ARGAN AND DR. DIAFOIRUS...........A. SOLOMON

ASHTON (LUCY) AND RAVENSWOOD.........SIR EVERETT MILLAIS

ATALA (BURIAL OF)....................GUSTAVE COURTOIS

AUGUSTA IN COURT.....................A. FORESTIER

AUTOMEDON............................HENRI REGNAULT

Balaustion...........................F.H. Lungren

BALDERSTONE (CALEB) AND MYSIE.......GEORGE HAY

BAREFOOT (LITTLE)....................F. VON THELEN-RÜDEN

Barkis is willing... C.J. Staniland

BAUDIN (THE DEATH OF)................J.-P. LAURENS

BAYARD (THE KNIGHT)...............LARIVIÈRE

BEDREDEEN HASSAN (MARRIAGE OF) AND NOUREDEEN...F. CORMON

BELLENDEN (LADY) AND MAUSE HEADRIGG..WM. DOUGLAS

BENEDICK AND BEATRICE................HUGHES MERLE

BIRCH (HARVEY), THE PEDDLER-SPY.....

BLANCHELYS (QUEEN) AND THE PILGRIM...J. NOEL PATON

BOABDIL-EL-CHICO'S FAREWELL TO GRENADA...E. CORBOULD

BOADICEA.............................THOS. STOTHARD

BONNICASTLE (ARTHUR) AND MILLIE BRADFORD...

BOTTOM AND TITANIA...................SIR EDWIN LANDSEER

BRABANT (GENEVIÈVE DE)...............ERNST BOSCH

BRÄSIG, LINING AND MINING...CONRAD BECKMANN

BROOKING'S (JOHN) STUDIO.............A. FORESTIER

César (The Death of).................J.L. Gérôme

CANTERBURY PILGRIMS (THE)............THOS. STOTHARD; WM. BLAKE

CAREW (FRANCIS) DISCOVERING DERRICK'S BODY... HAL LUDLOW

Carmen...............................J. Koppay

CATARINA

CHARLES IX. ON THE EVE OF ST. BARTHOLOMEW...P. GROTJOHANN

CHARLOTTE CORDAY AND MARAT..........JULES AVIAT

CHATTERTON'S HOLIDAY AFTERNOON.......W.B. MORRIS

CHILDREN (THE) IN THE WOOD...........J. SANT

CHILLON (THE PRISONER OF)............

CHRISTIAN ENTERING THE VALLEY OF HUMILIATION...F.R. PICKERSGILL

CINDERELLA AND THE FAIRY GODMOTHER..GUSTAVE DORÉ

CIRCE AND HER PIGS..................BRITON RIVIÈRE

CLARA (DONNA) AND ALMANZOR.........

CLARA, JACQUES, AND ARISTIDE..........ADRIEN MARIE

CLAUDIO AND ISABELLA.................HOLMAN HUNT

COLUMBUS AND HIS EGG.................LEO. REIFFENSTEIN

CONSUELO

COSETTE..............................G. GUAY

COSTIGAN (CAPTAIN)...................F. BARNARD

COVERLEY (SIR ROGER DE) COMING FROM CHURCH...CHAS. R. LESLIE

CYMON AND IPHIGENIA..................SIR FREDERICK LEIGHTON

Daphnis and Chloe....................Gérard

DARBY AND JOAN IN HIGH-LIFE..........C. DENDY SADLER

D'ARTAGNAN

DEANS (EFFIE) AND HER SISTER IN THE PRISON...R. HERDMAN

DERBLAY (MADAME) STOPS THE DUEL......EMILE BAYARD

DIDO ON THE FUNERAL PYRE.............E. KELLER

DOMBEY (PAUL AND FLORENCE)

EGMONT AND CLÄRCHEN..................C. HUEBERLIN

ELECTRA..............................E. Teschendorff

ELIZABETH AND MARY STUART............W. VON KAULBACH

ELIZABETH, THE LANDGRAVE...........THEODOR PIXIS

ELLEN, THE LADY OF THE LAKE..........J. ADAMS-ACTON

ELLIE (KID).......................

ERMINIA AND THE SHEPHERDS............DOMENICHINO

ESMERALDA............................G. BRION

ESTE (LEONORA D') AND TASSO..........W. VON KAULBACH

EVANGELINE...........................EDWIN DOUGLAS

Eve's Farewell to Paradise - E. Westall

CHARACTER SKETCHES OF ROMANCE, FICTION, AND THE DRAMA.

A'RON, a Moor, loved by Tam'ora, queen of the Goths, in the tragedy of Titus Andron'icus, published among the plays of Shakespeare (1593).

(The classic name is Andronicus, but the character in this play is completely made up.)

Aaron (St.), a British martyr from the City of Legions (Newport, in South Wales). He was torn apart by order of Maximian'us Hercu'lius, a general in Britain in Diocle'tian's army. Two churches were established in the City of Legions, one dedicated to St. Aaron and the other to his fellow martyr, St. Julius. Newport was known as Caerleon by the British.

Aaz'iz (3 syl.), which is one name for the queen of Sheba or Saba; however, in the Quran, she is referred to as Balkis (ch. xxvii.).

Abad'don, an angel from the bottomless pit (Rev. ix. 11). The name comes from the Hebrew word abad, meaning "lost," which translates to the lost one. Klopstock introduces two other angels in The Messiah with similar names, but they shouldn't be confused with the angel mentioned in Rev.; one is Obaddon, the angel of death, and the other is Abbad'ona, the repentant devil.

Ab'aris, to whom Apollo gave a golden arrow to ride through the air.—See Dictionary of Phrase and Fable.

Abbad'ona, who was once a friend of Ab'diel, was reluctantly pulled into Satan's rebellion. In hell, he constantly mourned his downfall and criticized Satan for his arrogance and blasphemy. He made it clear to everyone that he would have nothing to do with Satan's plan to kill the Messiah, and during the crucifixion, he hovered around the cross filled with regret, hope, and fear. We don't know his ultimate fate, but when Satan and Adramelech are sent back to hell, Obaddon, the angel of death, says—

"For you, Abbadona, I have no orders. I don't know how long you are allowed to stay on earth, nor if you'll get to witness the resurrection of the Lord of glory... but don't be fooled, you won't be able to see Him with the joy of the redeemed." "But let me see Him, let me see Him!"—Klopstock, The Messiah, xiii.

Abberville (Lord), a 23-year-old nobleman, has a 65-year-old Welshman named Dr. Druid as his traveling tutor. Dr. Druid, an antiquarian, is completely unaware of his real responsibilities as a youth guide. The young man lives recklessly, wasting his money and indulging his desires to the point of almost ruining himself. However, he is stopped and brought back to his senses by his honest Scottish bailiff and the watchfulness of his father's executor, Mr. Mortimer. This "fashionable lover" promises to marry a crude, spiteful city girl named Lucinda Bridgemore but manages to avoid that mistake as well.—Cumberland, The Fashionable Lover (1780).

Abbot (The), the self-satisfied churchman in Aldrich's poem The Jew's Gift, who hanged a Jew "just for no reason," and thought about it, smiled, and agreed to the heretic's burial—

"Since he gave his beard to the birds." (1881.)

Abdal-azis, the Moorish governor of Spain after King Roderick was overthrown. When the Moor took on royal authority and tried to imitate Gothic rule, his subjects were so upset that they revolted and killed him. He married Egilona, who was previously Roderick's wife.—Southey, Roderick, etc., xxii. (1814).

Ab'dalaz'iz (Omar ben), a caliph honored as "Mahomet's bosom" in recognition of his significant self-control and discipline.—Herbelot, 690.

He wasn't at all careful; nor did he agree with Caliph Omar ben Abdalaziz that it was essential to make this world a hell to enjoy paradise in the next. —W. Beckford, Vathek (1786).

Abdal'dar, one of the sorcerers in the Domdaniel caves, "beneath the ocean's roots." These spirits were meant to be eliminated by someone from the Hodei'rah lineage (3 syl.), so they hunted the family down to the point of death. Only one person survived, named Thal'aba, and Abdaldar was randomly chosen to find and kill him. He found the young man in an Arab's tent, and while he was praying, Abdaldar was about to stab him in the heart with a dagger when the angel of death blew on him, causing him to drop dead with the dagger still in his hand. Thalaba took a ring from the magician's finger that allowed him to command the spirits. —Southey, Thalaba the Destroyer, ii. iii. (1797).

Abdalla, one of Sir Brian de Bois Guilbert's slaves.—Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.).

Abdal'lah, brother and predecessor of Giaf'fer (2 syl.), pacha of Aby'dos. He was killed by the pacha.—Byron, Bride of Abydos.

Abdallah el Hadgi, Saladin's envoy.—Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.).

Abdals or Santons, a group of religious figures who claim to be filled with the most intense ecstasies of divine love. They are highly respected by the general public.—Olearius, i. 971.

Ab'diel, the loyal seraph who stood up to Satan when he encouraged those below him to rebel.

Abelard and Eloise, unhappy lovers whose forbidden love was followed by years of regret and sorrow. Abelard was Heloise's (or Eloise's) tutor and, despite his vows to the church, he reciprocated her feelings. They were forcefully separated by her uncle. Abelard became a monk, and Eloise entered a convent. Their love endured through the years, and they were buried together at Père la Chaise.—Eloise and Abelard. By Alexander Pope (1688-1744).

Abensberg (Count), the father of thirty-two children. When Heinrich II. traveled through Germany and other courtiers brought their gifts, the count presented his thirty-two children, "as the most precious gift he could offer to his king and country."

Abes'sa, the representation of abbeys and convents in Spenser's Faëry Queen, i. 3. She is the lover of Kirkrapine, who used to steal from churches and donation boxes, bringing his loot to Abessa, daughter of Corceca (Blindness of Heart).

Abigail, a common name for a maid.—See Beaumont and Fletcher, Swift, Fielding, and many contemporary writers.

Abney, known as Young Abney, was the friend of Colonel Albert Lee, a royalist.—Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, the Commonwealth).

Abon Hassan is a young merchant from Baghdad and the main character in the story "The Sleeper Awakened," from the Arabian Nights' Entertainments. While Abon Hassan is asleep, he is taken to the palace of Haroun-al-Raschid, where the attendants are instructed to do everything possible to make him believe he is the caliph. He eventually becomes the caliph's top favorite.

Shakespeare, in the induction of Taming of the Shrew, messes with "Christopher Sly" in a similar way, but Sly believes it was "just a dream."

Philippe le Bon, duke of Burgundy, when he married Eleonora, attempted the same scheme.—Burton, Anatomy of Melancholy, ii. 2,4.

Abou Ben Adhem, "waking up one night from a deep, peaceful dream," sees an angel writing down the names of people who love the Lord. Ben Adhem's name is recorded as "someone who loves his fellow men." A second vision shows his name at the top of the list.

Abou Ben Adhem. By Leigh Hunt (1784-1859).

Abra, the most cherished of Solomon's concubines.
The fruits lost their scent and the meats lost their flavor,
If gentle Abra hadn't set the table;
The sparkling goblet stood dishonored,
Unless it was served by gentle Abra's hand; ...
My soul couldn't appreciate the music's sound
Until everything was quiet, and Abra sang solo.
M. Prior, Solomon (1664-1721).

Ab'radas, the legendary Macedonian pirate.

Abradas, the infamous Macedonian pirate, believed everyone who sailed the ocean had a letter of marque. —Greene, Penelope's Web (1601).

Abroc'omas, the lover of An'thia in the Greek romance of Ephesi'aca, by Xenophon of Ephesus (not the historian).

Ab'salom, in Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel, represents the duke of Monmouth, the illegitimate son of Charles II. (David). Like Absalom, the duke was attractive; like Absalom, he was cherished and defiant; and like Absalom, his uprising led to his demise (1649-1685).

Ab'solon, a somewhat pretentious parish clerk in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. His hair was styled with curls, his shoes were fancy, and he wore red stockings. He could perform bloodletting, cut hair, and shave; he could dance and play both the rebec and the gittern. This flashy guy pursued Mistress Alison, the young wife of John, a wealthy but elderly carpenter. However, Alison was involved with a poor scholar named Nicholas, who was renting a room in their house.—The Miller's Tale (1388).

Absolute (Sir Anthony), a grumpy but kind-hearted old guy, thinks he has the most angelic temperament. When he argues with his son, the captain, he believes it's his son who is being difficult, not himself. Smollett's "Matthew Bramble" clearly inspired this character. William Dowton (1764-1851) was the best actor for this role.

Captain Absolute, son of Sir Anthony, is in love with Lydia Languish, the heiress, whom he’s known to as Ensign Beverley. Bob Acres, his neighbor, is his rival and sends a challenge to the unknown ensign; however, when he discovers that Ensign Beverley is actually Captain Absolute, he refuses to fight and gives up any claim to the lady’s hand.—Sheridan, The Rivals (1775).

Absyrtus, Medea's brother and her companion during their escape from Colchis. To distract or slow down her pursuers, she chopped him into pieces and scattered the fragments along the road, so her father would be held up by collecting the remains of his son.

Abu'dah, in the play The Siege of Damascus by John Hughes (1720), is second in command to Caled in the Arabian army positioned outside Damascus. While he is certainly brave, he favors peace over conflict; and when Caled dies and he takes over command, he negotiates a peace with the Syrians on fair terms.

Abu'dah, in the Tales of the Genii, by H. Ridley, is a wealthy merchant from Baghdad who sets out to find the talisman of Oroma'nes. He's pushed into this quest by an old hag who torments him every night and makes his life miserable. Eventually, he discovers that the talisman that will rid him of this hag [conscience] is to "fear God and keep His commandments."

Acade'mus, an Athenian hero, whose garden was chosen by Plato as the location for his lectures. That's why his students were known as the "Academic sect."

The lush green areas of Academus. Akenside, Pleasures of Imagination, i (1721-1770).

Acas'to (Lord), father of Seri'no, Casta'lio, and Polydore; and guardian of Monimia "the orphan." He lived to witness the deaths of his sons and his ward. Polydore ran onto his brother's sword, Castalio stabbed himself, and Monimia took poison.—Otway, The Orphan (1680).

Aces'tes (3 syl.). In a test of skill, Acestes, the Sicilian, shot his arrow with such power that it caught fire from the friction of the air.—The Æneid, Bk. V.

Longfellow, *To a Child*.

Achates [A-ka'-teze], referred to by Virgil as "faithful Achates." The name has turned into a term for a close friend or buddy, but it's usually used in a joking manner.—The Æneid.

Byron, *Don Juan*, i. 159.

Acher'ia, the fox, partnered with a bear over a bowl of milk. Before the bear got there, the fox skimmed off the cream and drank the milk; then, filling the bowl with mud, he put the cream back on top. The fox said, "Here’s the bowl; one of us will have the cream, and the other will get everything else: go ahead, choose what you want, my friend." The bear told the fox to take the cream, and so the bear was left with only the mud.—A Basque Tale.

A similar story appears in Campbell's Popular Tales of the West Highlands (iii. 98), titled "The Keg of Butter." The wolf goes for the bottom when the choice is "oats," and the top when it's "potatoes."

Rabelais tells the same story about a farmer and the devil. Each was to receive, in alternate years, what grew under and over the soil. The farmer planted turnips and carrots when it was his turn for the under-soil produce, and barley or wheat when it was his turn for the over-soil produce.

Achille Grandissime, "A pretty underwhelming example of the Grandissime type, short in height, but not lacking in theatrical presence."—The Grandissimes, by George W. Cable (1880).

Achilles (3 syl.), the hero of the united Greek army during the siege of Troy, and king of the Myrmidons.—See Dictionary of Phrase and Fable.

The English Achilles, John Talbot, first Earl of Shrewsbury (1373-1453).

The Duke of Wellington is sometimes referred to as such and is represented by a giant statue of Achilles in Hyde Park, London, near Apsley House (1769-1852).

The Achilles of Germany, Albert, Elector of Brandenburg (1414-1486).

Achilles of Rome, Sicin'ius Denta'tus (executed in 450 B.C.).

Achit'ophel, "Him who drew Achitophel," Dryden, the writer of the famous political satire Absalom and Achitophel. "David" represents Charles II.; his rebellious son "Absalom" symbolizes the king's illegitimate son, the attractive but defiant James, Duke of Monmouth; and "Achitophel," the treacherous advisor, stands for the Earl of Shaftesbury, "for close designs and crooked counsels fit."

There’s a portrait of the first Earl of Shaftesbury (Dryden's "Achitophel") as Lord Chancellor of England, wearing ash-colored robes, since he had never been called to the bar.—E. Yates, Celebrities, xviii.

A'cis, a Sicilian shepherd, was in love with the nymph Galate'a. The monster Polypheme (3 syl.), a Cyclops, was his rival and crushed him under a massive rock. The blood of Acis turned into a river that bears his name at the base of Mount Etna.

Not the kind of pipe, dear reader, like the one Acis sweetly played in honor of his Galatea, but one made from real Delft. —W. Irving (1783-1859).

Ack'land (Sir Thomas), a royalist.—Sir W. Scott, Woodstock (time, the Commonwealth).

Ac'oe (3 syl), "hearing," in the New Testament sense (Rom. x. 17), "Faith comes by hearing." The caregiver of Fido [faith]. Her daughter is Meditation. (Greek, "hearing.")

Acras'ia, the embodiment of Intemperance. Spenser describes her as a sorceress residing in the "Bower of Bliss" on "Wandering Island." She could change her lovers into horrible creatures; however, Sir Guyon (temperance) captured her in a net and, after binding her, destroyed her bower and set it ablaze.—Faëry Queen, ii. 12 (1590).

Acra'tes (3 syl), the personification of Incontinence in The Purple Island, by Phineas Fletcher. He had two sons (twins) with Caro, named Methos (drunkenness) and Gluttony, both fully described in canto vii. (Greek, akrates, "incontinent.")

Acra'tes (3 syl.), Incontinence represented in The Faëry Queen, by Spenser. He is the father of Cymoch'lês and Pyroch'lês.—Bk. ii. 4 (1590).

Acres (Bob), a country gentleman, is the rival of Ensign Beverley, also known as Captain Absolute, in pursuing Lydia Languish, the heiress. He tries to imitate fashionable men, dresses up as an extravagant character, and uses "sentimental oaths," i.e. oaths related to specific topics. So, if duels are mentioned, he says, ods triggers and flints; if it’s about clothes, ods frogs and tambours; if music comes up, ods minnums [minims] and crotchets; and if ladies are discussed, ods blushes and blooms. He picked this up from a militia officer, who explained that in ancient times, people swore by Jove, Bacchus, Mars, Venus, Minerva, etc., depending on the topic. Bob Acres is a major braggart and talks a lot about his bravery, but when it comes to action, "his courage always oozed out of his fingers' ends." J. Quick was the original Bob Acres.—Sheridan, The Rivals (1775).

Byron, *Don Juan*.

Joseph Jefferson's portrayal of Bob Acres is unmatched for its authenticity to the spirit of the original, and it’s filled with refined humor that never becomes crass.

Acris'ius, father of Dan'aê. An oracle foretold that Danaê would give birth to a son who would kill him, so Acrisius locked his daughter away in a room underground, or (as some say) in a bronze tower. There she became the mother of Per'seus (2 syl.), fathered by Jupiter in the form of a shower of gold. The king of Argos then ordered his daughter and her baby to be put in a chest and tossed into the sea, but they were rescued by Dictys, a fisherman. When he grew up, Perseus accidentally struck Acrisius's foot with a quoit, leading to his death. This story is recounted by Mr. Morris in The Earthly Paradise (April).

Actaeon, a hunter, transformed by Diana into a stag. A term for a man whose wife has been unfaithful.

Shakespeare, Merry Wives, etc., act iii. sc. 2 (1596).

Acte'a, a female slave loyal to Nero during his downfall. It was this courtesan who wrapped the dead body in burial cloths and made sure it was buried properly.

Actors and Actresses. The last male actor to play a female character on stage was Edward Kynaston, known for his good looks (1619-1687). The first professional female actor was Mrs. Saunderson, later known as Mrs. Betterton, who passed away in 1712.

Ad, Ad'ites (2 syl.). Ad is a tribe that comes from Ad, who is the son of Uz, the son of Irem, the son of Shem, the son of Noah. The tribe settled in Al-Ahkâf [the Winding Sands] in the province of Hadramant after the Tower of Babel incident. Shedâd was their first king, but because of his arrogance, he and the entire tribe perished either from drought or the Sarsar (an icy wind).—Sale's Koran, 1.

A'dah, wife of Cain. After Lucifer led Cain through the vastness of space, he returns to the home of his wife and child, where everything is beautiful, gentle, and loving. Overflowing with faith and deep gratitude, Adah has a profound maternal love for her infant. She watches him sleeping and says to Cain—

Adam. In Greek, this word is made up of the first four letters of the cardinal directions:

The Hebrew word ADM is an anagram of A [dam], D [avid], M [messiah].

Adam, how made. God formed Adam's body from Salzal, i.e. dry, unbaked clay, and left it for forty nights without a soul. Azrael gathered the clay from the four corners of the earth, and to show His approval of Azrael's selection, God appointed him as the angel of death.—Rabadan.

Adam, Eve, and the Serpent. After the fall, Adam was placed on Mount Vassem in the east; Eve was banished to Djidda (now Jeddah, on the Arabian coast); and the Serpent was exiled to the coast of Eblehh.

After 100 years, Adam reunited with Eve on Mount Arafaith [place of Remembrance], close to Mecca.—D'Ohsson.

Death of Adam. Adam passed away on Friday, April 7, at the age of 930 years. Michael prepared his body, and Gabriel handled the funeral rites. The body was buried at Ghar'ul-Kenz [the grotto of treasure], which overlooks Mecca.

His descendants at the time of his death numbered 40,000 people.—D'Ohsson.

When Noah entered the ark (as the same writer says), he took Adam's body in a coffin with him, and when he left the ark, he returned it to the place he had taken it from.

Adam, a bailiff, a guard.

Not the Adam who tended the garden, but the Adam who guards the prison.—Shakespeare, Comedy of Errors, act iv. sc. 3 (1593).

Adam, a loyal servant in the household of Sir Eowland de Boys. At the age of eighty, he willingly went into exile with his young master Orlando and offered to give him his small savings. He is the inspiration for the phrase, "A Faithful Adam" [or man-servant].—Shakespeare, As You Like It (1598).

Adam Bell, a northern outlaw, known for his archery skills. The name, along with those of Clym of the Clough, William of Cloudesly, Robin Hood, and Little John, is associated with a great archer.

Adamastor, the Spirit of the Cape, was a terrifying ghost, with an otherworldly pale complexion; his hair stood up like withered red, his lips were black, his teeth were blue and uneven, his beard looked worn, his face was marked by lightning, and his eyes burned with a deadly fire, his voice thundered. The sailors shook with fear at the sight of him, and the monster demanded to know how they dared to intrude “where no hero has faced his wrath before?” He then warned them “that every year the shipwrecked will be made to regret their recklessness.” —Camöens, The Lusiad, v. (1569).

Adam'ida, a planet where the unborn spirits of saints, martyrs, and believers live. U'riel, the angel of the sun, was instructed at the crucifixion to place this planet between the sun and the earth, creating a total eclipse.

Adamida, following the divine command, flew through intense storms, rushing clouds, falling mountains, and rising seas. Uriel stood on the pole of the star, so absorbed in deep thought about Golgotha that he didn’t notice the chaotic uproar. When reaching the area of the sun, Adamida slowed down and, moving in front of the sun, covered its face and blocked all its rays.—Klopstock, The Messiah, viii. (1771).

Adams (John), one of the mutineers of the Bounty (1790), who settled in Tahiti. In 1814, he was found as the leader of a colony, raised with a strong sense of faith and strict morals. In 1839, the colony voluntarily came under the protection of the British Government.

Adams (Parson) is the perfect example of a simple, kind-hearted, and slightly quirky country clergyman, known for his unwavering honesty, strong knowledge, and true faith; brave as a lion when standing up for the truth, but as humble as a girl in personal situations; completely unaware of the ways of the world, being "in it but not of it."—Fielding, Joseph Andrews (1742).

His knowledge, his straightforwardness, and his genuine purity of thought are perfectly mixed with a bit of pretentiousness, absent-mindedness, and a love for physical activity ... that he can rightly be called one of the greatest creations of fiction. Like Don Quixote, Parson Adams gets knocked around a little too much and too often, but the impact on him ... doesn't tarnish his reputation at all.—Sir W. Scott.

Addison of the North, Henry Mackenzie, author of The Man of Feeling (1745-1831).

Adelaide, daughter of the count of Narbonne, in love with Theodore. She is mistakenly killed by her father. —Robt. Jephson, Count of Narbonne (1782).

Adelaide Fisher, daughter-in-law of Grandpa and Grandma Fisher in Sallie Pratt McLean Greene's Cape Cod Folks. She has a pleasant voice and a sharp temper, and it seems from some of her own cynical comments, along with Grandma's "There, dear, I wouldn't mind!" that she has a past she prefers to keep secret (1881).

Adelaide Yates, the wife of Steve Yates and mother of Little Moses in Charles Egbert Craddock's In the "Stranger People's" Country. Her husband has been taken and held by the "moonshiners" in the mountains, and it seems like he has intentionally left her. She can’t deny it, but "She's going to stay there in her cabin and wait for him," said Mrs. Pettengill. "It kind of seems distressing, I swear. A pretty, young, good, religious woman setting herself up to spend an empty life waiting for Steve Yates to come back!" (1890.)

Adeline (Lady), the wife of Lord Henry Amun'deville (4 syl.), is a well-educated aristocratic woman, embodying all the virtues and faults of the upper class. After parliamentary sessions, this noble couple hosted many guests, including the Duchess of Fitz-Fulke, the Duke of D----, Aurora Raby, and Don Juan, "the Russian envoy." Since the tale isn’t finished, no explanation for these names is provided. (For the lady's character, see xiv. 54-56.)—Byron, Don Juan, xiii. to the end.

Ad'emar or Adema'ro, archbishop of Poggio, a church warrior in Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered.—See Dictionary of Phrase and Fable.

Adicia, the wife of the soldan, who pushes him to cause trouble for the kingdom of Mercilla. When Mercilla sends her envoy, Samient, to negotiate peace, Adicia, breaking international law, kicks Samient out like a dog and sets two knights on her. Sir Artegal comes to her aid, confronts the two knights, and knocks one off his horse with such force that he breaks his neck. After the soldan's defeat, Adicia rushes out with a knife to stab Samient, but when Sir Artegal intercepts her, she transforms into a tigress.—Spenser, Faery Queen, v. 8 (1596).

The "soldan" is King Philip II of Spain; "Mercilla" is Queen Elizabeth; "Adicia" represents Injustice or the intolerance of Catholicism; and "Samient" refers to the ambassadors of Holland, who approached Philip for a resolution to their problems but were unjustly held captive by him.

Ad'icus, the embodiment of Unrighteousness in canto VII of The Purple Island (1633) by Phineas Fletcher. He has eight sons and daughters: Ec'thros (hatred), Eris (discord), a daughter, Zelos (rivalry), Thumos (anger), Erith'ius (conflict), Dichos'tasis (rebellion), Envy, and Phon'os (murder); all vividly depicted by the poet. (Greek, adikos, "an unjust man.")

Adie of Aikenshaw, a neighbor of the Glendinnings.—Sir W. Scott, The Monastery (time, Elizabeth).

Admetus, a king of Thessaly, married to Alcestis. Apollo, being punished by Jupiter to serve a mortal for twelve months for killing a Cyclops, became the servant of Admetus. James R. Lowell wrote a poem about this called The Shepherd of King Admetus (1819-1891).

Ad'mirable (The): (1) Aben-Ezra, a Spanish rabbi, born in Toledo (1119-1174). (2) James Crichton (Kry-ton), the Scotsman (1551-1573). (3) Roger Bacon, known as "The Admirable Doctor" (1214-1292).

Adolf, bishop of Cologne, was consumed by mice or rats in 1112. (See HATTO.)

Ad'ona, a seraph, the guardian spirit of James, the "first martyr of the twelve."—Klopstock, The Messiah, iii. (1748).

Adonai, the enigmatic spirit of pure thought, love, and beauty that inspires Zanoni, in Bulwer's novel of the same title.

Adonais, the title of Percy Bysshe Shelley's tribute to John Keats, written in 1821.

A'donbec el Hakim, the doctor, a persona taken on by Saladin, who checks on Sir Kenneth's ill squire and treats him for a fever.—Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.).

Adonis, a handsome young man, was adored by Venus and Proserpina, who fought over him. To resolve their disagreement, Jupiter decided that Adonis would spend six months with Venus in the upper world and six months with Proserpina in the underworld. Adonis was killed by a wild boar during a hunt.

Shakespeare has a poem called Venus and Adonis. Shelley titles his elegy for the poet Keats Adona'is, based on the notion that Keats' early death was similar to that of Adonis.

(Adonis represents the sun, which spends six months north of the horizon and six months south. Thammuz is the same as Adonis, and so is Osiris).

Adoniram Penn, the stubborn and wealthy farmer in Mary E. Wilkins's Revolt of "Mother". He keeps building a new barn that the cattle don't need instead of the much-needed home for his family. While he's away, "Mother," who used to "stand before her husband in the humble way of a Scripture woman," moves the household and furniture into the spacious barn.

"Adoniram was like a fortress with walls that offered no real defense and fell the moment the right tools for attack were used." (1890)

Ad'oram, a seraph, who was in charge of James, the son of Alphe'us.—Klopstock, The Messiah, iii. (1748).

Adosinda, the daughter of the Gothic governor of Auria in Spain, had her parents, husband, and child killed by the Moors, but they kept her alive for the captain of Alcahman's regiment. She walked to his tent without resistance, but begged the captain for one night to mourn the loss of her loved ones. He agreed, but while he slept, she killed him with his own scimitar. Roderick, who was disguised as a monk, helped her bury the bodies of her family, and then she vowed to live for one purpose: revenge. In the great battle, when the Moors were defeated, it was she who shouted the attack cry, "Victory and Vengeance!"—Southey, Roderick, etc., iii. (1814).

Adram'elech (ch=k), one of the fallen angels. Milton depicts him as being overthrown by U'riel and Raphael (Paradise Lost, vi. 365). According to the Bible, he was one of the idols of Sepharvaim, and Shalmaneser brought his worship to Samaria. [The name means "the mighty magnificent king."]

The Sepharvites sacrificed their children by burning them in the fire to Adramelech.—2 Kings xvii. 31.

Klopstock introduces him in The Messiah, portraying him as surpassing Satan in spitefulness, cunning, ambition, and chaos. He is shown to hate everyone, even Satan, whom he envies for his status and hopes to defeat, intending to end his subservience and become the ultimate god of all created worlds. At the crucifixion, both he and Satan are sent back to hell by Obad'don, the angel of death.

Adraste' (2 syl), a French guy, tricks a Greek slave named Isidore away from don Pèdre. His plan is this: He gets introduced as a portrait painter and shares his affection for Isidore, getting her to agree to run away with him. He then sends his slave Zaïde (2 syl) to don Pèdre to ask for help because she’s been mistreated, and Pèdre agrees to help her. Just then, Adraste shows up and demands that Zaïde be handed over to him so he can punish her as he sees fit. Pèdre steps in; Adraste pretends to soften his stance, and Pèdre calls for Zaïde. Instead, Isidore comes out wearing Zaïde's veil. "There," says Pèdre, "take her and treat her well." "I will do that," says the Frenchman, and he takes the Greek slave away. —Molière, Le Sicilien, ou L'Amour Peintre (1667).

Adriana, a wealthy lady from Ephesus, who marries Antipholus, the twin brother of Antipholus of Syracuse. The abbess Aemilia is her mother-in-law, but she doesn't know it; and one day when she accuses her husband of being unfaithful, she tells the abbess that if he is cheating, it’s not for lack of warning, "because it’s the only thing we talk about. In bed, I won’t let him sleep without discussing it; at the table, I won’t let him eat while I’m talking about it; when we’re alone, I bring it up constantly, and in company, I drop him frequent hints. In short, all my conversations revolve around how terrible it is for him to love someone else more than he loves his wife" (act v. sc. 1).—Shakespeare, Comedy of Errors (1593).

Adriano de Armado (Don), a pretentious and extravagant Spaniard, a military show-off even in times of peace, just as Parolles (3 syl.) was in war. Full of bravado but lacking wealth; a creator of phrases but quite uneducated; seriously stern, yet absurdly clumsy; majestic in his walk, but with very low tendencies.—Shakespeare, Love's Labour Lost (1594).

(Said to be designed for John Florio, nicknamed "The Resolute," a language scholar. Holofernes, the pretentious schoolmaster, in the same play, is also intended as a satire of the same lexicographer.)

T. Otway, Venice Preserved, i. 1 (1682).

Ad'riel, in Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel, the Earl of Mulgrave, a royalist.

Part 1.

(John Sheffield, Earl of Mulgrave (1649-1721) wrote an Essay on Poetry.)

Adrienne Lecouvreur, a French actress, was allegedly poisoned by flowers sent to her by a competitor. She died in 1730.

Aeacus, the king of Oenopia, was a man of such integrity and devotion that after his death, he became one of the three judges of the underworld. The other two were Minos and Rhadamanthus.

Aege'on is a massive monster with 100 arms and 50 heads, who, along with his brothers Cottus and Gygês, defeated the Titans by throwing 300 rocks at them at once. Homer says people call him "Aege'on," but the gods refer to him as Bri'areus (3 syl.).

—Milton, *Paradise Lost*, I. 199.

Aege'on, a merchant from Syracuse, in Shakespeare's Comedy of Errors (1593).

Aemylia, a woman of noble birth, in love with Am'yas, a squire of lower status. While going to meet her lover at their meeting spot, she was captured by a terrifying monster and taken into his lair to be used as future prey. Belphoebê (3 syl.) killed "the villain" and freed the maiden (canto vii.). Prince Arthur, after defeating Corflambo, freed Amyas from the captivity of Paea'na, Corflambo's daughter, and reunited the lovers "in peace and joyful bliss" (canto ix.).—Spencer, Faëry Queen, iv. (1596).

Aemilia, wife of Aegeon, the merchant from Syracuse, and mother of the twins named Antipholus. When the boys were shipwrecked, she was separated from them and taken to Ephesus. There, she joined a convent and eventually became the abbess. Unbeknownst to her, one of her twins also settled in Ephesus and became one of its wealthiest and most prominent citizens. The other son and her husband Aegeon both arrived in Ephesus on the same day without knowing about each other, and they all ended up together in the duke's court, where their life stories were revealed, and they were reunited once more.—Shakespeare, Comedy of Errors (1593).

Aeneas, a Trojan prince, is the hero of Virgil's epic called Aeneid. He was the son of Anchises and Venus. His first wife was Creusa (3 syl.), with whom he had a son named Ascanius; his second wife was Lavinia, the daughter of Latinus, king of Italy, and together they had a posthumous son named Aeneas Sylvius. He took over the kingdom from his father-in-law, and the Romans regarded him as their founder.

According to Geoffrey of Monmouth, "Brutus," the first king of Britain (from whom the island got its name Britain), was a descendant of Æneas.

Aene'id, the epic poem by Virgil, consists of twelve books. When Troy was captured by the Greeks and set ablaze, Aene'as, along with his father, son, and wife, fled with the aim of reaching Italy, the original homeland of their family. The wife was lost, and the elderly father passed away during the journey; however, after many dangers at sea and on land, Æneas and his son Asca'nius arrived in Italy. Here, Latïnus, the ruling king, warmly welcomed the exiles and promised his daughter Lavin'ia in marriage to Æneas; but she had already been promised by her mother to Prince Turnus, son of Daunus, king of Ru'tuli, and Turnus refused to give up his claim. In this tough situation, Latinus declared that the rivals should resolve their dispute through combat. After Turnus was defeated, Æneas married Lavinia and soon took over the throne from his father-in-law.

Book I. The escape from Troy; Æneas and his son, forced by a storm onto the shores of Carthage, are warmly welcomed by Queen Dido.

II. Aeneas tells Dido the story of the wooden horse, the burning of Troy, and his escape with his father, wife, and son. The wife was lost and died.

III. The story went on. The dangers he faced along the way, and the death of his father.

IV. Dido falls in love with Æneas; but he sneaks away from Carthage, and Dido, on a funeral pyre, takes her own life.

V. Aeneas arrives in Sicily and holds games there in honor of Anchises. This book matches the Iliad, xxiii.

VI. Aeneas visits the underworld. This book corresponds to Odyssey, xi.

VII. King Latinus of Italy welcomes Æneas and promises him his daughter Lavinia in marriage, but Prince Turnus had already been engaged to her by her mother, and he gathers an army to oppose Æneas.

VIII. Preparations by both sides for a full-scale war.

IX. While Æneas is away, Turnus sets the ships on fire and attacks the camp. The story of Nisus and Eury'alus.

X. The conflict between Turnus and Æneas. The story of Mezentius and Lausus.

XI. The fight went on.

XII. Turnus challenges Aeneas to a one-on-one fight and is killed.

N.B.—1. The story of Sinon and the fall of Troy is taken from Pisander, as Macrobius tells us.

2. The love story of Dido and Æneas is inspired by that of Medea and Jason in Apollonius.

3. The tale of the wooden horse and the destruction of Troy comes from Arctinus of Miletus.

Ae'olus, the god of the winds, keeps them locked up in a cave on the Æolian Islands, releasing them whenever he wants or when the higher gods command.

Aesculapius, in Greek, Asklepios, the healing god.

Aeson, the father of Jason. He was made young again by Medea, who injected the juice of specific herbs into his veins.

Aesop, the storyteller, was said to be humpbacked; therefore, "an Aesop" refers to a humpbacked man. The young son of Henry VI calls his uncle Richard of Gloucester "Aesop."—3 Henry VI. act v. sc. 5.

Aesop of Arabia, Lokman; and Nasser (5th century).

Aesop of England, John Gay (1688-1732).

Aesop of France, Jean de la Fontaine (1621-1695).

Aesop of Germany, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing (1729-1781).

Aesop of India, Bidpay or Pilpay (3rd century B.C.).

Afer, the southwest wind; Notus, the directly south wind.

Notus and Afer, dark with thunderous clouds. Milton, Paradise Lost, x. 702 (1665).

African Magician (The) pretended to be Aladdin's uncle and sent him to retrieve the "wonderful lamp" from an underground cave. When Aladdin refused to give it to the magician, he locked him in the cave and left him there. Aladdin managed to escape thanks to a magic ring. After discovering the secret of the lamp, he became extremely wealthy, built a magnificent palace, and married the sultan’s daughter. Years later, the African decided to take control of the lamp. He walked back and forth in front of the palace, shouting, "Who will trade old lamps for new?" While Aladdin was out hunting, his wife sent a eunuch to exchange the "wonderful lamp" for a new one, and the magician ordered "the slaves of the lamp" to move the palace and everything in it to Africa. Aladdin had him poisoned in a cup of wine. —Arabian Nights ("Aladdin or The Wonderful Lamp").

Af'rit or Afreet, a type of Medusa or Lamia, the most fearsome and ruthless of all the types of evil spirits.—Herbelot, 66.

Longfellow, *The Golden Milestone*.

Agag, in Dryden's satire of Absalom and Achit'ophel, represents Sir Edmondbury Godfrey, the magistrate who was discovered murdered in a ditch near Primrose Hill. Dr. Oates, in the same satire, is referred to as "Corah."

Part 1.

Agamemnon, king of the Argives and commander-in-chief of the allied Greeks during the siege of Troy. Introduced by Shakespeare in his Troilus and Cressida.

Vixere fortes ante Agamem'nona, "There were brave men before Agamemnon;" we shouldn't think that there were no great and good men in the past. A similar saying is, "There are hills beyond Pentland and fields beyond Forth."

Agandecca, daughter of Starno, king of Lochlin [Scandinavia], was promised in marriage to Fingal, king of Morven [north-west of Scotland]. The maid warned Fingal to be cautious of her father, who had plotted to kill him. With this warning, Fingal defeated the men lying in wait; enraged, Starno killed his daughter, and Fingal buried her in Ardven [Argyll].

Aganip'pe (4 syllables), the fountain of the Muses, located at the base of Mount Helicon in Boeotia.

Gray, Progress of Poetry.

Ag'ape (3 syl.) the fairy. She gave birth to three sons at once: Primond, Diamond, and Triamond. Eager to learn her sons' futures, she ventured into the depths of Demogorgon to consult the "Three Fatal Sisters." Clotho revealed the threads, which "were as thin as those spun by a spider." She pleaded with the fates to extend the life-threads, but they said that wasn't possible; however, they agreed to this compromise—

Agapi'da (Fray Antonio), the fictional narrator of The Conquest of Granada, written by Washington Irving (1829).

Agast'ya (3 syl.), a dwarf who drank the sea dry. One day, while he was walking with Vishnoo, the arrogant ocean asked the god who the little guy was that was walking beside him. Vishnoo replied that it was the patriarch Agastya, who was going to restore the earth to its true balance. The ocean, in disdain, splashed its spray in the little man's face, and the sage, seeking revenge for this insult, drank up the ocean's waters, leaving the seabed completely dry. —Maurice.

Ag'atha, daughter of Cuno, and the fiancée of Max, from Weber's opera Der Freischütz.—See Dictionary of Phrase and Fable.

Agath'ocles (4 syl.) tyrant of Sicily. He was the son of a potter and worked his way up to become the general of the army. He brought all of Sicily under his control. When he took on the Carthaginians, he burned his ships so that his soldiers would know they had to either conquer or die. Agathocles died from poison given to him by his grandson (B.C. 361-289).

Voltaire wrote a tragedy called Agathocle, and Caroline Pichler has a great German novel titled Agathoclés.

Agathon, the main character and title of a philosophical romance by C. M. Wieland (1733-1813). This is regarded as his best novel, although some people prefer Don Sylvia de Rosalva.

Agdistes is the name Spenser used for our individual consciousness or self. It's personified in the figure who oversaw the Acrasian "bower of bliss."

Agdistis is a being of human form, combining both genders and born from an unexpected union between Jupiter and Tellus. The tale of Agdistis and Atys is clearly a myth about the creative forces of nature.

Aged (The), as Wemmick refers to his father. He lived in "the castle at Walworth." Wemmick at "the castle" and Wemmick at work are two "different people."

Ag'elastes (Michael), the cynical philosopher.—Sir W. Scott, Count Robert of Paris (time, Rufus).

Agesila'us (5 syl.). Plutarch tells us that Agesilaus, king of Sparta, was once found riding a stick like a horse to entertain and amuse his children.

A'gib (King), "The Third Calender" (Arabian Nights' Entertainments). He was shipwrecked on the mountain made of loadstone, which pulled all the nails and iron bolts from his ship; however, he managed to topple the bronze statue at the mountain's peak that was causing the trouble. Agib met with ten young men, each of whom had lost their right eye, and was carried by a roc to the palace of the forty princesses, where he stayed for a year. The princesses then had to leave for forty days but trusted him with the keys to the palace, allowing him to enter every room except one. On the fortieth day, his curiosity led him to open that room, where he discovered a horse. He climbed onto the horse, and it flew him through the air to Baghdad. Once they arrived, the horse threw him off and knocked out his right eye with a flick of its tail, just like it had done to the ten "young men" mentioned earlier.

Agitator (The Irish), Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847).

Aglae, the unmarried sister in T. B. Aldrich's poem, The Sisters' Tragedy (1891).

Agnei'a (3 syl.), the virtue of wifely chastity, sister to Parthen'ia or maiden chastity. Agneia is the partner of Encra'tês or temperance. She is fully described in canto x. of The Purple Island, by Phineas Fletcher (1633). (Greek, agneia, "chastity.")

Agnes, daughter of Mr. Wickfield, the lawyer, and David Copperfield's second wife (after the death of Dora, "his child wife"). Agnes is a very pure, selfless person, skilled, yet home-oriented.—C. Dickens, David Copperfield (1849).

Agnes, in Molière's The School for Wives, is the girl on whom Arnolphe experiments with his education plan to create the perfect "model wife." She is raised in a rural convent, where she remains completely unaware of gender differences, social norms, the distinction between love from men to women and from girls to girls, the mysteries of marriage, and so on. Once she reaches adulthood, she leaves the convent, and one evening while standing on a balcony, a young man passes by and tips his hat to her, which she reciprocates. He bows a second and third time, and she mirrors his gestures; he continues to walk back and forth, bowing each time, and she responds as she’s been taught. Naturally, the young man (Horace) becomes her lover, whom she eventually marries, resulting in M. Arnolphe losing his "model wife." (See PINCH-WIFE.)

She acts like Agnes. She pretends to be completely unsophisticated and incredibly naive. —French Proverb (from the "Agnes" of Molière, L'École des Femmes, 1662).

Agnes (Black), the Countess of March, recognized for her defense of Dunbar against the English.

Black Agnes, the horse of Mary Queen of Scots, given to her by her brother Moray, is named after the famous Countess of March, who held the title of Countess of Moray (Murray) in her own right.

Agnes (St.), a young virgin from Palermo, was martyred in Rome at the age of thirteen during the Diocletian persecution in A.D. 304. Prudence (Aurelius Prudentius Clemens), a Latin Christian poet from the fourth century, wrote a poem about her. Both Tintoretto and Domenichino created paintings depicting her—The Martyrdom of St. Agnes.

St. Agnes and the Devil. St. Agnes, having escaped from the prison in Rome, took a boat and landed at St. Piran Arwothall. The devil followed her, but she scolded him, and the large moor-stones between St. Piran and St. Agnes, in Cornwall, mark the spots where the devils were turned into stone by the gaze of the angry saint.—Polwhele, History of Cornwall.

Agnes of Sorrento, the main character of the novel of the same name by Harriet Beecher Stowe. The story takes place in Sorrento, Italy.

Agramante (4 syl.) or Ag'ramant, king of the Moors, in Orlando Innamorato, by Bojardo, and Orlando Furioso, by Ariosto.

Agrawain (Sir) or Sir Agravain, known as "The Desirous," and also "The Haughty." He was the son of Lot (king of Orkney) and Margawse, who was the half-sister of king Arthur. His brothers were Sir Gaw'ain, Sir Ga'heris, and Sir Gareth. Mordred was his half-brother, being the son of king Arthur and Margawse. Sir Agravain and Sir Mordred disliked Sir Launcelot and informed the king that he was too close to the queen; so they asked the king to go hunting for the day while they kept watch. The queen summoned Sir Launcelot to her private chamber, and Sir Agravain, Sir Mordred, and twelve others attacked the door, but Sir Launcelot killed them all except for Sir Mordred, who managed to escape.—Sir T. Malory, History of Prince Arthur, iii. 142-145 (1470).

Agrica'ne (4 syl.), king of Tartary, in the Orlando Innamorato, by Bojardo. He lays siege to Angelica in the castle of Albracca and is killed in a one-on-one battle by Orlando. He brought 2,200,000 troops into the field.

Agricola Fusilier, a self-important old creole, a keeper of family traditions, and a patriot who appears in George W. Cable's Grandissimes (1880).

Ag'rios, the embodiment of sluggishness; a "moody guy, who despised joy in himself and others; heavy, lifeless, and dull." Described in canto eight of The Purple Island, by Phineas Fletcher (1635). (Greek, agrios; "a savage.")

Agrippina was the granddaughter, wife, sister, and mother of an emperor. She was the granddaughter of Augustus, wife of Claudius, sister of Caligula, and mother of Nero.

Lam'pedo of Lacedaemon was the daughter, wife, sister, and mother of a king.

Agripy'na or Ag'ripyne (3 syl.), a princess cherished by the "king of Cyprus's son, and wildly adored by Orleans."—Thomas Dekker, Old Fortunatus (a comedy, 1600).

Ague-cheek (Sir Andrew), a foolish old dandy with "3000 ducats a year," loves to eat, but he knows that "beef has affected his wits." Sir Andrew believes he's "old only in wisdom," and he brags that he can jump around, dance the coranto, walk a jig, and enjoy masquerades like a young man.—Shakespeare, Twelfth Night (1614).

Woodward (1737-1777) always portrayed "Sir Andrew Ague-cheek" with endless humor, enhanced by that look of "rueful dismay," which added a unique charm to his Marplot. —Boaden, Life of Siddons Charles Lamb recounts that "Jem White saw James Dodd one evening in Ague-cheek, and the next day, recognizing him in Fleet Street, tipped his hat and greeted him with 'Save you, Sir Andrew!' Dodd just waved his hand and replied, 'Go away, fool!'"

A'haback and Des'ra, two sorcerers, who helped Ahu'bal in his revolt against his brother Misnar, the sultan of Delhi. Ahu'bal had an extravagant tent made, and Horam the vizier had an even more lavish one made for the sultan. When the rebels launched their attack, the sultan and his best troops were lured away, and the sultan's tent was captured. The sorcerers, thrilled with their victory, slept inside it, but that night the vizier led the sultan to a cave and asked him to cut a rope. The next morning, he heard that a massive stone had fallen on the sorcerers and crushed them to a pulp. In reality, this stone served as the headboard of the bed, where it had been suspended by the rope the sultan cut the night before.—James Ridley, Tales of the Genii ("The Enchanters' Tale," vi.).

Ahasuerus, the shoemaker who turned away Jesus when He stopped briefly at his door on the way to His execution. "Get lost! Leave me alone!" shouted the shoemaker. "I truly am leaving," replied Jesus, "and I will go quickly; but wait here until I return." And from that moment, Ahasuerus became the "wandering Jew," who continues to wander the earth and will do so until the "second coming of the Lord." This is the legend presented by Paul von Eitzen, bishop of Schleswig (1547).—Greve, Memoir of Paul von Eitzen (1744).

Aher'man and Ar'gen, the first being a fortress and the second a series of massive halls, in the realm of Eblis, where all beings with human-like intelligence resided before Adam was created, along with all the animals that lived on earth prior to the current races.—W. Beckford, Vathek (1786).

Ah'med (Prince), known for the tent given to him by the fairy Pari-banou, which could shelter an entire army yet fold down small enough to fit in a pocket. This same benevolent fairy also gifted him the apple of Samarcand, a cure-all for every illness.—Arabian Nights' Entertainments ("Prince Ahmed, etc.").

Aholiba'mah, granddaughter of Cain, and sister of Anah. She was loved by the seraph Samias'a, and like her sister, was taken to another planet when the Flood came.—Byron, Heaven and Earth.

Ah'riman or Ahrima'nes (4 syl.), the angel of darkness and evil in the Magian system, was killed by Mithra.

Aikwood (Ringan), the forester of Sir Arthur Wardour, of Knockwinnock Castle.—Sir W. Scott, The Antiquary.

Aimee, the sensible sister, commonly referred to as "the wise one" in the Bohemian household depicted by Francis Hodgson Burnett in Vagabondia (1889).

Aim'well (Thomas, viscount), a gentleman with a fallen fortune, who pursues Dorin'da, the daughter of Lady Bountiful. He is very attractive and charming, but definitely "a worldly man." He and Archer are the two leading characters in The Beaux' Stratagem, a comedy by George Farquhar (1705).

I found it a bit strange that Holland was the only "mister" in the group, and I thought to myself, like Gibbet did when he found out that "Aimwell" had gone to church, "That seems suspicious" (act ii. sc. 2).—James Smith, Memoirs, Letters, etc. (1840).

Aircastle, in the Cozeners, by S. Foote. The original of this talkative character was Gahagan, whose way of chatting is satirized as follows:

Aircastle: "Did I not tell you what Pastor Prunello said? I remember, Mrs. Lightfoot was there. She had just given birth that day to a very fine boy—a difficult delivery; Dr. Seeton, who trained with Luke Lancet from Guise’s, attended her. There was also some talk about him and Nancy, the daughter. She later married Will Whitlow, another apprentice, who had high hopes from an old uncle in the Grenadiers; but he left everything to a distant relative, Kit Cable, a midshipman on the Torbay. She was lost while coming back through the channel. The captain was rescued by a coaster from Eye that was loaded with cheese—" [Now, what did Pastor Prunello say? This is typical of Mrs. Nickleby's endless gossip.]

Air'lie (The earl of), a royalist serving King Charles I.—Sir W. Scott, Legend of Montrose.

Airy (Sir George), a wealthy man, is in love with Miran'da, the ward of Sir Francis Gripe.—Mrs. Centlivre, The Busylody (1709).

A'jax, son of Oïleus [O.i'.luce], commonly referred to as "the lesser." Because of his disrespect towards Cassan'dra, the prophetic daughter of Priam, his ship crashed into a rock, leading to his demise at sea.—Homer, Odyssey, iv. 507; Virgil, Æneid, i. 41.

A'jax Tel'amon. Sophocles has a tragedy called Ajax, where "the madman" punishes a ram he thinks is Ulysses. His meeting with a group of sheep, which he mistakenly believed in his madness to be the sons of Atreus, has been discussed in varying detail by several Greek and Roman poets. Don Quixote had a similar experience. This Ajax is referenced by Shakespeare in his play called Troilus and Cressida. (See ALIFANFARON).

M. Drayton, *Nymphidia* (1536-1631).

Ajut and Anningait, in The Rambler.

Ala'ciel, the genius who took a trip to the two islands, Taciturnia and Merry land [London and Paris].—De la Dixmerie The Silent Isle and the Joyful Isle, or The Journey of the Genius Alaciel to the Two Islands (1759).

Aladdin, the son of Mustafa, a poor tailor from China, was "stubborn, disobedient, and mischievous," completely given over "to laziness and debauchery." One day, an African magician approached him, pretending to be his uncle, and sent him to retrieve the "wonderful lamp," also giving him a "ring of safety." Aladdin got the lamp, but refused to hand it over to the magician until he was out of the cave. The magician then locked him in the cave and left for Africa. In despair, Aladdin rubbed the magic ring, and the genie of the ring appeared, asking for his commands. Aladdin asked to be freed from the cave, and he returned home. With the help of his lamp, he gained immense wealth, built a magnificent palace, and married Badroul'boudour, the sultan's daughter. Eventually, the African magician took the lamp and had the palace, along with everything in it, transported to Africa. Aladdin was away at the time, was arrested, and sentenced to death, but he was saved by the people, who loved him dearly, and set out to find his palace. While on his way, he slipped and rubbed his ring, and when the genie of the ring appeared and asked for his orders, he was instantly sent to where his palace was in Africa. He poisoned the magician, got the lamp back, and had his palace returned to its original location in China.

Yes, cash is like Aladdin's lamp.

Byron, *Don Juan*, xii. 12.

Aladdin's Lamp, a lamp taken from an underground cave in "the middle of China." In need of food, Aladdin's mother started to clean it, planning to sell it, when the spirit of the lamp appeared and asked her what she wanted. Aladdin replied, "I'm hungry; bring me food;" and instantly, a feast was laid out for him. After discovering the powers of the lamp, he became incredibly wealthy and married the sultan's daughter. Using trickery, the African magician took the lamp and moved the palace with all its treasures to Africa. Aladdin poisoned the magician, reclaimed the lamp, and transported the palace back to its original location.

Aladdin's Palace Windows. At the top of the palace was a lounge, containing twenty-four windows (six on each side), and all but one adorned with diamonds, rubies, and emeralds. One was left for the sultan to finish, but all the jewelers in the empire were unable to create one that matched the others, so Aladdin ordered "the slaves of the lamp" to complete their work.

Aladdin's Ring, given to him by the African magician, "a safeguard against all evil."—Arabian Nights ("Aladdin and the Wonderful Lamp").

Al'adine, the wise yet ruthless king of Jerusalem, killed by Raymond.—Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575).

Al'adine (3 syl.), son of Aldus, "a vigorous knight."—Spenser, Faëry Queen, vi. 3 (1596).

Alaff, Anlaf, or Olaf, son of Sihtric, was the Danish king of Northumberland (died 927). When Aethelstan [Athelstan] took control of Northumberland, Alaff escaped to Ireland, while his brother Guthfrith or Godfrey went to Scotland.

Drayton, Potyolbion, 12. (1612).

Alain, cousin of Eos, the artist's wife, in Desert Sands, by Harriet Prescott Spofford (1863).

Alar'con, king of Barca, who allied with Egypt's forces against the crusaders, but his soldiers were only partly equipped.—Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575).

Alaric Cottin. Frederick the Great of Prussia was known by this name from Voltaire. "Alaric" because, like Alaric, he was a great warrior, and "Cottin" because, similar to Cottin, who was mocked by Boileau, he was a rather mediocre poet.

Alas'co, also known as DR. DEMETRIUS DOBOOBIE, an old astrologer, consulted by the Earl of Leicester.—Sir W. Scott, Kenilworth (time, Elizabeth).

Alas'nam (Prince Zeyn) had eight statues, each made from a single diamond on a gold pedestal, but he needed to find a ninth, one that was more valuable than all the others. This ninth was a woman, the most beautiful and virtuous of them all, "more precious than rubies," who became his wife.

One pure and perfect [woman] is ... like Alasnam's lady, worth them all.—Sir Walter Scott.

Alasnam's Mirror. When Alasnam was looking for his ninth statue, the king of the Genies gave him a special mirror to use. He was supposed to look into it whenever he saw a beautiful girl; "if the mirror stayed clear and spotless, the girl would be the same, but if it didn't, the girl wouldn't be completely pure in body and mind." This mirror was known as "the touchstone of virtue." — Arabian Nights ("Prince Zeyn Alasnam").

Alastor, a name for Zeus as "the Avenger." In general, it refers to any deity or demon who avenges wrongs done by humans. Shelley wrote a poem, Alastor, or the Spirit of Solitude.

Cicero says he thought about killing himself so he could become the Alastor of Augustus, whom he despised.—Plutarch, Cicero, etc. ("Parallel Lives.")

God Almighty gathered an army of mice against the archbishop [Hatto] and sent them to torment him like his furious avengers.—Coryat, Crudities, 571.

Al'ban (St.) of Ver'ulam hid his confessor, St. Am'phibal, and switched clothes with him, dying in his place. This happened during the terrible persecution led by Maximia'nus Hercu'lius, a general in Diocle'tian's army in Britain, when 1,000 Christians were killed at Lichfield.

Al'berick of Mortemar, also known as Theodorick the hermit of Engaddi, a nobleman in exile. He shares his life story with King Richard and attempts to convince him not to send a defiant letter to the archduke of Austria.—Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.).

Al' berick, the squire of Prince Richard, one of the sons of Henry II of England.—Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.).

Albert, captain of the Britannia. Brave, generous, and fair, softened and refined by family connections and greater knowledge. His ship crashed against the protruding edge of Cape Colonna, the southernmost point of Attica, and he drowned because Rodmond (the second in command) clung to one of his legs and couldn't be shaken off.

Falconer, *The Shipwreck*, i. 2 (1756).

Albert, the father of Gertrude, patriarch and judge of Wyoming (referred to by Campbell as Wy'oming). Both Albert and his daughter were shot by a combined force of British and Native American troops, led by a man named Brandt, who attacked the settlement, killed all the residents, burned down the fort, and destroyed all the homes.—Campbell, Gertrude of Wyoming (1809).

Albert, in Goethe's novel The Sorrows of Werther, is intended for his friend Kestner. He is a young German farmer who married Charlotte Buff (referred to as "Lotte" in the book), the woman Goethe loved. Goethe portrays himself as Werther (q. v.).

Albert of Gei'erstein (Count), brother of Arnold Biederman, and president of the "Secret Tribunal." He sometimes shows up as a "black priest of St. Paul's," and other times as the "monk of St. Victoire."—Sir W. Scott, Anne of Geierstein (time, Edward IV.).

Albertaz'zo married Alda, the daughter of Otho, duke of Saxony. His sons were Ugo and Fulco. From them, the Royal Family of England traces its lineage.—Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516).

Albia'zar, an Arab leader, who joins the Egyptian forces in their fight against the crusaders.

A leader in looting, not born of chivalry. Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, xvii. (1575).

Al'bion. In legendary history, this word has different interpretations. One explanation is that it comes from Albion, a giant and son of Neptune, who was the first to discover the island and ruled it for forty-four years.

Another version is Al'bia, the oldest of the fifty daughters of Dioclesian, king of Syria. These fifty women all got married on the same day, and all killed their husbands on their wedding night. As punishment, they were set adrift in a ship without crew, but the wind brought the vessel to our shore, where these Syrian women disembarked. They lived the rest of their lives here and married the local people, described as "a lawless crew of devils." Milton references this legend and naively adds, "it is too absurd and unconscionably gross to be believed." The similarity to the fifty daughters of Dan’aos is obvious.

Drayton, in his Polyolbion, states that Albion came from Rome, was "the first martyr of the land," and died for the sake of his faith, leaving his name to the country, where Offa later built him "a rich and lavish shrine, with a monastery attached."—Song xvi.

Albion, king of Britain, when O'beron held his court in what is now called "Kensington Gardens." T. Tickell has a poem on this topic.

Albion fights against Jove's Son. Albion, son of Neptune, fights with Hercules, son of Jove. Neptune, unhappy with the portion of his father's kingdom that Jupiter gave him, aimed to overthrow his brother, but Hercules sided with his father, and Albion was defeated.

M. Drayton, *Polyolbion*, iv. (1612).

Albo'rak, the creature brought by Gabriel to take Mahomet to the seventh heaven. It had the face of a man, the cheeks of a horse, the wings of an eagle, and spoke with a human voice.

Al-Battani, Arabian astronomer (776-885).

Alcestis, daughter of Pelias and wife of Admetus (q. v.) On his wedding day, Admetus forgot to make a sacrifice to Diana and was sentenced to die. However, Apollo convinced the Fates to spare him if he could find someone willing to take his place. His wife volunteered to give her life for his, and embraced death. But Hercules fought Death and brought Alcestis back to her husband. This story is the focus of the tragedy Alcestes by Euripides. Milton references this event in one of his sonnets:

John Milton, Sonnet On his deceased Wife.

William Morris has made Alcestes the focus of one of the stories in his Earthly Paradise.

A variation of the story is found in Longfellow's The Golden Legend, Henry of Hoheneck, when dying, was promised his life if a maiden could be found who would give up her life for his. Elsie, the daughter of Gottlieb, a tenant farmer of the prince, offered herself as a sacrifice and followed her lord to Sorrento to surrender herself to Lucifer; but Henry heard of it, and, filled with gratitude, saved Elsie and made her his wife.

Alceste, the main character in Molière's play Le Misanthrope. He has a pure and noble mindset, but it's become bitter and revolted by his interactions with the world. He sees politeness as a flaw of superficial people, and social customs as nothing but deceit. He pursues Célmène, a flirt, and her way of handling his affection reinforces his negative view of humanity.

The Alchemist (The), the final one of Ben Jonson's three major comedies (1610). The other two are Vol'pone (2 syl.), (1605), and The Silent Woman (1609). The purpose of The Alchemist is to mock the belief in the philosopher's stone and the elixir of life. The alchemist is "Subtle," a complete fraud, while "Sir Epicure Mammon" is the main fool, who provides money and other resources for the "transmutation of metal." "Abel Drugger," a tobacconist, and "Dapper," a lawyer's clerk, are two other victims. "Captain Face," alias "Jeremy," the servant of "Lovewit," and "Dol Common" are his partners. Everything unravels with the unexpected return of "Lovewit."

Alcibiades (5 syl.), the Athenian general. After being exiled by the senate, he moves against the city, and since the senate can't defend itself, they open the gates to him (B.C. 450-404). Shakespeare references this event in Timon of Athens.

Alcibi'ades' Tables depicted a god or goddess on the outside, and a Sile'nus, or twisted piper, on the inside. Erasmus wrote a "fascinating essay on these tables" (Adage, 667, ed. R. Stephens); thus symbolizing deceit and pretense.

Wm. Browne, *Britannia's Pastorals*, i. (1613).

Alci'des, a name sometimes used for Hercules as the descendant of the hero Alcoeus through his son Amphitryon (q. v.). The name refers to any brave hero.

M. Drayton, *Nymphidia* (1563-1631).

Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI. act 4, sc 7 (1589).

Alci'na, the embodiment of Carnal Pleasure. In Bojardo's Orlando Innamorato, she is a fairy who takes Astolfo away. In Ariosto's Orlando Furioso, she is like Circe, and her garden is a place of magic. Alcina delights in her lovers for a time, only to later turn them into trees, stones, wild animals, and whatever else she feels like.

Al'ciphron, or The Minute Philosopher, is the title of a work by Bishop Berkeley, named after the main character, a freethinker. The goal of this work is to highlight the weaknesses of disbelief.

Al'ciphron, "the epicurean," the protagonist of T. Moore's novel titled The Epicurean.

—Putnam's Magazine.

Alcmena (in Molière, Alcmène), the wife of Amphitryon, the general of the Theban army. While her husband is away fighting the Telebo'ans, Jupiter takes on the appearance of Amphitryon; however, Amphitryon himself returns home the next day, leading to a mix-up between the real and fake Amphitryon, which gets complicated by Mercury, who pretends to be Sos'ia, Amphitryon's servant. Because of this affair with Jupiter, Alcmena becomes the mother of Her'culês. Plautus, Molière, and Dryden have all adapted this story into a comedy called Amphitryon.

Alcofri'bas was the name Rabelais was known by after spending six months in the prince's mouth, where he collected a fee for every bite of food the prince took. Pantag'ruel granted "the cheerful guy the lordship of Salmigondin."—Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 32 (1533).

Al'colomb, "subduer of hearts," daughter of Abou Aibou from Damascus, and sister of Ganem. The caliph Haroun-al-Raschid, overcome by jealousy, ordered Ganem to be executed and commanded his mother and sister to spend three days in penance in Damascus before being exiled from Syria. The two women traveled to Baghdad, where they were welcomed by the generous syndic of the jewelers. Once the caliph's jealousy subsided, he summoned the two exiles. He made Al'colomb his wife and married her mother to his vizier.—Arabian Nights ("Ganem, the Slave of Love").

Alcyon "the most miserable man alive," but once "the cheerful shepherd who used to happily play music and dance," near where the Severn flows. One day he found a lion's cub and raised it until it followed him around like a dog; but a cruel satyr shot it just for fun. The lion's cub represents Daphne, who died young, and the cruel satyr symbolizes death. He said he hated everything—the sky, the earth, fire, air, and sea, the day, the night; he hated speaking, hearing, tasting food, seeing things, smelling, feeling; he hated both men and women too because his Daphne was gone. What happened to this sorrowful shepherd the poet could never figure out. Alcyon is Sir Arthur Gorges.—Spencer, Daphnaida (in seven fyttes, 1590).

Spenser, *Colin Clout's Come Home Again* (1591).

Alcyone or Halcyone (4 syl.), daughter of Aeolus, who, upon learning of her husband's death in a shipwreck, jumped into the sea and was transformed into a kingfisher. (See HALCYON DAYS.)

Aldabel'la, wife of Orlando, sister of Oliver, and daughter of Monodan'tês.—Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, etc. (1516).

Aldabella, a marchioness of Florence, was stunning and captivating, but also arrogant and ruthless. She often hosted gatherings for the wealthy of Florence, and Fazio was one of the men who spent most of his time in her company. His wife, Bianca, feeling jealous of Aldabella, accused him to the duke of being involved in Bartoldo's death, which led to Fazio’s execution. Bianca passed away heartbroken, and Aldabella was sentenced to live out her days in a convent.—Dean Milman, Fazio (a tragedy, 1815).

Alden (John), one of the sons of the Pilgrim fathers, is in love with Priscilla, the beautiful Puritan. Miles Standish, a gruff old soldier who wants to marry Priscilla, asks John Alden to speak to her on his behalf; but the young woman replies playfully, "Why don't you speak for yourself, John!" Shortly after this, when Standish is reported to have been killed by a poisoned arrow, John steps up for himself, and Priscilla agrees to marry him. However, Standish is not dead, only injured; he shows up at the wedding, and upon seeing how things have turned out, he accepts the situation with a good-natured comment:

Longfellow, *Courtship of Miles Standish* (1858).

Aldiborontephoscophornio [Al'diboron'te-fos'co-for'nio], a character in Chrononhotonthologos, by H. Carey.

(Sir Walter Scott used to call James Ballantyne, the printer, this nickname because of his pompous and formal way of speaking.)

Al'diger, son of Buo'vo, from the Clarmont family, brother of Malagi'gi and Vivian.—Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516).

Al'dine (2 syl.), leader of the second squadron of Arabs who joined the Egyptian forces against the crusaders. Tasso describes the Arabs, "Their voices were soft and their height short" (xvii.).—Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575).

Al'dingar (Sir), the steward of Queen Eleanor, wife of Henry II. He questioned the queen's loyalty and agreed to prove his accusation through single combat; however, an angel (appearing as a small child) confirmed the queen's innocence. This is likely a flawed retelling of the story of Gunhilda and Emperor Henry.—Percy, Reliques, ii. 9.

Aldo, a Caledonian, wasn't invited by Fingal to his banquet when he returned to Morven after defeating Swaran. Upset by this slight, he went to Fingal's sworn enemy, Erragon, the king of Sora (in Scandinavia), where Lorma, the king's wife, fell for him. The two of them ran away to Morven, prompting Erragon to invade immediately. Aldo was killed in single combat with Erragon, Lorma died from heartbreak, and Erragon was killed in battle by Graul, the son of Morni.—Ossian ("The Battle of Lora").

Aldrick the Jesuit, the confessor of Charlotte, Countess of Derby.—Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (during the reign of Charles II.).

Aldrovand (Father), chaplain of Sir Raymond Berenger, the elderly Norman warrior.—Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.).

Aldus, father of Al'adine (3 syl), the "passionate knight."—Spenser, Faëry Queen, vi. 3 (1596).

Alea, a warrior who created dice during the siege of Troy; at least that's what Isidore of Seville claims. Suidas credits the invention to Palamëdês.

Alea is a board game invented by the Greeks during the downtime of the Trojan War, by a soldier named ALEA, after whom the game is also named.—Isidorus, Orig. xviii. 57.

Alec'tryon, a young man assigned by Mars to keep watch for unexpected visitors, fell asleep, allowing Apollo to catch Mars and Venus together in each other's arms. In his anger, Mars transformed the boy into a rooster.

Alec Yeaton, the captain from Gloucester in T. B. Aldrich's poem, Alec Yeaton's Son.

Ale'ria, one of the Amazons, and the most cherished of the ten wives of Guido the Savage.—Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516).

Alessandro, the husband of the Indian girl Ramona, in Helen Hunt Jackson's novel Ramona. The story of the young couple is filled with oppression and deceit by U.S. officials (1884). Alessio, the young man Lisa was living with as a concubine when Elvino promised to marry her. Elvino made the promise out of jealousy, thinking that Ami'na was unfaithful to him, but when he realized his mistake, he returned to his first love and left Lisa to marry Alessio, with whom she had been living before. —Bellini's opera, La Sonnamlula (1831).

Ale'thes (3 syl.), an ambassador from Egypt to King Al'adine (3 syl.); sly, dishonest, deceptive, and full of tricks.—Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575).

Alexander Patoff, brother of the young Russian who is central to F. Marion Crawford's novel Paul Patoff. Alexander's mysterious disappearance in a mosque raises suspicions about his brother, with even their mother accusing Paul of killing him (1887).

Alex. Walton, a doctor and suitor of Margaret Kent in The Story of Margaret Kent, by Henry Hayes (Ellen Olney Kirke) (1886).

Alexander the Great, a tragedy by Nathaniel Lee (1678). In French, we have a novel called Roman d'Alexandre, by Lambert-li-cors (twelfth century), and a tragedy by Racine (1665).

Alexander an Athlete. When Alexander was asked if he would compete in a race at the Olympic games, he answered, "Sure, if all my competitors are kings."

The Albanian Alexander, George Castriot (Scanderbeg or Iscander beg, 1404-1467).

The Persian Alexander, Sandjar (1117-1158).

Alexander of the North, Charles XII of Sweden (1682-1718).

Alexander was deformed.

Pope, *Prologue to the Satires*, 117.

Alexander and Homer. When Alexander invaded Asia Minor, he made a sacrifice to Priam and then went to visit Achilles' tomb. There, he exclaimed, "O most envied of men, who had Homer to sing your praises!"

Which made the Eastern conqueror cry,

Spenser, *The Ruins of Time* (1591).

Alexander and Parmenio. When Darius, king of Persia, offered Alexander his daughter Stati'ra in marriage, along with a dowry of 10,000 talents of gold, Parmenio said, "I’d take the offer if I were Alexander." To this, Alexander replied, "So would I, if I were Parmenio."

On another occasion, the general thought the king was a bit too generous with his gifts, to which Alexander replied, "I don’t worry about what Parmenio should receive, but about what Alexander should give."

Alexander and Perdiccas. When Alexander set off for Asia, he split his belongings among his friends. Perdiccas asked what he had kept for himself. "Hope," replied Alexander. "If hope is enough for Alexander," responded the friend, "it's enough for Perdiccas too;" and he refused to take anything.

Alexander and Raphael. Alexander met Raphael in a cave on the mountain of Kaf, and when asked what he was looking for, he replied, "The water of immortality." Raphael then gave him a stone and told him that when he found another stone of the same weight, he would achieve his wish. "And how long," Alexander asked, "do I have to live?" The angel replied, "Until the sky above you and the ground beneath you are made of iron." Alexander then went out and found a stone that was almost the right weight, and to make it balance perfectly, he added a bit of dirt. While falling from his horse at Ghur, he was laid in his armor on the ground, and his shield was set up over him to block the sun. It dawned on him that he would gain immortality when, like the stone, he was buried in the earth, and that his time had come, for the ground beneath him was iron, and his iron shield was his vault of heaven above. So he died.

Alexander and the Robber. When Dion'idês, a pirate, was brought before Alexander, he shouted, "Despicable thief! How dare you pollute the seas with your crimes?" "And you," replied the pirate, "what gives you the right to destroy the world? Just because I have one ship, I’m called a thief, but you, with your entire fleet, are called a conqueror." Alexander admired the man's courage and ordered him to be set free.

Alexander's Beard, a smooth chin, or a very small beard. It's said that Alexander the Great barely had any beard at all.

G. Gascoigne, The Steele Glas (d. 1577).

Alexander's Runner, Ladas.

Alexandra, daughter of Oronthea, queen of the Amazons, and one of the ten wives of Elbanio. It is from her that the land of the Amazons was named Alexandra.—Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516).

Alex'is, the carefree shepherd in The Faithful Shepherdess, a pastoral drama by John Fletcher (1610).

Alfa'der, the father of all the Asen (gods) of Scandinavia, creator and ruler of the universe, supporter of the arts and magic, etc.

Alfonso, father of Leonora d'Este and Duke of Ferrara, Tasso the poet fell in love with Leonora. The duke locked him up as a madman for seven years in the Santa Anna asylum, but after that time, he was freed through the help of Vincenzo Gonzago, Duke of Mantua. Byron mentions this in his Childe Harold, iv. 36.

Alfonso XI of Castile, whose "favorite" was Leonora de Guzman.—Donizetti, La Favorita (an opera, 1842).

Alfonso (Don), from Seville, a fifty-year-old man and husband of Donna Julia (who is twenty-seven years younger than him), whom he was unjustly jealous of.—Byron, Don Juan, i.

Alfonso, in Walpole's story titled The Castle of Otranto, shows up as a ghostly figure in the moonlight, enlarged to a giant size (1769).

Alfred as a Gleeman. Alfred, wanting to learn about the size of the Danish camp, disguised himself as a minstrel and stayed there for several days, entertaining the soldiers with his music and singing. Once he gathered all the information he needed, he went back to his home.—William of Malmesbury (twelfth century).

William of Malmesbury shares a similar tale about Anlaf, a Danish king, who, he claims, just before the battle of Brunanburh in Northumberland, entered King Athelstan's camp as a minstrel, holding a harp. The English king was so impressed that he gave Anlaf gold. However, Anlaf refused to keep the gold and buried it in the ground.

Algarsife (3 syl.), and Cam'ballo, sons of Cambuscan, the king of Tartary, and Elfêta his wife. Algarsife married Theodora.

Chaucer, The Squire's Tale Al'gebar' ("the giant"). This is how the Arabs refer to the constellation Orion.

Ali, cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad. The beauty of his eyes is well-known in Persia. Ayn Hali ("eyes of Ali") is the highest compliment a Persian can give to beauty.—Chardin.

Ali Baba, a poor Persian woodcutter, accidentally discovers the magic words, "Open Sesame!" and "Close Sesame!" which allow him to enter a vast cave filled with stolen treasure and home to forty thieves. He becomes wealthy by taking from these hidden riches; and through the cleverness of Morgiana, his slave, the captain and all his thieves are eliminated. As a reward for her help, Ali Baba grants Morgiana her freedom and marries her to his son.—Arabian Nights ("Ali Baba or the Forty Thieves").

Al'ice (2 syl.), sister of Valentine, in Mons. Thomas, a comedy by Beaumont and Fletcher (1619).

Al'ice (2 syl.), Robert le Diable's foster sister and the wife of Rambaldo, the Norman troubadour, in Meyerbeer's opera Roberto il Diavolo. She travels to Palermo to deliver her mother's "will" to the duke, which he is instructed not to read until he becomes a virtuous man. She is Robert's guiding spirit, and when Bertram, the demon, demands his soul as payment for his wrongdoings, Alice reclaims him by reading the will.

Al'ice (2 syl.), the maid of dame Whitecraft, wife of the innkeeper at Altringham.—Sir W. Scott, Peveril of the Peak (time, Charles II.).

Al'ice, the miller's daughter, is a story about a joyful first love recounted years later by an elderly man who married the rural beauty. He was an idealistic young man when he first fell for Alice, and that love awakened him to adulthood. (See ROSE.)—Tennyson, The Miller's Daughter.

Al'ice (The Lady), widow of Walter, knight of Avenel (2 syl).—Sir W. Scott, The Monastery (time, Elizabeth).

Al'ice [GRAY], known as "Old Alice Gray," a former tenant of the lord of Ravenswood. Lucy Ashton visits her after the old lord's funeral.—Sir W. Scott, Bride of Lammermoor (time, William III.).

Alice Munro is one of the sisters captured by Native Americans in Cooper's Last of the Mohicans (1821).

Alichi'no. a demon in Dante's Inferno.

Alicia gave her heart to Mosby but married Arden for his status. As a wife, she deceived Arden and even teamed up with Mosby to plot his murder. Torn between her love for Mosby and her respect for Arden, she feels guilty but continues to sin; she wants to break free but is dominated by Mosby's stronger will. Alicia's desires push her toward wrongdoing, but her conscience accuses her and urges her to choose the right path. She hesitates and negotiates with sin, like Balaam, and inevitably, is lost. —Anon., Arden of Feversham (1592).

Alicia, "a laughing, playful, whining woman," who once had lord Hastings wrapped around her finger, but her constant jealousy, "annoying days and restless, joyless nights," drove him away. Jealous of Jane Shore, she accused her to the duke of Gloucester of seducing lord Hastings away from his loyalty, and the lord protector quickly fabricated a charge against both of them; he ordered the lord chamberlain to be executed for treason, and he persecuted Jane Shore for witchcraft. Alicia goes completely mad.—Rowe, Jane Shore (1713).

Alicia (The lady), daughter of Lord Waldemar Fitzurse.—Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.).

Alick [POLWORTH], one of the servants at Waverley.—Sir W. Scott, Waverley (time, George II.).

Alifan'faron, the emperor of the island Trap'oban, a Muslim, wanted to marry Pentap'olin's daughter, who is Christian. Pentapolin refused to approve this union, so the emperor gathered a huge army to push his proposal. This is Don Quixote's way of explaining two flocks of sheep moving toward each other, which he told Sancho were the armies of Alifanfaron and Pentapolin.—Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iii. 4 (1605).

Ajax the Greater had a similar experience. (See AJAX.)

Alin'da, daughter of Alphonso, an easily angered old lord of Sego'via.—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Pilgrim (1621).

(Alinda is the name taken on by young Archas when he wears women's clothing. This young man is the son of General Archas, "the loyal subject" of the great duke of Moscovia, in the play by Beaumont and Fletcher, titled The Loyal Subject, 1618.)

Aliprando, a Christian knight, found Rinaldo's armor and brought it to Godfrey. Both of them thought that Rinaldo had been killed, but they were wrong.—Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575).

Al'iris, the sultan of Lower Buchar'ia, who, using the name Fer'amorz, travels with Lalla Rookh from Delhi on her way to marry the sultan. He captures her heart and keeps her entertained during the journey by sharing stories. When she meets the sultan, her happiness is limitless upon realizing that Feramorz the poet, who has won her love, is the sultan she is meant to marry.—T. Moore, Lalla Rookh.

Alisaunder (Sir), known as LORFELIN, was the son of the noble prince Boudwine and his wife An'glides (3 syl.). Sir Mark, the king of Cornwall, killed Sir Boudwine, who was his brother, while Alisaunder was still a child. When Alisaunder became a knight, his mother gave him his father’s doublet, "stained with old blood," and urged him to avenge his father's death. Alisaunder married Alis la Beale Pilgrim and had a son named Bellen'gerus le Beuse. Instead of carrying out his mother’s wish, he was himself "falsely and feloniously slain" by King Mark.—Sir T. Malory, History of King Arthur, ii. 119-125 (1470).

Alison was the young wife of John, a wealthy, miserly carpenter. Absolon, a self-righteous parish clerk, showed her interest, but she was in love with a poor scholar named Nicholas, who was staying in her husband's house. She was beautiful, and her body was nimble like a weasel. She had a mischievous eye, small eyebrows, was "as long as a mast and straight as an arrow," "more delightful to look at than a blooming pear tree," and her skin "was softer than the wool of a ram." —Chaucer, "The Miller's Tale," Canterbury Tales, (1388).

Al'ison, in Sir W. Scott's Kenilworth, is a longtime servant in the employ of the Earl of Leicester at Cumnor Place.

Al'ken, an elderly shepherd, teaches Robin Hood's men how to locate a witch and how to hunt her down.—Ben Jonson, The Sad Shepherd (1637).

All's Well that Ends Well, a comedy by Shakespeare (1598). The main characters are Bertram of Rousillon and Helena, the daughter of a physician. They are married by the king of France's order but separate because Bertram believes Helena is not of high enough social status for him. In the end, though, everything turns out fine.—(See HELENA.)

The story of this play comes from Painter's Gilletta of Narbon.

All the Talents The administration, created by Lord Grenville in 1806 following William Pitt's death, included Lord Grenville, the Earl Fitzwilliam, Viscount Sidmouth, Charles James Fox, Earl Spencer, William Windham, Lord Erskine, Sir Charles Grey, Lord Minto, Lord Auckland, Lord Moira, Sheridan, Richard Fitzpatrick, and Lord Ellenborough. It was dissolved in 1807.

Byron, *English Bards and Scottish Reviewers*.

Allan, lord of Ravenswood, a fallen Scottish nobleman.—Sir W. Scott, The Bride of Lammermoor (time, William III.).

Al'lan (Mrs.), Colonel Mannering's housekeeper at Woodburne.—Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

Al'lan [Breck Cameron], the sergeant sent to arrest Hamish Bean McTavish, is shot by him. Sir W. Scott, The Highland Widow (time, George II.).

Allan-a-Dale, one of Robin Hood's followers, introduced by Sir W. Scott in Ivanhoe. (See ALLAN-A-DALE.)

Allan Quartermain, a hunter and traveler, whose adventures are documented in She, King Solomon's Mines, and Allan Quartermain, by W. Rider Haggard (1886-1891).

Allegre (3 syl.), the loyal servant of Philip Chabot. When Chabot was charged with treason, Allegre was tortured to force him to confess something that would harm his master, but the brave man remained steadfast and it was later revealed that the accusation was baseless and driven by jealousy.—G. Chapman and J. Shirley, The Tragedy of Philip Chabot.

Allen (Ralph), a friend of Pope and supporter of Fielding.

Pope.

Allen (Long), a soldier in the king Richard I's "guards."—Sir W. Scott, The Talisman.

Allen (Major), an officer in the Duke of Monmouth's army.—Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.).

All-Fair, a princess, was saved from the two lions (who guarded the Desert Fairy) by the Yellow Dwarf, on the condition that she would marry him. Upon returning home, she hoped to escape this promise by marrying the brave king of the Gold Mines, but on the wedding day, the Yellow Dwarf kidnapped her on a Spanish cat and locked her away in Steel Castle. There, Gold Mine came to rescue her with a magic sword, but in his excitement at finding her, he dropped the sword, and the Yellow Dwarf stabbed him to the heart with it. All-Fair, collapsing next to her lover's body, died of a broken heart. The siren transformed the dead lovers into two palm trees.—Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales ("The Yellow Dwarf," 1682). Allin-a-Dale or Allen-a-Dale, from Nottinghamshire, was set to marry a lady who loved him back, but her parents forced her to give him up for an old, wealthy knight. Allin shared his story with Robin Hood, and the brave forester, disguised as a harper, went to the church where the wedding was to happen. When the wedding party entered, Robin Hood shouted, "This is not a suitable match; the bride will marry only the man she chooses." Then, blowing his horn, Allin-a-Dale and twenty-four archers stormed into the church. The bishop refused to marry the woman to Allin until the banns had been read three times, at which point Robin removed the bishop's gown and dressed Little John in it, who read the banns seven times and performed the ceremony.—Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale (a ballad).

All'it. Captain of Nebuchadrezzar's guards in The Master of the Magicians, by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps and Herbert D. Ward. He is flattered and pleased to be the queen's favorite until he encounters Lalitha, a Jewish woman. He risks his life to save her from runaway horses pulling a chariot, becomes entranced by her beauty, and forgets his royal mistress in a noble love (1890).

Allnut (Noll), owner of the Swan, Lambythe Ferry (1625).

Grace Allnut, his spouse.

Oliver Allnut, the landlord's son.—Sterling, John Felton (1852).

Allworth (Lady), the stepmother of Tom Allworth. Sir Giles Overreach believed she would marry his nephew Wellborn, but she ended up marrying Lord Lovel.

Tom Allworth, the stepson of Lady Allworth, is in love with Margaret Overreach, whom he marries.—Massinger, A New Way to Pay Old Debts (1625).

All'worthy, in Fielding's Tom Jones, is a man of strong integrity, great kindness, limitless humility, free-spiritedness, and relentless generosity, with no concern for wealth or recognition. Fielding's friend, Ralph Allen, represented the ideal of this character.

Alma (the human soul) queen of a castle, which for seven years was troubled by a chaotic crowd. Arthur and Sir Guyon were shown around this castle by Alma, which, although not named, symbolizes the human body.—Spenser, The Faërie Queene, ii. 9 (1590).

Almansor ("the invincible") is a title taken on by various Muslim princes, including the second caliph of the Abbasid dynasty, named Abou Giafar Abdallah (the invincible or al mansor). It was also used by the renowned Moorish leader in Spain named Mohammed. In Africa, Yacoubal-Modjahed held the title "al mansor," a royal name of respect given to the kings of Fez, Morocco, and Algiers.

Almanzor, the caliph, wanted to establish a city in a particular location and was informed by a hermit named Bag dad that a man named Moclas was meant to be its founder. "I am that man," said the caliph, and he then recounted how, in his youth, he once stole a bracelet and pawned it, after which his nurse always referred to him as "Moclas" (thief). Almanzor built the city and named it Bag dad, after the hermit.—Marigny.

Alman'zor, in Dryden's tragedy The Conquest of Granada.

Alman'zor, servant of Madelon and her cousin Cathos, the pretentious socialites in Molière's comedy Les Précieuses Ridicules (1659).

Almavi'va, (Count), in The Marriage of Figaro and The Barber of Seville by Beaumarchais. The Follies of a Day by T. Holcroft (1745-1809) is inspired by Beaumarchais.

Alme'ria, daughter of Manuel, the king of Granada. While she was held captive in Valentia, Prince Alphonso fell in love with her. He was forced to fight and married her; however, on their wedding day, the ship they were on was wrecked, and they each believed the other was dead. Thankfully, they both survived and unexpectedly reunited on the coast of Granada, where Alphonso was taken as a prisoner. There, he was imprisoned under the alias Osmyn but managed to escape. Leading an army, he invaded Granada, found Manuel dead, and "the mournful bride" turned into the joyful wife.—W. Congreve, The Mourning Bride (1697).

Almes'bury (3 syl.). It was in a sanctuary in Almesbury that Queen Guinevere took refuge after her affair with Sir Lancelot was revealed to the king. She died here, but her body was buried at Glastonbury.

Almey'da, the Portuguese governor of India. During his battle with the combined fleets of Cambaya and Egypt, he suffered severe injuries to his legs and thighs from chain-shot. Rather than retreating, he had himself tied to the ship's mast, where he "waved his sword to motivate the fighters," until he eventually bled to death.

Similar stories are told of Admiral Benbow, Cynaegeros, brother of the poet Aeschylus, Jaafer who carried the sacred banner of "the prophet" in the battle of Muta, and a few others.

Almirods (The), a rebellious group that refused to surrender to Prince Pantag'ruel after he conquered King Anarchus of the Dipsodes (2 syl). While Pantagruel was advancing against these rebels, a massive downpour occurred, and the prince, sticking his tongue "halfway" out, managed to shield his entire army.—Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 32 (1533).

Alnas'char, the dreamer, the "barber's fifth brother." He put all his money into a basket of glassware, believing he would make a fortune, reinvesting over and over until he became so wealthy that he could marry the vizier's daughter and live in luxury. However, in a fit of anger towards his imagined wife, he kicked the basket and shattered all the glassware that had fueled his dreams of riches.—The Arabian Nights' Entertainments.

The Alnaschar of Modern Literature, S.T. Coleridge, named for his tendency to constantly plan great literary projects that he never completed (1772-1834).

Aloa'din (4 syl.), a sorcerer, who created a palace and garden in Arabia known as "The Earthly Paradise." Thalaba killed him with a club, causing the magical scene to vanish.—Southey, Thalaba the Destroyer, vii. (1797).

Alonso, king of Naples, father of Ferdinand and brother of Sebastian, in The Tempest, by Shakespeare (1609).

Alonzo the brave, the title of a ballad by M.G. Lewis. The beautiful Imogene was engaged to Alonzo, but while he was away fighting in wars, she married someone else. At the wedding feast, Alonzo's ghost appeared next to the bride and, after scolding her for her unfaithfulness, took her away to the grave.

Alon'zo, a Portuguese gentleman, the sworn enemy of the boastful Duarte (3 syl.), in the play titled The Custom of the Country, by Beaumont and Fletcher (1647).

Alonzo is Cora's husband. He’s a courageous Peruvian knight, a friend of Rolla, and favored by King Atali'ba. Alonzo is captured during war but is freed by Rolla, who switches clothes with him. In the end, he battles Pizarro and kills him.—Sheridan, Pizarro (adapted from Kotzebue).

Alonzo (Don), "the conqueror of Africa," friend of Don Carlos, and husband of Leonora. Don Carlos was engaged to Leonora, but out of friendship, he gave her up to the conqueror. Zanga, the Moor, out of revenge, convinced Alonzo that his wife and Don Carlos still had feelings for each other, and out of jealousy, Alonzo had his friend killed, while Leonora took her own life. Zanga now tells Alonzo that his jealousy was unfounded, and in a fit of grief, he kills himself.—Edw. Young, The Revenge (1721).

Alonzo Fernandez de Avellaneda, the writer of a fake Don Quixote, who made a third adventure. This was published while Cervantes was still alive and really bothered him.

Alp, a Venetian traitor, who was the commander of the Turkish army during the siege of Corinth. He loved Francesca, the daughter of old Minotti, the governor of Corinth, but she refused to marry a traitor and convert. Alp was shot during the siege, and Francesca died of a broken heart.—Byron, Siege of Corinth.

Alphe'us (3 syl.), a magician and prophet in Charlemagne's army, was killed in his sleep by Clorida'no.—Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516).

Alphe'us (3 syl.), from classic legend, was deeply in love with Arethu'sa. He chased her, but she ran away in fear and was transformed by Diana into a fountain that carries her name.

Alphon'so, a grumpy old lord in The Pilgrim, a comedy by Beaumont and Fletcher (1621).

Alphonso, king of Naples, was overthrown by his brother Frederick. Sorano attempted to poison him but failed. In the end, he regained his crown, and both Frederick and Sorano were sent to a monastery for the remainder of their lives.—Beaumont and Fletcher, A Wife for a Month (1624).

Alphonso, son of Count Pedro of Cantabria, later became king of Spain. He was engaged to Hermesind, daughter of Lord Pelayo.

Alqui'fe (3 syl.), a well-known sorcerer in Amadis of Gaul, by Vasco de Lobeira, from Oporto, who passed away in 1403.

La Noue criticizes so-called helpful enchanters like Alquife and Urganda, claiming they act "as a justification for those who deal with the forces of darkness."—Francis de la Noue, Discourses, 87 (1587).

Alrinach is the demon responsible for shipwrecks, overseeing storms and earthquakes. When seen, it always appears in the form and attire of a woman.—Eastern Mythology.

Alscrip (Miss), "the heiress," a common upstart, pretentious, self-important, mean-spirited, and uneducated. After inheriting a fortune, she takes on the attitude of a high-society woman and shows off all the weaknesses without having any of the qualities of the elite.

Mr. Alscrip, the crass father of "the heiress," who finds the allure of newfound wealth incredibly tedious, and in his new house in Berkeley Square, longs for the cozy comforts he used to have as a scrivener in Furnival's Inn.—General Burgoyne, The Heiress (1781).

Al'tamont, a young lord from Genoa, marries Calista, the daughter of lord Sciol'to (3 syl). On his wedding day, he finds out that his bride has been seduced by Lotha'rio, leading to a duel where Lothario is killed, and then Calista stabs herself.—N. Rowe, The Fair Penitent (1703). (Rowe makes Sciolto three syllables always.)

Altamo'rus, king of Samarcand, who allied with the Egyptian forces against the crusaders. He submitted to Godfrey (bk. xx.).—Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered (1575).

Altascar (Sir). A refined old Spaniard in Bret Harte's Notes by Flood and Field. He is forced off his ranch in the Sacramento Valley by a group of government surveyors who have arrived to fix the boundaries (1878).

Altemera. A typical girl from the far south, with a beautiful face, smooth skin, and a "relaxed sweet voice," who plays the main role in Annie Eliot's An Hour's Promise (1888).

Althaea's Brand. The Fates told Althaea that her son Meleager would live as long as a log of wood currently on the fire stayed unburned. Althaea managed to keep the log unburned for many years, but when her son killed her two brothers, she angrily threw it into the fire, where it quickly burned up, and Meleager died at the same moment.—Ovid, Metaph. viii. 4.

Althe'a (The divine), by Richard Lovelace, was Lucy Saeheverell, also known by the poet as Lucasta.

(The "grates" here referred to were those of a prison where Lovelace was held by the Long Parliament for his petition from Kent in support of the king.)

Altheetar, one of the seven grooms of Lopluël, is condemned to die one by one by a malicious spirit. He is young, handsome, and has extraordinary talents of both heart and mind. While singing to her, his lyre slips from his hand and he dies in her embrace, her flowing hair draping over him like a shroud.

Lopluel, or the Bride of Seven, by Maria del Occidente (Maria Gowen Brooks) (1833).

Altisidora, one of the duchess's servants, pretends to be in love with Don Quixote and serenades him. He sings back that he has no other love than for his Dulcinea, and while he’s still singing, a bunch of cats comes in through the window, let in by a rope. As the knight is leaving the mansion, Altisidora accuses him of stealing her garters, but when he denies it, she says she only mentioned it in a moment of distraction, as her garters weren't actually stolen. "I'm like a man searching for his mule while he's sitting on its back."—Cervantes, Don Quixote, II. iii. 9, etc.; iv. 5 (1615).

Al'ton (Miss), also known as Miss CLIFFORD, is a sweet and modest young woman, the companion of Miss Alscrip, "the heiress," who is a vulgar and self-important social climber. Lord Gayville is expected to marry "the heiress," but he can’t stand her and is in love with Miss Alton, her humble friend. It turns out that £2000 a year from "the heiress's" fortune actually belongs to Mr. Clifford (Miss Alton's brother) and is set aside for his sister. Sir Clement Flint destroys this arrangement, causing the money to revert to Clifford, who then marries Lady Emily Gayville, and Sir Clement gives the same amount to his nephew, Lord Gayville, who marries Miss Alton.—General Burgoyne, The Heiress (1781).

Al'ton Locke, tailor and poet, a novel by Rev. Charles Kingsley (1850). This novel earned the author the nickname "The Chartist Clergyman."

Alvira Roberts, the hired help and loyal servant of the Fairchild family. For many years, she and Milton Squires, the hired hand, have been "seeing each other." When he becomes successful, he leaves her. When he’s found guilty of murder, she kisses him. "If it was the last thing I ever did in my life, I'd do it. We were—engaged—once upon a time!"—Seth's Brother's Wife, by Harold Frederic (1886).

Alzir'do, king of Trem'izen, in Africa, overthrown by Orlando in his journey to connect with the allied army of Ag'ramant.—Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516).

Am'adis of Gaul is the love-child of King Per'ion and Princess Elize'na. He is the main character in a well-known prose romance of chivalry. The first four books are credited to Lobeira from Portugal (died 1403). Montal'vo translated these books into Spanish in 1460 and added a fifth book. Herberay then translated the five into French, expanding the series to twenty-four books. Finally, Gilbert Saunier added seven more volumes and titled the whole collection Le Roman des Romans.

Whether Amadis was French or British is debated. Some argue that "Gaul" refers to Wales, not France; that Elizena was the princess of Brittany (Bretagne), and that Perion was the king of Gaul (Wales), not Gaul (France).

As Arthur is the main character in British romance, Charlemagne in French, and Diderick in German, Amadis serves as the main character in Spanish and Portuguese romance; however, there is a key difference—Amadis's story is a cohesive narrative that concludes with his marriage to Oria'na, with the challenges he faced along the way serving as mere obstacles to this resolution. In the Arthurian romances and the Charlemagne tales, we see a variety of adventures featuring different heroes, but there’s no unified goal; each collection of adventures stands on its own.

Ama'dis of Greece, a continuation of Amadis of Gaul, by Felicia'no de Silva. There are also several other versions of Amadis—like Amadis of Colchis, Amadis of Trebisond, Amadis of Cathay—but all these are far inferior to the original Amadis of Gaul.

The ancient fables, whose remnants still exist, like Lancelot of the Lake, Pierceforest, Tristram, Giron the Courteous, etc., bear witness to this odd vanity. For 500 years, these stories entertained people until our language became more refined and our tastes more demanding, pushing them to come up with new things to entertain us. This is how the books of Amadis emerged in our time.—Francis de la Noue, Discourses, 87 (1587).

Amai'mon (3 syl.), one of the main devils. Asmode'us is one of his assistants. Shakespeare mentions him twice, in 1 Henry IV. act ii. sc. 4, and in The Merry Wives of Windsor, act ii. sc. 2.

Amal'ahta, son of Erill'yab, the ousted queen of the Hoamen (2 syl.), an Indian tribe located south of the Missouri River. He is portrayed as a ruthless savage, cunning, deceitful, and brutal. Amal'ahta wanted to marry Princess Goer'vyl, Madoc's sister, and even abducted her by force, but he was killed while trying to escape.—Southey, Madoc, ii. 16 (1805).

Amalthaea, the prophetess who offered to sell Tarquin nine books of prophetic oracles. When the king refused to pay her asking price, she left, burned three of them, and returned to the king, asking for the same price for the remaining six. Again, the king declined to buy them. After burning three more of the books, she demanded the original price for the last three. Tarquin paid the amount, and Amalthaea was never seen again. Aulus Gellius says that Amalthaea burned the books in front of the king. Pliny claims that the original number of books was actually three, of which the sibyl burned two, and the third was purchased by King Tarquin.

Amalthe'a was the lover of Ammon and the mother of Bacchus. Ammon hid his mistress on the island of Nysa (in Africa) to avoid the watchful eyes and jealousy of his wife Rhea. This version (mentioned by Diodorus Sic'ulus, bk. iii., and by Sir Walter Raleigh in his History of the World, I. vi. 5) is different from the common tale, which describes Sem'elê as the mother of Bacchus and Rhea as his nurse. (Ammon is Ham or Cham, the son of Noah, who is considered the founder of the African race.)

Milton, *Paradise Lost*, iv. 275 (1665).

Amanda, wife of Loveless. Lord Foppington shows her romantic interest, but she completely disdains the arrogant fool and treats him with scorn. Colonel Townly, wanting to annoy his love interest, also flirts with Loveless's wife, but she rejects his advances with anger, and Loveless, who hears her, aware of his own faults, decides to change his ways and, "forsaking all others," to stay faithful to Amanda, "as long as they both shall live."—Sheridan, A Trip to Scarborough.

Aman'da, in Thomson's Seasons, is intended for Miss Young, who married Admiral Campbell.

"Spring," 480, 481 (1728).

Amanda, the target of Peregrine Pickle's seduction, in Smollett's novel Peregrine Pickle (1751).

Amanda, a worldly woman in Julia Ward Howe's poem, Amanda's Inventory, who tallies her wealth and achievements, and ultimately must end the list with death (1866).

Amaran'ta, wife of Bar'tolus, the greedy lawyer. She was lustfully desired by Leandro, a Spanish gentleman.—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Spanish Curate (1622).

Am'aranth (Lady), in Wild Oats, by John O'Keefe, a well-known role of Mrs. Pope (1740-1797).

Amarillis, a shepherdess in love with Perigot, but Perigot loved Amoret. To end this romance, Amarillis convinced "the sullen shepherd" to dunk her in "the magic well," which transformed her into an exact copy of her rival, and she quickly made Perigot sick of her with her bold and reckless behavior. Later, when he encountered the real Amoret, he rejected her and even hurt her with the intention to kill. Eventually, Corin, "the faithful shepherdess," uncovered the trick, and Perigot married his true love.—John Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherd (1610).

Amaryllis, in Spenser's pastoral Colin Clout's Come Home Again, was the countess of Derby. Her name was Alice, and she was the youngest of Sir John Spenser’s six daughters from Althorpe, the ancestor of the noble houses of Spenser and Marlborough. After the earl died, the widow married Sir Thomas Egerton, the keeper of the Great Seal (later Baron of Ellesmere and Viscount Brackley). It was for this very lady, during her widowhood, that Milton wrote his Ar'cades (3 syl.).

Spenser, *Colin Clout's Come Home Again* (1594).

Am'asisi, Amosis, or Aah'mes (3 syl.), founder of the eighteenth Egyptian dynasty (B.C. 1610). Lord Brooke credits him with one of the pyramids. The three main pyramids are typically attributed to Suphis (or Cheops), Sen-Suphis (or Cephrenês), and Mencherês, all from the fourth dynasty.

Lord Brooke, Peace.

Amateur (An), Pierce Egan the younger published under this pseudonym his Real Life in London, or The Rambles and Adventures of Rob Tally-ho, Esq., and his Cousin, the Hon. Tom Dashall, through the Metropolis (1821-2).

Amaurots (The), a group of people whose kingdom was attacked by the Dipsodes (2 syl.), but Pantag'ruel, coming to their rescue, completely defeated the invaders.—Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. (1533).

Ama'via, the embodiment of Excess in sorrow. Upon hearing that her husband, Sir Mordant, had been lured to the Bower of Bliss by the enchantress Acrasia, she set out to find him and discovered that he had changed so much in mind and body that she could hardly recognize him; nonetheless, she skillfully managed to take him away, but he died on the way, and Ama'via ended her own life in overwhelming grief.—Spenser, Faëry Queen, ii. 1 (1590).

Amazo'na, a fairy, who saved a certain country from the Ogri and the Blue Centaur. When she blew her trumpet, the sick were healed and became both young and strong. She gave Princess Carpil'lona a bunch of gilly-flowers, which allowed her to go unnoticed by those who knew her well.—Comtesse D'Aunoy, Fairy Tales ("The Princess Carpillona," 1682).

Amazons, a legendary group of women warriors. It was said that to draw a bow, they removed one of their breasts.

Amber is said to be made from the tears of birds, specifically the sisters of Meleager, known as Meleag'ridês, who never stopped crying for their dead brother.—Pliny, Natural History, xxxvii. 2, 11.

T. Moore, Fire Worshippers.

Am'brose (2 syl.), a con artist, pretended to be a devout person in front of Gil Blas. He was working with a guy who went by don Raphael and a young woman named Camilla, who was the cousin of donna Mencia. The three of them tricked Gil Blas into going to a place that Camilla claimed was hers, where they stole his ring, his suitcase, and his money, then took off, leaving him to realize that the place was just a rented room.—Lesage, Gil Blas, i. 15, 16 (1715).

(This incident is taken from Espinel's novel titled Vida de Escudero, marcos de Obregon, 1618.)

Am'brose (2 syl.), a male household servant attending to Miss Seraphine and Miss Angelica Arthuret.—Sir W. Scott, Redgauntlet (time, George II.).

Ambrose (Brother), a monk who was with the prior Aymer of Jorvaulx Abbey.—Sir W. Scott, Ivanhoe (time, Richard I.).

Ambrose (Father), abbot of Kennaquhair, is Edward Glendinning, brother of Sir Halbert Glendinning (the knight of Avenel). He shows up at Kinross, pretending to be a nobleman's servant.—Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, Elizabeth).

Ame'lia, the main character of the novel with the same name. She is the young daughter of a German innkeeper who elevates herself to a high social standing through her natural abilities and her charm, both in her mind and appearance.—Eliza Leslie (1843).

Ame'lia, a representation of marital love, in Fielding's novel of the same name. It's said that the character was inspired by his own wife. Dr. Johnson read this novel from start to finish without once pausing.

Amelia might be the only book that had a new edition requested on the same day it was printed in the morning. The character of Amelia is the most charming heroine in all of literature.—Dr. Johnson.

Ame'lia, in Thomson's Seasons, is a beautiful, innocent young woman who gets caught in a storm while walking with her betrothed, Cel'adon, "both equally virtuous and graceful. Hers the gentle glow of a blooming morning, and his the brightness of a risen day." Amelia became frightened, but Celadon reassured her, saying, "'It’s safe to be near you, for sure;" when suddenly a flash of lightning struck her dead in his arms.—"Summer" (1727).

Amelia in Schiller's play The Robbers.

Campbell, *Pleasures of Hope*, ii. (1799).

Amelia Bailey, an ambitious woman with "literary tastes," who, in search of a fitting place in life, marries a wealthy Californian, and "shines with the diamonds her husband has bought, making a fuss, but it's the loud display of crass showiness,"—William Henry Rideing, A Little Upstart (1885).

Amelot (2 syl.), the servant of Sir Damian de Lacy.—Sir W. Scott, The Betrothed (time, Henry II.).

Am'giad, son of Camaralzaman and Badoura, and half-brother of Assad (son of Camaralzaman and Haiatal'nefous). Each of the two mothers developed an inappropriate attraction to the other's son, and when the young princes rejected their advances, they accused them to their father of trying to dishonor them. Camaralzaman ordered his emir Giondar to kill them both, but since the young men had saved him from a lion, he spared their lives and told them not to return to their father's lands. They wandered for a while and then parted ways, but both ended up in the same place, which was a city of the Magi. There, through a strange twist of fate, Amgiad was appointed vizier, while Assad was thrown into a dungeon to be sacrificed to the fire-god. Bosta'na, the daughter of the old man who imprisoned Assad, rescued him, and Amgiad, in gratitude, made her his wife. Later, the king, who was quite old, appointed Amgiad as his successor, and Amgiad worked hard to abolish the worship of fire and promote "the true faith."—Arabian Nights ("Amgiad and Assad").

Am'yas, a lowly squire, loved by Aemylia. They planned to meet at a specific place, but on their way there, both were captured—Amyas by Corflambo, and Aemylia by a monstrous man. Aemylia was rescued by Belphoebê (3 syl.), who killed "the scoundrel;" and Amyas was saved by Prince Arthur, who defeated Corflambo. The two lovers were then reunited by the prince "in peace and joyful bliss."—Spenser, Faëry Queen, iv. 7, 9 (1596).

Ami'das, the younger brother of Brac'idas, sons of Mile'sio; the former in love with the penniless Lucy, and the latter with the wealthy Philtra. The two brothers inherited islands of equal size and value from their father, but the sea constantly added to the younger brother's island while encroaching on Bracidas's. When Philtra noticed that Amidas's property was growing, she abandoned the older brother and married the richer one; meanwhile, Lucy, feeling betrayed, jumped into the sea. A floating chest caught her eye, and she clung to it, drifting to the barren island. It turned out to contain a great fortune, and Lucy offered its riches along with herself to Bracidas. Amidas claimed the chest as his own, and the matter was brought before sir Ar'tegal. The wise judge decided that since Amidas claimed everything the sea added to his island, Lucy could claim the chest because the sea had delivered it to her.—Spenser, Faëry Queen, v. 4 (1596).

Am'iel, in Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel, represents Sir Edward Seymour, who was the Speaker of the House of Commons.

Part 1.

A'min (Prince), son of Caliph Haroun-al-Raschid; he married Am'inê, the sister of Zobeide (3 syl.), the caliph's wife.—Arabian Nights' Entertainments ("The History of Amine").

Am'ina, an orphan who slept walked. She was engaged to Elvi'no, a wealthy farmer, but the night before the wedding, she was found in Count Rodolpho's room, leading Elvino to rightly refuse to marry her. The count debated with the young farmer, and while they were talking, the orphan was seen climbing out of a window and walking along the narrow edge of a mill roof while the large wheel turned quickly; she then crossed an unstable old bridge and entered the same room. Here she woke up and, seeing Elvino, threw her arms around him so affectionately that all his doubts disappeared, and he married her. —Bellini, La Sonnambula (an opera, 1831).

Am'ine (3 syl.), the half-sister of Zobei'dè (3 syl.), and wife of Amin, the caliph's son. One day, she went to buy a robe, and the seller told her it would be free if she let him kiss her cheek. Instead of kissing her, he bit it, and when Amine's husband asked how she got the wound, her answers were so confusing that he ordered her to be put to death, a sentence he later changed to flogging. One day, she and her sister shared their life stories with Caliph Haroun-al-Raschid, and that's when Amin made amends with his wife, and the caliph married her half-sister.—Arabian Nights' Entertainments ("History of Zobeide and History of Amine").

Am'ine (3 syl.) or Am'ines (3 syl.), the stunning wife of Sidi Nouman. Instead of using a spoon to eat her rice, she used a sewing needle and brought it to her mouth in tiny bits. This went on for a while until Sidi Nouman decided to find out what his wife was really eating, and to his shock, he discovered that she was a ghoul who snuck out at night to the cemetery to feast on the freshly buried dead.—Arabian Nights ("History of Sidi Nouman").

Amin'tor, a young nobleman and engaged to Aspatia, is commanded by the king to marry Evad'ne (3 syl.). This is the main event of the tragedy in which Amintor is the hero. The heartbreaking tale of Evadne, the heroine, gives the play its name.—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Maid's Tragedy (1610).

(Till the reign of Charles II, the kings of England claimed the feudal right to arrange marriages for anyone who owed them feudal loyalty. In All's Well that Ends Well, Shakespeare has the king of France exercise a similar right when he orders Bertram, the count of Rousillon, to marry Hel'ena, the physician's daughter, against his will.)

Amis the Priest is the main character of a comedic German epic from the 13th century, depicted as an Englishman with a sharp wit and a great sense of humor, yet also naive and hypocritical. His popularity breeds jealousy among the higher clergy, who try to remove him from his position by showcasing his ignorance. However, his quick responses always allow him to flip the situation and make them the butt of the joke.—Attributed to Stricker of Austria.

Am'let (Richard), the player in Vanbrugh's Confederacy (1695). He is typically referred to as "Dick."

I saw Miss Pope for the second time, in the year 1790, playing "Flippanta," John Palmer as "Dick Amlet," and Mrs. Jordan as "Corinna."—James Smith.

Mrs. Amlet, a wealthy, crass businesswoman, is the mother of Dick, whom she takes great pride in, even though she refers to him as a "real troublemaker" and insists "he'll end up in jail." Eventually, she leaves him £10,000, and he marries Corinna, the daughter of Gripe, the rich notary.

Ammonian Horn (The), the horn of plenty. King Ammon of Libya gifted his lover Amalthea (the mother of Bacchus) a piece of land shaped like a ram's horn, which is why it's called the "Ammonian horn" (after the giver), the "Amalthean horn" (after the receiver), and the "Hesperian horn" (after its location). Amalthea also symbolizes fertility. (Ammon is Ham, the son of Noah, who founded the African race.) (See AMALTHEA.)

Am'mon's Son. Alexander the Great called himself the son of the god Ammon, but others call him the son of Philip of Macedon.

(Alluding to the story that when Alexander had conquered the entire world, he cried because there was no other world left to conquer.)

A'mon's Son is Rinaldo, the oldest son of Amon or Aymon, marquis d'Este, and the nephew of Charlemagne.—Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516).

Am'oret was a modest and loyal shepherdess who promised her love to Per'igot at the "Virtuous Well." The reckless shepherdess Amarillis, who used magic to take on Am'oret's appearance and outfits, annoyed Per'igot with her bold behavior so much that he lost his love for the real Am'oret, rejected her in anger, and even tried to kill her. The truth was uncovered by Cor'in, "the faithful shepherdess," and after reconciling, the lovers got happily married.—John Fletcher, The Faithful Shepherdess (before 1611).

Amoret'ta or Am'oret, twins born with Belphoebê (3 syl), their mother being Chrysog'onê (4 syl). While the mother and her two babies were asleep, Diana took one (Belphoebê) to raise, and Venus took the other. Venus entrusted Amoretta to Psychê (2 syl), who cared for her as lovingly as she did her own daughter Pleasure, "to whom she became the companion." When Amoretta grew up and was ready for marriage, she was brought to Fairyland, capturing many hearts, but gave her own only to Sir Scudamore (bk. iii. 6). She was captured by Bu'sirane, an enchanter, and held captive because she wouldn’t "deny her true love"; but Britomart rescued her and defeated the enchanter (bk. iii. 11, 12), after which she became the loving wife of Sir Scudamore.

Amoret represents the ideal of female beauty and devoted love—soft, warm, pure, gentle, and passionate; neither purely sensual nor completely platonic, but a vibrant, heartfelt love that prepares a woman to be a caring mother and a loyal wife.—Spenser, Faëry Queen, iii. (1590).

Amour'y (Sir Giles), the Grand Master of the Knights Templars, who plots with the marquis of Montserrat against Richard I. Saladin beheads the Templar while he is drinking.—Sir W. Scott, The Talisman (time, Richard I.).

Am'phibal (St.), confessor of St. Alban of Verulam. When Maximi'anus Hercu'lius, a general in Diocle'tian's army in Britain, demolished Christian churches, burned the Holy Scriptures, and relentlessly executed Christians, Alban sheltered his confessor and volunteered to die in his place.

Drayton, *Polyolbion*, xxiv. (1622).

Amphi'on is said to have built Thebes with the music of his lute. Tennyson has a poem called Amphion, which is a skit and a rhyming jeu d'esprit.

Pope, *Temple of Fame*.

Amphis-baena is a reptile that can move head first in either direction, as it has a head at both ends. Milton mentions the term in Paradise Lost, x. 524. (Greek, ampi baino, "I go both ways.")

Rowe, Pharsalia, ix. 696, etc. (by Lucan).

Amphitryon, a general from Thebes, is married to Alcmenê (3 syl.). While Amphitryon was away at war against Pter'elas, the king of the Tel'eboans, Jupiter took on his appearance and visited Alcmenê, who eventually became the mother of Her'culês. The next day, Amphitryon returned after defeating Pterelas, and Alcmenê was surprised to see him back so soon. This led to a big mix-up, with Alcmenê telling her husband that he had visited her the night before and showing him the ring he had given her, while Amphitryon insisted he had been with the army. The confusion deepened when his servant Sos'ia went to tell Alcmenê about the victory but was stopped at the door by Mercury, who had temporarily taken on Sosia's appearance, leaving the servant unsure of his own identity. This story has been adapted into comedies by Plautus, Molière, and Dryden.

As a host like Amphitryon, no one understands the intricacies of an elegant dinner better than Ouidà. — E. Yates, Celebrities, xix.

"Amphitryon": The real Amphitryon is the one you dine with ("The host of the dinner is the head of the house"). While the mix-up was at its peak between the fake and real Amphitryon, Socie [Sosia] the servant is asked to clarify who is who, and responded—

Amrah, the loyal servant of the Ben-Hur household in Lew Wallace's novel, Ben-Hur. Through her brave actions, Judah, the son, is reunited with his mother and sister from whom he has been separated for so long (1880).

Am'ri, in Absalom and Achitophel, by Dryden and Tate, represents Heneage Finch, the Earl of Nottingham and Lord Chancellor. He is known as "The Father of Equity" (1621-1682).

Part 2.

Amun'deville (Lord Henry), a member of the "British privy council." After parliamentary sessions, he went back to his country estate, where he hosted a chosen group of guests, including the Duchess of Fitz-Fulke, Aurora Raby, and Don Juan, "the Russian envoy." His wife was Lady Adeline. (His character is described in xiv. 70, 71.)—Byron, Don Juan, xiii. to end.

Am'urath III., the sixth emperor of the Turks. He took over from his father, Selim II., and ruled from 1574-1595. His first action was to invite all his brothers to a feast and have them strangled. Henry IV. references this when he says—

Shakespeare, 2 Henry IV. act v. sc. 2 (1598).

Amusements of Kings. The primary pastime of Ardeltas of Arabia Petraea was grooming horses; Artaba'nus of Persia enjoyed catching moles; Domitian of Rome liked catching flies; Ferdinand VII. of Spain spent his time embroidering petticoats; Louis XVI. took pleasure in making clocks and locks; and George IV. was fond of the game of Solitaire.

Amy March, the artistic sister in Louisa M. Alcott's Little Women (1868).

Amy Wentworth, the upper-class but happy wife of the "Brown Viking of the Fishing-smack," in John Greenleaf Whittier's poem, Amy Wentworth.

Amyn'tas, in Colin Clout's Come Home Again, by Spenser, is Ferdinando, Earl of Derby, who died in 1594.

Spenser, *Colin Clout's Come Home Again* (1591).

Amyn'tor. (See AMINTOR.)

A'mys and Amy'lion, the modern-day equivalents of Damon and Pythias in medieval romance.—See Ellis's Specimens of Early English Metrical Romances.

Amytis, the Median queen of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon. Beautiful, passionate, and ruthless, she sentences an innocent rival to the worst fate, without feeling any guilt, and meets a violent end at the hands of someone who was once her lover.

The gardens were well-watered and dripped with luxury.... At this hour of the morning, Amytis entertained herself alone, or with a few favored servants. She glided through artificial dew and pollen, blossoms and fountains, like one of the butterflies that flitted above her head, or one of the bright, cool lizards that crawled around her feet. She bathed, she ran, she sang, curled up to sleep, stirred, and bathed again.—The Master of the Magicians, by Elizabeth Stuart Phelps and Herbert D. Ward (1890).

Anacharsis [Clootz]. Baron Jean Baptiste Clootz took on the name Anacharsis, after the Scythian of the same name who traveled around Greece and other countries to gain knowledge and better his own people. The baron wanted to suggest that his own purpose in life was similar to that of Anacharsis (1755-1794).

Anachronisms. (See ERRORS.)

CHAUCER, in his tale of Troilus, during the siege of Troy, has Pandarus mention Robin Hood.

Book versus.

GILES FLETCHER, in Christ's Victory, pt. ii. makes the Tempter appear to be "a good old hermit or palmer, traveling to visit some saint, and counting his beads!!"

LODGE, in The True Tragedies of Marius and Sylla (1594), mentions "the razor of Palermo" and "St. Paul's steeple," and introduces Frenchmen who "for forty crowns" agree to poison the Roman consul.

MORGLAY makes Dido tell Æneas that she should have been satisfied with a son, even "if he had been a cockney dandiprat" (1582).

SCHILLER, in his Piccolomini, talks about lightning conductors. This was about 150 years before they were created.

SHAKESPEARE, in his Coriolanus (act ii. sc. 1), has Menenius mention Galen over 600 years before his time.

Cominius references Roman Plays, but nothing like that existed for 250 years after Cominius died.—Coriolanus, act ii. sc. 2.

Brutus refers to the "Marcian Waters brought to Rome by Censorinus." This wasn't done until 300 years later.

In Hamlet, Prince Hamlet was educated at Wittemberg School, which wasn't established until 1502; while Saxo-Germanicus, who inspired Shakespeare's story, died in 1204. Hamlet was thirty years old when his mother mentions him going back to school (act i. sc. 2).

In 1 Henry IV., the carrier complains that "the turkeys in his pannier are completely starved" (act ii. sc. 5), even though turkeys came from America, which wasn't discovered until a century later. Furthermore, in Henry V., Grower says to Fluellen, "Here comes Pistol, puffed up like a turkey-cock" (act v. sc. 1).

In Julius Cæsar, Brutus says to Cassius, "Calm down, check the time." To which Cassius replies, "It's three o'clock."

Clocks weren’t known to the Romans, and striking clocks weren’t invented until about 1400 years after the death of Caesar.

VIRGIL puts Æneas in the port Velinus, which was created by Curius Dentatus.

This list could easily be expanded with minimal effort. Medieval romance is a hotbed of anachronisms; there, nations, times, and places are often completely ignored. A few examples from Ariosto's great poem, Orlando Furioso, can illustrate this.

Here we have Charlemagne and his knights alongside Edward, the king of England, Richard, the earl of Warwick, Henry, the duke of Clarence, and the dukes of York and Gloucester (bk. vi.). We see cannons used by Cymosco, the king of Friza (bk. iv.), and also during the siege of Paris (bk. vi.). The Moors settled in Spain, even though they weren't invited by the Saracens until nearly 300 years after Charlemagne's death. In bk. xvii., there's Prester John, who passed away in 1202; and in the final three books, we have Constantine the Great, who died in 337.

Anacreon, the prince of love and party poets, to the extent that songs about these themes are still referred to as Anacreontic (B.C. 563-478).

Anacreon of Painters, Francesco Albano or Albanese (1578-1660).

Anacreon of the Guillotine, Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac (1755-1841).

Anacreon of the Temple, Guillaume Amfrye, abbé de Chaulieu (1639-1720).

Anacreon of the Twelfth Century, Walter Mapes, "The Jovial Toper." His famous drinking song, "Meum est prepositum ..." has been translated by Leigh Hunt (1150-1196).

The French Anacreon. 1. Pontus de Thiard, one of the "Pleiad poets" (1521-1605). 2. P. Laujon, lifelong president of the Caveau Moderne, a Paris club famous for its great dinners, where every member had to be a poet (1727-1811).

The Persian Anacreon, Mahommed Hafiz. His collection of poems is called The Divan (1310-1389).

The Sicilian Anacreon, Giovanni Meli (1740-1815).

Anacreon Moore, Thomas Moore from Dublin (1780-1852), was a poet known as "Anacreon" due to his translation of that Greek poet and his own original anacreontic songs.

Byron, *Don Juan*, i. 104.

Anagnus, the personification of Injustice in The Purple Island, by Phineas Fletcher (canto vii.). He had four sons with Caro, named Maechus (adultery), Pornei'us (fornication), Acath'arus, and Asel'gês (lasciviousness), all of whom the poet describes in detail. In the battle of Mansoul (canto xi.), Anagnus is killed by Agnei'a (wifely chastity), the wife of Encra'tes (temperance) and sister of Parthen'ia (maidenly chastity). (Greek, anagnos, "impure.") (1633.)

Anagrams.

CHARLES JAMES STUART (James I.). Claims Arthur's Seat.

DAME ELEANOR DAVIES (prophetess during the reign of Charles I.). Never so crazy a lady.

HORATIO NELSON. Honor is from the Nile.

MARIE TOUCHET (mistress of Charles IX.). I charm everyone (created by Henri IV.).

Pilate's question, WHAT IS TRUTH? It is the man who stands here.

SIR ROGER CHARLES DOUGHTY TICHBORNE, BARONET. You terrible butcher, Orton, the biggest scoundrel around.

A'nah, granddaughter of Cain and sister of Aholiba'mah. Japhet loved her, but she had her heart set on the seraph Azaz'iel, who took her away to another planet when the Flood came.—Byron, Heaven and Earth.

Anak of Publishers, that’s what Lord Byron called John Murray (1778-1843).

An'akim or Anak, a giant from Palestine, whose descendants were known for their enormous size. The Hebrew spies claimed that they felt like grasshoppers next to them.

Tennyson, *In Memoriam*, iii.

(The Titans were giants who, according to ancient myth, fought against Jupiter or Zeus, 1 syl.)

Anamnestes (4 syl), the boy who served Eumnestes (Memory). Eumnestes was a very old man, frail and half blind, a "man of infinite remembrance, who held onto things forgotten over many ages." However, when he couldn't "fetch" what he needed, he was assisted by a little boy named Anamnestes, who searched for what "was lost or misplaced." (Greek, eumnestis, "good memory;" anamnestis, "research or calling up to mind.")

Spenser, Faerie Queene, ii. 9 (1590).

Anani'as, in The Alchemist, a comedy by Ben Jonson (1610).

("Wasp" in Bartholomew Fair, "Corbaccio" in The Fox, "Morose" in The Silent Woman, all by B. Jonson.)

Anarchus, king of the Dipsodes (2 syl.), was defeated by Pantag'ruel, who dressed him in a tattered doublet, a hat with a rooster's feather, and married him to "an old hag who used to carry a lantern." The prince hosted the wedding feast, which consisted of garlic and sour cider. His wife, being quite the shrew, "beat him like plaster, and the ex-tyrant didn't even dare to call his soul his own."—Rabelais, Pantagruel, ii. 31 (1533).

Anasta'sius is the main character in a novel titled Memoirs of Anastasius, written by Thomas Hope (1770-1831), which is a fascinating and impactful book. It tells the story of a Greek man who, to avoid the repercussions of his wrongdoings and misdeeds, turns into a renegade and goes through a lengthy series of adventures.

Anastasius Grün, the pen name of Anton Alexander von Auersperg, a German poet (1806-1876).

Anasterax, brother of Niquee [ne.kay], with whom he engages in an inappropriate relationship. The fairy Zorphee, aiming to free her god-daughter from this connection, cast a spell on her.—Amadis de Gaul.

An'cho, a Spanish brownie, who hangs around the shepherds' huts, warms himself by their fires, samples their clotted milk and cheese, talks with the family, and is treated with a mix of friendliness and fear. The Ancho dislikes church bells.

Ancient Mariner (The), by Coleridge. For the crime of shooting an albatross (a bird that sailors consider a good sign), he faces terrible suffering, which is eventually lifted through his regret; however, he is condemned to roam the earth and share his story with others as a cautionary tale.

An'derson (Eppie), a servant at the inn of St. Ronan's Well, managed by Meg Dods.—Sir W. Scott, St. Ronan's Well (time, George III.).

André (2 syl.). Petit-André and Trois Echelles are the executioners of Louis XI of France. They are introduced by Sir W. Scott, both in Quentin Durward and in Anne of Geierstein.

André, the main character and title of a novel by George Sand (Mde. Dudevant). This novel and another one called Consuelo (4 syl.) are regarded as her best works (1804-1876).

Andre'os, the embodiment of strength in The Purple Island, by Phineas Fletcher (canto x.). "None fiercer to a stubborn enemy, but to the yielding none more sweetly kind." (Greek, andria or andreia, "manliness.")

Andrew, the gardener at Ellangowan, to Godfrey Bertram, the landowner. —Sir W. Scott, Guy Mannering (time, George II.).

Andrews, a private in the royal army of the Duke of Monmouth.—Sir W. Scott, Old Mortality (time, Charles II.).

Andrews (Joseph) is the main character and title of a novel by Fielding. He’s a footman who marries a maid. Joseph Andrews is a brother of [Richardson's] "Pamela," a handsome, ideal young man.

Androclus and the Lion. Androclus was a runaway Roman slave who took refuge in a cave. A lion came in, and instead of attacking him, lifted its paw so that Androclus could remove a thorn from it. Later, when he was captured, he was sentenced to fight a lion in the Roman arena, and it turned out that the same lion was brought out to face him; it immediately recognized its savior and started to show affection toward him with all signs of gratitude and joy. After hearing about this unusual behavior, Androclus was quickly set free.

A similar story is told about Sir George Davis, the English consul in Florence at the beginning of the 19th century. One day, he went to see the lions owned by the Grand Duke of Tuscany. There was one lion that the keepers couldn't tame, but as soon as Sir George showed up, the animal displayed signs of excitement. Sir George entered the cage, and the lion jumped onto his shoulder, licked his face, wagged its tail, and acted like a playful dog. Sir George informed the Grand Duke that he had raised this lion, but as it grew older, it became dangerous, so he sold it to a captain from Barbary. The Duke revealed that he had bought it from the same man, and that solved the mystery.

Andromache [An. drom'. a. ky], widow of Hector. After the fall of Troy, she and her son Asty'anax were given to Pyrrhus, the king of Epirus. Pyrrhus fell for her, but she rejected his advances. Eventually, a Greek delegation led by Orestês, son of Agamemnon, arrived and demanded that Astyanax be handed over and killed, fearing he might seek revenge for his father's death when he grew up. Pyrrhus told Andromachê that he would protect her son against all of Greece if she agreed to marry him, and she reluctantly agreed. While the wedding ceremonies were taking place, the ambassadors attacked Pyrrhus and killed him, but as he fell, he placed the crown on Andromachê's head, making her the queen of Epirus, and the ambassadors quickly fled to their ships.—Ambrose Philips, The Distressed Mother (1712).

Andromeda, the beautiful daughter of the king of Ethiopia. To appease Neptune, she was chained to a rock to be eaten by the sea monster. Perseus killed the monster and made her his wife.

Andronica, one of Logistilla's maids, known for her beauty.—Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516).

Andronicus (Titus), a noble Roman general fighting against the Goths, father of Lavinia. In the play of the same name, published among Shakespeare's works, the name is consistently referred to as Andronicus (1593).

Marcus Andronicus, brother of Titus and a representative of the people.

Androph'ilus, the embodiment of Philanthropy in The Purple Island, by Phineas Fletcher (1633). Fully described in canto x. (Greek, Andro-philos, "a lover of humanity.")

Andy (Handy), an Irish guy working for Squire Egan. He has an endless talent for mishaps and mistakes.—Samuel Lover, Handy Andy.

Aneal (2 syl.), daughter of Maä'ni, who loves Djabal and believes him to be "hakeem'" (the incarnate god and founder of the Druses) returned to life to restore the people and help them return to Syria from exile in the Spo'radês. However, when she uncovers his deception, she dies in the anguish of her disappointment.—Robert Browning, The Return of the Druses.

The angel of God, Isabeau the beautiful, the "inspired prophet-child" of the Camisards.

Angela Messenger, heiress to Messenger's Brewery and a massive fortune. To connect with the people of the East End, she lives among them as a dressmaker. She sees their needs, and to help meet these, she builds The People's Palace—or Palace of Delights.—All Sorts and Conditions of Men, by Walter Besant (1889).

Angelica, in Bojardo's Orlando Innamorato (1495), is the daughter of Gal'aphron, the king of Cathay. She travels to Paris, where Orlando falls in love with her, forgetting about his wife, his ruler, his homeland, and his honor. Angelica, on the other hand, ignores Orlando but is deeply in love with Rinaldo, who actually can't stand her. Angelica and Rinaldo drink from certain fountains, which causes opposite effects in their hearts; at that moment, Rinaldo loves Angelica, while Angelica completely loses her love for Rinaldo.

Angelica, in Ariosto's Orlando Furioso (1516), is the same woman who marries Medoro, a young Moor, and returns to Cathay, where Medoro becomes king. Meanwhile, Orlando goes insane from jealousy and pride.

Milton, *Paradise Regained*, iii. (1671).

Angelica (The Princess), known as "The Lady of the Golden Tower." The romance between Parisme'nos and Angelica is a key part of the second section of Parismus Prince of Bohemia, by Emanuel Foord (1598).

Angelica, an heiress whom Valentine Legend loves. For a while, he hesitates to express his feelings because of his debts; however, Angelica acquires a bond for £4000 and rips it up. With the money issue sorted out, they agree to marry amicably.—W. Congreve, Love for Love (1695).

Mrs. Anne Bracegirdle equally enjoyed charming tenderness and playful flirtation, in "Statira" or "Millamant;" and even at an older age, when she played "Angelica."—C. Dibden.

Angelica, the engaged wife of Valère, "the gambler." She gives him a picture and tells him not to part with it, threatening that he will lose her hand if he does. However, he loses it while playing, and Angelica, in disguise, is the one who wins it. After a lot of struggles, Valère overcomes his addiction, and the two happily get married.—Mrs. Centlivre, The Gamester (1705).

Angeli'na, daughter of Lord Lewis, in the play titled The Elder Brother, by Beaumont and Fletcher (1637).

Angelina, daughter of Don Charino. Her father wanted her to marry Clodio, a vain guy, but she preferred his older brother Carlos, a bookish type, and they ran away together. They were caught and taken to Lisbon. Eventually, their fathers, who had been searching for them, arrived at the same place, and since Clodio had committed to Elvira from Lisbon, the grumpy old men agreed to Angelina marrying Carlos.—C. Cibber, Love Makes a Man.

Angelique (3 syl.), the daughter of Argan the malade imaginaire. Her boyfriend is Cléante (2 syl.). To test whether his wife or daughter loved him more, Argan pretended to be dead. His wife was overjoyed to be rid of a "disgusting creature" that everyone hated; however, his daughter was heartbroken, blamed herself for her flaws, and promised to spend the rest of her life praying for the peace of his soul. Once Argan was assured of his daughter's love, he happily agreed to her marriage with Cléante.—Molière, Malade Imaginaire (1673).

Angelique is the posh wife of George Dandin, a French commoner. She is having an affair with M. Clitandre, but always manages to shift the blame onto her husband. George first hears about a secret meeting from Lubin, a foolish servant of Clitandre, and brings the issue to M. and Mme. Sotenville, his wife's parents. The baron, along with George Dandin, confronts the lover, who denies the allegations, forcing George to apologize. Later, he catches his wife and Clitandre together and immediately sends for M. and Mme. Sotenville; however, Angelique, knowing they are coming, pretends to denounce her lover and even grabs a stick to hit him for the “insult to a virtuous wife,” leading her parents to once again claim that their daughter is the ideal woman. Finally, George Dandin catches his wife and Clitandre together at night and manages to lock her out of her room; but Angelique then pretends to commit suicide, and when George goes to fetch a light to find her body, she rushes back into her room and locks him out. Just then, her parents arrive, and Angelique accuses her husband of being out all night partying, forcing him to apologize to her on his knees.—Molière, George Dandin (1668).

An'gelo, in Measure for Measure, is the acting governor of Vienna while Duke Vincentio is away. He is engaged to Mariana. Lord Angelo develops an inappropriate attraction to Isabella, Claudio's sister, but his plans are thwarted by the duke, who forces him to marry Mariana.—Shakespeare (1603).

An'gelo, a gentleman friend of Julio in The Captain, a play by Beaumont and Fletcher (1613).

Angels (Orders of). According to Dionysius the Areopagite, angels are categorized into nine orders: Seraphim and Cherubim in the first circle; Thrones and Dominions in the second circle; and Virtues, Powers, Principalities, Archangels, and Angels in the third circle.

(See Hymns Ancient and Modern, No. 253, ver. 2, 3.)

Anger ... the Alphabet. It was Athenodoros the Stoic who advised Augustus to say the alphabet out loud whenever he felt like losing his temper.

Molière, The School for Wives, ii. 4 (1662).

Angioli'na (4 syl.), daughter of Loreda'no, and the young wife of Mari'no Faliero, the doge of Venice. A nobleman named Michel Steno, after acting inappropriately toward some of the women at the grand civic banquet hosted by the doge, was expelled from the event by the doge’s order. In retaliation, he wrote some offensive lines about the dogaressa. This disrespect was brought before "The Forty," and Steno was sentenced to two months in prison, which the doge thought was a very lenient punishment for the offense.—Byron, Marino Faliero.

Lord of Anglantê, Orlando, who was the lord of Anglantê and a knight of Brava.—Ariosto, Orlando Furioso (1516).

Anglides (3 syl.), wife of the good prince Boud'wine (2 syl), brother of Sir Mark, king of Cornwall ("the most deceitful traitor that ever lived"). When King Mark killed her husband, Anglides and her son Alisaunder escaped to Magounce (i.e. Arundel), where she lived in peace and raised her son until he was knighted.—Sir T. Malory, Hist, of Pr. Arthur, ii. 117, 118 (1470).

An'guisant, king of Erin (Ireland), defeated by King Arthur while fighting for Leod'ogran, king of Cam'eliard (3 syl.).—Tennyson, Coming of King Arthur.

Angule (St.), bishop of London, was executed by Maximi'anus Hercu'lius, a Roman general in Britain during the reign of Diocletian.

Drayton, *Polyolbion*, xxiv. (1622).

Angurva'del, Frithiof's sword, engraved with Runic symbols, which shone brightly in times of war, but glimmered faintly in times of peace.

Anice, the woman who captures Fenn's interest, instead of his heart, from his wife, in George Parsons Lathrop's story, An Echo of Passion (1882).

Animula, beautiful creature shown in a drop of water by a microscope of astounding and unbelievable power.—The Diamond Lens, by Fitz-James O'Brien (1854).

Anjou (The Fair Maid of), Lady Edith Plantagenet, who married David, Earl of Huntingdon (a royal prince of Scotland). Edith was a relative of Richard the Lionheart and served as a lady-in-waiting to Queen Berengaria.

[Illustration: symbol] Sir Walter Scott introduced her in The Talisman (1825).

Ann (The princess), lady of Beaujeu.—Sir W. Scott, Quentin Durward (time period: Edward IV.).

Ann (The Lady), the wife who, in John G. Saxe's ballad, The Lady Ann, loses her mind upon hearing about the death of Sir John, her husband (1868).

Anna (Donna), the woman loved by don Otta'vio, but seduced by don Giovanni.—Mozart's opera, Don Giovanni (1787).

An'nabel, in Absalom and Achitophel, by

Dryden is the Duchess of Monmouth, whose maiden name was Anne Scott (Countess of Buccleuch). She remarried after the execution of her unfaithful husband.

Annabel Lee. Edgar A. Poe's poem of this name is thought to be a loving tribute to his young wife, Virginia Clemm, who passed away from tuberculosis in Fordham, N.Y., in 1847.

Anna Pastorius, the wife of Pastorius in Whittier's poem, The Pennsylvania Pilgrim. When he cries, "Help! for the good man faileth!" she points to her aloe tree and reminds him that just as "the century-moulded bud shall burst in bloom," love and patience will eventually overcome wrong (1872).

An'naple [BAILZOU], Effie Dean's "monthly" nurse.—Sir W. Scott, Heart of Midlothian (time, George II.).

An'naple, nurse of Hobbie Elliot of the Heugh-foot, a young farmer.—Sir W. Scott, The Black Dwarf (time, Anne).

Anne (Sister), the sister of Fatima, the seventh and last wife of Blue Beard. Fatima, having disobeyed her husband by peeking into the locked room, is given a brief delay before she is executed. Sister Anne climbs to the top of the castle tower, hoping to catch sight of her brothers, who are expected to arrive any moment. In her distress, Fatima keeps asking "Sister Anne" if she can see them, while Blue Beard keeps urging Fatima to hurry up. As both of their patience wears thin, the brothers finally arrive, and Fatima is saved from death.—Charles Perrault, La Barbe Bleue.

Anne, the sister of King Arthur. Her father was Uther the Pendragon, and her mother was Ygerna, the widow of Gorloïs. She was married off by her brother to Lot, who was the consul of Londonesia and later became the king of Norway.—Geoffrey, British History, viii. 20, 21.

In Arthurian tales, this Anne is referred to as Margawse (History of Prince Arthur, i. 2); Tennyson names her Bellicent (Gareth and Lynette). In Arthurian stories, Lot is always known as king of Orkney.

Anne Catherick, a simple-minded girl and the biological sister of Laura Fairlie, looks a lot like her. This similarity gives the book's villain the idea to pass off her dead body as Laura's in an attempt to claim Laura's fortune.—The Woman in White, by Wilkie Collins (1865).

Anne Douglas, the main character in Anne, a novel by Constance Fenimore Woolson (1882). The story takes place on Mackinac Island, Michigan.

Annette, the daughter of Mathis and Catherine, who is marrying Christian, the captain of the patrol.—J.E. Ware, The Polish Jew.

Annette and Lublin, by Marmontel, is inspired by the Daphnis and Chloe of Longos (q.v.).

Annie Kilburn, the hardworking heiress who comes back to a New England farmhouse after living abroad for a long time, tries to fulfill her responsibilities in the role that life has assigned to her. Proper, pale, pretty, and not really young except in spirit.—Annie Kilburn, by William Dean Howells (1888).

Annie Laurie, the oldest of Sir Robert Laurie's three daughters from Maxwelton. In 1709, she married James Fergusson of Craigdarroch and became the mother of Alexander Fergusson, the subject of Burns's song The Whistle. The song Annie Laurie was written by William Douglas of Fingland, in the stewartry of Kirkcudbright, who is also known for the song Willie was a Wanton Wag. (See WHISTLE.)

Bayard Taylor has used the ballad effectively in his poem The Song of the Camp.

An'nie Win'nie, one of the old fortune tellers at Alice Gray's funeral; the other was Ailsie Gourlay.—Sir W. Scott, The Bride of Lammermoor (time, William III.).

Annir, the king of Inis-thona (an island in Scandinavia), had two sons (Argon and Ruro) and one daughter. One day, Cor'malo, a neighboring chief, came and requested to hold a tournament. Argon accepted the challenge and defeated him, which angered Cor'malo so much that he later secretly shot both brothers with his bow during a hunt. Their dog Runa ran to the palace, howling to get attention; when Annir heard this, he followed the hound and found both his sons dead. When he returned, he discovered that Cor'malo had kidnapped his daughter. Oscar, the son of Ossian, gathered an army to confront the villain and killed him; then he rescued the young lady and brought her back to Inis-thona, delivering her to her father.—Ossian ("The War of Inis-thona").

An'nophel, daughter of Cas'silane (3 syl.) general of Candy.—Beaumont and Fletcher, The Laws of Candy (1647).

Anselm, the prior of St. Dominic, who was the confessor of King Henry IV.—Sir W. Scott, The Fair Maid of Perth (time, Henry IV.).

Anselme (2 syl.), father of Valère (2 syl) and Mariane (3 syl). He is actually don Thomas d'Alburci from Naples. The family was exiled from Naples for political reasons and got separated due to a shipwreck. Valère was rescued by a Spanish captain who adopted him; Mariane was captured by a corsair and held captive for ten years before she managed to escape; and Anselme wandered around for ten years before settling in Paris, where he planned to get married. After sixteen years, they all reunited in Paris at the home of Harpagon, the miser. Valère was in love with Elise (2 syl), the miser's daughter, who Harpagon had promised to marry to Anselme; and Mariane was engaged to Harpagon's son Cléante (2 syl), while Harpagon himself was also looking to marry her. As soon as Anselme found out that Valère and Mariane were his own children, everything was quickly resolved, the young couples got married, and the older ones stepped back from the unequal competition.—Molière, L'Avare (1667).

Anselmo, a noble knight from Florence and friend of Lothario, married Camilla and encouraged his friend to try to seduce her, hoping to take pleasure in her unwavering loyalty. Lothario reluctantly took on the challenge and ended up succeeding all too well. For a while, Anselmo was fooled, but eventually, Camilla ran away, leading to a tragic ending where Anselmo died of heartbreak, Lothario was killed in battle, and Camilla passed away in a convent.—Cervantes, Don Quixote, I. iv. 5, 6; Fatal Curiosity (1605).

An'ster (Hob), a constable at Kinross village.—Sir W. Scott, The Abbot (time, Elizabeth).

Anstiss Dolbeare, the main character of Mrs. A.D.T. Whitney's novel, Hitherto, is a sensitive, imaginative, and troubled motherless girl who is "constantly trying to lift her spirit... with a thorn in it" (1872).

Antae'os, a huge wrestler from Libya (or Irassa). He had unlimited strength as long as he was in contact with the ground, and his power was restored every time he touched it. Her'culés defeated him by picking him up off the ground and squeezing him to death. (See MALEGER.)

Milton, *Paradise Regained*, iv. (563).

Similarly, when Bernardo del Carpio attacked Orlando or Rolando at Roncesvallês, and discovered that his body couldn’t be harmed by any weapon, he picked him up in his arms and crushed him to death.

N.B.—The only sensitive spot on Orlando was the bottom of his foot.

Antenor, a treacherous Trojan prince and a relative of Priam, encouraged Ulysses to steal the palladium from Troy. When the wooden horse was constructed, it was Antenor who persuaded the Trojans to break through the wall and bring the horse into the city. —Shakespeare included him in Troilus and Cressida (1602).

Anthea, a beautiful woman whom Herrick writes several poems to.