This is a modern-English version of The Iliad of Homer: Translated into English Blank Verse by William Cowper, originally written by Homer. It has been thoroughly updated, including changes to sentence structure, words, spelling, and grammar—to ensure clarity for contemporary readers, while preserving the original spirit and nuance. If you click on a paragraph, you will see the original text that we modified, and you can toggle between the two versions.

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	(With 800 linked footnotes, No illustrations)
16452	(In blank verse, Many footnotes.)
	(No footnotes or illustrations)
	(Many line drawings, and 300 footnotes)

THE

ILIAD OF HOMER,

TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BLANK VERSE
BY WILLIAM COWPER.

EDITED BY ROBERT SOUTHEY. LL.D.

WITH NOTES,
BY M.A. DWIGHT,
AUTHOR OF “GRECIAN AND ROMAN MYTHOLOGY.”

NEW-YORK:
D. APPLETON & CO., 346 & 348 BROADWAY.
M.DCCC.LX.

NEW YORK:
D. APPLETON & CO., 346 & 348 BROADWAY.
1860.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1849,
By M.A. DWIGHT,
in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York.

Entered according to the Act of Congress, in the year 1849,
By M.A. DWIGHT,
in the Clerk’s Office of the District Court for the Southern District of New York.

TO THE
RIGHT HONORABLE
EARL COWPER,
THIS
TRANSLATION OF THE ILIAD,
THE INSCRIPTION OF WHICH TO HIMSELF,
THE LATE LAMENTED EARL,
BENEVOLENT TO ALL,
AND ESPECIALLY KIND TO THE AUTHOR,
HAD NOT DISDAINED TO ACCEPT
IS HUMBLY OFFERED,
AS A SMALL BUT GRATEFUL TRIBUTE,
TO THE MEMORY OF HIS FATHER,
BY HIS LORDSHIP’S
AFFECTIONATE KINSMAN AND SERVANT

TO THE
RIGHT HONORABLE
EARL COWPER,
THIS
ILIAD TRANSLATION,
THE INSCRIPTION OF WHICH HE HIMSELF,
THE LATE LAMENTED EARL,
KIND TO ALL,
AND ESPECIALLY SUPPORTIVE OF THE AUTHOR,
HAD NOT DISDAINED TO ACCEPT,
IS HUMBLY OFFERED,
AS A SMALL BUT GRATEFUL TRIBUTE,
TO THE MEMORY OF HIS FATHER,
BY HIS LORDSHIP’S
AFFECTIONATE RELATIVE AND SERVANT

WILLIAM COWPER.

William Cowper.

June 4, 1791.

June 4, 1791.

PREFACE.

Whether a translation of Homer may be best executed in blank verse or in rhyme, is a question in the decision of which no man can find difficulty, who has ever duly considered what translation ought to be, or who is in any degree practically acquainted with those very different kinds of versification. I will venture to assert that a just translation of any ancient poet in rhyme, is impossible. No human ingenuity can be equal to the task of closing every couplet with sounds homotonous, expressing at the same time the full sense, and only the full sense of his original. The translator’s ingenuity, indeed, in this case becomes itself a snare, and the readier he is at invention and expedient, the more likely he is to be betrayed into the widest departures from the guide whom he professes to follow. Hence it has happened, that although the public have long been in possession of an English Homer by a poet whose writings have done immortal honor to his country, the demand of a new one, and especially in blank verse, has been repeatedly and loudly made by some of the best judges and ablest writers of the present day.

Whether a translation of Homer is best done in blank verse or in rhyme is a question that anyone who has truly thought about what translation should be, or who is somewhat familiar with those very different types of verse, can easily answer. I will boldly claim that a proper translation of any ancient poet in rhyme is impossible. No amount of human creativity can achieve the task of ending every couplet with similar sounds while still expressing the full meaning, and only the full meaning, of the original. In fact, the translator's creativity can become a trap; the more skilled he is at inventing and finding shortcuts, the more likely he is to stray far from the work he claims to be translating. This is why, although the public has long had an English Homer from a poet whose writings have brought everlasting honor to his country, the call for a new translation, especially in blank verse, has been repeatedly and loudly made by some of the finest critics and most talented writers of today.

I have no contest with my predecessor. None is supposable between performers on different instruments. Mr. Pope has surmounted all difficulties in his version of Homer that it was possible to surmount in rhyme. But he was fettered, and his fetters were his choice. Accustomed always to rhyme, he had formed to himself an ear which probably could not be much gratified by verse that wanted it, and determined to encounter even impossibilities, rather than abandon a mode of writing in which he had excelled every body, for the sake of another to which, unexercised in it as he was, he must have felt strong objections.

I have no issue with my predecessor. There's really no comparison between artists using different instruments. Mr. Pope has overcome all the challenges in his version of Homer that could possibly be addressed in rhyme. But he was limited, and those limitations were self-imposed. Always used to rhyme, he developed an ear that probably couldn't appreciate verse without it, and he chose to tackle even the impossible rather than give up a writing style where he excelled beyond everyone else, for the sake of another style he was unfamiliar with and likely had strong reservations about.

I number myself among the warmest admirers of Mr. Pope as an original writer, and I allow him all the merit he can justly claim as the translator of this chief of poets. He has given us the Tale of Troy divine in smooth verse, generally in correct and elegant language, and in diction often highly poetical. But his deviations are so many, occasioned chiefly by the cause already mentioned, that, much as he has done, and valuable as his work is on some accounts, it was yet in the humble province of a translator that I thought it possible even for me to fellow him with some advantage.

I consider myself one of the biggest fans of Mr. Pope as an original writer, and I give him full credit for his accomplishments as the translator of this great poet. He has presented us with the Tale of Troy divine in smooth verse, usually using correct and elegant language, and often employing highly poetic diction. However, his variations are numerous, mainly due to the reasons already mentioned, that despite all he has done, and the value of his work in some respects, I still thought it might be possible for me to follow him with some advantage in the modest role of a translator.

That he has sometimes altogether suppressed the sense of his author, and has not seldom intermingled his own ideas with it, is a remark which, on this occasion, nothing but necessity should have extorted from me. But we differ sometimes so widely in our matter, that unless this remark, invidious as it seems, be premised, I know not how to obviate a suspicion, on the one hand, of careless oversight, or of factitious embellishment on the other. On this head, therefore, the English reader is to be admonished, that the matter found in me, whether he like it or not, is found also in Homer, and that the matter not found in me, how much soever he may admire it, is found only in Mr. Pope. I have omitted nothing; I have invented nothing.

That he has sometimes completely ignored the meaning of the original author and has often mixed in his own ideas with it is a point that, in this instance, should only be mentioned out of necessity. However, we sometimes differ so much in content that unless I make this statement, seemingly unfavorable as it is, I don’t know how to avoid the suspicion, on one hand, of being careless or, on the other hand, of adding unnecessary embellishments. Therefore, the English reader should be warned that the content you find in my work, whether you like it or not, is also in Homer, and that anything not found in my text, no matter how much you admire it, is only attributed to Mr. Pope. I have not left anything out; I have not invented anything.

There is indisputably a wide difference between the case of an original writer in rhyme and a translator. In an original work the author is free; if the rhyme be of difficult attainment, and he cannot find it in one direction, he is at liberty to seek it in another; the matter that will not accommodate itself to his occasions he may discard, adopting such as will. But in a translation no such option is allowable; the sense of the author is required, and we do not surrender it willingly even to the plea of necessity. Fidelity is indeed of the very essence of translation, and the term itself implies it. For which reason, if we suppress the sense of our original, and force into its place our own, we may call our work an imitation, if we please, or perhaps a paraphrase, but it is no longer the same author only in a different dress, and therefore it is not translation. Should a painter, professing to draw the likeness of a beautiful woman, give her more or fewer features than belong to her, and a general cast of countenance of his own invention, he might be said to have produced a jeu d’esprit, a curiosity perhaps in its way, but by no means the lady in question.

There is definitely a big difference between an original writer creating a poem and a translator. In original work, the author has freedom; if the rhyme is hard to achieve and he can’t find it one way, he can look for it another. He can drop any content that doesn’t fit his needs and choose what will. But in translation, there’s no such flexibility; the original author's meaning is essential, and we don’t give it up easily, even for the sake of necessity. Faithfulness is truly at the core of translation, and the word itself suggests this. Therefore, if we overlook the meaning of our original text and replace it with our own, we might call our work an imitation or maybe a paraphrase, but it wouldn’t be the same author merely dressed differently, and so it wouldn’t be translation. If an artist claims to portray the likeness of a beautiful woman but adds or removes features that belong to her, and creates an overall appearance of his own imagination, he might have produced a jeu d’esprit, which could be an interesting piece, but it’s definitely not the lady in question.

It will however be necessary to speak a little more largely to this subject, on which discordant opinions prevail even among good judges.

It will, however, be necessary to discuss this topic in more detail, as there are differing opinions even among knowledgeable judges.

The free and the close translation have, each, their advocates. But inconveniences belong to both. The former can hardly be true to the original author’s style and manner, and the latter is apt to be servile. The one loses his peculiarities, and the other his spirit. Were it possible, therefore, to find an exact medium, a manner so close that it should let slip nothing of the text, nor mingle any thing extraneous with it, and at the same time so free as to have an air of originality, this seems precisely the mode in which an author might be best rendered. I can assure my readers from my own experience, that to discover this very delicate line is difficult, and to proceed by it when found, through the whole length of a poet voluminous as Homer, nearly impossible. I can only pretend to have endeavored it.

Both free and literal translations have their supporters, but each also comes with its own issues. The former often struggles to capture the original author's style and tone, while the latter tends to be overly rigid. One approach loses the unique qualities of the work, while the other loses its essence. If it were possible to find an exact balance, a method that maintains the text’s integrity without adding anything unnecessary, while also feeling original, this would be the best way to portray an author. From my own experience, I can assure my readers that finding this delicate balance is challenging, and applying it consistently throughout a lengthy poem like Homer is nearly impossible. I can only claim to have attempted it.

It is an opinion commonly received, but, like many others, indebted for its prevalence to mere want of examination, that a translator should imagine to himself the style which his author would probably have used, had the language into which he is rendered been his own. A direction which wants nothing but practicability to recommend it. For suppose six persons, equally qualified for the task, employed to translate the same Ancient into their own language, with this rule to guide them. In the event it would be found, that each had fallen on a manner different from that of all the rest, and by probable inference it would follow that none had fallen on the right. On the whole, therefore, as has been said, the translation which partakes equally of fidelity and liberality, that is close, but not so close as to be servile, free, but not so free as to be licentious, promises fairest; and my ambition will be sufficiently gratified, if such of my readers as are able, and will take the pains to compare me in this respect with Homer, shall judge that I have in any measure attained a point so difficult.

It's a widely held belief, but like many others, it's popular mainly because people haven't really looked into it, that a translator should imagine the style their author would likely have used if the language they were translating into was their own. This idea lacks only practicality to make it appealing. If six equally capable people were asked to translate the same ancient text into their own language, following this guideline, we would likely see each of them adopting a different style, which suggests that none of them got it right. Overall, as has been pointed out, the best translation strikes a balance between being faithful and being liberal—close enough to be accurate but not so rigid that it becomes mechanical, free enough to be expressive but not so loose that it loses meaning. I would be quite satisfied if those readers who are able and willing to take the time to compare my work to Homer think that I’ve made progress on such a challenging goal.

As to energy and harmony, two grand requisites in a translation of this most energetic and most harmonious of all poets, it is neither my purpose nor my wish, should I be found deficient in either, or in both, to shelter myself under an unfilial imputation of blame to my mother-tongue. Our language is indeed less musical than the Greek, and there is no language with which I am at all acquainted that is not. But it is musical enough for the purposes of melodious verse, and if it seem to fail, on whatsoever occasion, in energy, the blame is due, not to itself, but to the unskilful manager of it. For so long as Milton’s works, whether his prose or his verse, shall exist, so long there will be abundant proof that no subject, however important, however sublime, can demand greater force of expression than is within the compass of the English language.

When it comes to energy and harmony—two essential qualities in translating this most dynamic and harmonious of all poets—I don’t intend to excuse any shortcomings I may have in either area by blaming my native language. Our language may not be as melodic as Greek, and honestly, I haven't encountered any language that is. However, it’s melodic enough for creating beautiful poetry, and if it ever seems lacking in energy, that’s not the language’s fault but rather the result of an inexperienced user. As long as Milton's works, both his prose and poetry, exist, there will always be clear evidence that no subject, no matter how significant or grand, requires more expressive power than what the English language can offer.

I have no fear of judges familiar with original Homer. They need not be told that a translation of him is an arduous enterprise, and as such, entitled to some favor. From these, therefore, I shall expect, and shall not be disappointed, considerable candor and allowance. Especially they will be candid, and I believe that there are many such, who have occasionally tried their own strength in this bow of Ulysses. They have not found it supple and pliable, and with me are perhaps ready to acknowledge that they could not always even approach with it the mark of their ambition. But I would willingly, were it possible, obviate uncandid criticism, because to answer it is lost labor, and to receive it in silence has the appearance of stately reserve, and self-importance.

I have no fear of judges who are familiar with the original Homer. They don’t need to be told that translating him is a challenging task and deserves some appreciation. From them, therefore, I expect—and won't be disappointed by—considerable understanding and leniency. Especially they will be fair, and I believe there are many out there who have tried their own hand at this bow of Ulysses. They didn’t find it easy to handle and might even admit that they couldn’t always hit the target they aimed for. However, I would gladly, if it were possible, avoid unfair criticism, because replying to it is pointless, and staying silent can come off as pretentious and self-important.

To those, therefore, who shall be inclined to tell me hereafter that my diction is often plain and unelevated, I reply beforehand that I know it,—that it would be absurd were it otherwise, and that Homer himself stands in the same predicament. In fact, it is one of his numberless excellences, and a point in which his judgment never fails him, that he is grand and lofty always in the right place, and knows infallibly how to rise and fall with his subject. Big words on small matters may serve as a pretty exact definition of the burlesque; an instance of which they will find in the Battle of the Frogs and Mice, but none in the Iliad.

So, to anyone who might want to tell me later that my language is often simple and unrefined, I want to say upfront that I’m aware of it—that it would be ridiculous if it weren’t, and that even Homer is in the same boat. In fact, one of his countless strengths, and a testament to his good judgment, is that he is always grand and elevated in the right moments, and he knows exactly when to adjust his tone according to the subject. Using big words for small topics could be a pretty accurate definition of the burlesque; they can see an example of this in the Battle of the Frogs and Mice, but none in the Iliad.

By others I expect to be told that my numbers, though here and there tolerably smooth, are not always such, but have, now and then, an ugly hitch in their gait, ungraceful in itself, and inconvenient to the reader. To this charge also I plead guilty, but beg leave in alleviation of judgment to add, that my limping lines are not numerous, compared with those that limp not. The truth is, that not one of them all escaped me, but, such as they are, they were all made such with a wilful intention. In poems of great length there is no blemish more to be feared than sameness of numbers, and every art is useful by which it may be avoided. A line, rough in itself, has yet its recommendations; it saves the ear the pain of an irksome monotony, and seems even to add greater smoothness to others. Milton, whose ear and taste were exquisite, has exemplified in his Paradise Lost the effect of this practice frequently.

I know others will point out that my verses, while somewhat smooth in places, aren’t always perfect and sometimes have an awkward stumble, which can be off-putting for readers. I admit this fault, but I’d like to argue that my rough lines are few compared to those that flow well. The truth is, I didn’t miss any of them; they were crafted this way on purpose. In long poems, the biggest flaw is usually the repetition of rhythm, so it’s essential to use any technique to avoid it. A line that’s rough around the edges can still have its benefits; it prevents the ear from experiencing boring monotony and can even make the smoother lines stand out more. Milton, with his keen ear and refined taste, often demonstrated this technique in Paradise Lost.

Having mentioned Milton, I cannot but add an observation on the similitude of his manner to that of Homer. It is such, that no person familiar with both, can read either without being reminded of the other; and it is in those breaks and pauses, to which the numbers of the English poet are so much indebted both for their dignity and variety, that he chiefly copies the Grecian. But these are graces to which rhyme is not competent; so broken, it loses all its music; of which any person may convince himself by reading a page only of any of our poets anterior to Denham, Waller, and Dryden. A translator of Homer, therefore, seems directed by Homer himself to the use of blank verse, as to that alone in which he can be rendered with any tolerable representation of his manner in this particular. A remark which I am naturally led to make by a desire to conciliate, if possible, some, who, rather unreasonably partial to rhyme, demand it on all occasions, and seem persuaded that poetry in our language is a vain attempt without it. Verse, that claims to be verse in right of its metre only, they judge to be such rather by courtesy than by kind, on an apprehension that it costs the writer little trouble, that he has only to give his lines their prescribed number of syllables, and so far as the mechanical part is concerned, all is well. Were this true, they would have reason on their side; for the author is certainly best entitled to applause who succeeds against the greatest difficulty, and in verse that calls for the most artificial management in its construction. But the case is not as they suppose. To rhyme, in our language, demands no great exertion of ingenuity, but is always easy to a person exercised in the practice. Witness the multitudes who rhyme, but have no other poetical pretensions. Let it be considered too, how merciful we are apt to be to unclassical and indifferent language for the sake of rhyme, and we shall soon see that the labor lies principally on the other side. Many ornaments of no easy purchase are required to atone for the absence of this single recommendation. It is not sufficient that the lines of blank verse be smooth in themselves, they must also be harmonious in the combination. Whereas the chief concern of the rhymist is to beware that his couplets and his sense be commensurate, lest the regularity of his numbers should be (too frequently at least) interrupted. A trivial difficulty this, compared with those which attend the poet unaccompanied by his bells. He, in order that he may be musical, must exhibit all the variations, as he proceeds, of which ten syllables are susceptible; between the first syllable and the last there is no place at which he must not occasionally pause, and the place of the pause must be perpetually shifted. To effect this variety, his attention must be given, at one and the same time, to the pauses he has already made in the period before him, as well as to that which he is about to make, and to those which shall succeed it. On no lighter terms than these is it possible that blank verse can be written which will not, in the course of a long work, fatigue the ear past all endurance. If it be easier, therefore, to throw five balls into the air and to catch them in succession, than to sport in that manner with one only, then may blank verse be more easily fabricated than rhyme. And if to these labors we add others equally requisite, a style in general more elaborate than rhyme requires, farther removed from the vernacular idiom both in the language itself and in the arrangement of it, we shall not long doubt which of these two very different species of verse threatens the composer with most expense of study and contrivance. I feel it unpleasant to appeal to my own experience, but, having no other voucher at hand, am constrained to it. As I affirm, so I have found. I have dealt pretty largely in both kinds, and have frequently written more verses in a day, with tags, than I could ever write without them. To what has been here said (which whether it have been said by others or not, I cannot tell, having never read any modern book on the subject) I shall only add, that to be poetical without rhyme, is an argument of a sound and classical constitution in any language.

Having mentioned Milton, I can't help but point out how similar his style is to that of Homer. It's such that anyone familiar with both cannot read one without being reminded of the other; and it's in those breaks and pauses, to which the English poet's verse owes its dignity and variety, that he mostly emulates the Greek. But these are beauties that rhyme can't achieve; once broken, it loses all its music; anyone can see this by reading just a page of any of our poets before Denham, Waller, and Dryden. A translator of Homer is thus guided by Homer himself toward using blank verse, as it’s the only form in which he can be represented tolerably in this regard. This observation naturally comes from a wish to appease some who, unreasonably attached to rhyme, insist on it at all times and seem convinced that poetry in our language is a futile endeavor without it. They consider verse that claims to be verse merely for its meter to be such out of courtesy rather than by nature, assuming it costs the writer little effort—just give the lines their required number of syllables, and everything is fine mechanically. If this were true, they would have a point; for the author truly deserves praise who succeeds against the greatest challenges, and in verse that requires the most skillful construction. But the reality isn’t what they think. Rhyme, in our language, doesn’t require much intelligence; it's always easy for someone experienced in the practice. Just look at the many who rhyme but have no other poetic qualifications. Also, consider how lenient we tend to be toward unrefined and mediocre language for the sake of rhyme, and we’ll soon realize that the real effort lies mainly in the opposite direction. Many intricate elements are needed to compensate for the lack of this single quality. It’s not enough for lines of blank verse to be smooth on their own; they must also be harmonious when combined. Meanwhile, the primary concern for someone writing with rhyme is to ensure their couplets and ideas match, so the regularity of their meter isn’t, at least too often, disrupted. This is a trivial challenge compared to those faced by a poet working without rhyme. To be musical, he must explore all the variations possible with ten syllables; between the first and last syllable, he must occasionally pause at any spot, and the position of that pause must constantly change. To create this variety, he must pay attention to the pauses he’s already made, the one he’s about to make, and those that will follow. Blank verse can only be crafted under these demanding conditions to avoid tiring the ear to the breaking point over a lengthy work. If it's easier to throw five balls in the air and catch them one after the other than to handle just one, then blank verse might be simpler to create than rhyme. When we consider other equally necessary skills—such as a style that's generally more complex than what rhyme requires, further distanced from the everyday language both in vocabulary and structure—we’ll soon see which of these very different types of verse poses the greatest challenge to the writer in terms of effort and creativity. I dislike relying on my own experience, but with no other evidence at hand, I’m compelled to do so. What I claim, I have found true. I’ve engaged extensively in both forms and have often written more lines in one day with tags than I could ever produce without them. To what I’ve stated (which I can’t say has been noted by others since I haven’t read any modern books on the topic), I will only add that being able to write poetically without using rhyme indicates a sound and classical foundation in any language.

A word or two on the subject of the following translation, and I have done.

A word or two about the following translation, and I’ll be finished.

My chief boast is that I have adhered closely to my original, convinced that every departure from him would be punished with the forfeiture of some grace or beauty for which I could substitute no equivalent. The epithets that would consent to an English form I have preserved as epithets; others that would not, I have melted into the context. There are none, I believe, which I have not translated in one way or other, though the reader will not find them repeated so often as most of them are in Homer, for a reason that need not be mentioned.

My main point of pride is that I've stuck closely to the original text because I believe that any deviation would cost me some grace or beauty that I can't replace. I've kept the words that work in English as they are; others that don't fit, I've blended into the surrounding text. I think I’ve translated all of them in some way, though you won’t see them repeated as often as they are in Homer, for a reason that doesn't need to be explained.

Few persons of any consideration are introduced either in the Iliad or Odyssey by their own name only, but their patronymic is given also. To this ceremonial I have generally attended, because it is a circumstance of my author’s manner.

Few important people are mentioned in the Iliad or Odyssey by their name alone; their father's name is also included. I have usually followed this tradition because it's part of my author's style.

Homer never allots less than a whole line to the introduction of a speaker. No, not even when the speech itself is no longer than the line that leads it. A practice to which, since he never departs from it, he must have been determined by some cogent reason. He probably deemed it a formality necessary to the majesty of his narration. In this article, therefore, I have scrupulously adhered to my pattern, considering these introductory lines as heralds in a procession; important persons, because employed to usher in persons more important than themselves.

Homer always gives a full line to introduce a speaker. Not even when the actual speech is shorter than the line leading up to it does he make an exception. This consistent practice suggests he had a compelling reason for it. He likely believed it was a formal requirement to enhance the grandeur of his storytelling. In this article, I have carefully followed this approach, viewing these introductory lines as heralds in a procession; significant figures themselves, because they introduce individuals who are even more important.

It has been my point every where to be as little verbose as possible, though; at the same time, my constant determination not to sacrifice my author’s full meaning to an affected brevity.

I’ve always aimed to be as concise as possible everywhere, but at the same time, I’m determined not to compromise my full meaning just to be brief.

In the affair of style, I have endeavored neither to creep nor to bluster, for no author is so likely to betray his translator into both these faults, as Homer, though himself never guilty of either. I have cautiously avoided all terms of new invention, with an abundance of which, persons of more ingenuity than judgment have not enriched our language, but incumbered it. I have also every where used an unabbreviated fullness of phrase as most suited to the nature of the work, and, above all, have studied perspicuity, not only because verse is good for little that wants it, but because Homer is the most perspicuous of all poets.

In terms of style, I've tried not to hold back or go overboard, since no author is more likely to lead their translator into these mistakes than Homer, even though he himself never made either. I've carefully avoided all made-up terms, which those who are more clever than wise have cluttered our language with. I've also consistently used fully formed phrases, as that fits the nature of the work best, and above all, I've focused on clarity, not just because poetry is pretty much useless without it, but also because Homer is the clearest of all poets.

In all difficult places I have consulted the best commentators, and where they have differed, or have given, as is often the case, a variety of solutions, I have ever exercised my best judgment, and selected that which appears, at least to myself, the most probable interpretation. On this ground, and on account of the fidelity which I have already boasted, I may venture, I believe, to recommend my work as promising some usefulness to young students of the original.

In all challenging situations, I have looked to the best commentators for guidance, and when they disagreed or provided multiple solutions, I used my best judgment to choose what I felt was the most likely interpretation. Based on this approach, and because of the accuracy I've already mentioned, I feel confident in recommending my work as being helpful for young students of the original text.

The passages which will be least noticed, and possibly not at all, except by those who shall wish to find me at a fault, are those which have cost me abundantly the most labor. It is difficult to kill a sheep with dignity in a modern language, to flay and to prepare it for the table, detailing every circumstance of the process. Difficult also, without sinking below the level of poetry, to harness mules to a wagon, particularizing every article of their furniture, straps, rings, staples, and even the tying of the knots that kept all together. Homer, who writes always to the eye, with all his sublimity and grandeur, has the minuteness of a Flemish painter.

The parts that will be least noticed, and probably not at all, except by those looking to point out my mistakes, are the ones that took me the most effort to create. It’s challenging to describe the process of killing a sheep with dignity in modern language, to skin it and prepare it for the table while detailing every step. It’s also tough, without lowering the standard of poetry, to explain harnessing mules to a wagon, specifying every piece of their gear—straps, rings, staples, and even how the knots were tied to hold it all together. Homer, who always writes for the eye and captures grandeur and sublimity, has the attention to detail of a Flemish painter.

But in what degree I have succeeded in my version either of these passages, and such as these, or of others more buoyant and above-ground, and especially of the most sublime, is now submitted to the decision of the reader, to whom I am ready enough to confess that I have not at all consulted their approbation, who account nothing grand that is not turgid, or elegant that is not bedizened with metaphor.

But to what extent I have succeeded in my interpretation of these passages, and similar ones, or of others that are more lively and uplifting, especially of the most profound, is now up to the reader to decide. I admit that I haven't really sought their approval, as they see nothing impressive that isn't overblown or nothing refined that isn't adorned with metaphors.

I purposely decline all declamation on the merits of Homer, because a translator’s praises of his author are liable to a suspicion of dotage, and because it were impossible to improve on those which this author has received already. He has been the wonder of all countries that his works have ever reached, even deified by the greatest names of antiquity, and in some places actually worshipped. And to say truth, were it possible that mere man could entitle himself by pre-eminence of any kind to divine honors, Homer’s astonishing powers seem to have given him the best pretensions.

I intentionally avoid talking about the greatness of Homer, because a translator's compliments about their author can seem like they’re losing their mind, and it's impossible to add to the praise he’s already received. He has amazed people in every place his works have reached, even being deified by some of the most famous figures from ancient times, and in some areas, actually worshipped. To be honest, if a mere mortal could ever deserve divine honors in any way, Homer's incredible talents would give him the strongest claim to it.

I cannot conclude without due acknowledgments to the best critic in Homer I have ever met with, the learned and ingenious Mr. Fuseli. Unknown as he was to me when I entered on this arduous undertaking (indeed to this moment I have never seen him) he yet voluntarily and generously offered himself as my revisor. To his classical taste and just discernment I have been indebted for the discovery of many blemishes in my own work, and of beauties, which would otherwise have escaped me, in the original. But his necessary avocations would not suffer him to accompany me farther than to the latter books of the Iliad, a circumstance which I fear my readers, as well as myself, will regret with too much reason.[1]

I can't wrap up without giving credit to the best critic of Homer I've ever encountered, the knowledgeable and clever Mr. Fuseli. Although I had never met him when I started this challenging project (in fact, I've still never seen him), he generously offered to help me as my reviewer. I owe much to his classical taste and sharp insight for pointing out many flaws in my own work, as well as highlighting beauties in the original text that I would have otherwise missed. However, his other commitments prevented him from assisting me beyond the later books of the Iliad, a situation that I fear my readers, along with myself, will regret far too much.[1]

I have obligations likewise to many friends, whose names, were it proper to mention them here, would do me great honor. They have encouraged me by their approbation, have assisted me with valuable books, and have eased me of almost the whole labor of transcribing.

I have commitments to many friends, whose names, if it were appropriate to mention them here, would be a great honor for me. They have supported me with their approval, helped me with valuable books, and have taken on almost all the work of transcribing for me.

And now I have only to regret that my pleasant work is ended. To the illustrious Greek I owe the smooth and easy flight of many thousand hours. He has been my companion at home and abroad, in the study, in the garden, and in the field; and no measure of success, let my labors succeed as they may, will ever compensate to me the loss of the innocent luxury that I have enjoyed, as a translator of Homer.

And now I only regret that my enjoyable task is finished. I owe the seamless and effortless journey of many thousands of hours to the remarkable Greek. He has been my companion at home and abroad, in the study, in the garden, and in the field; and no amount of success, no matter how well my efforts turn out, will ever make up for the loss of the pure pleasure I've experienced as a translator of Homer.

Footnote:

Some of the few notes subjoined to my translation of the Odyssey are by Mr. Fuseli, who had a short opportunity to peruse the MSS. while the Iliad was printing. They are marked with his initial.
Some of the few notes added to my translation of the Odyssey are by Mr. Fuseli, who had a brief chance to look over the manuscripts while the Iliad was being printed. They are marked with his initial.

PREFACE

PREPARED BY MR. COWPER,
FOR A
SECOND EDITION.

PREPARED BY MR. COWPER,
For a
SECOND EDITION.

Soon after my publication of this work, I began to prepare it for a second edition, by an accurate revisal of the first. It seemed to me, that here and there, perhaps a slight alteration might satisfy the demands of some, whom I was desirous to please; and I comforted myself with the reflection, that if I still failed to conciliate all, I should yet have no cause to account myself in a singular degree unfortunate. To please an unqualified judge, an author must sacrifice too much; and the attempt to please an uncandid one were altogether hopeless. In one or other of these classes may be ranged all such objectors, as would deprive blank verse of one of its principal advantages, the variety of its pauses; together with all such as deny the good effect, on the whole, of a line, now and then, less harmonious than its fellows.

Soon after I published this work, I started getting it ready for a second edition by carefully reviewing the first. It occurred to me that maybe a few minor changes could satisfy some readers I wanted to impress. I reassured myself by thinking that even if I didn’t win over everyone, I wouldn’t have to feel overly unfortunate. To please an unreasonable critic, an author would have to compromise too much; and trying to please someone who is not fair would be completely pointless. All objectors who would take away one of the main benefits of blank verse—the variety of its pauses—can be placed in one of these categories, along with those who argue that an occasional line that’s less harmonious than the others doesn’t have a positive overall effect.

With respect to the pauses, it has been affirmed with an unaccountable rashness, that Homer himself has given me an example of verse without them. Had this been true, it would by no means have concluded against the use of them in an English version of Homer; because, in one language, and in one species of metre, that may be musical, which in another would be found disgusting. But the assertion is totally unfounded. The pauses in Homer’s verse are so frequent and various, that to name another poet, if pauses are a fault, more faulty than he, were, perhaps, impossible. It may even be questioned, if a single passage of ten lines flowing with uninterrupted smoothness could be singled out from all the thousands that he has left us. He frequently pauses at the first word of the line, when it consists of three or more syllables; not seldom when of two; and sometimes even when of one only. In this practice he was followed, as was observed in my Preface to the first edition, by the Author of the Paradise Lost. An example inimitable indeed, but which no writer of English heroic verse without rhyme can neglect with impunity.

Regarding the pauses, it's been claimed with surprising boldness that Homer himself has shown me how to write verse without them. If this were true, it wouldn’t justify leaving them out of an English version of Homer; because what sounds musical in one language and type of meter might be off-putting in another. But this claim is completely baseless. The pauses in Homer’s verse are so common and varied that it would be hard to find another poet who uses them more excessively, if pauses are considered a flaw. It's even questionable whether you could identify a single ten-line section flowing smoothly without interruption from all the thousands he has left. He often pauses at the beginning of a line, especially when the first word has three or more syllables, sometimes with two syllables, and occasionally even with just one. This technique was also adopted, as noted in my Preface to the first edition, by the author of Paradise Lost. A truly unmatched example, one that no writer of English heroic verse without rhyme can afford to ignore.

Similar to this is the objection which proscribes absolutely the occasional use of a line irregularly constructed. When Horace censured Lucilius for his lines incomposite pede currentes, he did not mean to say, that he was chargeable with such in some instances, or even in many, for then the censure would have been equally applicable to himself; but he designed by that expression to characterize all his writings. The censure therefore was just; Lucilius wrote at a time when the Roman verse had not yet received its polish, and instead of introducing artfully his rugged lines, and to serve a particular purpose, had probably seldom, and never but by accident, composed a smooth one. Such has been the versification of the earliest poets in every country. Children lisp, at first, and stammer; but, in time, their speech becomes fluent, and, if they are well taught, harmonious.

Similar to this is the objection that completely forbids the occasional use of an irregular line. When Horace criticized Lucilius for his lines incomposite pede currentes, he didn’t mean to suggest that Lucilius used such lines in some instances, or even in many, because then the criticism would apply to himself as well; instead, he intended to label all of Lucilius’s writings. Thus, the criticism was fair; Lucilius wrote at a time when Roman verse hadn’t yet been refined, and rather than carefully crafting his rugged lines to achieve a specific effect, he probably rarely, and only by chance, created a smooth one. This has been the pattern of verse among the earliest poets in every culture. Children initially babble and stutter; but over time, their speech becomes fluent, and if they are well taught, harmonious.

Homer himself is not invariably regular in the construction of his verse. Had he been so, Eustathius, an excellent critic and warm admirer of Homer, had never affirmed, that some of his lines want a head, some a tail, and others a middle. Some begin with a word that is neither dactyl nor spondee, some conclude with a dactyl, and in the intermediate part he sometimes deviates equally from the established custom. I confess that instances of this sort are rare; but they are surely, though few, sufficient to warrant a sparing use of similar license in the present day.

Homer isn't always consistent with how he writes his verses. If he were, Eustathius, a great critic and a big fan of Homer, wouldn't have said that some of his lines are missing a start, some a finish, and others a middle part. Some lines start with a word that isn't a dactyl or a spondee, some end with a dactyl, and in between, he sometimes strays from the usual patterns as well. I admit that these examples are rare, but they are definitely enough to justify being a bit flexible with similar licenses today.

Unwilling, however, to seem obstinate in both these particulars, I conformed myself in some measure to these objections, though unconvinced myself of their propriety. Several of the rudest and most unshapely lines I composed anew; and several of the pauses least in use I displaced for the sake of an easier enunciation.—And this was the state of the work after the revisal given it about seven years since.

Unwilling to appear stubborn about these points, I tried to accommodate some of these objections, even though I wasn’t convinced they were valid. I rewrote several of the roughest and most awkward lines, and I changed some of the less commonly used pauses to make it easier to read aloud. This was the state of the work after the revision I gave it about seven years ago.

Between that revisal and the present a considerable time intervened, and the effect of long discontinuance was, that I became more dissatisfied with it myself, than the most difficult to be pleased of all my judges. Not for the sake of a few uneven lines or unwonted pauses, but for reasons far more substantial. The diction seemed to me in many passages either not sufficiently elevated, or deficient in the grace of ease, and in others I found the sense of the original either not adequately expressed or misapprehended. Many elisions still remained unsoftened; the compound epithets I found not always happily combined, and the same sometimes too frequently repeated.

Between that revision and now, quite a bit of time has passed, and the result of this long break was that I became even more dissatisfied with it than the hardest-to-please of all my critics. Not just because of a few uneven lines or awkward pauses, but for much more significant reasons. The language felt to me in many places either not elevated enough or lacking in a natural flow, and in other instances, I found the original meaning either not fully captured or misunderstood. Many awkward phrases still hadn’t been smoothed out; the compound adjectives didn't always fit well together, and some were repeated too often.

There is no end of passages in Homer, which must creep unless they are lifted; yet in such, all embellishment is out of the question. The hero puts on his clothes, or refreshes himself with food and wine, or he yokes his steed, takes a journey, and in the evening preparation is made for his repose. To give relief to subjects prosaic as these without seeming unreasonably tumid is extremely difficult. Mr. Pope much abridges some of them, and others he omits; but neither of these liberties was compatible with the nature of my undertaking. These, therefore, and many similar to these, have been new-modeled; somewhat to their advantage I hope, but not even now entirely to my satisfaction. The lines have a more natural movement, the pauses are fewer and less stately, the expression as easy as I could make it without meanness, and these were all the improvements that I could give them.

There are countless passages in Homer that can feel slow unless they are elevated; however, in such cases, any embellishment is off the table. The hero puts on his clothes, grabs some food and wine, saddles his horse, sets off on a journey, and in the evening gets ready to rest. It's really challenging to make mundane subjects like these interesting without appearing overly elaborate. Mr. Pope shortens some of them and leaves out others, but neither of these approaches fits what I’m trying to do. So, these, along with many similar ones, have been reworked; I hope to their benefit, though I still don't feel completely satisfied with them. The lines flow more naturally, there are fewer and less formal pauses, the expression is as smooth as I could make it without being trivial, and those are all the improvements I could apply.

The elisions, I believe, are all cured, with only one exception. An alternative proposes itself to a modern versifier, from which there is no escape, which occurs perpetually, and which, choose as he may, presents him always with an evil. I mean in the instance of the particle (the). When this particle precedes a vowel, shall he melt it into the substantive, or leave the hiatus open? Both practices are offensive to a delicate ear. The particle absorbed occasions harshness, and the open vowel a vacuity equally inconvenient. Sometimes, therefore, to leave it open, and sometimes to ingraft it into its adjunct seems most advisable; this course Mr. Pope has taken, whose authority recommended it to me; though of the two evils I have most frequently chosen the elision as the least.

I think all the omissions have been fixed, except for one. A choice presents itself to a modern poet that seems unavoidable, constantly recurring, and always carries a downside, no matter what he picks. I'm talking about the word "the." When this word comes before a vowel, should he blend it with the noun, or leave a break? Both options are unpleasant to a sensitive ear. Merging it can sound rough, while leaving it open creates an empty gap that is just as annoying. So sometimes it makes sense to keep it open and other times to attach it to the noun. This approach has been used by Mr. Pope, whose example influenced me; although of the two problems, I typically prefer the elision as the lesser evil.

Compound epithets have obtained so long in the poetical language of our country, that I employed them without fear or scruple. To have abstained from them in a blank verse translation of Homer, who abounds with them, and from whom our poets probably first adopted them, would have been strange indeed. But though the genius of our language favors the formation of such words almost as much as that of the Greek, it happens sometimes, that a Grecian compound either cannot be rendered in English at all, or, at best, but awkwardly. For this reason, and because I found that some readers much disliked them, I have expunged many; retaining, according to my best judgment, the most eligible only, and making less frequent the repetitions even of these.

Compound epithets have been part of the poetic language in our country for so long that I used them without hesitation or doubt. It would have been odd to avoid them in a blank verse translation of Homer, who uses them a lot, and from whom our poets probably first took inspiration. While our language supports the creation of such words almost as well as Greek does, there are times when a Greek compound cannot be accurately translated into English at all, or at best, it comes out clumsily. For this reason, and because I found that some readers really disliked them, I’ve removed many; keeping, based on my judgment, only the most suitable ones and reducing the frequency of even these.

I know not that I can add any thing material on the subject of this last revisal, unless it be proper to give the reason why the Iliad, though greatly altered, has undergone much fewer alterations than the Odyssey. The true reason I believe is this. The Iliad demanded my utmost possible exertions; it seemed to meet me like an ascent almost perpendicular, which could not be surmounted at less cost than of all the labor that I could bestow on it. The Odyssey on the contrary seemed to resemble an open and level country, through which I might travel at my ease. The latter, therefore, betrayed me into some negligence, which, though little conscious of it at the time, on an accurate search, I found had left many disagreeable effects behind it.

I don't think I can add anything significant to the discussion about this last revision, except to explain why the Iliad, despite being greatly changed, has gone through many fewer alterations than the Odyssey. The real reason, I believe, is this: the Iliad required my total effort; it felt like climbing a nearly vertical ascent that could only be achieved by expending all the work I could put into it. In contrast, the Odyssey felt more like an open, flat landscape that I could navigate easily. As a result, I let my guard down a bit with the latter, and although I wasn't fully aware of it at the time, I later discovered that it left behind several issues I wasn't happy with.

I now leave the work to its fate. Another may labor hereafter in an attempt of the same kind with more success; but more industriously, I believe, none ever will.

I now leave this work to its fate. Someone else may try to do something similar in the future with better results; but I believe no one will work as hard as I have.

PREFACE

BY
J. JOHNSON, LL.B.
CHAPLAIN TO THE BISHOP OF PETERBOROUGH.

BY
J. JOHNSON, LL.B.
Chaplain to the Bishop of Peterborough.

I have no other pretensions to the honorable name of Editor on this occasion, than as a faithful transcriber of the Manuscript, and a diligent corrector of the Press, which are, doubtless, two of the very humblest employments in that most extensive province. I have wanted the ability to attempt any thing higher; and, fortunately for the reader, I have also wanted the presumption. What, however, I can do, I will. Instead of critical remark, I will furnish him with anecdote. He shall trace from beginning to end the progress of the following work; and in proportion as I have the happiness to engage his attention, I shall merit the name of a fortunate editor.

I have no other claims to the esteemed title of Editor on this occasion, other than being a faithful copyist of the Manuscript and a careful proofreader, which are undoubtedly among the most modest roles in that vast field. I've lacked the skill to attempt anything more ambitious; and, happily for the reader, I've also lacked the arrogance to do so. However, what I can do, I will. Instead of providing critical commentary, I will share anecdotes. The reader will be able to follow the progress of this work from start to finish; and to the extent that I capture his attention, I will deserve to be called a fortunate editor.

It was in the darkest season of a most calamitous depression of his spirits, that I was summoned to the house of my inestimable friend the Translator, in the month of January, 1794. He had happily completed a revisal of his Homer, and was thinking of the preface to his new edition, when all his satisfaction in the one, and whatever he had projected for the other, in a moment vanished from his mind. He had fallen into a deplorable illness; and though the foremost wish of my heart was to lessen the intenseness of his misery, I was utterly unable to afford him any aid.

It was during the darkest time of a terrible depression that I was called to the home of my invaluable friend the Translator, in January 1794. He had just finished revising his Homer and was considering the preface for his new edition when all his joy in the project and any thoughts he had for the preface suddenly disappeared. He had fallen into a serious illness; and although all I wanted was to ease his suffering, I was completely unable to help him.

I had, however, a pleasing though a melancholy opportunity of tracing his recent footsteps in the Field of Troy, and in the Palace of Ithaca. He had materially altered both the Iliad and Odyssey; and, so far as my ability allowed me to judge, they were each of them greatly improved. He had also, at the request of his bookseller, interspersed the two poems with copious notes; for the most part translations of the ancient Scholia, and gleaned, at the cost of many valuable hours, from the pages of Barnes, Clarke, and Villoisson. It has been a constant subject of regret to the admirers of “The Task,” that the exercise of such marvelous original powers, should have been so long suspended by the drudgery of translation; and in this view, their quarrel with the illustrious Greek will be, doubtless, extended to his commentators.[1]

I had, however, a bittersweet but enjoyable chance to follow his recent footsteps in the Field of Troy and the Palace of Ithaca. He had significantly changed both the Iliad and Odyssey; and, as far as I could tell, they were each greatly enhanced. He had also, at the request of his publisher, added extensive notes to the two poems, mostly translations of the ancient Scholia, which he carefully gathered, at the expense of many valuable hours, from the works of Barnes, Clarke, and Villoisson. It has been a constant source of disappointment for the fans of “The Task” that the use of such incredible original talent has been so long interrupted by the toil of translation; and from this perspective, their frustration with the renowned Greek will surely extend to his commentators.[1]

During two long years from this most anxious period, the translation continued as it was; and though, in the hope of its being able to divert his melancholy, I had attempted more than once to introduce it to its Author, I was every time painfully obliged to desist. But in the summer of ninety-six, when he had resided with me in Norfolk twelve miserable months, the introduction long wished for took place. To my inexpressible astonishment and joy, I surprised him, one morning, with the Iliad in his hand; and with an excess of delight, which I am still more unable to describe, I the next day discovered that he had been writing.—Were I to mention one of the happiest moments of my life, it might be that which introduced me to the following lines:—

For two long years during this anxious time, the translation went on as before; and although I had tried more than once to introduce it to its Author in hopes of lifting his spirits, I had to back down each time. But in the summer of '96, after he had spent a miserable twelve months with me in Norfolk, the long-awaited introduction finally happened. To my immense surprise and joy, I caught him one morning with the Iliad in his hands; and the overwhelming delight I felt, which I still can’t completely describe, was intensified when I discovered the next day that he had been writing. If I had to choose one of the happiest moments of my life, it would be that moment when I came across the following lines:—

	Mistaken meanings corrected, admonente G. Wakefield.
B. XXIII.
L. 429.	that the main part Of thy neat wheel seem e’en to grind upon it.
L. 865.	As when (the north wind freshening) near the bank Up springs a fish in air, then falls again And disappears beneath the sable flood, So at the stroke, he bounded.
L. 1018.	Thenceforth Tydides o’er his ample shield Aim’d and still aim’d to pierce him in the neck.
	Or better thus—
	Tydides, in return, with spear high-poised O’er the broad shield, aim’d ever at his neck,
	Or best of all—
	Then Tydeus’ son, with spear high-poised above The ample shield, stood aiming at his neck.

He had written these lines with a pencil, on a leaf at the end of his Iliad; and when I reflected on the cause which had given them birth, I could not but admire its disproportion to the effect. What the voice of persuasion had failed in for a year, accident had silently accomplished in a single day. The circumstance I allude to was this: I received a copy of the Iliad and Odyssey of Pope, then recently published by the Editor above mentioned, with illustrative and critical notes of his own. As it commended Mr. Cowper’s Translation in the Preface, and occasionally pointed out its merits in the Notes, I was careful to place it in his way; though it was more from a habit of experiment which I had contracted, than from well-grounded hopes of success. But what a fortunate circumstance was the arrival of this Work! and by what name worthy of its influence shall I call it? In the mouth of an indifferent person it might be Chance; but in mine; whom it rendered so peculiarly happy, common gratitude requires that it should be Providence.

He wrote these lines with a pencil on a page at the end of his Iliad; and as I thought about the reason behind their creation, I couldn't help but admire how disproportionate it was to the result. What the voice of persuasion failed to achieve in a year, an accident silently accomplished in a single day. The situation I’m referring to was this: I received a copy of Pope's Iliad and Odyssey, recently published by the editor mentioned above, complete with his own illustrative and critical notes. Since it praised Mr. Cowper’s translation in the Preface and occasionally highlighted its strengths in the Notes, I made sure to put it in his path; though it was more due to a habit of experimentation I had developed than from any solid hope of success. But what a lucky event the arrival of this Work was! And what name worthy of its impact should I give it? To an indifferent person, it might seem like Chance; but to me, who was made so incredibly happy by it, common gratitude demands that I call it Providence.

As I watched him with an indescribable interest in his progress, I had the satisfaction to find, that, after a few mornings given to promiscuous correction, and to frequent perusal of the above-mentioned Notes, he was evidently settling on the sixteenth Book. This he went regularly through, and the fruits of an application so happily resumed were, one day with another, about sixty new lines. But with the end of the sixteenth Book he had closed the corrections of the year. An excursion to the coast, which immediately followed, though it promised an accession of strength to the body, could not fail to interfere with the pursuits of the mind. It was therefore with much less surprise than regret, that I saw him relinquish the “Tale of Troy Divine.”

As I watched him with an indescribable interest in his progress, I was pleased to see that after a few mornings spent on random corrections and frequently reading the Notes I mentioned earlier, he was clearly focused on the sixteenth Book. He worked through it consistently, and the result of his renewed effort was around sixty new lines each day. However, with the conclusion of the sixteenth Book, he had finished the corrections for the year. A trip to the coast, which followed right after, promised to strengthen his body but inevitably distracted him from his studies. So it was with more regret than surprise that I saw him give up the “Tale of Troy Divine.”

Such was the prelude to the last revisal, which, in the month of January, ninety-seven, Mr. Cowper was persuaded to undertake; and to a faithful copy, as I trust, of which, I have at this time the honor to conduct the reader. But it may not be amiss to observe, that with regard to the earlier books of the Iliad, it was less a revisal of the altered text, than of the text as it stands in the first edition. For though the interleaved copy was always at hand, and in the multitude of its altered places could hardly fail to offer some things worthy to be preserved, but which the ravages of illness and the lapse of time might have utterly effaced from his mind, I could not often persuade the Translator to consult it. I was therefore induced, in the course of transcribing, to compare the two revisals as I went along, and to plead for the continuance of the first correction, when it forcibly struck me as better than the last. This, however, but seldom occurred; and the practice, at length, was completely left off, by his consenting to receive into the number of the books which were daily laid open before him, the interleaved copy to which I allude.

This was the lead-up to the final revision, which, in January 1797, Mr. Cowper was convinced to take on; I have the honor now to present a faithful copy of it. However, it’s worth noting that for the earlier books of the Iliad, it was less about revising the changed text and more about sticking to the text as it appeared in the first edition. Even though the interleaved copy was always available and certainly had many changes worth keeping—ones that illness and time might have wiped from his memory—I couldn’t often get the Translator to look at it. Because of this, while I was transcribing, I started to compare the two revisions as I worked and argued for keeping the first correction when it clearly felt better than the last. However, this didn’t happen very often; eventually, he agreed to consider the interleaved copy I mentioned as one of the books he’d review daily.

At the end of the first six books of the Iliad, the arrival of spring brought the usual interruptions of exercise and air, which increased as the summer advanced to a degree so unfavorable to the progress of Homer, that in the requisite attention to their salutary claims, the revisal was, at one time, altogether at a stand. Only four books were added in the course of nine months; but opportunity returning as the winter set in, there were added, in less than seven weeks, four more: and thus ended the year ninety-seven.

At the end of the first six books of the Iliad, the arrival of spring brought the usual breaks for exercise and fresh air, which increased as summer progressed to a point that disrupted Homer's work. The necessary focus on their healthy demands caused the revision to come to a complete halt for a while. Only four books were added over nine months; however, as winter returned, four more were added in less than seven weeks. Thus, the year 97 came to a close.

As the spring that succeeded was a happier spring, so it led to a happier summer. We had no longer air and exercise alone, but exercise and Homer hand in hand. He even followed us thrice to the sea: and whether our walks were

As the spring that followed was a happier spring, it brought about a happier summer. We no longer had just air and exercise, but exercise with Homer by our side. He even joined us three times at the beach: and whether our walks were

“on the margin of the land,
O’er the green summit of the” cliffs, “whose base
Beats back the roaring surge,”

“on the edge of the land,
Over the green top of the” cliffs, “whose base
Rebounds against the crashing waves,”

“or on the shore
Of the untillable and barren deep,”

“or on the shore
Of the unmanageable and barren sea,”

they were always within hearing of his magic song. About the middle of this busy summer, the revisal of the Iliad was brought to a close; and on the very next day, the 24th of July, the correction of the Odyssey commenced,—a morning rendered memorable by a kind and unexpected visit from the patroness of that work, the Dowager Lady Spencer!

they were always able to hear his magic song. Around the middle of that busy summer, the revision of the Iliad was completed; and the very next day, July 24th, the correction of the Odyssey began—a morning made memorable by a kind and unexpected visit from the patroness of that work, the Dowager Lady Spencer!

It is not my intention to detain the reader with a progressive account of the Odyssey revised, as circumstantial as that of the Iliad, because it went on smoothly from beginning to end, and was finished in less than eight months.

It’s not my goal to keep the reader engaged with a detailed retelling of the Odyssey, as thorough as the account of the Iliad, since it flowed easily from start to finish and was completed in less than eight months.

I cannot deliver these volumes to the public without feeling emotions of gratitude toward Heaven, in recollecting how often this corrected Work has appeared to me an instrument of Divine mercy, to mitigate the sufferings of my excellent relation. Its progress in our private hours was singularly medicinal to his mind: may its presentment to the Public prove not less conducive to the honor of the departed Author, who has every claim to my veneration! As a copious life of the Poet is already in the press, from the pen of his intimate friend Mr. Hayley, it is unnecessary for me to enter on such extensive commendation of his character, as my own intimacy with him might suggest; but I hope the reader will kindly allow me the privilege of indulging, in some degree, the feelings of my heart, by applying to him, in the close of this Preface, an expressive verse (borrowed from Homer) which he inscribed himself, with some little variation, on a bust of his Grecian Favorite.

I can't share these volumes with the public without feeling gratitude towards God, remembering how this revised Work has often seemed like a tool of Divine mercy to ease the suffering of my dear relative. Its development during our private moments was particularly healing for his mind: I hope that presenting it to the public serves just as well to honor the late Author, who deserves my deep respect! Since a detailed biography of the Poet is already being published by his close friend Mr. Hayley, I don’t need to go into extensive praise of his character, as my close relationship with him might lead me to do; however, I hope the reader will kindly permit me to express some of my heartfelt feelings by referencing him at the end of this Preface with a powerful line (taken from Homer) that he himself inscribed, with slight variation, on a bust of his Greek Favorite.

Ως τε πατηρ ω παιδι, και ουποτε λησομαι αυτε.

Just like a father to a child, I will always remember you..

Loved as his Son, in him I early found
A Father, such as I will ne’er forget.

Loved as his Son, in him I quickly found
A Father, someone I will never forget.

Footnote:

Very few signatures had at this time been affixed to the notes; but I afterward compared them with the Greek, note by note, and endeavored to supply the defect; more especially in the last three Volumes, where the reader will be pleased to observe that all the notes without signatures are Mr. Cowper’s, and that those marked B.C.V. are respectively found in the editions of Homer by Barnes, Clarke, and Villoisson. But the employment was so little to the taste and inclination of the poet, that he never afterward revised them, or added to their number more than these which follow;—In the Odyssey, Vol. I. Book xi., the note 32.—Vol. II. Book xv., the note 13.—The note10 Book xvi., of that volume, and the note 14, Book xix., of the same.
Very few signatures had been added to the notes at this time; but I later compared them with the Greek text, note by note, and tried to fill in the gaps, especially in the last three volumes. The reader will be pleased to see that all the notes without signatures are by Mr. Cowper, and that those marked B.C.V. can be found in the editions of Homer by Barnes, Clarke, and Villoisson. However, the work was so unappealing to the poet that he never looked them over again or added to them beyond the ones that follow: In the Odyssey, Vol. I, Book xi, note 32; Vol. II, Book xv, note 13; note 10 in Book xvi of that volume; and note 14 in Book xix of the same.

ADVERTISEMENT TO SOUTHEY’S EDITION

It is incumbent upon the present Editor to state the reasons which have induced him, between two editions of Cowper’s Homer, differing so materially from each other that they might almost be deemed different versions, to prefer the first.

It is the responsibility of the current Editor to explain the reasons that have led him, between two editions of Cowper’s Homer, which differ so significantly from one another that they could almost be considered different versions, to favor the first.

Whoever has perused the Translator’s letters, must have perceived that he had considered with no ordinary care the scheme of his versification, and that when he resolved upon altering it in a second edition, it was in deference to the opinion of others.

Whoever has read the Translator’s letters must have noticed that he gave significant thought to the structure of his verse, and that when he decided to change it in a second edition, it was out of respect for others' opinions.

It seems to the Editor that Cowper’s own judgment is entitled to more respect, than that of any, or all his critics; and that the version which he composed when his faculties were most active and his spirits least subject to depression,—indeed in the happiest part of his life,—ought not to be superseded by a revisal, or rather reconstruction, which was undertaken three years before his death,—not like the first translation as “a pleasant work, an innocent luxury,” the cheerful and delightful occupation of hope and ardor and ambition,—but as a “hopeless employment,” a task to which he gave “all his miserable days, and often many hours of the night,” seeking to beguile the sense of utter wretchedness, by altering as if for the sake of alteration.

It seems to the Editor that Cowper's own judgment deserves more respect than that of any or all of his critics. The version he created when his abilities were at their peak and his spirits were least affected by depression—indeed, during the happiest period of his life—should not be replaced by a revision, or rather a complete overhaul, that was done three years before his death. This later version was not like the first translation, which was "a pleasant work, an innocent luxury," a joyful and delightful activity fueled by hope, enthusiasm, and ambition; instead, it was seen as a "hopeless task," one he devoted "all his miserable days and often many hours of the night" to, in an effort to distract himself from his deep suffering by changing things just for the sake of change.

The Editor has been confirmed in this opinion by the concurrence of every person with whom he has communicated on the subject. Among others he takes the liberty of mentioning Mr. Cary, whose authority upon such a question is of especial weight, the Translator of Dante being the only one of our countrymen who has ever executed a translation of equal magnitude and not less difficulty, with the same perfect fidelity and admirable skill.

The Editor has reaffirmed this opinion based on the agreement of everyone he has talked to about the topic. He specifically mentions Mr. Cary, whose opinion on this matter carries significant weight since he is the Translator of Dante and the only person from our country who has completed a translation of equal scale and difficulty, with the same level of perfect fidelity and impressive skill.

In support of this determination, the case of Tasso may be cited as curiously in point. The great Italian poet altered his Jerusalem like Cowper, against his own judgment, in submission to his critics: he made the alteration in the latter years of his life, and in a diseased state of mind; and he proceeded upon the same prescribed rule of smoothing down his versification, and removing all the elisions. The consequence has been that the reconstructed poem is utterly neglected, and has rarely, if ever, been reprinted, except in the two great editions of his collected works; while the original poem has been and continues to be in such demand, that the most diligent bibliographer might vainly attempt to enumerate all the editions through which it has passed.

In support of this conclusion, the case of Tasso can be interestingly mentioned. The great Italian poet changed his "Jerusalem" just like Cowper, against his own judgment, in order to appease his critics: he made these changes in the later years of his life, while in a troubled state of mind; and he followed the same set rule of smoothing out his verses and removing all the elisions. As a result, the revised poem is completely overlooked and has rarely, if ever, been reprinted, except in the two major editions of his collected works; while the original poem has been, and still is, in such high demand that even the most thorough bibliographer would struggle to list all the editions it has gone through.

EDITOR’S NOTE.

It will be seen by the Advertisement to Southey’s edition of Cowper’s Translation of the Iliad, that he has the highest opinion of its merits, and that he also gives the preference to Cowper’s unrevised edition. The Editor of the present edition is happy to offer it to the public under the sanction of such high authority.

It can be seen from the Advertisement of Southey’s edition of Cowper’s Translation of the Iliad that he holds it in high regard and prefers Cowper’s unedited version. The Editor of this edition is pleased to present it to the public with the endorsement of such esteemed authority.

In the addition of notes I have availed myself of the learning of various commentators (Pope, Coleridge, Müller, etc.) and covet no higher praise than the approval of my judgment in the selection.

In adding notes, I have drawn on the insights of various commentators (Pope, Coleridge, Müller, etc.) and seek no greater praise than the approval of my judgment in the choices I made.

Those bearing the signature E.P.P., were furnished by my friend Miss Peabody, of Boston. I would also acknowledge my obligations to C.C. Felton, Eliot Professor of Greek in Harvard University. It should be observed, that the remarks upon the language of the poem refer to it in the original.

Those with the signature E.P.P. were provided by my friend Miss Peabody from Boston. I would also like to thank C.C. Felton, the Eliot Professor of Greek at Harvard University. It's important to note that the comments on the language of the poem refer to it in the original text.

For a definite treatment of the character of each deity introduced in the Iliad, and for the fable of the Judgment of Paris, which was the primary cause of the Trojan war, the reader is referred to “Grecian and Roman Mythology.”

For a detailed look at the character of each deity mentioned in the Iliad, and for the story of the Judgment of Paris, which was the main reason for the Trojan War, the reader should refer to "Grecian and Roman Mythology."

It is intended that this edition of the Iliad shall be followed by a similar one of the Odyssey, provided sufficient encouragement is given by the demand for the present volume.

It’s planned that this edition of the Iliad will be followed by a similar version of the Odyssey, as long as there’s enough demand for this volume.

CONTENTS.

THE ILIAD OF HOMER,

TRANSLATED INTO

ENGLISH BLANK VERSE.

TRANSLATED INTO

ENGLISH FREE VERSE.

BOOK I.

ARGUMENT OF THE FIRST BOOK.

The book opens with an account of a pestilence that prevailed in the Grecian camp, and the cause of it is assigned. A council is called, in which fierce altercation takes place between Agamemnon and Achilles. The latter solemnly renounces the field. Agamemnon, by his heralds, demands Brisëis, and Achilles resigns her. He makes his complaint to Thetis, who undertakes to plead his cause with Jupiter. She pleads it, and prevails. The book concludes with an account of what passed in Heaven on that occasion.

The book begins with a description of a plague that struck the Greek camp, and the reason for it is explained. A council is gathered, where a heated argument erupts between Agamemnon and Achilles. Achilles then vows to withdraw from the battle. Agamemnon sends his messengers to demand Brisëis, and Achilles gives her up. He expresses his grievances to Thetis, who agrees to advocate for him with Jupiter. She makes her case and succeeds. The book ends with a description of what happened in Heaven during that time.

[The reader will please observe, that by Achaians, Argives, Danaï, are signified Grecians. Homer himself having found these various appellatives both graceful and convenient, it seemed unreasonable that a Translator of him should be denied the same advantage.—Tr.]

[The reader should note that by Achaians, Argives, and Danaï, it refers to Greeks. Homer himself found these different names both elegant and useful, so it seems unfair for a translator to be denied the same benefit.—Tr.]

BOOK I.

Achilles sing, O Goddess! Peleus’ son;
His wrath pernicious, who ten thousand woes
Caused to Achaia’s host, sent many a soul
Illustrious into Ades premature,
And Heroes gave (so stood the will of Jove)5
To dogs and to all ravening fowls a prey,
When fierce dispute had separated once
The noble Chief Achilles from the son
Of Atreus, Agamemnon, King of men.

Sing, O Goddess, about Achilles, son of Peleus!
His destructive anger brought countless troubles
To the Achaean army, sending many brave souls
Early to the underworld,
And heroes became (as Jove wished)5
Food for dogs and all the scavenging birds,
When a fierce argument drove apart
The noble leader Achilles from Agamemnon,
Son of Atreus, King of men.

Who them to strife impell’d? What power divine?10
Latona’s son and Jove’s.[1] For he, incensed
Against the King, a foul contagion raised
In all the host, and multitudes destroy’d,
For that the son of Atreus had his priest
Dishonored, Chryses. To the fleet he came15
Bearing rich ransom glorious to redeem
His daughter, and his hands charged with the wreath
And golden sceptre[2] of the God shaft-arm’d.

Who drove them to conflict? What divine force?10
The son of Latona and Jove.[1] For he, furious
At the King, spread a foul disease
Throughout the army, and many lives were lost,
Because the son of Atreus dishonored his priest,
Chryses. He came to the ships15
With a rich ransom to redeem
His daughter, and his hands were filled with the wreath
And golden scepter[2] of the God with the deadly arrows.

His supplication was at large to all
The host of Greece, but most of all to two,20
The sons of Atreus, highest in command.

His plea was directed to all
The army of Greece, but especially to two,20
The sons of Atreus, the top leaders.

Ye gallant Chiefs, and ye their gallant host,
(So may the Gods who in Olympus dwell
Give Priam’s treasures to you for a spoil
And ye return in safety,) take my gifts25
And loose my child, in honor of the son
Of Jove, Apollo, archer of the skies.[3]

You brave leaders, and you, their brave troops,
(May the Gods who live in Olympus
Grant you Priam’s treasures as your reward
And bring you home safely,) accept my gifts25
And release my child, in honor of the son
Of Jove, Apollo, the archer of the skies.[3]

At once the voice of all was to respect
The priest, and to accept the bounteous price;
But so it pleased not Atreus’ mighty son,30
Who with rude threatenings stern him thence dismiss’d.

At that moment, everyone agreed to respect
The priest and accept the generous offer;
But that did not please Atreus’ powerful son,30
Who harshly broke off the conversation and sent him away.

Beware, old man! that at these hollow barks
I find thee not now lingering, or henceforth
Returning, lest the garland of thy God
And his bright sceptre should avail thee nought.35
I will not loose thy daughter, till old age
Steal on her. From her native country far,
In Argos, in my palace, she shall ply
The loom, and shall be partner of my bed.
Move me no more. Begone; hence while thou may’st.40

Beware, old man! That I do not find you hanging around these empty places anymore, or coming back later, or else the blessing from your God and his shining scepter will not help you. I won’t let your daughter go until she is old. Far from her homeland in Argos, she will work at the loom in my palace and share my bed. Don’t push me further. Leave now while you still can.

He spake, the old priest trembled and obey’d.
Forlorn he roamed the ocean’s sounding shore,
And, solitary, with much prayer his King
Bright-hair’d Latona’s son, Phœbus, implored.[4]

He spoke, the old priest trembled and obeyed.
Lost, he wandered the ocean's echoing shore,
And, alone, with many prayers he begged his King,
Bright-haired Latona’s son, Phoebus.[4]

God of the silver bow, who with thy power45
Encirclest Chrysa, and who reign’st supreme
In Tenedos and Cilla the divine,
Sminthian[5] Apollo![6] If I e’er adorned
Thy beauteous fane, or on the altar burn’d
The fat acceptable of bulls or goats,50
Grant my petition. With thy shafts avenge
On the Achaian host thy servant’s tears.

God of the silver bow, who with your power45
Surrounds Chrysa, and who reigns supreme
In Tenedos and divine Cilla,
Sminthian Apollo![5] If I ever honored
Your beautiful temple, or burned on the altar
The fat from acceptable bulls or goats,50
Grant my request. With your arrows, take revenge
On the Achaian army for your servant’s tears.

Such prayer he made, and it was heard.[7] The God,
Down from Olympus with his radiant bow
And his full quiver o’er his shoulder slung,55
Marched in his anger; shaken as he moved
His rattling arrows told of his approach.
Gloomy he came as night; sat from the ships
Apart, and sent an arrow. Clang’d the cord
[8]Dread-sounding, bounding on the silver bow.[9]60
Mules first and dogs he struck,[10] but at themselves
Dispatching soon his bitter arrows keen,
Smote them. Death-piles on all sides always blazed.
Nine days throughout the camp his arrows flew;
The tenth, Achilles from all parts convened65
The host in council. Juno the white-armed
Moved at the sight of Grecians all around
Dying, imparted to his mind the thought.[11]
The full assembly, therefore, now convened,
Uprose Achilles ardent, and began.70

He prayed, and his prayer was heard. The God, Descending from Olympus with his shining bow And a full quiver slung over his shoulder, Came down in anger; as he walked, The rattling arrows signaled his approach. He arrived darkly like night; sitting apart from the ships, He sent out an arrow. The string twanged, Echoing loudly on the silver bow. He struck the mules and dogs first, but then Quickly unleashed his sharp arrows against them, Causing piles of death to blaze on all sides. For nine days his arrows flew throughout the camp; On the tenth day, Achilles gathered The army for a council. Juno, the white-armed, Moved by the sight of Greeks dying all around, Inspired a thought in his mind. So, the full assembly convened, And Achilles stood up, eager to speak.

Atrides! Now, it seems, no course remains
For us, but that the seas roaming again,
We hence return; at least if we survive;
But haste, consult we quick some prophet here
Or priest, or even interpreter of dreams,75
(For dreams are also of Jove,) that we may learn
By what crime we have thus incensed Apollo,
What broken vow, what hecatomb unpaid
He charges on us, and if soothed with steam
Of lambs or goats unblemish’d, he may yet80
Be won to spare us, and avert the plague.

Atrides! It looks like there's no way forward for us except to set sail again. We’ll return, at least if we make it through this. But we need to hurry and consult a prophet here, or a priest, or even someone who can interpret dreams (since dreams can also come from Zeus), so we can find out what we did to anger Apollo. What promise did we break? What unfulfilled sacrifice is he holding against us? If we can atone with the smoke from flawless lambs or goats, he might still be persuaded to spare us and turn away the plague.

He spake and sat, when Thestor’s son arose
Calchas, an augur foremost in his art,
Who all things, present, past, and future knew,
And whom his skill in prophecy, a gift85
Conferred by Phœbus on him, had advanced
To be conductor of the fleet to Troy;
He, prudent, them admonishing, replied.[12]

He spoke and sat down, when Thestor’s son stood up, Calchas, the top seer in his craft, Who understood everything—present, past, and future— And whose prophetic talent, a gift Given to him by Phoebus, had brought him To lead the fleet to Troy; He wisely advised them and replied.

Jove-loved Achilles! Wouldst thou learn from me
What cause hath moved Apollo to this wrath,90
The shaft-arm’d King? I shall divulge the cause.
But thou, swear first and covenant on thy part
That speaking, acting, thou wilt stand prepared
To give me succor; for I judge amiss,
Or he who rules the Argives, the supreme95
O’er all Achaia’s host, will be incensed.
Wo to the man who shall provoke the King
For if, to-day, he smother close his wrath,
He harbors still the vengeance, and in time
Performs it. Answer, therefore, wilt thou save me?100

Achilles, loved by Jove! Do you want to hear from me
What has caused Apollo to be so angry,90
The king who wields the bow? I will reveal the reason.
But first, swear to me that you will be ready
To help me when needed, both in speech and action;
I might be mistaken,
Or the one who leads the Argives, the ultimate95
Leader of all Achaia’s forces, will get upset.
Woe to the man who challenges the King!
For if he keeps his anger hidden today,
He still holds onto his desire for revenge, and eventually
He will act on it. So, will you help me?100

To whom Achilles, swiftest of the swift.
What thou hast learn’d in secret from the God
That speak, and boldly. By the son of Jove,
Apollo, whom thou, Calchas, seek’st in prayer
Made for the Danaï, and who thy soul105
Fills with futurity, in all the host
The Grecian lives not, who while I shall breathe,
And see the light of day, shall in this camp
Oppress thee; no, not even if thou name
Him, Agamemnon, sovereign o’er us all.110

To whom Achilles, fastest of the fast.
What you’ve learned in secret from the God
Speak up, and confidently. By the son of Jove,
Apollo, whom you, Calchas, are praying to
For the Danaï, and who fills your soul105
With visions of the future, in all the army
There isn't a Greek who, as long as I breathe,
And see the light of day, will oppress you in this camp;
Not even if you mention
Him, Agamemnon, ruler over us all.110

Then was the seer embolden’d, and he spake.
Nor vow nor hecatomb unpaid on us
He charges, but the wrong done to his priest
Whom Agamemnon slighted when he sought
His daughter’s freedom, and his gifts refused.115
He is the cause. Apollo for his sake
Afflicts and will afflict us, neither end
Nor intermission of his heavy scourge
Granting, till unredeem’d, no price required,
The black-eyed maid be to her father sent,120
And a whole hecatomb in Chrysa bleed.
Then, not before, the God may be appeased.

Then the seer gained courage and spoke.
He doesn’t demand any unfulfilled vows or sacrifices from us,
But he points out the wrong done to his priest,
Who Agamemnon disrespected when he sought
His daughter's freedom and refused his gifts.115
He is the cause. Apollo, for his sake,
Is punishing us and will continue to punish us, with no end
Or break from his heavy burdens,
Until, without requiring a ransom,
The dark-eyed girl is sent back to her father,120
And a whole hecatomb bleeds in Chrysa.
Only then will the God be appeased.

He spake and sat; when Atreus’ son arose,
The Hero Agamemnon, throned supreme.
Tempests of black resentment overcharged125
His heart, and indignation fired his eyes.
On Calchas lowering, him he first address’d.

He spoke and sat down; when Atreus' son stood up,
The Hero Agamemnon, seated on his throne.
Storms of deep anger filled125
His heart, and fury lit up his eyes.
He glared at Calchas and was the first to speak to him.

Prophet of mischief! from whose tongue no note
Of grateful sound to me, was ever heard;
Ill tidings are thy joy, and tidings glad130
Thou tell’st not, or thy words come not to pass.
And now among the Danaï thy dreams
Divulging, thou pretend’st the Archer-God
For his priest’s sake, our enemy, because
I scorn’d his offer’d ransom of the maid135
Chrysëis, more desirous far to bear
Her to my home, for that she charms me more
Than Clytemnestra, my own first espoused,
With whom, in disposition, feature, form,
Accomplishments, she may be well compared.140
Yet, being such, I will return her hence
If that she go be best. Perish myself—
But let the people of my charge be saved
Prepare ye, therefore, a reward for me,
And seek it instant. It were much unmeet145
That I alone of all the Argive host
Should want due recompense, whose former prize
Is elsewhere destined, as ye all perceive.

Prophet of trouble! From your lips, I’ve never heard a word of gratitude; you only delight in bringing bad news and never share good news, or your words fail to come true. And now among the Greeks, you’re spreading dreams that the Archer-God is our enemy because I rejected his offered ransom for the girl, Chrysëis. I’d rather take her home with me because she captivates me more than Clytemnestra, my first wife, with whom she’s well matched in character, looks, and accomplishments. Yet, if it’s best for her to leave, I’ll send her back. I’d rather perish myself—but I want my people to be safe. So, prepare a reward for me and get it done quickly. It’s just not right that I, out of all the Argive army, should be without proper compensation, especially since my former prize is already destined for someone else, as you all know.

To whom Achilles, matchless in the race.
Atrides, glorious above all in rank,150
And as intent on gain as thou art great,
Whence shall the Grecians give a prize to thee?
The general stock is poor; the spoil of towns
Which we have taken, hath already passed
In distribution, and it were unjust155
To gather it from all the Greeks again.
But send thou back this Virgin to her God,
And when Jove’s favor shall have given us Troy,
A threefold, fourfold share shall then be thine.

To whom Achilles, unmatched in the race.
Atrides, esteemed above all in rank,150
And as focused on profit as you are great,
How will the Greeks give you a prize?
The common resources are scarce; the plunder from the towns
We’ve taken has already been distributed,
And it would be unfair155
To gather it from all the Greeks again.
But send this Virgin back to her God,
And when Jove’s favor grants us Troy,
A threefold, fourfold share will then be yours.

To whom the Sovereign of the host replied.160
Godlike Achilles, valiant as thou art,
Wouldst thou be subtle too? But me no fraud
Shall overreach, or art persuade, of thine.
Wouldst thou, that thou be recompensed, and I
Sit meekly down, defrauded of my due?165
And didst thou bid me yield her? Let the bold
Achaians give me competent amends,
Such as may please me, and it shall be well.
Else, if they give me none, I will command
Thy prize, the prize of Ajax, or the prize170
It may be of Ulysses to my tent,
And let the loser chafe. But this concern
Shall be adjusted at convenient time.
Come—launch we now into the sacred deep
A bark with lusty rowers well supplied;175
Then put on board Chrysëis, and with her
The sacrifice required. Go also one
High in authority, some counsellor,
Idomeneus, or Ajax, or thyself,
Thou most untractable of all mankind;180
And seek by rites of sacrifice and prayer
To appease Apollo on our host’s behalf.

To whom the Sovereign of the host replied.160
Godlike Achilles, as brave as you are,
Do you also want to be cunning? But no trick
Of yours will outsmart or convince me.
Do you expect that if you’re rewarded, I
Will just sit quietly, cheated out of what’s mine?165
And did you tell me to give her up? Let the bold
Achaians give me fair compensation,
Something that satisfies me, and we’ll be good.
Otherwise, if they don’t give me anything, I will take
Your prize, the prize of Ajax, or the prize170
Of Ulysses for my tent,
And let the loser stew over it. But this matter
Can be sorted out later.
Come—let’s now launch into the sacred deep
A ship with strong rowers ready;175
Then load on board Chrysëis, and along with her
The sacrifices needed. Also send one
Of high rank, a counselor,
Idomeneus, or Ajax, or you yourself,
You most stubborn of all men;180
And seek through sacrifices and prayers
To appease Apollo on behalf of our host.

Achilles eyed him with a frown, and spake.
Ah! clothed with impudence as with a cloak,
And full of subtlety, who, thinkest thou—185
What Grecian here will serve thee, or for thee
Wage covert war, or open? Me thou know’st,
Troy never wronged; I came not to avenge
Harm done to me; no Trojan ever drove
My pastures, steeds or oxen took of mine,190
Or plunder’d of their fruits the golden fields
Of Phthia[13] the deep-soil’d. She lies remote,
And obstacles are numerous interposed,
Vale-darkening mountains, and the dashing sea.
No, [14]Shameless Wolf! For thy good pleasure’s sake195
We came, and, [15]Face of flint! to avenge the wrongs
By Menelaus and thyself sustain’d,
On the offending Trojan—service kind,
But lost on thee, regardless of it all.
And now—What now? Thy threatening is to seize200
Thyself, the just requital of my toils,
My prize hard-earn’d, by common suffrage mine.
I never gain, what Trojan town soe’er
We ransack, half thy booty. The swift march
And furious onset—these I largely reap,205
But, distribution made, thy lot exceeds
Mine far; while I, with any pittance pleased,
Bear to my ships the little that I win
After long battle, and account it much.
But I am gone, I and my sable barks210
(My wiser course) to Phthia, and I judge,
Scorn’d as I am, that thou shalt hardly glean
Without me, more than thou shalt soon consume.[16]

Achilles glared at him and said,
Ah! clothed in arrogance like a coat,
And full of deceit, who do you think—185
Which Greek here will serve you, or for you
Fight a secret battle, or a direct one? You know me,
Troy never wronged me; I didn’t come to get back
At anyone for harm done to me; no Trojan ever drove
My cattle, took my horses or oxen,190
Or plundered the fruits of my rich fields
In Phthia[13] the fertile land. It’s far away,
And there are many obstacles between us,
Mountains that block the view, and the crashing sea.
No, [14]Shameless Wolf! For your pleasure’s sake195
We came, and, [15]Face of stone! to make right
The wrongs done by Menelaus and you,
On the guilty Trojan—kind service,
But wasted on you, as you ignore it all.
And now—What now? Your threat is to take200
For yourself the just reward of my efforts,
My hard-earned prize, mine by everyone’s agreement.
I never get, no matter what Trojan town
We plunder, half of your share. The swift march
And fierce attack—those I take a large part of,205
But when it comes time to divide, your share is far
More than mine; while I, happy with any small amount,
Take back to my ships the little I earn
After a long fight, and consider it significant.
But I’m leaving, I and my dark ships210
(My wiser choice) back to Phthia, and I believe,
Even though I’m scorned, that you’ll struggle to gather
Anything without me, more than what you’ll soon waste.[16]

He ceased, and Agamemnon thus replied
Fly, and fly now; if in thy soul thou feel215
Such ardor of desire to go—begone!
I woo thee not to stay; stay not an hour
On my behalf, for I have others here
Who will respect me more, and above all
All-judging Jove. There is not in the host220
King or commander whom I hate as thee,
For all thy pleasure is in strife and blood,
And at all times; yet valor is no ground
Whereon to boast, it is the gift of Heaven
Go, get ye back to Phthia, thou and thine!225
There rule thy Myrmidons.[17] I need not thee,
Nor heed thy wrath a jot. But this I say,
Sure as Apollo takes my lovely prize
Chrysëis, and I shall return her home
In mine own bark, and with my proper crew,230
So sure the fair Brisëis shall be mine.
I shall demand her even at thy tent.
So shalt thou well be taught, how high in power
I soar above thy pitch, and none shall dare
Attempt, thenceforth, comparison with me.235

He stopped, and Agamemnon replied,
"Go ahead, leave now; if you truly feel215
Such a strong desire to leave—then go!
I'm not asking you to stay; don’t linger
On my account, because I have others here
Who will value me more, and above all
The all-knowing Jove. There isn’t anyone in the camp220
King or commander that I dislike as much as you,
Because all you care about is conflict and blood,
All the time; but bravery is not a reason
To brag, it’s a gift from Heaven.
Go back to Phthia, you and your men!225
There, rule your Myrmidons. I don’t need you,
And I don’t care about your anger at all. But I’ll say this,
Just as sure as Apollo takes my prized catch,
Chrysëis, and I’ll send her home
On my own ship, with my own crew,230
Just as surely, fair Brisëis will be mine.
I’ll claim her right at your tent.
You’ll see how much more powerful I am,
And no one will dare to compare themselves with me again." 235

He ended, and the big, disdainful heart
Throbbed of Achilles; racking doubt ensued
And sore perplex’d him, whether forcing wide
A passage through them, with his blade unsheathed
To lay Atrides breathless at his foot,240
Or to command his stormy spirit down.
So doubted he, and undecided yet
Stood drawing forth his falchion huge; when lo!
Down sent by Juno, to whom both alike
Were dear, and who alike watched over both,245
Pallas descended. At his back she stood
To none apparent, save himself alone,
And seized his golden locks. Startled, he turned,
And instant knew Minerva. Flashed her eyes
Terrific;[18] whom with accents on the wing250
Of haste, incontinent he questioned thus.

He finished speaking, and the large, contemptuous heart of Achilles thumped with uncertainty; he was deeply troubled, unsure whether to force a way through them with his sword drawn to leave Atrides breathless at his feet, or to rein in his turbulent emotions. So he hesitated, still undecided, drawing out his massive sword; when suddenly, sent by Juno, who cared for them both and looked out for both of them, Pallas appeared. She stood behind him, visible only to him, and gripped his golden hair. Startled, he turned and instantly recognized Minerva. Her eyes were fierce; in a rush, he quickly asked her, using words full of urgency.

Daughter of Jove, why comest thou? that thyself
May’st witness these affronts which I endure
From Agamemnon? Surely as I speak,
This moment, for his arrogance, he dies.255

Daughter of Jove, why have you come? So you can see
The insults I’m putting up with
From Agamemnon? I swear as I speak,
In this moment, he will pay for his arrogance.255

To whom the blue-eyed Deity. From heaven
Mine errand is, to sooth, if thou wilt hear,
Thine anger. Juno the white-arm’d alike
To him and thee propitious, bade me down:
Restrain thy wrath. Draw not thy falchion forth.260
Retort, and sharply, and let that suffice.
For I foretell thee true. Thou shalt receive,
Some future day, thrice told, thy present loss
For this day’s wrong. Cease, therefore, and be still.

To the blue-eyed God from heaven,
I'm here to calm you, if you'll listen,
Your anger. Juno, with her white arms, is
Favorable to both you and him, so she sent me:
Control your anger. Don’t draw your sword.260
Reply sharply, and let that be enough.
I tell you the truth. Someday, you’ll get back,
Three times over, what you've lost today
Because of this wrong. So stop, and be quiet.

To whom Achilles. Goddess, although much265
Exasperate, I dare not disregard
Thy word, which to obey is always best.[19]
Who hears the Gods, the Gods hear also him.

To whom Achilles. Goddess, even though I’m really frustrated,265
I can’t ignore
Your word, which it’s always best to follow.[19]
Whoever listens to the Gods, the Gods listen to them too.

He said; and on his silver hilt the force
Of his broad hand impressing, sent the blade270
Home to its rest, nor would the counsel scorn
Of Pallas. She to heaven well-pleased return’d,
And in the mansion of Jove Ægis[20]-armed
Arriving, mingled with her kindred Gods.
But though from violence, yet not from words275
Abstained Achilles, but with bitter taunt
Opprobrious, his antagonist reproached.

He said this; and pressing down with his strong hand on the silver hilt, he put the blade back to rest, not dismissing the advice of Pallas. She returned to heaven, satisfied, and, arriving at the palace of Jove with her Aegis, mingled with her fellow gods. But even though he refrained from violence, Achilles didn't hold back from using harsh words, bitterly mocking his opponent.

Oh charged with wine, in steadfastness of face
Dog unabashed, and yet at heart a deer!
Thou never, when the troops have taken arms,280
Hast dared to take thine also; never thou
Associate with Achaia’s Chiefs, to form
The secret ambush.[21] No. The sound of war
Is as the voice of destiny to thee.
Doubtless the course is safer far, to range285
Our numerous host, and if a man have dared
Dispute thy will, to rob him of his prize.
King! over whom? Women and spiritless—
Whom therefore thou devourest; else themselves
Would stop that mouth that it should scoff no more.290
But hearken. I shall swear a solemn oath.
By this same sceptre,[22] which shall never bud,
Nor boughs bring forth as once, which having left
Its stock on the high mountains, at what time
The woodman’s axe lopped off its foliage green,295
And stript its bark, shall never grow again;
Which now the judges of Achaia bear,
Who under Jove, stand guardians of the laws,
By this I swear (mark thou the sacred oath)
Time shall be, when Achilles shall be missed;300
When all shall want him, and thyself the power
To help the Achaians, whatsoe’er thy will;
When Hector at your heels shall mow you down:
The Hero-slaughtering Hector! Then thy soul,
Vexation-stung, shall tear thee with remorse,305
That thou hast scorn’d, as he were nothing worth,
A Chief, the soul and bulwark of your cause.

Oh, fueled by wine, with a determined expression
Dog without shame, yet deep down, a deer!
You never, when the troops are ready for battle,280
Have dared to take up arms yourself; you never
Join forces with Achaia’s leaders to create
The secret ambush.[21] No. The sound of war
Is like the voice of fate to you.
Surely it’s much safer to lead285
Our large army, and if someone has the guts
To challenge your authority, to take what’s rightfully theirs.
King! over whom? Women and the weak—
Who you then prey upon; if not for that,
They would shut you up so you wouldn’t mock any longer.290
But listen. I will take a serious oath.
By this same scepter,[22] which will never sprout,
Nor will branches bloom as they once did, which, having departed
From its roots on the high mountains, when
The woodcutter’s axe cut off its green leaves,295
And stripped its bark, shall never grow again;
Which now the judges of Achaia hold,
Who under Jove, are the guardians of the laws,
By this I swear (note this sacred oath)
There will come a time when Achilles will be missed;300
When everyone will need him, and you will have the power
To assist the Achaians, no matter your intent;
When Hector, the slayer of heroes, is on your tail:
Then your soul,
Tormented by anger, will be plagued with regret,305
That you have rejected a Chief, the heart and shield of your cause.

So saying, he cast his sceptre on the ground
Studded with gold, and sat. On the other side
The son of Atreus all impassion’d stood,310
When the harmonious orator arose
Nestor, the Pylian oracle, whose lips
Dropped eloquence—the honey not so sweet.
Two generations past of mortals born
In Pylus, coëtaneous with himself,315
He govern’d now the third—amid them all
He stood, and thus, benevolent, began.

So saying, he dropped his scepter onto the ground
Adorned with gold, and took a seat. On the other side
The son of Atreus stood, full of passion,310
When the smooth-talking speaker stood up
Nestor, the wise elder from Pylus, whose words
Flowed with eloquence—the sweetness of honey not as great.
Two generations of people born
In Pylus, living at the same time as him,315
He now governed the third—among them all
He stood, and kindly started to speak.

Ah! what calamity hath fall’n on Greece!
Now Priam and his sons may well exult,
Now all in Ilium shall have joy of heart320
Abundant, hearing of this broil, the prime
Of Greece between, in council and in arms.
But be persuaded; ye are younger both
Than I, and I was conversant of old
With Princes your superiors, yet from them325
No disrespect at any time received.
Their equals saw I never; never shall;
Exadius, Cœneus, and the Godlike son
Of Ægeus, mighty Theseus; men renown’d
For force superior to the race of man,330
Brave Chiefs they were, and with brave foes they fought,
With the rude dwellers on the mountain-heights
The Centaurs,[23] whom with havoc such as fame
Shall never cease to celebrate, they slew.
With these men I consorted erst, what time335
From Pylus, though a land from theirs remote,
They called me forth, and such as was my strength,
With all that strength I served them. Who is he?
What Prince or Chief of the degenerate race
Now seen on earth who might with these compare?340
Yet even these would listen and conform
To my advice in consultation given,
Which hear ye also; for compliance proves
Oft times the safer and the manlier course.
Thou, Agamemnon! valiant as thou art,345
Seize not the maid, his portion from the Greeks,
But leave her his; nor thou, Achilles, strive
With our imperial Chief; for never King
Had equal honor at the hands of Jove
With Agamemnon, or was throned so high.350
Say thou art stronger, and art Goddess-born,
How then? His territory passes thine,
And he is Lord of thousands more than thou.
Cease, therefore, Agamemnon; calm thy wrath;
And it shall be mine office to entreat355
Achilles also to a calm, whose might
The chief munition is of all our host.

Ah! What disaster has struck Greece!
Now Priam and his sons can truly celebrate,
Now everyone in Ilium can rejoice320
Fully, hearing about this conflict, the best
Of Greece in council and in battle.
But listen; you are both younger than I am,
And I have dealt with princes who are your betters,
Yet from them325
I've never received any disrespect.
I never saw their equals; I never will;
Exadius, Cœneus, and the godlike son
Of Ægeus, mighty Theseus; men famous
For strength beyond that of ordinary men,330
They were brave leaders, and they fought against brave enemies,
Against the rugged mountain dwellers,
The Centaurs,[23] whom with destruction so great
That their fame shall never fade, they defeated.
I mingled with these men once, when335
From Pylus, though far from their land,
They summoned me, and according to my strength,
With all of that strength I served them. Who is he?
What prince or leader of the fallen race
Currently on earth could compare to these?340
Yet even they would listen and follow
My advice in discussions,
Which you should hear as well; for compliance often
Turns out to be the safer and more noble choice.
You, Agamemnon! brave as you are,345
Do not seize the girl, his share from the Greeks,
But leave her to him; nor you, Achilles, contend
With our supreme leader; for no king
Ever had equal honor from Jove
As Agamemnon, or sat so high on a throne.350
Say you are stronger and born of a goddess,
And yet? His domain exceeds yours,
And he is lord of thousands more than you.
So stop, Agamemnon; calm your anger;
And it will be my job to persuade355
Achilles to calm down as well, as his power
Is the chief strength of all our forces.

To whom the sovereign of the Greeks replied,
The son of Atreus. Thou hast spoken well,
Old Chief, and wisely. But this wrangler here—360
Nought will suffice him but the highest place:
He must control us all, reign over all,
Dictate to all; but he shall find at least
One here, disposed to question his commands.
If the eternal Gods have made him brave,365
Derives he thence a privilege to rail?

To whom the king of the Greeks replied,
The son of Atreus. You've spoken well,
Old Chief, and wisely. But this troublemaker here—360
Nothing will satisfy him but the top spot:
He wants to control us all, rule over everyone,
Dictate to all; but he will find at least
One person here who's willing to challenge his orders.
If the eternal Gods have made him brave,365
Does that give him the right to insult us?

Whom thus Achilles interrupted fierce.
Could I be found so abject as to take
The measure of my doings at thy lips,
Well might they call me coward through the camp,370
A vassal, and a fellow of no worth.
Give law to others. Think not to control
Me, subject to thy proud commands no more.
Hear yet again! And weigh what thou shalt hear.
I will not strive with thee in such a cause,375
Nor yet with any man; I scorn to fight
For her, whom having given, ye take away.
But I have other precious things on board;
Of those take none away without my leave.
Or if it please thee, put me to the proof380
Before this whole assembly, and my spear
Shall stream that moment, purpled with thy blood.

Achilles interrupted him fiercely.
Could I really be so worthless as to measure
My actions by your words,
They might as well call me a coward throughout the camp,370
A servant, and someone of no value.
You can give orders to others. Don’t think you can control
Me, subject to your arrogant commands no longer.
Listen again! And consider what I’m saying.
I will not fight with you over this,375
Nor with anyone else; I refuse to battle
For her, whom you take away after I’ve given her.
But I have other valuable things on board;
Don’t take any of those without my permission.
Or if it pleases you, put me to the test380
In front of this whole crowd, and my spear
Will strike that moment, stained with your blood.

Thus they long time in opposition fierce
Maintained the war of words; and now, at length,
(The grand consult dissolved,) Achilles walked385
(Patroclus and the Myrmidons his steps
Attending) to his camp and to his fleet.
But Agamemnon order’d forth a bark,
A swift one, manned with twice ten lusty rowers;
He sent on board the Hecatomb:[24] he placed390
Chrysëis with the blooming cheeks, himself,
And to Ulysses gave the freight in charge.
So all embarked, and plow’d their watery way.
Atrides, next, bade purify the host;
The host was purified, as he enjoin’d,395
And the ablution cast into the sea.

Thus they fiercely opposed each other for a long time, engaging in a war of words; and now, at last, (the grand meeting finished) Achilles walked (with Patroclus and the Myrmidons following his lead) to his camp and to his ships. But Agamemnon ordered a swift ship to be readied, manned with twenty strong rowers; he sent the Hecatomb on board: he placed Chrysëis with the beautiful cheeks there, and entrusted Ulysses with the cargo. So everyone boarded and navigated their way through the waters. Next, Atrides instructed the troops to purify themselves; the troops were purified, as he commanded, and the water used for cleansing was thrown into the sea.

Then to Apollo, on the shore they slew,
Of the untillable and barren deep,
Whole Hecatombs of bulls and goats, whose steam
Slowly in smoky volumes climbed the skies.400

Then to Apollo, on the shore they sacrificed,
From the unplowed and barren sea,
Whole herds of bulls and goats, whose steam
Slowly rose in smoky clouds to the skies.400

Thus was the camp employed; nor ceased the while
The son of Atreus from his threats denounced
At first against Achilles, but command
Gave to Talthybius and Eurybates
His heralds, ever faithful to his will.405

Thus the camp was busy; nor did the son of Atreus stop
His threats aimed at Achilles, but he ordered
Talthybius and Eurybates,
His heralds, always loyal to his wishes.405

Haste—Seek ye both the tent of Peleus’ son
Achilles. Thence lead hither by the hand
Blooming Brisëis, whom if he withhold,
Not her alone, but other spoil myself
Will take in person—He shall rue the hour.410

Hurry—Go find the tent of Achilles, son of Peleus.
Then bring back here the beautiful Brisëis, because if he keeps her,
I won't just take her, but I’ll personally take other treasures too—
He’s going to regret this moment.410

With such harsh message charged he them dismissed
They, sad and slow, beside the barren waste
Of Ocean, to the galleys and the tents
Moved of the Myrmidons. Him there they found
Beneath the shadow of his bark reclined,415
Nor glad at their approach. Trembling they stood,
In presence of the royal Chief, awe-struck,
Nor questioned him or spake. He not the less
Knew well their embassy, and thus began.

With such a harsh message, he sent them away.
They, sad and slow, walked beside the empty stretch
Of the Ocean, towards the galleys and tents
Of the Myrmidons. They found him there
Reclining in the shadow of his ship,415
Not pleased by their arrival. They stood there trembling,
In front of the royal Chief, filled with awe,
Neither questioning him nor speaking. He, however,
Still knew well their mission and began to speak.

Ye heralds, messengers of Gods and men,420
Hail, and draw near! I bid you welcome both.
I blame not you; the fault is his alone
Who sends you to conduct the damsel hence
Brisëis. Go, Patroclus, generous friend!
Lead forth, and to their guidance give the maid.425
But be themselves my witnesses before
The blessed Gods, before mankind, before
The ruthless king, should want of me be felt
To save the host from havoc[25]—Oh, his thoughts
Are madness all; intelligence or skill,430
Forecast or retrospect, how best the camp
May be secured from inroad, none hath he.

You messengers, heralds of gods and people,420
Hello, and come closer! I welcome you both.
I don't blame you; the fault lies solely
With the one who sends you to take the girl
Brisëis. Go, Patroclus, my kind friend!
Take her away, and hand her over to them.425
But let the gods, humanity, and
The merciless king witness my actions,
In case my lack is felt
To protect the camp from destruction[25]—Oh, his thoughts
Are all madness; he has no intelligence or skill,430
No foresight or reflection on how to best protect the camp
From invasion.

He ended, nor Patroclus disobey’d,
But leading beautiful Brisëis forth
Into their guidance gave her; loth she went435
From whom she loved, and looking oft behind.
Then wept Achilles, and apart from all,
With eyes directed to the gloomy Deep
And arms outstretch’d, his mother suppliant sought.

He finished, and Patroclus didn’t protest,
But he took beautiful Brisëis away
And handed her over to them; she left reluctantly435
From the one she loved, often glancing back.
Then Achilles wept, and away from everyone,
With his gaze fixed on the dark sea
And his arms outstretched, he sought out his mother.

Since, mother, though ordain’d so soon to die,440
I am thy son, I might with cause expect
Some honor at the Thunderer’s hands, but none
To me he shows, whom Agamemnon, Chief
Of the Achaians, hath himself disgraced,
Seizing by violence my just reward.445

Since, Mom, even though I'm destined to die so soon,440
I am your son, I might justifiably expect
Some honor from the Thunderer, but none
Is shown to me, whom Agamemnon, the Leader
Of the Achaians, has himself dishonored,
Taking by force my rightful prize.445

So prayed he weeping, whom his mother heard
Within the gulfs of Ocean where she sat
Beside her ancient sire. From the gray flood
Ascending sudden, like a mist she came,
Sat down before him, stroked his face, and said.450

So he prayed while crying, and his mother heard him
from the depths of the Ocean where she sat
by her ancient father. Suddenly, rising from the gray waters,
she appeared like a mist, sat down in front of him, stroked his face, and said.450

Why weeps my son? and what is thy distress?
Hide not a sorrow that I wish to share.

Why is my son crying? What’s bothering you?
Don’t hide a sadness that I want to share.

To whom Achilles, sighing deep, replied.
Why tell thee woes to thee already known?
At Thebes, Eëtion’s city we arrived,455
Smote, sack’d it, and brought all the spoil away.
Just distribution made among the Greeks,
The son of Atreus for his lot received
Blooming Chrysëis. Her, Apollo’s priest
Old Chryses followed to Achaia’s camp,460
That he might loose his daughter. Ransom rich
He brought, and in his hands the hallow’d wreath
And golden sceptre of the Archer God
Apollo, bore; to the whole Grecian host,
But chiefly to the foremost in command465
He sued, the sons of Atreus; then, the rest
All recommended reverence of the Seer,
And prompt acceptance of his costly gifts.
But Agamemnon might not so be pleased,
Who gave him rude dismission; he in wrath470
Returning, prayed, whose prayer Apollo heard,
For much he loved him. A pestiferous shaft
He instant shot into the Grecian host,
And heap’d the people died. His arrows swept
The whole wide camp of Greece, till at the last475
A Seer, by Phœbus taught, explain’d the cause.
I first advised propitiation. Rage
Fired Agamemnon. Rising, he denounced
Vengeance, and hath fulfilled it. She, in truth,
Is gone to Chrysa, and with her we send480
Propitiation also to the King
Shaft-arm’d Apollo. But my beauteous prize
Brisëis, mine by the award of all,
His heralds, at this moment, lead away.
But thou, wherein thou canst, aid thy own son!485
Haste hence to Heaven, and if thy word or deed
Hath ever gratified the heart of Jove,
With earnest suit press him on my behalf.
For I, not seldom, in my father’s hall
Have heard thee boasting, how when once the Gods,490
With Juno, Neptune, Pallas at their head,
Conspired to bind the Thunderer, thou didst loose
His bands, O Goddess! calling to his aid
The Hundred-handed warrior, by the Gods
Briareus, but by men, Ægeon named.[26]495
For he in prowess and in might surpassed
His father Neptune, who, enthroned sublime,
Sits second only to Saturnian Jove,
Elate with glory and joy. Him all the Gods
Fearing from that bold enterprise abstained.500
Now, therefore, of these things reminding Jove,
Embrace his knees; entreat him that he give
The host of Troy his succor, and shut fast
The routed Grecians, prisoners in the fleet,
That all may find much solace[27] in their King,505
And that the mighty sovereign o’er them all,
Their Agamemnon, may himself be taught
His rashness, who hath thus dishonor’d foul
The life itself, and bulwark of his cause.

To whom Achilles, deeply sighing, replied.
Why tell you troubles that you already know?
We arrived at Thebes, Eëtion’s city,455
Attacked, looted it, and took all the spoils.
A fair distribution was made among the Greeks,
The son of Atreus received as his share
Lovely Chrysëis. Her, Apollo’s priest,
Old Chryses, came to Achaia’s camp,460
To ransom his daughter. He brought a rich ransom
And held the sacred wreath
And golden scepter of the Archer God,
Apollo, offering it to the whole Greek army,
But especially to the top commanders,465
He pleaded, the sons of Atreus; then, the others
All urged respect for the Seer,
And quick acceptance of his valuable gifts.
But Agamemnon was not so easily pleased,
Who roughly dismissed him; in anger,470
He went back, praying, and Apollo heard his prayer,
For he cared for him deeply. He swiftly shot
A deadly arrow into the Greek army,
And many people died. His arrows swept
Through the entire camp of Greece, until finally,475
A Seer, taught by Phoebus, explained the cause.
I suggested the need for appeasement. Anger
Fueled Agamemnon. Rising, he proclaimed
Vengeance, and he has fulfilled it. She, indeed,
Is gone to Chrysa, and with her we send480
An offering to the King,
Archer Apollo. But my beautiful prize,
Brisëis, mine by everyone’s decree,
His messengers are taking away right now.
But you, in any way you can, help your own son!Hurry to Heaven, and if your words or actions
Have ever pleased the heart of Jove,
With sincere requests, ask him for me.
For I’ve often heard you bragging in my father’s hall
About how, when the Gods,
Led by Juno, Neptune, and Pallas,
Conspired to bind the Thunderer, you freed
Him, O Goddess! calling for help
From the Hundred-handed warrior, known among Gods
As Briareus, but among men, Ægeon.
He surpassed
His father Neptune in strength and might,
Sitting enthroned, second only to Saturnian Jove,
Filled with glory and joy. All the Gods
Fearing that bold act avoided him.
So now, reminding Jove of these things,
Embrace his knees; plead with him to provide
Support for the host of Troy and keep locked
The defeated Greeks as prisoners in their ships,
So that everyone may find comfort
In their King,
And that the great leader over them all,
Agamemnon, may learn
His foolishness, who has thus dishonored
The very essence of his cause.

To him, with streaming eyes, Thetis replied.510
Born as thou wast to sorrow, ah, my son!
Why have I rear’d thee! Would that without tears,
Or cause for tears (transient as is thy life,
A little span) thy days might pass at Troy!
But short and sorrowful the fates ordain515
Thy life, peculiar trouble must be thine,
Whom, therefore, oh that I had never borne!
But seeking the Olympian hill snow-crown’d,
I will myself plead for thee in the ear
Of Jove, the Thunderer. Meantime at thy fleet520
Abiding, let thy wrath against the Greeks
Still burn, and altogether cease from war.
For to the banks of the Oceanus,[28]
Where Æthiopia holds a feast to Jove,[29]
He journey’d yesterday, with whom the Gods525
Went also, and the twelfth day brings them home.
Then will I to his brazen-floor’d abode,
That I may clasp his knees, and much misdeem
Of my endeavor, or my prayer shall speed.

To him, with streaming eyes, Thetis replied.510
Born as you are to sorrow, oh my son!
Why did I raise you! I wish that without tears,
Or any reason for tears (short as your life is,
Just a little span) your days could go by peacefully at Troy!
But the fates have decided that515
Your life will be short and filled with trouble,
Oh, how I wish I never gave you life!
But climbing the snow-capped Olympian mountain,
I will personally plead for you in the presence
Of Jove, the Thunderer. In the meantime, while you stay520
At your ships, let your anger against the Greeks
Keep burning, and completely avoid war.
For he journeyed yesterday to the banks of the Oceanus,
Where Ethiopia is holding a feast for Jove,
And the gods went with him525
And they'll return on the twelfth day.
Then I will go to his bronze-floored home,
So that I can clasp his knees, and I greatly doubt
Whether my efforts or my prayer will be successful.

So saying, she went; but him she left enraged530
For fair Brisëis’ sake, forced from his arms
By stress of power. Meantime Ulysses came
To Chrysa with the Hecatomb in charge.
Arrived within the haven[30] deep, their sails
Furling, they stowed them in the bark below.535
Then by its tackle lowering swift the mast
Into its crutch, they briskly push’d to land,
Heaved anchors out, and moor’d the vessel fast.
Forth came the mariners, and trod the beach;
Forth came the victims of Apollo next,540
And, last, Chrysëis. Her Ulysses led
Toward the altar, gave her to the arms
Of her own father, and him thus address’d.

So saying, she left; but he was left angry530
Because of fair Brisëis, taken from his arms
By the force of power. Meanwhile, Ulysses came
To Chrysa with the Hecatomb in charge.
Arriving in the deep harbor, they
Furled their sails and stored them in the ship below.535
Then, quickly lowering the mast
Into its support, they pushed briskly to shore,
Heaved the anchors, and secured the vessel fast.
The sailors came ashore and walked the beach;
Next came the offerings for Apollo,540
And finally, Chrysëis. Ulysses led her
To the altar, handing her over to her father,
And addressed him as follows.

O Chryses! Agamemnon, King of men,
Hath sent thy daughter home, with whom we bring545
A Hecatomb on all our host’s behalf
To Phœbus, hoping to appease the God
By whose dread shafts the Argives now expire.

O Chryses! Agamemnon, King of men,
Has sent your daughter back home, and we bring545
A great sacrifice on behalf of our entire army
To Phoebus, hoping to appease the God
By whose terrifying arrows the Argives are now dying.

So saying, he gave her to him, who with joy
Received his daughter. Then, before the shrine550
Magnificent in order due they ranged
The noble Hecatomb.[31] Each laved his hands
And took the salted meal, and Chryses made
His fervent prayer with hands upraised on high.

So saying, he gave her to him, who happily
Received his daughter. Then, in front of the shrine550
Magnificent in its proper order, they arranged
The noble Hecatomb.[31] Each washed his hands
And took the salted meal, and Chryses made
His passionate prayer with hands raised high.

God of the silver bow, who with thy power555
Encirclest Chrysa, and who reign’st supreme
In Tenedos, and Cilla the divine!
Thou prov’dst propitious to my first request,
Hast honor’d me, and punish’d sore the Greeks;
Hear yet thy servant’s prayer; take from their host560
At once the loathsome pestilence away!

God of the silver bow, who with your power
Surrounds Chrysa, and who rules supreme
In Tenedos, and the divine Cilla!
You favored my first request,
You've honored me and severely punished the Greeks;
Hear my servant's prayer; take away
The terrible plague from their army!

So Chryses prayed, whom Phœbus heard well-pleased;
Then prayed the Grecians also, and with meal
Sprinkling the victims, their retracted necks
First pierced, then flay’d them; the disjointed thighs565
They, next, invested with the double caul,
Which with crude slices thin they overspread.
The priest burned incense, and libation poured
Large on the hissing brands, while, him beside,
Busy with spit and prong, stood many a youth570
Trained to the task. The thighs with fire consumed,
They gave to each his portion of the maw,
Then slashed the remnant, pierced it with the spits,
And managing with culinary skill
The roast, withdrew it from the spits again.575
Their whole task thus accomplish’d, and the board
Set forth, they feasted, and were all sufficed.
When neither hunger more nor thirst remained
Unsatisfied, boys crown’d the beakers high
With wine delicious, and from right to left580
Distributing the cups, served every guest.
Thenceforth the youths of the Achaian race
To song propitiatory gave the day,
Pæans[32] to Phœbus, Archer of the skies,
Chaunting melodious. Pleased, Apollo heard.585
But, when, the sun descending, darkness fell,
They on the beach beside their hawsers slept;
And, when the day-spring’s daughter rosy-palm’d
Aurora look’d abroad, then back they steer’d
To the vast camp. Fair wind, and blowing fresh,590
Apollo sent them; quick they rear’d the mast,
Then spread the unsullied canvas to the gale,
And the wind filled it. Roared the sable flood
Around the bark, that ever as she went
Dash’d wide the brine, and scudded swift away.595
Thus reaching soon the spacious camp of Greece,
Their galley they updrew sheer o’er the sands
From the rude surge remote, then propp’d her sides
With scantlings long,[33] and sought their several tents.

So Chryses prayed, and Apollo listened with approval;
Then the Greeks also prayed, sprinkling meal
On the victims, first slicing their necks
And then skinning them; they took the disjointed thighs565
And wrapped them in the double caul,
Covering them with thin slices of raw meat.
The priest burned incense and poured
A generous libation on the hissing coals, while beside him,
Many young men, skilled in the task,570
Busy with spits and forks, stood ready. As the thighs burned,
They gave everyone their share of the meat,
Then cut the leftovers, pierced them with spits,
And, using their cooking skills,
Removed the roast from the spits again.575
Once their work was complete, and the table
Set, they feasted and were all satisfied.
When neither hunger nor thirst
Remained, the boys crowned the cups high
With delicious wine, and from right to left580
They served every guest. Afterwards, the young men of Achaia
Celebrated the day with songs,
Singing hymns[32] to Apollo, the Archer of the skies,
In harmonious melodies. Pleased, Apollo listened.585
But when the sun set and darkness came,
They slept on the beach beside their ropes;
And when the rosy-fingered dawn,
Aurora, looked out, they turned back
To the vast camp. A fair and fresh wind,590
Apollo sent them; they quickly raised the mast,
Then spread the clean sail to the breeze,
And the wind filled it. The dark sea roared
Around the ship, which as it traveled
Splashed the waves wide and sped swiftly away.595
Thus they soon reached the spacious camp of Greece,
Pulling their ship up onto the sand,
Away from the rough waves, then propping her sides
With long timber supports,[33] and headed to their tents.

But Peleus’ noble son, the speed-renown’d600
Achilles, he, his well-built bark beside,
Consumed his hours, nor would in council more,
Where wise men win distinction, or in fight
Appear, to sorrow and heart-withering wo
Abandon’d; though for battle, ardent, still605
He panted, and the shout-resounding field.
But when the twelfth fair morrow streak’d the East,
Then all the everlasting Gods to Heaven
Resorted, with the Thunderer at their head,
And Thetis, not unmindful of her son,610
Prom the salt flood emerged, seeking betimes
Olympus and the boundless fields of heaven.
High, on the topmost eminence sublime
Of the deep-fork’d Olympian she perceived
The Thunderer seated, from the Gods apart.615
She sat before him, clasp’d with her left hand
His knees, her right beneath his chin she placed,
And thus the King, Saturnian Jove, implored.

But Peleus’ noble son, the swift-reputed Achilles, sat by his well-built ship, wasting his time and refusing to join the council where wise men earn respect or to take part in battles. He was consumed by sorrow and heartache, even though he still yearned for the fight and the battle-sounding fields. But when the twelfth day broke in the East, all the eternal Gods gathered in Heaven, with the Thunderer leading them. Thetis, not forgetting her son, emerged from the salt sea, making her way to Olympus and the endless skies. At the highest peak of the deep-forked Olympus, she saw the Thunderer seated, apart from the other Gods. She knelt before him, clasping his knees with her left hand, while placing her right hand under his chin, and thus she pleaded with King Saturnian Jove.

Father of all, by all that I have done
Or said that ever pleased thee, grant my suit.620
Exalt my son, by destiny short-lived
Beyond the lot of others. Him with shame
The King of men hath overwhelm’d, by force
Usurping his just meed; thou, therefore, Jove,
Supreme in wisdom, honor him, and give625
Success to Troy, till all Achaia’s sons
Shall yield him honor more than he hath lost!

Father of all, by everything I’ve done
Or said that ever pleased you, grant my request.620
Lift up my son, whose fate is short-lived
Above everyone else. The King of men has
Overwhelmed him with shame, forcefully
Taking away his rightful honor; so, Jove,
Supreme in wisdom, honor him, and grant625
Success to Troy, until all of Achaia’s sons
Show him more honor than he has lost!

She spake, to whom the Thunderer nought replied,
But silent sat long time. She, as her hand
Had grown there, still importunate, his knees630
Clasp’d as at first, and thus her suit renew’d.[34]

She spoke, but the Thunderer didn’t respond,
Instead, he sat in silence for a long time. She, with her hand
Still gripping his knees like before, pleaded once more.[34]

Or grant my prayer, and ratify the grant,
Or send me hence (for thou hast none to fear)
Plainly refused; that I may know and feel
By how much I am least of all in heaven.635

Or grant my request and make it official,
Or send me away (since you have nothing to worry about)
If you clearly refuse; so I can understand and feel
How much I am the least of all in heaven.635

To whom the cloud-assembler at the last
Spake, deep-distress’d. Hard task and full of strife
Thou hast enjoined me; Juno will not spare
For gibe and taunt injurious, whose complaint
Sounds daily in the ears of all the Gods,640
That I assist the Trojans; but depart,
Lest she observe thee; my concern shall be
How best I may perform thy full desire.
And to assure thee more, I give the sign
Indubitable, which all fear expels645
At once from heavenly minds. Nought, so confirmed,
May, after, be reversed or render’d vain.

To whom the cloud-assembler finally spoke, deeply troubled. You’ve set me a tough and challenging task; Juno won’t hold back for the hurtful insults and complaints that echo daily in the ears of all the Gods, that I help the Trojans. But leave now, so she doesn’t notice you; my concern will be how best to fulfill your wishes. And to reassure you further, I give you a clear sign that dispels all fear from the minds of the gods at once. Nothing so certain can later be changed or made pointless.

He ceased, and under his dark brows the nod
Vouchsafed of confirmation. All around
The Sovereign’s everlasting head his curls650
Ambrosial shook,[35] and the huge mountain reeled.

He stopped, and beneath his dark brows, the nod
Granted a sign of confirmation. All around
The Sovereign’s eternal head, his curls650
Shook like ambrosia, and the massive mountain swayed.

Their conference closed, they parted. She, at once,
From bright Olympus plunged into the flood
Profound, and Jove to his own courts withdrew.
Together all the Gods, at his approach,655
Uprose; none sat expectant till he came,
But all advanced to meet the Eternal Sire.
So on his throne he sat. Nor Juno him
Not understood; she, watchful, had observed,
In consultation close with Jove engaged660
Thetis, bright-footed daughter of the deep,
And keen the son of Saturn thus reproved.

Their conference ended, they went their separate ways. She, at once,
Plunged from bright Olympus into the deep,
And Jove withdrew to his own courts.
All the Gods rose together at his approach,655
No one remained seated until he arrived,
But everyone moved forward to greet the Eternal Father.
So he sat on his throne. Nor did Juno
Fail to notice; she, observant, had seen,
In close consultation with Jove,660
Thetis, the gracefully-footed daughter of the sea,
And the son of Saturn sharply reproached him.

Shrewd as thou art, who now hath had thine ear?
Thy joy is ever such, from me apart
To plan and plot clandestine, and thy thoughts,665
Think what thou may’st, are always barred to me.

Cunning as you are, who has your attention now?
Your happiness is always such, away from me
To scheme and plot secretly, and your thoughts,665
Whatever you may think, are always closed to me.

To whom the father, thus, of heaven and earth.
Expect not, Juno, that thou shalt partake
My counsels at all times, which oft in height
And depth, thy comprehension far exceed,670
Jove’s consort as thou art. When aught occurs
Meet for thine ear, to none will I impart
Of Gods or men more free than to thyself.
But for my secret thoughts, which I withhold
From all in heaven beside, them search not thou675
With irksome curiosity and vain.

To whom, therefore, is the father of heaven and earth.
Don’t expect, Juno, that you’ll share
All my plans, which often go beyond
Your understanding, both high and low,670
Since you are Jove’s wife. When something happens
That’s worthy of your ears, I won’t share
It with anyone else more freely than with you.
But about my private thoughts, which I keep
From everyone else in heaven, don’t dive into them675
With bothersome curiosity and futility.

Him answer’d then the Goddess ample-eyed.[36]
What word hath passed thy lips, Saturnian Jove,
Thou most severe! I never search thy thoughts,
Nor the serenity of thy profound680
Intentions trouble; they are safe from me:
But now there seems a cause. Deeply I dread
Lest Thetis, silver-footed daughter fair
Of Ocean’s hoary Sovereign, here arrived
At early dawn to practise on thee, Jove!685
I noticed her a suitress at thy knees,
And much misdeem or promise-bound thou stand’st
To Thetis past recall, to exalt her son,
And Greeks to slaughter thousands at the ships.

She answered then, the wide-eyed Goddess. [36]
"What word has come from your lips, Saturnian Jove,
You most severe! I never pry into your thoughts,
Nor do I disturb the calm of your deep680
Intentions; they’re safe from me:
But now there seems to be a reason. I fear greatly
That Thetis, the silver-footed fair daughter
Of Ocean’s ancient Sovereign, has come here
At dawn to work on you, Jove!685
I saw her as a suitor at your knees,
And you seem to be either misled or bound by promise
To Thetis, past recalling, to uplift her son,
And send thousands of Greeks to slaughter at the ships."

To whom the cloud-assembler God, incensed.690
Ah subtle! ever teeming with surmise,
And fathomer of my concealed designs,
Thy toil is vain, or (which is worse for thee,)
Shall but estrange thee from mine heart the more.
And be it as thou sayest,—I am well pleased695
That so it should be. Be advised, desist,
Hold thou thy peace. Else, if my glorious hands
Once reach thee, the Olympian Powers combined
To rescue thee, shall interfere in vain.

To whom the cloud-making God is angry.690
Oh subtle one! always buzzing with thoughts,
And a deep seeker of my hidden plans,
Your efforts are pointless, or (which is worse for you,)
They will only push you further from my heart.
And if it's as you say—I’m fine with that695
Let it be. Just know, stop,
Keep quiet. Otherwise, if my powerful hands
Ever reach you, even the mighty Gods together
Will not be able to save you.

He said,—whom Juno, awful Goddess, heard700
Appall’d, and mute submitted to his will.
But through the courts of Jove the heavenly Powers
All felt displeasure; when to them arose
Vulcan, illustrious artist, who with speech
Conciliatory interposed to sooth705
His white-armed mother Juno, Goddess dread.

He said—whom Juno, the fearsome Goddess, heard700
Appalled and silently submitted to his will.
But throughout the halls of Jove, the heavenly Powers
All felt displeasure when Vulcan, the renowned craftsman,
Stood up and spoke to calm705
His powerful mother Juno, the formidable Goddess.

Hard doom is ours, and not to be endured,
If feast and merriment must pause in heaven
While ye such clamor raise tumultuous here
For man’s unworthy sake: yet thus we speed710
Ever, when evil overpoises good.
But I exhort my mother, though herself
Already warn’d, that meekly she submit
To Jove our father, lest our father chide
More roughly, and confusion mar the feast.715
For the Olympian Thunderer could with ease
Us from our thrones precipitate, so far
He reigns to all superior. Seek to assuage
His anger therefore; so shall he with smiles
Cheer thee, nor thee alone, but all in heaven.720

We face certain doom, and it can't be tolerated,
If celebration and joy must stop in heaven
While you create such a loud uproar here
For the unworthy sake of mankind: yet we continue710
Always, when evil outweighs good.
But I urge my mother, even though she’s
Already warned, to humbly submit
To Jove our father, so he doesn't scold
Us more harshly, causing chaos at the feast.715
For the Olympian Thunderer could easily
Send us tumbling from our thrones, for he
Rules over all. So seek to calm
His anger; then he will smile
At you, and not just you, but everyone in heaven.720

So Vulcan, and, upstarting, placed a cup
Full-charged between his mother’s hands, and said,

So Vulcan stood up and placed a full cup between his mother’s hands and said,

My mother, be advised, and, though aggrieved,
Yet patient; lest I see thee whom I love
So dear, with stripes chastised before my face,725
Willing, but impotent to give thee aid.[37]
Who can resist the Thunderer? Me, when once
I flew to save thee, by the foot he seized
And hurl’d me through the portal of the skies.
“From morn to eve I fell, a summer’s day,”730
And dropped, at last, in Lemnos. There half-dead
The Sintians found me, and with succor prompt
And hospitable, entertained me fallen.

My mother, take note, and even though I'm upset,
I’m still patient; I don’t want to see the one I love
So much, punished right in front of me,725
Wanting to help but unable to do so.[37]
Who can stand against the Thunderer? I tried to save you, and he grabbed
My foot and threw me through the sky.
“From morning till evening I fell, a whole summer day,”730
And finally landed in Lemnos. There, barely alive,
The Sintians found me and quickly offered me
Hospitality, taking care of me as I lay there.

So He; then Juno smiled, Goddess white-arm’d,
And smiling still, from his unwonted hand[38]735
Received the goblet. He from right to left
Rich nectar from the beaker drawn, alert
Distributed to all the powers divine.
Heaven rang with laughter inextinguishable
Peal after peal, such pleasure all conceived740
At sight of Vulcan in his new employ.

So He; then Juno smiled, Goddess with white arms,
And still smiling, from his unexpected hand[38]735
Received the goblet. He poured rich nectar
From the beaker, moving from right to left,
Distributing it to all the divine beings.
Heaven filled with laughter that wouldn’t stop,
Burst after burst, such joy everyone felt740
At the sight of Vulcan in his new role.

So spent they in festivity the day,
And all were cheered; nor was Apollo’s harp
Silent, nor did the Muses spare to add
Responsive melody of vocal sweets.745
But when the sun’s bright orb had now declined,
Each to his mansion, wheresoever built
By the lame matchless Architect, withdrew.[39]
Jove also, kindler of the fires of heaven,
His couch ascending as at other times750
When gentle sleep approach’d him, slept serene,
With golden-sceptred Juno at his side.

So they spent the day in celebration,
Everyone was in high spirits; Apollo’s harp
Was not silent, and the Muses joined in
With sweet vocal melodies.745
But when the sun began to set,
Each person went to their home, wherever it was
Built by the unmatched Architect, and retired.[39]
Jove, the igniter of heavenly fires,
Ascended to his couch as he usually did750
When gentle sleep came to him, sleeping peacefully,
With golden-sceptered Juno by his side.

The first book contains the preliminaries to the commencement of serious action. First, the visit of the priest of Apollo to ransom his captive daughter, the refusal of Agamemnon to yield her up, and the pestilence sent by the god upon the Grecian army in consequence. Secondly, the restoration, the propitiation of Apollo, the quarrel of Agamemnon and Achilles, and the withdrawing of the latter from the Grecian army. Thirdly, the intercession of Thetis with Jupiter; his promise, unwillingly given, to avenge Achilles; and the assembly of the gods, in which the promise is angrily alluded to by Juno, and the discussion peremptorily checked by Jupiter. The poet, throughout this book, maintains a simple, unadorned style, but highly descriptive, and happily adapted to the nature of the subject.—Felton.

The first book sets the stage for the start of serious action. First, it describes the priest of Apollo visiting to ransom his captive daughter, Agamemnon's refusal to give her back, and the plague sent by the god to strike the Greek army as a result. Next, it covers her restoration, the appeasement of Apollo, the argument between Agamemnon and Achilles, and Achilles' withdrawal from the Greek forces. Finally, it details Thetis' plea to Jupiter, his reluctant promise to avenge Achilles, and the meeting of the gods, where Juno angrily references the promise, and Jupiter shuts down the discussion. Throughout this book, the poet uses a straightforward, unembellished style, which is highly descriptive and well-suited to the topic at hand.—Felton.

BOOK II.

ARGUMENT OF THE SECOND BOOK.

Jupiter, in pursuance of his purpose to distress the Grecians in answer to the prayer of Thetis, deceives Agamemnon by a dream. He, in consequence of it, calls a council, the result of which is that the army shall go forth to battle. Thersites is mutinous, and is chastised by Ulysses. Ulysses, Nestor, and Agamemnon, harangue the people; and preparation is made for battle. An exact account follows of the forces on both sides.

Jupiter, in order to fulfill his plan to trouble the Greeks in response to Thetis's prayer, tricks Agamemnon with a dream. As a result, he calls a council, and they decide that the army will go into battle. Thersites is rebellious and is reprimanded by Ulysses. Ulysses, Nestor, and Agamemnon address the troops, and preparations are made for the fight. A detailed account follows of the forces on both sides.

BOOK II.

[1]All night both Gods and Chiefs equestrian slept,
But not the Sire of all. He, waking soon,
Mused how to exalt Achilles, and destroy
No few in battle at the Grecian fleet.
This counsel, at the last, as best he chose5
And likeliest; to dispatch an evil Dream
To Agamemnon’s tent, and to his side
The phantom summoning, him thus addressed.

[1]All night both Gods and chiefs slept on horseback,
But not the Father of all. He, waking early,
Thought about how to elevate Achilles and take down
Many in battle at the Greek fleet.
This plan, in the end, he considered the best5
And most likely; to send a wicked Dream
To Agamemnon’s tent, and to his side
The apparition calling, he spoke to him like this.

Haste, evil Dream! Fly to the Grecian fleet,
And, entering royal Agamemnon’s tent,10
His ear possess thou thus, omitting nought
Of all that I enjoin thee. Bid him arm
His universal host, for that the time
When the Achaians shall at length possess
Wide Ilium, hath arrived. The Gods above15
No longer dwell at variance. The request
Of Juno hath prevail’d; now, wo to Troy!
So charged, the Dream departed. At the ships
Well-built arriving of Achaia’s host,
He Agamemnon, son of Atreus, sought.20
Him sleeping in his tent he found, immersed
In soft repose ambrosial. At his head
The shadow stood, similitude exact
Of Nestor, son of Neleus; sage, with whom
In Agamemnon’s thought might none compare.25
His form assumed, the sacred Dream began.

Hurry, evil Dream! Fly to the Greek army,
And, entering King Agamemnon’s tent,10
Take over his mind like this, leaving nothing
Of all that I command you. Tell him to gather
His entire army, for the time
When the Achaeans will finally take
The vast city of Ilium has come. The gods above15
No longer argue. Juno’s request
Has been granted; now, woe to Troy!
With that, the Dream departed. Arriving at the ships
Of the well-built Achaean army,
He looked for Agamemnon, son of Atreus.20
He found him sleeping in his tent, deeply
Engrossed in sweet, divine peace. At his head
The shadow stood, an exact likeness
Of Nestor, son of Neleus; the wise one, with whom
In Agamemnon’s mind, none could compare.25
Taking on his form, the sacred Dream began.

Oh son of Atreus the renown’d in arms
And in the race! Sleep’st thou? It ill behoves
To sleep all night the man of high employ,
And charged, as thou art, with a people’s care.30
Now, therefore, mark me well, who, sent from Jove,
Inform thee, that although so far remote,
He yet compassionates and thinks on thee
With kind solicitude. He bids thee arm
Thy universal host, for that the time35
When the Achaians shall at length possess
Wide Ilium, hath arrived. The Gods above
No longer dwell at variance. The requests
Of Juno have prevail’d. Now, wo to Troy
From Jove himself! Her fate is on the wing.40
Awaking from thy dewy slumbers, hold
In firm remembrance all that thou hast heard.

Oh son of Atreus, renowned in battle
And in racing! Are you sleeping? It’s not wise
For a high-ranking man like you to sleep all night,
Especially when you’re responsible for so many people.30
Now, listen carefully to me; I come from Jove,
To let you know that even though he’s far away,
He still cares about you and thinks of you
With great concern. He urges you to prepare
Your entire army, for the time35
Has come when the Achaians will finally take
Wide Ilium. The Gods up above
Are no longer at odds. Juno’s requests
Have been granted. Now, woe to Troy
From Jove himself! Its fate is coming.40
As you wake from your dew-drenched sleep, keep
In mind everything you’ve heard.

So spake the Dream, and vanishing, him left
In false hopes occupied and musings vain.
Full sure he thought, ignorant of the plan45
By Jove design’d, that day the last of Troy.
Fond thought! For toils and agonies to Greeks
And Trojans both, in many a bloody field
To be endured, the Thunderer yet ordain’d.
Starting he woke, and seeming still to hear50
The warning voice divine, with hasty leap
Sprang from his bed, and sat.[2] His fleecy vest
New-woven he put on, and mantle wide;
His sandals fair to his unsullied feet
He braced, and slung his argent-studded sword.55
Then, incorruptible for evermore
The sceptre of his sires he took, with which
He issued forth into the camp of Greece.

So spoke the Dream, and as it vanished, left him
Caught up in false hopes and pointless thoughts.
He was convinced, unaware of the plan45
That Jove had designed, that this day would be the end of Troy.
What a misguided thought! For struggles and suffering for both Greeks
And Trojans were yet to come, in many bloody battles
That the Thunderer had still decreed.
He woke suddenly, still seeming to hear50
The divine warning voice, and with a quick jump
Leaped from his bed and sat up. His fluffy robe
Newly woven he put on, and a wide mantle;
He tightened his sandals to his clean feet
And strapped on his silver-studded sword.55
Then, eternally unyielding
He took the scepter of his ancestors, with which
He stepped out into the camp of Greece.

Aurora now on the Olympian heights
Proclaiming stood new day to all in heaven,60
When he his clear-voiced heralds bade convene
The Greeks in council. Went the summons forth
Into all quarters, and the throng began.
First, at the ship of Nestor, Pylian King,[3]
The senior Chiefs for high exploits renown’d65
He gather’d, whom he prudent thus address’d.

Aurora now on the heights of Olympus
Announced a new day to everyone in heaven,60
When he called his clear-voiced messengers to gather
The Greeks for a meeting. The call went out
To all corners, and the crowd started to assemble.
First, at the ship of Nestor, the King of Pylos,<[3]>
He gathered the senior chiefs known for their great deeds65
And addressed them wisely.

My fellow warriors, hear! A dream from heaven,
Amid the stillness of the vacant night
Approach’d me, semblance close in stature, bulk,
And air, of noble Nestor. At mine head70
The shadow took his stand, and thus he spake.

My fellow warriors, listen up! A dream from heaven,
In the quiet of the empty night
Came to me, appearing just like the noble Nestor.
At my side70
The shadow stood and said this.

Oh son of Atreus the renown’d in arms
And in the race, sleep’st thou? It ill behoves
To sleep all night the man of high employ,
And charged as thou art with a people’s care.75
Now, therefore, mark me well, who, sent from Jove,
Inform thee, that although so far remote,
He yet compassionates and thinks on thee
With kind solicitude. He bids thee arm
Thy universal host; for that the time80
When the Achaians shall at length possess
Wide Ilium, hath arrived. The Gods above
No longer dwell at variance. The requests
Of Juno have prevail’d. Now, wo to Troy
From Jove himself! Her fate is on the wing.85
Charge this on thy remembrance. Thus he spake,
Then vanished suddenly, and I awoke.
Haste therefore, let us arm, if arm we may,[4]
The warlike sons of Greece; but first, myself
Will prove them, recommending instant flight90
With all our ships, and ye throughout the host
Dispersed, shall, next, encourage all to stay.

Oh son of Atreus, so famous in battle
And in the race, are you sleeping? It’s not fitting
For a man in such an important role like you
To sleep all night while caring for his people.75
Now, listen carefully, as I’ve been sent from Jove,
To let you know that even from so far away,
He still cares for you and thinks about you
With great concern. He commands you to gather
Your entire army; for the time80
Has come for the Achaeans to finally claim
Great Ilium. The Gods above
Are no longer in conflict. Juno’s requests
Have succeeded. Now, woe to Troy
From Jove himself! Its fate is inevitable.85
Keep this in your mind. That’s what he said,
Then he suddenly disappeared, and I woke up.
So hurry, let’s get ready, if we can arm,[4]
The warrior sons of Greece; but first, I will test them,
Urging an immediate retreat90
With all our ships, and you all throughout the camp
Will next encourage everyone to stay.

He ceased, and sat; when in the midst arose
Of highest fame for wisdom, Nestor, King
Of sandy Pylus, who them thus bespake.95

He stopped and sat down; just then, the renowned Nestor, King of sandy Pylus, rose up among them and said this.

Friends, Counsellors, and Leaders of the Greeks!
Had any meaner Argive told his dream,
We had pronounced it false, and should the more
Have shrunk from battle; but the dream is his
Who boasts himself our highest in command.100
Haste, arm we, if we may, the sons of Greece.

Friends, Advisors, and Leaders of the Greeks!
If any lesser Argive had shared his dream,
We would have dismissed it as a lie, and we would
Have been even more reluctant to fight; but the dream comes from
The one who claims to be our highest commander.100
Quick, let’s arm the sons of Greece if we can.

So saying, he left the council; him, at once
The sceptred Chiefs, obedient to his voice,
Arising, follow’d; and the throng began.
As from the hollow rock bees stream abroad,105
And in succession endless seek the fields,
Now clustering, and now scattered far and near,
In spring-time, among all the new-blown flowers,
So they to council swarm’d, troop after troop,
Grecians of every tribe, from camp and fleet110
Assembling orderly o’er all the plain
Beside the shore of Ocean. In the midst
A kindling rumor, messenger of Jove,
Impell’d them, and they went. Loud was the din
Of the assembling thousands; groan’d the earth115
When down they sat, and murmurs ran around.
Nine heralds cried aloud—Will ye restrain
Your clamors, that your heaven-taught Kings may speak?
Scarce were they settled, and the clang had ceased,
When Agamemnon, sovereign o’er them all,120
Sceptre in hand, arose. (That sceptre erst
Vulcan with labor forged, and to the hand
Consign’d it of the King, Saturnian Jove;
Jove to the vanquisher[5] of Ino’s[6] guard,
And he to Pelops; Pelops in his turn,125
To royal Atreus; Atreus at his death
Bequeath’d it to Thyestes rich in flocks,
And rich Thyestes left it to be borne
By Agamemnon, symbol of his right
To empire over Argos and her isles)130
On that he lean’d, and rapid, thus began.[7]

So saying, he left the council; immediately,
The powerful chiefs, following his lead,
Got up and followed him, and the crowd started to gather.
Just like bees swarm out of a hollow rock,105
Endlessly seeking fields in a regular flow,
Now clustering together, and now scattered here and there,
In springtime, among all the newly bloomed flowers,
So they swarmed to the council, troop after troop,
Greeks from every tribe, coming from camp and fleet,110
Gathering orderly over the plain
Next to the ocean shore. In the middle,
A stirring rumor, sent by Jove,
Urged them on, and they went. The noise
Of the thousands assembling was loud; the earth groaned115
When they settled down, and murmurs spread around.
Nine heralds shouted—Will you quiet
Your noise so your kings, taught by the heavens, can speak?
They had barely settled down and the clamor had faded,
When Agamemnon, the leader of them all,120
With the scepter in hand, stood up. (That scepter was once
Forged by Vulcan with effort, and handed down
To the King, Saturnian Jove;
Jove gave it to the conqueror of Ino’s guard,
And he passed it to Pelops; Pelops in turn,125
Gave it to royal Atreus; Atreus, at his death,
Left it to Thyestes, who was rich in flocks,
And wealthy Thyestes left it to be carried
By Agamemnon, a symbol of his right
To rule over Argos and its islands)130
He leaned on it, and quickly began. [7]

Friends, Grecian Heroes, ministers of Mars!
Ye see me here entangled in the snares
Of unpropitious Jove. He promised once,
And with a nod confirm’d it, that with spoils135
Of Ilium laden, we should hence return;
But now, devising ill, he sends me shamed,
And with diminished numbers, home to Greece.
So stands his sovereign pleasure, who hath laid
The bulwarks of full many a city low,140
And more shall level, matchless in his might.
That such a numerous host of Greeks as we,
Warring with fewer than ourselves, should find
No fruit of all our toil, (and none appears)
Will make us vile with ages yet to come.145
For should we now strike truce, till Greece and Troy
Might number each her own, and were the Greeks
Distributed in bands, ten Greeks in each,
Our banded decads should exceed so far
Their units, that all Troy could not supply150
For every ten, a man, to fill us wine;
So far the Achaians, in my thought, surpass
The native Trojans. But in Troy are those
Who baffle much my purpose; aids derived
From other states, spear-arm’d auxiliars, firm155
In the defence of Ilium’s lofty towers.
Nine years have passed us over, nine long years;
Our ships are rotted, and our tackle marr’d,
And all our wives and little-ones at home
Sit watching our return, while this attempt160
Hangs still in doubt, for which that home we left.
Accept ye then my counsel. Fly we swift
With all our fleet back to our native land,
Hopeless of Troy, not yet to be subdued.

Friends, Greek heroes, warriors of Mars!
You see me here trapped in the traps
Of unyielding Jove. He once promised,
And nodded to confirm it, that we would return
Loaded with spoils from Ilium;
But now, plotting mischief, he sends me back
In shame, and with fewer troops, to Greece.
So stands his royal will, who has brought down
The defenses of many cities,
And will bring down more, unmatched in his power.
That such a large army of Greeks as we,
Fighting against fewer than ourselves, should find
No reward for all our efforts, (and none appears)
Will make us despised by generations to come.
For if we now agreed to a truce, until Greece and Troy
Could count their own, and if the Greeks
Were divided into groups, ten Greeks in each,
Our numbered groups would far outnumber
Their individuals, so that all of Troy could not provide
A single man to pour us wine for every ten;
So much the Achaeans, in my view, surpass
The native Trojans. But in Troy are those
Who greatly hinder my plans; help comes
From other states, armed allies, reliable
In protecting Ilium’s towering walls.
Nine years have passed us by, nine long years;
Our ships have rotted, and our gear is damaged,
And all our wives and children back home
Sit waiting for our return, while this mission
Hangs in uncertainty, for which we left that home.
So accept my advice. Let's quickly flee
With all our fleet back to our homeland,
Giving up on Troy, which is not yet to be conquered.

So spake the King, whom all the concourse heard165
With minds in tumult toss’d; all, save the few,
Partners of his intent. Commotion shook
The whole assembly, such as heaves the flood
Of the Icarian Deep, when South and East
Burst forth together from the clouds of Jove.170
And as when vehement the West-wind falls
On standing corn mature, the loaded ears
Innumerable bow before the gale,
So was the council shaken. With a shout
All flew toward the ships; uprais’d, the dust175
Stood o’er them; universal was the cry,
“Now clear the passages, strike down the props,
Set every vessel free, launch, and away!”
Heaven rang with exclamation of the host
All homeward bent, and launching glad the fleet.180
Then baffled Fate had the Achaians seen
Returning premature, but Juno thus,
With admonition quick to Pallas spake.

So spoke the King, and everyone in the crowd heard him165
With minds in chaos; all except for a few,
Who shared his intention. The whole assembly shook
With commotion, like the Icarian Sea, when the South and East
Burst forth together from Jupiter’s clouds.170
And just as when the fierce West wind blows
On standing, ripe corn, the heavy ears
Bow before the gale,
The council was similarly shaken. With a shout,
Everyone rushed toward the ships; the dust175
Rose up around them; the cry was universal,
“Clear the paths, take down the supports,
Free every vessel, launch, and go!”
Heaven echoed with the shouts of the host
All heading homeward, joyfully launching the fleet.180
Then, had Fate thwarted the Achaians returning
Too soon, but Juno, with a quick warning, said to Pallas.

Unconquer’d daughter of Jove Ægis-arm’d!
Ah foul dishonor! Is it thus at last185
That the Achaians on the billows borne,
Shall seek again their country, leaving here,
To be the vaunt of Ilium and her King,
Helen of Argos, in whose cause the Greeks
Have numerous perish’d from their home remote?190
Haste! Seek the mail-arm’d multitude, by force
Detain them of thy soothing speech, ere yet
All launch their oary barks into the flood.

Unconquered daughter of Jove, armed with the Aegis!
Ah, what a disgrace! Is this really how it ends?185
That the Achaeans, tossed on the waves,
Will seek to return to their homeland, leaving behind,
Helen of Argos, the pride of Ilium and her King,
For whom so many Greeks have perished far from home?190
Hurry! Find the armed crowd and try to hold them back
With your calming words, before they all
Launch their ships into the sea.

She spake, nor did Minerva not comply,
But darting swift from the Olympian heights,195
Reach’d soon Achaia’s fleet. There, she perceived
Prudent as Jove himself, Ulysses; firm
He stood; he touch’d not even with his hand
His sable bark, for sorrow whelm’d his soul.
The Athenæan Goddess azure-eyed200
Beside him stood, and thus the Chief bespake.

She spoke, and Minerva immediately responded,
But quickly flew down from the heights of Olympus,195
Reaching Achaia’s fleet in no time. There, she saw
Wise as Jove himself, Ulysses; he stood firm,
He didn’t even touch his dark ship
Because sorrow overwhelmed his soul.
The blue-eyed Goddess Athena200
Stood beside him and spoke to the Chief.

Laertes’ noble son, for wiles renown’d!
Why seek ye, thus precipitate, your ships?
Intend ye flight? And is it thus at last,
That the Achaians on the billows borne,205
Shall seek again their country, leaving here,
To be the vaunt of Ilium and her King,
Helen of Argos, in whose cause the Greeks
Have numerous perish’d from their home remote?
Delay not. Rush into the throng; by force210
Detain them of thy soothing speech, ere yet
All launch their oary barks into the flood.

Laertes’ noble son, known for his clever tricks!
Why are you so hastily preparing your ships?
Are you planning to escape? Is it finally true,
That the Achaeans, carried by the waves,205
Will head back to their homeland, leaving behind,
To be the pride of Ilium and her King,
Helen of Argos, for whom so many Greeks
Have tragically died so far from home?
Don’t delay. Jump into the crowd; use your charm210
To stop them with your persuasive words before
Everyone launches their rowboats into the sea.

She ceased, whom by her voice Ulysses knew,
Casting his mantle from him, which his friend
Eurybates the Ithacensian caught,215
He ran; and in his course meeting the son
Of Atreus, Agamemnon, from his hand
The everlasting sceptre quick received,
Which bearing, through Achaia’s fleet he pass’d.
What King soever, or distinguish’d Greek220
He found, approaching to his side, in terms
Of gentle sort he stay’d him. Sir, he cried,
It is unseemly that a man renown’d
As thou, should tremble. Go—Resume the seat
Which thou hast left, and bid the people sit.225
Thou know’st not clearly yet the monarch’s mind.
He proves us now, but soon he will chastize.
All were not present; few of us have heard
His speech this day in council. Oh, beware,
Lest in resentment of this hasty course230
Irregular, he let his anger loose.
Dread is the anger of a King; he reigns
By Jove’s own ordinance, and is dear to Jove,

She stopped, and Ulysses recognized her voice,
Throwing off his cloak, which his friend
Eurybates from Ithaca caught,215
He ran; and as he was going, he met the son
Of Atreus, Agamemnon, who quickly took
The eternal scepter from his hand,
With which he passed through the fleet of Achaia.
Whatever king or distinguished Greek220
He encountered, he addressed him gently,
“Sir,” he called, “it’s not right for a man as renown
As you to tremble. Go—Take the seat
You left, and tell the people to sit.225
You don’t fully understand the king’s intentions yet.
He’s testing us now, but soon he will punish.
Not everyone is here; few of us heard
His speech in council today. Oh, be careful,
Lest, out of anger at this hasty course230
Of action, he unleashes his wrath.
The anger of a king is frightening; he rules
By the decree of Jove and is cherished by him,

But what plebeian base soe’er he heard
Stretching his throat to swell the general cry,235
He laid the sceptre smartly on his back,
With reprimand severe. Fellow, he said,
Sit still; hear others; thy superiors hear.
For who art thou? A dastard and a drone,
Of none account in council, or in arms.240
By no means may we all alike bear sway
At Ilium; such plurality of Kings
Were evil. One suffices. One, to whom
The son of politic Saturn hath assign’d
The sceptre, and inforcement of the laws,245
That he may rule us as a monarch ought.[8]

But no matter how lowly someone sounded, raising his voice to join the crowd, He sharply struck the scepter against his back, With a harsh reprimand. “Listen, buddy,” he said, “Sit tight; let others speak; your superiors are listening. Who do you think you are? A coward and a slacker, Worthless in council and on the battlefield. We can’t all share power equally In Troy; that would be a disaster. One leader is enough. One, chosen by the political Saturn to hold the scepter and enforce the laws, So he can rule us like a true monarch ought.”

With such authority the troubled host
He sway’d; they, quitting camp and fleet again
Rush’d back to council; deafening was the sound
As when a billow of the boisterous deep250
Some broad beach dashes, and the Ocean roars.

With such authority the troubled host
He swayed; they, leaving camp and fleet again
Rushed back to council; the noise was deafening
Like when a wave from the raging sea250
Crashes against a wide beach, and the Ocean roars.

The host all seated, and the benches fill’d,
Thersites only of loquacious tongue
Ungovern’d, clamor’d mutinous; a wretch
Of utterance prompt, but in coarse phrase obscene255
Deep learn’d alone, with which to slander Kings.
Might he but set the rabble in a roar,
He cared not with what jest; of all from Greece
To Ilium sent, his country’s chief reproach.
Cross-eyed he was, and halting moved on legs260
Ill-pair’d; his gibbous shoulders o’er his breast
Contracted, pinch’d it; to a peak his head
Was moulded sharp, and sprinkled thin with hair
Of starveling length, flimsy and soft as down.
Achilles and Ulysses had incurr’d265
Most his aversion; them he never spared;
But now, imperial Agamemnon self
In piercing accents stridulous he charged
With foul reproach. The Grecians with contempt
Listen’d, and indignation, while with voice270
At highest pitch, he thus the monarch mock’d.

The host was seated, and the benches were filled,
Thersites, the only loudmouth,
Uncontrolled, shouted in rebellion; a miserable
Guy who was quick to speak, but used crude language255
Only learned enough to insult Kings.
As long as he could get the crowd to laugh,
He didn't care what joke it was; of all from Greece
Sent to Ilium, he was his country’s biggest shame.
He was cross-eyed and limped on legs260
That were mismatched; his hunched shoulders pinched
His chest; his head was shaped to a sharp peak,
Sprinkled thinly with hair
That was skinny in length, flimsy and soft like down.
Achilles and Ulysses were
The ones he hated the most;
He never held back from mocking them;
But now, he directly accused
Imperial Agamemnon with piercing, high-pitched tones
And harsh insults. The Greeks listened with contempt
And indignation, while with a voice270
At its highest pitch, he mocked the king.

What wouldst thou now? Whereof is thy complaint
Now, Agamemnon? Thou hast fill’d thy tents
With treasure, and the Grecians, when they take
A city, choose the loveliest girls for thee.275
Is gold thy wish? More gold? A ransom brought
By some chief Trojan for his son’s release
Whom I, or other valiant Greek may bind?
Or wouldst thou yet a virgin, one, by right
Another’s claim, but made by force thine own?280
It was not well, great Sir, that thou shouldst bring
A plague on the Achaians, as of late.
But come, my Grecian sisters, soldiers named
Unfitly, of a sex too soft for war,
Come, let us homeward: let him here digest285
What he shall gorge, alone; that he may learn
If our assistance profit him or not.
For when he shamed Achilles, he disgraced
A Chief far worthier than himself, whose prize
He now withholds. But tush,—Achilles lacks290
Himself the spirit of a man; no gall
Hath he within him, or his hand long since
Had stopp’d that mouth,[9] that it should scoff no more.

What do you want now? What’s your complaint, Agamemnon? You’ve filled your tents with treasure, and when the Greeks capture a city, they pick the most beautiful girls for you. Is it gold you want? More gold? A ransom offered by some Trojan chief for his son’s release that I or another brave Greek might capture? Or do you want another virgin, one who belongs to someone else, but you take by force instead? It wasn’t right, great Sir, that you brought a plague upon the Achaeans, as you just did. But come, my Greek sisters, soldiers who aren’t suited for war, let’s go home: let him enjoy what he wants, alone; he might learn whether our help is valuable to him or not. Because when he shamed Achilles, he insulted a leader far more deserving than himself, whose prize he now keeps from him. But oh well—Achilles lacks the spirit of a man; he has no anger within him, or his hand would have shut that mouth so it wouldn’t scoff anymore.

Thus, mocking royal Agamemnon, spake
Thersites. Instant starting to his side,
295
Noble Ulysses with indignant brows
Survey’d him, and him thus reproved severe.

Thus, mocking the royal Agamemnon, spoke Thersites. Immediately stepping to his side, Noble Ulysses with a disapproving frown Looked at him and reproached him harshly.

Thersites! Railer!—peace. Think not thyself,
Although thus eloquent, alone exempt
From obligation not to slander Kings.300
I deem thee most contemptible, the worst
Of Agamemnon’s followers to the war;
Presume not then to take the names revered
Of Sovereigns on thy sordid lips, to asperse
Their sacred character, and to appoint305
The Greeks a time when they shall voyage home.
How soon, how late, with what success at last
We shall return, we know not: but because
Achaia’s heroes numerous spoils allot
To Agamemnon, Leader of the host,310
Thou therefore from thy seat revilest the King.
But mark me. If I find thee, as even now,
Raving and foaming at the lips again,
May never man behold Ulysses’ head
On these my shoulders more, and may my son315
Prove the begotten of another Sire,
If I not strip thee to that hide of thine
As bare as thou wast born, and whip thee hence
Home to thy galley, sniveling like a boy.

Thersites! Loudmouth!—calm down. Don’t think you’re special,
Just because you’re speaking so boldly, you’re not free
From the responsibility of not slandering Kings.300
I consider you the lowest, the worst
Of Agamemnon’s followers in this war;
So don’t presume to speak the names of respected
Leaders with your filthy tongue, to tarnish
Their honorable reputations, and to declare305
When the Greeks should head back home.
We don’t know how soon or how late, or how
Successful we’ll be in returning: but because
Achaia’s heroes give many spoils to
Agamemnon, the Leader of the army,310
You, therefore, sit there and insult the King.
But listen to me. If I find you, like just now,
Raving and spitting at the mouth again,
Then may no one ever see Ulysses’ head
On these shoulders again, and may my son315
Turn out to be the child of another man,
If I don’t strip you down to nothing
As bare as you were born, and send you home
To your ship, sniveling like a child.

He ceased, and with his sceptre on the back320
And shoulders smote him. Writhing to and fro,
He wept profuse, while many a bloody whelk
Protuberant beneath the sceptre sprang.
Awe-quell’d he sat, and from his visage mean,
Deep-sighing, wiped the rheums. It was no time325
For mirth, yet mirth illumined every face,
And laughing, thus they spake. A thousand acts
Illustrious, both by well-concerted plans
And prudent disposition of the host
Ulysses hath achieved, but this by far330
Transcends his former praise, that he hath quell’d
Such contumelious rhetoric profuse.
The valiant talker shall not soon, we judge,
Take liberties with royal names again.[10]
So spake the multitude. Then, stretching forth335
The sceptre, city-spoiler Chief, arose
Ulysses. Him beside, herald in form,
Appeared Minerva. Silence she enjoined
To all, that all Achaia’s sons might hear,
Foremost and rearmost, and might weigh his words.340
He then his counsel, prudent, thus proposed.

He stopped, and with his scepter struck the back
And shoulders. Writhing back and forth,
He cried heavily, while many a bloody shell
Swelled beneath the scepter. Awed, he sat, and from his mean face,
Deep-sighing, wiped away his tears. It was no time
For laughter, yet every face was bright with mirth,
And laughing, they spoke. A thousand great deeds
Achieved through careful plans
And wise arrangements of the army,
Ulysses has done, but this by far
Surpasses his previous praise, for he has silenced
Such disrespectful talking.
The brave speaker will not soon, we judge,
Dare to misuse royal names again.
So spoke the crowd. Then, stretching forth
The scepter, the city-destroying Chief, arose
Ulysses. Beside him, appearing like a herald,
Was Minerva. She demanded silence
So that all of Achaia’s sons could hear,
From the front line to the back, and could consider his words.
He then proposed his prudent counsel.

Atrides! Monarch! The Achaians seek
To make thee ignominious above all
In sight of all mankind. None recollects
His promise more in steed-famed Argos pledged,345
Here to abide till Ilium wall’d to heaven
Should vanquish’d sink, and all her wealth be ours.
No—now, like widow’d women, or weak boys,
They whimper to each other, wishing home.
And home, I grant, to the afflicted soul350
Seems pleasant.[11] The poor seaman from his wife
One month detain’d, cheerless his ship and sad
Possesses, by the force of wintry blasts,
And by the billows of the troubled deep
Fast lock’d in port. But us the ninth long year355
Revolving, finds camp’d under Ilium still.
I therefore blame not, if they mourn beside
Their sable barks, the Grecians. Yet the shame
That must attend us after absence long
Returning unsuccessful, who can bear?360
Be patient, friends! wait only till we learn
If Calchas truly prophesied, or not;
For well we know, and I to all appeal,
Whom Fate hath not already snatch’d away,
(It seems but yesterday, or at the most365
A day or two before) that when the ships
Wo-fraught for Priam, and the race of Troy,
At Aulis met, and we beside the fount
With perfect hecatombs the Gods adored
Beneath the plane-tree, from whose root a stream370
Ran crystal-clear, there we beheld a sign
Wonderful in all eyes. A serpent huge,
Tremendous spectacle! with crimson spots
His back all dappled, by Olympian Jove
Himself protruded, from the altar’s foot375
Slipp’d into light, and glided to the tree.
There on the topmost bough, close-cover’d sat
With foliage broad, eight sparrows, younglings all,
Then newly feather’d, with their dam, the ninth.
The little ones lamenting shrill he gorged,380
While, wheeling o’er his head, with screams the dam
Bewail’d her darling brood. Her also next,
Hovering and clamoring, he by the wing
Within his spiry folds drew, and devoured.
All eaten thus, the nestlings and the dam,385
The God who sent him, signalized him too,
For him Saturnian Jove transform’d to stone.
We wondering stood, to see that strange portent
Intrude itself into our holy rites,
When Calchas, instant, thus the sign explain’d.390

Atrides! King! The Achaeans want
To make you the most disgraceful of all
In front of everyone. Nobody remembers
His promise made in famed Argos,345
To stay here until the walls of Ilium
Fall and all its riches become ours.
No—now, like widowed women or weak boys,
They whine to each other, wishing to go home.
And home, I admit, to a troubled heart350
Seems comforting. The poor sailor, away from his wife
For a month, stuck in his gloomy ship,
Held back by harsh winter storms,
And the waves of the troubled sea,
Is locked in port. But we, after nine long years,355
Still find ourselves camped outside Ilium.
So I don’t blame them for grieving next
To their dark ships, the Greeks. Yet the shame
That will follow us after a long absence,
Returning unsuccessful, who can stand?360°
Be patient, friends! Just wait until we find out
If Calchas truly had a vision or not;
For we know well, and I appeal to everyone,
Whom Fate hasn’t snatched away yet,
(It seems like just yesterday, or at most,365
A day or two ago) that when the ships
Loaded for Priam and the Trojans,
Met at Aulis, and we gathered by the spring,
Offering perfect sacrifices to the Gods
Under the plane tree, where a clear stream370
Ran from its roots, we saw a sign
That amazed us all. A huge serpent,
An astonishing sight! with crimson spots
All over its back, sent by Olympian Jove,
It slithered out of the altar’s foot,375
Into the light and made its way to the tree.
There on the highest branch, hidden by
Wide leaves, sat eight young sparrows,
Recently feathered, with their mother, the ninth.
The little ones cried out as he devoured them,380
While the mother flew around his head, screaming
In mourning for her lost brood. Next, he grabbed her
Too, hovering and shrieking, pulling her in
With his spiraled coils and swallowed her.
With all of them eaten, the chicks and their mother,385
The God who sent him marked him as well,
For Saturnian Jove turned him to stone.
We stood amazed to see that strange omen
Interrupt our sacred rituals,
When Calchas, right away, explained the sign.390

Why stand ye, Greeks, astonish’d? Ye behold
A prodigy by Jove himself produced,
An omen, whose accomplishment indeed
Is distant, but whose fame shall never die.[12]
E’en as this serpent in your sight devour’d395
Eight youngling sparrows, with their dam, the ninth,
So we nine years must war on yonder plain,
And in the tenth, wide-bulwark’d Troy is ours.

Why do you stand there, Greeks, amazed? You see
A marvel brought forth by Jove himself,
A sign, whose fulfillment may be far off,
But whose fame will never fade.[12]
Just as this serpent in your view consumed395
Eight young sparrows, with their mother, the ninth,
So we must fight on this battlefield for nine years,
And in the tenth, fortified Troy will be ours.

So spake the seer, and as he spake, is done.
Wait, therefore, brave Achaians! go not hence400
Till Priam’s spacious city be your prize.

So spoke the seer, and as he spoke, it happened.
So wait, brave Achaeans! Don't leave here400
Until Priam’s grand city is yours.

He ceased, and such a shout ensued, that all
The hollow ships the deafening roar return’d
Of acclamation, every voice the speech
Extolling of Ulysses, glorious Chief.405

He stopped, and a shout broke out that made all The hollow ships echo with the deafening roar Of cheers, every voice praising the speech In honor of Ulysses, the glorious leader.

Then Nestor the Gerenian,[13] warrior old,
Arising, spake; and, by the Gods, he said,
Ye more resemble children inexpert
In war, than disciplined and prudent men.
Where now are all your promises and vows,410
Councils, libations, right-hand covenants?[14]
Burn them, since all our occupation here
Is to debate and wrangle, whereof end
Or fruit though long we wait, shall none be found.
But, Sovereign, be not thou appall’d. Be firm.415
Relax not aught of thine accustomed sway,
But set the battle forth as thou art wont.
And if there be a Grecian, here and there,
One,[15] adverse to the general voice, let such
Wither alone. He shall not see his wish420
Gratified, neither will we hence return
To Argos, ere events shall yet have proved
Jove’s promise false or true. For when we climb’d
Our gallant barks full-charged with Ilium’s fate,
Saturnian Jove omnipotent, that day,425
(Omen propitious!) thunder’d on the right.
Let no man therefore pant for home, till each
Possess a Trojan spouse, and from her lips
Take sweet revenge for Helen’s pangs of heart.
Who then? What soldier languishes and sighs430
To leave us? Let him dare to lay his hand
On his own vessel, and he dies the first.
But hear, O King! I shall suggest a course
Not trivial. Agamemnon! sort the Greeks
By districts and by tribes, that tribe may tribe435
Support, and each his fellow. This performed,
And with consent of all, thou shalt discern
With ease what Chief, what private man deserts,
And who performs his part. The base, the brave,
Such disposition made, shall both appear;440
And thou shalt also know, if heaven or we,
The Gods, or our supineness, succor Troy.

Then Nestor the Gerenian, an old warrior,
Got up and spoke; and by the Gods, he said,
You act more like inexperienced children
In war than like disciplined and sensible men.
Where are all your promises and vows,410
Councils, offerings, and agreements?
Forget them, since all we do here
Is argue and fight, and after a long wait,
No result or outcome will come of it.
But, Sovereign, don’t get discouraged. Be strong.415
Don’t relax your usual authority,
But lead the battle like you always do.
And if there’s a Greek, here and there,
One who goes against the general opinion, let him
Wither alone. He won't get his wish420
Fulfilled, and we won’t go back
To Argos until events show
If Jove’s promise is true or false. For when we boarded
Our brave ships loaded with the fate of Troy,
Mighty Saturnian Jove, that day,425
(An encouraging omen!) thundered on the right.
So let no man long for home until each
Has a Trojan wife, and from her lips
Get sweet revenge for Helen’s heartbreak.
Who then? What soldier is weak and sighs430
To leave us? Let him put his hand
On his own ship, and he’ll be the first to die.
But listen, O King! I have a serious proposal.
Agamemnon! Organize the Greeks
By regions and by tribes, so each tribe can support
The others. Once that’s done,
With everyone’s agreement, you’ll easily see
Which leader or individual deserts,
And who does their part. The coward, the brave,440
Once arranged this way, will both be visible;
And you will also know, if it’s heaven or us,
The gods, or our laziness, helping Troy.

To whom Atrides, King of men, replied.
Old Chief! Thou passest all Achaia’s sons
In consultation; would to Jove our Sire,445
To Athenæan Pallas, and Apollo!
That I had ten such coadjutors, wise
As thou art, and the royal city soon
Of Priam, with her wealth, should all be ours.[16]
But me the son of Saturn, Jove supreme450
Himself afflicts, who in contentious broils
Involves me, and in altercation vain.
Thence all that wordy tempest for a girl
Achilles and myself between, and I
The fierce aggressor. Be that breach but heal’d!455
And Troy’s reprieve thenceforth is at an end.
Go—take refreshment now that we may march
Forth to our enemies. Let each whet well
His spear, brace well his shield, well feed his brisk
High-mettled horses, well survey and search460
His chariot on all sides, that no defect
Disgrace his bright habiliments of war.
So will we give the day from morn to eve
To dreadful battle. Pause there shall be none
Till night divide us. Every buckler’s thong465
Shall sweat on the toil’d bosom, every hand
That shakes the spear shall ache, and every steed
Shall smoke that whirls the chariot o’er the plain.
Wo then to whom I shall discover here
Loitering among the tents; let him escape470
My vengeance if he can. The vulture’s maw
Shall have his carcase, and the dogs his bones.

To whom Atrides, King of men, replied.
Old Chief! You surpass all the sons of Achaia
In counsel; I wish to Jove our Father,445
To Pallas Athena, and Apollo!
That I had ten helpers as wise
As you are, and soon the royal city
Of Priam, with all its wealth, would be ours.[16]
But the son of Saturn, Jove supreme450
Himself afflicts me, who gets caught up
In contentious quarrels and pointless arguments.
Hence all that wordy storm over a girl
Between Achilles and me, and I
The fierce instigator. If that rift is healed!455
Then Troy’s reprieve will come to an end.
Go—take a break now so we can march
Against our enemies. Let each one sharpen
His spear, secure his shield, feed his spirited
High-spirited horses well, and thoroughly check460
His chariot on all sides, ensuring no flaw
Shames his shining battle gear.
So we will dedicate the day from morning to night
To terrible combat. There will be no pause
Until night separates us. Every shield’s strap465
Will sweat against the laboring chest, every hand
That grips the spear will ache, and every steed
Will be smoking as it pulls the chariot across the plain.
Woe to anyone I find here
Loitering among the tents; let him escape470
My wrath if he can. The vultures will have his body, and the dogs his bones.

He spake; whom all applauded with a shout
Loud as against some headland cliff the waves
Roll’d by the stormy South o’er rocks that shoot475
Afar into the deep, which in all winds
The flood still overspreads, blow whence they may.
Arising, forth they rush’d, among the ships
All scatter’d; smoke from every tent arose,
The host their food preparing; next, his God480
Each man invoked (of the Immortals him
Whom he preferr’d) with sacrifice and prayer
For safe escape from danger and from death.
But Agamemnon to Saturnian Jove
Omnipotent, an ox of the fifth year485
Full-flesh’d devoted, and the Princes call’d
Noblest of all the Grecians to his feast.
First, Nestor with Idomeneus the King,
Then either Ajax, and the son he call’d
Of Tydeus, with Ulysses sixth and last,490
Jove’s peer in wisdom. Menelaus went,
Heroic Chief! unbidden, for he knew
His brother’s mind with weight of care oppress’d.
The ox encircling, and their hands with meal
Of consecration fill’d, the assembly stood,495
When Agamemnon thus his prayer preferred.

He spoke; everyone cheered loudly, like waves crashing against a rocky cliff during a storm. The waves rolled in from the South, spreading across the sea no matter which way the wind blew. They all rushed out among the scattered ships; smoke rose from every tent as the host prepared their food. Each man called on his chosen god from the Immortals, offering sacrifices and prayers for safety from danger and death. But Agamemnon offered a full-grown ox to mighty Jupiter and invited the noblest of all the Greeks to his feast. First came Nestor with King Idomeneus, then both Ajaxes, and the son of Tydeus, with Ulysses, who was the wisest after Jove. Menelaus, the heroic chief, came uninvited because he sensed his brother's heavy worries. They surrounded the ox, filling their hands with the meal of sacrifice as they stood together when Agamemnon made his prayer.

Almighty Father! Glorious above all!
Cloud-girt, who dwell’st in heaven thy throne sublime,
Let not the sun go down, till Priam’s roof
Fall flat into the flames; till I shall burn500
His gates with fire; till I shall hew away
His hack’d and riven corslet from the breast
Of Hector, and till numerous Chiefs, his friends,
Around him, prone in dust, shall bite the ground.

Almighty Father! Glorious above all!
Cloud-covered, who dwells in heaven at your sublime throne,
Don’t let the sun set until Priam’s house
Collapses into flames; until I set fire500
To his gates; until I cut away
His damaged and torn armor from Hector’s chest,
And until many of his Chiefs, his friends,
Lying in the dust, shall fall to the ground.

So prayed he, but with none effect, The God505
Received his offering, but to double toil
Doom’d them, and sorrow more than all the past.

So he prayed, but it didn’t work. The God505
Accepted his offering, but condemned them to double the work
And more sorrow than all that had come before.

They then, the triturated barley grain
First duly sprinkling, the sharp steel infix’d
Deep in the victim’s neck reversed, then stripp’d510
The carcase, and divided at their joint
The thighs, which in the double caul involved
They spread with slices crude, and burn’d with fire
Ascending fierce from billets sere and dry.
The spitted entrails next they o’er the coals515
Suspended held. The thighs with fire consumed,
They gave to each his portion of the maw,
Then slash’d the remnant, pierced it with the spits,
And managing with culinary skill
The roast, withdrew it from the spits again.520
Thus, all their task accomplished, and the board
Set forth, they feasted, and were all sufficed.
When neither hunger more nor thirst remain’d
Unsatisfied, Gerenian Nestor spake.

They then took the crushed barley grain
And sprinkled it properly, stabbing the sharp steel
Deep into the victim's neck. Then they skinned510
The carcass and cut the thighs at the joints,
Which they wrapped in the double layer of fat
And spread with raw slices, then roasted over
A fierce fire from dry, old wood.
Next, they hung the entrails over the coals515
To cook. The thighs, consumed by the fire,
They divided among themselves, each getting a share of the meat,
Then they sliced the leftovers, pierced them with spits,
And skillfully managed the roast,
Withdrew it from the spits when it was ready.520
Thus, with their work complete and the table
Set, they feasted, and everyone was satisfied.
When neither hunger nor thirst remained,
Gerenian Nestor spoke up.

Atrides! Agamemnon! King of men!525
No longer waste we time in useless words,
Nor to a distant hour postpone the work
To which heaven calls thee. Send thine heralds forth.
Who shall convene the Achaians at the fleet,
That we, the Chiefs assembled here, may range,530
Together, the imbattled multitude,
And edge their spirits for immediate fight.

Atrides! Agamemnon! King of men!525
Let's stop wasting time on pointless talk,
And not delay the task
That heaven is urging you to do. Send your messengers out.
They should gather the Achaians at the ships,
So that we, the Chiefs gathered here, can rally,530
The warriors together,
And inspire them for immediate battle.

He spake, nor Agamemnon not complied.
At once he bade his clear-voiced heralds call
The Greeks to battle. They the summons loud535
Gave forth, and at the sound the people throng’d.
Then Agamemnon and the Kings of Greece
Dispatchful drew them into order just,
With whom Minerva azure-eyed advanced,
The inestimable Ægis on her arm,540
Immortal, unobnoxious to decay
A hundred braids, close twisted, all of gold,
Each valued at a hundred beeves,[17] around
Dependent fringed it. She from side to side
Her eyes cerulean rolled, infusing thirst545
Of battle endless into every breast.
War won them now, war sweeter now to each
Than gales to waft them over ocean home.[18]
As when devouring flames some forest seize
On the high mountains, splendid from afar550
The blaze appears, so, moving on the plain,
The steel-clad host innumerous flash’d to heaven.
And as a multitude of fowls in flocks
Assembled various, geese, or cranes, or swans
Lithe-neck’d, long hovering o’er Caÿster’s banks555
On wanton plumes, successive on the mead
Alight at last, and with a clang so loud
That all the hollow vale of Asius rings;
In number such from ships and tents effused,
They cover’d the Scamandrian plain; the earth560
Rebellow’d to the feet of steeds and men.
They overspread Scamander’s grassy vale,
Myriads, as leaves, or as the flowers of spring.
As in the hovel where the peasant milks
His kine in spring-time, when his pails are fill’d,565
Thick clouds of humming insects on the wing
Swarm all around him, so the Grecians swarm’d
An unsumm’d multitude o’er all the plain,
Bright arm’d, high crested, and athirst for war.
As goat-herds separate their numerous flocks570
With ease, though fed promiscuous, with like ease
Their leaders them on every side reduced
To martial order glorious;[19] among whom
Stood Agamemnon “with an eye like Jove’s,
To threaten or command,” like Mars in girth,575
And with the port of Neptune. As the bull
Conspicuous among all the herd appears,
For he surpasses all, such Jove ordain’d
That day the son of Atreus, in the midst
Of Heroes, eminent above them all.580

He spoke, and Agamemnon complied not.
Immediately, he instructed his clear-voiced heralds to call
The Greeks to battle. They issued the summons loud535
And at the sound, the people gathered.
Then Agamemnon and the Kings of Greece
Quickly organized them into proper order,
With Minerva, the blue-eyed goddess, advancing,
The priceless Ægis on her arm,540
Immortal, immune to decay,
With a hundred braids, closely twisted, all of gold,
Each valued at a hundred cattle, [17] around
Fringed it. She rolled her cerulean eyes from side to side,
Filling every heart with an endless thirst545
For battle. Now war was sweeter to each
Than the winds that would carry them home across the ocean.[18]
As when devouring flames seize a forest
On the high mountains, brilliant from afar550
The blaze appears, so, moving across the plain,
The countless host, clad in steel, flashed to the heavens.
And like a multitude of birds in flocks
Assembled: geese, cranes, or swans
With graceful necks, hovering over Caÿster’s banks555
On their playful wings, eventually landing on the meadow
With a clang so loud
That the hollow valley of Asius echoed;
In number like that from the ships and tents, they surged,
Covering the Scamandrian plain; the earth560
Rumbled under the feet of horses and men.
They spread over Scamander’s grassy vale,
Myriads, like leaves or flowers of spring.
As in the hovel where the farmer milks
His cows in springtime, when his pails are filled,565
Thick clouds of buzzing insects swarm around him,
So the Greeks swarmed
An uncounted multitude across the plain,
Brightly armored, high-crested, and eager for war.
As goat-herds easily separate their numerous flocks570
Though they feed together, so easily
Their leaders arranged them on every side
Into glorious martial order; [19] among whom
Stood Agamemnon “with an eye like Jove’s,
To threaten or command,” like Mars in size,575
And with the stature of Neptune. As the bull
Stands out among all the herd,
For he surpasses all, so Jove ordained
That day for the son of Atreus, in the midst
Of Heroes, standing out above them all.580

Tell me, (for ye are are heavenly, and beheld[20]
A scene, whereof the faint report alone
Hath reached our ears, remote and ill-informed,)
Tell me, ye Muses, under whom, beneath
What Chiefs of royal or of humbler note585
Stood forth the embattled Greeks? The host at large;
They were a multitude in number more
Than with ten tongues, and with ten mouths, each mouth
Made vocal with a trumpet’s throat of brass
I might declare, unless the Olympian nine,590
Jove’s daughters, would the chronicle themselves
Indite, of all assembled, under Troy.
I will rehearse the Captains and their fleets.

Tell me, (because you are divine, and have seen[20]
A scene, of which only a faint rumor
Has reached us, far away and poorly informed,)
Tell me, Muses, under whom, beneath
What leaders, whether royal or from simpler backgrounds585
Stood the battling Greeks? The entire army;
They were so many that with ten tongues, and with ten mouths, each mouth
Could sound like a trumpet’s voice of brass
I might share, unless the nine from Olympus,590
Jove’s daughters, would record themselves
The history of all gathered, at Troy.
I will recount the leaders and their fleets.

[21]Bœotia’s sturdy sons Peneleus led,
And Leïtus, whose partners in command595
Arcesilaus and Prothoenor came,
And Clonius. Them the dwellers on the rocks
Of Aulis followed, with the hardy clans
Of Hyrie, Schoenos, Scholos, and the hills
Of Eteon; Thespia, Græa, and the plains600
Of Mycalessus them, and Harma served,
Eleon, Erythræ, Peteon; Hyle them,
Hesius and Ocalea, and the strength
Of Medeon; Copæ also in their train
Marched, with Eutresis and the mighty men605
Of Thisbe famed for doves; nor pass unnamed
Whom Coronæa, and the grassy land
Of Haliartus added to the war,
Nor whom Platæa, nor whom Glissa bred,
And Hypothebæ,[22] and thy sacred groves610
To Neptune, dark Onchestus. Arne claims
A record next for her illustrious sons,
Vine-bearing Arne. Thou wast also there
Mideia, and thou Nissa; nor be thine
Though last, Anthedon, a forgotten name.615
These in Bœotia’s fair and gallant fleet
Of fifty ships, each bearing o’er the waves
Thrice forty warriors, had arrived at Troy.

[21]Boeotia’s strong warriors were led by Peneleus,
And Leïtus, with his fellow commanders595
Arcesilaus and Prothoenor,
And Clonius. The people from the cliffs
Of Aulis followed them, along with the tough clans
Of Hyrie, Schoenos, Scholos, and the hills
Of Eteon; Thespia, Græa, and the fields600
Of Mycalessus joined them, as did Harma,
Eleon, Erythræ, Peteon; Hyle followed,
Hesius and Ocalea, and the strength
Of Medeon; Copæ also marched with them,
Along with Eutresis and the mighty warriors605
Of Thisbe, known for its doves; and we won’t forget
The ones from Coronæa and the grassy fields
Of Haliartus who joined the battle,
Nor those from Platæa, nor those from Glissa,
And Hypothebæ,[22] and your sacred groves610
To Neptune, dark Onchestus. Arne deserves
To be mentioned next for her distinguished sons,
Vine-growing Arne. You were also there,
Mideia, and you too, Nissa; may your name
Not be forgotten, even if you come last, Anthedon.615
These men were part of Boeotia’s fair and strong fleet
Of fifty ships, each carrying over the waves
Three times forty warriors, who had arrived in Troy.

In thirty ships deep-laden with the brave,
Aspledon and Orchomenos had sent620
Their chosen youth; them ruled a noble pair,
Sons of Astyoche; she, lovely nymph,
Received by stealth, on Actor’s stately roof,
The embraces of a God, and bore to Mars
Twins like himself, Ascalaphus the bold,625
And bold Iälmenus, expert in arms.

In thirty ships filled with the brave,
Aspledon and Orchomenos had sent620
Their selected youth; they were led by a noble pair,
Sons of Astyoche; she, a beautiful nymph,
Received in secret, on Actor’s grand roof,
The embraces of a God, and bore to Mars
Twins like himself, Ascalaphus the brave,625
And bold Iälmenus, skilled in battle.

Beneath Epistrophus and Schedius, took
Their destined station on Bœotia’s left,
The brave Phocensians; they in forty ships
From Cyparissus came, and from the rocks630
Of Python, and from Crissa the divine;
From Anemoria, Daulis, Panopeus,
And from Hyampolis, and from the banks
Of the Cephissus, sacred stream, and from
Lilæa, seated at its fountain-head.635

Beneath Epistrophus and Schedius, took
Their appointed place on Bœotia’s left,
The brave Phocensians; they came in forty ships
From Cyparissus, and from the cliffs630
Of Python, and from the divine Crissa;
From Anemoria, Daulis, Panopeus,
And from Hyampolis, and from the shores
Of the Cephissus, sacred stream, and from
Lilæa, located at its source.635

Next from beyond Eubœa’s happy isle
In forty ships conveyed, stood forth well armed
The Locrians; dwellers in Augeia some
The pleasant, some of Opoëis possessed,
Some of Calliarus; these Scarpha sent,640
And Cynus those; from Bessa came the rest,
From Tarpha, Thronius, and from the brink
Of loud Boagrius; Ajax them, the swift,
Son of Oïleus led, not such as he
From Telamon, big-boned and lofty built,645
But small of limb, and of an humbler crest;
Yet he, competitor had none throughout
The Grecians of what land soe’er, for skill
In ushering to its mark the rapid lance.

Next from the happy island of Euboea, Forty ships brought the well-armed Locrians; Some lived in Augeia, some in Opoëis, Some in Calliarus; Scarpha sent these, Cynus sent those; the rest came from Bessa, From Tarpha, Thronius, and the shores Of loud Boagrius; Ajax, the swift, Son of Oïleus, led them; he was not like Telamon’s son, strong and tall, But smaller in stature and of a humbler appearance; Yet among all the Greeks, no one compared to him When it came to skill in throwing the swift lance.

Elphenor brought (Calchodon’s mighty son)650
The Eubœans to the field. In forty ships
From Histrïæa for her vintage famed,
From Chalcis, from Iretria, from the gates
Of maritime Cerinthus, from the heights
Of Dios rock-built citadel sublime,655
And from Caristus and from Styra came
His warlike multitudes, all named alike
Abantes, on whose shoulders fell behind
Their locks profuse,[23] and they were eager all
To split the hauberk with the pointed spear.660

Elphenor brought (Calchodon’s mighty son)650
The Eubœans to the battlefield. In forty ships
From Histrïæa, known for its vintage,
From Chalcis, from Iretria, from the gates
Of maritime Cerinthus, from the heights
Of the rock-built citadel of Dios,655
And from Caristus and from Styra came
His warlike crowds, all sharing the same name
Abantes, whose long hair flowed over their shoulders,
And they were all eager
To pierce the armor with their sharp spears.660

Nor Athens had withheld her generous sons,
The people of Erectheus. Him of old
The teeming glebe produced, a wondrous birth!
And Pallas rear’d him: her own unctuous fane
She made his habitation, where with bulls665
The youth of Athens, and with slaughter’d lambs
Her annual worship celebrate. Then led
Menestheus, whom, (sage Nestor’s self except,
Thrice school’d in all events of human life,)
None rivall’d ever in the just array670
Of horse and man to battle. Fifty ships
Black-prowed, had borne them to the distant war.

Nor did Athens hold back her generous sons,
The people of Erectheus. He was born
From the fertile land, a remarkable birth!
And Pallas raised him: she built her own sacred temple
As his home, where the young men of Athens, with bulls665
And slaughtered lambs, celebrate her annual worship. Then came
Menestheus, whom, (aside from wise Nestor,
Who was thrice-trained in all aspects of human life,)
No one ever matched in the proper organization670
Of horse and man for battle. Fifty ships
With black prows had carried them to the distant war.

Ajax from Salamis twelve vessels brought,
And where the Athenian band in phalanx stood
Marshall’d compact, there station’d he his powers.675

Ajax from Salamis brought twelve ships,
And where the Athenian troops stood in formation
Tightly arrayed, there he positioned his forces.675

The men of Argos and Tyrintha next,
And of Hermione, that stands retired
With Asine, within her spacious bay;
Of Epidaurus, crown’d with purple vines,
And of Trœzena, with the Achaian youth680
Of sea-begirt Ægina, and with thine,
Maseta, and the dwellers on thy coast,
Wave-worn Eïonæ; these all obeyed
The dauntless Hero Diomede, whom served
Sthenelus, son of Capaneus, a Chief685
Of deathless fame, his second in command,
And godlike man, Euryalus, the son
Of King Mecisteus, Talaüs’ son, his third.
But Diomede controll’d them all, and him
Twice forty sable ships their leader own’d.690

The men from Argos and Tyrintha next,
And from Hermione, which is located quietly
By Asine, within her wide bay;
From Epidaurus, covered with purple vines,
And from Trœzena, with the Achaian youth680
From sea-surrounded Ægina, and including you,
Maseta, and the people on your shore,
Wave-battered Eïonæ; all of them followed
The fearless Hero Diomede, who was served
By Sthenelus, son of Capaneus, a leader685
Of everlasting renown, his second in command,
And godlike man, Euryalus, the son
Of King Mecisteus, son of Talaüs, as his third.
But Diomede was in charge of them all, and he
Commanded a fleet of eighty dark ships.690

Came Agamemnon with a hundred ships,
Exulting in his powers; more numerous they,
And more illustrious far than other Chief
Could boast, whoever. Clad in burnish’d brass,
And conscious of pre-eminence, he stood.695
He drew his host from cities far renown’d,
Mycenæ, and Corinthus, seat of wealth,
Orneia, and Cleonæ bulwark’d strong,
And lovely Aræthyria; Sicyon, where
His seat of royal power held at the first700
Adrastus: Hyperesia, and the heights
Of Gonoëssa; Ægium, with the towns
That sprinkle all that far-extended coast,
Pellene also and wide Helice
With all their shores, were number’d in his train.705

Agamemnon arrived with a hundred ships,
Proud of his power; they were more numerous,
And far more illustrious than any other leader
Could claim, whoever that might be. Clad in shining bronze,
And aware of his superiority, he stood there.695
He gathered his troops from well-known cities,
Mycenae, and Corinth, the seat of wealth,
Orneia, and strong Cleonæ,
And beautiful Aræthyria; Sicyon, where
Adrastus originally held his royal power700
Hyperesia, and the heights
Of Gonoëssa; Aegium, with the towns
That dot that far-reaching coast,
Pellene and wide Helice
With all their shores, were counted among his forces.705

From hollow Lacedæmon’s glen profound,
From Phare, Sparta, and from Messa, still
Resounding with the ring-dove’s amorous moan,
From Brysia, from Augeia, from the rocks
Of Laas, from Amycla, Otilus,710
And from the towers of Helos, at whose foot
The surf of Ocean falls, came sixty barks
With Menelaus. From the monarch’s host
The royal brother ranged his own apart,
and panted for revenge of Helen’s wrongs,715
And of her sighs and tears.[24] From rank to rank,
Conscious of dauntless might he pass’d, and sent
Into all hearts the fervor of his own.

From the deep valley of Lacedæmon,
From Phare, Sparta, and Messa, still
Echoing with the love calls of the dove,
From Brysia, from Augeia, from the cliffs
Of Laas, from Amycla, Otilus,710
And from the towers of Helos, where the waves
Of the ocean crash, came sixty ships
With Menelaus. From the king’s army
The royal brother kept to his own side,
and yearned for revenge for Helen’s betrayal,715
And for her sighs and tears.[24] With strength in his heart,
Aware of his fearless power, he moved through the ranks, and spread
His own passion into every heart.

Gerenian Nestor in thrice thirty ships
Had brought his warriors; they from Pylus came,720
From blithe Arene, and from Thryos, built
Fast by the fords of Alpheus, and from steep
And stately Æpy. Their confederate powers
Sent Amphigenia, Cyparissa veiled
With broad redundance of funereal shades,725
Pteleos and Helos, and of deathless fame
Dorion. In Dorion erst the Muses met
Threïcian Thamyris, on his return
From Eurytus, Oechalian Chief, and hush’d
His song for ever; for he dared to vaunt730
That he would pass in song even themselves
The Muses, daughters of Jove Ægis-arm’d.
They therefore, by his boast incensed, the bard
Struck blind, and from his memory dash’d severe
All traces of his once celestial strains.735

Gerenian Nestor with thirty ships
Brought his warriors; they came from Pylus,720
From cheerful Arene, and from Thryos, built
By the fords of Alpheus, and from steep
And grand Æpy. Their allied forces
Sent Amphigenia, Cyparissa covered
With thick mourning shades,725
Pteleos and Helos, and of timeless renown
Dorion. In Dorion, the Muses once met
Thracian Thamyris on his way back
From Eurytus, the chief of Oechalia, and silenced
His song forever; for he dared to boast730
That he would surpass in song even them,
The Muses, daughters of Jove with the aegis.
They, angered by his arrogance, struck the bard
Blind and erased all traces of his once divine
Melodies from his memory.735

Arcadia’s sons, the dwellers at the foot
Of mount Cyllene, where Æpytus sleeps
Intomb’d; a generation bold in fight,
And warriors hand to hand; the valiant men
Of Pheneus, of Orchomenos by flocks740
Grazed numberless, of Ripe, Stratia, bleak
Enispe; Mantinea city fair,
Stymphelus and Parrhasia, and the youth
Of Tegea; royal Agapenor these,
Ancæus’ offspring, had in sixty ships745
To Troy conducted; numerous was the crew,
And skilled in arms, which every vessel brought,
And Agamemnon had with barks himself
Supplied them, for, of inland realms possessed,
They little heeded maritime employs.[25]750

Arcadia's sons, the residents at the base
Of Mount Cyllene, where Æpytus rests
Buried; a generation brave in battle,
And warriors close combat; the courageous men
Of Pheneus, of Orchomenos with countless flocks740
Grazing, of Ripe, Stratia, harsh
Enispe; the fair city of Mantinea,
Stymphelus and Parrhasia, and the young men
Of Tegea; royal Agapenor, the son of Ancæus,
Led them to Troy in sixty ships745
With a large crew, skilled in weaponry, which each ship brought,
And Agamemnon supplied them with ships himself,
For, being from inland regions,
They paid little attention to seafaring tasks.[25]750

The dwellers in Buprasium, on the shores
Of pleasant Elis, and in all the land
Myrsinus and the Hyrminian plain between,
The rock Olenian, and the Alysian fount;
These all obey’d four Chiefs, and galleys ten755
Each Chief commanded, with Epeans filled.
Amphimachus and Thalpius govern’d these,
This, son of Cteatus, the other, sprung
From Eurytus, and both of Actor’s house.
Diores, son of Amarynceus, those760
Led on, and, for his godlike form renown’d,
Polyxenus was Chieftain o’er the rest,
Son of Agasthenes, Augeias’ son.

The people in Buprasium, on the shores
Of beautiful Elis, and throughout the land
Of Myrsinus and the Hyrminian plain between,
The Olenian rock and the Alysian spring;
All of them followed four leaders and ten ships755
Each leader commanded, filled with Epeans.
Amphimachus and Thalpius led these,
One, son of Cteatus, the other, descended
From Eurytus, both from Actor’s family.
Diores, son of Amarynceus, led those760
And, known for his godlike appearance,
Polyxenus was the chief over the rest,
Son of Agasthenes, Augeias’ son.

Dulichium, and her sister sacred isles
The Echinades, whose opposite aspect765
Looks toward Elis o’er the curling waves,
Sent forth their powers with Meges at their head,
Brave son of Phyleus, warrior dear to Jove.
Phyleus in wrath, his father’s house renounced,
And to Dulichium wandering, there abode.770
Twice twenty ships had follow’d Meges forth.

Dulichium and her sister sacred islands
The Echinades, whose opposite side765
Faces Elis over the rolling waves,
Sent out their forces led by Meges,
The brave son of Phyleus, a warrior favored by Jove.
Phyleus, in anger, turned his back on his father’s house,
And wandered to Dulichium, where he stayed.770
Twenty ships had followed Meges into battle.

Ulysses led the Cephallenians bold.
From Ithaca, and from the lofty woods
Of Neritus they came, and from the rocks
Of rude Ægilipa. Crocylia these,775
And these Zacynthus own’d; nor yet a few
From Samos, from Epirus join’d their aid,
And from the opposite Ionian shore.
Them, wise as Jove himself, Ulysses led
In twelve fair ships, with crimson prows adorn’d.780

Ulysses bravely led the Cephallenians.
They came from Ithaca and the tall woods
Of Neritus, and from the rough rocks
Of harsh Ægilipa. These men came from Crocylia,775
And those from Zacynthus; there were also quite a few
From Samos and from Epirus who joined in,
And from the opposite coast of the Ionian Sea.
Ulysses, as wise as Jove himself, led them
In twelve fine ships with red-painted bows.780

From forty ships, Thoas, Andræmon’s son,
Had landed his Ætolians; for extinct
Was Meleager, and extinct the house
Of Oeneus all, nor Oeneus self survived;
To Thoas therefore had Ætolia fallen;785
Him Olenos, Pylene, Chalcis served,
With Pleuro, and the rock-bound Calydon.

From forty ships, Thoas, the son of Andræmon, landed his Ætolians; for Meleager was gone, and the entire house of Oeneus was dead, with Oeneus himself no longer alive; so Ætolia had fallen to Thoas. Olenos, Pylene, Chalcis served him, along with Pleuro and the rocky Calydon.

Idomeneus, spear-practised warrior, led
The numerous Cretans. In twice forty ships
He brought his powers to Troy. The warlike bands790
Of Cnossus, of Gortyna wall’d around,
Of Lyctus, of Lycastus chalky-white,
Of Phæstus, of Miletus, with the youth
Of Rhytius him obey’d; nor these were all,
But others from her hundred cities Crete795
Sent forth, all whom Idomeneus the brave
Commanded, with Meriones in arms
Dread as the God of battles blood-imbrued.

Idomeneus, skilled warrior, led
The many Cretans. In eighty ships
He brought his forces to Troy. The fierce groups790
From Cnossus, from walled Gortyna,
From Lyctus, from chalky-white Lycastus,
From Phæstus, from Miletus, along with the youth
Of Rhytius followed him; and these were not all,
But others from her hundred cities in Crete795
Joined in, all under the command of brave Idomeneus,
Along with Meriones, armed and fearsome like the God of war, drenched in blood.

Nine ships Tlepolemus, Herculean-born,
For courage famed and for superior size,800
Fill’d with his haughty Rhodians. They, in tribes
Divided, dwelt distinct. Jelyssus these,
Those Lindus, and the rest the shining soil
Of white Camirus occupied. Him bore
To Hercules, (what time he led the nymph805
From Ephyre, and from Sellea’s banks,
After full many a city laid in dust.)
Astyocheia. In his father’s house
Magnificent, Tlepolemus spear-famed
Had scarce up-grown to manhood’s lusty prime810
When he his father’s hoary uncle slew
Lycimnius, branch of Mars. Then built he ships,
And, pushing forth to sea, fled from the threats
Of the whole house of Hercules. Huge toil
And many woes he suffer’d, till at length815
At Rhodes arriving, in three separate bands
He spread himself abroad, Much was he loved
Of all-commanding Jove, who bless’d him there,
And shower’d abundant riches on them all.

Nine ships sailed from Tlepolemus, born of Hercules, Known for his bravery and impressive size, Filled with his proud crew from Rhodes. They lived in separate tribes, One group from Jelyssus, another from Lindus, and the rest occupied The shining land of white Camirus. He was taken To Hercules, when he led the nymph From Ephyre, and from the banks of Sellea, After he had laid many cities to waste. He was raised in his father's grand house, And Tlepolemus, famous for his spear, Had barely reached the strength of young manhood When he killed his father’s old uncle, Lycimnius, a descendant of Mars. Then he built ships, And set out to sea, fleeing from the threats Of the entire household of Hercules. He faced great hardship And many sorrows until, at last, Arriving in Rhodes, he split into three separate groups, Winning the love of all-powerful Jove, who blessed him there, And showered abundant wealth upon them all.

Nireus of Syma, with three vessels came;820
Nireus, Aglæa’s offspring, whom she bore
To Charopus the King; Nireus in form,
(The faultless son of Peleus sole except,)
Loveliest of all the Grecians call’d to Troy.
But he was heartless and his men were few.[26]825

Nireus from Syma arrived with three ships; 820
Nireus, the son of Aglæa, whom she had with
King Charopus; Nireus in appearance,
(Only Achilles, the flawless son of Peleus, was better),
He was the most beautiful of all the Greeks called to Troy.
But he was cold-hearted and his crew was small.[26]825

Nisyrus, Casus, Crapathus, and Cos
Where reign’d Eurypylus, with all the isles
Calydnæ named, under two valiant Chiefs
Their troops disposed; Phidippus one, and one,
His brother Antiphus, begotten both830
By Thessalus, whom Hercules begat.
In thirty ships they sought the shores of Troy.

Nisyrus, Casus, Crapathus, and Cos
Where Eurypylus ruled, along with all the islands
Known as Calydna, under two brave leaders
Who arranged their troops; Phidippus was one, and one,
His brother Antiphus, both born830
Of Thessalus, whom Hercules fathered.
In thirty ships, they sailed to the shores of Troy.

The warriors of Pelasgian Argos next,
Of Alus, and Alope, and who held
Trechina, Phthia, and for women fair835
Distinguish’d, Hellas; known by various names
Hellenes, Myrmidons, Achæans, them
In fifty ships embark’d, Achilles ruled.
But these were deaf to the hoarse-throated war,
For there was none to draw their battle forth,840
And give them just array. Close in his ships
Achilles, after loss of the bright-hair’d
Brisëis, lay, resentful; her obtained
Not without labor hard, and after sack
Of Thebes and of Lyrnessus, where he slew845
Two mighty Chiefs, sons of Evenus both,
Epistrophus and Mynes, her he mourn’d,
And for her sake self-prison’d in his fleet
And idle lay, though soon to rise again.

The warriors from Pelasgian Argos next,
From Alus, Alope, and those who held
Trechina, Phthia, and known for their beauty835
In Greece; recognized by different names
Hellenes, Myrmidons, Achaeans, they
Set sail in fifty ships, led by Achilles.
But they were deaf to the loud war cries,
Because there was no one to rally them,840
And organize their formation. Stuck in his ships,
Achilles, after losing the beautiful
Briseis, lay resentful; he had won her
Not without great effort, and after the fall
Of Thebes and Lyrnessus, where he killed845
Two powerful chiefs, both sons of Evenus,
Epistrophus and Mynes, he mourned for her,
And for her sake isolated himself in his fleet,
Lying idle, though he would soon rise again.

From Phylace, and from the flowery fields850
Of Pyrrhasus, a land to Ceres given
By consecration, and from Iton green,
Mother of flocks; from Antron by the sea,
And from the grassy meads of Pteleus, came
A people, whom while yet he lived, the brave855
Protesilaüs led; but him the earth
Now cover’d dark and drear. A wife he left,
To rend in Phylace her bleeding cheeks,
And an unfinish’d mansion. First he died
Of all the Greeks; for as he leap’d to land860
Foremost by far, a Dardan struck him dead.
Nor had his troops, though filled with deep regret,
No leader; them Podarces led, a Chief
Like Mars in battle, brother of the slain,
But younger born, and from Iphiclus sprung865
Who sprang from Phylacus the rich in flocks.
But him Protesilaüs, as in years,
So also in desert of arms excell’d
Heroic, whom his host, although they saw
Podarces at their head, still justly mourn’d;870
For he was fierce in battle, and at Troy
With forty sable-sided ships arrived.

From Phylace, and from the blooming fields850
Of Pyrrhasus, a land dedicated
To Ceres by consecration, and from green Iton,
Mother of flocks; from Antron by the sea,
And from the grassy meadows of Pteleus, came
A people, led bravely by Protesilaüs,855
While he was still alive; but now the earth
Covers him, dark and dreary. He left behind a wife,
To tear at her bleeding cheeks in Phylace,
And an unfinished home. He was the first to die
Of all the Greeks; for as he jumped to land860
First by far, a Dardan struck him dead.
Though his troops were filled with deep sorrow,
They still had a leader; Podarces led them, a Chief
Like Mars in battle, brother of the fallen,
But younger, and descended from Iphiclus,865
Who was the son of Phylacus, rich in flocks.
But Protesilaüs outshone him in both age
And in valor; he was a hero whom his host,
Even though they saw Podarces at the helm,870
Still mourned rightly;
For he was fierce in battle, and arrived at Troy
With forty dark-sided ships.

Eleven galleys, Pheræ on the lake,
And Boebe, and Iölchus, and the vale
Of Glaphyræ supplied with crews robust875
Under Eumelus; him Alcestis, praised
For beauty above all her sisters fair,
In Thessaly to King Admetus bore.

Eleven galleys, Pheræ on the lake,
And Boebe, and Iölchus, and the valley
Of Glaphyræ equipped with strong crews875
Under Eumelus; him Alcestis, admired
For her beauty above all her beautiful sisters,
In Thessaly gave to King Admetus.

Methone, and Olizon’s craggy coast,
With Melibœa and Thaumasia sent880
Seven ships; their rowers were good archers all,
And every vessel dipped into the wave
Her fifty oars. Them Philoctetes, skill’d
To draw with sinewy arm the stubborn bow,
Commanded; but he suffering anguish keen885
Inflicted by a serpent’s venom’d tooth,
Lay sick in Lemnos; him the Grecians there
Had left sore-wounded, but were destined soon
To call to dear remembrance whom they left.
Meantime, though sorrowing for his sake, his troops890
Yet wanted not a chief; them Medon ruled,
Whom Rhena to the far-famed conqueror bore
Oïleus, fruit of their unsanction’d loves.

Methone and Olizon’s rocky coast,
With Melibœa and Thaumasia sent880
Seven ships; their rowers were all excellent archers,
And each vessel dipped into the wave
With its fifty oars. Philoctetes, skilled
At pulling the stubborn bow with his strong arm,
Was in charge; but he was suffering from severe pain885
Caused by a serpent’s venomous bite,
Lying sick in Lemnos; the Greeks had left him there,
Badly wounded, but were soon destined
To remember fondly the one they had left.
Meanwhile, although they mourned for him, his troops890
Still had a leader; they were ruled by Medon,
Whom Rhena had borne to the famous conqueror
Oïleus, the result of their forbidden love.

From Tricca, from Ithome rough and rude
With rocks and glens, and from Oechalia, town895
Of Eurytus Oechalian-born, came forth
Their warlike youth by Podalirius led
And by Machaon, healers both expert
Of all disease, and thirty ships were theirs.

From Tricca, from the rugged and wild Ithome
With rocks and valleys, and from Oechalia, town895
Of Eurytus, born in Oechalia, came
Their battle-ready youth led by Podalirius
And by Machaon, both skilled healers
Of all ailments, and they possessed thirty ships.

The men of Ormenus, and from beside900
The fountain Hypereia, from the tops
Of chalky Titan, and Asteria’s band;
Them ruled Eurypylus, Evæmon’s son
Illustrious, whom twice twenty ships obeyed.

The men of Ormenus, and from beside900
The fountain Hypereia, from the tops
Of chalky Titan, and Asteria’s group;
They were led by Eurypylus, Evæmon’s son
Famous, whom twenty ships followed.

Orthe, Gyrtone, Oloösson white,905
Argissa and Helone; they their youth
Gave to control of Polypœtes, son
Undaunted of Pirithoüs, son of Jove.
Him, to Pirithoüs, (on the self-same day
When he the Centaurs punish’d and pursued910
Sheer to Æthicæ driven from Pelion’s heights
The shaggy race) Hippodamia bore.
Nor he alone them led. With him was join’d
Leonteus dauntless warrior, from the bold
Coronus sprung, who Cæneus call’d his sire.915
Twice twenty ships awaited their command.

Orthe, Gyrtone, Oloösson white,905
Argissa and Helone; they gave their youth
To Polypœtes, the fearless son
Of Pirithoüs, son of Jove.
On the same day, he punished and chased the Centaurs910
Right to Æthicæ, driven from the heights of Pelion
The shaggy race) Hippodamia bore.
He wasn't alone in this. He was joined
By Leonteus, a fearless warrior, descended from the bold
Coronus, who called Cæneus his father.915
Twenty ships were ready at their command.

Guneus from Cyphus twenty and two ships
Led forth; the Enienes him obey’d,
And the robust Perœbi, warriors bold,
And dwellers on Dodona’s wintry brow.920
To these were join’d who till the pleasant fields
Where Titaresius winds; the gentle flood
Pours into Peneus all his limpid stores,
But with the silver-eddied Peneus flows
Unmixt as oil;[27] for Stygian is his stream,925
And Styx is the inviolable oath.

Guneus from Cyphus led twenty-two ships
And was followed by the Enienes,
And the strong Perœbi, brave warriors,
And those living on the snowy slopes of Dodona.920
They were joined by those who cultivate the lovely fields
Where Titaresius meanders; the gentle river
Flows into Peneus with all its clear waters,
But with the silver-eddying Peneus flows
Pure as oil;[27] for his stream is Stygian,925
And Styx is the sacred oath.

Last with his forty ships, Tenthredon’s son,
The active Prothoüs came. From the green banks
Of Peneus his Magnesians far and near
He gather’d, and from Pelion forest-crown’d.930

Last, with his forty ships, Tenthredon’s son,
The energetic Prothoüs arrived. From the lush banks
Of Peneus, he gathered his Magnesians from all around
And from the forest-crowned Pelion.930

These were the princes and the Chiefs of Greece.
Say, Muse, who most in personal desert
Excell’d, and whose were the most warlike steeds
And of the noblest strain. Their hue, their age,
Their height the same, swift as the winds of heaven935
And passing far all others, were the mares
Which drew Eumelus; on Pierian hills
The heavenly Archer of the silver bow,
Apollo, bred them. But of men, the chief
Was Telamonian Ajax, while wrath-bound940
Achilles lay; for he was worthier far,
And more illustrious were the steeds which bore
The noble son of Peleus; but revenge
On Agamemnon leader of the host
Was all his thought, while in his gallant ships945
Sharp-keel’d to cut the foaming flood, he lay.
Meantime, along the margin of the deep
His soldiers hurled the disk, or bent the bow.
Or to its mark dispatch’d the quivering lance.
Beside the chariots stood the unharness’d steeds950
Cropping the lotus, or at leisure browsed
On celery wild, from watery freshes gleaned.
Beneath the shadow of the sheltering tent
The chariot stood, while they, the charioteers
Roam’d here and there the camp, their warlike lord955
Regretting sad, and idle for his sake.

These were the leaders and chiefs of Greece.
Tell me, Muse, who stood out the most
In personal merit, and whose horses were the strongest
And of the highest pedigree. Their color, age,
And height were the same, as swift as the winds of heaven935
And far surpassing all others, were the mares
That drew Eumelus; on the Pierian hills
The divine Archer with the silver bow,
Apollo, raised them. But among men, the top
Was Telamonian Ajax, while the rage-bound940
Achilles lay; for he was far more worthy,
And more renowned were the steeds that carried
The noble son of Peleus; but revenge
On Agamemnon, leader of the host,
Was all he cared about, while in his fine ships945
With sharp keels to cut through the foaming waves, he lay.
Meanwhile, along the shore, his soldiers were throwing the discus, or bending the bow.
Or sending the quivering spear to its target.
Next to the chariots stood the unharnessed horses950
Grazing on lotus or casually feeding
On wild celery, collected from the freshwater streams.
Under the shade of the protective tent
The chariot stood, while the charioteers
Wandered around the camp, their warlike lord955
Sorrowful and idle for his sake.

As if a fire had burnt along the ground,
Such seem’d their march; earth groan’d their steps beneath;
As when in Arimi, where fame reports
Typhoëus stretch’d, the fires of angry Jove960
Down darted, lash the ground, so groan’d the earth
Beneath them, for they traversed swift the plain.

As if a fire had swept across the ground,
That's how their march felt; the earth groaned under their feet;
Like when in Arimi, where the stories say
Typhoëus lies, and the angry bolts of Jove960
Slam down and strike the ground, so the earth groaned
Under them as they quickly crossed the plain.

And now from Jove, with heavy tidings charged,
Wind-footed Iris to the Trojans came.
It was the time of council, when the throng965
At Priam’s gate assembled, young and old:
Them, standing nigh, the messenger of heaven
Accosted with the voice of Priam’s son,
Polites. He, confiding in his speed
For sure deliverance, posted was abroad970
On Æsyeta’s tomb,[28] intent to watch
When the Achaian host should leave the fleet.
The Goddess in his form thus them address’d.

And now from Jove, with heavy news,
Wind-footed Iris approached the Trojans.
It was the time for a council, when a crowd965
At Priam’s gate gathered, young and old:
Standing nearby, the messenger from heaven
Spoke to them with the voice of Priam’s son,
Polites. He, relying on his speed
For sure delivery, had gone out970
To Æsyeta’s tomb,[28] ready to watch
For when the Achaian army would leave the fleet.
The Goddess in his form then addressed them.

Oh, ancient Monarch! Ever, evermore
Speaking, debating, as if all were peace;975
I have seen many a bright-embattled field,
But never one so throng’d as this to-day.
For like the leaves, or like the sands they come
Swept by the winds, to gird the city round.

Oh, ancient King! Forever and always
Talking and arguing, as if everything were fine;975
I’ve witnessed many fierce battlefields,
But never one so crowded as this today.
For they come like leaves, or like grains of sand,
Carried by the winds, surrounding the city.

But Hector! chiefly thee I shall exhort.980
In Priam’s spacious city are allies
Collected numerous, and of nations wide
Disseminated various are the tongues.
Let every Chief his proper troop command,
And marshal his own citizens to war.985

But Hector! It's mainly you I want to urge.980
In Priam’s large city, there are many allies
Gathered from various nations,
And the languages spoken are diverse.
Let each leader command his own troops,
And organize his own citizens for battle.985

She ceased; her Hector heard intelligent,
And quick dissolved the council. All took arms.
Wide flew the gates; forth rush’d the multitude,
Horsemen and foot, and boisterous stir arose.
In front of Ilium, distant on the plain,990
Clear all around from all obstruction, stands
An eminence high-raised, by mortal men
Call’d Bateia, but the Gods the tomb
Have named it of Myrinna swift in fight.
Troy and her aids there set the battle forth.995

She stopped; Hector listened intently,
And quickly ended the meeting. Everyone grabbed their weapons.
The gates flew wide open; the crowd surged out,
Horsemen and infantry, and a rowdy commotion started.
In front of Ilium, far out on the plain,990
Clear from all obstacles, stands
A high rise, known by mortals
As Bateia, but the Gods call it
The tomb of Myrinna, swift in battle.
Troy and her allies prepared for the fight there.995

Huge Priameian Hector, fierce in arms,
Led on the Trojans; with whom march’d the most
And the most valiant, dexterous at the spear.

Huge Hector of Troy, fierce in battle,
Led the Trojans; with him marched the most
Valiant and skilled warriors, experts with the spear.

Æneas, (on the hills of Ida him
The lovely Venus to Anchises bore,1000
A Goddess by a mortal man embraced)
Led the Dardanians; but not he alone;
Archilochus with him and Acamas
Stood forth, the offspring of Antenor, each,
And well instructed in all forms of war.1005

Æneas (on the hills of Ida, lovely Venus bore him to Anchises, a goddess embraced by a mortal man) led the Dardanians, but he wasn't alone; Archilochus and Acamas, both sons of Antenor, stood with him, each well-trained in every type of warfare.

Fast by the foot of Ida, where they drank
The limpid waters of Æsepus, dwelt
The Trojans of Zeleia. Rich were they
And led by Pandarus, Lycaon’s son,
Whom Phœbus self graced with the bow he bore.1010

Beside the foot of Ida, where they drank
The clear waters of Æsepus, lived
The Trojans of Zeleia. They were wealthy
And led by Pandarus, son of Lycaon,
Whom Apollo himself honored with the bow he carried.1010

Apæsus, Adrastea, Terie steep,
And Pitueia—them, Amphius clad
In mail thick-woven, and Adrastus, ruled.
They were the sons of the Percosian seer
Merops, expert in the soothsayers’ art1015
Above all other; he his sons forbad
The bloody fight, but disobedient they
Still sought it, for their destiny prevailed.

Apæsus, Adrastea, steep Terie,
And Pitueia—these were the ones, Amphius clad
In heavy armor, and Adrastus, ruled.
They were the sons of the Percosian seer
Merops, skilled in the art of prophecy1015
Above everyone else; he forbade his sons
From the bloody battle, but they disobeyed
And still pursued it, for their fate dominated.

The warriors of Percote, and who dwelt
In Practius, in Arisba, city fair,1020
In Sestus, in Abydus, march’d behind
Princely Hyrtacides; his tawny steeds,
Strong-built and tall, from Sellcentes’ bank
And from Arisba, had him borne to Troy.

The warriors of Percote, who lived in Practius, in the beautiful city of Arisba, in Sestus, and in Abydus, marched behind the noble Hyrtacides; his brown horses, strong and tall, had carried him from the banks of Sellcentes and from Arisba to Troy.

Hippothous and Pilmus, branch of Mars,1025
Both sons of Lethus the Pelasgian, they,
Forth from Larissa for her fertile soil
Far-famed, the spear-expert Pelasgians brought.

Hippothous and Pilmus, children of Mars,1025
Both sons of Lethus the Pelasgian, they,
Came from Larissa, known for its rich soil,
Well-known, the skilled spear-throwing Pelasgians brought.

The Thracians (all whom Hellespont includes
Within the banks of his swift-racing tide)1030
Heroic Acamas and Pirous led.
Euphemus, offspring of Trœzenus, son
Of Jove-protected Ceas, was the Chief
Whom the spear-arm’d Ciconian band obey’d.

The Thracians (all those Hellespont contains
Within the shores of his fast-moving tide)1030
Heroic Acamas and Pirous led.
Euphemus, son of Trœzenus,
Of Jove-protected Ceas, was the leader
Whom the spear-wielding Ciconian group followed.

Pæonia’s archers follow’d to the field1035
Pyræchmes; they from Amydon remote
Were drawn, where Axius winds; broad Axius, stream
Diffused delightful over all the vale.

Pæonia’s archers followed to the battlefield1035
Pyræchmes; they came from far-off Amydon
Where Axius flows; wide Axius, river
Spreading beauty throughout the entire valley.

Pylæmenes, a Chief of giant might
From the Eneti for forest-mules renowned1040
March’d with his Paphlagonians; dwellers they
In Sesamus and in Cytorus were,
And by the stream Parthenius; Cromna these
Sent forth, and those Ægialus on the lip
And margin of the land, and some, the heights1045
Of Erythini, rugged and abrupt.

Pylæmenes, a powerful leader
From the Eneti known for their forest-mules1040
Marched with his Paphlagonians; they lived
In Sesamus and in Cytorus,
And by the Parthenius stream; Cromna sent
These out, and those Ægialus along the edge
And border of the land, and some, the steep1045
Of Erythini, rough and steep.

Epistrophus and Odius from the land
Of Alybe, a region far remote,
Where veins of silver wind, led to the field
The Halizonians. With the Mysians came1050
Chromis their Chief, and Ennomus; him skill’d
In augury, but skill’d in vain, his art
Saved not, but by Æacides[29] the swift,
With others in the Xanthus[30] slain, he died.
Ascanius, lovely youth, and Phorcis, led1055
The Phrygians from Ascania far remote,
Ardent for battle. The Mœonian race,
(All those who at the foot of Tmolus dwelt,)
Mesthles and Antiphus, fraternal pair,
Sons of Pylæmenes commanded, both1060
Of the Gygæan lake in Lydia born.

Epistrophus and Odius from the land
Of Alybe, a distant place,
Where silver veins flowed, led the Halizonians to the field.
With the Mysians came1050
Chromis their Chief and Ennomus; he was skilled
In prophecy, but his skills were useless; his art
Couldn't save him, but by Æacides[29] the swift,
With others in the Xanthus[30] killed, he died.
Ascanius, a handsome youth, and Phorcis, led1055
The Phrygians from far-off Ascania,
Eager for battle. The Mœonian people,
(All those who lived at the foot of Tmolus,)
Mesthles and Antiphus, a brother pair,
Sons of Pylæmenes commanded, both1060
Born by the Gygæan lake in Lydia.

Amphimachus and Nastes led to fight
The Carians, people of a barbarous speech,[31]
With the Milesians, and the mountain-race
Of wood-crown’d Phthira, and who dwelt beside1065
Mæander, or on Mycale sublime.
Them led Amphimachus and Nastes, sons
Renown’d of Nomion. Like a simple girl
Came forth Amphimachus with gold bedight,
But him his trappings from a woful death1070
Saved not, when whirled beneath the bloody tide
To Peleus’ stormy son his spoils he left.

Amphimachus and Nastes led the fight
Against the Carians, whose speech was harsh,
Along with the Milesians and the mountain folks
From wood-crowned Phthira, and those who lived beside1065
Mæander, or on the heights of Mycale.
They were led by Amphimachus and Nastes, sons
Famed of Nomion. Like an innocent girl
Amphimachus appeared, adorned in gold,
But his decorations could not save him from a tragic death1070
When he was swept away beneath the bloody waves,
Leaving his spoils to Peleus’ stormy son.

Sarpedon with the noble Glaucus led
Their warriors forth from farthest Lycia, where
Xanthus deep-dimpled rolls his oozy tide.1075

Sarpedon and the noble Glaucus led
Their warriors out from distant Lycia, where
Xanthus flows with deep curves in its murky current.1075

BOOK III.

ARGUMENT OF THE THIRD BOOK.

The armies meet. Paris throws out a challenge to the Grecian Princes. Menelaus accepts it. The terms of the combat are adjusted solemnly by Agamemnon on the part of Greece, and by Priam on the part of Troy. The combat ensues, in which Paris is vanquished, whom yet Venus rescues. Agamemnon demands from the Trojans a performance of the covenant.

The armies come together. Paris challenges the Greek princes. Menelaus takes him up on it. Agamemnon, representing Greece, and Priam, representing Troy, solemnly outline the terms of the fight. The battle happens, and Paris is defeated, but Venus intervenes to save him. Agamemnon insists that the Trojans fulfill the agreement.

BOOK III.

[1]Now marshall’d all beneath their several chiefs,
With deafening shouts, and with the clang of arms,
The host of Troy advanced. Such clang is heard
Along the skies, when from incessant showers
Escaping, and from winter’s cold, the cranes5
Take wing, and over Ocean speed away;[2]
Wo to the land of dwarfs! prepared they fly
For slaughter of the small Pygmæan race.
Not so the Greeks; they breathing valor came,
But silent all, and all with faithful hearts10
On succor mutual to the last, resolved.
As when the south wind wraps the mountain top
In mist the shepherd’s dread, but to the thief
Than night itself more welcome, and the eye
Is bounded in its ken to a stone’s cast,15
Such from beneath their footsteps dun and dense
Uprose the dust, for swift they cross the plain.

[1]Now gathered all under their different leaders,
With loud shouts and the clash of weapons,
The army of Troy moved forward. Such noise is heard
In the skies when, escaping from constant rain
And winter’s chill, the cranes5
Take flight and race over the ocean;[2]
Woe to the land of dwarfs! They are ready to swoop
To slaughter the tiny Pygmy people.
Not so the Greeks; they came with bravery,
But in silence, all with loyal hearts10
Determined to support each other to the end.
As when the south wind shrouds the mountain peak
In mist, which the shepherd fears, but to the thief
Is more welcome than night itself, and the eye
Can only see a stone’s throw ahead,15
So from beneath their steps, thick and heavy
Rose the dust as they quickly crossed the plain.

When, host to host opposed, full nigh they stood,
Then Alexander[3] in the Trojan van
Advanced was seen, all beauteous as a God;20
His leopard’s skin, his falchion and his bow
Hung from his shoulder; bright with heads of brass
He shook two spears, and challenged to the fight
The bravest Argives there, defying all.
Him, striding haughtily his host before25
When Menelaus saw, such joy he felt
As hunger-pinch’d the lion feels, by chance
Conducted to some carcase huge, wild goat,
Or antler’d stag; huntsmen and baying hounds
Disturb not him, he gorges in their sight.30
So Menelaus at the view rejoiced
Of lovely Alexander, for he hoped
His punishment at hand. At once, all armed,
Down from his chariot to the ground he leap’d

When the two sides stood almost face to face,
Then Alexander[3] in the front line of the Trojans
Was seen advancing, looking as beautiful as a god;20
His leopard skin, his sword, and his bow
Were slung over his shoulder; shining with brass
He shook two spears and challenged
The bravest Argives there, daring them all.
Seeing him stride proudly in front of his men,25
Menelaus felt a joy
Like that of a hungry lion who, by chance,
Stumbles upon a huge carcass, wild goat,
Or antlered stag; hunters and barking hounds
Do not disturb him; he feasts in their sight.30
So Menelaus rejoiced at the sight
Of handsome Alexander, for he hoped
His punishment was near. Immediately, fully armed,
He jumped down from his chariot to the ground.

When godlike Paris him in front beheld35
Conspicuous, his heart smote him, and his fate
Avoiding, far within the lines he shrank.[4]
As one, who in some woodland height descrying
A serpent huge, with sudden start recoils,
His limbs shake under him; with cautious step40
He slow retires; fear blanches cold his cheeks;
So beauteous Alexander at the sight
Of Atreus’ son dishearten’d sore, the ranks
Of haughty Trojans enter’d deep again:
Him Hector eyed, and thus rebuked severe.45

When the godlike Paris saw him in front, His heart sank, and trying to escape his fate, He shrank back deep within the lines. Like someone who, on a high woodland trail, spots A huge serpent, suddenly recoils, His limbs trembling; with cautious steps He slowly retreats; fear turns his cheeks pale; So beautiful Alexander, upon seeing Atreus’ son, feeling deeply discouraged, Re-entered the ranks of the proud Trojans. Hector looked at him and harshly rebuked him.

Curst Paris! Fair deceiver! Woman-mad!
I would to all in heaven that thou hadst died
Unborn, at least unmated! happier far
Than here to have incurr’d this public shame!
Well may the Grecians taunt, and laughing loud,50
Applaud the champion, slow indeed to fight
And pusillanimous, but wondrous fair.
Wast thou as timid, tell me, when with those
Thy loved companions in that famed exploit,
Thou didst consort with strangers, and convey55
From distant lands a warrior’s beauteous bride
To be thy father’s and his people’s curse,
Joy to our foes, but to thyself reproach?
Behold her husband! Darest thou not to face
The warlike prince? Now learn how brave a Chief60
Thou hast defrauded of his blooming spouse.
Thy lyre, thy locks, thy person, specious gifts
Of partial Venus, will avail thee nought,
Once mixt by Menelaus with the dust.
But we are base ourselves, or long ago,65
For all thy numerous mischiefs, thou hadst slept
Secure beneath a coverlet[5] of stone.[6]

Curse you, Paris! Deceptive beauty! Obsessed with women!
I wish to heaven that you had died
Before you were born, or at least never paired! You’d be much better off
Than to have brought this public humiliation upon yourself!
The Greeks can mock, and laugh loudly,50
Applauding the champion, slow to fight
And cowardly, but incredibly handsome.
Were you this timid, I ask, when with those
Your beloved friends in that famous venture,
You associated with strangers, and brought55
A warrior’s beautiful bride from far-off lands
To become your father’s and his people's curse,
Bringing joy to our enemies, but shame to yourself?
Look at her husband! Do you dare not to face
The brave prince of war? Now see how noble a Chief60
You’ve cheated of his blooming wife.
Your lyre, your hair, your looks—superficial gifts
From favoring Venus, will do you no good,
Once mixed by Menelaus with the dust.
But we ourselves are lowly, or long ago,65
For all your countless wrongs, you would have slept
Safely beneath a coverlet[5] of stone.[6]

Then godlike Alexander thus replied.
Oh Hector, true in temper as the axe
Which in the shipwright’s hand the naval plank70
Divides resistless, doubling all his force,
Such is thy dauntless spirit whose reproach
Perforce I own, nor causeless nor unjust.
Yet let the gracious gifts uncensured pass
Of golden Venus; man may not reject75
The glorious bounty by the Gods bestow’d,
Nor follows their beneficence our choice.
But if thy pleasure be that I engage
With Menelaus in decision fierce
Of desperate combat bid the host of Troy80
And bid the Grecians sit; then face to face
Commit us, in the vacant field between,
To fight for Helen and for all her wealth.
Who strongest proves, and conquers, he, of her
And hers possess’d shall bear them safe away;85
While ye (peace sworn and firm accord) shall dwell
At Troy, and these to Argos shall return
And to Achaia praised for women fair.

Then godlike Alexander replied, Oh Hector, steady as the axe That the shipbuilder uses to split the naval plank, You possess a fearless spirit, and I can’t deny your reproach; It’s neither unfounded nor unfair. But let’s not criticize the generous gifts of golden Venus; No man can refuse the glorious gifts given by the Gods, Nor can we choose who benefits from their kindness. But if you want me to fight Menelaus To settle things through fierce combat, Then let the Trojans gather, And tell the Greeks to sit back; then we’ll face each other In the empty field between us, To fight for Helen and all her treasures. Whoever proves strongest and wins, Will take her and all she owns safely away; While you (having sworn peace and a firm agreement) will stay In Troy, and these will return to Argos And to Achaia, praised for their beautiful women.

He ceased, whom Hector heard with joy; he moved
Into the middle space, and with his spear90
Advanced athwart push’d back the Trojan van,
And all stood fast. Meantime at him the Greeks
Discharged full volley, showering thick around
From bow and sling;[7] when with a mighty voice
Thus Agamemnon, leader of the host.95

He stopped, and Hector heard him with joy; he stepped
Into the open space, and with his spear90
Advanced and pushed back the Trojan front,
And everyone held their ground. Meanwhile, the Greeks
Unleashed a full volley, raining down
From bow and sling;[7] when Agamemnon, the leader of the army,
Called out with a powerful voice.95

Argives! Be still—shoot not, ye sons of Greece!
Hector bespeaks attention. Hear the Chief!

Argives! Be quiet—don’t shoot, you sons of Greece!
Hector calls for your attention. Listen to the Chief!

He said, at once the Grecians ceased to shoot,
And all sat silent. Hector then began.

He said, and the Greeks immediately stopped shooting,
And everyone fell silent

Hear me, ye Trojans, and ye Greeks mail-arm’d,100
While I shall publish in your ears the words
Of Alexander, author of our strife.
Trojans, he bids, and Grecians on the field
Their arms dispose; while he, the hosts between,
With warlike Menelaus shall in fight105
Contend for Helen, and for all her wealth.
Who strongest proves, and conquers, he, of her
And hers possess’d, shall bear them safe away,
And oaths of amity shall bind the rest.

Listen up, Trojans and armored Greeks,100
I’m going to share Alexander’s words with you.
He calls upon both Trojans and Greeks to prepare
Their weapons on the battlefield; meanwhile,
He will stand between the armies,
Fighting alongside warlike Menelaus105
For Helen and all her riches.
Whoever proves the strongest and wins
Will take her and all her treasures away,
And oaths of friendship will bind the rest.

He ceased, and all deep silence held, amazed;110
When valiant Menelaus thus began.

He stopped, and a deep silence fell, full of amazement;110
When brave Menelaus started to speak.

Hear now me also, on whose aching heart
These woes have heaviest fallen. At last I hope
Decision near, Trojans and Greeks between,
For ye have suffer’d in my quarrel much,115
And much by Paris, author of the war.
Die he who must, and peace be to the rest.
But ye shall hither bring two lambs, one white,
The other black;[8] this to the Earth devote,
That to the Sun. We shall ourselves supply120
A third for Jove. Then bring ye Priam forth,
Himself to swear the covenant, (for his sons
Are faithless) lest the oath of Jove be scorn’d.
Young men are ever of unstable mind;
But when an elder interferes, he views125
Future and past together, and insures
The compact, to both parties, uninfringed.

Listen to me now, with my aching heart
Feeling the weight of these troubles. Finally, I hope
We're close to a decision between the Trojans and Greeks,
For you have all suffered a lot because of my conflict,115
And much due to Paris, the one who started this war.
Let whoever must die, die, and may the rest find peace.
But you must bring two lambs here, one white,
The other black;[8] dedicate this one to the Earth,
And that one to the Sun. We will provide120
A third one for Jove. Then bring Priam out,
So he can swear the agreement himself, (since his sons
Cannot be trusted) to ensure Jove's oath isn't disrespected.
Young people are always so fickle;
But when an elder steps in, he can see125
Both the future and the past, and makes sure
The agreement is upheld by both sides.

So Menelaus spake; and in all hearts
Awaken’d joyful hope that there should end
War’s long calamities. Alighted each,130
And drew his steeds into the lines. The field
Glitter’d with arms put off, and side by side,
Ranged orderly, while the interrupted war
Stood front to front, small interval between.

So Menelaus spoke; and in everyone's hearts
Excited joyful hope that the long-standing
Misery of war would finally come to an end. Everyone
Disembarked and lined up their horses. The field
Sparkled with discarded weapons, and side by side,
They were arranged neatly, while the halted war
Faced each other, with only a small gap in between.

Then Hector to the city sent in haste135
Two heralds for the lambs, and to invite
Priam; while Agamemnon, royal Chief,
Talthybius to the Grecian fleet dismiss’d
For a third lamb to Jove; nor he the voice
Of noble Agamemnon disobey’d.140

Then Hector quickly sent two messengers to the city for the sacrifices and to invite Priam; while Agamemnon, the royal leader, sent Talthybius to the Greek fleet for a third lamb to offer to Jove; he did not disobey the command of noble Agamemnon.

Iris, ambassadress of heaven, the while,
To Helen came. Laödice she seem’d,
Loveliest of all the daughters of the house
Of Priam, wedded to Antenor’s son,
King Helicäon. Her she found within,145
An ample web magnificent she wove,[9]
Inwrought with numerous conflicts for her sake
Beneath the hands of Mars endured by Greeks
Mail-arm’d, and Trojans of equestrian fame.
Swift Iris, at her side, her thus address’d.150

Iris, messenger from heaven, approached Helen. She looked like Laödice, the most beautiful of all Priam's daughters, married to Antenor’s son, King Helicäon. She found her inside, working on a magnificent large piece of fabric, intricately depicting the many battles fought for her by the Greek warriors in armor and the famous Trojan cavalry. Swift Iris stood beside her and said:

Haste, dearest nymph! a wondrous sight behold!
Greeks brazen-mail’d, and Trojans steed-renown’d.
So lately on the cruel work of Mars
Intent and hot for mutual havoc, sit
Silent; the war hath paused, and on his shield155
Each leans, his long spear planted at his side.
Paris and Menelaus, warrior bold,
With quivering lances shall contend for thee,
And thou art his who conquers; his for ever.

Hurry, dear nymph! Take a look at this amazing sight!
Greeks in their shining armor, and Trojans known for their horses.
Just a moment ago, they were all fired up for battle,
Focused on the brutal work of war, now they sit
In silence; the fighting has stopped, and each man leans on his shield155
With their long spears planted at their sides.
Paris and Menelaus, brave warriors,
Will face off with their trembling lances for you,
And whoever wins gets to keep you, forever.

So saying, the Goddess into Helen’s soul160
Sweetest desire infused to see again
Her former Lord, her parents, and her home.
At once o’ermantled with her snowy veil
She started forth, and as she went let fall
A tender tear; not unaccompanied165
She went, but by two maidens of her train
Attended, Æthra, Pittheus’ daughter fair,
And soft-eyed Clymene. Their hasty steps
Convey’d them quickly to the Scæan gate.
There Priam, Panthous, Clytius, Lampus sat,170
Thymoetes, Hicetaon, branch of Mars,
Antenor and Ucalegon the wise,
All, elders of the people; warriors erst,
But idle now through age, yet of a voice
Still indefatigable as the fly’s[10]175
Which perch’d among the boughs sends forth at noon
Through all the grove his slender ditty sweet.
Such sat those Trojan leaders on the tower,
Who, soon as Helen on the steps they saw,
In accents quick, but whisper’d, thus remark’d.180

So saying, the Goddess filled Helen’s heart160
With the sweetest desire to see again
Her former husband, her parents, and her home.
Covered in her snowy veil,
She set out, and as she walked,
Let fall a tender tear; she was not alone165
But accompanied by two maidens of her entourage,
Æthra, the fair daughter of Pittheus,
And soft-eyed Clymene. They hurried
Quickly to the Scæan gate.
There sat Priam, Panthous, Clytius, Lampus,170
Thymoetes, Hicetaon, scion of Mars,
Antenor and wise Ucalegon,
All elders of the people; once warriors,
Now idle with age, yet their voices
Were still as tireless as the fly's[10]175
That perched among the branches, sending forth at noon
Its sweet, slender song throughout the grove.
Such were the Trojan leaders seated on the tower,
Who, as soon as they saw Helen on the steps,
Remarked in quick but whispered tones.180

Trojans and Grecians wage, with fair excuse,
Long war for so much beauty.[11] Oh, how like
In feature to the Goddesses above!
Pernicious loveliness! Ah, hence away,
Resistless as thou art and all divine,185
Nor leave a curse to us, and to our sons.

Trojans and Greeks fight, and it makes sense,
For such incredible beauty.[11] Oh, how much
They resemble the Goddesses above!
Destructive beauty! Ah, go away,
As irresistible as you are and completely divine,185
Don’t leave a curse for us and for our children.

So they among themselves; but Priam call’d
Fair Helen to his side.[12] My daughter dear!
Come, sit beside me. Thou shalt hence discern
Thy former Lord, thy kindred and thy friends.190
I charge no blame on thee. The Gods have caused,
Not thou, this lamentable war to Troy.[13]
Name to me yon Achaian Chief for bulk
Conspicuous, and for port. Taller indeed
I may perceive than he; but with these eyes195
Saw never yet such dignity, and grace.
Declare his name. Some royal Chief he seems.

So they talked among themselves; but Priam called
Fair Helen to his side.[12] My dear daughter!
Come, sit beside me. You’ll see
Your former husband, your family, and your friends.190
I place no blame on you. The gods have caused,
Not you, this tragic war against Troy.[13]
Tell me the name of that Achaean Chief who stands out
For his size and bearing. He might be taller than anyone I can see,195
But I have never seen such dignity and grace with my own eyes.
What’s his name? He seems like some royal chief.

To whom thus Helen, loveliest of her sex,
My other Sire! by me for ever held
In reverence, and with filial fear beloved!200
Oh that some cruel death had been my choice,
Rather than to abandon, as I did,
All joys domestic, matrimonial bliss,
Brethren, dear daughter, and companions dear,
A wanderer with thy son. Yet I alas!205
Died not, and therefore now, live but to weep.
But I resolve thee. Thou behold’st the son
Of Atreus, Agamemnon, mighty king,
In arms heroic, gracious in the throne,
And, (though it shame me now to call him such,)210
By nuptial ties a brother once to me.

To whom Helen, the most beautiful of all,
My other father! forever respected by me,
And loved with a child’s reverence!200
Oh, how I wish some cruel death had been my choice,
Rather than to leave behind, as I did,
All home comforts, marital happiness,
Brothers, my dear daughter, and beloved friends,
A wanderer with your son. Yet, sadly!205
I didn’t die, and now I only live to weep.
But I will tell you. You see the son
Of Atreus, Agamemnon, a mighty king,
Heroic in battle, gracious on the throne,
And, (though it embarrasses me to say this now,)210
By marriage ties, he was once my brother.

Then him the ancient King-admiring, said.
Oh blest Atrides, happy was thy birth,
And thy lot glorious, whom this gallant host
So numerous, of the sons of Greece obey!215
To vine-famed Phrygia, in my days of youth,
I journey’d; many Phrygians there I saw,
Brave horsemen, and expert; they were the powers
Of Otreus and of Mygdon, godlike Chief,
And on the banks of Sangar’s stream encamp’d.220
I march’d among them, chosen in that war
Ally of Phrygia, and it was her day
Of conflict with the man-defying race,
The Amazons; yet multitudes like these
Thy bright-eyed Greeks, I saw not even there.225

Then the ancient King, admiring him, said.
Oh blessed Atrides, you were fortunate to be born,
And your fate is glorious, as this brave host
So countless, of the sons of Greece follows you!215
To vine-rich Phrygia, in my youth,
I traveled; I saw many Phrygians there,
Brave horsemen, skilled; they were the forces
Of Otreus and Mygdon, the godlike Chief,
And they camped by the banks of the Sangar stream.220
I marched among them, chosen in that war
As an ally of Phrygia, and it was their time
To fight against the man-defying race,
The Amazons; yet I did not see multitudes like these
Your bright-eyed Greeks, even there.225

The venerable King observing next
Ulysses, thus inquired. My child, declare
Him also. Shorter by the head he seems
Than Agamemnon, Atreus’ mighty son,
But shoulder’d broader, and of ampler chest;230
He hath disposed his armor on the plain,
But like a ram, himself the warrior ranks
Ranges majestic; like a ram full-fleeced
By numerous sheep encompass’d snowy-white.

The respected King, watching Ulysses, asked, “My child, tell me about him too. He seems shorter than Agamemnon, the great son of Atreus, but he’s broader in the shoulders and has a larger chest. He’s laid his armor on the ground, but he stands among the warriors like a majestic ram, surrounded by a flock of fluffy white sheep.”

To whom Jove’s daughter Helen thus replied.235
In him the son of old Laërtes know,
Ulysses; born in Ithaca the rude,
But of a piercing wit, and deeply wise.

To whom Jove’s daughter Helen replied.235
In him, you’ll recognize the son of old Laërtes,
Ulysses; born in rough Ithaca,
But with a sharp mind and great wisdom.

Then answer thus, Antenor sage return’d.
Princess thou hast described him: hither once240
The noble Ithacan, on thy behalf
Ambassador with Menelaus, came:
Beneath my roof, with hospitable fare
Friendly I entertained them. Seeing then
Occasion opportune, I closely mark’d245
The genius and the talents of the Chiefs,
And this I noted well; that when they stood
Amid the assembled counsellors of Troy,
Then Menelaus his advantage show’d,
Who by the shoulders overtopp’d his friend.250
But when both sat, Ulysses in his air
Had more of state and dignity than he.
In the delivery of a speech address’d
To the full senate, Menelaus used
Few words, but to the matter, fitly ranged,255
And with much sweetness utter’d; for in loose
And idle play of ostentatious terms
He dealt not, thhugh he were the younger man.
But when the wise Ulysses from his seat
Had once arisen, he would his downcast eyes260
So rivet on the earth, and with a hand
That seem’d untutor’d in its use, so hold
His sceptre, swaying it to neither side,
That hadst thou seen him, thou hadst thought him, sure,
Some chafed and angry idiot, passion-fixt.265
Yet, when at length, the clear and mellow base
Of his deep voice brake forth, and he let fall
His chosen words like flakes of feather’d snow,
None then might match Ulysses; leisure, then,
Found none to wonder at his noble form.270

Then Antenor, the wise one, answered:
Princess, you have described him well: once240
The noble Ithacan came here as your
Ambassador with Menelaus:
Under my roof, I welcomed them with
Friendly hospitality. I saw the chance,245
So I closely observed the skills and qualities
Of the leaders,
And I noted this well; when they stood
Among the gathered counselors of Troy,
Menelaus showed his advantage,
As he was taller than his friend.250
But when they both sat down, Ulysses
Had more presence and dignity.
In delivering a speech to the full senate,
Menelaus used
Few words, but they were well organized and relevant,255
And he spoke sweetly; he didn't use
Loose or showy language,
Even though he was the younger man.
But when wise Ulysses stood up,
He would cast his downturned eyes260
On the ground, and with a hand
That seemed untrained, he would hold
His scepter, keeping it steady,
If you had seen him, you might have thought him,
Some frustrated and angry fool, stuck in his emotions.265
Yet, when at last, the deep and rich sound
Of his voice broke forth, and he spoke
His carefully chosen words like flakes of soft snow,
No one could match Ulysses; and in that moment,
None could help but admire his noble form.270

The third of whom the venerable king
Inquired, was Ajax.—Yon Achaian tall,
Whose head and shoulders tower above the rest,
And of such bulk prodigious—who is he?

The third person the respected king
Asked about was Ajax.—That tall Achaean,
Whose head and shoulders rise above the others,
And has such enormous size—who is he?

Him answer’d Helen, loveliest of her sex.275
A bulwark of the Greeks. In him thou seest
Gigantic Ajax. Opposite appear
The Cretans, and among the Chiefs of Crete
stands, like a God, Idomeneus. Him oft
From Crete arrived, was Menelaüs wont280
To entertain; and others now I see,
Achaians, whom I could recall to mind,
And give to each his name; but two brave youths
I yet discern not; for equestrian skill
One famed, and one a boxer never foiled;285
My brothers; born of Leda; sons of Jove;
Castor and Pollux. Either they abide
In lovely Sparta still, or if they came,
Decline the fight, by my disgrace abash’d
And the reproaches which have fallen on me.[14]290

Helen answered, the most beautiful of all women.275
A stronghold for the Greeks. In him you see
Gigantic Ajax. Across from him stand
The Cretans, and among the leaders of Crete
is Idomeneus, standing like a god. He often
was welcomed by Menelaus when he came
from Crete; and now I see others,
Achaeans, whom I could remember,
and name each one; but there are two brave young men
I still don’t see; one known for his riding skills
and one a boxer who’s never lost;285
my brothers, born of Leda, sons of Zeus;
Castor and Pollux. Either they’re still in
beautiful Sparta, or if they came,
they’ve chosen not to fight, embarrassed by my shame
and the insults that have been thrown at me.[14]290

She said; but they already slept inhumed
In Lacedemon, in their native soil.

She said; but they were already buried
In Laconia, in their homeland.

And now the heralds, through the streets of Troy
Charged with the lambs, and with a goat-skin filled
With heart-exhilarating wine prepared295
For that divine solemnity, return’d.
Idæus in his hand a beaker bore
Resplendent, with its fellow cups of gold,
And thus he summon’d ancient Priam forth.

And now the messengers, through the streets of Troy
Carried lambs and a goat-skin filled
With heart-lifting wine prepared295
For that sacred ceremony, returned.
Idæus held a shining cup
Along with other golden cups,
And called for the old Priam to come out.

Son of Laömedon, arise. The Chiefs300
Call thee, the Chiefs of Ilium and of Greece.
Descend into the plain. We strike a truce,
And need thine oath to bind it. Paris fights
With warlike Menelaüs for his spouse;
Their spears decide the strife. The conqueror wins305
Helen and all her treasures. We, thenceforth,
(Peace sworn and amity) shall dwell secure
In Troy, while they to Argos shall return
And to Achaia praised for women fair.

Son of Laömedon, get up. The Chiefs300
Are calling you, the Chiefs of Ilium and Greece.
Come down to the plain. We’re making a truce,
And we need your oath to seal it. Paris is fighting
Against brave Menelaüs for his wife;
Their spears will settle the conflict. The winner takes305
Helen and all her riches. From then on,
(With peace and friendship pledged) we’ll live safely
In Troy, while they go back to Argos
And Achaia, celebrated for their beautiful women.

He spake, and Priam, shuddering, bade his train310
Prepare his steeds; they sedulous obey’d.
First, Priam mounting, backward stretch’d the reins;
Antenor, next, beside him sat, and through
The Scæan gate they drove into the plain.
Arriving at the hosts of Greece and Troy315
They left the chariot, and proceeded both
Into the interval between the hosts.
Then uprose Agamemnon, and uprose
All-wise Ulysses. Next, the heralds came
Conspicuous forward, expediting each320
The ceremonial; they the beaker fill’d
With wine, and to the hands of all the kings
Minister’d water. Agamemnon then
Drawing his dagger which he ever bore
Appendant to his heavy falchion’s sheath,325
Cut off the forelocks of the lambs,[15] of which
The heralds gave to every Grecian Chief
A portion, and to all the Chiefs of Troy.
Then Agamemnon raised his hands, and pray’d.

He spoke, and Priam, trembling, instructed his attendants310
to get his horses ready; they diligently obeyed.
First, Priam climbed onto the chariot and pulled back the reins;
Antenor then sat beside him, and through
the Scæan gate they drove out onto the plain.
When they reached the gathering of the Greeks and Trojans315
they left the chariot and walked between the two armies.
Then Agamemnon stood up, and so did
all-wise Ulysses. Next, the heralds stepped forward,
making everything proceed smoothly320
for the ceremony; they filled a cup
with wine and provided water for all the kings.
Agamemnon then
took his dagger, which he always carried
hanging from the sheath of his heavy sword,325
and cut off the forelocks of the lambs,[15] which
the heralds distributed to each Greek chief
and to all the chiefs of Troy.
Then Agamemnon raised his hands and prayed.

Jove, Father, who from Ida stretchest forth330
Thine arm omnipotent, o’erruling all,
And thou, all-seeing and all-hearing Sun,
Ye Rivers, and thou conscious Earth, and ye
Who under earth on human kind avenge
Severe, the guilt of violated oaths,335
Hear ye, and ratify what now we swear!
Should Paris slay the hero amber-hair’d,
My brother Menelaüs, Helen’s wealth
And Helen’s self are his, and all our host
Shall home return to Greece; but should it chance340
That Paris fall by Menelaüs’ hand,
Then Troy shall render back what she detains,
With such amercement as is meet, a sum
To be remember’d in all future times.
Which penalty should Priam and his sons345
Not pay, though Paris fall, then here in arms
I will contend for payment of the mulct
My due, till, satisfied, I close the war.

Jove, Father, who from Ida stretches out330
Your all-powerful arm, ruling everything,
And you, all-seeing and all-hearing Sun,
You Rivers, and you aware Earth, and you
Who beneath the earth punish humanity
Severely for breaking oaths,335
Listen, and confirm what we now swear!
If Paris kills the hero with amber hair,
My brother Menelaüs, Helen’s fortune
And Helen herself will be his, and all our troops
Shall return home to Greece; but if it happens340
That Paris falls by Menelaüs’ hand,
Then Troy will give back what she holds,
With a penalty that is fitting, a sum
To be remembered for all time.
If Priam and his sons345
Do not pay this penalty, even if Paris falls, then here in arms
I will fight for the payment of the fine
I am owed, until I am satisfied and the war ends.

He said, and with his ruthless steel the lambs
Stretch’d panting all, but soon they ceased to pant,350
For mortal was the stroke.[16] Then drawing forth
Wine from the beaker, they with brimming cups
Hail’d the immortal Gods, and pray’d again,
And many a Grecian thus and Trojan spake.

He said, and with his sharp edge the lambs
All lay there breathless, but soon they stopped panting,350
For the blow was deadly.[16] Then pulling out
Wine from the cup, they raised full glasses
To toast the immortal Gods and prayed once more,
And many a Greek and Trojan spoke like this.

All-glorious Jove, and ye the powers of heaven,355
Whoso shall violate this contract first,
So be the brains of them and of their sons
Pour’d out, as we this wine pour on the earth,
And may their wives bring forth to other men!

All-glorious Jove, and you the powers of heaven,355
Whoever breaks this contract first,
Let their brains and their sons' brains
Be poured out, just like we pour this wine on the ground,
And may their wives have children with other men!

So they: but them Jove heard not. Then arose360
Priam, the son of Dardanus, and said,

So they: but Jove did not hear them. Then Priam, the son of Dardanus, stood up and said,

Hear me, ye Trojans and ye Greeks well-arm’d.
Hence back to wind-swept Ilium I return,
Unable to sustain the sight, my son
With warlike Menelaüs match’d in arms.365
Jove knows, and the immortal Gods, to whom
Of both, this day is preordain’d the last.

Hear me, Trojans and Greeks in armor.
I’m going back to wind-swept Ilium,
Unable to bear the sight of my son
Matched in battle with warlike Menelaus.365 days
Jove knows, and the immortal Gods, for whom
This day is destined to be the last for both.

So spake the godlike monarch, and disposed
Within the royal chariot all the lambs;
Then, mounting, check’d the reins; Antenor next370
Ascended, and to Ilium both return’d.

So the godlike king spoke and arranged all the lambs in the royal chariot. Then, getting on, he took the reins; Antenor climbed up next, and they both returned to Ilium.

First, Hector and Ulysses, noble Chief,
Measured the ground; then taking lots for proof
Who of the combatants should foremost hurl
His spear, they shook them in a brazen casque;375
Meantime the people raised their hands on high,
And many a Grecian thus and Trojan prayed.

First, Hector and Ulysses, the noble leaders,
Measured the ground; then drawing lots as proof
To decide which of the fighters would throw
His spear first, they shook them in a bronze helmet;375
Meanwhile, the people raised their hands high,
And many Greeks and Trojans prayed like this.

Jove, Father, who on Ida seated, seest
And rulest all below, glorious in power!
Of these two champions, to the drear abodes380
Of Ades him appoint who furnish’d first
The cause of strife between them, and let peace
Oath-bound, and amity unite the rest!

Jove, Father, who sits on Ida, sees
And rules everything below, glorious in power!
Of these two champions, send to the gloomy realms380
Of Hades the one who first sparked
The conflict between them, and let a peace
Bound by oath, and friendship unite the others!

So spake the hosts; then Hector shook the lots,
Majestic Chief, turning his face aside.385
Forth sprang the lot of Paris. They in ranks
Sat all, where stood the fiery steeds of each,
And where his radiant arms lay on the field.
Illustrious Alexander his bright arms
Put on, fair Helen’s paramour. [17]He clasp’d390
His polish’d greaves with silver studs secured;
His brother’s corselet to his breast he bound,
Lycaon’s, apt to his own shape and size,
And slung athwart his shoulders, bright emboss’d,
His brazen sword; his massy buckler broad395
He took, and to his graceful head his casque
Adjusted elegant, which, as he moved,
Its bushy crest waved dreadful; last he seized,
Well fitted to his gripe, his ponderous spear.
Meantime the hero Menelaüs made400
Like preparation, and his arms put on.

So spoke the assembly; then Hector shook the lots,
Majestic leader, turning his face aside.385
Out came the lot for Paris. They sat in rows,
Where each of them had their fiery horses,
And where their shining armor lay on the ground.
Famous Alexander put on his bright armor,
Helen’s lover. [17]He fastened390
His polished greaves with silver studs;
He strapped his brother’s breastplate to his chest,
Lycaon’s, which fit his own shape and size,
And slung over his shoulders, beautifully embossed,
His bronze sword; he took his broad, heavy shield395
And adjusted his elegant helmet to his handsome head,
Which, as he moved, had a bushy crest that waved threateningly; finally, he grabbed,
Well suited for his grip, his heavy spear.
Meanwhile, the hero Menelaus made400
Similar preparations and put on his armor.

When thus, from all the multitude apart,
Both combatants had arm’d, with eyes that flash’d
Defiance, to the middle space they strode,
Trojans and Greeks between. Astonishment405
Seized all beholders. On the measured ground
Full near they stood, each brandishing on high
His massy spear, and each was fiery wroth.

When, separating from the crowd,
Both fighters got ready, their eyes blazing
With defiance, they walked to the center,
With Trojans and Greeks in between. Everyone watching405
Was filled with amazement. On the marked ground
They stood close together, each raising high
His heavy spear, both filled with fierce anger.

First, Alexander his long-shadow’d spear
Sent forth, and on his smooth shield’s surface struck410
The son of Atreus, but the brazen guard
Pierced not, for at the disk, with blunted point
Reflex, his ineffectual weapon stay’d.
Then Menelaüs to the fight advanced
Impetuous, after prayer offer’d to Jove.[18]415

First, Alexander sent his long-shadowed spear forward
And struck the smooth surface of his shield410
Against the son of Atreus, but the bronze guard
Didn't yield, for at the shield, the blunted tip
Reflected, and his ineffective weapon stopped.
Then Menelaüs charged into battle
Fiercely, after offering a prayer to Jove.[18]415

King over all! now grant me to avenge
My wrongs on Alexander; now subdue
The aggressor under me; that men unborn
May shudder at the thought of faith abused,
And hospitality with rape repaid.420
He said, and brandishing his massy spear,
Dismiss’d it. Through the burnish’d buckler broad
Of Priam’s son the stormy weapon flew,
Transpierced his costly hauberk, and the vest
Ripp’d on his flank; but with a sideward bend425
He baffled it, and baulk’d the dreadful death.

King over all! Now grant me the chance to take revenge
On Alexander; now bring down
The aggressor before me; so that future generations
May shudder at the thought of trust betrayed,
And hospitality repaid with assault.420
He said this, and swinging his heavy spear,
Released it. The fierce weapon flew
Through the shining shield of Priam’s son,
Pierced his expensive armor, and the fabric
Tore on his side; but by bending aside425
He avoided it, and escaped a terrible fate.

Then Menelaüs drawing his bright blade,
Swung it aloft, and on the hairy crest
Smote him; but shiver’d into fragments small
The falchion at the stroke fell from his hand.430
Vexation fill’d him; to the spacious heavens
He look’d, and with a voice of wo exclaim’d—

Then Menelaüs drew his shiny sword,
Raised it high, and struck him on the hairy crest,
But the blade shattered into small pieces
And fell from his hand at the blow.430
Frustration filled him; he looked up to the vast sky
And with a voice full of grief exclaimed—

Jupiter! of all powers by man adored
To me most adverse! Confident I hoped
Revenge for Paris’ treason, but my sword435
Is shivered, and I sped my spear in vain.

Jupiter! of all the forces worshipped by man
You are the most against me! I was so sure
I would get revenge for Paris’ betrayal, but my sword435
Is shattered, and I threw my spear for nothing.

So saying, he sprang on him, and his long crest
Seized fast; then, turning, drew him by that hold
Toward the Grecian host. The broider’d band
That underbraced his helmet at the chin,440
Strain’d to his smooth neck with a ceaseless force,
Chok’d him; and now had Menelaus won
Deathless renown, dragging him off the field,
But Venus, foam-sprung Goddess, feeling quick
His peril imminent, snapp’d short the brace445
Though stubborn, by a slaughter’d[19] ox supplied,
And the void helmet follow’d as he pull’d.
That prize the Hero, whirling it aloft,
Threw to his Greeks, who caught it and secured,
Then with vindictive strides he rush’d again450
On Paris, spear in hand; but him involved
In mist opaque Venus with ease divine
Snatch’d thence, and in his chamber placed him, fill’d
With scents odorous, spirit-soothing sweets.
Nor stay’d the Goddess, but at once in quest455
Of Helen went; her on a lofty tower
She found, where many a damsel stood of Troy,
And twitch’d her fragrant robe. In form she seem’d
An ancient matron, who, while Helen dwelt
In Lacedæmon, her unsullied wool460
Dress’d for her, faithfullest of all her train.
Like her disguised the Goddess thus began.

So saying, he leaped at him, and his long crest
Gripped tightly; then, turning, pulled him by that grip
Toward the Greek army. The embroidered strap
That supported his helmet beneath the chin,440
Strained against his smooth neck with constant pressure,
Choking him; and now Menelaus had achieved
Immortal fame, dragging him off the battlefield,
But Venus, the sea-born Goddess, sensing his
Imminent danger, quickly snapped the strap445
Though stubbornly, with a dead ox’s assistance,
And the empty helmet followed as he pulled.
That trophy the Hero, spinning it high,
Threw to his Greeks, who caught it and held on,
Then with vengeful strides he charged again450
At Paris, spear in hand; but Venus, enveloping
Him in impenetrable mist, with her divine ease
Snatched him away and placed him in his chamber,
Filled with fragrant scents and soothing sweets.
Nor did the Goddess stop, but immediately set off455
In search of Helen; she found her in a tall tower
Where many Trojan maidens stood,
And tugged at her fragrant robe. In appearance, she looked
Like an elderly woman, who, while Helen lived
In Lacedæmon, spun her pure wool460
For her, the most loyal of all her servants.
Disguised like her, the Goddess began.

Haste—Paris calls thee—on his sculptured couch,
(Sparkling alike his looks and his attire)
He waits thy wish’d return. Thou wouldst not dream465
That he had fought; he rather seems prepared
For dance, or after dance, for soft repose.

Hurry—Paris is calling you—on his carved couch,
(His appearance and outfit equally dazzling)
He’s waiting for your longed-for return. You wouldn't believe465
That he has been in battle; he looks more like he’s ready
For dancing, or after dancing, for gentle rest.

So saying, she tumult raised in Helen’s mind.
Yet soon as by her symmetry of neck,
By her love-kindling breasts and luminous eyes470
She knew the Goddess, her she thus bespake.

So saying, she stirred up a commotion in Helen’s mind.
But as soon as she saw her elegant neck,
Her alluring breasts and shining eyes470
She recognized the Goddess and spoke to her like this.

Ah whence, deceitful deity! thy wish
Now to ensnare me? Wouldst thou lure me, say,
To some fair city of Mæonian name
Or Phrygian, more remote from Sparta still?475
Hast thou some human favorite also there?
Is it because Atrides hath prevailed
To vanquish Paris, and would bear me home
Unworthy as I am, that thou attempt’st
Again to cheat me? Go thyself—sit thou480
Beside him—for his sake renounce the skies;
Watch him, weep for him; till at length his wife
He deign to make thee, or perchance his slave.
I go not (now to go were shame indeed)
To dress his couch; nor will I be the jest485
Of all my sex in Ilium. Oh! my griefs
Are infinite, and more than I can bear.

Oh, where are you, misleading goddess? Is this your plan
To trap me? Are you trying to entice me, perhaps,
To some beautiful city with a name from Maeonia
Or Phrygia, even further from Sparta?475
Do you have a favorite human there too?
Is it because Atrides has conquered
Paris and wants to take me home,
Though I’m unworthy, that you’re trying
To deceive me again? You should go—sit next to him,480
For his sake, give up the heavens;
Watch him, cry for him; until, in the end, he makes you
His wife, or maybe his servant.
I won’t go (to leave now would be truly shameful)
To make his bed; nor will I be the joke485
Of all the women in Ilium. Oh! my sorrows
Are endless, and more than I can handle.

To whom, the foam-sprung Goddess, thus incensed.
Ah wretch! provoke not me; lest in my wrath
Abandoning thee, I not hate thee less490
Than now I fondly love thee, and beget
Such detestation of thee in all hearts,
Grecian and Trojan, that thou die abhorr’d.

To whom, the foam-sprung Goddess, all fired up.
Ah, wretched one! Don't provoke me; if you do, in my anger
I will leave you, and won't hate you any less490
Than I now love you so dearly, and create
Such revulsion for you in everyone's hearts,
Grecian and Trojan, that you will die hated.

The Goddess ceased. Jove’s daughter, Helen, fear’d,
And, in her lucid veil close wrapt around,495
Silent retired, of all those Trojan dames
Unseen, and Venus led, herself, the way.
Soon then as Alexander’s fair abode
They reach’d, her maidens quick their tasks resumed,
And she to her own chamber lofty-roof’d500
Ascended, loveliest of her sex. A seat
For Helen, daughter of Jove Ægis-arm’d,
To Paris opposite, the Queen of smiles
Herself disposed; but with averted eyes
She sat before him, and him keen reproach’d.505

The Goddess stopped. Jove’s daughter, Helen, was afraid,
And wrapped in her sheer veil,495
Silently withdrew, unseen by all the Trojan women,
And Venus herself showed the way.
Soon as they reached Alexander’s beautiful place,
Her maidens quickly got back to their tasks,
And she went up to her own high-roofed chamber500
The most beautiful of all. A seat
For Helen, daughter of Jove with the Aegis,
Was arranged facing Paris by the Queen of smiles,
But with averted eyes
She sat in front of him and reproached him sharply.505

Thou hast escaped.—Ah would that thou hadst died
By that heroic arm, mine husband’s erst!
Thou once didst vaunt thee in address and strength
Superior. Go then—challenge yet again
The warlike Menelaüs forth in fight.510
But hold. The hero of the amber locks
Provoke no more so rashly, lest the point
Of his victorious spear soon stretch thee dead.

You’ve escaped.—I wish you had died
By the heroic arm of my husband!
You used to brag about your superior strength
And skills. Go ahead—challenge the mighty Menelaüs
To fight once more.510
But wait. Don’t provoke the hero with the golden hair
So recklessly, or his victorious spear might just
End your life.

She ended, to whom Paris thus replied.
Ah Helen, wound me not with taunt severe!515
Me, Menelaüs, by Minerva’s aid,
Hath vanquish’d now, who may hereafter, him.
We also have our Gods. But let us love.
For never since the day when thee I bore
From pleasant Lacedæmon o’er the waves520
To Cranäe’s fair isle, and first enjoy’d
Thy beauty, loved I as I love thee now,
Or felt such sweetness of intense desire.

She finished speaking, and Paris replied to her.
Ah Helen, don’t hurt me with such harsh words! 515
Menelaus has defeated me, thanks to Athena’s help,
And who knows what may happen next?
We have our own gods too. But let’s focus on love.
Since the day I brought you,
From beautiful Lacedemon over the waves 520
To the lovely island of Cranae, and first experienced
Your beauty, I have never loved anyone as I love you now,
Or felt such an overwhelming desire.

He spake, and sought his bed, whom follow’d soon
Jove’s daughter, reconciled to his embrace.525

He spoke and went to bed, soon followed by Jove’s daughter, who was at peace with his embrace.525

But Menelaüs like a lion ranged
The multitude, inquiring far and near
For Paris lost. Yet neither Trojan him
Nor friend of Troy could show, whom, else, through love
None had conceal’d, for him as death itself530
All hated, but his going none had seen.

But Menelaüs roamed like a lion
Among the crowd, asking everywhere
For Paris who was missing. But neither a Trojan
Nor a friend of Troy could show him, because, after all, through love
No one had hidden him, since everyone hated him as much as death itself530
Yet no one had seen him leave.

Amidst them all then spake the King of men.
Trojans, and Dardans, and allies of Troy!
The warlike Menelaüs hath prevailed,
As is most plain. Now therefore bring ye forth535
Helen with all her treasures, also bring
Such large amercement as is meet, a sum
To be remember’d in all future times.

Amidst them all, then spoke the King of men.
Trojans, Dardans, and allies of Troy!
The warlike Menelaus has won,
As is very clear. So now, bring forward535
Helen with all her treasures, and also bring
A hefty penalty that is fitting, a sum
To be remembered for all future times.

So spake Atrides, and Achaia’s host
With loud applause confirm’d the monarch’s claim.540

So said Atrides, and the army of Achaea
Loudly cheered, agreeing with the king's claim.540

BOOK IV.

ARGUMENT OF THE FOURTH BOOK.

In a Council of the Gods, a dispute arises between Jupiter and Juno, which is at last compromised, Jove consenting to dispatch Minerva with a charge to incite some Trojan to a violation of the truce. Minerva descends for that purpose, and in the form of Laodocus, a son of Priam, exhorts Pandarus to shoot at Menelaus, and succeeds. Menelaus is wounded, and Agamemnon having consigned him to the care of Machaon, goes forth to perform the duties of commander-in-chief, in the encouragement of his host to battle. The battle begins.

In a meeting of the Gods, a disagreement comes up between Jupiter and Juno, which eventually gets resolved. Jove agrees to send Minerva on a mission to provoke someone from Troy into breaking the truce. Minerva descends for this purpose and takes on the appearance of Laodocus, a son of Priam, encouraging Pandarus to shoot at Menelaus, and he complies. Menelaus gets injured, and Agamemnon, after entrusting his care to Machaon, goes out to fulfill his role as commander-in-chief, rallying his troops for battle. The battle begins.

BOOK IV.

Now, on the golden floor of Jove’s abode
The Gods all sat consulting; Hebe them,
Graceful, with nectar served;[1] they pledging each
His next, alternate quaff’d from cups of gold,
And at their ease reclined, look’d down on Troy,5
When, sudden, Jove essay’d by piercing speech
Invidious, to enkindle Juno’s ire.

Now, on the golden floor of Jupiter's home
The Gods were all gathered together; Hebe served them,
Graceful, with nectar; they were toasting each
His next, taking turns sipping from golden cups,
And lounging comfortably, they looked down on Troy,5
When suddenly, Jupiter attempted with sharp words
To provoke Juno’s anger.

Two Goddesses on Menelaus’ part
Confederate stand, Juno in Argos known,
Pallas in Alalcomene;[2] yet they10
Sequester’d sit, look on, and are amused.
Not so smile-loving Venus; she, beside
Her champion station’d, saves him from his fate,
And at this moment, by her aid, he lives.
But now, since victory hath proved the lot15
Of warlike Menelaus, weigh ye well
The matter; shall we yet the ruinous strife
Prolong between the nations, or consent
To give them peace? should peace your preference win,
And prove alike acceptable to all,20
Stand Ilium, and let Menelaus bear
Helen of Argos back to Greece again.

Two goddesses are aligned with Menelaus, Juno known in Argos, Pallas in Alalcomene; yet they Sit apart, watch, and are entertained. But not Venus, who loves a smile; she stands by Her champion, saving him from his fate, And right now, thanks to her, he’s alive. Now that victory has favored Warlike Menelaus, think about This situation; should we continue The destructive conflict between the nations, or agree To offer them peace? If peace is what you prefer, And if it’s acceptable to everyone, Let Ilium stand, and let Menelaus take Helen of Argos back to Greece.

He ended; Juno and Minerva heard,
Low-murmuring deep disgust; for side by side
They forging sat calamity to Troy.25
Minerva through displeasure against Jove
Nought utter’d, for with rage her bosom boil’d;
But Juno check’d not hers, who thus replied.

He finished speaking; Juno and Minerva listened,
Softly expressing their deep disgust; for side by side
They were forging disaster for Troy.25
Minerva, filled with anger towards Jove,
Said nothing, as her heart boiled with rage;
But Juno held nothing back, responding this way.

What word hath pass’d thy lips, Jove most severe!
How? wouldst thou render fruitless all my pains?30
The sweat that I have pour’d? my steeds themselves
Have fainted while I gather’d Greece in arms
For punishment of Priam and his sons.
Do it. But small thy praise shall be in heaven.

What words have come from your lips, Jove most severe!
How? Are you going to make all my efforts meaningless?30
The sweat I've poured? Even my horses have tired out
While I rallied Greece to punish Priam and his sons.
Go ahead. But your praise will be little in heaven.

Then her the Thunderer answer’d sore displeased.35
Ah shameless! how have Priam and his sons
So much transgress’d against thee, that thou burn’st
With ceaseless rage to ruin populous Troy?
Go, make thine entrance at her lofty gates,
Priam and all his house, and all his host40
Alive devour; then, haply, thou wilt rest;
Do even as thou wilt, that this dispute
Live not between us a consuming fire
For ever. But attend; mark well the word.
When I shall also doom in future time45
Some city to destruction, dear to thee,
Oppose me not, but give my fury way
As I give way to thine, not pleased myself,
Yet not unsatisfied, so thou be pleased.
For of all cities of the sons of men,50
And which the sun and stars from heaven behold,
Me sacred Troy most pleases, Priam me
Most, and the people of the warrior King.
Nor without cause. They feed mine altar well;
Libation there, and steam of savory scent55
Fail not, the tribute which by lot is ours.

Then the Thunderer answered, clearly upset. 35
Ah, how shameless! How have Priam and his sons
Offended you so much that you’re burning
With endless rage to destroy populous Troy?
Go, enter her grand gates,
And devour Priam, his entire household, and all his army
Alive; then, maybe, you’ll find some peace;
Do whatever you want, but let this dispute
Not be a consuming fire
Forever. But listen; pay attention to my words.
When I decide to condemn another city in the future,
One that’s dear to you,
Don’t oppose me, just let my rage flow
As I let yours flow, not happy about it,
But not unsatisfied, as long as you are satisfied.
Of all the cities of mankind,50
Which the sun and stars see from the heavens,
Sacred Troy pleases me the most, Priam pleases me
The most, and the people of the warrior King.
And not without reason. They take care of my altar well;
There are libations and the aroma of savory offerings
That never fail, the tribute that is ours by right.

Him answer’d, then, the Goddess ample-eyed,[3]
Majestic Juno: Three fair cities me,
Of all the earth, most interest and engage,
Mycenæ for magnificence renown’d,60
Argos, and Sparta. Them, when next thy wrath
Shall be inflamed against them, lay thou waste;
I will not interpose on their behalf;
Thou shalt not hear me murmur; what avail
Complaint or force against thy matchless arm?65
Yet were it most unmeet that even I
Should toil in vain; I also boast a birth
Celestial; Saturn deeply wise, thy Sire,
Is also mine; our origin is one.
Thee I acknowledge Sovereign, yet account70
Myself entitled by a twofold claim
To veneration both from Gods and men,
The daughter of Jove’s sire, and spouse of Jove.
Concession mutual therefore both thyself
Befits and me, whom when the Gods perceive75
Disposed to peace, they also shall accord.
Come then.—To yon dread field dispatch in haste
Minerva, with command that she incite
The Trojans first to violate their oath
By some fresh insult on the exulting Greeks.80

He answered then, the Goddess with large eyes, Majestic Juno: "Three beautiful cities captivate me, Of all the earth, Mycenae for its renowned magnificence, Argos, and Sparta. When next your anger Is stirred against them, bring destruction upon them; I will not interfere on their behalf; You won’t hear me complain; what good is Complaint or strength against your unbeatable power? Yet it wouldn’t be right for me To labor in vain; I also have a noble birth; Saturn, your wise father, is also mine; We share the same origin. I recognize you as Sovereign, yet I believe I hold a dual claim To respect from both Gods and men, As the daughter of Jupiter's father and wife of Jupiter. So, mutual concession is fitting for both you And me, whom when the Gods see Ready for peace, they will also grant it. Come then.—Quickly send Minerva To that fearful battlefield, with instructions to urge The Trojans to break their oath With a new insult against the triumphant Greeks."

So Juno; nor the sire of all refused,
But in wing’d accents thus to Pallas spake.

So Juno; nor the father of all refused,
But in winged words said this to Pallas.

Begone; swift fly to yonder field; incite
The Trojans first to violate their oath
By some fresh insult on the exulting Greeks.85

Get lost; quickly go to that field; provoke
The Trojans first to break their oath
With some new insult towards the triumphant Greeks.85

The Goddess heard, and what she wish’d, enjoin’d,
Down-darted swift from the Olympian heights,
In form a meteor, such as from his hand
Not seldom Jove dismisses, beaming bright
And breaking into stars, an omen sent90
To mariners, or to some numerous host.
Such Pallas seem’d, and swift descending, dropp’d
Full in the midst between them. They with awe
That sign portentous and with wonder view’d,
Achaians both and Trojans, and his next95
The soldier thus bespake. Now either war
And dire hostility again shall flame,
Or Jove now gives us peace. Both are from Jove.

The Goddess heard what she wanted and commanded,
Then quickly shot down from the heights of Olympus,
In the form of a meteor, like the ones that
Jove often sends out, shining bright
And breaking into stars, a sign sent90
To sailors or a large army.
That’s how Pallas appeared, and as she quickly came down, she landed
Right in the middle of them. They looked on in awe
At that ominous sign, full of wonder,
Both Achaeans and Trojans, and then the next95
The soldier addressed. Now either war
And fierce conflict will break out again,
Or Jove is giving us peace. Both come from Jove.

So spake the soldiery; but she the form
Taking of brave Laodocus, the son100
Of old Antenor, throughout all the ranks
Sought godlike Pandarus.[4] Ere long she found
The valiant son illustrious of Lycaon,
Standing encompass’d by his dauntless troops,
Broad-shielded warriors, from Æsepus’ stream105
His followers; to his side the Goddess came,
And in wing’d accents ardent him bespake.

So spoke the soldiers; but she took the form
of brave Laodocus, the son100
of old Antenor, searched through all the ranks
for godlike Pandarus.[4] Soon she found
the brave and renowned son of Lycaon,
surrounded by his fearless troops,
broad-shielded warriors from the stream of Æsepus105
His followers; the Goddess approached him,
and spoke to him in eager, winged words.

Brave offspring of Lycaon, is there hope
That thou wilt hear my counsel? darest thou slip
A shaft at Menelaus? much renown110
Thou shalt and thanks from all the Trojans win,
But most of all, from Paris, prince of Troy.
From him illustrious gifts thou shalt receive
Doubtless, when Menelaus he shall see
The martial son of Atreus by a shaft115
Subdued of thine, placed on his funeral pile.
Come. Shoot at Menelaus, glorious Chief!
But vow to Lycian Phœbus bow-renown’d
A hecatomb, all firstlings of the flock,
To fair Zeleia’s[5] walls once safe restored.120

Brave child of Lycaon, is there hope
That you will heed my advice? Do you dare to shoot
An arrow at Menelaus? You will gain much fame110
And earn the gratitude of all the Trojans,
Especially from Paris, prince of Troy.
From him, you'll surely receive
Notable gifts when he sees
The warrior son of Atreus, taken down115
By your arrow, laid upon his funeral pyre.
Come on. Shoot at Menelaus, glorious leader!
But promise the famed bow of Lycian Phœbus
A hecatomb, all the firstlings of the flock,
Once safe returned to the beautiful walls of Zeleia.[5]120

So Pallas spake, to whom infatuate he
Listening, uncased at once his polished bow.[6]
That bow, the laden brows of a wild goat
Salacious had supplied; him on a day
Forth-issuing from his cave, in ambush placed125
He wounded with an arrow to his breast
Dispatch’d, and on the rock supine he fell.
Each horn had from his head tall growth attain’d,
Full sixteen palms; them shaven smooth the smith
Had aptly join’d, and tipt their points with gold.130
That bow he strung, then, stooping, planted firm
The nether horn, his comrades bold the while
Screening him close with shields, lest ere the prince
Were stricken, Menelaus brave in arms,
The Greeks with fierce assault should interpose.135
He raised his quiver’s lid; he chose a dart
Unflown, full-fledged, and barb’d with pangs of death.
He lodged in haste the arrow on the string,
And vow’d to Lycian Phœbus bow-renown’d
A hecatomb, all firstlings of the flock,140
To fair Zeleia’s walls once safe restored.
Compressing next nerve and notch’d arrow-head
He drew back both together, to his pap
Drew home the nerve, the barb home to his bow,
And when the horn was curved to a wide arch,145
He twang’d it. Whizz’d the bowstring, and the reed
Leap’d off, impatient for the distant throng.

So Pallas spoke, and he, foolishly intrigued,
Immediately unstrung his polished bow.[6]
That bow had been made from the heavy horns of a wild goat
He had shot one day, as it came out of its cave, lying in wait
He struck it with an arrow to its chest,
And it fell back dead on the rocks.
Each horn had grown tall from his head,
Full sixteen palms; the smith
Had neatly shaped them and tipped their ends with gold.130
He strung that bow, then, bending down, firmly set
The lower horn while his brave comrades
Shielded him closely, to prevent, before the prince
Was hit, Menelaus, the brave warrior,
From making a fierce attack against the Greeks.135
He lifted the lid of his quiver; he picked an arrow
Unshot, fully feathered, and tipped with deadly barbs.
He quickly placed the arrow on the string,
And promised the famous bow of Lycian Phœbus
A hecatomb, the firstlings of the flock,140
To fair Zeleia’s walls when they were safely returned.
Then, tightening the string and notched arrowhead,
He drew both back together, to his chest
Pulled the string back home to his bow,
And when the horn was bent to a wide arc,145
He let it go. The bowstring twanged, and the arrow
Shot off, eager for the distant crowd.

Thee, Menelaus, then the blessed Gods
Forgat not; Pallas huntress of the spoil,
Thy guardian then, baffled the cruel dart.150
Far as a mother wafts the fly aside[7]
That haunts her slumbering babe, so far she drove
Its course aslant, directing it herself
Against the golden clasps that join’d his belt;
For there the doubled hauberk interposed.155
The bitter arrow plunged into his belt.
It pierced his broider’d belt, stood fixt within
His twisted hauberk, nor the interior quilt,
Though penetrable least to arrow-points
And his best guard, withheld it, but it pass’d160
That also, and the Hero’s skin inscribed.
Quick flowed a sable current from the wound.

You, Menelaus, then the blessed Gods
Did not forget; Pallas, the huntress of the spoil,
Your protector then, deflected the cruel dart.150
As far as a mother waves away the fly[7]
That bothers her sleeping baby, so far she diverted
Its path, guiding it herself
Against the golden clasps that held his belt;
For there the layered armor got in the way.155
The bitter arrow sank into his belt.
It pierced his embroidered belt, lodged itself
In his twisted armor, and the inner lining,
Though usually resistant to arrow points,
And his best protection, did not stop it, but it passed160
Through that as well, and marked the Hero’s skin.
Quickly, dark blood flowed from the wound.

As when a Carian or Mæonian maid
Impurples ivory ordain’d to grace
The cheek of martial steed; safe stored it lies,165
By many a Chief desired, but proves at last
The stately trapping of some prince,[8] the pride
Of his high pamper’d steed, nor less his own;
Such, Menelaus, seem’d thy shapely thighs,
Thy legs, thy feet, stained with thy trickling blood.170

As when a Carian or Mæonian girl
Dyes ivory meant to adorn
The cheek of a warrior’s horse; it lies safe and stored,165
Sought after by many a leader, but eventually
Becomes the fancy gear of some prince, [8] the pride
Of his well-fed steed, not to mention his own;
Such, Menelaus, were your fit thighs,
Your legs, your feet, stained with your flowing blood.170

Shudder’d King Agamemnon when he saw
The blood fast trickling from the wound, nor less
Shudder’d himself the bleeding warrior bold.
But neck and barb observing from the flesh
Extant, he gather’d heart, and lived again.175
The royal Agamemnon, sighing, grasp’d
The hand of Menelaus, and while all
Their followers sigh’d around them, thus began.[9]

King Agamemnon shuddered when he saw
The blood quickly trickling from the wound, and the brave warrior
Shuddered as well from his own bleeding.
But noticing the neck and barb still embedded in his flesh,
He gathered his courage and felt alive again.175
The royal Agamemnon, sighing, took
Menelaus' hand, and while all
Their followers sighed around them, he began.[9]

I swore thy death, my brother, when I swore
This truce, and set thee forth in sight of Greeks180
And Trojans, our sole champion; for the foe
Hath trodden underfoot his sacred oath,
And stained it with thy blood. But not in vain,
The truce was ratified, the blood of lambs
Poured forth, libation made, and right hands join’d185
In holy confidence. The wrath of Jove
May sleep, but will not always; they shall pay
Dear penalty; their own obnoxious heads
Shall be the mulct, their children and their wives.
For this I know, know surely; that a day190
Shall come, when Ilium, when the warlike King
Of Ilium and his host shall perish all.
Saturnian Jove high-throned, dwelling in heaven,
Resentful of this outrage, then shall shake
His storm-clad Ægis over them. He will;195
I speak no fable. Time shall prove me true.
But, oh my Menelaus, dire distress
Awaits me, if thy close of life be come,
And thou must die. Then ignominy foul
Shall hunt me back to Argos long-desired;200
For then all here will recollect their home,
And, hope abandoning, will Helen yield
To be the boast of Priam, and of Troy.
So shall our toils be vain, and while thy bones
Shall waste these clods beneath, Troy’s haughty sons205
The tomb of Menelaus glory-crown’d
Insulting barbarous, shall scoff at me.
So may Atrides, shall they say, perform
His anger still as he performed it here,
Whither he led an unsuccessful host,210
Whence he hath sail’d again without the spoils,
And where he left his brother’s bones to rot.
So shall the Trojan speak; then open earth
Her mouth, and hide me in her deepest gulfs!

I vowed to avenge your death, my brother, when I agreed to this truce and presented you in front of the Greeks and Trojans as our only champion; because the enemy has trampled on his sacred vow and tainted it with your blood. But the truce was not worthless; it was confirmed, the blood of lambs was spilled, a libation was made, and right hands were joined in sacred trust. The wrath of Jupiter may be at rest, but it won’t stay that way forever; they will pay a heavy price; their own guilty heads will bear the cost, along with their children and their wives. For I know this for certain: a day will come when Ilium, the warlike King of Ilium and his army will all perish. Jupiter, high-throned and dwelling in heaven, will be angry about this offense and will shake his stormy shield over them. He will; I’m not just telling a story. Time will prove me right. But oh my Menelaus, terrible distress awaits me if your life has come to an end, and you must die. Then shame will drive me back to long-desired Argos; because then everyone here will remember their home, and, losing hope, Helen will surrender to become the prize of Priam and Troy. So all our efforts will be in vain, and while your bones decay beneath these grounds, the proud sons of Troy will mock me at the glorious tomb of Menelaus. They will say, "Look how Atrides continues to exact his wrath just like he did here, leading an unsuccessful army, sailing back empty-handed and leaving his brother's bones to rot." That’s what the Trojans will say; then let the earth open wide her mouth and swallow me into her deepest depths!

But him, the hero of the golden locks215
Thus cheer’d. My brother, fear not, nor infect
With fear the Grecians; the sharp-pointed reed
Hath touch’d no vital part. The broider’d zone,
The hauberk, and the tough interior quilt,
Work of the armorer, its force repress’d.220

But he, the hero with the golden hair215
Said this to encourage. My brother, don’t be afraid, and don’t spread
Fear among the Greeks; the sharp reed
Hasn’t hit any vital spot. The embroidered belt,
The armor, and the strong inner lining,
Crafted by the blacksmith, have held up.220

Him answer’d Agamemnon, King of men.
So be it brother! but the hand of one
Skilful to heal shall visit and shall dress
The wound with drugs of pain-assuaging power.

Agamemnon, the King of men, replied to him.
All right, brother! But someone skilled in healing will come to treat the wound with pain-relieving medicines.

He ended, and his noble herald, next,225
Bespake, Talthybius. Haste, call hither quick
The son of Æsculapius, leech renown’d,
The prince Machaon. Bid him fly to attend
The warlike Chieftain Menelaus; him
Some archer, either Lycian or of Troy,230
A dexterous one, hath stricken with a shaft
To his own glory, and to our distress.

He finished speaking, and his noble messenger, next,225
Addressed Talthybius. Quickly, call over here
The son of Æsculapius, the renowned healer,
Prince Machaon. Tell him to hurry and assist
The valiant leader Menelaus; he
Has been struck by an archer, either Lycian or of Troy,230
A skilled one, which brings him glory and us trouble.

He spake, nor him the herald disobey’d,
But through the Greeks bright-arm’d his course began
The Hero seeking earnest on all sides235
Machaon. Him, ere long, he station’d saw
Amid the shielded-ranks of his brave band
From steed-famed Tricca drawn, and at his side
With accents ardor-wing’d, him thus address’d.

He spoke, and the herald didn’t disobey him,
But among the bright-armed Greeks, he started his journey
The Hero searching eagerly in every direction235
For Machaon. Soon enough, he spotted him
Amid the shielded ranks of his brave group
From the horse-famous Tricca, and at his side
With words full of passion, he addressed him.

Haste, Asclepiades! The King of men240
Calls thee. Delay not. Thou must visit quick
Brave Menelaus, Atreus’ son, for him
Some archer, either Lycian or of Troy,
A dexterous one, hath stricken with a shaft
To his own glory, and to our distress.245

Hurry, Asclepiades! The King of men240
Is calling you. Don’t waste any time. You need to go see brave Menelaus, son of Atreus, because
An archer, either from Lycia or Troy,
A skilled one, has hit him with an arrow
For his own fame and our suffering.245

So saying, he roused Machaon, who his course
Through the wide host began. Arriving soon
Where wounded Menelaus stood, while all
The bravest of Achaia’s host around
The godlike hero press’d, he strove at once250
To draw the arrow from his cincture forth.
But, drawing, bent the barbs. He therefore loosed
His broider’d belt, his hauberk and his quilt,
Work of the armorer, and laying bare
His body where the bitter shaft had plow’d255
His flesh, he suck’d the wound, then spread it o’er
With drugs of balmy power, given on a time
For friendship’s sake by Chiron to his sire.

So saying, he woke Machaon, who started his journey
Through the large crowd. He soon arrived
Where wounded Menelaus stood, surrounded by
The bravest of Achaia's warriors, and he immediately
Tried to pull the arrow from his waistband.
But as he pulled, the barbs bent. So he took off
His embroidered belt, his armor, and his quilt,
Crafted by the armorer, and exposed
The spot where the painful arrow had pierced
His flesh. He sucked the wound, then covered it
With soothing ointment, given once
As a token of friendship by Chiron to his father.

While Menelaus thus the cares engross’d
Of all those Chiefs, the shielded powers of Troy260
’Gan move toward them, and the Greeks again
Put on their armor, mindful of the fight.
Then hadst thou[10] not great Agamemnon seen
Slumbering, or trembling, or averse from war,
But ardent to begin his glorious task.265
His steeds, and his bright chariot brass-inlaid
He left; the snorting steeds Eurymedon,
Offspring of Ptolemy Piraïdes
Detain’d apart; for him he strict enjoin’d
Attendance near, lest weariness of limbs270
Should seize him marshalling his numerous host.
So forth he went, and through the files on foot
Proceeding, where the warrior Greeks he saw
Alert, he roused them by his words the more.[11]

While Menelaus was busy with all these concerns
Of the other leaders, the shielded forces of Troy260
Started to move toward them, and the Greeks again
Put on their armor, ready for battle.
Then, you would not have seen great Agamemnon
Asleep, or hesitating, or reluctant to fight,
But eager to start his glorious task.265
He left his horses and his bright, brass-inlaid chariot
Behind; the snorting horses that Eurymedon,
Son of Ptolemy Piraïdes,
Kept separate; for he strictly ordered him
To stay close by, so that fatigue of limbs270
Would not overcome him while he organized his large army.
So he went on, walking through the ranks,
As he saw the warrior Greeks alert,
He encouraged them even more with his words.[11]

Argives! abate no spark of all your fire.275
Jove will not prosper traitors. Them who first
Transgress’d the truce the vultures shall devour,
But we (their city taken) shall their wives
Lead captive, and their children home to Greece.

Argives! Don't hold back any of your passion.275
Jove won't favor traitors. Those who first
Broke the truce will be devoured by vultures,
But we (once we take their city) will take their wives
Captive and bring their children back to Greece.

So cheer’d he them. But whom he saw supine,280
Or in the rugged work of war remiss,
In terms of anger them he stern rebuked.

So he encouraged them. But when he saw someone lying down,280
Or slacking off in the tough work of battle,
He sternly scolded them in an angry tone.

Oh Greeks! The shame of Argos! Arrow-doom’d!
Blush ye not? Wherefore stand ye thus aghast,
Like fawns which wearied after scouring wide285
The champain, gaze and pant, and can no more?
Senseless like them ye stand, nor seek the fight.
Is it your purpose patient here to wait
Till Troy invade your vessels on the shore
Of the grey deep, that ye may trial make290
Of Jove, if he will prove, himself, your shield?

Oh Greeks! The disgrace of Argos! Doomed by arrows!
Aren't you ashamed? Why do you stand here so shocked,
Like fawns weary from running across285
The plain, staring and panting, unable to go on?
You stand there senseless, not even trying to fight.
Is your plan to just wait here patiently
Until Troy attacks your ships on the shore
Of the grey sea, so you can see290 Will Jupiter really defend you?

Thus, in discharge of his high office, pass’d
Atrides through the ranks, and now arrived
Where, hardy Chief! Idomeneus in front
Of his bold Cretans stood, stout as a boar295
The van he occupied, while in the rear
Meriones harangued the most remote.
Them so prepared the King of men beheld
With joyful heart, and thus in courteous terms
Instant the brave Idomeneus address’d.300

So, carrying out his important duty, the leader Atrides moved through the ranks and soon reached where the brave Idomeneus stood at the front of his strong Cretans, as tough as a wild boar. He was leading the front lines, while Meriones rallied those at the back. The King of men saw them prepared like this with a joyful heart, and he spoke to the courageous Idomeneus in friendly terms.

Thee fighting, feasting, howsoe’er employed,
I most respect, Idomeneus, of all
The well-horsed Danäi; for when the Chiefs
Of Argos, banqueting, their beakers charge
With rosy wine the honorable meed305
Of valor, thou alone of all the Greeks
Drink’st not by measure.[12] No—thy goblet stands
Replenish’d still, and like myself thou know’st
No rule or bound, save what thy choice prescribes.
March. Seek the foe. Fight now as heretofore,310

The fighting and feasting, no matter how it's done,
I hold in high regard, Idomeneus, more than
All the well-mounted Greeks; because when the Chiefs
Of Argos, enjoying their banquet, fill
Their cups with rosy wine, the well-earned reward305
Of bravery, you alone among the Greeks
Don’t drink in moderation.[12] No—your goblet stays
Full, and like me, you know
No rules or limits, except those you choose.
March. Go find the enemy. Fight now as you always have,310

To whom Idomeneus of Crete replied,
Atrides! all the friendship and the love
Which I have promised will I well perform.
Go; animate the rest, Chief after Chief
Of the Achaians, that the fight begin.315
For Troy has scatter’d to the winds all faith,
All conscience; and for such her treachery foul
Shall have large recompence of death and wo.

To whom Idomeneus of Crete replied,
Atrides! I will fulfill all the friendship and love
I have promised you.
Go; motivate the others, leader after leader
Of the Achaians, so we can start the fight.315
For Troy has completely broken all trust,
All morality; and for such a despicable betrayal
There will be a heavy price of death and suffering.

He said, whom Agamemnon at his heart
Exulting, pass’d, and in his progress came320
Where stood each Ajax; them he found prepared
With all their cloud of infantry behind.
As when the goat-herd on some rocky point
Advanced, a cloud sees wafted o’er the deep
By western gales, and rolling slow along,325
To him, who stands remote, pitch-black it seems,
And comes with tempest charged; he at the sight
Shuddering, his flock compels into a cave;
So moved the gloomy phalanx, rough with spears,
And dense with shields of youthful warriors bold,330
Close-following either Ajax to the fight.

He said, and Agamemnon, feeling proud inside,
Passed by and continued on his way
To where each Ajax stood; he found them ready
With all their troops behind them.
Just like a goat-herd on a rocky outcrop
Sees a cloud being carried across the sea
By western winds, slowly rolling in,325
To him, standing apart, it looks dark and
Comes with a storm brewing; at the sight
He shudders and drives his flock into a cave;
So the grim formation moved, armed with spears,
And packed with shields of young, brave warriors,330
Closely following each Ajax into battle.

Them also, pleased, the King of men beheld,
And in wing’d accents hail’d them as he pass’d.

The King of men also looked at them with pleasure,
And greeted them with soaring words as he passed by.

Brave leaders of the mail-clad host of Greece!
I move not you to duty; ye yourselves335
Move others, and no lesson need from me.
Jove, Pallas, and Apollo! were but all
Courageous as yourselves, soon Priam’s towers
Should totter, and his Ilium storm’d and sack’d
By our victorious bands, stoop to the dust.340

Brave leaders of the armored forces of Greece!
I don't need to urge you to action; you yourselves335
Inspire others, and you don't need any lessons from me.
If Jove, Pallas, and Apollo were as brave as you,
Soon Priam's towers would shake, and his city of Ilium
Would be stormed and destroyed by our victorious troops, lying in the dust.340

He ceased, and still proceeding, next arrived
Where stood the Pylian orator, his band
Marshalling under all their leaders bold
Alastor, Chromius, Pelagon the vast,
Hæmon the prince, and Bias, martial Chief.345
Chariot and horse he station’d in the front;
His numerous infantry, a strong reserve
Right valiant, in the rear; the worst, and those
In whom he trusted least, he drove between,
That such through mere necessity might act.350
First to his charioteers he gave in charge
Their duty; bade them rein their horses hard,
Shunning confusion. Let no warrior, vain
And overweening of his strength or skill,
Start from his rank to dare the fight alone,355
Or fall behind it, weakening whom he leaves.
[13]And if, dismounted from his own, he climb
Another’s chariot, let him not affect
Perverse the reins, but let him stand, his spear
Advancing firm, far better so employ’d.360
Such was the discipline, in ancient times,
Of our forefathers; by these rules they fought
Successful, and laid many a city low.

He stopped, and while moving forward, next reached
Where the Pylian speaker stood, organizing his crew
Under all their brave leaders
Alastor, Chromius, huge Pelagon,
Hæmon the prince, and Bias, the battle Chief.345
He placed the chariots and horses at the front;
His many infantry, a strong backup
Right brave, in the rear; the least reliable,
Those he trusted the least, he put in the middle,
So that they might act out of sheer necessity.350
First, he assigned duties to his charioteers;
He instructed them to rein their horses tightly,
Avoiding chaos. Let no fighter, arrogant
And overly confident in his strength or skill,
Break from his line to take on the fight alone,355
Or fall behind, weakening the group he leaves.
[13]And if, dismounting from his own, he gets into
Someone else's chariot, let him not fumble
With the reins, but let him stand, his spear
Firmly held out, much better used that way.360
Such was the discipline, in ancient times,
Of our ancestors; by these rules they fought
Successfully, and brought many cities down.

So counsell’d them the venerable Chief
Long time expert in arms; him also saw365
King Agamemnon with delight, and said,

So the respected Chief advised them,
A long-time expert in battle; King Agamemnon also saw him with pleasure, and said,

Old Chief! ah how I wish, that thy firm heart
Were but supported by as firm a knee!
But time unhinges all. Oh that some youth
Had thine old age, and thou wast young again!370
To whom the valiant Nestor thus replied.

Old Chief! oh how I wish your strong heart
Had a strong knee to support it!
But time changes everything. I wish some young person
Had your old age, and you were young again!370
To whom the brave Nestor responded.

Atrides, I could also ardent wish
That I were now robust as when I struck
Brave Ereuthalion[14] breathless to the ground!
But never all their gifts the Gods confer375
On man at once; if then I had the force
Of youth, I suffer now the effects of age.
Yet ancient as I am, I will be seen
Still mingling with the charioteers, still prompt
To give them counsel; for to counsel youth380
Is the old warrior’s province. Let the green
In years, my juniors, unimpaired by time,
Push with the lance, for they have strength to boast.

Atrides, I really wish
I were as strong now as when I knocked
Brave Ereuthalion[14] breathless to the ground!
But the Gods never give all their gifts375
To a man at once; if I had the strength
Of youth then, now I feel the impact of age.
Yet even though I'm old, I’ll still be seen
Hanging out with the charioteers, still ready
To offer them advice; because giving advice to youth380
Is the role of an old warrior. Let the young
In years, who are still full of energy,
Charge with the lance, because they have the strength to show off.

So he, whom Agamemnon joyful heard,
And passing thence, the son of Peteos found385
Menestheus, foremost in equestrian fame,
Among the brave Athenians; near to him
Ulysses held his station, and at hand
The Cephallenians stood, hardy and bold;
For rumor none of the approaching fight390
Them yet had reach’d, so recent had the stir
Arisen in either host; they, therefore, watch’d
Till the example of some other band
Marching, should prompt them to begin the fight,
But Agamemnon, thus, the King of men395
Them seeing, sudden and severe reproved.

So he, whom Agamemnon happily heard,
And passing by, found the son of Peteos,
Menestheus, renowned for his horse riding,
Among the brave Athenians; near him,
Ulysses stood, and the Cephallenians were close by,
strong and fearless;
For no word of the upcoming battle
had reached them yet, as the stir
in both camps was still recent; they waited,
hoping that some other group
would lead the charge and encourage them to fight,
but Agamemnon, the King of men,
seeing them, suddenly gave a harsh reprimand.

Menestheus, son of Peteos prince renown’d,
And thou, deviser of all evil wiles!
Adept in artifice! why stand ye here
Appall’d? why wait ye on this distant spot400
Till others move? I might expect from you
More readiness to meet the burning war,
Whom foremost I invite of all to share
The banquet, when the Princes feast with me.
There ye are prompt; ye find it pleasant there405
To eat your savory food, and quaff your wine
Delicious till satiety ensue;
But here you could be well content to stand
Spectators only, while ten Grecian troops
Should wage before you the wide-wasting war.410

Menestheus, son of Peteos, a famous prince,
And you, master of all crafty schemes!
Skilled in trickery! Why are you standing here
In shock? Why are you waiting in this far-off place400
Until others take action? I would expect you
To be more eager to jump into the fierce battle,
Since I invite you above all to join
The feast when the princes dine with me.
There you are quick to gather; you find it enjoyable405
To savor your delicious food and drink your wine
Until you feel full;
But here you seem satisfied to just stand
As spectators while ten Greek troops
Engage in destructive warfare right before you.410

To whom Ulysses, with resentful tone
Dark-frowning, thus replied. What words are these
Which have escaped thy lips; and for what cause,
Atrides, hast thou call’d me slow to fight?
When we of Greece shall in sharp contest clash415
With you steed-tamer Trojans, mark me then;
Then thou shalt see (if the concerns of war
So nearly touch thee, and thou so incline)
The father of Telemachus, engaged
Among the foremost Trojans. But thy speech420
Was light as is the wind, and rashly made.

To whom Ulysses, with a resentful tone
Dark-frowning, replied. What words are those
That have come out of your mouth; and why,
Atrides, did you call me slow to fight?
When we of Greece come together in fierce battle415
Against you horse-taming Trojans, pay attention;
Then you will see (if the matters of war
Concern you that much, and you are so inclined)
The father of Telemachus, fighting
Among the leading Trojans. But your words420
Were as light as the wind, and foolishly spoken.

When him thus moved he saw, the monarch smiled
Complacent, and in gentler terms replied.

When he saw him like this, the king smiled
Satisfaction evident, and replied in softer words.

Laërtes’ noble son, for wiles renown’d!
Short reprimand and exhortation short425
Suffice for thee, nor did I purpose more.
For I have known thee long, that thou art one
Of kindest nature, and so much my friend
That we have both one heart. Go therefore thou,
Lead on, and if a word have fallen amiss,430
We will hereafter mend it, and may heaven
Obliterate in thine heart its whole effect!

Laërtes' noble son, known for your clever tricks!
A quick reprimand and a brief encouragement425
Are enough for you; I didn’t mean to say more.
For I’ve known you well, that you are kind-hearted,
And so much my friend that we share a single heart.
So go ahead, lead on, and if I’ve said something wrong,430
We’ll fix it later, and may heaven
Erase any upset it caused you!

He ceased, and ranging still along the line,
The son of Tydeus, Diomede, perceived,
Heroic Chief, by chariots all around435
Environ’d, and by steeds, at side of whom
Stood Sthenelus, the son of Capaneus.
Him also, Agamemnon, King of men,
In accents of asperity reproved.

He stopped, and still scanning the line,
The son of Tydeus, Diomede, noticed,
The heroic leader, surrounded by chariots435
And horses, next to whom
Stood Sthenelus, the son of Capaneus.
Agamemnon, the King of men,
Also scolded him in harsh tones.

Ah, son of Tydeus, Chief of dauntless heart440
And of equestrian fame! why standest thou
Appall’d, and peering through the walks of war?
So did not Tydeus. In the foremost fight
His favorite station was, as they affirm
Who witness’d his exploits; I never saw445
Or met him, but by popular report
He was the bravest warrior of his day.
Yet came he once, but not in hostile sort,
To fair Mycenæ, by the godlike prince
Attended, Polynices, at what time450
The host was called together, and the siege
Was purposed of the sacred city Thebes.
Earnest they sued for an auxiliar band,
Which we had gladly granted, but that Jove
By unpropitious tokens interfered.455
So forth they went, and on the reedy banks
Arriving of Asopus, there thy sire
By designation of the Greeks was sent
Ambassador, and enter’d Thebes. He found
In Eteocles’ palace numerous guests,460
The sons of Cadmus feasting, among whom,
Although a solitary stranger, stood
Thy father without fear, and challenged forth
Their best to cope with him in manly games.
Them Tydeus vanquish’d easily, such aid465
Pallas vouchsafed him. Then the spur-arm’d race
Of Cadmus was incensed, and fifty youths
In ambush close expected his return.
Them, Lycophontes obstinate in fight,
Son of Autophonus, and Mæon, son470
Of Hæmon, Chief of godlike stature, led.
Those also Tydeus slew; Mæon except,
(Whom, warned from heaven, he spared, and sent him home
With tidings of the rest) he slew them all.
Such was Ætolian Tydeus; who begat475
A son in speech his better, not in arms.

Ah, son of Tydeus, fearless leader440
And known for your horsemanship! Why are you
Standing there, frightened, peering into the battle?
Tydeus wouldn’t have acted this way. He was always
At the front lines, as those who saw him say.
I’ve never seen him myself, but from what I hear,445
He was the bravest warrior of his time.
There was a time he came, but not as an enemy,
To beautiful Mycenae, accompanied
By the godlike prince Polynices, when450
The army was called together to lay siege
To the sacred city of Thebes.
They earnestly sought for allied support,
Which we would have gladly given, but Zeus
Interfered with unfavorable signs.455
So they set out, and when they arrived
At the marshy banks of Asopus, your father
Was sent by the Greeks as an ambassador
And entered Thebes. He found
Many guests in Eteocles’ palace,460
The sons of Cadmus feasting. Even as a lone stranger,
Your father stood boldly and challenged them
To compete with him in manly contests.
Tydeus easily defeated them, thanks to465
The support of Pallas. Then the Cadmean youth
Got angry, and fifty young men
Lurking in ambush awaited his return.
Lycophontes, stubborn in battle,
Son of Autophonus, and Mæon, son470
Of Hæmon, the godlike chief, led them.
Tydeus killed them all except for Mæon,
(Whom, warned by heaven, he spared and sent home
With news of the others) he struck them all down.
Such was Aetolian Tydeus; he had a son
Who was better with words, but not in combat.475

He ended, and his sovereign’s awful voice
Tydides reverencing, nought replied;
But thus the son of glorious Capaneus.

He finished speaking, and his ruler’s terrifying voice
Tydides respected, said nothing in response;
But this is what the son of the glorious Capaneus said.

Atrides, conscious of the truth, speak truth.480
We with our sires compared, superior praise
Claim justly.[15] We, confiding in the aid
Of Jove, and in propitious signs from heaven,
Led to the city consecrate to Mars
Our little host, inferior far to theirs,485
And took seven-gated Thebes, under whose walls
Our fathers by their own imprudence fell.
Their glory, then, match never more with ours.

Atrides, aware of the truth, speaks honestly.480
When compared to our ancestors, we deserve greater praise
Rightfully. We, trusting in the support
Of Jove and favorable signs from the heavens,
Marched to the city dedicated to Mars
With our small group, far inferior to theirs,485
And conquered seven-gated Thebes, where our fathers
Fell due to their own foolishness.
Their glory will never compare to ours again.

He spake, whom with a frowning brow the brave
Tydides answer’d. Sthenelus, my friend!490
I give thee counsel. Mark it. Hold thy peace.
If Agamemnon, who hath charge of all,
Excite his well-appointed host to war,
He hath no blame from me. For should the Greeks
(Her people vanquished) win imperial Troy,495
The glory shall be his; or, if his host
O’erpower’d in battle perish, his the shame.
Come, therefore; be it ours to rouse at once
To action all the fury of our might.

He spoke, and the brave Tydides responded with a frown. Sthenelus, my friend! I have some advice for you. Pay attention. Stay quiet. If Agamemnon, who is in charge of everyone, stirs his well-prepared army to fight, I won’t blame him. Because if the Greeks (defeated people) conquer mighty Troy, the glory will be his; or if his army is overpowered in battle, the shame will be his. So, come on; let’s unleash all the strength of our power right now.

He said, and from his chariot to the plain500
Leap’d ardent; rang the armor on the breast
Of the advancing Chief; the boldest heart
Had felt emotion, startled at the sound.

He said, and from his chariot to the plain500
He jumped eagerly; the armor on the chest
Of the advancing Chief clanged; even the boldest heart
Felt a rush of emotion, startled by the noise.

As when the waves by Zephyrus up-heaved
Crowd fast toward some sounding shore, at first,505
On the broad bosom of the deep their heads
They curl on high, then breaking on the land
Thunder, and o’er the rocks that breast the flood
Borne turgid, scatter far the showery spray;
So moved the Greeks successive, rank by rank,510
And phalanx after phalanx, every Chief
His loud command proclaiming, while the rest,
As voice in all those thousands none had been
Heard mute; and, in resplendent armor clad,
With martial order terrible advanced.515
Not so the Trojans came. As sheep, the flock
Of some rich man, by thousands in his court
Penn’d close at milking time, incessant bleat,
Loud answering all their bleating lambs without,
Such din from Ilium’s wide-spread host arose.520
Nor was their shout, nor was their accent one,
But mingled languages were heard of men
From various climes. These Mars to battle roused,
Those Pallas azure-eyed; nor Terror thence
Nor Flight was absent, nor insatiate Strife,525
Sister and mate of homicidal Mars,
Who small at first, but swift to grow, from earth
Her towering crest lifts gradual to the skies.
She, foe alike to both, the brands dispersed
Of burning hate between them, and the woes530
Enhanced of battle wheresoe’er she pass’d.

As the waves pushed up by the west wind rush
Quickly toward a resonating shore, at first,505
They lift their heads high on the vast surface
Of the ocean, then crash onto the land
With thunder, and over the rocks that face the tide
Swelling up, they spread the spattering spray far;
So the Greeks advanced in succession, rank by rank,510
With phalanx after phalanx, each leader
Proclaiming his loud command, while the rest,
As if no voice existed among those thousands,
Stood silent; and, clad in shining armor,
They moved forward in a terrifying military formation.515
The Trojans, however, did not come like this. Like sheep, the flock
Of a wealthy man, gathered by the thousands in his courtyard
At milking time, they incessantly bleat,
Loudly responding to their bleating lambs outside,
Such noise arose from Ilium’s vast army.520
Their shout was not the same, nor was their accent unified,
But mixed languages were heard from men
From different lands. These were stirred to battle by Mars,
Those by blue-eyed Pallas; and neither Terror
Nor Flight was absent, nor unquenchable Strife,525
Sister and partner of deadly Mars,
Who small at first, but quick to grow, raised her
Towering crest gradually to the skies.
She, an enemy to both, spread the sparks
Of burning hatred between them, and the sufferings530
Increased by battle wherever she passed.

And now the battle join’d. Shield clash’d with shield[16]
And spear with spear, conflicting corselets rang,
Boss’d bucklers met, and tumult wild arose.
Then, many a yell was heard, and many a shout535
Loud intermix’d, the slayer o’er the maim’d
Exulting, and the field was drench’d with blood.
As when two winter torrents rolling down
The mountains, shoot their floods through gulleys huge
Into one gulf below, station’d remote540
The shepherd in the uplands hears the roar;
Such was the thunder of the mingling hosts.
And first, Antilochus a Trojan Chief
Slew Echepolus, from Thalysias sprung,
Contending valiant in the van of Troy.545
Him smiting on his crested casque, he drove
The brazen lance into his front, and pierced
The bones within; night overspread his eyes,
And in fierce battle, like a tower, he fell.
Him fallen by both feet Calchodon’s son550
Seized, royal Elephenor, leader brave
Of the Abantes, and in haste to strip
His armor, drew him from the fight aside.
But short was that attempt. Him so employ’d
Dauntless Agenor mark’d, and as he stoop’d,555
In his unshielded flank a pointed spear
Implanted deep; he languid sunk and died.
So Elephenor fell, for whom arose
Sharp conflict; Greeks and Trojans mutual flew
Like wolves to battle, and man grappled man.560
Then Telamonian Ajax, in his prime
Of youthful vigor Simöisius slew,[17]
Son of Anthemion. Him on Simoïs’ banks
His mother bore, when with her parents once
She came from Ida down to view the flocks,565
And thence they named him; but his parents’
He lived not to requite, in early youth
Slain by the spear of Ajax famed in arms.
For him advancing Ajax at the pap
Wounded; right through his shoulder driven the point570
Stood forth behind; he fell, and press’d the dust.
So in some spacious marsh the poplar falls
Smooth-skinn’d, with boughs unladen save aloft;
Some chariot-builder with his axe the trunk
Severs, that he may warp it to a wheel575
Of shapely form; meantime exposed it lies
To parching airs beside the running stream;
Such Simöisius seemed, Anthemion’s son,
Whom noble Ajax slew. But soon at him
Antiphus, son of Priam, bright in arms,580
Hurl’d through the multitude his pointed spear.
He erred from Ajax, but he pierced the groin
Of Leucus, valiant warrior of the band
Led by Ulysses. He the body dragg’d
Apart, but fell beside it, and let fall,585
Breathless himself, the burthen from his hand.
Then burn’d Ulysses’ wrath for Leucus slain,
And through the foremost combatants, array’d
In dazzling arms, he rush’d. Full near he stood,
And, looking keen around him, hurl’d a lance.590
Back fell the Trojans from before the face
Dispersed of great Ulysses. Not in vain
His weapon flew, but on the field outstretch’d
A spurious son of Priam, from the shores
Call’d of Abydus famed for fleetest mares,595
Democoon; him, for Leucus’ sake enraged,
Ulysses through both temples with his spear
Transpierced. The night of death hung on his eyes,
And sounding on his batter’d arms he fell.
Then Hector and the van of Troy retired;600
Loud shout the Grecians; these draw off the dead,
Those onward march amain, and from the heights
Of Pergamus Apollo looking down
In anger, to the Trojans called aloud.

And now the battle began. Shields collided[16]
And spears clashed, the sound of armor ringing,
Bossed shields met, and chaos erupted.
Then, many screams were heard, and many shouts535
Mixed together, the slayer over the injured
Celebrating, and the ground was soaked with blood.
Like two winter torrents rushing down
The mountains, sending their waters through huge gulleys
Into one abyss below, far away540
The shepherd in the hills hears the roar;
Such was the thunder of the mingling armies.
And first, Antilochus, a Trojan chief,
Killed Echepolus, born of Thalysias,
Bravely fighting in the front lines of Troy.545
With a strike on his crested helmet, he drove
The bronze spear into his forehead, and pierced
The bones inside; darkness covered his eyes,
And in fierce battle, he fell like a tower.
Calchodon’s son seized him by both feet,550
Royal Elephenor, a brave leader
Of the Abantes, hurried to take
His armor, pulling him aside from the fight.
But that attempt was short-lived. Dauntless Agenor noticed him,
And as he bent down,555
A pointed spear struck deep into his unprotected flank;
He weakly sank and died.
So Elephenor fell, for whom a
Fierce conflict arose; Greeks and Trojans
Charged at each other like wolves, and men grappled.560
Then Telamonian Ajax, in his prime,
Killed Simöisius,[17]
Son of Anthemion. His mother bore him by the banks of Simoïs
When she came down from Ida to view the flocks
With her parents,565
And that’s how he got his name; but his parents’
He never got to repay, dying young
Slain by the spear of Ajax, famous in battle.
Ajax charged at him and at close range
Wounded him; the spear drove right through his shoulder,570
Sticking out behind; he fell, hitting the ground.
Like a tall poplar tree falling
Smooth-skinned, with only its branches left
Some chariot-builder with his axe severes the trunk
To shape it into a wheel575
Of beautiful form; meanwhile, exposed, it lies
To drying winds beside the running stream;
Such was Simöisius, son of Anthemion,
Whom the noble Ajax killed. But soon,
Antiphus, son of Priam, shining in arms,580
Threw his spear through the crowd.
He missed Ajax, but hit the groin
Of Leucus, a valiant warrior of Ulysses' band.
He dragged the body aside, but fell beside it,
Breathless himself, dropping
The burden from his hand.
Then Ulysses’ wrath burned for Leucus slain,
And through the foremost fighters, dressed
In dazzling armor, he rushed forward. He stood close,
And, looking around with keen eyes, threw a lance.590
The Trojans fell back before the fierce face
Of great Ulysses. His weapon did not fly in vain
But hit a false son of Priam, from the shores
Of Abydus, known for its swift mares,595
Democoon; enraged for Leucus’ sake,
Ulysses pierced him through both temples with his spear.
Death’s darkness closed in on his eyes,
And crashing onto his battered armor, he fell.
Then Hector and the Trojan front lines withdrew;600
The Greeks shouted loudly; those drew off the dead,
While those marched onward fiercely, and from the heights
Of Pergamus, Apollo looked down
In anger, calling aloud to the Trojans.

Turn, turn, ye Trojans! face your Grecian foes.605
They, like yourselves, are vulnerable flesh,
Not adamant or steel. Your direst dread
Achilles, son of Thetis radiant-hair’d,
Fights not, but sullen in his fleet abides.[18]

Turn, turn, Trojans! Face your Greek enemies.605
They are just like you, made of vulnerable flesh,
Not unbreakable or made of steel. Your greatest fear,
Achilles, son of Thetis with the shining hair,
Isn't fighting; he's sulking in his ship.[18]

Such from the citadel was heard the voice610
Of dread Apollo. But Minerva ranged
Meantime, Tritonian progeny of Jove,
The Grecians, rousing whom she saw remiss.
Then Amarynceus’ son, Diores, felt
The force of fate, bruised by a rugged rock615
At his right heel, which Pirus, Thracian Chief,
The son of Imbrasus of Ænos, threw.
Bones and both tendons in its fall the mass
Enormous crush’d. He, stretch’d in dust supine,
With palms outspread toward his warrior friends620
Lay gasping life away. But he who gave
The fatal blow, Pirus, advancing, urged
Into his navel a keen lance, and shed
His bowels forth; then, darkness veil’d his eyes.

From the citadel, the voice of fearsome Apollo was heard. Meanwhile, Minerva, the daughter of Jove, was stirring the Greeks, rousing those she saw slacking off. Then Diores, son of Amarynceus, felt the weight of destiny when a rough rock struck his right heel, thrown by Pirus, the Thracian leader, son of Imbrasus from Ænos. The massive stone crushed his bones and tendons as it fell. He lay in the dust, on his back, arms outstretched toward his warrior friends, gasping for life. But Pirus, who dealt the deadly blow, stepped forward and drove a sharp lance into his belly, spilling his insides; then darkness closed in on him.

Nor Pirus long survived; him through the breast625
Above the pap, Ætolian Thoas pierced,
And in his lungs set fast the quivering spear.
Then Thoas swift approach’d, pluck’d from the wound
His stormy spear, and with his falchion bright
Gashing his middle belly, stretch’d him dead.630
Yet stripp’d he not the slain, whom with long spears
His Thracians hairy-scalp’d[19] so round about
Encompassed, that though bold and large of limb
Were Thoas, from before them him they thrust
Staggering and reeling in his forced retreat.635

Nor did Pirus last long; Thoas from Ætolia drove a spear through his chest, piercing his lungs. Thoas quickly approached, pulled his stormy spear from the wound, and with his bright sword, he slashed open Pirus’s belly, killing him instantly. Yet he did not strip the slain, whom his Thracian warriors, with their hairy heads, surrounded so tightly that, despite Thoas being bold and strong, they pushed him back, staggering and reeling as he was forced to retreat.

They therefore in the dust, the Epean Chief
Diores, and the Thracian, Pirus lay
Stretch’d side by side, with numerous slain around.

They therefore lay in the dust, the Epean Chief
Diores, and the Thracian, Pirus, side by side,
Surrounded by numerous slain.

Then had Minerva led through all that field
Some warrior yet unhurt, him sheltering safe640
From all annoyance dread of dart or spear,
No cause of blame in either had he found
That day, so many Greeks and Trojans press’d,
Extended side by side, the dusty plain.

Then Minerva guided through the battlefield
Some warrior who was still unhurt, keeping him safe640
From any fear of darts or spears,
He found no fault in either side
That day, as so many Greeks and Trojans crowded,
Side by side on the dusty plain.

BOOK V.

ARGUMENT OF THE FIFTH BOOK.

Diomede is extraordinarily distinguished. He kills Pandarus, who had violated the truce, and wounds first Venus and then Mars.

Diomede is incredibly remarkable. He kills Pandarus, who broke the truce, and injures both Venus and Mars.

BOOK V.

Then Athenæan Pallas on the son
Of Tydeus,[1] Diomede, new force conferr’d
And daring courage, that the Argives all
He might surpass, and deathless fame achieve.
Fires on his helmet and his shield around5
She kindled, bright and steady as the star
Autumnal,[2] which in Ocean newly bathed
Assumes fresh beauty; with such glorious beams
His head encircling and his shoulders broad,
She urged him forth into the thickest fight.10

Then the goddess Athena bestowed new strength
and bold bravery upon the son of Tydeus, Diomede,
so that he might surpass all the Argives
and achieve immortal fame.
She ignited fires on his helmet and shield,5
bright and steady like the autumn star
that emerges freshly beautiful from the ocean.
With such glorious light
surrounding his head and broad shoulders,
she pushed him forward into the thickest part of the battle.10

There lived a man in Troy, Dares his name,
The priest of Vulcan; rich he was and good,
The father of two sons, Idæus this,
That, Phegeus call’d; accomplish’d warriors both.
These, issuing from their phalanx, push’d direct15
Their steeds at Diomede, who fought on foot.
When now small interval was left between,
First Phegeus his long-shadow’d spear dismiss’d;
But over Diomede’s left shoulder pass’d
The point, innocuous. Then his splendid lance20
Tydides hurl’d; nor ineffectual flew
The weapon from his hand, but Phegeus pierced
His paps between, and forced him to the ground.
At once, his sumptuous chariot left, down leap’d
Idæsus, wanting courage to defend25
His brother slain; nor had he scaped himself
His louring fate, but Vulcan, to preserve
His ancient priest from unmixt sorrow, snatch’d
The fugitive in darkness wrapt, away.
Then brave Tydides, driving off the steeds,30
Consign’d them to his fellow-warriors’ care,
That they might lead them down into the fleet.

There was a man in Troy named Dares,
He was the priest of Vulcan; he was wealthy and kind,
The father of two sons, one named Idæus,
And the other called Phegeus; both accomplished warriors.
They charged out from their formation, driving their horses straight15
At Diomede, who was fighting on foot.
As the distance closed between them,
Phegeus threw his long spear first;
But the point flew harmlessly over Diomede’s left shoulder.
Then Tydides hurled his magnificent spear,20
And it was not thrown in vain,
For the weapon struck Phegeus, piercing him
In the chest and bringing him to the ground.
Immediately, Idæus jumped down from his luxurious chariot,
Lacking the courage to defend25
His slain brother; he would have met the same
Dark fate, but Vulcan, to save
His long-time priest from pure grief, snatched
The fleeing man away in darkness.
Then brave Tydides, driving off the horses,30
Gave them to his fellow warriors to keep,
So they could lead them down to the ships.

The valiant Trojans, when they saw the sons
Of Dares, one beside his chariot slain,
And one by flight preserved, through all their host35
Felt consternation. Then Minerva seized
The hand of fiery Mars, and thus she spake.

The brave Trojans, when they saw Dares' sons,
One killed next to his chariot,
And one saved by fleeing, all through their ranks35
Felt panic. Then Minerva took
The hand of fierce Mars and spoke this way.

Gore-tainted homicide, town-battering Mars!
Leave we the Trojans and the Greeks to wage
Fierce fight alone, Jove prospering whom he will,40
So shall we not provoke our father’s ire.

Gore-filled murder, town-destroying Mars!
Let’s leave the Trojans and Greeks to fight
Their brutal battles alone, with Jove favoring whoever he chooses,40
That way, we won't anger our father's wrath.

She said, and from the fight conducted forth
The impetuous Deity, whom on the side
She seated of Scamander deep-embank’d.[3]

She said, and from the battle emerged
The fierce God, whom she placed on the side
Of the deep-banked Scamander. [3]

And now the host of Troy to flight inclined45
Before the Grecians, and the Chiefs of Greece
Each slew a warrior. Agamemnon first
Gigantic Odius from his chariot hurl’d.
Chief of the Halizonians. He to flight
Turn’d foremost, when the monarch in his spine50
Between the shoulder-bones his spear infixt,
And urged it through his breast. Sounding he fell,
And loud his batter’d armor rang around.

And now the Trojans began to flee45
Before the Greeks, as the leaders of Greece
Each took down a warrior. Agamemnon was first
To hurl his massive spear at Odius from his chariot.
He was the chief of the Halizonians. Odius was the first
To turn and run when the king pierced his spine50
Between his shoulder blades with his spear,
Pushing it through his chest. He fell with a thud,
And the sound of his battered armor echoed around.

By brave Idomeneus a Lydian died,
Phæstus, from fruitful Tarne sent to Troy,55
Son of Mæonian Borus; him his steeds
Mounting, Idomeneus the spear-renown’d
Through his right shoulder pierced; unwelcome night
Involved him; from his chariot down he fell,[4]
And the attendant Cretans stripp’d his arms.60

By brave Idomeneus, a Lydian was killed,
Phæstus, sent from fertile Tarne to Troy,55
Son of Mæonian Borus; Idomeneus,
Mounted on his steeds, pierced him
Through his right shoulder with a spear; unwelcome night
Came over him; he fell from his chariot,[4]
And the Cretan attendants stripped him of his armor.60

But Menelaus, son of Atreus slew
With his bright spear Scamandrius, Stropius’ son,
A skilful hunter; for Diana him,
Herself, the slaughter of all savage kinds
Had taught, on mountain or in forest bred.65
But she, shaft-aiming Goddess, in that hour
Avail’d him not, nor his own matchless skill;
For Menelaus, Atreus son spear-famed,
Him flying wounded in the spine between
His shoulders, and the spear urged through his breast.70
Prone on his loud-resounding arms he fell.

But Menelaus, son of Atreus, killed
Scamandrius, Stropius’ son, with his shining spear,
A skilled hunter; for Diana herself,
Had taught him to hunt and take down all wild game,
Whether in the mountains or in the forest.65
But she, the goddess of aim, did not help him in that moment,
Nor did his own unmatched skill prevail;
For Menelaus, the spear-renowned son of Atreus,
Wounded him as he was fleeing, stabbing him in the spine
Between his shoulders, with the spear piercing through his chest.70
He fell, crashing onto his echoing arms.

Next, by Meriones, Phereclus died,
Son of Harmonides. All arts that ask
A well-instructed hand his sire had learn’d,
For Pallas dearly loved him. He the fleet,75
Prime source of harm to Troy and to himself,
For Paris built, unskill’d to spell aright
The oracles predictive of the wo.
Phereclus fled; Meriones his flight
Outstripping, deep in his posterior flesh80
A spear infix’d; sliding beneath the bone
It grazed his bladder as it pass’d, and stood
Protruded far before. Low on his knees
Phereclus sank, and with a shriek expired.
Pedæus, whom, although his spurious son,85
Antenor’s wife, to gratify her lord,
Had cherish’d as her own—him Meges slew.
Warlike Phylides[5] following close his flight,
His keen lance drove into his poll, cut sheer
His tongue within, and through his mouth enforced90
The glittering point. He, prostrate in the dust,
The cold steel press’d between his teeth and died.

Next, by Meriones, Phereclus died,
Son of Harmonides. His father had taught him
All the skills that require a well-trained hand,
Because Pallas loved him dearly. He was the swift,75
Main cause of trouble for Troy and for himself,
Since Paris built, lacking the ability to interpret
The prophecies that warned of doom.
Phereclus tried to escape; Meriones outran him,
Driving a spear deep into his back,80
It slid beneath the bone,
Grazing his bladder as it passed through and jutted
Out far in front. Phereclus fell to his knees
And cried out before dying.
Meges killed Pedæus, whom, although not his true son,85
Antenor's wife had raised as her own to please her husband.
The warrior Phylides, closely pursuing his escape,
Spear thrust into his neck, cutting through
His tongue and forcing the sharp point
Out through his mouth. He lay in the dust,
The cold steel pressed between his teeth as he died.

Eurypylus, Evemon’s son, the brave
Hypsenor slew; Dolopion was his sire,
Priest of Scamander, reverenced as a God.95
In vain before Eurypylus he fled;
He, running, with his falchion lopp’d his arm
Fast by the shoulder; on the field his hand
Fell blood-distained, and destiny severe
With shades of death for ever veil’d his eyes.100

Eurypylus, the son of Evemon, bravely killed Hypsenor; Dolopion was his father, a priest of Scamander who was honored like a god. In vain did he try to escape from Eurypylus; as he ran, Eurypylus chopped off his arm right at the shoulder. His hand fell to the ground, covered in blood, and fate, cruel and unyielding, forever darkened his gaze with the shadows of death.

Thus strenuous they the toilsome battle waged.
But where Tydides fought, whether in aid
Of Ilium’s host, or on the part of Greece,
Might none discern. For as a winter-flood
Impetuous, mounds and bridges sweeps away;[6]105
The buttress’d bridge checks not its sudden force,
The firm inclosure of vine-planted fields
Luxuriant, falls before it; finish’d works
Of youthful hinds, once pleasant to the eye,
Now levell’d, after ceaseless rain from Jove;110
So drove Tydides into sudden flight
The Trojans; phalanx after phalanx fled
Before the terror of his single arm.

They fought hard in the intense battle.
But where Tydides fought, whether to help
Ilium’s forces or on Greece’s side,
No one could tell. Just like a winter flood
That sweeps away mounds and bridges;[6]105
The reinforced bridge can’t stop its sudden force,
The solid barrier of vine-covered fields
Richly planted falls before it; finished works
Of young farmers, once pleasant to see,
Now levelled, after endless rain from Jove;110
So Tydides drove the Trojans into a sudden retreat,
Phalanx after phalanx fled
Before the fear of his single hand.

When him Lycaon’s son illustrious saw
Scouring the field, and from before his face115
The ranks dispersing wide, at once he bent
Against Tydides his elastic bow.
The arrow met him in his swift career
Sure-aim’d; it struck direct the hollow mail
Of his right shoulder, with resistless force120
Transfix’d it, and his hauberk stain’d with blood.
Loud shouted then Lycaon’s son renown’d.

When Lycaon’s famous son saw
The battlefield, and the ranks scattering before him,115
He quickly aimed his flexible bow
At Tydides. The arrow found its mark in his swift run,
Hitting the hollow armor
Of his right shoulder with unstoppable force,120
Piercing it, and staining his armor with blood.
Then Lycaon’s son shouted loudly, filled with glory.

Rush on, ye Trojans, spur your coursers hard.
Our fiercest foe is wounded, and I deem
His death not distant far, if me the King[7]125
Jove’s son, indeed, from Lycia sent to Troy.

Rush on, Trojans, drive your horses hard.
Our greatest enemy is wounded, and I believe
His death is not far off, if I, the King[7]125
Jove’s son, have truly been sent from Lycia to Troy.

So boasted Pandarus. Yet him the dart
Quell’d not. Retreating, at his coursers’ heads
He stood, and to the son of Capaneus
His charioteer and faithful friend he said.130

So bragged Pandarus. But the arrow didn’t take him down. He stepped back, standing by the heads of his horses, and said to the son of Capaneus, his charioteer and loyal friend.

Arise, sweet son of Capaneus, dismount,
And from my shoulder draw this bitter shaft.

Arise, sweet son of Capaneus, get down,
And from my shoulder pull out this painful arrow.

He spake; at once the son of Capaneus
Descending, by its barb the bitter shaft
Drew forth; blood spouted through his twisted mail135
Incontinent, and thus the Hero pray’d.

He spoke; immediately the son of Capaneus
Came down, pulling out the bitter arrow
Blood gushed out through his bent armor135
Without hesitation, and then the Hero prayed.

Unconquer’d daughter of Jove Ægis-arm’d!
If ever me, propitious, or my sire
Thou hast in furious fight help’d heretofore,
Now aid me also. Bring within the reach140
Of my swift spear, Oh grant me to strike through
The warrior who hath check’d my course, and boasts
The sun’s bright beams for ever quench’d to me![8]

Unconquered daughter of Jove, armed with the Aegis!
If you've ever helped me, or my father,
In fierce battles before,
Now help me again. Bring within reach140
Of my swift spear, oh grant me the chance to strike
The warrior who has stopped my path, and boasts
That the sun's bright rays are forever taken from me![8]

He prayed, and Pallas heard; she braced his limbs,
She wing’d him with alacrity divine,145
And, standing at his side, him thus bespake.

He prayed, and Pallas listened; she strengthened his limbs,
She equipped him with divine swiftness,145
And, standing by his side, she spoke to him.

Now Diomede, be bold! Fight now with Troy.
To thee, thy father’s spirit I impart
Fearless; shield-shaking Tydeus felt the same.
I also from thine eye the darkness purge150
Which dimm’d thy sight[9] before, that thou may’st know
Both Gods and men; should, therefore, other God
Approach to try thee, fight not with the powers
Immortal; but if foam-born Venus come,
Her spare not. Wound her with thy glittering spear.155

Now, Diomede, be brave! Fight now against Troy.
I give you your father’s spirit
Fearless; shield-shaking Tydeus felt the same.
I also clear away the darkness from your eyes150
That blinded you before, so you can see
Both gods and men; therefore, if another god
Comes to challenge you, don't fight the immortal powers.
But if foam-born Venus comes,
Don't hold back. Wound her with your shining spear.155

So spake the blue-eyed Deity, and went,
Then with the champions in the van again
Tydides mingled; hot before, he fights
With threefold fury now, nor less enraged
Than some gaunt lion whom o’erleaping light160
The fold, a shepherd hath but gall’d, not kill’d,
Him irritating more; thenceforth the swain
Lurks unresisting; flies the abandon’d flock;
Heaps slain on heaps he leaves, and with a bound
Surmounting all impediment, escapes;165
Such seem’d the valiant Diomede incensed
To fury, mingling with the host of Troy.

So spoke the blue-eyed goddess and left,
Then once again Tydides joined the front
With the champions; his anger, hot before,
Now burns even more fiercely, as enraged
As a gaunt lion, whose pasture a shepherd
160
Has irritated but not killed, driving him
To be even more agitated; then the shepherd
Stays hidden, letting the abandoned flock
Be slaughtered around him; he leaves heaps on heaps,
And with a leap, he overcomes all obstacles
165
And escapes; so seemed the brave Diomede,
Fueled with rage as he fought among the Trojans.

Astynoüs and Hypenor first he slew;
One with his brazen lance above the pap
He pierced, and one with his huge falchion smote170
Fast by the key-bone,[10] from the neck and spine
His parted shoulder driving at a blow.

Astynoüs and Hypenor he killed first;
One he pierced with his bronze spear above the chest,
And one he struck down with his massive sword170
Right by the collarbone,[10] severing the neck and spine,
His split shoulder taking the blow.

Them leaving, Polyides next he sought
And Abas, sons of a dream-dealing seer,
Eurydamas; their hoary father’s dreams175
Or not interpreted, or kept concealed,
Them saved not, for by Diomede they died.
Xanthus and Thöon he encounter’d next,
Both sons of Phænops, sons of his old age,
Who other heir had none of all his wealth,180
Nor hoped another, worn with many years.
Tydides slew them both; nor aught remain’d
To the old man but sorrow for his sons
For ever lost, and strangers were his heirs.
Two sons of Priam in one chariot borne185
Echemon next, and Chromius felt his hand
Resistless. As a lion on the herd
Leaping, while they the shrubs and bushes browse,
Breaks short the neck of heifer or of steer,
So them, though clinging fast and loth to fall,190
Tydides hurl’d together to the ground,
Then stripp’d their splendid armor, and the steeds
Consigned and chariot to his soldiers’ care.

They left, and next Polyides he looked for, Along with Abas, the sons of a prophetic seer, Eurydamas; their grey-haired father's dreams Either not interpreted or kept hidden, Didn’t save them, for they died at Diomede's hands. Next, he encountered Xanthus and Thöon, Both sons of Phænops, born in his old age, Who had no other heirs for all his wealth, Nor hoped for another, worn out by many years. Tydides killed them both; nothing remained For the old man but sorrow for his sons, Forever lost, and strangers were his heirs. Next, two sons of Priam in one chariot, Echemon and Chromius, felt his powerful hand. Like a lion among the herd, Leaping while they graze on shrubs and bushes, Breaking the neck of a heifer or steer, So, though they clung tight and were reluctant to fall, Tydides threw them both to the ground, Then stripped their shining armor, and handed The horses and chariot over to his soldiers’ care.

Æneas him discern’d scattering the ranks,
And through the battle and the clash of spears195
Went seeking godlike Pandarus; ere long
Finding Lycaon’s martial son renown’d,
He stood before him, and him thus address’d.

Aeneas saw him breaking up the ranks,
And through the battle and the clash of spears195
He went looking for the godlike Pandarus; before long
He found Lycaon's famous son,
And stood before him, saying this.

Thy bow, thy feather’d shafts, and glorious name
Where are they, Pandarus? whom none of Troy200
Could equal, whom of Lycia, none excel.
Come. Lift thine hands to Jove, and at yon Chief
Dispatch an arrow, who afflicts the host
Of Ilium thus, conquering where’er he flies,
And who hath slaughter’d numerous brave in arms,205
But him some Deity I rather deem
Avenging on us his neglected rites,
And who can stand before an angry God?

Your bow, your feathered arrows, and glorious name
Where are they, Pandarus? No one from Troy200
Could match you, and no one from Lycia could surpass you.
Come. Raise your hands to Jove, and at that Chief
Fire an arrow, who is troubling the army
Of Ilium like this, conquering wherever he goes,
And who has killed many brave warriors,205
But I think some God is punishing us
For his neglected rituals,
And who can stand against an angry God?

Him answer’d then Lycaon’s son renown’d.
Brave leader of the Trojans brazen-mail’d,210
Æneas! By his buckler which I know,
And by his helmet’s height, considering, too
His steeds, I deem him Diomede the bold;
Yet such pronounce him not, who seems a God.
But if bold Diomede indeed he be215
Of whom I speak, not without aid from heaven
His fury thus prevails, but at his side
Some God, in clouds enveloped, turns away
From him the arrow to a devious course.
Already, at his shoulder’s hollow mail220
My shaft hath pierced him through, and him I deem’d
Dismiss’d full sure to Pluto ere his time
But he survives; whom therefore I at last
Perforce conclude some angry Deity.
Steeds have I none or chariot to ascend,225
Who have eleven chariots in the stands
Left of Lycaon, with fair hangings all
O’ermantled, strong, new finish’d, with their steeds
In pairs beside them, eating winnow’d grain.
Me much Lycaon my old valiant sire230
At my departure from his palace gates
Persuaded, that my chariot and my steeds
Ascending, I should so conduct my bands
To battle; counsel wise, and ill-refused!
But anxious, lest (the host in Troy so long235
Immew’d) my steeds, fed plenteously at home,
Should here want food, I left them, and on foot
To Ilium came, confiding in my bow
Ordain’d at last to yield me little good.
Twice have I shot, and twice I struck the mark,240
First Menelaus, and Tydides next;
From each I drew the blood, true, genuine blood,
Yet have but more incensed them. In an hour
Unfortunate, I therefore took my bow
Down from the wall that day, when for the sake245
Of noble Hector, to these pleasant plains
I came, a leader on the part of Troy.
But should I once return, and with these eyes
Again behold my native land, my sire,
My wife, my stately mansion, may the hand,250
That moment, of some adversary there
Shorten me by the head, if I not snap
This bow with which I charged myself in vain,
And burn the unprofitable tool to dust.

Then the renowned son of Lycaon replied.
The brave leader of the heavily armored Trojans,210
Æneas! I can tell by his shield,
And by how tall his helmet is, considering, too
His horses, that he seems like bold Diomede;
But he doesn’t look like that to me; he seems like a God.
But if he truly is bold Diomede215
Of whom I’m speaking, then he’s not winning this fight without divine help,
For some God, cloaked in clouds, is guiding
His arrows off course.
I’ve already shot my arrow through the hollow of his shoulder’s armor220
And thought for sure he’d be sent to Pluto before his time,
But he survives; I can only conclude that he’s backed by some angry Deity.
I have neither horses nor a chariot to ride,225
While I have eleven chariots in Lycaon’s stands,
All decorated and freshly finished, with their horses
Beside them, eating winnowed grain.
My old and brave father, Lycaon,230
Persuaded me at my departure from his palace gates
That if I took my chariot and my horses,
I could lead my troops into battle; wise advice, yet foolishly ignored!
But worried that my horses, who’ve been well-fed at home235
Might go hungry here, I left them behind and came
To Ilium on foot, trusting in my bow,
Which I had hoped would finally prove useful.
I’ve shot twice and hit the target both times,240
First Menelaus and then Tydides;
I drew true, genuine blood from each,
Yet only made them angrier. In one
Unfortunate hour, I took my bow
Down from the wall that day, when for the sake245
Of noble Hector, I came to these pleasant fields
As a leader for Troy.
But if I ever return and with these eyes
See my homeland again, my father,
My wife, and my grand house, may the hand,250
Of some enemy there strike me down, if I do not snap
This bow that I burdened myself with in vain,
And burn this useless tool to ashes.

To whom Æneas, Trojan Chief, replied.255
Nay, speak not so. For ere that hour arrive
We will, with chariot and with horse, in arms
Encounter him, and put his strength to proof.
Delay not, mount my chariot. Thou shalt see
With what rapidity the steeds of Troy260
Pursuing or retreating, scour the field.
If after all, Jove purpose still to exalt
The son of Tydeus, these shall bear us safe
Back to the city. Come then. Let us on.
The lash take thou, and the resplendent reins,265
While I alight for battle, or thyself
Receive them, and the steeds shall be my care.

To whom Æneas, Trojan Leader, replied.255
No, don’t say that. Before that hour comes,
We will confront him with our chariots and horses, armed
And test his strength.
Don’t hesitate, get in my chariot. You’ll see
How quickly the horses of Troy260
Charge across the field, whether in pursuit or retreat.
If in the end, Jove still intends to elevate
The son of Tydeus, these will take us safely
Back to the city. Let’s go then.
You take the whip and the shining reins,265
While I jump down for battle, or you can
Take them, and I’ll handle the horses.

Him answer’d then Lycaon’s son renown’d.
Æneas! manage thou the reins, and guide
Thy proper steeds. If fly at last we must270
The son of Tydeus, they will readier draw
Directed by their wonted charioteer.
Else, terrified, and missing thy control,
They may refuse to bear us from the fight,
And Tydeus’ son assailing us, with ease275
Shall slay us both, and drive thy steeds away.
Rule therefore thou the chariot, and myself
With my sharp spear will his assault receive.

Then the famous son of Lycaon answered,
“Aeneas! You handle the reins and steer
Your own horses. If we have to escape at last,270
The son of Tydeus, they’ll pull better
If guided by their usual driver.
Otherwise, scared and without your command,
They might refuse to take us out of the battle,
And Tydeus’ son could easily attack us,275
Kill us both, and steal your horses away.
So you take charge of the chariot, and I
Will face his assault with my sharp spear.”

So saying, they mounted both, and furious drove
Against Tydides. Them the noble son280
Of Capaneus observed, and turning quick
His speech to Diomede, him thus address’d.

So saying, they both got on and rushed furiously
Against Tydides. The noble son280
Of Capaneus noticed them, and quickly turning
His speech to Diomede, he addressed him.

Tydides, Diomede, my heart’s delight!
Two warriors of immeasurable force
In battle, ardent to contend with thee,285
Come rattling on. Lycaon’s offspring one,
Bow-practised Pandarus; with whom appears
Æneas; he who calls the mighty Chief
Anchises father, and whom Venus bore.
Mount—drive we swift away—lest borne so far290
Beyond the foremost battle, thou be slain.

Tydides, Diomede, my heart's joy!
Two incredibly strong warriors
Are charging into battle, eager to fight you,285
One of them being the son of Lycaon,
A skilled archer named Pandarus; along with him
Is Æneas; he who calls the mighty Chief
Anchises his father, and whom Venus gave birth to.
Get on—let's move quickly—so you won't get290
Caught too far beyond the front lines and get killed.

To whom, dark-frowning, Diomede replied
Speak not of flight to me, who am disposed
To no such course. I am ashamed to fly
Or tremble, and my strength is still entire;295
I cannot mount. No. Rather thus, on foot,
I will advance against them. Fear and dread
Are not for me; Pallas forbids the thought.
One falls, be sure; swift as they are, the steeds
That whirl them on, shall never rescue both.300
But hear my bidding, and hold fast the word.
Should all-wise Pallas grant me my desire
To slay them both, drive not my coursers hence,
But hook the reins, and seizing quick the pair
That draw Æneas, urge them from the powers305
Of Troy away into the host of Greece.
For they are sprung from those which Jove to Tros
In compensation gave for Ganymede;
The Sun himself sees not their like below.
Anchises, King of men, clandestine them310
Obtain’d, his mares submitting to the steeds
Of King Laomedon. Six brought him foals;
Four to himself reserving, in his stalls
He fed them sleek, and two he gave his son:
These, might we win them, were a noble prize.315

To whom, dark-frowning, Diomede replied
"Don't talk to me about running away. I'm not the type to do that. I’m ashamed to flee
Or shake with fear, and my strength is still intact;295
I can’t ride. No. Instead, I’ll march ahead on foot,
I will confront them. Fear and terror
Aren’t for me; Pallas wouldn’t allow that.
One of them will fall, you can count on it; even as fast as they may be, the horses
That carry them will never save both.300
But listen to my command and remember the words.
If all-wise Pallas grants me my wish
To take them both down, don’t let my horses run off,
But hold the reins tight, and quickly take the pair
That pull Æneas, driving them away from the forces305
Of Troy and into the Greek army.
For they come from those that Jove gave to Tros
As compensation for Ganymede;
The Sun himself hasn't seen anything like them.
Anchises, the King of men, secretly obtained them,310
His mares submitting to the steeds
Of King Laomedon. Six gave him foals;
He kept four for himself in his stables,
Feeding them well, and gave two to his son:
If we manage to win them, they would be a great prize.315

Thus mutual they conferr’d; those Chiefs, the while,
With swiftest pace approach’d, and first his speech
To Diomede Lycaon’s son address’d.

Thus they discussed together; those Chiefs, meanwhile,
With swiftest pace approached, and first his speech
To Diomede, Lycaon's son, he addressed.

Heroic offspring of a noble sire,
Brave son of Tydeus! false to my intent320
My shaft hath harm’d thee little. I will now
Make trial with my spear, if that may speed.

Heroic child of a noble father,
Brave son of Tydeus! I've failed in my purpose320
My arrow has hardly hurt you. Now I will
Try my spear, and see if that works better.

He said, and shaking his long-shadow’d spear,
Dismiss’d it. Forceful on the shield it struck
Of Diomede, transpierced it, and approach’d325
With threatening point the hauberk on his breast.
Loud shouted Pandarus—Ah nobly thrown!
Home to thy bowels. Die, for die thou must,
And all the glory of thy death is mine.

He said, and shaking his long-shadowed spear,
He dismissed it. It struck hard against the shield
Of Diomede, pierced through it, and came close325
With its threatening point to the armor on his chest.
Pandarus shouted loudly—What a great throw!
It’s aimed right at your heart. You’ll die, because you have to,
And all the glory of your death will belong to me.

Then answer thus brave Diomede return’d330
Undaunted. I am whole. Thy cast was short.
But ye desist not, as I plain perceive,
Till one at least extended on the plain
Shall sate the God of battles with his blood.

Then brave Diomede answered back, undaunted. "I’m fine. Your throw was weak. But you won’t stop, as I can clearly see, until at least one person lying on the ground satisfies the God of War with his blood."

He said and threw. Pallas the spear herself335
Directed; at his eye fast by the nose
Deep-entering, through his ivory teeth it pass’d,
At its extremity divided sheer
His tongue, and started through his chin below.
He headlong fell, and with his dazzling arms340
Smote full the plain. Back flew the fiery steeds
With swift recoil, and where he fell he died.
Then sprang Æneas forth with spear and shield,
That none might drag the body;[11] lion-like
He stalk’d around it, oval shield and spear345
Advancing firm, and with incessant cries
Terrific, death denouncing on his foes.
But Diomede with hollow grasp a stone
Enormous seized, a weight to overtask
Two strongest men of such as now are strong,350
Yet he, alone, wielded the rock with ease.
Full on the hip he smote him, where the thigh
Rolls in its cavity, the socket named.
He crushed the socket, lacerated wide
Both tendons, and with that rough-angled mass355
Flay’d all his flesh, The Hero on his knees
Sank, on his ample palm his weight upbore
Laboring, and darkness overspread his eyes.

He spoke and threw. Pallas guided the spear herself335
Toward his eye, piercing through his ivory teeth,
It went deep, splitting his tongue at the end
And bursting out through his chin.
He fell headfirst, and with his shining arms340
Hit the ground hard. The fiery horses
Quickly recoiled, and he died where he fell.
Then Æneas jumped up with spear and shield,
So no one could drag the body; like a lion
He stalked around it, shield and spear345
Advancing steadily, shouting constantly
Frightening cries, threatening death to his enemies.
But Diomede picked up a huge stone,
A weight that would challenge
Even the two strongest men of today,350
Yet he managed to lift the rock effortlessly.
He struck him hard on the hip, where the thigh
Fits into its socket.
He crushed the socket, tore wide
Both tendons, and with that rough stone355
Ripped all his flesh away. The Hero, on his knees,
Fell forward, supporting his weight on his palm,
Struggling, as darkness clouded his vision.

There had Æneas perish’d, King of men,
Had not Jove’s daughter Venus quick perceived360
His peril imminent, whom she had borne
Herself to Anchises pasturing his herds.
Her snowy arras her darling son around
She threw maternal, and behind a fold
Of her bright mantle screening close his breast365
From mortal harm by some brave Grecian’s spear,
Stole him with eager swiftness from the fight.

There would have been a disaster for Æneas, the king of men,
if Jupiter’s daughter Venus hadn’t quickly noticed 360
his imminent danger, the son she herself had
borne to Anchises while he tended his herds.
She wrapped her beloved son in her snowy robe,
and with a fold of her bright cloak, 365
she shielded his chest from being harmed
by some brave Greek's spear, and swiftly carried him away from the battle.

Nor then forgat brave Sthenelus his charge
Received from Diomede, but his own steeds
Detaining distant from the boisterous war,370
Stretch’d tight the reins, and hook’d them fast behind.
The coursers of Æneas next he seized
Ardent, and them into the host of Greece
Driving remote, consign’d them to his care,
Whom far above all others his compeers375
He loved, Deipylus, his bosom friend
Congenial. Him he charged to drive them thence
Into the fleet, then, mounting swift his own,
Lash’d after Diomede; he, fierce in arms,
Pursued the Cyprian Goddess, conscious whom,380
Not Pallas, not Enyo, waster dread
Of cities close-beleaguer’d, none of all
Who o’er the battle’s bloody course preside,
But one of softer kind and prone to fear.
When, therefore, her at length, after long chase385
Through all the warring multitude he reach’d,
With his protruded spear her gentle hand
He wounded, piercing through her thin attire
Ambrosial, by themselves the graces wrought,
Her inside wrist, fast by the rosy palm.390
Blood follow’d, but immortal; ichor pure,
Such as the blest inhabitants of heaven
May bleed, nectareous; for the Gods eat not
Man’s food, nor slake as he with sable wine
Their thirst, thence bloodless and from death exempt.395
She, shrieking, from her arms cast down her son,
And Phœbus, in impenetrable clouds
Him hiding, lest the spear of some brave Greek
Should pierce his bosom, caught him swift away.
Then shouted brave Tydides after her—400

Nor did brave Sthenelus forget his orders
From Diomede, but kept his own horses
Far from the loud battle. He tightened the reins
And secured them behind him. Next, he seized
Aeneas's horses, eager to drive them
Into the Greek camp, handing them over to his friend,
Deipylus, whom he cherished above all others,
His closest companion. He instructed him to take them
To the ships, then, mounting his swift horse,
He chased after Diomede; he, fierce in battle,
Pursued the Cyprian Goddess, knowing that
It was not Pallas, nor Enyo, the dreaded destroyer
Of besieged cities, none of those
Who oversee the bloody chaos of war,
But one of a gentler nature, easily frightened.
So, when he finally caught up to her after a long chase
Through all the clashing crowds, he struck her
With his extended spear, wounding her delicate hand,
Piercing through her fine, divine clothing,
Crafted by the Graces, at her inner wrist, just by the rosy palm.
Blood flowed, but it was immortal; pure ichor,
Like what the blessed beings of heaven
Might bleed, nectar-like; for the gods do not eat
Human food, nor quench their thirst like mortals
With dark wine, remaining bloodless and exempt from death.
She screamed and dropped her son,
And Phoebus, hidden in impenetrable clouds,
Took him away quickly, fearing that a brave Greek's spear
Might pierce his heart. Then brave Tydides shouted after her—

Depart, Jove’s daughter! fly the bloody field.
Is’t not enough that thou beguilest the hearts
Of feeble women? If thou dare intrude
Again into the war, war’s very name
Shall make thee shudder, wheresoever heard.405

Leave, daughter of Jove! Get away from this bloody battlefield.
Is it not enough that you charm the hearts
Of weak women? If you dare to involve
Yourself in the war again, the very name
Of war will make you tremble, wherever it's heard.405

He said, and Venus with excess of pain
Bewilder’d went; but Iris tempest-wing’d
Forth led her through the multitude, oppress’d
With anguish, her white wrist to livid changed.
They came where Mars far on the left retired410
Of battle sat, his horses and his spear
In darkness veil’d. Before her brother’s knees
She fell, and with entreaties urgent sought
The succor of his coursers golden-rein’d.

He said, and Venus, overwhelmed with pain
Was confused and left; but Iris, with wings like a storm,
Quickly guided her through the crowd, weighed down
By grief, her pale wrist now turned to a dark hue.
They reached where Mars sat far to the left,410
Hiding in the shadows with his horses and spear.
Before her brother, she fell to her knees
And urgently begged for help from his golden-reined horses.

Save me, my brother! Pity me! Thy steeds415
Give me, that they may bear me to the heights
Olympian, seat of the immortal Gods!
Oh! I am wounded deep; a mortal man
Hath done it, Diomede; nor would he fear
This day in fight the Sire himself of all.420

Save me, brother! Have mercy on me! Your horses415
Give them to me so they can take me up
To the heights of Olympus, home of the immortal Gods!
Oh! I am seriously wounded; a mortal man
Did this to me, Diomede; and he wouldn't even fear
Today in battle the Father of all.420

Then Mars his coursers gold-caparison’d
Resign’d to Venus; she, with countenance sad,
The chariot climb’d, and Iris at her side
The bright reins seizing lash’d the ready steeds.
Soon as the Olympian heights, seat of the Gods,425
They reach’d, wing-footed Iris loosing quick
The coursers, gave them large whereon to browse
Ambrosial food; but Venus on the knees
Sank of Dione, who with folded arms
Maternal, to her bosom straining close430
Her daughter, stroked her cheek, and thus inquired.

Then Mars handed over his golden-harnessed horses to Venus; she, with a sad face, climbed into the chariot, and Iris at her side took the bright reins and urged the ready steeds. Once they reached the Olympian heights, the home of the Gods, wing-footed Iris quickly let the horses roam free to graze on ambrosial food. Meanwhile, Venus sank to her knees before Dione, who, with her arms wrapped around her, pulled her daughter close to her chest, stroked her cheek, and asked her this question.

My darling child! who? which of all the Gods
Hath rashly done such violence to thee
As if convicted of some open wrong?

My sweet child! Who? Which of all the gods
Has carelessly hurt you
As if guilty of some obvious wrongdoing?

Her then the Goddess of love-kindling smiles435
Venus thus answer’d; Diomede the proud,
Audacious Diomede; he gave the wound,
For that I stole Æneas from the fight
My son of all mankind my most beloved;
Nor is it now the war of Greece with Troy,440
But of the Grecians with the Gods themselves.

Her then the Goddess of love-kindling smiles435
Venus replied; Diomede the proud,
Bold Diomede; he dealt the blow,
Because I took Æneas out of the battle
My favorite son among all people;
Now it's not just the Greeks against Troy,440
But the Greeks against the Gods themselves.

Then thus Dione, Goddess all divine.
My child! how hard soe’er thy sufferings seem
Endure them patiently. Full many a wrong
From human hands profane the Gods endure,445
And many a painful stroke, mankind from ours.
Mars once endured much wrong, when on a time
Him Otus bound and Ephialtes fast,
Sons of Alöeus, and full thirteen moons
In brazen thraldom held him. There, at length,450
The fierce blood-nourished Mars had pined away,
But that Eëribœa, loveliest nymph,
His step-mother, in happy hour disclosed
To Mercury the story of his wrongs;
He stole the prisoner forth, but with his woes455
Already worn, languid and fetter-gall’d.
Nor Juno less endured, when erst the bold
Son of Amphytrion with tridental shaft
Her bosom pierced; she then the misery felt
Of irremediable pain severe.460
Nor suffer’d Pluto less, of all the Gods
Gigantic most, by the same son of Jove
Alcides, at the portals of the dead
Transfix’d and fill’d with anguish; he the house
Of Jove and the Olympian summit sought465
Dejected, torture-stung, for sore the shaft
Oppress’d him, into his huge shoulder driven.
But Pæon[12] him not liable to death
With unction smooth of salutiferous balms
Heal’d soon. Presumptuous, sacrilegious man!470
Careless what dire enormities he wrought,
Who bent his bow against the powers of heaven!
But blue-eyed Pallas instigated him
By whom thou bleed’st. Infatuate! he forgets
That whoso turns against the Gods his arm475
Lives never long; he never, safe escaped
From furious fight, the lisp’d caresses hears
Of his own infants prattling at his knees.
Let therefore Diomede beware, lest strong
And valiant as he is, he chance to meet490
Some mightier foe than thou, and lest his wife,
Daughter of King Adrastus, the discrete
Ægialea, from portentous dreams
Upstarting, call her family to wail
Her first-espoused, Achaia’s proudest boast,485
Diomede, whom she must behold no more.

Then Dione, the all-divine Goddess, said:
"My child! No matter how tough your suffering seems,
Endure it patiently. The Gods endure many wrongs
From disrespectful humans,445
And many painful blows come to us from mankind.
Mars once faced much suffering when,
He was bound by Otus and Ephialtes,
Sons of Alöeus, and held captive for thirteen moons.
There, at last,450
The fierce, bloodthirsty Mars grew weak,
Until Eëribœa, the loveliest nymph,
His stepmother, in a fortunate moment,
Told Mercury about his misfortunes;
He rescued the captive, but by then,455
He was already worn out, weak, and marked by chains.
Juno suffered equally when the brave
Son of Amphytrion pierced her heart
With his trident; she felt the severe
Pain of an unrelenting agony.460
Nor did Pluto suffer less, of all the Gods
The mightiest giant, when he was struck
By the same son of Jove, Alcides, at the gates of the dead,
Filled with despair; he sought the home
Of Jove and the Olympian heights,465
Feeling crushed, tormented, as the arrow
Stabbed deep into his massive shoulder.
But Pæon[12] kept him from death
With smooth, healing balms,
And soon restored him. Presumptuous, sacrilegious man!470
Careless of the terrible deeds he committed,
Who aimed his bow at the powers of heaven!
But blue-eyed Pallas urged him on,
From whom you bleed. Foolish! He forgets
That anyone who turns against the Gods with their arm475
Doesn't live long; he will never hear,
Safe from battle, the tender words
Of his own children playing at his knees.
Let therefore Diomede take care, lest strong
And brave as he is, he encounters490
A more powerful enemy than you, and that his wife,
King Adrastus's daughter, the wise
Ægialea, awakens from ominous dreams
And calls her family to mourn
Her first husband, Achaia’s greatest pride,485
Diomede, whom she will never see again.

She said, and from her wrist with both hands wiped
The trickling ichor; the effectual touch
Divine chased all her pains, and she was heal’d.
Them Juno mark’d and Pallas, and with speech490
Sarcastic pointed at Saturnian Jove
To vex him, blue-eyed Pallas thus began.

She said, and she wiped the trickling ichor from her wrist with both hands; the healing touch chased away all her pain, and she was healed. Juno and Pallas noticed this, and with sarcastic remarks, Pallas pointed at Saturnian Jove to annoy him and began.

Eternal father! may I speak my thought,
And not incense thee, Jove? I can but judge
That Venus, while she coax’d some Grecian fair495
To accompany the Trojans whom she loves
With such extravagance, hath heedless stroked
Her golden clasps, and scratch’d her lily hand.

Eternal Father! Can I share what's on my mind,
Without angering you, Jove? All I can do is assume
That Venus, while she sweet-talked some beautiful Greek495
To join the Trojans she adores
With such extravagance, has carelessly brushed
Her golden clasps and scratched her fair hand.

So she; then smiled the sire of Gods and men,
And calling golden Venus, her bespake.500

So she; then smiled the father of Gods and men,
And calling golden Venus, spoke to her.500

War and the tented field, my beauteous child,
Are not for thee. Thou rather shouldst be found
In scenes of matrimonial bliss. The toils
Of war to Pallas and to Mars belong.

War and the battlefield, my beautiful child,
Are not for you. You should be found
In moments of marital happiness. The struggles
Of war belong to Pallas and Mars.

Thus they in heaven. But Diomede the while505
Sprang on Æneas, conscious of the God
Whose hand o’ershadow’d him, yet even him
Regarding lightly; for he burn’d to slay
Æneas, and to seize his glorious arms.
Thrice then he sprang impetuous to the deed,510
And thrice Apollo with his radiant shield
Repulsed him. But when ardent as a God
The fourth time he advanced, with thundering-voice
Him thus the Archer of the skies rebuked.

Thus they are in heaven. But in the meantime, Diomede
Leaped at Æneas, aware of the God
Whose hand protected him, yet still dismissive;
For he was eager to kill Æneas and take
His glorious armor.
Three times he charged impulsively to attack,
And three times Apollo with his shining shield
Drove him back. But when, burning with divine passion,
He charged for the fourth time, the Archer of the skies
Rebuked him with a thunderous voice.

Think, and retire, Tydides! nor affect515
Equality with Gods; for not the same
Our nature is and theirs who tread the ground.

Think, and step back, Tydides! Don’t pretend515
To be equal with the Gods; for our nature
Is not the same as theirs who walk the earth.

He spake, and Diomede a step retired,
Not more; the anger of the Archer-God
Declining slow, and with a sullen awe.520
Then Phœbus, far from all the warrior throng
To his own shrine the sacred dome beneath
Of Pergamus, Æneas bore; there him
Latona and shaft-arm’d Diana heal’d
And glorified within their spacious fane.525
Meantime the Archer of the silver bow
A visionary form prepared; it seem’d
Himself Æneas, and was arm’d as he.
At once, in contest for that airy form,
Grecians and Trojans on each other’s breasts530
The bull-hide buckler batter’d and light targe.

He spoke, and Diomede took a step back, Not more; the anger of the Archer-God Fading slowly, and with a heavy awe. Then Phœbus, far from all the warriors, Brought Æneas to his own shrine, The sacred dome beneath Pergamus; there, Latona and the arrow-armed Diana healed him And honored him within their spacious temple. Meanwhile, the silver-bowed Archer Created a ghostly form; it looked Just like Æneas, and was armed like him. At once, in a clash over that elusive figure, Greeks and Trojans charged at each other, Smiting the bull-hide shield and light armor.

Then thus Apollo to the warrior God.
Gore-tainted homicide, town-batterer Mars!
Wilt thou not meet and from the fight withdraw
This man Tydides, now so fiery grown535
That he would even cope with Jove himself?
First Venus’ hand he wounded, and assail’d
Impetuous as a God, next, even me.
He ceased, and on the topmost turret sat
Of Pergamus. Then all-destroyer Mars540
Ranging the Trojan host, rank after rank
Exhorted loud, and in the form assumed
Of Acamas the Thracian leader bold,
The godlike sons of Priam thus harangued.

Then Apollo spoke to the warrior God.
Blood-soaked killer, city-destroyer Mars!
Will you not meet and back away from
This man Tydides, who has become so fiery535
That he would even take on Jove himself?
First, he wounded Venus’ hand, and attacked
With the force of a God, and then even me.
He stopped, sitting at the highest tower
Of Pergamus. Then the all-destroying Mars540
Roamed among the Trojan host, rank by rank,
Shouting loudly, and taking the form
Of Acamas, the bold Thracian leader,
In this way, he rallied the godlike sons of Priam.

Ye sons of Priam, monarch Jove-beloved!545
How long permit ye your Achaian foes
To slay the people?—till the battle rage
(Push’d home to Ilium) at her solid gates?
Behold—a Chief disabled lies, than whom
We reverence not even Hector more,550
Æneas; fly, save from the roaring storm
The noble Anchisiades your friend.

You sons of Priam, beloved by King Jove!545
How long will you let your Achaean enemies
kill your people?—until the battle forces its way
(to Ilium) at her strong gates?
Look—one great leader lies disabled, someone we respect
even more than Hector,550
Aeneas; run, save your friend,
the noble son of Anchises, from the raging storm.

He said; then every heart for battle glow’d;
And thus Sarpedon with rebuke severe
Upbraiding generous Hector, stern began.555

He said; then every heart was fired for battle;
And so Sarpedon, with a harsh rebuke,
Began to scold noble Hector, fiercely. 555

Where is thy courage, Hector? for thou once
Hadst courage. Is it fled? In other days
Thy boast hath been that without native troops
Or foreign aids, thy kindred and thyself
Alone, were guard sufficient for the town.560
But none of all thy kindred now appears;
I can discover none; they stand aloof
Quaking, as dogs that hear the lion’s roar.
We bear the stress, who are but Troy’s allies;
Myself am such, and from afar I came;565
For Lycia lies far distant on the banks
Of the deep-eddied Xanthus. There a wife
I left and infant son, both dear to me,
With plenteous wealth, the wish of all who want.
Yet urge I still my Lycians, and am prompt570
Myself to fight, although possessing here
Nought that the Greeks can carry or drive hence.
But there stand’st thou, neither employed thyself,
Nor moving others to an active part
For all their dearest pledges. Oh beware!575
Lest, as with meshes of an ample net,
At one huge draught the Grecians sweep you all,
And desolate at once your populous Troy!
By day, by night, thoughts such as these should still
Thy conduct influence, and from Chief to Chief580
Of the allies should send thee, praying each
To make firm stand, all bickerings put away.

Where's your courage, Hector? You used to have it. Has it gone away? In the past, you used to brag that you, your relatives, and your people were enough to protect the city without needing any local troops or outside help. But now, none of your relatives are here. I can't see any of them; they're hanging back, trembling like dogs that hear a lion roar. We, who are just allies of Troy, are the ones bearing the burden. I'm one of them, and I came from far away. Lycia is a long way off by the banks of the winding Xanthus. I left behind a wife and a young son, both precious to me, along with plenty of wealth, something many desire. Yet I still encourage my Lycians and am ready to fight, even though I have nothing here that the Greeks could take or drive away. But you stand there, doing nothing yourself and not motivating others to act for their greatest treasures. Oh, be careful! Lest, like a net capturing its prey, the Greeks sweep you all away in one massive attack and destroy your thriving Troy at once! Day and night, thoughts like these should guide your actions, and you should send a message from one chief to another among the allies, urging everyone to stand firm and put aside their quarrels.

So spake Sarpedon, and his reprimand
Stung Hector; instant to the ground he leap’d
All arm’d, and shaking his bright spears his host585
Ranged in all quarters animating loud
His legions, and rekindling horrid war.
Then, rolling back, the powers of Troy opposed
Once more the Grecians, whom the Grecians dense
Expected, unretreating, void of fear.590

So spoke Sarpedon, and his words hit Hector hard; he immediately jumped to the ground, fully armed, shaking his shiny spears. His troops spread out in all directions, loudly encouraging his forces and reigniting fierce battle. Then, pushing back, the powers of Troy once again faced the Greeks, who stood their ground, fearless and unwavering.

As flies the chaff wide scatter’d by the wind
O’er all the consecrated floor, what time
Ripe Ceres[13] with brisk airs her golden grain
Ventilates, whitening with its husk the ground;
So grew the Achaians white, a dusty cloud595
Descending on their arms, which steeds with steeds
Again to battle mingling, with their hoofs
Up-stamp’d into the brazen vault of heaven;
For now the charioteers turn’d all to fight.
Host toward host with full collected force600
They moved direct. Then Mars through all the field
Took wide his range, and overhung the war
With night, in aid of Troy, at the command
Of Phœbus of the golden sword; for he
Perceiving Pallas from the field withdrawn,605
Patroness of the Greeks, had Mars enjoin’d
To rouse the spirit of the Trojan host.
Meantime Apollo from his unctuous shrine
Sent forth restored and with new force inspired
Æneas. He amidst his warriors stood,610
Who him with joy beheld still living, heal’d,
And all his strength possessing unimpair’d.
Yet no man ask’d him aught. No leisure now
For question was; far other thoughts had they;
Such toils the archer of the silver bow,615
Wide-slaughtering Mars, and Discord as at first
Raging implacable, for them prepared.

As the wind scatters chaff across the sacred ground
When the ripe Ceres stirs her golden grain
With refreshing breezes, covering the soil with its husk;
So the Achaeans grew like a dusty cloud595
Descending upon their weapons, as horses
Joined the battle again, their hooves
Stamping into the bronze dome of the sky;
For now the charioteers turned to fight.
Host against host, they moved forward with full strength600
Directly at each other. Then Mars spread across the field
And overshadowed the battle
With darkness, supporting Troy, at the command
Of Phoebus with the golden sword; for he
Noticed Pallas had withdrawn from the field,605
The protector of the Greeks, and had ordered Mars
To stir the spirit of the Trojan army.
Meanwhile, Apollo from his fragrant shrine
Sent forth Aeneas, rejuvenated and filled with new energy.
He stood among his warriors,610
Who joyfully saw him alive, healed,
And fully restored to strength.
Yet no one asked him anything. There was no time
For questions; they had far more pressing thoughts;
Such labors the silver bow archer,615
The deadly Mars, and Discord as before
Were preparing for them.

Ulysses, either Ajax, Diomede—
These roused the Greeks to battle, who themselves
The force fear’d nothing, or the shouts of Troy,620
But steadfast stood, like clouds by Jove amass’d
On lofty mountains, while the fury sleeps
Of Boreas, and of all the stormy winds
Shrill-voiced, that chase the vapors when they blow,
So stood the Greeks, expecting firm the approach625
Of Ilium’s powers, and neither fled nor fear’d.

Ulysses, Ajax, Diomede—
These rallied the Greeks for battle, who themselves
Feared nothing from the enemy or the cries of Troy,620
But stood their ground, like clouds gathered by Zeus
On high mountains, while the fury sleeps
Of Boreas, and all the stormy winds
With shrill voices, that chase the mist when they blow,
So stood the Greeks, resolutely facing the approach625
Of Ilium's forces, neither fleeing nor afraid.

Then Agamemnon the embattled host
On all sides ranging, cheer’d them. Now, he cried,
Be steadfast, fellow warriors, now be men!
Hold fast a sense of honor. More escape630
Of men who fear disgrace, than fall in fight,
While dastards forfeit life and glory both.

Then Agamemnon, the battle-weary leader
Surrounded on all sides, rallied them. Now, he shouted,
Stay strong, fellow warriors, now be brave!
Keep your honor intact. More men escape630
Who fear disgrace than those who die in battle,
While cowards lose both life and glory.

He said, and hurl’d his spear. He pierced a friend
Of brave Æneas, warring in the van,
Deicöon son of Pergasus, in Troy635
Not less esteem’d than Priam’s sons themselves,
Such was his fame in foremost fight acquired.
Him Agamemnon on his buckler smote,
Nor stayed the weapon there, but through his belt
His bowels enter’d, and with hideous clang640
And outcry[14] of his batter’d arms he fell.

He said this and threw his spear. He hit a friend
Of brave Æneas, fighting at the front,
Deicöon, son of Pergasus, in Troy635
Not held in lower regard than Priam’s sons,
Such was his reputation for excellence in battle.
Agamemnon struck him with his shield,
And the weapon didn’t stop there, but went through his belt
His insides were pierced, and with a terrible sound640
And a cry[14] of his damaged armor, he fell.

Æneas next two mightiest warriors slew,
Sons of Diocles, of a wealthy sire,
Whose house magnificent in Phæræ stood,
Orsilochus and Crethon. Their descent645
From broad-stream’d Alpheus, Pylian flood, they drew.
Alpheus begat Orsilochus, a prince
Of numerous powers. Orsilochus begat
Warlike Diodes. From Diodes sprang
Twins, Crethon and Orsilochus, alike650
Valiant, and skilful in all forms of war.
Their boyish prime scarce past, they, with the Greeks
Embarking, in their sable ships had sail’d
To steed-fam’d Ilium; just revenge they sought
For Atreus’ sons, but perished first themselves.655

Æneas next killed his two strongest warriors,
the sons of Diocles, from a wealthy family,
whose grand house stood in Phæræ,
Orsilochus and Crethon. They traced their lineage645
to the wide-flowing Alpheus, the Pylian river. Alpheus fathered Orsilochus, a prince
of many powers. Orsilochus fathered
the warrior Diodes. From Diodes came
the twins, Crethon and Orsilochus, both650
brave and skilled in all kinds of warfare.
Barely past their boyhood, they joined the Greeks
and set sail in their black ships
to horse-famed Ilium; they sought just revenge
for Atreus’ sons, but perished first themselves.655

As two young lions, in the deep recess
Of some dark forest on the mountain’s brow
Late nourished by their dam, forth-issuing, seize
The fatted flocks and kine, both folds and stalls
Wasting rapacious, till, at length, themselves660
Deep-wounded perish by the hand of man,
So they, both vanquish’d by Æneas, fell,
And like two lofty pines uprooted, lay.
Them fallen in battle Menelaus saw
With pity moved; radiant in arms he shook665
His brazen spear, and strode into the van.
Mars urged him furious on, conceiving hope
Of his death also by Æneas’ hand.

As two young lions, deep in the woods
Of a dark forest on a mountainside,
Recently fed by their mother, they rush out,
Seizing the fat sheep and cows, both from pens and barns,
Ravaging everything, until, in the end,660
They themselves are severely wounded and die
At the hands of a human,
So they, both defeated by Æneas, fell,
And like two tall pines uprooted, lay still.
Menelaus saw them fallen in battle
And was filled with pity; shining in armor,
He shook his bronze spear and stepped into the fray.
Mars drove him on fiercely, fueling his hope
That he might also meet his end at Æneas’ hands.

But him the son of generous Nestor mark’d
Antilochus, and to the foremost fight670
Flew also, fearing lest some dire mischance
The Prince befalling, at one fatal stroke
Should frustrate all the labors of the Greeks.
They, hand to hand, and spear to spear opposed,
Stood threatening dreadful onset, when beside675
The Spartan chief Antilochus appear’d.
Æneas, at the sight of two combined,
Stood not, although intrepid. They the dead
Thence drawing far into the Grecian host
To their associates gave the hapless pair,680
Then, both returning, fought in front again.

But the son of generous Nestor, Antilochus, noticed him and rushed into the frontlines, worried that some terrible fate might strike the Prince, ruining all the efforts of the Greeks with one devastating blow. They stood there, face to face, spear to spear, ready for a fierce battle, when the Spartan leader Antilochus appeared beside them. Æneas, seeing them team up, didn't back down, even though he was brave. They pulled the dead away from the Greek army, giving the unfortunate pair to their allies, and then both returned to fight at the front once more.

Next, fierce as Mars, Pylæmenes they slew,
Prince of the shielded band magnanimous
Of Paphlagonia. Him Atrides kill’d
Spear-practised Menelaus, with a lance685
His throat transpiercing while erect he rode.
Then, while his charioteer, Mydon the brave,
Son of Atymnias, turn’d his steeds to flight,
Full on his elbow-point Antilochus,
The son of Nestor, dash’d him with a stone.690
The slack reins, white as ivory,[15] forsook
His torpid hand and trail’d the dust. At once
Forth sprang Antilochus, and with his sword
Hew’d deep his temples. On his head he pitch’d
Panting, and on his shoulders in the sand695
(For in deep sand he fell) stood long erect,
Till his own coursers spread him in the dust;
The son of Nestor seized, and with his scourge
Drove them afar into the host of Greece.

Next, fierce as Mars, they killed Pylæmenes,
Prince of the noble Paphlagonian warriors.
Atrides Menelaus, skilled with the spear,
Pierced his throat while he rode upright.
Then, as his charioteer, the brave Mydon,
Son of Atymnias, turned the horses to flee,
Antilochus, son of Nestor, hit him with a stone,
Smashing him right on the elbow. His slack reins,
White as ivory, fell from his lifeless hand
And dragged in the dust. Antilochus then sprang up,
And with his sword cut into his temples. He fell,
Panting, onto the sand, and stayed upright
For a long time before his own horses trampled him;
Nestor's son grabbed them and drove them far
Into the Greek army.

Them Hector through the ranks espying, flew700
With clamor loud to meet them; after whom
Advanced in phalanx firm the powers of Troy,
Mars led them, with Enyo terror-clad;
She by the maddening tumult of the fight
Attended, he, with his enormous spear705
in both hands brandish’d, stalking now in front
Of Hector, and now following his steps.

Hector, spotting them through the ranks, rushed700
with a loud shout to meet them; after him
marched the strong forces of Troy,
led by Mars, with Enyo, the goddess of war, beside him;
She was there amid the chaotic battle noise,
while he wielded his massive spear705
in both hands, now leading the way
for Hector, and now trailing behind him.

Him Diomede the bold discerning, felt
Himself no small dismay; and as a man
Wandering he knows not whither, far from home,710
If chance a rapid torrent to the sea
Borne headlong thwart his course, the foaming flood
Obstreperous views awhile, then quick retires,
So he, and his attendants thus bespake.

Diomede the bold realized he was feeling quite unsettled, and just like a man wandering aimlessly, far from home, if by chance a fast-moving river suddenly flows toward the sea, obstructing his path with roaring waves that clash for a moment before quickly receding, so he and his companions spoke.

How oft, my countrymen! have we admired715
The noble Hector, skillful at the spear
And unappall’d in fight? but still hath he
Some God his guard, and even now I view
In human form Mars moving at his side.
Ye, then, with faces to the Trojans turn’d,720
Ceaseless retire, and war not with the Gods.

How often, my fellow countrymen! have we admired715
The noble Hector, skilled with the spear
And fearless in battle? But still, he has
Some God protecting him, and I can even see
In human form, Mars moving by his side.
So now, with your faces turned toward the Trojans,720
Keep retreating and don’t fight against the Gods.

He ended; and the Trojans now approach’d.
Then two bold warriors in one chariot borne,
By valiant Hector died, Menesthes one,
And one, Anchialus. Them fallen in fight725
Ajax the vast, touch’d with compassion saw;
Within small space he stood, his glittering spear
Dismiss’d, and pierced Amphius. Son was he
Of Selagus, and Pæsus was his home,
Where opulent he dwelt, but by his fate730
Was led to fight for Priam and his sons.
Him Telamonian Ajax through his belt
Wounded, and in his nether bowels deep
Fix’d his long-shadow’d spear. Sounding he fell.
Illustrious Ajax running to the slain735
Prepared to strip his arms, but him a shower
Of glittering-weapons keen from Trojan hands
Assail’d, and numerous his broad shield received.
He, on the body planting firm his heel,
Forth drew the polish’d spear, but his bright arms740
Took not, by darts thick-flying sore annoy’d,
Nor fear’d he little lest his haughty foes,
Spear-arm’d and bold, should compass him around;
Him, therefore, valiant though he were and huge,
They push’d before them. Staggering he retired.745

He finished speaking, and the Trojans moved forward.
Then two brave warriors, carried on one chariot,
Died at the hands of valiant Hector: one was Menesthes,
And the other, Anchialus. After they fell in battle725
Ajax the great, filled with compassion, saw them;
He stood briefly, then threw his sparkling spear
And struck Amphius. He was the son of Selagus,
And came from Pæsus, where he lived in wealth,
But by fate was drawn to fight for Priam and his sons.
Telamonian Ajax wounded him with a thrust
Of his long spear deep in his lower abdomen. He fell with a crash.
Ajax, glorious and ready to take the slain man's armor,735
Was suddenly attacked by a rain of sharp weapons from the Trojans,
His broad shield taking on numerous hits.
He planted his heel firmly on the body,
Pulled out the polished spear, but he could not take the man's arms,740
As he was bothered by a flurry of flying darts,
And he feared that his proud enemies,
Armed with spears and brave, would surround him;
So, even though he was brave and massive,
They pushed him back. Staggering, he retreated.745

Thus toil’d both hosts in that laborious field.
And now his ruthless destiny impell’d
Tlepolemus, Alcides’ son, a Chief
Dauntless and huge, against a godlike foe
Sarpedon. They approaching face to face750
Stood, son and grandson of high-thundering Jove,
And, haughty, thus Tlepolemus began.

Thus both armies worked hard in that challenging field.
And now his cruel fate pushed
Tlepolemus, son of Alcides, a fearless and massive leader,
Against a godlike enemy,
Sarpedon. As they approached, standing face to face750
Were the son and grandson of powerful Jove,
And proudly, Tlepolemus started to speak.

Sarpedon, leader of the Lycian host,
Thou trembler! thee what cause could hither urge
A man unskill’d in arms? They falsely speak755
Who call thee son of Ægis-bearing Jove,
So far below their might thou fall’st who sprang
From Jove in days of old. What says report
Of Hercules (for him I boast my sire)
All-daring hero with a lion’s heart?760
With six ships only, and with followers few,
He for the horses of Laomedon
Lay’d Troy in dust, and widow’d all her streets.
But thou art base, and thy diminish’d powers
Perish around thee; think not that thou earnest765
For Ilium’s good, but rather, whatsoe’er
Thy force in fight, to find, subdued by me,
A sure dismission to the gates of hell.

Sarpedon, leader of the Lycian army,
You coward! What could possibly bring
A man who’s not skilled in battle here? It's a lie755
When they call you the son of mighty Jove,
You fall so far short of their power, you who were born
From Jove long ago. What do people say
About Hercules (the one I proudly claim as my father)
The fearless hero with a lion’s heart?760
With only six ships and a small group of followers,
He brought Troy to its knees over the horses of Laomedon
And left her streets in ruins.
But you are worthless, and your weakened strength
Is falling apart around you; don’t think you’ve come765
For the benefit of Ilium, but rather, whatever
Your fighting ability is, to find, defeated by me,
A sure passage to the gates of hell.

To whom the leader of the Lycian band.
Tlepolemus! he ransack’d sacred Troy,770
As thou hast said, but for her monarch’s fault
Laomedon, who him with language harsh
Requited ill for benefits received,
Nor would the steeds surrender, seeking which
He voyaged from afar. But thou shalt take775
Thy bloody doom from this victorious arm,
And, vanquish’d by my spear, shalt yield thy fame
To me, thy soul to Pluto steed-renown’d.

To whom it concerns, the leader of the Lycian group.
Tlepolemus! He plundered sacred Troy,770
As you have mentioned, but because of the king's mistake,
Laomedon, who repaid him harshly
For the help he received,
And would not give up the horses, which
He traveled far to retrieve. But you will face775
Your bloody fate from this victorious arm,
And, defeated by my spear, you will hand over your glory
To me, while your soul goes to the underworld, famed for your horses.

So spake Sarpedon, and his ashen beam
Tlepolemus upraised. Both hurl’d at once780
Their quivering spears. Sarpedon’s through the neck
Pass’d of Tlepolemus, and show’d beyond
Its ruthless point; thick darkness veil’d his eyes.
Tlepolemus with his long lance the thigh
Pierced of Sarpedon; sheer into his bone785
He pierced him, but Sarpedon’s father, Jove,
Him rescued even on the verge of fate.

So spoke Sarpedon, and Tlepolemus raised his spear. Both threw their quivering spears at the same time. Sarpedon's spear went through Tlepolemus's neck and showed its brutal point on the other side; deep darkness covered his eyes. Tlepolemus pierced Sarpedon’s thigh with his long lance, going straight into the bone, but Sarpedon’s father, Zeus, saved him just as fate was about to strike.

His noble friends conducted from the field
The godlike Lycian, trailing as he went
The pendent spear, none thinking to extract790
For his relief the weapon from his thigh,
Through eagerness of haste to bear him thence.
On the other side, the Grecians brazen-mail’d
Bore off Tlepolemus. Ulysses fill’d
With earnest thoughts tumultuous them observed,795
Danger-defying Chief! Doubtful he stood
Or to pursue at once the Thunderer’s son
Sarpedon, or to take more Lycian lives.
But not for brave Ulysses had his fate
That praise reserved, that he should slay the son800
Renown’d of Jove; therefore his wavering mind
Minerva bent against the Lycian band.
Then Cœranus, Alastor, Chromius fell,
Alcander, Halius, Prytanis, and brave
Noëmon; nor had these sufficed the Chief805
Of Ithaca, but Lycians more had fallen,
Had not crest-tossing Hector huge perceived
The havoc; radiant to the van he flew,
Filling with dread the Grecians; his approach
Sarpedon, son of Jove, joyful beheld,810
And piteous thus address’d him as he came.

His noble friends carried the godlike Lycian off the field, dragging his spear behind him, with no one thinking to pull the weapon from his thigh to help him, as they were eager to get him away. On the other side, the heavily armored Greeks took away Tlepolemus. Ulysses, filled with tumultuous thoughts, observed them, a chief who defied danger! He hesitated, unsure whether to chase after the Thunderer’s son, Sarpedon, or to take down more Lycians. But destiny didn’t have that glory reserved for brave Ulysses, that he should kill Jove’s renowned son; so Minerva turned his uncertain mind against the Lycian forces. Then Cœranus, Alastor, Chromius fell, along with Alcander, Halius, Prytanis, and brave Noëmon; and these wouldn’t have satisfied the Chief of Ithaca, but even more Lycians would have fallen if the powerful Hector hadn’t noticed the devastation. He rushed to the front lines, filling the Greeks with fear; Sarpedon, son of Jove, joyfully saw his approach and sadly addressed him as he came.

Ah, leave not me, Priamides! a prey
To Grecian hands, but in your city, at least,
Grant me to die: since hither, doom’d, I came
Never to gratify with my return815
To Lycia, my loved spouse, or infant child.

Ah, don’t leave me, Priamides! Don’t let me be a victim of the Greeks, but at least let me die in your city: since I came here, doomed, never to return to Lycia, to my beloved wife or our young child.

He spake; but Hector unreplying pass’d
Impetuous, ardent to repulse the Greeks
That moment, and to drench his sword in blood.
Then, under shelter of a spreading beech820
Sacred to Jove, his noble followers placed
The godlike Chief Sarpedon, where his friend
Illustrious Pelagon, the ashen spear
Extracted. Sightless, of all thought bereft,
He sank, but soon revived, by breathing airs825
Refresh’d, that fann’d him gently from the North.

He spoke; but Hector, not replying, rushed by
Impulsive and eager to push back the Greeks
At that moment, and to soak his sword in blood.
Then, under the cover of a spreading beech820
Sacred to Jove, his noble followers placed
The godlike Chief Sarpedon, where his friend
Illustrious Pelagon pulled out the ashen spear.
Helpless, completely lost in thought,
He fell, but soon revived, by the refreshing air825
That gently fanned him from the North.

Meantime the Argives, although press’d alike
By Mars himself and Hector brazen-arm’d,
Neither to flight inclined, nor yet advanced
To battle, but inform’d that Mars the fight830
Waged on the side of Ilium, slow retired.[16]

Meantime, the Argives, though pressed by Mars himself and Hector in his armor, didn’t flee or move forward to fight. Instead, they learned that Mars was fighting on the side of Ilium and slowly fell back.

Whom first, whom last slew then the mighty son
Of Priam, Hector, and the brazen Mars!
First godlike Teuthras, an equestrian Chief,
Orestes, Trechus of Ætolian race,835
Œnomaüs, Helenus from Œnops’ sprung,
And brisk[17] in fight Oresbius; rich was he,
And covetous of more; in Hyla dwelt
Fast by the lake Cephissus, where abode
Bœotian Princes numerous, rich themselves840
And rulers of a people wealth-renown’d.
But Juno, such dread slaughter of the Greeks
Noting, thus, ardent, to Minerva spake.

Whom first and whom last did the mighty son
Of Priam, Hector, and the fierce Mars kill?
First, the godlike Teuthras, an equestrian leader,
Orestes, Trechus of the Aetolian line,835
Œnomaüs, Helenus from Œnops’ family,
And lively Oresbius in battle; he was wealthy,
And greedy for more; he lived in Hyla,
Near Lake Cephissus, where many Bœotian princes
Dwelled, themselves rich
And rulers of a renowned wealth-loving people.
But Juno, seeing such terrible slaughter of the Greeks,
Spoke passionately to Minerva.

Daughter of Jove invincible! Our word
That Troy shall perish, hath been given in vain845
To Menelaus, if we suffer Mars
To ravage longer uncontrol’d. The time
Urges, and need appears that we ourselves
Now call to mind the fury of our might.

Daughter of the unbeatable Jove! Our promise
That Troy will fall has been made in vain845
To Menelaus, if we allow Mars
To rampage longer without restraint. The time
Is urgent, and it seems necessary for us
To remember the power of our strength.

She spake; nor blue-eyed Pallas not complied.850
Then Juno, Goddess dread, from Saturn sprung,
Her coursers gold-caparison’d prepared
Impatient. Hebe to the chariot roll’d
The brazen wheels,[18] and joined them to the smooth
Steel axle; twice four spokes divided each855
Shot from the centre to the verge. The verge
Was gold by fellies of eternal brass
Guarded, a dazzling show! The shining naves
Were silver; silver cords and cords of gold
The seat upbore; two crescents[19] blazed in front.860
The pole was argent all, to which she bound
The golden yoke, and in their place disposed
The breast-bands incorruptible of gold;
But Juno to the yoke, herself, the steeds
Led forth, on fire to reach the dreadful field.865

She spoke; and blue-eyed Pallas did not respond.850
Then Juno, the fearsome Goddess born of Saturn,
Prepared her golden horses, ready and eager.
Hebe rolled the bronze wheels to the chariot,
And attached them to the smooth
Steel axle; each wheel had eight spokes855
Radiating from the center to the edge. The edge
Was gold, surrounded by eternal brass,
Creating a brilliant display! The shining hubs
Were silver; silver and gold cords
Supported the seat; two crescents[19] shone in front.860
The pole was pure silver, to which she fastened
The golden yoke, and arranged in their place
The unbreakable breastbands of gold;
But Juno herself led the horses to the yoke,
Burning to reach the fearsome battlefield.865

Meantime, Minerva, progeny of Jove,
On the adamantine floor of his abode
Let fall profuse her variegated robe,
Labor of her own hands. She first put on
The corselet of the cloud-assembler God,870
Then arm’d her for the field of wo complete.
She charged her shoulder with the dreadful shield
The shaggy Ægis,[20] border’d thick around
With terror; there was Discord, Prowess there,
There hot Pursuit, and there the feature grim875
Of Gorgon, dire Deformity, a sign
Oft borne portentous on the arm of Jove.
Her golden helm, whose concave had sufficed
The legions of an hundred cities, rough
With warlike ornament superb, she fix’d880
On her immortal head. Thus arm’d, she rose
Into the flaming chariot, and her spear
Seized ponderous, huge, with which the Goddess sprung
From an Almighty father, levels ranks
Of heroes, against whom her anger burns.885
Juno with lifted lash urged quick the steeds;
At her approach, spontaneous roar’d the wide-
Unfolding gates of heaven;[21] the heavenly gates
Kept by the watchful Hours, to whom the charge
Of the Olympian summit appertains,890
And of the boundless ether, back to roll,
And to replace the cloudy barrier dense.
Spurr’d through the portal flew the rapid steeds;
Apart from all, and seated on the point
Superior of the cloven mount, they found895
The Thunderer. Juno the white-arm’d her steeds
There stay’d, and thus the Goddess, ere she pass’d,
Question’d the son of Saturn, Jove supreme.

Meanwhile, Minerva, daughter of Jupiter,
Dropped her colorful robe on the hard floor of her home,
A creation of her own making. She first put on
The armor of the god who commands the clouds,870
Then fully armed herself for the battlefield.
She slung the terrifying shield
The shaggy Ægis, [20] thick with
Fear; there was Discord, Valor there,
There was Hot Pursuit, and the grim face875
Of the Gorgon, fearsome Deformity, a symbol
Often borne ominously on Jupiter's arm.
Her golden helmet, whose inside had been sufficient
For the legions of a hundred cities, adorned
With splendid warlike decorations, she placed880
On her immortal head. Thus armed, she rose
Into the blazing chariot, and grabbed her spear,
Heavy and massive, with which the Goddess sprung
From an Almighty father, toppling ranks
Of heroes against whom her wrath is directed.885
Juno, with her whip raised, urged the speedy steeds;
As she approached, the wide-
Opening gates of heaven roared open spontaneously; [21] the heavenly gates
Guarded by the vigilant Hours, to whom it falls
To oversee the Olympian heights,890
And the endless sky, rolling back,
And replacing the dense cloudy barrier.
Spurred through the portal, the swift steeds flew;
Separated from all, and perched upon the peak
Of the divided mountain, they found895
The Thunderer. Juno, the white-armed, kept her steeds
There, and before passing, the Goddess addressed
The son of Saturn, Jupiter supreme.

Jove, Father, seest thou, and art not incensed,
These ravages of Mars? Oh what a field,900
Drench’d with what Grecian blood! All rashly spilt,
And in despite of me. Venus, the while,
Sits, and the Archer of the silver bow
Delighted, and have urged, themselves, to this
The frantic Mars within no bounds confined905
Of law or order. But, eternal sire!
Shall I offend thee chasing far away
Mars deeply smitten from the field of war?

Jove, Father, do you see this, and are you not angry,
About these destructions caused by Mars? Oh, what a battlefield,900
Soaked with so much Greek blood! All carelessly wasted,
And in disregard of me. Meanwhile, Venus,
Sits with the Archer of the silver bow,
Pleased, and they’ve pushed themselves into this
Frantic Mars, uncontrollable,905
Without any law or order. But, eternal Father!
Will I upset you by chasing away
Mars, who is deeply wounded from the battlefield?

To whom the cloud-assembler God replied.
Go! but exhort thou rather to the task910
Spoil-huntress Athenæan Pallas, him
Accustom’d to chastise with pain severe.

To whom the cloud-assembler God replied.
Go! But encourage instead the task910
of the spoils-hunting goddess Athena, who
is used to punishing with harsh pain.

He spake, nor white-arm’d Juno not obey’d.
She lash’d her steeds; they readily their flight
Began, the earth and starry vault between.915
Far as from his high tower the watchman kens
O’er gloomy ocean, so far at one bound
Advance the shrill-voiced coursers of the Gods.
But when at Troy and at the confluent streams
Of Simoïs and Scamander they arrived,920
There Juno, white-arm’d Goddess, from the yoke
Her steeds releasing, them in gather’d shades
Conceal’d opaque, while Simoïs caused to spring
Ambrosia from his bank, whereon they browsed.

He spoke, and white-armed Juno obeyed him not.
She whipped her horses; they quickly took off
Between the earth and the starry sky.915
As far as a lookout can see from his high tower
Over the dark ocean, so far in a single leap
Advance the swift horses of the Gods.
But when they reached Troy, at the meeting of the streams
Of Simoïs and Scamander,920
There Juno, the white-armed Goddess, unhitched
Her horses, hiding them in gathered shade
While Simoïs caused ambrosia to spring
From his banks, where they grazed.

Swift as her pinions waft the dove away925
They sought the Grecians, ardent to begin:
Arriving where the mightiest and the most
Compass’d equestrian Diomede around,
In aspect lion-like, or like wild boars
Of matchless force, there white-arm’d Juno stood,930
And in the form of Stentor for his voice
Of brass renown’d, audible as the roar
Of fifty throats, the Grecians thus harangued.

Swift as the dove flies away, They sought the Greeks, eager to start: Arriving where the strongest, the most Powerful horseman Diomede stood, In appearance like a lion, or like wild boars Of unmatched strength, there white-armed Juno stood, And in the form of Stentor, known for his voice As loud as the roar Of fifty warriors, the Greeks were addressed.

Oh shame, shame, shame! Argives in form alone,
Beautiful but dishonorable race!935
While yet divine Achilles ranged the field,
No Trojan stepp’d from yon Dardanian gates
Abroad; all trembled at his stormy spear;
But now they venture forth, now at your ships
Defy you, from their city far remote.940

Oh shame, shame, shame! Argives, just a pretty face,
Beautiful but without honor!935
When divine Achilles was still out there on the battlefield,
No Trojan dared to leave those Dardanian gates;
Everyone was afraid of his fierce spear;
But now they come out, now they challenge you
From their distant city by your ships.940

She ceased, and all caught courage from the sound.
But Athenæan Pallas eager sought
The son of Tydeus; at his chariot side
She found the Chief cooling his fiery wound
Received from Pandarus; for him the sweat945
Beneath the broad band of his oval shield
Exhausted, and his arm fail’d him fatigued;
He therefore raised the band and wiped the blood
Coagulate; when o’er his chariot yoke
Her arm the Goddess threw, and thus began.950

She stopped, and everyone gained courage from the sound.
But the Athenian goddess Pallas eagerly sought
The son of Tydeus; she found the Chief at his chariot, cooling
His fiery wound received from Pandarus; sweat945
Dripped beneath the wide strap of his oval shield,
He was exhausted, and his arm was tired;
So he lifted the strap and wiped the dried blood
When the Goddess threw her arm over his chariot yoke
And began to speak. 950

Tydeus, in truth, begat a son himself
Not much resembling. Tydeus was of size
Diminutive, but had a warrior’s heart.
When him I once commanded to abstain
From furious fight (what time he enter’d Thebes955
Ambassador, and the Cadmeans found
Feasting, himself the sole Achaian there)
And bade him quietly partake the feast.
He, fired with wonted ardor, challenged forth
To proof of manhood the Cadmean youth,960
Whom easily, through my effectual aid,
In contests of each kind he overcame.
But thou, whom I encircle with my power,
Guard vigilant, and even bid thee forth
To combat with the Trojans, thou, thy limbs965
Feel’st wearied with the toils of war, or worse,
Indulgest womanish and heartless fear.
Henceforth thou art not worthy to be deem’d
Son of Oenides, Tydeus famed in arms.

Tydeus actually fathered a son himself
Who didn’t quite look like him. Tydeus was small in stature,
But he had the heart of a warrior.
When I once told him to stay away
From a fierce fight (when he entered Thebes955
As an ambassador, and found the Cadmeans
Feasting, being the only Achaian there)
I asked him to join the feast quietly.
But he, fired up as usual, challenged
The Cadmean youths to prove his manhood,960
Whom he easily defeated in every contest
With my effective support.
But you, whom I protect with my power,
I keep watch over you and even urge you
To fight the Trojans, yet you, your limbs965
Feel exhausted from the struggles of war, or worse,
You give in to cowardice and heartless fear.
From now on, you’re not worthy to be called
The son of Oenides, Tydeus, renowned in battle.

To whom thus valiant Diomede replied.970
I know thee well, oh Goddess sprung from Jove!
And therefore willing shall, and plain, reply.
Me neither weariness nor heartless fear
Restrains, but thine injunctions which impress
My memory, still, that I should fear to oppose975
The blessed Gods in fight, Venus except,
Whom in the battle found thou badest me pierce
With unrelenting spear; therefore myself
Retiring hither, I have hither call’d
The other Argives also, for I know980
That Mars, himself in arms, controls the war.

To whom brave Diomede replied,970
I know you well, oh Goddess born from Jove!
And so I will answer you clearly and willingly.
I am not held back by tiredness or fear,
But by your commands, which remind me
That I should be cautious about opposing975
The blessed Gods in battle, except Venus,
Whom you told me to attack with my unyielding spear;
So, stepping back here, I have called
The other Argives too, because I know980
That Mars, with his own arms, controls the war.

Him answer’d then the Goddess azure-eyed.
Tydides! Diomede, my heart’s delight!
Fear not this Mars,[22] nor fear thou other power
Immortal, but be confident in me.985
Arise. Drive forth. Seek Mars; him only seek;
Him hand to hand engage; this fiery Mars
Respect not aught, base implement of wrong
And mischief, shifting still from side to side.
He promised Juno lately and myself990
That he would fight for Greece, yet now forgets
His promise, and gives all his aid to Troy.

The blue-eyed Goddess answered him then.
Tydides! Diomede, my heart’s delight!
Don’t be afraid of Mars, nor any other immortal power,
Just have confidence in me.985
Get up. Go forth. Seek out Mars; focus only on him;
Engage him in hand-to-hand combat; this fiery Mars
Disregard anything else, a shameful tool of wrongdoing
And mischief, always shifting from side to side.
He recently promised Juno and me990
That he would fight for Greece, yet now he forgets
His promise and offers all his support to Troy.

So saying, she backward by his hand withdrew
The son of Capaneus, who to the ground
Leap’d instant; she, impatient to his place995
Ascending, sat beside brave Diomede.
Loud groan’d the beechen axle, under weight
Unwonted, for it bore into the fight
An awful Goddess, and the chief of men.
Quick-seizing lash and reins Minerva drove1000
Direct at Mars. That moment he had slain
Periphas, bravest of Ætolia’s sons,
And huge of bulk; Ochesius was his sire.
Him Mars the slaughterer had of life bereft
Newly, and Pallas to elude his sight1005
The helmet fixed of Ades on her head.[23]
Soon as gore-tainted Mars the approach perceived
Of Diomede, he left the giant length
Of Periphas extended where he died,
And flew to cope with Tydeus’ valiant son.1010
Full nigh they came, when Mars on fire to slay
The hero, foremost with his brazen lance
Assail’d him, hurling o’er his horses’ heads.
But Athenæan Pallas in her hand
The flying weapon caught and turn’d it wide,1015
Baffling his aim. Then Diomede on him
Rush’d furious in his turn, and Pallas plunged
The bright spear deep into his cinctured waist
Dire was the wound, and plucking back the spear
She tore him. Bellow’d brazen-throated Mars1020
Loud as nine thousand warriors, or as ten
Join’d in close combat. Grecians, Trojans shook
Appall’d alike at the tremendous voice
Of Mars insatiable with deeds of blood.
Such as the dimness is when summer winds1025
Breathe hot, and sultry mist obscures the sky,
Such brazen Mars to Diomede appear’d
By clouds accompanied in his ascent
Into the boundless ether. Reaching soon
The Olympian heights, seat of the Gods, he sat1030
Beside Saturnian Jove; wo fill’d his heart;
He show’d fast-streaming from the wound his blood
Immortal, and impatient thus complain’d.

So saying, she pulled away by his hand
The son of Capaneus, who jumped to the ground
Immediately; she, eager to take his place995
Climbed up and sat beside brave Diomede.
The beech axle groaned loudly under the weight
Unusual, as it carried into the fight
An awful Goddess and the chief of men.
Quickly seizing the reins, Minerva drove1000
Straight at Mars. At that moment he had slain
Periphas, the bravest of Ætolia’s sons,
And massive in size; Ochesius was his father.
Mars, the slayer, had just taken his life
And Pallas wore the helmet of Ades to avoid his sight1005
As the blood-soaked Mars noticed
Diomede approaching, he left the giant, dead
Periphas lying where he fell,
And rushed to face Tydeus’ brave son.1010
They drew close when Mars, eager to kill
The hero, attacked first with his bronze spear,
Throwing it over his horses' heads.
But Pallas Athena caught the flying weapon
In her hand and redirected it wide,1015
Foiling his aim. Then Diomede charged at him
Furiously, and Pallas thrust
The bright spear deep into his waist.
The wound was severe, and pulling back the spear,
She tore him. Mars bellowed
Loud as nine thousand warriors, or ten
Joined in close combat. Greeks and Trojans alike shook
In fear at the terrifying voice
Of bloodthirsty Mars.
Just like when summer winds
Blow hot, and the sultry mist obscures the sky,
So did brazen Mars appear to Diomede
Accompanied by clouds as he ascended
Into the endless ether. Soon reaching
The heights of Olympus, the seat of the Gods, he sat1030
Beside Saturnian Jove; anger filled his heart;
He showed his immortal blood
Streaming fast from the wound and impatiently complained.

Jove, Father! Seest thou these outrageous acts
Unmoved with anger? Such are day by day1035
The dreadful mischiefs by the Gods contrived
Against each other, for the sake of man.
Thou art thyself the cause. Thou hast produced
A foolish daughter petulant, addict
To evil only and injurious deeds;1040
There is not in Olympus, save herself,
Who feels not thy control; but she her will
Gratifies ever, and reproof from thee
Finds none, because, pernicious as she is,
She is thy daughter. She hath now the mind1045
Of haughty Diomede with madness fill’d
Against the immortal Gods; first Venus bled;
Her hand he pierced impetuous, then assail’d,
As if himself immortal, even me,
But me my feet stole thence, or overwhelm’d1050
Beneath yon heaps of carcases impure,
What had I not sustain’d? And if at last
I lived, had halted crippled by the sword.

Jove, Father! Do you see these outrageous acts
and remain unbothered? Day after day1035
the terrible mischiefs the Gods create
against each other for the sake of man.
You are the cause. You have produced
a foolish daughter, moody and addicted
only to evil and harmful deeds;1040
there is no one in Olympus, except for her,
who doesn’t feel your control; but she always
gets her way, and receives no reprimand from you
because, as dangerous as she is,
she is your daughter. She now has the mindset1045
of the arrogant Diomede, filled with madness
against the immortal Gods; first Venus was wounded;
he struck her hand recklessly, then attacked,
as if he himself were immortal, even me,
but I slipped away, or I would have been buried1050
under piles of filthy corpses.
What would I have endured? And if I had survived,
I would have been left crippled by the sword.

To whom with dark displeasure Jove replied.
Base and side-shifting traitor! vex not me1055
Here sitting querulous; of all who dwell
On the Olympian heights, thee most I hate
Contentious, whose delight is war alone.
Thou hast thy mother’s moods, the very spleen
Of Juno, uncontrolable as she.1060
Whom even I, reprove her as I may,
Scarce rule by mere commands; I therefore judge
Thy sufferings a contrivance all her own.
But soft. Thou art my son whom I begat.
And Juno bare thee. I can not endure1065
That thou shouldst suffer long. Hadst thou been born
Of other parents thus detestable,
What Deity soe’er had brought thee forth,
Thou shouldst have found long since a humbler sphere.

To whom Jove replied with dark displeasure.
You base and deceitful traitor! Don't vex me1055
Here sitting in annoyance; of everyone who lives
On Olympus, you are the one I hate the most.
You’re always looking for a fight; that's all you care about.
You’ve inherited your mother’s moods, the very temper
Of Juno, just as uncontrollable as she.1060
Even I, though I chastise her, can barely manage her;
So I suspect your suffering is all her doing.
But wait. You’re my son, and I fathered you.
And Juno bore you. I cannot stand1065
To see you suffer for long. If you had been born
To other completely detestable parents,
Whatever god it was that had brought you forth,
You would have found a much humbler place long ago.

He ceased, and to the care his son consign’d1070
Of Pæon; he with drugs of lenient powers,
Soon heal’d whom immortality secured
From dissolution. As the juice from figs
Express’d what fluid was in milk before
Coagulates, stirr’d rapidly around,1075
So soon was Mars by Pæon skill restored.
Him Hebe bathed, and with divine attire
Graceful adorn’d; when at the side of Jove
Again his glorious seat sublime he took.

He stopped, and entrusted his son to Pæon; he quickly healed the one whom immortality had protected from decay with his soothing drugs. Just as the juice from figs reveals what was once liquid in milk before it curdles when stirred quickly, Mars was soon restored by Pæon's skill. Hebe bathed him and dressed him in divine clothing, gracefully adorning him; then he took his glorious place beside Jove once more.

Meantime to the abode of Jove supreme1080
Ascended Juno throughout Argos known
And mighty Pallas; Mars the plague of man,
By their successful force from slaughter driven.

Meanwhile, Juno went up to the home of supreme Jupiter1080p
Throughout famous Argos
And powerful Pallas; Mars, the bane of humanity,
Driven from the battlefield by their victorious strength.

BOOK VI.

ARGUMENT OF THE SIXTH BOOK.

The battle is continued. The Trojans being closely pursued, Hector by the advice of Helenus enters Troy, and recommends it to Hecuba to go in solemn procession to the temple of Minerva; she with the matrons goes accordingly. Hector takes the opportunity to find out Paris, and exhorts him to return to the field of battle. An interview succeeds between Hector and Andromache, and Paris, having armed himself in the mean time, comes up with Hector at the close of it, when they sally from the gate together.

The battle goes on. The Trojans are being closely chased, and Hector, following Helenus's advice, goes into Troy and suggests to Hecuba that she lead a solemn procession to the temple of Minerva; she goes with the other women as planned. Hector takes this chance to look for Paris and urges him to return to the battlefield. After that, Hector meets with Andromache, and while they talk, Paris, having put on his armor in the meantime, joins Hector as they exit the gate together.

BOOK VI.

Thus was the field forsaken by the Gods.
And now success proved various; here the Greeks
With their extended spears, the Trojans there
Prevail’d alternate, on the champain spread
The Xanthus and the Simoïs between.[1]5

Thus the field was abandoned by the Gods.
And now success varied; here the Greeks
With their long spears, the Trojans there
Took turns winning, on the plain spread
The Xanthus and the Simoïs between.[1]5

First Telamonian Ajax,[2] bulwark firm
Of the Achaians, broke the Trojan ranks,
And kindled for the Greeks a gleam of hope,
Slaying the bravest of the Thracian band,
Huge Acamas, Eusorus’ son; him first10
Full on the shaggy crest he smote, and urged
The spear into his forehead; through his skull
The bright point pass’d, and darkness veil’d his eyes.
But Diomede, heroic Chief, the son
Of Teuthras slew, Axylus.[3] Rich was he,15
And in Arisba (where he dwelt beside
The public road, and at his open door
Made welcome all) respected and beloved.
But of his numerous guests none interposed
To avert his woful doom; nor him alone20
He slew, but with him also to the shades
Calesius sent, his friend and charioteer.

First Telamonian Ajax, [2] solid protector
Of the Achaeans, broke through the Trojan lines,
And sparked a glimmer of hope for the Greeks,
Killing the bravest of the Thracian fighters,
Huge Acamas, son of Eusorus; he was the first10
To take a hit, struck directly on his shaggy crest, and
The spear pierced his forehead; through his skull
The sharp point went, and darkness clouded his sight.
But Diomede, the heroic leader, son
Of Teuthras, killed Axylus.[3] He was wealthy,15
And in Arisba (where he lived by
The main road, and at his open door
Welcomed everyone) he was respected and loved.
But none of his many guests stepped in
To prevent his tragic fate; he didn’t just take him,20
But alongside him also sent Calesius, his friend and charioteer, to the shadows.

Opheltius fell and Dresus, by the hand
Slain of Euryalus, who, next, his arms
On Pedasus and on Æsepus turned25
Brethren and twins. Them Abarbarea bore,
A Naiad, to Bucolion, son renown’d
Of King Laomedon, his eldest born,
But by his mother, at his birth, conceal’d.
Bucolion pasturing his flocks, embraced30
The lovely nymph; she twins produced, both whom,
Brave as they were and beautiful, thy son[4]
Mecisteus! slew, and from their shoulders tore
Their armor. Dauntless Polypœtes slew
Astyalus. Ulysses with his spear35
Transfixed Pydites, a Percosian Chief,
And Teucer Aretaön; Nestor’s pride
Antilochus, with his bright lance, of life
Bereft Ablerus, and the royal arm
Of Agamemnon, Elatus; he dwelt40
Among the hills of lofty Pedasus,
On Satnio’s banks, smooth-sliding river pure
Phylacus fled, whom Leïtus as swift
Soon smote. Melanthius at the feet expired
Of the renown’d Eurypylus, and, flush’d45
With martial ardor, Menelaus seized
And took alive Adrastus. As it chanced
A thicket his affrighted steeds detain’d
Their feet entangling; they with restive force
At its extremity snapp’d short the pole,50
And to the city, whither others fled,
Fled also. From his chariot headlong hurl’d,
Adrastus press’d the plain fast by his wheel.
Flew Menelaus, and his quivering spear
Shook over him; he, life imploring, clasp’d55
Importunate his knees, and thus exclaim’d.

Opheltius fell, and Dresus, killed by Euryalus, then turned his arms against Pedasus and Æsepus, the twin brothers. Their mother, Abarbarea, a Naiad, bore them to Bucolion, who was the renowned son of King Laomedon, but he was hidden by his mother at birth. Bucolion was tending his flocks when he fell for the beautiful nymph; she gave birth to both twins, whom Mecisteus, your son, bravely killed and took their armor. Fearless Polypœtes killed Astyalus. Ulysses pierced Pydites, a chief from Percosus, with his spear, and Teucer struck down Aretaön. Nestor’s pride, Antilochus, with his bright lance, denied life to Ablerus, and the royal hand of Agamemnon killed Elatus, who lived among the hills of lofty Pedasus, on the banks of the smooth-flowing pure river Satnio. Phylacus fled, whom Leïtus swiftly struck down. Melanthius died at the feet of the renowned Eurypylus, and, charged with warrior spirit, Menelaus captured Adrastus alive. By chance, a thicket caught his frightened horses, tangling their feet; with a sudden force, they broke the pole at its end and fled to the city, where others sought refuge. From his chariot, thrown headlong, Adrastus fell hard by his wheel. Menelaus charged, and his trembling spear hovered over him; he, pleading for his life, grasped Menelaus's knees and cried out.

Oh, son of Atreus, let me live! accept
Illustrious ransom! In my father’s house
Is wealth abundant, gold, and brass, and steel
Of truest temper, which he will impart60
Till he have gratified thine utmost wish,
Inform’d that I am captive in your fleet.

Oh, son of Atreus, please let me live! Accept
This splendid ransom! In my father's home
There's plenty of wealth: gold, bronze, and steel
Of the finest quality, which he will send60
Until he satisfies your every wish,
Knowing that I am a prisoner in your camp.

He said, and Menelaus by his words
Vanquish’d, him soon had to the fleet dismiss’d
Given to his train in charge, but swift and stern65
Approaching, Agamemnon interposed.

He said, and Menelaus, affected by his words, soon had to send him off to the ships, entrusted to his crew. But quickly and decisively, Agamemnon stepped in.

Now, brother, whence this milkiness of mind,
These scruples about blood? Thy Trojan friends
Have doubtless much obliged thee. Die the race!
May none escape us! neither he who flies,70
Nor even the infant in his mother’s womb
Unconscious. Perish universal Troy
Unpitied, till her place be found no more![5]

Now, brother, where does this uncertainty come from,
These concerns about blood? Your Trojan friends
Have certainly done you a favor. Let the race perish!
May none of them escape us! Not even the one who runs,70
Nor even the baby in its mother's womb
Unaware. Let all of Troy be destroyed
Without pity, until there’s no trace left![5]

So saying, his brother’s mind the Hero turn’d,
Advising him aright; he with his hand75
Thrust back Adrastus, and himself, the King,
His bowels pierced. Supine Adrastus fell,
And Agamemnon, with his foot the corse
Impressing firm, pluck’d forth his ashen spear.
Then Nestor, raising high his voice, exclaim’d.80

So saying, the Hero shifted his brother's thoughts,
Guiding him rightly; he pushed Adrastus back with his hand75
And himself, the King, was wounded deeply. Adrastus fell,
Lying on his back, and Agamemnon, with his foot, firmly pressed down on the body
And pulled out his ash spear.
Then Nestor, raising his voice, exclaimed.80

Friends, Heroes, Grecians, ministers of Mars!
Let none, desirous of the spoil, his time
Devote to plunder now; now slay your foes,
And strip them when the field shall be your own.[6]

Friends, heroes, Greeks, and soldiers of Mars!
Let no one, eager for the loot, spend their time
on plunder now; now fight your enemies,
and take their possessions when the battlefield is yours.[6]

He said, and all took courage at his word.85

He said, and everyone felt encouraged by his words.85

Then had the Trojans enter’d Troy again
By the heroic Grecians foul repulsed,
So was their spirit daunted, but the son
Of Priam, Helenus, an augur far
Excelling all, at Hector’s side his speech90
To him and to Æneas thus address’d.

Then the Trojans entered Troy again,
But were driven back by the heroic Greeks,
Their spirits dampened. However, the son
Of Priam, Helenus, an excellent seer,
Spoke to Hector and Aeneas like this.90

Hector, and thou, Æneas, since on you
The Lycians chiefly and ourselves depend,
For that in difficult emprize ye show
Most courage; give best counsel; stand yourselves,95
And, visiting all quarters, cause to stand
Before the city-gates our scatter’d troops,
Ere yet the fugitives within the arms
Be slaughter’d of their wives, the scorn of Greece.
When thus ye shall have rallied every band100
And roused their courage, weary though we be,
Yet since necessity commands, even here
Will we give battle to the host of Greece.
But, Hector! to the city thou depart;
There charge our mother, that she go direct,105
With the assembled matrons, to the fane
Of Pallas in the citadel of Troy.
Opening her chambers’ sacred doors, of all
Her treasured mantles there, let her select
The widest, most magnificently wrought,110
And which she values most; that let her spread
On Athenæan Pallas’ lap divine.[7]
Twelve heifers of the year yet never touch’d
With puncture of the goad, let her alike
Devote to her, if she will pity Troy,115
Our wives and little ones, and will avert
The son of Tydeus from these sacred towers,
That dreadful Chief, terror of all our host,
Bravest, in my account, of all the Greeks.
For never yet Achilles hath himself120
So taught our people fear, although esteemed
Son of a Goddess. But this warrior’s rage
Is boundless, and his strength past all compare.

Hector, and you too, Æneas, since the Lycians mainly rely on you and us, because you show the most courage in tough situations, give us the best advice, and lead by example. Go around and gather our scattered troops before the city gates, before the fleeing ones get slaughtered by their wives, the shame of Greece. Once you’ve rallied everyone and boosted their spirits, even if we’re tired, necessity demands that we stand and fight against the Greek army here. But, Hector! You should go to the city. Tell our mother to gather the other women and go to the temple of Pallas in the citadel of Troy. Let her open her sacred chambers and choose her finest, most beautifully made mantles, the ones she treasures most, and spread that over the lap of divine Athenæan Pallas. We should also offer twelve untouched heifers, ones that have never felt the goad, to her if she’ll show mercy to Troy, to our wives and children, and keep the son of Tydeus away from these sacred towers—the fearsome leader, the greatest of all our enemies, the bravest among the Greeks in my eyes. Because no one has ever instilled so much fear in our people as Achilles, even though he’s considered the son of a goddess. But the rage of this warrior is limitless, and his strength is unmatched.

So Helenus; nor Hector not complied.
Down from his chariot instant to the ground125
All arm’d he leap’d, and, shaking his sharp spears,
Through every phalanx pass’d, rousing again
Their courage, and rekindling horrid war.
They, turning, faced the Greeks; the Greeks repulsed,
Ceased from all carnage, nor supposed they less130
Than that some Deity, the starry skies
Forsaken, help’d their foes, so firm they stood.
But Hector to the Trojans call’d aloud.
Ye dauntless Trojans and confederate powers
Call’d from afar! now be ye men, my friends,135
Now summon all the fury of your might!
I go to charge our senators and wives
That they address the Gods with prayers and vows
For our success, and hecatombs devote.

So Helenus; neither did Hector comply.
He jumped down from his chariot and hit the ground125
Fully armed, and, shaking his sharp spears,
Passed through every formation, reviving
Their courage and reigniting the brutal battle.
They turned to face the Greeks; the Greeks, pushed back,
Stopped all killing, thinking it was less130
Than that some Deity, having left the starry skies,
Was helping their enemies, so strong they stood.
But Hector called out loudly to the Trojans.
You fearless Trojans and allied forces
Called from afar! Now be strong, my friends,135
Now summon all the fury of your strength!
I’m going to urge our leaders and wives
To pray to the Gods and make vows
For our success, and dedicate offerings.

So saying the Hero went, and as he strode140
The sable hide that lined his bossy shield
Smote on his neck and on his ancle-bone.

So saying, the Hero went, and as he walked140
The black hide that lined his heavy shield
Hit against his neck and ankle.

And now into the middle space between
Both hosts, the son of Tydeus and the son
Moved of Hippolochus, intent alike145
On furious combat; face to face they stood,
And thus heroic Diomede began.

And now in the middle space between
Both sides, the son of Tydeus and the son
Of Hippolochus, equally focused145
On fierce battle; they stood face to face,
And then heroic Diomede spoke up.

Most noble Champion! who of human kind
Art thou,[8] whom in the man-ennobling fight
I now encounter first? Past all thy peers150
I must esteem thee valiant, who hast dared
To meet my coming, and my spear defy.
Ah! they are sons of miserable sires
Who dare my might; but if a God from heaven
Thou come, behold! I fight not with the Gods.155
That war Lycurgus son of Dryas waged,
And saw not many years. The nurses he
Of brain-disturbing Bacchus down the steep
Pursued of sacred Nyssa; they their wands
Vine-wreathed cast all away, with an ox-goad160
Chastised by fell Lycurgus. Bacchus plunged
Meantime dismay’d into the deep, where him
Trembling, and at the Hero’s haughty threats
Confounded, Thetis in her bosom hid.[9]
Thus by Lycurgus were the blessed powers165
Of heaven offended, and Saturnian Jove
Of sight bereaved him, who not long that loss
Survived, for he was curst by all above.
I, therefore, wage no contest with the Gods;
But if thou be of men, and feed on bread170
Of earthly growth, draw nigh, that with a stroke
Well-aim’d, I may at once cut short thy days.[10]

Most noble Champion! Who among humans
Are you,[8] whom I now face first in this manly contest?
I must regard you as brave, far above all your peers150
For daring to confront me and challenge my spear.
Ah! They are the children of wretched fathers
Who would challenge my strength; but if you are a God from heaven,
Look! I do not fight with the Gods.155
That battle Lycurgus, son of Dryas, fought,
And did not live many years after. He was pursued
By the nurses of the wild Bacchus down the slope
Of sacred Nyssa; they cast aside their vine-wreathed wands,
And with an ox-goad,160
They were punished by fierce Lycurgus. Bacchus, meanwhile,
Fled terrified into the depths, where, trembling
At the Hero’s proud threats, he was hidden by Thetis in her embrace.[9]
Thus, Lycurgus offended the blessed powers165
Of heaven, and Saturnian Jove
Stripped him of sight, a loss he could not survive long,
For he was cursed by all above.
I, therefore, do not engage in battle with the Gods;
But if you are one of men, feeding on the bread170
Of this earthly realm, step forward, so I can deliver
A well-aimed blow that will end your days.[10]

To whom the illustrious Lycian Chief replied.
Why asks brave Diomede of my descent?
For, as the leaves, such is the race of man.[11]175
The wind shakes down the leaves, the budding grove
Soon teems with others, and in spring they grow.
So pass mankind. One generation meets
Its destined period, and a new succeeds.
But since thou seem’st desirous to be taught180
My pedigree, whereof no few have heard,
Know that in Argos, in the very lap
Of Argos, for her steed-grazed meadows famed,
Stands Ephyra;[12] there Sisyphus abode,
Shrewdest of human kind; Sisyphus, named185
Æolides. Himself a son begat,
Glaucus, and he Bellerophon, to whom
The Gods both manly force and beauty gave.
Him Prœtus (for in Argos at that time
Prœtus was sovereign, to whose sceptre Jove190
Had subjected the land) plotting his death,
Contrived to banish from his native home.
For fair Anteia, wife of Prœtus, mad
Through love of young Bellerophon, him oft
In secret to illicit joys enticed;195
But she prevail’d not o’er the virtuous mind
Discrete of whom she wooed; therefore a lie
Framing, she royal Prœtus thus bespake.

To whom the famous Lycian Chief replied.
"Why does brave Diomede ask about my ancestry?
Just like the leaves, so is the human race.[11]175
The wind blows the leaves away, and the young grove
Soon fills with new ones, and they grow in spring.
So it is with humanity. One generation reaches
Its destined end, and a new one takes its place.
But since you seem eager to learn180
My lineage, of which many have heard,
Know that in Argos, in the very heart
Of Argos, renowned for its horse-grazing fields,
Stands Ephyra;[12] where Sisyphus lived,
The cleverest of humans; Sisyphus, called185
Æolides. He fathered a son,
Glaucus, and Glaucus fathered Bellerophon, to whom
The gods granted both strength and beauty.
Prœtus, for at that time he was the ruler of Argos,
To whose power Jupiter had subjected the land,190
Devised a plan to kill him,
And schemed to banish him from his homeland.
For beautiful Anteia, Prœtus’ wife, was driven
Mad with love for young Bellerophon, and she often
Tempted him in secret with forbidden pleasures;195
But she could not sway the virtuous mind
Of the man she desired; so she fabricated a lie
And spoke to royal Prœtus in this way.

Die thou, or slay Bellerophon, who sought
Of late to force me to his lewd embrace.200

Die, or kill Bellerophon, who recently tried to force me into his unwanted embrace.200

So saying, the anger of the King she roused.
Slay him himself he would not, for his heart
Forbad the deed; him therefore he dismiss’d
To Lycia, charged with tales of dire import
Written in tablets,[13] which he bade him show,205
That he might perish, to Anteia’s sire.
To Lycia then, conducted by the Gods,
He went, and on the shores of Xanthus found
Free entertainment noble at the hands
Of Lycia’s potent King. Nine days complete210
He feasted him, and slew each day an ox.
But when the tenth day’s ruddy morn appear’d,
He asked him then his errand, and to see
Those written tablets from his son-in-law.
The letters seen, he bade him, first, destroy215
Chimæra, deem’d invincible, divine
In nature, alien from the race of man,
Lion in front, but dragon all behind,
And in the midst a she-goat breathing forth
Profuse the violence of flaming fire.220
Her, confident in signs from heaven, he slew.
Next, with the men of Solymæ[14] he fought,
Brave warriors far renown’d, with whom he waged,
In his account, the fiercest of his wars.
And lastly, when in battle he had slain225
The man-resisting Amazons, the king
Another stratagem at his return
Devised against him, placing close-conceal’d
An ambush for him from the bravest chosen
In Lycia; but they saw their homes no more;230
Bellerophon the valiant slew them all.
The monarch hence collecting, at the last,
His heavenly origin, him there detain’d,
And gave him his own daughter, with the half
Of all his royal dignity and power.235
The Lycians also, for his proper use,
Large lot assigned him of their richest soil,[15]
Commodious for the vine, or for the plow.
And now his consort fair three children bore
To bold Bellerophon; Isandrus one,240
And one, Hippolochus; his youngest born
Laodamia was for beauty such
That she became a concubine of Jove.
She bore Sarpedon of heroic note.
But when Bellerophon, at last, himself245
Had anger’d all the Gods, feeding on grief
He roam’d alone the Aleian field, exiled,
By choice, from every cheerful haunt of man.
Mars, thirsty still for blood, his son destroy’d
Isandrus, warring with the host renown’d250
Of Solymæ; and in her wrath divine
Diana from her chariot golden-rein’d
Laodamia slew. Myself I boast
Sprung from Hippolochus; he sent me forth
To fight for Troy, charging me much and oft255
That I should outstrip always all mankind
In worth and valor, nor the house disgrace
Of my forefathers, heroes without peer
In Ephyra, and in Lycia’s wide domain.
Such is my lineage; such the blood I boast.260

So saying, she stirred the King’s anger.
He wouldn’t kill him himself, as his heart
Forbidden the action; so he sent him
To Lycia, tasked with delivering messages
Written on tablets, [13] which he instructed him to show,205
So that he might perish, to Anteia’s father.
To Lycia then, guided by the Gods,
He went, and on the shores of Xanthus received
Warm hospitality from the powerful
King of Lycia. For nine complete days210
He feasted him, and killed an ox each day.
But when the tenth day’s bright morning came,
He then asked him about his mission, and to see
The written tablets from his son-in-law.
Seeing the letters, he told him first to destroy215
Chimæra, thought to be invincible, divine
In nature, beyond the lineage of man,
A lion in front, but a dragon behind,
And in the middle a she-goat breathing forth
The ferocity of raging fire.220
Confident in heavenly signs, he killed her.
Next, he fought against the men of Solymæ[14]
Brave warriors renowned far and wide, with whom he waged,
In his account, the fiercest of his wars.
And finally, when in battle he had slain225
The man-fighting Amazons, the king
Devised another scheme against him upon his return,
Setting up a hidden ambush from the bravest chosen
In Lycia; but they never saw their homes again;230
The valiant Bellerophon killed them all.
The king then, realizing his divine origin, detained him there,
And gave him his own daughter, along with half
Of all his royal rank and power.235
The Lycians also, for his own use,
Assigned him a large portion of their richest land,[15]
Suitable for vineyards or farming.
And now his beautiful wife bore him three children:
Isandrus was one,240
And another, Hippolochus; his youngest born,
Laodamia was so beautiful
That she became a concubine of Jove.
She bore Sarpedon, known for his heroism.
But when Bellerophon, finally, had angered all the Gods,
Consumed by grief,245
He roamed alone in the Aleian field, exiled,
By his own choice, from every cheerful place of man.
Mars, still thirsty for blood, killed his son
Isandrus, fighting against the renowned250
Host of Solymæ; and in her divine anger,
Diana from her golden-reined chariot
Killed Laodamia. I boast myself
As a descendant of Hippolochus; he sent me forth
To fight for Troy, charging me often and greatly255
To always surpass all men
In worth and valor, and not to disgrace
The house of my forefathers, heroes without equal
In Ephyra and in the wide land of Lycia.
Such is my lineage; such the blood I carry.260

He ceased. Then valiant Diomede rejoiced.
He pitch’d his spear, and to the Lycian Prince
In terms of peace and amity replied.

He stopped. Then brave Diomede was filled with joy.
He threw his spear and replied to the Lycian Prince
with words of peace and friendship.

Thou art my own hereditary friend,
Whose noble grandsire was the guest of mine.[16]265
For Oeneus, on a time, full twenty days
Regaled Bellerophon, and pledges fair
Of hospitality they interchanged.
Oeneus a belt radiant with purple gave
To brave Bellerophon, who in return270
Gave him a golden goblet. Coming forth
I left the kind memorial safe at home.
A child was I when Tydeus went to Thebes,
Where the Achaians perish’d, and of him
Hold no remembrance; but henceforth, my friend,275
Thine host am I in Argos, and thou mine
In Lycia, should I chance to sojourn there.
We will not clash. Trojans or aids of Troy
No few the Gods shall furnish to my spear,
Whom I may slaughter; and no want of Greeks280
On whom to prove thy prowess, thou shalt find.
But it were well that an exchange ensued
Between us; take mine armor, give me thine,
That all who notice us may understand
Our patrimonial[17] amity and love.285

You are my own hereditary friend,
Whose noble grandfather was once my guest.[16]265
For Oeneus, once, for a full twenty days
Hosted Bellerophon, and they exchanged
Promises of hospitality.
Oeneus gave a belt shining with purple
To brave Bellerophon, who in return270
Gave him a golden cup. When I left,
I safely kept the kind reminder at home.
I was just a child when Tydeus went to Thebes,
Where the Achaeans fell, and I
Have no memories of him; but from now on, my friend,275
I am your host in Argos, and you are mine
In Lycia, if I happen to visit there.
We will not fight. The Trojans or their allies
The Gods will send plenty for my spear,
Whom I can kill; and you will find no shortage of Greeks280
For you to showcase your skills against.
But it would be good for us to switch
Armors; take mine, give me yours,
So that everyone who sees us may understand
Our longstanding[17] friendship and bond.285

So they, and each alighting, hand in hand
Stood lock’d, faith promising and firm accord.
Then Jove of sober judgment so bereft
Infatuate Glaucus that with Tydeus’ son
He barter’d gold for brass, an hundred beeves290
In value, for the value small of nine.

So they, arriving together, hand in hand
Stood locked, promising faith and solid agreement.
Then Jove, losing his sober judgment,
Confused Glaucus into trading gold for brass,
A hundred cattle in value, for the small worth of nine.

But Hector at the Scæan gate and beech[18]
Meantime arrived, to whose approach the wives
And daughters flock’d of Troy, inquiring each
The fate of husband, brother, son, or friend.295
He bade them all with solemn prayer the Gods
Seek fervent, for that wo was on the wing.

But Hector arrived at the Scæan gate, and the women and daughters of Troy gathered around him, asking about the fate of their husbands, brothers, sons, or friends. He urged them all to sincerely pray to the gods, for trouble was approaching.

But when he enter’d Priam’s palace, built
With splendid porticoes, and which within
Had fifty chambers lined with polish’d stone,300
Contiguous all, where Priam’s sons reposed
And his sons’ wives, and where, on the other side.
In twelve magnificent chambers also lined
With polish’d marble and contiguous all,
The sons-in-law of Priam lay beside305
His spotless daughters, there the mother queen
Seeking the chamber of Laodice,
Loveliest of all her children, as she went
Met Hector. On his hand she hung and said:

But when he entered Priam’s palace, built With beautiful porticoes, and inside Had fifty chambers lined with polished stone, All connected, where Priam’s sons rested And his sons’ wives, and where, on the other side, In twelve magnificent chambers also lined With polished marble and all connected, Priam’s sons-in-law lay beside His pristine daughters, there the queen mother Looking for the chamber of Laodice, The most beautiful of all her children, as she went Met Hector. She took his hand and said:

Why leavest thou, O my son! the dangerous field?310
I fear that the Achaians (hateful name!)
Compass the walls so closely, that thou seek’st
Urged by distress the citadel, to lift
Thine hands in prayer to Jove? But pause awhile
Till I shall bring thee wine, that having pour’d315
Libation rich to Jove and to the powers
Immortal, thou may’st drink and be refresh’d.
For wine is mighty to renew the strength
Of weary man, and weary thou must be
Thyself, thus long defending us and ours.320
To whom her son majestic thus replied.

Why are you leaving, my son, this dangerous battlefield?310
I fear the Achaeans (such a hateful name!)
Surround the walls so tightly that you're seeking
Out of distress the citadel, to raise
Your hands in prayer to Jove? But wait a minute
Until I bring you some wine, so that after pouring315
A rich libation to Jove and the immortal powers,
You can drink and be refreshed.
For wine is powerful to restore the strength
Of a weary person, and you must be weary
Yourself, after so long defending us and ours.320
To whom her majestic son replied.

My mother, whom I reverence! cheering wine
Bring none to me, lest I forget my might.[19]
I fear, beside, with unwash’d hands to pour
Libation forth of sable wine to Jove,325
And dare on none account, thus blood-defiled,[20]
Approach the tempest-stirring God in prayer.
Thou, therefore, gathering all our matrons, seek
The fane of Pallas, huntress of the spoil,
Bearing sweet incense; but from the attire330
Treasured within thy chamber, first select
The amplest robe, most exquisitely wrought,
And which thou prizest most—then spread the gift
On Athenæan Pallas’ lap divine.
Twelve heifers also of the year, untouch’d335
With puncture of the goad, promise to slay
In sacrifice, if she will pity Troy,
Our wives and little ones, and will avert
The son of Tydeus from these sacred towers,
That dreadful Chief, terror of all our host.340
Go then, my mother, seek the hallowed fane
Of the spoil-huntress Deity. I, the while,
Seek Paris, and if Paris yet can hear,
Shall call him forth. But oh that earth would yawn
And swallow him, whom Jove hath made a curse345
To Troy, to Priam, and to all his house;
Methinks, to see him plunged into the shades
For ever, were a cure for all my woes.

My mother, whom I respect! Don’t bring me any wine
So I don't forget my strength.[19]
I’m also afraid to pour
A dark wine offering to Jove with unwashed hands,325
And on no account should I approach
The stormy God in prayer while stained with blood.[20]
So you, gather all our women and go
To the temple of Pallas, the huntress of spoils,
Bringing sweet incense; but first choose
The finest robe from your closet,330
The one you value the most—then lay the gift
In the lap of divine Athenæan Pallas.
Also promise to sacrifice twelve unblemished heifers
From this year, untouched by the goad,335
If she will show mercy to Troy,
To our wives and children, and keep
The son of Tydeus away from these sacred towers,
That terrible leader, the fear of our entire army.340
So go, my mother, seek the holy temple
Of the spoils huntress Goddess. In the meantime,
I will look for Paris, and if he can still hear,
I will call him out. But oh, if only the earth would open
And swallow him up, the curse that Jove has sent345
To Troy, to Priam, and to all his family;
I think seeing him plunged into the shadows
Forever would be a remedy for all my troubles.

He ceased; the Queen, her palace entering, charged
Her maidens; they, incontinent, throughout350
All Troy convened the matrons, as she bade.
Meantime into her wardrobe incense-fumed,
Herself descended; there her treasures lay,
Works of Sidonian women,[21] whom her son
The godlike Paris, when he cross’d the seas355
With Jove-begotten Helen, brought to Troy.
The most magnificent, and varied most
With colors radiant, from the rest she chose
For Pallas; vivid as a star it shone,
And lowest lay of all. Then forth she went,360
The Trojan matrons all following her steps.

He stopped; the Queen, entering her palace, commanded
Her maidens; they quickly gathered throughout350
All of Troy’s women, just as she ordered.
Meanwhile, as she entered her fragrant wardrobe,
She descended; there her treasures were,
Beautiful creations of Sidonian women,[21] whom her son
The godlike Paris, when he crossed the seas355
With Jove-begotten Helen, brought to Troy.
The most magnificent, and most colorful
Among them all, she chose for Pallas; it shone
Bright like a star, and lay at the very bottom. Then she went out,360
With all the Trojan women following her.

But when the long procession reach’d the fane
Of Pallas in the heights of Troy, to them
The fair Theano ope’d the portals wide,
Daughter of Cisseus, brave Antenor’s spouse,365
And by appointment public, at that time,
Priestess of Pallas. All with lifted hands[22]
In presence of Minerva wept aloud.
Beauteous Theano on the Goddess’ lap
Then spread the robe, and to the daughter fair370
Of Jove omnipotent her suit address’d.

But when the long procession reached the temple
Of Pallas in the heights of Troy, the beautiful Theano
Opened the doors wide for them,
Daughter of Cisseus, brave Antenor’s wife,365
And appointed as priestess of Pallas at that time.
Everyone, with raised hands, [22]
Wept loudly in the presence of Minerva.
Lovely Theano then spread the robe on the Goddess’ lap
And made her plea to the fair daughter370
Of all-powerful Jove.

Goddess[23] of Goddesses, our city’s shield,
Adored Minerva, hear! oh! break the lance
Of Diomede, and give himself to fall
Prone in the dust before the Scæan gate.375
So will we offer to thee at thy shrine,
This day twelve heifers of the year, untouch’d
By yoke or goad, if thou wilt pity show
To Troy, and save our children and our wives.

Goddess of all goddesses, our city’s protector,
Beloved Minerva, listen! Oh! break the lance
Of Diomedes, and let him fall
Flat in the dust by the Scæan gate.375
Then we will offer at your shrine,
This day twelve yearling heifers, untouched
By yoke or goad, if you will show pity
To Troy, and save our children and our wives.

Such prayer the priestess offer’d, and such prayer380
All present; whom Minerva heard averse.
But Hector to the palace sped meantime
Of Alexander, which himself had built,
Aided by every architect of name
Illustrious then in Troy. Chamber it had,385
Wide hall, proud dome, and on the heights of Troy
Near-neighboring Hector’s house and Priam’s stood.
There enter’d Hector, Jove-beloved, a spear
Its length eleven cubits in his hand,
Its glittering head bound with a ring of gold.390
He found within his chamber whom he sought,
Polishing with exactest care his arms
Resplendent, shield and hauberk fingering o’er
With curious touch, and tampering with his bow.[24]
Helen of Argos with her female train395
Sat occupied, the while, to each in turn
Some splendid task assigning. Hector fix’d
His eyes on Paris, and him stern rebuked.

The priestess offered such a prayer, and so did everyone present; Minerva listened but was not pleased. Meanwhile, Hector hurried to the palace of Alexander, which he had built himself, with help from every famous architect in Troy. It had a spacious hall and an impressive dome, and stood close to both Hector’s and Priam’s houses. Hector, beloved by Jove, entered carrying a spear that was eleven cubits long, its shining tip encased in a gold ring. Inside his chamber, he found the person he was looking for, meticulously polishing his gleaming armor, running his fingers over his shield and chainmail, and fiddling with his bow. Helen of Argos, along with her female attendants, was engaged in assigning splendid tasks to everyone. Hector fixed his gaze on Paris and sternly rebuked him.

Thy sullen humors, Paris, are ill-timed.
The people perish at our lofty walls;400
The flames of war have compass’d Troy around
And thou hast kindled them; who yet thyself
That slackness show’st which in another seen
Thou would’st resent to death. Haste, seek the field
This moment, lest, the next, all Ilium blaze.405

Your gloomy moods, Paris, are poorly timed.
The people are suffering at our grand walls;400
The fires of war have surrounded Troy
And you have started them; yet you yourself
Show the same laziness that you would react to with anger in others.
Hurry, go to the battlefield
Right now, or by the next moment, all of Ilium will be in flames.405

To whom thus Paris, graceful as a God.
Since, Hector, thou hast charged me with a fault,
And not unjustly, I will answer make,
And give thou special heed. That here I sit,
The cause is sorrow, which I wish’d to soothe410
In secret, not displeasure or revenge.
I tell thee also, that even now my wife
Was urgent with me in most soothing terms
That I would forth to battle; and myself,
Aware that victory oft changes sides,415
That course prefer. Wait, therefore, thou awhile,
Till I shall dress me for the fight, or go
Thou first, and I will overtake thee soon.

To whom Paris responded, looking god-like.
Since you, Hector, have called me out on a mistake,
And rightly so, I will reply,
So pay close attention. I'm sitting here
Because of sorrow, which I wanted to soothe410
In private, not out of anger or revenge.
I also want to tell you that just now my wife
Was urging me with the kindest words
To join the battle; and I myself,
Knowing that victory often shifts sides,415
Prefer that path. So wait a bit,
Until I get ready for the fight, or you can go
Ahead, and I will catch up with you soon.

He ceased, to whom brave Hector answer none
Return’d, when Helen him with lenient speech420
Accosted mild.[25] My brother! who in me
Hast found a sister worthy of thy hate,
Authoress of all calamity to Troy,
Oh that the winds, the day when I was born,
Had swept me out of sight, whirl’d me aloft425
To some inhospitable mountain-top,
Or plunged me in the deep; there I had sunk
O’erwhelm’d, and all these ills had never been.
But since the Gods would bring these ills to pass,
I should, at least, some worthier mate have chosen,430
One not insensible to public shame.
But this, oh this, nor hath nor will acquire
Hereafter, aught which like discretion shows
Or reason, and shall find his just reward.
But enter; take this seat; for who as thou435
Labors, or who hath cause like thee to rue
The crime, my brother, for which Heaven hath doom’d
Both Paris and my most detested self
To be the burthens of an endless song?

He stopped, and brave Hector didn't respond
When Helen gently spoke to him420
Addressing him softly. “My brother! You’ve found in me
A sister deserving of your hatred,
The one responsible for all of Troy’s troubles.
Oh, if only the winds on the day I was born,
Had swept me away, lifted me high425
To some unwelcoming mountain,
Or drowned me in the depths; there I would have sunk
And everything would have been avoided.
But since the Gods allowed these troubles to happen,
I should have at least chosen a more deserving partner,430
Someone who felt shame for our public disgrace.
But this, oh this, will neither have nor will ever have
Anything resembling wisdom
Or reason, and will meet his rightful fate.
But come in; take a seat; for who else like you435
Suffers, or who has as much cause as you to regret
The crime, my brother, for which Heaven has condemned
Both Paris and my most hated self
To be the burdens of an endless story?”

To whom the warlike Hector huge[26] replied.440
Me bid not, Helen, to a seat, howe’er
Thou wish my stay, for thou must not prevail.
The Trojans miss me, and myself no less
Am anxious to return. But urge in haste
This loiterer forth; yea, let him urge himself445
To overtake me ere I quit the town.
For I must home in haste, that I may see
My loved Andromache, my infant boy,
And my domestics, ignorant if e’er
I shall behold them more, or if my fate450
Ordain me now to fall by Grecian hands.

To whom the warrior Hector replied.440
Don’t ask me, Helen, to sit down, no matter
How much you want me to stay, because you won’t win.
The Trojans need me, and I feel the same way
About wanting to go back. But hurry up
And push this slacker to move; yes, let him motivate himself445
To catch up with me before I leave the city.
I have to get home quickly to see
My dear Andromache, my little boy,
And my household, who have no idea if I’ll
Ever see them again, or if my fate450
Is to fall at the hands of the Greeks.

So spake the dauntless hero, and withdrew.
But reaching soon his own well-built abode
He found not fair Andromache; she stood
Lamenting Hector, with the nurse who bore455
Her infant, on a turret’s top sublime.
He then, not finding his chaste spouse within,
Thus from the portal, of her train inquired.

So spoke the fearless hero and left.
But when he soon reached his sturdy home,
He found no beautiful Andromache; she stood
Mourning Hector, with the nurse who cared for455
Her baby, on a high tower.
Not finding his pure wife inside,
He then asked from the doorway about her companions.

Tell me, ye maidens, whither went from home
Andromache the fair?[27] Went she to see460
Her female kindred of my father’s house,
Or to Minerva’s temple, where convened
The bright-hair’d matrons of the city seek
To soothe the awful Goddess? Tell me true.

Tell me, you maidens, where did the beautiful Andromache go?
Did she visit my father's female relatives,
Or did she go to Minerva’s temple, where the bright-haired women of the city gather
To calm the fierce Goddess? Tell me the truth.

To whom his household’s governess discreet.465
Since, Hector, truth is thy demand, receive
True answer. Neither went she forth to see
Her female kindred of thy father’s house,
Nor to Minerva’s temple, where convened
The bright-haired matrons of the city seek470
To soothe the awful Goddess; but she went
Hence to the tower of Troy: for she had heard
That the Achaians had prevail’d, and driven
The Trojans to the walls; she, therefore, wild
With grief, flew thither, and the nurse her steps475
Attended, with thy infant in her arms.

To whom the governess of his household discreetly.465
Since, Hector, you seek the truth, accept
The real answer. She didn’t go out to visit
Her female relatives from your father's family,
Nor to Minerva’s temple, where the bright-haired
Matrons of the city gather to appease470
The fierce Goddess; instead, she went
To the tower of Troy: for she had heard
That the Achaeans were winning and had pushed
The Trojans back to the walls; she, therefore, filled
With grief, hurried there, with the nurse following her steps475
Holding your infant in her arms.

So spake the prudent governess; whose words
When Hector heard, issuing from his door
He backward trod with hasty steps the streets
Of lofty Troy, and having traversed all480
The spacious city, when he now approach’d
The Scæan gate, whence he must seek the field,
There, hasting home again his noble wife
Met him, Andromache the rich-endow’d
Fair daughter of Eëtion famed in arms.485
Eëtion, who in Hypoplacian Thebes
Umbrageous dwelt, Cilicia’s mighty lord—
His daughter valiant Hector had espoused.
There she encounter’d him, and with herself
The nurse came also, bearing in her arms490
Hectorides, his infant darling boy,
Beautiful as a star. Him Hector called
Scamandrios, but Astyanax[28] all else
In Ilium named him, for that Hector’s arm
Alone was the defence and strength of Troy.495
The father, silent, eyed his babe, and smiled.
Andromache, meantime, before him stood,
With streaming cheeks, hung on his hand, and said.

So spoke the wise governess; when Hector heard her words coming from his door, he quickly stepped back and walked through the streets of high Troy. After going through the entire city, he finally approached the Scaean gate, from where he needed to head to the battlefield. There, rushing back home, his noble wife met him—Andromache, the well-endowed, beautiful daughter of Eëtion, renowned for his prowess in battle. Eëtion lived in the shady Hypoplacian Thebes and was a powerful lord of Cilicia. Hector, the valiant warrior, had married his daughter. She ran into him, and along with her came the nurse, carrying in her arms Hector's beloved infant son, beautiful like a star. Hector called him Scamandrios, but everyone else in Ilium named him Astyanax, since Hector's strength was the sole protection of Troy. The father, silent, looked at his baby and smiled. Meanwhile, Andromache stood before him, with tears on her cheeks, clinging to his hand, and said.

Thy own great courage will cut short thy days,
My noble Hector! neither pitiest thou500
Thy helpless infant, or my hapless self,
Whose widowhood is near; for thou wilt fall
Ere long, assail’d by the whole host of Greece.
Then let me to the tomb, my best retreat
When thou art slain. For comfort none or joy505
Can I expect, thy day of life extinct,
But thenceforth, sorrow. Father I have none;
No mother. When Cilicia’s city, Thebes
The populous, was by Achilles sack’d.
He slew my father; yet his gorgeous arms510
Stripp’d not through reverence of him, but consumed,
Arm’d as it was, his body on the pile,
And heap’d his tomb, which the Oreades,
Jove’s daughters, had with elms inclosed around.[29]
My seven brothers, glory of our house,515
All in one day descended to the shades;
For brave Achilles,[30] while they fed their herds
And snowy flocks together, slew them all.
My mother, Queen of the well-wooded realm
Of Hypoplacian Thebes, her hither brought520
Among his other spoils, he loosed again
At an inestimable ransom-price,
But by Diana pierced, she died at home.
Yet Hector—oh my husband! I in thee
Find parents, brothers, all that I have lost.525
Come! have compassion on us. Go not hence,
But guard this turret, lest of me thou make
A widow, and an orphan of thy boy.
The city walls are easiest of ascent
At yonder fig-tree; station there thy powers;530
For whether by a prophet warn’d, or taught
By search and observation, in that part
Each Ajax with Idomeneus of Crete,
The sons of Atreus, and the valiant son
Of Tydeus, have now thrice assail’d the town.535

Your own great courage will cut your life short,
My noble Hector! You show no pity for500
Your helpless child, or for me, who is soon to be a widow;
For you will fall shortly, attacked by the entire host of Greece.
So let me go to the tomb, my only refuge
When you are gone. For I can expect no comfort or joy505
Once your life has ended,
Only sorrow ahead. I have no father;
No mother. When the city of Cilicia, Thebes,
Was sacked by Achilles,
He killed my father; yet he stripped his magnificent armor510
Not out of respect, but to consume,
His body, armed as it was, on the pyre,
And built his tomb, which Jove’s daughters,
The Oreades, surrounded with elms.[29]
My seven brothers, the pride of our family,515
All perished in one day;
For brave Achilles,[30] while they were tending their herds
And white flocks together, killed them all.
My mother, the Queen of the well-wooded land
Of Hypoplacian Thebes, was brought here520
Among his other spoils, but he let her go again
At an enormous ransom,
But she was struck down by Diana and died at home.
Yet Hector—oh my husband! In you,
I find parents, brothers, all that I have lost.525
Come! Have compassion on us. Do not leave,
But protect this tower, or else you’ll make me
A widow and your boy an orphan.
The city walls are easiest to climb
At that fig-tree; station your men there;530
For whether warned by a prophet, or taught
By investigation and observation, in that spot
Each Ajax with Idomeneus of Crete,
The sons of Atreus, and the brave son
Of Tydeus have now attacked the city three times.535

To whom the leader of the host of Troy.

To whom the leader of the Troy army.

These cares, Andromache, which thee engage,
All touch me also; but I dread to incur
The scorn of male and female tongues in Troy,
If, dastard-like, I should decline the fight.540
Nor feel I such a wish. No. I have learn’d
To be courageous ever, in the van
Among the flower of Ilium to assert
My glorious father’s honor, and my own.
For that the day shall come when sacred Troy,545
When Priam, and the people of the old
Spear-practised King shall perish, well I know.
But for no Trojan sorrows yet to come
So much I mourn, not e’en for Hecuba,
Nor yet for Priam, nor for all the brave550
Of my own brothers who shall kiss the dust,
As for thyself, when some Achaian Chief
Shall have convey’d thee weeping hence, thy sun
Of peace and liberty for ever set.
Then shalt thou toil in Argos at the loom555
For a task-mistress, and constrain’d shalt draw
From Hypereïa’s fount,[31] or from the fount
Messeïs, water at her proud command.
Some Grecian then, seeing thy tears, shall say—
“This was the wife of Hector, who excell’d560
All Troy in fight when Ilium was besieged.”
Such he shall speak thee, and thy heart, the while,
Shall bleed afresh through want of such a friend
To stand between captivity and thee.
But may I rest beneath my hill of earth565
Or ere that day arrive! I would not live
To hear thy cries, and see thee torn away.

These worries, Andromache, that concern you,
Affect me too; but I fear facing
The scorn of both men and women in Troy,
If, cowardly, I back out of the fight.540
I don't feel that way at all. No. I've learned
To always be brave, leading the way
Among the best of Ilium to uphold
My glorious father's honor and my own.
For I know the day will come when sacred Troy,545
When Priam and the people of the old
Spear-trained King will fall, that much I know.
But I don’t mourn for any future Trojan sorrows
So much, not even for Hecuba,
Nor for Priam, nor for all the brave550
Of my own brothers who will fall,
As I mourn for you, when some Achaean Chief
Takes you away, weeping, from here, your sun
Of peace and freedom forever set.
Then you will work in Argos at the loom555
For a taskmaster, and you’ll have to draw
Water from Hypereia’s spring, or from the spring
Messeïs, under her proud command.
Some Greek then, seeing your tears, will say—
“This was Hector’s wife, who outshone560
All of Troy in battle when Ilium was under siege.”
That’s what they’ll say about you, and your heart, in that moment,
Will bleed anew from the loss of such a friend
To protect you from captivity.
But may I rest beneath my pile of earth565
Before that day arrives! I wouldn't want to live
To hear your cries and see you taken away.

So saying, illustrious Hector stretch’d his arms
Forth to his son, but with a scream, the child
Fell back into the bosom of his nurse,570
His father’s aspect dreading, whose bright arms
He had attentive mark’d and shaggy crest
Playing tremendous o’er his helmet’s height.
His father and his gentle mother laugh’d,[32]
And noble Hector lifting from his head575
His dazzling helmet, placed it on the ground,
Then kiss’d his boy and dandled him, and thus
In earnest prayer the heavenly powers implored.

So saying, the great Hector reached out his arms
to his son, but with a scream, the child
fell back into his nurse's arms,570
fearing his father’s face, whose shining armor
he had been watching closely and the shaggy crest
looming ominously over his helmet.
His father and his gentle mother laughed, [32]
and noble Hector took off his dazzling helmet575
and set it on the ground,
then kissed his boy and played with him, and so
earnestly prayed to the heavenly powers.

Hear all ye Gods! as ye have given to me,
So also on my son excelling might580
Bestow, with chief authority in Troy.
And be his record this, in time to come,
When he returns from battle. Lo! how far
The son excels the sire! May every foe
Fall under him, and he come laden home585
With spoils blood-stain’d to his dear mother’s joy.

Listen up, all you Gods! Just as you’ve granted me,
So too bestow upon my son great power580
And lead him with authority in Troy.
May this be his legacy, in the future,
When he comes back from battle. Look! How much
The son surpasses the father! May every enemy
Fall before him, and may he return home585
With blood-stained spoils to bring joy to his dear mother.

He said, and gave his infant to the arms
Of his Andromache, who him received
Into her fragrant bosom, bitter tears
With sweet smiles mingling; he with pity moved590
That sight observed, soft touch’d her cheek, and said,

He said, and handed his baby to the arms
Of Andromache, who received him
Into her warm embrace, bitter tears
Mixed with sweet smiles; he, filled with pity,590
Noticed the scene, gently touched her cheek, and said,

Mourn not, my loved Andromache, for me
Too much; no man shall send me to the shades
Of Tartarus, ere mine allotted hour,
Nor lives he who can overpass the date595
By heaven assign’d him, be he base or brave.[33]
Go then, and occupy content at home
The woman’s province; ply the distaff, spin
And weave, and task thy maidens. War belongs
To man; to all men; and of all who first600
Drew vital breath in Ilium, most to me.[34]

Don't mourn too much for me, my dear Andromache.
No man can send me to the underworld
Before my time; there's no one who can change
The fate that heaven has set for him, whether he's lowly or heroic.595
So go, and find contentment at home,
Your rightful place as a woman—work the distaff, spin,
Weave, and oversee your maidens. War is for men,
For all men; and of all those who first600
Breathed life in Ilium, I care for it most.

He ceased, and from the ground his helmet raised
Hair-crested; his Andromache, at once
Obedient, to her home repair’d, but oft
Turn’d as she went, and, turning, wept afresh.605
No sooner at the palace she arrived
Of havoc-spreading Hector, than among
Her numerous maidens found within, she raised
A general lamentation; with one voice,
In his own house, his whole domestic train610
Mourn’d Hector, yet alive; for none the hope
Conceived of his escape from Grecian hands,
Or to behold their living master more.

He stopped, and from the ground his helmet lifted, Hair standing up; his Andromache, obediently, went back to her home, but often looked back as she walked and, turning, cried again. As soon as she got to the palace of havoc-wreaking Hector, she found among her many maids inside, and they all raised a loud mourning; together, in his own house, his entire household mourned Hector, still alive; for no one thought he could escape from the Greeks, or see their living master again.

Nor Paris in his stately mansion long
Delay’d, but, arm’d resplendent, traversed swift615
The city, all alacrity and joy.
As some stall’d horse high-fed, his stable-cord
Snapt short, beats under foot the sounding plain,
Accustomed in smooth-sliding streams to lave
Exulting; high he bears his head, his mane620
Undulates o’er his shoulders, pleased he eyes
His glossy sides, and borne on pliant knees
Shoots to the meadow where his fellows graze;
So Paris, son of Priam, from the heights
Of Pergamus into the streets of Troy,625
All dazzling as the sun, descended, flush’d
With martial pride, and bounding in his course.
At once he came where noble Hector stood
Now turning, after conference with his spouse,
When godlike Alexander thus began.630

Nor did Paris linger in his grand mansion
For long, but, dazzling in armor, swiftly moved615
Through the city, filled with excitement and joy.
Like a well-fed stallion, with his stable tether
Snapped short, he tramples on the echoing ground,
Used to wading in smooth-flowing streams in delight;
He proudly lifts his head, his mane620
Waving over his shoulders, happily he gazes
At his shiny flanks, and on nimble legs
Rushes to the meadow where his comrades graze;
So Paris, son of Priam, from the heights
Of Pergamus into the streets of Troy,625
All bright like the sun, descended, filled
With warrior pride, and bounding in his stride.
He soon reached where noble Hector stood
Now turning, after talking with his wife,
When godlike Alexander began to speak.630

My hero brother, thou hast surely found
My long delay most irksome. More dispatch
Had pleased thee more, for such was thy command.

My dear brother, you must be quite annoyed
By my long delay. You would have preferred
I acted faster, as that was what you wanted.

To whom the warlike Hector thus replied.
No man, judicious, and in feat of arms635
Intelligent, would pour contempt on thee
(For thou art valiant) wert thou not remiss
And wilful negligent; and when I hear
The very men who labor in thy cause
Reviling thee, I make thy shame my own.640
But let us on. All such complaints shall cease
Hereafter, and thy faults be touch’d no more,
Let Jove but once afford us riddance clear
Of these Achaians, and to quaff the cup
Of liberty, before the living Gods.645

To whom the battle-ready Hector replied,
No wise man skilled in battle
Would look down on you
(Because you’re brave) if you weren’t careless
And intentionally neglectful; and when I hear
The very men who fight for you
Insulting you, I take your shame upon myself.
But let us move forward. All complaints will end
From now on, and we won’t discuss your faults anymore,
If only Jupiter would finally free us
From these Achaeans, so we can enjoy
The freedom we seek, before the living Gods.

It may be observed, that Hector begins to resume his hope of success, and his warlike spirit is roused again, as he approaches the field of action. The depressing effect of his sad interview is wearing away from his mind, and he is already prepared for the battle with Ajax, which awaits him.

It can be seen that Hector starts to regain his hope for success, and his fighting spirit is stirred once more as he gets closer to the battlefield. The heavy feeling from his somber meeting is fading from his mind, and he's already getting ready for the battle with Ajax that lies ahead.

The student who has once read this book, will read it again and again. It contains much that is addressed to the deepest feelings of our common nature, and, despite of the long interval of time which lies between our age and the Homeric—despite the manifold changes of customs, habits, pursuits, and the advances that have been made in civilization and art—despite of all these, the universal spirit of humanity will recognize in these scenes much of that true poetry which delights alike all ages, all nations, all men.—Felton.

The student who has read this book once will read it again and again. It has a lot that speaks to the deepest feelings of our shared humanity, and even though a long time has passed since the days of Homer—despite all the changes in customs, habits, and the progress we've made in civilization and art—regardless of all this, the universal spirit of humanity will see in these scenes much of that true poetry that brings joy to all ages, all nations, and all people.—Felton.

BOOK VII.

ARGUMENT OF THE SEVENTH BOOK.

Ajax and Hector engage in single combat. The Grecians fortify their camp.

Ajax and Hector fight in a one-on-one battle. The Greeks strengthen their camp.

BOOK VII.

So saying, illustrious Hector through the gates
To battle rush’d, with Paris at his side,
And both were bent on deeds of high renown.
As when the Gods vouchsafe propitious gales
To longing mariners, who with smooth oars5
Threshing the waves have all their strength consumed,
So them the longing Trojans glad received.

So saying, the great Hector rushed through the gates to battle, with Paris by his side, and both were determined to achieve great glory. Just as the Gods provide favorable winds to eager sailors, who have worn themselves out rowing through the waves, the yearning Trojans joyfully welcomed them.

At once each slew a Grecian. Paris slew
Menesthius who in Arna dwelt, the son
Of Areithoüs, club-bearing chief,10
And of Philomedusa radiant-eyed.
But Hector wounded with his glittering spear
Eïoneus; he pierced his neck beneath
His brazen morion’s verge, and dead he fell.
Then Glaucus, leader of the Lycian host,15
Son of Hippolochus, in furious fight
Iphinoüs son of Dexias assail’d,
Mounting his rapid mares, and with his lance
His shoulder pierced; unhorsed he fell and died.

At the same time, each killed a Greek. Paris killed Menesthius, who lived in Arna, the son Of Areithoüs, a club-wielding leader, And of Philomedusa, with her bright eyes. But Hector, with his shining spear, Wounded Eïoneus; he pierced his neck beneath The edge of his bronze helmet, and he fell dead. Then Glaucus, leader of the Lycian army, Son of Hippolochus, in fierce battle Attacked Iphinoüs, son of Dexias, Riding his swift horses, and with his spear Pierced his shoulder; he was thrown from his horse and died.

Such slaughter of the Grecians in fierce fight20
Minerva noting, from the Olympian hills
Flew down to sacred Ilium; whose approach
Marking from Pergamus, Apollo flew
To meet her, ardent on the part of Troy.
Beneath the beech they join’d, when first the King,25
The son of Jove, Apollo thus began.

Such slaughter of the Greeks in fierce battle20
Minerva noticed from the heights of Olympus
and flew down to sacred Ilium; as she approached
Apollo flew from Pergamus
to meet her, eager on behalf of Troy.
Beneath the beech, they joined, when first the King,25
the son of Zeus, Apollo began to speak.

Daughter of Jove supreme! why hast thou left
Olympus, and with such impetuous speed?
Comest thou to give the Danaï success
Decisive? For I know that pity none30
Thou feel’st for Trojans, perish as they may
But if advice of mine can influence thee
To that which shall be best, let us compose
This day the furious fight which shall again
Hereafter rage, till Ilium be destroy’d.35
Since such is Juno’s pleasure and thy own.

Daughter of mighty Jove! why have you left
Olympus, and with such fierce urgency?
Have you come to grant the Greeks decisive
Victory? Because I know you feel no pity30
For the Trojans, no matter what happens to them.
But if my advice can sway you
To what will be best, let’s settle
This day’s furious battle that will again
Rage on, until Troy is destroyed.35
Since that is Juno’s wish and yours as well.

Him answer’d then Pallas cærulean-eyed.
Celestial archer! be it so. I came
Myself so purposing into the field
From the Olympian heights. But by what means40
Wilt thou induce the warriors to a pause?

Then Pallas with her bright blue eyes answered him.
Celestial archer! If that's how it is, I came
Myself intending to join the battle
From the heights of Olympus. But how40
Will you get the warriors to take a break?

To whom the King, the son of Jove, replied.
The courage of equestrian Hector bold
Let us excite, that he may challenge forth
To single conflict terrible some chief45
Achaian. The Achaians brazen-mail’d
Indignant, will supply a champion soon
To combat with the noble Chief of Troy.

To whom the King, the son of Jove, replied.
Let’s inspire the brave horseman Hector
To take on a fierce duel with some chief45
From Achaia. The bronze-armored Achaeans
Will quickly find a champion
To fight against the noble Chief of Troy.

So spake Apollo, and his counsel pleased
Minerva; which when Helenus the seer,50
Priam’s own son, in his prophetic soul
Perceived, approaching Hector, thus he spake.

So said Apollo, and his advice pleased
Minerva; when Helenus the prophet,50
Priam’s own son, sensed it in his prophetic soul
As he approached Hector, he said.

Jove’s peer in wisdom, Hector, Priam’s son!
I am thy brother. Wilt thou list to me?
Bid cease the battle. Bid both armies sit.55
Call first, thyself, the mightiest of the Greeks
To single conflict. I have heard the voice
Of the Eternal Gods, and well-assured
Foretell thee that thy death not now impends.

Jove’s equal in wisdom, Hector, son of Priam!
I am your brother. Will you listen to me?
Order the battle to stop. Tell both armies to sit.55
First, challenge the strongest of the Greeks
To a one-on-one fight. I’ve heard the voice
Of the Eternal Gods, and I can confidently
Tell you that your death is not imminent.

He spake, whom Hector heard with joy elate.60
Before his van striding into the space
Both hosts between, he with his spear transverse[1]
Press’d back the Trojans, and they sat. Down sat
The well-greaved Grecians also at command
Of Agamemnon; and in shape assumed65
Of vultures, Pallas and Apollo perch’d
High on the lofty beech sacred to Jove
The father Ægis-arm’d; delighted thence
They view’d the peopled plain horrent around
With shields and helms and glittering spears erect.70
As when fresh-blowing Zephyrus the flood
Sweeps first, the ocean blackens at the blast,
Such seem’d the plain whereon the Achaians sat
And Trojans, whom between thus Hector spake.

He spoke, and Hector listened with great joy. 60
As he strode forward into the open space
Between both armies, he held his spear out,
Pushing back the Trojans, so they sat down.
The well-armed Greeks also sat down at the command
Of Agamemnon; and in the shape of vultures,65
Pallas and Apollo perched
High on the tall beech tree sacred to Jove,
The father armed with the Aegis; looking down,
They watched the crowded plain around them,
Filled with shields and helmets and shining spears raised. 70
As when the fresh-blowing west wind first sweeps
Across the ocean, darkening the waters,
So the plain seemed where the Achaeans sat
And Trojans, whom Hector addressed in this way.

Ye Trojans and Achaians brazen-greaved,75
Attend while I shall speak! Jove high-enthroned
Hath not fulfill’d the truce, but evil plans
Against both hosts, till either ye shall take
Troy’s lofty towers, or shall yourselves in flight
Fall vanquish’d at your billow-cleaving barks.80
With you is all the flower of Greece.[2] Let him
Whose heart shall move him to encounter sole
Illustrious Hector, from among you all
Stand forth, and Jove be witness to us both.
If he, with his long-pointed lance, of life85
Shall me bereave, my armor is his prize,
Which he shall hence into your fleet convey;
Not so my body; that he shall resign
For burial to the men and wives of Troy.
But if Apollo make the glory mine,90
And he fall vanquish’d, him will I despoil,
And hence conveying into sacred Troy
His arms, will in the temple hang them high[3]
Of the bow-bender God, but I will send
His body to the fleet, that him the Greeks95
May grace with rights funereal. On the banks
Of wide-spread Hellespont ye shall upraise
His tomb, and as they cleave with oary barks
The sable deep, posterity shall say—
“It is a warrior’s tomb; in ancient days100
The Hero died; him warlike Hector slew.”
So men shall speak hereafter, and my fame
Who slew him, and my praise, shall never die.

You Trojans and Achaeans with bold greaves,75
Listen while I speak! Jove, the high-throned one,
Has not kept the truce, but has evil plans
Against both sides, until either you take
The tall towers of Troy, or you yourselves, in retreat,
Are defeated at your ships cutting through the waves.80
With you is the best of Greece.[2] Let him
Whose heart moves him to face
The great Hector alone, step forward from among you,
And let Jove be a witness to us both.
If he, with his long lance, should take my life,85
My armor will be his prize,
Which he will take back to your ships;
But my body? He’ll have to leave that
For the people and wives of Troy to bury.
But if Apollo grants me the glory,90
And he is defeated, I will strip him of his armor,
And taking it back to sacred Troy,
I will hang it high in the temple of the bow-bender God,
But I will send his body to the ships,
So the Greeks can honor him with funeral rites.95
On the banks of the vast Hellespont, you will raise
His tomb, and as they row with their ships
Through the dark sea, future generations will say—
“It’s a warrior’s tomb; in ancient days,100
The Hero died; it was the fierce Hector who killed him.”
So people will speak in the future, and my name
For having slain him, and my legacy, will never fade.

He ceased, and all sat mute. His challenge bold
None dared accept, which yet they blush’d to shun,105
Till Menelaus, at the last, arose
Groaning profound, and thus reproach’d the Greeks.

He stopped, and everyone fell silent. His bold challenge
No one dared to accept, even though they felt embarrassed to avoid it,105
Until Menelaus finally stood up
Sighing deeply, and spoke to the Greeks.

Ah boasters! henceforth women—men no more—
Eternal shame, shame infinite is ours,
If none of all the Grecians dares contend110
With Hector. Dastards—deaf to glory’s call—
Rot where ye sit! I will myself take arms
Against him, for the gods alone dispose,
At their own pleasure, the events of war.

Oh, braggers! From now on women—no more men—
Eternal shame, infinite shame is ours,
If none of the Greeks dares to challenge110
Hector. Cowards—deaf to the call of glory—
Decay where you sit! I will take up arms myself
Against him, for only the gods decide,
At their own will, the outcomes of war.

He ended, and put on his radiant arms.115
Then, Menelaus, manifest appear’d
Thy death approaching by the dreadful hands
Of Hector, mightier far in arms than thou,
But that the Chiefs of the Achaians all
Upstarting stay’d thee, and himself the King,120
The son of Atreus, on thy better hand
Seizing affectionate, thee thus address’d.

He finished speaking and put on his shining armor.115
Then, Menelaus, clearly visible,
Your death was near because of the terrible hands
Of Hector, who was much stronger than you in battle,
But all the leaders of the Achaeans
Quickly intervened to stop you, and the King himself,120
The son of Atreus, took hold of you affectionately and said.

Thou ravest, my royal brother! and art seized
With needless frenzy. But, however chafed,
Restrain thy wrath, nor covet to contend125
With Priameian Hector, whom in fight
All dread, a warrior thy superior far.
Not even Achilles, in the glorious field
(Though stronger far than thou) this hero meets
Undaunted. Go then, and thy seat resume130
In thy own band; the Achaians shall for him,
Doubtless, some fitter champion furnish forth.
Brave though he be, and with the toils of war
Insatiable, he shall be willing yet,
Seated on his bent knees, to breathe a while,135
Should he escape the arduous brunt severe.

You're ranting, my royal brother! and you're caught up
In unnecessary anger. But, no matter how frustrated,
Control your rage, and don’t rush to challenge125
Hector of Troy, whom everyone fears, a warrior
Who is far superior to you in battle.
Not even Achilles, in the glorious battlefield
(Though he’s much stronger than you) face this hero
Fearlessly. So go, and take your place back130
With your own group; the Achaeans will surely find
A more suitable champion to face him.
Brave as he is, and tireless in the heat of war,
He will still be willing, on his bent knees,135
To take a moment to breathe if he can withstand
The heavy blow.

So saying, the hero by his counsel wise
His brother’s purpose alter’d; he complied,
And his glad servants eased him of his arms.
Then Nestor thus the Argive host bespake.140

So saying, the hero wisely advised
His brother to change his plans; he agreed,
And his happy servants helped him take off his armor.
Then Nestor addressed the Argive army.140

Great wo, ye Gods! hath on Achaia fallen.
Now may the warlike Pelaus, hoary Chief,
Who both with eloquence and wisdom rules
The Myrmidons, our foul disgrace deplore.
With him discoursing, erst, of ancient times,145
When all your pedigrees I traced, I made
His heart bound in him at the proud report.
But now, when he shall learn how here we sat
Cowering at the foot of Hector, he shall oft
His hands uplift to the immortal Gods,150
Praying a swift release into the shades.
Jove! Pallas! Phœbus! Oh that I were young
As when the Pylians in fierce fight engaged
The Arcadians spear-expert, beside the stream
Of rapid Celadon! Beneath the walls155
We fought of Pheia, where the Jardan rolls.
There Ereuthalion, Chief of godlike form,
Stood forth before his van, and with loud voice
Defied the Pylians. Arm’d he was in steel
By royal Areïthous whilom worn;160
Brave Areïthous, Corynetes[4] named
By every tongue; for that in bow and spear
Nought trusted he, but with an iron mace
The close-embattled phalanx shatter’d wide.
Him by address, not by superior force,165
Lycurgus vanquish’d, in a narrow pass,
Where him his iron whirl-bat[5] nought avail’d.
Lycurgus stealing on him, with his lance
Transpierced and fix’d him to the soil supine.
Him of his arms, bright gift of brazen Mars,170
He stripp’d, which after, in the embattled field
Lycurgus wore himself, but, growing old,
Surrender’d them to Ereuthalion’s use
His armor-bearer, high in his esteem,
And Ereuthalion wore them on the day175
When he defied our best. All hung their heads
And trembled; none dared meet him; till at last
With inborn courage warm’d, and nought dismayed,
Though youngest of them all, I undertook
That contest, and, by Pallas’ aid, prevail’d.180
I slew the man in height and bulk all men
Surpassing, and much soil he cover’d slain.
Oh for the vigor of those better days!
Then should not Hector want a champion long,
Whose call to combat, ye, although the prime185
And pride of all our land, seem slow to hear.

Great gods! Achaia has fallen.
Now may the warlike Peleus, the gray-haired Chief,
Who rules the Myrmidons with eloquence and wisdom,
Mourn our shame. When I talked with him before
About ancient times, I traced all your lineages
And made his heart swell with pride at our glorious past.
But now, when he learns how we sat here
Cowering at Hector's feet, he will often
Lift his hands to the immortal gods,
Praying for a quick release from this life.
Jove! Pallas! Phœbus! Oh, how I wish I were young
Like when the Pylians fiercely fought
The skilled Arcadians by the fast-moving Celadon!
Under the walls of Pheia, where the Jardan flows,
Ereuthalion, a chief of godlike form,
Stepped forward in front of his troops and boldly
Challenged the Pylians. He was armed in steel,
Worn once by the royal Areïthous;
Brave Areïthous, known as Corynetes,
Because he relied on neither bow nor spear,
But shattered the tightly packed phalanx
With a heavy iron mace.
Lycurgus defeated him by cunning, not by strength,
In a narrow passage, where his iron whip
Did him no good. Lycurgus crept up on him,
Pierced him with his spear, and pinned him to the ground.
He stripped him of his armor, a bright gift from Mars,
Which later, on the battlefield,
Lycurgus wore himself, but, growing old,
Gave them to Ereuthalion, his respected armor-bearer,
And Ereuthalion wore them on the day
When he challenged our best. Everyone hung their heads
And trembled; no one dared to face him; until finally,
With born courage stirred and wholly undeterred,
Though I was the youngest of them all, I took
On that challenge, and, with Pallas' aid, I won.
I killed the man who surpassed all in height and size,
And he covered much ground when he fell.
Oh for the strength of those better days!
Then Hector wouldn’t lack a champion for long,
Whose call to battle, though the pride
And best of all our land, seems slow to heed.

He spake reproachful, when at once arose
Nine heroes. Agamemnon, King of men,
Foremost arose; then Tydeus’ mighty son,
With either Ajax in fierce prowess clad;190
The Cretan next, Idomeneus, with whom
Uprose Meriones his friend approved,
Terrible as the man-destroyer Mars.
Evæmon’s noble offspring next appear’d
Eurypylus; Andræmon’s son the next195
Thoas; and last, Ulysses, glorious Chief.
All these stood ready to engage in arms
With warlike Hector, when the ancient King,
Gerenian Nestor, thus his speech resumed.

He spoke harshly, and then suddenly
Nine heroes stood up. Agamemnon, King of men,
Was the first to rise; then came Tydeus’ powerful son,
With both Ajax, clad in fierce strength;190
Next was the Cretan, Idomeneus, who
Was joined by his loyal friend Meriones,
Terrifying like the man-killing Mars.
Evæmon’s noble son, Eurypylus, then appeared;
And next was Thoas, son of Andræmon;195
Finally, Ulysses, the glorious Chief.
All of them were ready to take up arms
Against the warrior Hector, when the wise King,
Gerenian Nestor, began to speak again.

Now cast the lot for all. Who wins the chance200
Shall yield Achaia service, and himself
Serve also, if successful he escape
This brunt of hostile hardiment severe.

Now draw the lots for everyone. Whoever wins the chance200
Will provide service to Achaia and himself
Will also serve, if he manages to get away
From this intense and serious challenge.

So Nestor. They, inscribing each his lot,
Into the helmet cast it of the son205
Of Atreus, Agamemnon. Then the host
Pray’d all, their hands uplifting, and with eyes
To the wide heavens directed, many said[6]—

So Nestor. They each wrote down their fate,
And tossed it into the helmet of Agamemnon, the son205
Of Atreus. Then everyone in the crowd
Prayed together, raising their hands and looking
Up to the vast sky, many said[6]—

Eternal sire! choose Ajax, or the son
Of Tydeus, or the King himself[7] who sways210
The sceptre in Mycenæ wealth-renown’d!

Eternal father! choose Ajax, or the son
Of Tydeus, or the King himself[7] who rules210
The scepter in Mycenae, known for its wealth!

Such prayer the people made; then Nestor shook
The helmet, and forth leaped, whose most they wished,
The lot of Ajax. Throughout all the host
To every chief and potentate of Greece,215
From right to left the herald bore the lot
By all disown’d; but when at length he reach’d
The inscriber of the lot, who cast it in,
Illustrious Ajax, in his open palm
The herald placed it, standing at his side.220
He, conscious, with heroic joy the lot
Cast at his foot, and thus exclaim’d aloud.

The people prayed; then Nestor shook
The helmet and jumped forward, hoping for
The luck of Ajax. Across the entire army
To every leader and ruler of Greece,215
From right to left, the messenger carried the lot
That no one wanted; but when he finally reached
The one who would draw the lot, who cast it in,
Renowned Ajax, the messenger placed it in
His open palm, standing by his side.220
He, feeling heroic joy, tossed the lot
At his feet and exclaimed loudly.

My friends! the lot is mine,[8] and my own heart
Rejoices also; for I nothing doubt
That noble Hector shall be foil’d by me.225
But while I put mine armor on, pray all
In silence to the King Saturnian Jove,
Lest, while ye pray, the Trojans overhear.
Or pray aloud, for whom have we to dread?
No man shall my firm standing by his strength230
Unsettle, or for ignorance of mine
Me vanquish, who, I hope, brought forth and train’d
In Salamis, have, now, not much to learn.

My friends! This victory is mine, and my heart
is also filled with joy; I have no doubt
that I will defeat noble Hector.225
But while I put on my armor, let’s all
quietly pray to King Saturnian Jove,
in case the Trojans hear us.
Or pray out loud, because who should we fear?
No one can shake my firm resolve with their strength230
or defeat me through ignorance,
as I believe I was raised and trained
in Salamis and have little left to learn now.

He ended. They with heaven-directed eyes
The King in prayer address’d, Saturnian Jove.235

He finished. They looked up to the heavens
The King prayed to Saturnian Jove.235

Jove! glorious father! who from Ida’s height
Controlest all below, let Ajax prove
Victorious; make the honor all his own!
Or, if not less than Ajax, Hector share
Thy love and thy regard, divide the prize240
Of glory, and let each achieve renown!

Jove! glorious father! who from Ida’s height
Control all below, let Ajax win
Victorious; make the honor all his own!
Or, if not less than Ajax, let Hector share
Your love and your regard, divide the prize240
Of glory, and let each achieve renown!

Then Ajax put his radiant armor on,
And, arm’d complete, rush’d forward. As huge Mars
To battle moves the sons of men between
Whom Jove with heart-devouring thirst inspires245
Of war, so moved huge Ajax to the fight,
Tower of the Greeks, dilating with a smile
His martial features terrible; on feet,
Firm-planted, to the combat he advanced
Stride after stride, and shook his quivering spear.250
Him viewing, Argos’ universal host
Exulted, while a panic loosed the knees
Of every Trojan; even Hector’s heart
Beat double, but escape for him remain’d
None now, or to retreat into his ranks255
Again, from whom himself had challenged forth.
Ajax advancing like a tower his shield
Sevenfold, approach’d. It was the labor’d work
Of Tychius, armorer of matchless skill,
Who dwelt in Hyla; coated with the hides260
Of seven high-pamper’d bulls that shield he framed
For Ajax, and the disk plated with brass.
Advancing it before his breast, the son
Of Telamon approach’d the Trojan Chief,
And face to face, him threatening, thus began.265

Then Ajax put on his shining armor,
And fully armed, charged forward. Just like Mars
Leads men into battle, inspired by Jove's
Devouring thirst for war, Ajax charged into the fight,
The Greeks' tower, his frightening features lightened by a smile;
With firm, steady feet, he advanced
Step by step, shaking his trembling spear.250
Seeing him, the whole army of Argos
Cheered loudly, while panic gripped the knees
Of every Trojan; even Hector felt
Fear double, but there was no way out for him,
No retreat back into his ranks255
From whom he himself had stepped out.
Ajax advanced like a fortress with his shield
Made of seven layers, crafted by
Tychius, a master armorer,
Who lived in Hyla; this shield he made
From the skins of seven well-fed bulls,
And the disk was plated with brass.
Holding it in front of him, the son
Of Telamon approached the Trojan Chief,
And face to face, he threatened him and began to speak.265

Now, Hector, prove, by me alone opposed,
What Chiefs the Danaï can furnish forth
In absence of the lion-hearted prince
Achilles, breaker of the ranks of war.
He, in his billow-cleaving barks incensed270
Against our leader Agamemnon, lies;
But warriors of my measure, who may serve
To cope with thee, we want not; numerous such
Are found amongst us. But begin the fight.

Now, Hector, prove, by my single opposition,
What leaders the Greeks can bring forth
In the absence of the brave prince
Achilles, the one who shatters the ranks of war.
He, in his swift ships, furious270
Against our leader Agamemnon, lies;
But fighters of my caliber, who can match
You, we do not lack; many are found among us. But let’s start the fight.

To whom majestic Hector fierce in arms.275
Ajax! heroic leader of the Greeks!
Offspring of Telamon! essay not me
With words to terrify, as I were boy.
Or girl unskill’d in war;[9] I am a man
Well exercised in battle, who have shed280
The blood of many a warrior, and have learn’d,
From hand to hand shifting my shield, to fight
Unwearied; I can make a sport of war,
In standing fight adjusting all my steps
To martial measures sweet, or vaulting light285
Into my chariot, thence can urge the foe.
Yet in contention with a Chief like thee
I will employ no stratagem, or seek
To smite thee privily, but with a stroke
(If I may reach thee) visible to all.290

To whom majestic Hector, fierce in battle.275
Ajax! heroic leader of the Greeks!
Son of Telamon! don’t try to intimidate me
With words as if I were a boy.
Or a girl untrained in war;[9] I am a man
Well skilled in battle, who has spilled280
The blood of many warriors, and have learned,
From hand to hand shifting my shield, to fight
Without tiring; I can make a game of war,
In open battle, adjusting all my moves
To sweet martial rhythms, or leaping lightly285
Into my chariot, from there I can charge the enemy.
Yet in a contest with a leader like you
I won’t use any tricks, or try
To hit you secretly, but with a blow
(If I can reach you) that everyone can see.290

So saying, he shook, then hurl’d his massy spear
At Ajax, and his broad shield sevenfold
On its eighth surface of resplendent brass
Smote full; six hides the unblunted weapon pierced,
But in the seventh stood rooted. Ajax, next,295
Heroic Chief, hurl’d his long shadow’d spear
And struck the oval shield of Priam’s son.
Through his bright disk the weapon tempest-driven
Glided, and in his hauberk-rings infixt
At his soft flank, ripp’d wide his vest within.300
Inclined oblique he ’scaped the dreadful doom
Then each from other’s shield his massy spear
Recovering quick, like lions hunger-pinch’d
Or wild boars irresistible in force,
They fell to close encounter. Priam’s son305
The shield of Ajax at its centre smote,
But fail’d to pierce it, for he bent his point.
Sprang Ajax then, and meeting full the targe
Of Hector, shock’d him; through it and beyond
He urged the weapon with its sliding edge310
Athwart his neck, and blood was seen to start.
But still, for no such cause, from battle ceased
Crest-tossing Hector, but retiring, seized
A huge stone angled sharp and black with age
That on the champain lay. The bull-hide guard315
Sevenfold of Ajax with that stone he smote
Full on its centre; sang the circling brass.
Then Ajax far a heavier stone upheaved;
He whirled it, and with might immeasurable
Dismiss’d the mass, which with a mill-stone weight320
Sank through the shield of Hector, and his knees
Disabled; with his shield supine he fell,
But by Apollo raised, stood soon again.
And now, with swords they had each other hewn,
Had not the messengers of Gods and men325
The heralds wise, Idæus on the part
Of Ilium, and Talthybius for the Greeks,
Advancing interposed. His sceptre each
Between them held, and thus Idæus spake.[10]

So saying, he shook and then hurled his massive spear
at Ajax, hitting his seven-fold broad shield
on its eighth surface of shiny brass
full on; six hides were pierced by the unblunted weapon,
but in the seventh, it remained stuck. Ajax, next,295
the heroic chief, threw his long shadowed spear
and struck the oval shield of Priam’s son.
The weapon, driven by the tempest,
slipped through his bright shield and was lodged
in the rings of his armor, ripping open
his soft flank. 300
He leaned away at an angle and escaped the dreadful fate.
Then each quickly recovered his heavy spear from each other’s shield,
like lions starved for hunger
or wild boars unstoppable in force,
they engaged in close combat. Priam’s son305
struck the center of Ajax’s shield,
but failed to pierce it because he bent his point.
Then Ajax sprang forward, and meeting head-on
with Hector’s shield, shocked him; through it and beyond,
he pressed the weapon with its sliding edge310
across Hector’s neck, and blood was seen to flow.
But still, for no such reason, battle did not cease
for crest-raising Hector; instead, he retreated, seized
a huge stone, sharp-edged and aged
that lay on the plain. The bull-hide guard315
seven-fold of Ajax was struck
full on its center with that stone; the circling brass rang.
Then Ajax lifted a far heavier stone;
he whirled it, and with immeasurable strength,
threw the mass, which with the weight of a millstone320
sank through Hector’s shield and disabled his knees;
with his shield fallen backward, he collapsed,
but was soon raised by Apollo and stood again.
And now, they would have cut each other down with swords,
if not for the messengers of gods and men325
the wise heralds, Idæus on the part
of Ilium, and Talthybius for the Greeks,
stepping in between them. Each held his scepter
between them, and thus Idæus spoke.

My children, cease! prolong not still the fight.330
Ye both are dear to cloud-assembler Jove,
Both valiant, and all know it. But the Night
Hath fallen, and Night’s command must be obeyed.

My kids, stop! Don't continue the fight. 330
You’re both important to Jupiter, the god of storms,
Both brave, and everyone knows it. But Night
Has come, and we must follow Night’s orders.

To him the son of Telamon replied.
Idæus! bid thy master speak as thou.335
He is the challenger. If such his choice,
Mine differs not; I wait but to comply.

To him, the son of Telamon replied.
Idæus! Tell your master to speak like you.335
He is the one who challenged. If that’s what he wants,
I feel the same; I’m just waiting to respond.

Him answer’d then heroic Hector huge.
Since, Ajax, the immortal powers on thee
Have bulk pre-eminent and strength bestow’d,340
With such address in battle, that the host
Of Greece hath not thine equal at the spear,
Now let the combat cease. We shall not want
More fair occasion; on some future day
We will not part till all-disposing heaven345
Shall give thee victory, or shall make her mine.
But Night hath fallen, and Night must be obey’d,
That them may’st gratify with thy return
The Achaians, and especially thy friends
And thy own countrymen. I go, no less350
To exhilarate in Priam’s royal town
Men and robed matrons, who shall seek the Gods
For me, with pious ceremonial due.
But come. We will exchange, or ere we part,
Some princely gift, that Greece and Troy may say355
Hereafter, with soul-wasting rage they fought,
But parted with the gentleness of friends.

Heroic Hector then replied, “Ajax, the immortal powers have given you extraordinary size and strength, along with unmatched skill in battle, so that the Greek army has no equal to you with the spear. Let’s put an end to the fighting for now. We’ll have plenty of chances in the future; we won’t part until fate grants you victory or it belongs to me. But night has fallen, and we must respect the night. You should return to please the Achaeans, especially your friends and your fellow countrymen. I will go to bring joy to the royal city of Priam, where men and women will seek the Gods for me with appropriate ceremonies. But first, let’s exchange some royal gifts before we part, so that Greece and Troy can remember that although they fought with immense rage, they separated as friends.”

So saying, he with his sheath and belt a sword
Presented bright-emboss’d, and a bright belt
Purpureal[11] took from Ajax in return.360
Thus separated, one the Grecians sought,
And one the Trojans; they when him they saw
From the unconquer’d hands return’d alive
Of Ajax, with delight their Chief received,
And to the city led him, double joy365
Conceiving all at his unhoped escape.
On the other side, the Grecians brazen-mail’d
To noble Agamemnon introduced
Exulting Ajax, and the King of men
In honor of the conqueror slew an ox370
Of the fifth year to Jove omnipotent.
Him flaying first, they carved him next and spread
The whole abroad, then, scoring deep the flesh,
They pierced it with the spits, and from the spits
(Once roasted well) withdrew it all again.375
Their labor thus accomplish’d, and the board
Furnish’d with plenteous cheer, they feasted all
Till all were satisfied; nor Ajax miss’d
The conqueror’s meed, to whom the hero-king
Wide-ruling Agamemnon, gave the chine[12]380
Perpetual,[13] his distinguish’d portion due.
The calls of hunger and of thirst at length
Both well sufficed, thus, foremost of them all
The ancient Nestor, whose advice had oft
Proved salutary, prudent thus began.385

So saying, he presented a shiny sword in its sheath and a bright belt, which he received in return from Ajax. Separated now, one group of the Greeks went to find him, while the Trojans did the same. When they saw him return alive from the unbeatable hands of Ajax, their Chief welcomed him with joy and led him to the city, filled with double happiness at his unexpected survival. On the other side, the heavily armored Greeks introduced exulting Ajax to noble Agamemnon, and the King of men, in honor of the conqueror, sacrificed a five-year-old ox to all-powerful Jove. After flaying the ox, they carved it up and spread it out, then, scoring deep into the flesh, they pierced it with spits and removed it once it was well roasted. With their work done and the table laid with plenty, they feasted until they were satisfied. Ajax did not miss out on the glory, as the hero-king Agamemnon awarded him the best piece, his rightful share. After both hunger and thirst were satisfied, the ancient Nestor, whose advice had often proven wise, spoke up first.

Chiefs of Achaia, and thou, chief of all,
Great Agamemnon! Many of our host
Lie slain, whose blood sprinkles, in battle shed,
The banks of smooth Scamander, and their souls
Have journey’d down into the realms of death.390
To-morrow, therefore, let the battle pause
As need requires, and at the peep of day
With mules and oxen, wheel ye from all parts
The dead, that we may burn them near the fleet.
So, home to Greece returning, will we give395
The fathers’ ashes to the children’s care.
Accumulating next, the pile around,
One common tomb for all, with brisk dispatch
We will upbuild for more secure defence
Of us and of our fleet, strong towers and tall400
Adjoining to the tomb, and every tower
Shall have its ponderous gate, commodious pass
Affording to the mounted charioteer.
And last, without those towers and at their foot,
Dig we a trench, which compassing around405
Our camp, both steeds and warriors shall exclude,
And all fierce inroad of the haughty foe.

Leaders of Achaia, and you, the chief of all,
Great Agamemnon! Many of our troops
Lie dead, their blood spilling on the banks of smooth Scamander,
And their souls have gone down into the realm of death.390
So tomorrow, let’s take a break from battle
As necessary, and at dawn
Let’s transport the bodies with mules and oxen
From all sides, so we can burn them near the ships.
This way, when we return home to Greece,395
We can give the ashes of the fathers to their children.
Next, let’s pile up the remains,
Building one common tomb for all, quickly and efficiently,
For better protection
For us and our ships, tall towers and strong walls400
Next to the tomb, and each tower
Will have a heavy gate, a convenient entry
For charioteers.
Finally, outside those towers and at their base,
We’ll dig a trench that surrounds405
Our camp, keeping out both the horses and warriors,
And all fierce attacks from the arrogant enemy.

So counsell’d he, whom every Chief approved.
In Troy meantime, at Priam’s gate beside
The lofty citadel, debate began410
The assembled senators between, confused,
Clamorous, and with furious heat pursued,
When them Antenor, prudent, thus bespake.

So he advised, and every leader agreed.
In Troy, meanwhile, at Priam’s gate next to
The great citadel, a debate started410
Among the gathered senators, chaotic,
Loud, and driven by intense passion,
When Antenor, wise, spoke to them.

Ye Trojans, Dardans, and allies of Troy,
My counsel hear! Delay not. Instant yield415
To the Atridæ, hence to be convey’d,
Helen of Greece with all that is her own.
For charged with violated oaths we fight,
And hope I none conceive that aught by us
Design’d shall prosper, unless so be done.420

You Trojans, Dardans, and allies of Troy,
Listen to my advice! Don’t hesitate. Immediately hand over415
Helen of Greece along with everything that belongs to her.
We are fighting because oaths have been broken,
And I hope no one thinks that anything we plan
Will succeed unless this is done.420

He spake and sat; when from his seat arose
Paris, fair Helen’s noble paramour,
Who thus with speech impassion’d quick replied.

He spoke and sat down; when from his seat stood up
Paris, noble lover of fair Helen,
Who quickly responded with an impassioned speech.

Antenor! me thy counsel hath not pleased;
Thou could’st have framed far better; but if this425
Be thy deliberate judgment, then the Gods
Make thy deliberate judgment nothing worth.
But I will speak myself. Ye Chiefs of Troy,
I tell you plain. I will not yield my spouse.
But all her treasures to our house convey’d430
From Argos, those will I resign, and add
Still other compensation from my own.

Antenor! Your advice hasn’t impressed me;
You could have done much better; but if this425
Is your serious opinion, then the Gods
Consider your serious opinion worthless.
But I will speak for myself. You Leaders of Troy,
I’m being clear. I will not give up my wife.
But all her treasures brought to our house430
From Argos, I will give up, and add
Even more compensation from my own resources.

Thus Paris said and sat; when like the Gods
Themselves in wisdom, from his seat uprose
Dardanian Priam, who them thus address’d.435

Thus Paris said and sat; when like the gods
Themselves in wisdom, from his seat stood up
Dardanian Priam, who addressed them this way.435

Trojans, Dardanians, and allies of Troy!
I shall declare my sentence; hear ye me.
Now let the legions, as at other times,
Take due refreshment; let the watch be set,
And keep ye vigilant guard. At early dawn440
We will dispatch Idæus to the fleet,
Who shall inform the Atridæ of this last
Resolve of Paris, author of the war.
Discreet Idæus also shall propose
A respite (if the Atridæ so incline)445
From war’s dread clamor, while we burn the dead.
Then will we clash again, till heaven at length
Shall part us, and the doubtful strife decide.

Trojans, Dardanians, and allies of Troy!
I will announce my decision; listen to me.
Now let the troops, as before,
Take their proper rest; let the watch be set,
And stay on alert. At dawn440
We will send Idæus to the ships,
Who will inform the Atridæ of this final
Decision of Paris, the one who started this war.
Wise Idæus will also suggest
A break (if the Atridæ are okay with it)445
From the horrors of war, while we burn the dead.
Then we will fight again, until the heavens finally
Separate us, and decide the uncertain conflict.

He ceased, whose voice the assembly pleased, obey’d.
Then, troop by troop, the army took repast,450
And at the dawn Idæus sought the fleet.
He found the Danaï, servants of Mars,
Beside the stern of Agamemnon’s ship
Consulting; and amid the assembled Chiefs
Arrived, with utterance clear them thus address’d.455

He stopped speaking, and the crowd was pleased by his voice and obeyed.
Then, group by group, the army had their meal,450
And at dawn, Idæus went to the ships.
He found the Greeks, followers of Mars,
Gathered by the back of Agamemnon’s ship
Discussing matters; and among the gathered leaders,
He arrived and spoke to them clearly.455

Ye sons of Atreus, and ye Chiefs, the flower
Of all Achaia! Priam and the Chiefs
Of Ilium, bade me to your ear impart
(If chance such embassy might please your ear)
The mind of Paris, author of the war.460
The treasures which on board his ships he brought
From Argos home (oh, had he perish’d first!)
He yields them with addition from his own.
Not so the consort of the glorious prince
Brave Menelaus; her (although in Troy465
All counsel otherwise) he still detains.
Thus too I have in charge. Are ye inclined
That the dread sounding clamors of the field
Be caused to cease till we shall burn the dead?
Then will we clash again, till heaven at length470
Shall part us, and the doubtful strife decide.

You sons of Atreus, and you leaders, the best of all Achaia! Priam and the leaders of Ilium have asked me to share with you (if this message is welcome) the thoughts of Paris, the one who started the war. The treasures he brought back from Argos on his ships (oh, if only he had perished first!) he offers along with more from his own collection. But not so with the wife of the glorious prince brave Menelaus; she, despite the advice given in Troy, he still keeps. This is also my task. Are you willing to stop the terrifying sounds of battle until we can burn the dead? Then we will clash again, until the heavens finally separate us and decide this uncertain conflict.

So spake Idæus, and all silent sat;
Till at the last brave Diomede replied.

So spoke Idæus, and everyone sat in silence;
Until finally, the brave Diomede responded.

No. We will none of Paris’ treasures now,
Nor even Helen’s self. A child may see475
Destruction winging swift her course to Troy.

No. We don't want any of Paris’ treasures now,
Not even Helen herself. A child can see475
Destruction quickly making its way to Troy.

He said. The admiring Greeks with loud applause
All praised the speech of warlike Diomede,
And answer thus the King of men return’d.

He said. The admiring Greeks applauded loudly
All praised the speech of the warlike Diomede,
And in response, the King of men replied.

Idæus! thou hast witness’d the resolve480
Of the Achaian Chiefs, whose choice is mine.
But for the slain, I shall not envy them
A funeral pile; the spirit fled, delay
Suits not. Last rites can not too soon be paid.
Burn them. And let high-thundering Jove attest485
Himself mine oath, that war shall cease the while.

Idæus! You’ve seen the decision480
Of the Achaian Chiefs, and their choice is mine.
But for the dead, I won’t begrudge them
A funeral pyre; their spirit has departed, delay
Is not fitting. The last rites should be done quickly.
Burn them. And let mighty Jove witness485
My oath, that the fighting will stop during this time.

So saying, he to all the Gods upraised
His sceptre, and Idæus homeward sped
To sacred Ilium. The Dardanians there
And Trojans, all assembled, his return490
Expected anxious. He amid them told
Distinct his errand, when, at once dissolved,
The whole assembly rose, these to collect
The scatter’d bodies, those to gather wood;
While on the other side, the Greeks arose495
As sudden, and all issuing from the fleet
Sought fuel, some, and some, the scatter’d dead.

As he said this, he raised his scepter to all the gods, and Idæus quickly made his way back to sacred Ilium. The Dardanians and Trojans, all gathered there, anxiously awaited his return. He clearly told them his mission, and immediately, the entire assembly stood up; some went to collect the scattered bodies, while others gathered wood. Meanwhile, the Greeks also quickly rose and came out from the ships, some looking for fuel and others for the scattered dead.

Now from the gently-swelling flood profound
The sun arising, with his earliest rays
In his ascent to heaven smote on the fields.500
When Greeks and Trojans met. Scarce could the slain
Be clear distinguish’d, but they cleansed from each
His clotted gore with water, and warm tears
Distilling copious, heaved them to the wains.
But wailing none was heard, for such command505
Had Priam issued; therefore heaping high
The bodies, silent and with sorrowing hearts
They burn’d them, and to sacred Troy return’d.
The Grecians also, on the funeral pile
The bodies heaping sad, burn’d them with fire510
Together, and return’d into the fleet.
Then, ere the peep of dawn, and while the veil
Of night, though thinner, still o’erhung the earth,
Achaians, chosen from the rest, the pile
Encompass’d. With a tomb (one tomb for all)515
They crown’d the spot adust, and to the tomb
(For safety of their fleet and of themselves)
Strong fortress added of high wall and tower,
With solid gates affording egress thence
Commodious to the mounted charioteer;520
Deep foss and broad they also dug without,
And planted it with piles. So toil’d the Greeks.

Now from the gently rising flood
The sun rose, with its first rays
As it ascended to the sky, shining on the fields.500
When Greeks and Trojans clashed. It was hard to tell the dead
Apart, but they washed off each
Person's clotted blood with water, and warm tears
Pouring down abundantly, they loaded them onto the carts.
But no one was heard wailing, for such was the order505
That Priam had given; so they heaped up
The bodies, quiet and with heavy hearts
They burned them, and returned to sacred Troy.
The Greeks also, piling up the bodies
Sadly, burned them with fire510
Together, and went back to the ships.
Then, just before dawn, while the last remnants
Of night still lingered over the earth,
The Achaeans, chosen from the others, surrounded the pyre.
They covered the place with a tomb (one tomb for all)515
And built a strong fortress with high walls and towers
For the safety of their ships and themselves,
With solid gates that allowed easy passage
For the charioteers;520
They also dug a deep ditch and broad trench outside,
And planted it with stakes. So the Greeks toiled.

The Gods, that mighty labor, from beside
The Thunderer’s throne with admiration view’d,
When Neptune, shaker of the shores, began.525

The Gods, that powerful workforce, admired from next to
The Thunderer’s throne as they watched
Neptune, the one who shakes the shores, begin.525

Eternal father! is there on the face
Of all the boundless earth one mortal man
Who will, in times to come, consult with heaven?
See’st thou yon height of wall, and yon deep trench
With which the Grecians have their fleet inclosed,530
And, careless of our blessing, hecatomb
Or invocation have presented none?
Far as the day-spring shoots herself abroad,
So far the glory of this work shall spread,
While Phœbus and myself, who, toiling hard,535
Built walls for king Laomedon, shall see
Forgotten all the labor of our hands.

Eternal Father! Is there anywhere on this vast earth a single man who will, in the future, reach out to the heavens? Do you see that tall wall and that deep trench that the Greeks have used to enclose their fleet? They haven't offered our blessing, hecatomb, or any invocation at all. As far as the dawn spreads, so will the glory of this work extend, while Phoebus and I, who have worked hard building walls for King Laomedon, will see all our labor forgotten.

To whom, indignant, thus high-thundering Jove.
Oh thou, who shakest the solid earth at will,
What hast thou spoken? An inferior power,540
A god of less sufficiency than thou,
Might be allowed some fear from such a cause.
Fear not. Where’er the morning shoots her beams,
Thy glory shall be known; and when the Greeks
Shall seek their country through the waves again,545
Then break this bulwark down, submerge it whole,
And spreading deep with sand the spacious shore
As at the first, leave not a trace behind.

To whom, angry, thundering Jove.
Oh you, who shake the solid earth at will,
What have you said? A lesser power,540
A god not as capable as you,
Might have some fear from such a cause.
Don't be afraid. Wherever the morning spreads her light,
Your glory will be known; and when the Greeks
Try to return to their land through the waves again,545
Then tear down this barrier, sink it completely,
And cover the wide shore with sand,
Just like before, leaving no trace behind.

Such conference held the Gods; and now the sun
Went down, and, that great work perform’d, the Greeks550
From tent to tent slaughter’d the fatted ox
And ate their evening cheer. Meantime arrived
Large fleet with Lemnian wine; Euneus, son
Of Jason and Hypsipile, that fleet
From Lemnos freighted, and had stow’d on board555
A thousand measures from the rest apart
For the Atridæ; but the host at large
By traffic were supplied; some barter’d brass,
Others bright steel; some purchased wine with hides,
These with their cattle, with their captives those,560
And the whole host prepared a glad regale.
All night the Grecians feasted, and the host
Of Ilium, and all night deep-planning Jove
Portended dire calamities to both,
Thundering tremendous!—Pale was every cheek;565
Each pour’d his goblet on the ground, nor dared
The hardiest drink, till he had first perform’d
Libation meet to the Saturnian King
Omnipotent; then, all retiring, sought
Their couches, and partook the gift of sleep.570

The gods held a meeting, and as the sun set, the Greeks moved from tent to tent, slaughtering the fattened oxen and enjoying their evening meal. Meanwhile, a large fleet arrived with wine from Lemnos, brought by Euneus, the son of Jason and Hypsipile. This fleet was loaded with a thousand measures of wine set aside for the Atrides, while the rest of the army was supplied through trade. Some exchanged brass, others bright steel; some bought wine with hides, and others traded cattle or captives. The entire army got ready for a joyful feast. All night, the Greeks celebrated, while the Trojans and the scheming Jove foretold terrible disasters for both sides with his fearsome thunder. Everyone looked pale; each person spilled a bit of their drink on the ground, not daring to sip until they had made a proper offering to the all-powerful Saturnian King. Then, one by one, they withdrew to their beds and embraced the gift of sleep.

BOOK VIII.

ARGUMENT OF THE EIGHTH BOOK.

Jove calls a council, in which he forbids all interference of the Gods between the Greeks and Trojans. He repairs to Ida, where, having consulted the scales of destiny, he directs his lightning against the Grecians. Nestor is endangered by the death of one of his horses. Diomede delivers him. In the chariot of Diomede they both hasten to engage Hector, whose charioteer is slain by Diomede. Jupiter again interposes by his thunders, and the whole Grecian host, discomfited, is obliged to seek refuge within the rampart. Diomede, with others, at sight of a favorable omen sent from Jove in answer to Agamemnon’s prayer, sallies. Teucer performs great exploits, but is disabled by Hector. Juno and Pallas set forth from Olympus in aid of the Grecians, but are stopped by Jupiter, who reascends from Ida, and in heaven foretells the distresses which await the Grecians.

Jove calls a meeting and forbids any interference from the Gods between the Greeks and Trojans. He goes to Ida, where, after consulting the scales of fate, he sends his lightning down on the Greeks. Nestor is in danger because one of his horses dies. Diomede comes to his rescue. In Diomede’s chariot, they quickly head into battle against Hector, whose driver is killed by Diomede. Jupiter intervenes again with his thunder, causing the entire Greek army to retreat behind their defenses. Diomede and others, seeing a good omen sent by Jove in response to Agamemnon’s prayer, charge back into battle. Teucer achieves great feats but is injured by Hector. Juno and Pallas leave Olympus to help the Greeks but are stopped by Jupiter, who ascends from Ida and warns of the troubles ahead for the Greeks.

Hector takes measures for the security of Troy during the night, and prepares his host for an assault to be made on the Grecian camp in the morning.

Hector makes plans to secure Troy during the night and gets his army ready to attack the Greek camp in the morning.

BOOK VIII.

The saffron-mantled morning[1] now was spread
O’er all the nations, when the Thunderer Jove
On the deep-fork’d Olympian topmost height
Convened the Gods in council, amid whom
He spake himself; they all attentive heard.5

The morning adorned with saffron now spread
Across all the nations, when the mighty Jove
On the peak of Olympus, high and deep,
Called the Gods together for a meeting, where
He spoke himself; they all listened closely.5

Gods! Goddesses! Inhabitants of heaven!
Attend; I make my secret purpose known.
Let neither God nor Goddess interpose
My counsel to rescind, but with one heart
Approve it, that it reach, at once, its end.10
Whom I shall mark soever from the rest
Withdrawn, that he may Greeks or Trojans aid,
Disgrace shall find him; shamefully chastised
He shall return to the Olympian heights,
Or I will hurl him deep into the gulfs15
Of gloomy Tartarus, where Hell shuts fast
Her iron gates, and spreads her brazen floor,
As far below the shades, as earth from heaven.
There shall he learn how far I pass in might
All others; which if ye incline to doubt,20
Now prove me. Let ye down the golden chain[2]
From heaven, and at its nether links pull all,
Both Goddesses and Gods. But me your King,
Supreme in wisdom, ye shall never draw
To earth from heaven, toil adverse as ye may.25
Yet I, when once I shall be pleased to pull,
The earth itself, itself the sea, and you
Will lift with ease together, and will wind
The chain around the spiry summit sharp
Of the Olympian, that all things upheaved30
Shall hang in the mid heaven. So far do I,
Compared with all who live, transcend them all.

Gods! Goddesses! Inhabitants of heaven!
Pay attention; I’m about to reveal my secret plan.
Let no God or Goddess interrupt
My advice to reverse it, but with one voice
Support it, so it can swiftly reach its goal.10
Whoever I mark as different from the rest
To help either Greeks or Trojans,
Disgrace will find him; he’ll be shamefully punished
And will return to the heights of Olympus,
Or I will throw him deep into the abyss15
Of dark Tartarus, where Hell firmly shuts
Her iron gates, and spreads her brazen floor,
As far below the shades as earth is from heaven.
There he will see how much I surpass in power
All others; which, if you doubt,20
Then test me. Let down the golden chain[2]
From heaven, and at its lower ends pull everyone,
Both Goddesses and Gods. But your King,
Supreme in wisdom, you will never pull
Down to earth from heaven, no matter how hard you try.25
But when I decide to pull,
The earth itself, the sea, and you
Will be lifted effortlessly together, and I will wrap
The chain around the sharp peak
Of Olympus, so that all things raised30
Will hang in midair. So greatly do I,
Compared to all who live, surpass them all.

He ended, and the Gods long time amazed
Sat silent, for with awful tone he spake:
But at the last Pallas blue-eyed began.35

He finished speaking, and the Gods were amazed for a long time
and sat in silence, for he spoke with a terrible voice:
But finally, Pallas with the blue eyes began.35

Father! Saturnian Jove! of Kings supreme!
We know thy force resistless; but our hearts
Feel not the less, when we behold the Greeks
Exhausting all the sorrows of their lot.
If thou command, we, doubtless, will abstain40
From battle, yet such counsel to the Greeks
Suggesting still, as may in part effect
Their safety, lest thy wrath consume them all.

Father! Saturnian Jove! King of kings!
We know your unstoppable power; but our hearts
Don't feel any less when we see the Greeks
Going through all the hardships of their fate.
If you command, we will certainly stay
Out of battle, but still offering advice to the Greeks
That might help ensure
Their safety, so your wrath doesn't destroy them all.

To whom with smiles answer’d cloud-gatherer Jove.
Fear not, my child! stern as mine accent was,45
I forced a frown—no more. For in mine heart
Nought feel I but benevolence to thee.

To whom, with smiles, answered cloud-gatherer Jove.
Don't be afraid, my child! As harsh as my tone was,45
I only put on a frown—nothing more. Because in my heart
I feel nothing but kindness towards you.

He said, and to his chariot join’d his steeds
Swift, brazen-hoof’d, and mailed with wavy gold;
He put on golden raiment, his bright scourge50
Of gold receiving rose into his seat,
And lash’d his steeds; they not unwilling flew
Midway the earth between and starry heaven.
To spring-fed Ida, mother of wild beasts,
He came, where stands in Gargarus[3] his shrine55
Breathing fresh incense! there the Sire of all
Arriving, loosed his coursers, and around
Involving them in gather’d clouds opaque,
Sat on the mountain’s head, in his own might
Exulting, with the towers of Ilium all60
Beneath his eye, and the whole fleet of Greece.

He said this and joined his chariot with his swift steeds,
With strong, shiny hooves, and covered in wavy gold;
He put on golden clothes, took his bright whip50
Of gold, climbed into his seat,
And whipped his steeds; they eagerly took off,
Flying between the earth and the starry sky.
He arrived at spring-fed Ida, the home of wild beasts,
Where the shrine of Gargarus[3] stands,
Filling the air with fresh incense! There, the Father of all
Arrived, released his horses, and surrounded them
With thick, gathered clouds,
Sat atop the mountain, reveling in his own power,
With the towers of Ilium all60
Beneath his gaze, along with the entire Greek fleet.

In all their tents, meantime, Achaia’s sons
Took short refreshment, and for fight prepared.
On the other side, though fewer, yet constrain’d
By strong necessity, throughout all Troy,65
In the defence of children and wives
Ardent, the Trojans panted for the field.
Wide flew the city gates: forth rush’d to war
Horsemen and foot, and tumult wild arose.
They met, they clash’d; loud was the din of spears70
And bucklers on their bosoms brazen-mail’d
Encountering, shields in opposition from
Met bossy shields, and tumult wild arose.[4]

In all their tents, the sons of Achaia took a quick break and got ready for battle. On the other side, even though there were fewer of them, the Trojans were driven by a strong need to defend their children and wives. Eager for battle, they rushed out from Troy. The city gates swung wide open, and both horsemen and infantry charged into war, creating a loud, chaotic noise. They clashed together; the sound of spears and the impact of their heavy shields was deafening as they met in combat.[4]

There many a shout and many a dying groan
Were heard, the slayer and the maim’d aloud75
Clamoring, and the earth was drench’d with blood.
Till sacred morn[5] had brighten’d into noon,
The vollied weapons on both sides their task
Perform’d effectual, and the people fell.
But when the sun had climb’d the middle skies,80
The Sire of all then took his golden scales;[6]
Doom against doom he weigh’d, the eternal fates
In counterpoise, of Trojans and of Greeks.
He rais’d the beam; low sank the heavier lot
Of the Achaians; the Achaian doom85
Subsided, and the Trojan struck the skies.

There were many shouts and many dying groans
Heard from both the killer and the injured,75
Yelling, and the earth was soaked with blood.
Until sacred dawn[5] had brightened into noon,
The volley of weapons on both sides
Did their job effectively, and people fell.
But when the sun had risen to its peak,80
The Father of all then took his golden scales;[6]
He weighed doom against doom, the eternal fates
In balance, for the Trojans and the Greeks.
He raised the beam; the heavier fate
Of the Achaeans sank low; the Achaean doom85
Received less weight, and the Trojan fate soared.

Then roar’d the thunders from the summit hurl’d
of Ida, and his vivid lightnings flew
Into Achaia’s host. They at the sight
Astonish’d stood; fear whiten’d every cheek.[7]90
Idomeneus dared not himself abide
That shock, nor Agamemnon stood, nor stood
The heroes Ajax, ministers of Mars.
Gerenian Nestor, guardian of the Greeks,
Alone fled not, nor he by choice remain’d,95
But by his steed retarded, which the mate
Of beauteous Helen, Paris, with a shaft
Had stricken where the forelock grows, a part
Of all most mortal. Tortured by the wound
Erect he rose, the arrow in his brain,100
And writhing furious, scared his fellow-steeds.
Meantime, while, strenuous, with his falchion’s edge
The hoary warrior stood slashing the reins,
Through multitudes of fierce pursuers borne
On rapid wheels, the dauntless charioteer105
Approach’d him, Hector. Then, past hope, had died
The ancient King, but Diomede discern’d
His peril imminent, and with a voice
Like thunder, called Ulysses to his aid.

Then the thunder roared from the peak of Ida, and vivid lightning struck the Achaean army. They stood in shock at the sight; fear drained the color from every face. Idomeneus couldn’t face that impact, nor could Agamemnon, and neither could the heroes Ajax, warriors of Mars. Gerenian Nestor, the protector of the Greeks, was the only one who didn’t flee, not by choice, but because his horse was held back. Paris, the suitor of beautiful Helen, had shot an arrow that struck his horse right where the forelock grows, a critical spot. In agony from the wound, the horse rose up, the arrow in his brain, twisting in distress and scaring the other horses. Meanwhile, while the aged warrior was desperately cutting the reins with his sword, Hector, the fearless charioteer, approached him, racing through a crowd of fierce pursuers on swift wheels. The ancient King would have certainly died then, but Diomede noticed the impending danger and called out to Ulysses for help with a voice like thunder.

Laertes’ noble son, for wiles renown’d!110
Art thou too fugitive, and turn’st thy back
Like the base multitude? Ah! fear a lance
Implanted ignominious in thy spine.
Stop—Nestor dies. Fell Hector is at hand.

Laertes' noble son, known for his clever tricks!110
Are you also running away, turning your back
Like the worthless crowd? Ah! be wary of a spear
Shamefully planted in your back.
Wait—Nestor is dying. Fierce Hector is near.

So shouted Diomede, whose summons loud,115
Ulysses yet heard not, but, passing, flew
With headlong haste to the Achaian fleet.
Then, Diomede, unaided as he was,
Rush’d ardent to the vanward, and before
The steeds of the Neleian sovereign old120
Standing, in accents wing’d, him thus address’d.

So shouted Diomede, whose loud call,115
Ulysses still didn’t hear, but, moving quickly,
He rushed headlong to the Achaian ships.
Then, Diomede, alone as he was,
Charged boldly to the front, and before
The horses of the ancient Neleian king120
He stood, and addressed him in quick remarks.

Old Chief! these youthful warriors are too brisk
For thee, press’d also by encroaching age,
Thy servant too is feeble, and thy steeds
Are tardy. Mount my chariot. Thou shalt see125
With what rapidity the steeds of Troy,
Pursuing or retreating, scour the field.
I took them from that terror of his foes,
Æneas. Thine to our attendants leave,
While these against the warlike powers of Troy130
We push direct; that Hector’s self may know
If my spear rage not furious as his own.

Old Chief! These young warriors are too eager
For you, pressed also by advancing age,
Your servant is weak too, and your horses
Are slow. Get in my chariot. You’ll see125
How fast the horses of Troy,
Whether pursuing or retreating, race across the field.
I got them from that fearsome opponent,
Æneas. Leave yours to our attendants,
While we charge straight at the warlike powers of Troy130
So that even Hector will know
If my spear rages as fiercely as his own.

He said, nor the Gerenian Chief refused.
Thenceforth their servants, Sthenelus and good
Eurymedon, took charge of Nestor’s steeds,135
And they the chariot of Tydides both
Ascended; Nestor seized the reins, plied well
The scourge, and soon they met. Tydides hurl’d
At Hector first, while rapid he advanced;
But missing Hector, wounded in the breast140
Eniopeus his charioteer, the son
Of brave Thebæus, managing the steeds.
He fell; his fiery coursers at the sound
Startled, recoil’d, and where he fell he died.
Deep sorrow for his charioteer o’erwhelm’d145
The mind of Hector; yet, although he mourn’d
He left him, and another sought as brave.
Nor wanted long his steeds a charioteer,
For finding soon the son of Iphitus,
Bold Archeptolemus, he bade him mount150
His chariot, and the reins gave to his hand.
Then deeds of bloodiest note should have ensued,
Penn’d had the Trojans been, as lambs, in Troy,
But for quick succor of the sire of all.
Thundering, he downward hurled his candent bolt155
To the horse-feet of Diomede; dire fumed
The flaming sulphur, and both horses drove
Under the axle, belly to the ground.
Forth flew the splendid reins from Nestor’s hand,
And thus to Diomede, appall’d, he spake.160

He said, nor did the Gerenian Chief refuse.
From then on, their attendants, Sthenelus and good
Eurymedon, took charge of Nestor’s horses,135
And they both got into the chariot of Tydides;
Nestor grabbed the reins, skillfully
Used the whip, and soon they came across each other. Tydides hurled
At Hector first, as he charged forward;
But missing Hector, he struck Eniopeus,140
His charioteer, the son
Of brave Thebæus, who was driving the horses.
He fell; his spirited horses, startled by the sound,
Reared back, and where he fell, he died.
Deep sorrow overwhelmed145
Hector's mind for his charioteer; yet, although he grieved,
He left him and sought another brave companion.
His horses didn't lack a charioteer for long,
For soon he found the son of Iphitus,
Bold Archeptolemus, and urged him to get in150
His chariot, handing over the reins.
Then there should have been deeds of bloodshed,
The Trojans penned in, like lambs, in Troy,
But for the swift help from the father of all.
Thundering, he hurled his blazing bolt155
At the feet of Diomede's horses; foul fumes
Of burning sulfur filled the air, and both horses dropped
To the ground beneath the axle.
The splendid reins flew from Nestor’s hand,
And thus, to an alarmed Diomede, he spoke.160

Back to the fleet, Tydides! Can’st not see
That Jove ordains not, now, the victory thine?
The son of Saturn glorifies to-day
This Trojan, and, if such his will, can make
The morrow ours; but vain it is to thwart165
The mind of Jove, for he is Lord of all.

Back to the fleet, Tydides! Can’t you see
That Jove isn’t choosing victory for you today?
Today, the son of Saturn favors this Trojan,
And if he wills it, he can give us tomorrow; but it’s pointless
To go against Jove’s will, for he is the Lord of all.

To him the valiant Diomede replied.
Thou hast well said, old warrior! but the pang
That wrings my soul, is this. The public ear
In Ilium shall from Hector’s lips be told—170
I drove Tydides—fearing me he fled.
So shall he vaunt, and may the earth her jaws
That moment opening swallow me alive!

To him, the brave Diomede replied.
You’ve spoken well, old warrior! But the pain
That tears at my soul is this. The public in
Ilium will hear—it’ll be told from Hector’s lips—170
That I drove Tydides away—he feared me and ran.
He’ll boast about it, and may the earth’s jaws
Open up right then and swallow me whole!

Him answer’d the Gerenian warrior old.
What saith the son of Tydeus, glorious Chief?175
Should Hector so traduce thee as to call
Thee base and timid, neither Trojan him
Nor Dardan would believe, nor yet the wives
Of numerous shielded warriors brave of Troy,
Widow’d by thy unconquerable arm.180

The old Gerenian warrior responded, "What does the son of Tydeus, the glorious leader, say? If Hector were to insult you by calling you cowardly and weak, Neither the Trojans nor the Dardans would believe it, Nor would the wives of the many brave, armor-clad warriors of Troy, Who have been left widowed by your unbeatable strength."

So saying, he through the fugitives his steeds
Turn’d swift to flight. Then Hector and his host
With clamor infinite their darts wo-wing’d
Shower’d after them, and Hector, mighty Chief
Majestic, from afar, thus call’d aloud.185

So saying, he turned his horses and quickly fled through the fleeing troops. Then Hector and his group shouted loudly and threw their winged arrows after them, and Hector, the mighty leader, called out from a distance.

Tydides! thee the Danaï swift-horsed
Were wont to grace with a superior seat,
The mess of honor, and the brimming cup,
But now will mock thee. Thou art woman now.
Go, timorous girl! Thou never shalt behold190
Me flying, climb our battlements, or lead
Our women captive. I will slay thee first.

Tydides! The swift-horsed Danaans
Used to honor you with a special seat,
The mess of prestige, and the filled cup,
But now they will mock you. You’re just a woman now.
Go, cowardly girl! You’ll never see190
Me running away, climbing our walls, or taking
Our women as prisoners. I will kill you first.

He ceased. Then Diomede in dread suspense
Thrice purposed, turning, to withstand the foe,
And thrice in thunder from the mountain-top195
Jove gave the signal of success to Troy.
When Hector thus the Trojans hail’d aloud.

He stopped. Then Diomede, filled with anxiety,
Tried three times to turn and confront the enemy,
And three times from the mountaintop195
Jupiter signaled victory for Troy.
As Hector loudly called to the Trojans.

Trojans and Lycians, and close-warring sons
Of Dardanus, oh summon all your might,
Now, now be men! I know that from his heart200
Saturnian Jove glory and bright success
For me prepares, but havoc for the Greeks.
Fools! they shall find this wall which they have raised
Too weak to check my course, a feeble guard
Contemptible; such also is the trench;205
My steeds shall slight it with an easy leap.
But when ye see me in their fleet arrived,
Remember fire. Then bring me flaming brands
That I may burn their galleys and themselves
Slaughter beside them, struggling in the smoke.[8]210

Trojans and Lycians, and closely fighting sons
Of Dardanus, oh gather all your strength,
Now, now stand strong! I know that from his heart200
Saturnian Jove is preparing glory and bright success
For me, but destruction for the Greeks.
They’re fools! They will find this wall they've built
Too weak to stop my path, a pitiful defense
Useless; the trench is just as weak;205
My horses will easily leap over it.
But when you see me arrive in their fleet,
Remember fire. Then bring me burning brands
So I can set their ships and themselves ablaze,
Killing them while they struggle in the smoke.[8]210

He spake, and thus encouraged next his steeds.
Xanthus! Podargus! and ye generous pair
Æthon and glossy Lampus! now requite
Mine, and the bounty of Andromache,
Far-famed Eëtion’s daughter; she your bowl215
With corn fresh-flavor’d and with wine full oft
Hath mingled, your refreshment seeking first
Ere mine, who have a youthful husband’s claim.[9]
Now follow! now be swift; that we may seize
The shield of Nestor, bruited to the skies220
As golden all, trappings and disk alike.
Now from the shoulders of the equestrian Chief
Tydides tear we off his splendid mail,
The work of Vulcan.[10] May we take but these,
I have good hope that, ere this night be spent,225
The Greeks shall climb their galleys and away.

He spoke, and then encouraged his horses.
Xanthus! Podargus! and you noble pair
Æthon and shiny Lampus! now repay
Me, and the generosity of Andromache,
Famous daughter of Eëtion; she has often filled215
Your bowls with fresh grain and wine, seeking refreshment for you
Before myself, who has a young husband’s claim.[9]
Now follow! now be quick; so we can grab
Nestor’s shield, praised everywhere220
For its golden color and all its decorations.
Now let’s rip off the splendid armor
From the shoulders of the horse-riding Leader,
The work of Vulcan.[10] If we can take just these,
I have high hopes that, before the night is over,225
The Greeks will board their ships and leave.

So vaunted he, but Juno with disdain
His proud boast heard, and shuddering in her throne,
Rock’d the Olympian; turning then toward
The Ocean’s mighty sovereign, thus she spake.230

So he bragged, but Juno heard his pride with disdain
and shuddered on her throne,
making the Olympian shake; then turning to
the mighty ruler of the Ocean, she said.230

Alas! earth-shaking sovereign of the waves,
Feel’st thou no pity of the perishing Greeks?
Yet Greece, in Helice, with gifts nor few
Nor sordid, and in Ægæ, honors thee,
Whom therefore thou shouldst prosper. Would we all235
Who favor Greece associate to repulse
The Trojans, and to check loud-thundering Jove,
On Ida seated he might lour alone.

Alas! powerful ruler of the waves,
Do you feel no pity for the dying Greeks?
Yet Greece, in Helice, with plenty of gifts
And honors in Ægæ, honors you,
For which you should help her. We all235
Who support Greece should come together to drive
The Trojans back and to keep loud-thundering Jove,
Seated on Ida, from casting his gaze alone.

To whom the Sovereign, Shaker of the Shores,
Indignant. Juno! rash in speech! what word240
Hath ’scaped thy lips? never, with my consent,
Shall we, the powers subordinate, in arms
With Jove contend. He far excels us all.

To whom the Sovereign, Shaker of the Shores,
Angry. Juno! reckless with your words! What did240
Just slip from your lips? Never, with my approval,
Shall we, the lesser powers, challenge
Jove in battle. He far surpasses us all.

So they. Meantime, the trench and wall between,[11]
The narrow interval with steeds was fill’d245
Close throng’d and shielded warriors. There immew’d
By Priameian Hector, fierce as Mars,
They stood, for Hector had the help of Jove.
And now with blazing fire their gallant barks
He had consumed, but Juno moved the mind250
Of Agamemnon, vigilant himself,
To exhortation of Achaia’s host.
Through camp and fleet the monarch took his way,
And, his wide robe imperial in his hand,
High on Ulysses’ huge black galley stood,255
The central ship conspicuous; thence his voice
Might reach the most remote of all the line
At each extreme, where Ajax had his tent
Pitch’d, and Achilles, fearless of surprise.
Thence, with loud voice, the Grecians thus he hail’d.260

So they. Meanwhile, the trench and wall between, [11]
The narrow space was filled with horses245
Closely packed and protected warriors. There stood
By Priam’s Hector, fierce as Mars,
For Hector had the favor of Jove.
He had burned their brave ships with blazing fire,
But Juno influenced the mind250
Of Agamemnon, who was alert,
To rally the Achaean forces.
Through the camp and fleet, the king made his way,
Holding his broad royal robe in his hand,
He stood high on Ulysses’ large black ship,255
The central vessel, clearly visible; from there his voice
Could reach the farthest end of the line
At each extreme, where Ajax had set up his tent
And Achilles, confident against surprise.
From there, he hailed the Greeks loudly.260

Oh shame to Greece! Warriors in show alone!
Where is your boasted prowess? Ye profess’d
Vain-glorious erst in Lemnos, while ye fed
Plenteously on the flesh of beeves full-grown,
And crown’d your beakers high, that ye would face265
Each man a hundred Trojans in the field—
Ay, twice a hundred—yet are all too few
To face one Hector now; nor doubt I aught
But he shall soon fire the whole fleet of Greece.
Jove! Father! what great sovereign ever felt270
Thy frowns as I? Whom hast thou shamed as me?
Yet I neglected not, through all the course
Of our disasterous voyage (in the hope
That we should vanquish Troy) thy sacred rites,
But where I found thine altar, piled it high275
With fat and flesh of bulls, on every shore.
But oh, vouchsafe to us, that we at least
Ourselves, deliver’d, may escape the sword,
Nor let their foes thus tread the Grecians down!

Oh, what a disgrace for Greece! Warriors only in appearance!
Where is your claimed strength? You boasted
Foolishly before in Lemnos, while you gorged
Yourself on the meat of fat cattle,
And filled your cups high, claiming you would take on265
Each man against a hundred Trojans in battle—
Yes, two hundred—yet now you’re all too few
To confront just one Hector; I have no doubt
He will soon set the entire Greek fleet on fire.
Jove! Father! what great ruler has ever felt270
Your anger as I do? Who have you shamed like me?
Yet I have not neglected, throughout all the trials
Of our disastrous journey (hoping
That we’d conquer Troy) your sacred rituals,
But wherever I found your altar, I piled it high275
With the fat and flesh of bulls on every shore.
But oh, please grant us that at least
We ourselves may escape the sword,
And don’t let our enemies crush us Greeks!

He said. The eternal father pitying saw280
His tears, and for the monarch’s sake preserved
The people. Instant, surest of all signs,
He sent his eagle; in his pounces strong
A fawn he bore, fruit of the nimble hind,
Which fast beside the beauteous altar raised285
To Panomphæan[12] Jove sudden he dropp’d.[13]

He said. The eternal father, feeling pity, saw280
His tears, and for the king’s sake saved
The people. In an instant, the surest of all signs,
He sent his eagle; in its strong claws
It carried a fawn, the offspring of the swift hind,
Which it quickly dropped beside the beautiful altar raised285
To Panomphæan[12] Jove suddenly.[13]

They, conscious, soon, that sent from Jove he came,
More ardent sprang to fight. Then none of all
Those numerous Chiefs could boast that he outstripp’d
Tydides, urging forth beyond the foss290
His rapid steeds, and rushing to the war.
He, foremost far, a Trojan slew, the son
Of Phradmon, Ageläus; as he turn’d
His steeds to flight, him turning with his spear
Through back and bosom Diomede transpierced.295
And with loud clangor of his arms he fell.
Then, royal Agamemnon pass’d the trench
And Menelaus; either Ajax, then,
Clad with fresh prowess both; them follow’d, next,
Idomeneus, with his heroic friend300
In battle dread as homicidal Mars,
Meriones; Evæmon’s son renown’d
Succeeded, bold Eurypylus; and ninth
Teucer, wide-straining his impatient bow.
He under covert fought of the broad shield305
Of Telamonian Ajax; Ajax high
Upraised his shield; the hero from beneath
Took aim, and whom his arrow struck, he fell;
Then close as to his mother’s side a child
For safety creeps, Teucer to Ajax’ side310
Retired, and Ajax shielded him again.
Whom then slew Teucer first, illustrious Chief?
Orsilochus, and Ophelestes, first,
And Ormenus he slew, then Dætor died,
Chromius and Lycophontes brave in fight315
With Amopaon Polyæmon’s son,
And Melanippus. These, together heap’d,
All fell by Teucer on the plain of Troy.
The Trojan ranks thinn’d by his mighty bow
The King of armies Agamemnon saw320
Well-pleased, and him approaching, thus began.

They quickly realized that he was sent from Jove. More eagerly, they jumped into battle. None of the many leaders could claim they outpaced Tydides, who urged his swift horses beyond the ditch and charged into war. He was the first to kill a Trojan, the son of Phradmon, Ageläus; as the Trojan tried to flee, Diomede pierced him through the back with his spear. With a loud clash of armor, he fell. Then royal Agamemnon crossed the trench, along with Menelaus; each Ajax, both now empowered, followed next, along with Idomeneus and his brave companion in battle, Meriones, as fearsome as bloodthirsty Mars. Evæmon’s renowned son, brave Eurypylus, came after him, and then ninth was Teucer, straining his bow wide. He fought under the protection of the broad shield of Telamonian Ajax; Ajax raised his shield high; the hero aimed from below, and whoever his arrow struck, fell. Then, like a child seeking safety close to his mother, Teucer retreated to Ajax’s side, and Ajax shielded him again. Who then did Teucer kill first, the magnificent leader? He first took down Orsilochus and Ophelestes, then Ormenus was struck down, followed by Dætor, and brave fighters Chromius and Lycophontes, along with Amopaon, son of Polyæmon, and Melanippus. All of these fell together on the plain of Troy, piled up by Teucer’s powerful bow. King Agamemnon saw the Trojan ranks thinning and was pleased, so he approached him and began to speak.

Brave Telamonian Teucer, oh, my friend,
Thus shoot, that light may visit once again
The Danaï, and Telamon rejoice!
Thee Telamon within his own abode325
Rear’d although spurious; mount him, in return,
Although remote, on glory’s heights again.
I tell thee, and the effect shall follow sure,
Let but the Thunderer and Minerva grant
The pillage of fair Ilium to the Greeks,330
And I will give to thy victorious hand,
After my own, the noblest recompense,
A tripod or a chariot with its steeds,
Or some fair captive to partake thy bed.

Brave Telamonian Teucer, my friend,
Shoot well, so that light may shine once more
On the Danaans, and let Telamon rejoice!
You, Telamon, even though you’re far away,325
Raised him too, though he may not be your true son;
Bring him back up to the heights of glory.
I assure you, and the outcome will surely follow,
If only the Thunderer and Minerva allow
The Greeks to sack beautiful Ilium,330
I will reward your victorious hand,
After my own, with the finest prize,
A tripod or a chariot with horses,
Or a beautiful captive to share your bed.

To whom the generous Teucer thus replied.335
Atrides! glorious monarch! wherefore me
Exhortest thou to battle? who myself
Glow with sufficient ardor, and such strength
As heaven affords me spare not to employ.
Since first we drove them back, with watchful eye340
Their warriors I have mark’d; eight shafts my bow
Hath sent long-barb’d, and every shaft, well-aim’d.
The body of some Trojan youth robust
Hath pierced, but still you ravening wolf escapes.

To whom the generous Teucer replied.335
Atrides! glorious king! why do you ask me
To fight? I’m already fired up and have the strength
That heaven gives, which I’m ready to use.
Since we first pushed them back, I’ve been watching340
Their warriors closely; I’ve shot eight arrows,
All well-aimed. I’ve struck some strong Trojan young man,
But still, that ravenous wolf manages to escape.

He said, and from the nerve another shaft345
Impatient sent at Hector; but it flew
Devious, and brave Gorgythion struck instead.
Him beautiful Castianira, brought
By Priam from Æsyma, nymph of form
Celestial, to the King of Ilium bore.350
As in the garden, with the weight surcharged
Of its own fruit, and drench’d by vernal rains
The poppy falls oblique, so he his head
Hung languid, by his helmet’s weight depress’d.[14]
Then Teucer yet an arrow from the nerve355
Dispatch’d at Hector, with impatience fired
To pierce him; but again his weapon err’d
Turn’d by Apollo, and the bosom struck
Of Archeptolemus, his rapid steeds
To battle urging, Hector’s charioteer.360
He fell, his fiery coursers at the sound
Recoil’d, and lifeless where he fell he lay.
Deep sorrow for his charioteer the mind
O’erwhelm’d of Hector, yet he left the slain,
And seeing his own brother nigh at hand,365
Cebriones, him summon’d to the reins,
Who with alacrity that charge received.
Then Hector, leaping with a dreadful shout
From his resplendent chariot, grasp’d a stone,
And rush’d on Teucer, vengeance in his heart.370
Teucer had newly fitted to the nerve
An arrow keen selected from the rest,
And warlike Hector, while he stood the cord
Retracting, smote him with that rugged rock
Just where the key-bone interposed divides375
The neck and bosom, a most mortal part.
It snapp’d the bow-string, and with numbing force
Struck dead his hand; low on his knees he dropp’d,
And from his opening grasp let fall the bow.
Then not unmindful of a brother fallen380
Was Ajax, but, advancing rapid, stalk’d
Around him, and his broad shield interposed,
Till brave Alaster and Mecisteus, son
Of Echius, friends of Teucer, from the earth
Upraised and bore him groaning to the fleet.385
And now again fresh force Olympian Jove
Gave to the Trojans; right toward the foss
They drove the Greeks, while Hector in the van
Advanced, death menacing in every look.

He said, and from the bow another arrow345
Impatiently shot at Hector; but it veered
Off course, and brave Gorgythion was hit instead.
Beautiful Castianira, brought
By Priam from Æsyma, a divine nymph,
Bore him to the King of Ilium.350
Like a poppy in the garden, weighed down
By its own fruit and soaked by spring rains,
He hung his head, exhausted from the weight of his helmet.[14]
Then Teucer, fired with impatience, shot another arrow355
At Hector, eager to pierce him; but again his aim
Was off, deflected by Apollo, striking
The chest of Archeptolemus, who was urging
His swift horses into battle, Hector’s charioteer.360 degrees
He fell, and his fiery horses recoiled at the sound,
Lifeless where he fell he lay.
Hector was overwhelmed with deep sorrow
For his charioteer, yet he left the dead,
And seeing his brother nearby,365
Cebriones, he called him to the reins,
Who eagerly accepted that command.
Then Hector, leaping with a fierce shout
From his shining chariot, grabbed a stone,
And charged at Teucer, vengeance in his heart.370
Teucer had just fitted a careful selection
Of a sharp arrow from his quiver,
And as warlike Hector stood pulling the string,
He struck him with that rough rock
Right where the collarbone divides375
The neck and chest, a truly deadly spot.
It snapped the bowstring, and with numbing power
Struck his hand dead; he dropped to his knees,
And let the bow fall from his grasp.
Ajax, not forgetting his fallen brother,380
Moved quickly, circling around him, and interposed
His broad shield, until brave Alaster and Mecisteus, the son
Of Echius, Teucer's friends, lifted him from the ground
And carried him groaning to the ships.385
And now once again, fresh strength from Olympian Jove
Empowered the Trojans; they drove the Greeks back
Towards the ditch, while Hector led the charge,
Menacing death in every glance.

As some fleet hound close-threatening flank or haunch390
Of boar or lion, oft as he his head
Turns flying, marks him with a steadfast eye,
So Hector chased the Grecians, slaying still
The hindmost of the scatter’d multitude.
But when, at length, both piles and hollow foss395
They had surmounted, and no few had fallen
By Trojan hands, within their fleet they stood
Imprison’d, calling each to each, and prayer
With lifted hands, loud offering to the Gods.
With Gorgon looks, meantime, and eyes of Mars,400
Hector impetuous his mane-tossing steeds
From side to side before the rampart drove,
When white-arm’d Juno pitying the Greeks,
In accents wing’d her speech to Pallas turn’d.

As a stalking hound threatens the flank or rear of a boar or lion, often turning its head to keep a fixed gaze, so Hector pursued the Greeks, continually striking down the stragglers of the fleeing crowd. But when they finally overcame both the heaps of bodies and the deep trench, and many had fallen by Trojan hands, they stood trapped in their ships, calling out to one another and earnestly praying to the Gods with raised hands. Meanwhile, Hector, fierce and with eyes like those of Ares, drove his charging horses back and forth before the wall. At this moment, white-armed Juno, feeling pity for the Greeks, addressed Pallas with an urgent plea.

Alas, Jove’s daughter! shall not we at least405
In this extremity of their distress
Care for the Grecians by the fatal force
Of this one Chief destroy’d? I can endure
The rage of Priameïan Hector now
No longer; such dire mischiefs he hath wrought.410

Alas, Jove’s daughter! Shouldn’t we at least405
In this critical moment of their suffering
Take care of the Greeks, given the deadly power
Of this one leader who’s been taken down? I can’t take
The fury of Priam’s Hector any longer;
He has caused such terrible damage.410

Whom answer’d thus Pallas, cærulean-eyed.
—And Hector had himself long since his life
Resign’d and rage together, by the Greeks
Slain under Ilium’s walls, but Jove, my sire,
Mad counsels executing and perverse,415
Me counterworks in all that I attempt,
Nor aught remembers how I saved ofttimes
His son enjoin’d full many a task severe
By King Eurystheus; to the Gods he wept,
And me Jove sent in haste to his relief.420
But had I then foreseen what now I know,
When through the adamantine gates he pass’d
To bind the dog of hell, by the deep floods
Hemm’d in of Styx, he had return’d no more.
But Thetis wins him now; her will prevails,425
And mine he hates; for she hath kiss’d his knees
And grasp’d his beard, and him in prayer implored
That he would honor her heroic son
Achilles, city-waster prince renown’d.
’Tis well—the day shall come when Jove again430
Shall call me darling, and his blue-eyed maid
As heretofore;—but thou thy steeds prepare,
While I, my father’s mansion entering, arm
For battle. I would learn by trial sure,
If Hector, Priam’s offspring famed in fight435
(Ourselves appearing in the walks of war)
Will greet us gladly. Doubtless at the fleet
Some Trojan also, shall to dogs resign
His flesh for food, and to the fowls of heaven.

"Who answered in this way, Pallas with her sea-blue eyes.
—And Hector had long since given up his life
in rage, killed by the Greeks
under the walls of Ilium, but Jove, my father,
executed mad and twisted plans,415
and hampers all that I try to do,
forgetting how I've often saved
his son, given many a tough task
by King Eurystheus; he wept to the Gods,
and Jove sent me quickly to aid him.420
But had I known then what I know now,
when he passed through the unbreakable gates
to capture the dog of hell, surrounded
by the deep waters of Styx, he would not have returned.
But Thetis has power over him now; her will wins,425
while he despises mine; for she has kissed his knees
and grasped his beard, and earnestly prayed to him
to honor her heroic son
Achilles, renowned prince who devastates cities.
It's alright—the day will come when Jove again430
calls me dear, and his blue-eyed maiden
just like before;—but you prepare your horses,
while I enter my father's mansion, arming
for battle. I want to test for sure,
if Hector, Priam's famous son in battle435
(while we are out in the heat of war)
will greet us happily. Without a doubt at the fleet,
some Trojan will also, surrender his flesh
to the dogs for food, and to the birds of the air."

So counsell’d Pallas, nor the daughter dread440
Of mighty Saturn, Juno, disapproved,
But busily and with dispatch prepared
The trappings of her coursers golden-rein’d.
Meantime, Minerva progeny of Jove,
On the adamantine floor of his abode445
Let fall profuse her variegated robe,
Labor of her own hands. She first put on
The corslet of the cloud-assembler God,
Then arm’d her for the field of wo, complete.
Mounting the fiery chariot, next she seized450
Her ponderous spear, huge, irresistible,
With which Jove’s awful daughter levels ranks
Of heroes against whom her anger burns.
Juno with lifted lash urged on the steeds.
At their approach, spontaneous roar’d the wide-455
Unfolding gates of heaven; the heavenly gates
Kept by the watchful Hours, to whom the charge
Of the Olympian summit appertains,
And of the boundless ether, back to roll,
And to replace the cloudy barrier dense.460
Spurr’d through the portal flew the rapid steeds:
Which when the Eternal Father from the heights
Of Ida saw, kindling with instant ire
To golden-pinion’d Iris thus he spake.

So Pallas advised, and Juno, the daughter of mighty Saturn, agreed. She quickly began preparing the harness for her golden-reined horses. In the meantime, Minerva, daughter of Jove, let her beautifully patterned robe fall onto the hard floor of his palace, a creation of her own hands. She first put on the corslet of the God who gathers clouds, then fully armed herself for the field of battle. Climbing into her fiery chariot, she took hold of her heavy, unstoppable spear, with which Jove's formidable daughter decimates the ranks of heroes she is angry with. Juno, with her whip raised, urged the horses on. As they approached, the broad gates of heaven opened with a tremendous roar; the celestial gates watched over by the vigilant Hours, who are responsible for the heights of Olympus and the endless sky, rolled back to remove the thick veil of clouds. The swift horses charged through the opening. When the Eternal Father from the heights of Ida saw this, he was instantly filled with rage and spoke to golden-winged Iris.

Haste, Iris, turn them thither whence they came;465
Me let them not encounter; honor small
To them, to me, should from that strife accrue.
Tell them, and the effect shall sure ensue,
That I will smite their steeds, and they shall halt
Disabled; break their chariot, dash themselves470
Headlong, and ten whole years shall not efface
The wounds by my avenging bolts impress’d.
So shall my blue-eyed daughter learn to dread
A father’s anger; but for the offence
Of Juno, I resent it less; for she475
Clashes[15] with all my counsels from of old.
He ended; Iris with a tempest’s speed
From the Idæan summit soar’d at once
To the Olympian; at the open gates
Exterior of the mountain many-valed480
She stayed them, and her coming thus declared.

Hurry, Iris, take them back to where they came from; 465
I don't want to run into them; it would bring little honor
To them or to me to come out of that conflict.
Tell them, and the outcome will surely follow,
That I will strike their horses, and they will stop
Disabled; I’ll break their chariot, and they will crash470
Headfirst, and even ten years won’t erase
The wounds caused by my avenging strikes.
Then my blue-eyed daughter will learn to fear
A father’s anger; as for Juno’s offense,
I take it less personally; because she475
Clashes[15] with all my plans from long ago.
He finished; Iris, with the speed of a storm,
Soared from the Idæan peak
To Olympus; at the open gates
Outside the many-valed mountain,480
She stopped them and announced her arrival.

Whither, and for what cause? What rage is this?
Ye may not aid the Grecians; Jove forbids;
The son of Saturn threatens, if ye force
His wrath by perseverance into act,485
That he will smite your steeds, and they shall halt
Disabled; break your chariot, dash yourselves
Headlong, and ten whole years shall not efface
The wounds by his avenging bolts impress’d.
So shall his blue-eyed daughter learn to dread490
A father’s anger; but for the offence
Of Juno, he resents it less; for she
Clashes with all his counsels from of old.
But thou, Minerva, if thou dare indeed
Lift thy vast spear against the breast of Jove,495
Incorrigible art and dead to shame.

Where are you going, and for what reason? What anger is this?
You cannot help the Greeks; Jupiter forbids it;
The son of Saturn threatens that if you push
His anger by stubbornness into action,485
He will strike your horses, and they will stop
Disabled; shatter your chariot, send you
Tumbling down, and ten full years won’t heal
The wounds inflicted by his vengeful bolts.
This way, his blue-eyed daughter will learn to fear490
A father’s anger; but for Juno’s offense,
He cares less; she has always disrupted
His plans from long ago.
But you, Minerva, if you truly dare
Raise your mighty spear against Jupiter’s chest,495
You are incorrigible and shameless.

So saying, the rapid Iris disappear’d,
And thus her speech to Pallas Juno turn’d.

So saying, the quick Iris vanished,
And with that, her words turned to Pallas Juno.

Ah Pallas, progeny of Jove! henceforth
No longer, in the cause of mortal men,500
Contend we against Jove. Perish or live
Grecians or Trojans as he wills; let him
Dispose the order of his own concerns,
And judge between them, as of right he may.

Oh Pallas, child of Jove! From now on
We will no longer fight for mortals,500
Whether Greeks or Trojans thrive or perish
As he desires; let him
Arrange his own affairs,
And decide for them, as is his right.

So saying, she turn’d the coursers; them the Hours505
Released, and to ambrosial mangers bound,
Then thrust their chariot to the luminous wall.
They, mingling with the Gods, on golden thrones
Dejected sat, and Jove from Ida borne
Reach’d the Olympian heights, seat of the Gods.510
His steeds the glorious King of Ocean loosed,
And thrust the chariot, with its veil o’erspread.
Into its station at the altar’s side.
Then sat the Thunderer on his throne of gold
Himself, and the huge mountain shook. Meantime515
Juno and Pallas, seated both apart,
Spake not or question’d him. Their mute reserve
He noticed, conscious of the cause, and said.

So saying, she turned the horses; the Hours505
Released them and tied them to their heavenly feed,
Then pushed their chariot to the shining wall.
They, mixing with the Gods, sat on golden thrones
Downcast, and Jove, coming from Ida,
Reached the heights of Olympus, the home of the Gods.510
The glorious King of the Ocean let loose his steeds,
And positioned the chariot with its covering.
He brought it to its place beside the altar.
Then the Thunderer took his seat on his throne of gold,
And the massive mountain shook. Meanwhile,515
Juno and Pallas, each seated apart,
Neither spoke nor questioned him. He noticed their silence,
Aware of the reason, and said.

Juno and Pallas, wherefore sit ye sad?
Not through fatigue by glorious fight incurr’d520
And slaughter of the Trojans whom ye hate.
Mark now the difference. Not the Gods combined
Should have constrain’d me back, till all my force,
Superior as it is, had fail’d, and all
My fortitude. But ye, ere ye beheld525
The wonders of the field, trembling retired.
And ye did well—Hear what had else befallen.
My bolts had found you both, and ye had reach’d,
In your own chariot borne, the Olympian height,
Seat of the blest Immortals, never more.530

Juno and Pallas, why do you sit here looking so sad?
It’s not because you’re exhausted from a glorious fight
And the slaughter of the Trojans you despise.
Notice the difference. No combination of Gods
Could have held me back until all my strength,
As great as it is, had failed, along with all
My courage. But you, before witnessing525
The marvels of the battlefield, retreated in fear.
And you made the right choice—Listen to what could have happened.
My bolts would have struck you both, and you would have reached,
Carried in your own chariot, the heights of Olympus,
The seat of the blessed Immortals, never to return.530

He ended; Juno and Minerva heard
Low murmuring deep disgust, and side by side
Devising sat calamity to Troy.
Minerva, through displeasure against Jove,
Nought utter’d, for her bosom boil’d with rage;535
But Juno check’d not hers, who thus replied.

He finished; Juno and Minerva listened
To the quiet murmuring of deep disgust, and side by side
They plotted disaster for Troy.
Minerva, angry with Jove,
Said nothing, as her heart boiled with rage;535
But Juno didn’t hold back, and replied.

What word hath pass’d thy lips, Jove most severe?
We know thy force resistless; yet our hearts
Feel not the less when we behold the Greeks
Exhausting all the sorrows of their lot.540
If thou command, we doubtless will abstain
From battle, yet such counsel to the Greeks
Suggesting still, as may in part effect
Their safety, lest thy wrath consume them all.

What have you said, Jove the stern?
We know your incredible power; still, our hearts
Feel deeply when we see the Greeks
Facing the full weight of their struggles.540
If you command us, we'll surely stay
Out of battle, but we should suggest to the Greeks
Advice that might help them survive
So your anger doesn't wipe them all out.

Then answer, thus, cloud-gatherer Jove return’d.545
Look forth, imperial Juno, if thou wilt,
To-morrow at the blush of earliest dawn,
And thou shalt see Saturn’s almighty son
The Argive host destroying far and wide.
For Hector’s fury shall admit no pause550
Till he have roused Achilles, in that day
When at the ships, in perilous straits, the hosts
Shall wage fierce battle for Patroclus slain.
Such is the voice of fate. But, as for thee—
Withdraw thou to the confines of the abyss555
Where Saturn and Iäpetus retired,
Exclusion sad endure from balmy airs
And from the light of morn, hell-girt around,
I will not call thee thence. No. Should thy rage
Transport thee thither, there thou may’st abide,560
There sullen nurse thy disregarded spleen
Obstinate as thou art, and void of shame.

Then Jove, the gatherer of clouds, replied.545
“Look out, imperial Juno, if you want to,
Tomorrow at the first light of dawn,
And you’ll see Saturn’s mighty son
Destroying the Argive forces far and wide.
Hector’s rage won’t stop550
Until he has provoked Achilles on the day
When at the ships, in dangerous straits, the armies
Will fight fiercely for the fallen Patroclus.
Such is the voice of fate. But as for you—
Go back to the edges of the abyss555
Where Saturn and Iäpetus retreated,
Suffer the sad exclusion from the soothing air
And the light of morning, surrounded by darkness.
I won’t call you back. No. If your anger
Drives you there, you can stay,560
There to brood in your neglected anger
Stubborn as you are, and lacking in shame.”

He ended; to whom Juno nought replied.
And now the radiant Sun in Ocean sank,
Drawing night after him o’er all the earth;565
Night, undesired by Troy, but to the Greeks
Thrice welcome for its interposing gloom.

He finished; to which Juno said nothing.
And now the bright Sun sank into the ocean,
Bringing night over the entire earth;565
Night, unwanted by Troy, but three times welcome for the Greeks
for its intervening darkness.

Then Hector on the river’s brink fast by
The Grecian fleet, where space he found unstrew’d
With carcases convened the Chiefs of Troy.570
They, there dismounting, listen’d to the words
Of Hector Jove-beloved; he grasp’d a spear
In length eleven cubits, bright its head
Of brass, and color’d with a ring of gold.
He lean’d on it, and ardent thus began.575

Then Hector stood by the river, near
The Greek ships, where he found an open space
And gathered the leaders of Troy.570
They dismounted there and listened to the words
Of Hector, favored by Jove; he held a spear
That was eleven cubits long, with a bright
Brass head and a gold ring around it.
He leaned on it and eagerly began.575

Trojans, Dardanians, and allies of Troy!
I hoped, this evening (every ship consumed,
And all the Grecians slain) to have return’d
To wind-swept Ilium. But the shades of night
Have intervened, and to the night they owe,580
In chief, their whole fleet’s safety and their own.
Now, therefore, as the night enjoins, all take
Needful refreshment. Your high-mettled steeds
Release, lay food before them, and in haste
Drive hither from the city fatted sheep585
And oxen; bring ye from your houses bread,
Make speedy purchase of heart-cheering wine,
And gather fuel plenteous; that all night,
E’en till Aurora, daughter of the morn
Shall look abroad, we may with many fires590
Illume the skies; lest even in the night,
Launching, they mount the billows and escape.
Beware that they depart not unannoy’d,
But, as he leaps on board, give each a wound
With shaft or spear, which he shall nurse at home.595
So shall the nations fear us, and shall vex
With ruthless war Troy’s gallant sons no more.
Next, let the heralds, ministers of Jove,
Loud notice issue that the boys well-grown,
And ancients silver-hair’d on the high towers600
Built by the Gods, keep watch; on every hearth
In Troy, let those of the inferior sex
Make sprightly blaze, and place ye there a guard
Sufficient, lest in absence of the troops
An ambush enter, and surprise the town.605
Act thus, ye dauntless Trojans; the advice
Is wholesome, and shall serve the present need,
And so much for the night; ye shall be told
The business of the morn when morn appears.
It is my prayer to Jove and to all heaven610
(Not without hope) that I may hence expel
These dogs, whom Ilium’s unpropitious fates
Have wafted hither in their sable barks.
But we will also watch this night, ourselves,
And, arming with the dawn, will at their ships615
Give them brisk onset. Then shall it appear
If Diomede the brave shall me compel
Back to our walls, or I, his arms blood-stain’d,
Torn from his breathless body, bear away.
To-morrow, if he dare but to abide620
My lance, he shall not want occasion meet
For show of valor. But much more I judge
That the next rising sun shall see him slain
With no few friends around him. Would to heaven!
I were as sure to ’scape the blight of age625
And share their honors with the Gods above,
As comes the morrow fraught with wo to Greece.

Trojans, Dardanians, and allies of Troy!
I hoped that tonight (with every ship lost,
And all the Greeks dead) I would return
To wind-swept Ilium. But the night has come,
And for their whole fleet’s safety and their own,580
They owe it mostly to the darkness.
So now, as night falls, let's all take
The necessary time to rest. Release your spirited steeds,
Feed them, and quickly bring from the city
Fat sheep585
And cattle; get bread from your homes,
Hurry to buy some uplifting wine,
And gather plenty of fuel; that all night,
Until Aurora, daughter of the morning,
Looks out, we can light the skies with many fires590 Even at night,
They won't launch their ships and escape.
Make sure they don't leave unscathed,
But as they board, wound each one
With an arrow or spear, which they'll bring home.595
This way, the nations will fear us and
Will no longer trouble Troy’s brave sons with ruthless war.
Next, let the heralds, servants of Jove,
Send out a loud announcement that the well-grown boys,
And the silver-haired elders on the high towers600
Built by the Gods, keep watch; on every hearth
In Troy, let the women make a lively fire,
And set a proper guard there,
So that, in the absence of the troops,
An ambush doesn’t catch the town off guard.605
Act this way, fearless Trojans; this advice
Is wise and fits our current need,
And that’s enough for tonight; you’ll be informed
About tomorrow’s tasks when morning comes.
I pray to Jove and to all heaven610
(Not without hope) that I can drive out
These dogs, whom Ilium's unfortunate fate
Has brought here in their dark ships.
But we will keep watch tonight ourselves,
And, armed with the dawn, will rush at their ships615
With a fierce attack. Then we’ll see
If the brave Diomede can force me
Back to our walls or if I will take his
Blood-stained arms, torn from his breathless body.
Tomorrow, if he dares to face620
My spear, he won’t lack chances to show bravery.
But I believe that the next rising sun
Will see him slain with many friends around him. Would that I could
Be sure to avoid the curse of age625
And share their honors with the Gods above,
As tomorrow comes, bringing woe to Greece.

So Hector, whom his host with loud acclaim
All praised. Then each his sweating steeds released,
And rein’d them safely at his chariot-side.630
And now from Troy provision large they brought,
Oxen, and sheep, with store of wine and bread,
And fuel much was gather’d. [16]Next the Gods
With sacrifice they sought, and from the plain
Upwafted by the winds the smoke aspired635
Savoury, but unacceptable to those
Above; such hatred in their hearts they bore
To Priam, to the people of the brave
Spear-practised Priam, and to sacred Troy.

So Hector, whom his host loudly praised,
Then each of them released their sweating horses,
And tied them securely next to his chariot.630
Now from Troy they brought a large supply,
Oxen and sheep, along with plenty of wine and bread,
And a lot of fuel was gathered. [16]Next, the Gods
They sought to please with sacrifices, and from the plain
The smoke rose with the wind,635
Pleasant but unwelcome to those
Above; such hatred they harbored
Towards Priam, towards the brave people of
Spear-wielding Priam, and towards sacred Troy.

Big with great purposes and proud, they sat,640
Not disarray’d, but in fair form disposed
Of even ranks, and watch’d their numerous fires,
As when around the clear bright moon, the stars
Shine in full splendor, and the winds are hush’d,
The groves, the mountain-tops, the headland-heights645
Stand all apparent, not a vapor streaks
The boundless blue, but ether open’d wide
All glitters, and the shepherd’s heart is cheer’d;[17]
So numerous seem’d those fires the bank between
Of Xanthus, blazing, and the fleet of Greece,650
In prospect all of Troy; a thousand fires,
Each watch’d by fifty warriors seated near.
The steeds beside the chariots stood, their corn
Chewing, and waiting till the golden-throned
Aurora should restore the light of day.655

Big with great purposes and proud, they sat,640
Not disheveled, but arranged in neat rows
Of equal ranks, and watched their many fires,
Like the stars shining in full splendor around
The clear bright moon, while the winds are still,
The groves, the mountain tops, the headland heights645
All stand visible, not a vapor mars
The endless blue, but the sky opened wide
All sparkles, and the shepherd’s heart is lifted;[17]
So numerous seemed those fires on the bank between
Of Xanthus, blazing, and the fleet of Greece,650
In view of all of Troy; a thousand fires,
Each watched by fifty warriors seated nearby.
The horses next to the chariots stood, munching
Their grain, and waiting until the golden-throned
Aurora would bring back the light of day.655

BOOK IX.

ARGUMENT OF THE NINTH BOOK.

By advice of Nestor, Agamemnon sends Ulysses, Phœnix, and Ajax to the tent of Achilles with proposals of reconciliation. They execute their commission, but without effect. Phœnix remains with Achilles; Ulysses and Ajax return.

By Nestor's advice, Agamemnon sends Ulysses, Phoenix, and Ajax to Achilles' tent with offers to make peace. They carry out their mission, but it doesn't work. Phoenix stays with Achilles; Ulysses and Ajax come back.

BOOK IX.

So watch’d the Trojan host; but thoughts of flight,
Companions of chill fear, from heaven infused,
Possess’d the Grecians; every leader’s heart
Bled, pierced with anguish insupportable.
As when two adverse winds blowing from Thrace,5
Boreas and Zephyrus, the fishy Deep
Vex sudden, all around, the sable flood
High curl’d, flings forth the salt weed on the shore
Such tempest rent the mind of every Greek.

So watched the Trojan army; but thoughts of escape,
Companions of cold fear, sent from above,
Overwhelmed the Greeks; each leader’s heart
Ached, pierced with unbearable anguish.
Just like when two opposing winds blow from Thrace,5
Boreas and Zephyrus, the fishy sea
Suddenly churns, and the dark waters
High curl, throwing saltweed onto the shore
Such a storm tore through the mind of every Greek.

Forth stalk’d Atrides with heart-riving wo10
Transfixt; he bade his heralds call by name
Each Chief to council, but without the sound
Of proclamation; and that task himself
Among the foremost sedulous perform’d.
The sad assembly sat; when weeping fast15
As some deep[1] fountain pours its rapid stream
Down from the summit of a lofty rock,
King Agamemnon in the midst arose,
And, groaning, the Achaians thus address’d.

Forth strode Agamemnon with a heart full of grief10
Pierced by pain; he instructed his heralds to call by name
Each leader to council, but without any announcement;
He took it upon himself to carry out that task
Among the foremost with great diligence.
The sorrowful gathering sat; as tears flowed fast15
Like a deep fountain pouring its swift stream
Down from the top of a high rock,
King Agamemnon stood in the center,
And, groaning, addressed the Achaians.

Friends, counsellors and leaders of the Greeks!20
In dire perplexity Saturnian Jove
Involves me, cruel; he assured me erst,
And solemnly, that I should not return
Till I had wasted wall-encircled Troy;
But now (ah fraudulent and foul reverse!)25
Commands me back inglorious to the shores
Of distant Argos, with diminish’d troops.
So stands the purpose of almighty Jove,
Who many a citadel hath laid in dust,
And shall hereafter, matchless in his power.30
Haste therefore. My advice is, that we all
Fly with our fleet into our native land,
For wide-built Ilium shall not yet be ours.

Friends, advisors, and leaders of the Greeks!20
I’m in a terrible situation because of Jupiter
who has been so cruel to me; he promised me before,
and swore that I wouldn't return
until I had destroyed the city of Troy;
but now (oh, what a deceitful and ugly twist!)25
he’s sending me back in shame to the shores
of distant Argos, with a reduced army.
Such is the will of mighty Jupiter,
who has toppled many strongholds,
and will continue to do so, unmatched in his power.30
So let's hurry. My recommendation is that we all
sail back to our homeland,
for the great city of Ilium will not yet be ours.

He ceased, and all sat silent; long the sons
Of Greece, o’erwhelm’d with sorrow, silent sat,35
When thus, at last, bold Diomede began.

He stopped, and everyone sat in silence; for a long time the sons of Greece, overcome with grief, sat quietly, 35
until finally, bold Diomede spoke up.

Atrides! foremost of the Chiefs I rise
To contravert thy purpose ill-conceived,
And with such freedom as the laws, O King!
Of consultation and debate allow.40
Hear patient. Thou hast been thyself the first
Who e’er reproach’d me in the public ear
As one effeminate and slow to fight;
How truly, let both young and old decide.
The son of wily Saturn hath to thee45
Given, and refused; he placed thee high in power,
Gave thee to sway the sceptre o’er us all,
But courage gave thee not, his noblest gift.[2]
Art thou in truth persuaded that the Greeks
Are pusillanimous, as thou hast said?50
If thy own fears impel thee to depart,
Go thou, the way is open; numerous ships,
Thy followers from Mycenæ, line the shore.
But we, the rest, depart not, till the spoil
Of Troy reward us. Or if all incline55
To seek again their native home, fly all;
Myself and Sthenelus will persevere
Till Ilium fall, for with the Gods we came.

Atrides! Best of the leaders, I stand up
To challenge your poorly thought-out plan,
And with the freedom that the laws, O King!
Of discussion and debate allow.40
Listen patiently. You were the first
To publicly accuse me
As being weak and reluctant to fight;
Let both the young and old decide how true that is.
The son of clever Saturn has given you45
Power and then taken it away; he made you high in rank,
Gave you the scepter to rule over us all,
But he didn’t give you courage, his greatest gift.[2]
Are you really convinced that the Greeks
Are cowardly, as you’ve claimed?50
If your own fears make you want to leave,
Then go, the way is clear; many ships,
Your followers from Mycenae, line the shore.
But we, the rest, will not leave until the spoils
Of Troy reward us. Or if everyone decides55
To head back home, then let them all go;
Sthenelus and I will keep fighting
Until Ilium falls, for that's why we came.

He ended; all the admiring sons of Greece
With shouts the warlike Diomede extoll’d,60
When thus equestrian Nestor next began.

He finished; all the admiring sons of Greece
With shouts praised the warlike Diomede,60
When the horseman Nestor next started speaking.

Tydides, thou art eminently brave
In fight, and all the princes of thy years
Excell’st in council. None of all the Greeks
Shall find occasion just to blame thy speech65
Or to gainsay; yet thou hast fallen short.
What wonder? Thou art young; and were myself
Thy father, thou should’st be my latest born.
Yet when thy speech is to the Kings of Greece,
It is well-framed and prudent. Now attend!70
Myself will speak, who have more years to boast
Than thou hast seen, and will so closely scan
The matter, that Atrides, our supreme,
Himself shall have no cause to censure me.
He is a wretch, insensible and dead75
To all the charities of social life,
Whose pleasure is in civil broils alone.[3]
But Night is urgent, and with Night’s demands
Let all comply. Prepare we now repast,
And let the guard be stationed at the trench80
Without the wall; the youngest shall supply
That service; next, Atrides, thou begin
(For thou art here supreme) thy proper task.
Banquet the elders; it shall not disgrace
Thy sovereignty, but shall become thee well.85
Thy tents are fill’d with wine which day by day
Ships bring from Thrace; accommodation large
Hast thou, and numerous is thy menial train.
Thy many guests assembled, thou shalt hear
Our counsel, and shalt choose the best; great need90
Have all Achaia’s sons, now, of advice
Most prudent; for the foe, fast by the fleet
Hath kindled numerous fires, which who can see
Unmoved? This night shall save us or destroy.[4]

Tydides, you are incredibly brave
In battle, and among all the princes your age
You stand out in counsel. None of the Greeks
Will find any reason to criticize your words65
Or to disagree; yet you have fallen short.
What can we expect? You are young; if I were
Your father, you would be my youngest child.
But when you speak to the Kings of Greece,
It is well-articulated and wise. Now listen!70
I will speak, having more years to my name
Than you have lived, and I will examine
The situation so carefully that Atrides, our leader,
Will have no reason to criticize me.
He is a miserable wretch, oblivious and indifferent75
To all the kindnesses of social life,
Finding joy only in civil conflict.
But Night is pressing, and with Night’s demands
Let everyone comply. Let’s prepare a meal,
And set the guards at the trench80
Outside the wall; the youngest will take
That duty; next, Atrides, you should begin
(For you are the leader here) your own task.
Host the elders; this will not diminish
Your authority, but will suit you well.85
Your tents are filled with wine that ships bring
From Thrace every day; you have ample provisions
And a large staff to serve you.
With your many guests gathered, you will hear
Our counsel and choose the best; all of Achaia’s sons
Now have a great need for wise advice90
Because the enemy, close to the fleet,
Has lit numerous fires, which who can see
Without being moved? This night will either save us or destroy us.

He spake, whom all with full consent approved.95
Forth rush’d the guard well-arm’d; first went the son
Of Nestor, Thrasymedes, valiant Chief;
Then, sons of Mars, Ascalaphus advanced,
And brave Iälmenus; whom follow’d next
Deipyrus, Aphareus, Meriones,100
And Lycomedes, Creon’s son renown’d.
Seven were the leaders of the guard, and each
A hundred spearmen headed, young and bold.
Between the wall and trench their seat they chose,
There kindled fires, and each his food prepared.105

He spoke, and everyone agreed with him.95
Out rushed the well-armed guards; first came the son
Of Nestor, Thrasymedes, the brave leader;
Then the sons of Mars, Ascalaphus stepped up,
And fearless Iälmenus; next came
Deipyrus, Aphareus, Meriones,100
And Lycomedes, known as Creon’s son.
There were seven leaders of the guards, each
Leading a hundred young and bold spearmen.
They chose their spot between the wall and trench,
Built fires, and each prepared his meal.105

Atrides, then, to his pavilion led
The thronging Chiefs of Greece, and at his board
Regaled them; they with readiness and keen
Dispatch of hunger shared the savory feast,
And when nor thirst remain’d nor hunger more110
Unsated, Nestor then, arising first,
Whose counsels had been ever wisest deem’d,
Warm for the public interest, thus began.

Atrides led the gathering Chiefs of Greece to his tent and treated them to a meal. They eagerly joined in and quickly devoured the delicious food. Once their thirst and hunger were satisfied, Nestor stood up first. He was always considered the wisest and was passionate about what was best for everyone; he began to speak.

Atrides! glorious sovereign! King of men!
Thou art my first and last, proem and close,115
For thou art mighty, and to thee are given
From Jove the sceptre and the laws in charge,
For the advancement of the general good.
Hence, in peculiar, both to speak and hear
Become thy duty, and the best advice,120
By whomsoever offer’d, to adopt
And to perform, for thou art judge alone.
I will promulge the counsel which to me
Seems wisest; such, that other Grecian none
Shall give thee better; neither is it new,125
But I have ever held it since the day
When, most illustrious! thou wast pleased to take
By force the maid Briseïs from the tent
Of the enraged Achilles; not, in truth,
By my advice, who did dissuade thee much;130
But thou, complying with thy princely wrath,
Hast shamed a Hero whom themselves the Gods
Delight to honor, and his prize detain’st.
Yet even now contrive we, although late,
By lenient gifts liberal, and by speech135
Conciliatory, to assuage his ire.

Atrides! glorious leader! King of men!
You are my beginning and my end,115
For you are powerful, and to you are given
By Jove the scepter and the laws to uphold,
For the benefit of everyone.
Therefore, both to speak and listen
Is your duty, and the best advice,120
From anyone proposing it, to embrace
And act upon, for you are the sole judge.
I will share the counsel that seems to me
The wisest; such that no other Greek
Will offer you better; nor is it new,125
But I have always held it since the day
When, most esteemed! you chose to take
By force the girl Briseïs from the tent
Of the furious Achilles; not, in truth,
By my suggestion, for I strongly advised against it;130
But you, driven by your royal anger,
Have shamed a Hero whom the Gods
Rejoice to honor, and you have taken his prize.
Yet even now let’s try, though belated,
With generous gifts and conciliatory words135
To ease his anger.

Then answer’d Agamemnon, King of men.
Old Chief! there is no falsehood in thy charge;
I have offended, and confess the wrong.
The warrior is alone a host, whom Jove140
Loves as he loves Achilles, for whose sake
He hath Achaia’s thousands thus subdued.
But if the impulse of a wayward mind
Obeying, I have err’d, behold me, now,
Prepared to soothe him with atonement large145
Of gifts inestimable, which by name
I will propound in presence of you all.
Seven tripods, never sullied yet with fire;
Of gold ten talents; twenty cauldrons bright;
Twelve coursers, strong, victorious in the race;150
No man possessing prizes such as mine
Which they have won for me, shall feel the want
Of acquisitions splendid or of gold.
Seven virtuous female captives will I give
Expert in arts domestic, Lesbians all,155
Whom, when himself took Lesbos, I received
My chosen portion, passing womankind
In perfect loveliness of face and form.
These will I give, and will with these resign
Her whom I took, Briseïs, with an oath160
Most solemn, that unconscious as she was
Of my embraces, such I yield her his.
All these I give him now; and if at length
The Gods vouchsafe to us to overturn
Priam’s great city, let him heap his ships165
With gold and brass, entering and choosing first
When we shall share the spoil. Let him beside
Choose twenty from among the maids of Troy,
Helen except, loveliest of all their sex.
And if once more, the rich milk-flowing land170
We reach of Argos, he shall there become
My son-in-law, and shall enjoy like state
With him whom I in all abundance rear,
My only son Orestes. At my home
I have three daughters; let him thence conduct175
To Phthia, her whom he shall most approve.
Chrysothemis shall be his bride, or else
Laodice; or if she please him more,
Iphianassa; and from him I ask
No dower;[5] myself will such a dower bestow180
As never father on his child before.
Seven fair well-peopled cities I will give
Cardamyle and Enope, and rich
In herbage, Hira; Pheræ stately-built,
And for her depth of pasturage renown’d185
Antheia; proud Æpeia’s lofty towers,
And Pedasus impurpled dark with vines.
All these are maritime, and on the shore
They stand of Pylus, by a race possess’d
Most rich in flocks and herds, who tributes large,190
And gifts presenting to his sceptred hand,
Shall hold him high in honor as a God.
These will I give him if from wrath he cease.
Let him be overcome. Pluto alone
Is found implacable and deaf to prayer,195
Whom therefore of all Gods men hate the most.
My power is greater, and my years than his
More numerous, therefore let him yield to me.

Then replied Agamemnon, King of men.
Old Chief! there’s no lie in your accusation;
I have messed up, and I admit the fault.
The warrior is a one-man army, whom Jove140
loves like he loves Achilles, for whose sake
he has subdued Achaia’s thousands.
But if acting on a wayward impulse
I have strayed, look at me now,
ready to make amends with huge145
gifts that are beyond value, which by name
I’ll propose in front of you all.
Seven tripods, never touched by fire;
Ten talents of gold; twenty shining cauldrons;
Twelve strong horses, winners of the race;150
No one with prizes like mine
that they have won for me will lack
glorious possessions or gold.
I will give seven skilled female captives,
all experts in household arts, all from Lesbos,155
whom, when I took Lesbos, I received
as my chosen share, surpassing all women
in beauty of face and form.
These I will give, and with them I’ll return
the one I took, Briseïs, with a solemn oath160
that, unaware of my embraces, I yield her to you.
All these I offer him now; and if in the end
the Gods grant us to defeat
Priam’s great city, let him fill his ships165
with gold and bronze, entering first
when we divide the loot. Let him also
choose twenty maidens from among the Trojans,
excluding Helen, the loveliest of all.
And if we once more reach the milk-rich land170
of Argos, he will become my son-in-law,
and will have the same status
as my only son Orestes, whom I raise
with abundance. At my home
I have three daughters; let him take175
to Phthia whichever one he prefers.
Chrysothemis shall be his bride, or else
Laodice; or if he prefers more,
Iphianassa; and from him I ask
no dowry;[5] I myself will give a dowry180
that no father has ever given his child before.
I will give him seven well-populated cities:
Cardamyle and Enope, rich
in pastures, Hira; stately Pheræ,
and the renowned Antheia for her good grazing,185
proud Æpeia’s towering buildings,
and Pedasus, dark with grapevines.
All these are coastal cities, located by the shore
of Pylus, owned by a people
very rich in flocks and herds, who, offering large tribute,190
and gifts to his scepter, shall honor him as a god.
These I will give him if he stops being angry.
Let him be overcome. Only Pluto
is truly unyielding and deaf to prayer,195
which is why people hate him the most.
My power is greater, and my years are more
numerous, so let him yield to me.

To him Gerenian Nestor thus replied.
Atrides! glorious sovereign! King of men!200
No sordid gifts, or to be view’d with scorn,
Givest thou the Prince Achilles. But away!
Send chosen messengers, who shall the son
Of Peleus, instant, in his tent address.
Myself will choose them, be it theirs to obey.205
Let Phœnix lead, Jove loves him. Be the next
Huge Ajax; and the wise Ulysses third.
Of heralds, Odius and Eurybates
Shall them attend. Bring water for our hands;
Give charge that every tongue abstain from speech210
Portentous, and propitiate Jove by prayer.

Gerenian Nestor replied to him,
"Atreides! glorious leader! King of men!200
You don't offer any cheap gifts or ones that would be looked down upon
to Prince Achilles. But let’s move on!
Send some trusted messengers to immediately approach
the son of Peleus in his tent.
I’ll pick them; they just need to follow my lead.205
Let Phœnix be the first, for Jove has favor for him. Next should be
the mighty Ajax; and third, the clever Ulysses.
The heralds, Odius and Eurybates,
will accompany them. Bring water for our hands;
and make sure to instruct everyone to keep quiet,210
avoiding any ominous talk and to seek Jove's favor through prayer."

He spake, and all were pleased. The heralds pour’d
Pure water on their hands;[6] attendant youths
The beakers crown’d, and wine from right to left
Distributed to all. Libation made,215
All drank, and in such measure as they chose,
Then hasted forth from Agamemnon’s tent.
Gerenian Nestor at their side them oft
Instructed, each admonishing by looks
Significant, and motion of his eyes,220
But most Ulysses, to omit no means
By which Achilles likeliest might be won.
Along the margin of the sounding deep
They pass’d, to Neptune, compasser of earth,
Preferring vows ardent with numerous prayers,225
That they might sway with ease the mighty mind
Of fierce Æacides. And now they reach’d
The station where his Myrmidons abode.
Him solacing they found his heart with notes
Struck from his silver-framed harmonious lyre;230
Among the spoils he found it when he sack’d
Eëtion’s city; with that lyre his cares
He sooth’d, and glorious heroes were his theme.[7]
Patroclus silent sat, and he alone,
Before him, on Æacides intent,235
Expecting still when he should cease to sing.
The messengers advanced (Ulysses first)
Into his presence; at the sight, his harp
Still in his hand, Achilles from his seat
Started astonish’d; nor with less amaze240
Patroclus also, seeing them, arose.
Achilles seized their hands, and thus he spake.[8]

He spoke, and everyone was happy. The heralds poured
Clean water on their hands; [6] attendant youths
Filled the cups and passed wine from right to left
To everyone. After the libation,215
They all drank as much as they liked,
Then hurried out from Agamemnon’s tent.
Gerenian Nestor frequently
Guided them, often signaling with looks
And motions of his eyes,220
But most importantly Ulysses made sure
To use every method
To persuade Achilles as best as possible.
They walked along the shore of the crashing waves
Towards Neptune, the earth-shaker,
Making fervent vows filled with many prayers,225
Hoping to win over the strong will
Of fierce Æacides. And now they arrived
At the place where his Myrmidons stayed.
They found him comforting his heart with sounds
From his beautifully made silver lyre;230
He had found it among the spoils when he destroyed
Eëtion’s city; with that lyre he soothed his worries,
And glorious heroes were his subject.[7]
Patroclus sat quietly by himself,
Focused on Æacides,235
Still waiting for when he would stop singing.
The messengers approached (with Ulysses leading)
Into his presence; at the sight of them, his harp
Still in his hand, Achilles jumped up, surprised;
Patroclus also stood up in amazement,240
Seeing them. Achilles took their hands and spoke. [8]

Hail friends! ye all are welcome. Urgent cause
Hath doubtless brought you, whom I dearest hold
(Though angry still) of all Achaia’s host.245

Hey friends! You’re all welcome. An urgent reason
Surely brought you here, whom I cherish most
(Even if I’m still angry) of all the people in Achaia.245

So saying, he introduced them, and on seats
Placed them with purple arras overspread,
Then thus bespake Patroclus standing nigh.

So saying, he introduced them and seated them on chairs
covered with purple fabric,
Then Patroclus, standing nearby, spoke like this.

Son of Menætius! bring a beaker more
Capacious, and replenish it with wine250
Diluted[9] less; then give to each his cup;
For dearer friends than these who now arrive
My roof beneath, or worthier, have I none.

Son of Menætius! Bring a bigger cup
And fill it with watered-down wine; then hand out a cup to each;
For I have no closer friends than those who now come
Under my roof, or anyone worthier.

He ended, and Patroclus quick obey’d,
Whom much he loved. Achilles, then, himself255
Advancing near the fire an ample[10] tray,
Spread goats’ flesh on it, with the flesh of sheep
And of a fatted brawn; of each a chine.
Automedon attending held them fast,
While with sharp steel Achilles from the bone260
Sliced thin the meat, then pierced it with the spits.
Meantime the godlike Menætiades
Kindled fierce fire, and when the flame declined,
Raked wide the embers, laid the meat to roast,
And taking sacred salt from the hearth-side265
Where it was treasured, shower’d it o’er the feast.
When all was finish’d, and the board set forth,
Patroclus furnish’d it around with bread
In baskets, and Achilles served the guests.
Beside the tent-wall, opposite, he sat270
To the divine Ulysses; first he bade
Patroclus make oblation; he consign’d
The consecrated morsel to the fire,
And each, at once, his savoury mess assail’d.
When neither edge of hunger now they felt275
Nor thirsted longer, Ajax with a nod
Made sign to Phœnix, which Ulysses mark’d,
And charging high his cup, drank to his host.

He finished speaking, and Patroclus quickly obeyed,
Whom he loved deeply. Achilles then stepped255
Closer to the fire with a large tray,
Pouring goat meat onto it, alongside sheep
And a fat pig; including a cut from each.
Automedon held them steady,
While Achilles sliced the meat from the bone260
Thinly, then skewered it with the sticks.
Meanwhile, the godlike Menætiades
Built a fierce fire, and when the flames dimmed,
He raked the embers wide, laid the meat to cook,
And taking sacred salt from the side of the hearth265
Where it was kept, sprinkled it over the feast.
When everything was ready, and the table was set,
Patroclus filled it up with bread
In baskets, and Achilles served the guests.
Beside the tent wall, across from him, he sat270
Next to the divine Ulysses; first he instructed
Patroclus to offer a sacrifice; he placed
The holy morsel in the fire,
And they all quickly dug into their tasty meals.
When they no longer felt hungry275
Or thirsty, Ajax nodded to Phœnix, which Ulysses noticed,
And raising his cup high, he drank to his host.

Health to Achilles! hospitable cheer
And well prepared, we want not at the board280
Of royal Agamemnon, or at thine,
For both are nobly spread; but dainties now,
Or plenteous boards, are little our concern.[11]
Oh godlike Chief! tremendous ills we sit
Contemplating with fear, doubtful if life285
Or death, with the destruction of our fleet,
Attend us, unless thou put on thy might.
For lo! the haughty Trojans, with their friends
Call’d from afar, at the fleet-side encamp,
Fast by the wall, where they have kindled fires290
Numerous, and threaten that no force of ours
Shall check their purposed inroad on the ships.
Jove grants them favorable signs from heaven,
Bright lightnings; Hector glares revenge, with rage
Infuriate, and by Jove assisted, heeds295
Nor God nor man, but prays the morn to rise
That he may hew away our vessel-heads,
Burn all our fleet with fire, and at their sides
Slay the Achaians struggling in the smoke.
Horrible are my fears lest these his threats300
The Gods accomplish, and it be our doom
To perish here, from Argos far remote.
Up, therefore! if thou canst, and now at last
The weary sons of all Achaia save
From Trojan violence. Regret, but vain,305
Shall else be thine hereafter, when no cure
Of such great ill, once suffer’d, can be found.
Thou therefore, seasonably kind, devise
Means to preserve from such disast’rous fate
The Grecians. Ah, my friend! when Peleus thee310
From Phthia sent to Agamemnon’s aid,
On that same day he gave thee thus in charge.
“Juno, my son, and Pallas, if they please,
Can make thee valiant; but thy own big heart
Thyself restrain. Sweet manners win respect.315
Cease from pernicious strife, and young and old
Throughout the host shall honor thee the more.”
Such was thy father’s charge, which thou, it seems,
Remember’st not. Yet even now thy wrath
Renounce; be reconciled; for princely gifts320
Atrides gives thee if thy wrath subside.
Hear, if thou wilt, and I will tell thee all,
How vast the gifts which Agamemnon made
By promise thine, this night within his tent.
Seven tripods never sullied yet with fire;325
Of gold ten talents; twenty cauldrons bright;
Twelve steeds strong-limb’d, victorious in the race;
No man possessing prizes such as those
Which they have won for him, shall feel the want
Of acquisitions splendid, or of gold.330
Seven virtuous female captives he will give,
Expert in arts domestic, Lesbians all,
Whom when thou conquer’dst Lesbos, he received
His chosen portion, passing woman-kind
In perfect loveliness of face and form.335
These will he give, and will with these resign
Her whom he took, Briseïs, with an oath
Most solemn, that unconscious as she was
Of his embraces, such he yields her back.
All these he gives thee now! and if at length340
The Gods vouchsafe to us to overturn
Priam’s great city, thou shalt heap thy ships
With gold and brass, entering and choosing first,
When we shall share the spoil; and shalt beside
Choose twenty from among the maids of Troy,345
Helen except, loveliest of all their sex.
And if once more the rich milk-flowing land
We reach of Argos, thou shalt there become
His son-in-law, and shalt enjoy like state
With him, whom he in all abundance rears,350
His only son Orestes. In his house
He hath three daughters; thou may’st home conduct
To Phthia, her whom thou shalt most approve.
Chrysothemis shall be thy bride; or else
Laodice; or if she please thee more355
Iphianassa; and from thee he asks
No dower; himself will such a dower bestow
As never father on his child before.
Seven fair well-peopled cities will he give;
Cardamyle and Enope; and rich360
In herbage, Hira; Pheræ stately-built,
And for her depth of pasturage renown’d,
Antheia; proud Æpeia’s lofty towers,
And Pedasus impurpled dark with vines.
All these are maritime, and on the shore365
They stand of Pylus, by a race possess’d
Most rich in flocks and herds, who tribute large
And gifts presenting to thy sceptred hand,
Shall hold thee high in honor as a God.
These will he give thee, if thy wrath subside.370

Health to Achilles! A warm welcome
And well-prepared food—we don’t need to bother
At the table of royal Agamemnon or at yours,
Since both are spread beautifully; but right now,
Or lavish feasts are not what we're focused on.
Oh godlike Chief! We sit here,
Fearfully contemplating terrifying troubles,
Unsure if life285
Or death awaits us with the destruction of our fleet,
Unless you unleash your power.
For behold! The proud Trojans, gathered with their allies,
Camped by the ships,
Right by the wall, where they’ve kindled numerous fires290
And threaten that no force of ours
Shall stop their planned attack on the ships.
Jove grants them favorable signs from above,
Bright lightning; Hector glares with a vengeful rage,
Fueled by Jove, he heeds295
Neither God nor man, but prays for dawn to rise
So he can cut down our ships,
Burn our entire fleet, and kill the Achaeans
Struggling in the smoke.
I am terrified that these threats300
Will come true, and it may be our fate
To perish here, far from Argos.
So rise! If you can, save now
The weary sons of all Achaia
From Trojan violence. Regret will be
Of no use to you later,305
When there’s no remedy for such a great loss.
So, please be kind and think
Of ways to save the Greeks from this disastrous fate.
Ah, my friend! When Peleus sent you,
From Phthia to aid Agamemnon,
On that same day he gave you this advice.
“Juno, my son, and Pallas, if they wish,
Can make you brave; but you must control315
Your own big heart. Kind manners win respect.
Stop harmful strife, and both young and old
Throughout the army will honor you even more.”
Such was your father’s advice, which it seems,
You have forgotten. Yet even now, renounce your anger;
Make peace, for princely gifts320
Atrides offers you if you calm down.
Listen, if you want, and I’ll tell you everything,
How vast the gifts Agamemnon promised
To give you tonight in his tent.
Seven tripods never touched by fire;325
Ten talents of gold; twenty bright cauldrons;
Twelve strong horses, victorious in races;
No one with prizes like these
Shall lack for splendid treasures or gold.330
Seven virtuous female captives he’ll give,
Skilled in domestic arts, all from Lesbos,
Whom when you conquered Lesbos, he received
As his chosen share, surpassing all
In beauty of face and form.335
He’ll give you these and also return
Briseïs, whom he took from you, with a solemn oath
That even though she was unaware
Of his embrace, he returns her just the same.
He offers you all this now! And if finally340
The gods allow us to overthrow
Priam’s great city, you’ll fill your ships
With gold and bronze, choosing first,
When we share the spoils; and beside that
Choose twenty from among the Trojan maids,345
Excluding Helen, the loveliest of their kind.
And if we return to the rich, milk-flowing land
Of Argos, you’ll become
His son-in-law and will enjoy the same status
As him, whom he raises in abundance,350
His only son Orestes. In his home
He has three daughters; you may take home
To Phthia whoever you prefer.
Chrysothemis could be your bride; or
Laodice; or if you prefer
Iphianassa; and he’ll ask
No dowry from you; he himself will provide
A dowry like no father has ever given.
He’ll give you seven well-populated cities;360°
Cardamyle and Enope; and rich
Hira, known for her lush pastures;
Pherae with its stately buildings,
And for its rich grazing lands renowned,
Antheia; proud Æpeia’s lofty towers,
And dark, vine-covered Pedasus.
All these cities are by the sea, standing365
On the shore of Pylus, owned by a people
Rich in flocks and herds, who will offer
You large tributes and gifts,
Honoring you like a God.
He’ll give you all this if you calm down.370

But should’st thou rather in thine heart the more
Both Agamemnon and his gifts detest,
Yet oh compassionate the afflicted host
Prepared to adore thee. Thou shalt win renown
Among the Grecians that shall never die.375
Now strike at Hector. He is here;—himself
Provokes thee forth; madness is in his heart,
And in his rage he glories that our ships
Have hither brought no Grecian brave as he.

But if you feel in your heart that you hate both Agamemnon and his gifts even more, still, have compassion for the suffering army that's ready to honor you. You'll gain fame among the Greeks that will never fade. Now go after Hector. He’s right here—he's the one challenging you; he's filled with madness, and in his anger, he takes pride in the fact that our ships haven't brought any Greek warrior as brave as he is.

Then thus Achilles matchless in the race.380
Laertes’ noble son, for wiles renown’d!
I must with plainness speak my fixt resolve
Unalterable; lest I hear from each
The same long murmur’d melancholy tale.
For I abhor the man, not more the gates385
Of hell itself, whose words belie his heart.
So shall not mine. My judgment undisguised
Is this; that neither Agamemnon me
Nor all the Greeks shall move; for ceaseless toil
Wins here no thanks; one recompense awaits390
The sedentary and the most alert,
The brave and base in equal honor stand,
And drones and heroes fall unwept alike.
I after all my labors, who exposed
My life continual in the field, have earn’d395
No very sumptuous prize. As the poor bird
Gives to her unfledged brood a morsel gain’d
After long search, though wanting it herself,
So I have worn out many sleepless nights,
And waded deep through many a bloody day400
In battle for their wives.[12] I have destroy’d
Twelve cities with my fleet, and twelve, save one,
On foot contending in the fields of Troy.
From all these cities, precious spoils I took
Abundant, and to Agamemnon’s hand405
Gave all the treasure. He within his ships
Abode the while, and having all received,
Little distributed, and much retained;
He gave, however, to the Kings and Chiefs
A portion, and they keep it. Me alone410
Of all the Grecian host he hath despoil’d;
My bride, my soul’s delight is in his hands,
And let him, couch’d with her, enjoy his fill
Of dalliance. What sufficient cause, what need
Have the Achaians to contend with Troy?415
Why hath Atrides gather’d such a host,
And led them hither? Was’t not for the sake
Of beauteous Helen? And of all mankind
Can none be found who love their proper wives
But the Atridæ? There is no good man420
Who loves not, guards not, and with care provides
For his own wife, and, though in battle won,
I loved the fair Briseïs at my heart.
But having dispossess’d me of my prize
So foully, let him not essay me now,425
For I am warn’d, and he shall not prevail.
With thee and with thy peers let him advise,
Ulysses! how the fleet may likeliest ’scape
Yon hostile fires; full many an arduous task
He hath accomplished without aid of mine;430
So hath he now this rampart and the trench
Which he hath digg’d around it, and with stakes
Planted contiguous—puny barriers all
To hero-slaughtering Hector’s force opposed.
While I the battle waged, present myself435
Among the Achaians, Hector never fought
Far from his walls, but to the Scæan gate
Advancing and the beech-tree, there remain’d.
Once, on that spot he met me, and my arm
Escaped with difficulty even there.440
But, since I feel myself not now inclined
To fight with noble Hector, yielding first
To Jove due worship, and to all the Gods,
To-morrow will I launch, and give my ships
Their lading. Look thou forth at early dawn,445
And, if such spectacle delight thee aught,
Thou shalt behold me cleaving with my prows
The waves of Hellespont, and all my crews
Of lusty rowers active in their task.
So shall I reach (if Ocean’s mighty God450
Prosper my passage) Phthia the deep-soil’d
On the third day. I have possessions there,
Which hither roaming in an evil hour
I left abundant. I shall also hence
Convey much treasure, gold and burnish’d brass,455
And glittering steel, and women passing fair
My portion of the spoils. But he, your King,
The prize he gave, himself resumed,
And taunted at me. Tell him my reply,
And tell it him aloud, that other Greeks460
May indignation feel like me, if arm’d
Always in impudence, he seek to wrong
Them also. Let him not henceforth presume,
Canine and hard in aspect though he be,
To look me in the face. I will not share465
His counsels, neither will I aid his works.
Let it suffice him, that he wrong’d me once,
Deceived me once, henceforth his glozing arts
Are lost on me. But let him rot in peace
Crazed as he is, and by the stroke of Jove470
Infatuate. I detest his gifts, and him
So honor as the thing which most I scorn.
And would he give me twenty times the worth
Of this his offer, all the treasured heaps
Which he possesses, or shall yet possess,475
All that Orchomenos within her walls,
And all that opulent Egyptian Thebes
Receives, the city with a hundred gates,
Whence twenty thousand chariots rush to war,
And would he give me riches as the sands,480
And as the dust of earth, no gifts from him
Should soothe me, till my soul were first avenged
For all the offensive license of his tongue.
I will not wed the daughter of your Chief,
Of Agamemnon. Could she vie in charms485
With golden Venus, had she all the skill
Of blue-eyed Pallas, even so endow’d
She were no bride for me. No. He may choose
From the Achaians some superior Prince,
One more her equal. Peleus, if the Gods490
Preserve me, and I safe arrive at home,
Himself, ere long, shall mate me with a bride.
In Hellas and in Phthia may be found
Fair damsels many, daughters of the Chiefs
Who guard our cities; I may choose of them,495
And make the loveliest of them all my own.
There, in my country, it hath ever been
My dearest purpose, wedded to a wife
Of rank convenient, to enjoy in peace
Such wealth as ancient Peleus hath acquired.500
For life, in my account, surpasses far
In value all the treasures which report
Ascribed to populous Ilium, ere the Greeks
Arrived, and while the city yet had peace;
Those also which Apollo’s marble shrine505
In rocky Pytho boasts. Fat flocks and beeves
May be by force obtain’d, tripods and steeds
Are bought or won, but if the breath of man
Once overpass its bounds, no force arrests
Or may constrain the unbodied spirit back.510
Me, as my silver-footed mother speaks
Thetis, a twofold consummation waits.
If still with battle I encompass Troy,
I win immortal glory, but all hope
Renounce of my return. If I return515
To my beloved country, I renounce
The illustrious meed of glory, but obtain
Secure and long immunity from death.
And truly I would recommend to all
To voyage homeward, for the fall as yet520
Ye shall not see of Ilium’s lofty towers,
For that the Thunderer with uplifted arm
Protects her, and her courage hath revived.
Bear ye mine answer back, as is the part
Of good ambassadors, that they may frame525
Some likelier plan, by which both fleet and host
May be preserved; for, my resentment still
Burning, this project is but premature.
Let Phœnix stay with us, and sleep this night
Within my tent, that, if he so incline,530
He may to-morrow in my fleet embark,
And hence attend me; but I leave him free.

Then here comes Achilles, unmatched in speed.380
Laertes’ noble son, famous for his cleverness!
I must speak plainly about my firm decision
That won’t change; I don't want to keep hearing
The same long, sad story from everyone.
For I despise the man, more than the gates385
Of hell itself, whose words don’t match his heart.
My feelings won’t be like that. My judgment is clear:
Neither Agamemnon nor all the Greeks will sway me;
Endless hard work brings no rewards here; one reward390
Awaits both the idle and the most diligent,
The brave and the coward get the same honor,
And both drones and heroes die without a tear.
After all my efforts, putting my life on the line
Day in and day out, I haven't earned395
Any grand prize. Just like a poor bird
Brings a morsel to her young, that she herself
Needs after a long search, I have worn out many sleepless nights,
And waded deep through numerous bloody days400
In battle for their wives. I have destroyed
Twelve cities with my ships, and twelve on foot,
Fighting in the fields of Troy.
From all these cities, I took valuable spoils,
And handed all my treasure to Agamemnon.405
He stayed on his ships while receiving it all,
Giving out little and keeping much;
However, he did give portions to the Kings and Chiefs,
And they hold onto it. Only I, among all the Greeks,410
Have been robbed by him;
My bride, my heart’s joy is in his possession,
And let him, enjoying her, have his fill
Of pleasure. What good reason, what need
Do the Achaeans have to fight with Troy?415
Why has Agamemnon gathered such an army,
And led them here? Was it not for the sake
Of beautiful Helen? And isn’t there anyone
Among all mankind who loves their own wives
Other than the Atridæ? There’s no good man420
Who doesn’t love, protect, and take care
Of his own wife, and though I won her in battle,
I cherished lovely Briseïs in my heart.
But having taken my prize
So horribly, he shouldn't try me now,425
For I have been warned, and he won't succeed.
Let him consult with you and his peers,
Ulysses! about how the fleet might escape
From the enemy fires; he has accomplished many hard tasks
Without my help;430
He has built this wall and the trench
Around it, and with stakes planted near—
All feeble defenses against Hector's might.
While I fought in battle, present among the Achaeans,435
Hector never fought far from his walls, but remained
By the Scæan gate and the beech tree.
Once, at that spot, he met me, and I barely escaped
With my life.440
But now, since I’m not willing
To fight noble Hector, deferring first
To Jove and all the Gods,
Tomorrow I will set sail and load my ships.Look out at daybreak,
And if this sight brings you joy,
You’ll see me slicing through the waves
Of the Hellespont, with all my crews
Of strong rowers busy with their tasks.
If the mighty God of Ocean450 Favors my journey, I’ll reach Phthia,
The fertile land in three days. I have belongings there,
Which I left behind in a bad moment,
And I’ll also bring with me
Much treasure, gold and polished brass,455 And shining steel, and incredibly beautiful women,
My share of the spoils. But he, your King,
Took back the prize he awarded and mocked me.
Tell him my response,
And say it loudly, so the other Greeks460 Can feel the same anger I do if he, bold
With confidence, tries to wrong
Them too. Let him no longer think,
No matter how harsh he is,
That he can face me. I won’t share465 In his plans, nor will I assist with his actions.
Let it be enough for him that he wronged me once,
Deceived me once; from now on, his flattering words
Mean nothing to me. But let him suffer in peace,
Mad as he is, driven crazy by Jove’s strike.470 I despise his gifts, and him
So much that he is what I scorn the most.
And even if he offered me twenty times the value
Of this offer, all the treasures
He owns or ever will own,475 All that Orchomenos within her walls,
And all that wealthy Egyptian Thebes,
The city with a hundred gates,
Where twenty thousand chariots rush to war,
Even if he offered me riches as plentiful
As the sands and dust of the earth, no gifts from him
Would calm me until my soul was first avenged
For all the rude insolence of his words.
I will not marry the daughter of your Chief,
Agamemnon. Even if she could rival the beauty485 Of golden Venus, and had all the skills
Of blue-eyed Pallas, even with those gifts
She wouldn’t be a bride for me. No. He can choose
From the Achaeans another worthy prince,
Someone more her match. Peleus, if the Gods490 Protect me, and I get home safely,
He, in time, shall find me a bride.
In Hellas and in Phthia, there are many lovely girls,
Daughters of the Chiefs who guard our cities; I can choose among them,495 And make the most beautiful of them all my own.
There, in my land, it has always been
My greatest wish to marry a woman
Of suitable rank, to enjoy in peace
The wealth that old Peleus has gathered.500 For life, to me, is far more valuable
Than all the treasures that stories
Claim were in populous Ilium, before the Greeks
Arrived, while the city was still at peace;
Also, those that Apollo’s marble shrine505 In rocky Pytho boasts about. Fat sheep and cattle
Can be obtained by force, tripods and horses
Can be bought or won, but once a man’s breath
Exceeds its limits, no force can hold
Or restrain the unbodied spirit back.510 As my silver-footed mother, Thetis, says,
A double fate awaits me.
If I keep fighting at Troy,
I win immortal glory, but lose all hope
Of returning home. If I return515 To my beloved country, I give up
The famous reward of glory, but gain
A safe and long escape from death.
And honestly, I would advise everyone
To sail home, for you shall not yet520 See the fall of Ilium’s high towers,
Because the Thunderer, with his mighty arm,
Protects her, and her courage has been renewed.
Take my response back, as good ambassadors should,
So they can come up with a better plan,525 By which both the fleet and army
May be saved; for my anger still
Burns, and this plan is premature.
Let Phoenix stay with us and sleep this night
In my tent, so if he wishes,530 He may join my fleet tomorrow,
And come along with me; but I leave him free.

He ended; they astonish’d at his tone
(For vehement he spake) sat silent all,
Till Phœnix, aged warrior, at the last535
Gush’d into tears (for dread his heart o’erwhelm’d
Lest the whole fleet should perish) and replied.

He finished speaking; they were stunned by his tone
(For he spoke passionately) and sat in silence,
Until Phoenix, the old warrior, finally535
Burst into tears (for his heart was overwhelmed with fear
That the entire fleet might be destroyed) and responded.

If thou indeed have purposed to return,
Noble Achilles! and such wrath retain’st
That thou art altogether fixt to leave540
The fleet a prey to desolating fires,
How then, my son! shall I at Troy abide
Forlorn of thee? When Peleus, hoary Chief,
Sent thee to Agamemnon, yet a child,[13]
Unpractised in destructive fight, nor less545
Of councils ignorant, the schools in which
Great minds are form’d, he bade me to the war
Attend thee forth, that I might teach thee all,
Both elocution and address in arms.
Me therefore shalt thou not with my consent550
Leave here, my son! no, not would Jove himself
Promise me, reaping smooth this silver beard,
To make me downy-cheek’d as in my youth;
Such as when erst from Hellas beauty-famed
I fled, escaping from my father’s wrath555
Amyntor, son of Ormenus, who loved
A beauteous concubine, and for her sake
Despised his wife and persecuted me.
My mother suppliant at my knees, with prayer
Perpetual importuned me to embrace560
The damsel first, that she might loathe my sire.
I did so; and my father soon possess’d
With hot suspicion of the fact, let loose
A storm of imprecation, in his rage
Invoking all the Furies to forbid565
That ever son of mine should press his knees.
Tartarian Jove[14] and dread Persephone
Fulfill’d his curses; with my pointed spear
I would have pierced his heart, but that my wrath
Some Deity assuaged, suggesting oft570
What shame and obloquy I should incur,
Known as a parricide through all the land.
At length, so treated, I resolved to dwell
No longer in his house. My friends, indeed,
And all my kindred compass’d me around575
With much entreaty, wooing me to stay;
Oxen and sheep they slaughter’d, many a plump
Well-fatted brawn extended in the flames,
And drank the old man’s vessels to the lees.
Nine nights continual at my side they slept,580
While others watch’d by turns, nor were the fires
Extinguish’d ever, one, beneath the porch
Of the barr’d hall, and one that from within
The vestibule illumed my chamber door.
But when the tenth dark night at length arrived,585
Sudden the chamber doors bursting I flew
That moment forth, and unperceived alike
By guards and menial woman, leap’d the wall.
Through spacious Hellas flying thence afar,
I came at length to Phthia the deep-soil’d,590
Mother of flocks, and to the royal house
Of Peleus; Peleus with a willing heart
Receiving, loved me as a father loves
His only son, the son of his old age,
Inheritor of all his large demesnes.595
He made me rich; placed under my control
A populous realm, and on the skirts I dwelt
Of Phthia, ruling the Dolopian race.
Thee from my soul, thou semblance of the Gods,
I loved, and all illustrious as thou art,600
Achilles! such I made thee. For with me,
Me only, would’st thou forth to feast abroad,
Nor would’st thou taste thy food at home, till first
I placed thee on my knees, with my own hand
Thy viands carved and fed thee, and the wine605
Held to thy lips; and many a time, in fits
Of infant frowardness, the purple juice
Rejecting thou hast deluged all my vest,
And fill’d my bosom. Oh, I have endured
Much, and have also much perform’d for thee,610
Thus purposing, that since the Gods vouchsaf’d
No son to me, thyself shouldst be my son,
Godlike Achilles! who shouldst screen perchance
From a foul fate my else unshelter’d age.
Achilles! bid thy mighty spirit down.615
Thou shouldst not be thus merciless; the Gods,
Although more honorable, and in power
And virtue thy superiors, are themselves
Yet placable; and if a mortal man
Offend them by transgression of their laws,620
Libation, incense, sacrifice, and prayer,
In meekness offer’d turn their wrath away.
Prayers are Jove’s daughters,[15] wrinkled,[16] lame, slant-eyed,
Which though far distant, yet with constant pace
Follow Offence. Offence, robust of limb,625
And treading firm the ground, outstrips them all,
And over all the earth before them runs
Hurtful to man. They, following, heal the hurt.
Received respectfully when they approach,
They help us, and our prayers hear in return.630
But if we slight, and with obdurate heart
Resist them, to Saturnian Jove they cry
Against us, supplicating that Offence
May cleave to us for vengeance of the wrong.
Thou, therefore, O Achilles! honor yield635
To Jove’s own daughters, vanquished, as the brave
Have ofttimes been, by honor paid to thee.
For came not Agamemnon as he comes
With gifts in hand, and promises of more
Hereafter; burn’d his anger still the same,640
I would not move thee to renounce thy own,
And to assist us, howsoe’er distress’d.
But now, not only are his present gifts
Most liberal, and his promises of more
Such also, but these Princes he hath sent645
Charged with entreaties, thine especial friends,
And chosen for that cause, from all the host.
Slight not their embassy, nor put to shame
Their intercession. We confess that once
Thy wrath was unreprovable and just.650
Thus we have heard the heroes of old times
Applauded oft, whose anger, though intense,
Yet left them open to the gentle sway
Of reason and conciliatory gifts.
I recollect an ancient history,655
Which, since all here are friends, I will relate.
The brave Ætolians and Curetes met
Beneath the walls of Calydon, and fought
With mutual slaughter; the Ætolian powers
In the defence of Calydon the fair,660
And the Curetes bent to lay it waste:
That strife Diana of the golden throne
Kindled between them, with resentment fired
That Oeneus had not in some fertile spot
The first fruits of his harvest set apart665
To her; with hecatombs he entertained
All the Divinities of heaven beside,
And her alone, daughter of Jove supreme,
Or through forgetfulness, or some neglect,
Served not; omission careless and profane!670
She, progeny of Jove, Goddess shaft-arm’d,
A savage boar bright-tusk’d in anger sent,
Which haunting Oeneus’ fields much havoc made.
Trees numerous on the earth in heaps he cast
Uprooting them, with all their blossoms on.675
But Meleager, Oeneus’ son, at length
Slew him, the hunters gathering and the hounds
Of numerous cities; for a boar so vast
Might not be vanquish’d by the power of few,
And many to their funeral piles he sent.680
Then raised Diana clamorous dispute,
And contest hot between them, all alike,
Curetes and Ætolians fierce in arms
The boar’s head claiming, and his bristly hide.
So long as warlike Meleager fought,685
Ætolia prosper’d, nor with all their powers
Could the Curetes stand before the walls.
But when resentment once had fired the heart
Of Meleager, which hath tumult oft
Excited in the breasts of wisest men,690
(For his own mother had his wrath provoked
Althæa) thenceforth with his wedded wife
He dwelt, fair Cleopatra, close retired.
She was Marpessa’s daughter, whom she bore
To Idas, bravest warrior in his day695
Of all on earth. He fear’d not ’gainst the King
Himself Apollo, for the lovely nymph
Marpessa’s sake, his spouse, to bend his bow.
Her, therefore, Idas and Marpessa named
Thenceforth Alcyone, because the fate700
Of sad Alcyone Marpessa shared,
And wept like her, by Phœbus forced away.
Thus Meleager, tortured with the pangs
Of wrath indulged, with Cleopatra dwelt,
Vex’d that his mother cursed him; for, with grief705
Frantic, his mother importuned the Gods
To avenge her slaughter’d brothers[17] on his head.
Oft would she smite the earth, while on her knees
Seated, she fill’d her bosom with her tears,
And call’d on Pluto and dread Proserpine710
To slay her son; nor vain was that request,
But by implacable Erynnis heard
Roaming the shades of Erebus. Ere long
The tumult and the deafening din of war
Roar’d at the gates, and all the batter’d towers715
Resounded. Then the elders of the town
Dispatch’d the high-priests of the Gods to plead
With Meleager for his instant aid,
With strong assurances of rich reward.
Where Calydon afforded fattest soil720
They bade him choose to his own use a farm
Of fifty measured acres, vineyard half,
And half of land commodious for the plow.
Him Oeneus also, warrior grey with age,
Ascending to his chamber, and his doors725
Smiting importunate, with earnest prayers
Assay’d to soften, kneeling to his son.
Nor less his sisters woo’d him to relent,
Nor less his mother; but in vain; he grew
Still more obdurate. His companions last,730
The most esteem’d and dearest of his friends,
The same suit urged, yet he persisted still
Relentless, nor could even they prevail.
But when the battle shook his chamber-doors
And the Curetes climbing the high towers735
Had fired the spacious city, then with tears
The beauteous Cleopatra, and with prayers
Assail’d him; in his view she set the woes
Numberless of a city storm’d—the men
Slaughter’d, the city burnt to dust, the chaste740
Matrons with all their children dragg’d away.
That dread recital roused him, and at length
Issuing, he put his radiant armor on.
Thus Meleager, gratifying first
His own resentment from a fatal day745
Saved the Ætolians, who the promised gift
Refused him, and his toils found no reward.
But thou, my son, be wiser; follow thou
No demon who would tempt thee to a course
Like his; occasion more propitious far750
Smiles on thee now, than if the fleet were fired.
Come, while by gifts invited, and receive
From all the host, the honors of a God;
For shouldst thou, by no gifts induced, at last
Enter the bloody field, although thou chase755
The Trojans hence, yet less shall be thy praise.

If you really intend to leave,
Noble Achilles! and are so angry
That you’re completely set on abandoning 540
The ships to destructive flames,
How will I, my son! live at Troy
Alone without you? When Peleus, grey-haired Chief,
Sent you to Agamemnon as a child, [13]
Untrained in battle, and no less 545
Ignorant of the councils that
Shape great minds, he instructed me to accompany you
To war, so I could teach you everything,
Both speaking and skills in arms.
So you won't leave here without my blessing, 550
My son! No, not even if Jove himself
Promised me, stroking this silver beard,
That I could be young again,
Just as when I fled from beautiful Hellas
To escape my father’s wrath, 555
Amyntor, son of Ormenus, who loved
A beautiful concubine and for her sake
Disregarded his wife and persecuted me.
My mother, kneeling at my feet, begged
Endlessly for me to take 560
The girl first, so she could despise my father.
I did that; and my father, soon filled
With hot suspicion of the fact, unleashed
A storm of curses, in his rage
Invoking all the Furies to ensure 565
That no son of mine would ever kneel to him.
Tartarian Jove [14] and dreadful Persephone
Fulfilled his curses; with my spear
I wanted to pierce his heart, but my anger
Was calmed by some Deity, suggesting often 570
What shame and disgrace I would face,
Being known as a parricide throughout the land.
Eventually, feeling so mistreated, I decided
To leave his house. My friends, indeed,
And all my family surrounded me 575
With much pleading, urging me to stay;
They sacrificed oxen and sheep, many plump
Fat animals roasted in the flames,
And drank the old man’s cups to the last drop.
For nine nights they slept beside me, 580
While others took turns watching, and the fires
Were never extinguished, one beneath the porch
Of the locked hall, and one that from within
The entrance lit up my chamber door.
But when the tenth dark night finally arrived, 585
Suddenly the chamber doors broke open and I rushed
Out, unnoticed by guards and servants, and jumped the wall.
I fled through wide Hellas, 590
And eventually arrived at deep-soiled Phthia,
Mother of flocks, and to the royal house
Of Peleus; Peleus welcomed me with a willing heart
And loved me as a father loves
His only son, the son of his old age, 595
Heir to all his vast lands.
He made me wealthy; placed under my control
A populous kingdom, and I lived on the outskirts
Of Phthia, ruling the Dolopian people.
I loved you from my heart, you likeness of the Gods,
And all glorious as you are, 600
Achilles! such I made you. For with me,
With only me, you would dine out,
And you wouldn’t eat at home until I first
Set you on my knees, with my own hands
Cutting your food and feeding you, and the wine 605
Held to your lips; and many times, in fits
Of childish stubbornness, you spilled the wine
All over my clothes,
And drenched my chest. Oh, I have endured
Much, and have also done a lot for you, 610
Planning that since the Gods granted
No son to me, you should be my son,
Godlike Achilles! who might shield, perhaps,
My otherwise unprotected old age.
Achilles! lower your mighty spirit. 615
You shouldn’t be so merciless; the Gods,
Though more honorable, and in power
And virtue your superiors, are still
Capable of being swayed; and if a mortal man
Offends them by breaking their laws, 620
Offering libations, incense, sacrifice, and prayers,
In humility, can turn their wrath away.
Prayers are the daughters of Jove, [15] wrinkled, [16] lame, squint-eyed,
Though far away, they steadily
Follow Offense. Offense, strong and robust, 625
Runs ahead of them all,
And throughout the world moves
Harmful to man. They, following, heal the hurt.
Received respectfully when they approach,
They help us, and hear our prayers in return. 630
But if we disregard them and with stubborn hearts
Resist them, they will cry out to Saturnian Jove
Against us, begging that Offense
May stick to us for vengeance of the wrong.
So, therefore, O Achilles! grant respect 635
To Jove’s own daughters, conquered, as the brave
Have often been, by respect paid to you.
For didn’t Agamemnon come here
With gifts in hand, and promises of more
In time to come? If his anger still burns the same, 640
I wouldn’t push you to give up your own
And help us, no matter how distressed.
But now, not only are his current gifts
Very generous, and his promises of more
Likewise, but these Princes he has sent 645
Charged with requests, your special friends,
And selected for that reason from all the army.
Don’t disregard their mission, nor bring shame
To their intercession. We acknowledge that once
Your anger was justified and right. 650
Thus we have heard the heroes of old often
Applauded, whose anger, though intense,
Yet left them open to the gentle sway
Of reason and conciliatory gifts.
I remember an old story, 655
Which, since all here are friends, I will tell.
The brave Ætolians and Curetes met
Beneath the walls of Calydon, and fought
With mutual slaughter; the Ætolian forces
Defending beautiful Calydon, 660
And the Curetes intent on destroying it:
That conflict Diana of the golden throne
Ignited between them, incensed
That Oeneus had not set apart in some fertile spot
The first fruits of his harvest for her; 665
With hecatombs he entertained
All the divinities of the heavens alongside her,
And her alone, daughter of supreme Jove,
Either through forgetfulness or neglect,
Served not; a careless and disrespectful omission! 670
She, daughter of Jove, armed goddess,
Sent a fierce boar, bright-tusked in anger,
Which ravaged Oeneus’ fields greatly.
He uprooted numerous trees and laid them
In heaps upon the earth, with all their blossoms on. 675
But Meleager, Oeneus’ son, ultimately
Killed him, with hunters gathering and hounds
From many cities; for a boar so great
Could not be overcome by a few,
And many he sent to their funeral pyres. 680
Then Diana raised a loud dispute,
And fierce contention among them all,
Curetes and Ætolians, angry in arms,
Claiming the boar’s head and his bristly hide.
As long as battle-worthy Meleager fought, 685
Ætolia prospered, and with all their forces
The Curetes could not stand against the walls.
But when resentment had once ignited the heart
Of Meleager, which often stirs
Up turmoil even in the wisest men, 690
(For it was his own mother who provoked his wrath
Althæa) he thereafter dwelt with his wife,
Beautiful Cleopatra, withdrawn.
She was Marpessa’s daughter, whom she bore
To Idas, the bravest warrior of his time 695
Of all on earth. He didn’t hesitate to stand against
King Apollo himself for the lovely nymph,
Marpessa’s wife, to draw his bow.
Her, therefore, Idas and Marpessa named
Thereafter Alcyone, because her fate 700
Was similar to sad Alcyone,
And she wept for her, taken away by Phœbus.
So, plagued by the pains
Of indulged anger, Meleager lived with Cleopatra,
Tormented by his mother’s curse; for with grief 705
Frantic, his mother implored the Gods
To avenge her slaughtered brothers [17] on him.
Often she would strike the ground, while on her knees
Seated, filling her chest with tears,
And calling on Pluto and dreadful Proserpine 710
To slay her son; nor was that request in vain,
But by relentless Erynnis heard,
Roaming the shadows of Erebus. Soon
The uproar and the deafening din of war
Roared at the gates, and all the battered towers 715
Resounded. Then the elder men of the town
Sent the high priests of the Gods to beg
With Meleager for his immediate aid,
With strong promises of rich rewards.
Where Calydon offered the richest soil, 720
They urged him to choose for himself a farm
Of fifty measured acres, half vineyard,
And half of land suitable for plowing.
Oeneus, too, a warrior grey with age,
Climbed to his chamber, and with much
Knocking on the doors, 725
Earnestly tried to soften him, kneeling to his son.
His sisters begged him to relent,
And so did his mother; but it was all in vain; he grew
Even more stubborn. His friends, the most esteemed 730
And dearest of his companions,
Pressed the same request, yet he remained
Unyielding, and even they could not persuade him.
But when the battle shook his chamber doors
And the Curetes scaling the tall towers 735 had set fire to the large city, then with tears The beautiful Cleopatra, alongside her prayers, Confronted him; she laid out before him the many sorrows Of a city under siege—the men Killed, the city reduced to ash, the pure Women taken away with all their children. That horrifying tale moved him, and finally He stepped forward, donning his shining armor. Thus Meleager, first seeking Revenge from a fateful day Saved the Ætolians, who denied him the promised reward, And his efforts went unrecognized. But you, my son, be smarter; don’t follow Any temptation that would lead you down a path Like his; a much better chance Is available to you now than if the fleet were set on fire. Come, while you’re offered gifts, and receive From all the army the honors of a God; For if, without gifts, you eventually Go into the bloody battlefield, even if you drive The Trojans away, your praise will still be less.

Then thus Achilles, matchless in the race.
Phœnix, my guide, wise, noble and revered!
I covet no such glory! the renown
Ordain’d by Jove for me, is to resist760
All importunity to quit my ships
While I have power to move, or breath to draw.
Hear now, and mark me well. Cease thou from tears.
Confound me not, pleading with sighs and sobs
In Agamemnon’s cause; O love not him,765
Lest I renounce thee, who am now thy friend.
Assist me rather, as thy duty bids,
Him to afflict, who hath afflicted me,
So shalt thou share my glory and my power.
These shall report as they have heard, but here770
Rest thou this night, and with the rising morn
We will decide, to stay or to depart.

Then Achilles, unmatched in speed, said: "Phoenix, my wise, noble, and respected guide! I don’t desire that kind of glory! The fame That Jupiter has destined for me is to resist All pressure to leave my ships As long as I can move or breathe. Listen to me closely now. Stop your tears. Don’t confuse me by begging with sighs and cries On Agamemnon’s behalf; don’t love him, Or I might turn away from you, who I consider a friend. Instead, help me, as is your duty, To hurt the one who has hurt me, So you can share in my glory and power. They will report what they’ve heard, but for now, Rest here tonight, and when the morning comes, We’ll decide whether to stay or leave."

He ceased, and silent, by a nod enjoin’d
Patroclus to prepare an easy couch
For Phœnix, anxious to dismiss the rest775
Incontinent; when Ajax, godlike son
Of Telamon, arising, thus began.

He stopped, and silently signaled with a nod
for Patroclus to set up a comfortable couch
for Phœnix, eager to send everyone else775
away quickly; then Ajax, godlike son
of Telamon, stood up and started to speak.

Laertes’ noble son, for wiles renown’d:
Depart we now; for I perceive that end
Or fruit of all our reasonings shall be none.780
It is expedient also that we bear
Our answer back (unwelcome as it is)
With all dispatch, for the assembled Greeks
Expect us. Brave Achilles shuts a fire
Within his breast; the kindness of his friends,785
And the respect peculiar by ourselves
Shown to him, on his heart work no effect.
Inexorable man! others accept
Even for a brother slain, or for a son
Due compensation;[18] the delinquent dwells790
Secure at home, and the receiver, soothed
And pacified, represses his revenge.
But thou, resentful of the loss of one,
One virgin (such obduracy of heart
The Gods have given thee) can’st not be appeased795
Yet we assign thee seven in her stead,
The most distinguish’d of their sex, and add
Large gifts beside. Ah then, at last relent!
Respect thy roof; we are thy guests; we come
Chosen from the multitude of all the Greeks,800
Beyond them all ambitious of thy love.

Laertes' noble son, known for his cunning:
Let's leave now; I can tell this won't lead
To any conclusion from our discussions.780
It’s also important that we take
Our answer back (as unwelcome as it is)
Quickly, since the assembled Greeks
Are waiting for us. Brave Achilles holds a fire
Inside him; the support of his friends,785
And the respect we’ve shown him,
Have no effect on his heart.
Unyielding man! Others would accept
Compensation for a slain brother or son;<[18] the offender stays790
Safe at home, and the one wronged, calmed
And soothed, holds back his desire for revenge.
But you, angry over the loss of one,
One maiden (such stubbornness of heart
The Gods have given you) cannot be calmed.795
Yet we offer you seven in her place,
The most distinguished of their kind, and add
Generous gifts on top. Oh, then, please relent!
Honor your home; we are your guests; we come
Chosen from all the Greeks,800
More eager than anyone for your favor.

To whom Achilles, swiftest of the swift.
My noble friend, offspring of Telamon!
Thou seem’st sincere, and I believe thee such.
But at the very mention of the name805
Of Atreus’ son, who shamed me in the sight
Of all Achaia’s host, bearing me down
As I had been some vagrant at his door,
My bosom boils. Return ye and report
Your answer. I no thought will entertain810
Of crimson war, till the illustrious son
Of warlike Priam, Hector, blood-embrued,
Shall in their tents the Myrmidons assail
Themselves, and fire my fleet. At my own ship,
And at my own pavilion it may chance815
That even Hector’s violence shall pause.[19]

To whom Achilles, the fastest of the fast.
My noble friend, son of Telamon!
You seem genuine, and I believe you are.
But just hearing the name805
Of Atreus’ son, who humiliated me in front
Of all of Achaia’s army, pushing me down
As if I were just a beggar at his door,
Makes my blood boil. Go back and tell
Your message. I won’t think about810
Waging bloody war until the famous son
Of warlike Priam, Hector, covered in blood,
Attacks the Myrmidons in their tents
And sets my fleet on fire. Right at my ship,
And at my own tent it might happen815
That even Hector's fury will pause.[19]

He ended; they from massy goblets each
Libation pour’d, and to the fleet their course
Resumed direct, Ulysses at their head.
Patroclus then his fellow-warriors bade,820
And the attendant women spread a couch
For Phœnix; they the couch, obedient, spread
With fleeces, with rich arras, and with flax
Of subtlest woof. There hoary Phœnix lay
In expectation of the sacred dawn.825
Meantime Achilles in the interior tent,
With beauteous Diomeda by himself
From Lesbos brought, daughter of Phorbas, lay.
Patroclus opposite reposed, with whom
Slept charming Iphis; her, when he had won830
The lofty towers of Scyros, the divine
Achilles took, and on his friend bestow’d.

He finished speaking; they poured drinks from their heavy goblets and took direct course back to the ships, Ulysses leading the way. Then Patroclus instructed his fellow warriors, and the serving women set up a bed for Phoenix. They laid it out with soft blankets, luxurious tapestries, and the finest flax. There, the wise old Phoenix rested, waiting for the sacred dawn. Meanwhile, Achilles was inside his tent with the beautiful Diomede, whom he brought from Lesbos, the daughter of Phorbas. Patroclus lay opposite him, resting with the lovely Iphis, whom the divine Achilles had taken after capturing the high towers of Scyros and gave her to his friend.

But when those Chiefs at Agamemnon’s tent
Arrived, the Greeks on every side arose
With golden cups welcoming their return.835
All question’d them, but Agamemnon first.

But when those leaders arrived at Agamemnon’s tent,
the Greeks all around stood up,
holding golden cups to welcome them back.835
Everyone asked them questions, but Agamemnon spoke first.

Oh worthy of Achaia’s highest praise,
And her chief ornament, Ulysses, speak!
Will he defend the fleet? or his big heart
Indulging wrathful, doth he still refuse?840

Oh worthy of the highest praise from Achaia,
And her greatest treasure, Ulysses, speak!
Will he defend the fleet? Or in his anger,
Does he still refuse with a heavy heart?840

To whom renown’d Ulysses thus replied.
Atrides, Agamemnon, King of men!
He his resentment quenches not, nor will,
But burns with wrath the more, thee and thy gifts
Rejecting both. He bids thee with the Greeks845
Consult by what expedient thou may’st save
The fleet and people, threatening that himself
Will at the peep of day launch all his barks,
And counselling, beside, the general host
To voyage homeward, for that end as yet850
Of Ilium wall’d to heaven, ye shall not find,
Since Jove the Thunderer with uplifted arm
Protects her, and her courage hath revived.
Thus speaks the Chief, and Ajax is prepared,
With the attendant heralds to report855
As I have said. But Phœnix in the tent
Sleeps of Achilles, who his stay desired,
That on the morrow, if he so incline,
The hoary warrior may attend him hence
Home to his country, but he leaves him free.860

To whom renowned Ulysses replied,
Atrides, Agamemnon, King of men!
He does not calm his anger, nor will he,
But burns with even more rage, rejecting both
You and your gifts. He tells you to consult with the Greeks845
On how you can save
The fleet and the people, threatening that at daybreak
He will launch all his ships,
And advises the entire army
To sail home, because by that time850
The walled city of Ilium will not be found,
Since Jove the Thunderer with his raised arm
Protects it, and its courage has been revived.
Thus speaks the Chief, and Ajax is ready,
With the accompanying heralds to report855
What I have said. But Phœnix in Achilles' tent
Is asleep, having wished to stay,
So that tomorrow, if he wishes,
The aged warrior can accompany him back
Home to his country, but he leaves him free.860

He ended. They astonish’d at his tone
(For vehement he spake) sat silent all.
Long silent sat the afflicted sons of Greece,
When thus the mighty Diomede began.

He finished. They were amazed by his tone
(For he spoke passionately) and sat in silence.
The suffering sons of Greece sat silent for a long time,
When the great Diomede began to speak.

Atrides, Agamemnon, King of men!865
Thy supplications to the valiant son
Of Peleus, and the offer of thy gifts
Innumerous, had been better far withheld.
He is at all times haughty, and thy suit
Hath but increased his haughtiness of heart870
Past bounds: but let him stay or let him go
As he shall choose. He will resume the fight
When his own mind shall prompt him, and the Gods
Shall urge him forth. Now follow my advice.
Ye have refresh’d your hearts with food and wine875
Which are the strength of man; take now repose.
And when the rosy-finger’d morning fair
Shall shine again, set forth without delay
The battle, horse and foot, before the fleet,
And where the foremost fight, fight also thou.880

Agamemnon, King of Men!865
Your pleas to the brave son
Of Peleus, and your countless gifts
Would have been better kept to yourself.
He’s always arrogant, and your request
Has only made his pride grow870
Beyond measure: let him stay or leave
As he chooses. He’ll return to battle
When he feels ready, and the Gods
Push him on. Now, listen to my advice.
You’ve replenished your strength with food and wine875
Which are vital for man; now take some rest.
And when the rosy-fingered morning light
Shines again, set out without delay
For battle, both cavalry and infantry, before the ships,
And wherever the fighting is thickest, join in too.880

He ended; all the Kings applauded warm
His counsel, and the dauntless tone admired
Of Diomede. Then, due libation made,
Each sought his tent, and took the gift of sleep.

He finished; all the kings applauded warmly
His advice, and admired the fearless tone
Of Diomede. Then, after making the proper libation,
Each went to his tent and embraced the gift of sleep.

There is much in this book which is worthy of close attention. The consummate genius, the varied and versatile power, the eloquence, truth, and nature displayed in it, will always be admired. Perhaps there is no portion of the poem more remarkable for these attributes.—Felton.

There’s a lot in this book that deserves serious attention. The incredible talent, the diverse and adaptable skills, the eloquence, truth, and authenticity shown in it will always be appreciated. Maybe there isn’t a part of the poem that stands out more for these qualities.—Felton.

BOOK X.

ARGUMENT OF THE TENTH BOOK.

Diomede and Ulysses enter the Trojan host by night, and slay Rhesus.

Diomedes and Ulysses sneak into the Trojan camp at night and kill Rhesus.

BOOK X.

All night the leaders of the host of Greece
Lay sunk in soft repose, all, save the Chief,[1]
The son of Atreus; him from thought to thought
Roving solicitous, no sleep relieved.
As when the spouse of beauteous Juno, darts5
His frequent fires, designing heavy rain
Immense, or hail-storm, or field-whitening snow,
Or else wide-throated war calamitous,
So frequent were the groans by Atreus’ son
Heaved from his inmost heart, trembling with dread.10
For cast he but his eye toward the plain
Of Ilium, there, astonish’d he beheld
The city fronted with bright fires, and heard
Pipes, and recorders, and the hum of war;
But when again the Grecian fleet he view’d,15
And thought on his own people, then his hair
Uprooted elevating to the Gods,
He from his generous bosom groan’d again.
At length he thus resolved; of all the Greeks
To seek Neleian Nestor first, with whom20
He might, perchance, some plan for the defence
Of the afflicted Danaï devise.
Rising, he wrapp’d his tunic to his breast,
And to his royal feet unsullied bound
His sandals; o’er his shoulders, next, he threw25
Of amplest size a lion’s tawny skin
That swept his footsteps, dappled o’er with blood,
Then took his spear. Meantime, not less appall’d
Was Menelaus, on whose eyelids sleep
Sat not, lest the Achaians for his sake30
O’er many waters borne, and now intent
On glorious deeds, should perish all at Troy.
With a pard’s spotted hide his shoulders broad
He mantled over; to his head he raised
His brazen helmet, and with vigorous hand35
Grasping his spear, forth issued to arouse
His brother, mighty sovereign of the host,
And by the Grecians like a God revered.
He found him at his galley’s stern, his arms
Assuming radiant; welcome he arrived40
To Agamemnon, whom he thus address’d.

All night the leaders of the Greek army
Lay peacefully asleep, except for the Chief, [1]
The son of Atreus; he was restless, moving from thought to thought
With no sleep to comfort him.
Just like when the husband of beautiful Juno shoots5
His frequent sparks, preparing for heavy rain
Or huge hail or snow covering the fields,
Or even wide-ranging destructive war,
So often were the groans from Atreus’ son
Rising from his deepest heart, trembling with fear.10
For when he cast his gaze toward the plain
Of Ilium, he was struck by the sight
Of the city lit with bright fires and heard
Pipes, and drums, and the buzz of battle;
But when he looked again at the Greek fleet,15
And thought of his own people, his hair
Raised upright in reverence to the Gods,
He groaned again from his generous heart.
Finally, he decided to seek out Neleian Nestor first,
Hoping to devise a plan for the defense
Of the suffering Danaans.20 As he got up, he pulled his tunic up to his chest, And strapped on his sandals to his clean royal feet; Then he tossed a large lion's tawny skin over his shoulders That trailed behind him, stained with blood, And took his spear. Meanwhile, Menelaus, equally troubled, Couldn’t sleep at all, Worried that the Achaeans, who had crossed Many waters for his sake, And were now focused on glorious deeds, would perish in Troy. He draped a spotted leopard skin over his broad shoulders; He lifted his bronze helmet above his head, and with strong hands Gripped his spear and went to wake His brother, the powerful leader of the army, Who was honored by the Greeks like a God. He found him at the back of his ship, putting on his shiny armor; Menelaus greeted him, And spoke to Agamemnon.

Why arm’st thou, brother? Wouldst thou urge abroad
Some trusty spy into the Trojan camp?[2]
I fear lest none so hardy shall be found
As to adventure, in the dead still night,45
So far, alone; valiant indeed were he!

Why are you arming yourself, brother? Are you planning to send a reliable spy into the Trojan camp? I worry that no one brave enough will be found to venture out into the silent night all alone; he would truly be heroic!

To whom great Agamemnon thus replied.
Heaven-favor’d Menelaus! We have need,
Thou and myself, of some device well-framed,
Which both the Grecians and the fleet of Greece50
May rescue, for the mind of Jove hath changed,
And Hector’s prayers alone now reach his ear.
I never saw, nor by report have learn’d
From any man, that ever single chief
Such awful wonders in one day perform’d55
As he with ease against the Greeks, although
Nor from a Goddess sprung nor from a God.
Deeds he hath done, which, as I think, the Greeks
Shall deep and long lament, such numerous ills
Achaia’s host hath at his hands sustain’d.60
But haste, begone, and at their several ships
Call Ajax and Idomeneus; I go
To exhort the noble Nestor to arise,
That he may visit, if he so incline,
The chosen band who watch, and his advice65
Give them; for him most prompt they will obey,
Whose son, together with Meriones,
Friend of Idomeneus, controls them all,
Entrusted by ourselves with that command.

To whom great Agamemnon replied,
Heaven-favored Menelaus! You and I need,
A well-thought-out plan,
So we can save both the Grecians and the fleet of Greece50
Because Jove’s mind has changed,
And now only Hector’s prayers reach his ears.
I have never seen, nor have I heard from anyone,
Of any single leader
Perform such amazing feats in one day55
As he does easily against the Greeks, even though
He’s neither born of a Goddess nor a God.
He has done deeds that, I believe, the Greeks
Will deeply and long mourn, so many calamities
Achaia's army has suffered at his hands.60
But hurry, go, and call Ajax and Idomeneus
To their ships; I will go
To urge the noble Nestor to rise,
So that he may visit, if he chooses,
The elite group who are on watch, and
Give them his advice65
For he is the one they will readily obey,
Whose son, along with Meriones,
Idomeneus's friend, leads them all,
Entrusted by us with that command.

Him answer’d Menelaus bold in arms.70
Explain thy purpose. Wouldst thou that I wait
Thy coming, there, or thy commands to both
Given, that I incontinent return?

Menelaus, fearless in battle, replied to him. 70
"Explain what you mean. Should I wait for you to arrive, or do you want me to follow your orders and come back right away?"

To whom the Sovereign of the host replied.
There stay; lest striking into different paths75
(For many passes intersect the camp)
We miss each other; summon them aloud
Where thou shalt come; enjoin them to arise;
Call each by his hereditary name,
Honoring all. Beware of manners proud,80
For we ourselves must labor, at our birth
By Jove ordain’d to suffering and to toil.

To whom the leader of the army replied.
Wait here; otherwise, if we take different routes75
(Because many paths cross the camp)
We might miss each other; shout for them loudly
Where you are headed; tell them to get up;
Call each by their family name,
Respecting everyone. Be careful of arrogance,80
As we ourselves must work, as destined by Jupiter,
To endure hardship and struggle.

So saying, he his brother thence dismiss’d
Instructed duly, and himself, his steps
Turned to the tent of Nestor. Him he found85
Amid his sable galleys in his tent
Reposing soft, his armor at his side,
Shield, spears, bright helmet, and the broider’d belt
Which, when the Senior arm’d led forth his host
To fight, he wore; for he complied not yet90
With the encroachments of enfeebling age.
He raised his head, and on his elbow propp’d,
Questioning Agamemnon, thus began.

As he said this, he sent his brother away,
Properly instructed, and turned his own steps
To Nestor's tent. He found him there85
Resting comfortably among his dark ships,
His armor by his side,
Shield, spears, shiny helmet, and the embroidered belt
That the elder wore when he led his army
Into battle; for he had not yet given in90
To the weakening effects of old age.
He lifted his head and propped himself on his elbow,
Asking Agamemnon, he then began.

But who art thou, who thus alone, the camp
Roamest, amid the darkness of the night,95
While other mortals sleep? Comest thou abroad
Seeking some friend or soldier of the guard?
Speak—come not nearer mute. What is thy wish?

But who are you, wandering alone in the camp
through the darkness of the night,95
while everyone else is asleep? Are you out here
looking for a friend or a guard?
Speak—don't stay silent. What do you want?

To whom the son of Atreus, King of men.
Oh Nestor, glory of the Grecian name,100
Offspring of Neleus! thou in me shalt know
The son of Atreus, Agamemnon, doom’d
By Jove to toil, while life shall yet inform
These limbs, or I shall draw the vital air.
I wander thus, because that on my lids105
Sweet sleep sits not, but war and the concerns
Of the Achaians occupy my soul.
Terrible are the fears which I endure
For these my people; such as supersede
All thought; my bosom can no longer hold110
My throbbing heart, and tremors shake my limbs.
But if thy mind, more capable, project
Aught that may profit us (for thee it seems
Sleep also shuns) arise, and let us both
Visit the watch, lest, haply, overtoil’d115
They yield to sleep, forgetful of their charge.
The foe is posted near, and may intend
(None knows his purpose) an assault by night.

To whom the son of Atreus, King of men.
Oh Nestor, glory of the Greek name,100
Child of Neleus! You will recognize in me
The son of Atreus, Agamemnon, destined
By Jove to struggle, as long as I still draw
Breath or have life in these limbs.
I wander like this because sweet sleep105
Doesn’t rest on my eyelids, but war and the issues
Of the Achaeans fill my mind.
The fears I endure for my people are terrible,
Overwhelming all thought; my chest can no longer hold110
My pounding heart, and tremors shake my limbs.
But if your mind, being more capable, can come up with
Anything that might help us (for it seems
Sleep also avoids you), get up, and let’s both
Check on the watch, lest, worn out,115
They fall asleep, forgetting their duty.
The enemy is close and might plan
(None knows his intent) a night attack.

To him Gerenian Nestor thus replied.
Illustrious Agamemnon, King of men!120
Deep-planning Jove the imaginations proud
Of Hector will not ratify, nor all
His sanguine hopes effectuate; in his turn
He also (fierce Achilles once appeased)
Shall trouble feel, and haply, more than we.125
But with all readiness I will arise
And follow thee, that we may also rouse
Yet others; Diomede the spear-renown’d,
Ulysses, the swift Ajax, and the son
Of Phyleus, valiant Meges. It were well130
Were others also visited and call’d,
The godlike Ajax, and Idomeneus,
Whose ships are at the camp’s extremest bounds.
But though I love thy brother and revere,
And though I grieve e’en thee, yet speak I must,135
And plainly censure him, that thus he sleeps
And leaves to thee the labor, who himself
Should range the host, soliciting the Chiefs
Of every band, as utmost need requires.

Gerenian Nestor replied to him, "Glorious Agamemnon, King of men! Deep-thinking Jove won't support Hector's proud dreams Or make his bloody hopes come true; in time, He too (once fierce Achilles is calmed) Will feel trouble, maybe even more than us. But I'm ready to get up And follow you, so we can rally Others as well; Diomede, known for his spear, Ulysses, swift Ajax, and the brave Son of Phyleus, Meges. It would be good If we also reached out to others, The godlike Ajax and Idomeneus, Whose ships are at the farthest edge of the camp. But even though I love and respect your brother, And even though it pains me to say this, I need to speak up and call him out for sleeping And leaving all the work to you when he Should be going through the army, Coordinating with the leaders of each group, As the situation urgently calls for."

Him answer’d Agamemnon, King of men.140
Old warrior, times there are, when I could wish
Myself thy censure of him, for in act
He is not seldom tardy and remiss.
Yet is not sluggish indolence the cause,
No, nor stupidity, but he observes145
Me much, expecting till I lead the way.
But he was foremost now, far more alert
This night than I, and I have sent him forth
Already, those to call whom thou hast named.
But let us hence, for at the guard I trust150
To find them, since I gave them so in charge.[3]

Agamemnon, the King of men, replied.140
Old warrior, there are times when I wish
I could share your opinion of him because, in reality,
He is often slow and negligent.
But it’s not laziness that causes this,
Nor is it foolishness; he just watches me145
A lot, waiting for me to take the lead.
But tonight he was much quicker and more alert
Than I was, and I’ve already sent him out
To gather those you mentioned.
But let’s go, because I trust that at the guard150
We’ll find them, since I put them in charge.[3]

To whom the brave Gerenian Chief replied.
Him none will censure, or his will dispute,
Whom he shall waken and exhort to rise.

To whom the brave Gerenian Chief replied.
No one will judge him, or argue with his decision,
About whom he will wake and encourage to get up.

So saying, he bound his corselet to his breast,155
His sandals fair to his unsullied feet,
And fastening by its clasps his purple cloak
Around him, double and of shaggy pile,
Seized, next, his sturdy spear headed with brass,
And issued first into the Grecian fleet.160
There, Nestor, brave Gerenian, with a voice
Sonorous roused the godlike counsellor
From sleep, Ulysses; the alarm came o’er
His startled ear, forth from his tent he sprang
Sudden, and of their coming, quick, inquired.165

So saying, he strapped on his armor,155
Put on his nice sandals on his clean feet,
And fastened his purple cloak
Around him, thick and fluffy,
Next, he grabbed his sturdy spear tipped with brass,
And was the first to join the Greek ships.160
There, Nestor, the brave Gerenian, with a strong voice
Awoke the godlike advisor
From sleep, Ulysses; the alarm reached
His startled ears, and he jumped out of his tent
Suddenly, and quickly asked about their arrival.165

Why roam ye thus the camp and fleet alone
In darkness? by what urgent need constrain’d?

Why are you wandering through the camp and fleet alone
in the dark? What pressing need is driving you?

To whom the hoary Pylian thus replied.
Laertes’ noble son, for wiles renown’d!
Resent it not, for dread is our distress.170
Come, therefore, and assist us to convene
Yet others, qualified to judge if war
Be most expedient, or immediate flight.

To whom the elderly Pylian replied.
Laertes’ noble son, known for his cleverness!
Don’t take it personally, for we are in great trouble.170
So, come and help us gather
Others who can decide if war
Is the best option or if we should flee right away.

He ended, and regaining, quick, his tent,
Ulysses slung his shield, then coming forth175
Join’d them. The son of Tydeus first they sought.
Him sleeping arm’d before his tent they found,
Encompass’d by his friends also asleep;
His head each rested on his shield, and each
Had planted on its nether point[4] erect180
His spear beside him; bright their polish’d heads,
As Jove’s own lightning glittered from afar.
Himself, the Hero, slept. A wild bull’s hide
Was spread beneath him, and on arras tinged
With splendid purple lay his head reclined.185
Nestor, beside him standing, with his heel
Shook him, and, urgent, thus the Chief reproved.

He finished speaking, quickly made his way back to his tent,
Ulysses grabbed his shield, then stepped out175
To join them. They first went to find the son of Tydeus.
They found him sleeping with his armor on in front of his tent,
Surrounded by his friends, who were also asleep;
Each rested their head on their shield, and each
Had stuck their spear upright beside them; their polished spearheads180
Shone like Jove’s own lightning in the distance.
The Hero himself was sleeping. A wild bull’s hide
Was spread beneath him, and on a tapestry dyed
In rich purple lay his head. 185
Nestor, standing beside him, nudged him with his heel
And urgently reproached the Chief.

Awake, Tydides! wherefore givest the night
Entire to balmy slumber? Hast not heard
How on the rising ground beside the fleet190
The Trojans sit, small interval between?

Awake, Tydides! Why do you spend the night
Completely in peaceful sleep? Haven't you heard
How the Trojans are sitting on the rising ground beside the fleet190
With hardly any space between?

He ceased; then up sprang Diomede alarm’d
Instant, and in wing’d accents thus replied.

He stopped; then Diomede jumped up alarmed
Right away, and with swift words replied.

Old wakeful Chief! thy toils are never done.
Are there not younger of the sons of Greece,195
Who ranging in all parts the camp, might call
The Kings to council? But no curb controls
Or can abate activity like thine.

Old wakeful Chief! Your work is never finished.
Aren't there younger sons of Greece,195
Who, moving around the camp, could summon
The Kings to a meeting? But no restraint can stop
Or lessen your energy like that of yours.

To whom Gerenian Nestor in return.
My friend! thou hast well spoken. I have sons,200
And they are well deserving; I have here
A numerous people also, one of whom
Might have sufficed to call the Kings of Greece.
But such occasion presses now the host
As hath not oft occurr’d; the overthrow205
Complete, or full deliverance of us all,
In balance hangs, poised on a razor’s edge.
But haste, and if thy pity of my toils
Be such, since thou art younger, call, thyself,
Ajax the swift, and Meges to the guard.210

To whom Gerenian Nestor replied.
My friend! You’ve spoken well. I have sons,200
And they are worthy; I also have
A large group of people here, any of whom
Could have summoned the Kings of Greece.
But we are facing a situation now that
Hasn't happened often; our total defeat205
Or complete salvation hangs in the balance,
Teetering on a razor’s edge.
But hurry, and if you feel pity for my struggles,
Since you are younger, call for yourself,
Ajax the swift, and Meges to the guard.210

Then Diomede a lion’s tawny skin
Around him wrapp’d, dependent to his heels,
And, spear in hand, set forth. The Hero call’d
Those two, and led them whither Nestor bade.

Then Diomede, wrapped in a lion's tawny skin that hung down to his heels, set off with a spear in hand. The Hero called those two and led them where Nestor instructed.

They, at the guard arrived, not sleeping found215
The captains of the guard, but sitting all
In vigilant posture with their arms prepared.
As dogs that, careful, watch the fold by night,
Hearing some wild beast in the woods,[5] which hounds
And hunters with tumultuous clamor drive220
Down from the mountain-top, all sleep forego;
So, sat not on their eyelids gentle sleep
That dreadful night, but constant to the plain
At every sound of Trojan feet they turn’d.
The old Chief joyful at the sight, in terms225
Of kind encouragement them thus address’d.

They, when the guard arrived, found the captains not sleeping but sitting all in a vigilant posture with their weapons ready. Like dogs that carefully watch the pen at night, hearing some wild beast in the woods, which hounds and hunters with loud noise drive down from the mountain, forsaking all sleep; so, that dreadful night, gentle sleep did not rest upon their eyelids, but they stayed alert, turning at every sound of Trojan footsteps. The old Chief, happy to see them, spoke to them in encouraging terms.

So watch, my children! and beware that sleep
Invade none here, lest all become a prey.

So pay attention, my children! and be careful that sleep
doesn't invade anyone here, or else everyone will fall victim.

So saying, he traversed with quick pace the trench
By every Chief whom they had thither call’d230
Attended, with whom Nestor’s noble son
Went, and Meriones, invited both
To join their consultation. From the foss
Emerging, in a vacant space they sat,
Unstrew’d with bodies of the slain, the spot,235
Whence furious Hector, after slaughter made
Of numerous Greeks, night falling, had return’d.
There seated, mutual converse close they held,
And Nestor, brave Gerenian, thus began.

So saying, he quickly walked through the trench
By every chief they had called there,230
With Nestor’s noble son
And Meriones, both invited
To join their discussion. Emerging from the ditch,
They sat in an open space,
Clear of the bodies of the slain,235
Where furious Hector, after killing
Many Greeks, had returned at nightfall.
Seated there, they engaged in close conversation,
And Nestor, the brave leader from Gerenia, began.

Oh friends! hath no Achaian here such trust240
In his own prowess, as to venture forth
Among yon haughty Trojans? He, perchance,
Might on the borders of their host surprise
Some wandering adversary, or might learn
Their consultations, whether they propose245
Here to abide in prospect of the fleet,
Or, satiate with success against the Greeks
So signal, meditate retreat to Troy.
These tidings gain’d, should he at last return
Secure, his recompense will be renown250
Extensive as the heavens, and fair reward.
From every leader of the fleet, his gift
Shall be a sable[6] ewe, and sucking lamb,
Rare acquisition! and at every board
And sumptuous banquet, he shall be a guest.255

Oh friends! Does no Achaean here have such confidence in his own abilities that he would dare to venture out among those proud Trojans? He might catch an unsuspecting enemy off guard or discover their plans, whether they're thinking about staying here near the ships or, satisfied with their success against the Greeks, considering a retreat back to Troy. If he manages to gather this information and returns safely, his reward will be glory as vast as the sky and a handsome reward. Each leader of the fleet will present him with a black ewe and her newborn lamb, a rare prize! He'll be welcomed at every table and lavish feast as a guest.

He ceased, and all sat silent, when at length
The mighty son of Tydeus thus replied.

He stopped, and everyone sat in silence, when finally
The great son of Tydeus replied like this.

Me, Nestor, my courageous heart incites
To penetrate into the neighbor host
Of enemies; but went some other Chief260
With me, far greater would my comfort prove,
And I should dare the more. Two going forth,
One quicker sees than other, and suggests
Prudent advice; but he who single goes,
Mark whatsoe’er he may, the occasion less265
Improves, and his expedients soon exhausts.

Me, Nestor, my brave heart urges
To charge into the enemy camp
But if another leader260
Were with me, I’d feel much better,
And I’d be bolder. When two go out,
One notices things quicker than the other and offers
Wise advice; but when someone goes alone,
No matter what he perceives, the opportunity is less265
Improved, and his options run out fast.

He ended, and no few willing arose
To go with Diomede. Servants of Mars
Each Ajax willing stood; willing as they
Meriones; most willing Nestor’s son;270
Willing the brother of the Chief of all,
Nor willing less Ulysses to explore
The host of Troy, for he possess’d a heart
Delighted ever with some bold exploit.

He finished speaking, and several volunteers stood up
To join Diomede. The followers of Mars
Each Ajax stood ready; as ready as they
Meriones; most eager was Nestor’s son;270
Eager was the brother of the Chief of all,
No less eager was Ulysses to scout
The Trojan army, for he always had a heart
That delighted in some daring adventure.

Then Agamemnon, King of men, began.275
Now Diomede, in whom my soul delights!
Choose whom thou wilt for thy companion; choose
The fittest here; for numerous wish to go.
Leave not through deference to another’s rank,
The more deserving, nor prefer a worse,280
Respecting either pedigree or power.

Then Agamemnon, King of men, began.275
Now Diomede, who brings me joy!
Pick whoever you want as your partner; choose
The best one here; many want to join.
Don't hold back because of someone else's status,
Choose the more deserving, and don't settle for less,280
Just because of their background or influence.

Such speech he interposed, fearing his choice
Of Menelaus; then, renown’d in arms
The son of Tydeus, rising, spake again.

Such speech he interrupted, worried about his choice of Menelaus; then, the famous warrior, the son of Tydeus, stood up and spoke again.

Since, then, ye bid me my own partner choose285
Free from constraint, how can I overlook
Divine Ulysses, whose courageous heart
With such peculiar cheerfulness endures
Whatever toils, and whom Minerva loves?
Let him attend me, and through fire itself290
We shall return; for none is wise as he.[7]

Since you ask me to choose my own partner, free from any pressure, how can I ignore the great Ulysses, whose brave heart faces all challenges with such unique positivity? Let him join me, and together we will face any danger, because no one is as wise as he.

To him Ulysses, hardy Chief, replied.
Tydides! neither praise me much, nor blame,
For these are Grecians in whose ears thou speak’st,
And know me well. But let us hence! the night295
Draws to a close; day comes apace; the stars
Are far advanced; two portions have elapsed
Of darkness, but the third is yet entire.

To him, Ulysses, the brave leader, replied.
Tydides! Don’t praise me too much, nor criticize me,
Because these are Greeks you’re speaking to,
And they know me well. But let’s go! The night295
Is coming to an end; day is approaching; the stars
Are well advanced; two parts of darkness have passed,
But the third is still complete.

So they; then each his dreadful arms put on.
To Diomede, who at the fleet had left300
His own, the dauntless Thrasymedes gave
His shield and sword two-edged, and on his head
Placed, crestless, unadorn’d, his bull-skin casque.
It was a stripling’s helmet, such as youths
Scarce yet confirm’d in lusty manhood, wear.305
Meriones with quiver, bow and sword
Furnish’d Ulysses, and his brows enclosed
In his own casque of hide with many a thong
Well braced within;[8] guarded it was without
With boar’s teeth ivory-white inherent firm310
On all sides, and with woolen head-piece lined.
That helmet erst Autolycus[9] had brought
From Eleon, city of Amyntor son
Of Hormenus, where he the solid walls
Bored through, clandestine, of Amyntor’s house.315
He on Amphidamas the prize bestow’d
In Scandia;[10] from Amphidamas it pass’d
To Molus as a hospitable pledge;
He gave it to Meriones his son,
And now it guarded shrewd Ulysses’ brows.320
Both clad in arms terrific, forth they sped,
Leaving their fellow Chiefs, and as they went
A heron, by command of Pallas, flew
Close on the right beside them; darkling they
Discern’d him not, but heard his clanging plumes.[11]325
Ulysses in the favorable sign
Exulted, and Minerva thus invoked.[12]

So they each put on their terrifying armor.
To Diomede, who had left his own at the ship,300
the fearless Thrasymedes gave
his two-edged sword and shield, and on his head
he placed his unadorned, simple bull-hide helmet.
It was a young man's helmet, like the kind
that boys not yet fully grown wear.305
Meriones equipped Ulysses with a quiver, a bow, and a sword,
and his head was protected
by his own tightly secured hide helmet, which was
guarded outside with firmly embedded white boar’s teeth310
on all sides, lined with a woolen interior.
That helmet had once been brought
by Autolycus from Eleon, the city of Amyntor,
son of Hormenus, where he secretly bored through the solid walls
of Amyntor’s house.315
He had given it as a prize to Amphidamas
in Scandia;[10] from Amphidamas it passed
to Molus as a courteous token;
he then gave it to his son Meriones,
and now it protected sharp-witted Ulysses’ head.320
Both dressed in fearsome armor, they hurried out,
leaving their fellow chiefs behind, and as they went,
a heron, sent by Pallas, flew
close on their right; they couldn’t see it,
but they heard the sound of its flapping wings.[11]325
Ulysses rejoiced at this good omen
and called on Minerva for help.[12]

Oh hear me, daughter of Jove Ægis-arm’d!
My present helper in all straits, whose eye
Marks all my ways, oh with peculiar care330
Now guard me, Pallas! grant that after toil
Successful, glorious, such as long shall fill
With grief the Trojans, we may safe return
And with immortal honors to the fleet.

Oh listen to me, daughter of Jove, shielded in armor!
My current ally in every struggle, whose gaze
Follows my every move, oh with special care330
Now protect me, Pallas! grant that after hard work
Successful and glorious, one that will long bring grief
To the Trojans, we can return safely
And with everlasting honors to the ships.

Valiant Tydides, next, his prayer preferr’d.335
Hear also me, Jove’s offspring by the toils
Of war invincible! me follow now
As my heroic father erst to Thebes
Thou followedst, Tydeus; by the Greeks dispatch’d
Ambassador, he left the mail-clad host340
Beside Asopus, and with terms of peace
Entrusted, enter’d Thebes; but by thine aid
Benevolent, and in thy strength, perform’d
Returning, deeds of terrible renown.
Thus, now, protect me also! In return345
I vow an offering at thy shrine, a young
Broad-fronted heifer, to the yoke as yet
Untamed, whose horns I will incase with gold.

Brave Tydides then offered his prayer.335
Hear me too, Jove's child, through the struggles
Of unstoppable war! Follow me now
Like you once did my heroic father to Thebes.
You followed Tydeus, who was sent by the Greeks
As an ambassador; he left the armored troops340
Beside Asopus and entered Thebes
With terms of peace entrusted to him; but through your
Generous support and your strength, he achieved
Remarkable deeds on his return.
So, now, protect me too! In exchange345
I promise an offering at your shrine, a young
Heifer with a broad forehead, still unbroken
To the yoke, whose horns I will cover with gold.

Such prayer they made, and Pallas heard well pleased.
Their orisons ended to the daughter dread350
Of mighty Jove, lion-like they advanced
Through shades of night, through carnage, arms and blood.

They prayed like this, and Pallas listened with satisfaction.
When their prayers to the fierce daughter350
Of mighty Jove were finished, they moved forward
Through the darkness, through the slaughter, weapons, and blood.

Nor Hector to his gallant host indulged
Sleep, but convened the leaders; leader none
Or senator of all his host he left355
Unsummon’d, and his purpose thus promulged.

Nor did Hector allow his brave warriors to rest. Instead, he gathered the leaders; he didn’t leave any leader or senator of his entire army unsummoned, and he announced his plan this way.

Where is the warrior who for rich reward,
Such as shall well suffice him, will the task
Adventurous, which I propose, perform?
A chariot with two steeds of proudest height,360
Surpassing all in the whole fleet of Greece
Shall be his portion, with immortal praise,
Who shall the well-appointed ships approach
Courageous, there to learn if yet a guard
As heretofore, keep them, or if subdued365
Beneath us, the Achaians flight intend,
And worn with labor have no will to watch.

Where is the warrior who, for a generous reward,
One that will truly satisfy him, will take on the
Daring task I’m proposing?
A chariot pulled by two proud steeds,360°
The best in all of Greece,
Will be his prize, along with everlasting glory,
For whoever bravely approaches the well-equipped ships
To find out if there’s still a guard
Watching over them, as before, or if the Achaians,365 days
Worn out from struggle, plan to flee and have no will to keep watch.

So Hector spake, but answer none return’d.
There was a certain Trojan, Dolon named,[13]
Son of Eumedes herald of the Gods,370
Rich both in gold and brass, but in his form
Unsightly; yet the man was swift of foot,
Sole brother of five sisters; he his speech
To Hector and the Trojans thus address’d.

So Hector spoke, but no one replied.
There was a Trojan named Dolon,
Son of Eumedes, the herald of the Gods,370
Wealthy in gold and brass, but not good-looking;
Still, he was quick on his feet,
The only brother of five sisters; he spoke
To Hector and the Trojans like this.

My spirit, Hector, prompts me, and my mind375
Endued with manly vigor, to approach
Yon gallant ships, that I may tidings hear.
But come. For my assurance, lifting high
Thy sceptre, swear to me, for my reward,
The horses and the brazen chariot bright380
Which bear renown’d Achilles o’er the field.
I will not prove a useless spy, nor fall
Below thy best opinion; pass I will
Their army through, till I shall reach the ship
Of Agamemnon, where the Chiefs, perchance,385
Now sit consulting, or to fight, or fly.[14]

My spirit, Hector, urges me, and my mind375
Filled with strong determination, to approach
Those brave ships, so I can hear the news.
But first, lift your scepter high and promise me,
As my reward, the horses and the shining bronze chariot380
That carries the famous Achilles across the battlefield.
I won’t be a useless spy, nor let you down; I will
Pass through their army until I reach the ship
Of Agamemnon, where the leaders might be,385
Adjourned to discuss whether to fight or retreat.[14]

Then raising high his sceptre, Hector sware
Know, Jove himself, Juno’s high-thundering spouse!
That Trojan none shall in that chariot ride
By those steeds drawn, save Dolon; on my oath390
I make them thine; enjoy them evermore.

Then, raising his scepter high, Hector swore "Know this, Jove himself, Juno’s powerful husband! No Trojan will ride in that chariot pulled By those horses, except for Dolon; I swear on my oath I give them to you; enjoy them forever."

He said, and falsely sware, yet him assured.
Then Dolon, instant, o’er his shoulder slung
His bow elastic, wrapp’d himself around
With a grey wolf-skin, to his head a casque395
Adjusted, coated o’er with ferret’s felt,
And seizing his sharp javelin, from the host
Turn’d right toward the fleet, but was ordain’d
To disappoint his sender, and to bring
No tidings thence. The throng of Trojan steeds400
And warriors left, with brisker pace he moved,
When brave Ulysses his approach perceived,
And thus to Diomede his speech address’d.

He spoke and swore falsely, yet he was sure.
Then Dolon quickly slung his flexible bow
Over his shoulder, wrapped himself in
A gray wolf skin, fitted a helmet395
On his head, covered with ferret felt,
And grabbing his sharp javelin, turned away
From the crowd and headed right for the ships, but it was destined
That he would disappoint his sender and bring
No news from there. Leaving behind the throng of Trojan horses400
And warriors, he moved with a quicker pace,
When brave Ulysses noticed him approaching,
And spoke to Diomede.

Tydides! yonder man is from the host;
Either a spy he comes, or with intent405
To spoil the dead. First, freely let him pass
Few paces, then pursuing him with speed,
Seize on him suddenly; but should he prove
The nimbler of the three, with threatening spear
Enforce him from his camp toward the fleet,410
Lest he elude us, and escape to Troy.

Tydides! That man is from the enemy camp;
He’s either a spy or trying to loot the dead. First, let him walk a little ways,
Then chase him down quickly,
And catch him suddenly; but if he’s faster than us,
Use your spear to drive him back from his camp toward the ships,410
So he doesn’t get away and escape to Troy.

So they; then, turning from the road oblique,
Among the carcases each laid him down.
Dolon, suspecting nought, ran swiftly by.
[15]But when such space was interposed as mules415
Plow in a day (for mules the ox surpass
Through fallows deep drawing the ponderous plow)
Both ran toward him. Dolon at the sound
Stood; for he hoped some Trojan friends at hand
From Hector sent to bid him back again.420
But when within spear’s cast, or less they came,
Knowing them enemies he turn’d to flight
Incontinent, whom they as swift pursued.
As two fleet hounds sharp fang’d, train’d to the chase,
Hang on the rear of flying hind or hare,425
And drive her, never swerving from the track,
Through copses close; she screaming scuds before;
So Diomede and dread Ulysses him
Chased constant, intercepting his return.
And now, fast-fleeting to the ships, he soon430
Had reach’d the guard, but Pallas with new force
Inspired Tydides, lest a meaner Greek
Should boast that he had smitten Dolon first,
And Diomede win only second praise.
He poised his lifted spear, and thus exclaim’d.435

So they quickly turned off the road,
Laying down among the bodies.
Dolon, unsuspecting, ran right past.
[15]But when there was enough distance that mules415
Can plow in a day (for mules outperform
Oxen when pulling heavy plows through deep fields)
Both ran towards him. At the sound,
Dolon stopped, hoping some Trojan allies from Hector were
There to send him back.420
But when they were within throwing distance,
Realizing they were enemies, he took off running,
And they quickly chased after him.
Like two fast hounds with sharp teeth trained for the hunt,
That chase a scared deer or hare,425
And relentlessly track her through thickets,
With her screaming as she darts away;
So Diomede and the fearsome Ulysses
Chased him closely, blocking his escape.
Now, racing back to the ships, he was almost430
At the guard, but Pallas drove Tydides on,
So that no lesser Greek would claim
He had struck Dolon first,
And Diomede would only get second credit.
He raised his spear and shouted.435

Stand! or my spear shall stop thee. Death impends
At every step; thou canst not ’scape me long.

Stand! or my spear will stop you. Death is looming
At every step; you can't escape me for long.

He said, and threw his spear, but by design,
Err’d from the man. The polish’d weapon swift
O’er-glancing his right shoulder, in the soil440
Stood fixt, beyond him. Terrified he stood,
Stammering, and sounding through his lips the clash
Of chattering teeth, with visage deadly wan.
They panting rush’d on him, and both his hands
Seized fast; he wept, and suppliant them bespake.445

He shouted and threw his spear, but intentionally,
It missed the man. The polished weapon quickly
Glanced off his right shoulder, and stuck in the ground440
Behind him. He stood there, terrified,
Stammering and making the sound of clattering teeth,
With a deadly pale face.
They rushed at him, panting, and grabbed both his hands;
He cried and begged them. 445

Take me alive, and I will pay the price
Of my redemption. I have gold at home,
Brass also, and bright steel, and when report
Of my captivity within your fleet
Shall reach my father, treasures he will give450
Not to be told, for ransom of his son.

Take me alive, and I will pay the price
For my freedom. I have gold at home,
Brass too, and shiny steel, and when word
Of my capture with your fleet
Reaches my father, he will offer treasures450
That can't even be counted, to rescue his son.

To whom Ulysses politic replied.
Take courage; entertain no thought of death.[16]
But haste! this tell me, and disclose the truth.
Why thus toward the ships comest thou alone455
From yonder host, by night, while others sleep?
To spoil some carcase? or from Hector sent
A spy of all that passes in the fleet?
Or by thy curiosity impell’d?

To whom Ulysses replied diplomatically.
Take heart; don’t think about death.[16]
But hurry! Tell me this and be honest.
Why are you coming alone to the ships455
From that camp at night, while the others sleep?
Are you here to loot a body? Or were you sent by Hector
As a spy to see what’s happening in the fleet?
Or are you just driven by your curiosity?

Then Dolon, his limbs trembling, thus replied.460
To my great detriment, and far beyond
My own design, Hector trepann’d me forth,
Who promised me the steeds of Peleus’ son
Illustrious, and his brazen chariot bright.
He bade me, under night’s fast-flitting shades465
Approach our enemies, a spy, to learn
If still as heretofore, ye station guards
For safety of your fleet, or if subdued
Completely, ye intend immediate flight,
And worn with labor, have no will to watch.470

Then Dolon, his limbs shaking, replied. 460
To my great misfortune, and far beyond
My own intentions, Hector tricked me into this,
Who promised me the glorious horses of Peleus’ son
And his shining bronze chariot.
He instructed me, under the quickly fading shadows of night, 465
To approach our enemies as a spy to find out
If you still have guards stationed, as before,
To protect your fleet, or if, completely conquered,
You plan to flee immediately,
And are too exhausted to keep watch. 470

To whom Ulysses, smiling, thus replied.
Thou hadst, in truth, an appetite to gifts
Of no mean value, coveting the steeds
Of brave Æacides; but steeds are they
Of fiery sort, difficult to be ruled475
By force of mortal man, Achilles’ self
Except, whom an immortal mother bore.
But tell me yet again; use no disguise;
Where left’st thou, at thy coming forth, your Chief,
The valiant Hector? where hath he disposed480
His armor battle-worn, and where his steeds?
What other quar4ers of your host are watch’d?
Where lodge the guard, and what intend ye next?
Still to abide in prospect of the fleet?
Or well-content that ye have thus reduced485
Achaia’s host, will ye retire to Troy?

To whom Ulysses, smiling, replied,
You really had a strong desire for gifts
Of great value, longing for the horses
Of brave Æacides; but those horses are
Fiery creatures, hard to control475
By any mortal man, not even Achilles,
Whom an immortal mother bore.
But tell me again; don’t hold back;
Where did you leave your leader,
The brave Hector? Where has he placed480
His battle-worn armor, and where are his horses?
What other parts of your camp are guarded?
Where is the watch, and what do you plan next?
Will you still wait near the ships?
Or, feeling satisfied that you have reduced485
Achaia’s army, will you retreat to Troy?

To whom this answer Dolon straight returned
Son of Eumedes. With unfeigning truth
Simply and plainly will I utter all.
Hector, with all the Senatorial Chiefs,490
Beside the tomb of sacred Ilius sits
Consulting, from the noisy camp remote.
But for the guards, Hero! concerning whom
Thou hast inquired, there is no certain watch
And regular appointed o’er the camp;495
The native[17] Trojans (for they can no less)
Sit sleepless all, and each his next exhorts
To vigilance; but all our foreign aids,
Who neither wives nor children hazard here,
Trusting the Trojans for that service, sleep.500

To whom this answer Dolon quickly replied,
Son of Eumedes. With complete honesty
I will speak plainly and directly.
Hector, along with all the leading chiefs,490
Sits beside the tomb of sacred Ilius,
Consulting far from the noisy camp.
But about the guards, Hero! that you asked about,
There isn’t a steady watch
Or a regular setup over the camp;495
The local Trojans (they can’t do any less)
Are all awake, and each encourages
His neighbor to stay alert; but all our foreign allies,
Who risk neither wives nor children here,
Trusting the Trojans for that protection, sleep.500

To whom Ulysses, ever wise, replied.
How sleep the strangers and allies?—apart?
Or with the Trojans mingled?—I would learn.

To whom Ulysses, ever wise, replied.
How do the strangers and allies sleep?—separately?
Or mixed with the Trojans?—I want to know.

So spake Ulysses; to whom Dolon thus,
Son of Eumedes. I will all unfold,505
And all most truly. By the sea are lodged
The Carians, the Pæonians arm’d with bows,
The Leleges, with the Pelasgian band,
And the Caucones. On the skirts encamp
Of Thymbra, the Mæonians crested high,510
The Phrygian horsemen, with the Lycian host,
And the bold troop of Mysia’s haughty sons.
But wherefore these inquiries thus minu4e?
For if ye wish to penetrate the host,
These who possess the borders of the camp515
Farthest removed of all, are Thracian powers
Newly arrived; among them Rhesus sleeps,
Son of Eïoneus, their Chief and King.
His steeds I saw, the fairest by these eyes
Ever beheld, and loftiest; snow itself520
They pass in whiteness, and in speed the winds,
With gold and silver all his chariot burns,
And he arrived in golden armor clad
Stupendous! little suited to the state
Of mortal man—fit for a God to wear!525
Now, either lead me to your gallant fleet,
Or where ye find me leave me straitly bound
Till ye return, and after trial made,
Shall know if I have spoken false or true.

So spoke Ulysses; to whom Dolon replied,
Son of Eumedes. I will lay everything out,505
And I’ll do it honestly. On the coast are camped
The Carians, the Pæonians armed with bows,
The Leleges, with the Pelasgian crew,
And the Caucones. On the edges, camped
By Thymbra, are the high-crested Mæonians,510
The Phrygian horsemen, with the Lycian troops,
And the bold group of Mysia’s proud sons.
But why these detailed questions?
If you want to infiltrate the camp,
Those who are the farthest away from the lines515
Are the Thracian forces, newly arrived; Among them, Rhesus sleeps,
Son of Eïoneus, their Chief and King.
I saw his horses, the finest my eyes
Have ever seen, and the tallest; they are whiter than snow520
And faster than the winds; his chariot shines
With gold and silver, and he arrived clad
In golden armor, stunning! It’s not made
For a mortal man—fit for a god to wear!525
Now, either take me to your brave fleet,
Or leave me tightly bound where you find me
Until you return, and after it's tested,
You’ll know if I have spoken false or true.

But him brave Diomede with aspect stern530
Answer’d. Since, Dolon! thou art caught, although
Thy tidings have been good, hope not to live;
For should we now release thee and dismiss,
Thou wilt revisit yet again the fleet
A spy or open foe; but smitten once535
By this death-dealing arm, thou shall return
To render mischief to the Greeks no more.

But brave Diomede, with a serious look,530
Responded. Since you’ve been caught, Dolon, even though
Your news was good, don’t expect to live;
If we let you go now and send you away,
You’ll come back to the camp again
As either a spy or an open enemy; but if you’re struck once535
By this deadly weapon, you won’t return
To cause trouble for the Greeks again.

He ceased, and Dolon would have stretch’d his hand
Toward his beard, and pleaded hard for life,
But with his falchion, rising to the blow,540
On the mid-neck he smote him, cutting sheer
Both tendons with a stroke so swift, that ere
His tongue had ceased, his head was in the dust.[18]
They took his helmet clothed with ferret’s felt,
Stripp’d off his wolf-skin, seized his bow and spear,545
And brave Ulysses lifting in his hand
The trophy to Minerva, pray’d and said:

He stopped, and Dolon would have reached out his hand
Toward his beard and pleaded hard for his life,
But with his sword, raising it for the strike,540
He hit him in the neck, cutting clean
Both tendons with a blow so quick that by the time
His tongue had stopped, his head was in the dirt.[18]
They took his helmet lined with ferret fur,
Removed his wolf skin, grabbed his bow and spear,545
And brave Ulysses, lifting it in his hand
The trophy to Minerva, prayed and said:

Hail Goddess; these are thine! for thee of all
Who in Olympus dwell, we will invoke
First to our aid. Now also guide our steps,550
Propitious, to the Thracian tents and steeds.

Hail Goddess; these are yours! For you of all
Who live in Olympus, we will call on
First to help us. Now also guide our steps,550
Favorably, to the Thracian tents and horses.

He ceased, and at arm’s-length the lifted spoils
Hung on a tamarisk; but mark’d the spot,
Plucking away with handful grasp the reeds
And spreading boughs, lest they should seek the prize555
Themselves in vain, returning ere the night,
Swift traveller, should have fled before the dawn.
Thence, o’er the bloody champain strew’d with arms
Proceeding, to the Thracian lines they came.
They, wearied, slept profound; beside them lay,560
In triple order regular arranged,
Their radiant armor, and their steeds in pairs.
Amid them Rhesus slept, and at his side
His coursers, to the outer chariot-ring
Fasten’d secure. Ulysses saw him first,565
And, seeing, mark’d him out to Diomede.

He stopped, and at arm’s length the lifted spoils
Hung on a tamarisk; but he noted the spot,
Pulling away handfuls of reeds
And spreading out branches, so they wouldn’t try
To claim the prize themselves in vain, returning before night,
Just as the swift traveler should leave before dawn.
From there, over the bloody plain scattered with arms
They moved on to the Thracian camp.
They, exhausted, fell into a deep sleep; beside them lay,
In orderly rows arranged,
Their shining armor, and their horses paired up.
Among them Rhesus slept, and beside him
His horses, securely fastened to the outer chariot-ring.
Ulysses saw him first,
And, noticing, pointed him out to Diomede.

Behold the man, Tydides! Lo! the steeds
By Dolon specified whom we have slain.
Be quick. Exert thy force. Arm’d as thou art,
Sleep not. Loose thou the steeds, or slaughter thou570
The Thracians, and the steeds shall be my care.

Behold the man, Tydides! Look! The horses
Mentioned by Dolon that we have killed.
Hurry up. Use your strength. Armed as you are,
Don’t sleep. Either set the horses free or slay570
The Thracians, and I’ll take care of the horses.

He ceased; then blue-eyed Pallas with fresh force
Invigor’d Diomede. From side to side
He slew; dread groans arose of dying men
Hewn with the sword, and the earth swam with blood.575
As if he find a flock unguarded, sheep
Or goats, the lion rushes on his prey,
With such unsparing force Tydides smote
The men of Thrace, till he had slaughter’d twelve;
And whom Tydides with his falchion struck580
Laertes’ son dragg’d by his feet abroad,
Forecasting that the steeds might pass with ease,
Nor start, as yet uncustom’d to the dead.
But when the son of Tydeus found the King,
Him also panting forth his last, last, breath,585
He added to the twelve; for at his head
An evil dream that night had stood, the form
Of Diomede, by Pallas’ art devised.
Meantime, the bold Ulysses loosed the steeds,
Which, to each other rein’d, he drove abroad,590
Smiting them with his bow (for of the scourge
He thought not in the chariot-seat secured)
And as he went, hiss’d, warning Diomede.
But he, projecting still some hardier deed,
Stood doubtful, whether by the pole to draw595
The chariot thence, laden with gorgeous arms,
Or whether heaving it on high, to bear
The burthen off, or whether yet to take
More Thracian lives; when him with various thoughts
Perplex’d, Minerva, drawing near, bespake.600

He stopped; then blue-eyed Pallas empowered Diomede again. He moved back and forth, cutting down enemies, and terrifying groans filled the air from dying men hacked by the sword, with blood flooding the ground. Like a lion that discovers an unguarded flock of sheep or goats, he charged at his victims with relentless energy, killing the Thracians until he had taken down twelve. The son of Laertes dragged the men Tydides struck by their feet, so the horses could pass easily, not yet used to the dead. But when Tydeus's son encountered the King, who was also gasping out his last breath, he added to the twelve; for that night an evil dream had taken the shape of Diomede, crafted by Pallas’s magic. Meanwhile, brave Ulysses released the horses, which were still tied to each other, driving them away while hitting them with his bow (he didn’t consider using the whip since he felt secure in the chariot). As he moved, he hissed a warning to Diomede. But Diomede, still thinking of a bolder action, stood uncertain whether to pull the chariot away, loaded with beautiful armor, lift it high to get rid of the burden, or take more Thracian lives. While he was troubled by these conflicting thoughts, Minerva approached and spoke to him.

Son of bold Tydeus! think on thy return
To yonder fleet, lest thou depart constrain’d.
Some other God may rouse the powers of Troy.

Son of bold Tydeus! Think about your return
To that fleet over there, or you might leave against your will.
Another God might stir up the forces of Troy.

She ended, and he knew the voice divine.
At once he mounted. With his bow the steeds605
Ulysses plyed, and to the ships they flew.

She finished speaking, and he recognized the divine voice.
Immediately, he got on. With his bow, Ulysses urged the horses605
and they raced towards the ships.

Nor look’d the bender of the silver bow,
Apollo, forth in vain, but at the sight
Of Pallas following Diomede incensed,
Descended to the field where numerous most610
He saw the Trojans, and the Thracian Chief
And counsellor, Hippocoön aroused,[19]
Kinsman of Rhesus, and renown’d in arms.
He, starting from his sleep, soon as he saw
The spot deserted where so lately lay615
Those fiery coursers, and his warrior friends
Gasping around him, sounded loud the name
Of his loved Rhesus. Instant, at the voice,
Wild stir arose and clamorous uproar
Of fast-assembling Trojans. Deeds they saw—620
Terrible deeds, and marvellous perform’d,
But not their authors—they had sought the ships.

Nor did Apollo, the one with the silver bow, look out in vain, but when he saw Pallas following the angry Diomede, he descended to the field where he saw numerous Trojans and the Thracian leader, Hippocoön, roused from his sleep—cousin of Rhesus, and famous in battle. As soon as he noticed the spot where the fiery horses and his warrior friends had recently been lying, he called out loudly for his beloved Rhesus. Immediately, at the sound of his voice, there was a wild stir and a noisy uproar from the Trojans gathering quickly. They saw terrible and amazing deeds performed, but they did not see who did them—they had already gone to the ships.

Meantime arrived where they had slain the spy
Of Hector, there Ulysses, dear to Jove,
The coursers stay’d, and, leaping to the ground,625
The son of Tydeus in Ulysses’ hands
The arms of Dolon placed foul with his blood,
Then vaulted light into his seat again.
He lash’d the steeds, they, not unwilling, flew
To the deep-bellied barks, as to their home.630
First Nestor heard the sound, and thus he said.

Meantime, they arrived at the spot where they had killed the spy
Of Hector. There, Ulysses, favored by Jove,
The horses stopped, and, jumping down,625
The son of Tydeus handed over to Ulysses
The bloody armor of Dolon,
Then quickly climbed back into his seat.
He drove the horses, and they, eager to go, flew
To the sturdy ships, as if heading home.630
First, Nestor heard the sound and spoke up.

Friends! Counsellors! and leaders of the Greeks!
False shall I speak, or true?—but speak I must.
The echoing sound of hoofs alarms my ear.
Oh, that Ulysses, and brave Diomede635
This moment might arrive drawn into camp
By Trojan steeds! But, ah, the dread I feel!
Lest some disaster have for ever quell’d
In yon rude host those noblest of the Greeks.

Friends! Counselors! And leaders of the Greeks!
Should I speak falsely or truthfully?—but I have to speak.
The echoing sound of hooves catches my ear.
Oh, if only Ulysses and brave Diomede635
Could arrive right now, pulled into camp
By Trojan horses! But, oh, the dread I feel!
What if some disaster has forever silenced
The noblest of the Greeks in that rough crowd?

He hath not ended, when themselves arrived,640
Both quick dismounted; joy at their return
Fill’d every bosom; each with kind salute
Cordial, and right-hand welcome greeted them,
And first Gerenian Nestor thus inquired.

He had not finished speaking when they arrived,640
Both quickly got off their horses; happiness at their return
Filled every heart; each with a warm greeting
And a heartfelt welcome welcomed them,
And first, Gerenian Nestor asked.

Oh Chief by all extoll’d, glory of Greece,645
Ulysses! how have ye these steeds acquired?
In yonder host? or met ye as ye went
Some God who gave them to you? for they show
A lustre dazzling as the beams of day.
Old as I am, I mingle yet in fight650
With Ilium’s sons—lurk never in the fleet—
Yet saw I at no time, or have remark’d
Steeds such as these; which therefore I believe
Perforce, that ye have gained by gift divine;
For cloud-assembler Jove, and azure-eyed655
Minerva, Jove’s own daughter, love you both.

Oh Chief, celebrated by all, glory of Greece,645
Ulysses! How did you get these horses?
Did you find them among that crowd? Or did you meet
Some God who gave them to you? They shine
With a brilliance as bright as the sun.
Even though I'm old, I still join in the fight650
With the sons of Ilium—I never stay in the ships—
Yet I've never seen, nor noticed
Horses like these; so I truly believe
That you must have received them as a divine gift;
For cloud-gathering Jove, and blue-eyed655
Minerva, Jove's own daughter, both favor you.

To whom Ulysses, thus, discreet, replied.
Neleian Nestor, glory of the Greeks!
A God, so willing, could have given us steeds
Superior, for their bounty knows no bounds.660
But, venerable Chief! these which thou seest
Are Thracians new-arrived. Their master lies
Slain by the valiant Diomede, with twelve
The noblest of his warriors at his side,
A thirteenth[20] also, at small distance hence665
We slew, by Hector and the Chiefs of Troy
Sent to inspect the posture of our host.

To whom Ulysses, discreetly, replied.
Neleian Nestor, pride of the Greeks!
A god could have easily gifted us with horses
That are far better, since their generosity knows no limits.660
But, respected Chief! these horses you see
Are newly arrived Thracians. Their master was
Killed by the brave Diomede, along with twelve
Of his finest warriors at his side,
We also took down a thirteenth[20] not far from here665
Whom Hector and the leaders of Troy
Sent to scout our camp.

He said; then, high in exultation, drove
The coursers o’er the trench, and with him pass’d
The glad Achaians; at the spacious tent670
Of Diomede arrived, with even thongs
They tied them at the cribs where stood the steeds
Of Tydeus’ son, with winnow’d wheat supplied.
Ulysses in his bark the gory spoils
Of Dolon placed, designing them a gift675
To Pallas. Then, descending to the sea,
Neck, thighs, and legs from sweat profuse they cleansed,
And, so refresh’d and purified, their last
Ablution in bright tepid baths perform’d.
Each thus completely laved, and with smooth oil680
Anointed, at the well-spread board they sat,
And quaff’d, in honor of Minerva, wine
Delicious, from the brimming beaker drawn.

He said, and then, filled with excitement, drove
The horses over the trench, and with him passed
The happy Achaeans; they arrived at the large tent670
Of Diomedes, where they tied them up with even thongs
At the cribs where Tydeus’ son’s steeds stood,
Supplied with sifted wheat. Ulysses placed the bloody spoils
Of Dolon in his ship, planning to give them675
As a gift to Pallas. Then, going down to the sea,
They cleaned their necks, thighs, and legs from the sweat,
And, feeling refreshed and purified, they had their last
Washing in bright warm baths. After being completely washed, and with smooth oil680
Applied, they sat at the well-set table,
And drank, in honor of Minerva, delicious wine
Poured from the overflowing cup.

The vividness of the scenes presented to us in this Book constitute its chief beauty. The reader sees the most natural night-scene in the world. He is led step by step with the adventurers, and made the companion of all their expectations and uncertainties. We see the very color of the sky; know the time to a minute; are impatient while the heroes are arming; our imagination follows them, knows all their doubts, and even the secret wishes of their hearts sent up to Minerva. We are alarmed at the approach of Dolon, hear his very footsteps, assist the two chiefs in pursuing him, and stop just with the spear that arrests him. We are perfectly acquainted with the situation of all the forces, with the figure in which they lie, with the disposition of Rhesus and the Thracians, with the posture of his chariot and horses. The marshy spot of ground where Dolon is killed, the tamarisk, or aquatic plant upon which they hung his spoils, and the reeds that are heaped together to mark the place, are circumstances the most picturesque imaginable.

The vividness of the scenes in this book is its main beauty. The reader experiences the most realistic night scene possible. They are taken step by step with the adventurers and share in all their hopes and uncertainties. We see the exact color of the sky, know the time down to the minute, and feel restless while the heroes are gearing up. Our imagination follows them, understands all their doubts, and even the secret wishes in their hearts sent up to Minerva. We are on edge as Dolon approaches, hear his footsteps, help the two leaders chase him down, and stop just as the spear catches him. We fully understand the positions of all the forces, how they are arranged, the setup of Rhesus and the Thracians, and the position of his chariot and horses. The muddy ground where Dolon is killed, the tamarisk or water plant where they hang his spoils, and the reeds piled together to mark the spot are all incredibly picturesque details.

BOOK XI.

ARGUMENT OF THE ELEVENTH BOOK.

Agamemnon distinguishes himself. He is wounded, and retires. Diomede is wounded by Paris; Ulysses by Socus. Ajax with Menelaus flies to the relief of Ulysses, and Eurypylus, soon after, to the relief of Ajax. While he is employed in assisting Ajax, he is shot in the thigh by Paris, who also wounds Machaon. Nestor conveys Machaon from the field. Achilles dispatches Patroclus to the tent of Nestor, and Nestor takes that occasion to exhort Patroclus to engage in battle, clothed in the armor of Achilles.

Agamemnon stands out. He gets injured and withdraws. Diomede is hurt by Paris; Ulysses is struck by Socus. Ajax and Menelaus rush to help Ulysses, and soon after, Eurypylus goes to aid Ajax. While he’s helping Ajax, he gets shot in the thigh by Paris, who also injures Machaon. Nestor takes Machaon off the battlefield. Achilles sends Patroclus to Nestor's tent, and Nestor uses this opportunity to encourage Patroclus to join the battle, wearing Achilles' armor.

BOOK XI.

Aurora from Tithonus’ side arose
With light for heaven and earth, when Jove dispatch’d
Discord, the fiery signal in her hand
Of battle bearing, to the Grecian fleet.
High on Ulysses’ huge black ship she stood5
The centre of the fleet, whence all might hear,
The tent of Telamon’s huge son between,
And of Achilles; for confiding they
In their heroic fortitude, their barks
Well-poised had station’d utmost of the line.10
There standing, shrill she sent a cry abroad
Among the Achaians, such as thirst infused
Of battle ceaseless into every breast.
All deem’d, at once, war sweeter, than to seek
Their native country through the waves again.15
Then with loud voice Atrides bade the Greeks
Gird on their armor, and himself his arms
Took radiant. First around his legs he clasp’d
His shining greaves with silver studs secured,
Then bound his corselet to his bosom, gift20
Of Cynyras long since;[1] for rumor loud
Had Cyprus reached of an Achaian host
Assembling, destined to the shores of Troy:
Wherefore, to gratify the King of men,
He made the splendid ornament his own.25
Ten rods of steel cœrulean all around
Embraced it, twelve of gold, twenty of tin;
Six[2] spiry serpents their uplifted heads
Cœrulean darted at the wearer’s throat,
Splendor diffusing as the various bow30
Fix’d by Saturnian Jove in showery clouds,
A sign to mortal men.[3] He slung his sword
Athwart his shoulders; dazzling bright it shone
With gold emboss’d, and silver was the sheath
Suspended graceful in a belt of gold.35
His massy shield o’ershadowing him whole,
High-wrought and beautiful, he next assumed.
Ten circles bright of brass around its field
Extensive, circle within circle, ran;
The central boss was black, but hemm’d about40
With twice ten bosses of resplendent tin.
There, dreadful ornament! the visage dark
Of Gorgon scowl’d, border’d by Flight and Fear.
The loop was silver, and a serpent form
Cœrulean over all its surface twined,45
Three heads erecting on one neck, the heads
Together wreath’d into a stately crown.
His helmet quâtre-crested,[4] and with studs
Fast riveted around he to his brows
Adjusted, whence tremendous waved his crest50
Of mounted hair on high. Two spears he seized
Ponderous, brass-pointed, and that flash’d to heaven.
Sounds[5] like clear thunder, by the spouse of Jove
And by Minerva raised to extol the King
Of opulent Mycenæ, roll’d around.55
At once each bade his charioteer his steeds
Hold fast beside the margin of the trench
In orderly array; the foot all arm’d
Rush’d forward, and the clamor of the host
Rose infinite into the dawning skies.60
First, at the trench, the embattled infantry[6]
Stood ranged; the chariots follow’d close behind;
Dire was the tumult by Saturnian Jove
Excited, and from ether down he shed
Blood-tinctured dews among them, for he meant65
That day to send full many a warrior bold
To Pluto’s dreary realm, slain premature.

Aurora rose from Tithonus' side
Bringing light to heaven and earth, when Jove sent
Discord, holding the fiery signal
Of battle, to the Greek fleet.
She stood high on Ulysses’ huge black ship5
In the center of the fleet, where all could hear,
Near the tents of Telamon’s huge son
And Achilles; for they,
Confident in their heroic strength, had positioned
Their well-balanced ships at the front of the line.10
There, she stood and sent a piercing cry
Across the Achaeans, igniting
An unending thirst for battle in every heart.
Everyone felt that war was sweeter than
Returning home across the waves again.15
Then with a loud voice, Atrides called the Greeks
To put on their armor, and he himself
Put on his shining arms.
First, he strapped his shining greaves, secured with silver studs,
Then fastened his corselet to his chest, a gift20
From Cynyras long ago; for news had reached
Cyprus of a gathering Achaian host
Heading to the shores of Troy:
Thus, to please the King of men,
He made the splendid ornament his own.25
Ten rods of blue steel surrounded it,
Twelve of gold, twenty of tin;
Six spiraling serpents raised their heads
Menacingly at the wearer's throat,
Shining like the various bow30
Set by Saturnian Jove in rain-filled clouds,
A sign for mortals.[3] He slung his sword
Across his shoulders; it shone bright
With gold decorations, and the sheath
Hanging gracefully from a gold belt.35
He next donned his massive shield,
High-quality and beautiful.
Ten bright circles of brass surrounded its large surface,
One circle within another;
The central boss was black, framed by40
Two rows of ten shiny tin bosses.
There, a dreadful decoration! The dark face
Of Gorgon scowled, flanked by Flight and Fear.
The loop was silver, and a serpent form
Twined across its surface,45
With three heads protruding from one neck, the heads
Together wreathed into a regal crown.
His helmet was four-crested,[4] and with studs
Firmly fastened around, he adjusted it to his brows
From which his crest of high-mounted hair50
Tremendously waved. He seized
Two heavy spears, tipped with brass, that flashed towards heaven.
Sounds[5] like clear thunder, raised
By Jove's spouse and Minerva to praise the King
Of wealthy Mycenae, rolled around.55
At once, everyone told their charioteers to keep
Their horses steady beside the edge of the trench
In good formation; the armed infantry
Rushed forward, raising an infinite clamor
That filled the dawning skies.60 First, the battle-ready infantry __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Stood lined up at the trench, with the chariots close behind;
The chaos stirred up by Saturnian Jove
Was fierce, and from above he rained down
Blood-colored dew among them, for he meant65
To send many brave warriors
That day to Pluto’s dark domain, cut down before their time.

Opposite, on the rising-ground, appear’d
The Trojans; them majestic Hector led,
Noble Polydamas, Æneas raised70
To godlike honors in all Trojan hearts,
And Polybus, with whom Antenor’s sons
Agenor, and young Acamas advanced.
Hector the splendid orb of his broad shield
Bore in the van, and as a comet now75
Glares through the clouds portentous, and again,
Obscured by gloomy vapors, disappears,
So Hector, marshalling his host, in front
Now shone, now vanish’d in the distant rear.
All-cased he flamed in brass, and on the sight80
Flash’d as the lightnings of Jove Ægis-arm’d.
As reapers, toiling opposite,[7] lay bare
Some rich man’s furrows, while the sever’d grain,
Barley or wheat, sinks as the sickle moves,
So Greeks and Trojans springing into fight85
Slew mutual; foul retreat alike they scorn’d,
Alike in fierce hostility their heads
Both bore aloft, and rush’d like wolves to war.
Discord, spectatress terrible, that sight
Beheld exulting; she, of all the Gods,90
Alone was present; not a Power beside
There interfered, but each his bright abode
Quiescent occupied wherever built
Among the windings of the Olympian heights;
Yet blamed they all the storm-assembler King95
Saturnian, for his purposed aid to Troy.
The eternal father reck’d not; he, apart,
Seated in solitary pomp, enjoy’d
His glory, and from on high the towers survey’d
Of Ilium and the fleet of Greece, the flash100
Of gleaming arms, the slayer and the slain.

Opposite, on the rising ground, appeared
The Trojans; majestic Hector led them,
Noble Polydamas, and godlike Æneas,70
Held in high regard in all Trojan hearts,
And Polybus, along with Antenor’s sons,
Agenor and young Acamas, moved forward.
Hector, with the shining orb of his wide shield,
Was at the front, and like a comet,75
That blazes through clouds ominously, then
Fades behind dark mists, he shone in front,
Now visible, now disappearing in the distance.
Fully armed, he blazed in bronze, and to the eye80
Flashed like the lightning of Jove, the Aegis-bearer.
As reapers, laboring in the fields, expose
A rich man’s furrows, while the cut grain,
Barley or wheat, sinks as the sickle moves,
So the Greeks and Trojans, springing into battle,85
Slaughtered each other; they scorned retreat,
Both sides raised their heads high, rushing like wolves to war.
Discord, a terrible specter, watched the scene,
Delighted; among the gods,90
She alone was present; no other power
Intervened, but each occupied their bright home
Quietly built among the winding heights of Olympus;
Yet they all chastised the storm-assembler King,95
Saturnian, for his intended support of Troy.
The eternal father paid no mind; he sat apart,
In solitary grandeur, enjoying
His glory, surveying from above
The towers of Ilium and the Greek fleet, the flash100
Of gleaming arms, the slayer and the slain.

While morning lasted, and the light of day
Increased, so long the weapons on both sides
Flew in thick vollies, and the people fell.
But, what time his repast the woodman spreads105
In some umbrageous vale, his sinewy arms
Wearied with hewing many a lofty tree,
And his wants satisfied, he feels at length
The pinch of appetite to pleasant food,[8]
Then was it, that encouraging aloud110
Each other, in their native virtue strong,
The Grecians through the phalanx burst of Troy.
Forth sprang the monarch first; he slew the Chief
Bianor, nor himself alone, but slew
Oïleus also driver of his steeds.115
Oïleus, with a leap alighting, rush’d
On Agamemnon; he his fierce assault
Encountering, with a spear met full his front.
Nor could his helmet’s ponderous brass sustain
That force, but both his helmet and his skull120
It shatter’d, and his martial rage repress’d.
The King of men, stripping their corselets, bared
Their shining breasts, and left them. Isus, next,
And Antiphus he flew to slay, the sons
Of Priam both, and in one chariot borne,125
This spurious, genuine that. The bastard drove,
And Antiphus, a warrior high-renown’d,
Fought from the chariot; them Achilles erst
Feeding their flocks on Ida had surprised
And bound with osiers, but for ransom loosed.130
Of these, imperial Agamemnon, first,
Above the pap pierced Isus; next, he smote
Antiphus with his sword beside the ear,
And from his chariot cast him to the ground.
Conscious of both, their glittering arms he stripp’d,135
For he had seen them when from Ida’s heights
Achilles led them to the Grecian fleet.
As with resistless fangs the lion breaks
The young in pieces of the nimble hind,
Entering her lair, and takes their feeble lives;140
She, though at hand, can yield them no defence,
But through the thick wood, wing’d with terror, starts
Herself away, trembling at such a foe;
So them the Trojans had no power to save,
Themselves all driven before the host of Greece.145
Next, on Pisandrus, and of dauntless heart
Hippolochus he rush’d; they were the sons
Of brave Antimachus, who with rich gifts
By Paris bought, inflexible withheld
From Menelaus still his lovely bride.150
His sons, the monarch, in one chariot borne
Encounter’d; they (for they had lost the reins)
With trepidation and united force
Essay’d to check the steeds; astonishment
Seized both; Atrides with a lion’s rage155
Came on, and from the chariot thus they sued.

While morning light grew brighter, the fighting on both sides continued fiercely, and people fell. But when the woodman finally spreads out his meal in a shady valley after exhausting himself chopping tall trees, feeling satisfied but still hungry for something nice to eat, that’s when the Greeks, encouraging one another, surged forward through the Trojan phalanx. The king led the way, killing Bianor, along with Oïleus, the driver of his chariot. Oïleus jumped down and charged at Agamemnon, who met him head-on with his spear. Oïleus’s heavy helmet couldn’t withstand the force, and it broke, leaving him dazed and subdued. Agamemnon stripped their armor, exposing their gleaming chests and leaving them behind. Next, he rushed to take down Isus and Antiphus, the sons of Priam, who were both in one chariot—one was a bastard, the other legitimate. The bastard drove while high-ranking warrior Antiphus fought from the chariot. Achilles had once captured them while they tended their flocks on Ida and had only let them go for a ransom. Agamemnon first pierced Isus above the breastbone, then struck Antiphus beside the ear with his sword, throwing him from the chariot to the ground. Aware of both, he stripped off their shiny armor, having recognized them from when Achilles had brought them to the Greek fleet. Just as a lion, with unstoppable teeth, breaks apart young fawns in their den, taking their weak lives while their mother, near but unable to defend them, flees in terror through the woods, so too were the Trojans powerless to save themselves, driven back by the Greek forces. Next, he charged at Pisandrus and courageous Hippolochus, sons of brave Antimachus, who had bought his beautiful bride from Paris with rich gifts but had stubbornly withheld her from Menelaus. The monarch confronted his sons, who were in one chariot, both losing their reins and desperately trying to control the horses amidst their fear and effort. Surprised, they faced Agamemnon, who approached them with the rage of a lion, while they begged for mercy from their chariot.

Oh spare us! son of Atreus, and accept
Ransom immense. Antimachus our sire
Is rich in various treasure, gold and brass,
And temper’d steel, and, hearing the report160
That in Achaia’s fleet his sons survive,
He will requite thee with a glorious price.

Oh spare us! son of Atreus, and accept
a huge ransom. Antimachus our father
is rich in all kinds of treasure, gold and bronze,
and tempered steel, and, hearing the news160
that his sons are still alive in Achaia’s fleet,
he will reward you with a magnificent payment.

So they, with tears and gentle terms the King
Accosted, but no gentle answer heard.

So they, with tears and kind words, approached the King
But received no kind response.

Are ye indeed the offspring of the Chief165
Antimachus, who when my brother once
With godlike Laertiades your town
Enter’d ambassador, his death advised
In council, and to let him forth no more?
Now rue ye both the baseness of your sire.170

Are you really the children of Chief Antimachus, who advised my brother, when he came to your town as an ambassador with godlike Laertiades, to be killed in council and never allowed to leave again? Now you both regret the dishonor of your father.

He said, and from his chariot to the plain
Thrust down Pisandrus, piercing with keen lance
His bosom, and supine he smote the field.
Down leap’d Hippolochus, whom on the ground
He slew, cut sheer his hands, and lopp’d his head,175
And roll’d it like a mortar[9] through the ranks.
He left the slain, and where he saw the field
With thickest battle cover’d, thither flew
By all the Grecians follow’d bright in arms.
The scatter’d infantry constrained to fly,180
Fell by the infantry; the charioteers,
While with loud hoofs their steeds the dusty soil
Excited, o’er the charioteers their wheels
Drove brazen-fellied, and the King of men
Incessant slaughtering, called his Argives[10] on.185
As when fierce flames some ancient forest seize,
From side to side in flakes the various wind
Rolls them, and to the roots devour’d, the trunks
Fall prostrate under fury of the fire,
So under Agamemnon fell the heads190
Of flying Trojans. Many a courser proud
The empty chariots through the paths of war
Whirl’d rattling, of their charioteers deprived;
They breathless press’d the plain, now fitter far
To feed the vultures than to cheer their wives.195

He said, and from his chariot to the plain
He threw down Pisandrus, stabbing his chest
With a sharp spear, and he fell back to the ground.
Hippolochus leaped down, and on the ground
He killed him, sliced off his hands, and cut off his head,175
And rolled it like a mortar through the ranks.
He left the dead behind, and where he saw the field
Covered with the thickest fighting, he rushed
With all the Greeks following him, shining in armor.
The scattered infantry forced to flee,180
Fell to the ground; the chariot drivers,
While their horses' loud hooves stirred up the dusty soil,
Driven on by their bronze-wheeled chariots, and the King of men
Kept slaughtering, calling his Argives on.185
As when fierce flames sweep through an old forest,
The various winds roll them side to side,
And to the roots consumed, the trunks
Fall down under the fury of the fire,
So under Agamemnon fell the heads190
Of fleeing Trojans. Many proud horses
Whirled the empty chariots through the battle paths,
Deprived of their drivers;
They breathed heavily on the plain, far more suited now
To feed the vultures than to comfort their wives.195

Conceal’d, meantime, by Jove, Hector escaped
The dust, darts, deaths, and tumult of the field;
And Agamemnon to the swift pursuit
Call’d loud the Grecians. Through the middle plain
Beside the sepulchre of Ilus, son200
Of Dardanus, and where the fig-tree stood,
The Trojans flew, panting to gain the town,
While Agamemnon pressing close the rear,
Shout after shout terrific sent abroad,
And his victorious hands reek’d, red with gore.205
But at the beech-tree and the Scæan gate
Arrived, the Trojans halted, waiting there
The rearmost fugitives; they o’er the field
Came like a herd, which in the dead of night
A lion drives; all fly, but one is doom’d210
To death inevitable; her with jaws
True to their hold he seizes, and her neck
Breaking, embowels her, and laps the blood;
So, Atreus’ royal son, the hindmost still
Slaying, and still pursuing, urged them on.215
Many supine, and many prone, the field
Press’d, by the son of Atreus in their flight
Dismounted; for no weapon raged as his.
But now, at last, when he should soon have reach’d
The lofty walls of Ilium, came the Sire220
Of Gods and men descending from the skies,
And on the heights of Ida fountain-fed,
Sat arm’d with thunders. Calling to his foot
Swift Iris golden-pinion’d, thus he spake.

Concealed, meanwhile, by Jove, Hector got away
From the dust, darts, deaths, and chaos of the battlefield;
And Agamemnon called out loudly to the swift pursuit
To rally the Greeks. Across the open plain
Next to the tomb of Ilus, son200
Of Dardanus, and where the fig tree was,
The Trojans rushed, gasping to reach the city,
While Agamemnon closely pursued them from behind,
Sending shout after shout that echoed around,
And his victorious hands were stained red with blood.205
But when they reached the beech tree and the Scæan gate,
The Trojans stopped, waiting there
For the stragglers; they came across the field
Like a herd being chased in the dead of night
By a lion; all flee, but one is doomed210
To inevitable death; the lion catches her with his jaws,
And breaking her neck, he disembowels her and drinks the blood;
So, the royal son of Atreus, still slaying and still pursuing,
Pushed them onward.215
Many lay flat, and many on their faces, on the ground
Fallen, struck down by the son of Atreus in their flight,
For no weapon was as deadly as his.
But finally, just as he was about to reach
The high walls of Ilium, the Father220
Of Gods and men descended from the sky,
And on the heights of Ida, fed by springs,
Sat armed with thunder. Calling to his swift-footed
Iris with golden wings, he spoke to her this way.

Iris! away. Thus speak in Hector’s ears.225
While yet he shall the son of Atreus see
Fierce warring in the van, and mowing down
The Trojan ranks, so long let him abstain
From battle, leaving to his host the task
Of bloody contest furious with the Greeks.230
But soon as Atreus’ son by spear or shaft
Wounded shall climb his chariot, with such force
I will endue Hector, that he shall slay
Till he have reach’d the ships, and till, the sun
Descending, sacred darkness cover all.235

Iris! Go away. This is what Hector hears.225
As long as he still sees the son of Atreus
Fighting fiercely at the front, cutting down
The Trojan ranks, let him stay out of battle,
Leaving the bloody conflict to his troops,230
Waging war fiercely against the Greeks.
But as soon as Atreus’ son is wounded by a spear or arrow
And climbs into his chariot, I will give Hector such strength
That he will kill until he reaches the ships, and until, as the sun
Sets, sacred darkness covers everything.235

He spake, nor rapid Iris disobey’d
Storm-wing’d ambassadress, but from the heights
Of Ida stoop’d to Ilium. There she found
The son of royal Priam by the throng
Of chariots and of steeds compass’d about240
She, standing at his side, him thus bespake.

He spoke, and quick Iris did not hesitate
Storm-winged messenger, but from the heights
Of Ida descended to Ilium. There she found
The son of royal Priam surrounded
By the crowd of chariots and horses240
She stood by his side and spoke to him.

Oh, son of Priam! as the Gods discreet!
I bring thee counsel from the Sire of all.
While yet thou shalt the son of Atreus see
Fierce warring in the van, and mowing down245
The warrior ranks, so long he bids thee pause
From battle, leaving to thy host the task
Of bloody contest furious with the Greeks.
But soon as Atreus’ son, by spear or shaft
Wounded, shall climb his chariot, Jove will then250
Endue thee with such force, that thou shalt slay
Till thou have reach’d the ships, and till, the sun
Descending, sacred darkness cover all.

Oh, son of Priam! As the gods are wise!
I bring you advice from the Father of all.
While you still see the son of Atreus
Fierce in battle, cutting down245
The ranks of warriors, he urges you to hold
Back from fighting, leaving it to your soldiers
To engage in the bloody clash with the Greeks.
But as soon as Atreus' son, wounded by spear or arrow,
Climbs into his chariot, Jove will then250
Grant you such strength that you will slay
Until you reach the ships, and until the sun
Sets and sacred darkness covers everything.

So saying, swift-pinion’d Iris disappear’d.
Then Hector from his chariot at a leap255
Came down all arm’d, and, shaking his bright spears,
Ranged every quarter, animating loud
The legions, and rekindling horrid war.
Back roll’d the Trojan ranks, and faced the Greeks;
The Greeks their host to closer phalanx drew;260
The battle was restored, van fronting van
They stood, and Agamemnon into fight
Sprang foremost, panting for superior fame.

So saying, quick-winged Iris vanished.
Then Hector leaped down from his chariot,255
Fully armed, and, shaking his shining spears,
Moved through the ranks, rallying loudly
The troops, reigniting fierce battle.
The Trojan lines fell back and faced the Greeks;
The Greeks tightened their formation;260
The battle resumed, with front facing front
They stood, and Agamemnon leaped into the fight
First, eager for greater glory.

Say now, ye Nine, who on Olympus dwell!
What Trojan first, or what ally of Troy265
Opposed the force of Agamemnon’s arm?
Iphidamas, Antenor’s valiant son,
Of loftiest stature, who in fertile Thrace
Mother of flocks was nourish’d, Cisseus him
His grandsire, father of Theano praised270
For loveliest features, in his own abode
Rear’d yet a child, and when at length he reach’d
The measure of his glorious manhood firm
Dismiss’d him not, but, to engage him more,
Gave him his daughter. Wedded, he his bride275
As soon deserted, and with galleys twelve
Following the rumor’d voyage of the Greeks,
The same course steer’d; but at Percope moor’d,
And marching thence, arrived on foot at Troy.
He first opposed Atrides. They approach’d.280
The spear of Agamemnon wander’d wide;
But him Iphidamas on his broad belt
Beneath the corselet struck, and, bearing still
On his spear-beam, enforced it; but ere yet
He pierced the broider’d zone, his point, impress’d285
Against the silver, turn’d, obtuse as lead.
Then royal Agamemnon in his hand
The weapon grasping, with a lion’s rage
Home drew it to himself, and from his gripe
Wresting it, with his falchion keen his neck290
Smote full, and stretch’d him lifeless at his foot.
So slept Iphidamas among the slain;
Unhappy! from his virgin bride remote,
Associate with the men of Troy in arms
He fell, and left her beauties unenjoy’d.295
He gave her much, gave her a hundred beeves,
And sheep and goats a thousand from his flocks
Promised, for numberless his meadows ranged;
But Agamemnon, son of Atreus, him
Slew and despoil’d, and through the Grecian host300
Proceeded, laden with his gorgeous arms.
Coön that sight beheld, illustrious Chief,
Antenor’s eldest born, but with dim eyes
Through anguish for his brother’s fall. Unseen
Of noble Agamemnon, at his side305
He cautious stood, and with a spear his arm,
Where thickest flesh’d, below his elbow, pierced,
Till opposite the glittering point appear’d.
A thrilling horror seized the King of men
So wounded; yet though wounded so, from fight310
He ceased not, but on Coön rush’d, his spear
Grasping, well-thriven growth[11] of many a wind.
He by the foot drew off Iphidamas,
His brother, son of his own sire, aloud
Calling the Trojan leaders to his aid;315
When him so occupied with his keen point
Atrides pierced his bossy shield beneath.
Expiring on Iphidamas he fell
Prostrate, and Agamemnon lopp’d his head.
Thus, under royal Agamemnon’s hand,320
Antenor’s sons their destiny fulfill’d,
And to the house of Ades journey’d both.
Through other ranks of warriors then he pass’d,
Now with his spear, now with his falchion arm’d,
And now with missile force of massy stones,325
While yet his warm blood sallied from the wound.
But when the wound grew dry, and the blood ceased,
Anguish intolerable undermined
Then all the might of Atreus’ royal son.
As when a laboring woman’s arrowy throes330
Seize her intense, by Juno’s daughters dread
The birth-presiding Ilithyæ deep
Infixt, dispensers of those pangs severe;
So, anguish insupportable subdued
Then all the might of Atreus’ royal son.335
Up-springing to his seat, instant he bade
His charioteer drive to the hollow barks,
Heart-sick himself with pain; yet, ere he went,
With voice loud-echoing hail’d the Danaï.

Say now, you Nine Muses, who live on Olympus!
Which Trojan first, or what ally of Troy265
Faced Agamemnon's powerful strike?
Iphidamas, the brave son of Antenor,
Was of towering height, raised in fertile Thrace,
The land of flocks nurtured by Cisseus,
His grandfather, father of Theano,270
Who praised him for his striking looks.
He grew up in his own home,
And when he finally reached
His glorious manhood,
Cisseus didn’t dismiss him; instead,
To draw him into the family more,
He gave him his daughter. Just married, he soon275
Left his bride behind and followed the rumored path of the Greeks,
Setting sail with twelve ships; but he stopped at Percope,
Then marched on foot to Troy.
He was the first to challenge Agamemnon. As they approached,280
Agamemnon’s spear went wide;
But Iphidamas struck him on his broad belt,
Hitting just below the armor; he pressed on,
Trying to pierce the embroidered zone, but before he could,285
His point turned dull against the silver.
Then King Agamemnon grasped the weapon,
Furious as a lion, pulled it to himself,
And wrestling it away, he swiftly²⁹⁰ cut off Iphidamas's neck,
Leaving him lifeless at his feet.
Thus Iphidamas lay among the slain;
Poor man! Far away from his virgin bride,
He fell, joining the Trojans in battle,295
And left her beauty unclaimed.
He had promised her a lot, a hundred cattle,
And a thousand sheep and goats from his flocks
That roamed across his countless meadows;
But Agamemnon, son of Atreus, killed him
And took his beautiful armor,300
Walking through the Greek army.
Coön, the illustrious chief,
Antenor’s eldest son, saw this sight,
His eyes dimmed with grief for his brother.
Unseen by noble Agamemnon, at his side,305
He cautiously stood and pierced Agamemnon’s arm,
Where the flesh was thickest, just below the elbow,
The sharp tip appearing on the other side.
A terrible dread seized the King of men
With this wound; yet even so, he didn’t stop fighting,
But rushed at Coön,310
Grasping his spear, strong as ever.
He dragged Iphidamas, his brother,
Calling out to the Trojan leaders for help;315
But just as Coön was caught up in the moment,
Atrides pierced his shield beneath.
He collapsed over Iphidamas,
And Agamemnon severed his head.
Thus, under King Agamemnon’s hand,320
Antenor's sons met their fate,
And both journeyed to the house of Hades.
Then he moved through other lines of warriors,
Now wielding his spear, now his sword,
And also using heavy stones,325
While blood still poured from his wound.
But when the wound dried up and the blood stopped,
Intolerable pain overwhelmed
The might of Atreus’s royal son.
As when a laboring woman’s sharp pains330
Seize her fiercely, caused by the daughters of Juno,
The goddesses who oversee childbirth;
In the same way, insufferable anguish took
The full strength of Atreus’s royal son.335
Suddenly, he sprang up to his seat and ordered
His charioteer to drive him back to the ships,
Heart-sick from the pain; yet before he left,
He called out to the Greeks loudly.

Friends! counsellors and leaders of the Greeks!340
Now drive, yourselves, the battle from your ships.
For me the Gods permit not to employ
In fight with Ilium’s host the day entire.

Friends! Advisors and leaders of the Greeks!340
Now take charge of the battle from your ships.
The Gods won’t allow me to fight
Against the Trojan army all day.

He ended, and the charioteer his steeds
Lash’d to the ships; they not unwilling flew,345
Bearing from battle the afflicted King
With foaming chests and bellies grey with dust.
Soon Hector, noting his retreat, aloud
Call’d on the Trojans and allies of Troy.

He finished, and the charioteer urged his horses
Toward the ships; they raced forward willingly,345
Carrying the wounded King away from battle
With foamy mouths and bodies covered in dust.
Soon Hector, noticing his retreat, shouted
To the Trojans and the allies of Troy.

Trojans and Lycians, and close-fighting sons350
Of Dardanus! oh summon all your might;
Now, now be men! Their bravest is withdrawn!
Glory and honor from Saturnian Jove
On me attend; now full against the Greeks
Drive all your steeds, and win a deathless name.355

Trojans and Lycians, and brave sons350
Of Dardanus! Come on, give it your all;
Now, now be strong! Their strongest warrior is out!
Glory and honor from Saturnian Jove
Are with me; now charge full force against the Greeks
Drive all your horses, and earn a name that lives on.355

He spake—and all drew courage from his word.
As when his hounds bright-tooth’d some hunter cheers
Against the lion or the forest-boar,
So Priameïan Hector cheer’d his host
Magnanimous against the sons of Greece,360
Terrible as gore-tainted Mars. Among
The foremost warriors, with success elate
He strode, and flung himself into the fight
Black as a storm which sudden from on high
Descending, furrows deep the gloomy flood.365

He spoke—and everyone drew strength from his words.
Just like when his hounds, sharp-toothed, encourage a hunter
To face the lion or the wild boar,
So Priam's Hector inspired his troops
Courageously against the sons of Greece,360°
Fierce as a bloodied Mars. Among
The top warriors, filled with success,
He marched and threw himself into the battle,
Dark as a storm suddenly descending
From high above, cutting deep into the gloomy sea.365

Then whom slew Priameïan Hector first,
Whom last, by Jove, that day, with glory crown’d?
Assæus, Dolops, Orus, Agelaüs,
Autonoüs, Hipponoüs, Æsymnus,
Opheltius and Opites first he slew,370
All leaders of the Greeks, and, after these,
The people. As when whirlwinds of the West
A storm encounter from the gloomy South,
The waves roll multitudinous, and the foam
Upswept by wandering gusts fills all the air,375
So Hector swept the Grecians. Then defeat
Past remedy and havoc had ensued,
Then had the routed Grecians, flying, sought
Their ships again, but that Ulysses[12] thus
Summon’d the brave Tydides to his aid.380

Then who killed Priam's Hector first,
And who last, with glory, on that day?
Assæus, Dolops, Orus, Agelaüs,
Autonoüs, Hipponoüs, Æsymnus,
Opheltius and Opites first he killed,370
All leaders of the Greeks, and after them,
The rest of the troops. Just like when whirlwinds from the West
Meet a storm coming from the dark South,
The waves surge high, and the foam
Swept up by gusts fills the entire sky,375
Hector overwhelmed the Greeks. Then defeat
Beyond repair and devastation followed,
The fleeing Greeks would have sought
Their ships again, but Ulysses[12] then
Called upon the brave Tydides for help.380

Whence comes it, Diomede, that we forget
Our wonted courage? Hither, O my friend!
And, fighting at my side, ward off the shame
That must be ours, should Hector seize the fleet.

Where does it come from, Diomede, that we lose our usual courage? Come here, my friend! And, fighting next to me, defend us from the shame that we will face if Hector takes our ships.

To whom the valiant Diomede replied.385
I will be firm; trust me thou shalt not find
Me shrinking; yet small fruit of our attempts
Shall follow, for the Thunderer, not to us,
But to the Trojan, gives the glorious day.

To whom the brave Diomede responded.385
I will stand strong; trust me, you won't find
Me backing down; still, our efforts will bear
Little fruit, because the Thunderer, not to us,
But to the Trojans, grants the glorious day.

The Hero spake, and from his chariot cast390
Thymbræus to the ground pierced through the pap,
While by Ulysses’ hand his charioteer
Godlike Molion, fell. The warfare thus
Of both for ever closed, them there they left,
And plunging deep into the warrior-throng395
Troubled the multitude. As when two boars
Turn desperate on the close-pursuing hounds,
So they, returning on the host of Troy,
Slew on all sides, and overtoil’d with flight
From Hector’s arm, the Greeks meantime respired.400
Two warriors, next, their chariot and themselves
They took, plebeians brave, sons of the seer
Percosian Merops in prophetic skill
Surpassing all; he both his sons forbad
The mortal field, but disobedient they405
Still sought it, for their destiny prevail’d.
Spear-practised Diomede of life deprived
Both these, and stripp’d them of their glorious arms,
While by Ulysses’ hand Hippodamus
Died and Hypeirochus. And now the son410
Of Saturn, looking down from Ida, poised
The doubtful war, and mutual deaths they dealt.
Tydides plunged his spear into the groin
Of the illustrious son of Pæon, bold
Agastrophus. No steeds at his command415
Had he, infatuate! but his charioteer
His steeds detain’d remote, while through the van
Himself on foot rush’d madly till he fell.
But Hector through the ranks darting his eye
Perceived, and with ear-piercing cries advanced420
Against them, follow’d by the host of Troy.
The son of Tydeus, shuddering, his approach
Discern’d, and instant to Ulysses spake.[13]

The Hero spoke, and from his chariot threw390
Thymbræus to the ground, piercing him through the chest,
While by Ulysses’ hand his charioteer
Godlike Molion fell. Their battle thus
Was ended forever, and there they left them,
Diving deep into the crowd of warriors395
Disturbing the masses. Just as when two boars
Turn fiercely on the hounds that pursue them,
So they, turning back on the Trojans,
Slew all around them, and from Hector’s blows
The Greeks took a moment to catch their breath.400
Next, two brave commoners, sons of the seer
Percosian Merops, who surpassed all
In prophetic skill; he forbade both his sons
From the battlefield, but they disobeyed him405
And sought it out, as fate would have it.
Diomede, skilled with the spear, deprived of life
Both of them, stripping them of their glorious armor,
While Ulysses’ hand brought down Hippodamus
And Hypeirochus. And now the son410
Of Saturn, looking down from Ida, weighed
The uncertain battle and dealt out deaths.
Tydides plunged his spear into the groin
Of the renowned son of Pæon, brave
Agastrophus. He had no steeds under his command415
In his madness! but his charioteer
Kept his horses away, while he rushed forward
On foot through the front lines until he fell.
But Hector, scanning the ranks, caught a glimpse
And with piercing cries charged against them,420
Followed by the Trojan host.
The son of Tydeus felt a chill at his approach
And immediately spoke to Ulysses.[13]

Now comes the storm! This way the mischief rolls!
Stand and repulse the Trojan. Now be firm.425

Now the storm is here! This is how the trouble begins!
Stand your ground against the Trojan. Now be strong.425

He said, and hurling his long-shadow’d beam
Smote Hector. At his helmet’s crown he aim’d,
Nor err’d, but brass encountering brass, the point
Glanced wide, for he had cased his youthful brows
In triple brass, Apollo’s glorious gift.430
Yet with rapidity at such a shock
Hector recoil’d into the multitude
Afar, where sinking to his knees, he lean’d
On his broad palm, and darkness veil’d his eyes.
But while Tydides follow’d through the van435
His stormy spear, which in the distant soil
Implanted stood, Hector his scatter’d sense
Recovering, to his chariot sprang again,
And, diving deep into his host, escaped.
The noble son of Tydeus, spear in hand,440
Rush’d after him, and as he went, exclaim’d.

He shouted, and swinging his long shadowed beam
Struck Hector. He aimed for the top of his helmet,
And he didn’t miss, but as brass met brass, the point
Glanced off, because Hector had protected his youthful head
With triple brass, a glorious gift from Apollo.430
But after such a blow, Hector quickly withdrew
Into the crowd, where he knelt down, leaning
On his strong palm, and darkness clouded his eyes.
But while Tydides pressed through the front435
With his stormy spear, which stuck in the ground,
Hector, recovering from his daze, jumped back to his chariot,
And dove deep into his troops, escaping.
The noble son of Tydeus, spear in hand,440
Chased after him, and as he ran, shouted.

Dog! thou hast now escaped; but, sure the stroke
Approach’d thee nigh, well-aim’d. Once more thy prayers
Which ever to Apollo thou prefer’st
Entering the clash of battle, have prevail’d,445
And he hath rescued thee. But well beware
Our next encounter, for if also me
Some God befriend, thou diest. Now will I seek
Another mark, and smite whom next I may.

Dog! You’ve escaped this time; but that hit almost got you. Once again, the prayers you always send to Apollo before battle have worked, and he has saved you. But be careful in our next fight, because if a God helps me too, you’re done for. Now I’ll look for another target and strike whoever I can next.

He spake, and of his armor stripp’d the son450
Spear-famed of Pæon. Meantime Paris, mate
Of beauteous Helen, drew his bow against
Tydides; by a pillar of the tomb
Of Ilus, ancient senator revered,
Conceal’d he stood, and while the Hero loosed455
His corselet from the breast of Pæon’s son
Renown’d, and of his helmet and his targe
Despoil’d him; Paris, arching quick his bow,
No devious shaft dismiss’d, but his right foot
Pierced through the sole, and fix’d it to the ground.460
Transported from his ambush forth he leap’d
With a loud laugh, and, vaunting, thus exclaim’d:

He spoke, and stripped the armor off the son450
famous for his spear, Pæon. Meanwhile, Paris, the partner
of beautiful Helen, aimed his bow at
Tydides; he stood hidden by a pillar of the tomb
of Ilus, an ancient, respected senator.
While the Hero removed455
the breastplate from Pæon's renowned son
and took away his helmet and shield,
Paris quickly drew back his bow,
not wasting a shot, but piercing his right foot
through the sole and pinning it to the ground.460
Jumping out of his hiding place with a loud laugh,
he boasted, exclaiming:

Oh shaft well shot! it galls thee. Would to heaven
That it had pierced thy heart, and thou hadst died!
So had the Trojans respite from their toils465
Enjoy’d, who, now, shudder at sight of thee
Like she-goats when the lion is at hand.

Oh wow, that was a great shot! It really hurts you. I wish to heaven
That it had gone straight through your heart and you had died!
Then the Trojans would have had a break from their struggles465
And would no longer shudder at the sight of you
Like female goats when they see a lion nearby.

To whom, undaunted, Diomede replied.
Archer shrew-tongued! spie-maiden! man of curls![14]
Shouldst thou in arms attempt me face to face,470
Thy bow and arrows should avail thee nought.
Vain boaster! thou hast scratch’d my foot—no more—
And I regard it as I might the stroke
Of a weak woman or a simple child.
The weapons of a dastard and a slave475
Are ever such. More terrible are mine,
And whom they pierce, though slightly pierced, he dies.
His wife her cheeks rends inconsolable,
His babes are fatherless, his blood the glebe
Incarnadines, and where he bleeds and rots480
More birds of prey than women haunt the place.

To whom, undaunted, Diomede replied.
Archer with a sharp tongue! spy maiden! curly-haired man![14]
If you think you can challenge me in battle face to face,470
Your bow and arrows will be useless against me.
You’re a vain braggart! You’ve only scratched my foot—nothing more—
And I consider that like the blow
From a weak woman or a simple child.
The weapons of a coward and a slave475
Are always like that. My weapons are far more deadly,
And whoever they strike, even if just slightly, will die.
His wife will tear her cheeks in anguish,
His children will be fatherless, his blood will stain the earth
With red, and where he bleeds and rots480
More birds of prey than women will gather around.

He ended, and Ulysses, drawing nigh,
Shelter’d Tydides; he behind the Chief
Of Ithaca sat drawing forth the shaft,
But pierced with agonizing pangs the while.485
Then, climbing to his chariot-seat, he bade
Sthenelus hasten to the hollow ships,
Heart-sick with pain. And now alone was seen
Spear-famed Ulysses; not an Argive more
Remain’d, so universal was the rout,490
And groaning, to his own great heart he said.

He finished speaking, and Ulysses, moving closer,
Took cover behind Tydides; he sat behind the Chief
Of Ithaca, preparing to shoot an arrow,
But was still wracked with painful feelings.485
Then, climbing up to his chariot seat, he told
Sthenelus to hurry to the empty ships,
Heartbroken with pain. And now Ulysses, known for his spear,
Was seen alone; not another Argive remained,490
And groaning, he spoke to his own heavy heart.

Alas! what now awaits me? If, appall’d
By multitudes, I fly, much detriment;
And if alone they intercept me here,
Still more; for Jove hath scatter’d all the host,495
Yet why these doubts! for know I not of old
That only dastards fly, and that the voice
Of honor bids the famed in battle stand,
Bleed they themselves, or cause their foes to bleed?

Alas! What awaits me now? If I run away, scared by the masses, that's a huge loss; And if I’m caught alone here, that’s even worse, because Jove has scattered all the troops. Yet why these doubts! Don’t I know by now that only cowards run away, and that the call of honor tells those famous in battle to stand their ground, whether they bleed themselves or make their enemies bleed?

While busied in such thought he stood, the ranks500
Of Trojans fronted with broad shields, enclosed
The hero with a ring, hemming around
Their own destruction. As when dogs, and swains
In prime of manhood, from all quarters rush
Around a boar, he from his thicket bolts,505
The bright tusk whetting in his crooked jaws:
They press him on all sides, and from beneath
Loud gnashings hear, yet firm, his threats defy;
Like them the Trojans on all sides assail’d
Ulysses dear to Jove. First with his spear510
He sprang impetuous on a valiant chief,
Whose shoulder with a downright point he pierced,
Deïopites; Thoön next he slew,
And Ennomus, and from his coursers’ backs
Alighting quick, Chersidamas; beneath515
His bossy shield the gliding weapon pass’d
Right through his navel; on the plain he fell
Expiring, and with both hands clench’d the dust.
Them slain he left, and Charops wounded next,
Brother of Socus, generous Chief, and son520
Of Hippasus; brave Socus to the aid
Of Charops flew, and, godlike, thus began.

While lost in thought, he stood there as the ranks500
Of Trojans with their broad shields surrounded
The hero, trapping him in a ring,
Leading to their own downfall. Just like when dogs and farmers
In their prime rush from all directions
To corner a wild boar, who suddenly bolts from his thicket,505
Sharpening his bright tusks in his crooked jaws:
They press him from every angle, and below
They hear loud gnashing, yet he stands firm against their threats;
Similarly, the Trojans attacked
Ulysses, favored by Jove. First, with his spear,510
He charged fiercely at a brave warrior,
Piercing the shoulder of Deïopites with the tip of his spear;
Next, he killed Thoön and Ennomus, and quickly
Jumping off his horses, he took down Chersidamas. Beneath515
His hefty shield, the swift weapon passed
Right through his belly; he collapsed on the plain,
Dying, and grasped the dust with both hands.
After leaving the slain behind, he wounded Charops next,
Brother of Socus, a noble chief and son520
Of Hippasus; brave Socus rushed in to help
Charops and, like a god, began to speak.

Illustrious chief, Ulysses! strong to toil
And rich in artifice! Or boast to-day
Two sons of Hippasus, brave warriors both,525
Of armor and of life bereft by thee,
Or to my vengeful spear resign thy own!

Illustrious leader, Ulysses! Strong and hardworking
And skilled in strategy! Or boast today
Two sons of Hippasus, courageous fighters both,525
Stripped of armor and life by you,
Or surrender your own to my vengeful spear!

So saying, Ulysses’ oval disk he smote.
Through his bright disk the stormy weapon flew,
Transpierced his twisted mail, and from his side530
Drove all the skin, but to his nobler parts
Found entrance none, by Pallas turn’d aslant.[15]
Ulysses, conscious of his life untouch’d,
Retired a step from Socus, and replied.

So saying, Ulysses struck his oval shield.
The stormy weapon flew through his bright shield,
Pierced his twisted armor, and from his side530
Drove away all the skin, but his more vital parts
Were safe, thanks to Pallas's angled protection.[15]
Ulysses, aware that his life was untouched,
Stepped back from Socus and responded.

Ah hapless youth; thy fate is on the wing;535
Me thou hast forced indeed to cease a while
From battle with the Trojans, but I speak
Thy death at hand; for vanquish’d by my spear,
This self-same day thou shalt to me resign
Thy fame, thy soul to Pluto steed-renown’d.540

Ah, poor young man; your fate is coming fast; 535
You have truly forced me to pause for a bit
From my fight with the Trojans, but I tell you
Your death is near; for defeated by my spear,
This very day you will give up to me
Your glory, your soul to the underworld’s famous horse. 540

He ceased; then Socus turn’d his back to fly,
But, as he turn’d, his shoulder-blades between
He pierced him, and the spear urged through his breast.
On his resounding arms he fell, and thus
Godlike Ulysses gloried in his fall.545

He stopped; then Socus turned to run,
But as he turned, he was pierced between
The shoulder blades, and the spear drove through his chest.
He fell onto his resounding arms, and thus
Godlike Ulysses reveled in his downfall.545

Ah, Socus, son of Hippasus, a chief
Of fame equestrian! swifter far than thou
Death follow’d thee, and thou hast not escaped.
Ill-fated youth! thy parents’ hands thine eyes
Shall never close, but birds of ravenous maw550
Shall tear thee, flapping thee with frequent wing,
While me the noble Grecians shall entomb!

Ah, Socus, son of Hippasus, a renowned chief
On horseback! You were swifter than any
But death followed you, and you couldn’t escape.
Unlucky youth! Your parents will never close
Your eyes, but hungry birds550
Will tear you apart, flapping around you,
While the noble Greeks will bury me!

So saying, the valiant Socus’ spear he drew
From his own flesh, and through his bossy shield.
The weapon drawn, forth sprang the blood, and left555
His spirit faint. Then Ilium’s dauntless sons,
Seeing Ulysses’ blood, exhorted glad
Each other, and, with force united, all
Press’d on him. He, retiring, summon’d loud
His followers. Thrice, loud as mortal may,560
He call’d, and valiant Menelaus thrice
Hearing the voice, to Ajax thus remark’d.

So saying, Socus pulled his spear from his own wound, and through his heavy shield. Blood flowed from the wound, and he felt weak. Then the fearless sons of Ilium, seeing Ulysses’ blood, encouraged each other, and with their combined strength, they all charged at him. He fell back and called loudly for his followers. He shouted three times, as loudly as a human can, and brave Menelaus, hearing the call, turned to Ajax and said this.

Illustrious son of Telamon! The voice
Of Laertiades comes o’er my ear
With such a sound, as if the hardy chief,565
Abandon’d of his friends, were overpower’d
By numbers intercepting his retreat.
Haste! force we quick a passage through the ranks.
His worth demands our succor, for I fear
Lest sole conflicting with the host of Troy,570
Brave as he is, he perish, to the loss
Unspeakable and long regret of Greece.

Brave son of Telamon! The voice
Of Laertes reaches my ears
With a sound that feels as if the bold leader,565
Abandoned by his friends, is being overwhelmed
By the many blocking his escape.
Hurry! Let’s quickly make our way through the ranks.
His valor deserves our help, because I worry
That if he faces the Trojan army alone,570
As courageous as he is, he might fall, leading to
An unimaginable and lasting loss for Greece.

So saying, he went, and Ajax, godlike Chief,
Follow’d him. At the voice arrived, they found
Ulysses Jove-beloved compass’d about575
By Trojans, as the lynxes in the hills,
Adust for blood, compass an antler’d stag
Pierced by an archer; while his blood is warm
And his limbs pliable, from him he ’scapes;
But when the feather’d barb hath quell’d his force,580
In some dark hollow of the mountain’s side,
The hungry troop devour him; chance, the while,
Conducts a lion thither, before whom
All vanish, and the lion feeds alone;
So swarm’d the Trojan powers, numerous and bold,585
Around Ulysses, who with wary skill
Heroic combated his evil day.
But Ajax came, cover’d with his broad shield
That seem’d a tower, and at Ulysses’ side
Stood fast; then fled the Trojans wide-dispersed,590
And Menelaus led him by the hand
Till his own chariot to his aid approach’d.
But Ajax, springing on the Trojans, slew
Doryclus, from the loins of Priam sprung,
But spurious. Pandocus he wounded next,595
Then wounded Pyrasus, and after him
Pylartes and Lysander. As a flood
Runs headlong from the mountains to the plain
After long showers from Jove; many a dry oak
And many a pine the torrent sweeps along,600
And, turbid, shoots much soil into the sea,
So, glorious Ajax troubled wide the field,
Horse and man slaughtering, whereof Hector yet
Heard not; for on the left of all the war
He fought beside Scamander, where around605
Huge Nestor, and Idomeneus the brave,
Most deaths were dealt, and loudest roar’d the fight.
There Hector toil’d, feats wonderful of spear
And horsemanship achieving, and the lines
Of many a phalanx desolating wide.610
Nor even then had the bold Greeks retired,
But that an arrow triple-barb’d, dispatch’d
By Paris, Helen’s mate, against the Chief
Machaon warring with distinguish’d force,
Pierced his right shoulder. For his sake alarm’d,615
The valor-breathing Grecians fear’d, lest he
In that disast’rous field should also fall.[16]
At once, Idomeneus of Crete approach’d
The noble Nestor, and him thus bespake.

So saying, he went, and Ajax, the godlike leader,
followed him. When they arrived at the sound, they found
Ulysses, beloved by Jove, surrounded575
by Trojans, like lynxes in the hills,
ravenous for blood, surrounding an antlered stag
shot by an archer; while his blood is still warm
and his limbs are flexible, he escapes;
but when the feathered arrow has sapped his strength,580
in some dark hollow of the mountains,
the hungry pack devours him; meanwhile,
a lion shows up there, and before him
all disappear, leaving the lion to eat alone;
so swarmed the Trojan troops, numerous and bold,585
around Ulysses, who battled heroically with
cunning against his unfortunate fate.
But Ajax came, covered with his broad shield
that looked like a tower, and stood firm
at Ulysses' side; then the Trojans scattered,590
and Menelaus took him by the hand
until his own chariot came to help.
But Ajax, launching himself at the Trojans, killed
Doryclus, born of Priam, though illegitimate. He next wounded595
Pandocus, then Pyrasus, and after him
Pylartes and Lysander. Like a flood
rushing down from the mountains to the plain
after long rains from Jove; many dry oaks
and many pines the torrent sweeps along,600
and muddy, washes much soil into the sea,
so glorious Ajax troubled the field,
slaughtering both horse and man, of which Hector yet
had not heard; for on the left of all the battle
he fought beside Scamander, where around605
brave Nestor and Idomeneus did the most damage,
and the fighting roared the loudest.
There Hector struggled, achieving wonderful feats with his spear
and horsemanship, and laying waste the ranks
of many a phalanx.610
Nor even then had the bold Greeks retreated,
but an arrow with three points, shot
by Paris, Helen's husband, aimed at the Chief
Machaon, fighting with distinguished strength,
pierced his right shoulder. Alarmed for his sake,615
the brave Greeks feared he
might also fall in that disastrous battle.[16]
At once, Idomeneus from Crete approached
noble Nestor and spoke to him this way.

Arise, Neleian Nestor! Pride of Greece!620
Ascend thy chariot, and Machaon placed
Beside thee, bear him, instant to the fleet.
For one, so skill’d in medicine, and to free
The inherent barb, is worth a multitude.

Get up, Neleian Nestor! Pride of Greece!620
Climb into your chariot, and with Machaon
Next to you, take him straight to the ships.
For someone so skilled in medicine, and to remove
The deadly arrow, is worth a whole lot more.

He said, nor the Gerenian hero old625
Aught hesitated, but into his seat
Ascended, and Machaon, son renown’d
Of Æsculapius, mounted at his side.
He lash’d the steeds, they not unwilling sought
The hollow ships, long their familiar home.630

He said, and the old Gerenian hero didn’t hesitate at all, but climbed into his seat, and Machaon, the famous son of Æsculapius, got up next to him. He whipped the horses, and they eagerly headed for the hollow ships, their long-time home.

Cebriones, meantime, the charioteer
Of Hector, from his seat the Trojan ranks
Observing sore discomfited, began.

Cebriones, meanwhile, the charioteer
Of Hector, from his position observing
The Trojan ranks in great distress, began.

Here are we busied, Hector! on the skirts
Of roaring battle, and meantime I see635
Our host confused, their horses and themselves
All mingled. Telamonian Ajax there
Routs them; I know the hero by his shield.
Haste, drive we thither, for the carnage most
Of horse and foot conflicting furious, there640
Rages, and infinite the shouts arise.

Here we are, Hector! on the edge
Of a loud battle, and meanwhile I see635
Our troops in disarray, their horses and men
All mixed up. Telamonian Ajax is there
Defeating them; I recognize the hero by his shield.
Quick, let’s head over there, because the slaughter
Of horse and foot fighting fiercely rages, and640
Countless shouts are rising.

He said, and with shrill-sounding scourge the steeds
Smote ample-maned; they, at the sudden stroke
Through both hosts whirl’d the chariot, shields and men
Trampling; with blood the axle underneath645
All redden’d, and the chariot-rings with drops
From the horse-hoofs, and from the fellied wheels.
Full on the multitude he drove, on fire
To burst the phalanx, and confusion sent
Among the Greeks, for nought[17] he shunn’d the spear.650
All quarters else with falchion or with lance,
Or with huge stones he ranged, but cautious shunn’d
The encounter of the Telamonian Chief.

He said, and with a loud crack of the whip, the horses
Struck their long manes; they, at the sudden jolt,
Charged through both armies, trampling shields and men
Underfoot; the axle beneath645
Was stained red with blood, and the wheels
Sprayed droplets from the horse's hooves and the bloody ground.
He drove straight into the crowd, eager
To break the formation, sowing chaos
Among the Greeks, as he avoided the spear.650
Everywhere else, he swung his sword or threw his lance,
Or hurled massive stones, but carefully avoided
Confronting the Telamonian Chief.

But the eternal father throned on high
With fear fill’d Ajax; panic-fixt he stood,655
His seven-fold shield behind his shoulder cast,
And hemm’d by numbers, with an eye askant,
Watchful retreated. As a beast of prey
Retiring, turns and looks, so he his face
Turn’d oft, retiring slow, and step by step.660
As when the watch-dogs and assembled swains
Have driven a tawny lion from the stalls,
Then, interdicting him his wish’d repast,
Watch all the night, he, famish’d, yet again
Comes furious on, but speeds not, kept aloof665
By frequent spears from daring hands, but more
By flash of torches, which, though fierce, he dreads,
Till, at the dawn, sullen he stalks away;
So from before the Trojans Ajax stalk’d
Sullen, and with reluctance slow retired.670
His brave heart trembling for the fleet of Greece.
As when (the boys o’erpower’d) a sluggish ass,
On whose tough sides they have spent many a staff,
Enters the harvest, and the spiry ears
Crops persevering; with their rods the boys675
Still ply him hard, but all their puny might
Scarce drives him forth when he hath browsed his fill,
So, there, the Trojans and their foreign aids
With glittering lances keen huge Ajax urged,
His broad shield’s centre smiting.[18] He, by turns,680
With desperate force the Trojan phalanx dense
Facing, repulsed them, and by turns he fled,
But still forbad all inroad on the fleet.
Trojans and Greeks between, alone, he stood
A bulwark. Spears from daring hands dismiss’d685
Some, piercing his broad shield, there planted stood,
While others, in the midway falling, spent
Their disappointed rage deep in the ground.

But the eternal father sitting high above
Filled Ajax with fear; frozen in panic, he stood,655
His seven-fold shield thrown over his shoulder,
And surrounded by numbers, cautiously glanced back,
Watching as he retreated. Like a predator,
When it turns to look while backing away,
So did he frequently turn his face
While slowly and step-by-step he pulled back.660
Like when the watch-dogs and gathered shepherds
Have chased a tawny lion from its lair,
Then, denying him his desired meal,
They watch all night, and though he’s hungry, he
Furiously approaches again, but isn’t successful,665
Kept at bay by spears from daring hands, but more
By the flash of torches, which, although fierce, he fears,
Till at dawn, he sullenly walks away;
So Ajax moved away from the Trojans,
Gloomy and reluctantly retreating.670
His brave heart anxious for the fleet of Greece.
Like when (overpowered by boys) a stubborn donkey,
Whose tough sides have felt many a blow,
Walks into the harvest, and persistently eats
The spiky ears; the boys
Keep hitting him hard with their sticks,675
But all their feeble strength
Barely drives him out once he’s eaten his fill,
So there, the Trojans and their foreign allies
With their shining lances pushed huge Ajax,
Striking the center of his broad shield.[18] He, in turn,680
With fierce determination faced the dense Trojan ranks,
Driving them back, and then he fled,
But still prevented any assault on the fleet.
Alone, he stood a barrier
Between the Trojans and Greeks;
Spears thrown from daring hands
685
Some pierced his wide shield and remained stuck,
While others fell midway, burying
Their unfulfilled rage deep in the ground.

Eurypylus, Evæmon’s noble son,
Him seeing, thus, with weapons overwhelmed690
Flew to his side, his glittering lance dismiss’d,
And Apisaon, son of Phausias, struck
Under the midriff; through his liver pass’d
The ruthless point, and, falling, he expired.
Forth sprang Eurypylus to seize the spoil;695
Whom soon as godlike Alexander saw
Despoiling Apisaon of his arms,
Drawing incontinent his bow, he sent
A shaft to his right thigh; the brittle reed
Snapp’d, and the rankling barb stuck fast within.700
Terrified at the stroke, the wounded Chief
To his own band retired, but, as he went,
With echoing voice call’d on the Danaï—

Eurypylus, the noble son of Evæmon,
Seeing him overwhelmed with weapons,690
Rushed to his side, throwing away his shining lance,
And struck Apisaon, son of Phausias,
In the belly; the cruel point went through his liver,
And he fell, dying.
Eurypylus jumped forward to grab the spoils;695
As soon as the godlike Alexander saw
Eurypylus taking Apisaon's armor,
He quickly drew his bow and shot
An arrow into his right thigh; the brittle shaft
Snapped, and the sharp tip lodged firmly inside.700
Frightened by the blow, the wounded leader
Retreated to his men, but as he left,
He called out loudly to the Danaans—

Friends! Counsellors, and leaders of the Greeks!
Turn ye and stand, and from his dreadful lot705
Save Ajax whelm’d with weapons; ’scape, I judge,
He cannot from the roaring fight, yet oh
Stand fast around him; if save ye may,
Your champion huge, the Telamonian Chief!

Friends! Counselors, and leaders of the Greeks!
Turn and stand, and save Ajax, overwhelmed with weapons;705
I believe he cannot escape the raging battle, yet oh
Stand strong around him; if you can save
Your great champion, the Telamonian Chief!

So spake the wounded warrior. They at once710
With sloping bucklers, and with spears erect,
To his relief approach’d. Ajax with joy
The friendly phalanx join’d, then turn’d and stood.

So said the injured warrior. They immediately710
With lowered shields and raised spears,
Came to his aid. Ajax happily
Joined the friendly group, then turned and stood.

Thus burn’d the embattled field as with the flames
Of a devouring fire. Meantime afar715
From all that tumult the Neleian mares
Bore Nestor, foaming as they ran, with whom
Machaon also rode, leader revered.
Achilles mark’d him passing; for he stood
Exalted on his huge ship’s lofty stern,720
Spectator of the toil severe, and flight
Deplorable of the defeated Greeks.
He call’d his friend Patroclus. He below
Within his tent the sudden summons heard
And sprang like Mars abroad, all unaware725
That in that sound he heard the voice of fate.
Him first Menœtius’ gallant son address’d.

Thus the battlefield burned like a raging fire.
Meanwhile, far away from all that chaos, the Neleian mares
Carried Nestor, foaming as they ran, with Machaon,
The respected leader, riding alongside him.
Achilles noticed them passing; he stood
High on the raised stern of his massive ship,
Watching the grueling struggle and the
Pitiful flight of the defeated Greeks.
He called for his friend Patroclus. Patroclus,
Inside his tent, heard the sudden call,
And jumped up like Mars, not realizing
That in that sound, he heard the voice of fate.
He was the first to be addressed by Menœtius' brave son.

What would Achilles? Wherefore hath he call’d?
To whom Achilles swiftest of the swift:

What does Achilles want? Why has he called?
To whom Achilles, the fastest of the fast:

Brave Menœtiades! my soul’s delight!730
Soon will the Grecians now my knees surround
Suppliant, by dread extremity constrain’d.
But fly Patroclus, haste, oh dear to Jove!
Inquire of Nestor, whom he hath convey’d
From battle, wounded? Viewing him behind,735
I most believed him Æsculapius’ son
Machaon, but the steeds so swiftly pass’d
My galley, that his face escaped my note.[19]

Brave Menœtiades! my soul's joy!730
Soon the Greeks will surround my knees,
Begging for mercy, forced by dire circumstances.
But hurry, Patroclus, go quickly to Jove!
Ask Nestor who he has brought back
From battle, wounded? When I saw him behind,735
I thought he was Machaon, the son of Æsculapius,
But the horses went by my ship so fast
That I didn't catch a glimpse of his face.[19]

He said, and prompt to gratify his friend,
Forth ran Patroclus through the camp of Greece.740

He said, and eager to please his friend,
Patroclus quickly ran through the Greek camp.740

Now when Neleian Nestor to his tent
Had brought Machaon, they alighted both,
And the old hero’s friend Eurymedon
Released the coursers. On the beach awhile
Their tunics sweat-imbued in the cool air745
They ventilated, facing full the breeze,
Then on soft couches in the tent reposed.
Meantime, their beverage Hecamede mix’d,
The old King’s bright-hair’d captive, whom he brought
From Tenedos, what time Achilles sack’d750
The city, daughter of the noble Chief
Arsinoüs, and selected from the rest
For Nestor, as the honorable meed
Of counsels always eminently wise.
She, first, before them placed a table bright,755
With feet cœrulean; thirst-provoking sauce
She brought them also in a brazen tray,
Garlic[20] and honey new, and sacred meal.
Beside them, next, she placed a noble cup
Of labor exquisite, which from his home760
The ancient King had brought with golden studs
Embellish’d; it presented to the grasp
Four ears; two golden turtles, perch’d on each,
Seem’d feeding, and two turtles[21] form’d the base.
That cup once fill’d, all others must have toil’d765
To move it from the board, but it was light
In Nestor’s hand; he lifted it with ease.[22]
The graceful virgin in that cup a draught
Mix’d for them, Pramnian wine and savory cheese
Of goat’s milk, grated with a brazen rasp,770
Then sprinkled all with meal. The draught prepared,
She gave it to their hand; they, drinking, slaked
Their fiery thirst, and with each other sat
Conversing friendly, when the godlike youth
By brave Achilles sent, stood at the door.775

Now, when Neleian Nestor brought Machaon to his tent,
they both got down from their chariots,
and the old hero’s friend Eurymedon
let the horses free. For a while on the beach,
they aired their tunics, soaked with sweat, in the cool air745
facing the full breeze,
then they relaxed on soft couches in the tent.
Meanwhile, Hecamede mixed their drink,
the old King’s bright-haired captive, whom he brought
from Tenedos when Achilles sacked750
the city, the daughter of the noble Chief
Arsinoüs, selected from the others
for Nestor, as a fitting reward
for his always wise counsel.
She first set before them a bright table,755
with blue feet; she also brought them a thirst-quenching sauce
on a bronze tray,
garlic, fresh honey, and sacred meal.
Next to them, she placed a noble cup
of exquisite craftsmanship, which the ancient King had
brought from home, adorned with golden studs;760
it featured four handles; two golden turtles, perching on each,
looked as if they were feeding, and two turtles[21] formed the base.
Once filled, that cup would have been a struggle
for anyone else to lift from the table, but it felt light
in Nestor’s hand; he lifted it with ease.[22]
The graceful maiden mixed a drink in that cup
of Pramnian wine and savory goat cheese,
grated with a bronze grater,770
then sprinkled it all with meal. When the drink was ready,
she handed it to them; they drank, quenching
their burning thirst, and sat together
chatting amiably when the godlike youth,
sent by brave Achilles, stood at the door.775

Him seeing, Nestor from his splendid couch
Arose, and by the hand leading him in,
Entreated him to sit, but that request
Patroclus, on his part refusing, said,

Oh venerable King! no seat is here780
For me, nor may thy courtesy prevail.
He is irascible, and to be fear’d
Who bade me ask what Chieftain thou hast brought
From battle, wounded; but untold I learn;
I see Machaon, and shall now report785
As I have seen; oh ancient King revered!
Thou know’st Achilles fiery, and propense
Blame to impute even where blame is none.

Oh respected King! There’s no seat for me here780
And your kindness won’t change that.
He’s quick to anger, and he’s to be feared
The one who told me to ask which Chieftain you brought
From battle, injured; but I learn without being told;
I see Machaon, and I’ll now report785
What I’ve witnessed; oh esteemed ancient King!
You know how fiery Achilles is, and how quick
He is to assign blame, even when none is deserved.

To whom the brave Gerenian thus replied.
Why feels Achilles for the wounded Greeks790
Such deep concern? He little knows the height
To which our sorrows swell. Our noblest lie
By spear or arrow wounded in the fleet.
Diomede, warlike son of Tydeus, bleeds,
Gall’d by a shaft; Ulysses, glorious Chief,795
And Agamemnon[23] suffer by the spear;
Eurypylus is shot into the thigh,
And here lies still another newly brought
By me from fight, pierced also by a shaft.
What then? How strong soe’er to give them aid,800
Achilles feels no pity of the Greeks.
Waits he till every vessel on the shore
Fired, in despite of the whole Argive host,
Be sunk in its own ashes, and ourselves
All perish, heaps on heaps? For in my limbs805
No longer lives the agility of my youth.
Oh, for the vigor of those days again,
When Elis, for her cattle which we took,
Strove with us and Itymoneus I slew,
Brave offspring of Hypirochus; he dwelt810
In Elis, and while I the pledges drove,
Stood for his herd, but fell among the first
By a spear hurl’d from my victorious arm.
Then fled the rustic multitude, and we
Drove off abundant booty from the plain,815
Herds fifty of fat beeves, large flocks of goats
As many, with as many sheep and swine,
And full thrice fifty mares of brightest hue,
All breeders, many with their foals beneath.
All these, by night returning safe, we drove820
Into Neleian Pylus, and the heart
Rejoiced of Neleus, in a son so young
A warrior, yet enrich’d with such a prize.
At early dawn the heralds summon’d loud
The citizens, to prove their just demands825
On fruitful Elis, and the assembled Chiefs
Division made (for numerous were the debts
Which the Epeans, in the weak estate
Of the unpeopled Pylus, had incurr’d;
For Hercules, few years before, had sack’d[24]830
Our city, and our mightiest slain. Ourselves
The gallant sons of Neleus, were in all
Twelve youths, of whom myself alone survived;
The rest all perish’d; whence, presumptuous grown,
The brazen-mail’d Epeans wrong’d us oft).835
A herd of beeves my father for himself
Selected, and a numerous flock beside,
Three hundred sheep, with shepherds for them all.
For he a claimant was of large arrears
From sacred Elis. Four unrivall’d steeds840
With his own chariot to the games he sent,
That should contend for the appointed prize
A tripod; but Augeias, King of men,
Detain’d the steeds, and sent the charioteer
Defrauded home. My father, therefore, fired845
At such foul outrage both of deeds and words,
Took much, and to the Pylians gave the rest
For satisfaction of the claims of all.
While thus we busied were in these concerns,
And in performance of religious rites850
Throughout the city, came the Epeans arm’d,
Their whole vast multitude both horse and foot
On the third day; came also clad in brass
The two Molions, inexpert as yet
In feats of arms, and of a boyish age.855
There is a city on a mountain’s head,
Fast by the banks of Alpheus, far remote,
The utmost town which sandy Pylus owns,
Named Thryoëssa, and, with ardor fired
To lay it waste, that city they besieged.860
Now when their host had traversed all the plain,
Minerva from Olympus flew by night
And bade us arm; nor were the Pylians slow
To assemble, but impatient for the fight.
Me, then, my father suffer’d not to arm,865
But hid my steeds, for he supposed me raw
As yet, and ignorant how war is waged.
Yet, even thus, unvantaged and on foot,
Superior honors I that day acquired
To theirs who rode, for Pallas led me on870
Herself to victory. There is a stream
Which at Arena falls into the sea,
Named Minuëius; on that river’s bank
The Pylian horsemen waited day’s approach,
And thither all our foot came pouring down.875
The flood divine of Alpheus thence we reach’d
At noon, all arm’d complete; there, hallow’d rites
We held to Jove omnipotent, and slew
A bull to sacred Alpheus, with a bull
To Neptune, and a heifer of the herd880
To Pallas; then, all marshall’d as they were,
From van to rear our legions took repast,
And at the river’s side slept on their arms.
Already the Epean host had round
Begirt the city, bent to lay it waste,885
A task which cost them, first, both blood and toil,
For when the radiant sun on the green earth
Had risen, with prayer to Pallas and to Jove,
We gave them battle. When the Pylian host
And the Epeans thus were close engaged,890
I first a warrior slew, Mulius the brave,
And seized his coursers. He the eldest-born
Of King Augeias’ daughters had espoused
The golden Agamede; not an herb
The spacious earth yields but she knew its powers,895
Him, rushing on me, with my brazen lance
I smote, and in the dust he fell; I leap’d
Into his seat, and drove into the van.
A panic seized the Epeans when they saw
The leader of their horse o’erthrown, a Chief900
Surpassing all in fight. Black as a cloud
With whirlwind fraught, I drove impetuous on,
Took fifty chariots, and at side of each
Lay two slain warriors, with their teeth the soil
Grinding, all vanquish’d by my single arm.905
I had slain also the Molions, sons
Of Actor, but the Sovereign of the deep
Their own authentic Sire, in darkness dense
Involving both, convey’d them safe away.
Then Jove a victory of prime renown910
Gave to the Pylians; for we chased and slew
And gather’d spoil o’er all the champain spread
With scatter’d shields, till we our steeds had driven
To the Buprasian fields laden with corn,
To the Olenian rock, and to a town915
In fair Colona situate, and named
Alesia. There it was that Pallas turn’d
Our people homeward; there I left the last
Of all the slain, and he was slain by me.
Then drove the Achaians from Buprasium home920
Their coursers fleet, and Jove, of Gods above,
Received most praise, Nestor of men below.

To whom the brave Gerenian replied:
Why does Achilles care so much for the wounded Greeks790
When he hardly understands the depths
Of our grief? Our best warriors lie
Wounded by spear or arrow on the ships.
Diomedes, the fierce son of Tydeus, bleeds,
Hit by a shaft; Ulysses, glorious leader,795
And Agamemnon[23] suffer from wounds;
Eurypylus has been shot in the thigh,
And I’ve brought another here,
Pierced by an arrow from the fight.
So what now? No matter how strong,800
Achilles shows no pity for the Greeks.
Does he wait until every ship on the shore
Is burned to ashes, despite the whole Argive army,
And for us all to perish, piled on top of each other? For in my body805
The agility of my youth no longer exists.
Oh, if only I could have that strength again,
When Elis fought us over the cattle we took,
And when I killed Itymoneus,
The brave son of Hypirochus; he lived810
In Elis, and while I drove the cattle away,
He stood up for his herd but fell first
To a spear thrown by my victorious arm.
Then the rural crowd fled, and we
Drove off a great haul from the plain,815
Fifty herds of fat cattle, large flocks of goats,
As many sheep and pigs,
And a full fifty bright-colored mares,
All breeders, many with foals nearby.
All these, safely returning by night, we drove820
Into Neleian Pylus, and Neleus felt joy
In having such a young warrior who also
Brought home such a prize.
At dawn, the heralds loudly called
The citizens to settle their rightful claims825
On fertile Elis, and the assembled chiefs
Divided the spoils (for the Epeans owed a lot
In the weakened state of unpopulated Pylus;
A few years before, Hercules had sacked[24]830
Our city, and our mightiest were slain. We,
The brave sons of Neleus, numbered
Twelve youths, and I was the only survivor;
The rest all perished; thus, feeling bold,
The brazen-armored Epeans often wronged us).835
My father selected a herd of cattle
For himself, along with a large flock,
Three hundred sheep, with shepherds for all.
He was claiming large debts
From sacred Elis. Four unmatched steeds840
He sent with his own chariot to compete
For the promised prize of a tripod;
But Augeias, King of men,
Kept the steeds and sent the charioteer
Home cheated. My father, thus angered845
By such disgrace in both action and words,
Took much for himself and gave the rest
To the Pylians for settling the debts of all.
While we busied ourselves with these matters,
And carried out religious rites850
Throughout the city, the armed Epeans approached,
Their vast army of both horse and foot,
On the third day; also, clad in bronze,
Came the two Molions, still inexperienced
In combat, and at a youthful age.855
There’s a city at the top of a mountain,
Near the banks of the Alpheus, far away,
The most distant town that sandy Pylus possesses,
Called Thryoëssa, and fired up
To destroy it, they laid siege.860 When their army crossed the entire plain, Minerva flew down from Olympus at night And urged us to get ready for battle; the Pylians Quickly gathered, eager to fight. But my father wouldn’t let me prepare, Hiding my horses, believing I was still Too inexperienced and not skilled in war yet. Even so, without an advantage and on foot, I earned more honor that day Than those who rode, as Pallas guided me To victory herself. There’s a stream That flows into the sea at Arena, Called Minuëius; on its banks, The Pylian horsemen waited for the day, And all our foot soldiers gathered there. We reached the sacred waters of Alpheus At noon, fully armed; there, we performed Rituals for mighty Jove, and sacrificed A bull to sacred Alpheus, another bull For Neptune, and a heifer from the herd For Pallas; then, all lined up as they were, Our legions had a meal from front to back, And at the river's edge, they rested on their arms. The Epean host had already surrounded The city, determined to destroy it, A mission that cost them much blood and effort at first, For when the radiant sun rose over the green earth, We prayed to Pallas and Jove And fought back. When the Pylian host Engaged closely with the Epeans, I was the first to kill a warrior, Mulius the brave, And took his horses. He was the firstborn Of King Augeias’ daughters and married To the golden Agamede; there was no plant The vast earth yielded that she didn’t know its properties, I struck him with my bronze lance, And he fell into the dust; I jumped Into his chariot and drove to the front. Panic struck the Epeans when they saw Their horse leader down, a chief Superior in battle. Like a dark cloud Filled with a whirlwind, I charged forward, Capturing fifty chariots, and next to each Were two slain warriors, their teeth grinding the soil, All defeated by my single hand. I had also killed the Molions, sons Of Actor, but the Lord of the deep, Their true father, carried them away safely In thick darkness. Then Jove granted a famous victory To the Pylians; we chased and killed And gathered spoils scattered across the plain, With discarded shields, until we led Our horses back to the Buprasian fields, loaded with grain, To the Olenian rock and to a town Located in fair Colona, called Alesia. It was there that Pallas turned Our people homeward; there I left the last Of all the slain, and I was the one who killed him. Then the Achaians drove home from Buprasium Their swift horses, and Jove, among the Gods above, Received the greatest praise, while Nestor, of men below.

Such once was I. But brave Achilles shuts
His virtues close, an unimparted store;
Yet even he shall weep, when all the host,925
His fellow-warriors once, shall be destroy’d.
But recollect, young friend! the sage advice
Which when thou earnest from Phthia to the aid
Of Agamemnon, on that selfsame day
Menœtius gave thee. We were present there,930
Ulysses and myself, both in the house,
And heard it all; for to the house we came
Of Peleus in our journey through the land
Of fertile Greece, gathering her states to war.
We found thy noble sire Menœtius there,935
Thee and Achilles; ancient Peleus stood
To Jove the Thunderer offering in his court
Thighs of an ox, and on the blazing rites
Libation pouring from a cup of gold.
While ye on preparation of the feast940
Attended both, Ulysses and myself
Stood in the vestibule; Achilles flew
Toward us, introduced us by the hand,
And, seating us, such liberal portion gave
To each, as hospitality requires.945
Our thirst, at length, and hunger both sufficed,
I, foremost speaking, ask’d you to the wars,
And ye were eager both, but from your sires
Much admonition, ere ye went, received.
Old Peleus charged Achilles to aspire950
To highest praise, and always to excel.
But thee, thy sire Menœtius thus advised.
“My son! Achilles boasts the nobler birth,
But thou art elder; he in strength excels
Thee far; thou, therefore, with discretion rule955
His inexperience; thy advice impart
With gentleness; instruction wise suggest
Wisely, and thou shalt find him apt to learn.”
So thee thy father taught, but, as it seems,
In vain. Yet even now essay to move960
Warlike Achilles; if the Gods so please,
Who knows but that thy reasons may prevail
To rouse his valiant heart? men rarely scorn
The earnest intercession of a friend.
But if some prophecy alarm his fears,965
And from his Goddess mother he have aught
Received, who may have learnt the same from Jove,
Thee let him send at least, and order forth
With thee the Myrmidons; a dawn of hope
Shall thence, it may be, on our host arise.970
And let him send thee to the battle clad
In his own radiant armor; Troy, deceived
By such resemblance, shall abstain perchance
From conflict, and the weary Greeks enjoy
Short respite; it is all that war allows.975
Fresh as ye are, ye, by your shouts alone,
May easily repulse an army spent
With labor from the camp and from the fleet.

Once, I was like that. But brave Achilles keeps
His virtues hidden away, an untapped treasure;
Yet even he will weep when everyone else,925
His fellow warriors once, are destroyed.
But remember, young friend! the wise advice
That when you came from Phthia to help
Agamemnon, on that very day
Menœtius gave you. We were there,930
Ulysses and I, both in the house,
And heard everything; for we came
To the home of Peleus on our journey through
Fertile Greece, gathering her states for war.
We found your noble father Menœtius there,935
You and Achilles; the ancient Peleus stood
Before Jove the Thunderer, offering in his court
Thighs of an ox, and pouring
A libation from a golden cup for the blazing rites.
While you both attended to the preparation of the feast,940
Ulysses and I stood in the entrance; Achilles rushed
Toward us, introduced us by the hand,
And, seating us, generously shared
With each of us what hospitality demands.945
Finally, when our thirst and hunger were satisfied,
I spoke up first and asked you to join the wars,
And both of you were eager, but from your fathers
Received a lot of advice before you left.
Old Peleus instructed Achilles to aim950
For the highest praise and always to excel.
But your father Menœtius advised you this way:
“My son! Achilles has the nobler birth,
But you are older; he excels
You greatly in strength; therefore, you should wisely manage955 His lack of experience; kindly offer your advice And suggest wise guidance wisely, And you'll find him eager to learn.” So your father taught you, but it seems, In vain. Yet even now, try to motivate Warlike Achilles; if the Gods will it, Who knows, your reasoning might persuade Him to stir his brave heart? Men rarely ignore The heartfelt plea of a friend. But if a prophecy frightens him, And if he received any warning from his Goddess mother, Who may have heard the same from Jove, Let him at least send you out and command You and the Myrmidons; a glimmer of hope May arise for our troops from this. And let him send you into battle dressed In his own shining armor; Troy, misled By such a resemblance, might hesitate To engage in conflict, and the weary Greeks might enjoy A brief respite; it’s all that war allows. Fresh as you are, your shouts alone Could easily drive back an army worn out From toil in the camp and from the fleet.

Thus Nestor, and his mind bent to his words.
Back to Æacides through all the camp980
He ran; and when, still running, he arrived
Among Ulysses’ barks, where they had fix’d
The forum, where they minister’d the laws,
And had erected altars to the Gods,
There him Eurypylus, Evæmon’s son,985
Illustrious met, deep-wounded in his thigh,
And halting-back from battle. From his head
The sweat, and from his shoulders ran profuse,
And from his perilous wound the sable blood
Continual stream’d; yet was his mind composed.990
Him seeing, Menœtiades the brave
Compassion felt, and mournful, thus began.

Thus Nestor, focused on his words.
He ran back to Æacides through the entire camp980
And when he arrived, still running,
Among Ulysses’ ships, where they had set up
The forum, where they administered the laws,
And had built altars to the Gods,
There he encountered Eurypylus, Evæmon’s son,985
Famous and seriously wounded in his thigh,
Limping away from battle. Sweat poured down
From his head and shoulders, and dark blood
Continued to flow from his grave wound; yet his mind was steady.990
Seeing him, the brave Menœtiades
Felt compassion and, mournfully, began to speak.

Ah hapless senators and Chiefs of Greece!
Left ye your native country that the dogs
Might fatten on your flesh at distant Troy?995
But tell me, Hero! say, Eurypylus!
Have the Achaians power still to withstand
The enormous force of Hector, or is this
The moment when his spear must pierce us all?

Oh, unfortunate senators and leaders of Greece!
Did you leave your homeland so that the dogs
Could feast on your bodies far away in Troy?995
But tell me, Hero! Speak up, Eurypylus!
Do the Achaeans still have the strength to resist
The massive power of Hector, or is this
The moment when his spear will take us all down?

To whom Eurypylus, discreet, replied.1000
Patroclus, dear to Jove! there is no help,
No remedy. We perish at our ships.
The warriors, once most strenuous of the Greeks,
Lie wounded in the fleet by foes whose might
Increases ever. But thyself afford1005
To me some succor; lead me to my ship;
Cut forth the arrow from my thigh; the gore
With warm ablution cleanse, and on the wound
Smooth unguents spread, the same as by report
Achilles taught thee; taught, himself, their use1010
By Chiron, Centaur, justest of his kind
For Podalirius and Machaon both
Are occupied. Machaon, as I judge,
Lies wounded in his tent, needing like aid
Himself, and Podalirius in the field1015
Maintains sharp conflict with the sons of Troy.

Eurypylus responded carefully, "Patroclus, beloved by Jove, there’s no help, no remedy. We’re doomed at our ships. The warriors, once the strongest of the Greeks, lie wounded in the fleet, facing enemies whose power only grows. But please, offer me some help; take me to my ship. Pull the arrow from my thigh; wash the blood away with warm water, and apply soothing ointments to the wound—just like Achilles taught you, learned from Chiron, the most just Centaur. Both Podalirius and Machaon are busy. Machaon, I believe, is wounded in his tent, needing aid himself, while Podalirius is locked in combat with the Trojan forces.”

To whom Menœtius’ gallant son replied.
Hero! Eurypylus! how shall we act
In this perplexity? what course pursue?
I seek the brave Achilles, to whose ear1020
I bear a message from the ancient chief
Gerenian Nestor, guardian of the Greeks.
Yet will I not, even for such a cause,
My friend! abandon thee in thy distress.

To whom Menœtius’ brave son replied.
Hero! Eurypylus! what should we do
in this confusion? what path should we take?
I’m going to find the fearless Achilles, to whom I have a message from the old chief
Gerenian Nestor, protector of the Greeks.
But I won’t, even for such a reason,
My friend! leave you in your troubles.

He ended, and his arms folding around1025
The warrior bore him thence into his tent.
His servant, on his entrance, spread the floor
With hides, on which Patroclus at his length
Extended him, and with his knife cut forth
The rankling point; with tepid lotion, next,1030
He cleansed the gore, and with a bitter root
Bruised small between his palms, sprinkled the wound.
At once, the anodyne his pain assuaged,
The wound was dried within, and the blood ceased.

He finished speaking, and with his arms folded around1025
the warrior carried him into his tent.
When they entered, his servant spread the floor
with hides, on which Patroclus lay down,
and with his knife, he cut out the sharp piece;
then, using warm lotion, he cleaned the blood, and with a bitter root
crushed small between his palms, sprinkled it on the wound.
Immediately, the pain relief he felt eased his suffering,
the wound dried up inside, and the bleeding stopped.

It will be well here to observe the position of the Greeks. All human aid is cut off by the wounds of their heroes, and all assistance from the Gods forbidden by Jupiter. On the contrary, the Trojans see their general at their head, and Jupiter himself fights on their side. Upon this hinge turns the whole poem. The distress of the Greeks occasions first the assistance of Patroclus, and then the death of that hero brings back Achilles.

It’s important to note the situation of the Greeks. They are completely cut off from any human help due to the injuries of their heroes, and any support from the gods is denied by Jupiter. In contrast, the Trojans have their leader right in front of them, and Jupiter himself is fighting alongside them. This is the central point of the entire poem. The Greeks’ suffering leads to Patroclus stepping in to help, and then the death of that hero brings Achilles back into the fight.

The poet shows great skill in conducting these incidents. He gives Achilles the pleasure of seeing that the Greeks could not carry on the war without his assistance, and upon this depends the great catastrophe of the poem.

The poet skillfully handles these events. He gives Achilles the satisfaction of realizing that the Greeks couldn't continue the war without his help, and this is crucial to the poem's major turning point.

BOOK XII.

ARGUMENT OF THE TWELFTH BOOK.

The Trojans assail the ramparts, and Hector forces the gates.

The Trojans attack the walls, and Hector breaks through the gates.

BOOK XII.

So was Menœtius’ gallant son employ’d
Healing Eurypylus. The Greeks, meantime,
And Trojans with tumultuous fury fought.
Nor was the foss ordain’d long time to exclude
The host of Troy, nor yet the rampart built5
Beside it for protection of the fleet;
For hecatomb the Greeks had offer’d none,
Nor prayer to heaven, that it might keep secure
Their ships with all their spoils. The mighty work
As in defiance of the Immortal Powers10
Had risen, and could not therefore long endure.
While Hector lived, and while Achilles held
His wrathful purpose; while the city yet
Of royal Priam was unsack’d, so long
The massy structure stood; but when the best15
And bravest of the Trojan host were slain,
And of the Grecian heroes, some had fallen
And some survived, when Priam’s towers had blazed
In the tenth year, and to their native shores
The Grecians with their ships, at length, return’d,20
Then Neptune, with Apollo leagued, devised
Its ruin; every river that descends
From the Idæan heights into the sea
They brought against it, gathering all their force.
Rhesus, Caresus, Rhodius, the wide-branch’d25
Heptaporus, Æsepus, Granicus,
Scamander’s sacred current, and thy stream
Simöis, whose banks with helmets and with shields
Were strew’d, and Chiefs of origin divine;
All these with refluent course Apollo drove30
Nine days against the rampart, and Jove rain’d
Incessant, that the Grecian wall wave-whelm’d
Through all its length might sudden disappear.
Neptune with his tridental mace, himself,
Led them, and beam and buttress to the flood35
Consigning, laid by the laborious Greeks,
Swept the foundation, and the level bank
Of the swift-rolling Hellespont restored.
The structure thus effaced, the spacious beach
He spread with sand as at the first; then bade40
Subside the streams, and in their channels wind
With limpid course, and pleasant as before,

Menœtius’ brave son was busy
treating Eurypylus. Meanwhile, the Greeks
and Trojans fought with wild fury.
The ditch wasn’t meant to keep
the Trojans out for long, nor the wall built5
next to it to protect the ships;
the Greeks hadn’t made any offerings,
nor prayed to the gods for safety
for their ships and all their spoils. The massive work
had risen in defiance of the Immortal Powers10
and couldn’t last long.
As long as Hector was alive, and Achilles
held onto his anger; as long as the city
of royal Priam wasn’t destroyed, the solid
structure would remain; but when the best15
and bravest of the Trojan warriors were killed,
and some of the Greek heroes had fallen
while others survived, when Priam’s towers had burned
in the tenth year, and the Greeks finally
returned to their homeland with their ships,20
then Neptune, allied with Apollo, planned
its destruction; they brought every river
that flows down from the Idæan heights into the sea
against it, gathering all their strength.
Rhesus, Caresus, Rhodius, the wide-branch’d25
Heptaporus, Æsepus, Granicus,
Scamander’s sacred flow, and thy stream
Simöis, whose banks were scattered
with helmets and shields, and chiefs of divine origin;
all these with returning currents Apollo drove30
for nine days against the wall, and Jove poured
steady rain so that the Grecian wall would be
overwhelmed by waves and suddenly disappear.
Neptune himself led them with his trident,
handing the beams and supports over to the flood,35
sweeping away the efforts of the Greeks,
restoring the level bank
of the swiftly flowing Hellespont.
Once the structure was erased, he spread
the wide beach with sand as it had been before; then he asked40
for the waters to settle and meander
in their channels, clear and pleasant as before.

Apollo thus and Neptune, from the first,
Design’d its fall; but now the battle raved
And clamors of the warriors all around45
The strong-built turrets, whose assaulted planks
Rang, while the Grecians, by the scourge of Jove
Subdued, stood close within their fleet immured,
At Hector’s phalanx-scattering force appall’d.
He, as before, with whirlwind fury fought.50
As when the boar or lion fiery-eyed
Turns short, the hunters and the hounds among,
The close-embattled troop him firm oppose,
And ply him fast with spears; he no dismay
Conceives or terror in his noble heart,55
But by his courage falls; frequent he turns
Attempting bold the ranks, and where he points
Direct his onset, there the ranks retire;
So, through the concourse on his rolling wheels
Borne rapid, Hector animated loud60
His fellow-warriors to surpass the trench.
But not his own swift-footed steeds would dare
That hazard; standing on the dangerous brink
They neigh’d aloud, for by its breadth the foss
Deterr’d them; neither was the effort slight65
To leap that gulf, nor easy the attempt
To pass it through; steep were the banks profound
On both sides, and with massy piles acute
Thick-planted, interdicting all assault.
No courser to the rapid chariot braced70
Had enter’d there with ease; yet strong desires
Possess’d the infantry of that emprize,
And thus Polydamas the ear address’d
Of dauntless Hector, standing at his side.

Apollo and Neptune had planned its downfall from the start,
But now the battle raged
With the warriors' shouts all around45
The sturdy towers, whose attacked planks
Resounded, while the Greeks, overwhelmed by Jove's wrath,
Stood trapped within their ships,
Terrified by Hector's force that scattered ranks.
He, as before, fought with whirlwind fury.50
Just like when a fierce-eyed boar or lion
Suddenly turns amidst the hunters and hounds,
The tightly packed troops hold their ground against him,
Wielding spears without fear or dread in his noble heart,55
But through his bravery he falls; frequently he turns
Risking boldly through the ranks, and wherever he charges,
That’s where the ranks pull back;
So, through the crowd on his rolling wheels,
Hector, filled with energy, urged60
His fellow warriors to leap over the trench.
But even his swift-footed horses hesitated
At that peril; standing on the dangerous edge,
They neighed loudly, for the width of the ditch
Deterred them; nor was it a small feat65
To jump across, nor easy to cross it;
The banks were steep and deep
On both sides, thick with sharp piles
Blocking any attack.
No horse connected to the swift chariot could70
Easily enter there; yet strong ambitions
Filled the infantry for that venture,
And so Polydamas spoke to
Fearless Hector, standing by his side.

Hector, and ye the leaders of our host,75
Both Trojans and allies! rash the attempt
I deem, and vain, to push our horses through,
So dangerous is the pass; rough is the trench
With pointed stakes, and the Achaian wall
Meets us beyond. No chariot may descend80
Or charioteer fight there; strait are the bounds,
And incommodious, and his death were sure.
If Jove, high-thundering Ruler of the skies,
Will succor Ilium, and nought less intend
Than utter devastation of the Greeks,85
I am content; now perish all their host
Inglorious, from their country far remote.
But should they turn, and should ourselves be driven
Back from the fleet impeded and perplex’d
In this deep foss, I judge that not a man,90
’Scaping the rallied Grecians, should survive
To bear the tidings of our fate to Troy.
Now, therefore, act we all as I advise.
Let every charioteer his coursers hold
Fast-rein’d beside the foss, while we on foot,95
With order undisturb’d and arms in hand,
Shall follow Hector. If destruction borne
On wings of destiny this day approach
The Grecians, they will fly our first assault.

Hector, and you leaders of our army, both Trojans and allies! I think it’s reckless and pointless to try to push our horses through; the passage is too dangerous. The trench is rough with sharp stakes, and the Achaian wall is right beyond it. No chariot can go down there, and no charioteer can fight; the space is tight and uncomfortable, and death is certain. If Jupiter, the great thunderer of the skies, intends to help Ilium and has nothing less in mind than the complete destruction of the Greeks, I’m okay with that; let their entire army perish away from their homeland in disgrace. But if they should turn and if we are pushed back from the ships, stuck and confused in this deep ditch, I think that not a single man will escape the regrouped Greeks to carry news of our fate back to Troy. So now, let’s all act as I suggest. Let every charioteer hold his team steady beside the ditch while we, on foot, with our formation intact and weapons ready, will follow Hector. If fate brings destruction to the Greeks today, they will retreat from our initial attack.

So spake Polydamas, whose safe advice100
Pleased Hector; from his chariot to the ground
All arm’d he leap’d, nor would a Trojan there
(When once they saw the Hero on his feet)
Ride into battle, but unanimous
Descending with a leap, all trod the plain.105
Each gave command that at the trench his steeds
Should stand detain’d in orderly array;
Then, suddenly, the parted host became
Five bands, each following its appointed chief.
The bravest and most numerous, and whose hearts110
Wish’d most to burst the barrier and to wage
The battle at the ships, with Hector march’d
And with Polydamas, whom follow’d, third,
Cebriones; for Hector had his steeds
Consign’d and chariot to inferior care.115
Paris, Alcathoüs, and Agenor led
The second band, and, sons of Priam both,
Deïphobus and Helenus, the third;
With them was seen partner of their command;
The Hero Asius; from Arisba came120
Asius Hyrtacides, to battle drawn
From the Selleïs banks by martial steeds
Hair’d fiery-red and of the noblest size.
The fourth, Anchises’ mighty son controll’d,
Æneas; under him Antenor’s sons,125
Archilochus and Acamas, advanced,
Adept in all the practice of the field.
Last came the glorious powers in league with Troy
Led by Sarpedon; he with Glaucus shared
His high control, and with the warlike Chief130
Asteropæus; for of all his host
Them bravest he esteem’d, himself except
Superior in heroic might to all.
And now (their shields adjusted each to each)
With dauntless courage fired, right on they moved135
Against the Grecians; nor expected less
Than that beside their sable ships, the host
Should self-abandon’d fall an easy prey.

So spoke Polydamas, whose wise advice100
Pleased Hector; he jumped from his chariot to the ground,
Fully armed, and no Trojan would
(Once they saw the Hero on his feet)
Ride into battle, but unanimously
Jumping down, they all trod the plain.105
Each ordered that at the trench their horses
Should stay held in an organized way;
Then, suddenly, the divided group became
Five bands, each following its designated leader.
The bravest and most numerous, and whose hearts110
Ached most to break through the barrier and fight
The battle at the ships, marched with Hector
And Polydamas, followed by Cebriones;
For Hector had assigned his horses
And chariot to someone of lesser rank.115
Paris, Alcathoüs, and Agenor led
The second band, and, both sons of Priam,
Deïphobus and Helenus, made up the third;
With them was the heroic Asius;
He came from Arisba,120
Asius Hyrtacides, drawn to battle
From the Selleïs banks by fiery-red steeds
Of the finest breed.
The fourth was controlled by the mighty son of Anchises,
Æneas; under him advanced Antenor’s sons,125
Archilochus and Acamas,
Skilled in all the tactics of the battlefield.
Lastly came the glorious forces allied with Troy,
Led by Sarpedon; he shared
His command with Glaucus
And the warrior Asteropæus; for of all his host,130
He considered them the bravest, himself excluded,
Superior in heroic might to all.
And now (their shields properly aligned)
Fueled by fearless courage, they charged forward135
Against the Greeks; they expected nothing less
Than that by their dark ships, the army
Would fall prey without resistance.

The Trojans, thus with their confederate powers,
The counsel of the accomplish’d Prince pursued,140
Polydamas, one Chief alone except,
Asius Hyrtacides. He scorn’d to leave
His charioteer and coursers at the trench,
And drove toward the fleet. Ah, madly brave!
His evil hour was come; he was ordain’d145
With horse and chariot and triumphant shout
To enter wind-swept Ilium never more.
Deucalion’s offspring, first, into the shades
Dismiss’d him; by Idomeneus he died.
Leftward he drove furious, along the road150
By which the steeds and chariots of the Greeks
Return’d from battle; in that track he flew,
Nor found the portals by the massy bar
Secured, but open for reception safe
Of fugitives, and to a guard consign’d.155
Thither he drove direct, and in his rear
His band shrill-shouting follow’d, for they judged
The Greeks no longer able to withstand
Their foes, but sure to perish in the camp.
Vain hope! for in the gate two Chiefs they found160
Lapithæ-born, courageous offspring each
Of dauntless father; Polypœtes, this,
Sprung from Pirithöus; that, the warrior bold
Leonteus, terrible as gore-tainted Mars.
These two, defenders of the lofty gates,165
Stood firm before them. As when two tall oaks
On the high mountains day by day endure
Rough wind and rain, by deep-descending roots
Of hugest growth fast-founded in the soil;
So they, sustain’d by conscious valor, saw,170
Unmoved, high towering Asius on his way,
Nor fear’d him aught, nor shrank from his approach
Right on toward the barrier, lifting high
Their season’d bucklers and with clamor loud
The band advanced, King Asius at their head,175
With whom Iämenus, expert in arms,
Orestes, Thöon, Acamas the son
Of Asius, and Oenomäus, led them on.
Till now, the warlike pair, exhorting loud
The Grecians to defend the fleet, had stood180
Within the gates; but soon as they perceived
The Trojans swift advancing to the wall,
And heard a cry from all the flying Greeks,
Both sallying, before the gates they fought
Like forest-boars, which hearing in the hills185
The crash of hounds and huntsmen nigh at hand,
With start oblique lay many a sapling flat
Short-broken by the root, nor cease to grind
Their sounding tusks, till by the spear they die;
So sounded on the breasts of those brave two190
The smitten brass; for resolute they fought,
Embolden’d by their might who kept the wall,
And trusting in their own; they, in defence
Of camp and fleet and life, thick battery hurl’d
Of stones precipitated from the towers;195
Frequent as snows they fell, which stormy winds,
Driving the gloomy clouds, shake to the ground,
Till all the fertile earth lies cover’d deep.
Such volley pour’d the Greeks, and such return’d
The Trojans; casques of hide, arid and tough,200
And bossy shields rattled, by such a storm
Assail’d of millstone masses from above.
Then Asius, son of Hyrtacus, a groan
Indignant utter’d; on both thighs he smote
With disappointment furious, and exclaim’d,205

The Trojans, along with their allied forces,
Followed the advice of the skilled Prince,140
Except for one chief, Polydamas,
Asius Hyrtacides. He refused to leave
His charioteer and horses at the trench,
And charged toward the Greek ships. Ah, so recklessly brave!
His fateful hour had arrived; he was destined145
To enter wind-swept Ilium never again,
First to be sent into the underworld
By Deucalion's son; he died at the hands of Idomeneus.
He drove furiously leftward along the path150
Where the steeds and chariots of the Greeks
Returned from battle; he raced down that track,
Finding the gates not secured with a heavy bar,
But open for the safe passage of fugitives,155
And assigned to a guard. There he sped straight on,
With his band shouting loudly behind him, for they believed
The Greeks could no longer resist
Their foes and were sure to perish in the camp.
A foolish hope! For at the gates they encountered160
Two chiefs, born of the Lapithæ, both
Courageous sons of fearless fathers; Polypœtes, this one,
Son of Pirithöus; that one, the bold warrior
Leonteus, fearsome as blood-stained Mars.
These two, defenders of the high gates,165
Stood firm before them. Just like two tall oaks
On the high mountains, enduring daily
The rough winds and rains, rooted deeply
In the soil;
They, supported by their inner strength, watched,170
Unmoved, the towering Asius coming their way,
Without fear, they didn't flinch from his approach,
Charging right toward the barrier, raising high
Their well-worn shields, and with loud shouts,
The band advanced, King Asius leading them,175
Along with Iämenus, skilled in arms,
Orestes, Thöon, Acamas the son
Of Asius, and Oenomäus, leading the way.
Until now, the warlike pair had loudly urged
The Greeks to protect the fleet from within the gates;180
But as soon as they saw
The Trojans rapidly advancing to the wall,
And heard the cries from all the fleeing Greeks,
Both charged out, fighting before the gates
Like wild boars, hearing in the hills185
The crash of hounds and hunters nearby,
With sudden starts, they flattened many saplings,
Shortened by their roots, nor ceased to grind
Their fierce tusks, until they fell to a spear;
So resonated the sound on the chests of these two,190
The ringing bronze; for determined they fought,
Encouraged by those who guarded the wall,
And confident in their abilities; they defended
Their camp, fleet, and lives, launching a dense barrage
Of stones hurled from the towers;195
Falling as frequently as snow, which stormy winds,
Drive the darkened clouds to the ground,
Until all the fertile earth lies deeply covered.
Such a downpour came from the Greeks, and such returned
From the Trojans; tough, dry leather helmets,200
And big bossed shields rattled, assaulted by a storm
Of millstone-sized projectiles from above.
Then Asius, son of Hyrtacus, let out a groan,
Furious disappointment struck his thighs,
And he shouted,205

Jupiter! even thou art false become,
And altogether such. Full sure I deem’d
That not a Grecian hero should abide
One moment force invincible as ours,
And lo! as wasps ring-streaked,[1] or bees that build210
Their dwellings in the highway’s craggy side
Leave not their hollow home, but fearless wait
The hunter’s coming, in their brood’s defence,
So these, although two only, from the gates
Move not, nor will, till either seized or slain.215

Jupiter! even though you’ve become false,
And completely so. I was sure
That no Greek hero could withstand
One moment against our unstoppable force,
And look! like wasps or bees that build210
Their nests on the rugged side of the road,
They don't leave their hollow homes, but bravely wait
For the hunter to come, defending their young,
So these, even though there are only two of them,
Won’t move from the gates,
Nor will they, until one of them is captured or killed.215

So Asius spake, but speaking so, changed not
The mind of Jove on Hector’s glory bent.
Others, as obstinate, at other gates
Such deeds perform’d, that to enumerate all
Were difficult, unless to power divine.220
For fierce the hail of stones from end to end
Smote on the barrier; anguish fill’d the Greeks.
Yet, by necessity constrain’d, their ships
They guarded still; nor less the Gods themselves,
Patrons of Greece, all sorrow’d at the sight.225

So Asius spoke, but his words didn’t change
Jove’s mind about Hector’s glory.
Others, just as stubborn, at different gates
Carried out such deeds that to list them all
Would be hard, unless God’s power helped. 220
For the fierce hail of stones struck the barrier
From one end to the other; the Greeks were filled with anguish.
Still, bound by necessity, they guarded their ships
And the Gods themselves, patrons of Greece,
All felt sorrow at the sight. 225

At once the valiant Lapithæ began
Terrible conflict, and Pirithous’ son
Brave Polypœtes through his helmet pierced
Damasus; his resplendent point the brass
Sufficed not to withstand; entering, it crush’d230
The bone within, and mingling all his brain
With his own blood, his onset fierce repress’d.
Pylon and Ormenus he next subdued.
Meantime Leonteus, branch of Mars, his spear
Hurl’d at Hippomachus, whom through his belt235
He pierced; then drawing forth his falchion keen,
Through all the multitude he flew to smite
Antiphates, and with a downright stroke
Fell’d him. Iämenus and Menon next
He slew, with brave Orestes, whom he heap’d,240
All three together, on the fertile glebe.

At once, the brave Lapiths started
A fierce battle, and Pirithous’ son
Brave Polypoetes pierced
Damasus through his helmet; the shining point of the bronze
Was too strong to resist; it went in, crushing230
The bone inside, mixing all his brain
With his own blood, stopping his fierce attack.
Next, he took down Pylon and Ormenus.
Meanwhile, Leonteus, a descendant of Mars, hurled his spear
At Hippomachus, piercing him through his belt;235
Then, drawing out his sharp sword,
He charged through the crowd to strike
Antiphates and with a swift blow
Took him down. He then killed Iämenus and Menon,
Along with brave Orestes, whom he piled up,240
All three together, on the fertile ground.

While them the Lapithæ of their bright arms
Despoil’d, Polydamas and Hector stood
(With all the bravest youths and most resolved
To burst the barrier and to fire the fleet)245
Beside the foss, pondering the event.
For, while they press’d to pass, they spied a bird
Sublime in air, an eagle. Right between
Both hosts he soar’d (the Trojan on his left)
A serpent bearing in his pounces clutch’d250
Enormous, dripping blood, but lively still
And mindful of revenge; for from beneath
The eagle’s breast, updarting fierce his head,
Fast by the throat he struck him; anguish-sick
The eagle cast him down into the space255
Between the hosts, and, clanging loud his plumes
As the wind bore him, floated far away.
Shudder’d the Trojans viewing at their feet
The spotted serpent ominous, and thus
Polydamas to dauntless Hector spake.260

While the Lapiths stripped them of their shining armor, Polydamas and Hector stood with all the bravest and most determined youths, ready to break through the barriers and set fire to the ships, beside the ditch, contemplating the situation. As they tried to get through, they spotted a majestic eagle soaring high in the air. Right between both armies, the Trojan on his left, it flew with a massive serpent clutched in its talons, dripping blood but still alive and keen on revenge. The serpent, fierce and quick, struck the eagle by the throat. In agony, the eagle dropped it down into the space between the armies, and with a loud rustling of its feathers, it flew away on the wind. The Trojans shivered at the sight of the ominous spotted serpent at their feet, and Polydamas spoke to fearless Hector.

Ofttimes in council, Hector, thou art wont
To censure me, although advising well;
Nor ought the private citizen, I confess,
Either in council or in war to indulge
Loquacity, but ever to employ265
All his exertions in support of thine.
Yet hear my best opinion once again.
Proceed we not in our attempt against
The Grecian fleet. For if in truth the sign
Respect the host of Troy ardent to pass,270
Then, as the eagle soar’d both hosts between,
With Ilium’s on his left, and clutch’d a snake
Enormous, dripping blood, but still alive,
Which yet he dropp’d suddenly, ere he reach’d
His eyry, or could give it to his young,275
So we, although with mighty force we burst
Both gates and barrier, and although the Greeks
Should all retire, shall never yet the way
Tread honorably back by which we came.
No. Many a Trojan shall we leave behind280
Slain by the Grecians in their fleet’s defence.
An augur skill’d in omens would expound
This omen thus, and faith would win from all.

Often in meetings, Hector, you tend to criticize me, even when your advice is good; I admit that a regular citizen should neither in meetings nor in battle be overly talkative, but should always focus all efforts on supporting you. Still, let me share my best opinion once more. We should not proceed with our attack against the Greek fleet. Because if the sign truly does relate to the Trojans eager to advance, then, just like the eagle soared between both armies, with Ilium on its left, clutching a huge snake, dripping blood but still alive, which it dropped suddenly before reaching its nest or could give it to its young, we too, even if we break through the gates and barriers with great force and even if the Greeks retreat, will never return honorably by the path we came. No. We will leave many Trojans behind, killed by the Greeks in defense of their fleet. An augur skilled in interpreting omens would explain this omen in such a way that faith would persuade everyone.

To whom, dark-louring, Hector thus replied.
Polydamas! I like not thy advice;285
Thou couldst have framed far better; but if this
Be thy deliberate judgment, then the Gods
Make thy deliberate judgment nothing worth,
Who bidd’st me disregard the Thunderer’s[2] firm
Assurance to myself announced, and make290
The wild inhabitants of air my guides,
Which I alike despise, speed they their course
With right-hand flight toward the ruddy East,
Or leftward down into the shades of eve.
Consider we the will of Jove alone,295
Sovereign of heaven and earth. Omens abound,
But the best omen is our country’s cause.[3]
Wherefore should fiery war thy soul alarm?
For were we slaughter’d, one and all, around
The fleet of Greece, thou need’st not fear to die,300
Whose courage never will thy flight retard.
But if thou shrink thyself, or by smooth speech
Seduce one other from a soldier’s part,
Pierced by this spear incontinent thou diest.

To whom, darkening, Hector replied:
Polydamas! I don’t like your advice;285
You could have come up with something better; but if this
Is your serious opinion, then the Gods
Make your serious opinion worthless,
For you tell me to ignore the Thunderer’s[2] firm
Assurance that I received, and instead make290
The wild creatures of the sky my guides,
Which I despise, whether they fly
With the right-hand toward the bright East,
Or left toward the shades of evening.
Let’s consider only the will of Jove,295
Sovereign of heaven and earth. Signs are everywhere,
But the best sign is our country’s cause.[3]
So why should fierce war scare your soul?
For if we were all slaughtered around
The fleet of Greece, you wouldn’t need to fear death,300
Whose courage will never keep you from flight.
But if you hold back, or by smooth words
Seduce someone else from being a soldier,
Pierced by this spear you will soon die.

So saying he led them, who with deafening roar305
Follow’d him. Then, from the Idæan hills
Jove hurl’d a storm which wafted right the dust
Into the fleet; the spirits too he quell’d
Of the Achaians, and the glory gave
To Hector and his host; they, trusting firm310
In signs from Jove, and in their proper force,
Assay’d the barrier; from the towers they tore
The galleries, cast the battlements to ground,
And the projecting buttresses adjoin’d
To strengthen the vast work, with bars upheaved.315
All these, with expectation fierce to break
The rampart, down they drew; nor yet the Greeks
Gave back, but fencing close with shields the wall,
Smote from behind them many a foe beneath.
Meantime from tower to tower the Ajaces moved320
Exhorting all; with mildness some, and some
With harsh rebuke, whom they observed through fear
Declining base the labors of the fight,

So saying, he led them, who with a deafening roar305
followed him. Then, from the Idæan hills,
Jove sent a storm that blew the dust
into the fleet; he also crushed the spirits
of the Achaians and gave glory
to Hector and his army; they, trusting firmly310
in signs from Jove and in their own strength,
attacked the barrier; they tore down
the galleries from the towers, threw the battlements to the ground,
and dismantled the supporting buttresses
to reinforce the massive structure, raising bars.315
All these, with fierce determination to break
the rampart, they pulled down; yet the Greeks
did not retreat, but closely shielded the wall,
striking many enemies behind them.
Meanwhile, from tower to tower, the Ajaces moved320
encouraging everyone; some with kindness, and others
with harsh rebukes, noticing those who they saw, out of fear,
shrink away from the struggle of the fight,

Friends! Argives! warriors of whatever rank!
Ye who excel, and ye of humbler note!325
And ye the last and least! (for such there are,
All have not magnanimity alike)
Now have we work for all, as all perceive.
Turn not, retreat not to your ships, appall’d
By sounding menaces, but press the foe;330
Exhort each other, and e’en now perchance
Olympian Jove, by whom the lightnings burn,
Shall grant us to repulse them, and to chase
The routed Trojans to their gates again.

Friends! Argives! warriors of every rank!
You who excel, and those of lesser status!325
And you the last and least! (for there are such,
Not everyone has the same greatness)
Now we have work for all, as everyone sees.
Do not turn back, do not retreat to your ships, frightened
By loud threats, but push against the enemy;330
Encourage each other, and maybe even now
Olympian Jove, who wields the lightning,
Will allow us to drive them back and chase
The defeated Trojans to their gates once more.

So they vociferating to the Greeks,335
Stirr’d them to battle. As the feathery snows
Fall frequent, on some wintry day, when Jove
Hath risen to shed them on the race of man,
And show his arrowy stores; he lulls the winds,
Then shakes them down continual, covering thick340
Mountain tops, promontories, flowery meads,
And cultured valleys rich; the ports and shores
Receive it also of the hoary deep,
But there the waves bound it, while all beside
Lies whelm’d beneath Jove’s fast-descending shower,345
So thick, from side to side, by Trojans hurl’d
Against the Greeks, and by the Greeks return’d
The stony vollies flew; resounding loud
Through all its length the battered rampart roar’d.
Nor yet had Hector and his host prevail’d350
To burst the gates, and break the massy bar,
Had not all-seeing Jove Sarpedon moved
His son, against the Greeks, furious as falls
The lion on some horned herd of beeves.
At once his polish’d buckler he advanced355
With leafy brass o’erlaid; for with smooth brass
The forger of that shield its oval disk
Had plated, and with thickest hides throughout
Had lined it, stitch’d with circling wires of gold.
That shield he bore before him; firmly grasp’d360
He shook two spears, and with determined strides
March’d forward. As the lion mountain-bred,
After long fast, by impulse of his heart
Undaunted urged, seeks resolute the flock
Even in the shelter of their guarded home;365
He finds, perchance, the shepherds arm’d with spears,
And all their dogs awake, yet can not leave
Untried the fence, but either leaps it light,
And entering tears the prey, or in the attempt
Pierced by some dexterous peasant, bleeds himself;370
So high his courage to the assault impell’d
Godlike Sarpedon, and him fired with hope
To break the barrier; when to Glaucus thus,
Son of Hippolochus, his speech he turn’d.

So they shouted to the Greeks, Stirring them to battle. Just like the feathery snow Falls often on a winter's day, when Jupiter Has risen to blanket humanity, And show his arrow-like resources; he calms the winds, Then shakes them down constantly, covering thick Mountain tops, cliffs, flower-filled meadows, And rich, cultivated valleys; the ports and shores Also receive it from the azure sea, But there the waves fight against it, while everything else Is buried beneath Jupiter’s fast-falling snow, So thick, from side to side, thrown by the Trojans Against the Greeks, and returned by the Greeks, The stone projectiles flew; echoing loudly Through its entire length, the battered wall roared. Yet Hector and his men had not succeeded In breaking through the gates and smashing the heavy bar, If it weren't for all-seeing Jupiter moving Sarpedon, His son, against the Greeks, fierce as a lion Attacking a herd of cattle. Immediately he raised his shiny shield Overlaid with leafy brass; because with smooth brass The maker of that shield had crafted its oval disk, And lined it with thick hides throughout, Sewn together with gold wires. He held that shield in front of him; with a firm grip He shook two spears, and with determined steps Marched forward. Like a mountain-bred lion, After a long fast, driven by his heart, Fearlessly seeks out the flock Even in the shelter of their guarded home; He might find the shepherds armed with spears, And all their dogs alert, yet can’t leave Untested the fence, but either jumps over it lightly, And once inside tears into the prey, or in the attempt Is hurt by some skilled farmer and ends up bleeding; So high was his courage that Godlike Sarpedon, Filled with hope, was driven to break the barrier; Then he turned his words to Glaucus, Son of Hippolochus.

Why, Glaucus, is the seat of honor ours,375
Why drink we brimming cups, and feast in state?
Why gaze they all on us as we were Gods
In Lycia, and why share we pleasant fields
And spacious vineyards, where the Xanthus winds?
Distinguished thus in Lycia, we are call’d380
To firmness here, and to encounter bold
The burning battle, that our fair report
Among the Lycians may be blazon’d thus—
No dastards are the potentates who rule
The bright-arm’d Lycians; on the fatted flock385
They banquet, and they drink the richest wines;
But they are also valiant, and the fight
Wage dauntless in the vanward of us all.
Oh Glaucus, if escaping safe the death
That threats us here, we also could escape390
Old age, and to ourselves secure a life
Immortal, I would neither in the van
Myself expose, nor would encourage thee
To tempt the perils of the glorious field.
But since a thousand messengers of fate395
Pursue us close, and man is born to die—
E’en let us on; the prize of glory yield,
If yield we must, or wrest it from the foe.

Why, Glaucus, is the seat of honor ours,375
Why do we drink from overflowing cups and feast in style?
Why does everyone gaze at us as if we were gods
In Lycia, and why do we share lovely fields
And spacious vineyards, where the Xanthus flows?
Distinguished like this in Lycia, we are called380
To stand firm here and bravely face
The fierce battle, so our good reputation
Among the Lycians can be declared like this—
The leaders who govern
The bright-armed Lycians are no cowards; on the well-fed flocks385
They feast and drink the finest wines;
But they are also brave, and they fight
Fearlessly leading us all.
Oh Glaucus, if we could escape the death
That threatens us here, we could also escape390
Old age and secure for ourselves a life
That is immortal, I wouldn’t put myself in the front
Nor would I urge you
To take the risks of the glorious battlefield.
But since a thousand messengers of fate395
Closely pursue us, and man is destined to die—
Let’s move on; we can either give up the prize of glory,
If we must, or seize it from the enemy.

He said, nor cold refusal in return
Received from Glaucus, but toward the wall400
Their numerous Lycian host both led direct.
Menestheus, son of Peteos, saw appall’d
Their dread approach, for to his tower they bent;
Their threatening march. An eager look he cast,
On the embodied Greeks, seeking some Chief405
Whose aid might turn the battle from his van:
He saw, where never sated with exploits
Of war, each Ajax fought, near whom his eye
Kenn’d Teucer also, newly from his tent;
But vain his efforts were with loudest call410
To reach their ears, such was the deafening din
Upsent to heaven, of shields and crested helms,
And of the batter’d gates; for at each gate
They thundering stood, and urged alike at each
Their fierce attempt by force to burst the bars.415
To Ajax therefore he at once dispatch’d
A herald, and Thöotes thus enjoin’d.

He said, nor did Glaucus respond with a cold refusal, but directed towards the wall their numerous Lycian force. Menestheus, son of Peteos, was alarmed by their frightening advance, as they approached his tower. He cast a keen glance at the assembled Greeks, searching for a leader whose help might shift the battle away from him. He noticed that each Ajax, never satisfied with their battles, was fighting nearby, and he caught sight of Teucer, just coming from his tent. But his efforts were in vain; no matter how loudly he called out, the overwhelming noise of shields and plumed helmets, and the crashing sounds of battered gates, drowned him out. Each gate was under attack, with fierce attempts to break down the barriers. So, he quickly sent a herald to Ajax and instructed Thöotes.

My noble friend, Thöotes! with all speed
Call either Ajax; bid them hither both;
Far better so; for havoc is at hand.420
The Lycian leaders, ever in assault
Tempestuous, bend their force against this tower
My station. But if also there they find
Laborious conflict pressing them severe,
At least let Telamonian Ajax come,425
And Teucer with his death-dispensing bow.

My dear friend, Thöotes! Quickly
Get either Ajax; bring them both here;
That’s much better; danger is approaching.420
The Lycian leaders, always aggressive,
Forcefully attack this tower
Where I'm stationed. But if they also encounter
A tough fight pressing them hard,
At least let Ajax, son of Telamon, come,425
And Teucer with his deadly bow.

He spake, nor was Thöotes slow to hear;
Beside the rampart of the mail-clad Greeks
Rapid he flew, and, at their side arrived,
To either Ajax, eager, thus began.430

He spoke, and Thöotes quickly listened;
Next to the wall of the armored Greeks
He rushed over and joined them,
Eager to start talking to both Ajaxes. 430

Ye leaders of the well-appointed Greeks,
The son of noble Peteos calls; he begs
With instant suit, that ye would share his toils,
However short your stay; the aid of both
Will serve him best, for havoc threatens there435
The Lycian leaders, ever in assault
Tempestuous, bend their force toward the tower
His station. But if also here ye find
Laborious conflict pressing you severe,
At least let Telamonian Ajax come,440
And Teucer with his death-dispensing bow.

You leaders of the well-prepared Greeks,
The son of noble Peteos is calling; he begs
With urgent appeal that you share in his efforts,
No matter how short your stay; the support of both
Will help him the most, because destruction looms there435
The Lycian leaders, always attacking
Fiercely, direct their force toward the tower
Where he is stationed. But if you also find
Intense struggle pressing heavily on you,
At the very least, let Ajax from Telamon come,440
And Teucer with his deadly bow.

He spake, nor his request the towering son
Of Telamon denied, but quick his speech
To Ajax Oïliades address’d.

He spoke, and the great son of Telamon didn’t refuse his request, but quickly directed his words to Ajax Oïliades.

Ajax! abiding here, exhort ye both445
(Heroic Lycomedes and thyself)
The Greeks to battle. Thither I depart
To aid our friends, which service once perform’d
Duly, I will incontinent return.

Ajax! Staying here, I urge you both445
(Heroic Lycomedes and you)
To join the Greeks in battle. I’m off now
To help our friends, and as soon as I do my duty
I’ll come back right away.

So saying, the Telamonian Chief withdrew450
With whom went Teucer, son of the same sire,
Pandion also, bearing Teucer’s bow.
Arriving at the turret given in charge
To the bold Chief Menestheus, and the wall
Entering, they found their friends all sharply tried.455
Black as a storm the senators renown’d
And leaders of the Lycian host assail’d
Buttress and tower, while opposite the Greeks
Withstood them, and the battle-shout began.
First, Ajax, son of Telamon, a friend460
And fellow-warrior of Sarpedon slew,
Epicles. With a marble fragment huge
That crown’d the battlement’s interior side,
He smote him. No man of our puny race,
Although in prime of youth, had with both hands465
That weight sustain’d; but he the cumberous mass
Uplifted high, and hurl’d it on his head.
It burst his helmet, and his batter’d skull
Dash’d from all form. He from the lofty tower
Dropp’d downright, with a diver’s plunge, and died.470
But Teucer wounded Glaucus with a shaft
Son of Hippolochus; he, climbing, bared
His arm, which Teucer, marking, from the wall
Transfix’d it, and his onset fierce repress’d;
For with a backward leap Glaucus withdrew475
Sudden and silent, cautious lest the Greeks
Seeing him wounded should insult his pain.
Grief seized, at sight of his retiring friend,
Sarpedon, who forgat not yet the fight,
But piercing with his lance Alcmaon, son480
Of Thestor, suddenly reversed the beam,
Which following, Alcmaon to the earth
Fell prone, with clangor of his brazen arms.
Sarpedon, then, strenuous with both hands
Tugg’d, and down fell the battlement entire;485
The wall, dismantled at the summit, stood
A ruin, and wide chasm was open’d through.
Then Ajax him and Teucer at one time
Struck both; an arrow struck from Teucer’s bow
The belt that cross’d his bosom, by which hung490
His ample shield; yet lest his son should fall
Among the ships, Jove turn’d the death aside.
But Ajax, springing to his thrust, a spear
Drove through his shield. Sarpedon at the shock
With backward step short interval recoil’d,495
But not retired, for in his bosom lived
The hope of glory still, and, looking back
On all his godlike Lycians, he exclaim’d,

So saying, the Telamonian Chief withdrew450
With him went Teucer, son of the same father,
And Pandion, carrying Teucer’s bow.
When they arrived at the tower assigned
To the brave Chief Menestheus, and the wall
Entering, they found their friends all fiercely tested.455
Dark as a storm, the renowned senators
And leaders of the Lycian host attacked
Buttress and tower, while the Greeks
Stood firm against them, and the battle cry erupted.
First, Ajax, son of Telamon, a friend460
And comrade of Sarpedon, killed
Epicles. With a massive marble fragment
That crowned the inside of the battlement,
He struck him down. No man from our small race,
Even in prime youth, could have with both hands465
Lifted that heavy weight; but he raised the cumbersome mass
High and hurled it at his head.
It shattered his helmet, and his battered skull
Cracked completely. He fell from the high tower
Like a diver plunging in, and died.470
But Teucer wounded Glaucus with an arrow,
Son of Hippolochus; he, climbing, bared
His arm, which Teucer saw, and from the wall
Pierced it, pushing back his fierce attack;
For with a quick retreat Glaucus withdrew475
Suddenly and silently, careful that the Greeks
Seeing him wounded wouldn’t mock his pain.
Sarpedon, seeing his retreating friend, was filled with grief,
But he didn't forget the fight,
And piercing Alcmaon, son480
Of Thestor with his lance, he suddenly overturned the beam,
Which caused Alcmaon to fall
To the ground with a clang of his bronze arms.
Then Sarpedon, straining with both hands,
Pulled hard, and the entire battlement fell;485
The wall, now damaged at the top, stood
In ruins, with a wide chasm opened through.
Then Ajax and Teucer struck at the same time;
An arrow from Teucer’s bow hit the belt
That crossed his chest, where his large shield hung;490
But to prevent his son from falling
Among the ships, Jove diverted the blow.
But Ajax, leaping forward, thrust a spear
Through his shield. Sarpedon, at the impact,
Took a short step back,495
But didn’t retreat, for in his heart
Lived the hope of glory still, and, looking back
At all his godlike Lycians, he exclaimed,

Oh Lycians! where is your heroic might?
Brave as I boast myself, I feel the task500
Arduous, through the breach made by myself
To win a passage to the ships, alone.
Follow me all—Most laborers, most dispatch.[4]

Oh Lycians! Where is your heroic strength?
As brave as I think I am, I find the challenge500
Difficult, as I navigate the gap I've created
To reach the ships, all on my own.
Follow me everyone—Most workers, most urgent.[4]

So he; at whose sharp reprimand abash’d
The embattled host to closer conflict moved,505
Obedient to their counsellor and King.
On the other side the Greeks within the wall
Made firm the phalanx, seeing urgent need;
Nor could the valiant Lycians through the breach
Admittance to the Grecian fleet obtain,510
Nor since they first approach’d it, had the Greeks
With all their efforts, thrust the Lycians back.
But as two claimants of one common field,
Each with his rod of measurement in hand,
Dispute the boundaries, litigating warm515
Their right in some small portion of the soil,
So they, divided by the barrier, struck
With hostile rage the bull-hide bucklers round,
And the light targets on each other’s breast.
Then many a wound the ruthless weapons made.520
Pierced through the unarm’d back, if any turn’d,
He died, and numerous even through the shield.
The battlements from end to end with blood
Of Grecians and of Trojans on both sides
Were sprinkled; yet no violence could move525
The stubborn Greeks, or turn their powers to flight.
So hung the war in balance, as the scales
Held by some woman scrupulously just,
A spinner; wool and weight she poises nice,
Hard-earning slender pittance for her babes,[5]530
Such was the poise in which the battle hung
Till Jove himself superior fame, at length,
To Priamëian Hector gave, who sprang
First through the wall. In lofty sounds that reach’d
Their utmost ranks, he call’d on all his host.535

So he; at whose sharp rebuke the embattled army moved in closer for battle,
Obedient to their counselor and King.
On the other side, the Greeks inside the wall
Firmed up their formation, seeing the urgent need;
Nor could the brave Lycians get through the breach
To the Greek fleet,510
And since they first approached it, the Greeks
Had not managed to push the Lycians back despite all their efforts.
But like two claimants of the same field,
Each with a measuring rod in hand,
They disputed the boundaries, heatedly arguing515
Over rights to a small portion of land,
So they, divided by the barrier, struck
Against each other’s bull-hide shields and light armor with hostile fury.
Then many wounds were inflicted by ruthless weapons.520
Those who turned their unprotected backs were pierced,
And many fell even through their shields.
The battlements were covered from one end to the other
With the blood of Greeks and Trojans on both sides,
Yet no amount of violence could sway525
The stubborn Greeks or send them into flight.
So the war hung in balance, like scales
Held by a scrupulously just woman,
A spinner; she carefully balances wool and weight,
Earning a meager pittance for her children,[5]530
Such was the tension in the battle
Until Jove himself granted superior glory at last
To Priam's Hector, who sprang
First through the wall. In loud voices that reached
Their farthest ranks, he called on all his army.535

Now press them, now ye Trojans steed-renown’d
Rush on! break through the Grecian rampart, hurl
At once devouring flames into the fleet.
Such was his exhortation; they his voice
All hearing, with close-order’d ranks direct540
Bore on the barrier, and up-swarming show’d
On the high battlement their glittering spears.
But Hector seized a stone; of ample base
But tapering to a point, before the gate
It stood. No two men, mightiest of a land545
(Such men as now are mighty) could with ease
Have heaved it from the earth up to a wain;
He swung it easily alone; so light
The son of Saturn made it in his hand.
As in one hand with ease the shepherd bears550
A ram’s fleece home, nor toils beneath the weight,
So Hector, right toward the planks of those
Majestic folding-gates, close-jointed, firm
And solid, bore the stone. Two bars within
Their corresponding force combined transvere555
To guard them, and one bolt secured the bars.
He stood fast by them, parting wide his feet
For ’vantage sake, and smote them in the midst.
He burst both hinges; inward fell the rock
Ponderous, and the portals roar’d; the bars560
Endured not, and the planks, riven by the force
Of that huge mass, flew scatter’d on all sides.
In leap’d the godlike Hero at the breach,
Gloomy as night in aspect, but in arms
All-dazzling, and he grasp’d two quivering spears.565
Him entering with a leap the gates, no force
Whate’er of opposition had repress’d,
Save of the Gods alone. Fire fill’d his eyes;
Turning, he bade the multitude without
Ascend the rampart; they his voice obey’d;570
Part climb’d the wall, part pour’d into the gate;
The Grecians to their hollow galleys flew
Scatter’d, and tumult infinite arose.[6]

Now charge them, you famous Trojans on horseback!
Go! Break through the Greek barricade and throw
Devouring fire into their ships at once.
That was his rallying cry; they all heard his voice
And pressed forward in tight formation,540
Climbing up to the high battlements with
Their shining spears.
But Hector picked up a stone; it was large at the base
And tapered to a point, standing before the gate.
No two of the strongest men from the land545
(Certainly the strongest now) could easily
Lift it from the ground onto a cart;
He swung it easily by himself; so light
The son of Saturn made it feel in his hand.
Just as a shepherd carries550
A ram's fleece home effortlessly, not struggling with the weight,
Hector hurled the stone straight at the solid,
Majestic gates with their tightly secured joints.
Two bars inside worked togetherTo secure them, one bolt locked the bars.
He positioned himself firmly, spreading his feet
For leverage, and struck them in the middle.
He broke both hinges; the heavy rock fell in,
And the gates roared as the bars560
Could not withstand it; the planks cracked under the impact,
Flying apart in all directions.
In leaped the godlike hero through the opening,
Looking dark like night, but in arms
All dazzling, gripping two trembling spears.565
As he jumped through the gates, nothing
Stopped him, except for the gods themselves. Fire filled his eyes;
Turning around, he urged the crowd outside
To climb the barricade; they followed his voice;570
Some scaled the wall, while others rushed into the gate;
The Greeks scattered, fleeing to their hollow ships,
And chaos erupted all around.__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

BOOK XIII.

ARGUMENT OF THE THIRTEENTH BOOK.

Neptune engages on the part of the Grecians. The battle proceeds. Deiphobus advances to combat, but is repulsed by Meriones, who losing his spear, repairs to his tent for another. Teucer slays Imbrius, and Hector Amphimachus. Neptune, under the similitude of Thoas, exhorts Idomeneus. Idomeneus having armed himself in his tent, and going forth to battle, meets Meriones. After discourse held with each other, Idomeneus accommodates Meriones with a spear, and they proceed to battle. Idomeneus slays Othryoneus, and Asius. Deiphobus assails Idomeneus, but, his spear glancing over him, kills Hypsenor. Idomeneus slays Alcathoüs, son-in-law of Anchises. Deiphobus and Idomeneus respectively summon their friends to their assistance, and a contest ensues for the body of Alcathoüs.

Neptune sides with the Greeks. The battle continues. Deiphobus charges into combat, but Meriones pushes him back. Losing his spear, Meriones goes back to his tent for another one. Teucer kills Imbrius, and Hector takes down Amphimachus. Neptune, disguised as Thoas, encourages Idomeneus. After arming himself in his tent, Idomeneus heads out to battle and meets Meriones. After talking with each other, Idomeneus gives Meriones a spear, and they head into the fight. Idomeneus kills Othryoneus and Asius. Deiphobus attacks Idomeneus, but his spear misses and hits Hypsenor instead. Idomeneus also kills Alcathoüs, who is Anchises's son-in-law. Deiphobus and Idomeneus call on their friends for help, and a struggle breaks out over Alcathoüs's body.

BOOK XIII.

[1]When Jove to Hector and his host had given
Such entrance to the fleet, to all the woes
And toils of unremitting battle there
He them abandon’d, and his glorious eyes
Averting, on the land look’d down remote5
Of the horse-breeding Thracians, of the bold
Close-fighting Mysian race, and where abide
On milk sustain’d, and blest with length of days,
The Hippemolgi,[2] justest of mankind.
No longer now on Troy his eyes he turn’d,10
For expectation none within his breast
Survived, that God or Goddess would the Greeks
Approach with succor, or the Trojans more.

[1]When Jupiter had allowed Hector and his army
Such access to the ships, to all the struggles
And hardships of relentless battle there,
He turned away from them, shifting his glorious gaze
Toward the distant land5
Of the horse-rearing Thracians, the daring
Close-combat Mysians, and where live
The Hippemolgi, who live well on milk,
And are blessed with long lives,[2] the most just of all people.
Now he no longer cast his eyes on Troy,10
For no hope remained in his heart
That any God or Goddess would come to the Greeks
With help, or to the Trojans any longer.

Nor Neptune, sovereign of the boundless Deep,
Look’d forth in vain; he on the summit sat15
Of Samothracia forest-crown’d, the stir
Admiring thence and tempest of the field;
For thence appear’d all Ida, thence the towers
Of lofty Ilium, and the fleet of Greece.
There sitting from the deeps uprisen, he mourn’d20
The vanquished Grecians, and resentment fierce
Conceived and wrath against all-ruling Jove.
Arising sudden, down the rugged steep
With rapid strides he came; the mountains huge
And forests under the immortal feet25
Trembled of Ocean’s Sovereign as he strode.
Three strides he made, the fourth convey’d him home
To Ægæ. At the bottom of the abyss,
There stands magnificent his golden fane,
A dazzling, incorruptible abode.30
Arrived, he to his chariot join’d his steeds
Swift, brazen-hoof’d, and maned with wavy gold;
Himself attiring next in gold, he seized
His golden scourge, and to his seat sublime
Ascending, o’er the billows drove; the whales35
Leaving their caverns, gambol’d on all sides
Around him, not unconscious of their King;
He swept the surge that tinged not as he pass’d
His axle, and the sea parted for joy.
His bounding coursers to the Grecian fleet40
Convey’d him swift. There is a spacious cave
Deep in the bottom of the flood, the rocks
Of Imbrus rude and Tenedos between;
There Neptune, Shaker of the Shores, his steeds
Station’d secure; he loosed them from the yoke,45
Gave them ambrosial food, and bound their feet
With golden tethers not to be untied
Or broken, that unwandering they might wait
Their Lord’s return, then sought the Grecian host.
The Trojans, tempest-like or like a flame,50
Now, following Priameïan Hector, all
Came furious on and shouting to the skies.
Their hope was to possess the fleet, and leave
Not an Achaian of the host unslain.
But earth-encircler Neptune from the gulf55
Emerging, in the form and with the voice
Loud-toned of Calchas, roused the Argive ranks
To battle—and his exhortation first
To either Ajax turn’d, themselves prepared.

Neither did Neptune, ruler of the endless sea, Look out in vain; he sat at the peak of Samothracia, crowned with forests, admiring The stir and storm of the battlefield; From there he could see all of Ida, the towers Of high Ilium, and the fleet of Greece. Sitting there, having risen from the depths, he mourned The defeated Greeks and felt a fierce Resentment and anger toward all-powerful Jove. Suddenly rising, he came down the rugged slope With swift strides; the massive mountains And forests trembled beneath the immortal feet Of Ocean's Sovereign as he walked. With three strides, the fourth took him home To Ægæ. At the bottom of the abyss, His magnificent golden temple stands, A stunning, incorruptible dwelling. Arriving, he joined his chariot to his steeds Swift, with bronze hooves, and manes of wavy gold; Next, he donned gold himself, grabbed His golden whip, and ascended to his lofty seat, Driving over the waves; the whales Leaving their caves played all around him, Aware of their King; He swept across the surface that did not touch His axle, and the sea parted with joy. His bounding horses quickly brought him To the Greek fleet. There is a spacious cave Deep in the ocean, between the rugged rocks Of Imbrus and Tenedos; There Neptune, Earth-Shaker, secured his steeds; He released them from the yoke, Gave them ambrosial food, and bound their feet With golden straps that could not be untied Or broken, so they would patiently wait For their Lord's return, then sought the Greek army. The Trojans, like a storm or a flame, Now following Hector, son of Priam, Charged forward, shouting to the skies. Their hope was to seize the fleet and leave Not a single Achaean of the host alive. But Neptune, the encircler of the earth, Emerging from the deep, In the form and with the voice Loud and clear of Calchas, roused the Argive ranks For battle—and his call first Turned to either Ajax, ready for action.

Ye heroes Ajax! your accustomed force60
Exert, oh! think not of disastrous flight,
And ye shall save the people. Nought I fear
Fatal elsewhere, although Troy’s haughty sons
Have pass’d the barrier with so fierce a throng
Tumultuous; for the Grecians brazen-greaved65
Will check them there. Here only I expect
And with much dread some dire event forebode,
Where Hector, terrible as fire, and loud
Vaunting his glorious origin from Jove,
Leads on the Trojans. Oh that from on high70
Some God would form the purpose in your hearts
To stand yourselves firmly, and to exhort
The rest to stand! so should ye chase him hence
All ardent as he is, and even although
Olympian Jove himself his rage inspire.75

You heroes, Ajax! Show your usual strength!
Please, don’t think about retreating,
And you will save the people. I fear nothing
Fatal elsewhere, even though Troy’s proud sons
Have crossed the barrier with such a fierce crowd,
So chaotic; because the Grecians in bronze armor
Will hold them back there. Here, I only worry
And dread some terrible event might happen,
Where Hector, as fierce as fire, and loudly
Boasting of his glorious lineage from Jove,
Leads the Trojans. Oh, if only some God above
Would inspire you all to stand firm in your hearts
And encourage the others to do the same! Then you could drive him away,
As passionate as he is, even if
Olympian Jove himself fuels his rage.

So Neptune spake, compasser of the earth,
And, with his sceptre smiting both, their hearts
Fill’d with fresh fortitude; their limbs the touch
Made agile, wing’d their feet and nerved their arms.
Then, swift as stoops a falcon from the point80
Of some rude rock sublime, when he would chase
A fowl of other wing along the meads,
So started Neptune thence, and disappear’d.
Him, as he went, swift Oïliades
First recognized, and, instant, thus his speech85
To Ajax, son of Telamon, address’d.

So Neptune spoke, the one who surrounds the earth,
And, with his scepter striking both, filled their hearts
With new strength; the touch made their limbs agile,
Speeding up their feet and empowering their arms.
Then, fast as a falcon dives from a high rock,80
When it’s hunting a bird of a different kind across the fields,
Neptune took off and vanished.
As he left, quick Oïliades
Was the first to recognize him, and immediately addressed his words85
To Ajax, son of Telamon.

Since, Ajax, some inhabitant of heaven
Exhorts us, in the prophet’s form to fight
(For prophet none or augur we have seen;
This was not Calchas; as he went I mark’d90
His steps and knew him; Gods are known with ease)
I feel my spirit in my bosom fired
Afresh for battle; lightness in my limbs,
In hands and feet a glow unfelt before.

Since Ajax, some heavenly being Encourages us, in the role of a prophet, to fight (We haven't seen any prophet or seer; This wasn't Calchas; as he left, I noticed His steps and recognized him; Gods are easily recognized) I feel my spirit ignited Once again for battle; there's a lightness in my limbs, And a warmth in my hands and feet that I've never felt before.

To whom the son of Telamon replied.95
I also with invigorated hands
More firmly grasp my spear; my courage mounts,
A buoyant animation in my feet
Bears me along, and I am all on fire
To cope with Priam’s furious son, alone.100

To whom the son of Telamon replied.95
I also with strong hands
Grip my spear tighter; my confidence rises,
A lively energy in my feet
Pushes me forward, and I'm filled with determination
To face Priam’s angry son, alone.100

Thus they, with martial transport to their souls
Imparted by the God, conferr’d elate.
Meantime the King of Ocean roused the Greeks,
Who in the rear, beside their gallant barks
Some respite sought. They, spent with arduous toil,105
Felt not alone their weary limbs unapt
To battle, but their hearts with grief oppress’d,
Seeing the numerous multitude of Troy
Within the mighty barrier; sad they view’d
That sight, and bathed their cheeks with many a tear,110
Despairing of escape. But Ocean’s Lord
Entering among them, soon the spirit stirr’d
Of every valiant phalanx to the fight.
Teucer and Leïtus, and famed in arms
Peneleus, Thoas and Deipyrus,115
Meriones, and his compeer renown’d,
Antilochus; all these in accents wing’d
With fierce alacrity the God address’d.

So, with a battle energy in their hearts, Given by the God, they felt uplifted. Meanwhile, the King of the Ocean stirred the Greeks, Who were at the back, looking for a break beside their brave ships. Exhausted from hard work, They felt not just their weary bodies unfit For battle, but their hearts were weighed down with grief, Seeing the huge crowd of Troy Behind the massive wall; they mournfully looked at That sight and wet their cheeks with many tears, Despairing at the thought of escape. But the Lord of the Ocean Joined them, soon igniting the spirit Of every brave group to fight. Teucer and Leïtus, and the famous warrior Peneleus, Thoas and Deipyrus, Meriones, and his well-known companion, Antilochus; all of them, full of energy, Spoke to the God with eager voices.

Oh shame, ye Grecians! vigorous as ye are
And in life’s prime, to your exertions most120
I trusted for the safety of our ships.
If ye renounce the labors of the field,
Then hath the day arisen of our defeat
And final ruin by the powers of Troy.
Oh! I behold a prodigy, a sight125
Tremendous, deem’d impossible by me,
The Trojans at our ships! the dastard race
Fled once like fleetest hinds the destined prey
Of lynxes, leopards, wolves; feeble and slight
And of a nature indisposed to war130
They rove uncertain; so the Trojans erst
Stood not, nor to Achaian prowess dared
The hindrance of a moment’s strife oppose.
But now, Troy left afar, even at our ships
They give us battle, through our leader’s fault135
And through the people’s negligence, who fill’d
With fierce displeasure against him, prefer
Death at their ships, to war in their defence.
But if the son of Atreus, our supreme,
If Agamemnon, have indeed transgress’d140
Past all excuse, dishonoring the swift
Achilles, ye at least the fight decline
Blame-worthy, and with no sufficient plea.
But heal we speedily the breach; brave minds
Easily coalesce. It is not well145
That thus your fury slumbers, for the host
Hath none illustrious as yourselves in arms.
I can excuse the timid if he shrink,
But am incensed at you. My friends, beware!
Your tardiness will prove ere long the cause150
Of some worse evil. Let the dread of shame
Affect your hearts; oh tremble at the thought
Of infamy! Fierce conflict hath arisen;
Loud shouting Hector combats at the ships
Nobly, hath forced the gates and burst the bar.155

Oh shame on you, Greeks! Strong as you are
And in the prime of life, I relied on your efforts
For the safety of our ships.
If you give up the hard work of the field,
Then it’s the day of our defeat
And final ruin at the hands of Troy.
Oh! I see a miracle, a sight
Incredible to me,
The Trojans at our ships! The cowardly race
Once fled like the fastest deer from the prey
Of lynxes, leopards, wolves; weak and slight
And naturally not inclined to war
They wander uncertain; just as the Trojans before
Could not stand and dare to challenge
A moment's struggle against Achaean prowess.
But now, with Troy far behind, even at our ships
They are fighting us, because of our leader’s fault
And the negligence of the people, who are filled
With fierce anger against him, choosing
Death at our ships over fighting to defend themselves.
But if the son of Atreus, our supreme leader,
If Agamemnon has truly gone too far,
Disgracing the swift Achilles, then you at least
Should hesitate to fight, without proper reason.
But let’s quickly heal this rift; brave minds
Easily come together. It’s not right
That your anger stays quiet, for the army
Has no one as distinguished as you in arms.
I can understand if the fearful shrink back,
But I’m furious with you. My friends, take heed!
Your delay will soon be the cause
Of something worse. Let the fear of shame
Touch your hearts; oh tremble at the thought
Of dishonor! A fierce conflict has broken out;
Loud shouting Hector fights at the ships
Bravely, has forced the gates and broken the bar.

With such encouragement those Grecian chiefs
The King of Ocean roused. Then, circled soon
By many a phalanx either Ajax stood,
Whose order Mars himself arriving there
Had praised, or Pallas, patroness of arms.160
For there the flower of all expected firm
Bold Hector and his host; spear crowded spear,
Shield, helmet, man, press’d helmet, man and shield;[3]
The hairy crests of their resplendent casques
Kiss’d close at every nod, so wedged they stood;165
No spear was seen but in the manly grasp
It quiver’d, and their every wish was war.
The powers of Ilium gave the first assault
Embattled close; them Hector led himself[4]
Right on, impetuous as a rolling rock170
Destructive; torn by torrent waters off
From its old lodgment on the mountain’s brow,
It bounds, it shoots away; the crashing wood
Falls under it; impediment or check
None stays its fury, till the level found,175
There, settling by degrees, it rolls no more;
So after many a threat that he would pass
Easily through the Grecian camp and fleet
And slay to the sea-brink, when Hector once
Had fallen on those firm ranks, standing, he bore180
Vehement on them; but by many a spear
Urged and bright falchion, soon, reeling, retired,
And call’d vociferous on the host of Troy.

With such encouragement, those Greek leaders
Roused the King of the Ocean. Soon, surrounded
By many battalions, either Ajax stood,
Whose formation Mars himself had praised upon arrival,
Or Pallas, the goddess of war.160
There, the cream of the crop awaited firm
Bold Hector and his troops; spears pressed against spears,
Shields, helmets, men, helmets against men and shields;[3]
The feathery crests of their shining helmets
Touched each other at every nod, so tightly they stood;165
No spear was seen without a strong grip
It shook, and all their hearts were set on war.
The forces of Ilium launched the first attack
Fighting closely; Hector led them himself[4]
Charging forward, as fierce as a crashing rock170
Destructive; torn away by rushing waters
From its old resting place on the mountain top,
It bounds, it shoots away; the crashing trees
Fall beneath it; nothing can stop
Its fury, until it finds level ground,175
There, settling down gradually, it rolls no more;
So after many threats that he would easily pass
Through the Greek camp and fleet
And kill them all by the sea, when Hector finally
Attacked those solid ranks, he pushed hard against them;180
But under many spears
And shining blades, he soon stumbled back,
Shouting loudly for the Trojans.

Trojans, and Lycians, and close-fighting sons
Of Dardanus, oh stand! not long the Greeks185
Will me confront, although embodied close
In solid phalanx; doubt it not; my spear
Shall chase and scatter them, if Jove, in truth,
High-thundering mate of Juno, bid me on.

Trojans, Lycians, and the brave sons of Dardanus,
Oh stand firm! The Greeks won't face me for long,185
Even if they come together in a solid phalanx; don't doubt it;
My spear will drive them away, if Jove, the great thunderer,
And husband of Juno, truly commands me forward.

So saying he roused the courage of them all190
Foremost of whom advanced, of Priam’s race
Deiphobus, ambitious of renown.
Tripping he came with shorten’d steps,[5] his feet
Sheltering behind his buckler; but at him
Aiming, Meriones his splendid lance195
Dismiss’d, nor err’d; his bull-hide targe he struck
But ineffectual; where the hollow wood
Receives the inserted brass, the quivering beam
Snapp’d; then, Deiphobus his shield afar
Advanced before him, trembling at a spear200
Hurl’d by Meriones. He, moved alike
With indignation for the victory lost
And for his broken spear, into his band
At first retired, but soon set forth again
In prowess through the Achaian camp, to fetch205
Its fellow-spear within his tent reserved.

So saying, he boosted everyone’s courage190
First among them was Deiphobus, from Priam's line,
eager for glory.
He moved forward with quick, short steps, hiding
behind his shield; but Meriones, aiming at him,195
threw his impressive spear, and didn’t miss; he struck
Deiphobus’s bull-hide shield,
but it was ineffective; where the hollow wood
holds the inserted metal, the shaking beam
snapped. Then Deiphobus held his shield up high
in front of him, shaking at the spear200
thrown by Meriones. He, filled with both
anger over the lost victory
and frustration from his broken spear, initially
withdrew back to his team, but soon advanced again
with bravery through the Achaian camp to retrieve205
another spear he had kept in his tent.

The rest all fought, and dread the shouts arose
On all sides. Telamonian Teucer, first,
Slew valiant Imbrius, son of Mentor, rich
In herds of sprightly steeds. He ere the Greeks210
Arrived at Ilium, in Pedæus dwelt,
And Priam’s spurious daughter had espoused
Medesicasta. But the barks well-oar’d
Of Greece arriving, he return’d to Troy,
Where he excell’d the noblest, and abode215
With Priam, loved and honor’d as his own.
Him Teucer pierced beneath his ear, and pluck’d
His weapon home; he fell as falls an ash
Which on some mountain visible afar,
Hewn from its bottom by the woodman’s axe,220
With all its tender foliage meets the ground
So Imbrius fell; loud rang his armor bright
With ornamental brass, and Teucer flew
To seize his arms, whom hasting to the spoil
Hector with his resplendent spear assail’d;225
He, marking opposite its rapid flight,
Declined it narrowly and it pierced the breast,
As he advanced to battle, of the son
Of Cteatus of the Actorian race,
Amphimachus; he, sounding, smote the plain,230
And all his batter’d armor rang aloud.
Then Hector swift approaching, would have torn
The well-forged helmet from the brows away
Of brave Amphimachus; but Ajax hurl’d
Right forth at Hector hasting to the spoil235
His radiant spear; no wound the spear impress’d,
For he was arm’d complete in burnish’d brass
Terrific; but the solid boss it pierced
Of Hector’s shield, and with enormous force
So shock’d him, that retiring he resign’d240
Both bodies,[6] which the Grecians dragg’d away.
Stichius and Menestheus, leaders both
Of the Athenians, to the host of Greece
Bore off Amphimachus, and, fierce in arms
The Ajaces, Imbrius. As two lions bear245
Through thick entanglement of boughs and brakes
A goat snatch’d newly from the peasants’ cogs,
Upholding high their prey above the ground,
So either Ajax terrible in fight,
Upholding Imbrius high, his brazen arms250
Tore off, and Oïliades his head
From his smooth neck dissevering in revenge
For slain Amphimachus, through all the host
Sent it with swift rotation like a globe,
Till in the dust at Hector’s feet it fell.255

The rest all fought, and terrifying shouts rose up on all sides. Telamonian Teucer was the first to kill brave Imbrius, the son of Mentor, who was wealthy in swift steeds. Before the Greeks arrived at Ilium, he lived in Pedæus and had married Medesicasta, Priam's illegitimate daughter. But when the well-oared ships of Greece arrived, he returned to Troy, where he outshone the noblest and was honored and loved by Priam as his own. Teucer struck him beneath his ear and pulled back his weapon; he fell like an ash tree from a mountain, cut down by a woodcutter's axe, as all its tender leaves hit the ground. Thus Imbrius fell; the clang of his bright armor with decorative brass echoed as Teucer rushed to claim his arms. However, Hector, rushing to the spoils with his shining spear, attacked him; Teucer narrowly dodged it, and the spear pierced the chest of Amphimachus, son of Cteatus from the Actorian tribe, who fell with a resounding crash, his battered armor ringing out loud. Then Hector swiftly approached, trying to tear off the well-crafted helmet from brave Amphimachus's head; but Ajax hurled his brilliant spear at Hector, charging towards the spoils. The spear didn’t wound him, as he was fully armored in fearsome polished brass, but it pierced the solid boss of Hector’s shield with such force that it shocked him, making him retreat and abandon both bodies, which the Greeks dragged away. Stichius and Menestheus, leaders of the Athenians, carried Amphimachus back to the Greek host, while the Ajaces took Imbrius. Like two lions lifting a goat snatched from a farmer’s pen high above the ground through thick branches and bushes, each Ajax, fierce in battle, hoisted Imbrius high, tore off his bronze arms, and Oïliades severed his head from his smooth neck in revenge for slain Amphimachus. He sent it spinning through the whole host like a globe until it fell in the dust at Hector’s feet.

Then anger fill’d the heart of Ocean’s King,
His grandson[7] slain in battle; forth he pass’d
Through the Achaian camp and fleet, the Greeks
Rousing, and meditating wo to Troy.
It chanced that brave Idomeneus return’d260
That moment from a Cretan at the knee
Wounded, and newly borne into his tent;
His friends had borne him off, and when the Chief
Had given him into skilful hands, he sought
The field again, still coveting renown.265
Him therefore, meeting him on his return,
Neptune bespake, but with the borrow’d voice
Of Thoas, offspring of Andræmon, King
In Pleuro and in lofty Calydon,
And honor’d by the Ætolians as a God.270

Then anger filled the heart of Ocean’s King,
His grandson[7] killed in battle; he marched out
Through the Achaean camp and fleet, rallying the Greeks
And plotting destruction for Troy.
It happened that brave Idomeneus returned260
Just then from a Cretan at the knee
Wounded, and recently brought into his tent;
His friends had carried him off, and when the Chief
Had handed him over to skilled care, he sought
The battlefield again, still seeking glory.265
So, meeting him as he returned,
Neptune spoke to him, but using the borrowed voice
Of Thoas, son of Andrämon, King
In Pleuro and in high Calydon,
And honored by the Aetolians like a God.270

Oh counsellor of Crete! our threats denounced
Against the towers of Troy, where are they now?

Oh counselor of Crete! Our threats declared
Against the towers of Troy, where are they now?

To whom the leader of the Cretans, thus,
Idomeneus. For aught that I perceive
Thoas! no Grecian is this day in fault!275
For we are all intelligent in arms,
None yields by fear oppress’d, none lull’d by sloth
From battle shrinks; but such the pleasure seems
Of Jove himself, that we should perish here
Inglorious, from our country far remote280
But, Thoas! (for thine heart was ever firm
In battle, and thyself art wont to rouse
Whom thou observ’st remiss) now also fight
As erst, and urge each leader of the host.

To whom the leader of the Cretans, thus,
Idomeneus. From what I can see,
Thoas! no Greek is at fault today!275
We are all skilled in battle,
None of us is backing down out of fear, none is too lazy
To avoid the fight; but it seems the pleasure of
Jove himself is that we should die here
Without glory, far from our homeland.280
But, Thoas! (for your heart has always been strong
In battle, and you’re known for urging
Those who you see are slacking) fight now
Like before, and motivate each leader of the troops.

Him answered, then, the Sovereign of the Deep.285
Return that Grecian never from the shores
Of Troy, Idomeneus! but may the dogs
Feast on him, who shall this day intermit
Through wilful negligence his force in fight!
But haste, take arms and come; we must exert290
All diligence, that, being only two,
We yet may yield some service. Union much
Emboldens even the weakest, and our might
Hath oft been proved on warriors of renown.

He answered then, the Sovereign of the Deep.285
Return that Greek never from the shores
Of Troy, Idomeneus! but may the dogs
Feast on him who today chooses to hold back
Through willful negligence in battle!
But hurry, take up arms and come; we need to work290
Together, so that, being only two,
We can still provide some support. Unity greatly
Strengthens even the weakest, and our power
Has often been proven against renowned warriors.

So Neptune spake, and, turning, sought again295
The toilsome field. Ere long, Idomeneus
Arriving in his spacious tent, put on
His radiant armor, and, two spears in hand,
Set forth like lightning which Saturnian Jove
From bright Olympus shakes into the air,300
A sign to mortal men, dazzling all eyes;
So beam’d the Hero’s armor as he ran.
But him not yet far distant from his tent
Meriones, his fellow-warrior met,
For he had left the fight, seeking a spear,305
When thus the brave Idomeneus began.

So Neptune spoke, and, turning, sought again295
The toilsome field. Soon, Idomeneus
Arriving in his spacious tent, put on
His shining armor, and, two spears in hand,
Set out like lightning that Saturnian Jove
From bright Olympus shakes into the air,300
A sign to mortals, dazzling all eyes;
So shone the Hero’s armor as he ran.
But he had not gone far from his tent
When Meriones, his fellow-warrior, met him,
For he had left the fight, looking for a spear,305
When brave Idomeneus began to speak.

Swift son of Molus! chosen companion dear!
Wherefore, Meriones, hast thou the field
Abandon’d? Art thou wounded? Bring’st thou home
Some pointed mischief in thy flesh infixt?310
Or comest thou sent to me, who of myself
The still tent covet not, but feats of arms?

Swift son of Molus! Chosen friend, dear to me!
Why, Meriones, have you left the battlefield?
Are you hurt? Do you bring something sharp
Stuck in your flesh?310
Or have you come to me, while I don’t long
For the quiet tent, but for the glory of battle?

To whom Meriones discreet replied,
Chief leader of the Cretans, brazen-mail’d
Idomeneus! if yet there be a spear315
Left in thy tent, I seek one; for I broke
The spear, even now, with which erewhile I fought,
Smiting the shield of fierce Deiphobus.

To whom Meriones replied quietly,
the chief leader of the Cretans, wearing bronze armor,
Idomeneus! If you still have a spear315
left in your tent, I need one; I just broke
the spear I was using to fight,
striking the shield of the fierce Deiphobus.

Then answer thus the Cretan Chief return’d,
Valiant Idomeneus. If spears thou need,320
Within my tent, leaning against the wall,
Stand twenty spears and one, forged all in Troy,
Which from the slain I took; for distant fight
Me suits not; therefore in my tent have I
Both spears and bossy shields, with brazen casques325
And corselets bright that smile against the sun.

Then the Cretan Chief answered back,
Brave Idomeneus. If you need spears,320
I have twenty-one leaning against the wall in my tent,
All forged in Troy, taken from the fallen;
I prefer not to fight from a distance;
That's why I keep both spears and sturdy shields,325
Along with bronze helmets that shine in the sunlight.

Him answer’d, then, Meriones discreet.
I also, at my tent and in my ship
Have many Trojan spoils, but they are hence
Far distant. I not less myself than thou330
Am ever mindful of a warrior’s part,
And when the din of glorious arms is heard,
Fight in the van. If other Greeks my deeds
Know not, at least I judge them known to thee.

He replied then, Meriones thoughtfully.
I too, in my tent and on my ship
Have plenty of Trojan treasures, but they are far
Away. I am just as committed as you330
To a warrior’s duty,
And when the sound of glorious battle is heard,
I fight at the front. If the other Greeks don’t know of my deeds,
At least I believe you do.

To whom the leader of the host of Crete335
Idomeneus. I know thy valor well,
Why speakest thus to me? Choose we this day
An ambush forth of all the bravest Greeks,
(For in the ambush is distinguish’d best
The courage; there the timorous and the bold340
Plainly appear; the dastard changes hue
And shifts from place to place, nor can he calm
The fears that shake his trembling limbs, but sits
Low-crouching on his hams, while in his breast
Quick palpitates his death-foreboding heart,345
And his teeth chatter; but the valiant man
His posture shifts not; no excessive fears
Feels he, but seated once in ambush, deems
Time tedious till the bloody fight begin;)
Even there, thy courage should no blame incur.[8]350
For should’st thou, toiling in the fight, by spear
Or falchion bleed, not on thy neck behind
Would fall the weapon, or thy back annoy,
But it would meet thy bowels or thy chest
While thou didst rush into the clamorous van.355
But haste—we may not longer loiter here
As children prating, lest some sharp rebuke
Reward us. Enter quick, and from within
My tent provide thee with a noble spear.

To whom the leader of the host of Crete335
Idomeneus. I know your bravery well,
Why do you speak to me this way? Let’s choose today
An ambush from all the bravest Greeks,
(For in the ambush, courage stands out best
The scared and the bold are clearly visible;340
The coward changes color
And shifts from place to place, unable to calm
The fears that shake his trembling limbs, but sits
Low-crouched on his knees, while in his chest
His heart races with a sense of impending doom,345
And his teeth chatter; but the brave man
Doesn't change his stance; he feels no extreme fear,
But once seated in ambush, he finds
Time dragging on until the bloody fight begins;)
Even there, you should not be blamed for your courage.[8]350
For if you, battling in the fight, bleed from a spear
Or sword, it wouldn’t hit you in the back,
But would strike your belly or chest
While you charge into the noisy front lines.355
But hurry—we can’t stay here any longer
Like children chatting, or we might get a sharp rebuke
As a reward. Enter quickly, and from inside
My tent, get yourself a fine spear.

Then, swift as Mars, Meriones produced360
A brazen spear of those within the tent
Reserved, and kindling with heroic fire
Follow’d Idomeneus. As gory Mars
By Terror follow’d, his own dauntless son
Who quells the boldest heart, to battle moves;365
From Thrace against the Ephyri they arm,
Or hardy Phlegyans, and by both invoked,
Hear and grant victory to which they please;
Such, bright in arms Meriones, and such
Idomeneus advanced, when foremost thus370
Meriones his fellow-chief bespake.

Then, swift as Mars, Meriones grabbed360 degrees
a bronze spear from those in the tent
reserved and burning with heroic spirit
followed by Idomeneus. Just like bloody Mars,
followed by Terror, his fearless son
who can break the bravest heart, he moved into battle;365 days
they geared up to fight the Ephyri from Thrace,
or the tough Phlegyans, and both called upon
the gods to hear and grant victory to whom they wished;
such was Meriones, shining in armor, and such
was Idomeneus, when at the forefront Meriones370
spoke to his fellow leader.

Son of Deucalion! where inclinest thou most
To enter into battle? On the right
Of all the host? or through the central ranks?
Or on the left? for nowhere I account375
The Greeks so destitute of force as there.

Son of Deucalion! Where do you prefer to enter the battle? On the right side of the army? Or through the center? Or on the left? Because I don’t consider the Greeks to be weak there at all.

Then answer thus Idomeneus return’d
Chief of the Cretans. Others stand to guard
The middle fleet; there either Ajax wars,
And Teucer, noblest archer of the Greeks,380
Nor less in stationary fight approved.
Bent as he is on battle, they will task
And urge to proof sufficiently the force
Of Priameïan Hector; burn his rage
How fierce soever, he shall find it hard,385
With all his thirst of victory, to quell
Their firm resistance, and to fire the fleet,
Let not Saturnian Jove cast down from heaven
Himself a flaming brand into the ships.
High towering Telamonian Ajax yields390
To no mere mortal by the common gift
Sustain’d of Ceres, and whose flesh the spear
Can penetrate, or rocky fragment bruise;
In standing fight Ajax would not retire
Even before that breaker of the ranks395
Achilles, although far less swift than he.
But turn we to the left, that we may learn
At once, if glorious death, or life be ours.

Then Idomeneus, the leader of the Cretans, replied, "Others will guard the central fleet; there, Ajax is fighting, And Teucer, the greatest archer among the Greeks, Equally skilled in close combat. Focused on battle, they will certainly test The strength of Hector, son of Priam; no matter how fierce his anger, He will find it difficult, despite his thirst for victory, To break through their strong defense and set the fleet ablaze, Unless Jupiter himself throws a fiery bolt from the sky. Tall Ajax from Telamon won’t yield To any ordinary man, sustained by Ceres' common gift, Whose flesh a spear can pierce or a sharp stone can crush; In direct combat, Ajax wouldn’t back down Even against Achilles, the breaker of lines, Although he is much swifter. But let’s turn to the left and find out Whether glorious death or life awaits us."

Then, rapid as the God of war, his course
Meriones toward the left began,400
As he enjoin’d. Soon as the Trojans saw
Idomeneus advancing like a flame,
And his compeer Meriones in arms
All-radiant clad, encouraging aloud
From rank to rank each other, on they came405
To the assault combined. Then soon arose
Sharp contest on the left of all the fleet.
As when shrill winds blow vehement, what time
Dust deepest spreads the ways, by warring blasts
Upborne a sable cloud stands in the air,410
Such was the sudden conflict; equal rage
To stain with gore the lance ruled every breast.
Horrent with quivering spears the fatal field
Frown’d on all sides; the brazen flashes dread
Of numerous helmets, corselets furbish’d bright,415
And shields refulgent meeting, dull’d the eye,
And turn’d it dark away. Stranger indeed
Were he to fear, who could that strife have view’d
With heart elate, or spirit unperturb’d.

Then, swift as the god of war, Meriones shifted to the left, as instructed. As soon as the Trojans saw Idomeneus advancing like a flame, and his companion Meriones, fully armed and shining, calling out encouragement to each other from rank to rank, they charged together into the fight. Soon, a fierce battle erupted on the far left of the fleet. Just like when strong winds blow, causing dust to rise and forming a dark cloud in the air, so too was the sudden conflict; equal fury drove every heart to stain the spear with blood. The battlefield was thick with quivering spears, threatening from all sides; the terrifying gleam of numerous helmets and polished armor, as well as shining shields clashing, dazzled the eye and forced it to turn away. It would indeed be strange for anyone to view such a struggle with a light heart or an untroubled spirit.

Two mighty sons of Saturn adverse parts420
Took in that contest, purposing alike
To many a valiant Chief sorrow and pain.
Jove, for the honor of Achilles, gave
Success to Hector and the host of Troy,
Not for complete destruction of the Greeks425
At Ilium, but that glory might redound
To Thetis thence, and to her dauntless son.
On the other side, the King of Ocean risen
Secretly from the hoary Deep, the host
Of Greece encouraged, whom he grieved to see430
Vanquish’d by Trojans, and with anger fierce
Against the Thunderer burn’d on their behalf.
Alike from one great origin divine
Sprang they, but Jove was elder, and surpass’d
In various knowledge; therefore when he roused435
Their courage, Neptune traversed still the ranks
Clandestine, and in human form disguised.
Thus, these Immortal Two, straining the cord
Indissoluble of all-wasting war,
Alternate measured with it either host,440
And loosed the joints of many a warrior bold.
Then, loud exhorting (though himself with age
Half grey) the Achaians, into battle sprang
Idomeneus, and scatter’d, first, the foe,
Slaying Othryoneus, who, by the lure445
Of martial glory drawn, had left of late
Cabesus. He Priam’s fair daughter woo’d
Cassandra, but no nuptial gift vouchsafed
To offer, save a sounding promise proud
To chase, himself, however resolute450
The Grecian host, and to deliver Troy.
To him assenting, Priam, ancient King,
Assured to him his wish, and in the faith
Of that assurance confident, he fought.
But brave Idomeneus his splendid lance455
Well-aim’d dismissing, struck the haughty Chief.
Pacing elate the field; his brazen mail
Endured not; through his bowels pierced, with clang
Of all his arms he fell, and thus with joy
Immense exulting, spake Idomeneus.460

Two powerful sons of Saturn took opposing sides in that battle, both intending to bring sorrow and pain to many brave leaders. Jove, wanting to honor Achilles, granted success to Hector and the Trojan forces, not for the complete destruction of the Greeks at Ilium, but so that glory could come to Thetis and her fearless son. Meanwhile, the King of the Ocean secretly rose from the deep waters, encouraging the Greek army, which he was saddened to see defeated by the Trojans, and burned with fierce anger on their behalf. They both came from the same divine origin, but Jove was the elder and was more knowledgeable; so when he inspired their courage, Neptune moved through the ranks stealthily, disguised as a man. Thus, these two immortals, pulling the unbreakable string of relentless war, took turns measuring with it each side and loosening the joints of many courageous warriors. Then, loudly urging the Achaeans into battle, though he was half grey with age, Idomeneus leaped into the fray and first scattered the enemy, killing Othryoneus, who had recently left Cabesus, lured by the promise of martial glory. He had courted Priam’s beautiful daughter, Cassandra, but had no marriage gift to offer except a boastful promise to chase the Greek army away and deliver Troy. Priam, the ancient King, agreed to this, assuring him he would have his wish, and confident in that promise, Othryoneus fought. But brave Idomeneus, skillfully throwing his splendid spear, struck the proud leader. Proudly walking the battlefield, Othryoneus couldn't withstand the blow; the spear pierced through him, and with the clang of all his armor, he fell. Immense joy swelling within him, Idomeneus spoke.

I give thee praise, Othryoneus! beyond
All mortal men, if truly thou perform
Thy whole big promise to the Dardan king,
Who promised thee his daughter. Now, behold,
We also promise: doubt not the effect.465
We give into thy arms the most admired
Of Agamemnon’s daughters, whom ourselves
Will hither bring from Argos, if thy force
With ours uniting, thou wilt rase the walls
Of populous Troy. Come—follow me; that here470
Among the ships we may adjust the terms
Of marriage, for we take not scanty dower.

I praise you, Othryoneus! more than
All other men, if you truly keep
Your big promise to the Dardan king,
Who promised you his daughter. Now, look,
We also promise: don't doubt the outcome.465
We will give you the most admired
Of Agamemnon’s daughters, whom we
Will bring here from Argos, if you unite
Your strength with ours to destroy the walls
Of crowded Troy. Come—follow me, so we470
Can settle the marriage terms here
Among the ships, because we don't settle for a small dowry.

So saying, the Hero dragg’d him by his heel
Through all the furious fight. His death to avenge
Asius on foot before his steeds advanced,475
For them, where’er he moved, his charioteer
Kept breathing ever on his neck behind.
With fierce desire the heart of Asius burn’d
To smite Idomeneus, who with his lance
Him reaching first, pierced him beneath the chin480
Into his throat, and urged the weapon through.
He fell, as some green poplar falls, or oak,
Or lofty pine, by naval artists hewn
With new-edged axes on the mountain’s side.
So, his teeth grinding, and the bloody dust485
Clenching, before his chariot and his steeds
Extended, Asius lay. His charioteer
(All recollection lost) sat panic-stunn’d,
Nor dared for safety turn his steeds to flight.
Him bold Antilochus right through the waist490
Transpierced; his mail sufficed not, but the spear
Implanted in his midmost bowels stood.
Down from his seat magnificent he fell
Panting, and young Antilochus the steeds
Drove captive thence into the host of Greece.495
Then came Deiphobus by sorrow urged
For Asius, and, small interval between,
Hurl’d at Idomeneus his glittering lance;
But he, foreseeing its approach, the point
Eluded, cover’d whole by his round shield500
Of hides and brass by double belt sustain’d,
And it flew over him, but on his targe
Glancing, elicited a tinkling sound.
Yet left it not in vain his vigorous grasp,
But pierced the liver of Hypsenor, son505
Of Hippasus; he fell incontinent,
And measureless exulting in his fall
Deiphobus with mighty voice exclaim’d.

So saying, the Hero dragged him by his heel
Through all the furious fight. His death to avenge
Asius on foot advanced before his horses,475
For them, wherever he moved, his charioteer
Kept breathing heavily on his neck behind.
With fierce desire, Asius's heart burned
To strike Idomeneus, who with his lance
Reaching him first, pierced him beneath the chin480
And drove the weapon through his throat.
He fell, like a green poplar, oak,
Or tall pine, hewn down by shipbuilders
With sharpened axes on the mountainside.
So, grinding his teeth, and clutching the bloody dust485
Before his chariot and his horses, Asius lay. His charioteer
(All recollection lost) sat stunned with panic,
Nor dared to turn his horses to flee.
Bold Antilochus pierced him right through the waist490
His armor couldn't protect him; the spear
Stuck in his innermost guts.
He fell magnificently from his seat
Panting, and young Antilochus drove
The horses captive into the Greek army.495
Then Deiphobus, driven by grief
For Asius, with barely a moment’s pause,
Threw his shining lance at Idomeneus;
But he, foreseeing its approach, evaded the point
By staying entirely covered by his round shield500
Of hides and brass supported by a double belt,
And it flew over him, but glancing off his shield
Made a tinkling sound.
Yet his strong grip wasn't in vain,
But pierced the liver of Hypsenor, son505
Of Hippasus; he fell immediately,
And Deiphobus, with mighty voice, cried out
In exultation at his fall.

Not unavenged lies Asius; though he seek
Hell’s iron portals, yet shall he rejoice,510
For I have given him a conductor home.

Not unavenged lies Asius; even though he seeks
Hell’s iron gates, he will still find joy,510
For I have provided him a guide back home.

So he, whose vaunt the Greeks indignant heard!
But of them all to anger most he roused
Antilochus, who yet his breathless friend[9]
Left not, but hasting, fenced him with his shield,515
And brave Alastor with Mecisteus son
Of Echius, bore him to the hollow ships
Deep-groaning both, for of their band was he.
Nor yet Idomeneus his warlike rage
Remitted aught, but persevering strove520
Either to plunge some Trojan in the shades,
Or fall himself, guarding the fleet of Greece.
Then slew he brave Alcathoüs the son
Of Æsyeta, and the son-in-law
Of old Anchises, who to him had given525
The eldest-born of all his daughters fair,
Hippodamia; dearly loved was she
By both her parents in her virgin state,[10]
For that in beauty she surpass’d, in works
Ingenious, and in faculties of mind530
All her coëvals; wherefore she was deem’d
Well worthy of the noblest prince of Troy.
Him in that moment, Neptune by the arm
Quell’d of Idomeneus, his radiant eyes
Dimming, and fettering his proportion’d limbs.535
All power of flight or to elude the stroke
Forsook him, and while motionless he stood
As stands a pillar tall or towering oak,
The hero of the Cretans with a spear
Transfix’d his middle chest. He split the mail540
Erewhile his bosom’s faithful guard; shrill rang
The shiver’d brass; sounding he fell; the beam
Implanted in his palpitating heart
Shook to its topmost point, but, its force spent,
At last, quiescent, stood. Then loud exclaim’d545
Idomeneus, exulting in his fall.

So he, whose boast the Greeks angrily heard!
But of them all, it was Antilochus who got the angriest
As he did not leave his breathless friend[9]
But rushed in, shielding him with his shield,515
And brave Alastor with Mecisteus' son
Of Echius, carried him to the hollow ships,
Both groaning deeply, for he was one of their group.
Nor did Idomeneus let up on his warrior fury
But kept pushing, trying520
Either to send some Trojan to the underworld,
Or to fall himself, defending the Greek fleet.
Then he killed brave Alcathoüs, the son
Of Æsyeta, and the son-in-law
Of old Anchises, who had given him525
His eldest-born daughter, Hippodamia;
She was dearly loved by both her parents in her youth,[10]
For she surpassed all in beauty, skill,
And intelligence,530
Making her well-deserving of the noblest prince of Troy.
In that moment, Neptune seized Idomeneus by the arm,
Clouding his radiant eyes
And binding his perfectly proportioned limbs.535
All hope of escape or avoiding the blow
Left him, and while he stood still
Like a tall pillar or a towering oak,
The hero of the Cretans pierced
His chest with a spear.
He broke through the armor
That had once protected his heart; the shrill sound
Of the shattered brass rang out; he fell hard;
The lance implanted in his beating heart
Shook to its topmost point, but, its force spent,
Finally became still. Then Idomeneus loudly exclaimed,545
Celebrating his fall.

What thinks Deiphobus? seems it to thee
Vain boaster, that, three warriors slain for one,
We yield thee just amends? else, stand thyself
Against me; learn the valor of a Chief550
The progeny of Jove; Jove first begat
Crete’s guardian, Minos, from which Minos sprang
Deucalion, and from famed Deucalion, I;
I, sovereign of the numerous race of Crete’s
Extensive isle, and whom my galleys brought555
To these your shores at last, that I might prove
Thy curse, thy father’s, and a curse to Troy.

What does Deiphobus think? Do you really believe, vain braggart, that three warriors killed for one is fair compensation? If not, then stand against me; see what a true leader can do, the descendant of Jove. Jove first fathered Crete’s protector, Minos, from whom Minos descended Deucalion, and from the renowned Deucalion, I come; I, ruler of the many descendants of Crete’s vast island, and whom my ships finally brought to your shores, so that I might avenge your curse, your father’s, and bring a curse upon Troy.

He spake; Deiphobus uncertain stood
Whether, retreating, to engage the help
Of some heroic Trojan, or himself560
To make the dread experiment alone.
At length, as his discreeter course, he chose
To seek Æneas; him he found afar
Station’d, remotest of the host of Troy,
For he resented evermore his worth565
By Priam[11] recompensed with cold neglect.
Approaching him, in accents wing’d he said.

He spoke; Deiphobus stood unsure
Whether to back off and get help
From some heroic Trojan, or to take on560
The terrifying challenge by himself.
Finally, he decided it was wiser
To look for Æneas; he found him far away
Positioned, the furthest of the Trojan forces,
Because he always felt Priam565
Had rewarded him with cold indifference.
As he approached, he said in quick, clear words.

Æneas! Trojan Chief! If e’er thou lov’dst
Thy sister’s husband, duty calls thee now
To prove it. Haste—defend with me the dead570
Alcathoüs, guardian of thy tender years,
Slain by Idomeneus the spear-renown’d.

Æneas! Trojan Leader! If you ever loved
Your sister’s husband, it’s time to show it now.
Quick—help me defend the body570
Of Alcathoüs, who looked after you as a child,
Killed by Idomeneus, famous for his spear.

So saying, he roused his spirit, and on fire
To combat with the Cretan, forth he sprang.
But fear seized not Idomeneus as fear575
May seize a nursling boy; resolved he stood
As in the mountains, conscious of his force,
The wild boar waits a coming multitude
Of boisterous hunters to his lone retreat;
Arching his bristly spine he stands, his eyes580
Beam fire, and whetting his bright tusks, he burns
To drive, not dogs alone, but men to flight;
So stood the royal Cretan, and fled not,
Expecting brave Æneas; yet his friends
He summon’d, on Ascalaphus his eyes585
Fastening, on Aphareus, Deipyrus,
Meriones, and Antilochus, all bold
In battle, and in accents wing’d exclaim’d.

As he said this, he fired up his spirit and jumped forward to fight the Cretan. But Idomeneus didn't become afraid like a frightened child; he stood firm, aware of his strength, like a wild boar waiting for a group of loud hunters in his solitary retreat. Arched with bristly fur, he stood there, his eyes blazing with fire, sharpening his sharp tusks, ready to drive not just dogs but men away. So the royal Cretan stood his ground, not fleeing, waiting for brave Æneas. Yet he called on his friends, fixing his gaze on Ascalaphus, then on Aphareus, Deipyrus, Meriones, and Antilochus, all of whom were fearless in battle, and he shouted to them.

Haste ye, my friends! to aid me, for I stand
Alone, nor undismay’d the coming wait590
Of swift Æneas, nor less brave than swift,
And who possesses fresh his flower of youth,
Man’s prime advantage; were we match’d in years
As in our spirits, either he should earn
At once the meed of deathless fame, or I.595

Hurry, my friends! Help me, for I stand
Alone, not afraid of the swift approach590
Of quick Æneas, who is just as brave as he is fast,
And who still has the advantage of youthful energy;
If we were matched in age
As we are in our spirits, either he would earn
The reward of lasting fame, or I.595

He said; they all unanimous approach’d,
Sloping their shields, and stood. On the other side
His aids Æneas call’d, with eyes toward
Paris, Deiphobus, Agenor, turn’d,
His fellow-warriors bold; them follow’d all600
Their people as the pastured flock the ram
To water, by the shepherd seen with joy;
Such joy Æneas felt, seeing, so soon,
That numerous host attendant at his call.
Then, for Alcathoüs, into contest close605
Arm’d with long spears they rush’d; on every breast
Dread rang the brazen corselet, each his foe
Assailing opposite; but two, the rest
Surpassing far, terrible both as Mars,
Æneas and Idomeneus, alike610
Panted to pierce each other with the spear.
Æneas, first, cast at Idomeneus,
But, warn’d, he shunn’d the weapon, and it pass’d.
Quivering in the soil Æneas’ lance
Stood, hurl’d in vain, though by a forceful arm.615
Not so the Cretan; at his waist he pierced
Oenomaüs, his hollow corselet clave,
And in his midmost bowels drench’d the spear;
Down fell the Chief, and dying, clench’d the dust.
Instant, his massy spear the King of Crete620
Pluck’d from the dead, but of his radiant arms
Despoil’d him not, by numerous weapons urged;
For now, time-worn, he could no longer make
Brisk sally, spring to follow his own spear,
Or shun another, or by swift retreat625
Vanish from battle, but the evil day
Warded in stationary fight alone.
At him retiring, therefore, step by step
Deiphobus, who had with bitterest hate
Long time pursued him, hurl’d his splendid lance,630
But yet again erroneous, for he pierced
Ascalaphus instead, offspring of Mars;
Right through his shoulder flew the spear; he fell
Incontinent, and dying, clench’d the dust.
But tidings none the brazen-throated Mars635
Tempestuous yet received, that his own son
In bloody fight had fallen, for on the heights
Olympian over-arch’d with clouds of gold
He sat, where sat the other Powers divine,
Prisoners together of the will of Jove.640
Meantime, for slain Ascalaphus arose
Conflict severe; Deiphobus his casque
Resplendent seized, but swift as fiery Mars
Assailing him, Meriones his arm
Pierced with a spear, and from his idle hand645
Fallen, the casque sonorous struck the ground.
Again, as darts the vulture on his prey,
Meriones assailing him, the lance
Pluck’d from his arm, and to his band retired.
Then, casting his fraternal arms around650
Deiphobus, him young Polites led
From the hoarse battle to his rapid steeds
And his bright chariot in the distant rear,
Which bore him back to Troy, languid and loud-
Groaning, and bleeding from his recent wound.655
Still raged the war, and infinite arose
The clamor. Aphareus, Caletor’s son,
Turning to face Æneas, in his throat
Instant the hero’s pointed lance received.
With head reclined, and bearing to the ground660
Buckler and helmet with him, in dark shades
Of soul-divorcing death involved, he fell.
Antilochus, observing Thoön turn’d
To flight, that moment pierced him; from his back
He ripp’d the vein which through the trunk its course665
Winds upward to the neck; that vein he ripp’d
All forth; supine he fell, and with both hands
Extended to his fellow-warriors, died.
Forth sprang Antilochus to strip his arms,
But watch’d, meantime, the Trojans, who in crowds670
Encircling him, his splendid buckler broad
Smote oft, but none with ruthless point prevail’d
Even to inscribe the skin of Nestor’s son,
Whom Neptune, shaker of the shores, amid
Innumerable darts kept still secure.675
Yet never from his foes he shrank, but faced
From side to side, nor idle slept his spear,
But with rotation ceaseless turn’d and turn’d
To every part, now levell’d at a foe
Far-distant, at a foe, now, near at hand.680
Nor he, thus occupied, unseen escaped
By Asius’ offspring Adamas, who close
Advancing, struck the centre of his shield.
But Neptune azure-hair’d so dear a life
Denied to Adamas, and render’d vain685
The weapon; part within his disk remain’d
Like a seer’d stake, and part fell at his feet.
Then Adamas, for his own life alarm’d,
Retired, but as he went, Meriones
Him reaching with his lance, the shame between690
And navel pierced him, where the stroke of Mars
Proves painful most to miserable man.
There enter’d deep the weapon; down he fell,
And in the dust lay panting as an ox
Among the mountains pants by peasants held695
In twisted bands, and dragg’d perforce along;
So panted dying Adamas, but soon
Ceased, for Meriones, approaching, pluck’d
The weapon forth, and darkness veil’d his eyes.
Helenus, with his heavy Thracian blade700
Smiting the temples of Deipyrus,
Dash’d off his helmet; from his brows remote
It fell, and wandering roll’d, till at his feet
Some warrior found it, and secured; meantime
The sightless shades of death him wrapp’d around.705
Grief at that spectacle the bosom fill’d
Of valiant Menelaus; high he shook
His radiant spear, and threatening him, advanced
On royal Helenus, who ready stood
With his bow bent. They met; impatient, one,710
To give his pointed lance its rapid course,
And one, to start his arrow from the nerve.
The arrow of the son of Priam struck
Atrides’ hollow corselet, but the reed
Glanced wide. As vetches or as swarthy beans715
Leap from the van and fly athwart the floor,
By sharp winds driven, and by the winnower’s force,
So from the corselet of the glorious Greek
Wide-wandering flew the bitter shaft away.
But Menelaus the left-hand transpierced720
Of Helenus, and with the lance’s point
Fasten’d it to his bow; shunning a stroke
More fatal, Helenus into his band
Retired, his arm dependent at his side,
And trailing, as he went, the ashen beam;725
There, bold Agenor from his hand the lance
Drew forth, then folded it with softest wool
Around, sling-wool, and borrow’d from the sling
Which his attendant into battle bore.
Then sprang Pisander on the glorious Chief730
The son of Atreus, but his evil fate
Beckon’d him to his death in conflict fierce,
Oh Menelaus, mighty Chief! with thee.
And now they met, small interval between.
Atrides hurl’d his weapon, and it err’d.735
Pisander with his spear struck full the shield
Of glorious Menelaus, but his force
Resisted by the stubborn buckler broad
Fail’d to transpierce it, and the weapon fell
Snapp’d at the neck. Yet, when he struck, the heart740
Rebounded of Pisander, full of hope.
But Menelaus, drawing his bright blade,
Sprang on him, while Pisander from behind
His buckler drew a brazen battle-axe
By its long haft of polish’d olive-wood,745
And both Chiefs struck together. He the crest
That crown’d the shaggy casque of Atreus’ son
Hew’d from its base, but Menelaus him
In his swift onset smote full on the front
Above his nose; sounded the shatter’d bone,750
And his eyes both fell bloody at his feet.
Convolved with pain he lay; then, on his breast
Atrides setting fast his heel, tore off
His armor, and exulting thus began.

He said they all approached together,
Lowering their shields, and stood. On the other side,
His allies, Æneas called, with eyes turned
Towards Paris, Deiphobus, Agenor, turned,
His bold fellow-warriors; all their people followed600
Like a flock of sheep following the ram
To water, seen with joy by the shepherd;
Such joy Æneas felt, seeing, so soon,
That numerous host responding to his call.
Then, in close contest for Alcathoüs,605
They rushed in armed with long spears; on each breast
The terrible sound rang from the bronze armor, each
Attacking his opponent; but two, far surpassing
The rest, were both as fierce as Mars,
Æneas and Idomeneus, both610
Eager to pierce each other with their spears.
Æneas, first, threw at Idomeneus,
But warned, he dodged the weapon, and it passed.
Quivering in the ground stood Æneas’ lance,
Thrown in vain, though by a powerful arm.615
Not so for the Cretan; he pierced
Oenomaüs at the waist, his hollow armor cracked,
And drenched the spear in his innermost guts;
Down fell the Chief, and dying, clutched the dust.
Immediately, the King of Crete took up620
His heavy spear from the dead, but didn’t strip
Him of his shining armor, overwhelmed by numerous weapons;
For now, worn by time, he could no longer make
Quick rushes, leap to follow his own spear,
Or dodge another, or swiftly retreat625 To disappear from battle, but only stood his ground In a stationary fight. Stepping back, Deiphobus, who had long hunted him with deep hatred, Threw his beautiful spear, But again missed, hitting instead Ascalaphus, son of Mars; the spear flew Right through his shoulder; he fell Immediately, and dying, clutched the dirt. But no news reached Mars, with his booming voice That his own son Had fallen in bloody battle, because on the heights Of Olympus, shrouded in golden clouds, He sat, where the other divine Powers sat, Prisoners together of Jove’s will. Meanwhile, for slain Ascalaphus arose A fierce conflict; Deiphobus seized His shining helmet, but quick as fierce Mars Attacking him, Meriones pierced his arm With a spear, and the helmet fell with a thud to the ground. Again, like a vulture pouncing on its prey, Meriones attacked him, ripped the spear From his arm, and returned to his comrades. Then, wrapping his arms around Deiphobus, young Polites led him From the loud battle to his swift horses And bright chariot, far behind, Which carried him back to Troy, weak and groaning, Bleeding from his fresh wound. The war still raged, and cries arose Everywhere. Aphareus, son of Caletor, Turning to face Æneas, received The hero’s pointed lance in his throat. With his head bent, and bearing down to the ground His shield and helmet, engulfed in the dark shadows Of death, he fell. Antilochus, seeing Thoön turn To flee, pierced him in that moment; he ripped The vein running upward through the trunk to his neck; that vein he ripped Right out; he fell on his back, and with both hands Extended to his fellow-warriors, died. Antilochus sprang forth to strip his arms, But watched as the Trojans, crowding around, Surrounded him; his broad, shining shield Was struck often, but none with ruthless weapons Could harm Nestor’s son, Whom Neptune, shaker of the shores, among Countless darts kept still safe. Yet he never shrank from his foes, but faced Them side to side, nor did his spear rest, But continually turned and turned To every part, now aimed at a distant foe, Now at one nearby. Nor did he, thus occupied, escape unnoticed By Adamas, son of Asius, who, close Advancing, struck the center of his shield. But Neptune, with his blue hair, denied such a fate To Adamas, making the blow ineffectual; part remained stuck in his shield Like a burned stake, and part fell at his feet. Then Adamas, scared for his own life, Retreated, but as he left, Meriones Reached him with his lance, piercing the shameful spot Between the navel and the heart, Where a strike by Mars Is most painful for a poor man. The weapon entered deep; he fell, And lay gasping in the dirt like an ox Among the mountains, panting from the load Held tightly by peasants; So panted dying Adamas, but soon Ceased, for Meriones, approaching, pulled The weapon out, and darkness veiled his eyes. Helenus, with his heavy Thracian blade Struck at Deipyrus' temples, Knocking off his helmet; it fell, Rolling away until a warrior found it, And secured it, while the shades of death wrapped him. Grief filled the heart of brave Menelaus At that sight; he lifted His radiant spear, and threatening him, advanced On royal Helenus, who stood ready With his bow drawn. They met; one, impatient, To unleash his pointed lance quickly, And the other, to release his arrow from the string. The arrow from Priam’s son struck Menelaus’ hollow armor, but the reed Glanced off. As vetches or black beans Leap from the van and fly across the floor, Driven by sharp winds and the winnower’s force, So the bitter shaft flew wide From the splendid Greek’s armor. But Menelaus pierced the left side Of Helenus, and with the spear’s point Fixed it to his bow; dodging a more Deadly strike, Helenus retreated into his line, His arm hanging by his side, Trailing the ashen shaft behind him; There, bold Agenor pulled the lance From his hand, wrapped it in soft wool From a sling, borrowed from the sling His attendant brought into battle. Then Pisander leaped on the glorious Chief, Menelaus’ son, but his bad fate Called him to his death in fierce combat, Oh Menelaus, mightiest Chief! with you. And now they met, with little distance between. Atrides threw his weapon, but it missed. Pisander struck fully on the shield Of glorious Menelaus, but his strength Failed to penetrate the stubborn broad shield, And the weapon broke At the neck. Yet, when he struck, the heart Of Pisander leapt with hope. But Menelaus, pulling out his bright blade, Leaped at him, while Pisander from behind Drew a bronze battle-axe By its long polished olive-wood handle, And both Chiefs struck at the same time. He cut The crest from Atreus' son’s shaggy helmet, But Menelaus struck him Full on the forehead, Above his nose; the bone shattered, And both his bloody eyes fell at his feet. Writhing in pain he lay; then, on his chest, Atrides firmly set his heel, tore off His armor, and triumphantly began.

So shall ye leave at length the Grecian fleet,755
Traitors, and never satisfied with war!
Nor want ye other guilt, dogs and profane!
But me have injured also, and defied
The hot displeasure of high-thundering Jove
The hospitable, who shall waste in time,760
And level with the dust your lofty Troy.
I wrong’d not you, yet bore ye far away
My youthful bride who welcomed you, and stole
My treasures also, and ye now are bent
To burn Achaia’s gallant fleet with fire765
And slay her heroes; but your furious thirst
Of battle shall hereafter meet a check.
Oh, Father Jove! Thee wisest we account
In heaven or earth, yet from thyself proceed
All these calamities, who favor show’st770
To this flagitious race the Trojans, strong
In wickedness alone, and whose delight
In war and bloodshed never can be cloy’d.
All pleasures breed satiety, sweet sleep,
Soft dalliance, music, and the graceful dance,775
Though sought with keener appetite by most
Than bloody war; but Troy still covets blood.

So you will leave the Greek fleet at last,755
Traitors, and never satisfied with war!
You have no other guilt, you dogs and profane!
But you have also wronged me and defied
The fierce anger of mighty Jove,
The gracious one, who will in time waste away,760
And reduce your proud Troy to dust.
I did not wrong you, yet you took away
My young bride who welcomed you, and stole
My treasures too, and now you aim
To burn Achaia’s brave fleet with fire765
And kill her heroes; but your furious thirst
For battle will soon be checked.
Oh, Father Jove! We consider you the wisest
In heaven or earth, yet from you come
All these calamities, as you show favor770
To this wicked race, the Trojans, strong
In evil alone, and whose delight
In war and bloodshed can never be satisfied.
All pleasures bring weariness, sweet sleep,
Gentle love, music, and the graceful dance,775
Though most seek them with greater hunger
Than bloody war; but Troy still longs for blood.

So spake the royal Chief, and to his friends
Pisander’s gory spoils consigning, flew
To mingle in the foremost fight again.780
Him, next, Harpalion, offspring of the King
Pylæmenes assail’d; to Troy he came
Following his sire, but never thence return’d.
He, from small distance, smote the central boss
Of Menelaus’ buckler with his lance,785
But wanting power to pierce it, with an eye
Of cautious circumspection, lest perchance
Some spear should reach him, to his band retired.
But him retiring with a brazen shaft
Meriones pursued; swift flew the dart790
To his right buttock, slipp’d beneath the bone,
His bladder grazed, and started through before.
There ended his retreat; sudden he sank
And like a worm lay on the ground, his life
Exhaling in his fellow-warrior’s arms,795
And with his sable blood soaking the plain.
Around him flock’d his Paphlagonians bold,
And in his chariot placed drove him to Troy,
With whom his father went, mourning with tears
A son, whose death he never saw avenged.800

So spoke the royal Chief, and handing over Pisander’s bloody spoils to his friends, he rushed back into the thickest part of the battle. Next, Harpalion, the son of King Pylæmenes, attacked him; he had come to Troy following his father but never returned. From a short distance, he struck the center of Menelaus’ shield with his lance, but unable to pierce it, he retreated cautiously, wary of any spear that might hit him. But as he withdrew, Meriones pursued him with a bronze-tipped arrow; the dart flew swiftly to his right buttock, slipped beneath the bone, grazed his bladder, and exited before. There ended his retreat; he suddenly collapsed and lay on the ground like a worm, his life fading in the arms of a fellow warrior, his dark blood soaking the ground. His brave Paphlagonians gathered around him, and they placed him in his chariot, driving him back to Troy, with his father mourning in tears for a son whose death he never saw avenged.

Him slain with indignation Paris view’d,
For he, with numerous Paphlagonians more
His guest had been; he, therefore, in the thirst
Of vengeance, sent a brazen arrow forth.
There was a certain Greek, Euchenor, son805
Of Polyides the soothsayer, rich
And brave in fight, and who in Corinth dwelt
He, knowing well his fate, yet sail’d to Troy
For Polyides oft, his reverend sire,
Had prophecied that he should either die810
By some dire malady at home, or, slain
By Trojan hands, amid the fleet of Greece.
He, therefore, shunning the reproach alike
Of the Achaians, and that dire disease,
Had join’d the Grecian host; him Paris pierced815
The ear and jaw beneath; life at the stroke
Left him, and darkness overspread his eyes.

Paris, filled with anger, watched as he was killed,
For he had been the guest of many Paphlagonians,
So in his desire for revenge,
He shot a bronze arrow.
There was a Greek named Euchenor, son805
Of Polyides the seer, wealthy
And brave in battle, who lived in Corinth.
He knew his fate, yet sailed to Troy
Because Polyides, his respected father,
Had often predicted that he would either die810
From a terrible illness at home or be killed
By Trojan hands among the Greek fleet.
To avoid the shame both
Of the Achaeans and that dreadful disease,
He joined the Greek army; Paris shot him,815
Piercing his ear and jaw; in that moment,
Life left him, and darkness closed in on his eyes.

So raged the battle like devouring fire.
But Hector dear to Jove not yet had learn’d,
Nor aught surmised the havoc of his host820
Made on the left, where victory crown’d well-nigh
The Grecians animated to the fight
By Neptune seconding himself their arms.
He, where he first had started through the gate
After dispersion of the shielded Greeks825
Compact, still persevered. The galleys there
Of Ajax and Protesilaüs stood
Updrawn above the hoary Deep; the wall
Was there of humblest structure, and the steeds
And warriors there conflicted furious most.830
The Epeans there and Iäonians[12] robed-
Prolix, the Phthians,[13] Locrians, and the bold
Bœtians check’d the terrible assault
Of Hector, noble Chief, ardent as flame,
Yet not repulsed him. Chosen Athenians form’d835
The van, by Peteos’ son, Menestheus, led,
Whose high command undaunted Bias shared,
Phidas and Stichius. The Epean host
Under Amphion, Dracius, Meges, fought.
Podarces brave in arms the Phthians ruled,840
And Medon (Medon was by spurious birth
Brother of Ajax Oïliades,
And for his uncle’s death, whom he had slain,
The brother of Oïleus’ wife, abode
In Phylace; but from Iphiclus sprang845
Podarces;) these, all station’d in the front
Of Phthias’ hardy sons, together strove
With the Bœotians for the fleet’s defence.
Ajax the swift swerved never from the side
Of Ajax son of Telamon a step,850
But as in some deep fallow two black steers
Labor combined, dragging the ponderous plow,
The briny sweat around their rooted horns
Oozes profuse; they, parted as they toil
Along the furrow, by the yoke alone,855
Cleave to its bottom sheer the stubborn glebe,
So, side by side, they, persevering fought.[14]
The son of Telamon a people led
Numerous and bold, who, when his bulky limbs
Fail’d overlabor’d, eased him of his shield.860
Not so attended by his Locrians fought
Oïleus’ valiant son; pitch’d battle them
Suited not, unprovided with bright casques
Of hairy crest, with ashen spears, and shields
Of ample orb; for, trusting in the bow865
And twisted sling alone, they came to Troy,
And broke with shafts and volley’d stones the ranks.
Thus occupying, clad in burnish’d arms,
The van, these two with Hector and his host
Conflicted, while the Locrians from behind870
Vex’d them with shafts, secure; nor could the men
Of Ilium stand, by such a shower confused.
Then, driven with dreadful havoc thence, the foe
To wind-swept Ilium had again retired.
Had not Polydamas, at Hector’s side875
Standing, the dauntless hero thus address’d.

So the battle raged like an all-consuming fire.
But Hector, cherished by Jove, had not yet learned,
Nor suspected the destruction his troops820
Had caused on the left, where victory was almost
Within reach for the Greeks, fired up to fight
With Neptune backing their arms.
He, where he first charged through the gate
After scattering the shielded Greeks825
Still held steadfast. The ships there
Of Ajax and Protesilaüs stood
High above the choppy sea; the wall
Was of the simplest construction, and the horses
And warriors battled fiercely there.830
The Epeans and Iäonians, robed-
Prolix, the Phthians, the Locrians, and the brave
Bœtians held back Hector's fierce assault,
The noble chief, blazing like a flame,
But they still couldn't drive him back. The chosen Athenians formed835
The front line, led by Peteos’ son, Menestheus,
Whose bold leadership was shared with Bias,
Phidas and Stichius. The Epean forces
Under Amphion, Dracius, and Meges fought.
Podarces, brave in arms, led the Phthians,840
And Medon (Medon was of questionable birth,
A brother of Ajax Oïliades,
And after the death of his uncle, whom he had killed,
He stayed in Phylace; but Podarces sprang845
From Iphiclus); these, all stationed at the front
Of Phthias’ sturdy sons, joined forces
With the Bœotians to defend the fleet.
Ajax the swift never strayed from the side
Of Ajax son of Telamon, not even a step,850
But like two strong oxen in a deep field,
Working together to pull the heavy plow,
The salty sweat dripped from their rooted horns,
They labored together as they moved
Along the furrow, staying attached by the yoke,855
Cutting through the tough soil,
So, side by side, they fought with determination.[14]
The son of Telamon led a multitude,
Fierce and numerous, who, when his strong limbs
Became fatigued from exertion, took his shield.860
Not so did Oïleus’ brave son fight,
The Locrians were not suited for battle;
They lacked shiny helmets
With hair crests, and heavy shields,
For they had come to Troy trusting only
In their bows865
And slings, and fought with arrows and stones
To break through the ranks.
As they took their positions, dressed in shining armor,
These two engaged with Hector and his troops
While the Locrians from behind870
Harassed them with arrows, feeling safe; and the men
Of Ilium could not withstand such a storm.
Then, driven back with terrible losses, the enemy
Withdrew to wind-swept Ilium once more.
Had Polydamas, standing by Hector’s side,875
Not spoken to the fearless hero in this way.

Hector! Thou ne’er canst listen to advice;
But think’st thou, that if heaven in feats of arms
Give thee pre-eminence, thou must excel
Therefore in council also all mankind?880
No. All-sufficiency is not for thee.
To one, superior force in arms is given,
Skill to another in the graceful dance,
Sweet song and powers of music to a third,
And to a fourth loud-thundering Jove imparts885
Wisdom, which profits many, and which saves
Whole cities oft, though reverenced but by few.
Yet hear; I speak as wisest seems to me.
War, like a fiery circle, all around
Environs thee; the Trojans, since they pass’d890
The bulwark, either hold themselves aloof,
Or, wide-dispersed among the galleys, cope
With numbers far superior to their own.
Retiring, therefore, summon all our Chiefs
To consultation on the sum of all,895
Whether (should heaven so prosper us) to rush
Impetuous on the gallant barks of Greece,
Or to retreat secure; for much I dread
Lest the Achaians punctually refund
All yesterday’s arrear, since yonder Chief[15]900
Insatiable with battle still abides
Within the fleet, nor longer, as I judge,
Will rest a mere spectator of the field.

Hector! You never listen to advice;
But do you really think that if heaven grants you
great skill in battle, you should also be the best
in strategy among all people?880
No. You can’t be good at everything.
One person is given strength in combat,
another has talent in dance,
someone else has a sweet voice and musical talents,
and another receives loud-thundering Jove’s885
wisdom, which helps many and often saves
entire cities, though few truly respect it.
But listen; I speak as it seems wise to me.
War, like a fiery circle, surrounds
you; the Trojans, since they broke through890
the defenses, either stay back,
or spread out among the ships, facing
forces much greater than theirs.
So let’s call all our leaders
together to discuss everything,895
to decide whether (if heaven allows it) to charge
fiercely at the brave ships of Greece,
or to retreat safely; I fear
that the Achaeans may soon repay
all that they owe from yesterday, since that Chief[15]900
who is never satisfied with battle still stays
with the fleet, and I believe
he will no longer just watch the fight.

So spake Polydamas, whose safe advice
Pleased Hector; from his chariot down he leap’d905
All arm’d, and in wing’d accents thus replied.

So spoke Polydamas, whose wise advice
pleased Hector; he jumped down from his chariot,905
fully armed, and answered in quick speech.

Polydamas! here gather all the Chiefs;
I haste into the fight, and my commands
Once issued there, incontinent return.

Polydamas! All the leaders gather here;
I rush into the battle, and my orders
Once given there, will quickly come back.

He ended, and conspicuous as the height910
Of some snow-crested mountain, shouting ranged
The Trojans and confederates of Troy.
They swift around Polydamas, brave son
Of Panthus, at the voice of Hector, ran.
Himself with hasty strides the front, meantime,915
Of battle roam’d, seeking from rank to rank
Asius Hyrtacides, with Asius’ son
Adamas, and Deiphobus, and the might
Of Helenus, his royal brother bold.
Them neither altogether free from hurt920
He found, nor living all. Beneath the sterns
Of the Achaian ships some slaughter’d lay
By Grecian hands; some stricken by the spear
Within the rampart sat, some by the sword.
But leftward of the woful field he found,925
Ere long, bright Helen’s paramour his band
Exhorting to the fight. Hector approach’d,
And him, in fierce displeasure, thus bespake.

He finished, and, as prominent as the height910
Of a snow-covered mountain, the Trojans and their allies
Shouted out for battle. They quickly gathered around Polydamas, the brave son
Of Panthus, who ran at Hector's call.
Hector himself quickly moved through the front lines,915
Searching from one rank to another
For Asius Hyrtacides, with Asius’ son
Adamas, Deiphobus, and the strong
Helenus, his bold royal brother.
He found none of them completely unhurt920
And not all of them alive. Beneath the sterns
Of the Achaean ships, some lay slaughtered
By Greek hands; some, pierced by spears,
Sat within the fortifications, and some by swords.
But to the left of the unfortunate field, he soon found,925
Bright Helen’s lover rallying his men
To fight. Hector approached,
And, filled with fierce anger, spoke to him.

Curst Paris, specious, fraudulent and lewd!
Where is Deiphobus, and where the might930
Of royal Helenus? Where Adamas
Offspring of Asius, and where Asius, son
Of Hyrtacus, and where Othryoneus?
Now lofty Ilium from her topmost height
Falls headlong, now is thy own ruin sure!935

Cursed Paris, flashy, deceitful, and immoral!
Where is Deiphobus, and where is the power930
Of royal Helenus? Where's Adamas,
Son of Asius, and where's Asius, son
Of Hyrtacus, and where's Othryoneus?
Now lofty Ilium is crashing down
From its highest point; your own destruction is certain!935

To whom the godlike Paris thus replied.
Since Hector! thou art pleased with no just cause
To censure me, I may decline, perchance,
Much more the battle on some future day,
For I profess some courage, even I.940
Witness our constant conflict with the Greeks
Here, on this spot, since first led on by thee
The host of Troy waged battle at the ships.
But those our friends of whom thou hast inquired
Are slain, Deiphobus alone except945
And royal Helenus, who in the hand
Bear each a wound inflicted by the spear,
And have retired; but Jove their life preserved.
Come now—conduct us whither most thine heart
Prompts thee, and thou shalt find us ardent all950
To face like danger; what we can, we will,
The best and most determined can no more.

To whom the godlike Paris replied:
Since Hector! you have no good reason
To criticize me, I might sit out, perhaps,
Much more of the battle on some future day,
For I claim some bravery, even I.940
Look at our ongoing conflict with the Greeks
Here, on this ground, since you first led
The army of Troy to fight at the ships.
But those friends you asked about
Are dead, except for Deiphobus945
And noble Helenus, both of whom
Bear wounds from spears,
And have withdrawn; but Jupiter spared their lives.
Come now—lead us where your heart
Wants us to go, and you’ll find us eager950
To face the danger; we’ll do what we can,
The most capable and determined can do no more.

So saying, the hero soothed his brother’s mind.
Then moved they both toward the hottest war
Together, where Polydamas the brave,955
Phalces, Cebriones, Orthæus fought,
Palmys and Polyphœtes, godlike Chief,
And Morys and Ascanius, gallant sons
Both of Hippotion. They at Troy arrived
From fair Ascania the preceding morn,960
In recompense for aid[16] by Priam lent
Erewhile to Phrygia, and, by Jove impell’d,
Now waged the furious battle side by side.
The march of these at once, was as the sound
Of mighty winds from deep-hung thunder-clouds965
Descending; clamorous the blast and wild
With ocean mingles; many a billow, then,
Upridged rides turbulent the sounding flood,
Foam-crested billow after billow driven,
So moved the host of Troy, rank after rank970
Behind their Chiefs, all dazzling bright in arms.
Before them Priameian Hector strode
Fierce as gore-tainted Mars, and his broad shield
Advancing came, heavy with hides, and thick-
Plated with brass; his helmet on his brows975
Refulgent shook, and in its turn he tried
The force of every phalanx, if perchance
Behind his broad shield pacing he might shake
Their steadfast order; but he bore not down
The spirit of the firm Achaian host.980
Then Ajax striding forth, him, first, defied.

So saying, the hero calmed his brother’s thoughts.
Then they both moved toward the hottest battle
Together, where Polydamas the brave,955
Phalces, Cebriones, Orthæus fought,
Palmys and Polyphœtes, godlike leader,
And Morys and Ascanius, brave sons
Both of Hippotion. They reached Troy
From beautiful Ascania the day before,960
In exchange for the help[16] that Priam offered
Earlier to Phrygia, and, driven by Jove,
Now fought the fierce battle side by side.
Their march was like the sound
Of mighty winds from deep-hanging thunderclouds965
Descending; loud and wild was the blast
Mixed with the ocean; many a wave then,
Upright rides turbulent through the sounding sea,
Foam-topped wave after wave driven,
So moved the host of Troy, ranks after ranks970
Behind their leaders, all shining bright in armor.
In front of them, Priameian Hector strode
Fierce as blood-stained Mars, and his broad shield
Came forward, heavy with hides, and thick-
Plated with brass; his helmet on his brow975
Shimmered brightly and he tested
The strength of every phalanx, hoping that
Behind his broad shield, as he walked, he might shake
Their unyielding formation; but he could not break
The spirit of the steadfast Achaian host.980
Then Ajax stepped forward and challenged him first.

Approach. Why temptest thou the Greeks to fear?
No babes are we in aught that appertains
To arms, though humbled by the scourge of Jove.
Thou cherishest the foolish hope to burn985
Our fleet with fire; but even we have hearts
Prepared to guard it, and your populous Troy,
By us dismantled and to pillage given,
Shall perish sooner far. Know this thyself
Also; the hour is nigh when thou shalt ask990
In prayer to Jove and all the Gods of heaven,
That speed more rapid than the falcon’s flight
May wing thy coursers, while, exciting dense
The dusty plain, they whirl thee back to Troy.

Approach. Why do you provoke the Greeks into fear?
We’re not inexperienced in anything related
To battle, even though we’re beaten down by Jove’s wrath.
You hold onto the foolish hope of burning985
Our fleet; but we also have the resolve
To protect it, and your crowded Troy,
Which we have stripped bare and set to plunder,
Will fall much sooner. Know this for yourself
Too; the time is close when you will plead990
To Jove and all the gods of heaven,
That your horses may move faster than a falcon’s flight
While kicking up the dust on the plain, they rush you back to Troy.

While thus he spake, sublime on the right-hand995
An eagle soar’d; confident in the sign
The whole Achaian host with loud acclaim
Hail’d it. Then glorious Hector thus replied.

While he was speaking, an eagle soared high on the right-hand side. Confident in the omen, the entire Achaean army cheered loudly. Then the glorious Hector responded like this.

Brainless and big, what means this boast of thine,
Earth-cumberer Ajax? Would I were the son1000
As sure, for ever, of almighty Jove
And Juno, and such honor might receive
Henceforth as Pallas and Apollo share,
As comes this day with universal wo
Fraught for the Grecians, among whom thyself1005
Shalt also perish if thou dare abide
My massy spear, which shall thy pamper’d flesh
Disfigure, and amid the barks of Greece
Falling, thou shalt the vultures with thy bulk
Enormous satiate, and the dogs of Troy.1010

Brainless and massive, what’s with this arrogant talk of yours,
Earth-bound Ajax? I wish I were the son1000
As guaranteed, forever, by almighty Jove
And Juno, and enjoy the kind of honor that
Pallas and Apollo receive,
As this day comes with widespread sorrow
Loaded for the Greeks, among whom you too1005
Will perish if you dare face
My heavy spear, which will tear your pampered flesh
Apart, and as you fall, the vultures will feast
On your massive body, along with the dogs of Troy.1010

He spake, and led his host; with clamor loud
They follow’d him, and all the distant rear
Came shouting on. On the other side the Greeks
Re-echoed shout for shout, all undismay’d,
And waiting firm the bravest of their foes.1015
Upwent the double roar into the heights
Ethereal, and among the beams of Jove.

He spoke and led his army; with loud shouting
They followed him, and all those behind
Joined in the cheers. On the other side, the Greeks
Responded shout for shout, completely unfazed,
And steadfastly awaited the bravest of their enemies.1015
The combined roar rose up into the heights
Of the sky, among the beams of Zeus.

BOOK XIV.

ARGUMENT OF THE FOURTEENTH BOOK.

Agamemnon and the other wounded Chiefs taking Nestor with them, visit the battle. Juno having borrowed the Cestus of Venus, first engages the assistance of Sleep, then hastens to Ida to inveigle Jove. She prevails. Jove sleeps; and Neptune takes that opportunity to succor the Grecians.

Agamemnon and the other injured leaders take Nestor with them and go to the battlefield. Juno, having borrowed Venus's Cestus, first enlists the help of Sleep and then rushes to Ida to deceive Jove. She succeeds. Jove falls asleep, and Neptune seizes that chance to help the Greeks.

BOOK XIV.

Nor was that cry by Nestor unperceived
Though drinking, who in words wing’d with surprise
The son of Æsculapius thus address’d.

Nor was that cry by Nestor unnoticed
Though drinking, who, in words filled with surprise,
Addressed the son of Æsculapius like this.

Divine Machaon! think what this may bode.
The cry of our young warriors at the ships5
Grows louder; sitting here, the sable wine
Quaff thou, while bright-hair’d Hecamede warms
A bath, to cleanse thy crimson stains away.
I from yon eminence will learn the cause.

Divine Machaon! Think about what this could mean.
The cries of our young warriors at the ships5
Are getting louder; while sitting here, drink the dark wine
You have, while bright-haired Hecamede prepares
A bath to wash away your bloodstains.
I will find out the reason from that high point.

So saying, he took a shield radiant with brass10
There lying in the tent, the shield well-forged
Of valiant Thrasymedes, his own son
(For he had borne to fight his father’s shield)
And arming next his hand with a keen lance
Stood forth before the tent. Thence soon he saw15
Foul deeds and strange, the Grecian host confused,
Their broken ranks flying before the host
Of Ilium, and the rampart overthrown.
As when the wide sea, darken’d over all
Its silent flood, forebodes shrill winds to blow,20
The doubtful waves roll yet to neither side,
Till swept at length by a decisive gale;[1]
So stood the senior, with distressful doubts
Conflicting anxious, whether first to seek
The Grecian host, or Agamemnon’s self25
The sovereign, and at length that course preferr’d.
Meantime with mutual carnage they the field
Spread far and wide, and by spears double-edged
Smitten, and by the sword their corselets rang.

So saying, he grabbed a shield shining with brass10
Lying in the tent, the shield was well-made
By brave Thrasymedes, his own son
(For he had brought his father's shield to battle)
And next he equipped his hand with a sharp lance
Stepped out in front of the tent. Soon he noticed15
Terrible things and strange, the Greek army in chaos,
Their broken lines fleeing from the army
Of Troy, and the barricade toppled.
Just like when the vast sea, darkened all over
Its quiet waters, warns of fierce winds to come,20
The uncertain waves roll, yet don’t lean either way,
Until finally pushed by a powerful gust;<[1]
So stood the elder, with troubled thoughts
Conflicted and anxious, wondering whether to first approach
The Greek forces, or Agamemnon himself25
The king, and in the end chose that route.
Meanwhile, with mutual slaughter they covered the field
Spread far and wide, struck by double-edged spears
And ringing from the swords their armor echoed.

The royal Chiefs ascending from the fleet,30
Ulysses, Diomede, and Atreus’ son
Imperial Agamemnon, who had each
Bled in the battle, met him on his way.
For from the war remote they had updrawn
Their galleys on the shore of the gray Deep,35
The foremost to the plain, and at the sterns
Of that exterior line had built the wall.
For, spacious though it were, the shore alone
That fleet sufficed not, incommoding much
The people; wherefore they had ranged the ships40
Line above line gradual, and the bay
Between both promontories, all was fill’d.
They, therefore, curious to survey the fight,
Came forth together, leaning on the spear,
When Nestor met them; heavy were their hearts,45
And at the sight of him still more alarm’d,
Whom royal Agamemnon thus bespake.

The royal leaders from the fleet, 30
Ulysses, Diomedes, and Agamemnon, son of Atreus,
who had all fought and bled in battle, met him on his way.
They had pulled their ships up on the shore of the gray sea,35
the first to reach the plain, and at the back
of the outer line, they built a wall.
Even though the shore was spacious, it wasn’t enough
for the fleet, which caused a lot of trouble
for the people; so they arranged the ships40
in lines upon lines, filling the bay
between both headlands. They were eager to see the fight,
so they came out together, leaning on their spears,
when Nestor met them; their hearts were heavy,45
and when they saw him, they grew even more alarmed,
to which royal Agamemnon spoke to him.

Neleian Nestor, glory of the Greeks!
What moved thee to forsake yon bloody field,
And urged thee hither? Cause I see of fear,50
Lest furious Hector even now his threat
Among the Trojans publish’d, verify,
That he would never enter Ilium more
Till he had burn’d our fleet, and slain ourselves.
So threaten’d Hector, and shall now perform.55
Alas! alas! the Achaians brazen-greaved
All, like Achilles, have deserted me
Resentful, and decline their fleet’s defence.

Neleian Nestor, pride of the Greeks!
What made you abandon that bloody battlefield,
And come here? I sense fear,50
In case fierce Hector right now is fulfilling his threats
Among the Trojans, claiming,
That he won’t return to Ilium
Until he’s burned our ships and killed us.
So Hector threatened, and he will certainly do it.55
Oh no! The Achaeans with their bronze greaves
All, like Achilles, have turned their backs on me
In anger, and refuse to protect the fleet.

To whom Gerenian Nestor thus replied.
Those threats are verified; nor Jove himself60
The Thunderer can disappoint them now;
For our chief strength in which we trusted most
That it should guard impregnably secure
Our navy and ourselves, the wall hath fallen.
Hence all this conflict by our host sustain’d65
Among the ships; nor could thy keenest sight
Inform thee where in the Achaian camp
Confusion most prevails, such deaths are dealt
Promiscuous, and the cry ascends to heaven.
But come—consult we on the sum of all,70
If counsel yet may profit. As for you,
Ye shall have exhortation none from me
To seek the fight; the wounded have excuse.

To whom Gerenian Nestor replied:
Those threats are real; not even Jove himself60
The Thunderer can stop them now;
For the main strength we relied on
To protect our navy and ourselves has fallen.
This is why our camp is in such chaos65
Among the ships; nor could your sharpest vision
Show you where in the Achaian camp
Confusion reigns most, with random deaths
Happening everywhere, and the cries rising to heaven.
But come—let’s discuss everything,70
If any advice can still help. As for you,
You won’t hear any encouragement from me
To seek a fight; the wounded have a valid excuse.

Whom Agamemnon answer’d, King of men.
Ah Nestor! if beneath our very sterns75
The battle rage, if neither trench nor wall
Constructed with such labor, and supposed
Of strength to guard impregnably secure
Our navy and ourselves, avail us aught,
It is because almighty Jove hath will’d80
That the Achaian host should perish here
Inglorious, from their country far remote.
When he vouchsafed assistance to the Greeks,
I knew it well; and now, not less I know
That high as the immortal Gods he lifts85
Our foes to glory, and depresses us.
Haste therefore all, and act as I advise.
Our ships—all those that nearest skirt the Deep,
Launch we into the sacred flood, and moor
With anchors safely, till o’ershadowing night90
(If night itself may save us) shall arrive.
Then may we launch the rest; for I no shame
Account it, even by ’vantage of the night
To fly destruction. Wiser him I deem
Who ’scapes his foe, than whom his foe enthralls.95

Whom Agamemnon answered, King of men.
Ah Nestor! if below our very sterns75
The battle rages, if neither trench nor wall
Built with such effort, and thought
To protect our navy and ourselves, helps us at all,
It’s because mighty Jove has decided80
That the Achaian army should perish here
Without glory, far from their homeland.
When he offered help to the Greeks,
I knew it well; and now, I know just as well
That as high as the immortal Gods he elevates85
Our enemies to glory, he brings us down.
So hurry everyone, and do as I suggest.
Our ships—all those that are closest to the shore,
Let’s launch them into the sacred waters, and anchor
Safely until overshadowing night90
(If night itself can save us) arrives.
Then we may launch the rest; for I don’t see it as shameful
To escape destruction by the cover of night.
I consider him wiser
Who escapes his enemy than him who is captured.95

But him Ulysses, frowning stern, reproved.
What word, Atrides, now hath pass’d thy lips?
Counsellor of despair! thou should’st command
(And would to heaven thou didst) a different host,
Some dastard race, not ours; whom Jove ordains100
From youth to hoary age to weave the web
Of toilsome warfare, till we perish all.
Wilt thou the spacious city thus renounce
For which such numerous woes we have endured?
Hush! lest some other hear; it is a word105
Which no man qualified by years mature
To speak discreetly, no man bearing rule
O’er such a people as confess thy sway,
Should suffer to contaminate his lips.
I from my soul condemn thee, and condemn110
Thy counsel, who persuad’st us in the heat
Of battle terrible as this, to launch
Our fleet into the waves, that we may give
Our too successful foes their full desire,
And that our own prepondering scale115
May plunge us past all hope; for while they draw
Their galleys down, the Grecians shall but ill
Sustain the fight, seaward will cast their eyes
And shun the battle, bent on flight alone.
Then, shall they rue thy counsel, King of men!120

But Ulysses, frowning sternly, replied.
What did you just say, Atrides?
Counselor of despair! You should lead
(And I wish to heaven you did) a different group,
Some cowardly race, not ours; whom Jove decides100
From their youth to old age to weave the web
Of grueling warfare, until we all perish.
Will you abandon the great city
For which we have suffered so much?
Be quiet! Lest someone else hears; it is a wordThat no wise man, experienced by age, Should speak carelessly, nor should anyone in charge Of such a people who recognize your authority, Let such a thought tarnish his words. I condemn you genuinely, and I condemn Your advice, which urges us in the heat Of a battle as fierce as this, to send Our fleet into the waves, giving Our overly successful enemies everything they desire, And tipping the scales Against us, pushing us into despair; for while they pull Their ships away, the Greeks will be poorly Prepared to fight, looking to the sea And avoiding the battle, focused only on fleeing. Then, they will regret your advice, King of men!

To whom the imperial leader of the Greeks.
Thy sharp reproof, Ulysses, hath my soul
Pierced deeply. Yet I gave no such command
That the Achaians should their galleys launch,
Would they, or would they not. No. I desire125
That young or old, some other may advice
More prudent give, and he shall please me well.

To the emperor of the Greeks,
Your harsh criticism, Ulysses, has really struck a chord with me.
But I never ordered the Achaeans to launch their ships,
Whether they wanted to or not. No. I want125
Someone else, young or old, to offer better advice,
And that would really satisfy me.

Then thus the gallant Diomede replied.
That man is near, and may ye but be found
Tractable, our inquiry shall be short.130
Be patient each, nor chide me nor reproach
Because I am of greener years than ye,
For I am sprung from an illustrious Sire,
From Tydeus, who beneath his hill of earth
Lies now entomb’d at Thebes. Three noble sons135
Were born to Portheus, who in Pleuro dwelt,
And on the heights of Calydon; the first
Agrius; the second Melas; and the third
Brave Oeneus, father of my father, famed
For virtuous qualities above the rest.140
Oeneus still dwelt at home; but wandering thence
My father dwelt in Argos; so the will
Of Jove appointed, and of all the Gods.
There he espoused the daughter of the King
Adrastus, occupied a mansion rich145
In all abundance; many a field possess’d
Of wheat, well-planted gardens, numerous flocks,
And was expert in spearmanship esteem’d
Past all the Grecians. I esteem’d it right
That ye should hear these things, for they are true.150
Ye will not, therefore, as I were obscure
And of ignoble origin, reject
What I shall well advise. Expedience bids
That, wounded as we are, we join the host.
We will preserve due distance from the range155
Of spears and arrows, lest already gall’d,
We suffer worse; but we will others urge
To combat, who have stood too long aloof,
Attentive only to their own repose.

Then the brave Diomede responded. That man is nearby, and if you can be reasonable, our questioning will be quick. Be patient, and do not scold or blame me just because I’m younger than you are, for I come from a distinguished father, Tydeus, who now lies buried in Thebes. Three noble sons were born to Portheus, who lived in Pleuro and on the heights of Calydon; the first was Agrius; the second, Melas; and the third the brave Oeneus, my father’s father, known for his virtues above all others. Oeneus still lived at home, but then my father moved to Argos; so it was destined by Jove and all the Gods. There he married the daughter of King Adrastus, enjoying a rich lifestyle; he owned many fields of well-planted wheat, lush gardens, numerous flocks, and he was respected as an excellent warrior, more so than all the Greeks. I thought it important for you to hear all this because it’s true. So, don’t dismiss my advice just because I’m not of humble origin. It’s necessary that, although we’re wounded, we join the group. We’ll keep a safe distance from the range of spears and arrows, so we won’t get hurt worse, but we’ll encourage others to fight, who have been too passive, only caring about their own comfort.

He spake, whom all approved, and forth they went,160
Imperial Agamemnon at their head.

He spoke, and everyone agreed, so they set off,160
with Imperial Agamemnon leading the way.

Nor watch’d the glorious Shaker of the shores
In vain, but like a man time-worn approach’d,
And, seizing Agamemnon’s better hand,
In accents wing’d the monarch thus address’d.165

Nor did the glorious Shaker of the shores
Watch in vain, but like a weary man approached,
And, grabbing Agamemnon’s stronger hand,
In soaring tones, the monarch spoke to him.165

Atrides! now exults the vengeful heart
Of fierce Achilles, viewing at his ease
The flight and slaughter of Achaia’s host;
For he is mad, and let him perish such,
And may his portion from the Gods be shame!170
But as for thee, not yet the powers of heaven
Thee hate implacable; the Chiefs of Troy
Shall cover yet with cloudy dust the breadth
Of all the plain, and backward from the camp
To Ilium’s gates thyself shalt see them driven.175

Atrides! now the vengeful heart
Of fierce Achilles rejoices, watching with ease
The flight and slaughter of Achaean soldiers;
For he is mad, and let him perish like this,
And may his fate from the Gods be disgrace!170
But as for you, the powers of heaven
Do not yet hate you unforgivingly; the Chiefs of Troy
Will still cover the entire plain
With dusty clouds, and you yourself will see them
Driven back from the camp to the gates of Ilium.175

He ceased, and shouting traversed swift the field.
Loud as nine thousand or ten thousand shout
In furious battle mingled, Neptune sent
His voice abroad, force irresistible
Infusing into every Grecian heart,180
And thirst of battle not to be assuaged.

He stopped, and his shout quickly spread across the field.
As loud as nine or ten thousand people shouting
In a fierce battle mixed, Neptune sent
His voice far and wide, an unstoppable force
Filling every Greek heart,180
With an unquenchable thirst for battle.

But Juno of the golden throne stood forth
On the Olympian summit, viewing thence
The field, where clear distinguishing the God
Of ocean, her own brother, sole engaged185
Amid the glorious battle, glad was she.
Seeing Jove also on the topmost point
Of spring-fed Ida seated, she conceived
Hatred against him, and thenceforth began
Deliberate how best she might deceive190
The Thunderer, and thus at last resolved;
Attired with skill celestial to descend
On Ida, with a hope to allure him first
Won by her beauty to a fond embrace,
Then closing fast in balmy sleep profound195
His eyes, to elude his vigilance, secure.
She sought her chamber; Vulcan her own son
That chamber built. He framed the solid doors,
And to the posts fast closed them with a key
Mysterious, which, herself except, in heaven200
None understood. Entering she secured
The splendid portal. First, she laved all o’er
Her beauteous body with ambrosial lymph,
Then polish’d it with richest oil divine
Of boundless fragrance;[2] oil that in the courts205
Eternal only shaken, through the skies
Breathed odors, and through all the distant earth.
Her whole fair body with those sweets bedew’d,
She passed the comb through her ambrosial hair,
And braided her bright locks streaming profuse210
From her immortal brows; with golden studs
She made her gorgeous mantle fast before,
Ethereal texture, labor of the hands
Of Pallas beautified with various art,
And braced it with a zone fringed all around215
A hundred fold; her pendants triple-gemm’d
Luminous, graceful, in her ears she hung,
And covering all her glories with a veil
Sun-bright, new-woven, bound to her fair feet
Her sandals elegant. Thus full attired,220
In all her ornaments, she issued forth,
And beckoning Venus from the other powers
Of heaven apart, the Goddess thus bespake.

But Juno of the golden throne stepped forward
On the peak of Olympus, watching from there
The battlefield, where she clearly saw
The God of the ocean, her own brother, alone
In the glorious fight, and she was pleased.
Seeing Jove also at the highest point
Of spring-fed Ida sitting, she felt
Hatred toward him, and from that moment began
To think about how best she could deceive
The Thunderer, and finally decided;
Dressed with divine skills to descend
On Ida, hoping to charm him first
With her beauty into a loving embrace,
Then putting him into a deep, soothing sleep
To escape his watchfulness, securely.
She went to her chamber; Vulcan, her son,
Built that chamber. He made the solid doors,
And attached them to the frames with a mysterious key
That no one in heaven understood, except her.
Entering, she locked the splendid entrance. First,
She bathed her beautiful body in ambrosial nectar,
Then polished it with the richest divine oil
Of boundless fragrance; oil that, when shaken in the courts,
Filled the skies with scents and spread across the earth.
Her whole lovely body wet with those fragrances,
She ran a comb through her ambrosial hair,
And styled her bright locks flowing freely
From her immortal head; fastening her gorgeous mantled
With golden studs in front,
An ethereal fabric, crafted by the hands
Of Pallas and beautified with various art,
And cinched it with a belt fringed all around
A hundred times; she hung her triple-gemmed,
Luminous earrings gracefully in her ears,
And covered all her splendor with a veil
Shining like the sun, newly woven, tied to her fair feet
Her elegant sandals. Fully attired,
In all her adornments, she stepped out,
And, signaling Venus from the other powers
Of heaven, the Goddess spoke to her.

Daughter beloved! shall I obtain my suit,
Or wilt thou thwart me, angry that I aid225
The Grecians, while thine aid is given to Troy?

Daughter beloved! Will I get what I want,
Or will you stop me, angry that I help225
The Greeks, while your support goes to Troy?

To whom Jove’s daughter Venus thus replied.
What would majestic Juno, daughter dread
Of Saturn, sire of Jove? I feel a mind
Disposed to gratify thee, if thou ask230
Things possible, and possible to me.

To whom Jove's daughter Venus replied:
What does the impressive Juno, the feared daughter of Saturn, father of Jove, want? I feel inclined to help you if you ask for things that are possible and within my reach.

Then thus with wiles veiling her deep design
Imperial Juno. Give me those desires,
That love-enkindling power by which thou sway’st
Immortal hearts and mortal, all alike;235
For to the green earth’s utmost bounds I go,
To visit there the parent of the Gods,
Oceanus, and Tethys his espoused,
Mother of all. They kindly from the hands
Of Rhea took, and with parental care240
Sustain’d and cherish’d me, what time from heaven
The Thunderer hurled down Saturn, and beneath
The earth fast bound him and the barren Deep.
Them go I now to visit, and their feuds
Innumerable to compose; for long245
They have from conjugal embrace abstain’d
Through mutual wrath, whom by persuasive speech
Might I restore into each other’s arms,
They would for ever love me and revere.

Then with clever tricks hiding her true intentions,
Imperial Juno. Give me those desires,
That love-awakening power by which you control
Immortal hearts and mortals, all the same;235
For I’m headed to the farthest edges of the green earth,
To visit the parent of the Gods,
Oceanus, and his wife Tethys,
Mother of all. They lovingly took me from the hands
Of Rhea and raised me with care240
When the Thunderer cast down Saturn from heaven,
And bound him deep beneath the earth and the barren Sea.
Now I’m going to visit them and settle their
Numerous disputes; for for a long time245
They have refrained from each other’s embrace
Due to their mutual anger. If I could persuade
Them to reunite in each other’s arms,
They would love me forever and hold me in high regard.

Her, foam-born Venus then, Goddess of smiles,250
Thus answer’d. Thy request, who in the arms
Of Jove reposest the omnipotent,
Nor just it were nor seemly to refuse.

Her, foam-born Venus then, Goddess of smiles,250
So replied. Your request, who rests in the arms
Of Jove the all-powerful,
It wouldn't be right or appropriate to refuse.

So saying, the cincture from her breast she loosed
Embroider’d, various, her all-charming zone.255
It was an ambush of sweet snares, replete
With love, desire, soft intercourse of hearts,
And music of resistless whisper’d sounds
That from the wisest steal their best resolves;
She placed it in her hands and thus she said.260

So saying, she loosened the belt from her chest
Embroidered and colorful, her enchanting garment.255
It was a trap of sweet enticements, filled
With love, desire, gentle connections of hearts,
And the music of irresistible whispered sounds
That can sway even the wisest from their best intentions;
She held it in her hands and said this.260

Take this—this girdle fraught with every charm.
Hide this within thy bosom, and return,
Whate’er thy purpose, mistress of it all.

Take this—this belt filled with every charm.
Keep this close to your heart, and come back,
Whatever your intention, you're in control of it all.

She spake; imperial Juno smiled, and still
Smiling complacent, bosom’d safe the zone.265
Then Venus to her father’s court return’d,
And Juno, starting from the Olympian height,
O’erflew Pieria and the lovely plains
Of broad Emathia; soaring thence she swept
The snow-clad summits of the Thracian hills270
Steed-famed, nor printed, as she passed, the soil.
From Athos o’er the foaming billows borne
She came to Lemnos, city and abode
Of noble Thoas, and there meeting Sleep,
Brother of Death, she press’d his hand, and said,275

She spoke; imperial Juno smiled, and still
Smiling contentedly, safely held the belt.265
Then Venus returned to her father’s palace,
And Juno, springing from the heights of Olympus,
Flew over Pieria and the beautiful plains
Of broad Emathia; soaring from there she glided
Over the snow-covered peaks of the Thracian hills270
Famous for their steeds, leaving no mark on the ground as she passed.
From Athos, carried over the foaming waves,
She reached Lemnos, the city and home
Of noble Thoas, and there meeting Sleep,
Brother of Death, she took his hand and said,275

Sleep, over all, both Gods and men, supreme!
If ever thou hast heard, hear also now
My suit; I will be grateful evermore.
Seal for me fast the radiant eyes of Jove
In the instant of his gratified desire.280
Thy recompense shall be a throne of gold,
Bright, incorruptible; my limping son,
Vulcan, shall fashion it himself with art
Laborious, and, beneath, shall place a stool[3]
For thy fair feet, at the convivial board.285

Sleep, above all, both gods and humans, you are the greatest!
If you've ever listened, listen now
to my plea; I'll be grateful forever.
Close tight the shining eyes of Jove
at the moment of his fulfilled desire.280
Your reward will be a throne of gold,
brilliant and untainted; my son,
Vulcan, will craft it himself with skill
and will place a stool[3]
for your lovely feet at the feast.285

Then answer thus the tranquil Sleep returned
Great Saturn’s daughter, awe-inspiring Queen!
All other of the everlasting Gods
I could with ease make slumber, even the streams
Of Ocean, Sire of all.[4] Not so the King290
The son of Saturn: him, unless himself
Give me command, I dare not lull to rest,
Or even approach him, taught as I have been
Already in the school of thy commands
That wisdom. I forget not yet the day295
When, Troy laid waste, that valiant son[5] of his
Sail’d homeward: then my influence I diffused
Soft o’er the sovereign intellect of Jove;
While thou, against the Hero plotting harm,
Didst rouse the billows with tempestuous blasts,300
And separating him from all his friend,
Brought’st him to populous Cos. Then Jove awoke,
And, hurling in his wrath the Gods about,
Sought chiefly me, whom far below all ken
He had from heaven cast down into the Deep,305
But Night, resistless vanquisher of all,
Both Gods and men, preserved me; for to her
I fled for refuge. So the Thunderer cool’d,
Though sore displeased, and spared me through a fear
To violate the peaceful sway of Night.[6]310
And thou wouldst now embroil me yet again!

Then Sleep, calm and collected, answered:
Great Saturn’s daughter, awe-inspiring Queen!
I could easily make all the other immortal Gods
fall asleep, even the waters
of Ocean, Father of all. Not so with the King290
the son of Saturn: unless he himself
gives me the order, I wouldn't dare to put him to rest,
or even get close to him; I've learned
in your service that wisdom is hard-won.
I still remember the day295
when, after Troy was destroyed, that brave son[5] of his
sailed home: I gently spread my influence
over the powerful mind of Jove;
but while you were plotting against the Hero,
you stirred the waves with violent storms,300
separating him from all his friends
and bringing him to crowded Cos. Then Jove awoke,
and, in his anger, hurled the Gods around,
looking for me, whom he had cast down
deep into the ocean from the heavens,305
but Night, the unbeatable conqueror of all,
both Gods and men, saved me; I ran to her
for safety. So the Thunderer calmed down,
though he was very upset, and spared me out of fear
of disrupting Night’s peaceful reign.[6]310
And now you would drag me into chaos once more!

To whom majestic Juno thus replied.
Ah, wherefore, Sleep! shouldst thou indulge a fear
So groundless? Chase it from thy mind afar.
Think’st thou the Thunderer as intent to serve315
The Trojans, and as jealous in their cause
As erst for Hercules, his genuine son?
Come then, and I will bless thee with a bride;
One of the younger Graces shall be thine,
Pasithea, day by day still thy desire.320

To whom majestic Juno replied, Ah, why, Sleep! would you entertain a fear So baseless? Push it from your mind entirely. Do you really think the Thunderer is set on serving The Trojans, and as protective of them As he once was over Hercules, his true son? Come then, and I will bless you with a bride; One of the younger Graces shall be yours, Pasithea, fulfilling your desires day by day.

She spake; Sleep heard delighted, and replied.
By the inviolable Stygian flood
Swear to me; lay thy right hand on the glebe
All-teeming, lay thy other on the face
Of the flat sea, that all the Immortal Powers325
Who compass Saturn in the nether realms
May witness, that thou givest me for a bride
The younger Grace whom thou hast named, divine
Pasithea, day by day still my desire.

She spoke; Sleep listened happily and replied.
By the sacred Stygian river,
Swear to me; place your right hand on the fertile land,
And your other hand on the surface
Of the calm sea, so that all the Immortal Powers325
Who surround Saturn in the underworld
May witness that you give me for a bride
The younger Grace you’ve called, divine
Pasithea, day by day fulfilling my desire.

He said, nor beauteous Juno not complied,330
But sware, by name invoking all the powers
Titanian call’d who in the lowest gulf
Dwell under Tartarus, omitting none.
Her oath with solemn ceremonial sworn,
Together forth they went; Lemnos they left335
And Imbrus, city of Thrace, and in dark clouds
Mantled, with gliding ease swam through the air
To Ida’s mount with rilling waters vein’d,
Parent of savage beasts; at Lectos[7] first
They quitted Ocean, overpassing high340
The dry land, while beneath their feet the woods
Their spiry summits waved. There, unperceived
By Jove, Sleep mounted Ida’s loftiest pine
Of growth that pierced the sky, and hidden sat
Secure by its expanded boughs, the bird345
Shrill-voiced resembling in the mountains seen,[8]
Chalcis in heaven, on earth Cymindis named.

He said, and beautiful Juno did not agree, But swore, calling upon all the powers Titanian, who live in the deepest abyss Beneath Tartarus, leaving none out. Her oath was taken with a solemn ceremony, And together they went; they left Lemnos And Imbrus, a city in Thrace, and veiled in dark clouds They glided smoothly through the air To Mount Ida, with flowing waters coursing through it, Home to wild beasts; at Lectos they first Left the ocean, crossing over high The dry land, while the woods beneath their feet Swayed with their tall tops. There, unnoticed By Jove, Sleep climbed to the highest pine of Ida, Its height piercing the sky, and hid Secure among its wide branches, the bird With a sharp voice resembling those seen in the mountains, Called Chalcis in heaven, on earth named Cymindis.

But Juno swift to Gargarus the top
Of Ida, soar’d, and there Jove saw his spouse.
—Saw her—and in his breast the same love felt350
Rekindled vehement, which had of old
Join’d them, when, by their parents unperceived,
They stole aside, and snatch’d their first embrace.
Soon he accosted her, and thus inquired.

But Juno quickly flew to the top of Gargarus on Mount Ida, and there Jupiter saw his wife. —He saw her—and in his heart, the same intense love stirred up again that had once united them, when, unnoticed by their parents, they slipped away and shared their first kiss. Soon he approached her and asked this.

Juno! what region seeking hast thou left355
The Olympian summit, and hast here arrived
With neither steed nor chariot in thy train?

Juno! What area are you searching for that you left the Olympian peak and arrived here without a horse or chariot?

To whom majestic Juno thus replied
Dissembling. To the green earth’s end I go,
To visit there the parent of the Gods360
Oceanus, and Tethys his espoused,
Mother of all. They kindly from the hands
Of Rhea took, and with parental care
Sustain’d and cherish’d me;[9] to them I haste
Their feuds innumerable to compose,365
Who disunited by intestine strife
Long time, from conjugal embrace abstain.
My steeds, that lightly over dank and dry
Shall bear me, at the rooted base I left
Of Ida river-vein’d. But for thy sake370
From the Olympian summit I arrive,
Lest journeying remote to the abode
Of Ocean, and with no consent of thine
Entreated first, I should, perchance, offend.

To whom majestic Juno replied
with feigned civility. I'm heading to the farthest edge of the earth,
to visit the parents of the Gods360
Oceanus and his wife Tethys,
the Mother of All. They kindly took me
from Rhea's hands and cared for me
with parental love;[9] I'm hurrying to them
to settle their countless disputes,365
which have long kept them apart
due to their internal conflicts, avoiding each other's embrace.
My horses, which easily go over wet and dry ground,
will carry me from the rooted base I left
of Ida's river flowing. But for your sake,370
I've come down from Olympus,
so that if I travel far to the home
of Ocean without your approval,
I might, by chance, offend you.

To whom the cloud-assembler God replied.375
Juno! thy journey thither may be made
Hereafter. Let us turn to dalliance now.
For never Goddess pour’d, nor woman yet
So full a tide of love into my breast;
I never loved Ixion’s consort thus380
Who bore Pirithoüs, wise as we in heaven;
Nor sweet Acrisian Danäe, from whom
Sprang Perseus, noblest of the race of man;
Nor Phœnix’ daughter fair,[10] of whom were born
Minos unmatch’d but by the powers above,385
And Rhadamanthus; nor yet Semele,
Nor yet Alcmena, who in Thebes produced
The valiant Hercules; and though my son
By Semele were Bacchus, joy of man;
Nor Ceres golden-hair’d, nor high-enthroned390
Latona in the skies, no—nor thyself
As now I love thee, and my soul perceive
O’erwhelm’d with sweetness of intense desire.

To whom the cloud-assembler God replied.375
Juno! You can make that journey later.
Let's enjoy ourselves now.
For no goddess, nor any woman yet
Has filled my heart with such a deep love;
I never loved Ixion’s wife this way380
Who bore Pirithoüs, wise like us in heaven;
Nor sweet Acrisian Danäe, from whom
Came Perseus, the noblest of mankind;
Nor the beautiful daughter of Phœnix,[10] from whom were born
Minos, unmatched but by the powers above,385
And Rhadamanthus; nor Semele,
Nor yet Alcmena, who in Thebes gave birth
To the brave Hercules; and though my son
By Semele is Bacchus, joy of man;
Nor Ceres with her golden hair, nor high-throned390
Latona in the skies, no—nor you
As I love you now, and my soul feels
Overwhelmed with sweetness of intense desire.

Then thus majestic Juno her reply
Framed artful. Oh unreasonable haste!395
What speaks the Thunderer? If on Ida’s heights.
Where all is open and to view exposed
Thou wilt that we embrace, what must betide,
Should any of the everlasting Gods
Observe us, and declare it to the rest?400
Never could I, arising, seek again,
Thy mansion, so unseemly were the deed.
But if thy inclinations that way tend,
Thou hast a chamber; it is Vulcan’s work,
Our son’s; he framed and fitted to its posts405
The solid portal; thither let us his,
And there repose, since such thy pleasure seems.

Then majestic Juno replied
In a clever way. Oh, what a rush!395
What does the Thunderer say? If on the heights of Ida,
Where everything is open and visible,
You want us to embrace, what will happen
If any of the eternal Gods
See us and tell the others?400
I could never rise again and go back
To your place; the act would be so inappropriate.
But if that's what you want,
You have a room; it's Vulcan’s work,
Our son made and fitted the strong door405
To its frame; let's go there,
And rest, since that seems to be your wish.

To whom the cloud-assembler Deity.
Fear thou not, Juno, lest the eye of man
Or of a God discern us; at my word410
A golden cloud shall fold us so around,
That not the Sun himself shall through that veil
Discover aught, though keenest-eyed of all.

To whom the cloud-creating God.
Don’t worry, Juno, that anyone—human or divine—
Will see us; just say the word410
And a golden cloud will wrap around us,
So that even the Sun won’t be able to see
Anything through that veil, even with his sharpest vision.

So spake the son of Saturn, and his spouse
Fast lock’d within his arms. Beneath them earth415
With sudden herbage teem’d; at once upsprang
The crocus soft, the lotus bathed in dew,
And the crisp hyacinth with clustering bells;
Thick was their growth, and high above the ground
Upbore them. On that flowery couch they lay,420
Invested with a golden cloud that shed
Bright dew-drops all around.[11] His heart at ease,
There lay the Sire of all, by Sleep and Love
Vanquish’d on lofty Gargarus, his spouse
Constraining still with amorous embrace.425
Then, gentle Sleep to the Achaian camp
Sped swift away, with tidings for the ear
Of earth-encircler Neptune charged; him soon
He found, and in wing’d accents thus began.

So spoke the son of Saturn, holding his wife
Tightly in his arms. Below them, the earth415
Suddenly burst with new growth; up sprang
The soft crocus, the dew-drenched lotus,
And the crisp hyacinth with its clustered bells;
They grew thick and rose high above the ground.
On that flowery bed they lay,420
Wrapped in a golden cloud that shed
Bright dew-drops all around.[11] With his heart at peace,
There lay the Father of all, overcome by Sleep and Love
On lofty Gargarus, still holding his wife
In a tender embrace.425
Then, gentle Sleep quickly flew to the Achaian camp
With a message for the ear
Of earth-encircling Neptune; he soon
Found him and began to speak in swift words.

Now Neptune, yield the Greeks effectual aid,430
And, while the moment lasts of Jove’s repose,
Make victory theirs; for him in slumbers soft
I have involved, while Juno by deceit
Prevailing, lured him with the bait of love.

Now Neptune, give the Greeks effective help,430
And, while Jove is resting, seize the moment,
Grant them victory; for I have put him
Into a deep sleep, while Juno, using trickery,
Enticed him with the lure of love.

He said, and swift departed to his task435
Among the nations; but his tidings urged
Neptune with still more ardor to assist
The Danaï; he leap’d into the van
Afar, and thus exhorted them aloud.

He said, and quickly went off to his mission435
Among the nations; but his news pushed
Neptune with even greater determination to help
The Danaï; he jumped into the lead
From a distance, and encouraged them loudly.

Oh Argives! yield we yet again the day440
To Priameian Hector? Shall he seize
Our ships, and make the glory all his own?
Such is his expectation, so he vaunts,
For that Achilles leaves not yet his camp,
Resentful; but of him small need, I judge,445
Should here be felt, could once the rest be roused
To mutual aid. Act, then, as I advise.
The best and broadest bucklers of the host,
And brightest helmets put we on, and arm’d
With longest spears, advance; myself will lead;450
And trust me, furious though he be, the son
Of Priam flies. Ye then who feel your hearts
Undaunted, but are arm’d with smaller shields,
Them give to those who fear, and in exchange
Their stronger shields and broader take yourselves.455

Oh Argives! Are we really going to give the day440
to Hector of Priam again? Is he going to take
our ships and claim all the glory for himself?
That's what he expects, and he boasts about it,
since Achilles still hasn’t left his camp,
still angry; but I think we won’t need him here,445
if we can get the rest to rally together
and help each other. So, let’s act on my advice.
We should equip ourselves with the best and biggest shields,
and the brightest helmets, and armed
with the longest spears, let’s move forward; I’ll take the lead;450
and trust me, even if he’s fierce, the son
of Priam will run away. You who feel brave
but are carrying smaller shields,
give those to the fearful, and trade
for their stronger shields and larger ones.455

So he, whom, unreluctant, all obey’d.
Then, wounded as they were, themselves the Kings,
Tydides, Agamemnon and Ulysses
Marshall’d the warriors, and from rank to rank
Made just exchange of arms, giving the best460
To the best warriors, to the worse, the worst.
And now in brazen armor all array’d
Refulgent on they moved, by Neptune led
With firm hand grasping his long-bladed sword
Keen as Jove’s bolt; with him may none contend465
In dreadful fight; but fear chains every arm.

So he, whom everyone obeyed without hesitation.
Then, wounded as they were, they themselves were the Kings,
Tydides, Agamemnon, and Ulysses
Organized the warriors, and from line to line
Made fair exchanges of armor, giving the best460
To the strongest fighters, and the worst to the weakest.
And now in shiny armor all set
They moved forward, led by Neptune
With a firm grip on his long-bladed sword,
Sharp as Jove’s lightning; none can stand against him465
In a fierce battle; but fear restrains everyone’s strength.

Opposite, Priameian Hector ranged
His Trojans; then they stretch’d the bloody cord
Of conflict tight, Neptune cœrulean-hair’d,
And Hector, pride of Ilium; one, the Greeks470
Supporting firm, and one, the powers of Troy;
A sea-flood dash’d the galleys, and the hosts
Join’d clamorous. Not so the billows roar
The shores among, when Boreas’ roughest blast
Sweeps landward from the main the towering surge;475
Not so, devouring fire among the trees
That clothe the mountain, when the sheeted flames
Ascending wrap the forest in a blaze;
Nor howl the winds through leafy boughs of oaks
Upgrown aloft (though loudest there they rave)480
With sounds so awful as were heard of Greeks
And Trojans shouting when the clash began.

Across from them, Hector of Troy gathered
his troops; they tightened the bloody line
of battle, while Neptune, with his blue hair,
watched over Hector, the pride of Ilium; one side,470
the Greeks stood strong, and the other, the forces of Troy;
a tidal wave crashed against the ships, and the armies
joined in a loud uproar. No wave crashes
against the shores as fiercely
as when Boreas’ fiercest winds
sweep ashore, bringing in towering waves;475
no fire consumes the trees
that cover the mountain, when the raging flames
rising envelop the forest in fire;
nor do the winds howl through the leafy branches of oaks
growing high (though they roar the loudest there)480
with sounds as terrifying as the cries of the Greeks
and Trojans shouting when the battle broke out.

At Ajax, first (for face to face they stood)
Illustrious Hector threw a spear well-aim’d,
But smote him where the belts that bore his shield485
And falchion cross’d each other on his breast.
The double guard preserved him unannoy’d.
Indignant that his spear had bootless flown,
Yet fearing death at hand, the Trojan Chief
Toward the phalanx of his friends retired.490
But, as he went, huge Ajax with a stone
Of those which propp’d the ships (for numerous such
Lay rolling at the feet of those who fought)
Assail’d him. Twirling like a top it pass’d
The shield of Hector, near the neck his breast495
Struck full, then plough’d circuitous the dust.
As when Jove’s arm omnipotent an oak
Prostrates uprooted on the plain, a fume
Rises sulphureous from the riven trunk,
And if, perchance, some traveller nigh at hand500
See it, he trembles at the bolt of Jove,
So fell the might of Hector, to the earth
Smitten at once. Down dropp’d his idle spear,
And with his helmet and his shield himself
Also; loud thunder’d all his gorgeous arms.505
Swift flew the Grecians shouting to the skies,
And showering darts, to drag his body thence,
But neither spear of theirs nor shaft could harm
The fallen leader, with such instant aid
His princely friends encircled him around,510
Sarpedon, Lycian Chief, Glaucus the brave,
Polydamas, Æneas, and renown’d
Agenor; neither tardy were the rest,
But with round shields all shelter’d Hector fallen.
Him soon uplifted from the plain his friends515
Bore thence, till where his fiery coursers stood,
And splendid chariot in the rear, they came,
Then Troy-ward drove him groaning as he went.
Ere long arriving at the pleasant stream
Of eddied Xanthus, progeny of Jove,520
They laid him on the bank, and on his face
Pour’d water; he, reviving, upward gazed,
And seated on his hams black blood disgorged
Coagulate, but soon relapsing, fell
Supine, his eyes with pitchy darkness veil’d,525
And all his powers still torpid by the blow.

At Ajax, facing each other,
Brave Hector threw a well-aimed spear,
But hit him where the straps holding his shield485
And sword crossed on his chest.
The double protection kept him safe.
Furious that his spear had missed,
But fearing death close by, the Trojan leader
Retreated toward the group of his friends.490
But as he moved, huge Ajax threw
A stone from those propping the ships (for many like that
Lay scattered at the feet of those who fought)
And struck him. Spinning like a top, it flew
Past Hector’s shield, hitting him squarely on the neck,495
Then plowed into the dirt.
Like when Jove’s powerful arm knocks down an oak,
It falls uprooted on the plain, a stench
Rises from the split trunk,
And if by chance, a nearby traveler
Sees it, he shudders at the strike of Jove,500
So fell Hector’s might to the ground,
Smitten instantly. Down dropped his useless spear,
And along with his helmet and shield,
He collapsed; all his beautiful armor clattered.505
Quickly, the Greeks shouted to the skies,
And rained down arrows to drag his body away,
But neither their spear nor arrow could touch
The fallen leader, for his noble friends
Swiftly surrounded him with instant help,510
Sarpedon, the Lycian chief, brave Glaucus,
Polydamas, Aeneas, and famous
Agenor; the others were not slow either,
But all shielded the fallen Hector.
They soon lifted him from the ground,515
Carried him until they reached where his fiery horses stood,
And his magnificent chariot waiting behind,
Then they drove back toward Troy, groaning as they went.
Before long, they arrived at the pleasant stream
Of swirling Xanthus, offspring of Jove,520
They laid him on the bank, pouring water on his face;
He revived, looking up,
Sitting on his knees, he coughed up
Coagulated black blood, but soon collapsing,
Fell back, his eyes shrouded in pitchy darkness,525
And all his strength still numb from the blow.

Then, seeing Hector borne away, the Greeks
Rush’d fiercer on, all mindful of the fight,
And far before the rest, Ajax the swift,
The Oïlean Chief, with pointed spear530
On Satnius springing, pierced him. Him a nymph
A Naiad, bore to Enops, while his herd
Feeding, on Satnio’s grassy verge he stray’d.
But Oïliades the spear-renown’d
Approaching, pierced his flank; supine he fell,535
And fiery contest for the dead arose.
In vengeance of his fall, spear-shaking Chief
The son of Panthus into fight advanced
Polydamas, who Prothöenor pierced
Offspring of Areïlocus, and urged540
Through his right shoulder sheer the stormy lance.
He, prostrate, clench’d the dust, and with loud voice
Polydamas exulted at his fall.

Then, seeing Hector being carried away, the Greeks
Charged harder, all focused on the fight,
And far ahead of the others, Ajax the swift,
The Oïlean Chief, used his pointed spear530
To stab Satnius. A nymph, a Naiad, carried him to Enops,
While he was grazing with his herd
On the grassy edge of Satnio.
But the spear-famed Oïliades
Came closer and pierced his side; he fell back,535
And a fierce struggle for the dead began.
In revenge for his fall, the spear-wielding Chief
The son of Panthus charged into battle,
Polydamas, who pierced Prothöenor,
The son of Areïlocus, and drove540
The stormy lance right through his shoulder.
He fell to the ground, grasping the dust, and with a loud voice
Polydamas celebrated his defeat.

Yon spear, methinks, hurl’d from the warlike hand
Of Panthus’ noble son, flew not in vain,545
But some Greek hath it, purposing, I judge,
To lean on it in his descent to hell.

That spear, I think, thrown from the warrior's hand
Of Panthus' noble son, wasn't thrown in vain,545
But some Greek has it, planning, I guess,
To lean on it as he heads down to hell.

So he, whose vaunt the Greeks indignant heard.
But most indignant, Ajax, offspring bold
Of Telamon, to whom he nearest fell.550
He, quick, at the retiring conqueror cast
His radiant spear; Polydamas the stroke
Shunn’d, starting sideward; but Antenor’s son
Archilochus the mortal dint received,
Death-destined by the Gods; where neck and spine555
Unite, both tendons he dissever’d wide,
And, ere his knees, his nostrils met the ground.

So he, whose brag the Greeks angrily heard. But most angry was Ajax, the bold son Of Telamon, whom he struck closest. He quickly threw his shining spear at the retreating conqueror; Polydamas dodged the blow, stepping aside, But Archilochus, son of Antenor, took the deadly hit, Fated for death by the Gods; where neck and spine Connect, he severed both tendons wide, And before his knees reached the ground, his nostrils hit the dirt.

Then Ajax in his turn vaunting aloud
Against renown’d Polydamas, exclaim’d.
Speak now the truth, Polydamas, and weigh560
My question well. His life whom I have slain
Makes it not compensation for the loss
Of Prothöenor’s life! To me he seems
Nor base himself; nor yet of base descent,
But brother of Atenor steed-renown’d,565
Or else perchance his son; for in my eyes
Antenor’s lineage he resembles most.

Then Ajax, proudly boasting, shouted out
Against the famous Polydamas, and said,
"Now speak the truth, Polydamas, and consider560
My question carefully. The life I took
Doesn't make up for the loss
Of Prothöenor! To me, he doesn't seem
Lowly or of low birth,
But like the brother of Atenor, renowned for his horses,565
Or maybe even his son; because to me,
He looks most like the descendant of Antenor."

So he, well knowing him, and sorrow seized
Each Trojan heart. Then Acamas around
His brother stalking, wounded with his spear570
Bœotian Promachus, who by the feet
Dragg’d off the slain. Acamas in his fall
Aloud exulted with a boundless joy.

So he, knowing him well, and sorrow hit
Each Trojan heart. Then Acamas, stalking around
His brother, wounded with his spear570
Bœotian Promachus, who was dragged off
The slain by the feet. Acamas, in his fall,
Shouted with immense joy.

Vain-glorious Argives, archers inexpert!
War’s toil and trouble are not ours alone,575
But ye shall perish also; mark the man—
How sound he sleeps tamed by my conquering arm,
Your fellow-warrior Promachus! the debt
Of vengeance on my brother’s dear behalf
Demanded quick discharge; well may the wish580
Of every dying warrior be to leave
A brother living to avenge his fall.

Vain and boastful Argives, clumsy archers!
The hardships of war aren’t ours alone,575
But you will die too; see the man—
How peacefully he sleeps, subdued by my victorious strength,
Your fellow warrior Promachus! The need
For revenge for my brother’s sake
Required swift action; it’s only natural for every dying warrior580
To hope a brother survives to avenge his death.

He ended, whom the Greeks indignant heard,
But chiefly brave Peneleus; swift he rush’d
On Acamas; but from before the force585
Of King Peneleus Acamas retired,
And, in his stead, Ilioneus he pierced,
Offspring of Phorbas, rich in flocks; and blest
By Mercury with such abundant wealth
As other Trojan none, nor child to him590
His spouse had borne, Ilioneus except.
Him close beneath the brow to his eye-roots
Piercing, he push’d the pupil from its seat,
And through his eye and through his poll the spear
Urged furious. He down-sitting on the earth595
Both hands extended; but, his glittering blade
Forth-drawn, Peneleus through his middle neck
Enforced it; head and helmet to the ground
He lopp’d together, with the lance infixt
Still in his eye; then like a poppy’s head600
The crimson trophy lifting, in the ears
He vaunted loud of Ilium’s host, and cried.

He finished speaking, and the Greeks listened in anger,
But especially the brave Peneleus; he charged
At Acamas, but Acamas backed away
From the might of King Peneleus,
And instead, he attacked Ilioneus,
The son of Phorbas, who was wealthy in flocks,
And favored by Mercury with such fortune
That no other Trojan nor any child of his,
Except Ilioneus, had received.
Peneleus drove his spear straight into his eye,
Pushing the pupil out of its socket,
And the spear went through his eye and into his head
With a furious thrust. Ilioneus fell to the ground,
His arms outstretched; but Peneleus,
Drawing his shining blade, struck him
Through the middle of his neck,
Severing head and helmet, dropping them to the ground,
With the spear still lodged in his eye; then, lifting
The bloody trophy like the head of a poppy,
He boasted loudly of the Ilium's army and shouted.

Go, Trojans! be my messengers! Inform
The parents of Ilioneus the brave
That they may mourn their son through all their house,605
For so the wife of Alegenor’s son
Bœotian Promachus must him bewail,
Nor shall she welcome his return with smiles
Of joy affectionate, when from the shores
Of Troy the fleet shall bear us Grecians home.610

Go, Trojans! Be my messengers! Let the parents of Ilioneus the brave know that they will mourn their son throughout their home, for that's how the wife of Alegenor’s son, Bœotian Promachus, will grieve for him. She won't greet his return with joyful smiles when our ships take us Greeks back from the shores of Troy.

He said; fear whiten’d every Trojan cheek,
And every Trojan eye with earnest look
Inquired a refuge from impending fate.

He said that fear paled every Trojan's face,
And every Trojan's eye looked intently
Asking for a safe place from the approaching doom.

Say now, ye Muses, blest inhabitants
Of the Olympian realms! what Grecian first615
Fill’d his victorious hand with armor stript
From slaughter’d Trojans, after Ocean’s God
Had, interposing, changed the battle’s course?

Say now, you Muses, blessed residents of the Olympian realms! Which Greek first filled his victorious hands with armor stripped from the slain Trojans, after Ocean’s God intervened and changed the course of the battle?

First, Telamonian Ajax Hyrtius slew,
Undaunted leader of the Mysian band.620
Phalces and Mermerus their arms resign’d
To young Antilochus; Hyppotion fell
And Morys by Meriones; the shafts
Right-aim’d of Teucer to the shades dismiss’d
Prothöus and Periphetes, and the prince625
Of Sparta, Menelaus, in his flank
Pierced Hyperenor; on his entrails prey’d
The hungry steel, and, through the gaping wound
Expell’d, his spirit flew; night veil’d his eyes.
But Ajax Oïliades the swift630
Slew most; him none could equal in pursuit
Of tremblers scatter’d by the frown of Jove.

First, Telamonian Ajax Hyrtius killed,
Fearless leader of the Mysian group.620
Phalces and Mermerus surrendered their weapons
To young Antilochus; Hyppotion fell
And Morys at the hands of Meriones; the arrows
Well-aimed from Teucer sent to the underworld
Prothöus and Periphetes, and the prince625
Of Sparta, Menelaus, pierced Hyperenor in the side;
The hungry blade preyed on his insides,
And, through the gaping wound, his spirit departed;
Night covered his eyes.
But Ajax Oïliades, the swift,630
Killed the most; no one could match him in chasing
Those fleeing from the wrath of Jove.

BOOK XV.

ARGUMENT OF THE FIFTEENTH BOOK.

Jove, awaking and seeing the Trojans routed, threatens Juno. He sends Iris to admonish Neptune to relinquish the battle, and Apollo to restore health to Hector. Apollo armed with the Ægis, puts to flight the Grecians; they are pursued home to their fleet, and Telamonian Ajax slays twelve Trojans bringing fire to burn it.

Jove wakes up and sees the Trojans getting beaten, so he threatens Juno. He sends Iris to tell Neptune to pull back from the fight, and Apollo to heal Hector. Apollo, armed with the Ægis, sends the Greeks running; they are chased back to their ships, and Telamonian Ajax kills twelve Trojans who were trying to set it on fire.

BOOK XV.

But when the flying Trojans had o’erpass’d
Both stakes and trench, and numerous slaughtered lay
By Grecian hands, the remnant halted all
Beside their chariots, pale, discomfited.
Then was it that on Ida’s summit Jove5
At Juno’s side awoke; starting, he stood
At once erect; Trojans and Greeks he saw,
These broken, those pursuing and led on
By Neptune; he beheld also remote
Encircled by his friends, and on the plain10
Extended, Hector; there he panting lay,
Senseless, ejecting blood, bruised by a blow
From not the feeblest of the sons of Greece.
Touch’d with compassion at that sight, the Sire
Of Gods and men, frowning terrific, fix’d15
His eyes on Juno, and her thus bespake.

But when the flying Trojans had passed
Both the stakes and the trench, and many lay slaughtered
By Greek hands, the survivors all stopped
Next to their chariots, pale and defeated.
Then on the summit of Ida, Jove5
Woke up beside Juno; startled, he stood
Up straight; he saw both Trojans and Greeks,
The Trojans broken, the Greeks pursuing and led on
By Neptune; he also saw far off
Hector surrounded by his friends, lying10
On the plain, panting, senseless, bleeding,
Injured by a blow from not the weakest
Of the sons of Greece. Moved with compassion at that sight, the Father
Of Gods and men, with a fierce frown, fixed15
His gaze on Juno and spoke to her.

No place for doubt remains. Oh, versed in wiles,
Juno! thy mischief-teeming mind perverse
Hath plotted this; thou hast contrived the hurt
Of Hector, and hast driven his host to flight.20
I know not but thyself mayst chance to reap
The first-fruits of thy cunning, scourged[1] by me.
Hast thou forgotten how I once aloft
Suspended thee, with anvils at thy feet,
And both thy wrists bound with a golden cord25
Indissoluble? In the clouds of heaven
I hung thee, while from the Olympian heights
The Gods look’d mournful on, but of them all
None could deliver thee, for whom I seized,
Hurl’d through the gates of heaven on earth he fell,30
Half-breathless. Neither so did I resign
My hot resentment of the hero’s wrongs
Immortal Hercules, whom thou by storms
Call’d from the North, with mischievous intent
Hadst driven far distant o’er the barren Deep35
To populous Cos. Thence I deliver’d him,
And after numerous woes severe, he reach’d
The shores of fruitful Argos, saved by me.
I thus remind thee now, that thou mayst cease
Henceforth from artifice, and mayst be taught40
How little all the dalliance and the love
Which, stealing down from heaven, thou hast by fraud
Obtain’d from me, shall profit thee at last.

No room for doubt is left. Oh, crafty Juno!
Your twisted mind has plotted this; you've caused
Hector's downfall and sent his army running.20
I can't help but think you might end up
Facing the consequences of your schemes, punished[1] by me.
Have you forgotten how I once hung you up
With anvils at your feet,
And bound your wrists with an unbreakable golden cord25
In the clouds? I suspended you there while
The Gods in Olympus looked down sadly, but none
Could save you from the fate I handed you,
When I hurled you from the gates of heaven and you fell,30
Barely able to breathe. I didn’t let go
Of my anger over the wrongs you did to
The mighty Hercules, whom you, with storms,
Called down from the North, driving him far away
Across the empty sea to crowded Cos.35
I rescued him, and after countless hardships, he made it
To the fertile shores of Argos, all thanks to me.
I remind you of this now, so you might stop
Using tricks and learn40
How little all the flattery and love
That you’ve fraudulently stolen from me will actually help you in the end.

He ended, whom imperial Juno heard
Shuddering, and in wing’d accents thus replied.45

He finished, and imperial Juno heard him
Shuddering, and in a voice like wings she replied.45

Be witness Earth, the boundless Heaven above,
And Styx beneath, whose stream the blessed Gods
Even tremble to adjure;[2] be witness too
Thy sacred life, and our connubial bed,
Which by a false oath I will never wrong,50
That by no art induced or plot of mine
Neptune, the Shaker of the shores, inflicts
These harms on Hector and the Trojan host
Aiding the Grecians, but impell’d alone
By his own heart with pity moved at sight55
Of the Achaians at the ships subdued.
But even him, oh Sovereign of the storms!
I am prepared to admonish that he quit
The battle, and retire where thou command’st.

Witness, Earth, the endless sky above,
And Styx below, whose waters even the blessed Gods
Tremble to swear by;[2] bear witness too
To your sacred life and our marriage bed,
Which I will never dishonor with a false oath,50
That by no trick or scheme of mine
Does Neptune, the Shaker of the shores, bring
These troubles upon Hector and the Trojan army,
Helping the Greeks, but only driven
By his own heart, moved with pity at the sight55
Of the Achaeans defeated by the ships.
But even he, oh Ruler of the storms!
I am ready to advise that he withdraw
From the battle and retreat where you command.

So she; then smiled the Sire of Gods and men,60
And in wing’d accents answer thus return’d.[3]

So she; then smiled the Lord of Gods and men,60
And in soaring words replied like this.[3]

Juno! wouldst thou on thy celestial throne
Assist my counsels, howso’er in heart
He differ now, Neptune should soon his will
Submissive bend to thy desires and mine.65
But if sincerity be in thy words
And truth, repairing to the blest abodes
Send Iris hither, with the archer God
Apollo; that she, visiting the host
Of Greece, may bid the Sovereign of the Deep70
Renounce the fight, and seek his proper home.
Apollo’s part shall be to rouse again
Hector to battle, to inspire his soul
Afresh with courage, and all memory thence
To banish of the pangs which now he feels.75
Apollo also shall again repulse
Achaia’s host, which with base panic fill’d,
Shall even to Achilles’ ships be driven.
Achilles shall his valiant friend exhort
Patroclus forth; him under Ilium’s walls80
Shall glorious Hector slay; but many a youth
Shall perish by Patroclus first, with whom,
My noble son Sarpedon. Peleus’ son,
Resentful of Patroclus’ death, shall slay
Hector, and I will urge ceaseless, myself,85
Thenceforth the routed Trojans back again,
Till by Minerva’s aid the Greeks shall take
Ilium’s proud city; till that day arrive
My wrath shall burn, nor will I one permit
Of all the Immortals to assist the Greeks,90
But will perform Achilles’ whole desire.
Such was my promise to him at the first,
Ratified by a nod that self-same day
When Thetis clasp’d my knees, begging revenge
And glory for her city-spoiler son.95

Juno! will you on your heavenly throne
Help with my plans, no matter how his heart
Might differ now, Neptune should soon submit
To your wishes and mine.65
But if you're sincere in your words
And truthful, then send Iris here, along
With the archer God Apollo; so she, visiting the Greek camp,
Can urge the Sovereign of the Deep70
To give up the fight and return to his home.
Apollo’s role will be to motivate
Hector to battle, to fill him anew
With courage, and banish from his mind
The pain he currently feels.75
Apollo will also push back
Achaia’s army, which filled with cowardice,
Will be driven back to Achilles’ ships.
Achilles will motivate his brave friend
Patroclus; he will fall under Ilium’s walls,80
Glorious Hector will kill him; but many young men
Will perish first at the hands of Patroclus,
Including my noble son Sarpedon. Peleus’ son,
Angry about Patroclus’ death, will kill
Hector, and I will push relentlessly,85
Then the beaten Trojans will retreat again,
Until with Minerva’s help the Greeks will take
The proud city of Ilium; until that day comes,
My anger will burn, and I won’t allow
Any of the Immortals to help the Greeks,90
But I will fulfill all of Achilles’ desires.
That was my promise to him from the start,
Confirmed with a nod on the same day
When Thetis clung to my knees, pleading for revenge
And glory for her son, the city-destroyer.95

He ended; nor his spouse white-arm’d refused
Obedience, but from the Idæan heights
Departing, to the Olympian summit soar’d.
Swift as the traveller’s thought,[4] who, many a land
Traversed, deliberates on his future course100
Uncertain, and his mind sends every way,
So swift updarted Juno to the skies.
Arrived on the Olympian heights, she found
The Gods assembled; they, at once, their seats
At her approach forsaking, with full cups105
Her coming hail’d; heedless of all beside,
She took the cup from blooming Themis’ hand,
For she first flew to welcome her, and thus
In accents wing’d of her return inquired.

He finished speaking; his wife, with her fair arms, didn’t resist obeying him. Instead, she left the Idæan heights and flew up to the Olympian summit. Quick as a traveler’s thought—who has wandered through many lands and is uncertain about his next destination, contemplating every option—Juno rushed up to the skies. When she reached the Olympian heights, she found the Gods gathered; they all abandoned their seats as she approached and greeted her arrival with full cups. Ignoring everything else, she took the cup from blooming Themis’ hand, as she was the first to come to welcome her, and thus, she asked about her return in joyful words.

Say, Juno, why this sudden re-ascent?110
Thou seem’st dismay’d; hath Saturn’s son, thy spouse,
Driven thee affrighted to the skies again?

Say, Juno, why this sudden rise?110
You seem upset; has Saturn's son, your husband,
Scared you back to the heavens again?

To whom the white-arm’d Goddess thus replied.
Themis divine, ask not. Full well thou know’st
How harshly temper’d is the mind of Jove,115
And how untractable. Resume thy seat;
The banquet calls thee; at our board preside,
Thou shalt be told, and all in heaven shall hear
What ills he threatens; such as shall not leave
All minds at ease, I judge, here or on earth,120
However tranquil some and joyous now.

To whom the white-armed Goddess replied,
Themis divine, don’t ask. You know well
How harshly the mind of Jove is shaped,115
And how unyielding it can be. Take your seat;
The feast calls for you; you shall preside at our table,
And you’ll be told, and everyone in heaven will hear
What troubles he threatens; troubles that I believe
Will disrupt the peace of all minds, here or on earth,120
No matter how calm and joyful some may seem now.

So spake the awful spouse of Jove, and sat.
Then, all alike, the Gods displeasure felt
Throughout the courts of Jove, but she, her lips
Gracing with smiles from which her sable brows125
Dissented,[5] thus indignant them address’d.

So spoke the fearsome wife of Jove, and took her seat.
Then, all the Gods sensed Jove's displeasure
Throughout his halls, but she, with a smile on her lips
That contradicted her dark brows125
Addressed them, filled with indignation.

Alas! how vain against the Thunderer’s will
Our anger, and the hope to supersede
His purpose, by persuasion or by force!
He solitary sits, all unconcern’d130
At our resentment, and himself proclaims
Mightiest and most to be revered in heaven.
Be patient, therefore, and let each endure
Such ills as Jove may send him. Mars, I ween,
Already hath his share; the warrior God135
Hath lost Ascalaphus, of all mankind
His most beloved, and whom he calls his own.

Alas! How pointless it is to fight against the will of the Thunderer,
Our anger and the hope to override
His plans, whether by persuasion or by force!
He sits alone, completely unconcerned130
By our resentment, and he declares himself
The mightiest and most revered in heaven.
So be patient, and let everyone endure
The troubles that Jove may send. Mars, I believe,
Has already had his share; the warrior God135
Has lost Ascalaphus, his most beloved,
The one he calls his own.

She spake, and with expanded palms his thighs
Smiling, thus, sorrowful, the God exclaim’d.

She spoke, and with open hands on his thighs
Smiling, yet sorrowful, the God exclaimed.

Inhabitants of the Olympian heights!140
Oh bear with me, if to avenge my son
I seek Achaia’s fleet, although my doom
Be thunder-bolts from Jove, and with the dead
Outstretch’d to lie in carnage and in dust.

Inhabitants of the Olympian heights!140
Oh, please bear with me, as I seek Achaia’s fleet to avenge my son,
even if it means facing a fate of thunderbolts from Jove,
and ending up among the dead, lying in carnage and dust.

He spake, and bidding Horror and Dismay145
Lead to the yoke his rapid steeds, put on
His all-refulgent armor. Then had wrath
More dreadful, some strange vengeance on the Gods
From Jove befallen, had not Minerva, touch’d
With timely fears for all, upstarting sprung150
From where she sat, right through the vestibule.
She snatch’d the helmet from his brows, the shield
From his broad shoulder, and the brazen spear
Forced from his grasp into its place restored.
Then reprimanding Mars, she thus began.155

He spoke, and calling upon Horror and Dismay145
To lead his swift horses to the yoke, he put on
His shining armor. Then, more terrifying wrath,
Some strange revenge from Jove against the Gods,
Would have struck, if Minerva, filled
With urgent fears for everyone, had not jumped up150
From where she sat, right through the entrance.
She grabbed the helmet from his head, the shield
From his broad shoulder, and forcibly took the bronze spear
Out of his hand and put it back in its place.
Then, scolding Mars, she began to speak.155

Frantic, delirious! thou art lost for ever!
Is it in vain that thou hast ears to hear,
And hast thou neither shame nor reason left?
How? hear’st thou not the Goddess? the report
Of white-arm’d Juno from Olympian Jove160
Return’d this moment? or perfer’st thou rather,
Plagued with a thousand woes, and under force
Of sad necessity to seek again
Olympus, and at thy return to prove
Author of countless miseries to us all?165
For He at once Grecians and Trojans both
Abandoning, will hither haste prepared
To tempest[6] us in heaven, whom he will seize,
The guilty and the guiltless, all alike.
I bid thee, therefore, patient bear the death170
Of thy Ascalaphus; braver than he
And abler have, ere now, in battle fallen,
And shall hereafter; arduous were the task
To rescue from the stroke of fate the race
Of mortal men, with all their progeny.175

Frantic, delirious! You’re lost forever!
Is it pointless that you have ears to hear,
And do you have neither shame nor reason left?
How? Can't you hear the Goddess? The news
From white-armed Juno from Olympian Jove160
Just returned? Or do you prefer,
To be plagued with a thousand woes, and under the weight
Of sad necessity to seek again
Olympus, and when you return, prove yourself
The cause of countless miseries for us all?165
For He, abandoning both Greeks and Trojans,
Will hurry here, ready
To wreak havoc[6] on us in heaven, seizing,
The guilty and the innocent, all alike.
So I urge you, therefore, to patiently endure the death170
Of your Ascalaphus; braver than he
And stronger have, before this, fallen in battle,
And will do so again; it would be a tough task
To save from the grip of fate the race
Of mortal men, with all their descendants.175

So saying, Minerva on his throne replaced
The fiery Mars. Then, summoning abroad
Apollo from within the hall of Jove,
With Iris, swift ambassadress of heaven,
Them in wing’d accents Juno thus bespake.180

So saying, Minerva took her place on the throne, replacing fiery Mars. Then, she called Apollo from the hall of Jove, along with Iris, the swift messenger of heaven. In winged tones, Juno spoke to them.

Jove bids you hence with undelaying speed
To Ida; in his presence once arrived,
See that ye execute his whole command.

Jove asks you to hurry to Ida without delay.
Once you're in his presence,
Make sure you carry out his entire command.

So saying, the awful Goddess to her throne
Return’d and sat. They, cleaving swift the air,185
Alighted soon on Ida fountain-fed,
Parent of savage kinds. High on the point
Seated of Gargarus, and wrapt around
With fragrant clouds, they found Saturnian Jove
The Thunderer, and in his presence stood.190
He, nought displeased that they his high command
Had with such readiness obey’d, his speech
To Iris, first, in accents wing’d address’d

So saying, the fierce Goddess returned to her throne
and sat down. They quickly cut through the air,185
and soon landed on the fountain-fed Ida,
the home of wild creatures. High up on the peak
of Gargarus, surrounded by fragrant clouds, they found Saturnian Jove,
the Thunderer, and stood in his presence.190
He was not displeased that they had obeyed his high command
with such willingness; he first addressed Iris in swift words.

Swift Iris, haste—to royal Neptune bear
My charge entire; falsify not the word.195
Bid him, relinquishing the fight, withdraw
Either to heaven, or to the boundless Deep.
But should he disobedient prove, and scorn
My message, let him, next, consider well
How he will bear, powerful as he is,200
My coming. Me I boast superior far
In force, and elder-born; yet deems he slight
The danger of comparison with me,
Who am the terror of all heaven beside.

Quickly, Iris, hurry—to royal Neptune deliver
My complete message; don’t twist my words.195
Tell him to give up the fight and withdraw
Either to heaven or to the endless ocean.
But if he ignores my command and disrespects
My message, let him think carefully
About how he will handle, as strong as he is,200
My arrival. I claim to be much stronger
And older; yet does he underestimate
The risk of matching himself against me,
Who am the terror of all heaven as well.

He spake, nor storm-wing’d Iris disobey’d,205
But down from the Idæan summit stoop’d
To sacred Ilium. As when snow or hail
Flies drifted by the cloud-dispelling North,
So swiftly, wing’d with readiness of will,
She shot the gulf between, and standing soon210
At glorious Neptune’s side, him thus address’d.

He spoke, and storm-winged Iris didn’t hesitate, But flew down from the Idæan peak To sacred Ilium. Just like when snow or hail Is blown away by the clearing North wind, So quickly, with a readiness to act, She crossed the distance, and soon stood By glorious Neptune’s side, addressing him.

To thee, O Neptune azure-hair’d! I come
With tidings charged from Ægis-bearing Jove.
He bids thee cease from battle, and retire
Either to heaven, or to the boundless Deep.215
But shouldst thou, disobedient, set at nought
His words, he threatens that himself will haste
To fight against thee; but he bids thee shun
That strife with one superior far to thee,
And elder-born; yet deem’st thou slight, he saith,220
The danger of comparison with Him,
Although the terror of all heaven beside.

To you, O Neptune with the blue hair! I come
With news from Jove, the one who carries the Aegis.
He commands you to stop fighting and go back
Either to heaven or to the vast ocean.215
But if you, refusing to obey, ignore
His words, he threatens that he will come
To battle against you; however, he suggests you avoid
This conflict with someone far superior to you,
And older; yet you think little of it, he says,220
The risk of comparing yourself to Him,
Even though He is the terror of all heaven.

Her then the mighty Shaker of the shores
Answer’d indignant. Great as is his power,
Yet he hath spoken proudly, threatening me225
With force, high-born and glorious as himself.
We are three brothers; Saturn is our sire,
And Rhea brought us forth; first, Jove she bore;
Me next; then, Pluto, Sovereign of the shades.
By distribution tripart we received230
Each his peculiar honors; me the lots
Made Ruler of the hoary floods, and there
I dwell for ever. Pluto, for his part,
The regions took of darkness; and the heavens,
The clouds, and boundless æther, fell to Jove.235
The Earth and the Olympian heights alike
Are common to the three. My life and being
I hold not, therefore, at his will, whose best
And safest course, with all his boasted power,
Were to possess in peace his proper third.240
Let him not seek to terrify with force
Me like a dastard; let him rather chide
His own-begotten; with big-sounding words
His sons and daughters govern, who perforce
Obey his voice, and shrink at his commands.245

Then the mighty shaker of the shores responded angrily. Great as his power is, he has spoken arrogantly, threatening me with force, as if he were my equal. We are three brothers; Saturn is our father, and Rhea gave us life; first, she bore Jove; then me; and then Pluto, the ruler of the underworld. By dividing things into three parts, we each received our own honors; the lots made me ruler of the icy waters, and that’s where I will dwell forever. Pluto took the dark regions, and the heavens, clouds, and endless ether went to Jove. The Earth and the heights of Olympus belong to all three of us. So, I don’t owe my existence to him, whose best and safest move, with all his claimed power, would be to enjoy his rightful share in peace. He shouldn't try to intimidate me with force or act like a coward; he should instead reprimand his own children, governing them with loud words, while they are forced to obey his commands and cower at his orders.

To whom thus Iris tempest-wing’d replied,
Cœrulean-tress’d Sovereign of the Deep!
Shall I report to Jove, harsh as it is,
Thy speech, or wilt thou soften it? The wise
Are flexible, and on the elder-born250
Erynnis, with her vengeful sisters, waits.[7]

To whom Iris, with her stormy wings, replied,
Blue-haired Ruler of the Ocean!
Should I tell Jove your words, tough as they are,
Or will you tone them down? The wise
Are adaptable, and the elder-born250
Fury, along with her vengeful sisters, is waiting.[7]

Her answer’d then the Shaker of the shores.
Prudent is thy advice, Iris divine!
Discretion in a messenger is good
At all times. But the cause that fires me thus,255
And with resentment my whole heart and mind
Possesses, is the license that he claims
To vex with provocation rude of speech
Me his compeer, and by decree of Fate
Illustrious as himself; yet, though incensed,260
And with just cause, I will not now persist.
But hear—for it is treasured in my heart
The threat that my lips utter. If he still
Resolve to spare proud Ilium in despite
Of me, of Pallas, Goddess of the spoils,265
Of Juno, Mercury, and the King of fire,
And will not overturn her lofty towers,
Nor grant immortal glory to the Greeks,
Then tell him thus—hostility shall burn,
And wrath between us never to be quench’d.270

Her answer came then from the Shaker of the shores.
Your advice is wise, divine Iris!
It's always good for a messenger to have discretion.
But what drives me to this anger,255
And fills my heart and mind with resentment,
Is the freedom he claims
To annoy me with his rude words,
Me, his equal, destined to be as illustrious as he is; yet, even though I'm furious,260
And have every right to be, I won’t push this further.
But listen—what I hold in my heart
Is the threat my lips have spoken. If he still
Chooses to spare proud Ilium despite
Me, Pallas, Goddess of the spoils,265
Juno, Mercury, and the King of fire,
And refuses to bring down her towering walls,
Or grant eternal glory to the Greeks,
Then tell him this—our hostility will burn,
And our wrath will never be quenched.270

So saying, the Shaker of the shores forsook
The Grecian host, and plunged into the deep,
Miss’d by Achaia’s heroes. Then, the cloud-Assembler
God thus to Apollo spake.

So saying, the Shaker of the shores left
The Greek army and dove into the deep,
Unnoticed by Achaea's heroes. Then, the cloud-gathering
God spoke to Apollo like this.

Hence, my Apollo! to the Trojan Chief275
Hector; for earth-encircler Neptune, awed
By fear of my displeasure imminent,
Hath sought the sacred Deep. Else, all the Gods
Who compass Saturn in the nether realms,
Had even there our contest heard, I ween,280
And heard it loudly. But that he retreats
Although at first incensed, shunning my wrath,
Is salutary both for him and me,
Whose difference else had not been healed with ease.
Take thou my shaggy Ægis, and with force285
Smiting it, terrify the Chiefs of Greece.
As for illustrious Hector, him I give
To thy peculiar care; fail not to rouse
His fiercest courage, till he push the Greeks
To Hellespont, and to their ships again;290
Thenceforth to yield to their afflicted host
Some pause from toil, shall be my own concern.

So, my Apollo! to the Trojan leader Hector; because Neptune, the earth-shaker, scared of my upcoming anger, has retreated to the sacred Deep. Otherwise, all the Gods who surround Saturn in the underworld would have heard our argument there, I believe, and they would have heard it loud and clear. But his retreat, even though he was initially angered and avoiding my fury, is beneficial for both of us, as our dispute would have been hard to resolve otherwise. Take my shaggy Aegis, and by striking it with force, intimidate the leaders of Greece. As for the remarkable Hector, I entrust him to you; make sure to ignite his fiercest courage until he drives the Greeks back to the Hellespont and to their ships; after that, easing the burden of their suffering shall be my responsibility.

He ended, nor Apollo disobey’d
His father’s voice; from the Idæan heights,
Swift as the swiftest of the fowls of air,295
The dove-destroyer falcon, down he flew.
The noble Hector, valiant Priam’s son
He found, not now extended on the plain,
But seated; newly, as from death, awaked,
And conscious of his friends; freely he breathed300
Nor sweated more, by Jove himself revived.
Apollo stood beside him, and began.

He finished, and Apollo didn’t ignore
His father’s call; from the heights of Ida,
Quick as the fastest bird in the sky,295
The dove-hunting falcon swooped down.
He found the noble Hector, brave Priam’s son,
Not lying on the ground anymore,
But sitting up, as if just awakened from death,
Aware of his friends; he breathed freely300
And was no longer sweating, revived by Jove himself.
Apollo stood beside him and began.

Say, Hector, Priam’s son! why sittest here
Feeble and spiritless, and from thy host
Apart? what new disaster hath befall’n?305

Say, Hector, Priam’s son! Why are you sitting here
Weak and lifeless, separate from your group?
What new disaster has happened? 305

To whom with difficulty thus replied
The warlike Chief.—But tell me who art Thou,
Divine inquirer! best of powers above!
Know’st not that dauntless Ajax me his friends
Slaughtering at yonder ships, hath with a stone310
Surceased from fight, smiting me on the breast?
I thought to have beheld, this day, the dead
In Ades, every breath so seem’d my last.

To whom with difficulty thus replied
The warlike Chief.—But tell me, who are you,
Divine inquirer! Best of all the powers above!
Don't you know that fearless Ajax and his friends
Slaughtering at those ships, has taken me out of the fight
By hitting me in the chest with a stone?
I thought I would see, today, the dead
In Hades, every breath felt like it was my last.

Then answer thus the Archer-God return’d.
Courage this moment! such a helper Jove315
From Ida sends thee at thy side to war
Continual, Phœbus of the golden sword,
Whose guardian aid both thee and lofty Troy
Hath succor’d many a time. Therefore arise!
Instant bid drive thy numerous charioteers320
Their rapid steeds full on the Grecian fleet;
I, marching at their head, will smooth, myself,
The way before them, and will turn again
To flight the heroes of the host of Greece.

Then the Archer-God replied:
Stay strong for this moment! Jove315
Sends you help from Ida, standing by your side in battle,
Phœbus with the golden sword,
Whose protective support has helped both you and noble Troy
Many times before. So rise up!
Quickly tell your many charioteers320
To charge their swift horses straight at the Greek fleet;
I, leading the way, will clear a path for them,
And will drive back the heroes of the Greek army.

He said and with new strength the Chief inspired.325
As some stall’d horse high pamper’d, snapping short
His cord, beats under foot the sounding soil,
Accustom’d in smooth-sliding streams to lave
Exulting; high he bears his head, his mane
Wantons around his shoulders; pleased, he eyes330
His glossy sides, and borne on pliant knees
Soon finds the haunts where all his fellows graze;
So bounded Hector, and his agile joints
Plied lightly, quicken’d by the voice divine,
And gather’d fast his charioteers to battle.335
But as when hounds and hunters through the woods
Rush in pursuit of stag or of wild goat,
He, in some cave with tangled boughs o’erhung,
Lies safe conceal’d, no destined prey of theirs,
Till by their clamors roused, a lion grim340
Starts forth to meet them; then, the boldest fly;
Such hot pursuit the Danaï, with swords
And spears of double edge long time maintain’d.
But seeing Hector in his ranks again
Occupied, felt at once their courage fall’n.345

He spoke, and with renewed strength, the Chief was inspired.325
Like a pampered horse that has kicked off its reins,
It pounds the ground beneath its hooves,
Used to splashing in smooth streams with joy;
It lifts its head high, its mane
Tossing around its shoulders; pleased, it admires330
Its shiny sides, and with flexible knees,
Quickly finds the places where all its peers graze;
So Hector bounded, his agile joints
Moving lightly, energized by the divine voice,
And quickly gathered his charioteers for battle.335
But just like hounds and hunters rushing through the woods
In pursuit of a stag or wild goat,
He lies hidden in a cave, covered with tangled branches,
Safe from being their intended prey,
Until their noise awakens a fierce lion340
That leaps out to confront them; then, the bravest flee;
Such a fierce chase did the Danaans maintain, with swords
And double-edged spears for a long time.
But seeing Hector among his ranks again,
They immediately felt their courage drop.345

Then, Thoas them, Andræmon’s son, address’d,
Foremost of the Ætolians, at the spear
Skilful, in stationary combat bold,
And when the sons of Greece held in dispute
The prize of eloquence, excell’d by few.350
Prudent advising them, he thus began.

Then, Thoas, the son of Andræmon, spoke up,
Leading the Ætolians, skilled with the spear,
Courageous in close combat,
And when the Greek warriors debated
The prize for oratory, he was surpassed by few.350
Wise in his counsel, he began to speak.

Ye Gods! what prodigy do I behold?
Hath Hector, ’scaping death, risen again?
For him, with confident persuasion all
Believed by Telamonian Ajax slain.355
But some Divinity hath interposed
To rescue and save Hector, who the joints
Hath stiffen’d of full many a valiant Greek,
As surely now he shall; for, not without
The Thunderer’s aid, he flames in front again.360
But take ye all my counsel. Send we back
The multitude into the fleet, and first
Let us, who boast ourselves bravest in fight,
Stand, that encountering him with lifted spears,
We may attempt to give his rage a check.365
To thrust himself into a band like ours
Will, doubtless, even in Hector move a fear.

Oh my God! What miracle do I see?
Has Hector, escaping death, risen again?
Everyone, with complete certainty, believed
That Telamonian Ajax had killed him.355
But some divine force has intervened
To save Hector, who has already taken down
Many brave Greeks,
As surely he will again; for, not without
The Thunderer's assistance, he charges forward once more.360°
But take my advice. Let's send everyone back
To the ships, and first
Let us, who claim to be the fiercest in battle,
Stand ready, so that by facing him with raised spears,
We can try to hold back his fury.365 Days
To throw himself into a group like ours
Will undoubtedly instill fear even in Hector.

He ceased, with whose advice all, glad, complied.
Then Ajax with Idomeneus of Crete,
Teucer, Meriones, and Meges fierce370
As Mars in battle, summoning aloud
The noblest Greeks, in opposition firm
To Hector and his host their bands prepared,
While others all into the fleet retired.
Troy’s crowded host[8] struck first. With awful strides375
Came Hector foremost; him Apollo led,
His shoulders wrapt in clouds, and, on his arm,
The Ægis shagg’d terrific all around,
Tempestuous, dazzling-bright; it was a gift
To Jove from Vulcan, and design’d to appall,380
And drive to flight the armies of the earth.
Arm’d with that shield Apollo led them on.
Firm stood the embodied Greeks; from either host
Shrill cries arose; the arrows from the nerve
Leap’d, and, by vigorous arms dismiss’d, the spears385
Flew frequent; in the flesh some stood infixt
Of warlike youths, but many, ere they reach’d
The mark they coveted, unsated fell
Between the hosts, and rested in the soil.
Long as the God unagitated held390
The dreadful disk, so long the vollied darts
Made mutual slaughter, and the people fell;
But when he look’d the Grecian charioteers
Full in the face and shook it, raising high
Himself the shout of battle, then he quell’d395
Their spirits, then he struck from every mind
At once all memory of their might in arms.
As when two lions in the still, dark night
A herd of beeves scatter or numerous flock
Suddenly, in the absence of the guard,400
So fled the heartless Greeks, for Phœbus sent
Terrors among them, but renown conferr’d
And triumph proud on Hector and his host.
Then, in that foul disorder of the field,
Man singled man. Arcesilaüs died405
By Hector’s arm, and Stichius; one, a Chief[9]
Of the Bœotians brazen-mail’d, and one,
Menestheus’ faithful follower to the fight.
Æneas Medon and Iäsus slew.
Medon was spurious offspring of divine410
Oïleus Ajax’ father, and abode
In Phylace; for he had slain a Chief
Brother of Eriopis the espoused
Of brave Oïleus; but Iäsus led
A phalanx of Athenians, and the son415
Of Sphelus, son of Bucolus was deem’d.
Pierced by Polydamas Mecisteus fell,
Polites, in the van of battle, slew
Echion, and Agenor Clonius;
But Paris, while Deïochus to flight420
Turn’d with the routed van, pierced him beneath
His shoulder-blade, and urged the weapon through.

He stopped, and everyone happily followed his advice.
Then Ajax, along with Idomeneus of Crete,
Teucer, Meriones, and fierce Meges370
Like Mars in battle, called out loud
To the noblest Greeks, standing firm
Against Hector and his troops, preparing for combat,
While others retreated to the ships.
Troy’s massive army struck first. With terrible strides375
Came Hector at the front; Apollo led him,
His shoulders wrapped in clouds, and on his arm,
The fearsome Ægis dazzling all around,
Stormy and brilliant; it was a gift
From Vulcan to Jove, meant to frighten,380
And drive the armies of the earth into flight.
With that shield, Apollo urged them on.
The assembled Greeks stood firm; from both sides
Sharp cries erupted; arrows shot through the air,
And, released by strong arms, spears385
Flew often; some struck into the flesh
Of warlike youths, but many, before they reached
Their target, fell unfulfilled
Between the armies, resting in the ground.
As long as the God held390
The fearsome disk unshaken, the volleys of darts
Caused mutual slaughter, and people fell;
But when he faced the Grecian charioteers
Directly and shook it, raising high
His shout of battle, then he crushed395
Their spirits, erasing from every mind
All memory of their strength in battle.
Just like two lions in the silent, dark night
Scatter a herd of cattle or a large flock
Suddenly, when there’s no guard,400
So fled the heartless Greeks, for Phœbus sent
Fears among them, while bestowing
Fame and pride on Hector and his army.
Then, in that chaotic disorder of the battlefield,
Man faced man. Arcesilaüs fell405
By Hector’s hand, and so did Stichius; one, a Chief[9]
Of the bronze-armored Bœotians, and the other,
Menestheus’ loyal follower in battle.
Æneas killed Medon and Iäsus.
Medon was the illegitimate son of divine410
Oïleus Ajax’ father, and lived
In Phylace; for he had slain a Chief
Who was the brother of Eriopis, the wife
Of brave Oïleus; but Iäsus led
A group of Athenians, and the son415
Of Sphelus, son of Bucolus, was thought to be.
Pierced by Polydamas, Mecisteus fell;
Polites, at the forefront of battle, killed
Echion and Agenor Clonius;
But Paris, while Deïochus turned to flee420
With the routed line, pierced him beneath
His shoulder blade, driving the weapon through.

While them the Trojans spoil’d, meantime the Greeks,
Entangled in the piles of the deep foss,
Fled every way, and through necessity425
Repass’d the wall. Then Hector with a voice
Of loud command bade every Trojan cease
From spoil, and rush impetuous on the fleet.
[10]And whom I find far lingering from the ships
Wherever, there he dies; no funeral fires430
Brother on him, or sister, shall bestow,
But dogs shall rend him in the sight of Troy.

While the Trojans were looting, the Greeks,
Caught up in the depths of the trench,
Fled in every direction, and out of necessity425
Passed back over the wall. Then Hector commanded
In a loud voice for every Trojan to stop
Their looting and charge fiercely at the ships.
[10]And whoever I find lingering far from the ships,
Wherever that may be, will die; no funeral fires430
Will be given to him by brother or sister,
But dogs will tear him apart in sight of Troy.

So saying, he lash’d the shoulders of his steeds,
And through the ranks vociferating, call’d
His Trojans on; they, clamorous as he,435
All lash’d their steeds, and menacing, advanced.
Before them with his feet Apollo push’d
The banks into the foss, bridging the gulf
With pass commodious, both in length and breadth
A lance’s flight, for proof of vigor hurl’d.440
There, phalanx after phalanx, they their host
Pour’d dense along, while Phœbus in the van
Display’d the awful ægis, and the wall
Levell’d with ease divine. As, on the shore
Some wanton boy with sand builds plaything walls,445
Then, sportive spreads them with his feet abroad,
So thou, shaft-arm’d Apollo! that huge work
Laborious of the Greeks didst turn with ease
To ruin, and themselves drovest all to flight.
They, thus enforced into the fleet, again450
Stood fast, with mutual exhortation each
His friend encouraging, and all the Gods
With lifted hands soliciting aloud.
But, more than all, Gerenian Nestor pray’d
Fervent, Achaia’s guardian, and with arms455
Outstretch’d toward the starry skies, exclaim’d.

So saying, he whipped his horses,
And shouted through the ranks, calling
His Trojans on; they, as loud as he,435
All whipped their horses and, with threats, advanced.
Before them, Apollo pushed
The banks into the trench, bridging the gap
With a convenient path, just the length and width
Of a thrown spear, as a test of strength.440
There, phalanx after phalanx, their army
Poured in thick, while Phoebus at the front
Wielded the fearsome ægis, and the wall
Fell easily to his divine strength. Just like
A playful boy on the shore building sand walls,445
Then joyfully kicking them down,
So you, arrow-armed Apollo! effortlessly turned
The massive work of the Greeks into ruins,
Driving them all to flee.
Thus forced back to their ships, they once again450
Stood firm, each encouraging his friend,
With all the Gods
Raising their hands and calling out loudly.
But most of all, Gerenian Nestor prayed
Earnestly, Achaia's protector, and with arms455
Stretched toward the starry skies, exclaimed.

Jove, Father! if in corn-clad Argos, one,
One Greek hath ever, burning at thy shrine
Fat thighs of sheep or oxen, ask’d from thee
A safe return, whom thou hast gracious heard,460
Olympian King! and promised what he sought,
Now, in remembrance of it, give us help
In this disastrous day, nor thus permit
Their Trojan foes to tread the Grecians down!

Jove, Father! If in grain-rich Argos, one,
One Greek has ever, burning at your shrine
Sought from you a safe return after offering
The fat thighs of sheep or oxen, and you’ve graciously listened,460
Olympian King! and granted what he asked,
Now, in remembrance of that, help us
In this disastrous day, and don’t let
Their Trojan enemies crush the Greeks!

So Nestor pray’d, and Jove thunder’d aloud465
Responsive to the old Neleïan’s prayer.
But when that voice of Ægis-bearing Jove
The Trojans heard, more furious on the Greeks
They sprang, all mindful of the fight. As when
A turgid billow of some spacious sea,470
While the wind blow that heaves its highest, borne
Sheer o’er the vessel’s side, rolls into her,
With such loud roar the Trojans pass’d the wall;
In rush’d the steeds, and at the ships they waged
Fierce battle hand to hand, from chariots, these,475
With spears of double edge, those, from the decks
Of many a sable bark, with naval poles
Long, ponderous, shod with steel; for every ship
Had such, for conflict maritime prepared.

So Nestor prayed, and Jove thundered loudly,465
Answering the old Neleian’s prayer.
But when the Trojans heard the voice of Ægis-bearing Jove,
They charged at the Greeks with even more fury,
Remembering the battle. Just like
A massive wave from the open sea,470
When the wind blows and lifts it high, crashing
Over the side of a ship, the Trojans charged past the wall;
The horses rushed in, and at the ships they fought
Fierce hand-to-hand battles, some from their chariots,475
With double-edged spears, others from the decks
Of many dark-hulled ships, armed
With long, heavy naval poles, tipped with steel; for every ship
Was equipped for maritime conflict.

While yet the battle raged only without480
The wall, and from the ships apart, so long
Patroclus quiet in the tent and calm
Sat of Eurypylus, his generous friend
Consoling with sweet converse, and his wound
Sprinkling with drugs assuasive of his pains.485
But soon as through the broken rampart borne
He saw the Trojans, and the clamor heard
And tumult of the flying Greeks, a voice
Of loud lament uttering, with open palms
His thighs he smote, and, sorrowful, exclaim’d.490

While the battle raged outside the wall, far from the ships, Patroclus sat quietly in the tent of his generous friend Eurypylus, comforting him with sweet conversation and tending to his wound with soothing ointments. But as soon as he saw the Trojans break through the damaged rampart and heard the chaos of the retreating Greeks, he struck his thighs with open palms, expressing his sorrow with a loud lament.

Eurypylus! although thy need be great,
No longer may I now sit at thy side,
Such contest hath arisen; thy servant’s voice
Must soothe thee now, for I will to the tent
Haste of Achilles, and exhort him forth;495
Who knows? if such the pleasure of the Gods,
I may prevail; friends rarely plead in vain.

Eurypylus! Even though you have a great need,
I can no longer sit by your side,
A contest has come up; your servant’s voice
Must comfort you now, because I’m heading to the tent
Of Achilles, and I’ll urge him to help;495
Who knows? If it’s what the Gods want,
I might succeed; friends seldom plead in vain.

So saying, he went. Meantime the Greeks endured
The Trojan onset, firm, yet from the ships
Repulsed them not, though fewer than themselves,500
Nor could the host of Troy, breaking the ranks
Of Greece, mix either with the camp or fleet;
But as the line divides the plank aright,
Stretch’d by some naval architect, whose hand
Minerva hath accomplish’d in his art,505
So stretch’d on them the cord of battle lay.
Others at other ships the conflict waged,
But Hector to the ship advanced direct
Of glorious Ajax; for one ship they strove;
Nor Hector, him dislodging thence, could fire510
The fleet, nor Ajax from the fleet repulse
Hector, conducted thither by the Gods.
Then, noble Ajax with a spear the breast
Pierced of Caletor, son of Clytius, arm’d
With fire to burn his bark; sounding he fell,515
And from his loosen’d grasp down dropp’d the brand.
But Hector seeing his own kinsman fallen
Beneath the sable bark, with mighty voice
Call’d on the hosts of Lycia and of Troy.

So saying, he left. Meanwhile, the Greeks held their ground against
the Trojan attack, staying strong, but they didn’t push back
even though they were outnumbered,500
and the Trojan army couldn’t break through
the Greek ranks to get into the camp or fleet;
but just as a shipwright divides a plank evenly,
stretched by some naval architect, whose craft
Minerva has perfected,505
so the line of battle was drawn.
Others fought at different ships,
but Hector charged straight for the ship of
the glorious Ajax; they were fighting for the same ship;
neither could Hector dislodge Ajax and set fire510
to the fleet, nor could Ajax push back
Hector, who was guided there by the gods.
Then, brave Ajax pierced the chest
of Caletor, son of Clytius, who was armed
with fire to burn his ship; he fell with a crash,515
and the torch slipped from his fingers.
But when Hector saw his relative fallen
beneath the dark ship, he shouted loudly
to the troops of Lycia and Troy.

Trojans and Lycians, and close-fighting sons520
Of Dardanus, within this narrow pass
Stand firm, retreat not, but redeem the son
Of Clytius, lest the Grecians of his arms
Despoil him slain in battle at the ships.

Trojans and Lycians, and the fierce sons520
Of Dardanus, standing strong in this narrow pass
Do not back down, but save the son
Of Clytius, or else the Greeks will strip his body
Of his armor after he's killed in battle by the ships.

So saying, at Ajax his bright spear he cast525
Him pierced he not, but Lycophron the son
Of Mastor, a Cytherian, who had left
Cytheras, fugitive for blood, and dwelt
With Ajax. Him standing at Ajax’ side,
He pierced above his ear; down from the stern530
Supine he fell, and in the dust expired.
Then, shuddering, Ajax to his brother spake.

So saying, he hurled his bright spear at Ajax525
but didn't hit him. Instead, it struck Lycophron, the son
of Mastor, a man from Cythera, who had left
Cythera, fleeing for blood, and lived
with Ajax. Standing beside Ajax,
the spear pierced him above his ear; he fell
backward from the stern and died in the dust.
Then, trembling, Ajax spoke to his brother.

Alas, my Teucer! we have lost our friend;
Mastorides is slain, whom we received
An inmate from Cytheræ, and with love535
And reverence even filia,, entertain’d;
B9 Hector pierced, he dies. Where are thy shafts
Death-wing’d, and bow, by gift from Phœbus thine?

Alas, my Teucer! We have lost our friend;
Mastorides is dead, the one we took in from Cythera, and welcomed with love 535
and respect, even as family.
B9 Hector pierced him, and now he dies. Where are your arrows
blessed by death, and the bow gifted to you by Phœbus?

He said, whom Teucer hearing, instant ran
With bow and well-stored quiver to his side,540
Whence soon his arrows sought the Trojan host.
He struck Pisenor’s son Clytus, the friend
And charioteer of brave Polydamas,
Offspring of Panthus, toiling with both hands
To rule his fiery steeds; for more to please545
The Trojans and their Chief, where stormy most
He saw the battle, thither he had driven.
But sudden mischief, valiant as he was,
Found him, and such as none could waft aside,
For right into his neck the arrow plunged,550
And down he fell; his startled coursers shook
Their trappings, and the empty chariot rang.
That sound alarm’d Polydamas; he turn’d,
And flying to their heads, consign’d them o’er
To Protiaön’s son, Astynoüs,555
Whom he enjoin’d to keep them in his view;
Then, turning, mingled with the van again.
But Teucer still another shaft produced
Design’d for valiant Hector, whose exploits
(Had that shaft reach’d him) at the ships of Greece560
Had ceased for ever. But the eye of Jove,
Guardian of Hector’s life, slept not; he took
From Telamonian Te5cer that renown,
And while he stood straining the twisted nerve
Against the Trojan, snapp’d it. Devious flew565
The steel-charged[11] arrow, and he dropp’d his bow.
Then shuddering, to his brother thus he spake.

He said, and when Teucer heard this, he immediately ran
With his bow and a well-stocked quiver at his side,540
From where his arrows soon targeted the Trojan army.
He struck Clytus, Pisenor’s son, who was a friend
And charioteer of the brave Polydamas,
Son of Panthus, struggling with both hands
To control his fiery horses; he pushed forward,545
Hoping to impress the Trojans and their leader, where the battle
Was most intense. But suddenly, misfortune, brave as he was,
Caught up with him, something he couldn’t escape,
For the arrow plunged right into his neck,550
And he fell down; his startled horses trembled,
Their gear rattled, and the empty chariot clanged.
That noise alarmed Polydamas; he turned,
And rushing to their heads, he handed them over
To Astynoüs, Protiaön’s son,555
Instructing him to keep an eye on them;
Then he turned back to rejoin the front lines.
But Teucer notched another arrow,
Aimed at brave Hector, whose victories
(If that arrow had hit) would have come to an end at the Greek ships.560
But the eye of Jove,
Protector of Hector’s life, was watchful; he took
That glory away from Telamonian Teucer,
And just as Teucer was straining the bowstring
Against the Trojan, it snapped. The steel-tipped
Arrow flew off course, and he dropped his bow.
Then, trembling, he spoke to his brother.

Ah! it is evident. Some Power divine
Makes fruitless all our efforts, who hath struck
My bow out of my hand, and snapt the cord570
With which I strung it new at dawn of day,
That it might bear the bound of many a shaft.

Ah! It's clear. Some divine force
Makes all our efforts useless, who has knocked
My bow out of my hand and snapped the string570
With which I re-strung it at dawn,
So it could shoot many arrows.

To whom the towering son of Telamon.
Leave then thy bow, and let thine arrows rest,
Which, envious of the Greeks, some God confounds,575
That thou may’st fight with spear and buckler arm’d,
And animate the rest. Such be our deeds
That, should they conquer us, our foes may find
Our ships, at least a prize not lightly won.

To whom the great son of Telamon.
Put down your bow and let your arrows rest,
Which, jealous of the Greeks, some God disrupts,575
So you can fight with spear and shield in hand,
And inspire the others. Let our actions be
Such that if our enemies defeat us, they’ll at least find
Our ships to be a prize that wasn’t easy to take.

So Ajax spake; then Teucer, in his tent580
The bow replacing, slung his fourfold shield,
Settled on his illustrious brows his casque
With hair high-crested, waving, as he moved,
Terrible from above, took forth a spear
Tough-grain’d, acuminated sharp with brass,585
And stood, incontinent, at Ajax’ side.
Hector perceived the change, and of the cause
Conscious, with echoing voice call’d to his host.

So Ajax spoke; then Teucer, in his tent580
Replacing his bow, strapped on his fourfold shield,
Settle his helmet, adorned with a high crest, on his head,
The hair waving as he moved,
Looking formidable from above, he took out a spear
Strong and sharp-tipped with brass,585
And stood, ready, at Ajax's side.
Hector noticed the change, and understanding the reason,
Called out to his troops with a loud voice.

Trojans and Lycians and close-fighting sons
Of Dardanus, oh now, my friends, be men;590
Now, wheresoever through the fleet dispersed,
Call into mind the fury of your might!
For I have seen, myself, Jove rendering vain
The arrows of their mightiest. Man may know
With ease the hand of interposing Jove,595
Both whom to glory he ordains, and whom
He weakens and aids not; so now he leaves
The Grecians, but propitious smiles on us.
Therefore stand fast, and whosoever gall’d
By arrow or by spear, dies—let him die;600
It shall not shame him that he died to serve
His country,[12] but his children, wife and home,
With all his heritage, shall be secure,
Drive but the Grecians from the shores of Troy.

Trojans and Lycians, brave warriors of Dardanus,
Now, my friends, be strong;590
Wherever you are scattered throughout the fleet,
Remember the power of your strength!
For I have seen it myself, Jove making useless
The arrows of their greatest warriors. It’s easy for man
To recognize the influence of Jove,595
Deciding who gets glory and who
He weakens and does not support; now he turns
Away from the Greeks but looks favorably upon us.
So stand firm, and whoever is injured
By arrow or spear, and dies—let him die;600
He will not be shamed for dying to defend
His country, but his children, wife, and home,
Along with all his inheritance, will be safe,
Just drive the Greeks from the shores of Troy.

So saying, he animated each. Meantime,605
Ajax his fellow-warriors thus address’d.

So saying, he inspired each one. Meanwhile,605
Ajax spoke to his fellow warriors like this.

Shame on you all! Now, Grecians, either die,
Or save at once your galley and yourselves.
Hope ye, that should your ships become the prize
Of warlike Hector, ye shall yet return610
On foot? Or hear ye not the Chief aloud
Summoning all his host, and publishing
His own heart’s wish to burn your fleet with fire?
Not to a dance, believe me, but to fight
He calls them; therefore wiser course for us615
Is none, than that we mingle hands with hands
In contest obstinate, and force with force.
Better at once to perish, or at once
To rescue life, than to consume the time
Hour after hour in lingering conflict vain620
Here at the ships, with an inferior foe.

Shame on you all! Now, Greeks, either die,
Or save your ship and yourselves right now.
Do you really think that if your ships fall into the hands
Of the fierce Hector, you'll walk home? 610
Or don't you hear the Chief loudly
Calling all his troops and declaring
His desire to burn your fleet?
He's not inviting you to a dance, believe me, but to fight.
So the smarter choice for us615
Is to join forces and battle together,
Using strength against strength.
It's better to perish right away, or to save our lives,
Than to waste time
Hour after hour in pointless conflict620
Here at the ships, with a weaker enemy.

He said, and by his words into all hearts
Fresh confidence infused. Then Hector smote
Schedius, a Chief of the Phocensian powers
And son of Perimedes; Ajax slew,625
Meantime, a Chief of Trojan infantry,
Laodamas, Antenor’s noble son
While by Polydamas, a leader bold
Of the Epeans, and Phylides’[13] friend,
Cyllenian Otus died. Meges that sight630
Viewing indignant on the conqueror sprang,
But, starting wide, Polydamas escaped,
Saved by Apollo, and his spear transpierced
The breast of Cræsmus; on his sounding shield
Prostrate he fell, and Meges stripp’d his arms.635
Him so employ’d Dolops assail’d, brave son
Of Lampus, best of men and bold in fight,
Offspring of King Laomedon; he stood
Full near, and through his middle buckler struck
The son of Phyleus, but his corselet thick640
With plates of scaly brass his life secured.
That corselet Phyleus on a time brought home
From Ephyre, where the Selleïs winds,
And it was given him for his life’s defence
In furious battle by the King of men,645
Euphetes. Many a time had it preserved
Unharm’d the sire, and now it saved the son.
Then Meges, rising, with his pointed lance
The bushy crest of Dolops’ helmet drove
Sheer from its base; new-tinged with purple bright650
Entire it fell and mingled with the dust.
While thus they strove, each hoping victory,
Came martial Menelaus to the aid
Of Meges; spear in hand apart he stood
By Dolops unperceived, through his back drove655
And through his breast the spear, and far beyond.
And down fell Dolops, forehead to the ground.
At once both flew to strip his radiant arms,
Then, Hector summoning his kindred, call’d
Each to his aid, and Melanippus first,660
Illustrious Hicetaon’s son, reproved.
Ere yet the enemies of Troy arrived
He in Percote fed his wandering beeves;
But when the Danaï with all their fleet
Came thither, then returning, he outshone665
The noblest Trojans, and at Priam’s side
Dwelling, was honor’d by him as a son.
Him Hector reprimanding, stern began.

He said, and his words infused fresh confidence into everyone’s hearts.
Then Hector struck Schedius, a leader of the Phocensian forces
and the son of Perimedes; Ajax killed,625
Meanwhile, a leader of the Trojan infantry,
Laodamas, the noble son of Antenor,
was by Polydamas, a brave leader
of the Epeans, and Phylides’[13] friend,
Cyllenian Otus fell. Meges, witnessing that sight,630
rose angrily against the conqueror,
but Polydamas managed to escape, wide-eyed,
saved by Apollo, while his spear pierced
the chest of Cræsmus; he fell heavily on his clanking shield.
Meges stripped him of his armor.635
Dolops then attacked him, brave son
of Lampus, the best of men and bold in battle,
descendant of King Laomedon; he stood
close by and struck the son of Phyleus
through his middle shield, but his thick corselet,640
made of layered brass, saved his life.
Phyleus had once brought that corselet home
from Ephyre, where the Selleïs winds blow,
and it was given to him for protection
in fierce battles by the King of men,645
Euphetes. Many times it had kept his father unharmed,
and now it saved the son.
Then Meges, rising, struck
the bushy crest of Dolops’ helmet,
shearing it off completely; newly stained with bright purple,650
it fell to the ground, mixing with the dust.
While they fought, hoping for victory,
martial Menelaus came to Meges’ aid;
with spear in hand, he stood apart,
unnoticed by Dolops, and drove
his spear through his back and out his chest,655
and down fell Dolops, forehead to the ground.
Immediately, both rushed to strip his shiny armor,
then Hector called on his kin for help,
first summoning Melanippus,660
the illustrious son of Hicetaon, and reprimanded him.
Before the enemies of Troy had arrived,
he had tended his wandering cattle in Percote;
but when the Danaans came with their full fleet,
he returned, outshining665
the noblest Trojans, and while living at Priam’s side,
was honored by him like a son.
Hector sternly began to reprimand him.

Are we thus slack? Can Melanippus view
Unmoved a kinsman slain? Seest not the Greeks670
How busy there with Dolops and his arms?
Come on. It is no time for distant war,
But either our Achaian foes must bleed,
Or Ilium taken, from her topmost height
Must stoop, and all her citizens be slain.675

Are we really being lazy? Can Melanippus stand by
without reacting to a fallen relative? Don’t you see the Greeks670
busy over there with Dolops and his weapons?
Let’s go. This isn’t the time for a distant battle,
either our Achaian enemies need to bleed,
or Ilium must fall, brought down from her highest point
and all her people must be killed.675

So saying he went, whose steps the godlike Chief
Attended; and the Telamonian, next,
Huge Ajax, animated thus the Greeks.

So saying, he left, and the godlike Chief followed him; then the mighty Ajax, son of Telamon, rallied the Greeks.

Oh friends, be men! Deep treasure in your hearts
An honest shame, and, fighting bravely, fear680
Each to incur the censure of the rest.
Of men so minded more survive than die,
While dastards forfeit life and glory both.

Oh friends, be brave! Hold deep treasures in your hearts
An honest sense of shame, and, while fighting hard, fear680
Each to take on the criticism of the others.
More men like this survive than fall,
While cowards lose both life and glory.

So moved he them, themselves already bent
To chase the Trojans; yet his word they bore685
Faithful in mind, and with a wall of brass
Fenced firm the fleet, while Jove impell’d the foe.
Then Menelaus, brave in fight, approach’d
Antilochus, and thus his courage roused.

So he inspired them, already eager
To pursue the Trojans; yet they held his word685
Steadfastly in their minds, and fortified the ships
With a strong wall of bronze, while Jove urged on the enemy.
Then Menelaus, brave in battle, approached
Antilochus and stirred his courage.

Antilochus! in all the host is none690
Younger, or swifter, or of stronger limb
Than thou. Make trial, therefore, of thy might,
Spring forth and prove it on some Chief of Troy.

Antilochus! There's no one in the whole army
Younger, faster, or stronger than you.
So go ahead, test your strength,
Step up and show it against some leader of Troy.

He ended and retired, but him his praise
Effectual animated; from the van695
Starting, he cast a wistful eye around
And hurl’d his glittering spear; back fell the ranks
Of Troy appall’d; nor vain his weapon flew,
But Melanippus pierced heroic son
Of Hicetaon, coming forth to fight,700
Full in the bosom, and with dreadful sound
Of all his batter’d armor down he fell.
Swift flew Antilochus as flies the hound
Some fawn to seize, which issuing from her lair
The hunter with his lance hath stricken dead,705
So thee, O Melanippus! to despoil
Of thy bright arms valiant Antilochus
Sprang forth, but not unnoticed by the eye
Of noble Hector, who through all the war
Ran to encounter him; his dread approach710
Antilochus, although expert in arms,
Stood not, but as some prowler of the wilds,
Conscious of injury that he hath done,
Slaying the watchful herdsman or his dog,
Escapes, ere yet the peasantry arise,715
So fled the son of Nestor, after whom
The Trojans clamoring and Hector pour’d
Darts numberless; but at the front arrived
Of his own phalanx, there he turn’d and stood.
Then, eager as voracious lions, rush’d720
The Trojans on the fleet of Greece, the mind
Of Jove accomplishing who them impell’d
Continual, calling all their courage forth,
While, every Grecian heart he tamed, and took
Their glory from them, strengthening Ilium’s host.725
For Jove’s unalter’d purpose was to give
Success to Priameian Hector’s arms,[14]
That he might cast into the fleet of Greece
Devouring flames, and that no part might fail
Of Thetis’ ruthless prayer; that sight alone730
He watch’d to see, one galley in a blaze,
Ordaining foul repulse, thenceforth, and flight
To Ilium’s host, but glory to the Greeks.
Such was the cause for which, at first, he moved
To that assault Hector, himself prepared735
And ardent for the task; nor less he raged
Than Mars while fighting, or than flames that seize
Some forest on the mountain-tops; the foam
Hung at his lips, beneath his awful front
His keen eyes glisten’d, and his helmet mark’d740
The agitation wild with which he fought.
For Jove omnipotent, himself, from heaven
Assisted Hector, and, although alone
With multitudes he strove, gave him to reach
The heights of glory, for that now his life745
Waned fast, and, urged by Pallas on,[15] his hour
To die by Peleus’ mighty son approach’d.
He then, wherever richest arms he saw
And thickest throng, the warrior-ranks essay’d
To break, but broke them not, though fierce resolved,750
In even square compact so firm they stood.
As some vast rock beside the hoary Deep
The stress endures of many a hollow wind,
And the huge billows tumbling at his base,
So stood the Danaï, nor fled nor fear’d.755
But he, all-fiery bright in arms, the host
Assail’d on every side, and on the van
Fell, as a wave by wintry blasts upheaved
Falls ponderous on the ship; white clings the foam
Around her, in her sail shrill howls the storm,760
And every seaman trembles at the view
Of thousand deaths from which he scarce escapes,
Such anguish rent the bosom of the Greeks.
But he, as leaps a famish’d lion fell
On beeves that graze some marshy meadow’s breadth,765
A countless herd, tended by one unskill’d
To cope with savage beasts in their defence,
Beside the foremost kine or with the last
He paces heedless, but the lion, borne
Impetuous on the midmost, one devours770
And scatters all the rest,[16] so fled the Greeks,
Terrified from above, before the arm
Of Hector, and before the frown of Jove.
All fled, but of them all alone he slew
The Mycenæan Periphetes, son775
Of Copreus custom’d messenger of King
Eurystheus to the might of Hercules.
From such a sire inglorious had arisen
A son far worthier, with all virtue graced,
Swift-footed, valiant, and by none excell’d780
In wisdom of the Mycenæan name;
Yet all but served to ennoble Hector more.
For Periphetes, with a backward step
Retiring, on his buckler’s border trod,
Which swept his heels; so check’d, he fell supine,785
And dreadful rang the helmet on his brows.
Him Hector quick noticing, to his side
Hasted, and, planting in his breast a spear,
Slew him before the phalanx of his friends.
But they, although their fellow-warrior’s fate790
They mourn’d, no succor interposed, or could,
Themselves by noble Hector sore appall’d.

He finished and stepped back, but his praise
Effectively inspired him; from the front695
Starting, he looked around wistfully
And hurled his shining spear; the ranks
Of Troy fell back in fear; nor did his weapon fly in vain,
But Melanippus struck the heroic son
Of Hicetaon, stepping out to fight,700
Straight in the chest, and with a terrible sound
Of all his battered armor, he fell.
Antilochus raced forward like a hound
Chasing a fawn, which just emerged from its lair
After the hunter has struck it down with his lance,705
So, O Melanippus! to strip
You of your shining armor, brave Antilochus
Leapt forward, but not unnoticed by the gaze
Of noble Hector, who rushed through the war
To meet him; Antilochus, though skilled in arms,710 He didn't hold his ground, but like a wild animal,
Aware of the wrongs he'd done,
Killing the watchful shepherd or his dog,
He escaped before the farmers could rise,715 So fled the son of Nestor, chased by
The shouting Trojans and Hector,
Who hurled countless darts at him; but at the front of
His own formation, he turned and stood firm.
Then, eager as hungry lions, the Trojans rushed720 At the Greeks, driven by the will
Of Jove, who compelled them,
Summoning all their courage,
While he subdued every Greek heart, taking
Their glory from them, empowering Ilium's forces.725 For Jove's unchanging plan was to grant
Victory to Priam's Hector,
So he could set fire to the Greek fleet
With consuming flames, ensuring no part
Of Thetis' merciless prayer was left unanswered;730 He watched closely to see one ship ablaze,
Decreeing disgraceful defeat, and then flight
For Ilium's forces but glory for the Greeks.
Such was the reason he first propelled
Hector into that attack, himself ready735 And eager for battle; he raged
As fiercely as Mars in war, or flames that seize
A forest on the mountaintops; the foam
Was on his lips, beneath his fierce exterior
His sharp eyes glimmered, and his helmet showed740 The wild agitation with which he fought.
For Jove, the all-powerful, himself, from heaven
Helped Hector, and, though alone
He struggled against many, he gave him the chance
To achieve greatness, for now his life745 Was quickly fading, and, pushed by Pallas,
His time to die at the hands of Peleus' mighty son was approaching.
He then, wherever he saw the best armor
And densest crowds, tried to break the ranks,
But did not succeed, although he was fiercely determined,750 As they stood firm in a tight formation.
Like a massive rock beside the gray Sea
That withstands the stress of many hollow winds,
And the huge waves crashing at its base,
So stood the Danaans, neither fleeing nor fearing.755 But he, glowing fiercely in armor, attacked
The host from every side, and at the front
Fell, like a wave lifted by winter storms
Crashing down on a ship; white foam clung
Around it, the storm howled sharply in the sails,760 And every sailor trembled at the sight
Of a thousand deaths from which he barely escaped,
Such anguish tore at the hearts of the Greeks.
But he, like a starving lion leaping
On cattle grazing in a marshy meadow,765 A countless herd, tended by someone unskilled
To defend them against fierce beasts,
Beside the strongest cows or with the last
He walks obliviously, but the lion, driven
Impetuously through the middle, devours one770 And scatters all the rest,
so fled the Greeks,
Terrified by the power
Of Hector, and by Jove's gaze.
All fled, but he alone killed
The Mycenaean Periphetes, son775 Of Copreus, the usual messenger of King
Eurystheus to the strength of Hercules.
From such a father, dishonorable, had emerged
A son far more deserving, endowed with virtue,
Swift-footed, brave, and unmatched
In the wisdom of the Mycenaean name;780 Yet all this only served to elevate Hector more.
For Periphetes, stepping back,
Stood on the edge of his shield,
Which slipped beneath his feet; so stopped, he fell backward,785 And the helmet rang dreadfully on his brow.
Hector quickly noticed him, rushed to his side
And, thrusting a spear into his chest,
Killed him before the ranks of his friends.
But they, though mourning their fallen comrade,790 Could provide no help, terrified
As they were by noble Hector.

And now behind the ships (all that updrawn
Above the shore, stood foremost of the fleet)
The Greeks retired; in rush’d a flood of foes;795
Then, through necessity, the ships in front
Abandoning, amid the tents they stood
Compact, not disarray’d, for shame and fear
Fast held them, and vociferating each
Aloud, call’d ceaseless on the rest to stand.800
But earnest more than all, guardian of all,
Gerenian Nestor in their parents’ name
Implored them, falling at the knees of each.

And now behind the ships (all that had been raised
Above the shore, leading the fleet)
The Greeks fell back; a flood of enemies rushed in;795
Then, out of necessity, they abandoned the ships up front
And stood together among the tents
Tightly packed, not scattered, because shame and fear
Kept them together, and shouting loudly,
They constantly called on the others to hold their ground.800
But more than anyone, the protector of them all,
Old Nestor from Gerenia, in the name of their parents,
Begged them, kneeling before each one.

Oh friends! be men. Now dearly prize your place
Each in the estimation of the rest.805
Now call to memory your children, wives,
Possessions, parents; ye whose parents live,
And ye whose parents are not, all alike!
By them as if here present, I entreat
That ye stand fast—oh be not turn’d to flight!810

Oh friends! Be strong. Now value your place
Each in the eyes of the others.805
Now think of your children, wives,
Things you own, parents; you whose parents are alive,
And you whose parents are gone, all the same!
By them, as if they were here, I ask
That you stand firm—oh don’t run away!810

So saying he roused the courage of the Greeks;
Then, Pallas chased the cloud fall’n from above
On every eye; great light the plain illumed
On all sides, both toward the fleet, and where
The undiscriminating battle raged.815
Then might be seen Hector and Hector’s host
Distinct, as well the rearmost who the fight
Shared not, as those who waged it at the ships.

So saying, he boosted the Greeks' confidence;
Then, Pallas dispersed the cloud that had fallen
Over everyone’s eyes; a great light lit up
The plain on all sides, both towards the fleet and where
The chaotic battle was raging.815
Then you could see Hector and his army
Clearly, as well as those in the back who weren’t
Fighting, unlike those who were at the ships.

To stand aloof where other Grecians stood
No longer now would satisfy the mind820
Of Ajax, but from deck to deck with strides
Enormous marching, to and fro he swung
With iron studs emboss’d a battle-pole
Unwieldy, twenty and two cubits long.
As one expert to spring from horse to horse,825
From many steeds selecting four, toward
Some noble city drives them from the plain
Along the populous road; him many a youth
And many a maiden eyes, while still secure
From steed to steed he vaults; they rapid fly;830
So Ajax o’er the decks of numerous ships
Stalk’d striding large, and sent his voice to heaven.
Thus, ever clamoring, he bade the Greeks
Stand both for camp and fleet. Nor could himself
Hector, contented, now, the battle wage835
Lost in the multitude of Trojans more,
But as the tawny eagle on full wing
Assails the feather’d nations, geese or cranes
Or swans lithe-neck’d grazing the river’s verge,
So Hector at a galley sable-prow’d840
Darted; for, from behind, Jove urged him on
With mighty hand, and his host after him.
And now again the battle at the ships
Grew furious; thou hadst deem’d them of a kind
By toil untameable, so fierce they strove,845
And, striving, thus they fought. The Grecians judged
Hope vain, and the whole host’s destruction sure;
But nought expected every Trojan less
Than to consume the fleet with fire, and leave
Achaia’s heroes lifeless on the field.850
With such persuasions occupied, they fought.

To stand apart where other Greeks stood
No longer satisfied Ajax's mind820
As he marched across the decks with huge strides,
Swinging a heavy battle-pole
With iron studs, twenty-two cubits long.
Like an expert leaping from horse to horse,825
Selecting four steeds from many, he drives them
Toward some noble city from the plain
Along the busy road; many young men
And many maidens watch him as he vaults,
Securely moving from steed to steed; they fly fast;830
So Ajax strode across the decks of numerous ships
And raised his voice to the heavens.
He constantly shouted for the Greeks
To stand firm for both camp and fleet. Nor could
Hector, now content, engage in battle835
Lost in the crowd of Trojans,
But like a tawny eagle on the wing
Attacking the bird nations—geese or cranes
Or swans with long necks by the river’s edge,
So Hector charged at a ship with a dark prow840
For Jove pushed him on from behind
With a mighty hand, followed by his host.
And now the battle at the ships
Raged fiercely; you would think they were all
A kind of untameable force, so fierce they fought,845
And as they struggled, they battled. The Greeks believed
Hope was futile, and the whole army would be destroyed;
But no Trojan expected less
Than to burn the fleet and leave
Achaia’s heroes lifeless on the field.850
With such thoughts on their minds, they fought.

Then Hector seized the stern of a brave bark
Well-built, sharp-keel’d, and of the swiftest sail,
Which had to Troy Protesiläus brought,
But bore him never thence. For that same ship855
Contending, Greeks and Trojans hand to hand
Dealt slaughter mutual. Javelins now no more
Might serve them, or the arrow-starting bow,
But close conflicting and of one mind all
With bill and battle-axe, with ponderous swords,860
And with long lances double-edged they fought.
Many a black-hilted falchion huge of haft
Fell to the ground, some from the grasp, and some
From shoulders of embattled warriors hewn,
And pools of blood soak’d all the sable glebe.865
Hector that ship once grappled by the stern
Left not, but griping fast her upper edge
With both hands, to his Trojans call’d aloud.

Then Hector grabbed the back of a brave ship,
Well-built, with a sharp keel, and the fastest sail,
Which Protesiläus had brought to Troy,
But never took him back. For that same ship855
Saw Greeks and Trojans fighting hand to hand,
Causing mutual slaughter. No longer did
Javelins suffice, or the bow that shoots arrows,
But they fought closely, all of one mind,
With swords and battle-axes, and heavy blades,860
And with long double-edged lances.
Many a large black-hilted sword with a long handle
Fell to the ground, some from hands, and some
From the shoulders of warriors cut down,
And pools of blood soaked the dark earth.865
Hector, having once grabbed the ship’s stern,
Did not let go, but holding tightly with both hands,
Called out loudly to his Trojans.

Fire! Bring me fire! Stand fast and shout to heaven!
Jove gives us now a day worth all the past;870
The ships are ours which, in the Gods’ despite
Steer’d hither, such calamities to us
Have caused, for which our seniors most I blame
Who me withheld from battle at the fleet
And check’d the people; but if then the hand875
Of Thunderer Jove our better judgment marr’d,
Himself now urges and commands us on.

Fire! Bring me fire! Stand firm and shout to the heavens!
Jove has given us a day that surpasses all the past;870
The ships are ours, which, against the will of the Gods,
Sailed here, causing us such misfortunes,
For which I mostly blame our elders
Who kept me from fighting at the fleet
And held back the people; but if then the hand875
Of Thunderer Jove clouded our judgment,
Now He himself urges us and commands us forward.

He ceased; they still more violent assail’d
The Grecians. Even Ajax could endure,
Whelm’d under weapons numberless, that storm880
No longer, but expecting death retired
Down from the decks to an inferior stand,
Where still he watch’d, and if a Trojan bore
Fire thither, he repulsed him with his spear,
Roaring continual to the host of Greece.885

He stopped; they attacked the Greeks even more fiercely.
Even Ajax couldn’t take it anymore,
Overwhelmed by countless weapons, and expecting death,
He stepped down from the deck to a lower position,
Where he still kept watch, and if a Trojan brought
Fire there, he pushed him back with his spear,
Continuously shouting to the Greek forces.885

Friends! Grecian heroes! ministers of Mars!
Be men, my friends! now summon all your might!
Think we that we have thousands at our backs
To succor us, or yet some stronger wall
To guard our warriors from the battle’s force?890
Not so. No tower’d city is at hand,
None that presents us with a safe retreat
While others occupy our station here,
But from the shores of Argos far remote
Our camp is, where the Trojans arm’d complete895
Swarm on the plain, and Ocean shuts us in.
Our hands must therefore save us, not our heels

Friends! Greek heroes! warriors of Mars!
Be strong, my friends! Now gather all your strength!
Do we think we have thousands backing us
To help us, or a stronger wall
To protect our fighters from the force of battle?890
Not at all. There’s no fortified city nearby,
None that offers us a safe escape
While others hold our position here,
But far from the shores of Argos,
Our camp is where the fully armed Trojans895
Swarm in the plains, and the Ocean surrounds us.
Our hands must save us, not our feet.

He said, and furious with his spear again
Press’d them, and whatsoever Trojan came,
Obsequious to the will of Hector, arm’d900
With fire to burn the fleet, on his spear’s point
Ajax receiving pierced him, till at length
Twelve in close fight fell by his single arm.

He said, and in his fury with his spear again
Attacked them, and any Trojan who approached,
Following Hector's orders, ready900
To set the ships on fire, was struck by Ajax,
Who pierced him with his spear, until finally
Twelve fell in close combat by his strength alone.

BOOK XVI.

ARGUMENT OF THE SIXTEENTH BOOK.

Achilles, at the suit of Patroclus, grants him his own armor, and permission to lead the Myrmidons to battle. They, sallying, repulse the Trojans. Patroclus slays Sarpedon, and Hector, when Apollo had first stripped off his armor and Euphorbus wounded him, slays Patroclus.

Achilles, at Patroclus's request, gives him his own armor and allows him to lead the Myrmidons into battle. They charge out and push back the Trojans. Patroclus kills Sarpedon, but Hector, after Apollo first took off his armor and Euphorbus wounded him, kills Patroclus.

BOOK XVI.

Such contest for that gallant bark they waged.
Meantime Patroclus, standing at the side
Of the illustrious Chief Achilles, wept
Fast as a crystal fountain from the height
Of some rude rock pours down its rapid[1] stream.5
Divine Achilles with compassion moved
Mark’d him, and in wing’d accents thus began.[2]

Such a fight for that brave ship they fought.
Meanwhile, Patroclus, standing next to the famous leader Achilles, cried
As quickly as a crystal fountain rushing down
From a rough rock pours its swift stream.5
Divine Achilles, filled with compassion,
Noticed him, and with gentle words began.[2]

Who weeps Patroclus like an infant girl
Who, running at her mother’s side, entreats
To be uplifted in her arms? She grasps10
Her mantle, checks her haste, and looking up
With tearful eyes, pleads earnest to be borne;
So fall, Patroclus! thy unceasing tears.
Bring’st thou to me or to my people aught
Afflictive? Hast thou mournful tidings learn’d15
Prom Phthia, trusted to thy ear alone?
Menœtius, son of Actor, as they say,
Still lives; still lives his Myrmidons among
Peleus Æacides; whom, were they dead,
With cause sufficient we should both deplore.20
Or weep’st thou the Achaians at the ships
Perishing, for their outrage done to me?
Speak. Name thy trouble. I would learn the cause

Who weeps for Patroclus like a little girl
Running beside her mother, asking
To be picked up in her arms? She clutches10
Her dress, slows down, and looking up
With tear-filled eyes, begs to be held;
So fall, Patroclus! your endless tears.
Are you bringing me or my people anything
Distressing? Have you learned some sad news15
From Phthia, only entrusted to you?
Menœtius, son of Actor, they say,
Is still alive; his Myrmidons still live among
Peleus's lineage; if they were dead,
We would have good reason to mourn together.20
Or are you crying over the Achaeans at the ships
Dying because of the wrong they've done to me?
Speak. Tell me what's troubling you. I want to know the reason.

To whom, deep-sorrowing, thou didst reply,
Patroclus! Oh Achilles, Peleus’ son!25
Noblest of all our host! bear with my grief,
Since such distress hath on the Grecians fallen.
The bravest of their ships disabled lie,
Some wounded from afar, some hand to hand.
Diomede, warlike son of Tydeus, bleeds,30
Gall’d by a shaft; Ulysses, glorious Chief,
And Agamemnon suffer by the spear,
And brave Eurypylus an arrow-point
Bears in his thigh. These all, are now the care
Of healing hands. Oh thou art pity-proof,35
Achilles! be my bosom ever free
From anger such as harbor finds in thine,
Scorning all limits! whom, of men unborn,
Hereafter wilt thou save, from whom avert
Disgrace, if not from the Achaians now?40
Ah ruthless! neither Peleus thee begat,
Nor Thetis bore, but rugged rocks sublime,
And roaring billows blue gave birth to thee,
Who bear’st a mind that knows not to relent,
But, if some prophecy alarm thy fears,45
If from thy Goddess-mother thou have aught
Received, and with authority of Jove,
Me send at least, me quickly, and with me
The Myrmidons. A dawn of cheerful hope
Shall thence, it may be, on the Greeks arise.50
Grant me thine armor also, that the foe
Thyself supposing present, may abstain
From battle, and the weary Greeks enjoy
Short respite; it is all that war allows.
We, fresh and vigorous, by our shouts alone55
May easily repulse an army spent
With labor from the camp, and from the fleet,

To whom, deeply sorrowing, you responded,
Patroclus! Oh Achilles, son of Peleus!25
Noblest of all our troops! bear with my grief,
For such distress has fallen upon the Greeks.
The bravest of their ships lie disabled,
Some wounded from a distance, some in close combat.
Diomede, the warlike son of Tydeus, bleeds,30
Struck by an arrow; Ulysses, glorious leader,
And Agamemnon suffer from the spear,
And brave Eurypylus has an arrow stuck
In his thigh. All of them are now in need
Of healing hands. Oh, you are beyond pity,35
Achilles! may my heart always be free
From the anger that seems to reside in you,
Ignoring all limits! whom, of unborn men,
Will you save in the future, from whom will you prevent
Disgrace, if not from the Achaeans now?40
Ah, ruthless one! neither Peleus fathered you,
Nor did Thetis give birth to you, but rugged cliffs,
And roaring blue waves brought you into this world,
You who have a mind that does not know how to relent,
But, if some prophecy shakes your fears,45
If you have received anything from your goddess mother,
And with the authority of Jove,
At least send me quickly, and with me
The Myrmidons. A dawn of hopeful cheer
May arise for the Greeks from this.50
Grant me your armor too, so that the enemy,
Thinking you are present, may refrain
From battle, and the weary Greeks may enjoy
A brief break; it is all that war permits.
We, fresh and energetic, with our shouts alone,55
Can easily repel an army worn out
From their work in camp and from the fleet,

Such suit he made, alas! all unforewarn’d
That his own death should be the bitter fruit,
And thus Achilles, sorrowful, replied.60

Such a suit he made, unfortunately! He had no idea
That his own death would be the bitter outcome,
And so Achilles, filled with sorrow, responded.60

Patroclus, noble friend! what hast thou spoken?
Me neither prophesy that I have heard
Holds in suspense, nor aught that I have learn’d
From Thetis with authority of Jove!
Hence springs, and hence alone, my grief of heart;65
If one, in nought superior to myself
Save in his office only, should by force
Amerce me of my well-earn’d recompense—
How then? There lies the grief that stings my soul.
The virgin chosen for me by the sons70
Of Greece, my just reward, by my own spear
Obtain’d when I Eëtion’s city took,
Her, Agamemnon, leader of the host
From my possession wrung, as I had been
Some alien wretch, unhonor’d and unknown.75
But let it pass; anger is not a flame
To feed for ever; I affirm’d, indeed,
Mine inextinguishable till the shout
Of battle should invade my proper barks;
But thou put on my glorious arms, lead forth80
My valiant Myrmidons, since such a cloud,
So dark, of dire hostility surrounds
The fleet, and the Achaians, by the waves
Hemm’d in, are prison’d now in narrow space.
Because the Trojans meet not in the field85
My dazzling helmet, therefore bolder grown
All Ilium comes abroad; but had I found
Kindness at royal Agamemnon’s hands,
Soon had they fled, and with their bodies chok’d
The streams, from whom ourselves now suffer siege90
For in the hands of Diomede his spear
No longer rages rescuing from death
The afflicted Danaï, nor hear I more
The voice of Agamemnon issuing harsh
From his detested throat, but all around95
The burst[3] of homicidal Hector’s cries,
Calling his Trojans on; they loud insult
The vanquish’d Greeks, and claim the field their own.
Go therefore, my Patroclus; furious fall
On these assailants, even now preserve100
From fire the only hope of our return.
But hear the sum of all; mark well my word;
So shalt thou glorify me in the eyes
Of all the Danaï, and they shall yield
Brisëis mine, with many a gift beside.105
The Trojans from the fleet expell’d, return.
Should Juno’s awful spouse give thee to win
Victory, be content; seek not to press
The Trojans without me, for thou shalt add
Still more to the disgrace already mine.[4]110
Much less, by martial ardor urged, conduct
Thy slaughtering legions to the walls of Troy,
Lest some immortal power on her behalf
Descend, for much the Archer of the skies
Loves Ilium. No—the fleet once saved, lead back115
Thy band, and leave the battle to themselves.
For oh, by all the powers of heaven I would
That not one Trojan might escape of all,
Nor yet a Grecian, but that we, from death
Ourselves escaping, might survive to spread120
Troy’s sacred bulwarks on the ground, alone.

Patroclus, noble friend! What have you said?
Neither the prophecies I’ve heard
Keep me in suspense, nor anything I’ve learned
From Thetis with the authority of Jove!
This is where my heart's sorrow comes from;65
If someone, no better than me
Except for his position, should take away
What I’ve rightfully earned—
How can I bear it? That’s the pain that stings my soul.
The maiden chosen for me by the sons70
Of Greece, my rightful reward, which I won
With my own spear when I captured Eëtion's city,
She was taken from me by Agamemnon, the leader
Of the army, as if I were
Some worthless stranger, unhonored and unknown.75
But let it go; anger can’t burn forever; I admit,
I thought mine would last until the shout
Of battle invaded my own ships;
But you wear my glorious armor, lead
My brave Myrmidons, since such a dark cloud
Of fierce hostility surrounds
The fleet, and the Achaeans are now trapped
By the waves in a narrow space.
Because the Trojans don’t meet in the field85
My shining helmet, they’ve grown bolder
And all of Ilium comes out; but if I had found
Kindness from royal Agamemnon,
They would have fled soon, and choked
The streams with their bodies, from which we now suffer siege90
For Diomede’s spear no longer rages,
Rescuing the suffering Danaans from death,
Nor do I hear Agamemnon's harsh voice
Coming from his despised throat, but all around95
The cries of murderous Hector
Calling his Trojans on; they loudly taunt
The defeated Greeks and claim the field as their own.
So go now, my Patroclus; fiercely attack
These assailants, save100
From fire the only hope of our return.
But hear me well; pay attention to my words;
This way, you’ll bring me glory in the eyes
Of all the Danaans, and they will return
Briseis to me, with many gifts besides.105
The Trojans expelled from the fleet will retreat.
If Juno’s powerful husband grants you
Victory, be satisfied; don’t try to pursue
The Trojans without me, or you’ll only add
To the disgrace I already bear.[4]110
Even less, driven by battle rage, lead
Your slaughtering troops to the walls of Troy,
In case some immortal power comes down
To support her, for the Archer of the sky
Loves Ilium too much. No—once the fleet is safe, lead back115
Your men, and leave the fighting to them.
For oh, by all the powers of heaven I wish
That not one Trojan would escape,
Nor a Greek, but that we, escaping death,
Might survive to lay120
Troy’s sacred defenses on the ground, alone.

Thus they conferr’d. [5]But Ajax overwhelm’d
Meantime with darts, no longer could endure,
Quell’d both by Jupiter and by the spears
Of many a noble Trojan; hideous rang125
His batter’d helmet bright, stroke after stroke
Sustaining on all sides, and his left arm
That had so long shifted from side to side
His restless shield, now fail’d; yet could not all
Displace him with united force, or move.130
Quick pantings heaved his chest, copious the sweat
Trickled from all his limbs, nor found he time,
However short, to breathe again, so close
Evil on evil heap’d hemm’d him around.

Thus they conferred. [5] But Ajax was overwhelmed
In the meantime with darts and could no longer endure,
Subdued by Jupiter and the spears
Of many brave Trojans; his battered helmet rang
With each blow, stroke after stroke
Coming from all sides, and his left arm
That had tirelessly shifted from side to side
With his restless shield, now failed; yet none of the
Combined force could displace him or move him.130
Quick breaths heaved his chest, sweat
Poured from all his limbs, and he found no time,
Not even a moment, to catch his breath, surrounded
By evil piled upon evil.

Olympian Muses! now declare, how first135
The fire was kindled in Achaia’s fleet?

Olympian Muses! Now tell us, how did the fire first get started in Achaia’s fleet?

Hector the ashen lance of Ajax smote
With his broad falchion, at the nether end,
And lopp’d it sheer. The Telamonian Chief
His mutilated beam brandish’d in vain,140
And the bright point shrill-sounding-fell remote.
Then Ajax in his noble mind perceived,
Shuddering with awe, the interposing power
Of heaven, and that, propitious to the arms
Of Troy, the Thunderer had ordain’d to mar145
And frustrate all the counsels of the Greeks.
He left his stand; they fired the gallant bark;
Through all her length the conflagration ran
Incontinent, and wrapp’d her stern in flames.
Achilles saw them, smote his thighs, and said,150

Hector, with the ashen spear of Ajax, struck
With his broad sword at the lower end,
And cut it clean off. The Telamonian Chief
Waved his damaged weapon without success,140
And the bright point, sounding sharply, fell far away.
Then Ajax, in his noble mind, realized,
Shuddering with fear, the intervening power
Of heaven, and that, favoring the arms
Of Troy, the Thunderer had decided to ruin145
And thwart all the plans of the Greeks.
He left his position; they set the brave ship on fire;
The flames quickly spread along its length
And engulfed its stern in fire.
Achilles saw them, struck his thighs, and said,150

Patroclus, noble charioteer, arise!
I see the rapid run of hostile fires
Already in the fleet—lest all be lost,
And our return impossible, arm, arm
This moment; I will call, myself, the band.155

Patroclus, brave charioteer, get up!
I see the swift approach of enemy flames
Already at the ships—if we don't act now,
Our return will be impossible, get ready, get ready
Right now; I will rally the troops myself.155

Then put Patroclus on his radiant arms.
Around his legs his polish’d greaves he clasp’d,
With argent studs secured; the hauberk rich
Star-spangled to his breast he bound of swift
Æacides; he slung his brazen sword160
With silver bright emboss’d, and his broad shield
Ponderous; on his noble head his casque
He settled elegant, whose lofty crest
Waved dreadful o’er his brows, and last he seized
Well fitted to his gripe two sturdy spears.165
Of all Achilles’ arms his spear alone
He took not; that huge beam, of bulk and length
Enormous, none, Æacides except,
In all Achaia’s host had power to wield.
It was that Pelian ash which from the top170
Of Pelion hewn that it might prove the death
Of heroes, Chiron had to Peleus given.
He bade Automedon his coursers bind
Speedily to the yoke, for him he loved
Next to Achilles most, as worthiest found175
Of trust, what time the battle loudest roar’d.
Then led Automedon the fiery steeds
Swift as wing’d tempests to the chariot-yoke,
Xanthus and Balius. Them the harpy bore
Podarge, while in meadows green she fed180
On Ocean’s side, to Zephyrus the wind.
To these he added, at their side, a third,
The noble Pedasus; him Peleus’ son,
Eëtion’s city taken, thence had brought,
Though mortal, yet a match for steeds divine.185
Meantime from every tent Achilles call’d
And arm’d his Myrmidons. As wolves that gorge
The prey yet panting, terrible in force,
When on the mountains wild they have devour’d
An antler’d stag new-slain, with bloody jaws190
Troop all at once to some clear fountain, there
To lap with slender tongues the brimming wave;
No fears have they, but at their ease eject
From full maws flatulent the clotted gore;
Such seem’d the Myrmidon heroic Chiefs195
Assembling fast around the valiant friend
Of swift Æacides. Amid them stood
Warlike Achilles, the well-shielded ranks
Exhorting, and the steeds, to glorious war.

Then he put Patroclus in his shining armor.
He fastened polished greaves around his legs,
Secured with silver studs; he bound a rich hauberk
Embellished with stars to his chest, the swift
Son of Aecus; he slung his bright bronze sword160
With shining silver designs, and picked up his heavy
Broad shield; he settled an elegant helmet
On his noble head, whose tall crest
Waved ominously over his forehead, and finally, he grabbed
Two sturdy spears that fit well in his hand.165
He didn’t take Achilles’ spear,
That huge weapon, so massive and long
That none except Aecus
In all the Achaean army could wield.
It was the ash from Pelion that Chiron had given
To Peleus to ensure the death170
Of heroes, hewn from the top of Pelion.
He told Automedon to quickly yoke the horses,
For he loved him most after Achilles,
Finding him the worthiest of trust175
When the battle roared the loudest.
Then Automedon led the fiery steeds
As swift as winged storms to the chariot,
Xanthus and Balius. They were sired by the harpy
Podarge, while she fed in green meadows180
By the Ocean, alongside the wind Zephyrus.
He added a third horse at their side,
The noble Pedasus; Peleus’ son
Had brought him from Eëtion’s city,
Mortal yet still a match for divine steeds.185
Meanwhile, Achilles called out
And armed his Myrmidons from every tent. Like wolves gorging
On prey, panting and fierce,
When they’ve devoured
A freshly slain stag in the wild mountains, with bloody jaws,190
They all rush to a clear fountain, there
To lapping the brimming water with slender tongues;
They fear nothing, but at ease they expel
The clotted gore from their full maws;
Such were the heroic Myrmidon Chiefs195
Gathering quickly around the brave friend
Of swift Aecus. Among them stood
Warlike Achilles, urging the well-shielded ranks
And the steeds to glorious battle.

The galleys by Achilles dear to Jove200
Commanded, when to Ilium’s coast he steer’d,
Were fifty; fifty rowers sat in each,
And five, in whom he trusted, o’er the rest
He captains named, but ruled, himself, supreme.
One band Menestheus swift in battle led,205
Offspring of Sperchius heaven-descended stream.
Him Polydora, Peleus’ daughter, bore
To ever-flowing Sperchius, compress’d,
Although a mortal woman, by a God.
But his reputed father was the son210
Of Perieres, Borus, who with dower
Enrich’d, and made her openly his bride.
Warlike Eudorus led the second band.
Him Polymela, graceful in the dance,
And daughter beautiful of Phylas, bore,215
A mother unsuspected of a child.
Her worshiping the golden-shafted Queen
Diana, in full choir, with song and dance,
The valiant Argicide[6] beheld and loved.
Ascending with her to an upper room,220
All-bounteous Mercury[7] clandestine there
Embraced her, who a noble son produced
Eudorus, swift to run, and bold in fight.
No sooner Ilithya, arbitress
Of pangs puerperal, had given him birth,225
And he beheld the beaming sun, than her
Echechleus, Actor’s mighty son, enrich’d
With countless dower, and led her to his home;
While ancient Phylas, cherishing her boy
With fond affection, reared him as his own.230
The third brave troop warlike Pisander led,
Offspring of Maimalus; he far excell’d
In spear-fight every Myrmidon, the friend
Of Peleus’ dauntless son alone except.
The hoary Phœnix of equestrian fame235
The fourth band led to battle, and the fifth
Laërceus’ offspring, bold Alcimedon.
Thus, all his bands beneath their proper Chiefs
Marshall’d, Achilles gave them strict command—

The ships commanded by Achilles, beloved by Jove200
Were fifty; each had fifty rowers,
And among them, he trusted five to lead the rest.
He named them captains but ruled supreme himself.
Menestheus, quick in battle, led one group,205
The son of the heavenly river Sperchius.
He was born to Polydora, Peleus’ daughter,
By the ever-flowing Sperchius, though
She was a mortal woman claimed by a God.
His recognized father was the son210
Of Perieres, Borus, who enriched her with a dower
And took her as his wife publicly.
Warlike Eudorus led the second group.
Polymela, graceful in dance,
And the beautiful daughter of Phylas, bore him,215
A mother who had kept her secret.
While worshiping the golden-shafted Queen
Diana, in full chorus, singing and dancing,
The brave Argicide[6] saw and loved her.
He took her up to an upper room,220
Where the generous Mercury[7] secretly
Embraced her, and she gave birth
To Eudorus, swift in running and bold in battle.
As soon as Ilithya, the goddess
Of childbirth, had helped him into the world,225
And he saw the shining sun, Echechleus,
The mighty son of Actor, enriched
Her with a grand dower and took her to his home;
Meanwhile, old Phylas, loving her son,
Raised him as his own with affection.230
The third brave troop was led by Pisander,
The son of Maimalus; he excelled
In spear-fighting above every Myrmidon,
Except for Peleus’ fearless son alone.
The gray-haired Phoenix, known for his horse skills,235
Led the fourth group into battle, and the fifth
Was led by Alcimedon, the son of Laërceus.
Thus, with all his groups under their respective leaders,
Achilles gave them strict orders—

Myrmidons! all that vengeance now inflict,240
Which in this fleet ye ceased not to denounce
Against the Trojans while my wrath endured.
Me censuring, ye have proclaim’d me oft
Obdurate. Oh Achilles! ye have said,
Thee not with milk thy mother but with bile245
Suckled, who hold’st thy people here in camp
Thus long imprison’d. Unrelenting Chief!
Even let us hence in our sea-skimming barks
To Phthia, since thou can’st not be appeased—
Thus in full council have ye spoken oft.250
Now, therefore, since a day of glorious toil
At last appears, such as ye have desired,
There lies the field—go—give your courage proof.

Myrmidons! Now unleash all that vengeance,240
That you didn’t hesitate to proclaim
Against the Trojans while my anger lasted.
You’ve often called me out, saying
I’m stubborn. Oh Achilles! you’ve claimed,
You weren’t nursed by your mother with milk but with bile245
And keep your people stuck here in camp
For so long. Unyielding Leader!
Let’s head back to Phthia in our ships,
Since you can’t be calmed—
You’ve said this many times in council.250
Now, since a day of glorious effort
Finally comes, just as you’ve wanted,
The battlefield is there—go—show your courage.

So them he roused, and they, their leader’s voice
Hearing elate, to closest order drew.255
As when an architect some palace wall
With shapely stones upbuilds, cementing close
A barrier against all the winds of heaven,
So wedged, the helmets and boss’d bucklers stood;
Shield, helmet, man, press’d helmet, man, and shield,260
And every bright-arm’d warrior’s bushy crest
Its fellow swept, so dense was their array.
In front of all, two Chiefs their station took,
Patroclus and Automedon; one mind
In both prevail’d, to combat in the van265
Of all the Myrmidons. Achilles, then,
Retiring to his tent, displaced the lid
Of a capacious chest magnificent
By silver-footed Thetis stow’d on board
His bark, and fill’d with tunics, mantles warm,270
And gorgeous arras; there he also kept
Secure a goblet exquisitely wrought,
Which never lip touched save his own, and whence
He offer’d only to the Sire of all.
That cup producing from the chest, he first275
With sulphur fumed it, then with water rinsed
Pellucid of the running stream, and, last
(His hands clean laved) he charged it high with wine.
And now, advancing to his middle court,
He pour’d libation, and with eyes to heaven280
Uplifted pray’d,[8] of Jove not unobserved.

So he roused them, and they, hearing their leader’s uplifting voice, gathered closely. Just like an architect builds a palace wall with well-shaped stones, tightly cementing them to create a barrier against all the winds of heaven, the helmets and rounded shields stood tightly packed together; shield, helmet, and man, pressed helmet to man and shield. Every warrior’s shining crest brushed against its neighbor, such was the density of their formation. In front of all, two chiefs took their positions, Patroclus and Automedon; they shared one mind, ready to fight at the front of all the Myrmidons. Achilles, then, withdrew to his tent and lifted the lid of a large, magnificent chest that silver-footed Thetis had put on his ship. It was filled with tunics, warm cloaks, and beautiful tapestries; he also kept safe a beautifully crafted goblet, which only his lips had touched, and from which he offered only to the Father of all. Taking that cup from the chest, he first purged it with sulfur, then rinsed it with clear running water, and finally (having washed his hands clean) filled it high with wine. Now, stepping into his middle courtyard, he poured a libation and, with his eyes lifted to heaven, prayed to Jove, not unnoticed.

Pelasgian, Dodonæan Jove supreme,
Dwelling remote, who on Dodona’s heights
Snow-clad reign’st Sovereign, by thy seers around
Compass’d the Selli, prophets vow-constrain’d285
To unwash’d feet and slumbers on the ground!
Plain I behold my former prayer perform’d,
Myself exalted, and the Greeks abased.
Now also grant me, Jove, this my desire!
Here, in my fleet, I shall myself abide,290
But lo! with all these Myrmidons I send
My friend to battle. Thunder-rolling Jove,
Send glory with him, make his courage firm!
That even Hector may himself be taught,
If my companion have a valiant heart295
When he goes forth alone, or only then
The noble frenzy feels that Mars inspires
When I rush also to the glorious field.
But when he shall have driven the battle-shout
Once from the fleet, grant him with all his arms,300
None lost, himself unhurt, and my whole band
Of dauntless warriors with him, safe return!

Pelasgian, Supreme Jove of Dodona,
Living far away, who rules from the snowy heights of Dodona,
Surrounded by your seers,
The Selli, prophets bound by vows,285
With unwashed feet, resting on the ground!
I clearly see my earlier prayer answered,
With myself exalted and the Greeks brought low.
Now also grant me, Jove, this wish!
Here, I will stay in my fleet,290
But look! With all these Myrmidons, I send
My friend into battle. Thunderous Jove,
Send him glory, make his courage strong!
So even Hector may learn,
If my companion has a brave heart295
When he goes out alone, or only then
Does the noble spirit ignite that Mars inspires
When I also rush into the glorious field.
But when he has driven the battle cry
Away from the fleet, grant him all his arms,300
With none lost, himself unharmed, and my whole band
Of fearless warriors returns safely with him!

Such prayer Achilles offer’d, and his suit
Jove hearing, part confirm’d, and part refused;
To chase the dreadful battle from the fleet305
He gave him, but vouchsafed him no return.
Prayer and libation thus perform’d to Jove
The Sire of all, Achilles to his tent
Return’d, replaced the goblet in his chest,
And anxious still that conflict to behold310
Between the hosts, stood forth before his tent.

Achilles made this prayer, and Jove listened; he granted some of it and denied the rest. He allowed Achilles to drive the terrifying battle away from the ships but didn’t promise him anything in return. After making his prayer and pouring out a drink for Jove, the Father of all, Achilles went back to his tent, put the goblet away in its chest, and, still eager to see the fight between the armies, stood outside his tent.

Then rush’d the bands by brave Patroclus led,
Full on the Trojan host. As wasps forsake
Their home by the way-side, provoked by boys
Disturbing inconsiderate their abode,315
Not without nuisance sore to all who pass,
For if, thenceforth, some traveller unaware
Annoy them, issuing one and all they swarm
Around him, fearless in their broods’ defence,
So issued from their fleet the Myrmidons320
Undaunted; clamor infinite arose,
And thus Patroclus loud his host address’d.

Then the troops led by brave Patroclus rushed forward,
Right at the Trojan army. Just like wasps leave
Their nest by the roadside, stirred up by kids
Messing with their home, 315
Causing trouble for everyone who goes by,
Because if, after that, some unsuspecting traveler
Bothers them, they all swarm out
Around him, unafraid as they defend their young,
So the Myrmidons came out from their ships, 320
Fearless; a great noise erupted,
And Patroclus spoke loudly to his troops.

Oh Myrmidons, attendants in the field
On Peleus’ son, now be ye men, my friends!
Call now to mind the fury of your might;325
That we, close-fighting servants of the Chief
Most excellent in all the camp of Greece,
May glory gain for him, and that the wide-
Commanding Agamemnon, Atreus’ son,
May learn his fault, that he dishonor’d foul330
The prince in whom Achaia glories most.

Oh Myrmidons, warriors in the field
On Peleus’ son, now be strong, my friends!
Remember the power of your strength;325
So we, the close-fighting followers of the Chief
Most distinguished in all the camp of Greece,
Can earn glory for him, and that the great-
Commanding Agamemnon, Atreus’ son,
May recognize his mistake in dishonoring330
The prince who is the pride of Achaia.

So saying he fired their hearts, and on the van
Of Troy at once they fell; loud shouted all
The joyful Grecians, and the navy rang.
Then, soon as Ilium’s host the valiant son335
Saw of Menœtius and his charioteer
In dazzling armor clad, all courage lost,
Their closest ranks gave way, believing sure
That, wrath renounced, and terms of friendship chosen,
Achilles’ self was there; thus thinking, each340
Look’d every way for refuge from his fate.

So saying, he fired them up, and they charged at the front
of Troy all at once; the joyous Greeks shouted loud,
and the ships echoed with their cheers.
Then, as soon as the brave son335
of Menœtius and his charioteer
in shining armor appeared, all courage faded,
and their tight-knit ranks broke apart, convinced
that with his anger set aside and a path to peace chosen,
Achilles himself was there; thinking this,340
each man looked everywhere for a way to escape his doom.

Patroclus first, where thickest throng he saw
Gather’d tumultuous around the bark
Of brave Protesilaüs, hurl’d direct
At the whole multitude his glittering spear.345
He smote Pyræchmes; he his horsemen band
Pœonian led from Amydon, and from
Broad-flowing Axius. In his shoulder stood
The spear, and with loud groans supine he fell.
At once fled all his followers, on all sides350
With consternation fill’d, seeing their Chief
And their best warrior, by Patroclus slain.
Forth from the fleet he drove them, quench’d the flames,
And rescued half the ship. Then scatter’d fled
With infinite uproar the host of Troy,355
While from between their ships the Danaï
Pour’d after them, and hideous rout ensued.
As when the king of lightnings, Jove, dispels
From some huge eminence a gloomy cloud,
The groves, the mountain-tops, the headland heights360
Shine all, illumined from the boundless heaven,
So when the Danaï those hostile fires
Had from their fleet expell’d, awhile they breathed,
Yet found short respite, for the battle yet
Ceased not, nor fled the Trojans in all parts365
Alike, but still resisted, from the ships
Retiring through necessity alone.
Then, in that scatter’d warfare, every Chief
Slew one. While Areïlochus his back
Turn’d on Patroclus, sudden with a lance370
His thigh he pierced, and urged the weapon through,
Shivering the bone; he headlong smote the ground.
The hero Menelaus, where he saw
The breast of Thoas by his slanting shield
Unguarded, struck and stretch’d him at his feet.375
Phylides,[9] meeting with preventive spear
The furious onset of Amphiclus, gash’d
His leg below the knee, where brawny most
The muscles swell in man; disparted wide
The tendons shrank, and darkness veil’d his eyes.380
The two Nestoridæ slew each a Chief.
Of these, Antilochus Atymnius pierced
Right through his flank, and at his feet he fell.
With fierce resentment fired Maris beheld
His brother’s fall, and guarding, spear in hand,385
The slain, impetuous on the conqueror flew;
But godlike Thrasymedes[10] wounded first
Maris, ere he Antilochus; he pierced
His upper arm, and with the lance’s point
Rent off and stript the muscles to the bone.390
Sounding he fell, and darkness veil’d his eyes.
They thus, two brothers by two brothers slain,
Went down to Erebus, associates both
Of brave Sarpedon, and spear-practised sons
Of Amisodarus; of him who fed395
Chimæra,[11] monster, by whom many died.
Ajax the swift on Cleobulus sprang,
Whom while he toil’d entangled in the crowd,
He seized alive, but smote him where he stood
With his huge-hafted sword full on the neck;400
The blood warm’d all his blade, and ruthless fate
Benighted dark the dying warrior’s eyes.
Peneleus into close contention rush’d
And Lycon. Each had hurl’d his glittering spear,
But each in vain, and now with swords they met.405
He smote Peneleus on the crested casque,
But snapp’d his falchion; him Peneleus smote
Beneath his ear; the whole blade entering sank
Into his neck, and Lycon with his head
Depending by the skin alone, expired.410
Meriones o’ertaking Acamas
Ere yet he could ascend his chariot, thrust
A lance into his shoulder; down he fell
In dreary death’s eternal darkness whelm’d.
Idomeneus his ruthless spear enforced415
Into the mouth of Erymas. The point
Stay’d not, but gliding close beneath the brain,
Transpierced his spine,[12] and started forth beyond.
It wrench’d his teeth, and fill’d his eyes with blood;
Blood also blowing through his open mouth420
And nostrils, to the realms of death he pass’d.
Thus slew these Grecian leaders, each, a foe.

Patroclus was the first to see a crowd gathered around the brave Protesilaüs's ship, and he threw his shining spear straight at the group. He struck Pyræchmes, who led his band of Pœonian horsemen from Amydon and the wide-flowing Axius. The spear lodged in his shoulder, and he fell backwards with loud groans. Immediately, all his followers fled in panic, horrified to see their leader, their strongest warrior, killed by Patroclus. He drove them back from the fleet, extinguishing the flames and saving half the ship. Then the Trojan army scattered in chaos, while the Greeks poured out from their ships, causing a terrible rout. Just like how Jupiter disperses a dark cloud from a high point, illuminating the groves, mountain tops, and cliffs, the Greeks felt a brief moment of relief after driving out the enemy fires from their fleet; however, the battle wasn't over, and the Trojans didn't retreat completely but continued to resist, only pulling back from the ships out of necessity. In that chaotic fighting, each chief killed an enemy. As Areïlochus turned his back on Patroclus, he suddenly pierced his thigh with a lance and pushed the weapon through, shattering the bone, and he fell headlong to the ground. The hero Menelaus struck Thoas, whose chest was exposed by his slanted shield, and he fell at Menelaus's feet. Phylides met the fierce attack of Amphiclus with his spear, wounding his leg below the knee, where the muscles are most powerful; the tendons tore apart, and darkness covered his eyes. The two sons of Nestor each killed a leader. Antilochus Atymnius pierced one through the flank, and he fell at his feet. Furious at his brother's death, Maris charged with spear in hand to defend him and attacked the victor; but godlike Thrasymedes wounded Maris first, piercing his upper arm and ripping the muscles off the bone with the lance’s point. He fell, ringing out, and darkness enveloped his eyes. Thus, two brothers were slain by two brothers, going down to the underworld, joining the brave Sarpedon and the battle-trained sons of Amisodarus, who had fed the Chimera, the monster that killed many. Swift Ajax lunged at Cleobulus, who was caught in the crowd; he seized him alive but struck him on the neck with his massive sword. The blood warmed his blade, and ruthless fate dimmed the dying warrior’s eyes. Peneleus rushed into close combat with Lycon. They each threw their shining spears, but they missed, so they drew their swords. Ajax struck Peneleus on his helmet, but his sword broke; then Peneleus struck Lycon beneath his ear, and the blade sank deep into his neck, leaving him hanging by just a piece of skin as he died. Meriones caught Acamas before he could climb into his chariot and pressed a lance into his shoulder; he fell into the shadow of death. Idomeneus enforced his cruel spear into Erymas's mouth. The point didn’t stop there; it slid beneath his brain and pierced his spine, coming out the other side. It broke his teeth and filled his eyes with blood, blood also spilling from his mouth and nostrils, and he passed into death. Thus, these Greek leaders each killed an enemy.

Sudden as hungry wolves the kids purloin
Or lambs, which haply some unheeding swain
Hath left to roam at large the mountains wild;425
They, seeing, snatch them from beside the dams,
And rend incontinent the feeble prey,
So swift the Danaï the host assail’d
Of Ilium; they, into tumultuous flight
Together driven, all hope, all courage lost.430

As suddenly as hungry wolves, the kids steal away
Lambs that an unsuspecting shepherd
Has carelessly let roam the wild mountains;425
Seeing them, they snatch them from beside their mothers,
And immediately rip apart the weak prey,
Just as the Danaans swiftly attacked
The host of Ilium; they, thrown into chaotic flight,
Lost all hope and all courage.430

Huge Ajax ceaseless sought his spear to cast
At Hector brazen-mail’d, who, not untaught
The warrior’s art, with bull-hide buckler stood
Sheltering his ample shoulders, while he mark’d
The hiss of flying shafts and crash of spears.435
Full sure he saw the shifting course of war
Now turn’d, but scorning flight, bent all his thoughts
To rescue yet the remnant of his friends.

Huge Ajax constantly searched for his spear to throw at Hector, who was clad in bronze armor. Hector, no stranger to the skills of battle, stood behind his bull-hide shield, protecting his broad shoulders while he watched the whistling arrows and the clashing of spears. He clearly saw how the tide of war had shifted, but instead of fleeing, he focused all his energy on saving what was left of his friends.

As when the Thunderer spreads a sable storm
O’er ether, late serene, the cloud that wrapp’d440
Olympus’ head escapes into the skies,
So fled the Trojans from the fleet of Greece
Clamoring in their flight, nor pass’d the trench
In fair array; the coursers fleet indeed
Of Hector, him bore safe with all his arms445
Right through, but in the foss entangled foul
He left his host, and struggling to escape.
Then many a chariot-whirling steed, the pole
Broken at its extremity, forsook
His driver, while Patroclus with the shout450
Of battle calling his Achaians on,
Destruction purposed to the powers of Troy.
They, once dispersed, with clamor and with flight
Fill’d all the ways, the dust beneath the clouds
Hung like a tempest, and the steeds firm-hoof’d455
Whirl’d off at stretch the chariots to the town.
He, wheresoe’er most troubled he perceived
The routed host, loud-threatening thither drove,
While under his own axle many a Chief
Fell prone, and the o’ertumbled chariots rang.460
Right o’er the hollow foss the coursers leap’d
Immortal, by the Gods to Peleus given,
Impatient for the plain, nor less desire
Felt he who drove to smite the Trojan Chief,
But him his fiery steeds caught swift away.465

As when the Thunderer unleashes a dark storm
Over the once calm sky, the cloud that cloaked440
Olympus’ peak escapes into the heavens,
So the Trojans fled from the Greek fleet,
Shouting in their panic, not crossing the trench
In good order; the swift steeds
Of Hector carried him safely with all his arms445
Right through, but he left his men trapped in the ditch,
Struggling to get away.
Then many chariot-dashing horses, with the pole
Broken at the end, abandoned
Their drivers, while Patroclus, shouting battle cries,450
Called his Achaeans to bring destruction to the forces of Troy.
They, once scattered, filled all the paths
With noise and flight, the dust beneath the clouds
Swirled like a storm, and the sure-footed steeds455
Raced off with the chariots toward the city.
He, wherever he saw the most troubled
Fleeing army, charged in that direction,
While beneath his own axle, many leaders
Fell down, and the overturned chariots clattered.460
Right over the hollow ditch, the steeds leaped
Immortal, given to Peleus by the Gods,
Eager for the plain, and the driver equally
Desired to strike the Trojan Chief,
But his fiery horses swept him away quickly.465

As when a tempest from autumnal skies
Floats all the fields, what time Jove heaviest pours
Impetuous rain, token of wrath divine
Against perverters of the laws by force,
Who drive forth justice, reckless of the Gods;470
The rivers and the torrents, where they dwell,
Sweep many a green declivity away,
And plunge at length, groaning, into the Deep
From the hills headlong, leaving where they pass’d
No traces of the pleasant works of man,475
So, in their flight, loud groan’d the steeds of Troy.
And now, their foremost intercepted all,
Patroclus back again toward the fleet
Drove them precipitate, nor the ascent
Permitted them to Troy for which they strove,480
But in the midway space between the ships
The river and the lofty Trojan wall
Pursued them ardent, slaughtering whom he reached,
And vengeance took for many a Grecian slain.
First then, with glittering spear the breast he pierced485
Of Pronöus, undefended by his shield,
And stretch’d him dead; loud rang his batter’d arms.
The son of Enops, Thestor next he smote.
He on his chariot-seat magnificent
Low-cowering sat, a fear-distracted form,490
And from his palsied grasp the reins had fallen.
Then came Patroclus nigh, and through his cheek
His teeth transpiercing, drew him by his lance
Sheer o’er the chariot front. As when a man
On some projecting rock seated, with line495
And splendid hook draws forth a sea-fish huge,
So him wide-gaping from his seat he drew
At his spear-point, then shook him to the ground
Prone on his face, where gasping he expired.
At Eryalus, next, advancing swift500
He hurl’d a rock; full on the middle front
He smote him, and within the ponderous casque
His whole head open’d into equal halves.
With deadliest night surrounded, prone he fell.
Epaltes, Erymas, Amphoterus,505
Echius, Tlepolemus Damastor’s son,
Evippus, Ipheus, Pyres, Polymelus,
All these he on the champain, corse on corse
Promiscuous flung. Sarpedon, when he saw
Such havoc made of his uncinctured[13] friends510
By Menœtiades, with sharp rebuke
His band of godlike Lycians loud address’d.

As when a storm from autumn skies
Floods all the fields, while Jove pours down
Intense rain, a sign of divine anger
Against those who distort the laws by force,
Driving out justice, ignoring the Gods;470
The rivers and torrents, where they flow,
Carry away many green slopes,
And eventually plunge, groaning, into the Deep,
Headlong from the hills, leaving behind
No trace of the pleasant works of man,475
So, as they fled, the steeds of Troy groaned loudly.
And now, their leaders were all intercepted,
Patroclus drove them back toward the fleet,
Preventing them from reaching Troy, which they aimed for,480
But in the space between the ships
The river and the high Trojan wall
Pursued them fiercely, killing whoever it reached,
And took revenge for many dead Greeks.
First, with a shining spear, he pierced the chest485
Of Pronöus, who was unprotected by his shield,
And killed him; his battered arms rang out loud.
Next, he struck Thestor, the son of Enops.
He sat low, terrified, on his magnificent chariot-seat,490
With the reins dropped from his trembling hands.
Then Patroclus approached and, piercing his cheek,
Pulled him from his chariot with his lance,
Just like a man
Sitting on a protruding rock with a line495
And a shiny hook who pulls a big sea fish,
So he hauled him, wide-open mouthed, from his seat
By the spear-point, then threw him to the ground,
Face down, where he gasped and died.
Next, he swiftly hurled a rock at Eryalus;500
It struck him right in the forehead,
And split his whole head open inside his heavy helmet.
Surrounded by deadly night, he fell.
Epaltes, Erymas, Amphoterus,505
Echius, Tlepolemus, son of Damastor,
Evippus, Ipheus, Pyres, Polymelus,
All these he threw down on the plain, corpse upon corpse
Mixed together. Sarpedon, seeing
Such destruction of his unarmored friends510
By Menœtiades, addressed his band of godlike Lycians with sharp rebuke.

Shame on you, Lycians! whither would ye fly?
Now are ye swift indeed! I will oppose
Myself this conqueror, that I may learn515
Who thus afflicts the Trojan host, of life
Bereaving numerous of their warriors bold.

Shame on you, Lycians! Where would you run?
Now you’re really quick! I will stand up
Against this conqueror to find out515
Who is causing so much suffering to the Trojan army, taking
The lives of so many brave warriors.

He said, and with his arms leap’d to the ground.
On the other side, Patroclus at that sight
Sprang from his chariot. As two vultures clash520
Bow-beak’d, crook-talon’d, on some lofty rock
Clamoring both, so they together rush’d
With clamors loud; whom when the son observed
Of wily Saturn, with compassion moved
His sister and his spouse he thus bespake.525

He said, and jumped to the ground with his arms.
On the other side, Patroclus saw this
And jumped down from his chariot. Like two vultures fighting520
With curved beaks and sharp claws, on a high rock
Squawking loudly, they rushed at each other
With loud cries; when the son of crafty Saturn saw them
He felt compassion and then spoke to his sister and wife.525

Alas, he falls! my most beloved of men
Sarpedon, vanquished by Patroclus, falls!
So will the Fates. Yet, doubtful, much I muse
Whether to place him, snatch’d from furious fight
In Lycia’s wealthy realm, or to permit530
His death by valiant Menœtiades.

Oh no, he falls! My dearest man, Sarpedon, defeated by Patroclus, falls! Such is the fate. Yet, I ponder deeply Whether to lay him, taken from the fierce battle In Lycia’s rich land, or to let His death come at the hands of brave Menœtiades.

To whom his awful spouse, displeased, replied.
How speaks the terrible Saturnian Jove!
Wouldst thou again from pangs of death exempt
A mortal man, destined long since to die?535
Do it. But small thy praise shall be in heaven,
Mark thou my words, and in thy inmost breast
Treasure them. If thou send Sarpedon safe
To his own home, how many Gods their sons
May also send from battle? Weigh it well.540
For under yon great city fight no few
Sprung from Immortals whom thou shalt provoke.
But if thou love him, and thine heart his lot
Commiserate, leave him by the hands to fall
Of Menœtiades in conflict dire;545
But give command to Death and gentle Sleep
That him of life bereft at once they bear
To Lycia’s ample realm,[14] where, with due rites
Funereal, his next kindred and his friends
Shall honor him, a pillar and a tomb550
(The dead man’s portion) rearing to his name.

To whom his dreadful wife, annoyed, replied.
How does the fearsome Saturnian Jove speak!
Will you once again save a mortal man from the pains of death,
A person who was fated to die long ago?535
Do it. But your praise in heaven will be minimal,
Mark my words, and treasure them deep inside.
If you send Sarpedon home safely,
How many gods may also send their sons
Away from battle? Think it over carefully.540
For beneath that great city, there are no few
Of the Immortals' descendants whom you'll anger.
But if you care for him and feel pity for his fate,
Let him fall to the hands of Menœtiades in fierce combat;545
But command Death and gentle Sleep
To take him from life at once
To the vast land of Lycia, [14] where, with proper ceremonies,
His family and friends will honor him,
Erecting a pillar and a tomb550
(What the dead man deserves) in his name.

She said, from whom the Sire of Gods and men
Dissented not, but on the earth distill’d
A sanguine shower in honor of a son
Dear to him, whom Patroclus on the field555
Of fruitful Troy should slay, far from his home.

She said, from whom the Lord of Gods and men
Did not disagree, but on the earth poured down
A bloody rain in honor of a son
Who was dear to him, whom Patroclus would kill
On the battlefield of fertile Troy, far from his home.

Opposite now, small interval between,
Those heroes stood. Patroclus at his waist
Pierced Thrasymelus the illustrious friend
Of King Sarpedon, and his charioteer.560
Spear’d through the lower bowels, dead he fell.
Then hurl’d Sarpedon in his turn a lance,
But miss’d Patroclus and the shoulder pierced
Of Pedasus the horse; he groaning heaved
His spirit forth, and fallen on the field565
In long loud moanings sorrowful expired.
Wide started the immortal pair; the yoke
Creak’d, and entanglement of reins ensued
To both, their fellow slaughter’d at their side.
That mischief soon Automedon redress’d.570
He rose, and from beside his sturdy thigh
Drawing his falchion, with effectual stroke
Cut loose the side-horse; then the pair reduced
To order, in their traces stood composed,
And the two heroes fierce engaged again.575

Across from each other, a small space between them,
Those heroes stood. Patroclus, at his side,
Stabbed Thrasymelus, the notable friend
Of King Sarpedon, and his charioteer.560
Pierced through the lower belly, he fell dead.
Then Sarpedon threw a spear in return,
But missed Patroclus and hit the shoulder
Of Pedasus the horse; he groaned and,
With a long, sorrowful moan, he fell on the field,565
And expired.
The immortal pair reared back in surprise; the yoke
Creaked, and the reins got tangled
As they both witnessed their companion slaughtered at their side.
Automedon quickly took care of that mischief.570
He rose, and from beside his strong thigh,
Drawing his sword, with a decisive strike,
Cut loose the side-horse; then, getting the pair
Back in order, they stood steady in their traces,
And the two fierce heroes engaged once more.575

Again his radiant spear Sarpedon hurl’d,
But miss’d Patroclus; the innocuous point,
O’erflying his left shoulder, pass’d beyond.
Then with bright lance Patroclus in his turn
Assail’d Sarpedon, nor with erring course580
The weapon sped or vain, but pierced profound
His chest, enclosure of the guarded heart.
As falls an oak, poplar, or lofty pine
With new-edged axes on the mountains hewn
Right through, for structure of some gallant bark,585
So fell Sarpedon stretch’d his steeds before
And gnash’d his teeth and clutch’d the bloody dust,
And as a lion slays a tawny bull
Leader magnanimous of all the herd;
Beneath the lion’s jaws groaning he dies;590
So, leader of the shielded Lycians groan’d
Indignant, by Patroclus slain, the bold
Sarpedon, and his friend thus, sad, bespake.

Once again, Sarpedon launched his shining spear,
But it missed Patroclus; the harmless point,
Flying past his left shoulder, went beyond.
Then Patroclus, with his bright lance,
Attacked Sarpedon, and his weapon did not stray580
But struck deep into
His chest, the enclosure of the protected heart.
Like an oak, poplar, or tall pine
Felled by sharp axes on the mountains,
Cut down for the making of a noble ship,585
So Sarpedon fell, his horses before him,
Grinding his teeth and clutching at the bloody dust,
And like a lion taking down a tawny bull,
The courageous leader of the herd;
Beneath the lion's jaws, groaning, he died;590
So, the leader of the shielded Lycians groaned,
Defiant, slain by Patroclus, the brave
Sarpedon, and to his friend, sorrowfully spoke.

Glaucus, my friend, among these warring Chiefs
Thyself a Chief illustrious! thou hast need595
Of all thy valor now; now strenuous fight,
And, if thou bear within thee a brave mind,
Now make the war’s calamities thy joy.
First, marching through the host of Lycia, rouse
Our Chiefs to combat for Sarpedon slain,600
Then haste, thyself, to battle for thy friend.
For shame and foul dishonor which no time
Shall e’er obliterate, I must prove to thee,
Should the Achaians of my glorious arms
Despoil me in full prospect[15] of the fleet.605
Fight, therefore, thou, and others urge to fight.

Glaucus, my friend, among these fighting leaders,
You are a notable leader yourself! You really need595
All your courage now; it’s time for a tough battle,
And if you have a brave heart inside you,
Turn the hardships of war into your strength.
First, go through the Lycian army and rally
Our leaders to fight for the fallen Sarpedon,600
Then hurry yourself to battle for your friend.
For the shame and dishonor that no time
Will ever erase, I must show you,
If the Achaeans strip me of my glorious arms
Right in front of the fleet.[15]605
So fight, and encourage others to fight as well.

He said, and cover’d by the night of death,
Nor look’d nor breath’d again; for on his chest
Implanting firm his heel, Patroclus drew
The spear enfolded with his vitals forth,610
Weapon and life at once. Meantime his steeds
Snorted, by Myrmidons detain’d, and, loosed
From their own master’s chariot, foam’d to fly.
Terrible was the grief by Glaucus felt,
Hearing that charge, and troubled was his heart615
That all power fail’d him to protect the dead.
Compressing his own arm he stood, with pain
Extreme tormented which the shaft had caused
Of Teucer, who while Glaucus climb’d the wall,
Had pierced him from it, in the fleet’s defence.620
Then, thus, to Phœbus, King shaft-arm’d, he pray’d.

He said, and covered by the darkness of death,
No longer looked or breathed again; for with his heel firmly planted on his chest,
Patroclus pulled out the spear lodged in his body,610
Weapon and life at once. Meanwhile, his horses
Snorted, held back by the Myrmidons, and, released
From their own master’s chariot, foamed to run.
Terrible was the grief felt by Glaucus,
Hearing that charge, and his heart was troubled615
Because he had no power to protect the dead.
Clenching his own arm, he stood, tormented by extreme pain
From the arrow that Teucer had shot,
Who, while Glaucus climbed the wall,
Had hit him from it, in defense of the fleet.620
Then, to Phœbus, the King with the shafted arm, he prayed.

Hear now, O King! For whether in the land
Of wealthy Lycia dwelling, or in Troy,
Thou hear’st in every place alike the prayer
Of the afflicted heart, and such is mine;625
Behold my wound; it fills my useless hand
With anguish, neither can my blood be stay’d,
And all my shoulder suffers. I can grasp
A spear, or rush to conflict with the Greeks
No longer now; and we have also lost630
Our noblest Chief, Sarpedon, son of Jove,
Who guards not his own son. But thou, O King!
Heal me, assuage my anguish, give me strength,
That I may animate the Lycian host
To fight, and may, myself, defend the dead!635

Listen now, O King! Whether you’re in the wealthy land of Lycia or in Troy, you hear the prayers of the suffering heart everywhere, and mine is no different; behold my wound—it fills my useless hand with pain, my blood cannot be stopped, and my whole shoulder is in agony. I can no longer hold a spear or rush into battle with the Greeks; we have also lost our greatest leader, Sarpedon, son of Jove, who doesn’t even protect his own son. But you, O King! Heal me, ease my pain, give me strength, so I can inspire the Lycian army to fight and defend the dead myself!

Such prayer he offer’d, whom Apollo heard;
He eased at once his pain, the sable blood
Staunch’d, and his soul with vigor new inspired.
Then Glaucus in his heart that prayer perceived
Granted, and joyful for the sudden aid640
Vouchsafed to him by Phœbus, first the lines
Of Lycia ranged, summoning every Chief
To fight for slain Sarpedon; striding next
With eager haste into the ranks of Troy,
Renown’d Agenor and the son he call’d645
Of Panthus, brave Polydamas, with whom
Æneas also, and approaching last
To Hector brazen-mail’d him thus bespake.

He offered such a prayer, and Apollo heard him;
He immediately relieved his pain, stopped the dark blood,
And filled his soul with new energy.
Then Glaucus felt that prayer in his heart
Granted, and joyful for the sudden help640
Given to him by Phoebus, he first called together the leaders
Of Lycia, summoning every Chief
To fight for fallen Sarpedon; then hurriedly
Joined the ranks of Troy,
The renowned Agenor, along with the son he called645
Of Panthus, brave Polydamas, together with
Aeneas, and last of all,
He approached Hector, clad in bronze armor, and spoke to him.

Now, Hector! now, thou hast indeed resign’d
All care of thy allies, who, for thy sake,650
Lost both to friends and country, on these plains
Perish, unaided and unmiss’d by thee.
Sarpedon breathless lies, who led to fight
Our shielded bands, and from whose just control
And courage Lycia drew her chief defence.655
Him brazen Mars hath by the spear subdued
Of Menœtiades. But stand ye firm!
Let indignation fire you, O my friends!
Lest, stripping him of his resplendent arms,
The Myrmidons with foul dishonor shame660
His body, through resentment of the deaths
Of numerous Grecians slain by spears of ours.

Now, Hector! Now, you’ve really given up
Caring about your allies, who, for your sake,650
Have lost both friends and homeland, and here on these plains
They perish, neglected and unnoticed by you.
Sarpedon lies breathless, the one who led
Our armed forces, and from whose wise guidance
And bravery Lycia gained her main protection.655
He was taken down by the spear of Menœtiades.
But stand strong!
Let anger ignite you, O my friends!
Otherwise, if we strip him of his radiant armor,
The Myrmidons will disgrace his body with dishonor660
Out of spite for the deaths
Of many Greeks killed by our spears.

He ceased; then sorrow every Trojan heart
Seized insupportable and that disdain’d
All bounds, for that, although a stranger born,665
Sarpedon ever had a bulwark proved
To Troy, the leader of a numerous host,
And of that host by none in fight excell’d.
Right on toward the Danaï they moved
Ardent for battle all, and at their head670
Enraged for slain Sarpedon, Hector came.
Meantime, stout-hearted[16] Chief, Patroclus roused
The Grecians, and exhorting first (themselves
Already prompt) the Ajaces, thus began.

He stopped; then sorrow gripped every Trojan heart
Unbearably, and that feeling rejected
All limits, because, even though he was born a stranger,665
Sarpedon had always stood as a strong defense
For Troy, the leader of a large army,
And among that army, none surpassed him in battle.
They charged straight toward the Danaans,
Eager for a fight, all of them, and at their front670
Fueled by anger over Sarpedon's death, came Hector.
Meanwhile, the brave Chief, Patroclus, rallied
The Greeks, and encouraging first (they were
Already ready) the Ajaces, he began this way.

Heroic pair! now make it all your joy675
To chase the Trojan host, and such to prove
As erst, or even bolder, if ye may.
The Chief lies breathless who ascended first
Our wall, Sarpedon. Let us bear him hence,
Strip and dishonor him, and in the blood680
Of his protectors drench the ruthless spear.

Heroic duo! Now, turn your excitement675
To pursue the Trojan army, and let your actions be
As great, or even greater, than before, if you can.
The leader who first climbed
Our wall, Sarpedon, now lies breathless. Let's carry him away,
Strip away his honor, and let the ruthless spear
Be soaked in the blood680
Of his defenders.

So Menœtiades his warriors urged,
Themselves courageous. Then the Lycian host
And Trojan here, and there the Myrmidons
With all the host of Greece, closing the ranks685
Rush’d into furious contest for the dead,
Shouting tremendous; clang’d their brazen arms,
And Jove with Night’s pernicious shades[17] o’erhung
The bloody field, so to enhance the more
Their toilsome strife for his own son. First then690
The Trojans from their place and order shock’d
The bright-eyed Grecians, slaying not the least
Nor worst among the Myrmidons, the brave
Epigeus from renown’d Agacles sprung.
He, erst, in populous Budeum ruled,695
But for a valiant kinsman of his own
Whom there he slew, had thence to Peleus fled
And to his silver-footed spouse divine,
Who with Achilles, phalanx-breaker Chief,
Sent him to fight beneath the walls of Troy.700
Him seizing fast the body, with a stone
Illustrious Hector smote full on the front,
And his whole skull within the ponderous casque
Split sheer; he prostrate on the body fell
In shades of soul-divorcing death involved.705
Patroclus, grieving for his slaughter’d friend,
Rush’d through the foremost warriors. As the hawk
Swift-wing’d before him starlings drives or daws,
So thou, Patroclus, of equestrian fame!
Full on the Lycian ranks and Trojan drov’st,710
Resentful of thy fellow-warrior’s fall.
At Sthenelaüs a huge stone he cast,
Son of Ithæmenes, whom on the neck
He smote and burst the tendons; then the van
Of Ilium’s host, with Hector, all retired.715
Far as the slender javelin cuts the air
Hurl’d with collected force, or in the games,
Or even in battle at a desperate foe,
So far the Greeks repulsed the host of Troy.
Then Glaucus first, Chief of the shielded bands720
Of Lycia, slew Bathycles, valiant son
Of Calchon; Hellas was his home, and far
He pass’d in riches all the Myrmidons.
Him chasing Glaucus whom he now attain’d,
The Lycian, turning sudden, with his lance725
Pierced through the breast, and, sounding, down he fell
Grief fill’d Achaia’s sons for such a Chief
So slain, but joy the Trojans; thick they throng’d
The conqueror around, nor yet the Greeks
Forgat their force, but resolute advanced.730
Then, by Meriones a Trojan died
Of noble rank, Laogonus, the son
Undaunted of Onetor great in Troy,
Priest of Idæan Jove. The ear and jaw
Between, he pierced him with a mortal force;735
Swift flew the life, and darkness veil’d his eyes.
Æneas, in return, his brazen spear
Hurl’d at Meriones with ardent hope
To pierce him, while, with nimble[18] steps and short
Behind his buckler made, he paced the field;740
But, warn’d of its approach, Meriones
Bow’d low his head, shunning it, and the spear
Behind him pierced the soil; there quivering stood
The weapon, vain, though from a vigorous arm,
Till spent by slow degrees its fury slept.745
* * * * *
* * * * *[19]
Indignant then Æneas thus exclaim’d.

Menœtiades urged his warriors,
To be fearless. Then the Lycian army
And the Trojans here, and the Myrmidons
With all the forces of Greece, tight-knit685
Charged into a fierce battle for the fallen,
Shouting loudly; their bronze armor clanged,
And Jove with Night’s dark shadows[17] loomed
Over the bloody battlefield, to intensify
Their exhausting struggle for his own son. First then690
The Trojans, shaken from their positions,
Attacked the bright-eyed Greeks, killing not the least
Nor worst among the Myrmidons, the brave
Epigeus, the son of renowned Agacles.
He once ruled in the bustling Budeum,695
But fled to Peleus for the sake of a valiant relative
Whom he had slain there, and to his divine
Silver-footed wife, who with Achilles, the breaker of formations,
Sent him to fight beneath the walls of Troy.700
Seizing him tightly, Hector struck him
On the forehead with a stone,
And his entire skull within the heavy helmet
Shattered; he collapsed onto the body
In the shadows of soul-separating death.705
Patroclus, grieving for his slain friend,
Rushed through the front lines. Like a hawk
Swiftly driving starlings or crows before him,
So you, Patroclus, of horse-riding fame!
Charged straight into the Lycian and Trojan ranks,710
Fueled by anger over your comrade’s death.
He hurled a massive stone at Sthenelaüs,
Son of Ithæmenes, hitting him on the neck
And shattering the tendons; then the front
Of Ilium’s army, along with Hector, retreated.715
As far as a well-thrown javelin flies
With gathered force, whether in games,
Or even in battle against a fierce foe,
So far the Greeks pushed back the Trojan army.
Then Glaucus, chief of the shielded bands720
Of Lycia, killed Bathycles, the brave son
Of Calchon; Hellas was his homeland, and he
Surpassed all the Myrmidons in wealth.
Chasing Glaucus, who he now caught up with,
The Lycian, turning suddenly, pierced him725
Through the chest with his lance, and he fell,
Grief filled the Achaeans for such a noble Chief
So slain, but joy filled the Trojans; they crowded
Around the victor, yet the Greeks
Did not forget their strength, but resolutely moved forward.730
Then, by Meriones, a Trojan noble died
Laogonus, the fearless son
Of great Onetor in Troy,
Priest of Idæan Jove. He pierced
Between the ear and jaw735
With a fatal blow; life flew swiftly, and darkness enveloped his eyes.
Æneas, in response, threw his bronze spear
At Meriones with eager intent
To hit him, while, with quick[18] strides and short steps,
He moved across the field,740
But, warned of its approach, Meriones
Lowered his head, dodging it, and the spear
Pierced the ground behind him; there it quivered,
The weapon, futile, although from a powerful arm,
Until its force gradually faded away.745
* * * * *
* * * * *[19]
Indignant, Æneas then exclaimed.

Meriones! I sent thee such a spear
As reaching thee, should have for ever marr’d750
Thy step, accomplish’d dancer as thou art.

Meriones! I sent you such a spear
That if it reached you, it should have forever ruined750
Your stride, talented dancer that you are.

To whom Meriones spear-famed replied.
Æneas! thou wilt find the labor hard
How great soe’er thy might, to quell the force
Of all opposers. Thou art also doom’d755
Thyself to die; and may but spear of mine
Well-aim’d once strike thee full, what strength soe’er
Or magnanimity be thine to boast,
Thy glory in that moment thou resign’st
To me, thy soul to Pluto steed-renown’d.760

To whom Meriones, known for his spear, replied.
Aeneas! You’ll find the task hard,
No matter how strong you are, to overcome
All your opponents. You are also destined755
To die; and if my spear
Hits you squarely just once, no matter your
Strength or bravery, in that moment you’ll give up
Your glory to me, and your soul to Pluto, the lord of the underworld.760

He said, but him Patroclus sharp reproved.
Why speaks Meriones, although in fight
Approved, thus proudly? Nay, my gallant friend!
The Trojans will not for reproach of ours
Renounce the body. Blood must first be spilt.765
Tongues in debate, but hands in war decide;
Deeds therefore now, not wordy vaunts, we need.

He said, but Patroclus quickly corrected him.
Why is Meriones speaking so proudly, even though he’s proven himself in battle? No, my brave friend!
The Trojans won't give up the body just because of our insults.
Blood has to be spilled first.765
Words may lead discussions, but actions determine war;
So now we need deeds, not boastful talk.

So saying he led the way, whom follow’d close
Godlike Meriones. As from the depth
Of some lone wood that clothes the mountain’s side770
The fellers at their toil are heard remote,
So, from the face of Ilium’s ample plain
Reverberated, was the din of brass
And of tough targets heard by falchions huge
Hard-smitten, and by spears of double-edge.775
None then, no, not the quickest to discern,
Had known divine Sarpedon, from his head
To his foot-sole with mingled blood and dust
Polluted, and o’erwhelm’d with weapons. They
Around the body swarm’d. As hovel-flies780
In spring-time buzz around the brimming pails
With milk bedew’d, so they around the dead.
Nor Jove averted once his glorious eyes
From that dread contest, but with watchful note
Marked all, the future death in battle deep785
Pondering of Patroclus, whether him
Hector should even now slay on divine
Sarpedon, and despoil him of his arms,
Or he should still that arduous strife prolong.
This counsel gain’d as eligible most790
At length his preference: that the valiant friend
Of Peleus’ son should yet again compel
The Trojan host with Hector brazen-mail’d
To Ilium, slaughtering numerous by the way.
First then, with fears unmanly he possess’d795
The heart of Hector; mounting to his seat
He turn’d to flight himself, and bade his host
Fly also; for he knew Jove’s purpose[20] changed.
Thenceforth, no longer even Lycia’s host
Endured, but all fled scatter’d, seeing pierced800
Their sovereign through his heart, and heap’d with dead;
For numerous, while Saturnian Jove the fight
Held in suspense, had on his body fallen.
At once the Grecians of his dazzling arms
Despoil’d Sarpedon, which the Myrmidons805
By order of Menœtius’ valiant son
Bore thence into the fleet. Meantime his will
The Thunderer to Apollo thus express’d.

So saying, he led the way, closely followed by Godlike Meriones. Just like the sound of loggers working far away in a lonely forest on the mountainside, the noise of clashing brass and sturdy shields echoed across the wide plain of Ilium, resonating with the impact of mighty swords and double-edged spears. At that moment, no one, not even the sharpest observer, recognized divine Sarpedon, whose body was covered in a mix of blood and dirt from head to toe, overwhelmed by weapons. They swarmed around the body. Like flies buzzing around overflowing pails of milk in spring, they surrounded the dead. Nor did Jove avert his glorious eyes from that terrifying battle; he kept a close watch on everything, considering the inevitable death in battle of Patroclus, wondering whether Hector should now kill him on divine Sarpedon and take his armor, or if the difficult struggle should continue. This plan seemed most favorable to him, and ultimately he preferred that the brave friend of Peleus' son should once again drive the Trojan army, led by the bronze-clad Hector, back to Ilium, causing numerous casualties along the way. First, with unmanly fears, he filled Hector's heart; mounting his chariot, he turned to flee and instructed his troops to retreat as well, knowing Jove's intention had changed. From that point on, even Lycia's troops could no longer withstand it and fled in disarray, seeing their leader pierced through the heart and piled with the dead; for many had fallen upon him while Saturnian Jove held the battle in suspense. Immediately, the Greeks stripped Sarpedon of his shining armor, which the Myrmidons carried away, under the orders of Menœtius' brave son, back to the fleet. Meanwhile, the Thunderer expressed his will to Apollo.

Phœbus, my son, delay not; from beneath
Yon hill of weapons drawn cleanse from his blood810
Sarpedon’s corse; then, bearing him remote,
Lave him in waters of the running stream,
With oils divine anoint, and in attire
Immortal clothe him. Last, to Death and Sleep,
Swift bearers both, twin-born, deliver him;815
For hence to Lycia’s opulent abodes
They shall transport him quickly, where, with rites
Funereal, his next kindred and his friends
Shall honor him, a pillar and a tomb
(The dead man’s portion) rearing to his name.820

Phoebus, my son, don’t delay; from beneath
That hill of drawn weapons, cleanse Sarpedon’s body of his blood.810
Then, carrying him away,
Wash him in the waters of the flowing stream,
Anoint him with divine oils, and dress him
In immortal attire. Finally, to Death and Sleep,
Both swift messengers and twin-born, deliver him;815
For they will quickly take him to the rich homes of Lycia,
Where his family and friends will honor him with
Funeral rites, raising a pillar and a tomb
(The dead man’s due) in his memory.820

He ceased; nor was Apollo slow to hear
His father’s will, but, from the Idæan heights
Descending swift into the dreadful field,
Godlike Sarpedon’s body from beneath
The hill of weapons drew, which, borne remote,825
He laved in waters of the running stream,
With oils ambrosial bathed, and clothed in robes
Immortal. Then to Death and gentle Sleep,
Swift-bearers both, twin-born, he gave the charge,
Who placed it soon in Lycia’s wealthy realm.830

He stopped; and Apollo quickly responded to
His father’s will, but, from the heights of Ida,
Rushed down fast into the terrible battlefield,
He lifted godlike Sarpedon’s body from underneath
The heap of weapons, which, far away,825
He washed in the flowing stream,
Anointed with ambrosial oils, and dressed in
Immortal robes. Then to Death and gentle Sleep,
Both quick messengers and twin brothers, he gave the task,
Who soon placed it in the wealthy land of Lycia.830

Meantime Patroclus, calling to his steeds,
And to Automedon, the Trojans chased
And Lycians, on his own destruction bent
Infatuate; heedless of his charge received
From Peleus’ son, which, well perform’d, had saved835
The hero from his miserable doom.
But Jove’s high purpose evermore prevails
Against the thoughts of man; he turns to flight
The bravest, and the victory takes with ease
E’en from the Chief whom he impels himself840
To battle, as he now this Chief impell’d.
Who, then, Patroclus! first, who last by thee
Fell slain, what time thyself was call’d to die?
Adrastus first, then Perimus he slew,
Offspring of Megas, then Autonoüs,845
Echechlus, Melanippus, and Epistor,
Pylartes, Mulius, Elasus. All these
He slew, and from the field chased all beside.
Then, doubtless, had Achaia’s sons prevail’d
To take proud-gated Troy, such havoc made850
He with his spear, but that the son of Jove
Apollo, on a tower’s conspicuous height
Station’d, devoted him for Ilium’s sake.
Thrice on a buttress of the lofty wall
Patroclus mounted, and him thrice the God855
With hands immortal his resplendent shield
Smiting, struck down again; but when he rush’d
A fourth time, demon-like, to the assault,
The King of radiant shafts him, stern, rebuked.

Meanwhile, Patroclus, calling to his horses,
And to Automedon, chased the Trojans
And Lycians, bent on his own destruction
In their folly; ignoring the instructions
He received from Peleus’ son, which, if followed,
Would have saved the hero from his dreadful fate.835
But Jove’s great plan always wins out
Over the thoughts of humans; he sends
The bravest ones into retreat
And easily takes victory from the Chief whom
He himself drives into battle, just as he now had driven this Chief.
So, Patroclus! who was the first to fall by your hand,
And who was the last when your time came to die?
Adrastus first, then he killed Perimus,
The son of Megas, then Autonoüs,845
Echechlus, Melanippus, and Epistor,
Pylartes, Mulius, Elasus. He killed them all
And chased everyone else off the field.
Then, without a doubt, the sons of Achaea would have triumphed
And taken the proud-gated Troy, with the destruction he wrought
850
With his spear, if not for Apollo,
The son of Jove, who, stationed on a tall tower,
Sacrificed him for the sake of Ilium.
Three times Patroclus climbed the high wall,
And three times the God struck him down
855
With his glorious shield; but when he charged
A fourth time, like a demon, at the attack,
The God of shining arrows sternly rebuked him.

Patroclus, warrior of renown, retire!860
The fates ordain not that imperial Troy
Stoop to thy spear, nor to the spear itself
Of Peleus’ son, though mightier far than thou.

Patroclus, famous warrior, back off!860
The fates have decided that mighty Troy
Will not fall to your spear, nor to the spear
Of Peleus’ son, even though he’s much stronger than you.

He said, and Menœtiades the wrath
Of shaft-arm’d Phœbus shunning, far retired.865
But in the Scæan gate Hector his steeds
Detain’d, uncertain whether thence to drive
Amid the warring multitude again,
Or, loud commandment issuing, to collect
His host within the walls. Him musing long870
Apollo, clad in semblance of a Chief
Youthful and valiant, join’d. Asius he seem’d
Equestrian Hector’s uncle, brother born
Of Hecuba the queen, and Dymas’ son,
Who on the Sangar’s banks in Phrygia dwelt.875
Apollo, so disguised, him thus bespake.

He said, and Menœtiades, avoiding the wrath of the arrow-wielding Apollo, withdrew far away. But at the Scæan gate, Hector held his horses back, unsure whether to charge into the fighting crowd again or to issue a loud order to gather his troops inside the walls. While he pondered this for a long time, Apollo, appearing as a young and brave leader, approached him. He looked like Asius, the uncle of the horseman Hector, the brother of Queen Hecuba, and the son of Dymas, who lived by the banks of the Sangar in Phrygia. In this disguise, Apollo spoke to him.

Why, Hector, hast thou left the fight? this sloth
Not well befits thee. Oh that I as far
Thee pass’d in force as thou transcendest me,
Then, not unpunish’d long, should’st thou retire;880
But haste, and with thy coursers solid-hoof’d
Seek out Patroclus, him perchance to slay,
Should Phœbus have decreed that glory thine.

Why, Hector, have you left the fight? This laziness
Doesn’t suit you. Oh, if I were as strong
As you are better than me,
Then you wouldn’t get away unpunished for long;880
But hurry, and with your solid-hoofed horses
Go find Patroclus, maybe you can kill him,
If Apollo has decided that glory is yours.

So saying, Apollo join’d the host again.
Then noble Hector bade his charioteer885
Valiant Cebriones his coursers lash
Back into battle, while the God himself
Entering the multitude confounded sore
The Argives, victory conferring proud
And glory on Hector and the host of Troy.890
But Hector, leaving all beside unslain,
Furious impell’d his coursers solid-hoof’d
Against Patroclus; on the other side
Patroclus from his chariot to the ground
Leap’d ardent; in his left a spear he bore,895
And in his right a marble fragment rough,
Large as his grasp. With full collected might
He hurl’d it; neither was the weapon slow
To whom he had mark’d, or sent in vain.
He smote the charioteer of Hector, bold900
Cebriones, King Priam’s spurious son,
Full on the forehead, while he sway’d the reins.
The bone that force withstood not, but the rock
With ragged points beset dash’d both his brows
In pieces, and his eyes fell at his feet.905
He diver-like, from his exalted stand
Behind the steeds pitch’d headlong, and expired;
O’er whom, Patroclus of equestrian fame!
Thou didst exult with taunting speech severe.

So saying, Apollo rejoined the group.
Then noble Hector told his charioteer885
The brave Cebriones to whip the horses
Back into battle, while the God himself
Entered the crowd and caused great confusion
Among the Argives, granting victory and pride
To Hector and the Trojan forces.890
But Hector, leaving everyone else alive,
Furiously drove his solid-hoofed horses
Against Patroclus; on the other side
Patroclus jumped down from his chariot
Enthusiastically, holding a spear in his left hand,895
And in his right, a rough piece of stone,
As big as he could grasp. With all his strength,
He threw it; the weapon was not slow
To hit its mark, nor was it sent in vain.
He struck Hector's charioteer, the brave900
Cebriones, King Priam’s illegitimate son,
Right in the forehead, while he held the reins.
The bone couldn’t withstand the force, but the rock
With its jagged edges smashed both his brows
To pieces, and his eyes fell at his feet.905
He tumbled headfirst from his high position
Behind the horses and died;
Over him, Patroclus, famed for his horsemanship!
You rejoiced with harsh taunts.

Ye Gods, with what agility he dives!910
Ah! it were well if in the fishy deep
This man were occupied; he might no few
With oysters satisfy, although the waves
Were churlish, plunging headlong from his bark
As easily as from his chariot here.915
So then—in Troy, it seems, are divers too!

Wow, look at how gracefully he dives!910
It would be great if he were busy in the ocean
He could easily gather plenty of oysters, even if the waves
Were rough, diving head first from his boat
As effortlessly as he does from his chariot here.915
So then—in Troy, it looks like there are divers too!

So saying, on bold Cebriones he sprang
With all a lion’s force, who, while the folds
He ravages, is wounded in the breast,
And, victim of his own fierce courage, dies.920
So didst thou spring, Patroclus! to despoil
Cebriones, and Hector opposite
Leap’d also to the ground. Then contest such
For dead Cebriones those two between
Arose, as in the lofty mountain-tops925
Two lions wage, contending for a deer
New-slain, both hunger-pinch’d and haughty both.
So for Cebriones, alike in arms
Expert, brave Hector and Patroclus strove
To pierce each other with the ruthless spear.930
First, Hector seized his head, nor loosed his hold,
Patroclus, next, his feet, while all beside
Of either host in furious battle join’d.

So saying, he jumped at bold Cebriones
With all the strength of a lion, who, while tearing
Through his prey, is wounded in the chest,
And, a victim of his own fierce bravery, dies.920
So you sprang, Patroclus! to strip
Cebriones, and Hector, across from you,
Leaped down to the ground. Then a fierce struggle
For dead Cebriones broke out between the two,
As on the high mountain-tops925
Two lions fight over a freshly killed deer,
Both driven by hunger and proud too.
So for Cebriones, equally skilled
In battle, brave Hector and Patroclus fought
To drive their ruthless spears into each other.930
First, Hector seized his head, refusing to let go,
Patroclus, next, grabbed his feet, while all around
Both armies joined the furious battle.

As when the East wind and the South contend
To shake some deep wood on the mountain’s side,935
Or beech, or ash, or rugged cornel old.
With stormy violence the mingled boughs
Smite and snap short each other, crashing loud;
So, Trojans and Achaians, mingling, slew
Mutual, while neither felt a wish to fly.940
Around Cebriones stood many a spear,
And many a shaft sent smartly from the nerve
Implanted deep, and many a stone of grasp
Enormous sounded on their batter’d shields
Who fought to gain him. He, in eddies lost945
Of sable dust, with his huge trunk huge space
O’erspread, nor steeds nor chariots heeded more.

As when the East wind and the South clash
To shake a deep forest on the mountain’s side,935
Whether it be beech, ash, or old rugged cornel.
With stormy force, the tangled branches
Hit and break each other, crashing loudly;
So, the Trojans and Achaeans, in their fight, killed
Each other, with neither side wishing to retreat.940
Around Cebriones stood many a spear,
And many an arrow sent sharply from the bow
Deeply embedded, and many a large stone
Sounded against their battered shields
From those who fought to claim him. He, caught in swirls of945
Black dust, covered a huge area with his massive body,
And paid no attention to horses or chariots anymore.

While yet the sun ascending climb’d the heavens,
Their darts flew equal, and the people fell;
But when he westward journey’d, by a change950
Surpassing hope the Grecians then prevail’d.
They drew Cebriones the hero forth
From all those weapons, and his armor stripp’d
At leisure, distant from the battle’s roar.
Then sprang Patroclus on the Trojan host;955
Thrice, like another Mars, he sprang with shouts
Tremendous, and nine warriors thrice he slew.
But when the fourth time, demon-like, he rush’d
Against them, then, oh then, too manifest
The consummation of thy days approach’d960
Patroclus! whom Apollo, terror-clad
Met then in battle. He the coming God
Through all that multitude knew not, such gloom
Impenetrable him involved around.
Behind him close he stood, and with his palms965
Expanded on the spine and shoulders broad
Smote him; his eyes swam dizzy at the stroke.
Then Phœbus from his head his helmet dash’d
To earth; sonorous at the feet it roll’d
Of many a prancing steed, and all the crest970
Defilement gather’d gross of dust and blood,
Then first; till then, impossible; for how
Should dust the tresses of that helmet shame
With which Achilles fighting fenced his head
Illustrious, and his graceful brows divine?975
But Jove now made it Hector’s; he awhile
Bore it, himself to swift perdition doom’d
His spear brass-mounted, ponderous, huge and long,
Fell shiver’d from his grasp. His shield that swept
His ancle, with its belt dropp’d from his arm,980
And Phœbus loosed the corselet from his breast.
Confusion seized his brain; his noble limbs
Quaked under him, and panic-stunn’d he stood.
Then came a Dardan Chief, who from behind
Enforced a pointed lance into his back985
Between the shoulders; Panthus’ son was he,
Euphorbus, famous for equestrian skill,
For spearmanship, and in the rapid race
Past all of equal age. He twenty men
(Although a learner yet of martial feats,990
And by his steeds then first to battle borne)
Dismounted. He, Patroclus, mighty Chief!
First threw a lance at thee, which yet life
Quell’d not; then snatching hasty from the wound
His ashen beam, he ran into the crowd,995
Nor dared confront in fight even the unarm’d
Patroclus. But Patroclus, by the lance,
And by the stroke of an immortal hand
Subdued, fell back toward his ranks again.
Then, soon as Hector the retreat perceived1000
Of brave Patroclus wounded, issuing forth
From his own phalanx, he approach’d and drove
A spear right through his body at the waist.
Sounding he fell. Loud groan’d Achaia’s host.
As when the lion and the sturdy boar1005
Contend in battle on the mountain-tops
For some scant rivulet, thirst-parch’d alike,
Ere long the lion quells the panting boar;
So Priameian Hector, spear in hand,
Slew Menœtiades the valiant slayer1010
Of multitudes, and thus in accents wing’d,
With fierce delight exulted in his fall.

While the sun was still climbing up into the sky,
Their arrows flew evenly, and the people fell;
But when it headed west, with a change950
Beyond expectation, the Greeks then triumphed.
They pulled Cebriones the hero out
From all those weapons and took off his armor
Leisurely, away from the battle's noise.
Then Patroclus jumped into the Trojan army;955
Three times, like another Mars, he leaped with shouts
That were thunderous, and he killed nine warriors.
But when he charged them a fourth time, demon-like,
Then, oh then, it was too clear
That the end of your days was approaching,960
Patroclus! Apollo, clad in terror,
Met him in battle. The incoming God
Was not recognized by the crowd; such darkness
Wrapped around him impenetrably.
He stood right behind him, and with his hands965
Spread out on Patroclus's wide back and shoulders,
Struck him; his eyes swam dizzy from the blow.
Then Phœbus knocked his helmet off his head
To the ground; it rolled.
With a heavy sound at the feet
Of many prancing horses, and all the crest970
Was covered thick with dust and blood,
For the first time; until then, it seemed impossible;
How could the dust shame the lovely locks
Of that helmet with which Achilles fought
And protected his head, so illustrious, and his

It was thy thought, Patroclus, to have laid
Our city waste, and to have wafted hence
Our wives and daughters to thy native land,1015
Their day of liberty for ever set.
Fool! for their sakes the feet of Hector’s steeds
Fly into battle, and myself excel,
For their sakes, all our bravest of the spear,
That I may turn from them that evil hour1020
Necessitous. But thou art vulture’s food,
Unhappy youth! all valiant as he is,
Achilles hath no succor given to thee,
Who when he sent the forth whither himself
Would not, thus doubtless gave thee oft in charge:1025
Ah, well beware, Patroclus, glorious Chief!
That thou revisit not these ships again,
Till first on hero-slaughterer Hector’s breast
Thou cleave his bloody corselet. So he spake,
And with vain words thee credulous beguiled.1030

It was your idea, Patroclus, to destroy our city and take our wives and daughters back to your homeland, leaving them forever without freedom. Fool! For their sake, Hector’s horses charge into battle, and I excel myself. For them, all our bravest warriors are fighting so that I can keep that terrible moment away from them. But you are food for vultures, unhappy youth! No matter how brave he is, Achilles hasn’t provided you any help. When he sent you out, it was clear he wouldn’t come himself, but he definitely charged you with this duty. Ah, be careful, Patroclus, glorious leader! Don’t come back to these ships until you first have struck down Hector and pierced his bloodied armor. So he spoke and deceived you with empty words.

To whom Patroclus, mighty Chief, with breath
Drawn faintly, and dying, thou didst thus reply.
Now, Hector, boast! now glory! for the son
Of Saturn and Apollo, me with ease
Vanquishing, whom they had themselves disarm’d,1035
Have made the victory thine; else, twenty such
As thou, had fallen by my victorious spear.
Me Phœbus and my ruthless fate combined
To slay; these foremost; but of mortal men
Euphorbus, and thy praise is only third.1040
I tell thee also, and within thy heart
Repose it deep—thou shalt not long survive;
But, even now, fate, and a violent death
Attend thee by Achilles’ hands ordain’d
To perish, by Æacides the brave.[21]1045

To whom Patroclus, great leader, with faint breaths and close to death, you replied: Now, Hector, go ahead and celebrate! Now rejoice! For the son of Saturn and Apollo easily defeated me, having stripped me of my armor themselves, making this victory yours. Otherwise, twenty warriors like you would have fallen to my victorious spear. It's Phœbus and my cruel fate that joined forces to kill me; they are the first; but among mortals, Euphorbus is only the second, and your praise is the third. I’m warning you, and keep this deep in your heart—you won’t live long. Right now, fate and a violent death are waiting for you, destined to come at the hands of Achilles, the brave son of Æacus.

So saying, the shades of death him wrapp’d around.
Down into Ades from his limbs dismiss’d,
His spirit fled sorrowful, of youth’s prime
And vigorous manhood suddenly bereft
Then, him though dead, Hector again bespake.1050

So saying, the shadows of death wrapped around him.
He was released from his limbs, down into Hades,
His spirit departed, sorrowful, suddenly stripped
Of his youth and strong manhood.
Then, even though he was dead, Hector spoke to him again.1050

Patroclus! these prophetic strains of death
At hand, and fate, why hast thou sung to me?
May not the son of Thetis azure-hair’d,
Achilles, perish first by spear of mine?

Patroclus! These ominous verses of death
Are near, and fate, why have you sung to me?
Can't the son of Thetis, with his blue hair,
Achilles, be the first to fall by my spear?

He said; then pressing with his heel the trunk1055
Supine, and backward thursting it, he drew
His glittering weapon from the wound, nor stay’d,
But lance in hand, the godlike charioteer
Pursued of swift Æacides, on fire
To smite Automedon; but him the steeds1060
Immortal, rapid, by the Gods conferr’d
(A glorious gift) on Peleus, snatch’d away.

He said this as he pressed with his heel on the trunk1055
lying on its back, pushing it backward, he pulled
his shining weapon from the wound, and didn't stop,
but with his lance in hand, the godlike charioteer
chased after swift Achilles, eager
to strike Automedon; but the immortal, rapid steeds1060
bestowed by the Gods (a glorious gift) on Peleus, were taken away.

BOOK XVII.

ARGUMENT OF THE SEVENTEENTH BOOK.

Sharp contest ensues around the body of Patroclus. Hector puts on the armor of Achilles. Menelaus, having dispatched Antilochus to Achilles with news of the death of Patroclus, returns to the battle, and, together with Meriones, bears Patroclus off the field, while the Ajaces cover their retreat.

A fierce battle breaks out over Patroclus's body. Hector puts on Achilles' armor. Menelaus, after sending Antilochus to Achilles with the news of Patroclus's death, heads back into the fight, and along with Meriones, carries Patroclus off the field while the Ajaxes protect their withdrawal.

BOOK XVII.

Nor Menelaus, Atreus’ valiant son,
Knew not how Menœtiades had fallen
By Trojan hands in battle; forth he rush’d
All bright in burnish’d armor through his van,
And as some heifer with maternal fears5
Now first acquainted, compasses around
Her young one murmuring, with tender moan,
So moved the hero of the amber locks
Around Patroclus, before whom his spear
Advancing and broad shield, he death denounced10
On all opposers; neither stood the son
Spear-famed of Panthus inattentive long
To slain Patroclus, but approach’d the dead,
And warlike Menelaus thus bespake.

Nor did Menelaus, brave son of Atreus, Know how Menœtiades had fallen In battle by Trojan hands; he rushed out, Shining in polished armor through his troops, And just like a heifer filled with maternal anxiety Now first learning, circles around Her young one with soft murmurs, So moved the hero with golden locks Around Patroclus, before whom he held His spear poised and broad shield, pronouncing death To all opponents; nor did the son Of Panthus, famed for his spear, long remain Unaware of slain Patroclus, but approached the fallen, And the warrior Menelaus spoke to him.

Prince! Menelaus! Atreus’ mighty son!15
Yield. Leave the body and these gory spoils;
For of the Trojans or allies of Troy
None sooner made Patroclus bleed than I.
Seek not to rob me, therefore, of my praise
Among the Trojans, lest my spear assail20
Thee also, and thou perish premature.[1]

Prince! Menelaus! Atreus’ powerful son!15
Surrender. Step away from the body and these bloody spoils;
For none among the Trojans or their allies
Made Patroclus bleed before I did.
Don’t try to take away my glory
Among the Trojans, or my spear may strike20
You too, and you’ll meet your end too soon.[1]

To whom, indignant, Atreus’ son replied.
Self-praise, the Gods do know, is little worth.
But neither lion may in pride compare
Nor panther, nor the savage boar whose heart’s25
High temper flashes in his eyes, with these
The spear accomplish’d youths of Panthus’ house.
Yet Hyperenor of equestrian fame
Lived not his lusty manhood to enjoy,
Who scoffingly defied my force in arms,30
And call’d me most contemptible in fight
Of all the Danaï. But him, I ween,
His feet bore never hence to cheer at home
His wife and parents with his glad return.
So also shall thy courage fierce be tamed,35
If thou oppose me. I command thee, go—
Mix with the multitude; withstand not me,
Lest evil overtake thee! To be taught
By sufferings only, is the part of fools.

To whom, angry, Atreus’ son replied.
Bragging, the Gods know, isn’t worth much.
But no lion can compare in pride
Nor panther, nor the wild boar whose heart’s25
Fiery temper shines in his eyes, with these
The skilled young warriors of Panthus’ house.
Yet Hyperenor, known for his horsemanship,
Did not get to enjoy his strong manhood,
Who mockingly challenged my strength in battle,30
And called me the most worthless in combat
Of all the Danaans. But I believe,
His feet never carried him home to delight
His wife and parents with his joyful return.
So too shall your fierce courage be tamed,35
If you stand against me. I order you, go—
Join the crowd; do not oppose me,
Or disaster will catch up with you! Learning
Only through suffering is the way of fools.

He said, but him sway’d not, who thus replied.40
Now, even now, Atrides! thou shalt rue
My brother’s blood which thou hast shed, and mak’st
His death thy boast. Thou hast his blooming bride
Widow’d, and thou hast fill’d his parents’ hearts
With anguish of unutterable wo;45
But bearing hence thy armor and thy head
To Troy, and casting them at Panthus’ feet,
And at the feet of Phrontis, his espoused,
I shall console the miserable pair.
Nor will I leave that service unessay’d50
Longer, nor will I fail through want of force,
Of courage, or of terrible address.

He said, but he wasn’t swayed by this response. Now, right now, Atrides! You will regret My brother's blood that you've spilled, and you make His death your pride. You've left his young bride A widow, and filled his parents' hearts With unimaginable grief; But I will take your armor and your head To Troy and lay them at Panthus’ feet, And at the feet of Phrontis, his fiancé. I will comfort the unfortunate couple. And I won't neglect this task any longer, Nor will I fail due to lack of strength, Courage, or skill.

He ceased, and smote his shield, nor pierced the disk,
But bent his point against the stubborn brass.
Then Menelaus, prayer preferring first55
To Jove,[2] assail’d Euphorbus in his turn,
Whom pacing backward in the throat he struck,
And both hands and his full force the spear
Impelled, urged it through his neck behind.
Sounding he fell; loud rang his batter’d arms.60
His locks, which even the Graces might have own’d,
Blood-sullied, and his ringlets wound about
With twine of gold and silver, swept the dust.
As the luxuriant olive by a swain
Rear’d in some solitude where rills abound,65
Puts forth her buds, and fann’d by genial airs
On all sides, hangs her boughs with whitest flowers,
But by a sudden whirlwind from its trench
Uptorn, it lies extended on the field;
Such, Panthus’ warlike son Euphorbus seem’d,70
By Menelaus, son of Atreus, slain
Suddenly, and of all his arms despoil’d.
But as the lion on the mountains bred,
Glorious in strength, when he hath seized the best
And fairest of the herd, with savage fangs75
First breaks her neck, then laps the bloody paunch
Torn wide; meantime, around him, but remote,
Dogs stand and swains clamoring, yet by fear
Repress’d, annoy him not nor dare approach;
So there all wanted courage to oppose80
The force of Menelaus, glorious Chief.
Then, easily had Menelaus borne
The armor of the son of Panthus thence,
But that Apollo the illustrious prize
Denied him, who in semblance of the Chief85
Of the Ciconians, Mentes, prompted forth
Against him Hector terrible as Mars,
Whose spirit thus in accents wing’d he roused.

He stopped and hit his shield, not breaking the surface,
But aimed his spear at the tough bronze.
Then Menelaus, first offering a prayer55
To Jove, attacked Euphorbus in turn,
Striking him squarely in the throat,
Using both hands and all his strength to
Push the spear through the back of his neck.
He fell with a loud crash; his battered armor60
Clanged as he hit the ground.
His hair, which even the Graces would have admired,
Was soaked in blood, with his curls tangled
In threads of gold and silver, sweeping the dust.
Like a lush olive tree, grown by a shepherd
In a quiet place where streams flow,65
Blooming with buds and, warmed by gentle breezes,
Hanging its branches heavy with pure white flowers,
But suddenly uprooted by a fierce wind,
It lies flat on the ground;
So did Euphorbus, the warrior son of Panthus,70
Fall at the hands of Menelaus, son of Atreus,
Suddenly slain and stripped of all his armor.
But like a mountain lion,
Strong and fierce, when he has captured the best
And finest of the herd, with sharp fangs75
First breaking its neck, then devouring the bloody guts
Ripped wide; meanwhile, nearby yet far away,
Dogs and shepherds shout, but held back by fear,
They don’t approach or try to challenge him;
So no one dared to stand against80
The might of Menelaus, the glorious leader.
Then, Menelaus could have easily taken
The armor from the son of Panthus,
If it weren’t for Apollo, who denied him the prize
In the form of the Ciconian chief,85
Mentes, who sent forth against him Hector,
Terrifying like Mars, stirring his spirit with swift words.

Hector! the chase is vain; here thou pursuest
The horses of Æacides the brave,90
Which thou shalt never win, for they are steeds
Of fiery nature, such as ill endure
To draw or carry mortal man, himself
Except, whom an immortal mother bore.
Meantime, bold Menelaus, in defence95
Of dead Patroclus, hath a Trojan slain
Of highest note, Euphorbus, Panthus’ son,
And hath his might in arms for ever quell’d.

Hector! the chase is pointless; you are chasing
The horses of Achilles the brave,90
But you'll never catch them, because they are horses
Of fiery spirit, which can barely endure
To pull or carry a mortal man,
Except for someone born of an immortal mother.
In the meantime, brave Menelaus, defending
The fallen Patroclus, has killed a notable Trojan,95
Euphorbus, the son of Panthus,
And has forever quelled his power in battle.

So spake the God and to the fight return’d.
But grief intolerable at that word100
Seized Hector; darting through the ranks his eye,
He knew at once who stripp’d Euphorbus’ arms,
And him knew also lying on the field,
And from his wide wound bleeding copious still.
Then dazzling bright in arms, through all the van105
He flew, shrill-shouting, fierce as Vulcan’s fire
Unquenchable; nor were his shouts unheard
By Atreus’ son, who with his noble mind
Conferring sad, thus to himself began.

So spoke the God and returned to the fight.
But unbearable grief hit Hector at those words100
As he scanned the ranks with his eyes,
He recognized right away who had taken Euphorbus’ armor,
And he saw him lying on the field,
Bleeding profusely from his wide wound.
Then, shining bright in his armor, through all the front lines105
He charged, shouting loudly, fierce like Vulcan’s unquenchable fire;
His shouts were not missed
By Atreus’ son, who, with a heavy heart,
Began to think to himself.

Alas! if I forsake these gorgeous spoils,110
And leave Patroclus for my glory slain,
I fear lest the Achaians at that sight
Incensed, reproach me; and if, urged by shame,
I fight with Hector and his host, alone,
Lest, hemm’d around by multitudes, I fall;115
For Hector, by his whole embattled force
Attended, comes. But whither tend my thoughts?
No man may combat with another fenced
By power divine and whom the Gods exalt,
But he must draw down wo on his own head.120
Me, therefore, none of all Achaia’s host
Will blame indignant, seeing my retreat
From Hector, whom themselves the Gods assist.
But might the battle-shout of Ajax once
Reach me, with force united we would strive,125
Even in opposition to a God,
To rescue for Achilles’ sake, his friend.
Task arduous! but less arduous than this.

Unfortunately! If I abandon these beautiful spoils,110
And leave Patroclus dead for my own glory,
I worry that the Achaians, seeing this,
Will be angered and blame me; and if, driven by shame,
I fight Hector and his army alone,
I fear, surrounded by so many, I could fall;115
For Hector is coming with all his troops
Behind him. But where are my thoughts leading me?
No one can fight against another protected
By divine power and favored by the Gods,
Without bringing trouble down upon themselves.120
Therefore, none of all Achaia's army
Will angrily blame me for retreating
From Hector, whom the Gods themselves support.
But if Ajax's battle cry could reach me,
Together we would fight with all our might,125
Even against a God,
To save Achilles' friend.
A difficult task! But less difficult than this.

While he thus meditated, swift advanced
The Trojan ranks, with Hector at their head.130
He then, retiring slow, and turning oft,
Forsook the body. As by dogs and swains
With clamors loud and spears driven from the stalls
A bearded lion goes, his noble heart
Abhors retreat, and slow he quits the prey;135
So Menelaus with slow steps forsook
Patroclus, and arrived in front, at length,
Of his own phalanx, stood, with sharpen’d eyes
Seeking vast Ajax, son of Telamon.
Him leftward, soon, of all the field he mark’d140
Encouraging aloud his band, whose hearts
With terrors irresistible himself
Phœbus had fill’d. He ran, and at his side
Standing, incontinent him thus bespake.

While he thought about this, the Trojan army quickly moved forward, with Hector leading them. He then slowly stepped back, often looking around, and left the body behind. Just like a bearded lion, which, despite being chased by dogs and shepherds, unwillingly retreats from his prey; Menelaus slowly left Patroclus and finally reached the front of his own group, standing there with keen eyes searching for the great Ajax, son of Telamon. On the left side, he soon spotted him in the midst of the battlefield, rallying his men, whose hearts Phœbus had filled with overwhelming fear. Menelaus ran over and, standing beside him, spoke to him without hesitation.

My gallant Ajax, haste—come quickly—strive145
With me to rescue for Achilles’ sake
His friend, though bare, for Hector hath his arms.

My brave Ajax, hurry—come fast—strive145
With me to save, for Achilles’ sake
His friend, even though unarmed, since Hector has his gear.

He said, and by his words the noble mind
Of Ajax roused; issuing through the van
He went, and Menelaus at his side.150
Hector the body of Patroclus dragg’d,
Stript of his arms, with falchion keen erelong
Purposing to strike off his head, and cast
His trunk, drawn distant, to the dogs of Troy.
But Ajax, with broad shield tower-like, approach’d.155
Then Hector, to his bands retreating, sprang
Into his chariot, and to others gave
The splendid arms in charge, who into Troy
Should bear the destined trophy of his praise,
But Ajax with his broad shield guarding stood160
Slain Menœtiades, as for his whelps
The lion stands; him through some forest drear
Leading his little ones, the hunters meet;
Fire glimmers in his looks, and down he draws
His whole brow into frowns, covering his eyes;165
So, guarding slain Patroclus, Ajax lour’d.
On the other side, with tender grief oppress’d
Unspeakable, brave Menelaus stood.
But Glaucus, leader of the Lycian band,
Son of Hippolochus, in bitter terms170
Indignant, reprimanded Hector thus,

He spoke, and the noble spirit of Ajax was stirred; he charged out through the front lines with Menelaus beside him. Hector was dragging the body of Patroclus, stripped of his armor, planning to sever his head with his sharp sword and toss his body away to be eaten by the dogs of Troy. But Ajax approached, towering with his broad shield. Then Hector, retreating to his men, jumped into his chariot and entrusted others with the magnificent armor to take back to Troy, the trophy he deserved. Yet Ajax stood his ground, guarding the slain Menœtiades like a lion protecting his cubs, leading them through a dark forest when hunters appear; fire glimmers in his eyes, and his brow furrows, shadowing his gaze; just so, Ajax stood over dead Patroclus with a fierce scowl. On the other side, brave Menelaus stood, overwhelmed by deep grief. But Glaucus, leader of the Lycian warriors and son of Hippolochus, angrily reprimanded Hector with bitter words.

Ah, Hector, Chieftain of excelling form,
But all unfurnish’d with a warrior’s heart!
Unwarranted I deem thy great renown
Who art to flight addicted. Think, henceforth,175
How ye shall save city and citadel
Thou and thy people born in Troy, alone.
No Lycian shall, at least, in your defence
Fight with the Grecians, for our ceaseless toil
In arms, hath ever been a thankless task.180
Inglorious Chief! how wilt thou save a worse
From warring crowds, who hast Sarpedon left
Thy guest, thy friend, to be a spoil, a prey
To yonder Argives? While he lived he much
Thee and thy city profited, whom dead185
Thou fear’st to rescue even from the dogs.
Now, therefore, may but my advice prevail,
Back to your country, Lycians! so, at once,
Shall remediless ruin fall on Troy.
For had the Trojans now a daring heart190
Intrepid, such as in the breast resides
Of laborers in their country’s dear behalf,
We soon should drag Patroclus into Troy;
And were his body, from the battle drawn,
In Priam’s royal city once secured,195
As soon, the Argives would in ransom give
Sarpedon’s body with his splendid arms
To be conducted safe into the town.
For when Patroclus fell, the friend was slain
Of such a Chief as is not in the fleet200
For valor, and his bands are dauntless all.
But thou, at the first glimpse of Ajax’ eye
Confounded, hast not dared in arms to face
That warrior bold, superior far to thee.

Ah, Hector, leader of great stature,
But completely lacking a warrior’s spirit!
I question your well-earned fame
Since you are prone to retreat. Consider, from now on,175
How you will save the city and the fortress
You and your people born in Troy, on your own.
No Lycian will, at least, come to your aid
Against the Greeks, for our endless struggle
In battle has always been a thankless job.180
Dishonorable leader! how will you save a worse
From the fighting crowds, when you’ve left Sarpedon,
Your guest, your friend, to be a trophy, a victim
For those Argives? While he lived, he greatly
Benefited you and your city, yet now dead185
You’re afraid to rescue even his body from the dogs.
So now, if only my advice is heeded,
Head back to your homeland, Lycians! if not,
Then inevitable destruction will fall on Troy.
For if the Trojans had bravery right now,190
Fearless, like that which resides
In those who labor for their country’s sake,
We would soon pull Patroclus into Troy;
And if his body were drawn from the battlefield,
And secured safely in Priam’s royal city,195
Then the Argives would quickly offer
Sarpedon’s body along with his fine armor
To be safely brought back into the city.
For when Patroclus fell, he was slain,
Friend to a leader unmatched in the fleet200
For bravery, and his men are all fearless.
But you, at the first sight of Ajax, were
Overwhelmed and didn’t dare to confront
That bold warrior, who is far superior to you.

To whom brave Hector, frowning stern, replied,205
Why, Glaucus! should a Chief like thee his tongue
Presume to employ thus haughtily? My friend!
I thee accounted wisest, once, of all
Who dwell in fruitful Lycia, but thy speech
Now utter’d altogether merits blame,210
In which thou tell’st me that I fear to stand
Against vast Ajax. Know that I from fight
Shrink not, nor yet from sound of prancing steeds;
But Jove’s high purpose evermore prevails
Against the thoughts of man; he turns to flight215
The bravest, and the victory takes with ease
Even from those whom once he favor’d most.
But hither, friend! stand with me; mark my deed;
Prove me, if I be found, as thou hast said,
An idler all the day, or if by force220
I not compel some Grecian to renounce
Patroclus, even the boldest of them all.

To whom brave Hector, looking serious, replied,205
Why, Glaucus! Should a leader like you talk
So arrogantly? My friend!
I once thought you were the wisest of all
In fruitful Lycia, but your words
Now deserve criticism,210
When you say that I’m afraid to face
The mighty Ajax. Know that I do not shy away
From battle or from the sound of galloping horses;
But Jove’s higher plan always wins
Against human thoughts; he sends even the bravest
Running, and takes victory easily215
From those he once favored the most.
But come here, friend! Stand with me; witness my actions;
See if I am really, as you claim,
Just idling all day, or if I can force220
Some Greek to give up on
Patroclus, even the boldest of them all.

He ceased, and to his host exclaim’d aloud.
Trojans, and Lycians, and close-fighting sons
Of Dardanus, oh be ye men, my friends!225
Now summon all your fortitude, while I
Put on the armor of Achilles, won
From the renown’d Patroclus slain by me.

He stopped and shouted to his host.
Trojans, Lycians, and brave sons
Of Dardanus, oh be strong, my friends!225
Now gather all your strength, while I
Put on the armor of Achilles, taken
From the famous Patroclus, whom I killed.

So saying, illustrious Hector from the clash
Of spears withdrew, and with his swiftest pace230
Departing, overtook, not far remote,
The bearers of Achilles’ arms to Troy.
Apart from all the horrors of the field
Standing, he changed his armor; gave his own
To be by them to sacred Ilium borne,235
And the immortal arms of Peleus’ son
Achilles, by the ever-living Gods
To Peleüs given, put on. Those arms the Sire,
Now old himself, had on his son conferr’d
But in those arms his son grew never old.240

So saying, the great Hector stepped back from the fight
And quickly caught up with the men carrying Achilles’ armor to Troy.
Keeping away from the horrors of battle,
He stood apart and changed his armor, giving his own
To be taken to sacred Ilium by them,
And put on the immortal arms of Peleus’ son,
Achilles, given to Peleus by the ever-living Gods.
Those arms the father,
Now old himself, had passed down to his son,
But his son never grew old in those arms.

Him, therefore, soon as cloud-assembler Jove
Saw glittering in divine Achilles’ arms,
Contemplative he shook his brows, and said,

Him, therefore, as soon as cloud-gatherer Jove
Saw shining in divine Achilles’ armor,
Thoughtful, he furrowed his brows and said,

Ah hapless Chief! thy death, although at hand,
Nought troubles thee. Thou wear’st his heavenly245
Who all excels, terror of Ilium’s host.
His friend, though bold yet gentle, thou hast slain
And hast the brows and bosom of the dead
Unseemly bared: yet, bright success awhile
I give thee; so compensating thy lot,250
From whom Andromache shall ne’er receive
Those glorious arms, for thou shalt ne’er return.

Oh, poor Chief! Your death is near,
But it doesn't bother you. You wear his heavenly245
Who surpasses all, the fear of the Ilium army.
You’ve killed his friend, who was brave yet kind,
And have shamefully exposed the brows and chest of the dead:
Still, I grant you bright success for a time,
As a way to make up for your fate,250
From whom Andromache will never receive
Those glorious arms, because you will never return.

So spake the Thunderer, and his sable brows
Shaking, confirm’d the word. But Hector found
The armor apt; the God of war his soul255
With fury fill’d, he felt his limbs afresh
Invigorated, and with loudest shouts
Return’d to his illustrious allies.
To them he seem’d, clad in those radiant arms,
Himself Achilles; rank by rank he pass’d260
Through all the host, exhorting every Chief,
Asteropæus, Mesthles, Phorcys, Medon,
Thersilochus, Deisenor, augur Ennomus,
Chromius, Hippothoüs; all these he roused
To battle, and in accents wing’d began.265

So spoke the Thunderer, and his dark brows
Shaking, confirmed the word. But Hector found
The armor fitting; the God of war filled his soul255
With anger, he felt his limbs refreshed
Energized, and with loudest shouts
Returned to his illustrious allies.
To them he seemed, dressed in those shining arms,
Like Achilles himself; he passed260
Through all the ranks, encouraging every Chief,
Asteropæus, Mesthles, Phorcys, Medon,
Thersilochus, Deisenor, the seer Ennomus,
Chromius, Hippothoüs; he stirred them all
To battle, and began with inspiring words.265

Hear me, ye myriads, neighbors and allies!
For not through fond desire to fill the plain
With multitudes, have I convened you here
Each from his city, but that well-inclined
To Ilium, ye might help to guard our wives270
And little ones against the host of Greece.
Therefore it is that forage large and gifts
Providing for you, I exhaust the stores
Of Troy, and drain our people for your sake.
Turn then direct against them, and his life275
Save each, or lose; it is the course of war.
Him who shall drag, though dead, Patroclus home
Into the host of Troy, and shall repulse
Ajax, I will reward with half the spoils
And half shall be my own; glory and praise280
Shall also be his meed, equal to mine.

Listen up, countless neighbors and allies!
I didn't gather you all here just because I wanted to fill the plain
with a crowd from each of your cities. I did it so that, loyal to Ilium,
you can help protect our wives270
and little ones from the Greek army.
That’s why I’m providing large amounts of supplies and gifts,
using up the resources of Troy and draining our people for you.
So let’s focus our efforts against them, and each of you must save your life275
or risk losing it; that's how war goes.
Whoever can bring Patroclus back home,
even if he's dead, to the Trojan camp and can fend off
Ajax, I will reward him with half the spoils,
and the other half will be mine; he will also receive glory and praise280
equal to mine.

He ended; they compact with lifted spears
Bore on the Danaï, conceiving each
Warm expectation in his heart to wrest
From Ajax son of Telamon, the dead.285
Vain hope! he many a lifeless Trojan heap’d
On slain Patroclus, but at length his speech
To warlike Menelaus thus address’d.

He finished speaking; they formed an alliance with raised spears
Against the Danaans, each one
Filled with eager anticipation in his heart to take
From Ajax, son of Telamon, the dead.285
Futile hope! he piled many lifeless Trojans
On slain Patroclus, but eventually he spoke
To the warlike Menelaus like this.

Ah, Menelaus, valiant friend! I hope
No longer, now, that even we shall ’scape290
Ourselves from fight; nor fear I so the loss
Of dead Patroclus, who shall soon the dogs
Of Ilium, and the fowls sate with his flesh,
As for my life I tremble and for thine,
That cloud of battle, Hector, such a gloom295
Sheds all around; death manifest impends.
Haste—call our best, if even they can hear.

Ah, Menelaus, brave friend! I hope
That we won't escape
This fight after all; I'm not as worried
About losing Patroclus, who will soon be eaten
By the dogs of Ilium and the birds,
As I am for my life and yours.
That battle cloud, Hector, is casting such a shadow
All around; death is definitely looming.
Hurry—call our best men, if they can even hear us.

He spake, nor Menelaus not complied,
But call’d aloud on all the Chiefs of Greece.

He spoke, and Menelaus did not agree,
But called out loudly to all the leaders of Greece.

Friends, senators, and leaders of the powers300
Of Argos! who with Agamemnon drink
And Menelaus at the public feast,
Each bearing rule o’er many, by the will
Of Jove advanced to honor and renown!
The task were difficult to single out305
Chief after Chief by name amid the blaze
Of such contention; but oh, come yourselves
Indignant forth, nor let the dogs of Troy
Patroclus rend, and gambol with his bones!

Friends, senators, and leaders of the powers300
of Argos! who feast with Agamemnon
and Menelaus at the public banquet,
each ruling over many, honored and renowned
by the will of Jupiter!
It would be tough to identify305
each Chief by name amid such a fierce dispute; but oh, come out yourselves, angry and ready, and don’t let the dogs of Troy
tear apart Patroclus and play with his bones!

He ceased, whom Oïliades the swift310
Hearing incontinent, of all the Chiefs
Ran foremost, after whom Idomeneus
Approach’d, and dread as homicidal Mars
Meriones. But never mind of man
Could even in silent recollection name315
The whole vast multitude who, following these
Renew’d the battle on the part of Greece.
The Trojans first, with Hector at their head,
Wedged in close phalanx, rush’d to the assault

He stopped, and Oïliades the swift310
Hearing this immediately, was the first among all the leaders
To run forward, followed by Idomeneus
And Meriones, fierce as battle-hungry Mars.
But no one could even quietly remember315
The countless number who, following these,
Renewed the fight on Greece's side.
The Trojans, led by Hector,
Formed a tight phalanx and charged into battle.

As when within some rapid river’s mouth320
The billows and stream clash, on either shore[3]
Loud sounds the roar[3] of waves ejected wide,
Such seem’d the clamors of the Trojan host.
But the Achaians, one in heart, around
Patroclus stood, bulwark’d with shields of brass325
And over all their glittering helmets Jove
Darkness diffused, for he had loved Patroclus
While yet he lived friend of Æacides,
And now, abhorring that the dogs of Troy
Should eat him, urged the Greeks to his defence,330
The host of Troy first shook the Grecian host;
The body left, they fled; yet of them all,
The Trojan powers, determined as they were,
Slew none, but dragg’d the body. Neither stood
The Greeks long time aloof, soon as repulsed335
Again led on by Ajax, who in form
And in exploits all others far excell’d.
Peerless Æacides alone except.
Right through the foremost combatants he rush’d,
In force resembling most some savage boar340
That in the mountains bursting through the brakes,
The swains disperses and their hounds with ease;
Like him, illustrious Ajax, mighty son
Of Telamon, at his assault dispersed
With ease the close imbattled ranks who fought345
Around Patroclus’ body, strong in hope
To achieve it, and to make the glory theirs.
Hippothoüs, a youth of high renown,
Son of Pelasgian Lethus, by a noose
Around his ancle cast dragg’d through the fight350
Patroclus, so to gratify the host
Of Ilium and their Chief; but evil him
Reached suddenly, by none of all his friends
(Though numerous wish’d to save him) turn’d aside.
For swift advancing on him through the crowd355
The son of Telamon pierced, spear in hand,
His helmet brazen-cheek’d; the crested casque,
So smitten, open’d wide, for huge the hand
And ponderous was the spear that gave the blow
And all around its neck, mingled with blood360
Gush’d forth the brain. There, lifeless, down he sank,
Let fall the hero’s foot, and fell himself
Prone on the dead, never to see again?
Deep-soil’d Larissa, never to require
Their kind solicitudes who gave him birth,365
In bloom of life by dauntless Ajax slain.
Then Hector hurl’d at Ajax his bright spear,
But he, forewarn’d of its approach, escaped
Narrowly, and it pierced Schedius instead,
Brave son of Iphitus; he, noblest Chief370
Of the Phocensians, over many reign’d,
Dwelling in Panopeus the far-renown’d.
Entering beneath the clavicle[4] the point
Right through his shoulder’s summit pass’d behind,
And on his loud-resounding arms he fell.375
But Ajax at his waist wounded the son
Of Phœnops, valiant Phorcys, while he stood
Guarding Hippothöus; through his hollow mail
Enforced the weapon drank his inmost life,
And in his palm, supine, he clench’d the dust.380
Then, Hector with the foremost Chiefs of Troy
Fell back; the Argives sent a shout to heaven,
And dragging Phorcys and Hippothöus thence
Stripp’d both. In that bright moment Ilium’s host
Fear-quell’d before Achaia’s warlike sons385
Had Troy re-enter’d, and the host of Greece
By matchless might and fortitude their own
Had snatch’d a victory from the grasp of fate,
But that, himself, the King of radiant shafts
Æneas roused; Epytis’ son he seem’d390
Periphas, ancient in the service grown
Of old Anchises whom he dearly loved;
His form assumed, Apollo thus began.

As when at the mouth of a rushing river, The waves clash against each shore, The roar of the waves sounds loud and wide, So were the cries of the Trojan army. But the Achaeans, united in spirit, stood around Patroclus, shielded by shining bronze, And over them, Jove cast a veil of darkness, For he had loved Patroclus While he lived as a friend of Æacides, And now, abhorring the thought of the dogs of Troy Eating him, urged the Greeks to defend him. The Trojan forces first shook the Greek ranks; They left the body and fled, yet among them all, The determined Trojan fighters Slaughtered none, but dragged the body away. The Greeks didn’t stay back for long; soon, after being repelled, They were led back into battle by Ajax, who in stature And in achievements surpassed all others, Except for the peerless Æacides. He rushed right through the front-line fighters, His strength like that of a savage boar That, bursting through the thickets of the mountains, Easily scatters the herders and their hounds; In the same way, illustrious Ajax, mighty son Of Telamon, easily broke through The closely packed ranks fighting Around Patroclus’ body, hoping To seize it and claim the glory for themselves. Hippothoüs, a young man of great renown, Son of Pelasgian Lethus, cast a noose Around his ankle to drag Patroclus through the fray To please the Trojans and their chief; but misfortune Suddenly struck him, as none of his friends (Though many wished to save him) were able to intervene. For swiftly advancing through the crowd, The son of Telamon pierced him, spear in hand, His helmet with its bronze cheek plates; the crested helmet, Struck hard, broke open wide, as the large hand And heavy spear that delivered the blow Caused his brain to gush forth with blood. There, lifeless, he fell, Releasing the hero's foot, and himself Collapsed over the dead, never to see again Deep-soiled Larissa, never to require The caring hands of those who gave him life, In the bloom of youth, slain by dauntless Ajax. Then Hector hurled his shining spear at Ajax, But Ajax, warned of its approach, narrowly escaped, And it struck instead Schedius, Brave son of Iphitus; he was the noblest leader Of the Phocensians, ruling over many, Dwelling in the far-renowned Panopeus. The spear entered beneath his collarbone, Piercing through the summit of his shoulder, And he fell heavily, his arms resounding loud. But Ajax wounded the son Of Phœnops, valiant Phorcys, while he stood Guarding Hippothöus; the weapon pierced His hollow armor and drained his life, And in his palm, lying on his back, he grasped the dust. Then Hector, with the chief warriors of Troy, Fell back; the Achaeans shouted to the heavens, And dragging Phorcys and Hippothöus from there, They stripped them. In that brilliant moment, the host of Ilium, Quaking in fear before the warlike sons of Achaia, Would have been re-entered, and the Greek army Could have snatched victory from the jaws of fate, But the King of the glorious arrows, Æneas, roused himself; he bore the likeness Of Periphas, son of Epytis, an old friend Of Anchises, whom he dearly loved; Taking on his form, Apollo began.

How could ye save, Æneas, were the Gods
Your enemies, the towers of lofty Troy?395
As I have others seen, warriors who would,
Men fill’d with might and valor, firm themselves
And Chiefs of multitudes disdaining fear.
But Jove to us the victory far more
Than to the Grecians wills; therefore the fault400
Is yours, who tremble and refuse the fight.

How could you save, Æneas, if the Gods
Are your enemies, the high towers of Troy?395
I have seen others, warriors filled
With strength and courage, standing firm
And leaders of many who disregard fear.
But Jupiter wants the victory for us
Much more than for the Greeks; so the fault400
Is yours, who tremble and refuse to fight.

He ended, whom Æneas marking, knew
At once the glorious Archer of the skies,
And thus to distant Hector call’d aloud.

He finished speaking, and when Æneas saw him, he recognized right away the glorious Archer of the skies, and then he called out loudly to distant Hector.

Oh, Hector, and ye other Chiefs of Troy405
And of her brave confederates! Shame it were
Should we re-enter Ilium, driven to flight
By dastard fear before the host of Greece.
A God assured me even now, that Jove,
Supreme in battle, gives his aid to Troy.410
Rush, therefore, on the Danaï direct,
Nor let them, safe at least and unannoy’d,
Bear hence Patroclus’ body to the fleet.

Oh, Hector, and you other leaders of Troy405
And of her brave allies! It would be a disgrace
If we returned to Ilium, forced to flee
Out of cowardice before the army of Greece.
A God just assured me that Jove,
Supreme in battle, supports Troy.410
So charge directly at the Danaï,
And don't let them carry Patroclus’ body back to the ships safely and without trouble.

He spake, and starting far into the van
Stood foremost forth; they, wheeling, faced the Greeks.415
Then, spear in hand, Æneas smote the friend
Of Lycomedes, brave Leocritus,
Son of Arisbas. Lycomedes saw
Compassionate his death, and drawing nigh
First stood, then hurling his resplendent lance,420
Right through the liver Apisaon pierced
Offspring of Hippasus, his chest beneath,
And, lifeless, instant, on the field he fell.
He from Pæonia the deep soil’d to Troy
Came forth, Asteropæus sole except,425
Bravest of all Pæonia’s band in arms.
Asteropæus saw, and to the van
Sprang forth for furious combat well prepared,
But room for fight found none, so thick a fence
Of shields and ported spears fronted secure430
The phalanx guarding Menœtiades.
For Ajax ranging all the ranks, aloud
Admonish’d them that no man yielding ground
Should leave Patroclus, or advance before
The rest, but all alike fight and stand fast.435
Such order gave huge Ajax; purple gore
Drench’d all the ground; in slaughter’d heaps they fell
Trojans and Trojan aids of dauntless hearts
And Grecians; for not even they the fight
Waged bloodless, though with far less cost of blood,440
Each mindful to avert his fellow’s fate.

He spoke, and started out ahead,
Standing right at the front; they, turning, faced the Greeks.415
Then, with his spear in hand, Æneas struck the friend
Of Lycomedes, the brave Leocritus,
Son of Arisbas. Lycomedes saw
With pity his death, and stepping closer,
First stood still, then throwing his shining spear,420
Pierced Apisaon right through the liver,
Son of Hippasus, hitting his chest beneath,
And he fell lifeless on the field.
He had come from Pæonia to Troy,
Except for Asteropæus,425
The bravest of all the Pæonian warriors.
Asteropæus saw and jumped forward
Ready for fierce combat,
But found no space to fight; such a solid line
Of shields and raised spears securely
Fronted the phalanx protecting Menœtiades.
For Ajax, moving along the ranks, loudly
Advised them that no one should give ground
Or leave Patroclus, and not to advance ahead
Of the others, but for everyone to fight and hold their ground.435
Huge Ajax gave such orders; purple blood
Soaked the ground; they fell in heaps,
Trojans and their fearless allies,
And Greeks; for even they did not fight
Without bloodshed, though at a far lesser cost,440
Each one trying to avoid the fate of his comrade.

Thus burn’d the battle; neither hadst thou deem’d
The sun himself in heaven unquench’d, or moon,
Beneath a cope so dense of darkness strove
Unceasing all the most renown’d in arms445
For Menœtiades. Meantime the war,
Wherever else, the bright-arm’d Grecians waged
And Trojans under skies serene. The sun
On them his radiance darted; not a cloud,
From mountain or from vale rising, allay’d450
His fervor; there at distance due they fought
And paused by turns, and shunn’d the cruel dart.
But in the middle field not war alone
They suffer’d, but night also; ruthless raged
The iron storm, and all the mightiest bled.455
Two glorious Chiefs, the while, Antilochus
And Thrasymedes, had no tidings heard
Of brave Patroclus slain, but deem’d him still
Living, and troubling still the host of Troy;
For watchful[5] only to prevent the flight460
Or slaughter of their fellow-warriors, they
Maintain’d a distant station, so enjoin’d
By Nestor when he sent them to the field.
But fiery conflict arduous employ’d
The rest all day continual; knees and legs,465
Feet, hands, and eyes of those who fought to guard
The valiant friend of swift Æacides
Sweat gather’d foul and dust. As when a man
A huge ox-hide drunken with slippery lard
Gives to be stretch’d, his servants all around470
Disposed, just intervals between, the task
Ply strenuous, and while many straining hard
Extend it equal on all sides, it sweats
The moisture out, and drinks the unction in,[6]
So they, in narrow space struggling, the dead475
Dragg’d every way, warm hope conceiving, these
To drag him thence to Troy, those, to the ships.
Wild tumult raged around him; neither Mars,
Gatherer of hosts to battle, nor herself
Pallas, however angry, had beheld480
That conflict with disdain, Jove to such length
Protracted on that day the bloody toil
Of steeds and men for Menœtiades.
Nor knew divine Achilles or had aught
Heard of Patroclus slain, for from the ships485
Remote they fought, beneath the walls of Troy.
He, therefore, fear’d not for his death, but hope
Indulged much rather, that, the battle push’d
To Ilium’s gates, he should return alive.
For that his friend, unaided by himself490
Or ever aided, should prevail to lay
Troy waste, he nought supposed; by Thetis warn’d
In secret conference oft, he better knew
Jove’s purpose; yet not even she had borne
Those dreadful tidings to his ear, the loss495
Immeasurable of his dearest friend.

Thus burned the battle; you would not have thought
The sun himself in heaven unquenchable, or the moon,
Struggling beneath such a thick cover of darkness
Unceasingly all the most renowned in arms445
For Menœtiades. Meanwhile the war,
Wherever else, the bright-armed Greeks fought
And Trojans under clear skies. The sun
Shone down on them; not a cloud,
From mountain or valley rising, lessened450
His heat; there they fought at a distance,
Pausing in turns and avoiding the cruel arrows.
But in the middle ground, not just war
They endured, but night as well; ruthless raged
The iron storm, and all the mightiest bled.455
Two glorious chiefs, Antilochus
And Thrasymedes, had heard no news
Of brave Patroclus slain, but thought he was still
Alive, still pressing the Trojan host;
For watchful[5] were only there to prevent the flight460
Or slaughter of their fellow warriors, they
Maintained a distant position, as instructed
By Nestor when he sent them to the field.
But fiery conflict kept
The rest busy all day long; their knees and legs,465
Feet, hands, and eyes of those fighting to protect
The brave friend of swift Æacides
Sweat gathered thick and dust. Like when a man
Stretches a huge ox-hide soaked with slippery fat,
His servants all around470
Set at intervals for the task,
Straining hard, and while many working hard
Even it out on all sides, it sweats
The moisture out and drinks in the grease,[6]
So they, in a tight space struggling, the dead475
Dragged in every direction, harboring warm hope, these
To drag him back to Troy, those, to the ships.
Wild chaos raged around him; neither Mars,
Gatherer of armies for battle, nor Pallas,
However angry, would have looked at480
That conflict with disdain, Jove prolonged such a day
With the bloody toil of steeds and men for Menœtiades.
Nor did divine Achilles know or hear
Of Patroclus slain, for far from the ships485
They fought under the walls of Troy.
He didn’t fear his own death; instead, he had
Hope that as the battle reached
Ilium’s gates, he would come back alive.
He didn't think his friend, without his help490
Or support, could ever take
Troy down; he assumed nothing. Warned by Thetis
During their secret conversations, he understood
Jove’s intentions better; yet even she hadn’t brought him
The terrible news, the loss495
Of his closest friend.

They all around the dead fought spear in hand
With mutual slaughter ceaseless, and amid
Achaia’s host thus spake a Chief mail-arm’d.

They all fought around the dead, spear in hand
With endless slaughter, and among
Achaia’s army, a Chief in armor spoke.

Shame were it, Grecians! should we seek by flight500
Our galleys now; yawn earth our feet beneath
And here ingulf us rather! Better far
Than to permit the steed-famed host of Troy
To drag Patroclus hence into the town,
And make the glory of this conflict theirs.505

Shame on us, Greeks! Should we try to escape with our ships now? Let the earth open up under our feet and swallow us instead! That would be much better than allowing the famous Trojan army to take Patroclus back to their city and claim the glory of this battle as their own.

Thus also of the dauntless Trojans spake
A certain warrior. Oh, my friends! although
The Fates ordain us, one and all, to die
Around this body, stand! quit not the field.

Thus also spoke a fearless Trojan warrior.
Oh, my friends! even though
the Fates have decided that we will all die
around this body, stand! don't leave the battlefield.

So spake the warrior prompting into act510
The courage of his friends, and such they strove
On both sides; high into the vault of heaven
The iron din pass’d through the desart air.
Meantime the horses of Æacides
From fight withdrawn, soon as they understood515
Their charioteer fallen in the dust beneath
The arm of homicidal Hector, wept.
Them oft with hasty lash Diores’ son
Automedon impatient smote, full oft
He stroked them gently, and as oft he chode;[7]520
Yet neither to the fleet ranged on the shore
Of spacious Hellespont would they return,
Nor with the Grecians seek the fight, but stood
As a sepulchral pillar stands, unmoved
Between their traces;[8] to the earth they hung525
Their heads, with plenteous tears their driver mourn’d,
And mingled their dishevell’d manes with dust.
Jove saw their grief with pity, and his brows
Shaking, within himself thus, pensive, said.

So spoke the warrior, urging his friends into action510
as they fought hard on both sides; a loud clash
echoed through the empty air, rising high into the sky.
Meanwhile, the horses of Achilles
pulled away from the battle as soon as they realized515
their charioteer had fallen in the dust
under the hand of deadly Hector, and they cried.
Often, the son of Diores,
Automedon, impatiently whipped them, and just as often
he gently stroked them, but also scolded them;[7]520
yet neither would they return to the ships by the shore
of the vast Hellespont,
nor join the Greeks in battle, but stood
like a funeral monument, still and unwavering
between their traces;[8] their heads hung low525
to the ground, their driver mourned with abundant tears,
mingling their tangled manes with dust.
Jupiter saw their sorrow with compassion, and shaking his brows,
he thought to himself, deeply concerned.

Ah hapless pair! Wherefore by gift divine530
Were ye to Peleus given, a mortal king,
Yourselves immortal and from age exempt?
Was it that ye might share in human woes?
For, of all things that breathe or creep the earth,
No creature lives so mere a wretch as man.535
Yet shall not Priameian Hector ride
Triumphant, drawn by you. Myself forbid.
Suffice it that he boasts vain-gloriously
Those arms his own. Your spirit and your limbs
I will invigorate, that ye may bear540
Safe hence Automedon into the fleet.
For I ordain the Trojans still to spread
Carnage around victorious, till they reach
The gallant barks, and till the sun at length
Descending, sacred darkness cover all.545

Oh, unfortunate duo! Why, by divine gift,530
Were you given to Peleus, a mortal king,
While you yourselves are immortal and free from age?
Was it so you could experience human suffering?
For among all creatures that breathe or crawl on the earth,
No being is as wretched as a human.535
Yet Priam's Hector will not ride
Triumphant, pulled by you. I won't allow it.
It’s enough that he boasts arrogantly
Those arms as his own. I will strengthen your spirit
And your limbs,540
So you can safely take Automedon back to the ships.
For I declare that the Trojans will continue to spread
Destruction around them in victory, until they reach
The brave ships, and until the sun finally
Sets, and sacred darkness covers everything.545

He said, and with new might the steeds inspired.
They, shaking from their hair profuse the dust,
Between the van of either army whirl’d
The rapid chariot. Fighting as he pass’d,
Though fill’d with sorrow for his slaughter’d friend,550
Automedon high-mounted swept the field
Impetuous as a vulture scattering geese;
Now would he vanish, and now, turn’d again,
Chase through a multitude his trembling foe;
But whomsoe’er he follow’d, none he slew,555
Nor was the task possible to a Chief
Sole in the sacred chariot, both to aim
The spear aright and guide the fiery steeds.
At length Alcimedon, his friend in arms,
Son of Laerceus son of Æmon, him560
Observing, from behind the chariot hail’d
The flying warrior, whom he thus bespake.

He said, and the horses were filled with new strength.
They shook the dust from their thick manes,
As the fast chariot spun between the front lines of both armies.
As he fought while passing by,
Even though he was filled with grief for his slain friend,550
Automedon, perched high up, swept across the battlefield
Like a fierce vulture scattering a flock of geese;
Now he would disappear, and then suddenly, he would turn back,
Chasing his terrified enemy through the crowd;
But no matter whom he pursued, he didn’t kill anyone,555
Nor could a leader in the holy chariot
Both aim the spear accurately and control the fiery horses.
Finally, Alcimedon, his battle companion,
Son of Laerceus, son of Æmon, noticing him560
Called out to the fleeing warrior from behind the chariot.

What power, Automedon! hath ta’en away
Thy better judgment, and thy breast inspired
With this vain purpose to assail alone565
The Trojan van? Thy partner in the fight
Is slain, and Hector on his shoulders bears,
Elate, the armor of Æacides.

What power, Automedon, has taken away
Your better judgment and filled your heart
With this foolish desire to attack alone565
The Trojan front? Your partner in the fight
Is dead, and Hector proudly carries,
The armor of Achilles on his shoulders.

Then, answer thus Automedon return’d,
Son of Diores. Who of all our host570
Was ever skill’d, Alcimedon! as thou
To rule the fire of these immortal steeds,
Save only while he lived, peer of the Gods
In that great art, Patroclus, now no more?
Thou, therefore, the resplendent reins receive575
And scourge, while I, dismounting, wage the fight.

Then, Automedon replied,
Son of Diores. Who among all our warriors570
Was ever as skilled, Alcimedon! as you
At controlling the fire of these immortal horses,
Except for Patroclus, who lived alongside the Gods
In that great skill, but is no longer here?
So, you take the shining reins575
And whip the horses, while I get down to fight.

He ceased; Alcimedon without delay
The battle-chariot mounting, seized at once
The lash and reins, and from his seat down leap’d
Automedon. Them noble Hector mark’d,580
And to Æneas at his side began.

He stopped; Alcimedon quickly mounted the battle chariot, grabbed the whip and reins, and jumped down from his seat. Noble Hector noticed them and began to speak to Æneas, who was beside him.

Illustrious Chief of Trojans brazen-mail’d
Æneas! I have noticed yonder steeds
Of swift Achilles rushing into fight
Conspicuous, but under sway of hands585
Unskilful; whence arises a fair hope
That we might seize them, wert thou so inclined;
For never would those two dare to oppose
In battle an assault dreadful as ours.

Famous leader of the Trojans in shining armor, Æneas! I've seen those fast horses Of Achilles charging into battle, Not very skilled under their riders’ control; This gives us a good chance To capture them, if you're up for it; For those two would never dare to face A brutal attack like ours in battle.

He ended, nor the valiant son refused590
Of old Anchises, but with targets firm
Of season’d hide brass-plated thrown athwart
Their shoulders, both advanced direct, with whom
Of godlike form Aretus also went
And Chromius. Ardent hope they all conceived595
To slay those Chiefs, and from the field to drive
Achilles’ lofty steeds. Vain hope! for them
No bloodless strife awaited with the force
Of brave Automedon; he, prayer to Jove
First offering, felt his angry soul with might600
Heroic fill’d, and thus his faithful friend
Alcimedon, incontinent, address’d.

He finished speaking, and the brave son of old Anchises didn’t hold back either, but with their sturdy, seasoned, brass-plated armor strapped on their shoulders, they moved forward, along with Aretus, who was godlike in form, and Chromius. They all felt a burning hope to kill those leaders and drive away Achilles’ magnificent horses. A foolish hope! Because for them, there was no easy battle awaiting them against the strength of brave Automedon; he, after first praying to Jove, felt his angry spirit filled with heroic strength, and then he spoke urgently to his loyal friend Alcimedon.

Alcimedon! hold not the steeds remote
But breathing on my back; for I expect
That never Priameïan Hector’s rage605
Shall limit know, or pause, till, slaying us,
He shall himself the coursers ample-maned
Mount of Achilles, and to flight compel
The Argive host, or perish in the van.

Alcimedon! Don’t keep the horses back
But keep them close; I expect
That Hector, son of Priam, won’t stop or pause
Until he kills us, or until he himself
Rides the long-maned horses of Achilles
And forces the Argive army to flee, or he dies in the front line.

So saying, he call’d aloud on Menelaus610
With either Ajax. Oh, illustrious Chiefs
Of Argos, Menelaus, and ye bold
Ajaces![9] leaving all your best to cope
With Ilium’s powers and to protect the dead,
From friends still living ward the bitter day.615
For hither borne, two Chiefs, bravest of all
The Trojans, Hector and Æneas rush
Right through the battle. The events of war
Heaven orders; therefore even I will give
My spear its flight, and Jove dispose the rest!620

So saying, he called out loudly to Menelaus610
And both Ajax. Oh, great leaders
Of Argos, Menelaus, and you brave
Ajaxes![9] leaving everything behind to face
Ilium’s forces and to defend the fallen,
From living friends, shield them from the harsh day.615
For here come, two leaders, the bravest of all
The Trojans, Hector and Æneas, rushing
Right into battle. The fate of war
Is decided by Heaven; therefore, I will let
My spear fly, and Jove will handle the rest!620

He said, and brandishing his massy spear
Dismiss’d it at Aretus; full he smote
His ample shield, nor stay’d the pointed brass,
But penetrating sheer the disk, his belt
Pierced also, and stood planted in his waist.625
As when some vigorous youth with sharpen’d axe
A pastured bullock smites behind the horns
And hews the muscle through; he, at the stroke
Springs forth and falls, so sprang Aretus forth,
Then fell supine, and in his bowels stood630
The keen-edged lance still quivering till he died.
Then Hector, in return, his radiant spear
Hurl’d at Automedon, who of its flight
Forewarn’d his body bowing prone, the stroke
Eluded, and the spear piercing the soil635
Behind him, shook to its superior end,
Till, spent by slow degrees, its fury slept.
And now, with hand to hilt, for closer war
Both stood prepared, when through the multitude
Advancing at their fellow-warrior’s call,640
The Ajaces suddenly their combat fierce
Prevented. Awed at once by their approach
Hector retired, with whom Æneas went
Also and godlike Chromius, leaving there
Aretus with his vitals torn, whose arms,645
Fierce as the God of war Automedon
Stripp’d off, and thus exulted o’er the slain.

He said, swinging his heavy spear and aimed it at Aretus; he hit his large shield hard, and the sharpened point didn’t stop there. It went right through the shield and pierced his belt, sticking into his waist. Like a strong young man using a sharp axe to strike a grazing bull from behind and cutting through the muscle; with the blow, the bull jumps up and then falls, Aretus sprang up and then fell on his back, with the sharp lance still quivering in his guts until he died. Then Hector, in response, threw his shining spear at Automedon, who, sensing the spear's flight, bent low to dodge it. The spear missed and struck the ground behind him, shaking until its force gradually dimmed. Now, each ready for close combat, both stood firm when, pushing through the crowd at the call of their fellow warrior, the Ajaces suddenly interrupted their fierce fight. Intimidated by their presence, Hector pulled back, along with Aeneas and the godlike Chromius, leaving Aretus there with his insides torn out. Automedon, fierce as the God of War, stripped off his armor and celebrated over the dead man.

My soul some portion of her grief resigns
Consoled, although by slaughter of a worse,
For loss of valiant Menœtiades.650

My soul lets go of some of her grief,
Comforted, though by the slaughter of a greater evil,
For the loss of brave Menœtiades.650

So saying, within his chariot he disposed
The gory spoils, then mounted it himself
With hands and feet purpled, as from a bull
His bloody prey, some lion newly-gorged.

So saying, he arranged the bloody spoils in his chariot, then climbed in himself, with hands and feet stained like those of a bull from his bloody catch, like a lion that has just feasted.

And now around Patroclus raged again655
Dread strife deplorable! for from the skies
Descending at the Thunderer’s command
Whose purpose now was to assist the Greeks,
Pallas enhanced the fury of the fight.
As when from heaven, in view of mortals, Jove660
Exhibits bright his bow, a sign ordain’d
Of war, or numbing frost which all the works
Suspends of man and saddens all the flocks;
So she, all mantled with a radiant cloud
Entering Achaia’s host, fired every breast.665
But meeting Menelaus first, brave son
Of Atreus, in the form and with the voice
Robust of Phœnix, him she thus bespake.

And now, around Patroclus, this terrible battle flared up again655
Awful conflict that was so sad! For, sent from the heavens
At the command of the Thunderer,
Whose goal was to help the Greeks,
Pallas intensified the fury of the fight.
Just like when Jove660
Shows his bright bow from the sky, a sign meant
For war or a chilling frost that halts all
Human work and brings sorrow to all the flocks;
So she, cloaked in a shining cloud,
Joined the Achaean army, igniting every heart.665
But first, she encountered Menelaus, the brave son
Of Atreus, taking on the form and strong voice
Of Phœnix, and addressed him in this way.

Shame, Menelaus, shall to thee redound
For ever, and reproach, should dogs devour670
The faithful friend of Peleus’ noble son
Under Troy’s battlements; but stand, thyself,
Undaunted, and encourage all the host.

Shame, Menelaus, will forever fall on you,
And reproach, if dogs consume670
The loyal friend of Peleus' noble son
Under Troy's walls; but stand firm yourself,
And rally all the troops.

To whom the son of Atreus bold in arms.
Ah, Phœnix, friend revered, ancient and sage!675
Would Pallas give me might and from the dint
Shield me of dart and spear, with willing mind
I would defend Patroclus, for his death
Hath touch’d me deep. But Hector with the rage
Burns of consuming fire, nor to his spear680
Gives pause, for him Jove leads to victory.

To whom the son of Atreus, bold in battle.
Ah, Phœnix, respected friend, ancient and wise!675
If Pallas were to grant me strength and protect
Me from arrows and spears, with a ready heart
I would defend Patroclus, for his death
Has hit me hard. But Hector, with his fierce
Burning rage, isn’t held back by his spear,680
For Jove is guiding him to victory.

He ceased, whom Pallas, Goddess azure-eyed
Hearing, rejoiced that of the heavenly powers
He had invoked her foremost to his aid.
His shoulders with new might, and limbs she fill’d,685
And persevering boldness to his breast
Imparted, such as prompts the fly, which oft
From flesh of man repulsed, her purpose yet
To bite holds fast, resolved on human blood.
His stormy bosom with such courage fill’d690
By Pallas, to Patroclus he approach’d
And hurl’d, incontinent, his glittering spear.
There was a Trojan Chief, Podes by name,
Son of Eëtion, valorous and rich;
Of all Troy’s citizens him Hector most695
Respected, in convivial pleasures sweet
His chosen companion. As he sprang to flight,
The hero of the golden locks his belt
Struck with full force and sent the weapon through.
Sounding he fell, and from the Trojan ranks700
Atrides dragg’d the body to his own.
Then drew Apollo near to Hector’s side,
And in the form of Phœnops, Asius’ son,
Of all the foreign guests at Hector’s board
His favorite most, the hero thus address’d.705

He stopped, and Pallas, the blue-eyed Goddess, Hearing this, was pleased that he had called On her first among the heavenly powers for help. She filled him with new strength in his shoulders and limbs, And gave him resolute courage in his heart, Just like a fly that, often swatted away from a man's flesh, Still hangs on, determined to bite and drink human blood. With such courage infused by Pallas, He moved toward Patroclus and threw his shining spear. There was a Trojan leader named Podes, Son of Eëtion, brave and wealthy; Of all the citizens of Troy, Hector respected him the most, As he was his chosen companion in sweet social times. As Podes turned to flee, the hero with golden hair Struck his belt with full force and sent the weapon through. He fell with a crash, and from the Trojan ranks, Agamemnon dragged the body back to his own side. Then Apollo approached Hector, Taking on the appearance of Phœnops, Asius’ son, His favorite among all the foreign guests at Hector’s table, And he spoke to the hero.

What Chief of all the Grecians shall henceforth
Fear Hector, who from Menelaus shrinks
Once deem’d effeminate, but dragging now
The body of thy valiant friend approved
Whom he hath slain, Podes, Eëtion’s son?710

What leader of all the Greeks will now
Fear Hector, who backs down from Menelaus
Once thought to be weak, but now dragging
The body of your brave friend, Podes, Eëtion’s son, whom he has killed?710

He spake, and at his words grief like a cloud
Involved the mind of Hector dark around;
Right through the foremost combatants he rush’d
All clad in dazzling brass. Then, lifting high
His tassel’d Ægis radiant, Jove with storms715
Enveloped Ida; flash’d his lightnings, roar’d
His thunders, and the mountain shook throughout.
Troy’s host he prosper’d, and the Greeks dispersed.

He spoke, and at his words, grief like a cloud
Surrounded Hector's mind in darkness;
He charged right through the front-line fighters,
Fully armed in shining bronze. Then, raising high
His decorated Aegis, radiant, Zeus with storms715
Wrapped Mount Ida; his lightning flashed, his thunder roared,
And the mountain trembled all around.
He favored Troy's army, while the Greeks scattered.

First fled Peneleus, the Bœotian Chief,
Whom facing firm the foe Polydamas720
Struck on his shoulder’s summit with a lance
Hurl’d nigh at hand, which slight inscribed the bone.
[10]Leïtus also, son of the renown’d
Alectryon, pierced by Hector in the wrist,
Disabled left the fight; trembling he fled725
And peering narrowly around, nor hoped
To lift a spear against the Trojans more.
Hector, pursuing Leïtus, the point
Encounter’d of the brave Idomeneus
Full on his chest; but in his mail the lance730
Snapp’d, and the Trojans shouted to the skies.
He, in his turn, cast at Deucalion’s son
Idomeneus, who in that moment gain’d[11]
A chariot-seat; but him the erring spear
Attain’d not, piercing Cœranus instead735
The friend and follower of Meriones
From wealthy Lyctus, and his charioteer.
For when he left, that day, the gallant barks
Idomeneus had sought the field on foot,
And triumph proud, full sure, to Ilium’s host740
Had yielded now, but that with rapid haste
Cœranus drove to his relief, from him
The fate averting which himself incurr’d
Victim of Hector’s homicidal arm.
Him Hector smiting between ear and jaw745
Push’d from their sockets with the lance’s point
His firm-set teeth, and sever’d sheer his tongue.
Dismounted down he fell, and from his hand
Let slide the flowing reins, which, to the earth
Stooping, Meriones in haste resumed,750
And briefly thus Idomeneus address’d.

First, Peneleus, the Bœotian leader, ran away,
As Polydamas struck him on the shoulder with a lance,
Just thrown close by, which barely scored the bone.
[10]Leïtus, the son of the famous
Alectryon, was hit by Hector in the wrist,
And was forced to leave the battle; trembling, he fled725
Looking around cautiously, not hoping
To lift a spear against the Trojans again.
Hector, chasing Leïtus, encountered the spear
Of the brave Idomeneus right on his chest; but the lance730
Broke against his armor, and the Trojans cheered loudly.
Idomeneus, in turn, threw at the son of Deucalion,
Who just then reached[11]
A chariot seat; but the wandering spear
Missed him and hit instead Cœranus,735
The friend and charioteer of Meriones
From wealthy Lyctus.
When he left the brave ships that day,
Idomeneus had entered the battlefield on foot,
Proudly sure he would have surrendered to Ilium’s army740
If it weren't for Cœranus rushing to save him,
A fate that ultimately befell him,
Victim of Hector’s deadly hand.
Hector, striking him between the ear and jaw,745
Shattered his teeth and cut through his tongue.
He fell dismounted, and from his hands
The reins slipped down to the ground,
Which Meriones quickly picked up,750
And this is how Idomeneus spoke to him.

Now drive, and cease not, to the fleet of Greece!
Thyself see’st victory no longer ours.

Now go and don't stop until you reach the fleet of Greece!
You see that victory is no longer ours.

He said; Idomeneus whom, now, dismay
Seized also, with his lash plying severe755
The coursers ample-maned, flew to the fleet.
Nor Ajax, dauntless hero, not perceived,
Nor Menelaus, by the sway of Jove
The victory inclining fast to Troy,
And thus the Telamonian Chief began.760

He said, "Idomeneus, who is now overcome with fear, drove his powerful horses hard and rushed to the ships. Neither Ajax, the fearless hero, nor Menelaus noticed that the power of Jove was quickly tipping the victory towards Troy. And so, the Telamonian Chief began."

Ah! who can be so blind as not to see
The eternal Father, now, with his own hand
Awarding glory to the Trojan host,
Whose every spear flies, instant, to the mark
Sent forth by brave or base? Jove guides them all,765
While, ineffectual, ours fall to the ground.
But haste, devise we of ourselves the means
How likeliest we may bear Patroclus hence,
And gladden, safe returning, all our friends,
Who, hither looking anxious, hope have none770
That we shall longer check the unconquer’d force
Of hero-slaughtering Hector, but expect
[12]To see him soon amid the fleet of Greece.
Oh for some Grecian now to carry swift
The tidings to Achilles’ ear, untaught,775
As I conjecture, yet the doleful news
Of his Patroclus slain! but no such Greek
May I discern, such universal gloom
Both men and steeds envelops all around.
Father of heaven and earth! deliver thou780
Achaia’s host from darkness; clear the skies;
Give day; and (since thy sovereign will is such)
Destruction with it—but oh give us day![13]

Ah! Who could be so blind as not to see
The eternal Father, now, with His own hand
Giving glory to the Trojan army,
Whose every spear flies straight to the target,
Sent forth by the brave or the coward? Jove guides them all,765
While our efforts fall useless to the ground.
But hurry, let's think of a way
To safely bring Patroclus back,
And make our friends happy upon his return,
Who, looking here with worry, have no hope770
That we can hold off the unbeatable strength
Of hero-slaying Hector, but expect
[12]To see him soon among the Greek fleet.
Oh, if only a Greek would swiftly carry
The news to Achilles, unprepared,775
As I imagine, the sad news
Of his Patroclus killed! But I can’t find such a Greek,
The thick gloom surrounding both men and horses
Covers everything around.
Father of heaven and earth! deliver us,780
Achaia’s army from this darkness; clear the skies;
Bring us day; and (since it's Your will)
Let destruction come with it—but oh give us day![13]

He spake, whose tears Jove saw with pity moved,
And chased the untimely shades; bright beam’d the sun785
And the whole battle was display’d. Then spake
The hero thus to Atreus’ mighty son.

He spoke, whose tears Jove saw with pity,
And chased away the early shadows; the sun785
Shone brightly, revealing the entire battle. Then the hero spoke
To the mighty son of Atreus.

Now noble Menelaus! looking forth,
See if Antilochus be yet alive,
Brave son of Nestor, whom exhort to fly790
With tidings to Achilles, of the friend
Whom most he loved, of his Patroclus slain.

Now noble Menelaus! Look out,
See if Antilochus is still alive,
The brave son of Nestor, whom I urge to run790
With news to Achilles, about the friend
He loved most, his Patroclus, who has been killed.

He ceased, nor Menelaus, dauntless Chief,
That task refused, but went; yet neither swift
Nor willing. As a lion leaves the stalls795
Wearied himself with harassing the guard,
Who, interdicting him his purposed prey,
Watch all the night; he famish’d, yet again
Comes furious on, but speeds not, kept aloof
By spears from daring hands dismissed, but more800
By flash of torches which, though fierce, he dreads,
Till at the dawn, sullen he stalks away;
So from Patroclus Menelaus went
Heroic Chief! reluctant; for he fear’d
Lest the Achaians should resign the dead,805
Through consternation, to the host of Troy.
Departing, therefore, he admonish’d oft
Meriones and the Ajaces, thus.

He stopped, and Menelaus, the fearless leader, Didn’t refuse the task but went; though not quickly Or eagerly. Like a lion leaving its den, Exhausted from attacking the guard, Who, preventing him from his intended prey, Watch all night; starving, yet again He charges angrily, but doesn’t succeed, Kept at bay by spears from daring hands, but more By the flash of torches which, though fierce, he fears, Until at dawn he moodily walks away; So Menelaus left Patroclus, The heroic leader! unwilling, for he was afraid That the Achaeans would abandon the dead, In panic, to the Trojan army. As he left, he often advised Meriones and the Ajaces, saying this.

Ye two brave leaders of the Argive host,
And thou, Meriones! now recollect810
The gentle manners of Patroclus fallen
Hapless in battle, who by carriage mild
Well understood, while yet he lived, to engage
All hearts, through prisoner now of death and fate.

You two brave leaders of the Argive army,
And you, Meriones! now remember810
The kind nature of Patroclus, who fell
Unfortunate in battle, and whose gentle demeanor
Captured everyone’s hearts while he was alive,
Now a prisoner of death and fate.

So saying, the hero amber-hair’d his steps815
Turn’d thence, the field exploring with an eye
Sharp as the eagle’s, of all fowls beneath
The azure heavens for keenest sight renown’d,
Whom, though he soar sublime, the leveret
By broadest leaves conceal’d ’scapes not, but swift820
Descending, even her he makes his prey;
So, noble Menelaus! were thine eyes
Turn’d into every quarter of the host
In search of Nestor’s son, if still he lived.
Him, soon, encouraging his band to fight,825
He noticed on the left of all the field,
And sudden standing at his side, began.

So saying, the hero with amber hair took his steps815
and turned away, scanning the field with an eye
as sharp as an eagle's, known among all birds
under the blue sky for its keen sight.
Though it soars high, the leveret
hiding among broad leaves cannot escape him, but quickly820
descends, making her his prey;
So, noble Menelaus! were your eyes
scanning every part of the army
searching for Nestor's son, if he was still alive.
He soon spotted him, encouraging his men to fight,825
and noticed him on the left side of the field,
and suddenly standing by his side, began to speak.

Antilochus! oh hear me, noble friend!
And thou shalt learn tidings of such a deed
As best had never been. Thou know’st, I judge,830
And hast already seen, how Jove exalts
To victory the Trojan host, and rolls
Distress on ours; but ah! Patroclus lies,
Our chief Achaian, slain, whose loss the Greeks
Fills with regret. Haste, therefore, to the fleet,835
Inform Achilles; bid him haste to save,
If save he can, the body of his friend;
He can no more, for Hector hath his arms.

Antilochus! Oh, listen to me, noble friend!
And you will hear news of something that shouldn’t have happened.
You know, as I believe,830
And you’ve already seen how Jove lifts
The Trojan army to victory and brings
Suffering upon ours; but alas! Patroclus lies,
Our main Achaian, slain, and the Greeks
Feel deep regret over his loss. So hurry to the ships,835
Tell Achilles; urge him to come quickly to save,
If he can save the body of his friend;
He can do no more, for Hector has taken his arms.

He ceased. Antilochus with horror heard
Those tidings; mute long time he stood, his eyes840
Swam tearful, and his voice, sonorous erst,
Found utterance none. Yet even so distress’d,
He not the more neglected the command
Of Menelaus. Setting forth to run,
He gave his armor to his noble friend845
Laodocus, who thither turn’d his steeds,
And weeping as he went, on rapid feet
Sped to Achilles with that tale of wo.

He stopped. Antilochus, horrified, heard the news; he stood silent for a long time, his eyes filled with tears, and he couldn't find his voice that used to be so strong. Even so upset, he didn’t ignore Menelaus's command. Starting to run, he handed his armor to his noble friend Laodocus, who turned his horses, and while crying as he went, he quickly ran to Achilles with that sad story.

Nor could the noble Menelaus stay
To give the weary Pylian band, bereft850
Of their beloved Antilochus, his aid,
But leaving them to Thrasymedes’ care,
He flew to Menœtiades again,
And the Ajaces, thus, instant bespake.

Nor could the noble Menelaus stay
To help the tired Pylian group, missing850
Their beloved Antilochus, but leaving them
In Thrasymedes’ care,
He rushed back to Menœtiades again,
And quickly spoke to the Ajaces.

He goes. I have dispatch’d him to the fleet855
To seek Achilles; but his coming naught
Expect I now, although with rage he burn
Against illustrious Hector; for what fight
Can he, unarm’d, against the Trojans wage?
Deliberating, therefore, frame we means860
How best to save Patroclus, and to ’scape
Ourselves unslain from this disastrous field.

He’s gone. I’ve sent him to the fleet855
To find Achilles; but I don’t expect him to show up
Even though he’s burning with anger
Against the famous Hector; because what battle
Can he fight, unarmed, against the Trojans?
So, let’s figure out how860
We can best save Patroclus, and protect
Ourselves from being killed in this terrible battle.

Whom answer’d the vast son of Telamon.
Most noble Menelaus! good is all
Which thou hast spoken. Lift ye from the earth865
Thou and Meriones, at once, and bear
The dead Patroclus from the bloody field.
To cope meantime with Hector and his host
Shall be our task, who, one in name, nor less
In spirit one, already have the brunt870
Of much sharp conflict, side by side, sustain’d.

“Who answered the great son of Telamon.
Most noble Menelaus! Everything you’ve said is good.
You and Meriones, lift him from the ground865
And carry the dead Patroclus away from the bloody field.
Our task will be to face Hector and his army,
For we are united in name and spirit,
And we’ve already endured a lot of intense conflict, side by side.”870

He ended; they enfolding in their arms
The dead, upbore him high above the ground
With force united; after whom the host
Of Troy, seeing the body borne away,875
Shouted, and with impetuous onset all
Follow’d them. As the hounds, urged from behind
By youthful hunters, on the wounded boar
Make fierce assault; awhile at utmost speed
They stretch toward him hungering, for the prey,880
But oft as, turning sudden, the stout brawn
Faces them, scatter’d on all sides escape;
The Trojans so, thick thronging in the rear,
Ceaseless with falchions and spears double-edged
Annoy’d them sore, but oft as in retreat885
The dauntless heroes, the Ajaces turn’d
To face them, deadly wan grew every cheek,
And not a Trojan dared with onset rude
Molest them more in conflict for the dead.

He finished; they held the dead in their arms
And lifted him high off the ground
With combined strength; behind them, the host
Of Troy, seeing the body being taken away,875
Shouted, and with a fierce rush all
Followed them. Like hounds urged from behind
By young hunters, charging at the wounded boar,
They lunged forward in pursuit,
Eager for the catch,880
But whenever the tough wild boar
Suddenly turned to face them, they scattered in all directions;
So the Trojans, crowding close behind,
Relentlessly harassed them with their swords and double-edged spears,
But whenever the fearless heroes, the Ajaces,885
Turned to confront them, every face turned pale,
And not a single Trojan dared to charge
And disrupt them in their fight for the dead.

Thus they, laborious, forth from battle bore890
Patroclus to the fleet, tempestuous war
Their steps attending, rapid as the flames
Which, kindled suddenly, some city waste;
Consumed amid the blaze house after house
Sinks, and the wind, meantime, roars through the fire;895
So them a deafening tumult as they went
Pursued, of horses and of men spear-arm’d.
And as two mules with strength for toil endued,
Draw through rough ways down from the distant hills
Huge timber, beam or mast; sweating they go,900
And overlabor’d to faint weariness;
So they the body bore, while, turning oft,
The Ajaces check’d the Trojans. As a mound
Planted with trees and stretch’d athwart the mead
Repels an overflow; the torrents loud905
Baffling, it sends them far away to float
The level land, nor can they with the force
Of all their waters burst a passage through;
So the Ajaces, constant, in the rear
Repress’d the Trojans; but the Trojans them910
Attended still, of whom Æneas most
Troubled them, and the glorious Chief of Troy.
They as a cloud of starlings or of daws
Fly screaming shrill, warn’d timely of the kite
Or hawk, devourers of the smaller kinds,915
So they shrill-clamoring toward the fleet,
Hasted before Æneas and the might
Of Hector, nor the battle heeded more.
Much radiant armor round about the foss
Fell of the flying Grecians, or within920
Lay scatter’d, and no pause of war they found.

So they, weary from battle, carried Patroclus to the ships, with the chaos of war following them, moving as quickly as flames that suddenly ignite and destroy a city. House after house burns down, sinking into the fire, while the wind roars through the blaze. They were pursued by a deafening noise of armored horses and men. Just like two strong mules laboring as they drag massive timber, beams, or masts down rough paths from the distant hills, sweating and nearly collapsing from exhaustion; they carried the body, and as they did, the Ajaces constantly held back the Trojans. Like a mound filled with trees that stands firm against a flooding river, sending the roaring torrents away to flood the flat land without breaking through; the Ajaces steadfastly repelled the Trojans, though the Trojans continued to press on, with Æneas causing the most trouble, along with the glorious Chief of Troy. They cried out like a flock of starlings or jackdaws, alarmed by a hawk or kite, eager to devour the smaller ones. They rushed towards the ships, scattering before Æneas and Hector’s power, paying no mind to the battle anymore. A lot of shining armor was scattered around the trench, dropped by the fleeing Greeks, and there was no break in the fighting.

BOOK XVIII.

ARGUMENT OF THE EIGHTEENTH BOOK.

Achilles, by command of Juno, shows himself to the Trojans, who fly at his appearance; Vulcan, at the insistence of Thetis, forges for him a suit of armor.

Achilles, under Juno's orders, reveals himself to the Trojans, who flee at the sight of him; Vulcan, at Thetis's urging, creates a set of armor for him.

BOOK XVIII.

Thus burn’d the battle like devouring fire.
Meantime, Antilochus with rapid steps
Came to Achilles. Him he found before
His lofty barks, occupied, as he stood,
With boding fears of all that had befall’n.5
He groan’d, and to his noble self he said.

Thus the battle raged like a consuming fire.
In the meantime, Antilochus hurried over
To Achilles. He found him standing
Before his great ships, lost in thoughts,
Worried about all that had happened.5
He sighed, and said to himself.

Ah! wo is me—why falls Achaia’s host,
With such disorder foul, back on the fleet?
I tremble lest the Gods my anxious thoughts
Accomplish and my mother’s words, who erst10
Hath warn’d me, that the bravest and the best
Of all my Myrmidons, while yet I live,
Slain under Troy, must view the sun no more.
Brave Menœtiades is, doubtless, slain.
Unhappy friend! I bade thee oft, our barks15
Deliver’d once from hostile fires, not seek
To cope in arms with Hector, but return.

Ah! Woe is me—why is Achaia's army,
In such awful disorder, falling back on the fleet?
I’m afraid the gods will make my worst fears come true
And my mother’s words, who once10
Warned me that the bravest and best
Of all my Myrmidons, while I’m still alive,
Must die under Troy and see the sun no more.
Brave Menœtiades is surely dead.
Unfortunate friend! I often urged you, after our ships15
Were saved from enemy flames, not to face
Hector in battle, but to come back instead.

While musing thus he stood, the son approach’d
Of noble Nestor, and with tears his cheeks
Bedewing copious, his sad message told.20

While he was lost in thought, the son came near
To noble Nestor, and with tears streaming down
His cheeks, he delivered his sorrowful message.20

Oh son of warlike Peleus! thou shalt hear
Tidings of deeds which best had never been.
Patroclus is no more. The Grecians fight
For his bare corse, and Hector hath his arms.[1]

Oh son of the warrior Peleus! You will hear
News of deeds that would have been better left undone.
Patroclus is gone. The Greeks are fighting
For his lifeless body, and Hector has his armor.[1]

Then clouds of sorrow fell on Peleus’ son,25
And, grasping with both hands the ashes, down
He pour’d them on his head, his graceful brows
Dishonoring, and thick the sooty shower
Descending settled on his fragrant vest.
Then, stretch’d in ashes, at the vast extent30
Of his whole length he lay, disordering wild
With his own hands, and rending off his hair.
The maidens, captived by himself in war
And by Patroclus, shrieking from the tent
Ran forth, and hemm’d the glorious Chief around.[2]35
All smote their bosoms, and all, fainting, fell.
On the other side, Antilochus the hands
Held of Achilles, mourning and deep groans
Uttering from his noble heart, through fear
Lest Peleus’ son should perish self-destroy’d.40
Loud groan’d the hero, whose loud groans within
The gulfs of ocean, where she sat beside
Her ancient sire, his Goddess-mother heard,
And hearing shriek’d; around her at the voice
Assembled all the Nereids of the deep45
Cymodoce, Thalia, Glauca came,
Nisæa, Spio, Thoa, and with eyes
Protuberant beauteous Halia; came with these
Cymothöe, and Actæa, and the nymph
Of marshes, Limnorea, nor delay’d50
Agave, nor Amphithöe the swift,
Iæra, Doto, Melita, nor thence
Was absent Proto or Dynamene,
Callianira, Doris, Panope,
Pherusa or Amphinome, or fair55
Dexamene, or Galatea praised
For matchless form divine; Nemertes pure
Came also, with Apseudes crystal-bright,
Callianassa, Mæra, Clymene,
Janeira and Janassa, sister pair,60
And Orithya and with azure locks
Luxuriant, Amathea; nor alone
Came these, but every ocean-nymph beside,
The silver cave was fill’d; each smote her breast,
And Thetis, loud lamenting, thus began.65

Then clouds of sorrow fell on Peleus’ son,25
And, grasping the ashes with both hands, he
Poured them over his head, dishonoring his
Beautiful brows, while thick, sooty showers
Fell down and settled on his fragrant clothes.
Then, stretched out in the ashes, he lay across30
His entire length, wildly disheveled
As he pulled out his own hair. The maidens, taken
Captive by him in battle and by Patroclus,
Shrieked as they rushed from the tent
And surrounded the glorious Chief. 35
They all struck their chests, and one by one, they fainted.
On the other side, Antilochus held
Achilles' hands, mourning with deep groans
That came from his noble heart, fearing
That Peleus’ son might take his own life.40
The hero groaned loudly, his cries echoing within
The depths of the ocean, where his Goddess-mother sat
Next to her ancient father. She heard his voice,
And shrieked in response; all the Nereids of the deep45
Gathered around her at the sound:
Cymodoce, Thalia, Glauca came,
Nisæa, Spio, Thoa, and beautiful Halia,
With their bulging eyes; also came
Cymothöe, Actæa, and the nymph
Of the marshes, Limnorea, while Agave and50
Swift Amphithöe were not delayed,
Neither Iæra, Doto, Melita, nor were absent
Proto or Dynamene,
Callianira, Doris, Panope,
Pherusa, Amphinome, or lovely55
Dexamene, or Galatea, celebrated
For her unmatched beauty; Nemertes pure
Also arrived, along with crystal-bright Apseudes,
Callianassa, Mæra, Clymene,
Janeira and Janassa, the sister pair,60
And Orithya with her luxurious
Azure locks, Amathea; and it wasn't just
These, but every ocean-nymph came too,
The silver cave filled up; each struck her breast,
And Thetis, lamenting loudly, began to speak.65

Ye sister Nereids, hear! that ye may all
From my own lips my boundless sorrow learn.
Ah me forlorn! ah me, parent in vain
Of an illustrious birth! who, having borne
A noble son magnanimous, the chief70
Of heroes, saw him like a thriving plant
Shoot vigorous under my maternal care,
And sent him early in his gallant fleet
Embark’d, to combat with the sons of Troy.
But him from fight return’d I shall receive75
Beneath the roof of Peleus, never more;
And while he lives, and on the sun his eyes
Opens, he mourns, nor, going, can I aught
Assist him; yet I go, that I may see
My darling son, and from his lips be taught80
What grief hath now befallen him, who close
Abiding in his tent shares not the war.
So saying she left the cave, whom all her nymphs
Attended weeping, and where’er they pass’d
The breaking billows open’d wide a way.85
At fruitful Troy arrived, in order fair
They climb’d the beach, where by his numerous barks
Encompass’d, swift Achilles sighing lay.
Then, drawing nigh to her afflicted son,
The Goddess-mother press’d between her palms90
His temples, and in accents wing’d inquired.

You sister Nereids, listen! So you can all
Learn my endless sorrow from my own words.
Oh, I am so lost! Oh, I mourn, bringing forth
An illustrious lineage! I, who gave birth
To a noble, brave son, the leader70
Of heroes, watched him grow strong like a thriving plant
Under my care, and sent him out early
In his heroic fleet
To fight against the sons of Troy.
But when he returns from battle, I will see75
Him beneath Peleus' roof never again;
As long as he lives and opens his eyes
To the sun, he mourns, and I can do nothing
To help him; still, I go so I can see
My beloved son and learn from him80
What grief has now befallen him, as he stays
Close in his tent and does not join the fight.
Saying this, she left the cave, followed by all her nymphs,
Weeping, and wherever they went,
The crashing waves opened wide a path.85
Arriving at fruitful Troy, in graceful order
They climbed the beach, where, surrounded by many ships,
Achilles lay there, sighing.
Then, drawing near to her sorrowful son,
The Goddess-mother pressed her palms90
Against his temples and asked in gentle words.

Why weeps my son? what sorrow wrings thy soul?
Speak, hide it not. Jove hath fulfill’d the prayer
Which erst with lifted hands thou didst prefer,
That all Achaia’s host, wanting thy aid,95
Might be compell’d into the fleet, and foul
Disgrace incur, there prison’d for thy sake.

Why is my son crying? What grief is squeezing your heart?
Speak up, don’t hold back. Jupiter has answered the prayer
You once raised with outstretched hands,
That all the Achaean forces, lacking your support,95
Might be forced onto the ships and suffer
Such disgrace, imprisoned because of you.

To whom Achilles, groaning deep, replied.
My mother! it is true; Olympian Jove
That prayer fulfils; but thence, what joy to me,100
Patroclus slain? the friend of all my friends
Whom most I loved, dear to me as my life—
Him I have lost. Slain and despoil’d he lies
By Hector of his glorious armor bright,
The wonder of all eyes, a matchless gift105
Given by the Gods to Peleus on that day
When thee they doom’d into a mortal’s arms.
Oh that with these thy deathless ocean-nymphs
Dwelling content, thou hadst my father left
To espouse a mortal bride, so hadst thou ’scaped110
Pangs numberless which thou must now endure
For thy son’s death, whom thou shalt never meet
From Troy return’d, in Peleus’ mansion more!
For life I covet not, nor longer wish
To mix with human kind, unless my spear115
May find out Hector, and atonement take
By slaying him, for my Patroclus slain.

To whom Achilles, deeply groaning, replied.
My mother! It's true; Olympian Jove
Grants that prayer; but what joy does it bring me,100
Patroclus dead? The friend I loved most,
Dear to me as my life—
He's gone. Slain and stripped, he lies
By Hector, who took his glorious shining armor,
The awe of all eyes, a unique gift105
Given by the Gods to Peleus on the day
When they destined you to a mortal’s arms.
Oh, if only you had left my father
To marry a mortal woman, residing happily with your deathless ocean-nymphs,
Then you could have escaped110
The countless pains you must now endure
For your son's death, whom you will never see
Return from Troy, to Peleus' home again!
For life, I don't want; I no longer wish
To be among humans, unless my spear115
Can find Hector and seek revenge
By killing him for my slain Patroclus.

To whom, with streaming tears, Thetis replied.
Swift comes thy destiny as thou hast said,
For after Hector’s death thine next ensues.120

To whom, with streaming tears, Thetis replied.
Swift comes your destiny as you have said,
For after Hector’s death, yours follows.120

Then answer, thus, indignant he return’d.
Death, seize me now! since when my friend was slain,
My doom was, not to succor him. He died
From home remote, and wanting me to save him.
Now, therefore, since I neither visit more125
My native land, nor, present here, have aught
Avail’d Patroclus or my many friends
Whom noble Hector hath in battle slain,
But here I sit unprofitable grown,
Earth’s burden, though of such heroic note,130
If not in council foremost (for I yield
That prize to others) yet in feats of arms,
Such as none other in Achaia’s host,
May fierce contention from among the Gods
Perish, and from among the human race,135
With wrath, which sets the wisest hearts on fire;
Sweeter than dropping honey to the taste,
But in the bosom of mankind, a smoke![3]
Such was my wrath which Agamemnon roused,
The king of men. But since the past is fled140
Irrevocable, howsoe’er distress’d,
Renounce we now vain musings on the past,
Content through sad necessity. I go
In quest of noble Hector, who hath slain
My loved Patroclus, and such death will take145
As Jove ordains me and the Powers of Heaven
At their own season, send it when they may.
For neither might the force of Hercules,
Although high-favored of Saturnian Jove,
From death escape, but Fate and the revenge150
Restless of Juno vanquish’d even Him.
I also, if a destiny like his
Await me, shall, like him, find rest in death;
But glory calls me now; now will I make
Some Trojan wife or Dardan with both hands155
Wipe her soft cheeks, and utter many a groan.
Long time have I been absent from the field,
And they shall know it. Love me as thou may’st,
Yet thwart me not, for I am fixt to go.

Then he replied, indignant, "Death, take me now! Ever since my friend was killed, my doom has been not to help him. He died far from home, wanting me to save him. So now, since I no longer visit my homeland or have done anything here to help Patroclus or my many friends whom noble Hector has killed in battle, I just sit here, worthless, a burden on the earth, even though I’ve earned a heroic reputation. If not the foremost in counsel (I concede that title to others), yet in feats of arms, none in Achaia’s army can match me. May fierce conflicts among the gods disappear, and among humans too, along with the wrath that ignites even the wisest hearts; sweeter than honey to the taste but a smoke in the hearts of mankind! Such was the wrath Agamemnon stirred in me, the king of men. But since the past can't be changed, no matter how distressed we are, let’s give up on pointless regrets and accept our necessary sadness. I’m off to find noble Hector, who killed my beloved Patroclus, and I will take the death that Jove and the heavenly powers have destined for me whenever they choose. Not even Hercules, favored by Saturnian Jove, could escape death, but Fate and Juno’s relentless revenge defeated even him. I too, if a fate like his awaits me, will, like him, find peace in death; but glory calls to me now; I will make some Trojan or Dardan woman wipe her soft cheeks with both hands and let out many groans. I’ve been away from the battlefield for too long, and they will know it. Love me as you may, but don’t try to stop me; I am determined to go."

Whom Thetis answer’d, Goddess of the Deep.160
Thou hast well said, my son! it is no blame
To save from threaten’d death our suffering friends.
But thy magnificent and dazzling arms
Are now in Trojan hands; them Hector wears
Exulting, but ordain’d not long to exult,165
So habited; his death is also nigh.
But thou with yonder warring multitudes
Mix not till thou behold me here again;
For with the rising sun I will return
To-morrow, and will bring thee glorious arms,170
By Vulcan forged himself, the King of fire.[4]

Whom Thetis answered, Goddess of the Deep.160
You’ve said it well, my son! It’s no shame
To save our suffering friends from impending death.
But your magnificent and dazzling weapons
Are now in Trojan hands; Hector is wearing them
With pride, but he won’t be able to enjoy it for long,165
Dressed like that; his death is coming soon.
But don’t mix with those warring crowds
Until you see me here again;
For when the sun rises, I’ll be back
Tomorrow, and I’ll bring you glorious weapons,170
Forged by Vulcan himself, the King of fire.[4]

She said, and turning from her son aside,
The sisterhood of Ocean thus address’d.

She said, and turning away from her son,
The sisterhood of Ocean spoke like this.

Plunge ye again into the briny Deep,
And to the hoary Sovereign of the floods175
Report as ye have heard. I to the heights
Olympian haste, that I may there obtain
From Vulcan, glorious artist of the skies,
Arms of excelling beauty for my son.

Dive back into the salty sea,
And report to the ancient ruler of the waters175
What you have heard. I rush to the heights
Of Olympus, so I can get
From Vulcan, the magnificent craftsman of the heavens,
Exceptional arms for my son.

She said; they plunged into the waves again,180
And silver-footed Thetis, to the heights
Olympian soaring swiftly to obtain
Arms for renown’d Achilles, disappear’d.

She said; they dived back into the waves again,180
And silver-footed Thetis quickly soared
To the heights of Olympus to get
Armor for the renowned Achilles, and vanished.

Meantime, with infinite uproar the Greeks
From Hector’s hero-slaying arm had fled185
Home to their galleys station’d on the banks
Of Hellespont. Nor yet Achaia’s sons
Had borne the body of Patroclus clear
From flight of darts away, but still again
The multitude of warriors and of steeds190
Came on, by Priameian Hector led
Rapid as fire. Thrice noble Hector seized
His ancles from behind, ardent to drag
Patroclus, calling to his host the while;
But thrice, the two Ajaces, clothed with might,195
Shock’d and repulsed him reeling. He with force
Fill’d indefatigable, through his ranks
Issuing, by turns assail’d them, and by turns
Stood clamoring, yet not a step retired;
But as the hinds deter not from his prey200
A tawny lion by keen hunger urged,
So would not both Ajaces, warriors bold,
Intimidate and from the body drive
Hector; and he had dragg’d him thence and won
Immortal glory, but that Iris, sent205
Unseen by Jove and by the powers of heaven,
From Juno, to Achilles brought command
That he should show himself. Full near she drew,
And in wing’d accents thus the Chief address’d.

Meanwhile, with a huge commotion, the Greeks
Fled from Hector’s deadly attacks
Back to their ships moored along the banks
Of the Hellespont. The sons of Achaia
Hadn't yet managed to carry Patroclus' body
Out of the rain of arrows, but still again
The crowds of warriors and horses
Charged on, led by Hector of Priam,
As fast as fire. Thrice noble Hector grabbed
His ankles from behind, eager to drag
Patroclus, calling out to his troops at the same time;
But three times, the two Ajaces, strong and mighty,
Shocked and pushed him back, making him stagger. He, full of strength,
Pressed through his ranks,
Attacking them in turns, while also
Standing his ground, never backing down;
But like a hungry lion,
Determined and fierce,
Would not let the two Ajaces intimidate him or drive
Hector away from the body; he would have dragged
Him off and gained eternal glory, except that Iris,
Sent unseen by Jove and the gods,
Brought word from Juno to Achilles,
Telling him he should reveal himself. She came close,
And in swift tones spoke to the Chief.

Hero! most terrible of men, arise!210
protect Patroclus, for whose sake the war
Stands at the fleet of Greece. Mutual prevails
The slaughter, these the dead defending, those
Resolute hence to drag him to the gates
Of wind-swept Ilium. But beyond them all215
Illustrious Hector, obstinate is bent
To win him, purposing to lop his head,
And to exhibit it impaled on high.
Thou then arise, nor longer on the ground
Lie stretch’d inactive; let the thought with shame220
Touch thee, of thy Patroclus made the sport
Of Trojan dogs, whose corse, if it return
Dishonored home, brings with it thy reproach.

Hero! Most terrible of men, arise!210
Protect Patroclus, for whom the war
Stands at the Greek fleet. A mutual slaughter prevails,
The dead defending him, while others
Resolve to drag him to the gates
Of windswept Ilium. But beyond them all215
Illustrious Hector is determined
To win him, planning to cut off his head
And display it high up. So rise then, and no longer
Lie stretched out on the ground,
Let the thought of your Patroclus, made the sport220
Of Trojan dogs, shame you; if his corpse returns
Dishonored home, it brings with it your disgrace.

To whom Achilles matchless in the race.
Iris divine! of all the Gods, who sent thee?225

To whom Achilles unmatched in the race.
Iris divine! Of all the gods, who sent you?225

Then, thus, the swift ambassadress of heaven.
By Juno sent I come, consort of Jove.
Nor knows Saturnian Jove high-throned, himself,
My flight, nor any of the Immortal Powers,
Tenants of the Olympian heights snow-crown’d.230

Then, so, the quick messenger from heaven.
Sent by Juno, I come, partner of Jove.
Nor does Saturnian Jove, high-seated himself,
Know of my flight, nor do any of the Immortal Powers,
Residents of the snow-capped Olympian heights.230

Her answer’d then Pelides, glorious Chief.
How shall I seek the fight? they have my arms.
My mother charged me also to abstain
From battle, till she bring me armor new
Which she hath promised me from Vulcan’s hand.235
Meantime, whose armor else might serve my need
I know not, save perhaps alone the shield
Of Telamonian Ajax, whom I deem
Himself now busied in the stormy van,
Slaying the Trojans in my friend’s defence.240

Then Achilles, the great warrior, replied, "How can I find a way to fight when they have my armor? My mother also told me to stay out of battle Until she brings me new armor, which she promised From Vulcan’s hands. In the meantime, I don’t know whose armor could help me, Except maybe the shield of Ajax, the son of Telamon, Who I think is currently at the front, Fighting against the Trojans to defend my friend."

To whom the swift-wing’d messenger of heaven,
Full well we know thine armor Hector’s prize
Yet, issuing to the margin of the foss,
Show thyself only. Panic-seized, perchance,
The Trojans shall from fight desist, and yield245
To the o’ertoil’d though dauntless sons of Greece
Short respite; it is all that war allows.

To whom the speedy messenger of the gods,
We know very well that your armor belongs to Hector,
But, stepping to the edge of the trench,
Just show yourself. The Trojans might be struck with fear,
And stop fighting, surrendering245
To the weary but fearless sons of Greece.
A brief break is all that war permits.

So saying, the storm-wing’d Iris disappear’d.
Then rose at once Achilles dear to Jove,
Athwart whose shoulders broad Minerva cast250
Her Ægis fringed terrific, and his brows
Encircled with a golden cloud that shot
Fires insupportable to sight abroad.
As when some island, situate afar
On the wide waves, invested all the day255
By cruel foes from their own city pour’d,
Upsends a smoke to heaven, and torches shows
On all her turrets at the close of eve
Which flash against the clouds, kindled in hope
Of aid from neighbor maritime allies,260
So from Achilles’ head light flash’d to heaven.
Issuing through the wall, beside the foss
He stood, but mix’d not with Achaia’s host,
Obedient to his mother’s wise command.
He stood and shouted; Pallas also raised265
A dreadful shout and tumult infinite
Excited throughout all the host of Troy.
Clear as the trumpet’s note when it proclaims
A numerous host approaching to invest
Some city close around, so clear the voice270
Rang of Æacides, and tumult-toss’d
Was every soul that heard the brazen tone.
With swift recoil the long-maned coursers thrust
The chariots back, all boding wo at hand,
And every charioteer astonish’d saw275
Fires that fail’d not, illumining the brows
Of Peleus’ son, by Pallas kindled there.
Thrice o’er the trench Achilles sent his voice
Sonorous, and confusion at the sound
Thrice seized the Trojans, and their famed allies.280
Twelve in that moment of their noblest died
By their own spears and chariots, and with joy
The Grecians from beneath a hill of darts
Dragging Patroclus, placed him on his bier.
Around him throng’d his fellow-warriors bold,285
All weeping, after whom Achilles went
Fast-weeping also at the doleful sight
Of his true friend on his funereal bed
Extended, gash’d with many a mortal wound,
Whom he had sent into the fight with steeds290
And chariot, but received him thence no more.

With that, the storm-winged Iris vanished. Then, Achilles, beloved by Jove, rose up swiftly, Minerva threw her terrifying Ægis over his broad shoulders, And a golden cloud surrounded his brows, Shooting out blinding fires in all directions. Like when an island far away, All day long besieged by cruel enemies from their own city, Sends smoke up to the sky and displays torches On all its towers at dusk, Flashing against the clouds, kindled in hope For help from neighboring maritime allies, So from Achilles’ head light flashed up to heaven. Standing beside the wall near the ditch, He remained apart from Achaia’s army, Obeying his mother’s wise command. He stood and shouted; Pallas also raised A terrible shout that stirred infinite turmoil Throughout the entire host of Troy. As clear as a trumpet’s call announcing A large army approaching to surround Some city nearby, so clear was the voice Of Achilles, and every soul that heard that metallic tone Was thrown into chaos. With a violent start, the long-maned horses pulled The chariots back, all foreseeing coming doom, And every charioteer, astonished, saw The unquenchable fires lighting up The brows of Peleus’ son, ignited by Pallas. Three times, over the trench, Achilles shouted Loudly, and at the sound, confusion Seized the Trojans and their famous allies. In that moment, twelve of their noblest fell, Killed by their own spears and chariots, and with joy The Greeks dragged Patroclus from under a hill of darts, Laying him on his bier. His brave fellow warriors gathered around, All weeping, as Achilles followed, Crying heavily at the sorrowful sight Of his true friend on his funeral bed, Extended, wounded by many fatal strikes, Whom he had sent into battle with horses And chariot, but would never bring back.

And now majestic Juno sent the sun,
Unwearied minister of light, although
Reluctant, down into the Ocean stream.[5]
So the sun sank, and the Achaians ceased295
From the all-wasting labors of the war.
On the other side, the Trojans, from the fight
Retiring, loosed their steeds, but ere they took
Thought of refreshment, in full council met.
It was a council at which no man sat,300
Or dared; all stood; such terror had on all
Fallen, for that Achilles had appear’d,
After long pause from battle’s arduous toil.
First rose Polydamas the prudent son
Of Panthus, above all the Trojans skill’d305
Both in futurity and in the past.
He was the friend of Hector, and one night
Gave birth to both. In council one excell’d
And one still more in feats of high renown.
Thus then, admonishing them, he began.310

And now, majestic Juno sent the sun,
Tireless bringer of light, though
Reluctant, down into the ocean stream.[5]
So the sun sank, and the Achaeans stopped295
From the exhausting struggles of the war.
On the other side, the Trojans, retreating from the fight,
Unhitched their horses, but before they thought
About resting, they gathered for a full council.
It was a council where no one sat,300
Or dared; all stood; such fear had fallen on all
Because Achilles had appeared,
After a long break from the hard toil of battle.
First, Polydamas, the wise son
Of Panthus, rose up, the most skilled of all the Trojans305
In both anticipating the future and recalling the past.
He was a friend of Hector, and they were both born
One night. In council, one excelled
And the other even more in great deeds.
Thus, he began to advise them.310

My friends! weigh well the occasion. Back to Troy
By my advice, nor wait the sacred morn
Here, on the plain, from Ilium’s walls remote
So long as yet the anger of this Chief
’Gainst noble Agamemnon burn’d, so long315
We found the Greeks less formidable foes,
And I rejoiced, myself, spending the night
Beside their oary barks, for that I hoped
To seize them; but I now tremble at thought
Of Peleus’ rapid son again in arms.320
A spirit proud as his will scorn to fight
Here, on the plain, where Greeks and Trojans take
Their common share of danger and of toil,
And will at once strike at your citadel,
Impatient till he make your wives his prey.325
Haste—let us home—else thus shall it befall;
Night’s balmy influence in his tent detains
Achilles now, but rushing arm’d abroad
To-morrow, should he find us lingering here,
None shall mistake him then; happy the man330
Who soonest, then, shall ’scape to sacred Troy!
Then, dogs shall make and vultures on our flesh
Plenteous repast. Oh spare mine ears the tale!
But if, though troubled, ye can yet receive
My counsel, thus assembled we will keep335
Strict guard to-night; meantime, her gates and towers
With all their mass of solid timbers, smooth
And cramp’d with bolts of steel, will keep the town.
But early on the morrow we will stand
All arm’d on Ilium’s towers. Then, if he choose,340
His galleys left, to compass Troy about,
He shall be task’d enough; his lofty steeds
Shall have their fill of coursing to and fro
Beneath, and gladly shall to camp return.
But waste the town he shall not, nor attempt345
With all the utmost valor that he boasts
To force a pass; dogs shall devour him first.

My friends! Consider the situation carefully. We're going back to Troy.
In my opinion, we shouldn't wait for the sacred dawn.
Here, far from the walls of Ilium,
As long as the anger of this Chief
Against noble Agamemnon still burns, we find
The Greeks to be less intimidating foes,
And I was happy to spend the night
Next to their rowboats, hoping
To capture them; but now I’m afraid
Of Peleus’ swift son preparing for battle.320
A proud spirit like his will refuse to fight
Here, on the field, where Greeks and Trojans share
In the dangers and struggles,
And he will attack your stronghold immediately,
Eager to take your wives as spoil.325
Hurry—let’s return home—or else this will be our fate;
The calm of the night is keeping
Achilles in his tent right now, but if he comes out
Armed tomorrow and finds us hanging around,
No one will mistake him then; the lucky guy330
Who escapes to sacred Troy first will be fortunate!
Then, dogs and vultures will feast on our bodies.
Oh, please spare me that story!
But if, despite the trouble, you can still follow
My advice, let’s stay gathered and keep335
A close watch tonight; meanwhile, the gates and towers,
With all their solid wood and reinforced with
Steel bolts, will protect the city.
But early tomorrow, we’ll be ready,
Fully armed on the towers of Ilium. Then, if he wants,340
To leave his ships and surround Troy,
He'll have plenty of work to do; his mighty horses
Will run back and forth below,
And they’ll happily return to camp.
But he won't destroy the city, nor will he try345
With all the strength he claims
To force a way in; the dogs will eat him first.

To whom brave Hector louring, and in wrath.
Polydamas, I like not thy advice
Who bidd’st us in our city skulk, again350
Imprison’d there. Are ye not yet content?
Wish ye for durance still in your own towers?
Time was, when in all regions under heaven
Men praised the wealth of Priam’s city stored
With gold and brass; but all our houses now355
Stand emptied of their hidden treasures rare.
Jove in his wrath hath scatter’d them; our wealth
Is marketed, and Phrygia hath a part
Purchased, and part Mæonia’s lovely land.
But since the son of wily Saturn old360
Hath given me glory now, and to inclose
The Grecians in their fleet hemm’d by the sea,
Fool! taint not with such talk the public mind.
For not a Trojan here will thy advice
Follow, or shall; it hath not my consent.365
But thus I counsel. Let us, band by band,
Throughout the host take supper, and let each,
Guarded against nocturnal danger, watch.
And if a Trojan here be rack’d in mind
Lest his possessions perish, let him cast370
His golden heaps into the public maw,[6]
Far better so consumed than by the Greeks.
Then, with the morrow’s dawn, all fair array’d
In battle, we will give them at their fleet
Sharp onset, and if Peleus’ noble son375
Have risen indeed to conflict for the ships,
The worse for him. I shall not for his sake
Avoid the deep-toned battle, but will firm
Oppose his utmost. Either he shall gain
Or I, great glory. Mars his favors deals380
Impartial, and the slayer oft is slain.
So counsell’d Hector, whom with shouts of praise
The Trojans answer’d:—fools, and by the power
Of Pallas of all sober thought bereft!
For all applauded Hector, who had given385
Advice pernicious, and Polydamas,
Whose counsel was discreet and wholesome none.
So then they took repast. But all night long
The Grecians o’er Patroclus wept aloud,
While, standing in the midst, Pelides led390
The lamentation, heaving many a groan,
And on the bosom of his breathless friend
Imposing, sad, his homicidal hands.
As the grim lion, from whose gloomy lair
Among thick trees the hunter hath his whelps395
Purloin’d, too late returning mourns his loss,
Then, up and down, the length of many a vale
Courses, exploring fierce the robber’s foot,
Incensed as he, and with a sigh deep-drawn
Thus to his Myrmidons Achilles spake.400

To whom brave Hector scowled, filled with anger.
Polydamas, I don’t like your advice
That tells us to hide in our city, once again350
Imprisoned there. Are you not yet satisfied?
Do you still wish to be locked up in your own towers?
There was a time when people praised the wealth
Of Priam’s city, filled with gold and brass;
But now all our houses355
Are empty of their hidden treasures.
Jove in his anger has scattered them; our riches
Are sold off, with parts going to Phrygia
And parts to lovely Mæonia.
But since the son of crafty old Saturn360
Has granted me glory now and the chance
To corner the Greeks in their ships by the sea,
Fool! Don’t taint the public’s mind with such talk.
Not one Trojan here will follow your advice
Or agree, it doesn’t have my backing.365
Instead, here’s my counsel. Let us, group by group,
Have dinner throughout the camp, and let each,
On guard against night-time dangers, keep watch.
And if any Trojan is worried about losing
His possessions, let him throw370
His gold into the public pot; better for it to be consumed
Than for the Greeks to take it.
Then, at dawn, all properly equipped
For battle, we will charge at their fleet
And if Peleus’ noble son375
Has truly come to fight for the ships,
Too bad for him. I won't back down
From the deep battle just for his sake,
But will stand firm against him. Either he will gain
Or I, great glory. Mars gives his favors380
Without bias, and the killer is often slain.
So Hector advised, and the Trojans answered him with shouts of praise:
—Fools, stripped of all sober thought by the power
Of Pallas!
For everyone praised Hector, who had given385
Bad advice, while Polydamas,
Whose counsel was wise and sound, got none.
Then they had their meal. But all night long
The Greeks wept aloud over Patroclus,
While, standing in the middle, Pelides led390
The mourning, letting out many groans,
And resting, sad, his murderous hands on
The chest of his breathless friend.
Like a grim lion, from whose dark den
The hunter has stolen his whelps among thick trees,395
He returns too late, lamenting his loss,
Then, up and down, through many valleys
He searches fiercely for the robber’s tracks,
Angry as he is, and with a deep sigh
Thus spoke Achilles to his Myrmidons.400

How vain, alas! my word spoken that day
At random, when to soothe the hero’s fears
Menœtius, then our guest, I promised him
His noble son at Opoeis again,
Living and laden with the spoils of Troy!405
But Jove performs not all the thoughts of man,
For we were both destined to tinge the soil
Of Ilium with our blood, nor I shall see,
Myself, my father in his mansion more
Or Thetis, but must find my burial here.410
Yet, my Patroclus! since the earth expects
Me next, I will not thy funereal rites
Finish, till I shall bring both head and arms
Of that bold Chief who slew thee, to my tent.
I also will smite off, before thy pile,415
The heads of twelve illustrious sons of Troy,
Resentful of thy death. Meantime, among
My lofty galleys thou shalt lie, with tears
Mourn’d day and night by Trojan captives fair
And Dardan compassing thy bier around,420
Whom we, at price of labor hard, ourselves
With massy spears toiling in battle took
From many an opulent city, now no more.

How vain, unfortunately! My words spoken that day
Randomly, when to calm the hero’s fears
Menœtius, then our guest, I promised him
His noble son would return to Opoeis,
Alive and carrying the spoils of Troy!405
But Jove doesn’t fulfill all of man's wishes,
For we were both fated to stain the soil
Of Ilium with our blood, and I won’t see,
Myself, my father in his home again,
Or Thetis, but must find my grave here.410
Yet, my Patroclus! since the earth expects
Me next, I won’t complete your funeral rites
Until I bring both head and arms
Of the brave Chief who killed you, to my tent.
I will also strike off, before your pyre,415
The heads of twelve notable sons of Troy,
Angry about your death. In the meantime, among
My high ships, you shall lie, with tears
Mourned day and night by beautiful Trojan captives
And Dardan around your bier,420
Whom we, at the cost of hard labor, ourselves
Captured in battle with heavy spears
From many a once-prosperous city, now gone.

So saying, he bade his train surround with fire
A tripod huge, that they might quickly cleanse425
Patroclus from all stain of clotted gore.
They on the blazing hearth a tripod placed
Capacious, fill’d with water its wide womb,
And thrust dry wood beneath, till, fierce, the flames
Embraced it round, and warm’d the flood within.430
Soon as the water in the singing brass
Simmer’d, they bathed him, and with limpid oil
Anointed; filling, next, his ruddy wounds
With unguent mellow’d by nine circling years,
They stretch’d him on his bed, then cover’d him435
From head to feet with linen texture light,
And with a wide unsullied mantle, last.[7]
All night the Myrmidons around the swift
Achilles stood, deploring loud his friend,
And Jove his spouse and sister thus bespake.440

So saying, he ordered his followers to surround a large tripod with fire
so they could quickly cleanse Patroclus of all the clotted blood.
They placed the tripod on the blazing hearth,
which was spacious and filled with water,
and added dry wood underneath until the flames
fiercely wrapped around it and warmed the water inside.
As soon as the water in the shining bronze
began to simmer, they bathed him and anointed him with clear oil;
then they filled his deep wounds
with an ointment aged for nine years.
They laid him on his bed, then covered him
from head to toe with a light linen fabric
and finally with a large, clean mantle.
All night, the Myrmidons stood around the swift
Achilles, mourning loudly for his friend,
and Jove spoke to his wife and sister.

So then, Imperial Juno! not in vain
Thou hast the swift Achilles sought to rouse
Again to battle; the Achaians, sure,
Are thy own children, thou hast borne them all.

So then, Imperial Juno! Your efforts are not in vain
You’ve sought to stir the swift Achilles
Back into battle; surely the Achaians
Are your own children, you have given birth to them all.

To whom the awful Goddess ample-eyed.445
What word hath pass’d thy lips, Jove, most severe?
A man, though mortal merely, and to me
Inferior in device, might have achieved
That labor easily. Can I who boast
Myself the chief of Goddesses, and such450
Not by birth only, but as thine espoused,
Who art thyself sovereign of all the Gods,
Can I with anger burn against the house
Of Priam, and want means of just revenge?

To whom the terrifying, all-seeing Goddess.445
What words have come from your lips, Jove, so harsh?
A man, just a mortal, and to me
Less clever, could have accomplished
That task easily. Can I, who proudly
Claim to be the queen of Goddesses, and not just450
By birth but also as your wife,
You, the ruler of all the Gods,
Can I feel anger towards the house
Of Priam, and lack the means for proper revenge?

Thus they in heaven their mutual conference455
Meantime, the silver-footed Thetis reach’d
The starr’d abode eternal, brazen wall’d
Of Vulcan, by the builder lame himself
Uprear’d, a wonder even in eyes divine.
She found him sweating, at his bellows huge460
Toiling industrious; tripods bright he form’d
Twenty at once, his palace-wall to grace
Ranged in harmonious order. Under each
Two golden wheels he set, on which (a sight
Marvellous!) into council they should roll465
Self-moved, and to his house, self-moved, return.
Thus far the work was finish’d, but not yet
Their ears of exquisite design affixt,
For them he stood fashioning, and prepared
The rivets. While he thus his matchless skill470
Employ’d laborious, to his palace-gate
The silver-footed Thetis now advanced,
Whom Charis, Vulcan’s well-attired spouse,
Beholding from the palace portal, flew
To seize the Goddess’ hand, and thus inquired.475

So they in heaven had their mutual discussion.455
Meanwhile, the silver-footed Thetis reached
The eternal starlit home, with walls of bronze
Built by Vulcan, the god himself who was lame,
A wonder even to divine eyes.
She found him sweating over his huge bellows,460
Working hard; he was shaping twenty bright tripods
At once, to decorate the walls of his palace,
Arranged in perfect order. Under each
He placed two golden wheels, which (a marvelous sight!)465
Would roll into council on their own and return to his house, self-moved.
This much of the work was done, but not yet
Had he attached the exquisitely designed ears,
For those he was busy crafting and preparing the rivets.
While he applied his unmatched skill with great effort,470
The silver-footed Thetis approached his palace gate,
Whom Charis, Vulcan’s well-dressed wife,
Saw from the palace doorway and rushed
To take the Goddess’ hand, asking her this.475

Why, Thetis! worthy of all reverence
And of all love, comest thou to our abode,
Unfrequent here? But enter, and accept
Such welcome as to such a guest is due.

Why, Thetis! deserving of all respect
And all love, why do you come to our home,
So rarely visited? But come in, and receive
A warm welcome that a guest like you deserves.

So saying, she introduced and to a seat480
Led her with argent studs border’d around
And foot-stool’d sumptuously;[8] then, calling forth
Her spouse, the glorious artist, thus she said.

So saying, she introduced her and led her to a seat480
Adorned with silver studs and a lavish footstool; [8] then, calling forth
Her husband, the brilliant artist, she said this.

Haste, Vulcan! Thetis wants thee; linger not.
To whom the artist of the skies replied.485

Hurry, Vulcan! Thetis needs you; don’t waste any time.
To whom the artist of the skies replied.485

A Goddess then, whom with much cause I love
And venerate is here, who when I fell
Saved me, what time my shameless mother sought
To cast me, because lame, out of all sight;
Then had I been indeed forlorn, had not490
Eurynome the daughter of the Deep
And Thetis in their laps received me fallen.
Nine years with them residing, for their use
I form’d nice trinkets, clasps, rings, pipes, and chains,
While loud around our hollow cavern roar’d495
The surge of the vast deep, nor God nor man,
Save Thetis and Eurynome, my life’s
Preservers, knew where I was kept conceal’d.
Since, therefore, she is come, I cannot less
Than recompense to Thetis amber-hair’d500
With readiness the boon of life preserved.
Haste, then, and hospitably spread the board
For her regale, while with my best dispatch
I lay my bellows and my tools aside.

A Goddess, whom I love and honor for good reason, is here. When I fell, she saved me at a time when my shameless mother wanted to cast me out of sight because I was lame. I would have truly been lost if Eurynome, the daughter of the Deep, and Thetis hadn’t taken me in when I fell. I spent nine years with them, making nice trinkets, clasps, rings, pipes, and chains for their use, while the sound of the vast ocean roared around our hollow cave. No god or man, except for Thetis and Eurynome, my life’s saviors, knew where I was hidden. Since she has come, I must give back to Thetis, with her beautiful amber hair, for the gift of life she saved. Hurry, then, and hospitably set the table for her feast while I quickly put aside my bellows and tools.

He spake, and vast in bulk and hot with toil505
Rose limping from beside his anvil-stock
Upborne, with pain on legs tortuous and weak.
First, from the forge dislodged he thrust apart
His bellows, and his tools collecting all
Bestow’d them, careful, in a silver chest,510
Then all around with a wet sponge he wiped
His visage, and his arms and brawny neck
Purified, and his shaggy breast from smutch;
Last, putting on his vest, he took in hand
His sturdy staff, and shuffled through the door.515
Beside the King of fire two golden forms
Majestic moved, that served him in the place
Of handmaids; young they seem’d, and seem’d alive,
Nor want they intellect, or speech, or force,
Or prompt dexterity by the Gods inspired.520
These his supporters were, and at his side
Attendant diligent, while he, with gait
Uncouth, approaching Thetis where she sat
On a bright throne, seized fast her hand and said,

He spoke, and huge and weary from his work505
He hobbled up from beside his anvil
Struggling with his tired, twisted legs.
First, he pulled apart the bellows from the forge,
Then gathered all his tools
And carefully placed them in a silver chest,510
Next, he wiped his face and arms and muscular neck
Clean with a wet sponge, washing away the grime;
Finally, he put on his shirt, grabbed his sturdy staff,
And shuffled out the door.515
Next to the fire god, two golden figures
Moved majestically, serving him like handmaids;
They looked young and seemed alive,
And they lacked neither intellect, nor speech, nor strength,
Or the swift skill inspired by the Gods.520
These were his helpers, diligently at his side,
While he, with an awkward gait, approached Thetis as she sat
On a shining throne, grasped her hand, and said,

Why, Thetis! worthy as thou art of love525
And of all reverence, hast thou arrived,
Unfrequent here? Speak—tell me thy desire,
Nor doubt my services, if thou demand
Things possible, and possible to me.

Why, Thetis! deserving of love and all respect, why have you come here so rarely? Speak—tell me what you want, and don't hesitate to ask for anything within my power to provide.

Then Thetis, weeping plenteously, replied.530
Oh Vulcan! Is there on Olympius’ heights
A Goddess with such load of sorrow press’d
As, in peculiar, Jove assigns to me?
Me only, of all ocean-nymphs, he made
Spouse to a man, Peleus Æacides,535
Whose bed, although reluctant and perforce,
I yet endured to share. He now, the prey
Of cheerless age, decrepid lies, and Jove
Still other woes heaps on my wretched head.
He gave me to bring forth, gave me to rear540
A son illustrious, valiant, and the chief
Of heroes; he, like a luxuriant plant
Upran[9] to manhood, while his lusty growth
I nourish’d as the husbandman his vine
Set in a fruitful field, and being grown545
I sent him early in his gallant fleet
Embark’d, to combat with the sons of Troy;
But him from fight return’d I shall receive,
Beneath the roof of Peleus, never more,
And while he lives and on the sun his eyes550
Opens, affliction is his certain doom,
Nor aid resides or remedy in me.
The virgin, his own portion of the spoils,
Allotted to him by the Grecians—her
Atrides, King of men, resumed, and grief555
Devour’d Achilles’ spirit for her sake.
Meantime, the Trojans shutting close within
Their camp the Grecians, have forbidden them
All egress, and the senators of Greece
Have sought with splendid gifts to soothe my son.560
He, indisposed to rescue them himself
From ruin, sent, instead, Patroclus forth,
Clad in his own resplendent armor, Chief
Of the whole host of Myrmidons. Before
The Scæan gate from morn to eve they fought,565
And on that self-same day had Ilium fallen,
But that Apollo, to advance the fame
Of Hector, slew Menœtius’ noble son
Full-flush’d with victory. Therefore at thy knees
Suppliant I fall, imploring from thine art570
A shield and helmet, greaves of shapely form
With clasps secured, and corselet for my son.
For those, once his, his faithful friend hath lost,
Slain by the Trojans, and Achilles lies,
Himself, extended mournful on the ground.575

Then Thetis, crying a lot, replied.530
Oh Vulcan! Is there on Olympus’ heights
A Goddess with such a heavy burden of sorrow
As the one Jove has placed on me?
I alone, out of all the ocean nymphs, he made
The wife of a man, Peleus, son of Æacus,535
Whose bed, though I was unwilling and forced,
I still endured to share. He now, consumed
By sorrowful old age, lies feeble, and Jove
Keeps piling more troubles on my unfortunate head.
He granted me to give birth, to raise540
A son who is distinguished, brave, and the finest
Of heroes; he grew up like a thriving plant,
While I nurtured him like a farmer nurtures his vine
Set in a fruitful field, and as he matured545
I sent him off early in his brave fleet
To fight against the sons of Troy;
But I will never receive him back from battle,
Under Peleus’s roof, and while he lives, with his eyes550
Open to the sun, suffering is his certain fate,
And there’s no help or remedy from me.
The maiden, his share of the spoils,
Assigned to him by the Greeks—her
Atrides, King of men, took back, and grief555
Consumed Achilles’ spirit for her.
Meanwhile, the Trojans, keeping the Greeks
Confined within their camp, have blocked all exit,
And the leaders of Greece
Have tried with lavish gifts to appease my son.560
He, unwilling to save them himself
From destruction, instead sent out Patroclus,
Dressed in his own shining armor, the Chief
Of the whole Myrmidon army. Before
The Scæan gate, they fought from morning till evening,565
And on that very day, Ilium would have fallen,
But Apollo, wanting to boost the fame
Of Hector, killed the noble son of Menœtius,
Full of victory. Therefore, at your knees,
I come as a supplicant, begging for your skill570
To provide a shield and helmet, well-shaped greaves
With secure clasps, and a breastplate for my son.
For those, once his, his loyal friend has lost,
Slain by the Trojans, and Achilles lies,
Himself, stretched out mournfully on the ground.575

Her answer’d then the artist of the skies.
Courage! Perplex not with these cares thy soul.
I would that when his fatal hour shall come,
I could as sure secrete him from the stroke
Of destiny, as he shall soon have arms580
Illustrious, such as each particular man
Of thousands, seeing them, shall wish his own.

Her response then came from the artist of the skies.
Be brave! Don’t let these worries trouble your soul.
I wish that when his doomed time arrives,
I could hide him from the blow
Of fate as easily as he will soon possess
Remarkable arms, ones that every man
Among thousands, seeing them, would wish to own.

He said, and to his bellows quick repair’d,
Which turning to the fire he bade them heave.
Full twenty bellows working all at once595
Breathed on the furnace, blowing easy and free
The managed winds, now forcible, as best
Suited dispatch, now gentle, if the will
Of Vulcan and his labor so required.
Impenetrable brass, tin, silver, gold,590
He cast into the forge, then, settling firm
His ponderous anvil on the block, one hand
With his huge hammer fill’d, one with the tongs.

He said, and quickly fixed the bellows,
Which he turned to the fire and told them to lift.
Twenty bellows working all at once595
Blew into the furnace, sending out air easily and freely,
The controlled winds, now strong, as needed for speed,
Now gentle, if Vulcan’s will and his work required it.
He threw impenetrable brass, tin, silver, and gold,590
Into the forge, then firmly set
His heavy anvil on the block, one hand
Holding his massive hammer, the other with the tongs.

[10]He fashion’d first a shield massy and broad
Of labor exquisite, for which he form’d595
A triple border beauteous, dazzling bright,
And loop’d it with a silver brace behind.
The shield itself with five strong folds he forged,
And with devices multiform the disk
Capacious charged, toiling with skill divine.600

[10]He first created a heavy, wide shield
Of exquisite craftsmanship, for which he made595
A beautiful, dazzling triple border,
And secured it with a silver clasp at the back.
The shield itself was forged with five strong layers,
And decorated with various designs, the large disk
Carefully crafted with divine skill.600

There he described the earth, the heaven, the sea,
The sun that rests not, and the moon full-orb’d.
There also, all the stars which round about
As with a radiant frontlet bind the skies,
The Pleiads and the Hyads, and the might605
Of huge Orion, with him Ursa call’d,
Known also by his popular name, the Wain,
That spins around the pole looking toward
Orion, only star of these denied
To slake his beams in ocean’s briny baths.610

There he described the earth, the sky, the sea,
The sun that never rests, and the full moon.
There too, all the stars that surround
As with a radiant crown the skies,
The Pleiades and the Hyades, and the might605
Of massive Orion, along with Ursa,
Also known by the popular name, the Wain,
That spins around the pole facing
Orion, the only star among these that doesn’t
Dip his beams in the ocean's salty waters.610

Two splendid cities also there he form’d
Such as men build. In one were to be seen
Rites matrimonial solemnized with pomp
Of sumptuous banquets; from their chambers forth
Leading the brides they usher’d them along615
With torches through the streets, and sweet was heard
The voice around of Hymenæal song.
Here striplings danced in circles to the sound
Of pipe and harp, while in the portals stood
Women, admiring, all, the gallant show.620
Elsewhere was to be seen in council met
The close-throng’d multitude. There strife arose.
Two citizens contended for a mulct
The price of blood. This man affirm’d the fine
All paid,[11] haranguing vehement the crowd,625
That man denied that he had aught received,
And to the judges each made his appeal
Eager for their award. Meantime the people,
As favor sway’d them, clamor’d loud for each.
The heralds quell’d the tumult; reverend sat630
On polish’d stones the elders in a ring,
Each with a herald’s sceptre in his hand,
Which holding they arose, and all in turn
Gave sentence. In the midst two talents lay
Of gold, his destined recompense whose voice635
Decisive should pronounce the best award.
The other city by two glittering hosts
Invested stood, and a dispute arose
Between the hosts, whether to burn the town
And lay all waste, or to divide the spoil.640
Meantime, the citizens, still undismay’d,
Surrender’d not the town, but taking arms
Secretly, set the ambush in array,
And on the walls their wives and children kept
Vigilant guard, with all the ancient men.645
They sallied; at their head Pallas and Mars
Both golden and in golden vests attired
Advanced, proportion each showing divine,
Large, prominent, and such as Gods beseem’d.
Not such the people, but of humbler size.650
Arriving at the spot for ambush chosen,
A river’s side, where cattle of each kind
Drank, down they sat, all arm’d in dazzling brass.
Apart from all the rest sat also down
Two spies, both looking for the flocks and herds.655
Soon they appear’d, and at their side were seen
Two shepherd swains, each playing on his pipe
Careless, and of the danger nought apprized,
Swift ran the spies, perceiving their approach,
And intercepting suddenly the herds660
And flocks of silver fleece, slew also those
Who fed them. The besiegers, at that time
In council, by the sound alarm’d, their steeds
Mounted, and hasted, instant, to the place;
Then, standing on the river’s brink they fought665
And push’d each other with the brazen lance.
There Discord raged, there Tumult, and the force
Of ruthless Destiny; she now a Chief
Seized newly wounded, and now captive held
Another yet unhurt, and now a third670
Dragg’d breathless through the battle by his feet
And all her garb was dappled thick with blood
Like living men they traversed and they strove,
And dragg’d by turns the bodies of the slain.

Two magnificent cities were built there
Just like people construct. In one, you could see
Wedding ceremonies celebrated with flair
And lavish feasts; from their rooms,
The brides were led, accompanied
By torches through the streets, and sweet melodies
Of wedding songs filled the air.
Here, young men danced in circles to the tunes
Of pipes and harps, while women at the gates stood
Watching, admiring the grand display.
In another place, a large crowd was gathered
In council. There, conflict erupted.
Two citizens argued over a fine
For blood money. One insisted the fine
Was fully paid, passionately speaking to the crowd,
While the other claimed he hadn’t received anything,
And each appealed to the judges,
Eager for their decision. Meanwhile, the people,
Swayed by favoritism, loudly cheered for both.
The heralds quieted the uproar; wise elders sat
On polished stones in a circle,
Each holding a herald’s staff in hand,
And as they rose, they took turns
Delivering their verdict. In the center, two talents
Of gold lay, ready for the voice
That would determine the fairest judgment.
The other city was surrounded by two shining armies
When a dispute broke out
Between them, whether to burn the town
And lay everything to waste, or to share the spoils.
Meanwhile, the citizens, still undeterred,
Did not surrender the town; instead, they secretly
Took up arms, set an ambush in place,
And on the walls, their wives and children
Kept a watchful guard, along with the elders.
They charged out; at their head stood Pallas and Mars,
Both clad in gold and golden armor,
Showing a divine stature,
Tall and prominent, fitting for the Gods.
But not the people, they were of humbler stature.
Arriving at the chosen spot for the ambush,
By a riverside where animals of every kind
Came to drink, they sat down, all clad in shining brass.
Separately, two spies also sat down,
Looking for the flocks and herds.
Soon they appeared, alongside them
Were two shepherds, each playing his pipe,
Carefree, unaware of the danger,
The spies sprinted, noticing their approach,
Suddenly intercepting the herds
And flocks of silver fleece, killing those
Who tended them. The besiegers, at that moment,
Alerted by the noise, mounted their steeds
And rushed immediately to the spot;
Then, standing at the river’s edge, they fought
And pushed one another with their bronze spears.
There, Discord raged, and Tumult, along with the force
Of ruthless Fate; she now seized a wounded chief,
And held captive another, still unscathed,
And yet another dragged breathlessly through the battle
By his feet, and all her garments were soaked in blood,
Like living men, they struggled and fought,
And dragged, in turn, the bodies of the slain.

He also graved on it a fallow field675
Rich, spacious, and well-till’d. Plowers not few,
There driving to and fro their sturdy teams,
Labor’d the land; and oft as in their course
They came to the field’s bourn, so oft a man
Met them, who in their hands a goblet placed680
Charged with delicious wine. They, turning, wrought
Each his own furrow, and impatient seem’d
To reach the border of the tilth, which black
Appear’d behind them as a glebe new-turn’d,
Though golden. Sight to be admired by all!685

He also engraved on it a fallow field675
Rich, spacious, and well-tilled. There were plenty of plowers,
Driving their strong teams back and forth,
Working the land; and whenever they reached
The edge of the field, a man
Met them, holding out a goblet680
Filled with delicious wine. They, turning, plowed
Each his own furrow, seeming impatient
To get to the edge of the field, which looked black
Behind them like freshly turned soil,
Though golden. A sight to be admired by all!685

There too he form’d the likeness of a field
Crowded with corn, in which the reapers toil’d
Each with a sharp-tooth’d sickle in his hand.
Along the furrow here, the harvest fell
In frequent handfuls, there, they bound the sheaves.690
Three binders of the sheaves their sultry task
All plied industrious, and behind them boys
Attended, filling with the corn their arms
And offering still their bundles to be bound.
Amid them, staff in hand, the master stood695
Silent exulting, while beneath an oak
Apart, his heralds busily prepared
The banquet, dressing a well-thriven ox
New slain, and the attendant maidens mix’d
Large supper for the hinds of whitest flour.700

There, he also created the image of a field
Filled with corn, where the reapers worked
Each wielding a sharp sickle in his hand.
Along the furrow, the harvest fell
In frequent handfuls, while they bound the sheaves.690
Three binders diligently worked on their sweaty task
With boys following behind
Gathering corn in their arms
And constantly offering their bundles to be tied.
In the midst of them, staff in hand, the master stood695
Silently proud, while under an oak
Separate from them, his heralds busily prepared
The feast, dressing a well-fed ox
Recently slaughtered, and the maidens mixed
A large supper of the finest flour for the farmworkers.700

There also, laden with its fruit he form’d
A vineyard all of gold; purple he made
The clusters, and the vines supported stood
By poles of silver set in even rows.
The trench he color’d sable, and around705
Fenced it with tin. One only path it show’d
By which the gatherers when they stripp’d the vines
Pass’d and repass’d. There, youths and maidens blithe
In frails of wicker bore the luscious fruit,
While, in the midst, a boy on his shrill harp710
Harmonious play’d, still as he struck the chord
Carolling to it with a slender voice.
They smote the ground together, and with song
And sprightly reed came dancing on behind.[12]

There, heavy with its fruit, he created
A vineyard made of gold; he turned the
Clusters purple, and the vines were held up
By silver poles set in neat rows.
The trench was painted black, and around705
It was fenced with tin. There was only one path
That the gatherers used when they stripped the vines,
Coming and going. There, cheerful youths and maidens
Carried the delicious fruit in wicker baskets,
While in the center, a boy played harmoniously
On his high-pitched harp, as he struck the chords
Singing along with a light voice.
They danced together, and with song
And lively tunes came dancing along behind.[12]

There too a herd he fashion’d of tall beeves715
Part gold, part tin. They, lowing, from the stalls
Rush’d forth to pasture by a river-side
Rapid, sonorous, fringed with whispering reeds.
Four golden herdsmen drove the kine a-field
By nine swift dogs attended. Dreadful sprang720
Two lions forth, and of the foremost herd
Seized fast a bull. Him bellowing they dragg’d,
While dogs and peasants all flew to his aid.
The lions tore the hide of the huge prey
And lapp’d his entrails and his blood. Meantime725
The herdsmen, troubling them in vain, their hounds
Encouraged; but no tooth for lions’ flesh
Found they, and therefore stood aside and bark’d.

There he created a herd of tall cattle, part gold and part tin. They, mooing, rushed out from the stalls to graze by a fast-flowing river, full of sound, lined with whispering reeds. Four golden herdsmen drove the cattle to the fields, accompanied by nine swift dogs. Suddenly, two lions sprang forth and grabbed a bull from the front of the herd. They dragged him away while the dogs and farmers rushed to help. The lions tore into the hide of the massive prey and devoured his innards and blood. Meanwhile, the herdsmen tried to trouble the lions in vain, urging their hounds on, but the dogs found no taste for lion's flesh, so they stood back and barked.

There also, the illustrious smith divine
Amidst a pleasant grove a pasture form’d730
Spacious, and sprinkled o’er with silver sheep
Numerous, and stalls and huts and shepherds’ tents.

There, too, the famous divine blacksmith
In a nice grove created a spacious pasture730
Wide and filled with silver sheep
Plentiful, along with stalls, huts, and shepherds’ tents.

To these the glorious artist added next,
With various skill delineated exact,
A labyrinth for the dance, such as of old735
In Crete’s broad island Dædalus composed
For bright-hair’d Ariadne.[13] There the youths
And youth-alluring maidens, hand in hand,
Danced jocund, every maiden neat-attired
In finest linen, and the youths in vests740
Well-woven, glossy as the glaze of oil.
These all wore garlands, and bright falchions, those,
Of burnish’d gold in silver trappings hung:—[14]
They with well-tutor’d step, now nimbly ran
The circle, swift, as when, before his wheel745
Seated, the potter twirls it with both hands
For trial of its speed,[15] now, crossing quick
They pass’d at once into each other’s place.
On either side spectators numerous stood
Delighted, and two tumblers roll’d themselves750
Between the dancers, singing as they roll’d.

To these, the glorious artist next added,
With various skill, a precisely drawn labyrinth,
For the dance, like the one that Dædalus made
On Crete’s broad island for bright-haired Ariadne.[13] There the youths
And captivating maidens, hand in hand,
Danced joyfully, every maiden neatly dressed
In the finest linen, and the youths in vests740
Well-woven, shiny like the sheen of oil.
They all wore garlands, and those among them had bright falchions,
With polished gold and silver embellishments hanging:—[14]
They gracefully moved, now nimbly running
In a circle, as swift as when the potter,745
Seated before his wheel, twirls it with both hands
To test its speed,[15] now, quickly crossing,
They passed into each other’s spaces.
On either side, numerous spectators stood
Delighted, and two tumblers rolled themselves750
Between the dancers, singing as they rolled.

Last, with the might of ocean’s boundless flood
He fill’d the border of the wondrous shield.

Last, with the power of the ocean's endless tide
He filled the edge of the amazing shield.

When thus the massy shield magnificent
He had accomplish’d, for the hero next755
He forged, more ardent than the blaze of fire,
A corselet; then, a ponderous helmet bright
Well fitted to his brows, crested with gold,
And with laborious art divine adorn’d.
He also made him greaves of molten tin.760

When he had completed the magnificent heavy shield,
He then forged for the hero, hotter than a raging fire,
A chest plate; then, a heavy shiny helmet
That fit perfectly on his head, topped with gold,
And decorated with intricate divine craftsmanship.
He also made him shin guards from melted tin.760

The armor finish’d, bearing in his hand
The whole, he set it down at Thetis’ feet.
She, like a falcon from the snowy top
Stoop’d of Olympus, bearing to the earth
The dazzling wonder, fresh from Vulcan’s hand.765

The armor completed, holding in his hand
The entire set, he laid it down at Thetis’ feet.
She, like a falcon from the snowy peak
Of Olympus, descended to the earth
With the dazzling creation, fresh from Vulcan’s hand.765

BOOK XIX.

ARGUMENT OF THE NINETEENTH BOOK.

Achilles is reconciled to Agamemnon, and clothed in new armor forged by Vulcan, leads out the Myrmidons to battle.

Achilles makes amends with Agamemnon and, dressed in new armor made by Vulcan, leads the Myrmidons into battle.

BOOK XIX.

Now rose the morn in saffron vest attired
From ocean, with new day for Gods and men,
When Thetis at the fleet of Greece arrived,
Bearing that gift divine. She found her son
All tears, and close enfolding in his arms5
Patroclus, while his Myrmidons around
Wept also;[1] she amid them, graceful, stood,
And seizing fast his hand, him thus bespake.

Now the morning rose, dressed in golden light
From the ocean, bringing a new day for gods and humans,
When Thetis arrived at the Greek ships,
Bringing a divine gift. She found her son
In tears, holding Patroclus tightly in his arms5
While his Myrmidons wept around him;[1] she stood gracefully among them,
And taking his hand, she spoke to him.

Although our loss be great, yet, oh my son!
Leave we Patroclus lying on the bier10
To which the Gods ordain’d him from the first.
Receive from Vulcan’s hands these glorious arms,
Such as no mortal shoulders ever bore.

Although our loss is great, oh my son!
Let’s leave Patroclus lying on the bier10
As the Gods intended from the start.
Take these glorious arms from Vulcan’s hands,
The kind no mortal shoulders have ever carried.

So saying, she placed the armor on the ground
Before him, and the whole bright treasure rang.15
A tremor shook the Myrmidons; none dared
Look on it, but all fled. Not so himself.
In him fresh vengeance kindled at the view,
And, while he gazed, a splendor as of fire
Flash’d from his eyes. Delighted, in his hand20
He held the glorious bounty of the God,
And, wondering at those strokes of art divine,
His eager speech thus to his mother turn’d.[2]

So saying, she placed the armor on the ground
Before him, and the whole bright treasure rang.15
A tremor shook the Myrmidons; none dared
Look at it, but all ran away. Not him, though.
In him, fresh vengeance ignited at the sight,
And, as he stared, a brilliance like fire
Flashed from his eyes. Excited, in his hand20
He held the glorious gift from the God,
And, amazed by those strokes of divine art,
He eagerly turned to his mother.

The God, my mother! hath bestow’d in truth
Such armor on me as demanded skill25
Like his, surpassing far all power of man.
Now, therefore, I will arm. But anxious fears
Trouble me, lest intrusive flies, meantime,
Breed worms within the spear-inflicted wounds
Of Menœtiades, and fill with taint30
Of putrefaction his whole breathless form.[3]

The God, my mother! has really given me
Such armor that requires more skill25
Than any human can muster.
So, I will get ready. Still, worried thoughts
Crowd my mind, fearing that pesky flies,
Might lay eggs in the spear wounds
Of Menœtiades, and contaminate30
His lifeless body with decay.[3]

But him the silver-footed Goddess fair
Thus answer’d. Oh, my son! chase from thy mind
All such concern. I will, myself, essay
To drive the noisome swarms which on the slain35
In battle feed voracious. Should he lie
The year complete, his flesh shall yet be found
Untainted, and, it may be, fragrant too.
But thou the heroes of Achaia’s host
Convening, in their ears thy wrath renounce40
Against the King of men, then, instant, arm
For battle, and put on thy glorious might.

But the silver-footed Goddess replied, “Oh, my son! Forget all that worry. I will personally try to drive away the disgusting swarms that feast on the slain in battle. If he lies there for a whole year, his body will still be found untouched, and maybe even with a pleasant scent. But you should gather the heroes of Achaia and tell them to stop being angry with the King of men. Then, get ready for battle right away, and show your glorious strength.”

So saying, the Goddess raised his courage high.
Then, through the nostrils of the dead she pour’d
Ambrosia, and the ruddy juice divine45
Of nectar, antidotes against decay.

So saying, the Goddess boosted his courage.
Then, through the nostrils of the dead, she poured
Ambrosia and the rich divine juice45
Of nectar, cures for decay.

And now forth went Achilles by the side
Of ocean, calling with a dreadful shout
To council all the heroes of the host.[4]
Then, even they who in the fleet before50
Constant abode, helmsmen and those who held
In stewardship the food and public stores,
All flock’d to council, for that now at length
After long abstinence from dread exploits
Of war, Achilles had once more appear’d.55
Two went together, halting on the spear,
(For still they felt the anguish of their wounds)
Noble Ulysses and brave Diomede,
And took an early seat; whom follow’d last
The King of men, by Coön in the field60
Of furious battle wounded with a lance.
The Grecians all assembled, in the midst
Upstood the swift Achilles, and began.

And now Achilles went out by the ocean,
shouting loudly to gather all the heroes of the army.[4]
Then, even those who had been on the ships,50
the helmsmen and those in charge
of the supplies and provisions,
all gathered for the meeting, because now at last,
after a long time away from the terrifying adventures
of war, Achilles had returned.55
Two men walked together, resting on their spears,
(As they still felt the pain from their injuries)
the noble Ulysses and brave Diomede,
and took their seats early; following last
the King of men, wounded by a lance in the field60
of fierce battle.
The Greeks all assembled, and in the center
stood swift Achilles, beginning to speak.

Atrides! we had doubtless better sped
Both thou and I, thus doing, when at first65
With cruel rage we burn’d, a girl the cause.
I would that Dian’s shaft had in the fleet
Slain her that self-same day when I destroy’d
Lyrnessus, and by conquest made her mine!
Then had not many a Grecian, lifeless now,70
Clench’d with his teeth the ground, victim, alas!
Of my revenge; whence triumph hath accrued
To Hector and his host, while ours have cause
For long remembrance of our mutual strife.
But evils past let pass, yielding perforce75
To sad necessity. My wrath shall cease
Now; I resign it; it hath burn’d too long.
Thou therefore summon forth the host to fight,
That I may learn meeting them in the field,
If still the Trojans purpose at our fleet80
To watch us this night also. But I judge
That driven by my spear to rapid flight,
They shall escape with weary limbs[5] at least.

Atrides! We definitely would have been better off, both you and I, doing this from the start when we angrily set fire to the girl who was the cause. I wish Dian’s arrow had killed her in the fleet the same day I sacked Lyrnessus and claimed her for myself! Then many a Greek wouldn’t be lying lifeless now, clenching the ground with his teeth, a victim, sadly, of my revenge; because of this, victory has gone to Hector and his side, while we have nothing but long memories of our conflict. But let’s put the past behind us and accept what has happened. My anger will stop now; I let go of it; it has burned too long. So, rally the troops for battle, so I can see on the battlefield if the Trojans still plan to watch our fleet tonight. But I think that driven by my spear, they’ll flee quickly, at least with worn-out limbs.

He ended, and the Grecians brazen-greaved
Rejoiced that Peleus’ mighty son had cast85
His wrath aside. Then not into the midst
Proceeding, but at his own seat, upstood
King Agamemnon, and them thus bespake.

He finished speaking, and the Greek warriors in their bronze armor
Celebrated the fact that the mighty son of Peleus had set aside85
His anger. Then, not moving to the center,
But standing at his own place, King Agamemnon stood up
And addressed them like this.

Friends! Grecian heroes! Ministers of Mars!
Arise who may to speak, he claims your ear;90
All interruption wrongs him, and distracts,
Howe’er expert the speaker. Who can hear
Amid the roar of tumult, or who speak?
The clearest voice, best utterance, both are vain
I shall address Achilles. Hear my speech95
Ye Argives, and with understanding mark.
I hear not now the voice of your reproach[6]
First; ye have oft condemn’d me. Yet the blame
Rests not with me; Jove, Destiny, and she
Who roams the shades, Erynnis, caused the offence.100
She fill’d my soul with fury on that day
In council, when I seized Achilles’ prize.
For what could I? All things obey the Gods.
Ate, pernicious Power, daughter of Jove,
By whom all suffer, challenges from all105
Reverence and fear. Delicate are her feet
Which scorn the ground, and over human heads
She glides, injurious to the race of man,
Of two who strive, at least entangling one.
She injured, on a day, dread Jove himself110
Most excellent of all in earth or heaven,
When Juno, although female, him deceived,
What time Alcmena should have brought to light
In bulwark’d Thebes the force of Hercules.
Then Jove, among the gods glorying, spake.115

Friends! Greek heroes! Warriors of Mars!
Step up if you want to speak; he’s asking for your attention;90
Any interruptions disrespect him and distract,
No matter how skilled the speaker. Who can hear
Amid the chaos, or who can get a word in?
The clearest voice and best words are useless
I’m going to address Achilles. Listen to me95
You Argives, and pay attention.
I’m not hearing your complaints right now[6]
First; you’ve often criticized me. But the blame
Is not mine; Jupiter, Fate, and she
Who roams the underworld, Erynnis, caused the trouble.100
She filled me with rage that day
In council, when I took Achilles’ prize.
What could I do? Everything obeys the Gods.
Ate, destructive Power, daughter of Jupiter,
By whom all suffer, demands from everyone105
Respect and fear. Her feet are delicate
And disdain the ground, as she glides over human heads,
Harming mankind,
And between two who compete, she ensnares at least one.
She once harmed even dreadful Jupiter himself110
The greatest of all on earth or in heaven,
When Juno, despite being female, tricked him,
When Alcmena was supposed to deliver
In fortified Thebes the might of Hercules.
Then Jupiter, among the gods, proudly spoke.115

Hear all! both Gods and Goddesses, attend!
That I may make my purpose known. This day
Birth-pang-dispensing Ilithya brings
An hero forth to light, who, sprung from those
That sprang from me, his empire shall extend120
Over all kingdoms bordering on his own.

Listen up! Both gods and goddesses, pay attention!
So I can share my intent. Today
Ilithya, the one who delivers at birth, brings
A hero into the world, who, descended from those
Who came from me, will have his empire120
Stretch across all the kingdoms that touch his own.

To whom, designing fraud, Juno replied.
Thou wilt be found false, and this word of thine
Shall want performance. But Olympian Jove!
Swear now the inviolable oath, that he125
Who shall, this day, fall from between the feet
Of woman, drawing his descent from thee,
Shall rule all kingdoms bordering on his own.

To whom, planning deceit, Juno replied.
You will be exposed as a liar, and your words
Will lack fulfillment. But Olympian Jove!
Swear now the unbreakable oath, that he125
Who today shall be born from a woman,
Descended from you,
Will rule all kingdoms around his own.

She said, and Jove, suspecting nought her wiles,
The great oath swore, to his own grief and wrong.130
At once from the Olympian summit flew
Juno, and to Achaian Argos borne,
There sought the noble wife[7] of Sthenelus,
Offspring of Perseus. Pregnant with a son
Six months, she now the seventh saw at hand,135
But him the Goddess premature produced,
And check’d Alcmena’s pangs already due.
Then joyful to have so prevail’d, she bore
Herself the tidings to Saturnian Jove.

She said, and Jove, not suspecting her tricks,
Swore a great oath, to his own sorrow and regret.130
Immediately, he flew down from Olympus
And Juno, carried to Achaian Argos,
Sought out the noble wife of Sthenelus,
Descendant of Perseus. Six months pregnant with a son,
She was now on her seventh month,135
But the Goddess brought forth the child too soon,
And eased Alcmena’s pains that were already due.
Then, happy to have succeeded, she brought
The news to Saturnian Jove.

Lord of the candent lightnings! Sire of all!140
I bring thee tidings. The great prince, ordain’d
To rule the Argive race, this day is born,
Eurystheus, son of Sthenelus, the son
Of Perseus; therefore he derives from thee,
Nor shall the throne of Argos shame his birth.145

Lord of the blazing lightning! Ruler of all!140
I come with news. The great prince, destined
To lead the Argive people, is born today,
Eurystheus, son of Sthenelus, who is the son
Of Perseus; so he comes from you,
And the throne of Argos will honor his birth.145

She spake; then anguish stung the heart of Jove
Deeply, and seizing by her glossy locks
The Goddess Ate, in his wrath he swore
That never to the starry skies again
And the Olympian heights he would permit150
The universal mischief to return.
Then, whirling her around, he cast her down
To earth. She, mingling with all works of men,
Caused many a pang to Jove, who saw his son
Laborious tasks servile, and of his birth155
Unworthy, at Eurystheus’ will enjoin’d.

She spoke; then deep pain pierced Jove's heart
Intensely, and grabbing her shiny hair
The Goddess Ate, in his anger he vowed
That never again would he allow
The chaos to return to the starry skies
And the heights of Olympus.150
Then, spinning her around, he threw her down
To earth. She, mingling with all human activities,
Caused many troubles for Jove, who saw his son
Performing menial tasks, and experiencing
A fate unworthy of his birth,155
All commanded by Eurystheus.

So when the hero Hector at our ships
Slew us, I then regretted my offence
Which Ate first impell’d me to commit.
But since, infatuated by the Gods160
I err’d, behold me ready to appease
With gifts of price immense whom I have wrong’d.
Thou, then, arise to battle, and the host
Rouse also. Not a promise yesternight
Was made thee by Ulysses in thy tent165
On my behalf, but shall be well perform’d.
Or if it please thee, though impatient, wait
Short season, and my train shall bring the gifts
Even now; that thou may’st understand and know
That my peace-offerings are indeed sincere.170

So when the hero Hector attacked our ships,
I regretted my wrongdoings,
Which Ate first pushed me to do.
But since I was misled by the Gods,160
I'm here, ready to make amends
With extremely valuable gifts for the ones I’ve wronged.
So, get up and prepare for battle, and also
Rouse the troops. Ulysses made you no promises
Last night in your tent165
On my behalf, but everything will be fulfilled.
Or if you prefer, even though you’re anxious, wait
A short while, and my attendants will bring the gifts
Right now, so you can see and know
That my peace offerings are truly sincere.170

To whom Achilles, swiftest of the swift.
Atrides! Agamemnon! passing all
In glory! King of men! recompense just
By gifts to make me, or to make me none,
That rests with thee. But let us to the fight175
Incontinent. It is no time to play
The game of rhetoric, and to waste the hours
In speeches. Much remains yet unperform’d.
Achilles must go forth. He must be seen
Once more in front of battle, wasting wide180
With brazen spear, the crowded ranks of Troy.
Mark him—and as he fights, fight also ye.

To whom Achilles, fastest of the fast.
Atrides! Agamemnon! surpassing all
In glory! King of men! Give me what’s fair
In gifts, whether to honor me or to ignore me,
That’s up to you. But let’s get to the fight175
Right away. It’s not the time for talk
And wasting hours on speeches. There’s still so much left to do.
Achilles needs to step up. He has to be seen
Once again at the front lines, cutting through180
The packed ranks of Troy with his bronze spear.
Watch him—and as he fights, you all should fight too.

To whom Ulysses ever-wise replied.
Nay—urge not, valiant as thou art thyself,
Achaia’s sons up to the battlements185
Of Ilium, by repast yet unrefresh’d,
Godlike Achilles!—For when phalanx once
Shall clash with phalanx, and the Gods with rage
Both hosts inspire, the contest shall not then
Prove short. Bid rather the Achaians take190
Both food and wine, for they are strength and might.
To stand all day till sunset to a foe
Opposed in battle, fasting, were a task
Might foil the best; for though his will be prompt
To combat, yet the power must by degrees195
Forsake him; thirst and hunger he must feel,
And his limbs failing him at every step.
But he who hath his vigor to the full
Fed with due nourishment, although he fight
All day, yet feels his courage unimpair’d,200
Nor weariness perceives till all retire.
Come then—dismiss the people with command
That each prepare replenishment. Meantime
Let Agamemnon, King of men, his gifts
In presence here of the assembled Greeks205
Produce, that all may view them, and that thou
May’st feel thine own heart gladden’d at the sight.
Let the King also, standing in the midst,
Swear to thee, that he renders back the maid
A virgin still, and strange to his embrace,210
And let thy own composure prove, the while,
That thou art satisfied. Last, let him spread
A princely banquet for thee in his tent,
That thou may’st want no part of just amends.
Thou too, Atrides, shalt hereafter prove215
More just to others; for himself, a King,
Stoops not too low, soothing whom he hath wrong’d.

To whom Ulysses, ever-wise, replied.
No—don’t push, brave as you are,
The sons of Achaia up to the walls185
Of Ilium, while they haven’t had a proper meal,
Godlike Achilles!—For when the fighting lines
Clash with each other, and the Gods incite
Both sides with fury, this battle won’t be
Over quickly. Instead, tell the Achaians to take190
Food and wine, because those give strength and power.
To stand all day until sunset against an enemy
In battle while fasting would be a challenge
That could defeat even the best; for though his will
May be eager to fight, he’ll gradually lose
His strength; he’ll feel thirst and hunger,195
And his legs will give out with every step.
But one who is fully energized,
Well-fed, even if he fights
All day, still feels his courage intact,200
And doesn’t sense fatigue until everyone withdraws.
Come then—send the people away with orders
To prepare enough food. In the meantime,
Let Agamemnon, the King of men, bring his gifts
Here in front of the gathered Greeks205
So that everyone can see them, and so you
Can feel your own heart lift at the sight.
Let the King also, standing in the middle,
Swear to you that he will return the girl
Still a virgin, untouched by his hands,210
And let your own calm show that you’re
Satisfied. Finally, let him set up
A grand feast for you in his tent,
So you’ll lack nothing in terms of proper compensation.
You too, Atrides, will show in the future215
More fairness to others; for himself, a King,
Shouldn’t humble himself too much, soothing those he has wronged.

Him Agamemnon answer’d, King of men.
Thou hast arranged wisely the whole concern,
O Läertiades, and I have heard220
Thy speech, both words and method with delight.
Willing I am, yea more, I wish to swear
As thou hast said, for by the Gods I can
Most truly. Let Achilles, though of pause
Impatient, suffer yet a short delay225
With all assembled here, till from my tent
The gifts arrive, and oaths of peace be sworn.
To thee I give it in peculiar charge
That choosing forth the most illustrious youths
Of all Achaia, thou produce the gifts230
from my own ship, all those which yesternight
We promised, nor the women leave behind.
And let Talthybius throughout all the camp
Of the Achaians, instant, seek a boar
For sacrifice to Jove and to the Sun.235

Agamemnon replied, King of men.
You have managed the whole situation wisely,
O son of Laertes, and I have enjoyed220
Your words and approach. I'm willing, in fact, I want to swear
As you suggested, for by the Gods I truly can.
Let Achilles, though he is impatient,
Endure a brief delay225
With everyone gathered here, until the gifts
Come from my tent, and peace oaths are taken.
I entrust to you specifically
The task of picking out the most distinguished youths
Of all Achaea to bring the gifts230
From my ship, all those we promised last night,
And don’t leave behind the women.
And let Talthybius go throughout the Achaians’ camp,
Quickly searching for a boar
To sacrifice to Jove and the Sun.235

Then thus Achilles matchless in the race.
Atrides! most illustrious! King of men!
Expedience bids us to these cares attend
Hereafter, when some pause, perchance, of fight
Shall happen, and the martial rage which fires240
My bosom now, shall somewhat less be felt.
Our friends by Priameian Hector slain,
Now strew the field mangled, for him hath Jove
Exalted high, and given him great renown.
But haste, now take refreshment; though, in truth245
Might I direct, the host should by all means
Unfed to battle, and at set of sun
All sup together, this affront revenged.
But as for me, no drop shall pass my lips
Or morsel, whose companion lies with feet250
Turn’d to the vestibule, pierced by the spear,
And compass’d by my weeping train around.
No want of food feel I. My wishes call
For carnage, blood, and agonies and groans.

Then Achilles, unmatched in speed.
Atrides! Most excellent! King of men!
Practicality urges us to focus on these matters
Later, when there’s a chance to pause from battle
And the fiery rage in my heart240
Is somewhat less intense.
Our friends slain by Hector of Priam
Now lie on the field, mangled, for Jove
Has raised him up high and given him great glory.
But hurry, let’s take a break; though, to be honest245
If I had my way, the army should definitely
Fight on without food, and by sunset
We would all dine together, avenging this insult.
But as for me, no drop shall touch my lips
Or bite of food while my companion lies with his feet250
Turned towards the door, pierced by the spear,
Surrounded by my weeping followers.
I do not feel hunger. My desires call
For slaughter, blood, and cries of agony.

But him, excelling in all wisdom, thus255
Ulysses answer’d. Oh Achilles! son
Of Peleus! bravest far of all our host!
Me, in no scanty measure, thou excell’st
Wielding the spear, and thee in prudence, I
Not less. For I am elder, and have learn’d260
What thou hast yet to learn. Bid then thine heart
Endure with patience to be taught by me.
Men, satiate soon with battle, loathe the field
On which the most abundant harvest falls,
Reap’d by the sword; and when the hand of Jove265
Dispenser of the great events of war,
Turns once the scale, then, farewell every hope
Of more than scanty gleanings. Shall the Greeks
Abstain from sustenance for all who die?
That were indeed severe, since day by day270
No few expire, and respite could be none.
The dead, die whoso may, should be inhumed.
This, duty bids, but bids us also deem
One day sufficient for our sighs and tears.
Ourselves, all we who still survive the war,275
Have need of sustenance, that we may bear
The lengthen’d conflict with recruited might,
Case in enduring brass.—Ye all have heard
Your call to battle; let none lingering stand
In expectation of a farther call,280
Which if it sound, shall thunder prove to him
Who lurks among the ships. No. Rush we all
Together forth, for contest sharp prepared,
And persevering with the host of Troy.

But him, excelling in all wisdom, thus255
Ulysses replied. Oh Achilles! son
Of Peleus! bravest of all our group!
In spear fighting, you definitely outshine me,
And I, in wisdom, not less than you.
For I am older and have learned260
What you have yet to understand. So, let your heart
Learn to endure and be taught by me.
Men quickly get tired of fighting and dread the battlefield
Where the richest rewards come,
Harvested by the sword; and when the hand of Jove265
Dispenser of the great events of war,
Changes the outcome, then goodbye to any hopes
Of more than a meager return. Should the Greeks
Stop worrying about food for all who fall?
That would be too harsh, as day by day270
Many die, and there’s no break in sight.
The dead, whoever they are, should be buried.
This is our duty, but we must also remember
That one day is enough for our grief.
All of us who still survive the war,275
Need food so we can withstand
The long conflict with renewed strength,
Despite our struggle.—You’ve all heard
Your summons to battle; let no one hang back
Hoping for another call,280
Because if it comes, it will only be a loud warning to him
Who lingers among the ships. No. Let’s all rush
Forward together, ready for the fierce fight,
And stand firm against the host of Troy.

So saying, the sons of Nestor, glorious Chief,285
He chose, with Meges Phyleus’ noble son,
Thoas, Meriones, and Melanippus
And Lycomedes. These, together, sought
The tent of Agamemnon, King of men.
They ask’d, and they received. Soon they produced290
The seven promised tripods from the tent,
Twice ten bright caldrons, twelve high-mettled steeds,
Seven lovely captives skill’d alike in arts
Domestic, of unblemish’d beauty rare,
And last, Brisëis with the blooming cheeks.295
Before them went Ulysses, bearing weigh’d
Ten golden talents, whom the chosen Greeks
Attended laden with the remnant gifts.
Full in the midst they placed them. Then arose
King Agamemnon, and Talthybius300
The herald, clear in utterance as a God,
Beside him stood, holding the victim boar.
Atrides, drawing forth his dagger bright,
Appendant ever to his sword’s huge sheath,
Sever’d the bristly forelock of the boar,305
A previous offering. Next, with lifted hands
To Jove he pray’d, while, all around, the Greeks
Sat listening silent to the Sovereign’s voice.
He look’d to the wide heaven, and thus he pray’d.

So saying, the sons of Nestor, glorious leader,285
He picked Meges, son of Phyleus,
Along with Thoas, Meriones, and Melanippus
And Lycomedes. Together, they headed toward
The tent of Agamemnon, the King of men.
They asked, and they received. Soon they brought290
The seven promised tripods from the tent,
Twenty shining cauldrons, twelve spirited horses,
Seven beautiful captives skilled in household tasks
Of unmatched beauty,
And finally, Briseis with her blooming cheeks.295
Ulysses led the way, carrying
Ten golden talents, while the chosen Greeks
Followed, bringing the remaining gifts.
They placed them all in the center. Then King
Agamemnon rose, and Talthybius300
The herald, clear as a god,
Stood beside him, holding the slaughtered boar.
Atrides, drawing his shining dagger,
Always hanging by his sword’s large sheath,
Cut the bristly forelock of the boar,305
A prior offering. Next, with raised hands
To Jupiter, he prayed, while all around, the Greeks
Sat silently listening to their king’s voice.
He looked up to the vast sky and said this prayer.

First, Jove be witness! of all Powers above310
Best and supreme; Earth next, and next the Sun!
And last, who under Earth the guilt avenge
Of oaths sworn falsely, let the Furies hear!
For no respect of amorous desire
Or other purpose, have I laid mine hand315
On fair Brisëis, but within my tent
Untouch’d, immaculate she hath remain’d.
And if I falsely swear, then may the Gods
The many woes with which they mark the crime
Of men forsworn, pour also down on me!320

First, let Jove be my witness! Of all powers above310
the greatest and supreme; then Earth, and next the Sun!
And lastly, who under Earth avenges the guilt
of oaths sworn falsely, let the Furies hear!
For no regard for romantic desire
or any other purpose have I laid my hand315
on fair Brisëis, but within my tent
untouched, she has remained immaculate.
And if I falsely swear, then may the Gods
pour down upon me the many woes
with which they punish the crime
of men who break their oaths!320

So saying, he pierced the victim in his throat
And, whirling him around, Talthybius, next,
Cast him into the ocean, fishes’ food.[8]
Then, in the centre of Achaia’s sons
Uprose Achilles, and thus spake again.325

So saying, he stabbed the victim in the throat
And, spinning him around, Talthybius, next,
Threw him into the ocean, food for the fish.[8]
Then, in the middle of Achaia’s men
Achilles stood up and spoke again.325

Jove! Father! dire calamities, effects
Of thy appointment, fall on human-kind.
Never had Agamemnon in my breast
Such anger kindled, never had he seized,
Blinded by wrath, and torn my prize away,330
But that the slaughter of our numerous friends
Which thence ensued, thou hadst, thyself, ordained.
Now go, ye Grecians, eat, and then to battle.

Jove! Father! Terrible disasters, results
Of your decisions, come down on humanity.
Agamemnon has never ignited this kind
Of anger in my heart, nor has he ever taken,
Blinded by fury, my prize away,330
Except for the massacre of our many friends
That came from your own doing.
Now go, Greeks, eat, and then it's time to fight.

So saying, Achilles suddenly dissolved
The hasty council, and all flew dispersed335
To their own ships. Then took the Myrmidons
Those splendid gifts which in the tent they lodged
Of swift Achilles, and the damsels led
Each to a seat, while others of his train
Drove forth the steeds to pasture with his herd.340
But when Brisëis, bright as Venus, saw
Patroclus lying mangled by the spear,
Enfolding him around, she shriek’d and tore
Her bosom, her smooth neck and beauteous cheeks.
Then thus, divinely fair, with tears she said.345

So saying, Achilles suddenly broke up
The quick meeting, and everyone scattered335
To their own ships. Then the Myrmidons took
Those impressive gifts, which they had kept
In the tent of swift Achilles, and the maidens sat
Each in her place, while others of his group
Took the horses out to graze with the herd.340
But when Brisëis, as bright as Venus, saw
Patroclus lying wounded by the spear,
Wrapping her arms around him, she screamed and tore
At her chest, her smooth neck, and beautiful cheeks.
Then, looking divine and tearful, she said.345

Ah, my Patroclus! dearest friend of all
To hapless me, departing from this tent
I left thee living, and now, generous Chief!
Restored to it again, here find thee dead.
How rapid in succession are my woes!350
I saw, myself, the valiant prince to whom
My parents had betroth’d me, slain before
Our city walls; and my three brothers, sons
Of my own mother, whom with long regret
I mourn, fell also in that dreadful field.355
But when the swift Achilles slew the prince
Design’d my spouse, and the fair city sack’d
Of noble Mynes, thou by every art
Of tender friendship didst forbid my tears,
Promising oft that thou would’st make me bride360
Of Peleus’ godlike son, that thy own ship
Should waft me hence to Phthia, and that thyself
Would’st furnish forth among the Myrmidons
Our nuptial feast. Therefore thy death I mourn
Ceaseless, for thou wast ever kind to me.365

Ah, my Patroclus! dearest friend of all
To unfortunate me, leaving this tent
I left you alive, and now, generous Chief!
I return to find you dead.
How quickly my misfortunes pile up!350
I saw, with my own eyes, the brave prince to whom
My parents had promised me, killed right before
Our city walls; and my three brothers, sons
Of my mother, whom I mourn for so deeply,
Also fell in that terrible battle.355
But when swift Achilles killed the prince
I was meant to marry, and destroyed
The noble city of Mynes, you by every means
Of true friendship tried to hold back my tears,
Often promising that you would make me the bride360°
Of Peleus’ godlike son, that your own ship
Would take me away to Phthia, and that you yourself
Would provide among the Myrmidons
Our wedding feast. So I mourn your death
Endlessly, for you were always kind to me.365 days

She spake, and all her fellow-captives heaved
Responsive sighs, deploring each, in show,
The dead Patroclus, but, in truth, herself.[9]
Then the Achaian Chiefs gather’d around
Achilles, wooing him to eat, but he370
Groan’d and still resolute, their suit refused—

She spoke, and all her fellow captives let out
Sighs in response, mourning each for the dead
Patroclus, but really for herself.[9]
Then the Achaian leaders gathered around
Achilles, urging him to eat, but he370
Grew weary and still firmly refused their pleas—

If I have here a friend on whom by prayers
I may prevail, I pray that ye desist,
Nor longer press me, mourner as I am,
To eat or drink, for till the sun go down375
I am inflexible, and will abstain.

If I have a friend here whom I can influence with my prayers,
I ask you to stop,
And not to pressure me any longer, being the mourner that I am,
To eat or drink, because until the sun goes down375
I am resolute, and will refrain.

So saying, the other princes he dismiss’d
Impatient, but the sons of Atreus both,
Ulysses, Nestor and Idomeneus,
With Phœnix, hoary warrior, in his tent380
Abiding still, with cheerful converse kind
Essay’d to soothe him, whose afflicted soul
All soothing scorn’d till he should once again
Rush on the ravening edge of bloody war.
Then, mindful of his friend, groaning he said385

So, saying this, he sent the other princes away, feeling impatient. But both of the sons of Atreus, Ulysses, Nestor, and Idomeneus, along with Phoenix, the old warrior, still remained in his tent, trying to cheer him up with friendly conversation. They attempted to calm him down, but he refused all comfort until he could charge back into the fierce chaos of war. Then, thinking of his friend, he sighed and said

Time was, unhappiest, dearest of my friends!
When even thou, with diligent dispatch,
Thyself, hast spread a table in my tent,
The hour of battle drawing nigh between
The Greeks and warlike Trojans. But there lies390
Thy body now, gored by the ruthless steel,
And for thy sake I neither eat nor drink,
Though dearth be none, conscious that other wo
Surpassing this I can have none to fear.
No, not if tidings of my father’s death395
Should reach me, who, this moment, weeps, perhaps,
In Phthia tears of tenderest regret
For such a son; while I, remote from home
Fight for detested Helen under Troy.
Nor even were he dead, whom, if he live,400
I rear in Scyros, my own darling son,
My Neoptolemus of form divine.[10]
For still this hope I cherish’d in my breast
Till now, that, of us two, myself alone
Should fall at Ilium, and that thou, restored405
To Phthia, should’st have wafted o’er the waves
My son from Scyros to his native home,
That thou might’st show him all his heritage,
My train of menials, and my fair abode.
For either dead already I account410
Peleus, or doubt not that his residue
Of miserable life shall soon be spent,
Through stress of age and expectation sad
That tidings of my death shall, next, arrive.

There was a time, my dearest friend, when even you, with eager urgency, set a table in my tent as battle loomed between the Greeks and the fierce Trojans. But now, there lies your body, pierced by relentless steel, and for your sake, I neither eat nor drink, even though food is plentiful, knowing that I have no greater sorrow to fear. Not even if I were to hear news of my father's death would it hurt me, as he might be in Phthia, shedding the softest tears of regret for such a son, while I, far from home, fight for the hated Helen under Troy. Nor would it matter if he were dead, the one I have raised in Scyros, my beloved son, my Neoptolemus of divine form. For I held this hope in my heart until now, that of the two of us, I would fall alone at Ilium, and you, having returned to Phthia, would have brought my son from Scyros back to his home, so you could show him all that he would inherit, my household and my lovely home. For I either believe that Peleus is already dead or I have no doubt that the remainder of his miserable life will soon be spent, burdened by age and the sadness of waiting for news of my own death to arrive.

So spake Achilles weeping, around whom415
The Chiefs all sigh’d, each with remembrance pain’d
Of some loved object left at home. Meantime
Jove, with compassion moved, their sorrow saw,
And in wing’d accents thus to Pallas spake.

So said Achilles, crying, and all the Chiefs around him sighed, each feeling the pain of missing someone they loved back home. Meanwhile, Jove, moved by compassion, saw their sorrow and spoke to Pallas in a swift, graceful voice.

Daughter! thou hast abandon’d, as it seems,420
Yon virtuous Chief for ever; shall no care
Thy mind engage of brave Achilles more?
Before his gallant fleet mourning he sits
His friend, disconsolate; the other Greeks
Sat and are satisfied; he only fasts.425
Go then—instil nectar into his breast,
And sweets ambrosial, that he hunger not.

Daughter! It seems you've abandoned that noble leader forever; won't you care about brave Achilles anymore? He sits mourning beside his impressive fleet, heartbroken for his friend; the other Greeks are fine with things; he's the only one who is fasting. So go—bring him some nectar and sweet ambrosia, so he doesn't feel hungry.

So saying, he urged Minerva prompt before.
In form a shrill-voiced Harpy of long wing
Through ether down she darted, while the Greeks430
In all their camp for instant battle arm’d.
Ambrosial sweets and nectar she instill’d
Into his breast, lest he should suffer loss
Of strength through abstinence, then soar’d again
To her great Sire’s unperishing abode.435
And now the Grecians from their gallant fleet
All pour’d themselves abroad. As when thick snow
From Jove descends, driven by impetuous gusts
Of the cloud-scattering North, so frequent shone
Issuing from the fleet the dazzling casques,440
Boss’d bucklers, hauberks strong, and ashen spears.
Upwent the flash to heaven; wide all around
The champain laugh’d with beamy brass illumed,
And tramplings of the warriors on all sides
Resounded, amidst whom Achilles arm’d.445
He gnash’d his teeth, fire glimmer’d in his eyes,
Anguish intolerable wrung his heart
And fury against Troy, while he put on
His glorious arms, the labor of a God.
First, to his legs his polish’d greaves he clasp’d450
Studded with silver, then his corselet bright
Braced to his bosom, his huge sword of brass
Athwart his shoulder slung, and his broad shield
Uplifted last, luminous as the moon.
Such as to mariners a fire appears,455
Kindled by shepherds on the distant top
Of some lone hill; they, driven by stormy winds,
Reluctant roam far off the fishy deep,
Such from Achilles’ burning shield divine
A lustre struck the skies; his ponderous helm460
He lifted to his brows; starlike it shone,
And shook its curling crest of bushy gold,
By Vulcan taught to wave profuse around.
So clad, godlike Achilles trial made
If his arms fitted him, and gave free scope465
To his proportion’d limbs; buoyant they proved
As wings, and high upbore his airy tread.
He drew his father’s spear forth from his case,
Heavy and huge and long. That spear, of all
Achaia’s sons, none else had power to wield;470
Achilles only could the Pelian spear
Brandish, by Chiron for his father hewn
From Pelion’s top for slaughter of the brave.
His coursers, then, Automedon prepared
And Alcimus, adjusting diligent475
The fair caparisons; they thrust the bits
Into their mouths, and to the chariot seat
Extended and made fast the reins behind.
The splendid scourge commodious to the grasp
Seizing, at once Automedon upsprang480
Into his place; behind him, arm’d complete
Achilles mounted, as the orient sun
All dazzling, and with awful tone his speech
Directed to the coursers of his Sire.

So saying, he urged Minerva to hurry.
In the shape of a shrill-voiced Harpy with long wings,
She darted down through the air, while the Greeks430
Armed themselves for battle throughout the camp.
She filled his heart with ambrosial sweets and nectar
So he wouldn’t lose strength from hunger, then soared back
To her great Father’s everlasting home.435
And now the Greeks began pouring out of their brave fleet.
Like thick snow
That falls from Jove, driven by violent winds
From the cloud-splitting North, so the bright helmets
Shone continuously as they came from the fleet,440
With shield bosses, strong armor, and ash wood spears.
The flashes went up to heaven; all around
The fields were lit up with shining bronze,
And the sound of the warriors trampling all around
Resounded, among whom Achilles armed himself.445
He ground his teeth, fire glimmered in his eyes,
Unbearable anguish twisted his heart
And fury against Troy filled him as he put on
His glorious armor, crafted by a God.
First, he fitted his polished greaves to his legs,450
Studded with silver, then he secured his bright breastplate
To his chest, his huge bronze sword
Slung across his shoulder, and finally hoisted
His broad shield, shining like the moon.
Just as a fire appears to sailors,455
Lit by shepherds on a far-off hill; they, driven by stormy winds,
Reluctantly roam far from the fishy depths,
So from Achilles’ blazing divine shield,
A glow reached the skies; his heavy helm460
He lifted to his brow; it shone like a star,
And shook its flowing crest of golden hair,
Waved around abundantly, as taught by Vulcan.
Dressed like this, godlike Achilles tested
If his armor fit him well and allowed full movement465
For his well-proportioned limbs; they proved light
As wings, and lifted up his graceful step.
He pulled his father’s spear from its case,
Heavy, large, and long. Among all
Of Achaia’s sons, none could wield it;470
Only Achilles could brandish the Pelian spear,
Crafted by Chiron for his father,
Made from Pelion’s peak for the slaughter of heroes.
Then, Automedon prepared his horses,
And Alcimus worked diligently475
On their beautiful harnesses; they fitted the bits
Into their mouths and secured the reins
To the chariot seat.
Grabbing the splendid whip, made to fit comfortably,
Automedon leaped up into his place;480
Behind him, fully armed,
Achilles mounted, shining like the rising sun,
And directed his intimidating speech
To his father’s horses.

Xanthus, and Balius of Podarges’ blood485
Illustrious! see ye that, the battle done,
Ye bring whom now ye bear back to the host
Of the Achaians in far other sort,
Nor leave him, as ye left Patroclus, dead.[11]
Him then his steed unconquer’d in the race,490
Xanthus answer’d from beneath his yoke,
But, hanging low his head, and with his mane
Dishevell’d all, and streaming to the ground.
Him Juno vocal made, Goddess white-arm’d.

Xanthus and Balius, descendants of Podarge, Look at you, illustrious horses! Now that the battle is over, You take the one you carry back to the Achaean camp, But not in the same way you left Patroclus, dead. Then, from beneath the yoke, Xanthus replied, his head hung low, His mane disheveled and streaming down to the ground. Juno, the white-armed Goddess, gave him a voice.

And doubtless so we will. This day at least495
We bear thee safe from battle, stormy Chief!
But thee the hour of thy destruction swift
Approaches, hasten’d by no fault of ours,
But by the force of fate and power divine.
For not through sloth or tardiness on us500
Aught chargeable, have Ilium’s sons thine arms
Stript from Patroclus’ shoulders, but a God
Matchless in battle, offspring of bright-hair’d
Latona, him contending in the van
Slew, for the glory of the Chief of Troy.505
We, Zephyrus himself, though by report
Swiftest of all the winds of heaven, in speed
Could equal, but the Fates thee also doom
By human hands to fall, and hands divine.

And surely we will. At least today495
We safely bring you away from battle, stormy Chief!
But the time of your downfall quickly
Approaches, driven not by any fault of ours,
But by the power of fate and divine forces.
It’s not because of laziness or delay on our part500
That the sons of Ilium have stripped your arms
From Patroclus' shoulders, but rather a God
Unmatched in battle, child of bright-haired
Latona, who fought in the front lines
And killed him, for the glory of the Chief of Troy.505
We, Zephyrus himself, though by report
The swiftest of all the winds of heaven, could equal in speed,
But the Fates have destined you to fall
By both human hands and divine ones.

The interposing Furies at that word510
Suppress’d his utterance,[12] and indignant, thus,
Achilles, swiftest of the swift, replied.

The intervening Furies at that word510
Cut off his speech, and furious, then,
Achilles, fastest of the fast, responded.

Why, Xanthus, propheciest thou my death?
It ill beseems thee. I already know
That from my parents far remote my doom515
Appoints me here to die; yet not the more
Cease I from feats if arms, till Ilium’s host
Shall have received, at length, their fill of war.

Why, Xanthus, are you predicting my death?
That's not something you should be doing. I already know
That my fate, far from my parents,
Has led me here to die; yet I won’t stop
Fighting in battle until the people of Ilium
Have finally had their fill of war.

He said, and with a shout drove forth to battle.

He shouted and charged into battle.

BOOK XX.

ARGUMENT OF THE TWENTIETH BOOK.

By permission of Jupiter the Gods descend into the battle, and range themselves on either side respectively. Neptune rescues Æneas from death by the hand of Achilles, from whom Apollo, soon after, rescues Hector. Achilles slays many Trojans.

By Jupiter's permission, the Gods come down to the battlefield and position themselves on either side. Neptune saves Æneas from being killed by Achilles, who is then saved by Apollo shortly after. Achilles kills many Trojans.

BOOK XX.

The Grecians, thus, before their lofty ships
Stood arm’d around Achilles, glorious Chief
Insatiable with war, and opposite
The Trojans on the rising-ground appear’d.[1]
Meantime, Jove order’d Themis, from the head5
Of the deep-fork’d Olympian to convene
The Gods in council. She to every part
Proceeding, bade them to the courts of Jove.[2]
Nor of the Floods was any absent thence
Oceanus except, or of the Nymphs10
Who haunt the pleasant groves, or dwell beside
Stream-feeding fountains, or in meadows green.
Within the courts of cloud-assembler Jove
Arrived, on pillar’d thrones radiant they sat,
With ingenuity divine contrived15
By Vulcan for the mighty Sire of all.
Thus they within the Thunderer’s palace sat
Assembled; nor was Neptune slow to hear
The voice of Themis, but (the billows left)
Came also; in the midst his seat he took,20
And ask’d, incontinent, the mind of Jove.[3]

The Greeks stood armed around their tall ships
in front of Achilles, the glorious leader
who was never satisfied with war, facing
the Trojans on the rising ground.[1]
Meanwhile, Jove ordered Themis, from the top5
of the deep-forked Olympus, to gather
the gods for a council. She went to each part
and called them to the courts of Jove.[2]
Only Oceanus was absent from the Floods,
or any of the Nymphs10
who wander the pleasant groves, or live beside
the stream-fed fountains, or in green meadows.
Inside the courts of cloud-gathering Jove
they arrived, and on pillar-supported thrones they sat,
crafted with divine ingenuity15
by Vulcan for the mighty Father of all.
So they gathered in the Thunderer’s palace
and Neptune was quick to respond
to Themis's call, leaving the waves behind
as he came; he took his seat in the middle,20
and immediately asked Jove his thoughts.[3]

King of the lightnings! wherefore hast thou call’d
The Gods to council? Hast thou aught at heart
Important to the hosts of Greece and Troy?
For on the battle’s fiery edge they stand.25

King of the lightning! Why have you called
The gods to meet? Do you have something important
To discuss regarding the armies of Greece and Troy?
Because they stand at the brink of battle.25

To whom replied Jove, Sovereign of the storms,
Thou know’st my council, Shaker of the shores!
And wherefore ye are call’d. Although ordain’d
So soon to die, they interest me still.
Myself, here seated on Olympus’ top,30
With contemplation will my mind indulge
Of yon great spectacle; but ye, the rest,
Descend into the field, Trojan or Greek
Each to assist, as each shall most incline.
For should Achilles in the field no foe35
Find save the Trojans, quickly should they fly
Before the rapid force of Peleus’ son.
They trembled ever at his look, and since
Such fury for his friend hath fired his heart,
I fear lest he anticipate the will40
Of Fate, and Ilium perish premature.

To whom Jove, the ruler of storms, replied,
"You know my advice, Shaker of the shores!
And why you’re called. Even though they’re destined
To die so soon, they still matter to me.
Here I sit on top of Olympus,30
Indulging my mind in contemplation
Of that great spectacle; but you, the rest,
Go down to the battlefield, Trojan or Greek,
Each to assist, as you feel inclined.
For if Achilles finds no enemy in the field35
Except for the Trojans, they would quickly flee
Before the swift power of Peleus’ son.
They always trembled at his gaze, and since
A fierce anger for his friend has ignited his heart,
I fear he might act before Fate’s decision,40
And Ilium could fall prematurely."

So spake the son of Saturn kindling war
Inevitable, and the Gods to fight
’Gan move with minds discordant. Juno sought
And Pallas, with the earth-encircling Power45
Neptune, the Grecian fleet, with whom were join’d
Mercury, teacher of all useful arts,
And Vulcan, rolling on all sides his eyes
Tremendous, but on disproportion’d legs,
Not without labor hard, halting uncouth.50
Mars, warrior-God, on Ilium’s part appear’d
With Phœbus never-shorn, Dian shaft-arm’d,
Xanthus, Latona, and the Queen of smiles,
Venus. So long as the immortal Gods
Mixed not with either host, Achaia’s sons55
Exulted, seeing, after tedious pause,
Achilles in the field, and terror shook
The knees of every Trojan, at the sight
Of swift Achilles like another Mars
Panting for blood, and bright in arms again.60
But when the Olympian Powers had enter’d once
The multitude, then Discord, at whose voice
The million maddens, vehement arose;
Then, Pallas at the trench without the wall
By turns stood shouting, and by turns a shout65
Sent terrible along the sounding shore,
While, gloomy as a tempest, opposite,
Mars from the lofty citadel of Troy
Now yell’d aloud, now running o’er the hill
Callicolone, on the Simois’ side.70

So spoke the son of Saturn, igniting unavoidable war, and the Gods began to clash with conflicting thoughts. Juno and Pallas sought out the earth-encircling Power, Neptune, who was with the Greek fleet, joined by Mercury, the teacher of all useful skills, and Vulcan, whose eyes rolled around fiercely but whose legs were disproportionate, moving with difficulty and limping awkwardly. Mars, the warrior God, sided with Ilium, alongside Apollo, the ever-youthful, Diana with her arrow, Xanthus, Latona, and the smiling Queen, Venus. As long as the immortal Gods stayed out of both camps, the sons of Achaia felt triumphant, seeing Achilles on the battlefield after a long wait, and terror gripped every Trojan at the sight of swift Achilles, fierce like another Mars, eager for blood and brilliant in his armor once more. But when the Olympian Powers entered the fray, then Discord arose, the one whose voice drives the masses wild; Pallas stood by the trench outside the wall, shouting one moment and sending a dreadful shout echoing along the shore the next, while grim as a storm, Mars raged from the high citadel of Troy, now yelling loudly and now racing over the hills of Callicolone, by the Simois River.

Thus the Immortals, ever-blest, impell’d
Both hosts to battle, and dire inroad caused
Of strife among them. Sudden from on high
The Sire of Gods and men thunder’d; meantime,
Neptune the earth and the high mountains shook;75
Through all her base and to her topmost peak
Ida spring-fed the agitation felt
Reeling, all Ilium and the fleet of Greece.
Upstarted from his throne, appall’d, the King
Of Erebus, and with a cry his fears80
Through hell proclaim’d, lest Neptune, o’er his head
Shattering the vaulted earth, should wide disclose
To mortal and immortal eyes his realm
Terrible, squalid, to the Gods themselves
A dreaded spectacle; with such a sound85
The Powers eternal into battle rush’d.[4]
Opposed to Neptune, King of the vast Deep,
Apollo stood with his wing’d arrows arm’d;
Pallas to Mars; Diana shaft-expert,
Sister of Phœbus, in her golden bow90
Rejoicing, with whose shouts the forests ring
To Juno; Mercury, for useful arts
Famed, to Latona; and to Vulcan’s force
The eddied River broad by mortal men
Scamander call’d, but Xanthus by the Gods.95

So the Immortals, forever blessed, urged
Both sides into battle, causing a brutal
Conflict among them. Suddenly from above,
The Father of Gods and men thundered; meanwhile,
Neptune shook the earth and the high mountains;75
Throughout her base and to her highest peak,
Ida stirred with the turmoil felt
By all of Ilium and the fleet of Greece.
The King of Erebus sprang from his throne, alarmed,
And with a cry voiced his fears80
Through hell, in case Neptune, above him,
Should shatter the vaulted earth, revealing
To both mortals and immortals his realm,
A terrifying, filthy sight even to the Gods,
A sight to dread; with such a sound85
The eternal Powers rushed into battle.[4]
Against Neptune, King of the vast Deep,
Apollo stood armed with his winged arrows;
Pallas opposed Mars; Diana, skilled with arrows,
Sister of Phoebus, with her golden bow90
Rejoicing, whose shouts echoed through the forests
To Juno; Mercury, famous for useful arts,
To Latona; and to Vulcan’s strength
The wide, winding River, called by mortals
Scamander, but known to the Gods as Xanthus.95

So Gods encounter’d Gods. But most desire
Achilles felt, breaking the ranks, to rush
On Priameian Hector, with whose blood
Chiefly his fury prompted him to sate
The indefatigable God of war.100
But, the encourager of Ilium’s host
Apollo, urged Æneas to assail
The son of Peleus, with heroic might
Inspiring his bold heart. He feign’d the voice
Of Priam’s son Lycaon, and his form105
Assuming, thus the Trojan Chief address’d.

So gods met gods. But the strongest desire
Achilles had, breaking through the ranks, was to charge
At Priam’s Hector, whose blood
His rage wanted to spill
To satisfy the relentless God of war.100
But Apollo, who supported Ilium’s army,
Encouraged Aeneas to attack
The son of Peleus, with great strength,
Filling his brave heart with courage. He mimicked the voice
Of Priam’s son Lycaon and took on his appearance,105
Thus addressing the Trojan Chief.

Æneas! Trojan leader! where are now
Thy vaunts, which, banqueting erewhile among
Our princes, o’er thy brimming cups thou mad’st,
That thou would’st fight, thyself, with Peleus’ son?110

Æneas! Trojan leader! Where are now
Your boasts, which, while feasting earlier among
Our princes, over your overflowing cups you made,
That you would fight yourself with Peleus’ son?110

To whom Æneas answer thus returned.
Offspring of Priam! why enjoin’st thou me
Not so inclined, that arduous task, to cope
With the unmatch’d Achilles? I have proved
His force already, when he chased me down115
From Ida with his spear, what time he made
Seizure of all our cattle, and destroy’d
Pedasus and Lyrnessus; but I ’scaped
Unslain, by Jove himself empower’d to fly,
Else had I fallen by Achilles’ hand,120
And by the hand of Pallas, who his steps
Conducted, and exhorted him to slay
Us and the Leleges.[5] Vain, therefore, proves
All mortal force to Peleus’ son opposed;
For one, at least, of the Immortals stands125
Ever beside him, guardian of his life,
And, of himself, he hath an arm that sends
His rapid spear unerring to the mark.
Yet, would the Gods more equal sway the scales
Of battle, not with ease should he subdue130
Me, though he boast a panoply of brass.

To whom Aeneas replied: "Descendant of Priam! Why do you insist that I Face the unmatched Achilles in such a tough task? I've already experienced His strength when he chased me from Mount Ida With his spear, seizing all our cattle and destroying Pedasus and Lyrnessus; but I escaped Unharmed, thanks to Jupiter who gave me the power to flee, Otherwise, I would have fallen by Achilles’ hand, With Pallas guiding his steps And urging him to kill us and the Leleges. So, all mortal strength is useless against Peleus’ son; For at least one of the Immortals is always By his side, protecting his life, And he himself has an arm that can hurl His swift spear accurately at the target. However, if the Gods had more balanced control over the Outcome of the battle, he would not easily overcome Me, even if he boasts a suit of bronze."

Him, then, Apollo answer’d, son of Jove.
Hero! prefer to the immortal Gods
Thy Prayer, for thee men rumor Venus’ son
Daughter of Jove; and Peleus’ son his birth135
Drew from a Goddess of inferior note.
Thy mother is from Jove; the offspring, his,
Less noble of the hoary Ocean old.
Go, therefore, and thy conquering spear uplift
Against him, nor let aught his sounding words140
Appal thee, or his threats turn thee away.

Apollo then replied, son of Jove.
Hero! Put your prayer above the immortal Gods,
because people say you're the child of Venus,
daughter of Jove; and Peleus’ son was born 135
of a less notable goddess.
Your mother is from Jove; he is her offspring,
less noble than the ancient Ocean.
So go, and raise your conquering spear
against him, and don’t let his loud words 140
intimidate you or his threats sway you.

So saying, with martial force the Chief he fill’d,
Who through the foremost combatants advanced
Radiant in arms. Nor pass’d Anchises’ son
Unseen of Juno, through the crowded ranks145
Seeking Achilles, but the Powers of heaven
Convened by her command, she thus address’d.

So saying, the Chief moved forward with military strength, pushing through the first line of fighters, shining in armor. And Juno did not let Anchises' son pass through the packed ranks unnoticed, looking for Achilles, but the Powers of heaven, gathered by her command, she spoke to them.

Neptune, and thou, Minerva! with mature
Deliberation, ponder the event.
Yon Chief, Æneas, dazzling bright in arms;150
Goes to withstand Achilles, and he goes
Sent by Apollo; in despite of whom
Be it our task to give him quick repulse,
Or, of ourselves, let some propitious Power
Strengthen Achilles with a mind exempt155
From terror, and with force invincible.
So shall he know that of the Gods above
The mightiest are his friends, with whom compared
The favorers of Ilium in time past,
Who stood her guardians in the bloody strife,160
Are empty boasters all, and nothing worth.
For therefore came we down, that we may share
This fight, and that Achilles suffer nought
Fatal to-day, though suffer all he must
Hereafter, with his thread of life entwined165
By Destiny, the day when he was born.
But should Achilles unapprized remain
Of such advantage by a voice divine,
When he shall meet some Deity in the field,
Fear then will seize him, for celestial forms170
Unveil’d are terrible to mortal eyes.

Neptune, and you, Minerva! with careful thought,
Consider the situation.
That leader, Aeneas, shining bright in armor;150
Is heading to confront Achilles, and he's
Sent by Apollo; despite him,
It’s our job to give him a quick setback,
Or let some favorable Power
Empower Achilles with a fearless mind155
And unbeatable strength.
Then he will know that among the Gods above,
The strongest are his allies, compared to
The supporters of Ilium from the past,
Who protected her in brutal battle,160
Are just empty boastful claims and worthless.
We came down for this reason, to join
This fight, and that Achilles suffer nothing
Deadly today, though he must endure
All of it later, with his fate intertwined165
By Destiny, the day he was born.
But if Achilles remains unaware
Of such an advantage through a divine voice,
When he meets some God on the battlefield,
Fear will then take hold of him, for divine forms170
Unveiled are terrifying to human eyes.

To whom replied the Shaker of the shores.
Juno! thy hot impatience needs control;
It ill befits thee. No desire I feel
To force into contention with ourselves175
Gods, our inferiors. No. Let us, retired
To yonder hill, distant from all resort,
There sit, while these the battle wage alone.
But if Apollo, or if Mars the fight
Entering, begin, themselves, to interfere180
Against Achilles, then will we at once
To battle also; and, I much misdeem,
Or glad they shall be soon to mix again
Among the Gods on the Olympian heights,
By strong coercion of our arms subdued.185

To whom replied the Shaker of the shores.
Juno! your fiery impatience needs to be tamed;
It doesn’t suit you. I have no desire
To engage in conflict with our own175
Gods, who are beneath us. No. Let us retire
To that hill over there, away from everyone,
And sit while these battle it out alone.
But if Apollo, or if Mars enters the fight
And starts to interfere180
Against Achilles, then we will join
The battle as well; and I think they’ll be glad
To mix again among the Gods on Olympus,
Defeated by the strength of our arms.185

So saying, the God of Ocean azure-hair’d
Moved foremost to the lofty mound earth-built
Of noble Hercules, by Pallas raised
And by the Trojans for his safe escape,
What time the monster of the deep pursued190
The hero from the sea-bank o’er the plain.
There Neptune sat, and his confederate Gods,
Their shoulders with impenetrable clouds
O’ermantled, while the city-spoiler Mars
Sat with Apollo opposite on the hill195
Callicolone, with their aids divine.
So, Gods to Gods in opposite aspect
Sat ruminating, and alike the work
All fearing to begin of arduous war,
While from his seat sublime Jove urged them on.200
The champain all was fill’d, and with the blaze
Illumined wide of men and steeds brass-arm’d,
And the incumber’d earth jarr’d under foot
Of the encountering hosts. Then, two, the rest
Surpassing far, into the midst advanced205
Impatient for the fight, Anchises’ son
Æneas and Achilles, glorious Chief!
Æneas first, under his ponderous casque
Nodding and menacing, advanced; before
His breast he held the well-conducted orb210
Of his broad shield, and shook his brazen spear.
On the other side, Achilles to the fight
Flew like a ravening lion, on whose death
Resolved, the peasants from all quarters meet;
He, viewing with disdain the foremost, stalks215
Right on, but smitten by some dauntless youth
Writhes himself, and discloses his huge fangs
Hung with white foam; then, growling for revenge,
Lashes himself to battle with his tail,
Till with a burning eye and a bold heart220
He springs to slaughter, or himself is slain;
So, by his valor and his noble mind
Impell’d, renown’d Achilles moved toward
Æneas, and, small interval between,
Thus spake the hero matchless in the race.225

So saying, the God of the Ocean with blue hair Moved to the towering mound built of earth By noble Hercules, raised by Pallas And by the Trojans for his safe escape, When the sea monster chased The hero from the shore across the plain. There sat Neptune, along with his fellow Gods, Their shoulders covered by impenetrable clouds, While the city-destroyer Mars Sat opposite Apollo on the hill, Callicolone, with their divine allies. So, Gods faced Gods in opposition, Thinking deeply, and all fearing To start the difficult war, While from his high seat, Jove urged them on. The open fields were filled, lit up By the blaze of men and brass-armed steeds, And the burdened earth shook underfoot Of the clashing armies. Then, two, far beyond the rest, Stepped forward into the center, Eager for battle—Anchises' son Æneas and glorious Chief Achilles! Æneas first, under his heavy helmet, Nodding and threatening, moved forward; before Him he held the well-crafted round Of his broad shield and shook his bronze spear. On the other side, Achilles rushed to the fight Like a fierce lion, intent on its prey; He, disdainfully eyeing the front lines, stalks Straight ahead, but struck by some fearless youth, Writhes and reveals his huge fangs Dripping with white foam; then, growling for revenge, He whips himself into battle with his tail, Until with burning eyes and a brave heart He leaps into slaughter or meets his end; So, driven by his valor and noble spirit, Renowned Achilles moved toward Æneas, with only a small distance between, And thus spoke the hero unmatched in might.

Why stand’st thou here, Æneas! thy own band
Left at such distance? Is it that thine heart
Glows with ambition to contend with me
In hope of Priam’s honors, and to fill
His throne hereafter in Troy steed-renown’d?230
But shouldst thou slay me, not for that exploit
Would Priam such large recompense bestow,
For he hath sons, and hath, beside, a mind
And disposition not so lightly changed.
Or have the Trojans of their richest soil235
For vineyard apt or plow assign’d thee part
If thou shalt slay me? Difficult, I hope,
At least, thou shalt experience that emprize.
For, as I think, I have already chased
Thee with my spear. Forgettest thou the day240
When, finding thee alone, I drove thee down
Headlong from Ida, and, thy cattle left
Afar, thou didst not dare in all thy flight
Turn once, till at Lyrnessus safe arrived,
Which city by Jove’s aid and by the aid245
Of Pallas I destroy’d, and captive led
Their women? Thee, indeed, the Gods preserved
But they shall not preserve thee, as thou dream’st
Now also. Back into thy host again;
Hence, I command thee, nor oppose in fight250
My force, lest evil find thee. To be taught
By suffering only is the part of fools.

Why are you standing there, Aeneas? Why have your own people been left so far behind? Is it because your heart is burning with the ambition to compete with me for Priam’s honors, hoping to take his place on the throne of great Troy someday? But if you kill me, don’t think that Priam would reward you for such an act. He has sons, and he's not someone who easily changes his mind or his feelings. Or have the Trojans assigned you a share of their most fertile land for vineyards or farming if you manage to kill me? I hope it’s difficult, at least; you will find that undertaking challenging. Because, if I recall correctly, I’ve already chased you with my spear. Have you forgotten the day when I found you all alone and drove you down from Mount Ida, so that you didn't dare look back while you fled, not stopping until you reached Lyrnessus, a city that I destroyed with the help of Jove and Pallas, capturing their women? The Gods did keep you safe, but they won’t protect you this time, as you're dreaming now. Go back to your camp; I command you, and don't confront me in battle, or you might find trouble. Only fools learn through suffering.

To whom Æneas answer thus return’d.
Pelides! hope not, as I were a boy,
With words to scare me. I have also taunts255
At my command, and could be sharp as thou.
By such reports as from the lips of men
We oft have heard, each other’s birth we know
And parents; but my parents to behold
Was ne’er thy lot, nor have I thine beheld.260
Thee men proclaim from noble Peleus sprung
And Thetis, bright hair’d Goddess of the Deep;
I boast myself of lovely Venus born
To brave Anchises; and his son this day
In battle slain thy sire shall mourn, or mine;265
For I expect not that we shall depart
Like children, satisfied with words alone.
But if it please thee more at large to learn
My lineage (thousands can attest it true)
Know this. Jove, Sovereign of the storms, begat270
Dardanus, and ere yet the sacred walls
Of Ilium rose, the glory of this plain,
He built Dardania; for at Ida’s foot
Dwelt our progenitors in ancient days.
Dardanus was the father of a son,275
King Ericthonius, wealthiest of mankind.
Three thousand mares of his the marish grazed,
Each suckling with delight her tender foal.
Boreas, enamor’d of no few of these,
The pasture sought, and cover’d them in form280
Of a steed azure-maned. They, pregnant thence,
Twelve foals produced, and all so light of foot,
That when they wanton’d in the fruitful field
They swept, and snapp’d it not, the golden ear;
And when they wanton’d on the boundless deep,285
They skimm’d the green wave’s frothy ridge, secure.
From Ericthonius sprang Tros, King of Troy,
And Tros was father of three famous sons,
Ilus, Assaracus, and Ganymede
Loveliest of human kind, whom for his charms290
The Gods caught up to heaven, there to abide
With the immortals, cup-bearer of Jove.
Ilus begat Laomedon, and he
Five sons, Tithonus, Priam, Clytius,
Lampus, and Hicetaon, branch of Mars.295
Assaracus a son begat, by name
Capys, and Capys in due time his son
Warlike Anchises, and Anchises me.
But Priam is the noble Hector’s sire.[6]
Such is my lineage, and such blood I boast;300
But valor is from Jove; he, as he wills,
Increases or reduces it in man,
For he is lord of all. Therefore enough—
Too long like children we have stood, the time
Consuming here, while battle roars around.305
Reproach is cheap. Easily might we cast
Gibes at each other, till a ship that asks
A hundred oars should sink beneath the load.
The tongue of man is voluble, hath words
For every theme, nor wants wide field and long,310
And as he speaks so shall he hear again.
But we—why should we wrangle, and with taunts
Assail each other, as the practice is
Of women, who with heart-devouring strife
On fire, start forth into the public way315
To mock each other, uttering, as may chance,
Much truth, much falsehood, as their anger bids?
The ardor of my courage will not slack
For all thy speeches; we must combat first;
Now, therefore, without more delay, begin,320
That we may taste each other’s force in arms.[7]

To whom Aeneas replied:
"Achilles! Don't think you can scare me like a child
with your words. I have my own insults255
ready to throw back, and I can be just as sharp as you.
From what I've heard people say,
we know each other's backgrounds
and parents; but I’ve never seen yours,
nor have you seen mine.260
They claim you are the son of noble Peleus
and Thetis, the fair-haired Goddess of the Sea;
I proudly say I’m born of lovely Venus
to brave Anchises; and today
your father will mourn for me if I fall in battle, or vice versa;265
because I don’t expect us to part ways
like children, satisfied with just words.
But if you want to know more
about my lineage (thousands can confirm it),
here it is: Zeus, lord of storms, fathered270
Dardanus, and before the sacred walls
of Ilium rose, the glory of this land,
he built Dardania; for at the foot of Ida
our ancestors lived in ancient times.
Dardanus fathered a son,275
King Ericthonius, the wealthiest of men.
He had three thousand mares grazing in the marsh,
with each one happily nursing her foal.
Boreas, enchanted by some of them,
came to the pasture and covered them in the guise280
of a horse with a blue mane. They, pregnant from that,
gave birth to twelve foals, all so swift
that when they frolicked in the fruitful field
they wouldn’t trample the golden grain;
and when they raced on the boundless sea,285
they skimmed the green waves' frothy tops effortlessly.
From Ericthonius came Tros, King of Troy,
and Tros was the father of three famous sons,
Ilus, Assaracus, and Ganymede,
the fairest of mortals, who was so charming290
that the gods took him to heaven,
where he serves as cup-bearer to Zeus.
Ilus fathered Laomedon, and he
had five sons: Tithonus, Priam, Clytius,
Lampus, and Hicetaon, a descendant of Mars.295
Assaracus also had a son named
Capys, and Capys in due time fathered
the warlike Anchises, and Anchises is my father.
But Priam is the noble Hector’s dad.[6]
This is my lineage, and this is my blood;300
but courage comes from Zeus; he, as he wishes,
increases or diminishes it in a person,
for he is the lord of all. So enough—
we’ve spent too long standing here like children,
wasting time while battle rages around us.305
Insults are easy. We could easily throw
jabs at each other until a ship meant for
a hundred oars sinks from the weight.
The human tongue is versatile and has words
for every topic, needing neither long periods nor vast fields,310
and as one speaks, so shall they hear back.
But why should we argue and with insults
attack each other like women,
who, with hearts burning in strife,
run out to the public square to mock each other,315
speaking both much truth and much falsehood as their anger leads?
My courage will not waver
from your speeches; we must fight first;
so now, without further delay, let’s begin,320
so we can test each other’s strength in battle.[7]

So spake Æneas, and his brazen lance
Hurl’d with full force against the dreadful shield.
Loud roar’d its ample concave at the blow.
Not unalarm’d, Pelides his broad disk325
Thrust farther from him, deeming that the force
Of such an arm should pierce his guard with ease.
Vain fear! he recollected not that arms
Glorious as his, gifts of the immortal Gods,
Yield not so quickly to the force of man.330
The stormy spear by brave Æneas sent,
No passage found; the golden plate divine
Repress’d its vehemence; two folds it pierced,
But three were still behind, for with five folds
Vulcan had fortified it; two were brass;335
The two interior, tin; the midmost, gold;
And at the golden one the weapon stood.[8]
Achilles next, hurl’d his long shadow’d spear,
And struck Æneas on the utmost verge
Of his broad shield, where thinnest lay the brass,340
And thinnest the ox-hide. The Pelian ash
Started right through the buckler, and it rang.
Æneas crouch’d terrified, and his shield
Thrust farther from him; but the rapid beam
Bursting both borders of the ample disk,345
Glanced o’er his back, and plunged into the soil.
He ’scaped it, and he stood; but, as he stood,
With horror infinite the weapon saw
Planted so near him. Then, Achilles drew
His falchion keen, and with a deafening shout350
Sprang on him; but Æneas seized a stone
Heavy and huge, a weight to overcharge
Two men (such men as are accounted strong
Now) but he wielded it with ease, alone.
Then had Æneas, as Achilles came355
Impetuous on, smitten, although in vain,
His helmet or his shield, and Peleus’ son
Had with his falchion him stretch’d at his feet,
But that the God of Ocean quick perceived
His peril, and the Immortals thus bespake.360

So spoke Aeneas, and he hurled his bronze spear With all his strength against the terrifying shield. Its wide surface roared at the impact. Not undaunted, Achilles pushed his shield Further away, thinking that such a strong strike Would easily break through his defense. Foolish fear! He forgot that weapons As remarkable as his, gifts from the immortal gods, Do not yield so easily to human force. The fierce spear thrown by brave Aeneas Found no opening; the divine golden plate Held back its power; it pierced two layers, But three remained intact, for Vulcan had Fortified it with five layers; two were brass; The two inner layers were tin; the middle was gold; And the weapon stopped at the golden one. Achilles then threw his long, shadowy spear, Striking Aeneas on the edge Of his broad shield, where the brass was thinnest, And the ox-hide too. The Pelian ash Sliced right through the shield, and it rang loudly. Aeneas crouched down in fear, and his shield Moved further away; but the swift spear Smashed through both edges of the wide shield, Glanced off his back, and stuck into the ground. He escaped it and stood up; but as he stood, He felt a deep horror seeing The weapon lodged so close to him. Then Achilles drew His sharp sword, and with a deafening shout, Leaped at him; but Aeneas grabbed a stone Heavy and massive, a weight that would burden Two strong men (the kind considered strong today) But he lifted it easily, all by himself. Then Aeneas, as Achilles charged At him fiercely, struck—though in vain— His helmet or his shield, and the son of Peleus Would have felled him at his feet with his sword, Had the god of the sea quickly sensed His danger and spoken to the immortals.

I pity brave Æneas, who shall soon,
Slain by Achilles, see the realms below,
By smooth suggestions of Apollo lured
To danger, such as he can ne’er avert.
But wherefore should the Chief, guiltless himself,365
Die for the fault of others? at no time
His gifts have fail’d, grateful to all in heaven.
Come, therefore, and let us from death ourselves
Rescue him, lest if by Achilles’ arm
This hero perish, Jove himself be wroth;370
For he is destined to survive, lest all
The house of Dardanus (whom Jove beyond
All others loved, his sons of woman born)
Fail with Æneas, and be found no more.
Saturnian Jove hath hated now long time375
The family of Priam, and henceforth
Æneas and his son, and his sons’ sons,
Shall sway the sceptre o’er the race of Troy.

I feel sorry for brave Aeneas, who soon,
Will be killed by Achilles and see the underworld,
Lured into danger by smooth words from Apollo,
Which he can never avoid.
But why should the Chief, who is innocent,365 Days
Die for the mistakes of others? At no point
Have his gifts failed, being appreciated by everyone in heaven.
So come, let’s save him from death
Before this hero falls by Achilles’ hand, lest
Jupiter himself gets angry;370
For he is meant to survive, so that all
The family of Dardanus (whom Jupiter loved
More than anyone else, his sons born of a woman)
Don’t perish with Aeneas and vanish.
Jupiter has hated the family of Priam for a long time,375
And from now on,
Aeneas and his son, and his grandsons,
Will rule over the race of Troy.

To whom, majestic thus the spouse of Jove.
Neptune! deliberate thyself, and choose380
Whether to save Æneas, or to leave
The hero victim of Achilles’ ire.
For Pallas and myself ofttimes have sworn
In full assembly of the Gods, to aid
Troy never, never to avert the day385
Of her distress, not even when the flames
Kindled by the heroic sons of Greece,
Shall climb with fury to her topmost towers.

To whom, majestic spouse of Jove.
Neptune! Think carefully and decide380
Whether to save Æneas or to let him
Become a victim of Achilles’ anger.
For Pallas and I have often sworn
In full assembly of the Gods, to help
Troy never, never to stop the day385
Of her suffering, not even when the flames
Ignited by the heroic sons of Greece,
Rise up in fury to her highest towers.

She spake; then Neptune, instant, through the throng
Of battle flying, and the clash of spears,390
Came where Achilles and Æneas fought.
At once with shadows dim he blurr’d the sight
Of Peleus’ son, and from the shield, himself,
Of brave Æneas the bright-pointed ash
Retracting, placed it at Achilles’ feet.395
Then, lifting high Æneas from the ground,
He heaved him far remote; o’er many a rank
Of heroes and of bounding steeds he flew,
Launch’d into air from the expanded palm
Of Neptune, and alighted in the rear400
Of all the battle where the Caucons stood.
Neptune approach’d him there, and at his side
Standing, in accents wing’d, him thus bespake.

She spoke; then Neptune, immediately, through the crowd
Of battle rushing, and the clash of spears,390
Came to where Achilles and Æneas fought.
At once with dim shadows he clouded the sight
Of Peleus’ son, and from the shield, himself,
Of brave Æneas the bright-pointed spear
Withdrawing, placed it at Achilles’ feet.395
Then, lifting high Æneas from the ground,
He threw him far away; over many rows
Of heroes and leaping steeds he flew,
Launched into the air from Neptune's outstretched palm
And landed behind400
All the battle where the Caucons stood.
Neptune approached him there, and at his side
Standing, in swift words, he spoke to him.

What God, Æneas! tempted thee to cope
Thus inconsiderately with the son405
Of Peleus, both more excellent in fight
Than thou, and more the favorite of the skies?
From him retire hereafter, or expect
A premature descent into the shades.
But when Achilles shall have once fulfill’d410
His destiny, in battle slain, then fight
Fearless, for thou canst fall by none beside.

What were you thinking, Æneas? What made you go up against the son of Peleus like this, someone both stronger in battle than you and more favored by the gods? Back off from him from now on, or be ready to face an early death. But when Achilles has met his fate in battle, then you can fight without fear, because you won't fall to anyone else.

So saying, he left the well-admonish’d Chief,
And from Achilles’ eyes scatter’d the gloom
Shed o’er them by himself. The hero saw415
Clearly, and with his noble heart incensed
By disappointment, thus conferring, said.

So saying, he left the well-advised Chief,
And from Achilles’ eyes cleared the gloom
That he had cast over them himself. The hero saw415
Clearly, and with his noble heart angry
From disappointment, thus spoke.

Gods! I behold a prodigy. My spear
Lies at my foot, and he at whom I cast
The weapon with such deadly force, is gone!420
Æneas therefore, as it seems, himself
Interests the immortal Gods, although
I deem’d his boast of their protection vain.
I reck not. Let him go. So gladly ’scaped
From slaughter now, he shall not soon again425
Feel an ambition to contend with me.
Now will I rouse the Danaï, and prove
The force in fight of many a Trojan more.

Wow! I see something extraordinary. My spear
Is at my feet, and the one I threw
It at with such deadly force is gone!420
Æneas, it seems, has caught the interest of the immortal Gods, although
I thought his claims of their protection were pointless.
I don’t care. Let him go. Having escaped
From death so easily, he won't be eager425
To challenge me again anytime soon.
Now I will rally the Greeks and test
The fighting strength of many more Trojans.

He said, and sprang to battle with loud voice,
Calling the Grecians after him.—Ye sons430
Of the Achaians! stand not now aloof,
My noble friends! but foot to foot let each
Fall on courageous, and desire the fight.
The task were difficult for me alone,
Brave as I boast myself, to chase a foe435
So numerous, and to combat with them all.
Not Mars himself, immortal though he be,
Nor Pallas, could with all the ranks contend
Of this vast multitude, and drive the whole.
With hands, with feet, with spirit and with might,440
All that I can I will; right through I go,
And not a Trojan who shall chance within
Spear’s reach of me, shall, as I judge, rejoice.

He shouted and charged into battle with a loud voice,
Calling the Greeks to follow him.—You sons430
Of the Achaeans! don’t hold back now,
My brave friends! but let each of us
Face our opponents head-on, eager for the fight.
It would be tough for me alone,
Brave as I claim to be, to chase such a
Large enemy force and fight them all.
Not even Mars himself, though he is immortal,
Nor Pallas, could take on the full ranks
Of this massive crowd and drive them back.
With my hands, my feet, my spirit, and my strength,440
I'll do everything I can; I’ll push right through,
And any Trojan who gets within
Reach of my spear won’t have any reason to celebrate.

Thus he the Greeks exhorted. Opposite,
Meantime, illustrious Hector to his host445
Vociferated, his design to oppose
Achilles publishing in every ear.

Thus he urged the Greeks. Meanwhile, the notable Hector shouted to his men, announcing his plan to confront Achilles for everyone to hear.

Fear not, ye valiant men of Troy! fear not
The son of Peleus. In a war of words
I could, myself, cope even with the Gods;450
But not with spears; there they excel us all.
Nor shall Achilles full performance give
To all his vaunts, but, if he some fulfil,
Shall others leave mutilate in the midst.
I will encounter him, though his hands be fire,455
Though fire his hands, and his heart hammer’d steel.

Don't be afraid, brave men of Troy! Don't be afraid
Of the son of Peleus. In a battle of words
I could handle even the gods myself;450
But not in a fight; that's where they outshine us all.
And Achilles won't live up to all his boasts;
If he achieves some, he will leave others broken in the process.
I will face him, even if his hands are like fire,455
Fire in his hands, and his heart like hammered steel.

So spake he them exhorting. At his word
Uprose the Trojan spears, thick intermixt
The battle join’d, and clamor loud began.
Then thus, approaching Hector, Phœbus spake.460

So he spoke to them, encouraging them. At his command
the Trojan spears rose up, all mixed together
the battle joined, and a loud clamor started.
Then, as he approached, Hector heard Phœbus speak.460

Henceforth, advance not Hector! in the front
Seeking Achilles, but retired within
The stormy multitude his coming wait,
Lest his spear reach thee, or his glittering sword.

Henceforth, don't move forward, Hector! Stay back
Looking for Achilles, but stay within
The chaotic crowd that is waiting for him,
So his spear doesn't hit you, or his shining sword.

He said, and Hector far into his host465
Withdrew, admonish’d by the voice divine.
Then, shouting terrible, and clothed with might,
Achilles sprang to battle. First, he slew
The valiant Chief Iphition, whom a band
Numerous obey’d. Otrynteus was his sire.470
Him to Otrynteus, city-waster Chief,
A Naiad under snowy Tmolus bore
In fruitful Hyda.[9] Right into his front
As he advanced, Achilles drove his spear,
And rived his skull; with thundering sound he fell,475
And thus the conqueror gloried in his fall.

He said, and Hector moved deep into his army465
Withdrawn, warned by the divine voice.
Then, shouting fiercely and filled with power,
Achilles rushed into battle. First, he killed
The brave Chief Iphition, who led a large group
Following his command. Otrynteus was his father.470
A Naiad bore him to Otrynteus, the conqueror Chief,
In the fertile land of Hyda beneath snowy Tmolus.[9] As he approached,
Achilles drove his spear and shattered his skull;
With a thunderous crash, he fell,475
And thus the victor reveled in his defeat.

Ah Otryntides! thou art slain. Here lies
The terrible in arms, who born beside
The broad Gygæan lake, where Hyllus flows
And Hermus, call’d the fertile soil his own.480

Ah Otryntides! you are slain. Here lies
The fearsome warrior, who was born near
The wide Gygæan lake, where Hyllus flows
And Hermus, known as the fertile land.480

Thus gloried he. Meantime the shades of death
Cover’d Iphition, and Achaian wheels
And horses ground his body in the van.
Demoleon next, Antenor’s son, a brave
Defender of the walls of Troy, he slew.485
Into his temples through his brazen casque
He thrust the Pelian ash, nor could the brass
Such force resist, but the huge weapon drove
The shatter’d bone into his inmost brain,
And his fierce onset at a stroke repress’d.490
Hippodamas his weapon next received
Within his spine, while with a leap he left
His steeds and fled. He, panting forth his life,
Moan’d like a bull, by consecrated youths
Dragg’d round the Heliconian King,[10] who views495
That victim with delight. So, with loud moans
The noble warrior sigh’d his soul away.
Then, spear in hand, against the godlike son
Of Priam, Polydorus, he advanced.
Not yet his father had to him indulged500
A warrior’s place, for that of all his sons
He was the youngest-born, his hoary sire’s
Chief darling, and in speed surpass’d them all.
Then also, in the vanity of youth,
For show of nimbleness, he started oft505
Into the vanward, till at last he fell.
Him gliding swiftly by, swifter than he
Achilles with a javelin reach’d; he struck
His belt behind him, where the golden clasps
Met, and the double hauberk interposed.510
The point transpierced his bowels, and sprang through
His navel; screaming, on his knees he fell,
Death-shadows dimm’d his eyes, and with both hands,
Stooping, he press’d his gather’d bowels back.
But noble Hector, soon as he beheld515
His brother Polydorus to the earth
Inclined, and with his bowels in his hands,
Sightless well-nigh with anguish could endure
No longer to remain aloof; flame-like
He burst abroad,[11] and shaking his sharp spear,520
Advanced to meet Achilles, whose approach
Seeing, Achilles bounded with delight,
And thus, exulting, to himself he said.

Thus he reveled in glory. Meanwhile, the shadows of death
Covered Iphition, and Achaian chariots
And horses crushed his body in the front.
Demoleon next, Antenor’s son, a brave
Defender of the walls of Troy, he killed.485
Through his helmet, he drove the Pelian ash
Into his temples, and the bronze
Could not withstand such force; the enormous weapon
Pushed the shattered bone deep into his brain,
And it halted his fierce charge in an instant.490
Hippodamas was next, his weapon
Piercing through his spine as he leaped off
His horses and fled. He, gasping for breath,
Moaned like a bull, dragged around by consecrated youths
To the Heliconian King, who watched495
That victim with delight. So, with loud groans
The noble warrior sighed his soul away.
Then, spear in hand, he approached the godlike son
Of Priam, Polydorus. His father had not yet
Granted him a warrior’s place, for of all his sons
He was the youngest, the cherished favorite of his aging father,
And he outpaced them all in speed.
In the foolishness of youth,
To show off his agility, he often leaped
To the front, until at last he fell.
As he slid by, faster than him,
Achilles with a javelin struck; he hit
The strap on his back, where the golden clasps
Met, and the double armor got in the way.510
The point pierced his insides and passed through
His navel; screaming, he fell on his knees,
Shadows of death dimmed his vision, and with both hands,
Bending down, he pressed his insides back.
But noble Hector, as soon as he saw515
His brother Polydorus leaning to the ground
With his insides in his hands,
Almost blind with pain could no longer bear
To stay back; like fire,
He burst forward, and shaking his sharp spear,520
Advanced to meet Achilles, whose approach
He saw, and Achilles jumped with delight,
And thus, triumphantly, he said to himself.

Ah! he approaches, who hath stung my soul
Deepest, the slayer of whom most I loved!525
Behold, we meet! Caution is at an end,
And timid skulking in the walks of war.

Ah! here he comes, the one who has wounded my soul
The one who killed the one I loved the most!525
Look, we meet! No more caution,
And no more hiding in the shadows of battle.

He ceased, and with a brow knit into frowns,
Call’d to illustrious Hector. Haste, approach,
That I may quick dispatch thee to the shades.530

He stopped, with a furrowed brow,
Called out to the great Hector. Hurry, come here,
So I can send you off to the underworld.530

Whom answer’d warlike Hector, nought appall’d.
Pelides! hope not, as I were a boy,
With words to scare me. I have also taunts
At my command, and can be sharp as thou.
I know thee valiant, and myself I know535
Inferior far; yet, whether thou shalt slay
Me, or, inferior as I am, be slain
By me, is at the pleasure of the Gods,
For I wield also not a pointless beam.

"Who answered warlike Hector, undaunted.
Pelides! don’t think, just because I’m not a child,
That words can intimidate me. I also have insults
At my disposal and can be just as cutting as you.
I know you're brave, and I know I'm535
Much less than you; yet, whether you'll kill
Me, or if I, being lesser, will kill
You, is up to the will of the Gods,
For I also wield a weapon that isn’t useless."

He said, and, brandishing it, hurl’d his spear,540
Which Pallas, breathing softly, wafted back
From the renown’d Achilles, and it fell
Successless at illustrious Hector’s feet.
Then, all on fire to slay him, with a shout
That rent the air Achilles rapid flew545
Toward him; but him wrapt in clouds opaque
Apollo caught with ease divine away.
Thrice, swift Achilles sprang to the assault
Impetuous, thrice the pitchy cloud he smote,
And at his fourth assault, godlike in act,550
And terrible in utterance, thus exclaim’d.

He said this and, waving it around, threw his spear,540
But Pallas gently sent it back,
So it fell,
Missing at the feet of mighty Hector.
Then, filled with rage to kill him, with a shout
That pierced the air, Achilles quickly ran545
Toward him; but Apollo, shrouded in thick clouds,
Easily took him away.
Thrice, swift Achilles leaped to attack,
Fierce, and three times he struck the dark cloud,
And on his fourth attempt, godlike in action,550
And fearsome in his words, he shouted.

Dog! thou art safe, and hast escaped again;
But narrowly, and by the aid once more
Of Phœbus, without previous suit to whom
Thou venturest never where the javelin sings.555
But when we next encounter, then expect,
If one of all in heaven aid also me,
To close thy proud career. Meantime I seek
Some other, and assail e’en whom I may.

Dog! You’re safe and have escaped again;
But just barely, and thanks once more
To Phoebus, without whom you never dare
To go where the javelin flies.555
But when we meet next, expect,
If any of those in heaven help me too,
To end your proud reign. In the meantime, I’ll look for
Someone else to attack, even whoever I can.

So saying, he pierced the neck of Dryops through,560
And at his feet he fell. Him there he left,
And turning on a valiant warrior huge,
Philetor’s son, Demuchus, in the knee
Pierced, and detain’d him by the planted spear,
Till with his sword he smote him, and he died.565
Laogonus and Dardanus he next
Assaulted, sons of Bias; to the ground
Dismounting both, one with his spear he slew,
The other with his falchion at a blow.
Tros too, Alastor’s son—he suppliant clasp’d570
Achilles’ knees, and for his pity sued,
Pleading equality of years, in hope
That he would spare, and send him thence alive.
Ah dreamer! ignorant how much in vain
That suit he urged; for not of milky mind,575
Or placable in temper was the Chief
To whom he sued, but fiery. With both hands
His knees he clasp’d importunate, and he
Fast by the liver gash’d him with his sword.
His liver falling forth, with sable blood580
His bosom fill’d, and darkness veil’d his eyes.
Then, drawing close to Mulius, in his ear
He set the pointed brass, and at a thrust
Sent it, next moment, through his ear beyond.
Then, through the forehead of Agenor’s son585
Echechlus, his huge-hafted blade he drove,
And death and fate forever veil’d his eyes.
Next, where the tendons of the elbow meet,
Striking Deucalion, through his wrist he urged
The brazen point; he all defenceless stood,590
Expecting death; down came Achilles’ blade
Full on his neck; away went head and casque
Together; from his spine the marrow sprang,
And at his length outstretch’d he press’d the plain.
From him to Rhigmus, Pireus’ noble son,595
He flew, a warrior from the fields of Thrace.
Him through the loins he pierced, and with the beam
Fixt in his bowels, to the earth he fell;
Then piercing, as he turn’d to flight, the spine
Of Areithöus his charioteer,600
He thrust him from his seat; wild with dismay
Back flew the fiery coursers at his fall.
As a devouring fire within the glens
Of some dry mountain ravages the trees,
While, blown around, the flames roll to all sides,605
So, on all sides, terrible as a God,
Achilles drove the death-devoted host
Of Ilium, and the champain ran with blood.
As when the peasant his yoked steers employs
To tread his barley, the broad-fronted pair610
With ponderous hoofs trample it out with ease,
So, by magnanimous Achilles driven,
His coursers solid-hoof’d stamp’d as they ran
The shields, at once, and bodies of the slain;
Blood spatter’d all his axle, and with blood615
From the horse-hoofs and from the fellied wheels
His chariot redden’d, while himself, athirst
For glory, his unconquerable hands
Defiled with mingled carnage, sweat, and dust.

So saying, he pierced Dryops’ neck, and he fell at his feet. He left him there and turned to tackle a huge warrior, Demuchus, son of Philetor. He pierced him in the knee and held him in place with his spear until he struck him with his sword, killing him. He then attacked Laogonus and Dardanus, the sons of Bias; he took them down, killing one with his spear and the other with his sword. Tros, Alastor’s son, clasped Achilles’ knees as a supplicant, pleading for mercy, hoping that Achilles would spare him because they were of the same age and let him go alive. Ah, what a dreamer! He didn’t realize how futile his plea was; for Achilles was not soft-hearted or easy to sway, but fierce. With both hands, he gripped Achilles’ knees desperately and delivered a fatal blow to his liver with his sword. Tros’ liver spilled out, filling his chest with dark blood as darkness covered his eyes. Then, getting close to Mulius, he drove a sharp blade into his ear, thrusting it through to the other side. Next, he drove his massive blade through the forehead of Echechlus, Agenor’s son, and his eyes were forever shrouded in death. He struck Deucalion through the wrist where the tendons of the elbow meet with the bronze tip; Deucalion stood defenseless, expecting death. Achilles’ blade came down hard on his neck, severing head and helmet together, with the marrow springing from his spine as he fell outstretched on the ground. From here, he flew toward Rhigmus, noble son of Pireus, a warrior from Thrace. He pierced him through the loins, and pinned to the ground, he fell. Then, as he turned to flee, he struck Areithöus, his charioteer, in the spine, throwing him from his seat; the wild horses, frightened by his fall, bolted back. Like a devouring fire raging through the dry forests of a mountain, with flames igniting in all directions, Achilles drove the doomed men of Ilium from every side, and the plain ran with blood. Just as a farmer uses yoked oxen to thresh his barley, and the sturdy pair crushes it easily with their heavy hooves, so, propelled by the mighty Achilles, his solid-hoofed horses trampled the shields and bodies of the fallen. Blood splattered all over his axle, and his chariot was stained red with blood from the horse-hooves and the wheeled chariot, as he, thirsting for glory, stained his unbeatable hands with a mix of blood, sweat, and dust.

BOOK XXI.

ARGUMENT OF THE TWENTY-FIRST BOOK.

Achilles having separated the Trojans, and driven one part of them to the city and the other into the Scamander, takes twelve young men alive, his intended victims to the manes of Patroclus. The river overflowing his banks with purpose to overwhelm him, is opposed by Vulcan, and gladly relinquishes the attempt. The battle of the gods ensues. Apollo, in the form of Agenor, decoys Achilles from the town, which in the mean time the Trojans enter and shut the gates against him.

Achilles, having pushed the Trojans apart and forced some into the city and others into the Scamander river, takes twelve young men alive as sacrifices for the spirit of Patroclus. The river, overflowing its banks and trying to drown him, is stopped by Vulcan, who successfully prevents the attack. A battle among the gods breaks out. Apollo, disguised as Agenor, lures Achilles away from the city, allowing the Trojans to enter and shut the gates behind him.

BOOK XXI.

[1]But when they came, at length, where Xanthus winds
His stream vortiginous from Jove derived,
There, separating Ilium’s host, he drove
Part o’er the plain to Troy in the same road
By which the Grecians had so lately fled5
The fury of illustrious Hector’s arm.
That way they fled pouring themselves along
Flood-like, and Juno, to retard them, threw
Darkness as night before them. Other part,
Push’d down the sides of Xanthus, headlong plunged10
With dashing sound into his dizzy stream,
And all his banks re-echoed loud the roar.
They, struggling, shriek’d in silver eddies whirl’d.
As when, by violence of fire expell’d,
Locusts uplifted on the wing escape15
To some broad river, swift the sudden blaze
Pursues them, they, astonish’d, strew the flood,[2]
So, by Achilles driven, a mingled throng
Of horses and of warriors overspread
Xanthus, and glutted all his sounding course20
He, chief of heroes, leaving on the bank
His spear against a tamarisk reclined,
Plunged like a God, with falchion arm’d alone
But fill’d with thoughts of havoc. On all sides
Down came his edge; groans follow’d dread to hear25
Of warriors smitten by the sword, and all
The waters as they ran redden’d with blood.
As smaller fishes, flying the pursuit
Of some huge dolphin, terrified, the creeks
And secret hollows of a haven fill,30
For none of all that he can seize he spares,
So lurk’d the trembling Trojans in the caves
Of Xanthus’ awful flood. But he (his hands
Wearied at length with slaughter) from the rest
Twelve youths selected whom to death he doom’d,35
In vengeance for his loved Patroclus slain.
Them stupified with dread like fawns he drove
Forth from the river, manacling their hands
Behind them fast with their own tunic-strings,
And gave them to his warrior train in charge.40
Then, ardent still for blood, rushing again
Toward the stream, Dardanian Priam’s son
He met, Lycaon, as he climb’d the bank.
Him erst by night, in his own father’s field
Finding him, he had led captive away.45
Lycaon was employ’d cutting green shoots
Of the wild-fig for chariot-rings, when lo!
Terrible, unforeseen, Achilles came.
He seized and sent him in a ship afar
To Lemnos; there the son of Jason paid50
His price, and, at great cost, Eëtion
The guest of Jason, thence redeeming him,
Sent him to fair Arisba;[3] but he ’scaped
Thence also and regain’d his father’s house.
Eleven days, at his return, he gave55
To recreation joyous with his friends,
And on the twelfth his fate cast him again
Into Achilles’ hands, who to the shades
Now doom’d him, howsoever loth to go.
Soon as Achilles swiftest of the swift60
Him naked saw (for neither spear had he
Nor shield nor helmet, but, when he emerged,
Weary and faint had cast them all away)
Indignant to his mighty self he said.

[1]But when they finally arrived at the place where Xanthus flows,
Its swirling stream derived from Jove,
There, separating the host of Ilium, he drove
Part over the plain toward Troy on the same road
Where the Greeks had recently fled5
From the wrath of the great Hector.
That way they poured out, like a flood, and Juno, to slow them down, threw
Darkness like night in front of them. The other part,
Rushed down the sides of Xanthus, plunged headlong10
With a crashing sound into his dizzy stream,
Echoing loudly against all his banks.
They, struggling, screamed as they swirled in silver eddies.
Just like when, driven by fire,
Locusts rising on the wing escape15
To some wide river, quick as the sudden blaze
Chases them, they, stunned, scatter over the flood, [2]
So, driven by Achilles, a mixed crowd
Of horses and warriors filled
Xanthus and overwhelmed his thundering flow.20
He, the chief of heroes, leaving his spear
Resting against a tamarisk on the bank,
Plunged in like a God, armed only with a sword,
But filled with thoughts of devastation. All around,
His blade came down; groans followed, terrifying to hear25
Of warriors struck by the sword, and all
The waters turned red with blood as they flowed.
Like smaller fish fleeing from the pursuit
Of a huge dolphin, terrified, they filled
The creeks and hidden coves of a harbor,30
For none of those he could catch did he spare,
So the trembling Trojans hid in the depths
Of Xanthus’ dreadful waters. But he, with his hands
Worn out from slaughter, selected from the rest
Twelve youths whom he condemned to die,35
In revenge for his beloved Patroclus who was slain.
He drove them out from the river, terrified like fawns,
Manacling their hands behind them with their own tunic strings,
And entrusted them to his warrior train.40
Then, still eager for blood, rushing again
Toward the stream, he met Priam’s son,
Lycaon, as he climbed the bank.
He had previously captured him by night,
In his own father’s field.Lycaon had been cutting green shoots of wild fig for chariot rims when, suddenly, the formidable and unexpected Achilles appeared. He grabbed him and sent him far away on a ship to Lemnos; there, the son of Jason paid his ransom, and at great cost, Eëtion, who was a guest of Jason, rescued him and sent him to beautiful Arisba; __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ but he escaped from there as well and returned to his father's house. For eleven days after his return, he enjoyed time with his friends, and on the twelfth day, fate brought him back into Achilles' grasp, who now sentenced him to the underworld, regardless of how unwilling he was to go. As soon as Achilles, the fastest of the fast, saw him without clothes (for he had neither spear nor shield nor helmet, and when he appeared, weary and faint, he had thrown them all away) he was filled with anger and said to himself.

Gods! I behold a miracle! Ere long65
The valiant Trojans whom my self have slain
Shall rise from Erebus, for he is here,
The self-same warrior whom I lately sold
At Lemnos, free, and in the field again.
The hoary deep is prison strong enough70
For most, but not for him. Now shall he taste
The point of this my spear, that I may learn
By sure experience, whether hell itself
That holds the strongest fast, can him detain,
Or whether he shall thence also escape.75

Wow! I see a miracle! Soon enough65
The brave Trojans that I personally killed
Will rise from the underworld, because he’s here,
The same warrior I recently sold
At Lemnos, now free and back on the battlefield.
The deep sea is a strong prison70
For most, but not for him. Now he will feel
The sharp end of my spear, so I can find out
Through real experience, whether hell itself
That keeps the toughest prisoners, can hold him,
Or if he will also escape from there.75

While musing thus he stood, stunn’d with dismay
The youth approach’d, eager to clasp his knees,
For vehement he felt the dread of death
Working within him; with his Pelian ash
Uplifted high noble Achilles stood80
Ardent to smite him; he with body bent
Ran under it, and to his knees adhered;
The weapon, missing him, implanted stood
Close at his back, when, seizing with one hand
Achilles’ knees, he with the other grasp’d85
The dreadful beam, resolute through despair,
And in wing’d accents suppliant thus began.

While he pondered, stunned with fear
The young man came close, eager to grab his knees,
Because he felt the intense fear of death
Stirring inside him; with his mighty spear
Raised high, noble Achilles stood80
Ready to strike him; he, bending down
Ran underneath it and clung to his knees;
The weapon, missing him, stuck
Just behind him, when, grasping with one hand
Achilles’ knees, he with the other held85
The fearsome spear, determined in desperation,
And in urgent tones, he began to plead.

Oh spare me! pity me! Behold I clasp
Thy knees, Achilles! Ah, illustrious Chief!
Reject not with disdain a suppliant’s prayer.90
I am thy guest also, who at thy own board
Have eaten bread, and did partake the gift
Of Ceres with thee on the very day
When thou didst send me in yon field surprised
For sale to sacred Lemnos, far remote,95
And for my price receiv’dst a hundred beeves.
Loose me, and I will yield thee now that sum
Thrice told. Alas! this morn is but the twelfth
Since, after numerous hardships, I arrived
Once more in Troy, and now my ruthless lot100
Hath given me into thy hands again.
Jove cannot less than hate me, who hath twice
Made me thy prisoner, and my doom was death,
Death in my prime, the day when I was born
Son of Laothöe from Alta sprung,105
From Alta, whom the Leleges obey
On Satnio’s banks in lofty Pedasus.
His daughter to his other numerous wives
King Priam added, and two sons she bore
Only to be deprived by thee of both.110
My brother hath already died, in front
Of Ilium’s infantry, by thy bright spear,
The godlike Polydorus; and like doom
Shall now be mine, for I despair to escape
Thine hands, to which the Gods yield me again.115
But hear and mark me well. My birth was not
From the same womb as Hector’s, who hath slain
Thy valiant friend for clemency renown’d.

Oh, spare me! Have pity on me! Look, I hold
Your knees, Achilles! Ah, noble leader!
Don’t reject a supplicant’s plea with disdain.90
I am your guest, who at your own table
Have eaten bread and shared the gifts
Of Ceres with you on the very day
When you sent me in that field, caught off guard,
To be sold to sacred Lemnos, far away,95
And for my price, you received a hundred cattle.
Set me free, and I will give you that amount
Three times over. Alas! this morning marks just the twelfth
Since, after many hardships, I returned
Once more to Troy, and now my cruel fate100
Has brought me back into your hands.
Jove must certainly hate me, having twice
Made me your prisoner, and my fate is death,
Death in my prime, since the day I was born,
Son of Laothöe from Alta’s line,105
From Alta, who the Leleges obey
By the Satnio River in the high city of Pedasus.
His daughter was added to his many wives,
King Priam's, and she bore two sons
Only to have both taken from her by you.110
My brother has already died, in front
Of Ilium’s soldiers, by your shining spear,
The godlike Polydorus; and the same fate
Shall now be mine, for I have no hope of escaping
Your hands, to which the gods surrender me again.115
But listen and pay close attention. I was not
Born from the same womb as Hector, who has slain
Your brave friend, known for his mercy.

Such supplication the illustrious son
Of Priam made, but answer harsh received.120

Such a request the famous son
Of Priam made, but received a harsh reply.120

Fool! speak’st of ransom? Name it not to me.
For till my friend his miserable fate
Accomplish’d, I was somewhat given to spare,
And numerous, whom I seized alive, I sold.
But now, of all the Trojans whom the Gods125
Deliver to me, none shall death escape,
’Specially of the house of Priam, none.
Die therefore, even thou, my friend! What mean
Thy tears unreasonably shed and vain?
Died not Patroclus. braver far than thou?130
And look on me—see’st not to what a height
My stature towers, and what a bulk I boast?
A King begat me, and a Goddess bore.
What then! A death by violence awaits
Me also, and at morn, or eve, or noon,135
I perish, whensoe’er the destined spear
Shall reach me, or the arrow from the nerve.

Fool! Are you talking about a ransom? Don't even mention it.
Until my friend meets his tragic end,
I was willing to show some mercy,
And I sold many who I captured alive.
But now, of all the Trojans the Gods125
Hand over to me, none will escape death,
Especially from the house of Priam, none.
So die, even you, my friend! What’s with
Your tears, shed for no reason and in vain?
Didn’t Patroclus die, far braver than you?130
And look at me—don’t you see how tall
I am and what a strong build I have?
A King is my father, and a Goddess is my mother.
So what! A violent death awaits
Me too, whether in the morning, evening, or at noon,135
I will perish whenever the destined spear
Hits me, or the arrow flies from the bow.

He ceased, and where the suppliant kneel’d, he died.
Quitting the spear, with both hands spread abroad
He sat, but swift Achilles with his sword140
’Twixt neck and key-bone smote him, and his blade
Of double edge sank all into the wound.
He prone extended on the champain lay
Bedewing with his sable blood the glebe,
Till, by the foot, Achilles cast him far145
Into the stream, and, as he floated down,
Thus in wing’d accents, glorying, exclaim’d.

He stopped, and where the begging person knelt, he died.
Putting down the spear, with both hands spread wide
He sat down, but quick Achilles with his sword140
Struck him between the neck and collarbone, and his blade
Sank deep into the wound.
He lay face down on the plain
Soaking the ground with his dark blood,
Until Achilles yanked him by the foot145
And tossed him into the stream, and as he floated away,
He proudly shouted in winged words.

Lie there, and feed the fishes, which shall lick
Thy blood secure. Thy mother ne’er shall place
Thee on thy bier, nor on thy body weep,150
But swift Scamander on his giddy tide
Shall bear thee to the bosom of the sea.
There, many a fish shall through the crystal flood
Ascending to the rippled surface, find
Lycaon’s pamper’d flesh delicious fare.155
Die Trojans! till we reach your city, you
Fleeing, and slaughtering, I. This pleasant stream
Of dimpling silver which ye worship oft
With victim bulls, and sate with living steeds[4]
His rapid whirlpools, shall avail you nought,160
But ye shall die, die terribly, till all
Shall have requited me with just amends
For my Patroclus, and for other Greeks
Slain at the ships while I declined the war.

Lie there and feed the fish, which will lick
Your blood without a care. Your mother will never
Put you on your coffin or weep for you,150
But swift Scamander, with its wild current,
Will carry you to the depths of the sea.
There, many fish will swim through the clear water,
Rising to the rippling surface, finding
Lycaon’s pampered flesh a tasty meal.155
Die, Trojans! Until we reach your city, you
Fleeing and being slaughtered, I will. This lovely stream
Of glimmering silver that you often worship
With sacrifice of bulls and fill with living horses[4]
Its fast whirlpools will do you no good,160
But you will die, die horribly, until all
Have made me right for my Patroclus and for other Greeks
Killed at the ships while I held back from battle.

He ended, at those words still more incensed165
Scamander means devised, thenceforth to check
Achilles, and avert the doom of Troy.
Meantime the son of Peleus, his huge spear
Grasping, assail’d Asteropæus son
Of Pelegon, on fire to take his life.170
Fair Peribœa, daughter eldest-born
Of Acessamenus, his father bore
To broad-stream’d Axius, who had clasp’d the nymph
In his embrace. On him Achilles sprang.
He newly risen from the river, stood175
Arm’d with two lances opposite, for him
Xanthus embolden’d, at the deaths incensed
Of many a youth, whom, mercy none vouchsafed,
Achilles had in all his current slain.
And now small distance interposed, they faced180
Each other, when Achilles thus began.

He finished, still even more furious at those words165
Scamander planned, from then on to hold back
Achilles and prevent the fall of Troy.
Meanwhile, the son of Peleus, gripping his huge spear,
attacked Asteropæus, son
of Pelegon, eager to take his life.170
Beautiful Peribœa, the eldest daughter
of Acessamenus, was his mother
who bore him to the broad-flowing Axius, who had held
the nymph in his arms. Achilles charged at him.
Having just emerged from the river, he stood175
armed with two spears, ready for him,
encouraged by Xanthus, stirred up
by the deaths of many young men, whom Achilles
had mercilessly killed in the river.
Now they were only a short distance apart, facing180
each other, when Achilles spoke up.

Who art and whence, who dar’st encounter me?
Hapless the sires whose sons my force defy.

Who are you and where are you from, who dares to confront me?
Unfortunate are the fathers whose sons challenge my strength.

To whom the noble son of Pelegon.
Pelides, mighty Chief? Why hast thou ask’d185
My derivation? From the land I come
Of mellow-soil’d Pœonia far remote,
Chief leader of Pœnia’s host spear-arm’d;
This day hath also the eleventh risen
Since I at Troy arrived. For my descent,190
It is from Axius river wide-diffused,
From Axius, fairest stream that waters earth,
Sire of bold Pelegon whom men report
My sire. Let this suffice. Now fight, Achilles!

To whom the noble son of Pelegon.
Pelides, mighty Chief? Why have you asked185
About my heritage? I come from
The fertile land of Pœonia, far away,
The chief leader of Pœonia’s armed host;
Today marks eleven days
Since I arrived at Troy. As for my lineage,190
It comes from the wide-flowing Axius river,
From Axius, the fairest stream on earth,
Father of bold Pelegon, who people say
Is my father. Let this be enough. Now, fight, Achilles!

So spake he threatening, and Achilles raised195
Dauntless the Pelian ash. At once two spears
The hero bold, Asteropæus threw,
With both hands apt for battle. One his shield
Struck but pierced not, impeded by the gold,
Gift of a God; the other as it flew200
Grazed at his right elbow; sprang the sable blood;
But, overflying him, the spear in earth
Stood planted deep, still hungering for the prey.
Then, full at the Pœonian Peleus’ son
Hurl’d forth his weapon with unsparing force205
But vain; he struck the sloping river bank,
And mid-length deep stood plunged the ashen beam.
Then, with his falchion drawn, Achilles flew
To smite him; he in vain, meantime, essay’d
To pluck the rooted spear forth from the bank;210
Thrice with full force he shook the beam, and thrice,
Although reluctant, left it; at his fourth
Last effort, bending it he sought to break
The ashen spear-beam of Æacides,
But perish’d by his keen-edged falchion first;215
For on the belly at his navel’s side
He smote him; to the ground effused fell all
His bowels, death’s dim shadows veil’d his eyes.
Achilles ardent on his bosom fix’d
His foot, despoil’d him, and exulting cried.220

So he spoke threateningly, and Achilles raised the fearless Pelian ash tree. At once, the brave hero Asteropæus threw two spears with both hands ready for battle. One hit his shield but didn’t penetrate, stopped by the gold, a gift from a God; the other, as it flew, grazed his right elbow, causing dark blood to spring out; but missing its target, the spear stuck deep in the earth, still hungry for prey. Then, with all his might, he hurled his weapon at the son of Peleus but it was in vain; he struck the sloping riverbank, and the ash spear stood plunged deep into the ground. Then, with his sword drawn, Achilles rushed to strike him; Asteropæus, meanwhile, tried in vain to yank the rooted spear from the bank; he shook the spear with all his might three times, but reluctantly let it go each time; on his fourth and final effort, he bent it, trying to break Achilles' spear, but he perished first by Achilles' sharp sword. For he struck him just above the navel, and all his insides spilled out onto the ground, dark shadows of death clouding his eyes. Achilles, fervently, planted his foot on his chest, stripped him of his armor, and shouted in triumph.

Lie there; though River-sprung, thou find’st it hard
To cope with sons of Jove omnipotent.
Thou said’st, a mighty River is my sire—
But my descent from mightier Jove I boast;
My father, whom the Myrmidons obey,225
Is son of Æacus, and he of Jove.
As Jove all streams excels that seek the sea,
So, Jove’s descendants nobler are than theirs.
Behold a River at thy side—let him
Afford thee, if he can, some succor—No—230
He may not fight against Saturnian Jove.
Therefore, not kingly Acheloïus,
Nor yet the strength of Ocean’s vast profound,
Although from him all rivers and all seas,
All fountains and all wells proceed, may boast235
Comparison with Jove, but even he
Astonish’d trembles at his fiery bolt,
And his dread thunders rattling in the sky.
He said, and drawing from the bank his spear[5]
Asteropæus left stretch’d on the sands,240
Where, while the clear wave dash’d him, eels his flanks
And ravening fishes numerous nibbled bare.
The horsed Pœonians next he fierce assail’d,
Who seeing their brave Chief slain by the sword
And forceful arm of Peleus’ son, beside245
The eddy-whirling stream fled all dispersed.
Thersilochus and Mydon then he slew,
Thrasius, Astypylus and Ophelestes,
Ænius and Mnesus; nor had these sufficed
Achilles, but Pœonians more had fallen,250
Had not the angry River from within
His circling gulfs in semblance, of a man
Call’d to him, interrupting thus his rage.

Lie there; even though you’re from a river, you find it hard
To deal with the sons of mighty Jove.
You claimed, a great River is my father—
But I proudly come from even mightier Jove;
My father, whom the Myrmidons respect,225
Is the son of Æacus, and he is of Jove.
Just as Jove surpasses all streams that flow to the sea,
So, Jove’s descendants are greater than theirs.
Look, there’s a River beside you—let him
Help you, if he’s able—No—230
He cannot stand against Saturnian Jove.
So, not even kingly Acheloïus,
Nor the power of the vast Ocean deep,
From whom all rivers, seas,
All springs and wells flow, can claim235
Comparison with Jove, for even he
Astonished, trembles at Jove’s fiery bolt,
And his terrifying thunder rolling in the sky.
He spoke, and pulling his spear from the bank[5]
Asteropæus lay stretched on the sands,240
While the clear waves washed over him, eels biting his flanks
And countless hungry fish nibbled him bare.
Next, he fiercely attacked the mounted Pœonians,
Who, seeing their brave leader killed by the sword
And powerful arm of Peleus’ son, fled
Beside the swirling stream, scattered in fear.245
He killed Thersilochus and Mydon,
Thrasius, Astypylus, and Ophelestes,
Ænius and Mnesus; nor would those have been enough
For Achilles, but even more Pœonians would have fallen,250
If the angry River hadn’t called to him from
His swirling depths, taking on the appearance of a man,
Interrupting his fury.

Oh both in courage and injurious deeds
Unmatch’d, Achilles! whom themselves the Gods255
Cease not to aid, if Saturn’s son have doom’d
All Ilium’s race to perish by thine arm,
Expel them, first, from me, ere thou achieve
That dread exploit; for, cumber’d as I am
With bodies, I can pour my pleasant stream260
No longer down into the sacred deep;
All vanish where thou comest. But oh desist
Dread Chief! Amazement fills me at thy deeds.

Oh, in both bravery and harmful acts,
Unmatched Achilles! The Gods themselves255
Keep aiding you, if Saturn's son has decided
That all of Ilium's people will fall by your hand.
First, drive them away from me before you carry out
That terrible act; because, weighed down as I am
With bodies, I can no longer send my pleasant stream260
Down into the sacred depths;
Everything disappears where you go. But please, stop
Fearsome Leader! I'm in awe of your actions.

To whom Achilles, matchless in the race.
River divine! hereafter be it so.265
But not from slaughter of this faithless host
I cease, till I shall shut them fast in Troy
And trial make of Hector, if his arm
In single fight shall strongest prove, or mine

To whom Achilles, unmatched in the race.
Divine river! let it be this way from now on.265
But I won't stop until I deal with this treacherous army
And confront Hector to see whose strength
In one-on-one combat is greater, his or mine.

He said, and like a God, furious, again270
Assail’d the Trojans; then the circling flood
To Phœbus thus his loud complaint address’d.

He said, and like a furious God, once more270
Attacked the Trojans; then the surrounding flood
Brought his loud complaint to Phoebus.

Ah son of Jove, God of the silver bow!
The mandate of the son of Saturn ill
Hast thou perform’d, who, earnest, bade thee aid275
The Trojans, till (the sun sunk in the West)
Night’s shadow dim should veil the fruitful field.

Ah, son of Jove, God of the silver bow!
You have poorly carried out the order of the son of Saturn,
Who, with urgency, told you to help275
The Trojans, until (the sun sets in the West)
Night's shadow should cover the fruitful field.

He ended, and Achilles spear-renown’d
Plunged from the bank into the middle stream.
Then, turbulent, the River all his tide280
Stirr’d from the bottom, landward heaving off
The numerous bodies that his current chok’d
Slain by Achilles; them, as with the roar
Of bulls, he cast aground, but deep within
His oozy gulfs the living safe conceal’d.285
Terrible all around Achilles stood
The curling wave, then, falling on his shield
Dash’d him, nor found his footsteps where to rest.
An elm of massy trunk he seized and branch
Luxuriant, but it fell torn from the root290
And drew the whole bank after it; immersed
It damm’d the current with its ample boughs,
And join’d as with a bridge the distant shores,
Upsprang Achilles from the gulf and turn’d
His feet, now wing’d for flight, into the plain295
Astonish’d; but the God, not so appeased,
Arose against him with a darker curl,[6]
That he might quell him and deliver Troy.
Back flew Achilles with a bound, the length
Of a spear’s cast, for such a spring he own’d300
As bears the black-plumed eagle on her prey
Strongest and swiftest of the fowls of air.
Like her he sprang, and dreadful on his chest
Clang’d his bright armor. Then, with course oblique
He fled his fierce pursuer, but the flood,305
Fly where he might, came thundering in his rear.
As when the peasant with his spade a rill
Conducts from some pure fountain through his grove
Or garden, clearing the obstructed course,
The pebbles, as it runs, all ring beneath,310
And, as the slope still deepens, swifter still
It runs, and, murmuring, outstrips the guide,
So him, though swift, the river always reach’d
Still swifter; who can cope with power divine?
Oft as the noble Chief, turning, essay’d315
Resistance, and to learn if all the Gods
Alike rush’d after him, so oft the flood,
Jove’s offspring, laved his shoulders. Upward then
He sprang distress’d, but with a sidelong sweep
Assailing him, and from beneath his steps320
Wasting the soil, the Stream his force subdued.
Then looking to the skies, aloud he mourn’d.

He finished, and Achilles, famous for his spear,
Dove from the bank into the middle of the river.
Then, stirred up, the River turned its entire current280
From the bottom, pushing away
The countless bodies that its flow had choked,
Killed by Achilles; like the roar
Of bulls, he washed them ashore, but deep down
In his murky depths, the living were kept safe.285
Achilles stood surrounded by a terrifying scene,
As the curling waves crashed against his shield
And knocked him back, leaving him unsure of his footing.
He grabbed a massive elm tree and its thick
Branches, but it broke free from the ground290
And pulled the whole riverbank down with it; submerged
It blocked the current with its wide branches,
And connected the distant banks like a bridge.
Achilles sprang up from the depths and turned
His feet, now ready to sprint, toward the plain295
In shock; but the God, still not satisfied,
Rose against him with a darker fury,
Determined to defeat him and save Troy.
Achilles jumped back, leaping
The length of a spear’s throw, for such a bound he had300
Like the black-feathered eagle diving for its prey,
The strongest and fastest of the birds in the sky.
Like her, he jumped, and terrifyingly,
His bright armor rang against his chest. Then, at an angle,
He fled from his fierce pursuer, but the flood,305
No matter where he went, thundered behind him.
Just like a farmer guiding a stream
From a pure spring through his grove
Or garden, clearing the blocked path,
And the pebbles ring beneath as it flows,310
As the slope deepens, it runs faster,
Murmuring, outpacing the farmer,
So despite his speed, the river always reached
Him, ever faster; who can stand against divine power?
Whenever the noble Chief turned to resist315
And tried to see if all the Gods
Were chasing him, the flood,
Jove’s offspring, washed over his shoulders. Then,
He jumped upward, distressed, but with a sideways sweep,
The Stream, eroding the soil beneath his feet,320
Overpowered him. Then, looking to the skies, he cried out in sorrow.

Eternal Sire! forsaken by the Gods
I sink, none deigns to save me from the flood,
From which once saved, I would no death decline.325
Yet blame I none of all the Powers of heaven
As Thetis; she with falsehood sooth’d my soul,
She promised me a death by Phœbus’ shafts
Swift-wing’d, beneath the battlements of Troy.
I would that Hector, noblest of his race,330
Had slain me, I had then bravely expired
And a brave man had stripp’d me of my arms.
But fate now dooms me to a death abhorr’d
Whelm’d in deep waters, like a swine-herd’s boy
Drown’d in wet weather while he fords a brook.335

Eternal Lord! forsaken by the Gods
I’m sinking, and no one bothers to rescue me from the flood,
From which once saved, I would not decline any death.325
Yet I blame none of the Powers of heaven
Like Thetis; she with her lies soothed my soul,
She promised me a death by Apollo’s arrows
Swiftly, beneath the walls of Troy.
I wish that Hector, the noblest of his kind,330
Had killed me, then I would have died bravely
And a great man would have taken my armor.
But fate now condemns me to a death I hate
Drowned in deep waters, like a swineherd's boy
Drowning in bad weather while he crosses a stream.335

So spake Achilles; then, in human form,
Minerva stood and Neptune at his side;
Each seized his hand confirming him, and thus
The mighty Shaker of the shores began.

So said Achilles; then, in human form,
Minerva appeared and Neptune stood beside him;
Each took his hand to confirm him, and then
The mighty Shaker of the shores began.

Achilles! moderate thy dismay, fear nought.340
In us behold, in Pallas and in me,
Effectual aids, and with consent of Jove;
For to be vanquish’d by a River’s force
Is not thy doom. This foe shall soon be quell’d;
Thine eyes shall see it. Let our counsel rule345
Thy deed, and all is well. Cease not from war
Till fast within proud Ilium’s walls her host
Again be prison’d, all who shall escape;
Then (Hector slain) to the Achaian fleet
Return; we make the glorious victory thine.350

Achilles! Calm your panic, fear nothing.340
Look to us, to Pallas and to me,
We’re effective allies, with the approval of Jove;
Being defeated by a river’s strength
Is not your fate. This enemy will be defeated soon;
You’ll see it with your own eyes. Let our advice guide345
Your actions, and everything will be fine. Don’t stop fighting
Until the proud walls of Ilium hold captive
All who manage to escape; once Hector is slain,
Return to the Achaean fleet;
We’ll make this glorious victory yours.350

So they, and both departing sought the skies.
Then, animated by the voice divine,
He moved toward the plain now all o’erspread
By the vast flood on which the bodies swam
And shields of many a youth in battle slain.355
He leap’d, he waded, and the current stemm’d
Right onward, by the flood in vain opposed,
With such might Pallas fill’d him. Nor his rage
Scamander aught repress’d, but still the more
Incensed against Achilles, curl’d aloft360
His waters, and on Simoïs call’d aloud.

So they both left and headed for the sky.
Then, inspired by the divine voice,
He moved toward the plain now covered
By the vast flood where bodies floated
And shields of many young men killed in battle.355
He jumped in, he waded, and pushed against the current
Straight ahead, despite the flood trying to resist,
With such power Pallas gave him. His anger
Was not quelled by Scamander, but instead
Fueled more against Achilles, as he raised360
His waters high and called out to Simoïs.

Brother! oh let us with united force
Check, if we may, this warrior; he shall else
Soon lay the lofty towers of Priam low,
Whose host appall’d, defend them now no more.365
Haste—succor me—thy channel fill with streams
From all thy fountains; call thy torrents down;
Lift high the waters; mingle trees and stones
With uproar wild, that we may quell the force
Of this dread Chief triumphant now, and fill’d370
With projects that might more beseem a God.
But vain shall be his strength, his beauty nought
Shall profit him or his resplendent arms,
For I will bury them in slime and ooze,
And I will overwhelm himself with soil,375
Sands heaping o’er him and around him sands
Infinite, that no Greek shall find his bones
For ever, in my bottom deep immersed.
There shall his tomb be piled, nor other earth,
At his last rites, his friends shall need for him.380

Brother! Let’s join forces and see if we can stop this warrior; otherwise, he’ll soon bring down the great towers of Priam. His terrified army no longer defends them. Hurry—help me—fill your channel with streams from all your springs; bring your torrents down; raise the waters high; mix in trees and stones with wild chaos so we can overpower this terrifying Chief, who is now full of plans that would suit a God better. But his strength will be useless, and his beauty and shining armor won’t help him at all, because I will bury them in mud and muck, and I will cover him with soil, piling infinite sands over him so that no Greek will ever find his bones, forever sunk in my deep waters. That will be his tomb, and his friends won’t need any other earth for his final rites.

He said, and lifting high his angry tide
Vortiginous, against Achilles hurl’d,
Roaring, the foam, the bodies, and the blood;
Then all his sable waves divine again
Accumulating, bore him swift along.385
Shriek’d Juno at that sight, terrified lest
Achilles in the whirling deluge sunk
Should perish, and to Vulcan quick exclaim’d.

He shouted, raising his furious waves high
Swirling, he hurled them at Achilles,
With a roar, mixing foam, bodies, and blood;
Then all his dark waves surged again
Gathering strength, carried him swiftly away.385
Juno screamed at the sight, scared that
Achilles might drown in the swirling flood
And hurriedly called out to Vulcan.

Vulcan, my son, arise; for we account
Xanthus well able to contend with thee.390
Give instant succor; show forth all thy fires.
Myself will haste to call the rapid South
And Zephyrus, that tempests from the sea
Blowing, thou may’st both arms and dead consume
With hideous conflagration. Burn along395
The banks of Xanthus, fire his trees and him
Seize also. Let him by no specious guile
Of flattery soothe thee, or by threats appall,
Nor slack thy furious fires till with a shout
I give command, then bid them cease to blaze.400

Vulcan, my son, get up; we believe
Xanthus is strong enough to fight you.390
Provide immediate help; unleash all your flames.
I will hurry to call the swift South
And Zephyrus, who brings storms from the sea,
So you can burn both enemies and the dead
With a terrible blaze. Set fire395
To the banks of Xanthus, scorch his trees and him
As well. Don’t let any false flattery
Or threats intimidate you, and don’t hold back your flames
Until I give the signal with a shout,
Then you can stop the fire.400

She spake, and Vulcan at her word his fires
Shot dreadful forth; first, kindling on the field,
He burn’d the bodies strew’d numerous around
Slain by Achilles; arid grew the earth
And the flood ceased. As when a sprightly breeze405
Autumnal blowing from the North, at once
Dries the new-water’d garden,[7] gladdening him
Who tills the soil, so was the champain dried;
The dead consumed, against the River, next,
He turn’d the fierceness of his glittering fires.410
Willows and tamarisks and elms he burn’d,
Burn’d lotus, rushes, reeds; all plants and herbs
That clothed profuse the margin of his flood.
His eels and fishes, whether wont to dwell
In gulfs beneath, or tumble in the stream,415
All languish’d while the artist of the skies
Breath’d on them; even Xanthus lost, himself,
All force, and, suppliant, Vulcan thus address’d.

She spoke, and Vulcan, at her command, unleashed his fiery wrath. First, igniting the battlefield, he burned the countless bodies scattered around, slain by Achilles; the earth became parched and the river ceased to flow. Just like a lively autumn breeze coming from the North that quickly dries a newly watered garden, bringing joy to the farmer, the plain dried out; the dead were consumed, and next, he directed the intensity of his blazing fires against the River. He set fire to willows, tamarisks, and elms, burning lotuses, rushes, and reeds; all the plants and herbs that richly lined the banks of his river. His eels and fish, whether they usually lived in the depths below or swam in the stream, all languished while the sky’s artist breathed upon them; even Xanthus himself lost all power and, in desperation, addressed Vulcan.

Oh Vulcan! none in heaven itself may cope
With thee. I yield to thy consuming fires.420
Cease, cease. I reck not if Achilles drive
Her citizens, this moment, forth from Troy,
For what are war and war’s concerns to me?

Oh Vulcan! No one in heaven can compete
With you. I give in to your raging fires.420
Stop, stop. I don’t care if Achilles pushes
Her citizens out of Troy right now,
Because what do war and its issues mean to me?

So spake he scorch’d, and all his waters boil’d.
As some huge caldron hisses urged by force425
Of circling fires and fill’d with melted lard,
The unctuous fluid overbubbling[8] streams
On all sides, while the dry wood flames beneath,
So Xanthus bubbled and his pleasant flood
Hiss’d in the fire, nor could he longer flow430
But check’d his current, with hot steams annoy’d
By Vulcan raised. His supplication, then,
Importunate to Juno thus he turn’d.

So he spoke, burned, and all his waters boiled.
Like a huge cauldron hissing, forced by the heat425
Of circling flames and filled with melted fat,
The greasy liquid bubbling over[8] streams
On all sides, while the dry wood burns below,
So Xanthus bubbled and his pleasant flow
Hissed in the fire, and he could no longer continue430
But stopped his current, annoyed by the hot steam
Raised by Vulcan. His plea, then,
Urgently turned to Juno.

Ah Juno! why assails thy son my streams,
Hostile to me alone? Of all who aid435
The Trojans I am surely least to blame,
Yet even I desist if thou command;
And let thy son cease also; for I swear
That never will I from the Trojans turn
Their evil day, not even when the host440
Of Greece shall set all Ilium in a blaze.

Ah Juno! Why does your son attack my rivers,
Targeting me alone? Of everyone who helps435
The Trojans, I’m clearly the least at fault,
Yet I will back down if you ask me to;
And let your son stop too; I swear
That I will never turn the Trojans' fate around,
Not even when the Greek army440
Sets all of Ilium on fire.

He said, and by his oath pacified, thus
The white-arm’d Deity to Vulcan spake.

He said, and as he swore, calmed, thus
The white-armed goddess spoke to Vulcan.

Peace, glorious son! we may not in behalf
Of mortal man thus longer vex a God.445

Peace, glorious son! We can't keep bothering a God on behalf of mortal man like this.

Then Vulcan his tremendous fires repress’d,
And down into his gulfy channel rush’d
The refluent flood; for when the force was once
Subdued of Xanthus, Juno interposed,
Although incensed, herself to quell the strife.450

Then Vulcan held back his powerful flames,
And the rushing tide poured down into its deep channel;
For once the force of Xanthus was held back,
Juno stepped in, even though she was angry, to calm the conflict.450

But contest vehement the other Gods
Now waged, each breathing discord; loud they rush’d
And fierce to battle, while the boundless earth
Quaked under them, and, all around, the heavens
Sang them together with a trumpet’s voice.455
Jove listening, on the Olympian summit sat
Well-pleased, and, in his heart laughing for joy,
Beheld the Powers of heaven in battle join’d.
Not long aloof they stood. Shield-piercer Mars,
His brazen spear grasp’d, and began the fight460
Rushing on Pallas, whom he thus reproach’d.

But the other gods fiercely contested
Now waged, each giving off discord; they rushed
Loudly and fiercely into battle, while the vast earth
Shook beneath them, and all around, the heavens
Joined in with a trumpet’s voice.455
Jove, listening, sat on the Olympian peak
Well pleased, and laughed joyfully in his heart,
Watching the powers of heaven join the fight.
They didn’t stay apart for long. Shield-piercing Mars,
Grasping his bronze spear, began the fight460
Charging at Pallas, whom he thus taunted.

Wasp! front of impudence, and past all bounds
Audacious! Why impellest thou the Gods
To fight? Thy own proud spirit is the cause.
Remember’st not, how, urged by thee, the son465
Of Tydeus, Diomede, myself assail’d,
When thou, the radiant spear with thy own hand
Guiding, didst rend my body? Now, I ween,
The hour is come in which I shall exact
Vengeance for all thy malice shown to me.470

Wasp! You’re pushing your luck, going too far
Bold! Why are you making the Gods
Fight? It’s your own arrogant spirit that’s to blame.
Don’t you remember how, because of you, the son465
Of Tydeus, Diomede, and I attacked,
When you, guiding the shining spear with your own hand,
Wounded my body? Now, I think,
The time has come for me to take
Vengeance for all the harm you’ve done to me.470

So saying, her shield he smote tassell’d around
Terrific, proof against the bolts of Jove;
That shield gore-tainted Mars with fury smote.
But she, retiring, with strong grasp upheaved
A rugged stone, black, ponderous, from the plain,475
A land-mark fixt by men of ancient times,
Which hurling at the neck of stormy Mars
She smote him. Down he fell. Seven acres, stretch’d,
He overspread, his ringlets in the dust
Polluted lay, and dreadful rang his arms.480
The Goddess laugh’d, and thus in accents wing’d
With exultation, as he lay, exclaim’d.

So saying, she struck his shield, adorned with tassels, Terrifying, proof against the bolts of Jupiter; That shield enraged Mars with fury. But she, stepping back, lifted up A rough, heavy stone from the ground, A landmark set by ancient people, And throwing it at the neck of stormy Mars, She hit him. He fell down, covering seven acres, His hair lay in the dust, Polluted, and his arms clanged dreadfully. The Goddess laughed, and in triumphant tones, As he lay there, exclaimed.

Fool! Art thou still to learn how far my force
Surpasses thine, and darest thou cope with me?
Now feel the furies of thy mother’s ire485
Who hates thee for thy treachery to the Greeks,
And for thy succor given to faithless Troy.

Fool! Are you still trying to figure out how much stronger I am than you, and do you dare to challenge me? Now feel the wrath of your mother’s anger, who hates you for betraying the Greeks and for helping unfaithful Troy.

She said, and turn’d from Mars her glorious eyes.
But him deep-groaning and his torpid powers
Recovering slow, Venus conducted thence490
Daughter of Jove, whom soon as Juno mark’d,
In accents wing’d to Pallas thus she spake.

She said, and turned her glorious eyes away from Mars.
But as he groaned deeply and his sluggish powers
Slowly recovered, Venus led away490
The daughter of Jove, and as soon as Juno noticed her,
She spoke to Pallas in quick, spirited words.

Daughter invincible of glorious Jove!
Haste—follow her—Ah shameless! how she leads
Gore-tainted Mars through all the host of heaven.495

Daughter of the mighty Jupiter!
Hurry—follow her—Ah, how bold! Look at how she guides
Blood-stained Mars through all the ranks of heaven.495

So she, whom Pallas with delight obey’d;
To Venus swift she flew, and on the breast
With such force smote her that of sense bereft
The fainting Goddess fell. There Venus lay
And Mars extended on the fruitful glebe,500
And Pallas thus in accents wing’d exclaim’d.

So she, whom Pallas happily followed;
She quickly flew to Venus and hit her on the chest
With such force that she lost her senses
And the fainting Goddess fell. There Venus lay
And Mars was stretched out on the fertile ground,500
And Pallas exclaimed in swift words.

I would that all who on the part of Troy
Oppose in fight Achaia’s valiant sons,
Were firm and bold as Venus in defence
Of Mars, for whom she dared my power defy!505
So had dissension (Ilium overthrown
And desolated) ceased long since in heaven.

I wish that everyone from Troy who fights against the brave sons of Achaia was as strong and fearless as Venus was in defending Mars, for whom she dared to challenge my power! 505
Then the conflict would have ended long ago, and Ilium would not have been destroyed and desolate.

So Pallas, and approving Juno smiled.
Then the imperial Shaker of the shores
Thus to Apollo. Phœbus! wherefore stand510
We thus aloof? Since others have begun,
Begin we also; shame it were to both
Should we, no combat waged, ascend again
Olympus and the brass-built hall of Jove.
Begin, for thou art younger; me, whose years515
Alike and knowledge thine surpass so far,
It suits not. Oh stupidity! how gross
Art thou and senseless! Are no traces left
In thy remembrance of our numerous wrongs
Sustain’d at Ilium, when, of all the Gods520
Ourselves alone, by Jove’s commandment, served
For stipulated hire, a year complete,
Our task-master the proud Laomedon?
Myself a bulwark’d town, spacious, secure
Against assault, and beautiful as strong525
Built for the Trojans, and thine office was
To feed for King Laomedon his herds
Among the groves of Ida many-valed.
But when the gladsome hours the season brought
Of payment, then the unjust King of Troy530
Dismiss’d us of our whole reward amerced
By violence, and added threats beside.
Thee into distant isles, bound hand and foot,
To sell he threatened, and to amputate
The ears of both; we, therefore, hasted thence535
Resenting deep our promised hire withheld.
Aid’st thou for this the Trojans? Canst thou less
Than seek, with us, to exterminate the whole
Perfidious race, wives, children, husbands, all?

So Pallas and approving Juno smiled.
Then the mighty Shaker of the shores
Said to Apollo, “Phoebus! Why do we stand510
here apart? Since others have already started,
Let’s also begin; it would be a shame for both of us
To go back up to Olympus and the brass-built hall of Jove
Without having fought. Start, because you’re younger; me, whose years515
And knowledge you far surpass, it's not fitting for me. Oh, how stupid
Are you and senseless! Are there no memories left
Of our many grievances
Endured at Ilium, when, of all the gods,520
We were the only ones, by Jove’s order, to work
For a promised payment, a whole year,
Our task-master the arrogant Laomedon?
I built a fortified city, spacious and secure
Against attack, as beautiful as it was strong,525
Built for the Trojans, and your job was
To tend King Laomedon’s herds
Among the many valleys of Ida.
But when the joyful hours of payment came,
The unjust King of Troy530
Denied us our entire reward, ripped off
By violence, with threats besides.
He threatened to sell you off to distant islands, bound hand and foot,
And to cut off our ears; we therefore hurried away,535
Deeply hurt that our promised payment was withheld.
Did you help the Trojans for this? Can you do less
Than join us in wiping out the whole
Treacherous race—wives, children, husbands, all?

To whom the King of radiant shafts Apollo.540
Me, Neptune, thou wouldst deem, thyself, unwise
Contending for the sake of mortal men
With thee; a wretched race, who like the leaves
Now flourish rank, by fruits of earth sustain’d,
Now sapless fall. Here, therefore, us between545
Let all strife cease, far better left to them.

To whom the sun god Apollo, with his bright arrows.540
You’d think me, Neptune, foolish
To argue for the sake of humans
With you; a miserable lot, who like the leaves
Now thrive, nourished by the earth’s fruits,
Now wither and fall. So, let all conflict end between us545
It's much better left to them.

He said, and turn’d away, fearing to lift
His hand against the brother of his sire.
But him Diana of the woods with sharp
Rebuke, his huntress sister, thus reproved.550

He said this and turned away, afraid to raise
His hand against the brother of his father.
But Diana, the huntress sister of the woods,
Rebuked him sharply, saying this.550

Fly’st thou, Apollo! and to Neptune yield’st
An unearn’d victory, the prize of fame
Resigning patient and with no dispute?
Fool! wherefore bearest thou the bow in vain?
Ah, let me never in my father’s courts555
Hear thee among the immortals vaunting more
That thou wouldst Neptune’s self confront in arms.

Fly away, Apollo! And are you giving Neptune
An unearned victory, just for fame?
Are you really resigning without a fight?
Fool! Why are you carrying the bow if it’s useless?
Oh, let me never hear you in my father’s courts555
Bragging among the immortals that you would challenge Neptune himself in battle.

So she, to whom Apollo nought replied.[9]
But thus the consort of the Thunderer, fired
With wrath, reproved the Archeress of heaven.560

So she, to whom Apollo had no response. [9]
But the partner of the Thunderer, filled
With anger, scolded the heavenly Archeress.560

How hast thou dared, impudent, to oppose
My will? Bow-practised as thou art, the task
To match my force were difficult to thee.
Is it, because by ordinance of Jove
Thou art a lioness to womankind,565
Killing them at thy pleasure? Ah beware—
Far easier is it, on the mountain-heights
To slay wild beasts and chase the roving hind,
Than to conflict with mightier than ourselves.
But, if thou wish a lesson on that theme,570
Approach—thou shalt be taught with good effect
How far my force in combat passes thine.

How dare you, so audacious, oppose
My wishes? Even with your practiced skills, it would be
A challenge for you to match my strength.
Is it because by the decree of Jove
You are a lioness to women,565
Killing them at your will? Ah, be careful—
It’s much easier, high in the mountains,
To hunt wild beasts and chase after the wandering deer,
Than to confront someone stronger than ourselves.
But if you want a lesson on that subject,570
Come here—you’ll learn effectively
Just how much stronger I am in battle than you.

She said, and with her left hand seizing both
Diana’s wrists, snatch’d suddenly the bow
Suspended on her shoulder with the right,575
And, smiling, smote her with it on the ears.
She, writhing oft and struggling, to the ground
Shook forth her rapid shafts, then, weeping, fled
As to her cavern in some hollow rock
The dove, not destined to his talons, flies580
The hawk’s pursuit, and left her arms behind.

She said, and with her left hand grabbing both
Diana’s wrists, she suddenly snatched the bow
from her shoulder with the right,575
And, smiling, hit her on the ears with it.
Diana, often writhing and struggling, fell to the ground
and shook out her quick arrows, then, crying, fled
like a dove escaping into its cave in a hollow rock
from the hawk’s pursuit, leaving her arms behind.580

Then, messenger of heaven, the Argicide
Address’d Latona. Combat none with thee,
Latona, will I wage. Unsafe it were
To cope in battle with a spouse of Jove.585
Go, therefore, loudly as thou wilt, proclaim
To all the Gods that thou hast vanquish’d me.

Then, messenger of heaven, the Argicide
Spoke to Latona. I won’t fight you,
Latona, that would be foolish.585
So go ahead, shout as loud as you want,
And tell all the Gods that you’ve defeated me.

Collecting, then, the bow and arrows fallen
In wild disorder on the dusty plain,
Latona with the sacred charge withdrew590
Following her daughter; she, in the abode
Brass-built arriving of Olympian Jove,
Sat on his knees, weeping till all her robe
Ambrosial shook. The mighty Father smiled,
And to his bosom straining her, inquired.595

Collecting the bow and arrows that were scattered
In wild disarray on the dusty plain,
Latona, with the sacred task in hand, withdrew590
Following her daughter; she, arriving at the home
Built of bronze of Olympian Jove,
Sat on his knees, crying until her entire robe
Shook with ambrosial tears. The mighty Father smiled,
And pulling her close, asked.595

Daughter beloved! who, which of all the Gods
Hath raised his hand, presumptuous, against thee,
As if convicted of some open wrong?

Daughter beloved! Which of all the gods
Has raised his hand, arrogantly, against you,
As if guilty of some obvious wrong?

To whom the clear-voiced Huntress crescent-crown’d.
My Father! Juno, thy own consort fair600
My sorrow caused, from whom dispute and strife
Perpetual, threaten the immortal Powers.

To whom the clear-voiced Huntress with her crescent crown.
My Father! Juno, your own beautiful consort600
My sorrow caused, from whom endless arguments and conflict
Constantly threaten the immortal Powers.

Thus they in heaven mutual conferr’d. Meantime
Apollo into sacred Troy return’d
Mindful to guard her bulwarks, lest the Greeks605
Too soon for Fate should desolate the town.
The other Gods, some angry, some elate
With victory, the Olympian heights regain’d,
And sat beside the Thunderer. But the son
Of Peleus—He both Trojans slew and steeds.610
As when in volumes slow smoke climbs the skies
From some great city which the Gods have fired
Vindictive, sorrow thence to many ensues
With mischief, and to all labor severe,
So caused Achilles labor on that day,615
Severe, and mischief to the men of Troy.

So they talked amongst themselves in heaven. In the meantime, Apollo returned to sacred Troy, determined to protect its walls, so the Greeks wouldn’t destroy the city too soon by Fate. The other gods, some angry and some joyful with victory, returned to their Olympian heights and sat next to the Thunderer. But the son of Peleus killed both Trojans and their horses. Just like when thick smoke slowly rises into the sky from a great city that the gods have set on fire, bringing suffering and hardship to many, Achilles caused great suffering and trouble for the Trojans that day.

But ancient Priam from a sacred tower
Stood looking forth, whence soon he noticed vast
Achilles, before whom the Trojans fled
All courage lost. Descending from the tower620
With mournful cries and hasting to the wall
He thus enjoin’d the keepers of the gates.

But old Priam from a sacred tower
Stood looking out, where he soon saw the great
Achilles, in front of whom the Trojans ran
In panic. Coming down from the tower620
With sorrowful cries and rushing to the wall,
He then instructed the guards at the gates.

Hold wide the portals till the flying host
Re-enter, for himself is nigh, himself
Achilles drives them home. Now, wo to Troy!625
But soon as safe within the walls received
They breathe again, shut fast the ponderous gates
At once, lest that destroyer also pass.

Hold the gates wide until the flying troops
Come back in, for their leader is close, Achilles
Is driving them home. Woe to Troy!625
But as soon as they are safely inside the walls
They take a breath, quickly shutting the heavy gates
At once, so that the destroyer doesn’t get through too.

He said; they, shooting back the bars, threw wide
The gates and saved the people, whom to aid630
Apollo also sprang into the field,
They, parch’d with drought and whiten’d all with dust,
Flew right toward the town, while, spear in hand,
Achilles press’d them, vengeance in his heart
And all on fire for glory. Then, full sure,635
Ilium, the city of lofty gates, had fallen
Won by the Grecians, had not Phœbus roused
Antenor’s valiant son, the noble Chief
Agenor; him with dauntless might he fill’d,
And shielding him against the stroke of fate640
Beside him stood himself, by the broad beech
Cover’d and wrapt in clouds. Agenor then,
Seeing the city-waster hero nigh
Achilles, stood, but standing, felt his mind
Troubled with doubts; he groan’d, and thus he mused.645

He said, as they pulled back the bars, they swung open
The gates and saved the people, whom Apollo also
Rushed into the field to help. They, dried out from the heat and covered in dust,
Ran straight toward the town, while Achilles, spear in hand,
Pressed them, filled with rage and eager for glory. Then, it seemed certain,
Ilium, the city with grand gates, would have fallen
To the Greeks, if Phœbus hadn’t inspired
Antenor’s brave son, the noble Chief
Agenor; he filled him with fearless strength,
And protected him from the blows of fate.
By a large beech tree, he stood there covered
And wrapped in clouds. Agenor then,
Seeing the city-destroying hero approaching
Achilles, hesitated, and while standing, felt his mind
Filled with uncertainty; he groaned and pondered.

[10]Alas! if following the tumultuous flight
Of these, I shun Achilles, swifter far
He soon will lop my ignominious head.
But if, these leaving to be thus dispersed
Before him, from the city-wall I fly650
Across the plain of Troy into the groves
Of Ida, and in Ida’s thickets lurk,
I may, at evening, to the town return
Bathed and refresh’d. But whither tend my thoughts?
Should he my flight into the plain observe655
And swift pursuing seize me, then, farewell
All hope to scape a miserable death,
For he hath strength passing the strength of man.
How then—shall I withstand him here before
The city? He hath also flesh to steel660
Pervious, within it but a single life,
And men report him mortal, howsoe’er
Saturnian Jove lift him to glory now.

[10]Oh no! If I try to escape the chaotic rush
Of these, I avoid Achilles, who's much faster
He'll quickly take off my shameful head.
But if I leave these guys scattered
Before him, I’ll run from the city wall650
Across the plain of Troy into the woods
Of Ida, and hide in Ida’s thickets,
I might, by evening, return to the town
Clean and refreshed. But where are my thoughts going?
If he notices me fleeing into the plain655
And catches up to me, then goodbye
To any hope of escaping a terrible death,
Because he has strength beyond that of any man.
So how can I stand up to him here before
The city? He has flesh, but it’s like steel660
And only one life within it,
And people say he’s mortal, no matter how
Saturnian Jove lifts him to glory now.

So saying, he turn’d and stood, his dauntless heart
Beating for battle. As the pard springs forth665
To meet the hunter from her gloomy lair,
Nor, hearing loud the hounds, fears or retires,
But whether from afar or nigh at hand
He pierce her first, although transfixt, the fight
Still tries, and combats desperate till she fall,670
So, brave Antenor’s son fled not, or shrank,
Till he had proved Achilles, but his breast
O’ershadowing with his buckler and his spear
Aiming well-poised against him, loud exclaim’d.

So saying, he turned and stood, his fearless heart Pounding for battle. Just like a leopard springs forth To confront the hunter from her dark lair, She doesn't fear or retreat, even when she hears the loud hounds. Whether far away or nearby, She fights back, even while pierced, Still struggling desperately until she falls. In the same way, brave Antenor's son didn't flee or shrink back Until he had faced Achilles. His chest, Shielded by his buckler and spear, He aimed carefully at him and shouted loudly.

Renown’d Achilles! Thou art high in hope675
Doubtless, that thou shalt this day overthrow
The city of the glorious sons of Troy.
Fool! ye must labor yet ere she be won,
For numerous are her citizens and bold,
And we will guard her for our parents’ sake680
Our wives and little ones. But here thou diest
Terrible Chief and dauntless as thou art.

Renowned Achilles! You are full of hope675
Surely, you will overthrow
The city of the glorious sons of Troy today.
Fool! You still have to work hard before it is won,
For her citizens are many and brave,
And we will protect her for the sake of our parents680
Our wives and children. But here you will die
Terrible Chief, as fearless as you are.

He said, and with full force hurling his lance
Smote, and err’d not, his greave beneath his knee
The glittering tin, forged newly, at the stroke685
Tremendous rang, but quick recoil’d and vain
The weapon, weak against that guard divine.
Then sprang Achilles in his turn to assail
Godlike Agenor, but Apollo took
That glory from him, snatching wrapt in clouds690
Agenor thence, whom calm he sent away.

He said, and with all his strength threw his lance
Hit, and didn’t miss, the shining armor below his knee
The bright tin, newly made, rang loudly at the impact685
But quickly bounced back, ineffective
The weapon, powerless against that divine protection.
Then Achilles jumped in to attack
Godlike Agenor, but Apollo took
That honor away from him, enveloping in clouds690
Agenor, whom he calmly sent away.

Then Phœbus from pursuit of Ilium’s host
By art averted Peleus’ son; the form
Assuming of Agenor, swift he fled
Before him, and Achilles swift pursued.695
While him Apollo thus lured to the chase
Wide o’er the fruitful plain, inclining still
Toward Scamander’s dizzy stream his course
Nor flying far before, but with false hope
Always beguiling him, the scatter’d host700
Meantime, in joyful throngs, regain’d the town.
They fill’d and shut it fast, nor dared to wait
Each other in the field, or to inquire
Who lived and who had fallen, but all, whom flight
Had rescued, like a flood pour’d into Troy.705

Then Apollo led Achilles away from chasing the Trojans by taking on the appearance of Agenor. He swiftly fled before him as Achilles pursued him. While Apollo lured him into the chase across the wide and fertile plain, he still guided him toward the dizzying waters of the Scamander. Not fleeing too far ahead, but always keeping him under a false sense of hope, he tricked the scattered soldiers. Meanwhile, the joyful crowds made their way back to the city, filling it up and locking the gates tightly. They didn’t wait for one another in the field or ask who remained and who had fallen; everyone who had escaped the flight poured into Troy like a flood.

The Trojans being now within the city, excepting Hector, the field is cleared for the most important and decisive action in the poem; that is, the battle between Achilles and Hector, and the death of the latter. This part of the story is managed with singular skill. It seems as if the poet, feeling the importance of the catastrophe, wished to withdraw from view the personages of less consequence, and to concentrate our attention upon those two alone. The poetic action and description are narrowed in extent, but deepened in interest. The fate of Troy is impending; the irreversible decree of Jupiter is about to be executed; the heroes, whose bravery is to be the instrument of bringing about this consummation, are left together on the plain.—Felton.

The Trojans are now inside the city, except for Hector, which sets the stage for the most crucial and defining moment in the poem: the battle between Achilles and Hector, which ends with Hector's death. This part of the story is handled with exceptional skill. It seems like the poet, recognizing the significance of this moment, wants to take the focus away from less important characters and zero in on just these two. The action and description are more limited in scope but much more engaging. The fate of Troy is hanging in the balance; Jupiter's unchangeable decree is about to be set in motion; the heroes, whose courage will lead to this outcome, are left alone on the battlefield.—Felton.

BOOK XXII.

ARGUMENT OF THE TWENTY-SECOND BOOK.

Achilles slays Hector.

Achilles kills Hector.

BOOK XXII.

Thus they, throughout all Troy, like hunted fawns
Dispersed, their trickling limbs at leisure cool’d,
And, drinking, slaked their fiery thirst, reclined
Against the battlements. Meantime, the Greeks
Sloping their shields, approach’d the walls of Troy,5
And Hector, by his adverse fate ensnared,
Still stood exposed before the Scæan gate.
Then spake Apollo thus to Peleus’ son.

Thus they, all over Troy, like hunted fawns
Scattered, their tired limbs resting and cooling,
And, drinking, quenched their burning thirst, reclined
Against the walls. Meanwhile, the Greeks
Angled their shields and approached the walls of Troy,5
And Hector, caught in his unfortunate fate,
Still stood exposed at the Scæan gate.
Then Apollo spoke to Peleus’ son.

Wherefore, thyself mortal, pursuest thou me
Immortal? oh Achilles! blind with rage,10
Thou know’st not yet, that thou pursuest a God.
Unmindful of thy proper task, to press
The flying Trojans, thou hast hither turn’d
Devious, and they are all now safe in Troy;
Yet hope me not to slay; I cannot die.15

Wherefore, you mortal, are you chasing me
Immortal? Oh Achilles! blinded by anger,10
You don’t yet realize that you’re pursuing a God.
Forgetful of your actual job, to attack
The retreating Trojans, you’ve turned aside
And they are all now safe in Troy;
But don’t expect to kill me; I cannot die.15

To whom Achilles swiftest of the swift,
Indignant. Oh, of all the Powers above
To me most adverse, Archer of the skies!
Thou hast beguiled me, leading me away
From Ilium far, whence intercepted, else,20
No few had at this moment gnaw’d the glebe.
Thou hast defrauded me of great renown,
And, safe thyself, hast rescued them with ease.
Ah—had I power, I would requite thee well.

To whom it may concern, Achilles, the fastest of the fast,
I’m furious. Oh, of all the powers above,
You are the most against me, Archer of the skies!
You’ve deceived me, leading me far away
From Ilium, where otherwise, at this moment,20
Many would have already tilled the land.
You’ve robbed me of great glory,
And while keeping yourself safe, you’ve easily saved them.
Ah—if I had the power, I would make you pay.

So saying, incensed he turned toward the town25
His rapid course, like some victorious steed
That whirls, at stretch, a chariot to the goal.
Such seem’d Achilles, coursing light the field.

So saying, angry he turned toward the town25
His swift pace, like some victorious horse
That races, at full speed, a chariot to the finish.
Such seemed Achilles, swiftly moving across the field.

Him, first, the ancient King of Troy perceived
Scouring the plain, resplendent as the star30
Autumnal, of all stars in dead of night
Conspicous most, and named Orion’s dog;
Brightest it shines, but ominous, and dire
Disease portends to miserable man;[1]
So beam’d Achilles’ armor as he flew.35
Loud wail’d the hoary King; with lifted hands
His head he smote, and, uttering doleful cries
Of supplication, sued to his own son.
He, fixt before the gate, desirous stood
Of combat with Achilles, when his sire40
With arms outstretch’d toward him, thus began.

He was the first to be seen by the ancient King of Troy,
Racing across the plain, shining like a star30
In autumn, the most noticeable of all stars in the dead of night,
Known as Orion’s dog;
It shines the brightest, yet it's ominous and foreboding,
Bringing illness to unfortunate humans;[1]
So shone Achilles’ armor as he charged.35
The old King cried out loudly; with raised hands
He struck his head, and, uttering mournful cries
Of desperation, pleaded with his own son.
He stood fixed at the gate, eager for battle
With Achilles, when his father40
With arms outstretched toward him, began to speak.

My Hector! wait not, oh my son! the approach
Of this dread Chief, alone, lest premature
Thou die, this moment by Achilles slain,
For he is strongest far. Oh that the Gods45
Him loved as I! then, soon should vultures rend
And dogs his carcase, and my grief should cease.
He hath unchilded me of many a son,
All valiant youths, whom he hath slain or sold
To distant isles, and even now, I miss50
Two sons, whom since the shutting of the gates
I find not, Polydorus and Lycaon,
My children by Laothöe the fair.
If they survive prisoners in yonder camp,
I will redeem them with gold and brass55
By noble Eltes to his daughter given,
Large store, and still reserved. But should they both,
Already slain, have journey’d to the shades,
We, then, from whom they sprang have cause to mourn
And mourn them long, but shorter shall the grief60
Of Ilium prove, if thou escape and live.
Come then, my son! enter the city-gate
That thou may’st save us all, nor in thy bloom
Of life cut off, enhance Achilles’ fame.
Commiserate also thy unhappy sire65
Ere yet distracted, whom Saturnian Jove
Ordains to a sad death, and ere I die
To woes innumerable; to behold
Sons slaughter’d, daughters ravish’d, torn and stripp’d
The matrimonial chamber, infants dash’d70
Against the ground in dire hostility,[2]
And matrons dragg’d by ruthless Grecian hands.
Me, haply, last of all, dogs shall devour
In my own vestibule, when once the spear
Or falchion of some Greek hath laid me low.75
The very dogs fed at my table-side,
My portal-guards, drinking their master’s blood
To drunkenness, shall wallow in my courts.
Fair falls the warlike youth in battle slain,
And when he lies torn by the pointed steel,80
His death becomes him well; he is secure,
Though dead, from shame, whatever next befalls:
But when the silver locks and silver beard
Of an old man slain by the sword, from dogs
Receive dishonor, of all ills that wait85
On miserable man, that sure is worst.

My Hector! Don’t wait, oh my son! The approach
Of this terrible warrior is near, don’t face him alone, lest you die
Right now at the hands of Achilles, for he is much stronger. Oh, if only the Gods45
Loved him as I do! Then soon the vultures would tear
And dogs would eat his corpse, and my grief would end.
He has stripped me of many sons,
All brave young men, whom he has either killed or sold
To distant lands, and even now, I miss50
Two sons, whom since the gates closed
I haven’t seen, Polydorus and Lycaon,
My children with the fair Laothöe.
If they’re still alive as prisoners in that camp,
I will pay a ransom of gold and bronze55
To noble Eltes for his daughter, a large sum that’s still saved. But if they are both,
Already killed, have gone to the underworld,
We, their parents, will have cause to mourn
And mourn them deeply, but the grief60
Of Ilium will be shorter if you escape and live.
Come then, my son! Enter the city gate
So you can save us all, and don’t let the prime
Of your life be cut short, adding to Achilles’ glory.
Also have pity on your unfortunate father65
Before I become distraught, whom Saturnian Jove
Has destined for a sad death, and before I die
To countless sorrows; to see
Sons slaughtered, daughters violated, torn and stripped
From the marital bed, infants smashed70
Against the ground in cruel hostility,
And matrons dragged by brutal Greek hands.
Perhaps I, the last of all, will be devoured
By dogs in my own doorway, once the spear
Or sword of some Greek has brought me down.75
The very dogs that ate at my table,
My guards at the door, drinking their master’s blood
To the point of drunkenness, will wallow in my courts.
A brave young man falls in battle, slain,
And when he lies there torn by pointed steel,80
His death suits him well; he is safe,
Though dead, from shame, whatever comes next:
But when the silver hair and silver beard
Of an old man slain by the sword, are disrespected by dogs,
Of all the misfortunes that afflict85
Miserable humanity, that is surely the worst.

So spake the ancient King, and his grey hairs
Pluck’d with both hands, but Hector firm endured.
On the other side all tears his mother stood,
And lamentation; with one hand she bared,90
And with the other hand produced her breast,
Then in wing’d accents, weeping, him bespake.

So spoke the old King, and he tugged at his grey hair with both hands, but Hector held strong. On the other side, his mother stood in tears and mourning; with one hand, she uncovered her breast, and with the other, she reached out to him. Then, with sobbing words, she spoke to him.

My Hector! reverence this, and pity me
If ever, drawing forth this breast, thy griefs
Of infancy I soothed, oh now, my son!95
Acknowledge it, and from within the walls
Repulse this enemy; stand not abroad
To cope with him, for he is savage-fierce,
And should he slay thee, neither shall myself
Who bore thee, nor thy noble spouse weep o’er100
Thy body, but, where we can never come,
Dogs shall devour it in the fleet of Greece.

My Hector! please honor this, and feel for me
If ever I comforted you as a baby, oh now, my son!95
Acknowledge it, and from inside the walls
Fight off this enemy; don’t go out
To face him, because he is brutally fierce,
And if he kills you, neither I, who gave you life,
Nor your noble wife will weep over100
Your body, but instead, where we can never go,
Dogs will eat it in the Greek army.

So they with prayers importuned, and with tears
Their son, but him sway’d not; unmoved he stood,
Expecting vast Achilles now at hand.105
As some fell serpent in his cave expects
The traveller’s approach, batten’d with herbs
Of baneful juice to fury,[3] forth he looks
Hideous, and lies coil’d all around his den,
So Hector, fill’d with confidence untamed,110
Fled not, but placing his bright shield against
A buttress, with his noble heart conferr’d.

So they prayed and begged their son, tears in their eyes,
But he stood firm, unmoved,
Waiting for the mighty Achilles to arrive.105
Like a fierce serpent in its lair waits
For a traveler to approach, nourished by the dangerous herbs
It looks out, menacing, lying coiled in its den,
So Hector, filled with untamed confidence,110
Did not flee, but, placing his shining shield against
A wall, gathered his noble heart.

[4]Alas for me! should I repass the gate,
Polydamas would be the first to heap
Reproaches on me, for he bade me lead115
The Trojans back this last calamitous night
In which Achilles rose to arms again.
But I refused, although to have complied,
Had proved more profitable far; since then
By rash resolves of mine I have destroy’d120
The people, how can I escape the blame
Of all in Troy? The meanest there will say—
By his self-will he hath destroy’d us all.
So shall they speak, and then shall I regret
That I return’d ere I had slain in fight125
Achilles, or that, by Achilles slain,
I died not nobly in defence of Troy.
But shall I thus? Lay down my bossy shield,
Put off my helmet, and my spear recline
Against the city wall, then go myself130
To meet the brave Achilles, and at once
Promise him Helen, for whose sake we strive
With all the wealth that Paris in his fleet
Brought home, to be restored to Atreus’ sons,
And to distribute to the Greeks at large135
All hidden treasures of the town, an oath
Taking beside from every senator,
That he will nought conceal, but will produce
And share in just equality what stores
Soever our fair city still includes?140
Ah airy speculations, questions vain!
I may not sue to him: compassion none
Will he vouchsafe me, or my suit respect.
But, seeing me unarm’d, will sate at once
His rage, and womanlike I shall be slain.145
It is no time from oak or hollow rock
With him to parley, as a nymph and swain,
A nymph and swain[5] soft parley mutual hold,
But rather to engage in combat fierce
Incontinent; so shall we soonest learn150
Whom Jove will make victorious, him or me.

[4]Oh, woe is me! If I go back through the gate,
Polydamas will be the first to blame me,
Because he told me to lead115
The Trojans back on this last disastrous night
When Achilles picked up arms again.
But I refused, even though it would have been
Much more beneficial to agree; instead,
My reckless decisions have led to the downfall120
Of our people. How can I escape the blame
From everyone in Troy? The lowest of them will say—
That by my stubbornness, I’ve ruined us all.
That’s what they’ll say, and I will regret
Returning before I killed Achilles in battle125
Or that I didn’t die nobly defending Troy,
Slain by Achilles himself.
But should I really? Lay down my heavy shield,
Take off my helmet, and lean my spear
Against the city wall, and then go myself130
To meet the brave Achilles, and right away
Promise him Helen, for whom we fight
Along with all the wealth that Paris brought
Home on his ship, to be returned to Atreus’ sons,
And to share with all the Greeks at large135
All the hidden treasures of the city, while taking
An oath from every senator
That he won’t hide anything, but will reveal
And share equally whatever stores
Our fair city still holds?140
Ah, what empty thoughts, pointless questions!
I cannot plead with him: he will show me no compassion
Or regard my plea.
But seeing me unarmed, he will quickly unleash
His anger, and like a woman, I will be slain.145
Now is not the time to talk like a nymph and a shepherd,
A nymph and a shepherd[5] having soft, mutual words,
But rather to engage in fierce combat
Right away; that way, we’ll soon find out150
Whom Jove will crown victorious, him or me.

Thus pondering he stood; meantime approach’d
Achilles, terrible as fiery Mars,
Crest-tossing God, and brandish’d as he came
O’er his right shoulder high the Pelian spear.155
Like lightning, or like flame, or like the sun
Ascending, beam’d his armor. At that sight
Trembled the Trojan Chief, nor dared expect
His nearer step, but flying left the gates
Far distant, and Achilles swift pursued.160
As in the mountains, fleetest fowl of air,
The hawk darts eager at the dove; she scuds
Aslant, he screaming, springs and springs again
To seize her, all impatient for the prey,
So flew Achilles constant to the track165
Of Hector, who with dreadful haste beneath
The Trojan bulwarks plied his agile limbs.
Passing the prospect-mount where high in air
The wild-fig waved,[6] they rush’d along the road,
Declining never from the wall of Troy.170
And now they reach’d the running rivulets clear,
Where from Scamander’s dizzy flood arise
Two fountains,[7] tepid one, from which a smoke
Issues voluminous as from a fire,
The other, even in summer heats, like hail175
For cold, or snow, or crystal-stream frost-bound.
Beside them may be seen the broad canals
Of marble scoop’d, in which the wives of Troy
And all her daughters fair were wont to lave
Their costly raiment,[8] while the land had rest,180
And ere the warlike sons of Greece arrived.
By these they ran, one fleeing, one in chase.
Valiant was he who fled, but valiant far
Beyond him he who urged the swift pursuit;
Nor ran they for a vulgar prize, a beast185
For sacrifice, or for the hide of such,
The swift foot-racer’s customary meed,
But for the noble Hector’s life they ran.
As when two steeds, oft conquerors, trim the goal
For some illustrious prize, a tripod bright190
Or beauteous virgin, at a funeral game,
So they with nimble feet the city thrice
Of Priam compass’d. All the Gods look’d on,
And thus the Sire of Gods and men began.

Thus reflecting, he stood; meanwhile approached
Achilles, fierce as fiery Mars,
Waving his crest, and brandishing as he came
Over his right shoulder high the Pelian spear.155
Like lightning, or flame, or the sun
Rising, his armor shone. At that sight
The Trojan Chief trembled, nor dared to expect
His nearer step, but fleeing left the gates
Far behind, and swift Achilles pursued.160
As in the mountains, the fastest bird of air,
The hawk dives greedily at the dove; she darts
Away, he screams, springs again and again
To catch her, all impatient for the prey,
So Achilles flew steadily after the path165
Of Hector, who with dreadful speed beneath
The Trojan walls worked his agile limbs.
Passing the viewpoint-mount where high in the air
The wild fig waved,[6] they rushed along the road,
Never turning from the wall of Troy.170
And now they reached the clear running streams,
Where from Scamander’s dizzy flood arise
Two fountains,[7] one warm, from which a smoke
Rises thick like from a fire,
The other, even in summer heat, as cold175
As hail, or snow, or frosty crystal stream.
Beside them can be seen the broad canals
Of marble carved out, where the wives of Troy
And all her fair daughters used to wash
Their expensive garments,[8] while the land was peaceful,180
And before the warrior sons of Greece arrived.
By these they ran, one fleeing, one in pursuit.
Brave was he who fled, but braver still
Was the one urging the swift pursuit;
And they weren’t running for ordinary prizes, a beast185
For sacrifice, or for the hide of such,
The usual reward for a foot-race,
But for the noble life of Hector they ran.
As when two steeds, often winners, race for the finish
For some illustrious prize, a bright tripod190
Or a beautiful maiden, at a funeral game,
So they with nimble feet circled the city thrice
Of Priam. All the Gods looked on,
And thus the Father of Gods and men began.

Ah—I behold a warrior dear to me195
Around the walls of Ilium driven, and grieve
For Hector, who the thighs of fatted bulls
On yonder heights of Ida many-valed
Burn’d oft to me, and in the heights of Troy:[9]
But him Achilles, glorious Chief, around200
The city walls of Priam now pursues.
Consider this, ye Gods! weigh the event.
Shall we from death save Hector? or, at length,
Leave him, although in battle high renown’d,
To perish by the might of Peleus’ son?205

Ah—I see a warrior close to me195
Around the walls of Ilium, and I mourn
For Hector, who often burned the thighs of fat bulls
On those heights of many valleys in Ida
For my sake, and on the heights of Troy:[9]
But now Achilles, the glorious leader, chases him
Around the city walls of Priam.
Think about this, gods! Consider what will happen.
Shall we save Hector from death? Or, in the end,
Leave him, even though he’s famous in battle,
To be defeated by the strength of Peleus’ son?205

Whom answer’d thus Pallas cerulean-eyed.
Dread Sovereign of the storms! what hast thou said?
Wouldst thou deliver from the stroke of fate
A mortal man death-destined from of old?
Do it; but small thy praise shall be in heaven.210

"Who answered thus, Pallas with the blue eyes.
Fearsome Sovereign of the storms! What did you say?
Do you wish to save a mortal man destined for death
From the blow of fate?
Go ahead; but your praise in heaven will be small.210"

Then answer thus, cloud-gatherer Jove return’d.
Fear not, Tritonia, daughter dear! that word
Spake not my purpose; me thou shalt perceive
Always to thee indulgent. What thou wilt
That execute, and use thou no delay.215

Then answer this, the cloud-gatherer Jove replied.
Don’t worry, Tritonia, my dear daughter! Those words
Didn’t express my intention; you will see me
Always supportive of you. Do whatever you want
And don’t hesitate.215

So roused he Pallas of herself prepared,
And from the heights Olympian down she flew.
With unremitting speed Achilles still
Urged Hector. As among the mountain-height
The hound pursues, roused newly from her lair220
The flying fawn through many a vale and grove;
And though she trembling skulk the shrubs beneath,
Tracks her continual, till he find the prey,
So ’scaped not Hector Peleus’ rapid son.
Oft as toward the Dardan gates he sprang225
Direct, and to the bulwarks firm of Troy,
Hoping some aid by volleys from the wall,
So oft, outstripping him, Achilles thence
Enforced him to the field, who, as he might,
Still ever stretch’d toward the walls again.230
As, in a dream,[10] pursuit hesitates oft,
This hath no power to fly, that to pursue,
So these—one fled, and one pursued in vain.
How, then, had Hector his impending fate
Eluded, had not Phœbus, at his last,235
Last effort meeting him, his strength restored,
And wing’d for flight his agile limbs anew?
The son of Peleus, as he ran, his brows
Shaking, forbad the people to dismiss
A dart at Hector, lest a meaner hand240
Piercing him, should usurp the foremost praise.
But when the fourth time to those rivulets.
They came, then lifting high his golden scales,
Two lots the everlasting Father placed
Within them, for Achilles one, and one245
For Hector, balancing the doom of both.
Grasping it in the midst, he raised the beam.
Down went the fatal day of Hector, down
To Ades, and Apollo left his side.
Then blue-eyed Pallas hasting to the son250
Of Peleus, in wing’d accents him address’d.

So she woke Pallas, and she got ready,
Then flew down from Olympus. With relentless speed,
Achilles kept chasing Hector. Like a dog
Chasing a fawn, freshly roused from its den,220
Through many valleys and groves;
Though the fawn hides trembling in the bushes,
The dog keeps tracking it until he catches his prey,
So Hector couldn’t escape the swift son of Peleus.
Whenever he sprinted toward the Dardan gates225
Directly, aiming for Troy’s sturdy walls,
Hoping for some help from the arrows loosed from the walls,
Achilles always outpaced him and forced him back
Into the open field, and as hard as Hector tried,
He continued to stretch toward the walls again.230
As in a dream, where pursuers hesitate often,
One cannot escape, while the other cannot catch them,
So it was—one fled, and one pursued in vain.
How could Hector have avoided his doom
If Apollo hadn’t, at the last moment,235
Restored his strength and made him nimble enough to flee?
As he ran, the son of Peleus,
Shaking his head, forbade the people to shoot
At Hector, fearing that a lesser hand240
Might strike him and steal the glory.
But when they reached the streams for the fourth time,
The everlasting Father lifted his golden scales,
Placing two lots within them, one for Achilles and one245
For Hector, weighing both fates.
Grasping it in the middle, he lifted the beam.
Hector’s fatal day went down
To the underworld, and Apollo left his side.
Then bright-eyed Pallas hurried to the son250
Of Peleus, addressing him in swift words.

Now, dear to Jove, Achilles famed in arms!
I hope that, fierce in combat though he be,
We shall, at last, slay Hector, and return
Crown’d with great glory to the fleet of Greece.255
No fear of his deliverance now remains,
Not even should the King of radiant shafts,
Apollo, toil in supplication, roll’d
And roll’d again[11] before the Thunderer’s feet.
But stand, recover breath; myself, the while,260
Shall urge him to oppose thee face to face.

Now, dear to Jove, Achilles renowned for his warrior skills!
I hope that, fierce in battle as he is,
We will finally defeat Hector and return
Crowned with great honor to the Greek fleet.255
No fear of his escape remains now,
Not even if the King of shining arrows,
Apollo, begs and pleads,
Rolling and rolling again before the Thunderer's feet.
But wait, catch your breath; I will,260
Encourage him to face you directly.

So Pallas spake, whom joyful he obey’d,
And on his spear brass-pointed lean’d. But she,
(Achilles left) to noble Hector pass’d,
And in the form, and with the voice loud-toned265
Approaching of Deiphobus, his ear
In accents, as of pity, thus address’d.

So Pallas said, and he gladly listened,
Leaning on the brass-tipped spear. But she,
(Leaving Achilles) went to noble Hector,
Taking on the form and loud voice265
Of Deiphobus, and spoke to him, sounding
With words of pity.

Ah brother! thou art overtask’d, around
The walls of Troy by swift Achilles driven;
But stand, that we may chase him in his turn.[12]270

Ah brother! you are overwhelmed, around
The walls of Troy being pursued by swift Achilles;
But stand still, so we can chase him in return.[12]270

To whom crest-tossing Hector huge replied.
Deiphobus! of all my father’s sons
Brought forth by Hecuba, I ever loved
Thee most, but more than ever love thee now,
Who hast not fear’d, seeing me, for my sake275
To quit the town, where others rest content.

To whom the great Hector, tossing his crest, responded.
Deiphobus! Of all my father’s sons
Born by Hecuba, I have always loved
You the most, but love you even more now,
Since you haven't been afraid to leave the city for my sake275
while others choose to stay.

To whom the Goddess, thus, cerulean-eyed.
Brother! our parents with much earnest suit
Clasping my knees, and all my friends implored me
To stay in Troy, (such fear hath seized on all)280
But grief for thee prey’d on my inmost soul.
Come—fight we bravely—spare we now our spears
No longer; now for proof if Peleus’ son
Slaying us both, shall bear into the fleet
Our arms gore-stain’d, or perish slain by thee.285

To whom the Goddess with cerulean eyes speaks.
Brother! Our parents sincerely begged me
While holding my knees, and all my friends urged me
To stay in Troy, (such fear has gripped everyone)280
But the sadness for you weighed heavily on my heart.
Come—let's fight bravely—let’s not hold back our spears
Any longer; now it’s time to see if Peleus’ son
Will kill us both and take our blood-stained arms
Back to the fleet, or if he will fall, slain by you.285

So saying, the wily Goddess led the way.
They soon, approaching each the other, stood
Opposite, and huge Hector thus began.

So saying, the clever Goddess led the way.
They soon, as they got closer, stood
Opposite each other, and the great Hector began.

Pelides! I will fly thee now no more.
Thrice I have compass’d Priam’s spacious walls290
A fugitive, and have not dared abide
Thy onset, but my heart now bids me stand
Dauntless, and I will slay, or will be slain.
But come. We will attest the Gods; for they
Are fittest both to witness and to guard295
Our covenant. If Jove to me vouchsafe
The hard-earn’d victory, and to take thy life,
I will not with dishonor foul insult
Thy body, but, thine armor stripp’d, will give
Thee to thy friends, as thou shalt me to mine.300

Pelides! I won't run from you anymore.
I've circled Priam's grand walls three times290
As a refugee, and I've been too scared to face
Your attack, but now my heart tells me to stand
Fearlessly, and I will either kill you or be killed.
But let's do this. We'll call on the Gods as our witnesses
Because they are best suited to oversee295
Our agreement. If Jove grants me the hard-earned victory
And takes your life, I won’t dishonor you by
Insulting your body; instead, once your armor is off, I’ll return
You to your friends, just as you’ll do for mine.300

To whom Achilles, lowering dark, replied.
Hector! my bitterest foe! speak not to me
Of covenants! as concord can be none
Lions and men between, nor wolves and lambs
Can be unanimous, but hate perforce305
Each other by a law not to be changed,
So cannot amity subsist between
Thee and myself; nor league make I with thee
Or compact, till thy blood in battle shed
Or mine, shall gratify the fiery Mars.310
Rouse all thy virtue; thou hast utmost need
Of valor now, and of address in arms.
Escape me more thou canst not; Pallas’ hand
By mine subdues thee; now will I avenge
At once the agonies of every Greek315
In thy unsparing fury slain by thee.

To whom Achilles, speaking darkly, replied.
Hector! my greatest enemy! Don’t talk to me
About agreements! There can be no harmony
Between lions and men, nor between wolves and lambs.
They are forced to hate each other by an unchangeable law,305
So friendship can’t exist between
You and me; I won’t make a pact
Or deal with you until your blood is shed in battle
Or mine, to satisfy the fierce Mars.310
Gather all your strength; you’ll need
All the courage and skill you can muster in battle.
You can no longer escape me; Pallas’ hand
With mine overcomes you; now I will take revenge
For the suffering of every Greek315
Killed by your merciless fury.

He said, and, brandishing the Pelian ash,
Dismiss’d it; but illustrious Hector warn’d,
Crouched low, and, overflying him, it pierced
The soil beyond, whence Pallas plucking it320
Unseen, restored it to Achilles’ hand,
And Hector to his godlike foe replied.

He said this, and swinging the Pelian ash,
He threw it away; but the great Hector warned him,
Crouched low, and as it flew over him, it struck
The ground beyond, from where Pallas, unseen, 320
Picked it up and returned it to Achilles’ hand,
And Hector responded to his godlike enemy.

Godlike Achilles! thou hast err’d, nor know’st
At all my doom from Jove, as thou pretend’st,
But seek’st, by subtlety and wind of words,325
All empty sounds, to rob me of my might.
Yet stand I firm. Think not to pierce my back.
Behold my bosom! if the Gods permit,
Meet me advancing, and transpierce me there.
Meantime avoid my glittering spear, but oh330
May’st thou receive it all! since lighter far
To Ilium should the toils of battle prove,
Wert thou once slain, the fiercest of her foes.

Godlike Achilles! You've made a mistake, and you don't know
My fate from Jove, despite what you claim,
But you’re trying, with your clever words,325
To use meaningless chatter to take away my strength.
Yet I stand strong. Don't think you can stab me in the back.
Look at my chest! If the Gods allow,
Come at me head-on and strike me there.
In the meantime, stay clear of my shining spear, but oh330
May you take it all! For it would be much easier
For Ilium if the burden of battle were lighter,
Should you fall, the fiercest of her enemies.

He said, and hurling his long spear with aim
Unerring, smote the centre of the shield335
Of Peleus’ son, but his spear glanced away.
He, angry to have sent it forth in vain,
(For he had other none) with eyes downcast
Stood motionless awhile, then with loud voice
Sought from Deiphobus, white-shielded Chief,340
A second; but Deiphobus was gone.
Then Hector understood his doom, and said.

He said, and throwing his long spear with perfect aim
Struck the center of the shield335
Of Peleus’ son, but the spear bounced off.
He, frustrated that he had thrown it for nothing,
(Having no other spear) with eyes downcast
Stood still for a moment, then called out loudly
To Deiphobus, the white-shielded Chief,340
For a second weapon; but Deiphobus was gone.
Then Hector realized his fate and said.

Ah, it is plain; this is mine hour to die.
I thought Deiphobus at hand, but me
Pallas beguiled, and he is still in Troy.345
A bitter death threatens me, it is nigh,
And there is no escape; Jove, and Jove’s son
Apollo, from the first, although awhile
My prompt deliverers, chose this lot for me,
And now it finds me. But I will not fall350
Inglorious; I will act some great exploit
That shall be celebrated ages hence.

Ah, it's clear; this is my time to die.
I thought Deiphobus was nearby, but
Pallas tricked me, and he's still in Troy.345
A painful death is threatening me, it's close,
And there's no way out; Jove and his son
Apollo, though they were once my quick saviors,
Chose this fate for me from the beginning,
And now it has come for me. But I won't go down350
Without glory; I will do something great
That will be remembered for ages to come.

So saying, his keen falchion from his side
He drew, well-temper’d, ponderous, and rush’d
At once to combat. As the eagle darts355
Right downward through a sullen cloud to seize
Weak lamb or timorous hare, so brandishing
His splendid falchion, Hector rush’d to fight.
Achilles, opposite, with fellest ire
Full-fraught came on; his shield with various art360
Celestial form’d, o’erspread his ample chest,
And on his radiant casque terrific waved
The bushy gold of his resplendent crest,
By Vulcan spun, and pour’d profuse around.
Bright as, among the stars, the star of all365
Most radiant, Hesperus, at midnight moves,
So, in the right hand of Achilles beam’d
His brandish’d spear, while, meditating wo
To Hector, he explored his noble form,
Seeking where he was vulnerable most.370
But every part, his dazzling armor torn
From brave Patroclus’ body, well secured,
Save where the circling key-bone from the neck
Disjoins the shoulder; there his throat appear’d,
Whence injured life with swiftest flight escapes;375
Achilles, plunging in that part his spear,
Impell’d it through the yielding flesh beyond.
The ashen beam his power of utterance left
Still unimpair’d, but in the dust he fell,
And the exulting conqueror exclaim’d.380

So saying, he drew his sharp sword from his side, well-balanced and heavy, and charged into battle. Just like an eagle swoops down through a dark cloud to catch a weak lamb or a scared hare, Hector brandished his glorious sword and rushed to fight. Achilles faced him with intense fury, coming on full force; his shield, intricately designed, covered his broad chest, and on his shining helmet, the thick golden crest, crafted by Vulcan, flowed around him. Bright as the most brilliant star, Hesperus, moves among the stars at midnight, Achilles held his brandished spear in his right hand, contemplating how to bring harm to Hector, scanning his noble figure for any vulnerable spot. But every part of Hector's dazzling armor, taken from brave Patroclus' body, was well-protected, except where the collarbone connects to the shoulder; there his throat was exposed, where life could swiftly escape. Achilles thrust his spear into that spot, driving it through the soft flesh beyond. Hector's ability to speak remained intact, but he fell in the dust, and the triumphant conqueror shouted.

But Hector! thou hadst once far other hopes,
And, stripping slain Patroclus, thought’st thee safe,
Nor caredst for absent me. Fond dream and vain!
I was not distant far; in yonder fleet
He left one able to avenge his death,385
And he hath slain thee. Thee the dogs shall rend
Dishonorably, and the fowls of air,
But all Achaia’s host shall him entomb.

But Hector! You once had very different hopes,
And when you stripped slain Patroclus, you thought you were safe,
And didn't care about my absence. Foolish and empty dream!
I wasn't far away; in that fleet over there,
He left someone capable of avenging his death,385
And he has killed you. The dogs will tear you apart
Dishonorably, and the birds of the air,
But all of Achaia’s army will give him a proper burial.

To whom the Trojan Chief languid replied.
By thy own life, by theirs who gave thee birth,390
And by thy knees,[13] oh let not Grecian dogs
Rend and devour me, but in gold accept
And brass a ransom at my father’s hands,
And at my mother’s an illustrious price;
Send home my body, grant me burial rites395
Among the daughters and the sons of Troy.

To whom the Trojan chief weakly responded.
By your own life, by those who gave you birth,390
And by your knees,[13] oh please don’t let the Greek dogs
Tear me apart and eat me, but accept
A ransom in gold and bronze from my father,
And a respectable sum from my mother;
Send my body home, allow me burial rites395
Among the daughters and sons of Troy.

To whom with aspect stern Achilles thus.
Dog! neither knees nor parents name to me.
I would my fierceness of revenge were such,
That I could carve and eat thee, to whose arms400
Such griefs I owe; so true it is and sure,
That none shall save thy carcase from the dogs.
No, trust me, would thy parents bring me weigh’d
Ten—twenty ransoms, and engage on oath
To add still more; would thy Dardanian Sire405
Priam, redeem thee with thy weight in gold,
Not even at that price would I consent
That she who bare should place thee on thy bier
With lamentation; dogs and ravening fowls
Shall rend thy body while a scrap remains.410

To whom with a serious look Achilles said,
"Dog! Don’t mention knees or parents to me.
I wish my desire for revenge was so strong,
That I could carve you up and eat you, to whose arms400
I owe such pain; it's true, and you can bet,
That no one will save your body from the dogs.
No, believe me, even if your parents brought me
Ten—twenty ransoms, and promised even more;
If your Dardanian father405
Priam wanted to redeem you with your weight in gold,
Not even at that price would I agree
To let your mother place you on your funeral pyre
While crying; dogs and hungry birds
Will tear your body apart as long as there’s anything left." 410

Then, dying, warlike Hector thus replied.
Full well I knew before, how suit of mine
Should speed preferr’d to thee. Thy heart is steel.
But oh, while yet thou livest, think, lest the Gods
Requite thee on that day, when pierced thyself415
By Paris and Apollo, thou shalt fall,
Brave as thou art, before the Scæan gate.

Then, as he was dying, the warrior Hector replied, I knew all along that my request would not be accepted by you. Your heart is stone. But oh, while you’re still alive, consider this: the Gods may take revenge on you for the day when you are wounded yourself by Paris and Apollo, and you will fall, brave as you are, before the Scæan gate.

He ceased, and death involved him dark around.
His spirit, from his limbs dismiss’d, the house
Of Ades sought, mourning in her descent420
Youth’s prime and vigor lost, disastrous doom!
But him though dead, Achilles thus bespake.

He stopped, and darkness closed in around him.
His spirit, released from his body, sought the house
Of Hades, grieving as she descended420
Youth’s prime and strength lost, a tragic fate!
Yet even though he was dead, Achilles spoke to him.

Die thou. My death shall find me at what hour
Jove gives commandment, and the Gods above.

Die, you. My death will come at the hour
that Jove commands, and the Gods above.

He spake, and from the dead drawing away425
His brazen spear, placed it apart, then stripp’d
His arms gore-stain’d. Meantime the other sons
Of the Achaians, gathering fast around,
The bulk admired, and the proportion just
Of Hector; neither stood a Grecian there430
Who pierced him not, and thus the soldier spake.

He spoke, and pulling his bloody spear away from the dead, he set it aside, then took off his blood-soaked armor. Meanwhile, the other Greek heroes quickly gathered around, admiring the size and shape of Hector. Not one Greek was present who didn’t stab him, and then the soldier spoke.

Ye Gods! how far more patient of the touch
Is Hector now, than when he fired the fleet!

Wow! Hector is so much more patient now than when he set the ships on fire!

Thus would they speak, then give him each a stab.
And now, the body stripp’d, their noble Chief435
The swift Achilles standing in the midst,
The Grecians in wing’d accents thus address’d.

Thus they spoke, then each took a stab at him.
And now, the body stripped, their noble Chief435
The swift Achilles standing in the middle,
The Greeks addressed him in swift words.

Friends, Chiefs and Senators of Argos’ host!
Since, by the will of heaven, this man is slain
Who harm’d us more than all our foes beside,440
Essay we next the city, so to learn
The Trojan purpose, whether (Hector slain)
They will forsake the citadel, or still
Defend it, even though of him deprived.
But wherefore speak I thus? still undeplored,445
Unburied in my fleet Patroclus lies;
Him never, while alive myself, I mix
With living men and move, will I forget.
In Ades, haply, they forget the dead,
Yet will not I Patroclus, even there.450
Now chanting pæans, ye Achaian youths!
Return we to the fleet with this our prize;
We have achieved great glory,[14] we have slain
Illustrious Hector, him whom Ilium praised
In all her gates, and as a God revered.455

Friends, leaders and senators of Argos!
Since, by the will of heaven, this man has been killed
Who harmed us more than all our other enemies,440
Let’s head to the city next, to find out
The Trojans' plan—now that Hector is dead—
Will they abandon the citadel, or still
Defend it, even without him?
But why do I speak like this? still unburied,445
Patroclus lies in my ship;
I will never forget him while I’m alive,
And I mingle with the living.
In the underworld, maybe they forget the dead,
But I will not forget Patroclus, even there.450
Now singing hymns, you Achaean youths!
Let’s return to the fleet with this prize;
We have achieved great glory—we have slain
Famous Hector, the one whom Ilium honored
At all her gates, and who was revered like a god.455

He said; then purposing dishonor foul
To noble Hector, both his feet he bored
From heel to ancle, and, inserting thongs,
Them tied behind his chariot, but his head
Left unsustain’d to trail along the ground.460
Ascending next, the armor at his side
He placed, then lash’d the steeds; they willing flew
Thick dust around the body dragg’d arose,
His sable locks all swept the plain, and all
His head, so graceful once, now track’d the dust,465
For Jove had given it into hostile hands
That they might shame it in his native soil.[15]
Thus, whelm’d in dust, it went. The mother Queen
Her son beholding, pluck’d her hair away,
Cast far aside her lucid veil, and fill’d470
With shrieks the air. His father wept aloud,
And, all around, long, long complaints were heard
And lamentations in the streets of Troy,
Not fewer or less piercing, than if flames
Had wrapt all Ilium to her topmost towers.475
His people scarce detain’d the ancient King
Grief-stung, and resolute to issue forth
Through the Dardanian gates; to all he kneel’d
In turn, then roll’d himself in dust, and each
By name solicited to give him way.480

He said this, then intending to dishonor
Noble Hector, pierced both of his feet
From heel to ankle, and, putting thongs through,
Tied them behind his chariot, but left his head
Unsupported to drag along the ground.460
Next, he placed the armor at his side,
Then whipped the horses; they eagerly sped
As thick dust rose around the dragged body,
His dark hair swept the ground, and all
His once graceful head now tracked the dust,465
For Jove had given it into enemy hands
So they could shame it in his homeland.[15]
Thus, buried in dust, it went. The Queen Mother
Seeing her son, tore at her hair,
Threw aside her shining veil, and filled470
The air with her screams. His father wept aloud,
And everywhere, long, loud cries were heard
And laments in the streets of Troy,
Not fewer or less piercing than if flames
Had engulfed all of Ilium to her highest towers.475
His people could barely stop the old King
Overcome with grief, determined to go out
Through the Dardanian gates; he knelt
To each person in turn, then rolled himself in dust, and each
He begged by name to let him pass.480

Stand off, my fellow mourners! I would pass
The gates, would seek, alone, the Grecian fleet.
I go to supplicate the bloody man,
Yon ravager; he may respect, perchance,
My years, may feel some pity of my age;485
For, such as I am, his own father is,
Peleus, who rear’d him for a curse to Troy,
But chiefly rear’d him to myself a curse,
So numerous have my sons in prime of youth
Fall’n by his hand, all whom I less deplore490
(Though mourning all) than one; my agonies
For Hector soon shall send me to the shades.
Oh had he but within these arms expired,
The hapless Queen who bore him, and myself
Had wept him, then, till sorrow could no more!495

Step back, my fellow mourners! I want to go
Through the gates and seek, alone, the Greek fleet.
I’m going to plead with the bloody man,
That ravager; he might respect me,
Might feel some pity for my age;485
For, like me, his own father is,
Peleus, who raised him to bring ruin to Troy,
But mainly raised him to be a curse to me,
So many of my sons in their youth
Have fallen by his hand, and I grieve less
(Though I mourn all) for one; my pain
For Hector will soon send me to the afterlife.
Oh, if he had just died in these arms,
The unfortunate Queen who gave him birth, and I
Would have wept for him until we could weep no more!495

So spake he weeping, and the citizens
All sigh’d around; next, Hecuba began
Amid the women, thus, her sad complaint.

So he spoke, crying, and the townspeople
All sighed around; then Hecuba started
Among the women, expressing her sorrow.

Ah wherefore, oh my son! wretch that I am,
Breathe I forlorn of thee? Thou, night and day,500
My glory wast in Ilium, thee her sons
And daughters, both, hail’d as their guardian God,
Conscious of benefits from thee received,
Whose life prolong’d should have advanced them all
To high renown. Vain boast! thou art no more.505

Ah, why, my son! What a miserable state I'm in,
Am I left to mourn for you? You, day and night,500
Were my pride in Troy, where the people,
Both sons and daughters, revered you as their protector,
Aware of the blessings we received from you,
Whose continued life should have lifted them all
To great fame. What a pointless claim! You are no longer here.505

So mourn’d the Queen. But fair Andromache
Nought yet had heard, nor knew by sure report
Hector’s delay without the city gates.
She in a closet of her palace sat,
A twofold web weaving magnificent,510
With sprinkled flowers inwrought of various hues,
And to her maidens had commandment given
Through all her house, that compassing with fire
An ample tripod, they should warm a bath
For noble Hector from the fight return’d.515
Tenderness ill-inform’d! she little knew
That in the field, from such refreshments far,
Pallas had slain him by Achilles’ hand.
She heard a cry of sorrow from the tower;
Her limbs shook under her, her shuttle fell,520
And to her bright-hair’d train, alarm’d, she cried.

So the Queen mourned. But fair Andromache
Had not heard yet, nor knew for sure
Of Hector's delay outside the city gates.
She sat in a room of her palace,
Weaving a beautiful double-layered fabric,510
With colorful flowers woven throughout,
And she had instructed her maidens
To heat up a large tripod with fire
To prepare a bath for noble Hector returning from battle.515
How misguided her tenderness was! She little knew
That in the field, far from such comforts,
Pallas had killed him at Achilles' hand.
She heard a cry of grief from the tower;
Her limbs trembled, her shuttle dropped,520
And she cried out to her bright-haired attendants in alarm.

Attend me two of you, that I may learn
What hath befallen. I have heard the voice
Of the Queen-mother; my rebounding heart
Chokes me, and I seem fetter’d by a frost.525
Some mischief sure o’er Priam’s sons impends.
Far be such tidings from me! but I fear
Horribly, lest Achilles, cutting off
My dauntless Hector from the gates alone,
Enforce him to the field, and quell perhaps530
The might, this moment, of that dreadful arm
His hinderance long; for Hector ne’er was wont
To seek his safety in the ranks, but flew
First into battle, yielding place to none.

Come here, you two, so I can find out
What’s happened. I’ve heard the Queen-mother’s voice;
My heart is pounding and I feel paralyzed
By a chill. Something bad must be looming
Over Priam’s sons. Please, let it not be so! But I’m
Terrified that Achilles, isolating
My fearless Hector from the gates, might
Force him into the battlefield and possibly
Overpower that fearsome strength that has
Been holding him back for so long; for Hector never
Hesitated to fight, never waiting for safety
In the ranks, but always charging into battle, never backing down.

So saying, she rush’d with palpitating heart535
And frantic air abroad, by her two maids
Attended; soon arriving at the tower,
And at the throng of men, awhile she stood
Down-looking wistful from the city-wall,
And, seeing him in front of Ilium, dragg’d540
So cruelly toward the fleet of Greece,
O’erwhelm’d with sudden darkness at the view
Fell backward, with a sigh heard all around.
Far distant flew dispersed her head-attire,
Twist, frontlet, diadem, and even the veil545
By golden Venus given her on the day
When Hector led her from Eëtion’s house
Enrich’d with nuptial presents to his home.
Around her throng’d her sisters of the house
Of Priam, numerous, who within their arms550
Fast held her[16] loathing life; but she, her breath
At length and sense recovering, her complaint
Broken with sighs amid them thus began.

So saying, she ran out with a racing heart535
And a frantic look, accompanied by her two maids.
Soon she arrived at the tower,
And at the crowd of men, she stood for a while,
Looking down wistfully from the city wall,
And, seeing him in front of Ilium, dragged540
So cruelly toward the Greek ships,
Overwhelmed by sudden darkness at the sight,
She fell back with a sigh that everyone heard.
Her headdress flew away in all directions,
Her twist, frontlet, diadem, and even the veil545
That golden Venus had given her on the day
When Hector brought her from Eëtion’s house,
Loaded with wedding gifts to his home.
Around her gathered her sisters from the house
Of Priam, many of them, who held her tightly,
Loathing life; but she, as she finally regained
Her breath and senses, began her complaint,
Interrupted by sighs, among them.

Hector! I am undone; we both were born
To misery, thou in Priam’s house in Troy,555
And I in Hypoplacian Thebes wood-crown’d
Beneath Eëtion’s roof. He, doom’d himself
To sorrow, me more sorrowfully doom’d,
Sustain’d in helpless infancy, whom oh
That he had ne’er begotten! thou descend’st560
To Pluto’s subterraneous dwelling drear,
Leaving myself destitute, and thy boy,
Fruit of our hapless loves, an infant yet,
Never to be hereafter thy delight,
Nor love of thine to share or kindness more.565
For should he safe survive this cruel war,
With the Achaians penury and toil
Must be his lot, since strangers will remove
At will his landmarks, and possess his fields.
Thee lost, he loses all, of father, both,570
And equal playmate in one day deprived,
To sad looks doom’d, and never-ceasing-tears.
He seeks, necessitous his father’s friends,
One by his mantle pulls, one by his vest,
Whose utmost pity yields to his parch’d lips575
A thirst-provoking drop, and grudges more;
Some happier child, as yet untaught to mourn
A parent’s loss, shoves rudely from the board
My son, and, smiting him, reproachful cries—
Away—thy father is no guest of ours—580
Then, weeping, to his widow’d mother comes
Astyanax, who on his father’s lap
Ate marrow only, once, and fat of lambs,[17]
And when sleep took him, and his crying fit
Had ceased, slept ever on the softest bed,585
Warm in his nurse’s arms, fed to his fill
With delicacies, and his heart at rest.
But now, Astyanax (so named in Troy
For thy sake, guardian of her gates and towers)
His father lost, must many a pang endure.590
And as for thee, cast naked forth among
Yon galleys, where no parent’s eye of thine
Shall find thee, when the dogs have torn thee once
Till they are sated, worms shall eat thee next.
Meantime, thy graceful raiment rich, prepared595
By our own maidens, in thy palace lies;
But I will burn it, burn it all, because
Useless to thee, who never, so adorn’d,
Shalt slumber more; yet every eye in Troy
Shall see, how glorious once was thy attire.[18]600

Hector! I'm devastated; we were both born
To misery, you in Priam’s house in Troy,555
And I in the wood-crowned Hypoplacian Thebes
Under Eëtion’s roof. He, doomed himself
To sorrow, me even more sorrowfully doomed,
Sustained in helpless infancy, oh
If only he had never been born! You descend560
To Pluto’s dark underground home,
Leaving me destitute, and your boy,
The fruit of our ill-fated love, still an infant,
Never to be your joy again,
Nor to share your love or kindness more.565
For if he survives this brutal war,
With the Achaians, poverty and toil
Will be his fate, since strangers will take
His land and possessions without a care.
With you lost, he loses everything: a father,570
And his equal playmate, all gone in one day,
Doomed to sad looks and endless tears.
He seeks out your friends, pulling one by his cloak,
One by his shirt,
Whose utmost pity gives him a thirst-575
Quenching drop, but holds back more;
Some luckier child, still too young to grieve
A parent's loss, rudely shoves him away
From the table, and, hitting him, cries in anger—
Go away—your father is not one of us—580
Then, weeping, comes to his widowed mother
Astyanax, who once sat on his father’s lap
Eating marrow and lamb's fat,
And when sleep took him, and his crying stopped,585
He always slept on the softest bed,
Warm in his nurse’s arms, fed to his fill
With delicacies, and his heart at peace.
But now, Astyanax (so named in Troy
For your sake, guardian of her gates and towers)
Must endure many a painful hardship.590
And as for you, cast naked among
Those ships, where no parent’s eye
Will find you, when the dogs have torn you apart
Till they are sated, worms will feast on you next.
In the meantime, your beautiful, rich clothing, prepared595
By our maidens, lies in your palace;
But I will burn it, burn it all, because
It’s useless to you, who will never wear it,
Yet every eye in Troy
Will see how glorious once was your attire.[18]600

So, weeping, she; to whom the multitude
Of Trojan dames responsive sigh’d around.

So, she wept, and the crowd
Of Trojan women sighed in response around her.

BOOK XXIII.

ARGUMENT OF THE TWENTY-THIRD BOOK.

The body of Patroclus is burned, and the funeral games ensue.

The body of Patroclus is burned, and the funeral games follow.

BOOK XXIII.

Such mourning was in Troy; meantime the Greeks
Their galleys and the shores of Hellespont
Regaining, each to his own ship retired.
But not the Myrmidons; Achilles them
Close rank’d in martial order still detain’d,5
And thus his fellow-warriors brave address’d.

Such mourning was in Troy; meanwhile, the Greeks
Regained their galleys and the shores of Hellespont,
Retreating to their own ships. But not the Myrmidons; Achilles
Still kept them closely organized in battle order,5
And addressed his fellow warriors bravely.

Ye swift-horsed Myrmidons, associates dear!
Release not from your chariots yet your steeds
Firm-hoof’d, but steeds and chariots driving near,
Bewail Patroclus, as the rites demand10
Of burial; then, satiate with grief and tears,
We will release our steeds, and take repast.

You swift-horsed Myrmidons, dear companions!
Don’t let your horses leave the chariots yet,
Strong-hoofed, but horses and chariots close at hand,
Mourn for Patroclus, as the rituals require10
For burial; then, filled with grief and tears,
We’ll let go of our horses and have a meal.

He ended, and, himself leading the way,
His numerous band all mourn’d at once the dead.
Around the body thrice their glossy steeds,15
Mourning they drove, while Thetis in their hearts
The thirst of sorrow kindled; they with tears
The sands bedew’d, with tears their radiant arms,
Such deep regret of one so brave they felt.
Then, placing on the bosom of his friend20
His homicidal hands, Achilles thus
The shade of his Patroclus, sad, bespake.

He finished speaking, and, leading the way himself,
His many followers all mourned the dead at once.
Around the body three times they drove their shiny horses,15
Mourning as they went, while Thetis ignited a thirst for sorrow in their hearts;
They drenched the sands with tears, their radiant arms wet with grief,
Feeling deep regret for someone so brave.
Then, placing his bloody hands on the chest of his friend,20
Achilles spoke to the shade of Patroclus, filled with sadness.

Hail, oh Patroclus, even in Ades hail!
For I will now accomplish to the full
My promise pledged to thee, that I would give25
Hector dragg’d hither to be torn by dogs
Piecemeal, and would before thy funeral pile
The necks dissever of twelve Trojan youths
Of noblest rank, resentful of thy death.

Hail, oh Patroclus, even in the underworld, hail!
For I will now completely fulfill
My promise to you, that I would bring25
Hector dragged here to be torn apart by dogs
Piece by piece, and before your funeral pyre
I will cut off the heads of twelve Trojan youths
Of the highest rank, in revenge for your death.

He said, and meditating foul disgrace30
To noble Hector, stretch’d him prone in dust
Beside the bier of Menœtiades.
Then all the Myrmidons their radiant arms
Put off, and their shrill-neighing steeds released.
A numerous band beside the bark they sat35
Of swift Æacides, who furnish’d forth
Himself a feast funereal for them all.
Many a white ox under the ruthless steel
Lay bleeding, many a sheep and blatant goat,
With many a saginated boar bright-tusk’d,40
Amid fierce flames Vulcanian stretch’d to roast.
Copious the blood ran all around the dead.

He said, and thinking of the shame30
For noble Hector, who lay face down in the dirt
Next to the bier of Menœtiades.
Then all the Myrmidons put aside their shining armor
And released their high-neighing horses.
A large group gathered by the ship35
Of swift Æacides, who prepared
A funeral feast for them all.
Many white oxen were cut down under the brutal knife,
Along with many sheep and loud goats,
And many well-fed boars with bright tusks,40
Roasted amid the fierce flames of Vulcan.
Blood flowed abundantly around the dead.

And now the Kings of Greece conducted thence
To Agamemnon’s tent the royal son
Of Peleus, loth to go, and won at last45
With difficulty, such his anger was
And deep resentment of his slaughter’d friend.
Soon then as Agamemnon’s tent they reach’d,
The sovereign bade his heralds kindle fire
Around an ample vase, with purpose kind50
Moving Achilles from his limbs to cleanse
The stains of battle; but he firm refused
That suit, and bound refusal with an oath—

And now the Kings of Greece led the royal son of Peleus to Agamemnon’s tent, even though he was reluctant to go. He eventually agreed, but it took a lot of effort because he was so angry and deeply resentful about the loss of his friend. As soon as they reached Agamemnon’s tent, the king instructed his messengers to light a fire around a large bowl, intending to persuade Achilles to wash away the blood from his body. But Achilles firmly refused that request and reinforced his refusal with an oath—

No; by the highest and the best of all,
By Jove I will not. Never may it be55
That brazen bath approach this head of mine,
Till I shall first Patroclus’ body give
To his last fires, till I shall pile his tomb,
And sheer my locks in honor of my friend;
For, like to this, no second wo shall e’er60
My heart invade, while vital breath I draw.
But, all unwelcome as it is, repast
Now calls us. Agamemnon, King of men!
Give thou command that at the dawn they bring
Wood hither, such large portion as beseems65
The dead, descending to the shades, to share,
That hungry flames consuming out of sight
His body soon, the host may war again.

No; by the highest and best of all,
By Jove, I will not. It shall never be55
That this brazen bath touches my head,
Until I first give Patroclus’ body
To his final fires, until I pile up his tomb,
And cut my hair in honor of my friend;
For no other sorrow like this will ever60
Invade my heart while I still breathe.
But, as unwelcome as it is, we must eat
Now. Agamemnon, King of men!
Please command that at dawn they bring
Wood here, enough to befit65
The dead, so that the hungry flames can consume
His body soon, allowing us to fight again.

He spake; they, hearing, readily obey’d.
Then, each his food preparing with dispatch,70
They ate, nor wanted any of the guests
Due portion, and their appetites sufficed
To food and wine, all to their tents repair’d
Seeking repose; but on the sands beside
The billowy deep Achilles groaning lay75
Amidst his Myrmidons, where space he found
With blood unstain’d beside the dashing wave.[1]
There, soon as sleep, deliverer of the mind,
Wrapp’d him around (for much his noble limbs
With chase of Hector round the battlements80
Of wind-swept Ilium wearied were and spent)
The soul came to him of his hapless friend,
In bulk resembling, in expressive eyes
And voice Patroclus, and so clad as he.
Him, hovering o’er his head, the form address’d.85

He spoke; they, hearing, quickly obeyed.
Then, each prepared his food without delay,70
They ate, leaving none of the guests
Without their share, and their appetites satisfied
With food and wine, all returned to their tents
To find rest; but on the sands beside
The crashing waves, Achilles lay groaning75
Among his Myrmidons, finding a spot
With blood unstained next to the surging sea.[1]
There, as soon as sleep, the restorer of the mind,
Wrapped around him (for his noble limbs
Were tired and worn from chasing Hector around80
The wind-swept walls of Ilium),
The spirit of his unfortunate friend came to him,
Resembling him in body, in expressive eyes
And voice just like Patroclus, and dressed as he was.
He, hovering over his head, addressed him.85

Sleep’st thou, Achilles! of thy friend become
Heedless? Him living thou didst not neglect
Whom thou neglectest dead. Give me a tomb
Instant, that I may pass the infernal gates.
For now, the shades and spirits of the dead90
Drive me afar, denying me my wish
To mingle with them on the farthest shore,
And in wide-portal’d Ades sole I roam.
Give me thine hand, I pray thee, for the earth
I visit never more, once burnt with fire;95
We never shall again close council hold
As we were wont, for me my fate severe,
Mine even from my birth, hath deep absorb’d.
And oh Achilles, semblance of the Gods!
Thou too predestined art beneath the wall100
To perish of the high-born Trojan race.
But hear my last injunction! ah, my friend!
My bones sepulchre not from thine apart,
But as, together we were nourish’d both
Beneath thy roof (what time from Opoëis105
Menœtius led me to thy father’s house,
Although a child, yet fugitive for blood,
Which, in a quarrel at the dice, I spilt,
Killing my playmate by a casual blow,
The offspring of Amphidamas, when, like110
A father, Peleus with all tenderness
Received and cherish’d me, and call’d me thine)
So, let one vase inclose, at last, our bones,
The golden vase, thy Goddess mother’s gift.[2]

Are you sleeping, Achilles? Have you forgotten your friend? You didn’t ignore him when he was alive, so why neglect him now that he’s dead? I need a tomb right away so I can enter the underworld. The spirits of the dead are driving me away, refusing to let me join them on the distant shore, and I wander alone in the vastness of the underworld. Please give me your hand, for I will never return to the earth that has been burned with fire. We will never again hold council together as we used to; fate has sealed my doom, one that has been mine since birth. Oh Achilles, resembling the gods! You too are destined to fall beneath the walls, a victim of the noble Trojan lineage. But listen to my last request, my friend! Don’t separate my bones from yours. Just as we grew up together under your roof—when Menœtius brought me to your father’s house even as a child, fleeing for my life after I spilled blood in a dice game, accidentally killing my playmate who was the son of Amphidamas, and how your father, Peleus, received and cared for me, calling me his own—let our bones finally rest together in one urn, the golden urn gifted by your goddess mother.

To whom Achilles, matchless in the race.115
Ah, loved and honor’d! wherefore hast thou come!
Why thus enjoin’d me? I will all perform
With diligence that thou hast now desired.
But nearer stand, that we may mutual clasp
Each other, though but with a short embrace,120
And sad satiety of grief enjoy.

To whom Achilles, unmatched in speed.115
Ah, beloved and honored! Why have you come?
Why have you asked this of me? I'll do everything
With the effort you now want.
But come closer, so we can hold
Each other, even if just for a brief hug,120
And share in the painful satisfaction of our grief.

He said, and stretch’d his arms toward the shade,
But him seized not; shrill-clamoring and light
As smoke, the spirit pass’d into the earth.
Amazed, upsprang Achilles, clash’d aloud125
His palms together, and thus, sad, exclaim’d.

He said, stretching his arms toward the shade,
But it didn't grab him; shrill and light
Like smoke, the spirit passed into the earth.
Amazed, Achilles jumped up, clapped125
His hands together, and sadly exclaimed.

Ah then, ye Gods! there doubtless are below
The soul and semblance both, but empty forms;
For all night long, mourning, disconsolate,
The soul of my Patroclus, hapless friend!130
Hath hover’d o’er me, giving me in charge
His last requests, just image of himself.

Ah then, you Gods! There are definitely below
Both the soul and appearance, but just empty shells;
For all night long, grieving and lost,
The soul of my Patroclus, my unfortunate friend!130
Has hovered over me, giving me responsibility
For his last wishes, just a reflection of himself.

So saying, he call’d anew their sorrow forth,
And rosy-palm’d Aurora found them all
Mourning afresh the pitiable dead.135
Then royal Agamemnon call’d abroad
Mules and mule-drivers from the tents in haste
To gather wood. Uprose a valiant man,
Friend of the virtuous Chief Idomeneus,
Meriones, who led them to the task.140
They, bearing each in hand his sharpen’d axe
And twisted cord, thence journey’d forth, the mules
Driving before them; much uneven space
They measured, hill and dale, right onward now,
And now circuitous; but at the groves145
Arrived at length, of Ida fountain-fed,
Their keen-edged axes to the towering oaks
Dispatchful they applied; down fell the trees
With crash sonorous. Splitting, next, the trunks,
They bound them on the mules; they, with firm hoofs150
The hill-side stamping, through the thickets rush’d
Desirous of the plain. Each man his log
(For so the armor-bearer of the King
Of Crete, Meriones, had them enjoin’d)
Bore after them, and each his burthen cast155
Down on the beach regular, where a tomb
Of ample size Achilles for his friend
Patroclus had, and for himself, design’d.

As he said this, he stirred up their grief again,
And rosy-fingered Dawn found them all
Mourning once more for the unfortunate dead.135
Then King Agamemnon called out
For mules and mule drivers from the tents quickly
To gather wood. A brave man rose up,
Friend of the noble leader Idomeneus,
Meriones, who led them in this task.140
They set out, each carrying a sharp axe
And twisted rope, driving the mules
Before them; they covered much rough ground,
Through hills and valleys, moving straight ahead now,
And now taking winding paths; but when they finally145
Arrived at the groves,
Fed by the springs of Ida,
They quickly set to work with their sharp axes on the tall oaks;
The trees came crashing down. Then, splitting the trunks,
They loaded them onto the mules; the mules,150
Stamping their hooves on the hillside, rushed
Through the thickets, eager for the open plain. Each man carried
His log (as the armor bearer of the King
Of Crete, Meriones, had ordered them),
And each tossed his load down155
On the regular beach, where a large tomb
For Achilles and his friend
Patroclus had been designed.

Much fuel thrown together, side by side
There down they sat, and his command at once160
Achilles issued to his warriors bold,
That all should gird their armor, and the steeds
Join to their chariots; undelaying each
Complied, and in bright arms stood soon array’d.
Then mounted combatants and charioteers.165
First, moved the chariots, next, the infantry
Proceeded numerous, amid whom his friends,
Bearing the body of Patroclus, went.
They poll’d their heads, and cover’d him with hair
Shower’d over all his body, while behind170
Noble Achilles march’d, the hero’s head
Sustaining sorrowful, for to the realms
Of Ades a distinguish’d friend he sent.

Much fuel was gathered together, side by side
There they sat, and at once, his command160
Achilles gave to his brave warriors,
That everyone should put on their armor, and the horses
Be hitched to their chariots; without delay, each
Complied, and soon stood ready in bright gear.
Then the fighters and charioteers mounted.165
First, the chariots moved, next, the infantry
Followed in numbers, among whom his friends,
Carrying the body of Patroclus, went.
They shaved their heads and covered him with hair
Showered over his whole body, while behind170
Noble Achilles marched, sorrowfully holding
The hero’s head, for he was sending a distinguished friend
To the realms of Hades.

And now, arriving on the ground erewhile
Mark’d by Achilles, setting down the dead,175
They heap’d the fuel quick, a lofty pile.[3]
But Peleus’ son, on other thoughts intent,
Retiring from the funeral pile, shore off
His amber ringlets,[4] whose exuberant growth
Sacred to Sperchius he had kept unshorn,180
And looking o’er the gloomy deep, he said.

And now, arriving on the ground earlier
Marked by Achilles, laying down the dead,175
They quickly piled up the fuel, a tall stack.[3]
But Peleus’ son, focused on other thoughts,
Stepped away from the funeral pyre, cut off
His golden curls,[4] which he had kept unshorn,180
And looking over the dark sea, he said.

Sperchius! in vain Peleus my father vow’d
That, hence returning to my native land,
These ringlets shorn I should present to thee[5]
With a whole hecatomb, and should, beside,185
Rams offer fifty at thy fountain head
In thy own field, at thy own fragrant shrine.
So vow’d the hoary Chief, whose wishes thou
Leavest unperform’d. Since, therefore, never more
I see my native home, the hero these190
Patroclus takes down with him to the shades.

Sperchius! In vain my father Peleus vowed
That, when I returned to my homeland,
These locks I would cut off and give to you[5]
Along with a whole hecatomb, and besides,185
Offer fifty rams at your fountain
In your own field, at your own sweet shrine.
So vowed the old Chief, whose wishes you
Leave unfulfilled. Since I will never again
See my homeland, this hero190
Patroclus takes down with him to the underworld.

He said, and filling with his hair the hand
Of his dead friend, the sorrows of his train
Waken’d afresh. And now the lamp of day
Westering[6] apace, had left them still in tears,195
Had not Achilles suddenly address’d
King Agamemnon, standing at his side.

He said, and filling his hand with his friend’s hair, the sorrows of his group came back strong. And now the day was quickly fading, leaving them still in tears, if Achilles hadn’t suddenly spoken to King Agamemnon, who was standing beside him.

Atrides! (for Achaia’s sons thy word
Will readiest execute) we may with grief
Satiate ourselves hereafter; but, the host200
Dispersing from the pile, now give command
That they prepare repast; ourselves,[7] to whom
These labors in peculiar appertain
Will finish them; but bid the Chiefs abide.

Atrides! (for Achaia’s sons will follow your orders most readily) we can satisfy our grief later; but now, as the host is breaking away from the pile, give the command for them to prepare a meal; as for us, to whom these tasks specifically belong, we will complete them; but tell the Chiefs to stay.

Which when imperial Agamemnon heard,205
He scatter’d instant to their several ships
The people; but the burial-dressers thence
Went not; they, still abiding, heap’d the pile.
A hundred feet of breadth from side to side
They gave to it, and on the summit placed210
With sorrowing hearts the body of the dead.
Many a fat sheep, with many an ox full-horn’d
They flay’d before the pile, busy their task
Administering, and Peleus’ son the fat
Taking from every victim, overspread215
Complete the body with it of his friend[8]
Patroclus, and the flay’d beasts heap’d around.
Then, placing flagons on the pile, replete
With oil and honey, he inclined their mouths
Toward the bier, and slew and added next,220
Deep-groaning and in haste, four martial steeds.
Nine dogs the hero at his table fed,
Of which beheading two, their carcases
He added also. Last, twelve gallant sons
Of noble Trojans slaying (for his heart225
Teem’d with great vengeance) he applied the force
Of hungry flames that should devour the whole,
Then, mourning loud, by name his friend invoked.

When the great Agamemnon heard this,205
He quickly sent the people to their ships,
But the burials attendants didn't leave;
They stayed behind to stack the pyre.
They made it a hundred feet wide,
And on top, with heavy hearts, they laid210
The body of the dead.
They skinned many fat sheep and many strong oxen
As they worked, fulfilling their tasks,
And Achilles took the fat from each victim
To cover the body of his friend[8]
Patroclus, surrounded by the skinned animals.
Then, placing pitchers on the pyre, filled
With oil and honey, he tilted them
Toward the bier, and after that,220
Quickly and with deep groans, he sacrificed four brave horses.
He kept nine dogs at his table,
And after beheading two, he added their bodies.
Finally, he killed twelve valiant sons
Of noble Trojans (for his heart225
Was filled with great vengeance) and set the flames
To consume everything, then loudly mourned as he called out his friend’s name.

Rejoice, Patroclus! even in the shades,
Behold my promise to thee all fulfill’d!230
Twelve gallant sons of Trojans famed in arms,
Together with thyself, are all become
Food for these fires: but fire shall never feed
On Hector; him I destine to the dogs.

Rejoice, Patroclus! Even in the afterlife,
Look at my promise to you, all fulfilled!230
Twelve brave sons of the famous Trojan warriors,
Along with you, have all become
Fuel for these fires: but the fire will never consume
Hector; I intend for him to be fed to the dogs.

So threaten’d he; but him no dogs devour’d;235
Them, day and night, Jove’s daughter Venus chased
Afar, and smooth’d the hero o’er with oils
Of rosy scent ambrosial, lest his corse,
Behind Achilles’ chariot dragg’d along
So rudely, should be torn; and Phœbus hung240
A veil of sable clouds from heaven to earth,
O’ershadowing broad the space where Hector lay,
Lest parching suns intense should stiffen him.

So he threatened; but no dogs ate him;235
Day and night, Jove’s daughter Venus chased them
Away, and covered the hero in fragrant oils
Of rosy ambrosia, so that his body,
Dragged behind Achilles’ chariot
So harshly, wouldn’t be torn apart; and Phœbus hung240
A dark veil of clouds from heaven to earth,
Shading the area where Hector lay,
So the intense sun wouldn’t dry him out.

But the pile kindled not. Then, Peleus’ son
Seeking a place apart, two Winds in prayer245
Boreas invoked and Zephyrus, to each
Vowing large sacrifice. With earnest suit
(Libation pouring from a golden cup)
Their coming he implored, that so the flames
Kindling, incontinent might burn the dead.250
Iris, his supplications hearing, swift
Convey’d them to the Winds; they, in the hall
Banqueting of the heavy-blowing West
Sat frequent. Iris, sudden at the gate
Appear’d; they, at the sight upstarting all,255
Invited each the Goddess to himself.
But she refused a seat and thus she spake.[9]

But the pile didn’t catch fire. Then, Peleus’ son
Sought a place apart, praying to two Winds245
He called on Boreas and Zephyrus, promising
A large sacrifice to each. With sincere prayers
(Pouring a libation from a golden cup)
He begged for their arrival, so the flames
Could ignite and quickly burn the dead.250
Iris, hearing his pleas, quickly
Told the Winds; they were in the hall
Feasting along with the strong West Wind
When she appeared suddenly at the gate.
They all jumped up at the sight of her,255
Inviting the Goddess to join them. But she declined a seat and spoke.[9]

I sit not here. Borne over Ocean’s stream
Again, to Æthiopia’s land I go
Where hecatombs are offer’d to the Gods,260
Which, with the rest, I also wish to share.
But Peleus’ son, earnest, the aid implores
Of Boreas and of Zephyrus the loud,
Vowing large sacrifice if ye will fan
Briskly the pile on which Patroclus lies265
By all Achaia’s warriors deep deplored.

I’m not staying here. Carried across the ocean’s waves,
I’m heading once more to Ethiopia’s land,
Where great sacrifices are made to the gods,260
And I wish to join in as well.
But the son of Peleus, earnest, pleads for help
From Boreas and the loud Zephyrus,
Promising a big sacrifice if you’ll fan
The fire on which Patroclus lies265
Deeply mourned by all of Achaia’s warriors.

She said, and went. Then suddenly arose
The Winds, and, roaring, swept the clouds along.
First, on the sea they blew; big rose the waves
Beneath the blast. At fruitful Troy arrived270
Vehement on the pile they fell, and dread
On all sides soon a crackling blaze ensued.
All night, together blowing shrill, they drove
The sheeted flames wide from the funeral pile,
And all night long, a goblet in his hand275
From golden beakers fill’d, Achilles stood
With large libations soaking deep the soil,
And calling on the spirit of his friend.
As some fond father mourns, burning the bones
Of his own son, who, dying on the eve280
Of his glad nuptials, hath his parents left
O’erwhelm’d with inconsolable distress,
So mourn’d Achilles, his companion’s bones
Burning, and pacing to and fro the field
Beside the pile with many a sigh profound.285
But when the star, day’s harbinger, arose,
Soon after whom, in saffron vest attired
The morn her beams diffuses o’er the sea,
The pile, then wasted, ceased to flame, and then
Back flew the Winds over the Thracian deep290
Rolling the flood before them as they pass’d.
And now Pelides lying down apart
From the funereal pile, slept, but not long,
Though weary; waken’d by the stir and din
Of Agamemnon’s train. He sat erect,295
And thus the leaders of the host address’d.

She spoke and left. Then suddenly the winds arose
And, roaring, swept the clouds away.
First, they blew over the sea; the waves
Rose high beneath the force. At fruitful Troy,270
They violently crashed onto the pyre, and dread
Quickly followed with a crackling blaze all around.
All night, blowing sharply, they drove
The flames wide from the funeral pyre,
And all night long, with a goblet in his hand275
From golden cups filled, Achilles stood
Pouring large libations deep into the soil,
Calling on the spirit of his friend.
Just like a loving father mourns, burning the bones
Of his own son, who, dying before280
His joyful wedding, leaves his parents
Crushed with unending sorrow,
So Achilles mourned, burning his companion’s bones,
Walking back and forth by the pyre
With many a deep sigh.285
But when the star that heralds the day arose,
Soon after which, dressed in saffron,
Morning spread her rays over the sea,
The pyre eventually burned down and ceased to blaze, and then
The winds flew back over the Thracian depths,290
Rolling the waves ahead as they passed.
And now Achilles lay apart
From the funeral pyre, sleeping, but not for long,
Though tired; he was awakened by the noise and commotion
Of Agamemnon’s retinue. He sat up,295
And addressed the leaders of the host.

Atrides, and ye potentates who rule
The whole Achaian host! first quench the pile
Throughout with generous wine, where’er the fire
Hath seized it. We will then the bones collect300
Of Menœtiades, which shall with ease
Be known, though many bones lie scatter’d near,
Since in the middle pile Patroclus lay,
But wide apart and on its verge we burn’d
The steeds and Trojans, a promiscuous heap.305
Them so collected in a golden vase
We will dispose, lined with a double cawl,
Till I shall, also, to my home below.
I wish not now a tomb of amplest bounds,
But such as may suffice, which yet in height310
The Grecians and in breadth shall much augment
Hereafter, who, survivors of my fate,
Shall still remain in the Achaian fleet.

Atrides, and you powerful leaders who command
The entire Achaian army! First, drench the pyre
With generous wine, wherever the fire
Has taken hold. Then we will gather the bones300
Of Menœtiades, which will be easily
Recognizable, though many bones are scattered nearby,
Since Patroclus lies in the center of the pyre,
While we burned the horses and Trojans around it,
A mixed pile.305
We will place them together in a golden urn,
Lined with a double layer,
Until I too return home below.
I don’t wish for a grand tomb,
But just one that suffices, which later in height310
The Greeks shall significantly enlarge
In remembrance of my fate,
Those who survive will remain in the Achaian fleet.

So spake Pelides, and the Chiefs complied.
Where’er the pile had blazed, with generous wine315
They quench’d it, and the hills of ashes sank.
Then, weeping, to a golden vase, with lard
Twice lined, they gave their gentle comrade’s bones
Fire-bleach’d, and lodging safely in his tent
The relics, overspread them with a veil.320
Designing, next, the compass of the tomb,
They mark’d its boundary with stones, then fill’d
The wide enclosure hastily with earth,
And, having heap’d it to its height, return’d.
But all the people, by Achilles still325
Detain’d, there sitting, form’d a spacious ring,
And he the destined prizes from his fleet
Produced, capacious caldrons, tripods bright,
Steeds, mules, tall oxen, women at the breast
Close-cinctured, elegant, and unwrought[10] iron.330
First, to the chariot-drivers he proposed
A noble prize; a beauteous maiden versed
In arts domestic, with a tripod ear’d,
Of twenty and two measures. These he made
The conqueror’s meed. The second should a mare335
Obtain, unbroken yet, six years her age,
Pregnant, and bearing in her womb a mule.
A caldron of four measures, never smirch’d
By smoke or flame, but fresh as from the forge
The third awaited; to the fourth he gave340
Two golden talents, and, unsullied yet
By use, a twin-ear’d phial[11] to the fifth.
He stood erect, and to the Greeks he cried.

So spoke Achilles, and the leaders agreed.
Wherever the pyre had burned, they poured generous wine315
To extinguish it, while the ashes settled into the hills.
Then, in tears, they placed their beloved comrade’s bones
In a golden vase, lined with lard
Twice, and safely housed them in his tent.
They covered the remains with a veil.320
Next, they planned the layout of the tomb,
Marked its boundaries with stones, then quickly filled
The wide space with earth,
And after piling it up to the right height, they returned.
But all the people, still held back by Achilles325
Sat in a large circle, and he brought out the prizes
From his ship: large cauldrons, shiny tripods,
Horses, mules, tall oxen, and women nursing
Dressed in fine, unworked iron.330
First, he offered the chariot drivers a great prize; a beautiful maiden
Skilled in household tasks, along with a tripod
Measuring twenty-two measures. This would be
The winner’s reward. The second prize would be a mare335
Untamed, six years old,
Pregnant with a mule.
The third prize was a cauldron of four measures, never stained
By smoke or flame, as fresh as if it just came from the forge.
For the fourth, he awarded
Two golden talents, and to the fifth,
A pristine twin-handled flask[11].
He stood tall and called out to the Greeks.

Atrides, and ye chiefs of all the host!
These prizes, in the circus placed, attend345
The charioteers. Held we the present games
In honor of some other Grecian dead,
I would myself bear hence the foremost prize;
For ye are all witnesses well-inform’d
Of the superior virtue of my steeds.350
They are immortal; Neptune on my sire
Peleus conferr’d them, and my sire on me.
But neither I this contest share myself,
Nor shall my steeds; for they would miss the force
And guidance of a charioteer so kind355
As they have lost, who many a time hath cleansed
Their manes with water of the crystal brook,
And made them sleek, himself, with limpid oil.
Him, therefore, mourning, motionless they stand
With hair dishevell’d, streaming to the ground.360
But ye, whoever of the host profess
Superior skill, and glory in your steeds
And well-built chariots, for the strife prepare!

Atrides, and all the leaders of the army!
These prizes, placed in the arena, are ready345
for the charioteers. If we were holding these games
to honor another fallen Greek,
I would take the top prize for myself;
because you all know well
the excellence of my horses.350
They are immortal; Neptune gave them to my father,
Peleus, and my father passed them to me.
But I won’t compete in this contest,
nor will my horses; they would lack the strength
and guidance of the kind charioteer355
they have lost, who often washed
their manes in crystal-clear water,
and made them shine with pure oil.
So, standing still in grief, they are
with their hair tangled, flowing to the ground.360
But you, whoever in the army claims
superior skill and takes pride in your horses
and well-built chariots, get ready for the competition!

So spake Pelides, and the charioteers,
For speed renown’d arose. Long ere the rest365
Eumelus, King of men, Admetus’ son
Arose, accomplish’d in equestrian arts.
Next, Tydeus’ son, brave Diomede, arose;
He yoked the Trojan coursers by himself
In battle from Æneas won, what time370
Apollo saved their master. Third, upstood
The son of Atreus with the golden locks,
Who to his chariot Agamemnon’s mare
Swift Æthe and his own Podargus join’d.
Her Echepolus from Anchises sprung375
To Agamemnon gave; she was the price
At which he purchased leave to dwell at home
Excused attendance on the King at Troy;
For, by the gift of Jove, he had acquired
Great riches, and in wide-spread Sicyon dwelt.380
Her wing’d with ardor, Menelaus yoked.
Antilochus, arising fourth, his steeds
Bright-maned prepared, son of the valiant King
Of Pylus, Nestor Neleïades.
Of Pylian breed were they, and thus his sire,385
With kind intent approaching to his side,
Advised him, of himself not uninform’d.[12]

So spoke Achilles, and the renowned charioteers got ready. Long before the others, Eumelus, the son of Admetus and King of men, stood up, skilled in horse riding. Next, brave Diomede, the son of Tydeus, got ready; he yoked the Trojan horses by himself, which he had won in battle from Aeneas, at a time when Apollo saved their owner. Third, the son of Atreus with the golden hair stood up, who joined swift Aethe, Agamemnon's mare, with his own horse Podargus. Echepolus, a descendant of Anchises, had given her to Agamemnon; she was the price he paid to stay home and be excused from serving the King at Troy. Thanks to a gift from Jove, he had gained great wealth and lived in widely known Sicyon. Menelaus, filled with eagerness, yoked her. Antilochus, stepping up fourth, prepared his bright-maned steeds, the son of the brave King Nestor of Pylus, Neleus' son. They were of Pylian breed, and thus his father, in a kind manner, approached him and advised him, being knowledgeable about his capabilities.

Antilochus! Thou art, I know, beloved
By Jove and Neptune both, from whom, though young
Thou hast received knowledge of every art390
Equestrian, and hast little need to learn.
Thou know’st already how to trim the goal
With nicest skill, yet wondrous slow of foot
Thy coursers are, whence evil may ensue.
But though their steeds be swifter, I account395
Thee wise, at least, as they. Now is the time
For counsel, furnish now thy mind with all
Precaution, that the prize escape thee not.
The feller of huge trees by skill prevails
More than by strength; by skill the pilot guides400
His flying bark rock’d by tempestuous winds,
And more by skill than speed the race is won.
But he who in his chariot and his steeds
Trusts only, wanders here and wanders there
Unsteady, while his coursers loosely rein’d405
Roam wide the field; not so the charioteer
Of sound intelligence; he though he drive
Inferior steeds, looks ever to the goal
Which close he clips, not ignorant to check
His coursers at the first but with tight rein410
Ruling his own, and watching those before.
Now mark; I will describe so plain the goal
That thou shalt know it surely. A dry stump
Extant above the ground an ell in height
Stands yonder; either oak it is, or pine415
More likely, which the weather least impairs.
Two stones, both white, flank it on either hand.
The way is narrow there, but smooth the course
On both sides. It is either, as I think,
A monument of one long since deceased,420
Or was, perchance, in ancient days design’d,
As now by Peleus’ mighty son, a goal.
That mark in view, thy steeds and chariot push
Near to it as thou may’st; then, in thy seat
Inclining gently to the left, prick smart425
Thy right-hand horse challenging him aloud,
And give him rein; but let thy left-hand horse
Bear on the goal so closely, that the nave
And felly[13] of thy wheel may seem to meet.
Yet fear to strike the stone, lest foul disgrace430
Of broken chariot and of crippled steeds
Ensue, and thou become the public jest.
My boy beloved! use caution; for if once
Thou turn the goal at speed, no man thenceforth
Shall reach, or if he reach, shall pass thee by,435
Although Arion in thy rear he drove
Adrastus’ rapid horse of race divine,
Or those, Troy’s boast, bred by Laomedon.

Antilochus! I know you’re favored
By both Jove and Neptune, from whom, though you’re young,
You’ve learned every equestrian skill390
And don’t really need to learn more.
You already know how to handle the goal
With great precision, but your horses are slow,
Which could lead to trouble.
But even if their steeds are faster, I consider395
You as wise as they are. Now is the moment
For advice, fill your mind with every
Precaution so that you don’t miss the prize.
The lumberjack works more with skill
Than with strength; by skill the captain steers400
His ship tossed by stormy winds,
And a race is won more by skill than speed.
But he who relies only on his chariot and horses
Wanders here and there, unsteady, while his steeds,405
With a loose rein, drift across the field; but not so for the charioteer
With good judgment; even if he drives
Weaker horses, he always keeps in mind
The goal he’s approaching closely, aware to hold back
His horses early with a firm hand410
While watching those ahead.
Now pay attention; I’ll describe the goal
So clearly that you’ll definitely recognize it. There's a dry stump
Standing about a yard high above the ground
Over there; it’s either oak or pine415
But probably the type less affected by the weather.
Two white stones stand beside it on each side.
The path is narrow there, but smooth on both sides.
I think it is either,
A memorial for someone long gone,420
Or perhaps it was meant long ago,
Like now by Peleus’ strong son, as a goal.
With that mark in sight, push your steeds and chariot
As close to it as you can; then, in your seat,
Lean slightly to the left, urge your right-hand horse
On with a shout, and give him rein; but let your left-hand horse
Stay so close to the goal that the hub
And rim of your wheel almost touch.
But be careful not to hit the stone, or you might face430
The shame of a broken chariot and injured horses
And become the laughingstock.
My dear boy! be careful; because if you once
Turn the goal at speed, no one thereafter
Will catch up to you, or if they do, they won’t pass you,435
Even if Arion drives behind you
Adrastus’ swift horse of divine lineage,
Or those, Troy’s pride, bred by Laomedon.

So Nestor spake, inculcating with care
On his son’s mind these lessons in the art,440
And to his place retiring, sat again.
Meriones his coursers glossy-maned
Made ready last. Then to his chariot-seat
Each mounted, and the lots were thrown; himself
Achilles shook them. First, forth leap’d the lot445
Of Nestor’s son Antilochus, after whom
The King Eumelus took his destined place.
The third was Menelaus spear-renown’d;
Meriones the fourth; and last of all,
Bravest of all, heroic Diomede450
The son of Tydeus took his lot to drive.
So ranged they stood; Achilles show’d the goal
Far on the champain, nigh to which he placed
The godlike Phœnix servant of his sire,
To mark the race and make a true report.455

So Nestor spoke, carefully teaching his son these lessons in the skill,
And then he went back to his seat. Meriones got his glossy-maned horses
Ready last. Then they all climbed into their chariots, and the lots were drawn; Achilles
Shook them himself. First, the lot of Nestor’s son Antilochus jumped out, followed by
King Eumelus taking his designated spot.
The third was the famous warrior Menelaus;
Meriones was fourth; and last of all,
The bravest of them all, heroic Diomede,
Son of Tydeus, took his lot to drive.
So they stood in line; Achilles pointed out the goal
Far on the plain, near which he placed
The godlike Phoenix, servant of his father,
To oversee the race and give an accurate report.

All raised the lash at once, and with the reins
At once all smote their steeds, urging them on
Vociferous; they, sudden, left the fleet
Far, far behind them, scouring swift the plain.
Dark, like a stormy cloud, uprose the dust460
Their chests beneath, and scatter’d in the wind
Their manes all floated; now the chariots swept
The low declivity unseen, and now
Emerging started into view; erect
The drivers stood; emulous, every heart465
Beat double; each encouraged loud his steeds;
They, flying, fill’d with dust the darken’d air.
But when returning to the hoary deep
They ran their last career, then each display’d
Brightest his charioteership, and the race470
Lay stretch’d, at once, into its utmost speed.
Then, soon the mares of Pheretiades[14]
Pass’d all, but Diomede behind him came,
Borne by his unemasculated steeds
Of Trojan pedigree; they not remote,475
But close pursued him; and at every pace
Seem’d entering both; the chariot at their head,
For blowing warm into Eumelus’ neck
Behind, and on his shoulders broad, they went,
And their chins rested on him as they flew.480
Then had Tydides pass’d him, or had made
Decision dubious, but Apollo struck,
Resentful,[15] from his hand the glittering scourge.
Fast roll’d the tears indignant down his cheeks,
For he beheld the mares with double speed,485
Flying, and of the spur deprived, his own
Retarded steeds continual thrown behind.
But not unnoticed by Minerva pass’d
The art by Phœbus practised to impede
The son of Tydeus, whom with winged haste490
Following, she gave to him his scourge again,
And with new force his lagging steeds inspired.
Eumelus, next, the angry Goddess, swift
Pursuing, snapt his yoke; wide flew the mares
Asunder, and the pole fell to the ground.495
Himself, roll’d from his seat, fast by the wheel
With lacerated elbows, nostrils, mouth,
And batter’d brows lay prone; sorrow his eyes
Deluged, and disappointment chok’d his voice.
Then, far outstripping all, Tydides push’d500
His steeds beyond, which Pallas fill’d with power
That she might make the glorious prize his own.
Him follow’d Menelaus amber-hair’d,
The son of Atreus, and his father’s steeds
Encouraging, thus spake Antilochus.505

All at once cracked their whips, and with the reins They struck their horses, urging them on loudly; Suddenly, they left the fleet far behind, Racing swiftly across the plain. Dark as a storm cloud, dust rose up From beneath their chests, scattering in the wind, Their manes flowing freely; now the chariots swept Down the low slope out of sight, and now They emerged into view; the drivers stood tall; Every heart raced faster, Each encouraged his horses loudly; As they sped, they filled the darkened air with dust. But when they returned to the deep blue sea, They ran their final stretch, each one showing Off their best driving skills, and the race Stretched out at once into its highest speed. Then, soon the mares of Pheretiades Passed everyone, but Diomede came up behind, Carried by his uncastrated horses Of Trojan lineage; they were not far behind, But closely pursued him; at every stride It seemed they were about to overtake him, The chariot leading in front, Blowing warm breath into Eumelus’ neck From behind, and resting their chins on him as they flew. Then Tydides could have passed him or made The outcome uncertain, but Apollo struck, Angry, taking away the shining whip from his hand. Angry tears rolled down his cheeks, For he saw the mares speeding ahead, Flying, while his own horses, held back by lack of the spur, Were continually left behind. But Minerva did not let The trick practiced by Phoebus go unnoticed, And swiftly pursuing, she returned his whip to him, Inspiring his sluggish steeds with new strength. Next, Eumelus, who the angry Goddess swiftly pursued, Had his yoke snapped; the mares Galloped apart, and the pole fell to the ground. He himself was thrown from his seat, Landing near the wheel with scraped elbows, nostrils, mouth, And battered brows; he lay flat, His eyes flooded with tears, and disappointment choked his voice. Then, Tydides, far outpacing them all, pushed His horses ahead, filled with power by Pallas So that he could claim the glorious prize. Following him was Menelaus, with golden hair, The son of Atreus, encouraging his father’s horses, Thus spoke Antilochus.

Away—now stretch ye forward to the goal.
I bid you not to an unequal strife
With those of Diomede, for Pallas them
Quickens that he may conquer, and the Chief
So far advanced makes competition vain.510
But reach the son of Atreus, fly to reach
His steeds, incontinent; ah, be not shamed
For ever, foil’d by Æthe, by a mare!
Why fall ye thus behind, my noblest steeds?
I tell you both, and ye shall prove me true,515
No favor shall ye find at Nestor’s hands,
My valiant sire, but he will thrust his spear
Right through you, should we lose, for sloth of yours,
Or by your negligence, the nobler prize.
Haste then—pursue him—reach the royal Chief—520
And how to pass him in yon narrow way
Shall be my care, and not my care in vain.

Move forward to the goal.
I'm not asking you to go up against Diomede, because Pallas will give him the strength to win, and our leader is so far ahead that there's no point in competing.510
But rush to reach the son of Atreus, hurry to catch up with his horses; don't be ashamed forever for being beaten by Æthe, a mare!
Why are you falling behind, my strongest steeds?
I'm telling you both, and you’ll see I’m right,515
You won’t get any help from Nestor, my brave father; he’ll drive his spear
Straight through you if we lose because of your laziness,
Or your carelessness, the greater prize.
So hurry—chase him—catch the royal Chief—520
And I will figure out how to pass him in that narrow path,
And I won't fail in that task.

He ended; they, awhile, awed by his voice,
With more exertion ran, and Nestor’s son
Now saw the hollow strait mark’d by his sire.525
It was a chasm abrupt, where winter-floods,
Wearing the soil, had gullied deep the way.
Thither Atrides, anxious to avoid
A clash of chariots drove, and thither drove
Also, but somewhat devious from his track,530
Antilochus. Then Menelaus fear’d,
And with loud voice the son of Nestor hail’d.

He finished speaking; they, for a moment, amazed by his voice,
With more effort ran, and Nestor's son
Now spotted the narrow strait marked by his father.525
It was a steep ravine, where winter floods,
Eroding the ground, had carved a deep path.
To this place, Atrides, eager to avoid
A clash of chariots, drove his team, and here drove
Also, though a bit off his route,530
Antilochus. Then Menelaus grew fearful,
And called out loudly to the son of Nestor.

Antilochus, at what a madman’s rate
Drivest thou! stop—check thy steeds—the way is here
Too strait, but widening soon, will give thee scope535
To pass me by; beware, lest chariot close
To chariot driven, thou maim thyself and me.

Antilochus, you’re driving like a madman!
Stop—hold your horses—the path ahead
Is narrow now, but it will widen soon, giving you space535
To get past me; be careful, or you might crash
Your chariot into mine and hurt both of us.

He said; but still more rapid and the scourge
Plying continual, as he had not heard,
Antilochus came on. Far as the quoit540
By some broad-shoulder’d youth for trial hurl’d
Of manhood flies, so far Antilochus
Shot forward; but the coursers fell behind
Of Atreus’ son, who now abated much
By choice his driving, lest the steeds of both545
Jostling, should overturn with sudden shock
Both chariots, and themselves in dust be roll’d,
Through hot ambition of the foremost prize.
Him then the hero golden-hair’d reproved.

He said; but even faster and the whip
Continued to crack, as if he hadn’t heard,
Antilochus charged ahead. As far as the discus540
Thrown by some broad-shouldered young man for a test
Of strength flies, so far did Antilochus
Rush forward; but the horses fell behind
Atreus' son, who now intentionally
Slowed down his driving, so that the steeds of both545
Racing against each other wouldn’t collide
And topple over with a sudden crash
Both chariots, and end up rolling in the dust,
All for the hot pursuit of the top prize.
Then the hero with golden hair admonished him.

Antilochus! the man lives not on earth550
Like thee for love of mischief. Go, extoll’d
For wisdom falsely by the sons of Greece.
Yet, trust me, not without an oath, the prize
Thus foully sought shall even now be thine.

Antilochus! No one on earth550
Loves mischief like you do. Go on, praised
For your supposed wisdom by the Greeks.
But believe me, without needing an oath, the prize
You’ve sought so dishonestly will now be yours.

He said, and to his coursers call’d aloud.555
Ah be not tardy; stand not sorrow-check’d;
Their feet will fail them sooner far than yours,
For years have pass’d since they had youth to boast.

He shouted and called loudly to his horses.555
“Don’t be slow; don’t let sadness hold you back;
Their strength will give out way before yours,
Because it's been years since they could claim their youth.”

So he; and springing at his voice, his steeds
Regain’d apace the vantage lost. Meantime560
The Grecians, in full circus seated, mark’d
The steeds; they flying, fill’d with dust the air.
Then, ere the rest, Idomeneus discern’d
The foremost pair; for, on a rising ground
Exalted, he without the circus sat,565
And hearing, though remote, the driver’s voice
Chiding his steeds, knew it, and knew beside
The leader horse distinguish’d by his hue,
Chestnut throughout, save that his forehead bore
A splendid blazon white, round as the moon.570

So he did; and springing at his voice, his horses
Quickly regained the lost advantage. Meanwhile560
The Greeks, seated in a full circle, watched the
Horses as they flew, filling the air with dust.
Then, before everyone else, Idomeneus spotted
The leading pair; for, on higher ground
He sat elevated, outside the circle,565
And hearing, though from a distance, the driver’s voice
Scolding his horses, recognized it, and also knew
The lead horse, identifiable by his color,
Chestnut all over, except for a bright white mark
On his forehead, round like the moon.570

He stood erect, and to the Greeks he cried.
Friends! Chiefs and senators of Argos’ host!
Discern I sole the steeds, or also ye?
The horses, foremost now, to me appear
Other than erst, and I descry at hand575
A different charioteer; the mares of late
Victorious, somewhere distant in the race
Are hurt; I plainly saw them at the first
Turning the goal, but see them now no more;
And yet with eyes inquisitive I range580
From side to side the whole broad plain of Troy.
Either the charioteer hath slipp’d the reins,
Or rounded not successfully the goal
Through want of guidance. Thrown, as it should seem,
Forth from his seat, he hath his chariot maim’d,585
And his ungovern’d steeds have roam’d away.
Arise and look ye forth yourselves, for I
With doubtful ken behold him; yet the man
Seems, in my view, Ætolian by descent,
A Chief of prime renown in Argos’ host,590
The hero Tydeus’ son, brave Diomede,

He stood tall and called out to the Greeks.
Friends! Leaders and senators of the Argos army!
Can I alone see the horses, or do you see them too?
The horses, now in the front, look different to me
Than they did before, and I spot right here575
A different driver; the mares that were
Victorious, far away in the race,
Are injured; I clearly saw them at the first
Turning the corner, but now I can’t see them;
And yet, with questioning eyes, I search580
From side to side across the entire plain of Troy.
Either the driver has lost control of the reins,
Or didn’t make the turn well
Because of poor guidance. It seems he’s been
Thrown from his seat, and his chariot is damaged,585
And his runaway horses have scattered.
Get up and look for yourselves, because I
With uncertain sight can make him out; yet he
Looks to me to be of Ætolian descent,
A leader of great renown in the Argos army,590
The hero Tydeus’ son, brave Diomede,

But Ajax Oïliades the swift
Him sharp reproved. Why art thou always given
To prate, Idomeneus? thou seest the mares,
Remote indeed, but posting to the goal.595
Thou art not youngest of the Argives here
So much, nor from beneath thy brows look forth
Quick-sighted more than ours, thine eyes abroad.
Yet still thou pratest, although silence more
Should suit thee, among wiser far than thou.600
The mares which led, lead still, and he who drives
Eumelus is, the same who drove before.

But Ajax Oïliades, the swift,
Quickly rebuked him. Why are you always talking,
Idomeneus? You see the mares,
Far away, but racing to the finish.595
You’re not the youngest of the Argives here
Nor do you see better than the rest of us,
Yet you keep talking, even though silence would
Be more fitting for you, among those much wiser than you.600
The mares that were leading, still lead, and the one who drives
Is Eumelus, the same one who drove before.

To whom the Cretan Chief, angry, replied.
Ajax! whom none in wrangling can excel
Or rudeness, though in all beside thou fall605
Below the Argives, being boorish-rough,
Come now—a tripod let us wager each,
Or caldron, and let Agamemnon judge
Whose horses lead, that, losing, thou may’st learn.

To whom the Cretan Chief, angry, replied.
Ajax! no one can match you in arguing
Or rudeness, even though you're below the Argives in everything else,
Being unrefined and rough.
Come on—let’s bet a tripod each,
Or a caldron, and let Agamemnon decide
Whose horses are the best, so that you can learn from losing.

He said; then sudden from his seat upsprang610
Swift Ajax Oïliades, prepared
For harsh retort, nor had the contest ceased
Between them, but had grown from ill to worse,
Had not himself, Achilles, interposed.

He spoke; then suddenly, from his seat, jumped up610
Swift Ajax, son of Oileus, ready
For a harsh comeback, and the argument
Between them hadn’t stopped, but had escalated
From bad to worse, if Achilles hadn’t stepped in.

Ajax—Idomeneus—abstain ye both615
From bitter speech offensive, and such terms
As ill become you. Ye would feel, yourselves,
Resentment, should another act as ye.
Survey the course, peaceable, from your seats;
The charioteers, by competition wing’d,620
Will soon themselves arrive, then shall ye know
Distinctly, both who follows and who leads.

Ajax—Idomeneus—both of you, hold back615
From hurtful words and insults that don’t suit you.
You would feel anger if someone did the same to you.
Just watch the race from where you are;
The charioteers, driven by competition,620
Will soon arrive, and then you’ll clearly see
Who is following and who is in the lead.

He scarce had said, when nigh at hand appear’d
Tydides, lashing, as he came, his steeds
Continual; they with hoofs uplifted high625
Their yet remaining ground shorten’d apace,
Sprinkling with dusty drops at every stroke
Their charioteer, while close upon their heels
Radiant with tin and gold the chariot ran,
Scarce tracking light the dust, so swift they flew.630
He stood in the mid-circus; there the sweat
Rain’d under them from neck and chest profuse,
And Diomede from his resplendent seat
Leaping, reclined his scourge against the yoke.
Nor was his friend brave Sthenelus remiss,635
But, seizing with alacrity the prize,
Consign’d the tripod and the virgin, first,
To his own band in charge; then, loosed the steeds.
Next came, by stratagem, not speed advanced
To that distinction, Nestor’s son, whom yet640
The hero Menelaus close pursued
Near as the wheel runs to a courser’s heels,
Drawing his master at full speed; his tail
With its extremest hairs the felly sweeps
That close attends him o’er the spacious plain,645
So near had Menelaus now approach’d
Antilochus; for though at first he fell
A full quoit’s cast behind, he soon retrieved
That loss, with such increasing speed the mare
Bright-maned of Agamemnon, Æthe, ran;650
She, had the course few paces more to both
Afforded, should have clearly shot beyond
Antilochus, nor dubious left the prize.
But noble Menelaus threw behind
Meriones, companion in the field,655
Of King Idomeneus, a lance’s flight,
For slowest were his steeds, and he, to rule
The chariot in the race, least skill’d of all.
Last came Eumelus drawing to the goal,
Himself, his splendid chariot, and his mares660
Driving before him. Peleus’ rapid son
Beheld him with compassion, and, amid
The Argives, in wing’d accents thus he spake.

He had barely finished speaking when Tydides showed up, driving his horses hard. They raised their hooves high, quickly shortening the ground left to cover, spraying dust with every step that covered their driver. Right behind them, a chariot glimmered with tin and gold, barely leaving a trace of dust as they flew by. He stood in the center of the arena, sweat pouring off them from their necks and chests, and Diomede, from his shining seat, jumped down and leaned his whip against the yoke. His friend, brave Sthenelus, was quick too; he eagerly grabbed the prize and handed the tripod and the maiden over to his team before freeing the horses. Next came Nestor’s son, who reached that distinction not by speed but by strategy, closely pursued by the hero Menelaus, who was almost as close as a wheel is to a horse's heels, pulling his master at full speed. The hairs on the tip of the horse's tail brushed against the wheel that followed closely over the open field. Menelaus had drawn so near to Antilochus that although he initially lagged behind by quite a bit, he quickly made up for it with the swift mare of Agamemnon, Æthe. If the course had offered a few more strides, she would have definitely surged ahead of Antilochus and seized the prize. But noble Menelaus threw his spear behind at Meriones, a companion in battle with King Idomeneus, who was trailing by the length of a lance because his horses were the slowest, and he was the least skilled at handling the chariot in the race. Finally, Eumelus came closer to the finish, himself, his brilliant chariot, and his mares driving in front of him. Peleus' swift son saw him and felt compassion, then spoke among the Argives in quick, winged words.

Here comes the most expert, driving his steeds
Before him. Just it were that he received665
The second prize; Tydides claims the first.

Here comes the expert, driving his horses
Before him. It turns out he received665
The second prize; Tydides takes the first.

He said, and all applauded the award.
Then had Achilles to Eumelus given
The mare (for such the pleasure seem’d of all)
Had not the son of mighty Nestor risen,670
Antilochus, who pleaded thus his right.

He said this, and everyone applauded the award.
Then Achilles gave the mare to Eumelus
(because that’s what everyone wanted)
if the son of mighty Nestor hadn’t stood up,670
Antilochus, who argued for his claim.

Achilles! acting as thou hast proposed,
Thou shalt offend me much, for thou shalt take
The prize from me, because the Gods, his steeds
And chariot-yoke disabling, render’d vain675
His efforts, and no failure of his own.
It was his duty to have sought the Gods
In prayer, then had he not, following on foot
His coursers, hindmost of us all arrived.
But if thou pity him, and deem it good,680
Thou hast much gold, much brass, and many sheep
In thy pavilion; thou hast maidens fair,
And coursers also. Of thy proper stores
Hereafter give to him a richer prize
Than this, or give it now, so shall the Greeks685
Applaud thee; but this mare yield I to none;
Stand forth the Grecian who desires to win
That recompense, and let him fight with me.

Achilles! By acting as you’ve planned,
You’re going to upset me a lot, because you’ll take
The prize from me. The gods made his horses
And chariot useless, ruining his efforts, and it wasn't
His fault at all.
He should have prayed to the gods;
Then he wouldn't have come in last, trailing behind
All of us on foot.
But if you feel sorry for him and think it’s right,
You have plenty of gold, bronze, and many sheep
In your tent; you have beautiful maidens,
And strong horses too. Later on, give him a better prize
Than this one from your own things, or give it to him now,
And the Greeks will cheer for you; but this mare I won’t relinquish;
Let any Greek who wants to claim
That prize step forward and fight me.

He ended, and Achilles, godlike Chief,
Smiled on him, gratulating his success,690
Whom much he loved; then, ardent, thus replied.

He finished, and Achilles, the godlike leader,
smiled at him, congratulating him on his success,690
whom he loved deeply; then, eager, he responded.

Antilochus! if thou wouldst wish me give
Eumelus of my own, even so I will.
I will present to him my corslet bright
Won from Asteropæus, edged around695
With glittering tin; a precious gift, and rare.

Antilochus! If you want me to give
Eumelus my own, then I will.
I'll give him my shiny breastplate
That I won from Asteropæus, trimmed695
With shiny tin; it’s a valuable and rare gift.

So saying, he bade Automedon his friend
Produce it from the tent; he at his word
Departing, to Achilles brought the spoil,
Which at his hands Eumelus glad received.700
Then, stung with grief, and with resentment fired
Immeasurable, Menelaus rose
To charge Antilochus. His herald gave
The sceptre to his hand, and (silence bidden
To all) the godlike hero thus began.705

So saying, he asked his friend Automedon
to bring it from the tent; he, at his request,
went and brought the spoils to Achilles,
which Eumelus gladly received from him.700
Then, filled with grief and burning with
intense anger, Menelaus stood up
to confront Antilochus. His herald handed
the scepter to him, and with everyone silent
the godlike hero began to speak.705

Antilochus! oh heretofore discreet!
What hast thou done? Thou hast dishonor’d foul
My skill, and wrong’d my coursers, throwing thine,
Although inferior far, by fraud before them.
Ye Chiefs and Senators of Argos’ host!710
Impartial judge between us, lest, of these,
Some say hereafter, Menelaus bore
Antilochus by falsehood down, and led
The mare away, because, although his steeds
Were worse, his arm was mightier, and prevail’d.715
Yet hold—myself will judge, and will to all
Contentment give, for I will judge aright.
Hither, Antilochus, illustrious youth!
And, as the law prescribes, standing before
Thy steeds and chariot, holding too the scourge720
With which thou drovest, lay hand on both thy steeds,
And swear by Neptune, circler of the earth,
That neither wilfully, nor yet by fraud
Thou didst impede my chariot in its course.

Antilochus! oh formerly so cautious!
What have you done? You have seriously dishonored
My skills and wronged my horses by getting yours,
Even though they're way inferior, to pass them unfairly.
You Chiefs and Senators of the Argos army!710
Be fair judges between us, so that later on,
Some don’t say that Menelaus brought Antilochus down
With lies and took the mare because, even though his horses
Were worse, his strength was greater and won.715
But wait—I will judge myself, and ensure everyone
Is satisfied because I will judge fairly.
Come here, Antilochus, distinguished young man!
And, as the law requires, standing before
Your horses and chariot, also holding the whip720
With which you drove, place your hand on both your horses,
And swear by Neptune, the earth's encircler,
That you neither intentionally nor through trickery
Hindered my chariot in its path.

Then prudent, thus Antilochus replied.725
Oh royal Menelaus! patient bear
The fault of one thy junior far, in years
Alike unequal and in worth to thee.
Thou know’st how rash is youth, and how propense
To pass the bounds by decency prescribed,730
Quick, but not wise. Lay, then, thy wrath aside;
The mare now given me I will myself
Deliver to thee, and if thou require
A larger recompense, will rather yield
A larger much than from thy favor fall735
Deservedly for ever, mighty Prince!
And sin so heinously against the Gods.

Then wise Antilochus replied, Oh royal Menelaus! Please be patient With the mistake of someone much younger than you, Both in age and in worth. You know how reckless youth can be, Often going beyond the boundaries of decency, Quick to act, but not always wise. So please set aside your anger; I will personally deliver the mare that was just given to me, And if you want a bigger reward, I will gladly give Much more rather than lose your favor, Deservedly forever, mighty Prince! And commit such a serious offense against the Gods.

So saying, the son of valiant Nestor led
The mare, himself, to Menelaus’ hand,
Who with heart-freshening joy the prize received.740
As on the ears of growing corn the dews
Fall grateful, while the spiry grain erect
Bristles the fields, so, Menelaus, felt
Thy inmost soul a soothing pleasure sweet!
Then answer thus the hero quick return’d.745

So saying, the son of brave Nestor brought
The mare to Menelaus, who took it in his hands
With heartwarming joy. Just as the dewdrops
Fall gratefully on the ears of growing corn,
Helping the tall grains stand proud in the fields,
Menelaus felt a deep, soothing pleasure in his soul!
Then the hero quickly responded.

Antilochus! exasperate though I were,
Now, such no longer, I relinquish glad
All strife with thee, for that at other times
Thou never inconsiderate wast or light,
Although by youthful heat misled to-day.750
Yet safer is it not to over-reach
Superiors, for no other Grecian here
Had my extreme displeasure calm’d so soon;
But thou hast suffer’d much, and much hast toil’d,
As thy good father and thy brother have,755
On my behalf; I, therefore, yield, subdued
By thy entreaties, and the mare, though mine,
Will also give thee, that these Grecians all
May know me neither proud nor hard to appease.

Antilochus! Even though I was frustrated with you,
I’m not anymore. I’m happy to let go
of all our conflict, because in the past
you’ve never acted thoughtlessly or recklessly,
even if you seem a bit reckless today due to youthful passion.750
It’s wiser not to try to outdo those above you,
because no other Greek here
could have calmed my anger so quickly;
but you’ve endured a lot, and you’ve worked hard,
just like your good father and your brother have,755
on my behalf. So, I give in, overwhelmed
by your pleas, and I’ll also give you the mare, even though she’s mine,
so that all these Greeks know I’m neither proud nor hard to satisfy.

So saying, the mare he to Noëmon gave,760
Friend of Antilochus, and, well-content,
The polish’d caldron for his prize received.
The fourth awarded lot (for he had fourth
Arrived) Meriones asserted next,
The golden talents; but the phial still765
Left unappropriated Achilles bore
Across the circus in his hand, a gift
To ancient Nestor, whom he thus bespake.

So saying, he gave the mare to Noëmon,760
Friend of Antilochus, and feeling satisfied,
He took the polished caldron as his prize.
The fourth prize (since he placed fourth)
Meriones claimed next, the golden talents; but the phial still765
Unclaimed, Achilles carried it
Across the arena in his hand, a gift
To old Nestor, whom he addressed this way.

Thou also, oh my father! this accept,
Which in remembrance of the funeral rites770
Of my Patroclus, keep, for him thou seest
Among the Greeks no more. Receive a prize,
Thine by gratuity; for thou shalt wield
The cestus, wrestle, at the spear contend,
Or in the foot-race (fallen as thou art775
Into the wane of life) never again.

You too, oh my father! Accept this,
In memory of the funeral rites770
For my Patroclus, whom you see
Among the Greeks no longer. Take this prize,
A gift from me; for you will hold
The boxing gloves, wrestle, compete with the spear,
Or run in the footrace (fallen as you are775
Into the decline of life) never again.

He said, and placed it in his hands. He, glad,
Receiving it, in accents wing’d replied.

He said and took it in his hands. He, happy,
Accepted it and responded with joyful words.

True, oh my son! is all which thou hast spoken.
These limbs, these hands, young friend! (their vigor lost)780
No longer, darted from the shoulder, spring
At once to battle. Ah that I could grow
Young yet again, could feel again such force
Athletic, as when in Buprasium erst
The Epeans with sepulchral pomp entomb’d785
King Amarynceus, where his sons ordain’d
Funereal games in honor of their sire!
Epean none or even Pylian there
Could cope with me, or yet Ætolian bold.
Boxing, I vanquish’d Clytomedes, son790
Of Enops; wrestling, the Pleuronian Chief
Ancæus; in the foot-race Iphiclus,
Though a fleet runner; and I over-pitch’d
Phyleus and Polydorus at the spear.
The sons of Actor[16] in the chariot-race795
Alone surpass’d me, being two for one,
And jealous both lest I should also win
That prize, for to the victor charioteer
They had assign’d the noblest prize of all.
They were twin-brothers, and one ruled the steeds,800
The steeds one ruled,[17] the other lash’d them on.
Such once was I; but now, these sports I leave
To younger; me submission most befits
To withering age, who then outshone the best.
But go. The funeral of thy friend with games805
Proceed to celebrate; I accept thy gift
With pleasure; and my heart is also glad
That thou art mindful evermore of one
Who loves thee, and such honor in the sight
Yield’st me of all the Greeks, as is my due.810
May the Gods bless thee for it more and more!

Sure, my son! Everything you’ve said is true.
These limbs and hands, my young friend! (Their strength is gone)780
They no longer spring into battle like they used to. Oh, if only I could be young again, to feel that athletic strength
Like when in Buprasium they solemnly buried785
King Amarynceus, where his sons held
Funeral games in honor of their father!
No Epean or even Pylian could match me there,
Not even the bold Ætolian.
In boxing, I defeated Clytomedes, son790
Of Enops; in wrestling, I took down the Pleuronian Chief
Ancæus; in the foot race, I outran Iphiclus,
Even though he was fast; and I threw the spear further than
Phyleus and Polydorus.
The sons of Actor[16] were the only ones who
Outperformed me in the chariot race795
Because they were two against one,
And they were both jealous that I might also win
That prize, for the winner of the chariot race
Was awarded the best prize of all.
They were twin brothers; one controlled the horses,800
While the other urged them on.
That’s how I used to be; but now, I leave
These competitions to the younger ones; it suits me best
To accept my old age, which once outshone the best.
But go ahead. Celebrate your friend's funeral with games805
I gladly accept your offer;
And my heart is happy
That you always think of me,
Who cares for you, and you give me such honor
In the eyes of all the Greeks, as I deserve.810
May the gods bless you for it even more!

He spake, and Peleus’ son, when he had heard
At large his commendation from the lips
Of Nestor, through the assembled Greeks return’d.
He next proposed, not lightly to be won,815
The boxer’s prize. He tether’d down a mule,
Untamed and hard to tame, but strong to toil,
And in her prime of vigor, in the midst;
A goblet to the vanquish’d he assign’d,
Then stood erect and to the Greeks exclaim’d.820

He spoke, and when Achilles heard
Nestor giving him high praise
In front of the gathered Greeks, he returned.
Next, he proposed a prize that wouldn’t be easily won,815
A wild mule, fierce and hard to tame, but strong for work,
In her prime and right in the middle;
He assigned a goblet for the defeated,
Then stood tall and called out to the Greeks.820

Atridæ! and ye Argives brazen-greaved!
I call for two bold combatants expert
To wage fierce strife for these, with lifted fists
Smiting each other. He, who by the aid
Of Phœbus shall o’ertome, and whom the Greeks825
Shall all pronounce victorious, leads the mule
Hence to his tent; the vanquish’d takes the cup.

Atridæ! And you Argives in your bronze greaves!
I’m calling for two brave fighters skilled
To engage in a fierce battle against each other
With raised fists, striking away. Whoever, with the help
Of Phoebus, comes out on top, and whom the Greeks825
All declare the winner, will take the mule
Back to his tent; the loser gets the cup.

He spake, and at his word a Greek arose
Big, bold, and skillful in the boxer’s art,
Epeüs, son of Panopeus; his hand830
He on the mule imposed, and thus he said.

He spoke, and at his command a Greek stood up
Big, bold, and skilled in boxing,
Epeüs, son of Panopeus; he placed his hand830
On the mule and said this.

Approach the man ambitious of the cup!
For no Achaian here shall with his fist
Me foiling, win the mule. I boast myself
To all superior. May it not suffice835
That I to no pre-eminence pretend
In battle? To attain to foremost praise
Alike in every art is not for one.
But this I promise, and will well perform—
My blows shall lay him open, split him, crush840
His bones to splinters, and let all his friends,
Attendant on him, wait to bear him hence,
Vanquish’d by my superior force in fight.

Approach the man eager for the prize!
For no Greek here will defeat me with his fist
And win the mule. I consider myself
Above all others. Is it not enough835
That I don’t claim to be the best
In battle? Achieving top honor
In every skill isn’t something one person can do.
But this I promise, and I will deliver—
My strikes will open him up, break him, crush840
His bones into pieces, and all his friends,
Gathering around him, will wait to take him away,
Defeated by my superior strength in combat.

He ended, and his speech found no reply.
One godlike Chief alone, Euryalus,845
Son of the King Mecisteus, who, himself,
Sprang from Talaion, opposite arose.
He, on the death of Oedipus, at Thebes
Contending in the games held at his tomb,
Had overcome the whole Cadmean race.850
Him Diomede spear-famed for fight prepared,
Giving him all encouragement, for much
He wish’d him victory. First then he threw[18]
His cincture to him; next, he gave him thongs[19]
Cut from the hide of a wild buffalo.855
Both girt around, into the midst they moved.
Then, lifting high their brawny arms, and fists
Mingling with fists, to furious fight they fell;
Dire was the crash of jaws, and the sweat stream’d
From every limb. Epeüs fierce advanced,860
And while Euryalus with cautious eye
Watch’d his advantage, pash’d him on the cheek
He stood no longer, but, his shapely limbs,
Unequal to his weight, sinking, he fell.
As by the rising north-wind driven ashore865
A huge fish flounces on the weedy beach,
Which soon the sable flood covers again,
So, beaten down, he bounded. But Epeüs,
Heroic chief, upraised him by his hand,
And his own comrades from the circus forth870
Led him, step dragging after step, the blood
Ejecting grumous, and at every pace
Rolling his head languid from side to side.
They placed him all unconscious on his seat
In his own band, then fetch’d his prize, the cup.875

He finished speaking, and nobody responded.
One remarkable leader, Euryalus,845
Son of King Mecisteus, himself
Descended from Talaion, stood up.
After Oedipus died in Thebes
And during the games held at his tomb,
He defeated the entire Cadmean line.850
Diomede, known for his fighting skills, encouraged him,
Wishing for his victory. First, he threw[18]
His belt to him; then, he offered him thongs[19]
Cut from the hide of a wild buffalo.855
Both geared up, they moved to the center.
Then, raising their strong arms and fists,
They mixed blows and jumped into a fierce fight;
The crash of jaws was intense, and sweat poured
From every part of their bodies. Epeüs charged fiercely,860
And while Euryalus watched closely for an opening,
He punched him hard on the cheek.
Euryalus couldn’t take it anymore; his well-built limbs,
Unable to support his weight, gave in, and he fell.
Like a huge fish tossed onto the weedy beach
By a strong north wind,865
Which the dark waves soon cover again,
He fell down, beaten. Epeüs,
The heroic leader, lifted him by the hand,
And his teammates led him out of the arena,870
Dragging him step by step, blood
Seeping thickly from him, and with every move
He rolled his head tiredly from side to side.
They placed him, still unaware, in his seat
Among his team, then brought his prize, the cup.875

Still other prizes, then, Achilles placed
In view of all, the sturdy wrestler’s meed.
A large hearth-tripod, valued by the Greeks
At twice six beeves, should pay the victor’s toil;
But for the vanquish’d, in the midst he set880
A damsel in variety expert
Of arts domestic, valued at four beeves.
He rose erect, and to the Greeks he cried.

Still other prizes, then, Achilles placed
In view of everyone, the sturdy wrestler’s reward.
A large hearth-tripod, valued by the Greeks
At twelve cattle, should pay the victor’s effort;
But for the defeated, in the middle he set880
A skilled woman in various domestic arts,
Valued at four cattle.
He stood up straight and called out to the Greeks.

Arise ye, now, who shall this prize dispute.
So spake the son of Peleus; then arose885
Huge Telamonian Ajax, and upstood
Ulysses also, in all wiles adept.
Both girt around, into the midst they moved.
With vigorous gripe each lock’d the other fast,
Like rafters, standing, of some mansion built890
By a prime artist proof against all winds.
Their backs, tugg’d vehemently, creak’d,[20] the sweat
Trickled, and on their flanks and shoulders, red
The whelks arose; they bearing still in mind
The tripod, ceased not struggling for the prize.895
Nor could Ulysses from his station move
And cast down Ajax, nor could Ajax him
Unsettle, fixt so firm Ulysses stood.
But when, long time expectant, all the Greeks
Grew weary, then, huge Ajax him bespake.900

Get up now, who wants to dispute this prize.
So spoke the son of Peleus; then stood up885
the massive Telamonian Ajax, and Ulysses also rose,
skilled in all tricks. Both readied themselves, moving into the center.
Each gripped the other tightly,
like beams supporting a house built890
by a master craftsman designed to withstand all storms.
Their backs creaked as they tugged fiercely, and sweat
dripped down, with red welts rising on their sides and shoulders;
they kept in mind the tripod and didn’t stop fighting for the prize.895
Ulysses couldn’t budge from his spot to take down Ajax, nor could Ajax
unsettle Ulysses, so firmly did he stand.
But when the Greeks waited a long time and grew tired,
huge Ajax spoke to him.900

Laertes’ noble son, for wiles renown’d!
Lift, or be lifted, and let Jove decide.

Laertes' noble son, famous for his clever tricks!
Rise or be raised, and let Jupiter decide.

He said, and heaved Ulysses. Then, his wiles
Forgat not he, but on the ham behind
Chopp’d him; the limbs of Ajax at the stroke905
Disabled sank; he fell supine, and bore
Ulysses close adhering to his chest
Down with him. Wonder riveted all eyes.
Then brave Ulysses from the ground awhile
Him lifted in his turn, but ere he stood,910
Inserting his own knee the knees between[21]
Of Ajax, threw him. To the earth they fell
Both, and with dust defiled lay side by side.
And now, arising to a third essay,
They should have wrestled yet again, had not915
Achilles, interfering, them restrain’d.

He said this and heaved Ulysses. Then, he didn’t forget his tricks, but instead chopped him on the back of the thigh; Ajax’s limbs were disabled by the blow and he fell back, with Ulysses clinging to his chest as they both went down. Everyone was amazed. Then brave Ulysses managed to lift him off the ground for a moment, but before he could stand, he wedged his own knee between Ajax’s knees and threw him. They both fell to the ground and lay there, covered in dust, side by side. Now, preparing for a third attempt, they would have wrestled again if Achilles hadn’t stepped in to stop them.

Strive not together more; cease to exhaust
Each other’s force; ye both have earn’d the prize
Depart alike requited, and give place
To other Grecians who shall next contend.920

Stop fighting with each other; stop draining
Each other's strength; you both have earned the reward.
Leave equally satisfied, and make way
For the other Greeks who will compete next.920

He spake; they glad complied, and wiping off
The dust, put on their tunics. Then again
Achilles other prizes yet proposed,
The rapid runner’s meed. First, he produced
A silver goblet of six measures; earth925
Own’d not its like for elegance of form.
Skilful Sidonian artists had around
Embellish’d it,[22] and o’er the sable deep
Phœnician merchants into Lemnos’ port
Had borne it, and the boon to Thoas[23] given;930
But Jason’s son, Euneüs, in exchange
For Priam’s son Lycaon, to the hand
Had pass’d it of Patroclus famed in arms.
Achilles this, in honor of his friend,
Set forth, the swiftest runner’s recompense.935
The second should a fatted ox receive
Of largest size, and he assign’d of gold
A just half-talent to the worst and last.
He stood erect, and to the Greeks he cried.

He spoke; they gladly complied, and wiping off
the dust, put on their tunics. Then again
Achilles proposed more prizes,
the reward for the fastest runner. First, he presented
a silver goblet that held six measures; the earth925
had nothing like it for elegance of design.
Skilled Sidonian artists had decorated it, [22] and over the dark sea
Phoenician merchants had brought it to Lemnos’ port
and given it as a gift to Thoas [23];930
but Jason’s son, Euneüs, exchanged it
for Priam’s son Lycaon, to the hands
of Patroclus, famous in battle.
Achilles presented this in honor of his friend,
setting it as the prize for the fastest runner.935
The second prize would be a large fat ox,
and he assigned a fair half-talent of gold
to the worst and last. He stood tall and called out to the Greeks.

Now stand ye forth who shall this prize dispute.940
He said, and at his word instant arose
Swift Ajax Oïliades; upsprang
The shrewd Ulysses next, and after him
Brave Nestor’s son Antilochus, with whom
None vied in speed of all the youths of Greece.945
They stood prepared. Achilles show’d the goal.
At once all started. Oïliades
Led swift the course, and closely at his heels
Ulysses ran. Near as some cinctured maid
Industrious holds the distaff to her breast,950
While to and fro with practised finger neat
She tends the flax drawing it to a thread,
So near Ulysses follow’d him, and press’d
His footsteps, ere the dust fill’d them again,
Pouring his breath into his neck behind,955
And never slackening pace. His ardent thirst
Of victory with universal shouts
All seconded, and, eager, bade him on.
And now the contest shortening to a close,
Ulysses his request silent and brief960
To azure-eyed Minerva thus preferr’d.

Now step forward those who will dispute this prize.940
He said, and at his command, swift Ajax Oïliades rose immediately;
Next came the clever Ulysses, and after him,
Brave Nestor’s son Antilochus, who was unmatched in speed
Among all the youths of Greece.945
They stood ready. Achilles pointed out the goal.
At once, they all started. Oïliades
Led the way quickly, and Ulysses closely followed.
As near as a maid skillfully holds the distaff to her chest,950
While deftly twisting the flax into thread,
So closely did Ulysses trail him, pressing
In his footsteps before the dust settled,
Breathing heavily down his neck behind,955
And never slowing his pace. His intense desire
For victory was met with universal cheers,
All urging him on eagerly.
And as the contest drew to a close,
Ulysses silently and briefly made his request
To azure-eyed Minerva in this way.960

Oh Goddess hear, prosper me in the race!
Such was his prayer, with which Minerva pleased,
Freshen’d his limbs, and made him light to run.
And now, when in one moment they should both965
Have darted on the prize, then Ajax’ foot
Sliding, he fell; for where the dung of beeves
Slain by Achilles for his friend, had spread
The soil, there[24] Pallas tripp’d him. Ordure foul
His mouth, and ordure foul his nostrils fill’d.970
Then brave Ulysses, first arriving, seized
The cup, and Ajax took his prize, the ox.
He grasp’d his horn, and sputtering as he stood
The ordure forth, the Argives thus bespake.

Oh Goddess, hear me, help me win the race!
This was his prayer, which pleased Minerva,
She strengthened his limbs and made him light to run.
And now, just as they were about to dash
For the prize, Ajax’s foot
Slipped and he fell; for where the dung of cattle
Slain by Achilles for his friend had spread
Across the ground, that’s where Pallas tripped him. Gross
Muck filled his mouth, and foul ordure filled his nostrils.970
Then brave Ulysses, arriving first, grabbed
The cup, while Ajax took his prize, the ox.
He grabbed its horn, and sputtering as he stood,
He spat out the muck, addressing the Argives.

Ah—Pallas tripp’d my footsteps; she attends975
Ulysses ever with a mother’s care.

Ah—Pallas guided my steps; she always watches over Ulysses with a mother's love.

Loud laugh’d the Grecians. Then, the remnant prize
Antilochus receiving, smiled and said.

Loud laughed the Greeks. Then, the remaining prize
Antilochus received, smiled, and said.

Ye need not, fellow-warriors, to be taught
That now, as ever, the immortal Gods980
Honor on seniority bestow.
Ajax is elder, yet not much, than I.
But Laertiades was born in times
Long past, a chief coëval with our sires,
Not young, but vigorous; and of the Greeks,985
Achilles may alone with him contend.

You don’t need to be told, fellow warriors,
That now, as always, the immortal Gods980
Honor those who are older.
Ajax is older, but not by much, than I.
But Laertiades was born long ago,
A leader from the same time as our ancestors,
Not young, but strong; and among the Greeks,985
Only Achilles can compete with him.

So saying, the merit of superior speed
To Peleus’ son he gave, who thus replied.

So saying, he gave the credit for superior speed
to Peleus' son, who replied this way.

Antilochus! thy praise of me shall prove
Nor vain nor unproductive to thyself,990
For the half-talent doubled shall be thine.

Antilochus! Your praise of me will turn out
To be neither pointless nor without reward for you,990
For the half-talent doubled will be yours.

He spake, and, doubling it, the talent placed
Whole in his hand. He glad the gift received.
Achilles, then Sarpedon’s arms produced,
Stripp’d from him by Patroclus, his long spear,995
Helmet and shield, which in the midst he placed.
He stood erect, and to the Greeks he cried.

He spoke, and by doubling it, he placed the talent whole in his hand. He was happy to receive the gift. Achilles then brought forth Sarpedon's armor, stripped from him by Patroclus—his long spear, helmet, and shield, which he placed in the middle. He stood tall and shouted to the Greeks.

I call for two brave warriors arm’d to prove
Each other’s skill with weapons keen, this prize
Disputing, next, in presence of us all.1000
Who first shall through his armor reach the skin
Of his antagonist, and shall draw his blood,
To him this silver-studded falchion bright
I give; the blade is Thracian, and of late
Asteropæus wore it, whom I slew.1005
These other arms shall be their common meed,
And I will banquet both within my tent.

I’m looking for two brave fighters ready to show off
Their skills with sharp weapons for this prize
We’re disputing here in front of all of us.1000
Whoever first gets through his opponent’s armor
And draws blood from him,
To that person I give this shiny falchion
Studded with silver; it’s Thracian, and recently
Belonged to Asteropæus, whom I killed.1005
The other weapons will go to both of them,
And I’ll host a feast for both in my tent.

He said, then Telamonian Ajax huge
Arose, and opposite the son arose
Of warlike Tydeus, Diomede the brave.1010
Apart from all the people each put on
His arms, then moved into the middle space,
Lowering terrific, and on fire to fight.
The host look’d on amazed. Approaching each
The other, thrice they sprang to the assault,1015
And thrice struck hand to hand. Ajax the shield
Pierced of his adversary, but the flesh
Attain’d not, baffled by his mail within.
Then Tydeus’ son, sheer o’er the ample disk
Of Ajax, thrust a lance home to his neck,1020
And the Achaians for the life appall’d
Of Ajax, bade them, ceasing, share the prize.
But the huge falchion with its sheath and belt—
Achilles them on Diomede bestow’d.

He said, then huge Telamonian Ajax stood up, And opposite him rose the brave Diomede, the son of warlike Tydeus. Separated from everyone, they both put on their armor And moved into the open space, ready to fight. The crowd watched in amazement. As they approached each other, They charged into battle three times, And three times their hands clashed together. Ajax pierced His opponent's shield, but couldn’t reach the flesh, Blocked by his armor. Then the son of Tydeus Thrust his lance over Ajax's wide shield, targeting his neck, And the Achaeans, fearing for Ajax's life, Asked them to stop and divide the prize. But the great sword, along with its sheath and belt— Achilles gave those to Diomede.

The hero, next, an iron clod produced1025
Rough from the forge, and wont to task the might
Of King Eëtion; but, when him he slew,
Pelides, glorious chief, with other spoils
From Thebes convey’d it in his fleet to Troy.
He stood erect, and to the Greeks he cried.1030

The hero then produced an iron lump, Rough from the forge, always ready to challenge the strength Of King Eëtion; but when he killed him, The glorious leader Pelides took other trophies From Thebes and brought them in his ship to Troy. He stood tall and shouted to the Greeks.

Come forth who also shall this prize dispute!
How far soe’er remote the winner’s fields,
This lump shall serve his wants five circling years;
His shepherd shall not, or his plower, need
In quest of iron seek the distant town,1035
But hence he shall himself their wants supply.[25]
Then Polypœtes brave in fight arose,
Arose Leonteus also, godlike chief,
With Ajax son of Telamon. Each took
His station, and Epeüs seized the clod.1040
He swung, he cast it, and the Grecians laugh’d.
Leonteus, branch of Mars, quoited it next.
Huge Telamonian Ajax with strong arm
Dismiss’d it third, and overpitch’d them both.
But when brave Polypœtes seized the mass1045
Far as the vigorous herdsman flings his staff
That twirling flies his numerous beeves between,[26]
So far his cast outmeasured all beside,
And the host shouted. Then the friends arose
Of Polypœtes valiant chief, and bore1050
His ponderous acquisition to the ships.

Step forward, anyone who wants to compete for this prize!
No matter how far away the winner's fields are,
This lump will meet his needs for five full years;
His shepherd or plowman won't need to
Travel to the distant town in search of iron,1035
Because he can provide for their needs himself.
Then brave Polypœtes, a fierce fighter, stood up,
Followed by Leonteus, a godlike leader,
And Ajax, son of Telamon. Each took
His position, and Epeüs picked up the clod.1040
He swung it, threw it, and the Greeks laughed.
Leonteus, a descendant of Mars, threw it next.
Huge Ajax, the son of Telamon, with his strong arm
Hauled it third, sending it over both their throws.
But when brave Polypœtes picked up the mass,1045
His throw went as far as a skilled herdsman flings his staff
That spins and flies among his many cattle,
So far his throw surpassed all the rest,
And the crowd cheered. Then Polypœtes' friends,
The brave leader, stood up and carried1050
His heavy prize to the ships.

The archers’ prize Achilles next proposed,
Ten double and ten single axes, form’d
Of steel convertible to arrow-points.
He fix’d, far distant on the sands, the mast1055
Of a brave bark cerulean-prow’d, to which
With small cord fasten’d by the foot he tied
A timorous dove, their mark at which to aim.
[27]Who strikes the dove, he conquers, and shall bear
These double axes all into his tent.1060
But who the cord alone, missing the bird,
Successful less, he wins the single blades.

The archers’ prize Achilles then suggested,
Ten double and ten single axes, made
Of steel that can be turned into arrow tips.
He placed, far away on the sand, the mast1055
Of a brave ship with a blue prow, to which
He tied a nervous dove with a thin cord, fastened
By the foot, as their target to aim at.
[27]Whoever hits the dove wins, and will take
These double axes back to their tent.1060
But whoever only hits the cord and misses the bird,
Less successful, shall receive the single blades.

The might of royal Teucer then arose,
And, fellow-warrior of the King of Crete,
Valiant Meriones. A brazen casque1065
Received the lots; they shook them, and the lot
Fell first to Teucer. He, at once, a shaft
Sent smartly forth, but vow’d not to the King[28]
A hecatomb, all firstlings of the flock.
He therefore (for Apollo greater praise1070
Denied him) miss’d the dove, but struck the cord
That tied her, at small distance from the knot,
And with his arrow sever’d it. Upsprang
The bird into the air, and to the ground
Depending fell the cord. Shouts rent the skies.1075
Then, all in haste, Meriones the bow
Caught from his hand holding a shaft the while
Already aim’d, and to Apollo vow’d
A hecatomb, all firstlings of the flock.
He eyed the dove aloft, under a cloud,1080
And, while she wheel’d around, struck her beneath
The pinion; through her and beyond her pass’d
The arrow, and, returning, pierced the soil
Fast by the foot of brave Meriones.
She, perching on the mast again, her head1085
Reclined, and hung her wide-unfolded wing,
But, soon expiring, dropp’d and fell remote.
Amazement seized the people. To his tent
Meriones the ten best axes bore,
And Teucer the inferior ten to his.[29]1090

The power of royal Teucer then rose,
And alongside him was the warrior of the King of Crete,
Brave Meriones. A bronze helmet1065
Received the lots; they shook them, and the first lot
Fell to Teucer. He immediately shot an arrow
But did not vow to the King[28]
A hecatomb, all the firstborn of the flock.
So he (since Apollo denied him greater praise1070
Missed the dove, but hit the cord
That held it, just short of the knot,
And with his arrow cut it. The bird
Soared into the air, and the cord
Fell to the ground.1075
Then, in a rush, Meriones grabbed the bow
From his hand while already aiming a shaft,
And vowed to Apollo
A hecatomb, all the firstborn of the flock.
He looked up at the dove, under a cloud,1080p
And while it circled around, he struck it beneath
The wing; the arrow went through and beyond it,
Returning to pierce the ground
Right by the foot of brave Meriones.
She, perching again on the mast, rested her head1085
And spread her wide wing,
But, soon dying, fell far away.
The people were amazed. Meriones carried to his tent
The ten best axes,
And Teucer took the lesser ten to his.[29]1090

Then, last, Achilles in the circus placed
A ponderous spear and caldron yet unfired,
Emboss’d with flowers around, its worth an ox.
Upstood the spear-expert; Atrides first,
Wide-ruling Agamemnon, King of men,1095
And next, brave fellow-warrior of the King
Of Crete, Meriones; when thus his speech
Achilles to the royal chief address’d.

Then, lastly, Achilles in the arena set up
A heavy spear and an unlit cauldron,
Decorated with flowers all around, worth an ox.
The spear-master stood up; Agamemnon first,
Agamemnon, King of men, the ruler of many,1095
And next, the brave warrior of the King
Of Crete, Meriones; then Achilles spoke
To the royal leader.

Atrides! (for we know thy skill and force
Matchless! that none can hurl the spear as thou)1100
This prize is thine, order it to thy ship;
And if it please thee, as I would it might,
Let brave Meriones the spear receive.

Atrides! (for we know your skill and strength
Unmatched! that no one can throw the spear like you)1100
This prize is yours, take it to your ship;
And if it pleases you, as I hope it does,
Let brave Meriones take the spear.

He said; nor Agamemnon not complied,
But to Meriones the brazen spear
Presenting, to Talthybius gave in charge
The caldron, next, his own illustrious prize.

He said, and Agamemnon did not agree,
But he handed the bronze spear to Meriones
And instructed Talthybius to take care of
The cauldron, which was his own shining award.

BOOK XXIV.

ARGUMENT OF THE TWENTY-FOURTH BOOK.

Priam, by command of Jupiter, and under conduct of Mercury, seeks Achilles in his tent, who admonished previously by Thetis, consents to accept ransom for the body of Hector. Hector is mourned, and the manner of his funeral, circumstantially described, concludes the poem.

Priam, following Jupiter's command and under Mercury's guidance, goes to find Achilles in his tent. After being warned by Thetis, Achilles agrees to accept a ransom for Hector's body. The mourning for Hector and the detailed description of his funeral wrap up the poem.

BOOK XXIV.

The games all closed, the people went dispersed
Each to his ship; they, mindful of repast,
And to enjoy repose; but other thoughts
Achilles’ mind employ’d: he still deplored
With tears his loved Patroclus, nor the force5
Felt of all-conquering sleep, but turn’d and turn’d
Restless from side to side, mourning the loss
Of such a friend, so manly, and so brave.
Their fellowship in toil; their hardships oft
Sustain’d in fight laborious, or o’ercome10
With difficulty on the perilous deep—
Remembrance busily retracing themes
Like these, drew down his cheeks continual tears.
Now on his side he lay, now lay supine,
Now prone, then starting from his couch he roam’d15
Forlorn the beach, nor did the rising morn
On seas and shores escape his watchful eye,
But joining to his chariot his swift steeds,
He fasten’d Hector to be dragg’d behind.
Around the tomb of Menœtiades20
Him thrice he dragg’d; then rested in his tent,
Leaving him at his length stretch’d in the dust.
Meantime Apollo with compassion touch’d
Even of the lifeless Hector, from all taint
Saved him, and with the golden ægis broad25
Covering, preserved him, although dragg’d, untorn.

The games wrapped up, and people went their separate ways, each heading to their ship, ready for a meal and some rest. But Achilles was consumed by different thoughts: he continued to weep for his beloved Patroclus, unable to feel the weight of sleep. He tossed and turned, restless, grieving the loss of a friend who was so strong and brave. They had gone through hardships together, facing tough battles and enduring challenges at sea. Memories like these brought continuous tears to his eyes. He lay on one side, then on his back, then face down, before getting up and wandering the beach in despair. He kept a close eye on the sea and shore as morning broke. Then he hooked his swift horses to his chariot and tied Hector to drag him behind. He dragged him three times around the tomb of Menœtiades before resting in his tent, leaving Hector's body sprawled in the dust. Meanwhile, Apollo, moved with compassion, protected the lifeless Hector, keeping him untouched and covered with a broad golden aegis.

While he, indulging thus his wrath, disgraced
Brave Hector, the immortals at that sight
With pity moved, exhorted Mercury
The watchful Argicide, to steal him thence.30
That counsel pleased the rest, but neither pleased
Juno, nor Neptune, nor the blue-eyed maid.
They still, as at the first, held fast their hate
Of sacred Troy, detested Priam still,
And still his people, mindful of the crime35
Of Paris, who when to his rural hut
They came, those Goddesses affronting,[1] praise
And admiration gave to her alone
Who with vile lusts his preference repaid.
But when the twelfth ensuing morn arose,40
Apollo, then, the immortals thus address’d.

While he let his anger take over, disgracing
Brave Hector, the gods were moved to pity
And urged Mercury, the watchful Argicide, to take him away.30
This advice pleased the others, but not Juno, Neptune, or the blue-eyed maiden.
They still held onto their hatred
For sacred Troy, still loathed Priam,
And still resented his people, remembering the crime35
Of Paris, who, when the Goddesses came to his rustic home,
Gave all his admiration and praise solely to the one
Who rewarded his vile desires.
But when the twelfth morning came,40
Apollo then spoke to the immortals.

Ye Gods, your dealings now injurious seem
And cruel. Was not Hector wont to burn
Thighs of fat goats and bullocks at your shrines?
Whom now, though dead, ye cannot yet endure45
To rescue, that Andromache once more
Might view him, his own mother, his own son,
His father and the people, who would soon
Yield him his just demand, a funeral fire.
But, oh ye Gods! your pleasure is alone50
To please Achilles, that pernicious chief,
Who neither right regards, nor owns a mind
That can relent, but as the lion, urged
By his own dauntless heart and savage force,
Invades without remorse the rights of man,55
That he may banquet on his herds and flocks,
So Peleus’ son all pity from his breast
Hath driven, and shame, man’s blessing or his curse.[2]
For whosoever hath a loss sustain’d
Still dearer, whether of his brother born60
From the same womb, or even of his son,
When he hath once bewail’d him, weeps no more,
For fate itself gives man a patient mind.
Yet Peleus’ son, not so contented, slays
Illustrious Hector first, then drags his corse65
In cruel triumph at his chariot-wheels
Around Patroclus’ tomb; but neither well
He acts, nor honorably to himself,
Who may, perchance, brave though he be, incur
Our anger, while to gratify revenge70
He pours dishonor thus on senseless clay.

Oh gods, your actions now seem harmful and cruel.
Wasn't Hector known for burning the thighs of fat goats and bulls at your altars?
Now, though he’s dead, you can’t even bear to help him,45
So that Andromache might see him again, along with his mother, his child,
His father and the people who would soon,
Give him what he deserves, a funeral pyre.
But, oh gods! Your only desire seems50
To please Achilles, that destructive leader,
Who cares nothing for justice or has a mind
That can feel compassion, but like a lion, driven
By his own fearless heart and savage strength,
Attacks without mercy the rights of man,55
So he can feast on his herds and flocks.
In the same way, Peleus' son has driven all compassion from his heart
And shame, whether a blessing or a curse to man.
For whoever has experienced a loss,60
Whether it’s a brother born from the same womb
Or even a son, once they mourn for him, they weep no more,
For fate gives a man a patient heart.
Yet Peleus’ son, not satisfied, first kills
The noble Hector, then drags his body65
In cruel triumph behind his chariot wheels
Around Patroclus’ tomb; but neither
Does he act rightly, nor honorably to himself,
Who may, though brave, provoke
Our anger while satisfying revenge70
By dishonoring a lifeless body.

To whom, incensed, Juno white-arm’d replied.
And be it so; stand fast this word of thine,
God of the silver bow! if ye account
Only such honor to Achilles due75
As Hector claims; but Hector was by birth
Mere man, and suckled at a woman’s breast.
Not such Achilles; him a Goddess bore,
Whom I myself nourish’d, and on my lap
Fondled, and in due time to Peleus gave80
In marriage, to a chief beloved in heaven
Peculiarly; ye were yourselves, ye Gods!
Partakers of the nuptial feast, and thou
Wast present also with thine harp in hand,
Thou comrade of the vile! thou faithless ever!85

To whom, furious, Juno with white arms responded.
And so it shall be; hold true to your word,
God of the silver bow! if you think
Only such honor belongs to Achilles
As it does to Hector; but Hector was by birth
A mere mortal, raised by a woman.
Not so with Achilles; he was born of a Goddess,
Whom I myself nurtured, and on my lap
Cuddled, and eventually gave to Peleus
In marriage, to a chief favored by the gods
Especially; you all, you Gods!
Were guests at the wedding feast, and you
Were also there with your harp in hand,
You companion of the vile! always unfaithful!85

Then answer thus cloud-gatherer Jove return’d.
Juno, forbear. Indulge not always wrath
Against the Gods. They shall not share alike,
And in the same proportion our regards.
Yet even Hector was the man in Troy90
Most favor’d by the Gods, and him no less
I also loved, for punctual were his gifts
To us; mine altar never miss’d from him
Libation, or the steam of sacrifice,
The meed allotted to us from of old.95
But steal him not, since by Achilles’ eye
Unseen ye cannot, who both day and night
Watches[3] him, as a mother tends her son.
But call ye Thetis hither, I would give
The Goddess counsel, that, at Priam’s hands100
Accepting gifts, Achilles loose the dead.

Then the cloud-gatherer Jove answered.
Juno, hold back. Don't always let your anger
get the best of you against the Gods. They won’t be treated the same,
and neither will our feelings for them.
Even Hector was the most favored man in Troy90
by the Gods, and I loved him too,
for he always brought us gifts.
My altar never missed his
libation or the smoke of sacrifice,
the reward that has been owed to us since ancient times.95
But don’t take him, since you can’t hide him from Achilles,
who watches him day and night,
just like a mother watches over her son.
But call Thetis here; I want to give
the Goddess advice that, accepting gifts from Priam’s hands,100
Achilles should release the dead.

He ceased. Then Iris tempest-wing’d arose.
Samos between, and Imbrus rock-begirt,
She plunged into the gloomy flood; loud groan’d
The briny pool, while sudden down she rush’d,105
As sinks the bull’s[4] horn with its leaden weight,
Death bearing to the raveners of the deep.
Within her vaulted cave Thetis she found
By every nymph of Ocean round about
Encompass’d; she, amid them all, the fate110
Wept of her noble son ordain’d to death
At fertile Troy, from Phthia far remote.
Then, Iris, drawing near, her thus address’d.

He stopped. Then Iris, with wings like a storm, rose up.
Between Samos and the rocky Imbrus,
She dove into the dark waters; the salty sea groaned
As she rushed down suddenly,105
Like a bull’s horn sinking under its heavy weight,
Bringing death to the hungry creatures of the deep.
Inside her vaulted cave, Thetis found
Every Ocean nymph gathered around her.
Among them all, she wept for the fate110
Of her noble son, destined to die
Far from Phthia at fertile Troy.
Then, Iris came closer and addressed her.

Arise, O Thetis! Jove, the author dread
Of everlasting counsels, calls for thee.115

Arise, Thetis! Jove, the one behind great plans, is summoning you.

To whom the Goddess of the silver feet.
Why calls the mighty Thunderer me? I fear,
Oppress’d with countless sorrows as I am,
To mingle with the Gods. Yet I obey—
No word of his can prove an empty sound.120

To whom the Goddess with silver feet.
Why is the powerful Thunderer calling me? I'm afraid,
Burdened with so many sorrows as I am,
To join the Gods. But I will obey—
No word from him can be just empty noise.120

So saying, the Goddess took her sable veil
(Eye ne’er beheld a darker) and began
Her progress, by the storm-wing’d Iris led.
On either hand the billows open’d wide
A pass before them; they, ascending soon125
The shore, updarted swift into the skies.
They found loud-voiced Saturnian Jove around
Environ’d by the ever-blessed Gods
Convened in full assembly; she beside
Her Father Jove (Pallas retiring) sat.130
Then, Juno, with consolatory speech,
Presented to her hand a golden cup,
Of which she drank, then gave it back again,
And thus the sire of Gods and men began.

So saying, the Goddess took her dark veil
(No eye had ever seen one darker) and started
Her journey, guided by the storm-winged Iris.
On either side, the waves opened wide
A path before them; they soon ascended
The shore, shooting swiftly into the skies.
They found loud-voiced Saturnian Jove surrounded
By the ever-blessed Gods,
Gathered in full assembly; she sat beside
Her Father Jove (with Pallas stepping back).
Then, Juno, with comforting words,
Handed her a golden cup,
From which she drank, then returned it,
And thus the father of Gods and men began.

Goddess of ocean, Thetis! thou hast sought135
Olympus, bearing in thy bosom grief
Never to be assuaged, as well I know.
Yet shalt thou learn, afflicted as thou art,
Why I have summon’d thee. Nine days the Gods,
Concerning Hector’s body and thy own140
Brave city-spoiler son, have held dispute,
And some have urged ofttimes the Argicide
Keen-sighted Mercury, to steal the dead.
But I forbade it for Achilles’ sake,
Whom I exalt, the better to insure145
Thy reverence and thy friendship evermore.
Haste, therefore, seek thy son, and tell him thus,
The Gods resent it, say (but most of all
Myself am angry) that he still detains
Amid his fleet, through fury of revenge,150
Unransom’d Hector; so shall he, at length,
Through fear of me, perchance, release the slain.
Myself to generous Priam will, the while,
Send Iris, who shall bid him to the fleet
Of Greece, such ransom bearing as may soothe155
Achilles, for redemption of his son.

Goddess of the ocean, Thetis! You have come to Olympus, carrying a grief in your heart that can never be eased, as I know all too well. But you will understand, despite your suffering, why I have called for you. For nine days the gods have been arguing over Hector's body and your brave son, who has devastated cities, and some have often urged the Argicide, the sharp-eyed Mercury, to steal the dead. But I prevented that for Achilles' sake, whom I honor, to ensure that you will always have my respect and friendship. So hurry, seek out your son, and tell him this: the gods are displeased, especially me, that he still keeps Hector unburied among his ships, driven by his thirst for vengeance. If he does not release the body soon, perhaps out of fear of me, he might finally return the fallen warrior. Meanwhile, I will send Iris to noble Priam, who will ask him to come to the Greek fleet, bringing the ransom that might appease Achilles for the return of his son.

So spake the God, nor Thetis not complied.
Descending swift from the Olympian heights
She reach’d Achilles’ tent. Him there she found
Groaning disconsolate, while others ran160
To and fro, occupied around a sheep
New-slaughter’d, large, and of exuberant fleece.
She, sitting close beside him, softly strok’d
His cheek, and thus, affectionate, began.

So spoke the God, and Thetis did not agree.
Quickly coming down from the heights of Olympus,
She reached Achilles’ tent. There she found him
Groaning in despair, while others moved160
Around busily, focused on a freshly slaughtered sheep
Large and with thick, lush wool.
She, sitting right next to him, gently touched
His cheek and began, with warmth, to speak.

How long, my son! sorrowing and mourning here,165
Wilt thou consume thy soul, nor give one thought
Either to food or love? Yet love is good,
And woman grief’s best cure; for length of days
Is not thy doom, but, even now, thy death
And ruthless destiny are on the wing.170
Mark me,—I come a lieger sent from Jove.
The Gods, he saith, resent it, but himself
More deeply than the rest, that thou detain’st
Amid thy fleet, through fury of revenge,
Unransom’d Hector. Be advised, accept175
Ransom, and to his friends resign the dead.

How long, my son! grieving and mourning here,165
Will you waste away your soul, without a thought
For food or love? Yet love is good,
And a woman is the best remedy for grief; for living a long life
Is not your fate, but, even now, your death
And cruel fate are approaching.170
Listen to me—I come as a messenger from Jove.
The Gods, he says, are upset by it, but he himself
Feels it more than the others, that you keep
Unransom’d Hector, in your fleet, out of a desire for revenge.
Think about it, accept175
The ransom, and give the dead back to his friends.

To whom Achilles, swiftest of the swift.
Come then the ransomer, and take him hence;
If Jove himself command it,—be it so.

To whom Achilles, fastest of the fast.
Come then the ransom giver, and take him away;
If Zeus himself commands it,—then so be it.

So they, among the ships, conferring sat180
On various themes, the Goddess and her son;
Meantime Saturnian Jove commanded down
His swift ambassadress to sacred Troy.

So they, gathered among the ships, talked about
Different topics, the Goddess and her son;
Meanwhile, Saturnian Jove sent down
His quick messenger to sacred Troy.

Hence, rapid Iris! leave the Olympian heights.
And, finding noble Priam, bid him haste185
Into Achaia’s fleet, bearing such gifts
As may assuage Achilles, and prevail
To liberate the body of his son.
Alone, he must; no Trojan of them all
May company the senior thither, save190
An ancient herald to direct his mules
And his wheel’d litter, and to bring the dead
Back into Ilium, whom Achilles slew.
Let neither fear of death nor other fear
Trouble him aught, so safe a guard and sure195
We give him; Mercury shall be his guide
Into Achilles’ presence in his tent.
Nor will himself Achilles slay him there,
Or even permit his death, but will forbid
All violence; for he is not unwise200
Nor heedless, no—nor wilful to offend,
But will his suppliant with much grace receive.[5]

So, quick Iris! leave the heights of Olympus.
And, finding noble Priam, urge him to hurry185
To Achaia's fleet, bringing gifts
That might appease Achilles and convince him
To return his son's body.
He must go alone; no Trojan can accompany the elder man, except190
An old herald to guide his mules
And his wheeled litter, to bring back the dead
Into Ilium, whom Achilles killed.
Let neither fear of death nor any other fear
Bother him at all, for we provide such a safe and sure195
Guard; Mercury will be his guide
Into Achilles’ presence in his tent.
Nor will Achilles harm him there,
Or even allow his death, but will prevent
All violence; for he is not unwise200
Nor careless, no—nor eager to offend,
But will graciously accept his supplicant.[5]

He ceased; then Iris tempest-wing’d arose,
Jove’s messenger, and, at the gates arrived
Of Priam, wo and wailing found within.205
Around their father, in the hall, his sons
Their robes with tears water’d, while them amidst
The hoary King sat mantled, muffled close,
And on his venerable head and neck
Much dust was spread, which, rolling on the earth,210
He had shower’d on them with unsparing hands.
The palace echoed to his daughters’ cries,
And to the cries of matrons calling fresh
Into remembrance many a valiant chief
Now stretch’d in dust, by Argive hands destroy’d.215
The messenger of Jove at Priam’s side
Standing, with whisper’d accents low his ear
Saluted, but he trembled at the sound.

He stopped; then Iris, swiftness of the storm, rose,
Jove’s messenger, and arrived at the gates
Of Priam, where he found sorrow and wailing inside.205
Around their father in the hall, his sons
Wet their robes with tears, while in their midst
The old King sat wrapped, bundled tightly,
And on his aged head and neck
A lot of dust was spread, which, swirling on the ground,210
He had poured over them with unrestrained hands.
The palace rang with the cries of his daughters,
And the cries of women recalling anew
Many brave leaders
Now lying in the dust, destroyed by Argive hands.215
The messenger of Jove, by Priam’s side,
Stood, and with soft whispers greeted his ear,
But he trembled at the sound.

Courage, Dardanian Priam! fear thou nought;
To thee no prophetess of ill, I come;220
But with kind purpose: Jove’s ambassadress
Am I, who though remote, yet entertains
Much pity, and much tender care for thee.
Olympian Jove commands thee to redeem
The noble Hector, with an offering large225
Of gifts that may Achilles’ wrath appease.
Alone, thou must; no Trojan of them all
Hath leave to attend thy journey thither, save
An ancient herald to direct thy mules
And thy wheel’d litter, and to bring the dead230
Back into Ilium, whom Achilles slew.
Let neither fear of death nor other fear
Trouble thee aught, so safe a guard and sure
He gives thee; Mercury shall be thy guide
Even to Achilles’ presence in his tent.235
Nor will himself Achilles slay thee there,
Or even permit thy death, but will forbid
All violence; for he is not unwise
Nor heedless, no—nor wilful to offend,
But will his suppliant with much grace receive.240

Courage, Dardanian Priam! Don't be afraid;
I'm not here to bring you bad news;220
My intentions are kind: I come as a messenger
From Jove, who despite being far away,
Truly cares about you and feels a lot of sympathy.
Olympian Jove commands you to redeem
The noble Hector with a generous225
Offering of gifts to calm Achilles’ anger.
You must go alone; no other Trojan is allowed
To join you on the journey except
An old herald to guide your mules
And your wheeled litter, and to bring back the dead230
To Ilium, the one Achilles killed.
Don’t let fear of death or any other fear
Bother you, as you have such strong and safe protection
For Mercury will guide you
Right to Achilles’ tent.235
Achilles won’t harm you there,
Nor will he allow anything violent to happen; he will,
Instead, graciously receive his supplicant.240

So spake the swift ambassadress, and went.
Then, calling to his sons, he bade them bring
His litter forth, and bind the coffer on,
While to his fragrant chamber he repair’d
Himself, with cedar lined and lofty-roof’d,245
A treasury of wonders into which
The Queen he summon’d, whom he thus bespake.

So said the quick female envoy, and she left.
Then, calling his sons, he told them to bring
His litter and secure the chest on it,
While he himself went to his fragrant room,
Lined with cedar and with a high ceiling,245
A treasure trove of wonders, into which
He called the Queen, addressing her in this way.

Hecuba! the ambassadress of Jove
Hath come, who bids me to the Grecian fleet,
Bearing such presents thither as may soothe250
Achilles, for redemption of my son.
But say, what seems this enterprise to thee?
Myself am much inclined to it, I feel
My courage prompting me amain toward
The fleet, and into the Achaian camp.255

Hecuba! The messenger from Jupiter
Has arrived, asking me to go to the Greek fleet,
Bringing gifts that might calm250
Achilles, to redeem my son.
But tell me, what do you think of this plan?
I'm feeling quite drawn to it; my courage is strongly
Urging me toward
The fleet and into the Achaean camp.255

Then wept the Queen aloud, and thus replied.
Ah! whither is thy wisdom fled, for which
Both strangers once, and Trojans honor’d thee?
How canst thou wish to penetrate alone
The Grecian fleet, and to appear before260
His face, by whom so many valiant sons
Of thine have fallen? Thou hast an iron heart!
For should that savage man and faithless once
Seize and discover thee, no pity expect
Or reverence at his hands. Come—let us weep265
Together, here sequester’d; for the thread
Spun for him by his destiny severe
When he was born, ordain’d our son remote
From us his parents to be food for hounds
In that chief’s tent. Oh! clinging to his side,270
How I could tear him with my teeth! His deeds,
Disgraceful to my son, then should not want
Retaliation; for he slew not him
Skulking, but standing boldly for the wives,
The daughters fair, and citizens of Troy,275
Guiltless of flight,[6] and of the wish to fly.

Then the Queen wept out loud and replied,
Ah! where has your wisdom gone, for which
Both strangers and Trojans once honored you?
How can you wish to sneak into the Greek fleet alone
and show yourself before260
the man by whom so many brave sons
of yours have fallen? You have an iron heart!
If that savage and faithless man
captures and finds you, don’t expect
any pity or respect from him. Come—let’s weep 265
together, here in isolation; for the fate
that was spun for him when he was born
planned for our son to be food for hounds
in that chief’s tent. Oh! Clinging to his side,270
how I could tear him to pieces! His actions,
shameful to my son, definitely deserve
retaliation; for he did not kill him
while hiding, but standing boldly for the wives,
the beautiful daughters, and the citizens of Troy, 275
innocent of cowardice and of the desire to flee.

Whom godlike Priam answer’d, ancient King.
Impede me not who willing am to go,
Nor be, thyself, a bird of ominous note
To terrify me under my own roof,280
For thou shalt not prevail. Had mortal man
Enjoin’d me this attempt, prophet, or priest,
Or soothsayer, I had pronounced him false
And fear’d it but the more. But, since I saw
The Goddess with these eyes, and heard, myself,285
The voice divine, I go; that word shall stand;
And, if my doom be in the fleet of Greece
To perish, be it so; Achilles’ arm
Shall give me speedy death, and I shall die
Folding my son, and satisfied with tears.290

The godlike Priam replied, the ancient King.
Don’t stop me; I’m willing to go,
And don’t be, yourself, a bird of bad news
To frighten me in my own home,280
Because you won’t succeed. If a mortal man
Had told me to make this attempt, be it a prophet or a priest,
Or a fortune-teller, I would have declared him false
And feared it even more. But, since I saw
The Goddess with my own eyes, and heard, myself,285
The divine voice, I’m going; that’s final;
And if my fate is to die in the Greek fleet,
So be it; Achilles’ hand
Will bring me a quick death, and I will die
Holding my son, and satisfied with tears.290

So saying, he open’d wide the elegant lids
Of numerous chests, whence mantles twelve he took
Of texture beautiful; twelve single cloaks;
As many carpets, with as many robes,
To which he added vests, an equal store.295
He also took ten talents forth of gold,
All weigh’d, two splendid tripods, caldrons four,
And after these a cup of matchless worth
Given to him when ambassador in Thrace;
A noble gift, which yet the hoary King300
Spared not, such fervor of desire he felt
To loose his son. Then from his portico,
With angry taunts he drove the gather’d crowds.

So saying, he opened the elegant lids
Of many chests, from which he took
Twelve beautiful cloaks; twelve single capes;
As many carpets, with as many robes,
And he added an equal number of vests.295
He also took out ten talents of gold,
All weighed, two splendid tripods, four cauldrons,
And after these, a cup of unmatched value
Given to him when he was an ambassador in Thrace;
A noble gift, which the aging King300
Did not hesitate to give, so strong was his desire
To free his son. Then from his doorway,
He drove the gathered crowd away with angry insults.

Away! away! ye dregs of earth, away!
Ye shame of human kind! Have ye no griefs305
At home, that ye come hither troubling me?
Deem ye it little that Saturnian Jove
Afflicts me thus, and of my very best,
Best boy deprives me? Ah! ye shall be taught
Yourselves that loss, far easier to be slain310
By the Achaians now, since he is dead.
But I, ere yet the city I behold
Taken and pillaged, with these aged eyes,
Shall find safe hiding in the shades below.

Away! Away! you scum of the earth, go away!
You shame of humanity! Don’t you have any sorrows305
At home that you come here to bother me?
Do you think it’s nothing that Saturnian Jove
Has put me through this, and taken away
My very best, my best boy? Ah! You’ll learn
For yourselves that loss is much easier to be taken310
By the Achaians now, since he is gone.
But I, before I see
The city taken and looted with these old eyes,
Will find a safe hiding place in the shades below.

He said, and chased them with his staff; they left315
In haste the doors, by the old King expell’d.
Then, chiding them aloud, his sons he call’d,
Helenus, Paris, noble Agathon,
Pammon, Antiphonus, and bold in fight
Polites, Dios of illustrious fame,320
Hippothoüs and Deiphobus—all nine
He call’d, thus issuing, angry, his commands.

He shouted and chased them away with his staff; they hurriedly left the doors, expelled by the old King. Then, scolding them loudly, he called his sons: Helenus, Paris, noble Agathon, Pammon, Antiphonus, and brave in battle Polites, Dios of renowned fame, Hippothoüs, and Deiphobus—all nine of them he summoned, issuing his orders in anger.

Quick! quick! ye slothful in your father’s cause,
Ye worthless brood! would that in Hector’s stead
Ye all had perish’d in the fleet of Greece!325
Oh altogether wretched! in all Troy
No man had sons to boast valiant as mine,
And I have lost them all. Mestor is gone
The godlike, Troilus the steed-renown’d,
And Hector, who with other men compared330
Seem’d a Divinity, whom none had deem’d
From mortal man derived, but from a God.
These Mars hath taken, and hath left me none
But scandals of my house, void of all truth,
Dancers, exact step-measurers,[7] a band335
Of public robbers, thieves of kids and lambs.
Will ye not bring my litter to the gate
This moment, and with all this package quick
Charge it, that we may hence without delay?

Quick! Quick! you lazy ones in your father’s cause,
You worthless group! I wish you all had perished in Hector’s place
In the fleet of Greece!325
Oh, how completely miserable! In all of Troy
No man had sons as brave as mine,
And I have lost them all. Mestor is gone,
The godlike one, Troilus the horse-renowned,
And Hector, who when compared to other men330
Seemed like a deity, someone no one thought
Could have come from a mortal, but from a God.
Mars has taken these, and left me with none
But the disgrace of my family, void of all truth,
Dancers, precise step-measurers, A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0 a group335
Of public robbers, thieves of kids and lambs.
Will you not bring my litter to the gate
Right now, and quickly load all this cargo
So we can leave without delay?

He said, and by his chiding awed, his sons340
Drew forth the royal litter, neat, new-built,
And following swift the draught, on which they bound
The coffer; next, they lower’d from the wall
The sculptured boxen yoke with its two rings;[8]
And with the yoke its furniture, in length345
Nine cubits; this to the extremest end
Adjusting of the pole, they cast the ring
Over the ring-bolt; then, thrice through the yoke
They drew the brace on both sides, made it fast
With even knots, and tuck’d[9] the dangling ends.350
Producing, next, the glorious ransom-price
Of Hector’s body, on the litter’s floor
They heap’d it all, then yoked the sturdy mules,
A gift illustrious by the Mysians erst
Conferr’d on Priam; to the chariot, last,355
They led forth Priam’s steeds, which the old King
(In person serving them) with freshest corn
Constant supplied; meantime, himself within
The palace, and his herald, were employ’d
Girding[10] themselves, to go; wise each and good.360
And now came mournful Hecuba, with wine
Delicious charged, which in a golden cup
She brought, that not without libation due
First made, they might depart. Before the steeds
Her steps she stay’d, and Priam thus address’d.365

He spoke, and his children, impressed by his rebuke, Brought out the royal carriage, neat and newly made, And quickly followed the draft, to which they secured The chest; then, they lowered from the wall The carved wooden yoke with its two rings; Along with the yoke, its gear measured Nine cubits long; adjusting it to the end Of the pole, they slipped the ring Over the ring-bolt; then, three times through the yoke They pulled the brace on both sides, secured it With tight knots, and tucked away the loose ends. Next, bringing forth the precious ransom For Hector’s body, they piled it on the floor of the carriage, Then hitched up the strong mules, A remarkable gift given to Priam by the Mysians; Finally, they brought out Priam’s horses, which the old King (Serving them directly) constantly supplied With fresh grain; meanwhile, he and his herald Were busy inside the palace, getting ready to leave; both were wise and good. At that moment, mournful Hecuba arrived, carrying wine Richly flavored, which she presented in a golden cup, So that after a proper offering was made, They could set off. She paused before the horses And addressed Priam like this.

Take this, and to the Sire of all perform
Libation, praying him a safe return
From hostile hands, since thou art urged to seek
The Grecian camp, though not by my desire.
Pray also to Idæan Jove cloud-girt,370
Who oversees all Ilium, that he send
His messenger or ere thou go, the bird
His favorite most, surpassing all in strength,
At thy right hand; him seeing, thou shalt tend
With better hope toward the fleet of Greece.375
But should loud-thundering Jove his lieger swift
Withhold, from me far be it to advise
This journey, howsoe’er thou wish to go.

Take this and make an offering to the Lord of all,
praying for a safe return from enemy hands,
since you’re compelled to seek out the Greek camp,
though it’s not something I want.
Also pray to cloud-covered Jove of Mount Ida,370
who watches over all of Ilium, to send
his messenger before you leave, the bird
he favors most, stronger than all the rest,
by your side; if you see him, you’ll approach
the Greek fleet with more hope.375
But if the loud-thundering Jove holds back
his swift messenger, then it’s far from my intention
to suggest you take this journey, no matter how much you want to go.

To whom the godlike Priam thus replied.
This exhortation will I not refuse,380
O Queen! for, lifting to the Gods his hands
In prayer for their compassion, none can err.

To whom the godlike Priam replied.
I won't refuse this request,380
O Queen! For when he lifts his hands to the Gods
In prayer for their mercy, no one can go wrong.

So saying, he bade the maiden o’er the rest,
Chief in authority, pour on his hands
Pure water, for the maiden at his side385
With ewer charged and laver, stood prepared.
He laved his hands; then, taking from the Queen
The goblet, in his middle area stood
Pouring libation with his eyes upturn’d
Heaven-ward devout, and thus his prayer preferr’d.390

Saying this, he instructed the maiden in charge to pour clean water on his hands, while the maiden next to him, equipped with a pitcher and basin, was ready. He washed his hands; then, taking the goblet from the Queen, he stood in the center, pouring a libation with his eyes lifted in devotion towards heaven, and offered his prayer.

Jove, great and glorious above all, who rulest,
On Ida’s summit seated, all below!
Grant me arrived within Achilles’ tent
Kindness to meet and pity, and oh send
Thy messenger or ere I go, the bird395
Thy favorite most, surpassing all in strength,
At my right hand, which seeing, I shall tend
With better hope toward the fleet of Greece.

Jove, great and glorious above all, who rules,
Seated on the summit of Ida, looking down!
Grant that when I arrive in Achilles’ tent
I find kindness and pity, and oh send
Your messenger before I leave, the bird395
Your favorite, stronger than all,
At my right hand; seeing it, I will feel
More hopeful for the fleet of Greece.

He ended, at whose prayer, incontinent,
Jove sent his eagle, surest of all signs,400
The black-plumed bird voracious, Morphnos[11] named,
And Percnos.[11] Wide as the well-guarded door
Of some rich potentate his vans he spread
On either side; they saw him on the right,
Skimming the towers of Troy; glad they beheld405
That omen, and all felt their hearts consoled.

He finished, at whose request, quickly,
Jove sent his eagle, the most certain of all signs,400
The black-plumed bird, greedily, called Morphnos[11] ,
And Percnos.[11] As wide as the securely guarded door
Of some wealthy ruler, he spread his wings
On either side; they saw him on the right,
Gliding over the towers of Troy; they were happy to see405
That sign, and everyone felt their hearts lifted.

Delay’d not then the hoary King, but quick
Ascending to his seat, his coursers urged
Through vestibule and sounding porch abroad.
The four-wheel’d litter led, drawn by the mules410
Which sage Idæus managed, behind whom
Went Priam, plying with the scourge his steeds
Continual through the town, while all his friends,
Following their sovereign with dejected hearts,
Lamented him as going to his death.415
But when from Ilium’s gate into the plain
They had descended, then the sons-in-law
Of Priam, and his sons, to Troy return’d.
Nor they, now traversing the plain, the note
Escaped of Jove the Thunderer; he beheld420
Compassionate the venerable King,
And thus his own son Mercury bespake.

The old King didn't hesitate; he quickly took his place, urging his horses through the entrance and out onto the open porch. The four-wheeled litter was led by the mules managed by the wise Idæus, behind whom Priam drove his steeds with a whip, constantly moving through the city while all his friends, following their leader with heavy hearts, mourned him as if he were heading to his death. But when they had come down from Ilium’s gate into the plain, Priam’s sons and sons-in-law returned to Troy. As they crossed the plain, Jove the Thunderer noticed them; he looked at the venerable King with compassion and spoke to his own son, Mercury.

Mercury! (for above all others thou
Delightest to associate with mankind
Familiar, whom thou wilt winning with ease425
To converse free) go thou, and so conduct
Priam into the Grecian camp, that none
Of all the numerous Danaï may see
Or mark him, till he reach Achilles’ tent.

Mercury! (because above everyone else you
Love to mingle with people
Casually, charming whoever you want425
To chat freely) go, and lead
Priam into the Greek camp, so that none
Of all the many Danaans see
Or notice him, until he gets to Achilles’ tent.

He spake, nor the ambassador of heaven430
The Argicide delay’d, but bound in haste
His undecaying sandals to his feet,
Golden, divine, which waft him o’er the floods
Swift as the wind, and o’er the boundless earth.
He took his rod with which he charms to sleep435
All eyes, and theirs who sleep opens again.
Arm’d with that rod, forth flew the Argicide.
At Ilium and the Hellespontic shores
Arriving sudden, a king’s son he seem’d,
Now clothing first his ruddy cheek with down,440
Which is youth’s loveliest season; so disguised,
His progress he began. They now (the tomb
Magnificent of Ilus past) beside
The river stay’d the mules and steeds to drink,
For twilight dimm’d the fields. Idæus first445
Perceived him near, and Priam thus bespake.

He spoke, and the heavenly ambassador, the Argicide, didn’t hesitate but quickly fastened his everlasting sandals to his feet, golden and divine, which carried him over the waters as swiftly as the wind, and across the vast earth. He took his staff, with which he puts all eyes to sleep, and awakens those who are sleeping. Armed with that staff, the Argicide took off. Upon arriving suddenly at Ilium and the shores of the Hellespont, he seemed like a king’s son, now first covering his rosy cheek with a beard, which is the loveliest time of youth; disguised like this, he began his journey. They now stopped beside the river to let the mules and horses drink, as twilight dimmed the fields. Idæus was the first to notice him near and spoke to Priam.

Think, son of Dardanus! for we have need
Of our best thought. I see a warrior. Now,
Now we shall die; I know it. Turn we quick
Our steeds to flight; or let us clasp his knees450
And his compassion suppliant essay.

Think, son of Dardanus! We really need
Our best thinking now. I see a warrior. Now,
Now we shall die; I know it. Let’s quickly
Turn our horses to run away; or let’s grab his knees450
And try to appeal to his mercy.

Terror and consternation at that sound
The mind of Priam felt; erect the hair
Bristled his limbs, and with amaze he stood
Motionless. But the God, meantime, approach’d,455
And, seizing ancient Priam’s hand, inquired.

Terror and shock at that sound
The mind of Priam felt; his hair stood on end
And his body went rigid as he stood
Frozen in disbelief. But the God, meanwhile, approached,455
And, taking ancient Priam’s hand, asked.

Whither, my father! in the dewy night
Drivest thou thy mules and steeds, while others sleep?
And fear’st thou not the fiery host of Greece,
Thy foes implacable, so nigh at hand?460
Of whom should any, through the shadow dun
Of flitting night, discern thee bearing forth
So rich a charge, then what wouldst thou expect?
Thou art not young thyself, nor with the aid
Of this thine ancient servant, strong enough465
Force to repulse, should any threaten force.
But injury fear none or harm from me;
I rather much from harm by other hands
Would save thee, thou resemblest so my sire.

Where are you going, father, in the dewy night
Driving your mules and horses while everyone else sleeps?
Aren't you afraid of the fierce Greek army,
Your relentless enemies, so close by?460
If anyone should spot you through the dark shadows
Of the fleeting night, carrying such a valuable load,
What do you think would happen?
You're not young anymore, nor are you strong enough
With this old servant of yours to fight off
Anyone who might threaten you.
But you have nothing to fear from me;
I would rather protect you from harm by others
Because you remind me so much of my father.

Whom answer’d godlike Priam, hoar with age.470
My son! well spoken. Thou hast judged aright.
Yet even me some Deity protects
Thus far; to whom I owe it that I meet
So seasonably one like thee, in form
So admirable, and in mind discreet475
As thou art beautiful. Blest parents, thine!

"Who answered godlike Priam, old with age.470
My son! Well said. You've judged wisely.
Still, some Deity looks out for me
So far; it's thanks to that, I meet
Someone like you, both handsome in appearance
And smart in mind475
As you are beautiful. Blessed are your parents!"

To whom the messenger of heaven again,
The Argicide. Oh ancient and revered!
Thou hast well spoken all. Yet this declare,
And with sincerity; bear’st thou away480
Into some foreign country, for the sake
Of safer custody, this precious charge?
Or, urged by fear, forsake ye all alike
Troy’s sacred towers! since he whom thou hast lost,
Thy noble son, was of excelling worth485
In arms, and nought inferior to the Greeks.

To whom the messenger from heaven again,
The Slayer of Giants. Oh ancient and respected!
You have spoken well. Yet let me ask,
And honestly; are you taking this precious charge
Into some foreign land for safer keeping?
Or, out of fear, are you abandoning
Troy’s sacred towers? Since the one you have lost,
Your noble son, was of exceptional worth
In battle, and no less than the Greeks.

Then thus the godlike Priam, hoary King.
But tell me first who Thou art, and from whom
Descended, loveliest youth! who hast the fate
So well of my unhappy son rehearsed?490

Then the godlike Priam, gray-haired King,
But first tell me who You are, and from whom
You come, most beautiful youth! who knows the fate
So well of my unfortunate son? 490

To whom the herald Mercury replied.
Thy questions, venerable sire! proposed
Concerning noble Hector, are design’d
To prove me. Him, not seldom, with these eyes
In man-ennobling fight I have beheld495
Most active; saw him when he thinn’d the Greeks
With his sharp spear, and drove them to the ships.
Amazed we stood to notice him; for us,
Incensed against the ruler of our host,
Achilles suffer’d not to share the fight.500
I serve Achilles; the same gallant bark
Brought us, and of the Myrmidons am I,
Son of Polyctor; wealthy is my sire,
And such in years as thou; six sons he hath,
Beside myself the seventh, and (the lots cast505
Among us all) mine sent me to the wars.
That I have left the ships, seeking the plain,
The cause is this; the Greeks, at break of day,
Will compass, arm’d, the city, for they loathe
To sit inactive, neither can the chiefs510
Restrain the hot impatience of the host.

To whom the messenger Mercury replied.
Your questions, respected sir! about
Noble Hector are meant
To test me. I have often seen him
In glorious battle with these eyes,
When he cut down the Greeks
With his sharp spear and pushed them to the ships.
We stood in awe watching him; for us,
Fuming at the leader of our army,
Achilles wouldn’t allow us to join the fight.
I serve Achilles; the same brave ship
Brought us here, and I’m one of the Myrmidons,
Son of Polyctor; my father is wealthy,
And he’s about your age; he has six sons,
And I’m the seventh, and (when the lots were cast
Among us all) mine sent me to war.
The reason I left the ships to seek the plain
Is this; the Greeks, at dawn,
Will surround the city, armed, because they hate
To sit idle, and the leaders
Can’t hold back the restless eagerness of the army.

Then godlike Priam answer thus return’d.
If of the band thou be of Peleus’ son,
Achilles, tell me undisguised the truth.
My son, subsists he still, or hath thy chief515
Limb after limb given him to his dogs?

Then godlike Priam answered, "If you are one of Achilles’ crew, tell me the truth without holding back. My son, is he still alive, or has your leader given him to the dogs piece by piece?"

Him answer’d then the herald of the skies.
Oh venerable sir! him neither dogs
Have eaten yet, nor fowls, but at the ships
His body, and within Achilles’ tent520
Neglected lies. Twelve days he so hath lain;
Yet neither worm which diets on the brave
In battle fallen, hath eaten him, or taint
Invaded. He around Patroclus’ tomb
Drags him indeed pitiless, oft as day525
Reddens the east, yet safe from blemish still
His corse remains. Thou wouldst, thyself, admire
Seeing how fresh the dew-drops, as he lies,
Rest on him, and his blood is cleansed away
That not a stain is left. Even his wounds530
(For many a wound they gave him) all are closed,
Such care the blessed Gods have of thy son,
Dead as he is, whom living much they loved.

The herald of the skies replied, “Oh, respected sir! Neither dogs nor birds have touched him yet; his body lies in front of the ships, within Achilles’ tent, left alone. He has been there for twelve days, and not a single worm, which feasts on fallen warriors, has eaten him or left any mark on him. He is dragged around Patroclus’ tomb, pitilessly, each day as the sun rises in the east, yet his body remains untouched. You would be amazed to see how fresh the dew drops stay on him as he lies there, and how his blood has been cleansed away, leaving no stain behind. Even his wounds, for he had many, are all closed now, showing how much the blessed Gods cared for your son, even in death, whom they loved dearly while he was alive.”

So he; then, glad, the ancient King replied.
Good is it, oh my son! to yield the Gods535
Their just demands. My boy, while yet he lived,
Lived not unmindful of the worship due
To the Olympian powers, who, therefore, him
Remember, even in the bands of death.
Come then—this beauteous cup take at my hand—540
Be thou my guard, and, if the Gods permit,
My guide, till to Achilles’ tent I come.

So he; then, happy, the old King responded.
It's good, oh my son! to meet the Gods535
With their rightful requests. My boy, while he was alive,
He never forgot the worship owed
To the Olympian powers, who, therefore, remember him
Even in the grips of death.
Come then—take this beautiful cup from my hand—540
Be my protector, and, if the Gods allow,
My guide, until I reach Achilles’ tent.

Whom answer’d then the messenger of heaven.
Sir! thou perceivest me young, and art disposed
To try my virtue; but it shall not fail.545
Thou bidd’st me at thine hand a gift accept,
Whereof Achilles knows not; but I fear
Achilles, and on no account should dare
Defraud him, lest some evil find me next.
But thee I would with pleasure hence conduct550
Even to glorious Argos, over sea
Or over land, nor any, through contempt
Of such a guard, should dare to do thee wrong.

The messenger of heaven then replied,
"Sir! You see that I’m young and you want
To test my character; but I won’t fail.545
You ask me to accept a gift from you,
Of which Achilles knows nothing; but I’m afraid
Of Achilles, and I shouldn’t even think
About cheating him, or something bad might happen.
But I would gladly take you then,550
All the way to glorious Argos, by sea
Or land, and no one, out of contempt
For such a guard, would dare to do you harm."

So Mercury, and to the chariot seat
Upspringing, seized at once the lash and reins,555
And with fresh vigor mules and steeds inspired.
Arriving at the foss and towers, they found
The guard preparing now their evening cheer,
All whom the Argicide with sudden sleep
Oppress’d, then oped the gates, thrust back the bars,560
And introduced, with all his litter-load
Of costly gifts, the venerable King.
But when they reached the tent for Peleus’ son
Raised by the Myrmidons (with trunks of pine
They built it, lopping smooth the boughs away,555
Then spread with shaggy mowings of the mead
Its lofty roof, and with a spacious court
Surrounded it, all fenced with driven stakes;
One bar alone of pine secured the door,
Which ask’d three Grecians with united force570
To thrust it to its place, and three again
To thrust it back, although Achilles oft
Would heave it to the door himself alone;)
Then Hermes, benefactor of mankind,
That bar displacing for the King of Troy,575
Gave entrance to himself and to his gifts
For Peleus’ son design’d, and from the seat
Alighting, thus his speech to Priam turn’d.

So Mercury jumped up into the chariot, grabbed the whip and reins, and inspired the mules and horses with fresh energy. When they reached the trench and the towers, they found the guards getting ready for their evening meal. The Argicide caused them to fall suddenly asleep, then opened the gates, pushed back the bars, and brought in the venerable King with all his load of valuable gifts. But when they arrived at the tent built for Peleus' son by the Myrmidons (they constructed it with pine trunks, trimming the branches off, then covered its high roof with thick grass from the meadow and surrounded it with a wide courtyard, all fenced with driven stakes); there was just one pine bar that secured the door, which required three Greeks working together to push it into place and three more to pull it back, although Achilles often managed to move it himself alone. Then Hermes, the benefactor of mankind, removed that bar for the King of Troy, allowing entrance for himself and his gifts meant for Peleus' son, and after getting down from the chariot, he turned to Priam and spoke.

Oh ancient Priam! an immortal God
Attends thee; I am Hermes, by command580
Of Jove my father thy appointed guide.
But I return. I will not, entering here,
Stand in Achilles’ sight; immortal Powers
May not so unreservedly indulge
Creatures of mortal kind. But enter thou,585
Embrace his knees, and by his father both
And by his Goddess mother sue to him,
And by his son, that his whole heart may melt.

Oh ancient Priam! An immortal God
Is here with you; I am Hermes, sent
By Jove my father to guide you.
But I need to go. I won't, by coming here,
Stand in Achilles’ sight; immortal Powers
May not so freely indulge
Mortal beings. But you go in,585
Embrace his knees, and for both his father
And his Goddess mother, plead with him,
And for his son, so that his whole heart may soften.

So Hermes spake, and to the skies again
Ascended. Then leap’d Priam to the ground,590
Leaving Idæus; he, the mules and steeds
Watch’d, while the ancient King into the tent
Proceeded of Achilles dear to Jove.
Him there he found, and sitting found apart
His fellow-warriors, of whom two alone595
Served at his side, Alcimus, branch of Mars
And brave Automedon; he had himself
Supp’d newly, and the board stood unremoved.
Unseen of all huge Priam enter’d, stood
Near to Achilles, clasp’d his knees, and kiss’d600
Those terrible and homicidal hands
That had destroy’d so many of his sons.
As when a fugitive for blood the house
Of some chief enters in a foreign land,
All gaze, astonish’d at the sudden guest,605
So gazed Achilles seeing Priam there,
And so stood all astonish’d, each his eyes
In silence fastening on his fellow’s face.
But Priam kneel’d, and suppliant thus began.

So Hermes spoke and flew back up to the sky. Then Priam jumped down to the ground, leaving Idæus behind. Idæus stayed with the mules and horses while the old King went into Achilles' tent, which was favored by Jove. He found Achilles sitting there, separated from his fellow warriors, with only two of them—Alcimus, a descendant of Mars, and the brave Automedon—serving by his side. Achilles had just finished eating, and the table was still set. Huge Priam entered unnoticed, stood close to Achilles, grasped his knees, and kissed his fierce, blood-stained hands that had killed so many of his sons. Just like a fugitive seeking refuge enters the home of a chief in a foreign land, drawing surprised stares from everyone, so Achilles looked at Priam, and everyone else stood there astonished, their eyes silently fixed on Priam’s face. But Priam knelt down and, as a supplicant, began to speak.

Think, oh Achilles, semblance of the Gods!610
On thy own father full of days like me,
And trembling on the gloomy verge of life.[12]
Some neighbor chief, it may be, even now
Oppresses him, and there is none at hand,
No friend to suocor him in his distress.615
Yet, doubtless, hearing that Achilles lives,
He still rejoices, hoping, day by day,
That one day he shall see the face again
Of his own son from distant Troy return’d.
But me no comfort cheers, whose bravest sons,620
So late the flower of Ilium, all are slain.
When Greece came hither, I had fifty sons;
Nineteen were children of one bed, the rest
Born of my concubines. A numerous house!
But fiery Mars hath thinn’d it. One I had,625
One, more than all my sons the strength of Troy,
Whom standing for his country thou hast slain—
Hector—his body to redeem I come
Into Achaia’s fleet, bringing, myself,
Ransom inestimable to thy tent.630
Reverence the Gods, Achilles! recollect
Thy father; for his sake compassion show
To me more pitiable still, who draw
Home to my lips (humiliation yet
Unseen on earth) his hand who slew my son.635

Think, oh Achilles, likeness of the Gods!610
Consider your own father, who, like me, is old,
And trembling on the dark edge of life.[12]
Some neighboring leader, perhaps even now,
Is oppressing him, and there’s no one around,
No friend to help him in his trouble.615
Yet, surely, knowing that Achilles is alive,
He still feels joy, hoping, day by day,
That one day he will see the face again
Of his own son returning from distant Troy.
But I have no comfort, as my bravest sons,620
Recently the pride of Ilium, are all dead.
When Greece came here, I had fifty sons;
Nineteen were from one wife, the rest
Born of my concubines. A large household!
But fierce Mars has reduced it. One I had,625
One, more than all my sons, the strength of Troy,
Whom you’ve slain while he stood for his country—
Hector—his body I’ve come to redeem
In Achaia’s fleet, bringing, myself,
An immeasurable ransom to your tent.630
Honor the Gods, Achilles! Remember
Your father; for his sake show compassion
To me, even more pitiable, who brings
To my lips (humiliation yet
Unseen on earth) the hand that killed my son.635

So saying, he waken’d in his soul regret
Of his own sire; softly he placed his hand
On Priam’s hand, and push’d him gently away.
Remembrance melted both. Rolling before
Achilles’ feet, Priam his son deplored640
Wide-slaughtering Hector, and Achilles wept
By turns his father, and by turns his friend
Patroclus; sounds of sorrow fill’d the tent.
But when, at length satiate, Achilles felt
His heart from grief, and all his frame relieved,645
Upstarting from his seat, with pity moved
Of Priam’s silver locks and silver beard,
He raised the ancient father by his hand,
Whom in wing’d accents kind he thus bespake.

As he said this, he felt regret in his heart
for his own father; he gently placed his hand
on Priam’s hand and pushed him softly away.
Memories overcame them both. Kneeling before
Achilles, Priam mourned for his son
Hector, who had died in battle, and Achilles wept
for his father and for his friend
Patroclus; the tent was filled with sounds of sorrow.
But when Achilles finally felt
his heart lighten from grief, and his whole body relieved,
he stood up from his seat, feeling pity for
Priam’s gray hair and silver beard,
and he lifted the old father by his hand,
addressing him kindly with these words.

Wretched indeed! ah what must thou have felt!650
How hast thou dared to seek alone the fleet
Of the Achaians, and his face by whom
So many of thy valiant sons have fallen?
Thou hast a heart of iron, terror-proof.
Come—sit beside me—let us, if we may,665
Great mourners both, bid sorrow sleep awhile.
There is no profit of our sighs and tears;
For thus, exempt from care themselves, the Gods
Ordain man’s miserable race to mourn.
Fast by the threshold of Jove’s courts are placed660
Two casks, one stored with evil, one with good,
From which the God dispenses as he wills.
For whom the glorious Thunderer mingles both,
He leads a life checker’d with good and ill
Alternate; but to whom he gives unmixt665
The bitter cup, he makes that man a curse,
His name becomes a by-word of reproach,
His strength is hunger-bitten, and he walks
The blessed earth, unblest, go where he may.
So was my father Peleus at his birth670
Nobly endow’d with plenty and with wealth
Distinguish’d by the Gods past all mankind,
Lord of the Myrmidons, and, though a man,
Yet match’d from heaven with an immortal bride.
But even him the Gods afflict, a son675
Refusing him, who might possess his throne
Hereafter; for myself, his only heir,
Pass as a dream, and while I live, instead
Of solacing his age, here sit, before
Your distant walls, the scourge of thee and thine.680
Thee also, ancient Priam, we have heard
Reported, once possessor of such wealth
As neither Lesbos, seat of Macar, owns,
Nor eastern Phrygia, nor yet all the ports
Of Hellespont, but thou didst pass them all685
In riches, and in number of thy sons.
But since the Powers of heaven brought on thy land
This fatal war, battle and deeds of death
Always surround the city where thou reign’st.
Cease, therefore, from unprofitable tears,690
Which, ere they raise thy son to life again
Shall, doubtless, find fresh cause for which to flow.

How miserable indeed! Oh, what must you have felt!650
How could you dare to seek alone the fleet
Of the Achaeans, and the face of the one
By whom so many of your brave sons have fallen?
You have a heart of iron, immune to fear.
Come—sit beside me—let us, if we can,665
As great mourners, allow our sorrow to rest for a bit.
There's no benefit in our sighs and tears;
For the Gods, free from worry themselves,
Ordain that humanity lives in misery and sorrow.
Right by the entrance to Jove’s courts are set660
Two casks, one filled with misfortune, the other with blessings,
From which the God distributes as he chooses.
For those whom the glorious Thunderer mixes both,
They lead a life filled with both good and bad
Intertwined; but to anyone he gives only
The bitter cup, he makes that person a curse,
Their name becomes synonymous with shame,
Their strength is weakened by hunger, and they wander
The blessed earth, unblessed, wherever they go.
So was my father Peleus at his birth,670
Nobly endowed with abundance and wealth,
Distinguished by the Gods above all mankind,
Lord of the Myrmidons, and, though he’s human,
Still matched from heaven with an immortal wife.
But even he suffers from the Gods, a son675
Refusing him, who could inherit his throne
In time; as for me, his only heir,
I pass my life like a dream, while instead
Of bringing comfort to his old age, I sit here,
Before your distant walls, a scourge upon you and yours.680
We’ve also heard of you, ancient Priam,
Once the owner of such wealth
As neither Lesbos, home of Macar, possesses,
Nor eastern Phrygia, nor all the ports
Of Hellespont, but you surpassed them all685
In riches and in the number of your sons.
But since the Powers of heaven brought this
Fateful war upon your land,
Battles and death always surround the city over which you rule.
So stop, therefore, your useless tears,690
Which, even if they could bring your son back to life,
Will surely find new reasons to flow again.

To whom the ancient King godlike replied.
Hero, forbear. No seat is here for me,
While Hector lies unburied in your camp.695
Loose him, and loose him now, that with these eyes
I may behold my son; accept a price
Magnificent, which may’st thou long enjoy,
And, since my life was precious in thy sight,
May’st thou revisit safe thy native shore!700

To whom the ancient King replied like a god.
Hero, hold on. There’s no place for me here,
While Hector lies unburied in your camp.695
Release him, and release him now, so that I can see my son;
Accept a great price, which you may enjoy for a long time,
And since my life mattered to you,
May you safely return to your homeland!700

To whom Achilles, lowering, and in wrath.[13]
Urge me no longer, at a time like this,
With that harsh note; I am already inclin’d
To loose him. Thetis, my own mother came
Herself on that same errand, sent from Jove.705
Priam! I understand thee well. I know
That, by some God conducted, thou hast reach’d
Achaia’s fleet; for, without aid divine,
No mortal even in his prime of youth,
Had dared the attempt; guards vigilant as ours710
He should not easily elude, such gates,
So massy, should not easily unbar.
Thou, therefore, vex me not in my distress,
Lest I abhor to see thee in my tent,
And, borne beyond all limits, set at nought715
Thee, and thy prayer, and the command of Jove.

To whom Achilles, looking down and angry.
Don’t push me any further right now,
With that harsh tone; I’m already considering
Letting him go. My mother Thetis came
Herself on that same mission, sent by Jove.705
Priam! I understand you well. I know
That, guided by some God, you’ve reached
Achaia’s ships; without divine help,
No mortal, even in his youth,
Would have dared to try; our vigilant guards710
Would not let him escape easily, such gates,
So heavy, should not be easily opened.
So, don’t bother me in my distress,
Or I might come to hate seeing you in my tent,
And, pushed beyond all limits, disregard715
You, and your plea, and the command of Jove.

He said; the old King trembled, and obey’d.
Then sprang Pelides like a lion forth,
Not sole, but with his two attendant friends
Alcimus and Automedon the brave,720
For them (Patroclus slain) he honor’d most
Of all the Myrmidons. They from the yoke
Released both steeds and mules, then introduced
And placed the herald of the hoary King.
They lighten’d next the litter of its charge725
Inestimable, leaving yet behind
Two mantles and a vest, that, not unveil’d,
The body might be borne back into Troy.
Then, calling forth his women, them he bade
Lave and anoint the body, but apart,730
Lest haply Priam, noticing his son,
Through stress of grief should give resentment scope,
And irritate by some affront himself
To slay him, in despite of Jove’s commands.[14]
They, therefore, laving and anointing first735
The body, cover’d it with cloak and vest;
Then, Peleus’ son disposed it on the bier,
Lifting it from the ground, and his two friends
Together heaved it to the royal wain.
Achilles, last, groaning, his friend invoked.740

He said; the old King trembled and complied.
Then sprang Achilles like a lion,
Not alone, but with his two loyal friends
Alcimus and Automedon the brave,720
For them (after Patroclus was slain) he held in highest regard
Of all the Myrmidons. They removed the yoke
From both the horses and mules, then brought
And positioned the herald of the aged King.
Next, they lightened the litter of its precious burden725
Leaving behind two cloaks and a tunic, so that, without being uncovered,
The body could be taken back to Troy.
Then he called forth his women, instructing them
To wash and anoint the body, but separately,730
In case Priam, seeing his son,
In his grief, might be driven to anger,
And provoke an insult that would make him
Kill him, despite Jove’s commands.[14]
So they washed and anointed first735
The body, then covered it with cloak and tunic;
Then, Achilles placed it on the bier,
Lifting it from the ground, and his two friends
Together hoisted it into the royal cart.
Achilles, lastly, groaning, called out for his friend.740

Patroclus! should the tidings reach thine ear,
Although in Ades, that I have released
The noble Hector at his father’s suit,
Resent it not; no sordid gifts have paid
His ransom-price, which thou shalt also share.745

Patroclus! If you hear the news,
Even in the Underworld, that I've freed
The noble Hector at his father's request,
Don't take offense; no cheap gifts have paid
His ransom, which you will also receive.745

So saying, Achilles to his tent return’d,
And on the splendid couch whence he had risen
Again reclined, opposite to the seat
Of Priam, whom the hero thus bespake.

So saying, Achilles went back to his tent,
And on the beautiful couch where he had gotten up
He reclined again, facing the seat
Of Priam, whom the hero spoke to this way.

Priam! at thy request thy son is loosed,750
And lying on his bier; at dawn of day
Thou shalt both see him and convey him hence
Thyself to Troy. But take we now repast;
For even bright-hair’d Niobe her food
Forgat not, though of children twelve bereft,755
Of daughters six, and of six blooming sons.
Apollo these struck from his silver bow,
And those shaft-arm’d Diana, both incensed
That oft Latona’s children and her own
Numbering, she scorn’d the Goddess who had borne760
Two only, while herself had twelve to boast.
Vain boast! those two sufficed to slay them all.
Nine days they welter’d in their blood, no man
Was found to bury them, for Jove had changed
To stone the people; but themselves, at last,765
The Powers of heaven entomb’d them on the tenth.
Yet even she, once satisfied with tears,
Remember’d food; and now the rocks among
And pathless solitudes of Sipylus,
The rumor’d cradle of the nymphs who dance770
On Acheloüs’ banks, although to stone
Transform’d, she broods her heaven-inflicted woes.
Come, then, my venerable guest! take we
Refreshment also; once arrived in Troy
With thy dear son, thou shalt have time to weep775
Sufficient, nor without most weighty cause.

Priam! At your request, your son has been released,750
And lies on his bier; at dawn,
You will see him and take him back
Yourself to Troy. But let’s eat first;
Even bright-haired Niobe didn’t forget her food,
Though she lost twelve children,755
Six daughters and six handsome sons.
Apollo struck them down with his silver bow,
And those were shot by arrow-wielding Diana, both angry
That often, while counting Latona’s children and her own,
She mocked the goddess who bore760
Only two, while she had twelve to boast about.
A foolish boast! Those two were enough to kill them all.
For nine days they lay in their blood, no one
To bury them, because Jove had turned
The people to stone; but eventually,765
The powers of heaven buried them on the tenth.
Yet even she, once done crying,
Remembered to eat; and now among
The rocky, pathless wilderness of Sipylus,
The rumored cradle of the nymphs who dance770
By the banks of Acheloüs, even transformed to stone,
She mourns her fate.
Come, then, my honored guest! Let’s
Have some refreshments; once you’re in Troy
With your dear son, you’ll have plenty of time to weep,775
And with good reason.

So spake Achilles, and, upstarting, slew
A sheep white-fleeced, which his attendants flay’d,
And busily and with much skill their task
Administ’ring, first scored the viands well,780
Then pierced them with the spits, and when the roast
Was finish’d, drew them from the spits again.
And now, Automedon dispensed around
The polish’d board bread in neat baskets piled,
Which done, Achilles portion’d out to each785
His share, and all assail’d the ready feast.
But when nor hunger more nor thirst they felt,
Dardanian Priam, wond’ring at his bulk
And beauty (for he seem’d some God from heaven)
Gazed on Achilles, while Achilles held790
Not less in admiration of his looks
Benign, and of his gentle converse wise,
Gazed on Dardanian Priam, and, at length
(The eyes of each gratified to the full)
The ancient King thus to Achilles spake.795

So spoke Achilles, and, jumping up, killed
A fluffy white sheep, which his attendants skinned,
And quickly and skillfully, they got to work
Preparing it, first cutting the meat nicely,780
Then pushing it onto the spits, and when the roast
Was done, took it off the spits again.
And now, Automedon served up
The polished table with bread in neat baskets piled,
When that was done, Achilles divided
785
His portions to everyone, and they all dug into the feast.
But when they felt no more hunger or thirst,
Dardanian Priam, marveling at his size
And beauty (for he looked like a God from heaven)
Gazed at Achilles, while Achilles gazed
790
Equally in admiration of his kind face
And wise, gentle conversation,
Gazed at Dardanian Priam, and finally
(Their eyes satisfied to the fullest)
The old King spoke to Achilles. 795

Hero! dismiss us now each to our bed,
That there at ease reclined, we may enjoy
Sweet sleep; for never have these eyelids closed
Since Hector fell and died, but without cease
I mourn, and nourishing unnumber’d woes,800
Have roll’d me in the ashes of my courts.
But I have now both tasted food, and given
Wine to my lips, untasted till with thee.

Hero! Send us off to our beds now,
So that we can lie back and enjoy
Sweet sleep; for my eyelids haven't closed
Since Hector fell and died, and I continually
Mourn, weighed down by countless sorrows,800
Rolling in the ashes of my home.
But now I have eaten and finally sipped
Wine, something I hadn't tasted until now with you.

So he, and at his word Achilles bade
His train beneath his portico prepare805
With all dispatch two couches, purple rugs,
And arras, and warm mantles over all.
Forth went the women bearing lights, and spread
A couch for each, when feigning needful fear,[15]
Achilles thus his speech to Priam turn’d.810

So he, and at his command, Achilles told
His attendants to quickly set up
Two couches, purple rugs,
And tapestry, with warm blankets over everything.
The women came out carrying lights and arranged
A couch for each, while pretending to feel necessary fear,
Achilles then turned his speech to Priam.

My aged guest beloved; sleep thou without;
Lest some Achaian chief (for such are wont
Ofttimes, here sitting, to consult with me)
Hither repair; of whom should any chance
To spy thee through the gloom, he would at once815
Convey the tale to Agamemnon’s ear,
Whence hindrance might arise, and the release
Haply of Hector’s body be delay’d.
But answer me with truth. How many days
Wouldst thou assign to the funereal rites820
Of noble Hector, for so long I mean
Myself to rest, and keep the host at home?

My dear old guest, sleep peacefully;
Lest some Greek leader (they often come
Here to discuss things with me)
Shows up; if anyone happens
To see you in the shadows, they would quickly815
Tell Agamemnon,
Which could cause problems and delay
The release of Hector’s body.
But tell me honestly. How many days
Would you set aside for the funeral rites820
Of noble Hector? Because I plan
To rest that long and keep the army at home?

Then thus the ancient King godlike replied.
If thou indeed be willing that we give
Burial to noble Hector, by an act825
So generous, O Achilles! me thou shalt
Much gratify; for we are shut, thou know’st,
In Ilium close, and fuel must procure
From Ida’s side remote; fear, too, hath seized
On all our people. Therefore thus I say.830
Nine days we wish to mourn him in the house;
To his interment we would give the tenth,
And to the public banquet; the eleventh
Shall see us build his tomb; and on the twelfth
(If war we must) we will to war again.835

Then the ancient King, looking godlike, replied.
If you're really willing for us to give
Noble Hector a proper burial, by doing825
Such a generous act, O Achilles! you will
Greatly please me; because, as you know,
We are trapped in Ilium, and we need to get
Fuel from far away Ida; fear has also gripped
All our people. So here's what I propose.830
We wish to mourn him for nine days in our house;
On the tenth, we will hold his funeral;
The eleventh will be for a public feast;
And on the twelfth (if we must go to war),
We will return to battle.835

To whom Achilles, matchless in the race.
So be it, ancient Priam! I will curb
Twelve days the rage of war, at thy desire.[16]

To whom Achilles, unbeatable in battle.
Alright, old Priam! I’ll hold back
the fury of war for twelve days, just as you asked.[16]

He spake, and at his wrist the right hand grasp’d
Of the old sovereign, to dispel his fear.840
Then in the vestibule the herald slept
And Priam, prudent both, but Peleus’ son
In the interior tent, and at his side
Brisëis, with transcendent beauty adorn’d.

He spoke, and his right hand grasped
The old king's wrist to ease his fear.840
Then in the entrance, the herald slept
And Priam, wise as ever, but Peleus’ son
In the inner tent, with
Brisëis, who was extraordinarily beautiful.

Now all, all night, by gentle sleep subdued,845
Both Gods and chariot-ruling warriors lay,
But not the benefactor of mankind,
Hermes; him sleep seized not, but deep he mused
How likeliest from amid the Grecian fleet
He might deliver by the guard unseen850
The King of Ilium; at his head he stood
In vision, and the senior thus bespake.

Now all night, under gentle sleep, Both gods and chariot-ruling warriors were laid to rest, But not the benefactor of mankind, Hermes; sleep didn’t take him, but he deeply pondered How he might best rescue the King of Ilium From the unseen guard among the Greek ships. He stood by his head in a vision and spoke to him.

Ah heedless and secure! hast thou no dread
Of mischief, ancient King, that thus by foes
Thou sleep’st surrounded, lull’d by the consent855
And sufferance of Achilles? Thou hast given
Much for redemption of thy darling son,
But thrice that sum thy sons who still survive
Must give to Agamemnon and the Greeks
For thy redemption, should they know thee here.860

Oh, careless and complacent! Do you have no fear
Of danger, ancient King, sleeping here surrounded by enemies,
Lulled by the approval855
And patience of Achilles? You’ve paid
A lot to save your beloved son,
But your surviving sons must pay three times that amount
To Agamemnon and the Greeks
For your salvation if they find you here.860

He ended; at the sound alarm’d upsprang
The King, and roused his herald. Hermes yoked
Himself both mules and steeds, and through the camp
Drove them incontinent, by all unseen.

He finished speaking; at the sound, the King jumped up
And called for his herald. Hermes hitched up
Both the mules and the horses, and drove them through the camp
Immediately, without anyone noticing.

Soon as the windings of the stream they reach’d,865
Deep-eddied Xanthus, progeny of Jove,
Mercury the Olympian summit sought,
And saffron-vested morn o’erspread the earth.
They, loud lamenting, to the city drove
Their steeds; the mules close follow’d with the dead.870
Nor warrior yet, nor cinctured matron knew
Of all in Ilium aught of their approach,
Cassandra sole except. She, beautiful
As golden Venus, mounted on the height
Of Pergamus, her father first discern’d,875
Borne on his chariot-seat erect, and knew:
The herald heard so oft in echoing Troy;
Him also on his bier outstretch’d she mark’d,
Whom the mules drew. Then, shrieking, through the streets
She ran of Troy, and loud proclaim’d the sight.880
Ye sons of Ilium and ye daughters, haste,
Haste all to look on Hector, if ye e’er
With joy beheld him, while he yet survived,
From fight returning; for all Ilium erst
In him, and all her citizens rejoiced.885

As soon as they reached the twists of the stream, Deep-flowing Xanthus, child of Jove, Mercury made his way to the summit of Olympus, And dawn draped the earth in saffron light. They, crying out in sorrow, drove their horses toward the city; The mules followed closely with the dead. Neither warrior nor wrapped matron in Ilium knew Of their approach, except for Cassandra. She, beautiful As golden Venus, stood on the heights of Pergamus, Her father first noticed her, Seated upright in his chariot, and recognized: The herald heard so often in echoing Troy; She also saw him on his bier laid out, Whom the mules were pulling. Then, shrieking, she ran Through the streets of Troy and loudly proclaimed the sight. You sons of Ilium and you daughters, hurry, Hurry to see Hector, if you ever Rejoiced at the sight of him while he was still alive, Returning from battle; for all of Ilium once Rejoiced in him, as did all her citizens.

She spake. Then neither male nor female more
In Troy remain’d, such sorrow seized on all.
Issuing from the city-gate, they met
Priam conducting, sad, the body home,
And, foremost of them all, the mother flew890
And wife of Hector to the bier, on which
Their torn-off tresses with unsparing hands
They shower’d, while all the people wept around.
All day, and to the going down of day
They thus had mourn’d the dead before the gates,895
Had not their Sovereign from his chariot-seat
Thus spoken to the multitude around.

She spoke. Then there were no more men or women left in Troy, such sorrow took over everyone. Coming out from the city gate, they met Priam, sadly bringing the body home. The mother and wife of Hector rushed to the bier, on which they showered their torn hair with unrelenting hands, while everyone else wept around them. All day, until sunset, they mourned the dead before the gates, if their Sovereign hadn’t spoken to the crowd from his chariot seat.

Fall back on either side, and let the mules
Pass on; the body in my palace once
Deposited, ye then may weep your fill.900

Fall back to either side, and let the mules
Pass by; once the body is laid in my palace,
Then you can weep as much as you want.900

He said; they, opening, gave the litter way.
Arrived within the royal house, they stretch’d
The breathless Hector on a sumptuous bed,
And singers placed beside him, who should chant
The strain funereal; they with many a groan905
The dirge began, and still, at every close,
The female train with many a groan replied.
Then, in the midst, Andromache white-arm’d
Between her palms the dreadful Hector’s head
Pressing, her lamentation thus began.910

He said; they opened up the way for the litter.
Once they arrived at the palace, they laid
The breathless Hector on a lavish bed,
With singers positioned beside him to perform
The funeral song; they began the dirge with many groans905
And with each end of the song,
The women joined in with their own groans.
Then, in the center, Andromache with white arms
Holding Hector’s head between her hands,
Started her lamentation.910

[17]My hero! thou hast fallen in prime of life,
Me leaving here desolate, and the fruit
Of our ill-fated loves, a helpless child,
Whom grown to manhood I despair to see.
For ere that day arrive, down from her height915
Precipitated shall this city fall,
Since thou hast perish’d once her sure defence,
Faithful protector of her spotless wives,
And all their little ones. Those wives shall soon
In Grecian barks capacious hence be borne,920
And I among the rest. But thee, my child!
Either thy fate shall with thy mother send
Captive into a land where thou shalt serve
In sordid drudgery some cruel lord,
Or haply some Achaian here, thy hand925
Seizing, shall hurl thee from a turret-top
To a sad death, avenging brother, son,
Or father by the hands of Hector slain;
For he made many a Grecian bite the ground.
Thy father, boy, bore never into fight930
A milky mind, and for that self-same cause
Is now bewail’d in every house of Troy.
Sorrow unutterable thou hast caused
Thy parents, Hector! but to me hast left
Largest bequest of misery, to whom,935
Dying, thou neither didst thy arms extend
Forth from thy bed, nor gavest me precious word
To be remember’d day and night with tears.

[17]My hero! You have fallen in the prime of your life,
Leaving me here desolate, and the result
Of our doomed love, a helpless child,
Whom, as he grows to manhood, I fear I will never see.
For before that day comes, this city will fall,915
Plummeting from its heights,
Since you, once its sure defense,
Were the faithful protector of its innocent wives,
And all their little ones. Those wives will soon
Be carried away in Greek ships,920
And I among them. But you, my child!
Either your fate will send you with your mother,
Captive to a land where you will serve
In miserable drudgery for some cruel lord,
Or maybe some Achaean will, with force,925
Throw you from a turret,
To a tragic death, avenging brother, son,
Or father killed by Hector;
For he made many Greeks fall.
Your father, boy, never entered battle930
With a feeble mind, and for that very reason
Is now mourned in every home in Troy.
You have caused your parents unbearable sorrow,
Hector! but to me you have left
The greatest legacy of misery, to whom,935
As you were dying, you did not reach out
From your bed, nor did you give me any precious word
To remember you by day and night with tears.

So spake she weeping, whom her maidens all
With sighs accompanied, and her complaint940
Mingled with sobs Hecuba next began.

So she spoke, crying, and her maidens all
Joined her with sighs, as Hecuba began her complaint940
Mixed with sobs.

Ah Hector! dearest to thy mother’s heart
Of all her sons, much must the Gods have loved
Thee living, whom, though dead, they thus preserve.
What son soever of our house beside945
Achilles took, over the barren deep
To Samos, Imbrus, or to Lemnos girt
With rocks inhospitable, him he sold;
But thee, by his dread spear of life deprived,
He dragg’d and dragg’d around Patroclus’ tomb,950
As if to raise again his friend to life
Whom thou hadst vanquish’d; yet he raised him not.
But as for thee, thou liest here with dew
Besprinkled, fresh as a young plant,[18] and more
Resemblest some fair youth by gentle shafts955
Of Phœbus pierced, than one in battle slain.

Ah Hector! dearest to your mother's heart
Of all her sons, the Gods must have truly loved
You while you were alive, and though you're gone, they still preserve you.
Whatever other son of our house,945
Achilles took, across the barren sea
To Samos, Imbrus, or to Lemnos surrounded
By unwelcoming rocks, he sold them;
But you, deprived of life by his terrifying spear,
He dragged around Patroclus' tomb,950
As if trying to bring his friend back to life
Whom you had defeated; yet he did not succeed.
But as for you, you lie here, sprinkled with dew,
Fresh like a young plant, and more
Resembling a handsome youth struck down by gentle arrows955
Of Apollo, rather than someone killed in battle.

So spake the Queen, exciting in all hearts
Sorrow immeasurable, after whom
Thus Helen, third, her lamentation pour’d.

So spoke the Queen, stirring up deep sorrow in everyone's hearts,
After which
Helen, the third, expressed her grief.

[19]Ah dearer far than all my brothers else960
Of Priam’s house! for being Paris’ spouse,
Who brought me (would I had first died!) to Troy,
I call thy brothers mine; since forth I came
From Sparta, it is now the twentieth year,
Yet never heard I once hard speech from thee,965
Or taunt morose, but if it ever chanced,
That of thy father’s house female or male
Blamed me, and even if herself the Queen
(For in the King, whate’er befell, I found
Always a father) thou hast interposed970
Thy gentle temper and thy gentle speech
To soothe them; therefore, with the same sad drops
Thy fate, oh Hector! and my own I weep;
For other friend within the ample bounds
Of Ilium have I none, nor hope to hear975
Kind word again, with horror view’d by all.

[19]Oh, much dearer than all my brothers from Priam's family!960
Because I’m Paris’s wife,
Who brought me here (I wish I had died first) to Troy,
I consider your brothers mine; since I came
From Sparta, it's now the twentieth year,
Yet I've never heard a harsh word from you,965
Or any rude remark, unless by chance,
Someone from your family, male or female,
Blamed me, and even if it was the Queen herself
(Because in the King, no matter what happened, I found
A father figure) you have always stepped in970
With your kind nature and gentle words
To calm them; so, with the same sorrowful tears,
I weep for your fate, oh Hector! and my own;
For I have no other friend in the wide expanse
Of Ilium, nor do I hope to hear975
A kind word again, viewed with horror by all.

So Helen spake weeping, to whom with groans
The countless multitude replied, and thus
Their ancient sovereign next his people charged.

So Helen spoke while crying, and the countless crowd responded with groans, and then their ancient leader addressed his people.

Ye Trojans, now bring fuel home, nor fear980
Close ambush of the Greeks; Achilles’ self
Gave me, at my dismission from his fleet,
Assurance, that from hostile force secure
We shall remain, till the twelfth dawn arise.

You Trojans, now bring back fuel, and don't be afraid980
Of the Greeks hiding nearby; Achilles himself
Gave me, when I left his ships,
Reassurance that we will be safe from enemy attacks
Until the twelfth dawn arrives.

All, then, their mules and oxen to the wains985
Join’d speedily, and under Ilium’s walls
Assembled numerous; nine whole days they toil’d,
Bringing much fuel home, and when the tenth
Bright morn, with light for human kind, arose,
Then bearing noble Hector forth, with tears990
Shed copious, on the summit of the pile
They placed him, and the fuel fired beneath.

All, then, their mules and oxen to the wagons985
Joined quickly, and gathered in large numbers under the walls of Troy;
They worked hard for nine full days,
Bringing back a lot of firewood, and when the tenth
Bright morning, with light for everyone, came up,
They carried out noble Hector, shedding tears990
In abundance, and placed him on top of the pyre
Before lighting the fuel underneath.

But when Aurora, daughter of the Dawn,
Redden’d the east, then, thronging forth, all Troy
Encompass’d noble Hector’s pile around.995
The whole vast multitude convened, with wine
They quench’d the pile throughout, leaving no part
Unvisited, on which the fire had seized.
His brothers, next, collected, and his friends,
His white bones, mourning, and with tears profuse1000
Watering their cheeks; then in a golden urn
They placed them, which with mantles soft they veil’d
Mæonian-hued, and, delving, buried it,
And overspread with stones the spot adust.
Lastly, short time allowing to the task,1005
They heap’d his tomb, while, posted on all sides,
Suspicious of assault, spies watch’d the Greeks.
The tomb once heap’d, assembling all again
Within the palace, they a banquet shared
Magnificent, by godlike Priam given.1010

Such burial the illustrious Hector found.[20]

But when Aurora, the daughter of the Dawn, Colored the east with her light, everyone in Troy Gathered around noble Hector's pyre. The huge crowd came together, pouring wine Over the pyre, ensuring every part Was touched by the flame. His brothers and friends collected his white bones, Grieving and shedding abundant tears That streamed down their faces; then they placed them in a golden urn And covered it with soft, Mæonian-colored wraps, Dug a grave, and covered the charred ground with stones. Finally, with little time left for the task, They raised his tomb, while all around, On guard against an attack, spies watched the Greeks. Once the tomb was built, they gathered again Inside the palace to share a grand banquet Provided by the godlike Priam. Such was the burial that the illustrious Hector received.

[I cannot take my leave of this noble poem, without expressing how much I am struck with this plain conclusion of it. It is like the exit of a great man out of company whom he has entertained magnificently; neither pompous nor familiar; not contemptuous, yet without much ceremony. I recollect nothing, among the works of mere man, that exemplifies so strongly the true style of great antiquity.]—Tr.

[I can't leave this great poem without saying how much its straightforward conclusion impacts me. It's like a distinguished person saying goodbye to guests after hosting them splendidly; neither showy nor overly casual; respectful, yet without excessive formality. I can't think of anything, among the creations of mere humans, that captures the true essence of great ancient works as strongly.]—Tr.

FOOTNOTES

Footnotes for Book I:

Footnotes for Volume I:

“Latona’s son and Jove’s,” was Apollo, the tutelary deity of the Dorians. The Dorians had not, however, at this early age, become the predominant race in Greece proper. They had spread along the eastern shores of the Archipelago into the islands, especially Crete, and had every where signalized themselves by the Temples of Apollo, of which there seems to have been many in and about Troy. These temples were schools of art, and prove the Dorians to have been both intellectual and powerful. Homer was an Ionian, and therefore not deeply acquainted with the nature of the Dorian god. But to a mind like his, the god of a people so cultivated, and associated with what was most grand in art, must have been an imposing being, and we find him so represented. Throughout the Iliad, he appears and acts with splendor and effect, but always against the Greeks from mere partiality to Hector. It would perhaps be too much to say, that in this partiality to Hector, we detect the spirit of the Dorian worship, the only Paganism of antiquity that tended to perfect the individual—Apollo being the expression of the moral harmony of the universe, and the great spirit of the Dorian culture being to make a perfect man, an incarnation of the κοσμος. This Homer could only have known intuitively.
“Latona’s son and Jove’s,” was Apollo, the guardian deity of the Dorians. The Dorians had not yet become the dominant group in Greece at this early stage. They had spread along the eastern shores of the Aegean Sea and into the islands, especially Crete, and had made their mark with the Temples of Apollo, of which there seemed to be many in and around Troy. These temples were centers of art and demonstrate that the Dorians were both intellectual and powerful. Homer was an Ionian, so he wasn't very familiar with the nature of the Dorian god. But for a mind like his, the god of such a cultured people, linked to the highest achievements in art, must have been an impressive figure, and we see him portrayed that way. Throughout the Iliad, he appears and acts with grandeur and impact, but always in opposition to the Greeks out of favoritism for Hector. It might be too much to say that in this favoritism for Hector, we see the essence of Dorian worship, the only form of paganism in ancient times that aimed to perfect the individual—Apollo representing the moral harmony of the universe, and the spirit of Dorian culture striving to create a perfect man, an embodiment of the world. This is something Homer could only have understood intuitively.

In making Apollo author of the plague, he was confounded with Helios, which was frequent afterwards, but is not seen elsewhere in Homer. The arrows of Apollo were “silent as light,” and their emblem the sun’s rays. The analogies are multitudinous between the natural and intellectual sun; but Helios and Apollo were two.—E.P.P.
In attributing the plague to Apollo, he was confused with Helios, which happened often afterwards, but isn't mentioned elsewhere in Homer. Apollo's arrows were “silent as light,” and their symbol was the sun's rays. There are many similarities between the natural and intellectual sun; however, Helios and Apollo were distinct figures.—E.P.P.
There is something exceedingly venerable in this appearance of the priest. He comes with the ensigns of the gods to whom he belongs, with the laurel wreath, to show that he was a suppliant, and a golden sceptre, which the ancients gave in particular to Apollo, as they did one of silver to Diana.
There’s something incredibly respected about the priest’s appearance. He arrives with symbols of the gods he serves, wearing a laurel wreath to show that he was a supplicant, and holding a golden scepter, which the ancients specifically gave to Apollo, just as they gave a silver one to Diana.
The art of this speech is remarkable. Chryses considers the army of Greeks, as made up of troops, partly from the kingdoms and partly from democracies, and therefore begins with a distinction that includes all. Then, as priest of Apollo, he prays that they may obtain the two blessings they most desire—the conquest of Troy and a safe return. As he names his petition, he offers an extraordinary ransom, and concludes with bidding them fear the god if they refuse it; like one who from his office seems to foretell their misery, and exhorts them to shun it. Thus he endeavors to work by the art of a general application, by religion, by interest, and the insinuation of danger.
The skill of this speech is impressive. Chryses views the Greek army as made up of troops from both kingdoms and democracies, so he starts with a distinction that includes everyone. Then, as Apollo's priest, he prays for the two blessings they desire most—the victory over Troy and a safe return home. As he states his request, he offers an incredible ransom and ends by warning them to fear the god if they refuse it; like someone in his position who seems to predict their suffering and encourages them to avoid it. In this way, he tries to appeal to them through general application, religion, self-interest, and the hint of danger.
Homer is frequently eloquent in his silence. Chryses says not a word in answer to the insults of Agamemnon, but walks pensively along the shore. The melancholy flowing of the verse admirably expresses the condition of the mournful and deserted father.
Homer often speaks volumes through silence. Chryses doesn’t say anything in response to Agamemnon’s insults but walks thoughtfully along the shore. The sorrowful rhythm of the verse perfectly captures the state of the grieving and abandoned father.
[So called on account of his having saved the people of Troas from a plague of mice, sminthos in their language meaning a mouse.—Tr.]
[So named because he saved the people of Troas from a plague of mice, sminthos in their language means a mouse.—Tr.]
Apollo had temples at Chrysa, Tenedos, and Cilla, all of which lay round the bay of Troas. Müller remarks, that “the temple actually stood in the situation referred to, and that the appellation of Smintheus was still preserved in the district. Thus far actual circumstances are embodied in the mythus. On the other hand, the action of the deity as such, is purely ideal, and can have no other foundation than the belief that Apollo sternly resents ill usage of his priests, and that too in the way here represented, viz., by sending plagues. This belief is in perfect harmony with the idea generally entertained of the power and agency of Apollo; and it is manifest that the idea placed in combination with certain events, gave birth to the story so far as relates to the god. We have not yet the means of ascertaining whether it is to be regarded as a historical tradition, or an invention, and must therefore leave that question for the present undecided.”
Apollo had temples at Chrysa, Tenedos, and Cilla, all located around the bay of Troas. Müller notes that "the temple was indeed situated where it’s described, and that the name Smintheus was still used in the area. Up to this point, actual circumstances are reflected in the myth. However, the action of the deity itself is purely ideal and rests solely on the belief that Apollo fiercely responds to mistreatment of his priests, and in this way, by sending plagues. This belief aligns perfectly with the general view of Apollo’s power and influence; it’s clear that combining this idea with certain events led to the creation of the story concerning the god. We currently lack the means to determine whether this should be seen as a historical tradition or an invention, and therefore, we must leave that question undecided for now."
The poet is careful to leave no prayer unanswered that has justice on its side. He who prays either kills his enemy, or has signs given him that he has been heard.
The poet makes sure to leave no prayer unanswered if it's fair. Whoever prays either defeats their enemy or receives signs that their prayer has been acknowledged.
[For this singular line the Translator begs to apologize, by pleading the strong desire he felt to produce an English line, if possible, somewhat resembling in its effect the famous original one.
[For this singular line, the Translator asks for forgiveness, citing his strong desire to create an English line that, if possible, somewhat resembles the famous original in its impact.]

Δεινη δε κλαγγη γενετ αργυρεοιο βιοιο.—Tr.]
Δεινή και κλαγγή γενετή αργυρέου βίου .—Tr.]
The plague in the Grecian camp was occasioned perhaps by immoderate heats and gross exhalations. Homer takes occasion from it, to open the scene with a beautiful allegory. He supposes that such afflictions are sent from Heaven for the punishment of evil actions; and because the sun was the principal agent, he says it was sent to punish Agamemnon for despising that god, and injuring his priest.
The plague in the Greek camp was likely caused by excessive heat and foul air. Homer uses this situation to start with a striking allegory. He suggests that such suffering comes from Heaven as a punishment for wrongdoing; and since the sun was the main cause, he claims it was sent to punish Agamemnon for disrespecting that god and wronging his priest.
Hippocrates observes two things of plagues; that their cause is in the air, and that different animals are differently affected by them, according to their nature and nourishment. This philosophy is referred to the plagues here mentioned. First, the cause is in the air by means of the darts or beams of Apollo; second, the mules and dogs are said to die sooner than the men, partly from their natural quickness of smell, and partly from their feeding so near the earth whence the exhalations arise.
Hippocrates notes two things about plagues: that their cause is in the air, and that different animals are affected in different ways based on their nature and diet. This idea relates to the plagues mentioned here. First, the cause is in the air through the rays or beams of Apollo; second, mules and dogs are said to die sooner than humans, partly due to their natural sensitivity to smell and partly because they feed so close to the ground where the harmful gases come from.
Juno, queen of Olympus, sides with the Grecians. Mr. Coleridge (in his disquisition upon the Prometheus of Æschylus, published in his Remains) shows very clearly by historical criticism, that Juno, in the Grecian religion, expressed the spirit of conservatism. Without going over his argument we assume it here, for Homer always attributes to Juno every thing that may be predicated of this principle. She is persistent, obstinate, acts from no idea, but often uses a superficial reasoning, and refers to Fate, with which she upbraids Jupiter. Jupiter is the intellectual power or Free Will, and by their union, or rather from their antagonism, the course of things proceeds with perpetual vicissitude, but with a great deal of life.—E.P.P.
Juno, the queen of Olympus, supports the Greeks. Mr. Coleridge (in his analysis of the Prometheus by Aeschylus, published in his Remains) clearly demonstrates through historical criticism that Juno represents the spirit of conservatism in Greek religion. Without rehashing his argument, we accept it here, as Homer consistently attributes everything that can be associated with this principle to Juno. She is persistent, stubborn, acts without a clear idea, but often relies on superficial reasoning and refers to Fate, with which she scolds Jupiter. Jupiter represents intellectual power or Free Will, and from their union, or rather their conflict, the course of events unfolds with constant change, but with a lot of vitality.—E.P.P.
Observe this Grecian priest. He has no political power, and commands little reverence. In Agamemnon’s treatment of him, as well as Chryses, is seen the relation of the religion to the government. It was neither master nor slave.—E.P.P.
Observe this Greek priest. He has no political power and commands little respect. In Agamemnon’s treatment of him, as well as Chryses, we see the relationship between religion and government. It was neither master nor slave.—E.P.P.
A district of Thessaly forming a part of the larger district of Phthiotis. Phthiotis, according to Strabo, included all the southern portion of that country as far as Mount Œta and the Maliac Gulf. To the west it bordered on Dolopia, and on the east reached the confines of Magnesia. Homer comprised within this extent of territory the districts of Phthia and Hellas properly so called, and, generally speaking, the dominions of Achilles, together with those of Protesilaus and Eurypylus.
A region of Thessaly that is part of the larger area of Phthiotis. According to Strabo, Phthiotis included the entire southern part of that region, extending to Mount Œta and the Maliac Gulf. To the west, it bordered Dolopia, and to the east, it reached the borders of Magnesia. Homer included in this territory the areas of Phthia and Hellas, specifically referring to the lands of Achilles, along with those of Protesilaus and Eurypylus.
Κυνωπα.
Κυνωπα.
μεγαναιδες.
μεγαναιδες.
Agamemnon’s anger is that of a lover, and Achilles’ that of a warrior. Agamemnon speaks of Chrysëis as a beauty whom he values too much to resign. Achilles treats Brisëis as a slave, whom he is anxious to preserve in point of honor, and as a testimony of his glory. Hence he mentions her only as “his spoil,” “the reward of war,” etc.; accordingly he relinquishes her not in grief for a favorite whom he loses, but in sullenness for the injury done him.—Dacier.
Agamemnon’s anger feels like that of a lover, while Achilles’ anger is like that of a warrior. Agamemnon refers to Chrysëis as a beautiful girl he values too much to let go. Achilles sees Brisëis as a possession, someone he wants to keep for the sake of his honor and as a symbol of his glory. He only refers to her as “his prize,” “the reward of war,” and so on; so he doesn’t give her up out of sadness for losing someone he cares about, but out of resentment for the wrong done to him.—Dacier.
Jupiter, in the disguise of an ant, deceived Eurymedusa, the daughter of Cleitos. Her son was for this reason called Myrmidon (from μυρμηξ, an ant), and was regarded as the ancestor of the Myrmidons in Thessaly.—Smith.
Jupiter, disguised as an ant, tricked Eurymedusa, the daughter of Cleitos. Her son was named Myrmidon (from ant, which means ant) and was considered the ancestor of the Myrmidons in Thessaly.—Smith.
According to the belief of the ancients, the gods were supposed to have a peculiar light in their eyes. That Homer was not ignorant of this opinion appears from his use of it in other places.
According to ancient belief, the gods were thought to have a special light in their eyes. It's clear that Homer was aware of this idea, as he references it in other instances.
Minerva is the goddess of the art of war rather than of war itself. And this fable of her descent is an allegory of Achilles restraining his wrath through his consideration of martial law and order. This law in that age, prescribed that a subordinate should not draw his sword upon the commander of all, but allowed a liberty of speech which appears to us moderns rather out of order.—E.P.P.
Minerva is the goddess of the art of war, not of war itself. This story about her origin is a symbol of Achilles holding back his anger by thinking about military law and order. Back then, this law stated that a subordinate shouldn't draw their sword against the overall commander, but it permitted a level of speech that seems quite inappropriate to us today.—E.P.P.
[The shield of Jupiter, made by Vulcan, and so called from its covering, which was the skin of the goat that suckled him.—Tr.]
[The shield of Jupiter, created by Vulcan, and named for its covering, which was the skin of the goat that nursed him.—Tr.]
Homer magnifies the ambush as the boldest enterprise of war. They went upon those parties with a few only, and generally the most daring of the army, and on occasions of the greatest hazard, when the exposure was greater than in a regular battle. Idomeneus, in the 13th book, tells Meriones that the greatest courage appears in this way of service, each man being in a manner singled out to the proof of it.
Homer highlights ambush as the most daring strategy in warfare. They approached these groups with just a few of the bravest soldiers, often during the most dangerous moments, when the risk was higher than in a standard battle. In the 13th book, Idomeneus tells Meriones that true bravery is shown in this type of service, as each soldier is effectively put to the test on their own.
In the earlier ages of the world, the sceptre of a king was nothing more than his walking-staff, and thence had the name of sceptre. Ovid, in speaking of Jupiter, describes him as resting on his sceptre.—Spence.
In the early days of the world, a king's scepter was simply his walking stick, which is how it got the name. Ovid, when talking about Jupiter, describes him as leaning on his scepter.—Spencer.

From the description here given, it would appear to have been a young tree cut from the root and stripped of its branches. It was the custom of Kings to swear by their sceptres.
From the description provided, it seems like it was a young tree cut at the root and stripped of its branches. Kings used to swear by their scepters.
For an account of the contest between the Centaurs and Lapiths here referred to, see Grecian and Roman Mythology.
For details about the battle between the Centaurs and Lapiths mentioned here, see Grecian and Roman Mythology.
In antiquity, a sacrifice of a hundred oxen, or beasts of the same kind; hence sometimes indefinitely, any sacrifice of a large number of victims.
In ancient times, a sacrifice of a hundred oxen, or animals of the same kind; thus sometimes indefinitely, any sacrifice involving a large number of victims.
[The original is here abrupt, and expresses the precipitancy of the speaker by a most beautiful aposiopesis.—Tr.]
[The original is here abrupt, and expresses the speaker's urgency through a beautifully crafted aposiopesis.—Tr.]
The Iliad, in its connection, is, we all know, a glorification of Achilles by Zeus; for the Trojans only prevail because Zeus wishes to show that the reposing hero who sits in solitude, can alone conquer them. But to leave him this glorification entirely unmixed with sorrow, the Grecian sense of moderation forbids. The deepest anguish must mingle with his consciousness of fame, and punish his insolence. That glorification is the will of Zeus; and in the spirit of the ancient mythus, a motive for it is assigned in a divine legend. The sea-goddess Thetis, who was, according to the Phthiotic mythus, wedded to the mortal Peleus, saved Zeus, by calling up the giant Briareus or Ægæon to his rescue. Why it was Ægæon, is explained by the fact that this was a great sea-demon, who formed the subject of fables at Poseidonian Corinth, where even the sea-god himself was called Ægæon; who, moreover, was worshipped at several places in Eubœa, the seat of Poseidon Ægæus; and whom the Theogony calls the son-in-law of Poseidon, and most of the genealogists, especially Eumelus in the Titanomachy, brought into relation with the sea. There is therefore good reason to be found in ancient belief, why Thetis called up Ægæon of all others to Jove’s assistance. The whole of the story, however, is not detailed—it is not much more than indicated—and therefore it would be difficult even now to interpret it in a perfectly satisfactory manner. It bears the same relation to the Iliad, that the northern fables of the gods, which serve as a back-ground to the legend of Nibelungen, bear to our German ballad, only that here the separation is much greater still—Muller.
The Iliad is, as we all know, a celebration of Achilles by Zeus; the Trojans only succeed because Zeus wants to demonstrate that the hero who rests in solitude can defeat them alone. However, the Greek sense of balance prevents this glorification from being completely free of sorrow. The greatest pain must intertwine with his awareness of fame and serve as a punishment for his arrogance. That celebration is part of Zeus's will; and in the spirit of ancient mythology, a reason for it is provided in a divine tale. The sea-goddess Thetis, who, according to the Phthiotic myth, was married to the mortal Peleus, saved Zeus by summoning the giant Briareus, also known as Ægæon, to help him. The choice of Ægæon is explained by the fact that he was a powerful sea-demon, the subject of tales in Poseidonian Corinth, where even the sea-god himself was referred to as Ægæon; he was also worshipped in various places in Euboea, the domain of Poseidon Ægæus; and the Theogony describes him as Poseidon's son-in-law, most genealogists, especially Eumelus in the Titanomachy, connect him to the sea. Therefore, there's solid reasoning in ancient beliefs for why Thetis called upon Ægæon specifically for Jove’s aid. However, the full story is not provided—it’s only briefly mentioned—and so it remains challenging to interpret it completely. It relates to the Iliad in the same way that northern myths about the gods relate to the Nibelungen legend, but here the separation is even more pronounced—Muller.

Homer makes use of this fable, without reference to its meaning as an allegory. Briareus seems to symbolize a navy, and the fable refers to some event in remote history, when the reigning power was threatened in his autocracy, and strengthened by means of his association with the people against some intermediate class.—E.P.P.
Homer uses this fable without discussing its meaning as an allegory. Briareus appears to represent a navy, and the fable alludes to a historical event when the ruling power was challenged in its control and was bolstered by its connection with the people against an intermediate class.—E.P.P.
επαυρωνται.
επαυρωνται.
[A name by which we are frequently to understand the Nile in Homer.—Tr.]
[A name we often associate with the Nile in Homer.—Tr.]
Around the sources of the Nile, and thence south-west into the very heart of Africa, stretching away indefinitely over its mountain plains, lies the country which the ancients called Ethiopia, rumors of whose wonderful people found their way early into Greece, and are scattered over the pages of her poets and historians.
Around the sources of the Nile and extending southwest into the heart of Africa, stretching endlessly across its mountain plains, lies the land that the ancients referred to as Ethiopia. Stories about its amazing people reached Greece early on and can be found throughout the writings of its poets and historians.

Homer wrote at least eight hundred years before Christ, and his poems are well ascertained to be a most faithful mirror of the manners of his times and the knowledge of his age. * * * * * *
Homer wrote at least eight hundred years before Christ, and his poems are known to be a very accurate reflection of the customs of his time and the knowledge of his era. * * * * * *

Homer never wastes an epithet. He often alludes to the Ethiopians elsewhere, and always in terms of admiration and praise, as being the most just of men, and the favorites of the gods. The same allusions glimmer through the Greek mythology, and appear in the verses of almost all the Greek poets, ere yet the countries of Italy and Sicily were even discovered. The Jewish Scriptures and Jewish literature abound in allusions to this distant and mysterious people, the annals of the Egyptian priests are full of them, and uniformly, the Ethiopians are there lauded as among the best, the most religious, and most civilized of men.—Christian Examiner.
Homer never wastes words. He often mentions the Ethiopians elsewhere, always with admiration and praise, describing them as the most just of men and favorites of the gods. These references also appear in Greek mythology and are found in the verses of nearly all Greek poets, even before the lands of Italy and Sicily were discovered. The Jewish Scriptures and Jewish literature are filled with references to this distant and mysterious people, and the accounts of Egyptian priests are full of them as well, consistently portraying the Ethiopians as some of the best, most religious, and most civilized people.—Christian Observer.

The Ethiopians, says Diodorus, are said to be the inventors of pomps, sacrifices, solemn meetings, and other honors paid to the gods. From hence arose their character of piety, which is here celebrated by Homer. Among these there was an annual feast at Diospolis, which Eustathius mentions, when they carried about the statues of Jupiter and other gods, for twelve days, according to their number; to which, if we add the ancient custom of setting meat before statues, it will appear to be a rite from which this fable might easily have arisen.
The Ethiopians, according to Diodorus, are believed to be the ones who created grand ceremonies, sacrifices, formal gatherings, and other tributes to the gods. This led to their reputation for piety, which Homer celebrates here. Among these traditions was an annual festival in Diospolis, mentioned by Eustathius, where they paraded the statues of Jupiter and other gods for twelve days, corresponding to their number. If we also consider the old custom of placing food before the statues, it becomes clear that this practice could easily have inspired the fable.
[The original word (πολυβενθεος) seems to express variety of soundings, an idea probably not to be conveyed in an English epithet.—Tr.]
[The original word (πολυβενθεος) seems to convey a variety of sounds, an idea that likely can't be captured with a single English word.—Tr.]
The following passage gives the most exact account of the ancient sacrifices that we have left us. There is first, the purification by the washing of hands; second, the offering up of prayers; third, the barley-cakes thrown upon the victim; fourth, the manner of killing it, with the head turned upwards; fifth, selecting the thighs and fat for their gods, as the best of the sacrifice, and disposing about them pieces cut from every part for a representation of the whole (hence the thighs are frequently spoken of in Homer and the Greek poets as the whole victim); sixth, the libation of wine; seventh, consuming the thighs in the fire of the altar; eighth, the sacrificers dressing and feasting on the rest, with joy and hymns to the gods.
The following passage provides the most accurate description of the ancient sacrifices that we have available. First, there’s the purification by washing hands; second, the offering of prayers; third, the barley cakes thrown onto the victim; fourth, the method of killing it with its head facing up; fifth, choosing the thighs and fat for their gods, as the best part of the sacrifice, and sharing pieces from every part to represent the whole (which is why the thighs are often referred to in Homer and the Greek poets as the entire victim); sixth, the pouring of wine; seventh, burning the thighs on the altar fire; eighth, the sacrificers preparing and enjoying the rest, filled with joy and singing praises to the gods.
The Pæan (originally sung in honor of Apollo) was a hymn to propitiate the god, and also a song of thanksgiving, when freed from danger. It was always of a joyous nature. Both tune and sound expressed hope and confidence. It was sung by several persons, one of whom probably led the others, and the singers either marched onward, or sat together at table.
The Pæan (originally sung in honor of Apollo) was a hymn to appease the god and also a song of gratitude when freed from danger. It was always joyous. Both the melody and the sound conveyed hope and confidence. It was performed by multiple people, one of whom likely led the others, and the singers either marched together or sat at the table.
It was the custom to draw the ships entirely upon the shore, and to secure them by long props.—Felton
It was common practice to pull the ships all the way onto the beach and hold them in place with long supports.—Felton
Suppliants threw themselves at the feet of the person to whom the supplication was addressed, and embraced his knees.—Felton.
Suppliants fell to their knees before the person they were asking for help and clung to his legs.—Felton.
Ambrosia, the food of the gods, conferred upon them eternal youth and immortality, and was brought to Jupiter by pigeons. It was also used by the gods for anointing the body and hair. Hence the expression, ambrosial locks.
Ambrosia, the food of the gods, gave them eternal youth and immortality, and was delivered to Jupiter by pigeons. The gods also used it to anoint their bodies and hair. That's why we say, ambrosial locks.
The original says, “the ox-eyed goddess,” which furnishes Coleridge with one of the hints on which he proceeds in historically identifying the Argive Juno with Io and Isis, &c. There is real wit in Homer’s making her say to Jupiter, “I never search thy thoughts,” &c. The principle of conservatism asks nothing of the intellectual power, but blindly contends, reposing upon the instinct of a common sense, which leads her always to surmise that something is intended by the intellectual power that she shall not like.—E.P.P.
The original says, “the ox-eyed goddess,” which gives Coleridge one of the clues he uses to historically connect the Argive Juno with Io and Isis, etc. There’s genuine wit in Homer having her tell Jupiter, “I never search your thoughts,” etc. The idea of conservatism doesn’t demand anything from intellectual power, but blindly argues, relying on a common sense instinct, which always leads her to suspect that there’s something intended by the intellectual power that she won't agree with.—E.P.P.
This refers to an old fable of Jupiter’s hanging up Juno and whipping her. Homer introduces it without reference to its meaning, which was undoubtedly some physical truth connected with the ether and the atmosphere.—E.P.P.
This refers to an old fable about Jupiter hanging up Juno and whipping her. Homer mentions it without explaining its meaning, which was definitely related to some physical truth about the ether and the atmosphere.—E.P.P.
[The reader, in order that he may partake with the gods in the drollery of this scene, should observe that the crippled and distorted Vulcan had thrust himself into an office at all other times administered either by Hebe or Ganymede.—Tr.]
[The reader, in order to enjoy this scene with the gods, should notice that the crippled and deformed Vulcan had taken on a role usually held by Hebe or Ganymede.—Tr.]
As Minerva or Wisdom was among the company, the poet’s making Vulcan act the part of peace-maker, would appear to have been from choice, knowing that a mirthful person may often stop a quarrel, by making himself the subject of merriment.
As Minerva, or Wisdom, was in the group, the poet chose to have Vulcan play the role of peacemaker, knowing that a cheerful person can often diffuse a conflict by becoming the center of laughter.

Footnotes for Book II:

Footnotes for Book 2:

The poem now becomes more exciting; the language more animated; the descriptions more lively and figurative. Homer seems to kindle with his subject, and to press all the phenomena of nature into his service for the purpose of illustration and adornment. Jupiter prepares to keep his promise of avenging Achilles, by drawing Agamemnon into a deceitful expectation of taking the city. The forces are arranged for battle, which gives occasion for the celebrated catalogue.—Felton.
The poem becomes more thrilling; the language becomes more vibrant; the descriptions become more lively and expressive. Homer seems to come alive with his subject, using all aspects of nature to enhance his illustrations and embellishments. Jupiter is ready to fulfill his promise of avenging Achilles by leading Agamemnon into a false hope of conquering the city. The forces are set for battle, which leads to the famous catalog.—Felton.
The whole action of the Dream is natural. It takes the figure of one much beloved by Agamemnon, as the object that is most in our thoughts when awake, is the one that oftenest appears to us in our dreams, and just at the instant of its vanishing, leaves so strong an impression, that the voice seems still sounding in his ear.
The entire action of the Dream feels natural. It features someone deeply loved by Agamemnon, since the person we think about the most when we're awake is also the one who often shows up in our dreams. Just at the moment they fade away, they leave such a strong impression that their voice seems to linger in his ear.

The Dream also repeats the words of Jupiter without variation, which is considered as a great propriety in delivering a message from the father of gods and men.
The Dream also repeats Jupiter's words exactly, which is seen as very appropriate when delivering a message from the father of gods and men.
King of Pylus, an ancient city of Elis.
King of Pylus, an old city in Elis.
[Agamemnon seems to entertain some doubts lest the army should so resent his treatment of their favorite Achilles, as to be indisposed to serve him.—Tr.]
[Agamemnon seems to have some worries that the army might be so upset about how he treated their favorite Achilles that they won't want to serve him.]
[Mercury.]
[Mercury.]
[Argus.]
[Argus.]
Homer, in a happy and poetical manner, acquaints us with the high descent of Agamemnon, and traces the origin of his power to the highest source, by saying, that the sceptre had descended to him from the hand of Jupiter.
Homer, in a joyful and poetic way, introduces us to Agamemnon's noble lineage and connects the roots of his power to its greatest source by stating that the scepter had been passed down to him from Jupiter.
The power of Agamemnon as a monarch refers to his being the leader of an army. According to the form of royalty in the heroic age, a king had only the power of a magistrate, except as he held the office of priest. Aristotle defines a king as a Leader of war, a Judge of controversies, and President of the ceremonies of the gods. That he had the principal care of religious rites, appears from many passages in Homer. His power was nowhere absolute but in war, for we find Agamemnon insulted in the council, but in the army threatening deserters with death. Agamemnon is sometimes styled king of kings, as the other princes had given him supreme authority over them in the siege.
The power of Agamemnon as a ruler comes from his role as the leader of an army. In the heroic age, kings had the authority of a magistrate unless they also served as priests. Aristotle describes a king as a leader in war, a judge in disputes, and the head of religious ceremonies. His responsibility for religious rituals is evident in many passages in Homer's works. His authority was not absolute except in warfare; we see Agamemnon insulted in council meetings, but he threatened deserters with death in the army. Agamemnon is sometimes referred to as king of kings because other princes had given him supreme authority over them during the siege.
[The extremest provocation is implied in this expression, which Thersites quotes exactly as he had heard it from the lips of Achilles.—Tr.]
[The greatest provocation is suggested in this expression, which Thersites quotes exactly as he heard it from Achilles.—Tr.]
The character of Thersites is admirably sketched. There is nothing vague and indistinct, but all the traits are so lively, that he stands before us like the image of some absurd being whom we have ourselves seen. It has been justly remarked by critics, that the poet displays great skill in representing the opponents of Agamemnon in the character of so base a personage, since nothing could more effectually reconcile the Greeks to the continuance of the war, than the ridiculous turbulence of Thersites.—Felton.
The character of Thersites is drawn very well. There’s nothing unclear or vague about him; every trait is so vivid that he comes to life like some ridiculous figure we’ve actually encountered. Critics have rightly pointed out that the poet shows great talent in portraying the enemies of Agamemnon through such a despicable character, as nothing could better persuade the Greeks to keep fighting than the absurd chaos of Thersites.—Felton.
[Some for πονος here read ποθος; which reading I have adopted for the sake both of perspicuity and connection.—Tr.]
[Some forpain here readlonging; which reading I have adopted for clarity and coherence.—Tr.]
The principal signs by which the gods were thought to declare their will, were things connected with the offering of sacrifices, the flight and voice of birds, all kinds of natural phenomena, ordinary as well as extraordinary dreams.
The main signs that the gods were believed to use to show their intentions included things related to sacrifices, the movement and sounds of birds, various natural events, and both common and unusual dreams.
An epithet supposed to have been derived from Gerenia, a Messenian town, where Nestor was educated.
An epithet thought to come from Gerenia, a town in Messenia, where Nestor was raised.

In the pictures which Homer draws of him, the most striking features are his wisdom, bravery, and knowledge of war, his eloquence, and his old age.
In the images that Homer portrays of him, the most noticeable traits are his wisdom, courage, understanding of warfare, eloquence, and age.

For some general remarks upon the heroes of the time, see Grecian and Roman Mythology.
For some general comments on the heroes of the time, check out Grecian and Roman Mythology.
In allusion to the custom of pouring out a libation of pure wine, in the ceremony of forming a league, and joining right hands, as a pledge of mutual fidelity after the sacrifice.—Felton.
In reference to the tradition of pouring out a drink of pure wine during the ceremony of forming an alliance and shaking hands as a promise of mutual loyalty after the sacrifice.—Felton.
[Nestor is supposed here to glance at Achilles.—Tr.]
[Nestor is supposed here to glance at Achilles.—Tr.]
Homer here exalts wisdom over valor.
Homer here praises wisdom more than bravery.
[Money stamped with the figure of an ox.]—Tr.
[Money stamped with the figure of an ox.]—Tr.
The encouragement of a divine power, seemed all that was requisite to change the dispositions of the Grecians, and make them more ardent for combat than they had previously been to return. This conquers their inclinations in a manner at once poetical and in keeping with the moral which is every where spread through Homer, that nothing is accomplished without divine assistance.
The support of a divine power seemed to be all that was needed to change the attitudes of the Greeks and make them more eager for battle than they had ever been to go back. This overwhelms their tendencies in a way that is both poetic and aligns with the moral that runs throughout Homer's work: nothing is achieved without divine help.
Homer’s rich invention gives us five beautiful similes on the march of the army. This profusion and variety can never be sufficiently admired.
Homer’s creativity provides us with five vivid similes about the army's march. This abundance and diversity can never be praised enough.
The superior knowledge that the poet here attributes to the Muses as divine beings, and then his occasional invocations to them, gives an air of importance to his subject and has an imposing effect.
The advanced knowledge that the poet gives to the Muses as divine beings, along with his occasional calls to them, adds significance to his topic and creates a powerful impact.
However fabulous the other parts of Homer’s poems may be, this account of the princes, people, and countries, is by far the most valuable piece of history and geography left us in regard to the state of Greece in that early period. Greece was then divided into several dynasties, which Homer has enumerated under their respective princes; and his division was considered so correct, that many disputes respecting the boundaries of Grecian cities were decided upon his authority. Eustathius has collected together the following instances: The city of Calydon was adjudged to the Ætolians, notwithstanding the pretensions of Æolia, because it was ranked by Homer as belonging to the former. Sestos was given to those of Abydos, upon the plea that he had said the Abydonians were possessors of Sestos, Abydos, and Arisbe. When the Milesians and people of Priene disputed their claim to Mycale, a verse of Homer gave it to the Milesians. The Athenians were put in possession of Salamis by another which was cited by Solon, or (according to some) interpolated by him for that purpose; and Porphyry says, that the catalogue was so highly esteemed, that the youths of some nations were required to commit it to memory.
No matter how amazing the other parts of Homer's poems might be, this account of the princes, people, and countries is by far the most valuable piece of history and geography we have about Greece during that early period. Greece was divided into several dynasties, which Homer listed under their respective princes, and his categorization was considered so accurate that many disputes over the boundaries of Greek cities were settled based on his authority. Eustathius has gathered the following examples: The city of Calydon was awarded to the Ætolians, despite the claims of Æolia, because Homer identified it as belonging to the former. Sestos was granted to those from Abydos, based on Homer's mention that the Abydonians were the owners of Sestos, Abydos, and Arisbe. When the Milesians and people of Priene argued over their claim to Mycale, a line from Homer favored the Milesians. The Athenians were granted possession of Salamis based on another line cited by Solon, or (according to some) added by him for that reason; and Porphyry noted that the catalog was so highly regarded that young people in some nations were required to memorize it.

Professor Felton remarks, “The student is advised to give particular attention to this important passage. He will find it the most interesting fragment of geography extant; interesting for the poetical beauty of the verse, the regular order which is followed, and the little characteristic touches which denote the peculiarities of the several provinces. The more he examines this catalogue with the subsidiary lights of geography, history and travels, the more cause will he find of wonder, that a description so ancient should combine so much accuracy, beauty, and interest. It is recommended to the student, to trace the provinces and cities on some good map of ancient Greece.”
Professor Felton says, “Students should pay special attention to this important passage. It’s the most fascinating piece of geography out there; it’s interesting because of the poetic beauty of the lines, the organized structure, and the little details that show the unique features of each province. The more you look at this list alongside geography, history, and travel, the more you’ll be amazed that such an ancient description can have so much accuracy, beauty, and interest. I recommend that students trace the provinces and cities on a good map of ancient Greece.”
[Some say Thebes the less, others, the suburbs of Thebes the greater. It is certain that Thebes itself sent none.—Tr.]
[Some say Thebes is smaller, while others refer to the suburbs of Thebes as larger. It's clear that Thebes itself produced none.—Tr.]
It was the custom of these people to shave the fore parts of their heads, that their enemies might not seize them by the hair; on the hinder part they allowed it to grow, as a valiant race that would never turn their backs. Their manner of fighting was hand to hand, without quitting their javelins.
It was common for these people to shave the fronts of their heads so that their enemies couldn’t grab them by the hair; they let the back grow long, as a brave group that would never turn away. They fought up close, never letting go of their javelins.
Menelaus is occasionally distinguished by his activity, which shows his personal concern in the war.
Menelaus is sometimes recognized for his involvement, which displays his personal investment in the war.
The Arcadians, being an inland people, were unskilled in navigation, for which reason Agamemnon furnished them with shipping.
The Arcadians, as a landlocked community, weren't good at navigating, which is why Agamemnon provided them with ships.
Nireus is nowhere mentioned as a leader but in these lines. As rank and beauty were his only qualifications, he is allowed to sink into oblivion.
Nireus is only mentioned as a leader in these lines. Since his only qualifications were status and looks, he is allowed to fade into obscurity.
The mud of the Peneus is of a light color, for which reason Homer gives it the epithet of silvery. The Titaresius, and other small streams which are rolled from Olympus and Ossa, are so extremely clear, that their waters are distinguished from those of the Peneus for a considerable distance from the point of their confluence.—Dodwell.
The mud of the Peneus is light-colored, which is why Homer describes it as silvery. The Titaresius and other small streams flowing down from Olympus and Ossa are so clear that their waters can be seen separately from those of the Peneus for quite a distance from where they meet.—Dodwell.
Dr. Clarke, in his travels, describes this tomb as a conical mound; and says that it is the spot of all others for viewing the plain of Troy, as it is visible in all parts of Troas. From its top may be traced the course of the Scamander, the whole chain of Ida, stretching towards Lectum, the snowy heights of Gargarus, and all the shores of Hellespont, near the mouth of the river Sigæum and the other tumuli upon the coast.
Dr. Clarke, during his travels, describes this tomb as a conical mound and claims that it’s the best place to view the plain of Troy, as it's visible from all parts of Troas. From its top, you can trace the path of the Scamander, the entire chain of Ida stretching towards Lectum, the snowy peaks of Gargarus, and all the shores of Hellespont near the mouth of the river Sigæum along with the other mounds on the coast.
A patronymic given to Achilles as descendant of Æacus, father of Peleus.
A name derived from his father, given to Achilles as a descendant of Æacus, who is the father of Peleus.
A river of Troas in Asia Minor, the same as the Scamander.
A river in Troas, Asia Minor, which is also known as the Scamander.
This expression is construed by critics as denoting an unpolished dialect, but not a foreign.
This expression is viewed by critics as indicating a rough dialect, but not a foreign one.

Footnotes for Book III:

Footnotes for Chapter 3:

The scenes described in this book are exceedingly lifesome. The figures are animating and beautiful, and the mind of the reader is borne along with breathless interest over the sonorous verse.—Felton.
The scenes in this book are incredibly lifelike. The characters are vibrant and beautiful, and the reader's mind is carried along with intense interest through the melodic verses.—Felton.
This is a striking simile, from its exactness in two points—the noise and the order. It has been supposed that the embattling of an army was first learned by observing the close order of the flight of these birds. The noise of the Trojans contrasts strongly with the silence of the Greeks. Plutarch remarks upon this distinction as a credit to the military discipline of the latter, and Homer would seem to have attached some importance to it, as he again alludes to the same thing. Book iv. 510.
This is a striking comparison, noted for its precision in two aspects—the noise and the order. It's believed that the formation of an army was first inspired by watching these birds fly closely together. The noise of the Trojans stands in sharp contrast to the silence of the Greeks. Plutarch points out this difference as a testament to the military discipline of the latter, and Homer seems to have given it significant weight, mentioning it again. Book iv. 510.
[Paris, frequently named Alexander in the original.—Tr.]
[Paris, often referred to as Alexander in the original.—Tr.]
Not from cowardice, but from a sense of guilt towards Menelaus. At the head of an army he challenges the boldest of the enemy; and Hector, at the end of the Sixth Book, confesses that no man could reproach him as a coward. Homer has a fine moral;—A brave mind, however blinded with passion, is sensible of remorse whenever he meets the person whom he has injured; and Paris is never made to appear cowardly, but when overcome by the consciousness of his injustice.
Not out of cowardice, but from a sense of guilt toward Menelaus. Leading an army, he confronts the bravest of the enemy; and Hector, at the end of the Sixth Book, admits that no one could call him a coward. Homer has a powerful message; a brave mind, even when driven by passion, feels remorse whenever he comes face to face with the person he has wronged; and Paris is only portrayed as cowardly when he is overwhelmed by the awareness of his wrongdoing.
[Λαινον εσσο χιτωνα]
[Lainon esso chitôna]
In allusion to the Oriental custom of stoning to death for the crime of adultery.—Felton.
In reference to the Eastern practice of executing someone by stoning for the crime of adultery.—Felton.
The sling was a very efficacious and important instrument in ancient warfare. Stones were also thrown with the hand. The Libyans carried no other arms than the spear and a bag of stones.
The sling was a valuable and effective tool in ancient warfare. Stones were also thrown by hand. The Libyans used no other weapons except for the spear and a bag of stones.
The Trojans were required to sacrifice two lambs; one male of a white color to the Sun, as the father of light, and one female and black to the Earth, the mother and nurse of men. That these were the powers to which they sacrificed appears from their being attested by name in the oath. III. 330.
The Trojans had to sacrifice two lambs: one male lamb that was white to the Sun, as the source of light, and one female lamb that was black to the Earth, the mother and nurturer of humanity. The fact that they specifically named these deities in their oath shows whom they were sacrificing to. III. 330.
Helen’s weaving the events of the Trojan war in a veil is an agreeable fiction; and one might suppose that it was inherited by Homer, and explained in his Iliad.—Dacier.
Helen weaving the events of the Trojan War into a veil is a pleasant fantasy; one might think that it was passed down to Homer and elaborated on in his Iliad.—Dacier.
[Not the grasshopper, but an insect well known in hot countries, and which in Italy is called Cicála. The grasshopper rests on the ground, but the favorite abode of the Cicála is in the trees and hedges.—Tr.]
[Not the grasshopper, but an insect well-known in warm countries, which in Italy is called Cicála. The grasshopper sits on the ground, but the Cicála prefers to live in the trees and hedges.—Tr.]
This episode is remarkable for its beauty. The effect of Helen’s appearance upon the aged counsellors is striking and poetical. It must be borne in mind, that Helen was of divine parentage and unfading beauty, and this will explain the enthusiasm which her sight called forth from the old men. The poet’s skill in taking this method of describing the Grecian chieftains is obvious, and the sketches themselves are living and characteristic to a high degree. The reminiscences of the aged Priam, as their names are announced, and the penitential sorrow of the erring Helen, which the sight of her countrymen, and the recollection of her home, her child, her companions, excite in her bosom, are among the most skilful touches of natural feeling.—Felton.
This episode is notable for its beauty. The impact of Helen’s appearance on the old advisors is striking and poetic. It’s important to remember that Helen was of divine lineage and everlasting beauty, which explains the excitement her presence stirred in the elderly men. The poet's talent in describing the Greek leaders is evident, and the portrayals themselves are vivid and highly characteristic. The memories that flood Priam as their names are called, along with Helen’s remorse as she sees her fellow countrymen and remembers her home, her child, and her friends, are some of the most skillful expressions of genuine emotion.—Felton.
The character of a benevolent old man is well preserved in Priam’s behavior to Helen. Upon observing her confusion, he attributes the misfortunes of the war to the gods alone. This sentiment is also natural to old age. Those who have had the longest experience of life, are the most inclined to ascribe the disposal of all things to the will of Heaven.
The kindness of an old man is clearly shown in Priam’s treatment of Helen. When he sees her confusion, he blames the war's troubles solely on the gods. This perspective comes with age. Those who have lived the longest tend to attribute everything to divine will.
This view of the Grecian leaders from the walls of Troy, is admired as an episode of great beauty, and considered a masterly manner of acquainting the reader with the figure and qualifications of each hero.
This perspective of the Greek leaders from the walls of Troy is appreciated as a moment of great beauty and seen as a skillful way to introduce the reader to the character and qualities of each hero.
Helen sees no where in the plain her two brothers Castor and Pollux. Her inquiry is a natural one, and her self-reproach naturally suggests her own disgrace as the cause of their not appearing among the other commanders. The two lines in which the poet mentions their death are simple and touching.—Felton.
Helen sees nowhere in the plain her two brothers Castor and Pollux. Her question is a natural one, and her self-blame naturally suggests that her own shame is the reason they aren't among the other commanders. The two lines in which the poet describes their death are straightforward and moving.—Felton.
Homer here gives the whole ceremonial of the solemn oath, as it was then observed by the nations of whom he writes.
Homer presents the entire ceremony of the solemn oath as it was practiced by the nations he describes.
It must be borne in mind that sacrificing was the most solemn act of religion, and that kings were also chief-priests.
It should be remembered that sacrifice was the most serious act of religion, and that kings were also the highest priests.
The armor of both Greeks and Trojans consisted of six portions, and was always put on in the order here given. The greaves were for the defence of the legs. They were made of some kind of metal, and probably lined with cloth or felt. The cuirass or corselet for the body, was made of horn cut in thin pieces and fastened upon linen cloth, one piece overlapping another. The sword hung on the left side by means of a belt which passed over the right shoulder. The large round shield, sometimes made of osiers twisted together and covered with several ox-hides, and bound round the edge with metal. In the Homeric times it was supported by a belt; subsequently a band was placed across the inner side, in which the left arm was inserted, and a strong leather strap fastened near the edge at certain distances, which was grasped by the hand. The helmet, made of metal and lined with felt. Lastly the spear, and in many cases two. The heavy-armed soldiery were distinguished from the light. The covering of the latter consisted of skins, and instead of the sword and lance, they fought with darts, bows and arrows, or slings, and were generally attached in a subordinate capacity to the heavy-armed soldiery.
The armor of both the Greeks and Trojans had six parts and was always put on in this specific order. The greaves protected the legs. They were made of metal and probably lined with cloth or felt. The cuirass or body armor was made of thin pieces of horn attached to linen cloth, with one piece overlapping the next. The sword hung on the left side using a belt that crossed over the right shoulder. The large round shield was sometimes made of woven reeds and covered in several layers of ox-hide, with a metal binding around the edge. In Homeric times, it was supported by a belt; later, a band was placed across the inside, where the left arm was inserted, and a sturdy leather strap was fastened near the edge at intervals for the hand to grip. The helmet was made of metal and lined with felt. Finally, there was the spear, and often two. The heavy infantry were different from the lighter troops. The lighter soldiers were covered in skins and instead of swords and lances, they fought with darts, bows and arrows, or slings, usually serving in a secondary role to the heavy infantry.
Homer puts a prayer in the mouth of Menelaüs, but none in that of Paris. Menelaüs is injured and innocent, and may therefore ask for justice; but Paris, who is the criminal, remains silent.
Homer has Menelaüs offer a prayer, but Paris does not say one. Menelaüs is hurt and innocent, so he can ask for justice; however, Paris, who is guilty, stays quiet.
[Because the hide of a beast that dies in health is tougher and fitter for use than of another that dies diseased.]
[Because the skin of an animal that dies healthy is stronger and better for use than that of one that dies sick.]

Footnotes for Book IV:

Footnotes for Volume IV:

The goddess of youth is made an attendant at the banquets of the gods, to show that they enjoyed a perpetual youth, and endless felicity.
The goddess of youth is assigned to serve at the gods' banquets, to demonstrate that they experience eternal youth and endless happiness.
[A town of that name in Bœotia, where Pallas was particularly worshipped.—Tr.]
[A town of that name in Boeotia, where Pallas was especially worshipped.—Tr.]
[Βοωπις, constant description of Juno, but not susceptible of literal translation.]
[Booopis, a consistent description of Juno, but not easily translated literally.]
Homer does not make the gods use all persons indiscriminately as their agents, but each according to his powers. When Minerva would persuade the Greeks, she seeks Ulysses; when she would break the truce, for Pandarus; and when she would conquer, for Diomede. The goddess went not to the Trojans, because they hated Paris, and looks among the allies, where she finds Pandarus, who was of a nation noted for perfidiousness, and who, from his avarice, was capable of engaging in this treachery for the hope of a reward from Paris.
Homer doesn't have the gods use everyone randomly as their agents, but rather chooses each according to their abilities. When Minerva wants to convince the Greeks, she approaches Ulysses; when she wants to break the truce, she goes for Pandarus; and when she aims for victory, she targets Diomede. The goddess didn't go to the Trojans because they despised Paris, and instead looked among the allies, where she found Pandarus, who belonged to a tribe known for betrayal, and who, driven by greed, was willing to commit this treachery for the chance of a reward from Paris.
A city of Asia Minor.
A city in Asia Minor.
This description, so full of circumstantial detail, is remarkably beautiful. 1. The history of the bow, giving in a few words the picture of a hunter, lying in ambush and slaying his victim. 2. Then the process of making the bow. 3. The anxious preparation for discharging the arrow with certainty, which was destined to break off the truce and precipitate the battle. 4. The hurried prayer and vow to Apollo, after which the string is drawn, the cord twangs, the arrow “leaps forth.” The whole is described with such graphic truth, that we see, and hear, and wait in breathless suspense to know the result.—Felton.
This description, packed with vivid details, is incredibly beautiful. 1. The history of the bow, briefly painting the scene of a hunter lying in wait and taking down his prey. 2. Next, the steps involved in making the bow. 3. The anxious preparations to release the arrow with precision, which were meant to shatter the truce and trigger the battle. 4. The quick prayer and promise to Apollo, after which the string is pulled back, the cord snaps, and the arrow "jumps forward." It’s all depicted with such striking accuracy that we see, hear, and hold our breath in anticipation of the outcome.—Felton.
This is one of those humble comparisons with which Homer sometimes diversifies his subject, but a very exact one of its kind, and corresponding in all its parts. The care of the goddess, the unsuspecting security of Menelaus, the ease with which she diverts the danger, and the danger itself, are all included in these few words. To which may be added, that if the providence of heavenly powers to their creatures is expressed by the love of a mother to her child, if men in regard to them are but as sleeping infants, and the dangers that seem so great to us, as easily warded off as the simile implies, the conception appears sublime, however insignificant the image may at first seem in regard to a hero.
This is one of those simple comparisons that Homer sometimes uses to add variety to his subject, but it's a very precise one of its kind and fits perfectly in every way. The goddess's care, Menelaus's unsuspecting safety, the ease with which she removes the danger, and the danger itself are all captured in these few words. Additionally, if the protective nature of divine beings towards their creations is likened to a mother’s love for her child, and if humans are like sleeping infants in relation to them, then the dangers that seem so threatening to us can be as easily avoided as the comparison suggests. This idea feels profound, even if the initial image appears trivial when related to a hero.
From this we learn that the Lydians and Carians were famous for their skill in dying purple, and that their women excelled in works of ivory; and also that there were certain ornaments that only kings and princes were privileged to wear.
From this, we learn that the Lydians and Carians were well-known for their talent in dyeing purple, and that their women were exceptional at crafting with ivory; also, there were specific ornaments that only kings and princes were allowed to wear.
This speech of Agamemnon over his wounded brother, is full of noble power and touching eloquence. The Trojans have violated a truce sanctioned by a solemn sacrifice to the gods. The reflection that such perjury cannot pass with impunity, but that Jove will, sooner or later, punish it, occurs first to the mind of the warrior. In the excitement of the moment, he predicts that the day will surely come when sacred Troy shall fall. From this impetuous feeling his mind suddenly returns to the condition of his brother, and imagines with much pathos, the consequences that will follow from his death, and ends with the wish, that the earth may open before him when that time shall come.—Felton.
This speech by Agamemnon about his injured brother is filled with noble power and deeply moving eloquence. The Trojans have broken a truce established by a serious sacrifice to the gods. The warrior first thinks about how such betrayal won't go unpunished and that Jove will eventually take action against it. In the heat of the moment, he foresees that the day will come when sacred Troy will fall. From this intense feeling, his thoughts abruptly shift back to his brother's condition, and he poignantly imagines the consequences of his death, ending with the wish that the earth may open up before him when that time arrives.—Felton.
The poet here changes the narration, and apostrophises the reader. Critics commend this figure, as the reader then becomes a spectator, and his mind is kept fixed on the action.
The poet here changes the narration and addresses the reader directly. Critics praise this technique, as it turns the reader into a spectator, keeping their mind focused on the action.
In the following review of the army, we see the skill of an accomplished general as well as the characters of the leaders whom Agamemnon addresses. He begins with an address to the army in general, and then turns to individuals. To the brave he urges their secure hopes of conquest, since the gods must punish perjury; to the timid, their inevitable destruction if the enemy should burn their ships. After this he flies from rank to rank, skilfully addressing each ally, and presents a lively picture of a great mind in the highest emotion.
In the following review of the army, we see the skill of a skilled general and the personalities of the leaders that Agamemnon addresses. He starts with a speech to the entire army and then focuses on individuals. He encourages the brave to have confident hopes for victory, as the gods will surely punish those who lie; for the fearful, he warns of their certain doom if the enemy destroys their ships. After this, he moves from one rank to another, expertly addressing each ally, showcasing a vivid image of a great mind in deep emotion.
The ancients usually in their feasts divided to the guests in equal portions, except they took particular occasion to show distinction. It was then considered the highest mark of honor to be allotted the best portion of meat and wine, and to be allowed an exemption from the laws of the feast in drinking wine unmingled and without measure. This custom was much more ancient than the time of the Trojan war, and we find it practised in the banquet given by Joseph to his brethren.
The ancients typically served their guests equal portions during feasts, unless they wanted to show special favor. It was seen as the greatest honor to be given the best cuts of meat and wine and to have the privilege of drinking unmixed wine without restraint. This tradition predates the Trojan War and is also seen in the feast hosted by Joseph for his brothers.
[Diverse interpretations are given of this passage. I have adopted that which to me appeared most plausible. It seems to be a caution against the mischiefs that might ensue, should the horses be put under the management of a driver with whom they were unacquainted.—The scholium by Villoisson much countenances this solution.—Tr.]
[Diverse interpretations exist for this passage. I have chosen the one that seems most plausible to me. It appears to be a warning about the troubles that could arise if the horses are managed by a driver they don't know.—The commentary by Villoisson strongly supports this interpretation.—Tr.]
[Here Nestor only mentions the name of Ereuthalion, knowing the present to be an improper time for story-telling; in the seventh book he relates his fight and victory at length. This passage may serve to confute those who charge Nestor with indiscriminate loquacity.—Tr.]
[Here Nestor only mentions the name of Ereuthalion, recognizing that this isn't the right time for storytelling; in the seventh book, he goes into detail about his fight and victory. This section can help refute those who accuse Nestor of being overly talkative.—Tr.]
The first Theban war, previously alluded to, took place twenty-seven years before the war of Troy. Sthenelus here speaks of the second, which happened ten years after the first. For an account of these wars see Grecian and Roman Mythology.
The first Theban war, mentioned earlier, occurred twenty-seven years before the Trojan war. Sthenelus is referring to the second war, which took place ten years after the first. For details about these wars, check out Grecian and Roman Mythology.
This is a most animated description. The onset, the clashing of spears, the shield pressed to shield, the tumult of the battle, the shouts and groans of the slayer and the dying—all are described in words, the very sound of which conveys the terrible meaning. Then come the exploits performed by individual heroes. The student must bear in mind, that the battles of the heroic age depended in a great measure upon the prowess of single chieftains. Hence the appropriateness of the following enumeration.—Felton.
This is a really vivid description. The start of the battle, the clash of spears, shields pressed against each other, the chaos of the fight, the shouts and groans of the killers and the dying—all of this is captured in words that carry the heavy meaning. Then there are the feats accomplished by individual heroes. It's important for the reader to remember that the battles of the heroic age relied heavily on the skills of individual leaders. That's why the following list is fitting.—Felton.
So called from the river Simoïs, near which he was born. It was an eastern custom to name children from the most remarkable accident of their birth. The Scriptures furnish many examples. In the Old Testament princes were also compared to trees, and Simöisius is here resembled to a poplar.
So named after the river Simoïs, where he was born. It was common in the East to name children based on the most notable event surrounding their birth. The Scriptures provide many examples of this. In the Old Testament, princes were often compared to trees, and Simöisius is compared to a poplar here.
Homer occasionally puts his readers in mind of Achilles, and finds occasion to celebrate his valor with the highest praise. Apollo here tells the Trojans they have nothing to fear, since Achilles fights not.
Homer sometimes reminds his readers of Achilles and takes the opportunity to praise his bravery in the highest terms. Here, Apollo tells the Trojans they have nothing to worry about since Achilles is not fighting.
[Ακροκομοι. They wore only a lock of hair on the crown of the head.]
[Akrokomoi. They wore just a lock of hair on the top of their head.]

Footnotes for Book V:

Footnotes for Volume V:

In each battle there is one prominent person who may be called the hero of the day. This arrangement preserves unity, and helps to fix the attention of the reader. The gods sometimes favor one hero, and sometimes another. In this book we have the exploits of Diomede. Assisted by Minerva, he is eminent both for prudence and valor.
In every battle, there's usually one standout individual who can be seen as the hero of the day. This keeps things cohesive and focuses the reader's attention. The gods often support one hero at a time. In this book, we explore the adventures of Diomede. With Minerva's help, he stands out for both his wisdom and bravery.
Sirius. This comparison, among many others, shows how constantly the poet’s attention was directed to the phenomena of nature.—Felton.
Sirius. This comparison, along with many others, illustrates how consistently the poet focused on the wonders of nature.—Felton.
Ηιοεντι.
Ηιοεντι.
The chariots were probably very low. We frequently find in the Iliad that a person standing in a chariot is killed (and sometimes by a stroke on the head) by a foot soldier with a sword. This may farther appear from the ease with which they mount or alight, to facilitate which, the chariots were made open behind. That the wheels were small, may be supposed from their custom of taking them off and putting them on. Hebe puts on the wheels of Juno’s chariot, when he called for it in battle. It may be in allusion to the same custom, that it is said in Ex., ch. xiv.: “The Lord took off their chariot wheels, so that they drove them heavily.” That it was very small and light, is evident from a passage in the tenth Il., where Diomede debates whether he shall draw the chariot of Rhesus out of the way, or carry it on his shoulders to a place of safety.
The chariots were probably very low. In the Iliad, we often see that someone standing in a chariot gets killed (sometimes by a blow to the head) by an infantry soldier with a sword. This is also clear from how easily they could get on and off, which is why the chariots were built open in the back. It's likely that the wheels were small, as evidenced by their practice of taking them off and putting them back on. Hebe puts on the wheels of Juno’s chariot when it's called for in battle. It may refer to this same practice that it's mentioned in Ex., ch. xiv.: “The Lord took off their chariot wheels, so that they drove them heavily.” It's very light and small, as shown in a passage from the tenth Iliad, where Diomede considers whether to move Rhesus's chariot out of the way or carry it on his shoulders to safety.
[Meges, son of Phyleus.]
[Meges, son of Phyleus.]
This whole passage is considered by critics as very beautiful. It describes the hero carried by an enthusiastic valor into the midst of his enemies, and mingling in the ranks indiscriminately. The simile thoroughly illustrates this fury, proceeding as it did from an extraordinary infusion of courage from Heaven.
This entire passage is seen by critics as remarkably beautiful. It depicts the hero driven by passionate bravery into the heart of his enemies, blending in with their ranks without distinction. The comparison perfectly captures this intensity, which arises from an extraordinary outpouring of courage from Heaven.
[Apollo.]
[Apollo.]
The deities are often invoked because of the agency ascribed to them and not from any particular religious usage. And just as often the heroes are protected by the gods who are worshipped by their own tribes and families—Muller.
The gods are often called upon because of the power attributed to them, rather than for any specific religious practice. Similarly, the heroes are frequently shielded by the gods worshipped by their own tribes and families—Müller.
This fiction of Homer, says Dacier, is founded upon an important truth of religion, not unknown to the Pagans: viz. that God only can open the eyes of men, and enable them to see what they cannot otherwise discover. The Old Testament furnishes examples. God opens the eyes of Hagar, that she may see the fountain. “The Lord opened the eyes of Baalam, and he saw the angel,” etc. This power of sight was given to Diomede only for the present occasion. In the 6th Book, on meeting Glaucus, he is ignorant whether he is a god, a hero, or a man.
This story by Homer, Dacier explains, is based on an important religious truth that was also recognized by the Pagans: that only God can open people's eyes and help them see what they cannot otherwise discover. The Old Testament provides examples. God opens Hagar's eyes so she can see the well. “The Lord opened Balaam's eyes, and he saw the angel,” and so on. This ability to see was granted to Diomede only for this specific moment. In Book 6, when he encounters Glaucus, he doesn't know whether he is a god, a hero, or a man.
[Or collar-bone.]
[Or collarbone.]
The belief of those times, in regard to the peace and happiness of the soul after death, made the protection of the body a matter of great importance. For a full account of these rites, see the articles Charon and Pluto, Gr. & Rom. Mythology.
The belief during that time about the peace and happiness of the soul after death made taking care of the body really important. For a full account of these rituals, see the articles Charon and Pluto, Gr. & Rom. Mythology.
The physician of the gods. Homer says nothing of his origin. He seems to be considered as distinct from Apollo, though perhaps originally identical with him.
The doctor of the gods. Homer doesn’t mention where he came from. He seems to be seen as separate from Apollo, though he might have originally been the same as him.
From the fact that so few mystical myths are introduced in the Iliad, Müller infers that the mystical element of religion could not have predominated among the Grecian people for whom Homer sang. Otherwise, his poems in which that element is but little regarded, would not have afforded universal pleasure and satisfaction. He therefore takes but a passing notice of Demeter. Müller also remarks, that in this we cannot but admire the artistic skill of Homer, and the feeling for what is right and fitting that was innate with the Greeks.
From the fact that so few mystical myths appear in the Iliad, Müller concludes that the mystical aspect of religion likely didn't dominate among the Greek people for whom Homer composed. If it had, his poems, which barely acknowledge that element, wouldn't have provided universal enjoyment and satisfaction. Thus, he only briefly mentions Demeter. Müller also notes that in this, we can't help but admire Homer's artistic skill and the Greeks' inherent sense of what is right and appropriate.
[Vide Samson to Harapha in the Agonistes. There the word is used in the same sense.—Tr.]
[Vide Samson to Harapha in the Agonistes. There the word is used in the same sense.—Tr.]
[This is a construction of λευκ ελεφαντι given by some of the best commentators, and that seems the most probable.—Tr.]
[This is a construction ofλευκ ελεφαντι given by some of the best commentators, and that seems the most probable.—Tr.]
This slow and orderly retreat of the Greeks, with their front constantly turned to the enemy, is a fine encomium on their courage and discipline. This manner of retreating was customary among the Lacedæmonians, as were many other martial customs described by Homer. The practice arose from the apprehension of being killed by a wound in the back, which was not only punished with infamy, but a person bearing the mark was denied the rites of burial.
This slow and organized retreat of the Greeks, always facing the enemy, is a great testament to their bravery and discipline. This way of retreating was common among the Spartans, just like many other warrior customs mentioned by Homer. The practice came from the fear of being killed by a wound to the back, which was not only seen as shameful but also meant that a person marked in such a way would be denied burial rites.
[This, according to Porphyrius as quoted by Clarke, is the true meaning of αιολομιτρης.—Tr.]
[This, according to Porphyrius as quoted by Clarke, is the true meaning ofαιολομιτρης.—Tr.]
The chariots of the gods were formed of various metals, and drawn through the air, or upon the surface of the sea, by horses of celestial breed. These chariots were used by the deities only on occasion of a long journey, or when they wished to appear with state and magnificence. Ordinarily they were transported from place to place by the aid of their golden sandals, with the exception of the “silver-footed Thetis,” to whom they seem to have been superfluous. When at home, the gods were barefoot, according to the custom of the age, as we see from various representations of antique art.
The gods' chariots were made of different metals and were pulled through the air or across the ocean by horses of a divine breed. These chariots were used by the deities only for long trips or when they wanted to make a grand appearance. Usually, they traveled from place to place using their golden sandals, except for “silver-footed Thetis,” who didn't seem to need them. While at home, the gods went barefoot, which was the style of the time, as shown in various pieces of ancient art.
[These which I have called crescents, were a kind of hook of a semicircular form, to which the reins were occasionally fastened.—Tr.]
[These, which I have referred to as crescents, were a type of hook with a semicircular shape to which the reins were sometimes attached.—Tr.]
The Greeks borrowed the vest and shield of Minerva from the Lybians, only with this difference: the Lybian shield was fringed with thongs of leather, and the Grecian with serpents.—Herodotus.
The Greeks took the vest and shield of Minerva from the Libyans, but there was one difference: the Libyan shield was decorated with leather fringes, while the Greek version had serpents. —Herodotus.
This expression (the gates of Heaven) is in the eastern manner, and common in the Scriptures.
This phrase (the gates of Heaven) is typical of Eastern culture and is often found in the Scriptures.
[Αρεα τονδε.]
[Areatonde.]
Every thing that enters the dark empire of Hades disappears, and is seen no more; hence the figurative expression, to put on Pluto’s helmet; that is to become invisible.
Everything that enters the dark realm of Hades vanishes and is never seen again; thus the saying, to put on Pluto’s helmet; meaning to become invisible.

Footnotes for Book VI:

Footnotes for Book 6:

The Simoïs and Xanthus were two rivers of the Troad, which form a junction before they reached the Hellespont. The Simoïs rose in Mt. Ida, and the Xanthus had its origin near Troy.—Felton.
The Simoïs and Xanthus were two rivers in the Troad that merged before they reached the Hellespont. The Simoïs came from Mt. Ida, while the Xanthus started near Troy.—Felton.
Ajax commences his exploits immediately on the departure of the gods from the battle. It is observed of this hero, that he is never assisted by the deities.
Ajax starts his exploits right after the gods leave the battlefield. It’s noted about this hero that he never receives help from the deities.
Axylus was distinguished for his hospitality. This trait was characteristic of the Oriental nations, and is often alluded to by ancient writers. The rite of hospitality often united families belonging to different and hostile nations, and was even transmitted from father to son. This description is a fine tribute to the generosity of Axylus.—Felton
Axylus was known for his hospitality. This quality was typical of Eastern cultures and is frequently mentioned by ancient authors. The custom of hospitality often brought together families from different and opposing nations, and it was even passed down from father to son. This depiction is a great testament to the generosity of Axylus.—Felton
[Euryalus.]
[Euryalus.]
Agamemnon’s taking the life of the Trojan whom Menelaus had pardoned, was according to the custom of the times. The historical books of the Old Testament abound in instances of the like cruelty to conquered enemies.
Agamemnon’s killing of the Trojan whom Menelaus had forgiven was in line with the customs of that era. The historical books of the Old Testament are full of similar acts of cruelty towards conquered enemies.
This important maxim of war is very naturally introduced, upon Menelaus being ready to spare an enemy for the sake of a ransom. According to Dacier, it was for such lessons as these that Alexander so much esteemed Homer and studied his poem.
This important principle of warfare comes into play when Menelaus is prepared to spare an enemy for the sake of a ransom. According to Dacier, it was for lessons like these that Alexander valued Homer so highly and studied his poem.
The custom of making donations to the gods is found among the ancients, from the earliest times of which we have any record down to the introduction of Christianity; and even after that period it was observed by the Christians during the middle ages. Its origin seems to have been the same as that of sacrifices: viz. the belief that the gods were susceptible of influence in their conduct towards men. These gifts were sometimes very costly, but often nothing more than locks of hair cut from the head of the votary.
The practice of giving donations to the gods has been seen since ancient times, from the earliest records we have up until the start of Christianity; and even after that, it was practiced by Christians during the Middle Ages. Its origins seem to be similar to those of sacrifices: that is, the belief that the gods could be swayed in their actions towards people. These gifts could be quite expensive, but often they were just locks of hair cut from the votary’s head.
Diomede had knowingly wounded and insulted the deities; he therefore met Glaucus with a superstitious fear that he might be some deity in human shape. This feeling brought to his mind the story of Lycurgus.
Diomede had deliberately hurt and offended the gods; because of this, he approached Glaucus with a superstitious fear that he might be a god in human form. This thought reminded him of the story of Lycurgus.
It is said that Lycurgus caused most of the vines of his country to be rooted up, so that his subjects were obliged to mix their wine with water, as it became less plentiful. Hence the fable that Thetis received Bacchus into her bosom.
It is said that Lycurgus had most of the vines in his country pulled out, forcing his people to mix their wine with water since it became less available. This led to the story that Thetis embraced Bacchus.
This style of language was according to the manners of the times. Thus Goliath to David, “Approach, and I will give thy flesh to the fowls of the air and the beasts of the field.” The Orientals still speak in the same manner.
This style of language matched the customs of the era. So, Goliath said to David, “Come here, and I will give your flesh to the birds in the sky and the animals in the field.” People in the East still speak in a similar way.
Though this comparison may be justly admired for its beauty in the obvious application to the mortality and succession of human life, it seems designed by the poet, in this place, as a proper emblem of the transitory state of families which, by their misfortune or folly, have fallen and decayed, and again appear, in a happier season, to revive and flourish in the fame and virtues of their posterity. In this sense it is a direct answer to the question of Diomede, as well as a proper preface to what Glaticus relates of his own family, which, having become extinct in Corinth, recovers new life in Lycia.
Although this comparison is rightly admired for its beauty in relating to the mortality and succession of human life, it seems the poet uses it here to symbolize the temporary nature of families that, through misfortune or foolishness, have fallen into decline. Yet, they can rise again, flourishing in the reputation and virtues of their descendants in a brighter time. In this way, it directly addresses Diomede's question and serves as an introduction to what Glaticus shares about his own family, which, having died out in Corinth, revives in Lycia.
The same as Corinth.
Just like Corinth.
Some suppose that alphabetical writing was unknown in the Homeric age, and consequently that these signs must have been hieroglyphical marks. The question is a difficult one, and the most distinguished scholars are divided in opinion. We can hardly imagine that a poem of the length and general excellence of the Iliad, could be composed without the aid of writing; and yet, we are told, there are well-authenticated examples of such works being preserved and handed down by traditional memory. However this may be, we know that the Oriental nations were in possession of the art of alphabetical writing it a very early period, and before the Trojan war. It cannot, then, seem very improbable, that the authors of the Iliad should also have been acquainted with it.—Felton.
Some people think that alphabetical writing didn’t exist in the time of Homer, which means these signs must have been hieroglyphic symbols. This is a tricky question, and even the best scholars have different views on it. It’s hard to believe that a poem as lengthy and outstanding as the Iliad could be created without writing; still, we hear there are well-documented instances of similar works being preserved and passed down through oral tradition. Regardless, we know that Eastern nations had the ability to use alphabetical writing at a very early time, even before the Trojan War. So, it doesn’t seem too unlikely that the authors of the Iliad were familiar with it.—Felton.
The Solymi were an ancient nation inhabiting the mountainous parts of Asia Minor, between Lycia and Pisidia. Pliny mentions them as having become extinct in his time.
The Solymi were an ancient people living in the mountainous regions of Asia Minor, situated between Lycia and Pisidia. Pliny notes that they had become extinct during his era.
It was the custom in ancient times, upon the performance of any signal service by kings or great men, for the public to grant them a tract of land as a reward. When Sarpedon, in the 12th Book, exhorts Glaucus to behave valiantly, he reminds him of these possessions granted by his countrymen.
It was a tradition in ancient times that when kings or important figures accomplished something noteworthy, the community would reward them with a piece of land. When Sarpedon, in Book 12, encourages Glaucus to fight bravely, he brings up these lands given to him by his fellow citizens.
The laws of hospitality were considered so sacred, that a friendship contracted under their observance was preferred to the ties of consanguinity and alliance, and regarded as obligatory even to the third and fourth generation. Diomede and Glaucus here became friends, on the ground of their grandfathers having been mutual guests. The presents made on these occasions were preserved by families, as it was considered obligatory to transmit them as memorials to their children.
The rules of hospitality were seen as so important that friendships formed based on them were valued more than family ties and were considered binding for up to three or four generations. Diomede and Glaucus became friends because their grandfathers had been guests of each other. The gifts exchanged during these visits were kept by families, as it was required to pass them down to their children as reminders.
[Ξεινοι πατρωιοι.]
[Foreign ancestors.]
The Scæan gate opened to the field of battle, and was the one through which the Trojans made their excursions. Close to this stood the beech tree sacred to Jupiter, and often mentioned in connection with it.
The Scæan gate opened to the battlefield and was the route the Trojans took for their raids. Nearby was the beech tree sacred to Jupiter, which was often referenced along with it.
There is a mournfulness in the interview between the hero and his mother which is deeply interesting. Her urging him to take wine and his refusal were natural and simple incidents, which heighten the effect of the scene.—Felton.
There’s a sadness in the conversation between the hero and his mother that’s really captivating. Her encouraging him to drink wine and his refusal were ordinary and straightforward moments that make the scene even more powerful.—Felton.
The custom that prohibits persons polluted with blood from performing any offices of divine worship before purification, is so ancient and universal, that it may be considered a precept of natural religion, tending to inspire a horror of bloodshed. In Euripides, Iphigenia argues the impossibility of human sacrifices being acceptable to the gods, since they do not permit any one defiled with blood, or even polluted with the touch of a dead body, to come near their altars.
The tradition that keeps people stained with blood from participating in any acts of worship until they are purified is so old and widespread that it can be seen as a fundamental rule of natural religion, aimed at instilling a fear of violence. In Euripides, Iphigenia discusses how human sacrifices can't possibly please the gods, as they won’t allow anyone contaminated by blood, or even tainted by touching a corpse, to approach their altars.
Paris surprised the King of Phœnecia by night, and carried off many of his treasures and captives, among whom probably were these Sidonian women. Tyre and Sidon were famous for works in gold, embroidery, etc., and for whatever pertained to magnificence and luxury.
Paris caught the King of Phoenicia off guard at night and took many of his treasures and captives, among whom were likely these Sidonian women. Tyre and Sidon were well-known for their gold craftsmanship, embroidery, and anything related to grandeur and luxury.
This gesture is the only one described by Homer as being used by the ancients in their invocations of the gods.
This gesture is the only one that Homer describes being used by ancient people in their prayers to the gods.
[δια θεαων.]
[dia theaôn.]
The employment in which Hector finds Paris engaged, is extremely characteristic.—Felton.
The work Hector sees Paris doing is very typical.—Felton.
This address of Helen is in fine keeping with her character.—Felton.
This speech by Helen matches her character perfectly.—Felton.
[The bulk of his heroes is a circumstance of which Homer frequently reminds us by the use of the word μεγας—and which ought, therefore, by no means to be suppressed.—Tr.]
[The majority of his heroes is a situation that Homer often highlights using the wordgreat—and which should, therefore, definitely not be overlooked.—Tr.]
Love of his country is a prominent characteristic of Hector, and is here beautifully displayed in his discharging the duties that the public welfare required, before seeking his wife and child. Then finding that she had gone to the tower, he retraces his steps to “the Scæan gate, whence he must seek the field.” Here his wife, on her return home, accidentally meets him.
Hector's love for his country is a key trait of his character, and it’s clearly shown when he prioritizes his public responsibilities before going to find his wife and child. When he discovers that she has gone to the tower, he goes back to “the Scæan gate, where he needs to head out to the battlefield.” There, his wife unexpectedly runs into him while she is on her way home.
[The name signifies, the Chief of the city.—Tr.]
[The name means, the Leader of the city.—Tr.]
It was the custom to plant about tombs only such trees as elms, alders, etc., that bear no fruit, as being most appropriate to the dead.
It was customary to plant only fruitless trees like elms and alders around tombs, as they were considered most fitting for the deceased.
In this recapitulation, Homer acquaints us with some of the great achievements of Achilles, which preceded the opening of the poem—a happy manner of exalting his hero, and exciting our expectation as to what he is yet to accomplish. His greatest enemies never upbraid him, but confess his glory. When Apollo encourages the Trojans to fight, it is by telling them Achilles fights no more. When Juno animates the Greeks, she reminds them how their enemies fear Achilles; and when Andromache trembles for Hector, it is with the remembrance of his resistless force.
In this summary, Homer introduces us to some of the remarkable achievements of Achilles that happened before the story begins—it's a great way to elevate his hero and build our anticipation for what he will do next. His biggest enemies never insult him; instead, they acknowledge his greatness. When Apollo urges the Trojans to battle, he tells them that Achilles is no longer fighting. When Juno inspires the Greeks, she reminds them of how much their foes fear Achilles; and when Andromache worries about Hector, it’s because she remembers Achilles's unbeatable strength.
Drawing water was considered the most servile employment.
Drawing water was seen as the most menial job.
[The Scholiast in Villoisson calls it φυσικον τινα και μετριον γελωτα a natural and moderate laughter.—Tr.]
[The Scholiast in Villoisson calls it φυσικον τινα και μετριον γελωτα a natural and moderate laughter.—Tr.]
According to the ancient belief, the fatal period of life is appointed to all men at the time of their birth, which no precaution can avoid and no danger hasten.
According to the old belief, everyone has a set time for their death that is decided at birth, which can't be changed by any precautions or sped up by any dangers.
This scene, for true and unaffected pathos, delicate touches of nature, and a profound knowledge of the human heart, has rarely been equalled, and never surpassed, among all the efforts of genius during the three thousand years that have gone by since it was conceived and composed.—Felton.
This scene, for its genuine and unpretentious emotion, subtle nuances of nature, and deep understanding of the human heart, has rarely been matched and never surpassed in all the creative works over the three thousand years since it was created.—Felton.

Footnotes for Book VII:

Footnotes for Book 7:

Holding the spear in this manner was, in ancient warfare, understood as a signal to discontinue the fight.
Holding the spear this way was seen in ancient warfare as a sign to stop fighting.
The challenge of Hector and the consternation of the Greeks, presents much the same scene as the challenge of Goliath, 1 Samuel, ch. 17: “And he stood and cried to the armies of Israel;—Choose you a man for you, and let him come down to me. If he be able to fight with me, and to kill me, then will we be your servants.—When Saul and all Israel heard the words of the Philistine, they were dismayed and greatly afraid.”
The challenge from Hector and the Greeks' distress shows a scene similar to Goliath's challenge in 1 Samuel, ch. 17: “And he stood and shouted to the armies of Israel;—Choose a man for yourselves, and let him come down to me. If he can fight me and kill me, then we will be your servants.—When Saul and all Israel heard the words of the Philistine, they were terrified and very afraid.”
It was an ancient custom for warriors to dedicate trophies of this kind to the temples of their tutelary deities.
It was an old tradition for warriors to dedicate trophies like these to the temples of their guardian deities.
[The club-bearer.]
[The club holder.]
[It is a word used by Dryden.]
It is a word used by Dryden.
Homer refers every thing, even the chance of the lots, to the disposition of the gods.
Homer attributes everything, even the randomness of fate, to the will of the gods.
[Agamemnon.]
[Agamemnon.]
The lot was merely a piece of wood or shell, or any thing of the kind that was at hand. Probably it had some private mark, and not the name, as it was only recognized by the owner.
The lot was just a piece of wood or shell, or anything similar that was available. It probably had some personal mark, not a name, since it was only recognized by its owner.
This reply is supposed to allude to some gesture made by Ajax in approaching Hector.
This response is meant to refer to a gesture made by Ajax when he approached Hector.
The heralds were considered as sacred persons, the delegates of Mercury, and inviolable by the laws of nations. Ancient history furnishes examples of the severity exercised upon those who were guilty of any outrage upon them. Their office was, to assist in the sacrifices and councils, to proclaim war or peace, to command silence at ceremonies or single combats, to part the combatants and declare the conqueror.
The heralds were seen as sacred individuals, the messengers of Mercury, and protected by international law. Ancient history provides examples of the harsh punishment inflicted on anyone who harmed them. Their role was to help with sacrifices and councils, announce war or peace, maintain silence during ceremonies or combat, separate fighters, and declare the winner.
This word I have taken leave to coin. The Latins have both substantive and adjective. Purpura—Purpureus. We make purple serve both uses; but it seems a poverty to which we have no need to submit, at least in poetry.—Tr.
This is a word I’ve decided to create. The Latins have both a noun and an adjective: Purpura—Purpureus. We use purple for both, but it feels like a limitation we shouldn’t have to accept, especially in poetry.—Tr.
A particular mark of honor and respect, as this part of the victim belonged to the king. In the simplicity of the times, the reward offered a victorious warrior of the best portion of the sacrifice at supper, a more capacious bowl, or an upper seat at table, was a recompense for the greatest actions. It is worthy of observation, that beef, mutton, or kid, was the food of the heroes of Homer and the patriarchs and warriors of the Old Testament. Fishing and fowling were then the arts of more luxurious nations.
A specific symbol of honor and respect, since this part of the victim belonged to the king. In those simple times, the reward given to a victorious warrior, such as the best part of the sacrifice at dinner, a bigger bowl, or a higher seat at the table, was a fitting reward for their greatest achievements. It's interesting to note that beef, mutton, or goat was the food of the heroes of Homer and the patriarchs and warriors of the Old Testament. Fishing and hunting were activities enjoyed by more extravagant nations.
[The word is here used in the Latin sense of it. Virgil, describing the entertainment given by Evander to the Trojans, says that he regaled them
[The word is here used in the Latin sense of it. Virgil, describing the entertainment given by Evander to the Trojans, says that he regaled them

Perpetui tergo bovis et lustralibus extis.
Perpetual ox hide and ritual organs.

Æn. viii.
Æn. VIII.

It means, the whole.—Tr.]
It means everything.—Tr.]

Footnotes for Book VIII:

Footnotes for Chapter 8:

An epithet of Aurora, supposed to designate an early hour.
An alternate name for Aurora, thought to refer to an early hour.
Many have explained this as an allegorical expression for one of the great laws of nature—gravity or the attraction of the sun. There is not the slightest probability that any such meaning is intended.—Felton.
Many have interpreted this as a symbolic representation of one of the fundamental laws of nature—gravity or the sun's attraction. There is almost no chance that any such meaning is intended.—Felton.
A part of Mt. Ida. This place was celebrated, in subsequent times, for the worship of Jupiter. Several years ago, Dr. E.D. Clarke deposited, in the vestibule of the public library in Cambridge, England, a marble bust of Juno, taken from the ruins of this temple of Jupiter, at the base of Mt. Ida.—Felton
A part of Mt. Ida. This place later became famous for the worship of Jupiter. Several years ago, Dr. E.D. Clarke placed a marble bust of Juno, taken from the ruins of this temple of Jupiter at the base of Mt. Ida, in the entrance of the public library in Cambridge, England.—Felton
[In the repetition of this expression, the translator follows the original.]
[In repeating this expression, the translator stays true to the original.]
Sacred, because that part of the day was appropriate to sacrifice and religious worship.
Sacred, because that time of day was suitable for sacrifice and worship.
This figure is first used in the Scriptures. Job prays to be weighed in an even balance, that God may know his integrity. Daniel says to Belshazzar, “thou art weighed in the balances, and found wanting,” etc.
This figure is first used in the Scriptures. Job prays to be weighed in a fair balance, so that God may see his integrity. Daniel says to Belshazzar, “you have been weighed in the balances and found lacking,” etc.
Jupiter’s declaring against the Greeks by thunder and lightning, is drawn (says Dacier) from truth itself. 1 Sam. ch. vii.: “And as Samuel was offering up the burnt-offering, the Philistines drew near to battle against Israel; but the Lord thundered on that day upon the Philistines and discomfited them.”
Jupiter's declaration against the Greeks with thunder and lightning is based on actual events, as Dacier states. 1 Sam. ch. vii: “While Samuel was offering the burnt offering, the Philistines drew near to fight against Israel; but the Lord thundered that day against the Philistines and caused them to panic.”
Nothing can be more spirited than the enthusiasm of Hector, who, in the transport of his joy, breaks out in the following apostrophe to his horses. He has, in imagination, already forced the Grecian entrenchments, set the fleet in flames, and destroyed the whole army.
Nothing can be more spirited than Hector's enthusiasm, who, in his joy, bursts out in the following address to his horses. He has, in his mind, already breached the Greek defenses, set the fleet on fire, and wiped out the entire army.
From this speech, it may be gathered that women were accustomed to loosen the horses from the chariot, on their return from battle, and feed them; and from line 214, unless it is spurious, it seems that the provender was sometimes mixed with wine. It is most probable, however, that the line is not genuine.—Felton.
From this speech, it can be understood that women were used to unhitching the horses from the chariot when they came back from battle and feeding them; and from line 214, unless it’s not authentic, it appears that the feed was sometimes mixed with wine. However, it’s most likely that the line isn’t genuine.—Felton.

Homer describes a princess so tender in her love to her husband, that she meets him on his return from every battle, and, in the joy of seeing him again, feeds his horses with bread and wine, as an acknowledgment to them for bringing him back.—Dacier.
Homer describes a princess who loves her husband so deeply that she greets him when he returns from every battle. Overjoyed to see him again, she feeds his horses bread and wine as a way of thanking them for bringing him back. —Dacier.
These were the arms that Diomede had received from Glaucus.
These were the weapons that Diomede had gotten from Glaucus.
[None daring to keep the field, and all striving to enter the gates together, they obstructed their own passage, and were, of course, compelled into the narrow interval between the foss and rampart.
[None daring to stay on the field, and everyone trying to get through the gates at the same time, they blocked their own way and were, of course, forced into the narrow space between the ditch and the wall.

But there are different opinions about the space intended. See Villoisson.—Tr.]
But there are different opinions about the purpose of the space. See Villoisson.—Tr.]
[To Jove, the source of all oracular information.]
[To Jove, the source of all prophetic insight.]
Jupiter, in answer to the prayer of Agamemnon, sends an omen to encourage the Greeks. The application of it is obvious: The eagle signified Hector, the fawn denoted the fear and flight of the Greeks, and being dropped at the altar of Jupiter, indicated that they would be saved by the protection of that god.
Jupiter, in response to Agamemnon's prayer, sends a sign to uplift the Greeks. The meaning is clear: The eagle represented Hector, the fawn symbolized the Greeks' fear and retreat, and being dropped at Jupiter's altar showed that they would be saved by the protection of that god.
This simile is very beautiful, and exactly represents the manner of Gorgythion’s death. There is so much truth in the comparison, that we pity the fall of the youth and almost feel his wound.
This simile is really beautiful and perfectly captures how Gorgythion died. There’s so much truth in this comparison that we pity the young man's fall and almost feel his injury.
[Ενικλαν.—The word is here metaphorical, and expresses, in its primary use, the breaking of a spear against a shield.—Tr.]
[Eniklan.—The word is used metaphorically here and originally refers to the breaking of a spear against a shield.—Tr.]
[The following lines, to the end of this paragraph, are a translation of some which Barnes has here inserted from the second Alcibiades of Plato.]
[The following lines, to the end of this paragraph, are a translation of some that Barnes has included here from the second Alcibiades of Plato.]
The simile is the most magnificent that can be conceived. The stars come forth brightly, the whole heaven is cloudless and serene, the moon is in the sky, the heights, and promontories, and forests stand forth distinctly in the light, and the shepherd rejoices in his heart. This last simple and natural circumstance is inexpressibly beautiful, and heightens the effect of the visible scene, by associating it, in the most direct and poetical manner, with the inward emotion that such a scene must produce.—Felton.
The comparison is the most beautiful that can be imagined. The stars shine brightly, the entire sky is clear and calm, the moon is up, and the mountains, cliffs, and forests stand out clearly in the light, and the shepherd feels joy in his heart. This simple and natural detail is incredibly beautiful, enhancing the impact of the visible scene by connecting it, in the most direct and poetic way, with the deep feelings that such a scene must inspire.—Felton.

Footnotes for Book IX:

Footnotes for Chapter 9:

[In the original the word is—μελανυδρος—dark-watered; and it is rendered—deep—by the best interpreters, because deep waters have a blackish appearance. Δνοφερον υδωρ is properly water that runs with rapidity; water—μετα δονησεως φερομενον—See Villoisson.]—Tr.
[In the original, the word is—μελανυδρος—dark-watered; and it is rendered—deep—by the best interpreters, because deep waters have a blackish appearance. Dark water is properly water that flows rapidly; water—μετά την δόνηση φέρεται—See Villoisson.]—Tr.
This is the language of a brave man, boldly to affirm that courage is above crowns and sceptres. In former times they were not hereditary, but the recompense of valor.
This is the language of a brave person, confidently stating that courage is more important than crowns and scepters. In the past, they weren't inherited; they were the reward for bravery.
[The observation seems made with a view to prevent such a reply from Agamemnon to Diomede as might give birth to new dissensions, while it reminds him indirectly of the mischiefs that had already attended his quarrel with Achilles.]—Tr.
[The observation seems intended to stop Agamemnon from replying to Diomede in a way that could spark new conflicts, while also indirectly reminding him of the troubles that had already come from his dispute with Achilles.]—Tr.
This speech of Nestor is happily conceived. It belonged to him as the aged counsellor to begin the debate, by laying the subject before the assembly, especially as it was necessary to impale the blame of the present unfortunate condition of the army to Agamemnon. It would have been presumptuous in any other, and it was a matter of difficulty and delicacy even for Nestor.—Felton.
This speech by Nestor is well thought out. As the older advisor, it was fitting for him to start the discussion by presenting the issue to the group, especially since it was important to hold Agamemnon accountable for the current unfortunate state of the army. It would have been arrogant for anyone else to do it, and it was a challenging and sensitive task even for Nestor.—Felton.
In the heroic age, the bridegroom, before marriage, was obliged to make two presents, one to his betrothed wife, and one to his father-in-law. This was also an ancient custom of the Hebrews. Abraham’s servant gave presents to Rebekah: Gen. xxiv. 22. Shechem promised a dowry and gift to Jacob for his daughter: Gen. xxiv. 12. And in after times, Saul said he desired no dowry for Michal: 1 Sam. xviii. 25.
In the heroic age, the groom, before getting married, had to give two gifts: one to his bride and one to his father-in-law. This was also an old tradition among the Hebrews. Abraham’s servant gave gifts to Rebekah: Gen. xxiv. 22. Shechem promised a dowry and a gift to Jacob for his daughter: Gen. xxiv. 12. Later on, Saul said he didn’t want a dowry for Michal: 1 Sam. xviii. 25.
One of the religious ceremonies previous to any important enterprise. Then followed the order for silence and reverent attention; then the libation, &c.—Felton
One of the religious ceremonies before any important endeavor. Then came the command for silence and respectful attention; then the pouring of the libation, &c.—Felton
Achilles having retired from action in displeasure to Agamemnon, quieted himself by singing to his lyre the achievements of demi-gods and heroes. Nothing was better suited to the martial disposition of this hero, than these heroic songs. Celebrating the actions of the valiant prepared him for his own great exploits. Such was the music of the ancients, and to such purposes was it applied. When the lyre of Paris was offered to Alexander, he replied that he had little value for it, but much desired that of Achilles, on which he sung the actions of heroes in former times.—Plutarch.
Achilles, feeling upset with Agamemnon, shut himself off from the battle and calmed himself by playing his lyre, singing about the deeds of demi-gods and heroes. There was nothing that suited this warrior's fighting spirit better than these heroic songs. Celebrating the actions of the brave got him ready for his own legendary feats. This was the way music was enjoyed in ancient times and for such purposes it was used. When Paris offered his lyre to Alexander, he said he didn’t value it much but really wanted Achilles' lyre, on which he sang the deeds of heroes from the past.—Plutarch.
The manners of the Iliad are the manners of the patriarchal and early ages of the East. The chief differences arise from a different religion and a more maritime situation. Very far removed from the savage state on the one hand, and equally distant from the artificial state of an extended commerce and a manufacturing population on the other, the spirit and habitudes of the two modes of society are almost identical. The hero and the Patriarch are substantially coëval; but the first wanders in twilight, the last stands in the eye of Heaven. When three men appeared to Abraham in the plains of Mamre, he ran to meet them from the tent door, brought them in, directed Sarah to make bread, fetched from the herd himself a calf tender and good, dressed it, and set it before them. When Ajax, Ulysses, and Phœnix stand before Achilles, he rushes forth to greet them, brings them into the tent, directs Patroclus to mix the wine, cuts up the meat, dresses it, and sets it before the ambassadors. * * * *
The customs in the Iliad reflect the traditions of the early patriarchal ages in the East. The main differences come from a unique religion and a stronger connection to the sea. This society is far removed from both a primitive state and the complexities of a highly commercial and industrial one, making the spirit and habits of both societies quite similar. The hero and the Patriarch exist at the same time; however, the hero wanders in a blurred reality while the Patriarch stands firmly in the light of heaven. When three men visit Abraham in the plains of Mamre, he runs to greet them from the entrance of his tent, invites them in, asks Sarah to make bread, personally fetches a tender calf from the herd, prepares it, and serves it to them. When Ajax, Ulysses, and Phoenix come before Achilles, he rushes out to welcome them, leads them into the tent, instructs Patroclus to mix the wine, cuts up the meat, prepares it, and presents it to the envoys. * * * *

Instances of this sort might be multiplied to any extent, but the student will find it a pleasing and useful task to discover them for himself; and these will amply suffice to demonstrate the existence of that correspondence of spirit and manners between the Homeric and the early ages of the Bible history, to which I have adverted. It is real and important; it affords a standard of the feelings with which we ought to read the Iliad, if we mean to read it as it deserves; and it explains and sets in the true point of view numberless passages, which the ignorance or frivolity of after-times has charged with obscurity, meanness or error. The Old Testament and the Iliad reflect light mutually on each other; and both in respect of poetry and morals (for the whole of Homer’s poetry is a praise of virtue, and every thing in him tends to this point, except that which is merely superfluous and for ornament) it may with great truth be said, that he who has the longest studied, and the most deeply imbibed, the spirit of the Hebrew Bible, will the best understand and the most lastingly appreciate the tale of Troy divine.—H.N. Coleridge.
Instances like this could be multiplied indefinitely, but the student will find it a rewarding and valuable exercise to uncover them on their own; these will more than prove the existence of the connection in spirit and manners between the Homeric era and the early times of biblical history that I've mentioned. This connection is real and significant; it gives us a standard for the feelings with which we should approach the Iliad if we want to appreciate it fully, and it clarifies countless passages that later ignorance or frivolity have misjudged as obscure, trivial, or erroneous. The Old Testament and the Iliad illuminate each other; regarding both poetry and morals (since all of Homer's poetry celebrates virtue, and everything he writes aims toward this, except what is purely decorative), it can truly be said that the one who has studied and absorbed the spirit of the Hebrew Bible the longest will understand and appreciate the story of Troy the best and for the longest time.—H.N. Coleridge.
[I have given this sense to the word Ζωροτερον—on the authority of the Venetian Scholium, though some contend that it should be translated—quickly. Achilles, who had reproached Agamemnon with intemperate drinking, was, himself, more addicted to music than to wine.]—Tr.
[I have given this meaning to the word Ζωροτερον—based on the authority of the Venetian Scholium, although some argue that it should be translated as—quickly. Achilles, who had criticized Agamemnon for excessive drinking, was, in fact, more into music than wine.]—Tr.
[It is not without authority that I have thus rendered κρειον μεγα. Homer’s banquets are never stewed or boiled; it cannot therefore signify a kettle. It was probably a kitchen-table, dresser, or tray, on which the meat was prepared for the spit. Accordingly we find that this very meat was spitted afterward.—See Schaufelbergerus.]—Tr.
[It is not without authority that I have thus rendered greater good. Homer’s banquets are never stewed or boiled; it cannot therefore signify a kettle. It was probably a kitchen table, dresser, or tray, on which the meat was prepared for the spit. Accordingly, we find that this very meat was spitted afterward.—See Schaufelbergerus.]—Tr.
There are no speeches in the Iliad better placed, better timed, or that give a greater idea of Homer’s genius than these of the ambassadors to Achilles. They are not only demanded by the occasion, but skilfully arranged, and in a manner that gives pleasure to the reader.
There are no speeches in the Iliad that are better placed, better timed, or that showcase Homer’s genius more than those of the ambassadors to Achilles. They are not only fitting for the situation, but are also cleverly arranged, creating an enjoyable experience for the reader.
[Dacier observes, that he pluralizes the one wife of Menelaus, through the impetuosity of his spirit.]—Tr.
[Dacier notes that he refers to the one wife of Menelaus in the plural because of his intense nature.]—Tr.
According to some ancient writers, Achilles was but twelve years of age when he went to the wars of Troy. And from what is here related of his education under Phœnix, it may be inferred, that the fable of his having been taught by Chiron is an invention of a later age and unknown to Homer.
According to some ancient writers, Achilles was only twelve years old when he went to the Trojan War. Based on what is described here about his education under Phœnix, it can be suggested that the story of him being taught by Chiron is a later invention and not known to Homer.
The ancients gave the name of Jupiter not only to the God of heaven, but also to the God of hell, as is seen here; and to the God of the sea, as appears from Æschylus. They meant thereby to show that one sole deity governed the world. To teach this truth, statues were made of Jupiter which had three eyes. Priam had one in the court of his palace, which, in sharing the booty of the war of Troy, fell to the lot of Sthenelus, who carried it to Greece.—Dacier.
The ancients called the God of heaven Jupiter, but they also referred to the God of hell by the same name, as shown here, and to the God of the sea, as indicated by Æschylus. They intended to demonstrate that one single deity ruled the world. To illustrate this idea, statues of Jupiter with three eyes were created. Priam had one in the courtyard of his palace, which, during the distribution of the spoils from the Trojan War, was given to Sthenelus, who took it to Greece.—Dacier.
So called because Jove protects those who implore his aid.
Called this because Jove protects those who seek his help.
[Wrinkled—because the countenance of a man driven to prayer by a consciousness of guilt is sorrowful and dejected. Lame—because it is a remedy to which men recur late, and with reluctance. And slant-eyed—either because, in that state of humiliation they fear to lift their eyes to heaven, or are employed in taking a retrospect of their past misconduct.
[Wrinkled—because a man who is compelled to pray due to a sense of guilt looks sad and defeated. Lame—because it’s a solution people turn to only as a last resort, and with hesitation. And slant-eyed—either because, in that moment of shame, they are afraid to look up at heaven, or they are reflecting on their past wrongdoings.

The whole allegory, considering when and where it was composed, forms a very striking passage.]—Tr.
The entire allegory, taking into account when and where it was created, is a very striking section.]—Tr.
[She had five brothers: Iphiclus, Polyphontes, Phanes, Eurypylus, Plexippus.]—Tr.
[She had five brothers: Iphiclus, Polyphontes, Phanes, Eurypylus, Plexippus.]—Tr.
It was the custom for the murderer to go into banishment for one year. But if the relations of the murdered person were willing, the criminal, by paying a certain fine, might buy off the exile and remain at home. Ajax sums up this argument with great strength: We see, says he, a brother forgive the murder of his brother, a father that of his son; but Achilles will not forgive the injury offered him by taking away one captive woman.
It was customary for a murderer to be exiled for one year. However, if the family of the victim agreed, the criminal could pay a specific fine to avoid exile and stay at home. Ajax makes a powerful point: he observes that a brother might forgive the murder of his brother, and a father could forgive the murder of his son; yet Achilles cannot forgive the wrong done to him by taking away one captive woman.
The character of Achilles is well sustained in all his speeches. To Ulysses he returns a flat denial, and threatens to leave the Trojan shore in the morning. To Phœnix his answer is more gentle. After Ajax has spoken, he seems determined not to depart, but yet refuses to bear arms, except in defence of his own squadron.
The character of Achilles is well maintained in all his speeches. To Ulysses, he gives a straightforward refusal, threatening to leave the Trojan shore in the morning. To Phœnix, his response is more gentle. After Ajax has spoken, he appears set on not leaving, but still refuses to fight, except in defense of his own squad.

Footnotes for Book X:

With slight alteration, Homer here repeats the verses that open the 2d Book, and ascribes to Agamemnon the same watchfulness over men that Jupiter had over the gods.
With a slight change, Homer here repeats the lines that start the 2nd Book, attributing to Agamemnon the same vigilance over people that Jupiter had over the gods.
Menelaus starts a design, which is afterwards proposed by Nestor in council. The poet knew that the project would come with greater weight from the age of the one than from the youth of the other, and that the valiant would be ready to engage in the enterprise suggested by so venerable a counsellor.
Menelaus initiates a plan, which is later presented by Nestor in the council. The poet understood that the proposal would carry more authority coming from someone older rather than from a younger person, and that the brave would be willing to join in on a venture suggested by such a respected advisor.
Agamemnon is uniformly represented as an example of brotherly affection, and at all times defends Menelaus.
Agamemnon is consistently shown as a symbol of brotherly love and always stands up for Menelaus.
[Σαυρωτηρ—seems to have been a hollow iron with a point, fitted to the obtuse end of the spear, for the purpose of planting that end of it in the ground. It might probably be taken off at pleasure.]—Tr.
[Σαυρωτηρ—appears to have been a hollow iron piece with a point, designed to be attached to the blunt end of the spear, allowing that end to be stuck into the ground. It could likely be removed as needed.]—Tr.
The dogs represent the watch, the flocks the Greeks, the fold their camp, and the wild beast that invades them, Hector. The place, position, and circumstances are represented with the utmost life and nature.
The dogs symbolize the watch, the flocks symbolize the Greeks, the fold represents their camp, and the wild beast that attacks them is Hector. The setting, location, and situation are depicted with incredible vibrancy and realism.
[Sable, because the expedition was made by night, and each with a lamb, as typical of the fruit of their labors.]—Tr.
[Sable, since the expedition took place at night, and each with a lamb, as a typical symbol of their hard work.]—Tr.
It required some address in Diomede to make a choice without offending the Grecian princes, each one of whom might consider it an indignity to be refused such a place of honor. Diomede, therefore, chose Ulysses, not for his valor, but for his wisdom. On this point, the other leaders all yielded to him.
It took some skill for Diomede to make a choice without upsetting the Greek princes, each of whom might see it as an insult to be denied such an honorable position. So, Diomede chose Ulysses, not for his bravery, but for his intelligence. On this matter, all the other leaders agreed with him.
The heroes are well armed for their design. Ulysses has a bow and arrows, that he may be able to wound the enemy at a distance, and Diomede a two-edged sword. They both have leathern helmets, as the glittering of the metal might betray them to the enemy.
The heroes are well-equipped for their mission. Ulysses has a bow and arrows, allowing him to hit the enemy from afar, and Diomede has a double-edged sword. They both wear leather helmets to avoid being spotted by the enemy due to the shine of metal.
[Autolycus was grandfather of Ulysses by the mother’s side.]—Tr.
[Autolycus was Ulysses' grandfather on his mother's side.]—Tr.
Making these military presents to brave adventurers was an ancient custom. “Jonathan stripped himself of the robe that was upon him, and gave it to David; and his garments, even to his sword, and his bow, and his girdle.” 1 Sam. xviii. v.
Making these military gifts to courageous adventurers was an old tradition. “Jonathan took off the robe he was wearing and gave it to David; he also gave him his clothes, his sword, his bow, and his belt.” 1 Sam. xviii. v.
These lines show how careful the poet always was to be true to nature. The little circumstance that they could not see the heron, but only heard him, stamps the description with an air of verisimilitude which is at once recognized.—Felton.
These lines illustrate how attentive the poet was to staying true to nature. The fact that they could not see the heron, only hear him, gives the description an authenticity that is immediately recognizable.—Felton.
This passage sufficiently justifies Diomede for his choice of Ulysses. Diomede, who was most renowned for valor, might have given a wrong interpretation to this omen, and have been discouraged from proceeding in the attempt. For though it really signified that, as the bird was not seen, but only heard, so they should not be discovered by the Trojans, but perform actions of which all Troy should hear with sorrow; yet, on the other hand, it might imply that, as they discovered the bird by the noise of its wings, so the noise they should make would betray them to the Trojans. Pallas does not send the bird sacred to herself, but the heron, because that is a bird of prey, and denoted that they should spoil the Trojans.
This passage clearly justifies Diomede's choice of Ulysses. Diomede, known for his bravery, could have misinterpreted this omen and been discouraged from taking action. While it actually meant that, just as the bird was only heard and not seen, they wouldn't be detected by the Trojans but would carry out deeds that would bring sorrow to all of Troy; on the flip side, it could also suggest that, just as they identified the bird by the sound of its wings, the noise they made could give them away to the Trojans. Pallas doesn’t send the bird sacred to her, but rather the heron, because it's a bird of prey, signifying that they would plunder the Trojans.
Dolon seems to have been eminent for wealth, and Hector summons him to the assembly as one of the chiefs of Troy. He was known to the Greeks, perhaps, from his having passed between the two armies as a herald. Ancient writers observe, that it was the office of Dolon that led him to offer himself in this service. The sacredness attached to it gave him hopes that they would not violate his person, should he chance to be taken; and his riches he knew were sufficient to purchase his liberty. Besides these advantages, he probably trusted to his swiftness to escape pursuit.
Dolon was well-known for his wealth, and Hector called him to the assembly as one of Troy's leaders. The Greeks probably recognized him because he had acted as a herald between the two armies. Ancient writers note that Dolon's position made him offer himself for this task. The sacred nature of his role gave him hope that no one would harm him if he was captured, and he knew his riches were enough to buy his freedom. On top of these advantages, he likely relied on his speed to evade capture.
Eustathius remarks upon the different manner in which the Grecians and Trojans conduct the same enterprise. In the council of the Greeks, a wise old man proposes the adventure with an air of deference; in that of the Trojans, a brave young man with an air of authority. The one promises a small gift, but honorable and certain; the other a great one, but uncertain and less honorable, because it is given as a reward. Diomede and Ulysses are inspired with a love of glory; Dolon with the thirst of gain. They proceed with caution and bravery; he with rashness and vanity. They go in conjunction; he alone. They cross the fields out of the road, he follows the common track. In all this there is an admirable contrast, and a moral that strikes every reader at first sight.
Eustathius comments on how the Greeks and Trojans approach the same goal differently. In the Greek council, a wise elder suggests the venture respectfully; in the Trojan council, a brave young man asserts himself with authority. The Greek offers a small but honorable and certain reward, while the Trojan promises a larger, uncertain, and less honorable reward, given as a prize. Diomede and Ulysses are driven by their desire for glory; Dolon is motivated by greed. They go forward cautiously and bravely, while he acts recklessly and boastfully. They work together, and he goes alone. They cross the fields off the beaten path, while he sticks to the common route. This creates a remarkable contrast, revealing a moral that immediately resonates with every reader.
[Commentators are extremely in the dark, and even Aristarchus seems to have attempted an explanation in vain. The translator does not pretend to have ascertained the distance intended, but only to have given a distance suited to the occasion.]—Tr.
[Commentators are completely in the dark, and even Aristarchus seems to have tried to explain it without success. The translator doesn't claim to have figured out the intended distance, but rather to have provided a distance that fits the situation.]—Tr.
Ulysses makes no promise of life, but artfully bids Dolon, who is overpowered by fear, not to think of death. He was so cautious as not to believe a friend just before without an oath, but he trusts an enemy without even a promise.
Ulysses doesn’t promise life, but cleverly tells Dolon, who is paralyzed by fear, not to worry about death. He was so careful that he wouldn’t believe a friend without an oath just moments ago, yet he trusts an enemy without even a promise.
['Οσσαι γαρ Τρωων πυρος εσχαραι—As many as are owners of hearths—that is to say, all who are householders here, or natives of the city.]—Tr
['Οσσαι Τρωων πυρος εσχαραι—All those who have a hearth—meaning all the homeowners or locals in the city.]—Tr
It seems barbarous in Diomede thus to have killed Dolon, but Eustathius observes that it was necessary to their success, as his cries might have put the Trojans on their guard.
It seems brutal for Diomede to have killed Dolon, but Eustathius notes that it was essential for their success, as his screams could have alerted the Trojans.
An allegorical manner of saying that they were awakened by the morning light.
A symbolic way of saying that they were woken up by the morning light.
[Homer did not here forget himself, though some have altered τρις ιο τετρακαιδεκατον.—Rhesus for distinction sake is not numbered with his people—See Villoisson in loco.]—Tr.
[Homer did not forget himself here, even though some have changed τρις ιο τετρακανδεκατον .—Rhesus is not included with his people for the sake of distinction—See Villoisson in loco.]—Tr.

Footnotes for Book XI:

Footnotes for Book 11:

Cynyras was king of Cyprus, and this probably alludes to some historical fact. Cyprus was famous for its minerals.
Cynyras was the king of Cyprus, and this likely refers to a historical fact. Cyprus was known for its minerals.
[Τρεις εκατερθ'—three on a side, This is evidently the proper punctuation, though it differs from that of all the editions that I have seen. I find it no where but in the Venetian Scholium.]—Tr.
[Τρεις—three on a side. This is clearly the correct punctuation, even though it differs from what I've seen in all the editions. I only find it in the Venetian Scholium.]—Tr.
It is finely remarked by Trollope, that, of all the points of resemblance which may be discovered between the sentiments, associations and expressions of Homer, and those of the sacred writings, this similitude is perhaps the most striking; and there can be little doubt that it exhibits a traditional vestige of the patriarchal record of God’s covenant.—Felton.
Trollope wisely notes that among all the similarities found between the feelings, connections, and expressions of Homer and those in the sacred texts, this similarity is likely the most notable; and there’s no doubt it shows a historical trace of the patriarchal account of God’s covenant.—Felton.
[Quâtre-crested. So I have rendered τετραφαληρον which literally signifies having four cones. The cone was a tube into which the crest was inserted. The word quâtre-crested may need a precedent for its justification, and seems to have a sufficient one in the cinque-spotted cowslip of Shakspeare.]—Tr.
[Quatre-crested. So I have translated tetraphyllon which literally means having four cones. The cone was a tube where the crest was inserted. The term quatre-crested might require a background for its validation, and seems to have a solid example in the cinque-spotted cowslip of Shakespeare.]—Tr.
[This seems the proper import of εγδουπησαν. Jupiter is called εριγδουτος.]—Tr.
[This seems to be the correct meaning of εγδουπησαν. Jupiter is referred to as εριγδουτος.]—Tr.
[The translator follows Clarke in this interpretation of a passage to us not very intelligible.]
[The translator agrees with Clarke on this interpretation of a passage that isn't very clear to us.]
The ancient manner of mowing and reaping was, for the laborers to divide in two parties, and to begin at each end of the field, which was equally divided, and proceed till they met in the middle of it.
The old way of cutting grass and harvesting was for the workers to split into two groups and start at each end of the field, which was equally divided, and then work towards the center until they met.
Time was then measured by the progression of the sun, and the parts of the day were distinguished by the various employments.
Time was measured by the movement of the sun, and the different parts of the day were recognized by various activities.
[ολμος.]
[ολμος.]
[The Grecians at large are indiscriminately called Danaï, Argives, and Achaians, in the original. The Phthians in particular—Hellenes. They were the troops of Achilles.]—Tr.
[The Greeks as a whole are referred to as Danaans, Argives, and Achaeans in the original. The Phthians specifically—Hellenes. They were the warriors of Achilles.]—Tr.
[Ανεμοτρεφες—literally—wind-nourished.]—Tr.
[Ανεμοτρεφες—literally—wind-fed.]—Tr.
In making Ulysses direct Diomede, Homer intends to show that valor should be under the guidance of wisdom. In the 8th Book, when Diomede could hardly be restrained by the thunder of Jupiter, his valor is checked by the wisdom of Nestor.
In having Ulysses direct Diomede, Homer is showing that courage should be guided by wisdom. In Book 8, when Diomede could barely be held back by Jupiter's thunder, his courage is tempered by Nestor's wisdom.
Diomede does not fear Hector, but Jupiter, who, he has previously said, will give the Trojans the day.
Diomede isn't afraid of Hector, but he is afraid of Jupiter, who he has said before will grant the Trojans victory today.
[In the original—κερα αγλαε.—All that I pretend to know of this expression is that it is ironical, and may relate either to the head-dress of Paris, or to his archership. To translate it is impossible; to paraphrase it, in a passage of so much emotion, would be absurd. I have endeavored to supply its place by an appellation in point of contempt equal.]—Tr.
[In the original—κερα αγλαε.—All that I claim to know about this expression is that it is ironic and may refer either to Paris's headpiece or to his status as an archer. It's impossible to translate; to paraphrase it, in such an emotional passage, would be ridiculous. I've tried to replace it with a term that carries an equal level of contempt.]—Tr.
No moral is so evident throughout the Iliad, as the dependence of man upon divine assistance and protection. Apollo saves Hector from the dart, and Minerva Ulysses.
No lesson is as clear throughout the Iliad as the reliance of humans on divine help and protection. Apollo saves Hector from the arrow, and Minerva saves Ulysses.
Homer here pays a marked distinction. The army had seen several of their bravest heroes wounded, yet without expressing as much concern as at the danger of Machaon, their physician and surgeon.
Homer makes a clear distinction here. The army had witnessed several of their bravest heroes getting wounded, yet they showed more concern for the danger facing Machaon, their doctor and surgeon.
[This interpretation of—μινυνθα δε χαζετο δουρος—is taken from the Scholium by Villoisson. It differs from those of Clarke, Eustathius, and another Scholiast quoted by Clarke, but seems to suit the context much better than either.]—Tr.
[This interpretation of—μινυνθα δε χαζετο δουρος—comes from the Scholium by Villoisson. It differs from those of Clarke, Eustathius, and another Scholiast that Clarke referenced, but it seems to fit the context much better than the others.]—Tr.
The address of Homer in bringing off Ajax is admirable. He makes Hector afraid to approach him, and brings down Jupiter to terrify him. Thus he retreats, not from a mortal, but from a God.
The way Homer portrays Ajax is impressive. He makes Hector scared to face him and even brings down Jupiter to frighten him. So, Hector retreats, not from a human, but from a God.

The whole passage is inimitably just and beautiful. We see Ajax slowly retreating between two armies, and even with a look repulse the one and protect the other. Every line resembles Ajax. The character of a stubborn and undaunted warrior is perfectly maintained. He compares him first to the lion for his undaunted spirit in fighting, and then to the ass for his stubborn slowness in retreating. In the latter comparison there are many points of resemblance that enliven the image. The havoc he makes in the field is represented by the tearing and trampling down the harvests; and we see the bulk, strength, and obstinancy of the hero, when the Trojans, in respect to him, are compared to the troops of boys that impotently endeavor to drive him away.
The entire passage is uniquely just and beautiful. We see Ajax slowly backing away between two armies, and just with a gaze, he pushes one back and defends the other. Every line captures Ajax's essence. The character of a stubborn and fearless warrior is perfectly consistent. At first, he’s compared to a lion for his fearless fighting spirit, and then to a donkey for his stubborn slowness in retreat. In this latter comparison, there are many similarities that enrich the image. The destruction he causes in battle is illustrated by tearing through and trampling the crops; and we see the bulk, strength, and stubbornness of the hero when the Trojans, in comparison to him, are like a bunch of boys futilely trying to drive him away.

It must be borne in mind that among the people of the East, an ass was a beast upon which kings and princes might ride with dignity.
It’s important to remember that in the East, a donkey was an animal that kings and princes could ride with dignity.
Though the resentment of Achilles would not permit him to be an actor in the field, yet his love of war inclines him to be a spectator. As the poet did not intend to draw the character of a perfect man in Achilles, he makes him delighted with the destruction of the Greeks, because it gratified his revenge. That resentment which is the subject of the poem, still presides over every other feeling, even the love of his country. He begins now to pity his countrymen, yet he seems gratified by their distress, because it will contribute to his glory.
Though Achilles' resentment stops him from participating in the battle, his love for war still makes him a spectator. Since the poet doesn't aim to portray Achilles as a perfect man, he shows him enjoying the destruction of the Greeks, as it satisfies his desire for revenge. The resentment that's the focus of the poem dominates all his other feelings, even his love for his country. He starts to feel pity for his fellow countrymen, yet he seems pleased by their suffering because it adds to his own glory.
This onion was very different from the root which now passes under that name. It had a sweet flavor, and was used to impart an agreeable flavor to wine. It is in high repute at the present day in Egypt.—Felton.
This onion was really different from the variety we now call by that name. It had a sweet taste and was used to add a nice flavor to wine. It's still very popular today in Egypt.—Felton.
[I have interpreted the very ambiguous words ουω δ' υπο πυθμενες ησαν according to Athenæus as quoted by Clarke, and his interpretation of them is confirmed by the Scholium in the Venetian edition of the Iliad, lately published by Villoisson.]—Tr.
[I have interpreted the very ambiguous words ουω δ' υπο πυθμενες ησαν based on Athenæus as quoted by Clarke, and his interpretation is backed up by the Scholium in the recent Venetian edition of the Iliad published by Villoisson.]—Tr.
Homer here reminds the reader, that Nestor belonged to a former generation of men, who were stronger than the heroes of the war.
Homer here reminds the reader that Nestor was part of an earlier generation of men who were stronger than the heroes of the war.
[It would have suited the dignity of Agamemnon’s rank to have mentioned his wound first; but Nestor making this recital to the friend of Achilles, names him slightly, and without any addition.]—Tr.
[It would have been appropriate for Agamemnon’s rank to have mentioned his wound first; but Nestor, sharing this story with the friend of Achilles, refers to him briefly, without any extra details.]—Tr.
[It is said that the Thebans having war with the people of Orchomenos, the Pylians assisted the latter, for which cause Hercules destroyed their city.—See Scholium per Villoisson.]—Tr.
[It is said that the Thebans were at war with the people of Orchomenos, and the Pylians helped the latter, which is why Hercules destroyed their city.—See Scholium per Villoisson.]—Tr.

Footnotes for Book XII:

Footnotes for Book 12:

[The word is of scripture use; see Gen. ch. xxx. where it describes the cattle of Jacob.]—Tr.
[The word is used in scripture; see Gen. ch. xxx. where it describes Jacob's cattle.]—Tr.
[Alluding to the message delivered to him from Jupiter by Iris.]—Tr.
[Alluding to the message delivered to him from Jupiter by Iris.]—Tr.
The morality of the Iliad deserves particular attention. It is not perfect, upon Christian principles. How should it be under the circumstances of the composition of the poem? Yet, compared with that of all the rest of the classical poetry, it is of a transcendently noble and generous character. The answer of Hector to Polydamas, who would have dissuaded a further prosecution of the Trojan success, has been repeated by many of the most devoted patriots the world ever saw. We, who defy augury in these matters, can yet add nothing to the nobleness of the sentiment.—H.N. Coleridge.
The morality of the Iliad deserves special attention. It's not perfect by Christian standards. How could it be, given the context in which the poem was written? However, compared to all other classical poetry, it stands out for its incredibly noble and generous character. Hector's response to Polydamas, who tried to persuade him against continuing the Trojan campaign, has been echoed by many of the most devoted patriots in history. We, who ignore omens in these matters, can still add nothing to the greatness of that sentiment.—H.N. Coleridge.
[πλεονων δε τοι εργον αμεινον.—This is evidently proverbial, for which reason I have given it that air in the translation.]—Tr.
[πλεονων δε τοι εργον αμεινον.—This is clearly a saying, which is why I've kept that tone in the translation.]—Tr.
There is something touching in this simile. Our attention is fixed, not so much on the battle, as on the struggles of the laboring, true-hearted woman, who toils for a hard-earned pittance for her children. The description is not so much illustrated by the simile, as the simile by the description.—Felton.
There’s something moving in this comparison. We focus not just on the battle, but on the struggles of the hardworking, devoted woman who works for a meager income for her kids. The comparison doesn’t so much clarify the description as the description clarifies the comparison.—Felton.
The description of this exploit of Hector is wonderfully imposing. It seems to be the poet’s wish to magnify his deeds during the short period that he has yet to live, both to do justice to the hero of Troy, and to give the greater glory to Achilles his conquerer.—Felton.
The account of this feat by Hector is truly impressive. The poet seems to want to highlight his accomplishments during the brief time he has left to live, both to honor the hero of Troy and to further elevate the glory of his conqueror, Achilles.—Felton.

Footnotes for Book XIII:

Footnotes for Book 13:

We are hurried through this book by the warlike ardor of the poet. Battle succeeds battle with animating rapidity. The speeches are in fine keeping with the scenes, and the similes are drawn from the most imposing natural phenomena. The descriptions possess a wonderful distinctness and vigor, presenting the images to the mind by a few bold and grand lines, thus shunning the confusion of intricate and minute detail.—Felton.
We are rushed through this book by the poet's fierce passion. One battle follows another with exciting speed. The speeches match the scenes perfectly, and the comparisons come from the most impressive natural events. The descriptions are incredibly clear and powerful, bringing the images to life with just a few strong and dramatic lines, avoiding the muddle of complex and tiny details.—Felton.
So called from their simple diet, consisting principally of mare’s milk. They were a people living on the north-east coast of the Euxine Sea. These epithets are sometimes supposed to be the gentile denominations of the different tribes; but they are all susceptible of interpretation as epithets applied to the Hippemolgi.—Felton.
Called so because of their simple diet, mainly consisting of mare’s milk. They were a group of people living on the northeast coast of the Black Sea. These names are sometimes thought to be the gentile names of the different tribes; however, they can all be interpreted as descriptions related to the Hippemolgi.—Felton.
[For this admirable line the translator is indebted to Mr. Fuseli.]—Tr.
[For this great line the translator thanks Mr. Fuseli.]—Tr.
The following simile is considered by critics as one of the finest in Homer.
The following simile is seen by critics as one of the best in Homer.
[A fitter occasion to remark on this singular mode of approach in battle, will present itself hereafter.]—Tr.
[A more appropriate time to comment on this unique method of engagement in battle will come later.]—Tr.
[The bodies of Imbrius and Amphimachus.]
The bodies of Imbrius and Amphimachus.
[Amphimachus.]
[Amphimachus.]
This is a noble passage. The difference between the conduct of the brave man and that of the coward is drawn with great vigor and beauty.—Felton.
This is a noble passage. The contrast between how a brave person acts and how a coward does is depicted with great strength and elegance.—Felton.
[Hypsenor.]
[Hypsenor.]
[This seems to be he meaning ofεν μεγαρω an expression similar to that of Demosthenes in a parallel case—ετι ενδον ουσαν.—See Schaufelburgerus.]—Tr
[This seems to be the meaning ofμεγαρω an expression similar to that of Demosthenes in a parallel case—ετι ενδον ουσαν.—See Schaufelburgerus.]—Tr
[He is said to have been jealous of him on account of his great popularity, and to have discountenanced him, fearing a conspiracy in his favor to the prejudice of his own family.—See Villoisson.]—Tr.
[He was reportedly jealous of him because of his immense popularity and tried to undermine him, fearing a conspiracy in his favor that could harm his own family.—See Villoisson.]—Tr.
[The Iäonianans were a distinct people from the Ionians, and according to the Scholium, separated from them by a pillar bearing on opposite sides the name of each.—See Barnes. See also Villoisson.]—Tr.
[The Iäonianans were a different group from the Ionians, and according to the Scholium, they were separated by a pillar that had the name of each on opposite sides.—See Barnes. See also Villoisson.]—Tr.
[The people of Achilles were properly called the Phthiotæ, whereas the Phthians belonged to Protesiläus and Philoctetes.—See Eustathius, as quoted by Clarke.]—Tr.
[The people of Achilles were actually called the Phthiotæ, while the Phthians were associated with Protesiläus and Philoctetes.—See Eustathius, as quoted by Clarke.]—Tr.
This simile is derived from one of the most familiar sights among a simple people. It is extremely natural, and its propriety will be peculiarly striking to those who have had occasion to see a yoke of oxen plowing in a hot day.—Felton.
This comparison comes from one of the most common sights among everyday people. It feels very natural, and its relevance will stand out to anyone who has seen a team of oxen plowing on a hot day.—Felton.
[Achilles.]
[Achilles.]
[This, according to Eustathius, is the import of αμοιβοι.—See Iliad III., in which Priam relates an expedition of his into that country.]—Tr.
[This, according to Eustathius, is the meaning of payments.—See Iliad III., where Priam talks about an expedition he took into that country.]—Tr.

Footnotes for Book XIV:

Footnotes for Book 14:

The beauty of this simile will be lost to those who have never been at sea during a calm. The water is then not quite motionless, but swells gently in smooth waves, which fluctuate in a balancing motion, until a rising wind gives them a certain determination. Every circumstance of the comparison is just, as well as beautiful.
The beauty of this simile will be lost on those who have never been at sea during calm weather. The water isn’t completely still; it gently rises and falls in smooth waves that sway in a balancing motion until a breeze gives them a clear direction. Every aspect of the comparison is both accurate and beautiful.
Anointing the body with perfumed oil was a remarkable part of ancient cosmetics. It was probably an eastern invention, agreeable to the luxury of the Asiatics.
Anointing the body with scented oil was an impressive aspect of ancient cosmetics. It was likely an eastern invention, appealing to the luxury of the Asiatics.
A footstool was considered a mark of honor.
A footstool was seen as a symbol of respect.
In accordance with the doctrine of Thales the Milesian, that all things are generated from water, and nourished by the same element.
According to the belief of Thales of Miletus, everything comes from water and is sustained by it.
[Hercules.]
[Hercules.]
Night was venerated, both for her antiquity and power.
Night was revered for her age and strength.
[One of the heads of Ida.]
[One of the heads of Ida.]
A bird about the size of a hawk, and entirely black.
A bird roughly the size of a hawk, completely black.
By Juno is understood the air, and it is allegorically said that she was nourished by the vapors that rise from the ocean and the earth. Tethys being the same as Rhea.
By Juno, we mean the air, and it's often said that she was nourished by the vapors rising from the ocean and the earth. Tethys is the same as Rhea.
[Europa.]
[Europa.]
An evident allusion to the ether and the atmosphere.—E.P.P.
An obvious reference to the ether and the atmosphere.—E.P.P.

Footnotes for Book XV:

Footnotes for Book 15:

[The translator seizes the opportunity afforded to him by this remarkable passage, to assure his readers who are not readers of the original, that the discipline which Juno is here said to have suffered from the hands of Jove, is not his own invention. He found it in the original, and considering fidelity as his indispensable duty, has not attempted to soften or to refine away the matter. He begs that this observation may be adverted to as often as any passage shall occur in which ancient practices or customs, not consonant to our own, either in point of delicacy or humanity, may be either expressed or alluded to.
[The translator takes this chance provided by this remarkable passage to assure readers who don't read the original text that the punishment Juno is said to have endured at the hands of Jove isn't his own creation. He found it in the original, and believing that staying true to the text is his essential duty, he hasn't tried to soften or polish the content. He asks that this note be kept in mind whenever any passage appears that references ancient practices or customs that don’t align with our own, whether in terms of sensitivity or compassion, either explicitly or implicitly.]

He makes this request the rather, because on these occasions Mr. Pope has observed a different conduct, suppressing all such images as he had reason to suppose might be offensive.]—Tr.
He makes this request mainly because, on these occasions, Mr. Pope has acted differently, holding back all images that he thought might be offensive.]—Tr.
The earliest form of an oath seems to have been by the elements of nature, or rather the deities who preside over them.—Trollope.
The earliest version of an oath appears to have involved the elements of nature, or more accurately, the gods that oversee them.—Trollope.
In the following speech, Jupiter discloses the future events of the war.
In the following speech, Jupiter reveals the upcoming events of the war.
The illustration in the following lines is one of the most beautiful in Homer. The rapid passage of Juno is compared to the speed of thought, by which a traveller revisits in imagination the scenes over which he has passed. No simile could more exalt the power of the Goddess.—Felton.
The illustration in the following lines is one of the most beautiful in Homer. Juno’s swift movement is compared to the speed of thought, as a traveler imagines revisiting the places he has been. No comparison could better highlight the power of the Goddess.—Felton.
The picture is strikingly true to nature. The smile upon the lip, and frown upon the brow, express admirably the state of mind in which the Goddess must be supposed to have been at this moment.—Felton.
The picture is remarkably true to life. The smile on the lips and the frown on the brow perfectly convey the state of mind the Goddess must have been in at that moment.—Felton.
[To tempest—κυδοιμησων—Milton uses tempest as a verb. Speaking of the fishes, he says
[To tempest—κυδοιμησων—Milton uses tempest as a verb. Speaking of the fishes, he says

... part, huge of bulk
Wallowing unwieldy, enormous in their gait,
Tempest the ocean.
... part, massive in size
Moving clumsily, huge in their stride,
Tempest the ocean.

]—Tr.
]—Tr.
The Furies are said to wait upon men in a double sense; either for evil; as upon Orestes after he had killed his mother, or else for their good, as upon elders when they are injured, to protect them and avenge their wrongs. The ancients considered birth-right as a right divine.
The Furies are said to watch over people in two ways: either to bring them misfortune, like they did with Orestes after he killed his mother, or for their benefit, as they do for elders when they’re harmed, to protect them and seek revenge for the injustices done to them. The ancients believed that birthright was a divine right.
[Τρωες δε προυτυψαν αολλεες. The translation is literal, and affords one of many instances in which the Greek and English idiom correspond exactly.]—Tr.
[Τρώες δεν προϋπήρξαν ποτέ. The translation is straightforward and provides one of many examples where Greek and English expressions match perfectly.]—Tr.
[Arcesilaüs.]
[Arcesilaus.]
[This abruptness of transition from the third person to the first, follows the original.]
[This sudden switch from third person to first person follows the original.]
[The translator hopes that his learned readers will pardon him, if sometimes, to avoid an irksome cacophony, he turns brass into steel. In fact, arrow had not a point of steel, but a brazen one.]—Tr.
[The translator hopes that his knowledgeable readers will forgive him if, at times, to avoid an annoying clash of sounds, he changes brass into steel. In reality, the arrow didn't have a steel point, but a brass one.]—Tr.
This sentiment is noble and patriotic. It is in strict keeping with the character of Hector, who always appears as his country’s champion, and ready to die in her defence. Our sympathies go with him; we involuntarily wish him success, and deplore his misfortune, though we admire the invincible courage of his more fortunate antagonist. His actions and sentiments, springing from the simplest feelings of our nature, will always command applause, and, under all circumstances, and every form of political existence, will be imitated by the defenders of their country.
This feeling is noble and patriotic. It aligns perfectly with Hector's character, who consistently stands as his country's champion, ready to die defending it. We naturally sympathize with him; we find ourselves wishing him success and lamenting his misfortune, even as we admire the unmatched courage of his more fortunate opponent. His actions and feelings, arising from the most basic emotions of our nature, will always receive appreciation, and in all situations and forms of political existence, will be emulated by those defending their country.

The speech of Ajax is animating and powerful. It is conceived in the true spirit of a warrior rousing his followers to make a last effort to repel the enemy.—Felton.
The speech of Ajax is inspiring and strong. It's created in the genuine spirit of a warrior motivating his followers to make a final push to drive back the enemy.—Felton.
[Meges.]
[Meges.]
Hector is here represented as an instrument in the hand of Jupiter, to bring about the design the God had long ago projected. As his fatal hour now approaches, Jove is willing to recompense his early death with this short-lived glory.
Hector is shown here as a tool in Jupiter's hands, meant to fulfill the plan the God had envisioned long ago. As his tragic moment draws near, Jove is ready to reward his untimely death with this fleeting glory.
It may be asked what Pallas has to do with the Fates, or what power has she over them? Homer speaks thus, because Minerva has already resolved to deceive Hector and exalt Achilles. Pallas, as the wisdom and knowledge of Jove, may be considered as drawing all things to the termination decreed by his councils.
It might be questioned what Pallas has to do with the Fates, or what power she holds over them. Homer expresses this because Minerva has already decided to trick Hector and elevate Achilles. Pallas, representing the wisdom and knowledge of Jove, can be seen as guiding all things to the outcome determined by his plans.
[This termination of the period, so little consonant to the beginning of it, follows the original, where it is esteemed by commentators a great beauty.]—Tr.
[This ending of the period, which is quite different from its beginning, aligns with the original, where commentators consider it a significant point of beauty.]—Tr.

Footnotes for Book XVI:

Footnotes for Book 16:

[This translation of δνοφερον is warranted by the Scholiast, who paraphrases it thus:
[This translation of δνοφερον is supported by the Scholiast, who explains it like this:

μετα δονησεως φερομενον.
μετα δονησεως φερομενον.

Iliad per Vill.]
Iliad by Vill.
The friendship of Achilles and Patroclus was celebrated by all antiquity. It is said in the life of Alexander the Great, that when that prince visited the monuments of the heroes of Troy, and placed a crown upon the tomb of Achilles, his friend Hephæstion placed another on that of Patroclus; an intimation of his being to Alexander, what Patroclus was to Achilles. It is also said, that Alexander remarked, “Achilles was happy indeed, in having had such a friend to love him when living, and such a poet to celebrate him when dead.”
The friendship between Achilles and Patroclus was renowned throughout history. According to the account of Alexander the Great's life, when the prince visited the memorials of the heroes from Troy, he put a crown on Achilles' tomb, while his friend Hephaestion placed another on Patroclus' tomb; this signified to Alexander that Hephaestion was to him what Patroclus was to Achilles. It's also noted that Alexander commented, "Achilles was truly fortunate for having such a friend who loved him in life and such a poet to honor him in death."
[περιαγνυται. A word of incomparable force, and that defies translation.]
[περιαγνυται. A word of unmatched power that’s hard to translate.]
This charge is in keeping with the ambitious character of Achilles. He is unwilling that even his dearest friend should have the honor of conquering Hector.
This charge aligns with Achilles' ambitious nature. He doesn't want even his closest friend to have the glory of defeating Hector.
The picture of the situation of Ajax, exhausted by his efforts, pressed by the arms of his assailants and the will of Jupiter, is drawn with much graphic power.—Felton.
The image of Ajax, worn out from his struggles, overwhelmed by his attackers and the will of Jupiter, is depicted with striking intensity.—Felton.
Argus-slayer.
Argus killer.
The mythi which we find in the Iliad respecting Mercury, represent him as the god who blessed the land with fertility, which was his attribute in the original worship. He is represented as loving the daughter of Phthiotian Phylas, the possessor of many herds, and by her had Eudorus (or riches) whom the aged Phylas fostered and brought up in his house—quite a significant local mythus, which is here related, like others in the usual tone of heroic mythology.—Muller.
The myths we find in the Iliad about Mercury show him as the god who brought fertility to the land, which was part of his original worship. He is depicted as loving the daughter of Phthiotian Phylas, who owned many herds, and with her, he had Eudorus (or wealth), whom the old Phylas raised in his home—this is a notable local myth, shared here in the typical style of heroic mythology.—Müller.
This passage is an exact description and perfect ritual of the ceremonies on these occasions. Achilles, urgent as the case was, would not suffer Patroclus to enter the fight, till he had in the most solemn manner recommended him to the protection of Jupiter.
This passage is an exact description and perfect ritual of the ceremonies on these occasions. Achilles, urgent as the situation was, would not let Patroclus enter the fight until he had, in the most solemn way, recommended him to the protection of Jupiter.
[Meges.]
[Meges.]
[Brother of Antilochus.]
[Antilochus's brother.]
[αμαιμακετην—is a word which I can find nowhere satisfactorily derived. Perhaps it is expressive of great length, and I am the more inclined to that sense of it, because it is the epithet given to the mast on which Ulysses floated to Charybdis. We must in that case derive it from αμα and μηκος Doricè, μακος—longitudo.
[αμαϊμακετην—is a term that I can't find a clear origin for. It might suggest something very long, and I'm leaning towards that interpretation because it’s the term used for the mast on which Ulysses drifted to Charybdis. In that case, we could derive it from αμα and length Doricè, μακος—longitudo.

In this uncertainty I thought myself free to translate it as I have, by the word—monster.]—Tr.
In this uncertainty, I felt free to translate it as I have, using the word—monster.]—Tr.
[Apollonius says that the οστεα λευκα here means the οπονδυλους, or vertebræ of the neck.—See Villoisson.]—Tr.
[Apollonius says that the bone white here refers to theοπονδυλους, or vertebrae of the neck.—See Villoisson.]—Tr.
['Αμιτροχιτονας is a word, according to Clarke, descriptive of their peculiar habit. Their corselet, and the mail worn under it, were of a piece, and put on together. To them therefore the cincture or belt of the Greeks was unnecessary.]—Tr.
[Αμιτροχιτονας is a term, as Clarke describes, that refers to their unique way of dressing. Their armor and the chainmail worn underneath were part of the same garment and put on together. For them, the Greek's belt or cincture was not needed.]—Tr.
According to the history or fable received in Homer’s time, Sarpedon was interred in Lycia. This gave the poet the liberty of making him die at Troy, provided that after his death he was carried into Lycia, to preserve the fable. In those times, as at this day, princes and persons of rank who died abroad, were carried to their own country to be laid in the tomb of their fathers. Jacob, when dying in Egypt, desired his children to carry him to the land of Canaan, where he wished to be buried.
According to the story or legend from Homer’s time, Sarpedon was buried in Lycia. This allowed the poet to have him die at Troy, as long as after his death he was taken back to Lycia to keep the legend intact. Back then, just like today, nobles and people of high status who died away from home were brought back to their own country to be laid to rest in their family tombs. Jacob, when he was dying in Egypt, asked his children to take him to the land of Canaan, where he wanted to be buried.
[Sarpedon certainly was not slain in the fleet, neither can the Greek expression νεων εν αγωνι be with propriety interpreted—in certamine de navibus—as Clarke and Mme. Dacier are inclined to render it. Juvenum in certamine, seems equally an improbable sense of it. Eustathius, indeed, and Terrasson, supposing Sarpedon to assert that he dies in the middle of the fleet (which was false in fact) are kind enough to vindicate Homer by pleading in his favor, that Sarpedon, being in the article of death, was delirious, and knew not, in reality, where he died. But Homer, however he may have been charged with now and then a nap (a crime of which I am persuaded he is never guilty) certainly does not slumber here, nor needs to be so defended. 'Αγων in the 23d Iliad, means the whole extensive area in which the games were exhibited, and may therefore here, without any strain of the expression, be understood to signify the whole range of shore on which the ships were stationed. In which case Sarpedon represents the matter as it was, saying that he dies—νεων εν αγωνι—that is, in the neighborhood of the ships, and in full prospect of them.
[Sarpedon definitely wasn’t killed in the fleet, and the Greek phrasenew ones in the contest shouldn't be interpreted as in the contest of ships—as Clarke and Mme. Dacier tend to suggest. The interpretation as younger men in competition also seems unlikely. Eustathius and Terrasson, believing that Sarpedon claims he died in the middle of the fleet (which was factually incorrect), kindly defend Homer by arguing that Sarpedon, being on the verge of death, was delirious and didn’t actually know where he was dying. However, Homer, no matter how occasionally accused of taking a nap (which I believe he never does), is clearly alert here and doesn’t need this kind of defense. 'Αγων in the 23rd Iliad refers to the entire large area where the games were held, and can therefore be understood here, without any stretching of the meaning, to signify the whole stretch of shore where the ships were located. In that case, Sarpedon describes the situation accurately by saying that he dies—young people in competition—meaning, near the ships and in their full view.]

The translator assumes not to himself the honor of this judicious remark. It belongs to Mr. Fuseli.]—Tr.
The translator doesn't take credit for this insightful comment. It belongs to Mr. Fuseli.]—Tr.
[λασιν κηρ.]
[λασιν κηρ.]
The clouds of thick dust that rise from beneath the feet of the combatants, which hinder them from knowing one another.
The thick clouds of dust that billow up from the ground beneath the fighters, making it hard for them to see each other.
[Υπασπιδια προβιβωντος. A similar expression occurs in Book xiii., 158. There we read υπασπιδια προποδιζων. Which is explained by the Scholiast in Villoisson to signify—advancing with quick, short steps, and at the same time covering the feet with a shield. A practice which, unless they bore the αμφιβροτην ασπιδα, must necessarily leave the upper parts exposed.
[Υπασπιδια προβιβωντος. A similar phrase appears in Book xiii., 158. There we readυπασπιστής προποδιστής. The Scholiast in Villoisson explains this to mean—moving forward in quick, short steps while simultaneously covering the feet with a shield. This technique, unless they carried theambiguous shield, would inevitably leave the upper body exposed.

It is not improbable, though the translation is not accommodated to that conjecture, that Æneas, in his following speech to Meriones, calls him, ορχηστην, with a view to the agility with which he performed this particular step in battle.]—Tr.
It’s not unlikely, even though the translation doesn’t support that idea, that Æneas, in his next speech to Meriones, calls him, orchestra, to highlight the agility with which he executed this specific move in battle.]—Tr.
[Two lines occurring here in the original which contain only the same matter as the two preceding, and which are found neither in the MSS. use by Barnes nor in the Harleian, the translator has omitted them in his version as interpolated and superfluous.]—Tr.
[Two lines occurring here in the original which contain only the same matter as the two preceding, and which are found neither in the MSS. use by Barnes nor in the Harleian, the translator has omitted them in his version as interpolated and superfluous.]—Tr.
[Ιρα ταλαντα—Voluntatem Jovis cui cedendum—So it is interpreted is the Scholium MSS. Lipsiensis.—Vide Schaufelbergerus.]—Tr.
[Ιράν ταλέντο—Jupiter's will which must be obeyed—So it is interpreted in the Scholium MSS. Lipsiensis.—See Schaufelbergerus.]—Tr.
It is an opinion of great antiquity, that when the soul is on the point of leaving the body, its views become stronger and clearer, and the mind is endowed with a spirit of true prediction.
It has long been believed that when the soul is about to leave the body, its insights become sharper and clearer, and the mind gains a true sense of foresight.

Footnotes for Book XVII:

Footnotes for Book 17:

In the chase, the spoils of the prey, the hide and head of the animal, belonged to the one who gave the first wound. So in war—the one who first pierced an enemy slain in battle, was entitled to his armor.
In the hunt, the rewards from the kill, like the hide and head of the animal, went to the person who delivered the first wound. Similarly, in battle—the individual who first struck down an enemy was entitled to their armor.
[The expediency and utility of prayer, Homer misses no opportunity of enforcing. Cold and comfortless as the religious creed of the heathens was, they were piously attentive to its dictates, and to a degree that may serve as a reproof to many professed believers of revelation. The allegorical history of prayer, given us in the 9th Book of the Iliad from the lips of Phœnix, the speech of Antilochus in the 23d, in which he ascribes the ill success of Eumelus in the chariot race to his neglect of prayer, and that of Pisistratus in the 3d book of the Odyssey, where speaking of the newly-arrived Telemachus, he says;
[The importance and usefulness of prayer, Homer emphasizes at every opportunity. Even though the religious beliefs of the pagans were cold and lacking comfort, they followed its teachings with a devotion that may serve as a rebuke to many self-proclaimed believers in revelation. The allegorical tale of prayer, presented in the 9th Book of the Iliad through Phœnix's words, the speech of Antilochus in the 23rd, where he blames Eumelus's poor performance in the chariot race on his failure to pray, and that of Pisistratus in the 3rd book of the Odyssey, where he talks about the recently arrived Telemachus, he says;]

For I deem
Him wont to pray; since all of every land
Need succor from the Gods;
For I think
He is used to praying; since everyone everywhere
Needs help from the Gods;

are so many proofs of the truth of this remark; to which a curious reader might easily add a multitude.]—Tr.
are so many proofs of the truth of this statement; to which an inquisitive reader might easily add many more.]—Tr.
[There is no word in our language expressive of loud sound at all comparable in effect to the Greek Bo-o-osin. I have therefore endeavored by the juxta-position of two words similar in sound, to palliate in some degree defect which it was not in my power to cure.]—Tr.
[There isn’t a word in our language that conveys a loud sound comparable in impact to the Greek Bo-o-osin. Therefore, I have tried to make up for this limitation by using two words that sound similar, in order to somewhat address a shortfall that I couldn’t fully fix.]—Tr.
[Or collar-bone.]
[Or collarbone.]
[The proper meaning of επιοσαομενω—is not simply looking on, but providing against. And thus their ignorance of the death of Patroclus is accounted for. They were ordered by Nestor to a post in which they should have little to do themselves, except to superintend others, and were consequently too remote from Patroclus to see him fall, or even to hear that he had fallen.—See Villoisson.]—Tr.
[The proper meaning of επιοσαομενω—is not simply looking on, but providing against. And so their lack of knowledge about Patroclus's death makes sense. Nestor had assigned them to a position where they had little to do themselves, aside from supervising others, and as a result, they were too far from Patroclus to see him fall or even hear that he had fallen.—See Villoisson.]—Tr.
This is one of the similes of Homer which illustrates the manners and customs of his age. The mode of preparing hides for use is particularly described. They were first softened with oil, and then were stretched every direction by the hands of men, so that the moisture might be removed and the oil might penetrate them. Considered in the single point of comparison intended, it gives a lively picture of the struggle on all sides to get possession of the body.—Felton.
This is one of Homer's similes that shows the habits and customs of his time. The process of preparing hides for use is specifically described. They were first softened with oil and then stretched in every direction by people's hands to remove moisture and allow the oil to soak in. When looking at the specific comparison being made, it creates a vivid image of the struggle from all angles to gain control of the body.—Felton.
This is the proper imperfect of the verb chide, though modern usage has substituted chid, a word of mean and awkward sound, in the place of it.
This is the correct imperfect form of the verb chide, although today's usage has replaced it with chid, a word that sounds harsh and clumsy.
This alludes to the custom of placing columns upon tombs, on which were frequently represented chariots with two or four horses. The horses standing still to mourn for their master, could not be more finely represented than by the dumb sorrow of images standing over a tomb. Perhaps the very posture in which these horses are described, their heads bowed down, and their manes falling in the dust, has an allusion to the attitude in which those statues on monuments were usually represented; there are bas-reliefs that favor this conjecture.
This refers to the practice of putting columns on tombs, which often featured chariots with two or four horses. The horses, standing still in mourning for their owner, could not be depicted more beautifully than by the silent sorrow of statues on a tomb. The way these horses are shown, with their heads lowered and their manes touching the ground, likely connects to how statues on memorials were typically posed; there are bas-reliefs that support this idea.
[The Latin plural of Ajax is sometimes necessary, because the English plural—Ajaxes—would be insupportable.]—Tr.
[The Latin plural of Ajax is sometimes needed, because the English plural—Ajaxes—would be unacceptable.]—Tr.
[Leïtus was another chief of the Bœotians.]—Tr.
[Leïtus was another leader of the Bœotians.]—Tr.
[Διφρω εφεσταοτος—Yet we learn soon after that he fought on foot. But the Scholiast explains the expression thus—νεωστι τω διφωω επιβαντος. The fact was that Idomeneus had left the camp on foot, and was on foot when Hector prepared to throw at him. But Cœranus, charioteer of Meriones, observing his danger, drove instantly to his aid. Idomeneus had just time to mount, and the spear designed for him, struck Cœranus.—For a right understanding of this very intricate and difficult passage, I am altogether indebted to the Scholiast as quoted by Villoisson.]—Tr.
[Διφρω εφεσταοτος—But we find out shortly after that he fought on foot. The Scholiast clarifies the phrase like this—νεωστι τω διφωω επιβαντος. The truth was that Idomeneus had left the camp and was on foot when Hector aimed at him. However, Cœranus, Meriones's charioteer, noticing the danger, rushed in to help. Idomeneus barely had time to get on the chariot, and the spear intended for him hit Cœranus instead.—For a proper understanding of this very complex and difficult passage, I owe it entirely to the Scholiast as cited by Villoisson.]—Tr.
[The translator here follows the interpretation preferred by the Scholiast. The original expression is ambiguous, and may signify, either, that we shall perish in the fleet ourselves, or that Hector will soon be in the midst of it. Vide Villoisson in loco.]—Tr.
[The translator here follows the interpretation preferred by the Scholiast. The original expression is ambiguous and could mean either that we will perish in the fleet ourselves or that Hector will soon be in the middle of it. See Villoisson in loco.]—Tr.
[A noble instance of the heroism of Ajax, who asks not deliverance from the Trojans, or that he may escape alive, but light only, without which be could not possibly distinguish himself. The tears of such a warrior, and shed for such a reason, are singularly affecting.]—Tr.
[A noble example of Ajax's heroism, who asks not to be saved from the Trojans, or to escape alive, but only for light, without which he couldn't possibly show his true self. The tears of such a warrior, shed for such a reason, are incredibly moving.]—Tr.

Footnotes for Book XVIII:

Footnotes for Book 18:

This speech of Antilochus may serve as a model for its brevity.
This speech by Antilochus can serve as a great example of how to keep it short and to the point.
This form of manifesting grief is frequently alluded to in the classical writers, and sometimes in the Bible. The lamentation of Achilles is in the spirit of the heroic times, and the poet describes it with much simplicity. The captives join in the lamentation, perhaps in the recollection of his gentleness, which has before been alluded to.—Felton.
This way of expressing grief is often mentioned by classical writers and sometimes in the Bible. Achilles' mourning reflects the spirit of heroic times, and the poet portrays it with great simplicity. The captives join in his lament, maybe remembering his kindness that has been mentioned before.—Felton.
[Here it is that the drift of the whole poem is fulfilled. The evils consequent on the quarrel between him and Agamemnon, at last teach Achilles himself this wisdom—that wrath and strife are criminal and pernicious; and the confession is extorted from his own lips, that the lesson may be the more powerfully inculcated. To point the instruction to leaders of armies only, is to narrow its operation unnecessarily. The moral is of universal application, and the poet’s beneficent intentions are wronged by one so partial.]—Tr.
[Here it is that the overall message of the poem comes together. The issues resulting from the conflict between him and Agamemnon ultimately teach Achilles this important lesson—that anger and conflict are destructive and harmful; and he is compelled to admit this himself so that the lesson sticks more strongly. Focusing the lesson only on army leaders limits its impact unnecessarily. The moral applies universally, and the poet’s good intentions are undermined by such narrowness.]—Tr.
The promise of Thetis to present her son with a suit of armor, was the most artful method of hindering him from putting immediately in practice his resolution of fighting, which, with his characteristic violence, he would otherwise have done.
The promise of Thetis to give her son a suit of armor was the cleverest way to prevent him from immediately going through with his plan to fight, which he would have done in his usual impulsive manner.
[The sun is said to set with reluctance, because his setting-time was not yet come. Jupiter had promised Hector that he should prevail till the sun should go down, and sacred darkness cover all. Juno therefore, impatient to arrest the victor’s progress, and having no other means of doing it, shortens the time allotted him.]—Tr.
[The sun is said to set reluctantly, because it wasn't his time to go down yet. Jupiter had promised Hector that he would succeed until sunset, when sacred darkness would cover everything. Juno, impatient to stop the victor’s advance, and having no other way to do so, shortens the time given to him.]—Tr.
[καταδημοβορησαι.]
[καταδημοβορησαι.]
This custom of washing the dead is continued among the Greeks to this day, and is performed by the dearest friend or relative. The body is then anointed with a perfume, and covered with linen, exactly in the manner here related.
This tradition of washing the dead continues among the Greeks even today and is done by the closest friend or family member. The body is then anointed with perfume and covered with linen, just as described here.
Among the Greeks, visitors of rank are still honored in the same manner, by being set apart from the rest of the company, on a high seat, with a footstool.
Among the Greeks, distinguished guests are still honored in the same way, by being separated from the rest of the group, seated in an elevated position, with a footstool.
['Ανεδραμε.]
['Ανεδραμε.]
The description of the shield of Achilles is one of the noblest passages in the Iliad. It is elaborated to the highest finish of poetry. The verse is beautifully harmonious, and the language as nicely chosen and as descriptive as can be conceived. But a still stronger interest belongs to this episode when considered as an exact representation of life at a very early period of the world, as it undoubtedly was designed by the poet.
The description of Achilles' shield is one of the most remarkable parts of the Iliad. It is crafted with exquisite poetic detail. The verses are beautifully rhythmic, and the language is thoughtfully selected and vividly descriptive. However, an even greater interest in this episode comes from viewing it as an accurate portrayal of life during a very early time in history, as the poet clearly intended.

It is certainly a most remarkable passage for the amount of information it conveys relative to the state of arts, and the general condition of life at that period. From many intimations in the ancient authors, it may be gathered, that shields were often adorned by deities of figures in bas-relief, similar to those here described. In particular, see Æschylus in the Seven against Thebes. A close examination of the whole passage will lead to many curious inductions and inferences relative to the ancient world, and throw much light upon points which are elsewhere left in great obscurity.—Felton.
It’s definitely a remarkable passage for the amount of information it shares about the state of the arts and the general living conditions at that time. From various hints in ancient texts, we can gather that shields were often decorated with depictions of deities in bas-relief, similar to those described here. For example, see Æschylus in the Seven against Thebes. A close look at the entire passage will lead to many interesting conclusions and insights about the ancient world, shedding light on aspects that are often very unclear.—Felton.
Murder was not always punished with death or even banishment. But on the payment of a fine, the criminal was allowed to remain in the city.
Murder wasn't always punished by death or even exile. Instead, the offender could stay in the city by paying a fine.
Linus was the most ancient name in poetry, the first upon record as inventor of verse and measure among the Grecians. There was a solemn custom among the Greeks, of bewailing annually their first poet. Pausanias informs us, that before the yearly sacrifice to the Muses on Mount Helicon, the obsequies of Linus were performed, who had a statue and altar erected to him in that place. In this passage Homer is supposed to allude to that custom.
Linus was the earliest name in poetry, recognized as the first to create verse and rhythm among the Greeks. There was a serious tradition among the Greeks of mourning their first poet every year. Pausanias tells us that before the annual sacrifice to the Muses on Mount Helicon, they held memorial ceremonies for Linus, who had a statue and altar dedicated to him there. In this passage, Homer is thought to reference that tradition.
See article Theseus, Gr. and Rom. Mythology.
See article Theseus, Gr. and Rom. Mythology.
There were two kinds of dance—the Pyrrhic, and the common dance; both are here introduced. The Pyrrhic, or military, is performed by Youths wearing swords, the other by the virgins crowned with garlands. The Grecian dance is still performed in this manner in the oriental nations. The youths and maidens dance in a ring, beginning slowly; by degrees the music plays in quicker time, till at last they dance with the utmost swiftness; and towards the conclusion, they sing in a general chorus.
There are two types of dance—the Pyrrhic and the common dance; both are introduced here. The Pyrrhic, or military dance, is performed by young men wearing swords, while the common dance is by young women crowned with garlands. The Greek dance is still performed this way in Eastern countries. The young men and women dance in a circle, starting off slowly; gradually, the music speeds up until they are dancing at full speed; and towards the end, they sing together in a chorus.
The point of comparison is this. When the potter first tries the wheel to see “if it will run,” he moves it much faster than when at work. Thus it illustrates the rapidity of the dance.—Felton.
The point of comparison is this. When the potter first tries the wheel to see “if it will run,” he spins it much faster than when he's actually working. This illustrates the speed of the dance.—Felton.

Footnotes for Book XIX:

Footnotes for Book 19:

[Brave men are great weepers—was a proverbial saying in Greece. Accordingly there are few of Homer’s heroes who do not weep plenteously on occasion. True courage is doubtless compatible with the utmost sensibility. See Villoisson.]—Tr.
[Brave men are great weepers—was a saying in Greece. As a result, there are few of Homer’s heroes who don’t weep freely at times. True courage is undoubtedly compatible with the highest sensitivity. See Villoisson.]—Tr.
The fear with which the divine armor filled the Myrmidons, and the exaltation of Achilles, the terrible gleam of his eye, and his increased desire for revenge, are highly poetical.—Felton.
The fear that the divine armor instilled in the Myrmidons, and the thrill of Achilles, the fierce glint in his eye, and his growing urge for revenge, are very poetic.—Felton.
The ancients had a great horror of putrefaction previous to interment.
The ancients were extremely afraid of decay before burial.
[Achilles in the first book also summons a council himself, and not as was customary, by a herald. It seems a stroke of character, and intended by the poet to express the impetuosity of his spirit, too ardent for the observance of common forms, and that could trust no one for the dispatch he wanted.]—Tr.
[Achilles in the first book also calls a council himself, instead of having a herald do it as was usual. This highlights his character and shows the poet's intention to express his impulsive nature, which is too intense to adhere to common practices and doesn’t rely on anyone else for the quick action he desires.]—Tr.
['Ασπασιως γονυ καμψειν.—Shall be glad to bend their knee, i.e. to sit and repose themselves.]—Tr.
[Ασπασιως γονυ καμψειν.—They will be happy to kneel, meaning to sit down and relax.]—Tr.
[Τουτον μυθον.—He seems to intend the reproaches sounded in his ear from all quarters, and which he had repeatedly heard before.]—Tr.
[Τουτον μυθον.—He seems to be aware of the criticisms coming from all sides, which he has heard many times before.]—Tr.
[By some call’d Antibia, by others, Nicippe.]—Tr.
[By some called Antibia, by others, Nicippe.]—Tr.
It was unlawful to eat the flesh of victims that were sacrificed in confirmation of oaths. Such were victims of malediction.
It was illegal to eat the flesh of animals sacrificed to confirm oaths. These were the victims of a curse.
Nothing can be more natural than the representation of these unhappy young women; who, weary of captivity, take occasion from every mournful occurrence to weep afresh, though in reality little interested in the objects that call forth these expressions of sorrow.—Dacier.
Nothing is more natural than the portrayal of these unfortunate young women, who, tired of being trapped, seize every sad event as an opportunity to cry again, even though they are actually not very invested in the things that provoke these displays of grief.—Dacier.
Son of Deidameia, daughter of Lycomedes, in whose house Achilles was concealed at the time when he was led forth to the war.
Son of Deidameia, daughter of Lycomedes, in whose house Achilles was hidden when he was called to join the war.
[We are not warranted in accounting any practice unnatural or absurd, merely because it does not obtain among ourselves. I know not that any historian has recorded this custom of the Grecians, but that it was a custom among them occasionally to harangue their horses, we may assure ourselves on the authority of Homer, who would not have introduced such speeches, if they could have appeared as strange to his countrymen as they do to us.]—Tr.
[We shouldn't consider any practice unnatural or ridiculous just because we don't do it ourselves. I’m not aware of any historian who has documented this custom of the Greeks, but we can be sure from Homer that it was a custom for them to occasionally talk to their horses. He wouldn’t have included such speeches if they seemed as strange to his fellow countrymen as they do to us.]—Tr.
Hence it seems, that too great an insight into futurity, or the revelation of more than was expedient, was prevented by the Furies.—Trollope.
Therefore, it seems that a deep understanding of the future, or revealing more than was necessary, was prevented by the Furies.—Trollope.

Footnotes for Book XX:

[This rising ground was five stadia in circumference, and was between the river Simois and a village named Ilicon, in which Paris is said to have decided between the goddesses. It was called Callicolone, being the most conspicuous ground in the neighborhood of the city.—Villoisson.]—Tr.
[This elevated area was five stadia around and was located between the Simois River and a village called Ilicon, where Paris is said to have made his choice between the goddesses. It was named Callicolone, as it was the most prominent land in the vicinity of the city.—Villoisson.]—Tr.
[Iris is the messenger of the gods on ordinary occasions, Mercury on those of importance. But Themis is now employed, because the affair in question is a council, and to assemble and dissolve councils is her peculiar Province. The return of Achilles is made as magnificent as possible. A council in heaven precedes it, and a battle of the gods is the consequence.—Villoisson.]—Tr.
[Iris is the usual messenger of the gods, while Mercury handles the more significant matters. However, Themis is currently involved because this situation requires a council, and organizing and ending councils is her special role. The return of Achilles is made as grand as possible. There's a council in heaven before it, and a battle among the gods follows. —Villoisson.] —Tr.
[The readiness of Neptune to obey the summons is particularly noticed, on account of the resentment he so lately expressed, when commanded by Jupiter to quit the battle.—Villoisson.]—Tr.
The readiness of Neptune to respond to the call is especially noted because of the anger he recently showed when Jupiter ordered him to leave the battle.—Villoisson.—Tr.
The description of the battle of the gods is strikingly grand. Jupiter thunders in the heavens, Neptune shakes the boundless earth and the high mountain-tops; Ida rocks on its base, and the city of the Trojans and the ships of the Greeks tremble; and Pluto leaps from his throne in terror, lest his loathsome dominions should be laid open to mortals and immortals.—Felton.
The description of the battle of the gods is incredibly dramatic. Jupiter roars from the sky, Neptune rattles the endless earth and the high peaks; Ida shakes at its foundation, and both the city of the Trojans and the ships of the Greeks shake with fear; Pluto jumps from his throne in panic, worried that his dreaded realm might be exposed to both mortals and immortals.—Felton.
[The Leleges were a colony of Thessalians, and the first inhabitants of the shores of the Hellespont.]—Tr.
[The Leleges were a group of Thessalians, and the first people to settle along the shores of the Hellespont.]—Tr.
Hector was the son of Priam, who descended from Ilus, and Æneas the son of Anchises, whose descent was from Assaracus, the brother of Ilus.
Hector was the son of Priam, who came from Ilus, and Aeneas, the son of Anchises, whose lineage was from Assaracus, the brother of Ilus.
This dialogue between Achilles and Æneas, when on the point of battle, as well as several others of a similar description, have been censured as improbable and impossible. The true explanation is to be found in the peculiar character of war in the heroic age. A similar passage has been the subject of remark.—Felton.
This conversation between Achilles and Æneas, just before battle, along with several others like it, has been criticized as unlikely and unrealistic. The real reason lies in the unique nature of warfare during the heroic age. A similar excerpt has been discussed.—Felton.
[Some commentators, supposing the golden plate the outermost as the most ornamental, have perplexed themselves much with this passage, for how, say they, could two folds be pierced and the spear be stopped by the gold, if the gold lay on the surface? But to avoid the difficulty, we need only suppose that the gold was inserted between the two plates of brass and the two of tin; Vulcan, in this particular, having attended less to ornament than to security.
[Some commentators, thinking that the golden plate, being the outermost, is the most decorative, have really struggled with this passage. They wonder how two layers could be pierced and the spear stopped by the gold if the gold was on the surface. To clear up the confusion, we just need to imagine that the gold was placed between the two plates of brass and the two of tin; Vulcan, in this case, focused more on protection than decoration.]

See the Scholiast in Villoisson, who argues at large in favor of this opinion.]—Tr.
See the Scholiast in Villoisson, who discusses this opinion in detail.]—Tr.
Tmolus was a mountain of Lydia, and Hyda a city of the same country. The Gygæan lake was also in Lydia.
Tmolus was a mountain in Lydia, and Hyda was a city in the same region. The Gygæan Lake was also located in Lydia.
[Neptune. So called, either because he was worshiped on Helicon, a mountain of Bœotia, or from Helice, an island of Achaia, where he had a temple.]—Tr. If the bull bellowed as he was led to the altar, it was considered a favorable omen. Hence the simile.—Felton.
[Neptune. Named either because he was worshipped on Helicon, a mountain in Bœotia, or from Helice, an island in Achaia, where he had a temple.]—Tr. If the bull bellowed when he was taken to the altar, it was seen as a good sign. Hence the simile.—Felton.
[It is an amiable trait in the character of Hector, that his pity in this instance supercedes his caution, and that at the sight of his brother in circumstances so affecting, he becomes at once inattentive to himself and the command of Apollo.]—Tr.
[It’s a kind quality in Hector’s character that his compassion in this situation overrides his caution, and that when he sees his brother in such distressing circumstances, he immediately becomes oblivious to himself and the orders of Apollo.]—Tr.

Footnotes for Book XXI:

Footnotes for Book 21:

The scene is now entirely changed, and the battle diversified with a vast variety of imagery and description. It is worthy of notice, that though the whole war of the Iliad was upon the banks of these rivers, yet Homer has reserved the machinery of the river-gods to aggrandize his hero in this battle. There is no book in the poem which exhibits greater force of imagination, none in which the inexhaustible invention of the poet is more powerfully exerted.
The scene has completely transformed, and the battle is filled with a wide range of imagery and descriptions. It's worth noting that although the entire war of the Iliad takes place along these rivers, Homer has chosen to use the river-gods to elevate his hero in this battle. No other part of the poem showcases a stronger imagination, nor one where the poet’s endless creativity is more effectively displayed.
The swarms of locusts that sometimes invade whole countries in the East, have often been described. It seems that the ancient mode of exterminating them was, to kindle a fire, and thus drive them into a lake or river. The simile illustrates in the most striking manner the panic caused by Achilles.—Felton.
The swarms of locusts that sometimes invade entire countries in the East have been described many times. It appears that the ancient method of getting rid of them was to start a fire, which would then drive them into a lake or river. This comparison vividly illustrates the panic caused by Achilles.—Felton.
According to the Scholiast, Arisba was a city of Thrace, and near to the Hellespont; but according to Eustathius, a city of Troas, inhabited by a colony from Mitylene.
According to the Scholiast, Arisba was a city in Thrace, close to the Hellespont; but according to Eustathius, it was a city in Troas, settled by a colony from Mitylene.
It was an ancient custom to cast living horses into rivers, to honor, as it were, the rapidity of their streams.
It was an old tradition to throw live horses into rivers to honor the speed of their currents.
This gives us an idea of the superior strength of Achilles. His spear pierced so deep in the ground, that another hero of great strength could not disengage it, but immediately after, Achilles draws it with the utmost ease.
This shows us how much stronger Achilles is. His spear got stuck so deep in the ground that another strong hero couldn't pull it out, but right after that, Achilles pulls it out effortlessly.
['Ακροκελαινιοων.—The beauty and force of this word are wonderful; I have in vain endeavored to do it justice.]—Tr.
['Ακροκελαινιοων.—The beauty and power of this word are amazing; I have unsuccessfully tried to do it justice.]—Tr.
[The reason given in the Scholium is, that the surface being hardened by the wind, the moisture remains unexhaled from beneath, and has time to saturate the roots.—See Villoisson.]—Tr.
[The reason given in the Scholium is that the surface hardens due to the wind, causing the moisture to stay trapped below and allowing it time to soak the roots.—See Villoisson.]—Tr.
[Αμβολαδην.]
[Αμβολαδην.]
Homer represents Aphrodite as the protector of Æneas, and in the battle of the Trojans, Ares appears in a disadvantageous light; the weakness of the goddess, and the brutal confidence of the god are described with evident irony. In like manner Diana and the river-god Scamander sometimes play a very undignified part. Apollo alone uniformly maintains his dignity.—Muller.
Homer portrays Aphrodite as the protector of Aeneas, and in the battle of the Trojans, Ares is shown in a negative light; the goddess’s vulnerability and the god’s cruel arrogance are described with clear irony. Similarly, Diana and the river god Scamander occasionally play very undignified roles. Apollo, however, consistently upholds his dignity.—Müller.
This is a very beautiful soliloquy of Agenor, such as would naturally arise in the soul of a brave man going upon a desperate enterprise. From the conclusion it is evident, that the story of Achilles being invulnerable except in the heel, is an invention of a later age.
This is a really beautiful monologue by Agenor, something that would naturally come from a brave person setting out on a dangerous mission. From the end, it’s clear that the tale of Achilles being invulnerable except for his heel is a creation from a later time.

Footnotes for Book XXII:

Footnotes for Book 22:

This simile is very striking. It not only describes the appearance of Achilles, but is peculiarly appropriate because the star was supposed to be of evil omen, and to bring with it disease and destruction. So Priam beholds Achilles, splendid with the divine armor, and the destined slayer of his son.—Felton.
This simile is really striking. It not only describes how Achilles looks, but it's also especially fitting because the star was thought to be a bad omen, bringing disease and destruction. So Priam sees Achilles, magnificent in his divine armor, and the one destined to kill his son.—Felton.
The usual cruelties practised in the sacking of towns. Isaiah foretells to Babylon, that her children shall be dashed in pieces by the Medes. David says to the same city, “Happy shall he be that taketh and dasheth thy little ones against the stones.”—Ps. c22vii. 9.
The typical brutalities that happen during the looting of cities. Isaiah predicts that Babylon's children will be shattered by the Medes. David tells the same city, “Blessed is the one who seizes your little ones and smashes them against the rocks.”—Ps. c22vii. 9.
It was supposed that venomous serpents were accustomed to eat poisonous roots and plants before attacking their victims.—Felton.
It was believed that venomous snakes typically consumed toxic roots and plants before striking their prey.—Felton.
This speech of Hector shows the fluctuation of his mind, with much discernment on the part of the poet. He breaks out, after having apparently meditated a return to the city. But the imagined reproaches of Polydamas, and the anticipated scorn of the Trojans forbid it. He soliloquizes upon the possibility of coming to terms with Achilles, and offering him large concessions; but the character of Achilles precludes all hope of reconciliation. It is a fearful crisis with him, and his mind wavers, as if presentient of his approaching doom.—Felton.
This speech by Hector reveals the turmoil in his mind, showing the poet's keen insight. He seems ready to return to the city but is held back by the imagined criticism from Polydamas and the expected disdain from the Trojans. He reflects on the possibility of negotiating with Achilles and making significant concessions, but Achilles’ nature makes any hope of reconciliation impossible. It’s a critical moment for him, and his thoughts fluctuate, as if he senses his impending fate.—Felton.
[The repetition follows the original, and the Scholiast is of opinion that Homer uses it here that he may express more emphatically the length to which such conferences are apt to proceed.—Δια την πολυλογιαν τη αναληψε εχρησατο.]—Tr.
[The repetition follows the original, and the Scholiast believes that Homer uses it here to emphasize how long such discussions can go on.—Through the lengthy discussion on the withdrawal, he received.]—Tr.
[It grew near to the tomb of Ilus.]
[It grew close to the tomb of Ilus.]
The Scamander ran down the eastern side of Ida, and at the distance of three stadia from Troy, making a subterraneous dip, it passed under the walls and rose again in the form of the two fountains here described—from which fountains these rivulets are said to have proceeded.
The Scamander flowed down the eastern side of Ida, and about three stadia from Troy, it made a subterranean dip, went under the walls, and rose again as the two fountains described here—from which these streams are said to have originated.
It was the custom of that age to have cisterns by the side of rivers and fountains, to which the women, including the wives and daughters of kings and princes, resorted to wash their garments.
It was common in that time to have cisterns by the rivers and fountains, where women, including the wives and daughters of kings and princes, went to wash their clothes.
Sacrifices were offered to the gods upon the hills and mountains, or, in the language of scripture, upon the high places, for the people believed that the gods inhabited such eminences.
Sacrifices were made to the gods on the hills and mountains, or, as described in scripture, on the high places, because the people believed that the gods lived on those heights.
[The numbers in the original are so constructed as to express the painful struggle that characterizes such a dream.]—Tr.
[The numbers in the original are designed to reflect the difficult struggle that defines such a dream.]—Tr.
[προπροκυλινδομενος.]
[προπροκυλινδομενος.]
The whole circumference of ancient Troy is said to have measured sixty stadia. A stadium measured one hundred and twenty-five paces.
The entire circumference of ancient Troy is said to have measured sixty stadia. A stadium measured one hundred and twenty-five paces.
[The knees of the conqueror were a kind of sanctuary to which the vanquished fled for refuge.]—Tr.
[The knees of the conqueror were a kind of sanctuary that the defeated fled to for shelter.]—Tr.
[The lines of which these three are a translation, are supposed by some to have been designed for the Επινικιον, or song of victory sung by the whole army.]—Tr.
[The lines that these three translate are thought by some to be meant for theEpinicion, or the victory song sung by the entire army.]—Tr.
[It was a custom in Thessaly to drag the slayer around the tomb of the slain; which custom was first begun by Simon, whose brother being killed by Eurydamas, he thus treated the body of the murderer. Achilles therefore, being a Thessalian, when he thus dishonors Hector, does it merely in compliance with the common practice of his country.]—Tr.
[It was a tradition in Thessaly to drag the killer around the grave of the victim, a practice started by Simon, who treated the body of his brother's murderer this way after Eurydamas killed him. So, since Achilles is a Thessalian, when he dishonors Hector, he’s just following the common practice of his homeland.]—Tr.
[It is an observation of the Scholiast, that two more affecting spectacles cannot be imagined, than Priam struggling to escape into the field, and Andromache to cast herself from the wall; for so he understands ατυζομενην απολεσθαι.]—Tr.
[The Scholiast notes that there are no two more powerful sights than Priam trying to escape to the battlefield and Andromache attempting to throw herself off the wall; this is how he interprets απολεσθαι.]—Tr.
A figurative expression. In the style of the orientals, marrow and fatness are taken for whatever is best, most tender, and most delicious.
A figurative expression. In the style of the East, marrow and fat are used to represent whatever is the best, most tender, and most delicious.
Homer is in nothing more excellent than in the distinction of characters, which he maintains throughout the poem. What Andromache here says, cannot be said with propriety by any one but Andromache.
Homer excels in the way he distinguishes characters, which he consistently maintains throughout the poem. What Andromache says here could only be expressed by her and no one else.

Footnotes for Book XXIII:

Footnotes for Book 23:

According to the oriental custom. David mourns in the same manner, refusing to wash or take any repast, and lies upon the earth.
According to the Eastern custom, David mourns similarly, refusing to wash or eat and lying on the ground.
[Bacchus having hospitably entertained Vulcan in the island of Naxos, one of the Cyclades, received from him a cup as a present; but being driven afterward by Lycurgus into the sea, and kindly protected by Thetis, he presented her with this work of Vulcan, which she gave to Achilles for a receptacle of his bones after death.]—Tr.
[Bacchus warmly hosted Vulcan on the island of Naxos, one of the Cyclades, and received a cup as a gift from him. However, after being driven into the sea by Lycurgus and kindly protected by Thetis, he gifted her Vulcan's work, which she gave to Achilles as a container for his bones after he died.]—Tr.
[The funeral pile was a square of a hundred feet on each side.]—Tr.
[The funeral pyre was a square measuring a hundred feet on each side.]—Tr.
The ceremony of cutting off the hair in honor of the dead, was practised not only among the Greeks, but among other nations. Ezekiel describing a great lamentation, says, “They shall make themselves utterly bald for thee.” ch. xxvii. 31. If it was the general custom of any country to wear long hair, then the cutting it off was a token of sorrow; but if the custom was to wear it short, then letting it grow, in neglect, was a sign of mourning.
The practice of cutting off hair in honor of the deceased was observed not only by the Greeks but also by other cultures. Ezekiel describes a profound mourning, saying, “They shall make themselves utterly bald for thee.” (ch. xxvii. 31). If a country generally favored long hair, cutting it off was a sign of grief; but if the norm was short hair, then allowing it to grow out in neglect was a display of mourning.
It was the custom of the ancients not only to offer their own hair to the river-gods of their country, but also the hair of their children. In Egypt hair was consecrated to the Nile.
It was the custom of the ancients not only to offer their own hair to the river gods of their land, but also the hair of their children. In Egypt, hair was dedicated to the Nile.
[Westering wheel.—Milton.]
[Westering wheel.—Milton.]
[Himself and the Myrmidons.]
[Himself and the Myrmidons.]
[That the body might be the more speedily consumed. The same end was promoted by the flagons of oil and honey.]—Tr.
[That the body might be consumed more quickly. The same goal was supported by the jugs of oil and honey.]—Tr.
Homer here introduces the gods of the winds in person, and as Iris, or the rainbow, is a sign of winds, they are made to come at her bidding.
Homer now introduces the gods of the winds directly, and since Iris, the rainbow, is a symbol of the winds, they appear at her command.
[Such it appears to have been in the sequel.]—Tr.
[Such it appears to have been in the sequel.]—Tr.
[Φιαλη—a vessel, as Athenæus describes it, made for the purpose of warming water. It was formed of brass, and expanded somewhat in the shape of a broad leaf.]—Tr.
[Φιαλη—a container, as Athenæus describes, designed for warming water. It was made of brass and had a shape that somewhat resembled a wide leaf.]—Tr.
The poet omits no opportunity of paying honor to Nestor. His age has disabled him from taking an active part in the games, yet, Antilochus wins, not by the speed of his horses, but by the wisdom of Nestor.
The poet takes every chance to honor Nestor. Even though his age prevents him from actively participating in the games, Antilochus wins, not because of his horses' speed, but thanks to Nestor's wisdom.
[This could not happen unless the felly of the wheel were nearly horizontal to the eye of the spectator, in which case the chariot must be infallibly overturned.—There is an obscurity in the passage which none of the commentators explain. The Scholiast, as quoted by Clarke, attempts an explanation, but, I think, not successfully.]—Tr.
[This can only happen if the rim of the wheel is almost level with the spectator's view, in which case the chariot would definitely tip over.—There’s a lack of clarity in this passage that none of the commentators clarify. The Scholiast, as referenced by Clarke, tries to explain it, but I believe he doesn't succeed.]—Tr.
[Eumelus.]
[Eumelus.]
[Resentful of the attack made on him by Diomede in the fifth Book.]
[Resentful of the attack made on him by Diomede in the fifth Book.]
[The twin monster or double man called the Molions. They were sons of Actor and Molione, and are said to have had two heads with four hands and four feet, and being so formed were invincible both in battle and in athletic exercises. Even Hercules could only slay them by stratagem, which he did when he desolated Elis. See Villoisson.]—Tr.
[The twin monster or double man called the Molions. They were the sons of Actor and Molione, and are said to have had two heads with four hands and four feet. With this unique form, they were unbeatable in both battle and athletics. Even Hercules could only defeat them using a clever plan, which he executed when he devastated Elis. See Villoisson.]—Tr.
[The repetition follows the original.]—Tr.
[The repetition follows the original.]—Tr.
[παρακαββαλε.]
[παρακαββαλε.]
[With which they bound on the cestus.]—Tr.
[With which they bound on the cestus.]—Tr.
[τετριγει—It is a circumstance on which the Scholiast observes that it denotes in a wrestler the greatest possible bodily strength and firmness of position.—See Villoisson.]—Tr.
[τετριγει—It refers to a situation that the Scholiast notes indicates the maximum physical strength and stability of a wrestler's stance.—See Villoisson.]—Tr.
[I have given what seems to me the most probable interpretation, and such a one as to any person who has ever witnessed a wrestling-match, will, I presume, appear intelligible.]—Tr.
[I have provided what I believe to be the most likely interpretation, and for anyone who has ever seen a wrestling match, it should seem clear.]—Tr.
[The Sidonians were celebrated not only as the most ingenious artists but as great adepts in science, especially in astronomy and arithmetical calculation.]—Tr.
[The Sidonians were known not just as incredibly skilled artists but also as experts in science, particularly in astronomy and math.]—Tr.
[King of Lemnos.]
[King of Lemnos.]
[That is to say, Ulysses; who, from the first intending it, had run close behind him.]—Tr.
[That is to say, Ulysses; who, from the beginning had intended it, had followed closely behind him.]—Tr.
The prodigious weight and size of the quoit is described with the simplicity of the orientals, and in the manner of the heroic ages. The poet does not specify the quantity of this enormous piece of iron, but the use it will be to the winner. We see from hence that the ancients in the prizes they proposed, had in view not only the honorable but the useful; a captive for work, a bull for tillage, a quoit for the provision of iron, which in those days was scarce.
The enormous weight and size of the quoit are described simply, like in Eastern cultures and during heroic times. The poet doesn’t mention the exact amount of this massive piece of iron, but talks about how it will benefit the winner. This shows that the ancients viewed their prizes as not just honorable but also practical; a captive for labor, a bull for farming, and a quoit for providing iron, which was hard to come by back then.
[The use of this staff was to separate the cattle. It had a string attached to the lower part of it, which the herdsman wound about his hand, and by the help of it whirled the staff to a prodigious distance.—Villoisson.]—Tr.
[The purpose of this staff was to separate the cattle. It had a string attached to the lower part, which the herdsman wrapped around his hand, allowing him to swing the staff to an astonishing distance.—Villoisson.]—Tr.
[The transition from narrative to dramatic follows the original.]—Tr.
[The transition from narrative to dramatic follows the original.]—Tr.
[Apollo; frequently by Homer called the King without any addition.]—Tr.
[Apollo; often referred to by Homer as the King without any title.]—Tr.
Teucer is eminent for his archery, yet he is excelled by Meriones, who had not neglected to invoke Apollo the god of archery.
Teucer is well-known for his archery skills, but he is outperformed by Meriones, who made sure to call on Apollo, the god of archery.

Footnotes for Book XXIV:

Footnotes for Book 24:

This is the first allusion in the Iliad to the Judgment of Paris, which gave mortal offence to Minerva and Juno. On this account it has been supposed by some that these lines are spurious, on the ground that Homer could not have known the fable, or he would have mentioned it earlier in the poem.—Felton.
This is the first reference in the Iliad to the Judgment of Paris, which deeply offended Minerva and Juno. Because of this, some people believe these lines are not genuine, arguing that Homer couldn’t have known the story, or he would have mentioned it earlier in the poem.—Felton.
[His blessing, if he is properly influenced by it; his curse in its consequences if he is deaf to its dictates.]—Tr.
[His blessing, if he is properly influenced by it; his curse in its consequences if he ignores its guidance.]—Tr.
[This is the sense preferred by the Scholiast, for it is not true that Thetis was always present with Achilles, as is proved by the passage immediately ensuing.]—Tr.
[This is the meaning favored by the Scholiast, because it's not accurate that Thetis was always with Achilles, as shown by the following passage.]—Tr.
[The angler’s custom was, in those days, to guard his line above the hook from the fishes’ bite, by passing it through a pipe of horn.]—Tr.
[Back then, it was common for anglers to protect their line above the hook from fish bites by threading it through a horn pipe.]—Tr.
[Jupiter justifies him against Apollo’s charge, affirming him to be free from those mental defects which chiefly betray men into sin, folly, improvidence, and perverseness.]—Tr.
[Jupiter defends him against Apollo’s accusation, asserting that he is free from the mental flaws that usually lead people into sin, foolishness, carelessness, and wickedness.]—Tr.
[But, at first, he did fly. It is therefore spoken, as the Scholiast observes, φιλοστοργως, and must be understood as the language of strong maternal affection.]—Tr.
[But, at first, he did fly. It is therefore mentioned, as the Scholiast comments, φιλοστοργως, and should be understood as the expression of deep maternal love.]—Tr.
[κοροιτυπιησιν αριστοι.]
[κοροιτυπιησιν αριστοι.]
[Through which the reins were passed.]—Tr.
[Through which the reins were passed.]—Tr.
[The yoke being flat at the bottom, and the pole round, there would of course be a small aperture between the band and the pole on both sides, through which, according to the Scholium in Villoisson, they thrust the ends of the tackle lest they should dangle.]—Tr.
[The yoke is flat at the bottom, and the pole is round, so there would naturally be a small gap between the band and the pole on both sides, through which, according to the Scholium in Villoisson, they would insert the ends of the tackle to keep them from hanging loose.]—Tr.
[The text here is extremely intricate; as it stands now, the sons are, first, said to yoke the horses, then Priam and Idæus are said to do it, and in the palace too. I have therefore adopted an alteration suggested by Clarke, who with very little violence to the copy, proposes instead of ζευγνυσθην to read—ζωννυσθην.]—Tr.
[The text here is very complex; currently, it first mentions the sons yoking the horses, then Priam and Idæus are said to do it, also in the palace. So, I’ve made a change suggested by Clarke, who, with minimal alteration to the text, proposes instead ofζευγνυσθην to read—ζωννυσθην.]—Tr.
[The words both signify—sable.]—Tr.
[The words both signify—black.]—Tr.
Priam begins not with a display of the treasures he has brought for the redemption of Hector’s body, but with a pathetic address to the feelings of Achilles. Homer well knew that neither gold nor silver would influence the heart of a young and generous warrior, but that persuasion would. The old king therefore, with a judicious abruptness, avails himself of his most powerful plea at once, and seizes the sympathy of the hero, before he has time to recollect who it is that addresses him.
Priam doesn't start by showing off the treasures he's brought to get Hector's body back, but with an emotional appeal to Achilles' feelings. Homer understood that neither gold nor silver would sway the heart of a young and noble warrior, but that persuasion could. So, the old king quickly uses his most compelling argument and captures the hero's sympathy before Achilles has a chance to remember who’s speaking to him.
[Mortified to see his generosity, after so much kindness shown to Priam, still distrusted, and that the impatience of the old king threatened to deprive him of all opportunity to do gracefully what he could not be expected to do willingly.]—Tr.
[Mortified to see his generosity, after so much kindness shown to Priam, still distrusted, and that the impatience of the old king threatened to take away all chance to do gracefully what he couldn't be expected to do willingly.]—Tr.
[To control anger argues a great mind—and to avoid occasions that may betray one into it, argues a still greater. An observation that should suggest itself to us with no little force, when Achilles, not remarkable either for patience or meekness, exhorts Priam to beware of provoking him; and when having cleansed the body of Hector and covered it, he places it himself in the litter, lest his father, seeing how indecently he had treated it, should be exasperated at the sight, and by some passionate reproach exasperate himself also. For that a person so singularly irascible and of a temper harsh as his, should not only be aware of his infirmity, but even guard against it with so much precaution, evidences a prudence truly wonderful.—Plutarch.]—Tr.
[Controlling anger takes great strength—and avoiding situations that might trigger it takes even more. This becomes clear when we see Achilles, who isn’t known for his patience or gentleness, warn Priam to not provoke him. After cleaning and covering Hector’s body, he places it in the litter himself, worried that Priam might be upset seeing how badly it was treated and might react angrily. The fact that someone as hot-tempered and harsh as he is not only recognizes his weakness but also takes such precautions against it shows truly remarkable wisdom.—Plutarch.]—Tr.
['Επικερτομεων. Clarke renders the word in this place, falso metû, ludens, and Eustathius says that Achilles suggested such cause of fear to Priam, to excuse his lodging him in an exterior part of the tent. The general import of the Greek word is sarcastic, but here it signifies rather—to intimidate. See also Dacier.]—Tr.
['Επικερτομεων. Clarke translates the word here as false metû, joking, and Eustathius mentions that Achilles instilled such fear in Priam to justify putting him in a separate area of the tent. The overall sense of the Greek word is sarcastic, but in this context, it means more— to intimidate. See also Dacier.]—Tr.
The poet here shows the importance of Achilles in the army. Agamemnon is the general, yet all the chief commanders appeal to him for advice, and on his own authority he promises Priam a cessation of arms. Giving his hand to confirm the promise, agrees with the custom of the present day.
The poet highlights Achilles' significance in the army. Agamemnon is the general, but all the top commanders seek his counsel, and he independently offers Priam a halt to the fighting. By extending his hand to solidify the promise, he follows the tradition of today.
This lament of Andromache may be compared to her pathetic address to Hector in the scene at the Scæan gate. It forms indeed, a most beautiful and eloquent pendant to that.—Felton.
This mourning of Andromache can be compared to her sad speech to Hector in the scene at the Scæan gate. It truly serves as a beautiful and eloquent complement to that.—Felton.
[This, according to the Scholiast, is a probable sense of προσφατος.—He derives it απο των νεωστι πεφασμενων εκ γης φυτων.—See Villoisson.]—Tr.
[This, according to the Scholiast, is a likely interpretation ofrecent.—He derives itfrom the newly fallen plants from the ground.—See Villoisson.]—Tr.
Helen is throughout the Iliad a genuine lady, graceful in motion and speech, noble in her associations, full of remorse for a fault for which higher powers seem responsible, yet grateful and affectionate towards those with whom that fault had connected her. I have always thought the following speech in which Helen laments Hector and hints at her own invidious and unprotected situation in Troy, as almost the sweetest passage in the poem.—H.N. Coleridge.
Helen is portrayed in the Iliad as a true lady, graceful in her movements and words, noble in her relationships, filled with regret for a mistake for which greater powers appear to be accountable, yet thankful and loving towards those connected to that mistake. I've always considered the following speech, where Helen mourns Hector and alludes to her own envied and vulnerable situation in Troy, to be one of the most beautiful parts of the poem.—H.N. Coleridge.
[Ως οι γ'αμφιεπον ταφον Εκτορος ιπποδαμοιο.]
[As the mournful ones grieved over the grave of Hector, the horse-tamer..]

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THE

ILIAD OF HOMER,

TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BLANK VERSE BY WILLIAM COWPER.

EDITED BY ROBERT SOUTHEY. LL.D.

PREFACE.

PREFACE

PREFACE

ADVERTISEMENT TO SOUTHEY’S EDITION

EDITOR’S NOTE.

CONTENTS.

THE ILIAD OF HOMER,

BOOK I.

ARGUMENT OF THE FIRST BOOK.

BOOK I.

BOOK II.

ARGUMENT OF THE SECOND BOOK.

BOOK II.

BOOK III.

ARGUMENT OF THE THIRD BOOK.

BOOK III.

BOOK IV.

ARGUMENT OF THE FOURTH BOOK.

BOOK IV.

BOOK V.

ARGUMENT OF THE FIFTH BOOK.

BOOK V.

BOOK VI.

ARGUMENT OF THE SIXTH BOOK.

BOOK VI.

BOOK VII.

ARGUMENT OF THE SEVENTH BOOK.

BOOK VII.

BOOK VIII.

ARGUMENT OF THE EIGHTH BOOK.

BOOK VIII.

BOOK IX.

ARGUMENT OF THE NINTH BOOK.

BOOK IX.

BOOK X.

ARGUMENT OF THE TENTH BOOK.

BOOK X.

BOOK XI.

ARGUMENT OF THE ELEVENTH BOOK.

BOOK XI.

BOOK XII.

ARGUMENT OF THE TWELFTH BOOK.

BOOK XII.

BOOK XIII.

ARGUMENT OF THE THIRTEENTH BOOK.

BOOK XIII.

BOOK XIV.

ARGUMENT OF THE FOURTEENTH BOOK.

BOOK XIV.

BOOK XV.

ARGUMENT OF THE FIFTEENTH BOOK.

BOOK XV.

BOOK XVI.

ARGUMENT OF THE SIXTEENTH BOOK.

BOOK XVI.

BOOK XVII.

ARGUMENT OF THE SEVENTEENTH BOOK.

BOOK XVII.

BOOK XVIII.

ARGUMENT OF THE EIGHTEENTH BOOK.

BOOK XVIII.

BOOK XIX.

ARGUMENT OF THE NINETEENTH BOOK.

BOOK XIX.

BOOK XX.

ARGUMENT OF THE TWENTIETH BOOK.

BOOK XX.

BOOK XXI.

ARGUMENT OF THE TWENTY-FIRST BOOK.

BOOK XXI.

BOOK XXII.

ARGUMENT OF THE TWENTY-SECOND BOOK.

BOOK XXII.

BOOK XXIII.

ARGUMENT OF THE TWENTY-THIRD BOOK.

BOOK XXIII.

TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BLANK VERSE
BY WILLIAM COWPER.