This is a modern-English version of The Epic of Gilgamish: A Fragment of the Gilgamish Legend in Old-Babylonian Cuneiform, originally written by Langdon, Stephen. It has been thoroughly updated, including changes to sentence structure, words, spelling, and grammar—to ensure clarity for contemporary readers, while preserving the original spirit and nuance. If you click on a paragraph, you will see the original text that we modified, and you can toggle between the two versions.

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The Epic of Gilgamish

by Stephen Langdon

University of Pennsylvania
The University Museum
Publications of the Babylonian Section
Vol. X No. 3

[__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Introduction

In the year 1914 the University Museum secured by purchase a large six column tablet nearly complete, carrying originally, according to the scribal note, 240 lines of text. The contents supply the South Babylonian version of the second book of the epic ša nagba imuru, “He who has seen all things,” commonly referred to as the Epic of Gilgamish. The tablet is said to have been found at Senkere, ancient Larsa near Warka, modern Arabic name for and vulgar descendant of the ancient name Uruk, the Biblical Erech mentioned in Genesis X. 10. This fact makes the new text the more interesting since the legend of Gilgamish is said to have originated at Erech and the hero in fact figures as one of the prehistoric Sumerian rulers of that ancient city. The dynastic list preserved on a Nippur tablet1 mentions him as the fifth king of a legendary line of rulers at Erech, who succeeded the dynasty of Kish, a city in North Babylonia near the more famous but more recent city Babylon. The list at Erech contains the names of two well known Sumerian deities, Lugalbanda2 and Tammuz. The reign of the former is given at 1,200 years and that of Tammuz at 100 years. Gilgamish ruled 126 years. We have to do here with a confusion of myth and history in which the real facts are disengaged only by conjecture.

In 1914, the University Museum purchased a nearly complete large six-column tablet, which originally contained, according to the scribal note, 240 lines of text. The content provides the South Babylonian version of the second book of the epic ša nagba imuru, “He who has seen all things,” commonly known as the Epic of Gilgamesh. The tablet is said to have been found in Senkere, the ancient Larsa near Warka, which is the modern Arabic name and a vernacular descendant of the ancient name Uruk, the Biblical Erech mentioned in Genesis X. 10. This fact makes the new text even more interesting since the legend of Gilgamesh is believed to have originated in Erech, and the hero is regarded as one of the prehistoric Sumerian rulers of that ancient city. The dynastic list found on a Nippur tablet1 identifies him as the fifth king of a legendary line of rulers in Erech, who followed the dynasty of Kish, a city in North Babylonia near the more famous but more recent Babylon. The list at Erech includes the names of two well-known Sumerian deities, Lugalbanda2 and Tammuz. Lugalbanda’s reign is stated to be 1,200 years, while Tammuz’s reign is recorded as 100 years. Gilgamesh ruled for 126 years. Here, we deal with a mix of myth and history where the real facts can only be separated through conjecture.

The prehistoric Sumerian dynasties were all transformed [208]into the realm of myth and legend. Nevertheless these rulers, although appearing in the pretentious nomenclature as gods, appear to have been real historic personages.3 The name Gilgamish was originally written ^dGi-bil-aga-miš, and means “The fire god (Gibil) is a commander,” abbreviated to ^dGi-bil-ga-miš, and ^dGi(š)-bil-ga-miš, a form which by full labialization of b to u̯ was finally contracted to ^dGi-il-ga-miš.4 Throughout the new text the name is written with the abbreviation ^dGi(š),5 whereas the standard Assyrian text has consistently the writing ^dGIŠ-ṬU6-BAR. The latter method of writing the name is apparently cryptographic for ^dGiš-bar-aga-(miš); the fire god Gibil has also the title Giš-bar.

The ancient Sumerian dynasties have all been turned into the realm of myth and legend. However, these rulers, despite being referred to as gods in grand titles, seem to have been real historical figures. The name Gilgamish was originally written ^dGi-bil-aga-miš, which means “The fire god (Gibil) is a commander,” shortened to ^dGi-bil-ga-miš and ^dGi(š)-bil-ga-miš. Through full labialization of b to u̯, it eventually became ^dGi-il-ga-miš. Throughout the new text, the name is written with the abbreviation ^dGi(š), while the standard Assyrian text consistently uses ^dGIŠ-ṬU6-BAR. This latter way of writing the name seems to be a code for ^dGiš-bar-aga-(miš); the fire god Gibil also carries the title Giš-bar.

A fragment of the South Babylonian version of the tenth book was published in 1902, a text from the period of Hammurapi, which showed that the Babylonian epic differed very much from the Assyrian in diction, but not in content. The new tablet, which belongs to the same period, also differs radically from the diction of the Ninevite text in the few lines where they duplicate each other. The first line of the new tablet corresponds to Tablet I, Col. V 25 of the Assyrian text,7 where Gilgamish begins to relate his dreams to his mother Ninsun.8 [209]

A fragment of the South Babylonian version of the tenth book was published in 1902, a text from the time of Hammurabi, which showed that the Babylonian epic was very different from the Assyrian in language, but not in content. The new tablet, which comes from the same period, also has a radically different style from the Ninevite text in the few lines where they overlap. The first line of the new tablet matches Tablet I, Col. V 25 of the Assyrian text,7 where Gilgamish begins to share his dreams with his mother Ninsun.8 [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

The last line of Col. I corresponds to the Assyrian version Book I, Col. VI 29. From this point onward the new tablet takes up a hitherto unknown portion of the epic, henceforth to be assigned to the second book.9

The last line of Col. I matches the Assyrian version Book I, Col. VI 29. From this point on, the new tablet introduces a previously unknown part of the epic, which will be assigned to the second book.9

At the end of Book I in the Assyrian text and at the end of Col. I of Book II in the new text, the situation in the legend is as follows. The harlot halts outside the city of Erech with the enamoured Enkidu, while she relates to him the two dreams of the king, Gilgamish. In these dreams which he has told to his mother he receives premonition concerning the advent of the satyr Enkidu, destined to join with him in the conquest of Elam.

At the end of Book I in the Assyrian text and at the end of Column I of Book II in the new text, the legend unfolds like this. The harlot stands outside the city of Erech with the smitten Enkidu, while she shares with him the two dreams of the king, Gilgamesh. In these dreams, which he has confided to his mother, he gets a warning about the arrival of the satyr Enkidu, who is meant to partner with him in the conquest of Elam.

Now the harlot urges Enkidu to enter the beautiful city, to clothe himself like other men and to learn the ways of civilization. When he enters he sees someone, whose name is broken away, eating bread and drinking milk, but the beautiful barbarian understands not. The harlot commands him to eat and drink also:

Now the prostitute encourages Enkidu to enter the beautiful city, to dress like other men, and to learn the ways of civilization. When he enters, he sees someone, whose name is lost, eating bread and drinking milk, but the handsome barbarian doesn't understand. The prostitute tells him to eat and drink too:

“It is the conformity of life,

"It's how life works,"

Of the conditions and fate of the Land.”

Regarding the state and future of the Land.

He rapidly learns the customs of men, becomes a shepherd and a mighty hunter. At last he comes to the notice of Gilgamish himself, who is shocked by the newly acquired manner of Enkidu.

He quickly learns the ways of people, becomes a shepherd and a great hunter. Eventually, he catches the attention of Gilgamesh himself, who is taken aback by Enkidu's newly developed manner.

“Oh harlot, take away the man,” says the lord of Erech. Once again the faithful woman instructs her heroic lover in the conventions of society, this time teaching him the importance of the family in Babylonian life, and obedience to the ruler. Now the people of Erech assemble about him admiring his [210]godlike appearance. Gilgamish receives him and they dedicate their arms to heroic endeavor. At this point the epic brings in a new and powerful motif, the renunciation of woman’s love in the presence of a great undertaking. Gilgamish is enamoured of the beautiful virgin goddess Išhara, and Enkidu, fearing the effeminate effects of his friend’s attachment, prevents him forcibly from entering a house. A terrific combat between these heroes ensues,10 in which Enkidu conquers, and in a magnanimous speech he reminds Gilgamish of his higher destiny.

“Oh, you seductress, get rid of the man,” says the lord of Erech. Once again, the devoted woman teaches her brave lover about society’s norms, this time emphasizing the importance of family in Babylonian life and obedience to the ruler. Now the people of Erech gather around him, admiring his [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]godlike appearance. Gilgamish welcomes him, and they dedicate their weapons to heroic endeavors. At this moment, the epic introduces a new and powerful motif: the renunciation of a woman’s love in the face of a great task. Gilgamish is infatuated with the beautiful virgin goddess Išhara, and Enkidu, worried about the softening effects of his friend's attachment, forcefully stops him from entering a house. A fierce battle between these heroes breaks out, 10 in which Enkidu triumphs, and in a generous speech, he reminds Gilgamish of his greater destiny.

In another unplaced fragment of the Assyrian text11 Enkidu rejects his mistress also, apparently on his own initiative and for ascetic reasons. This fragment, heretofore assigned to the second book, probably belongs to Book III. The tablet of the Assyrian version which carries the portion related on the new tablet has not been found. Man redeemed from barbarism is the major theme of Book II.

In another unplaced fragment of the Assyrian text11 Enkidu also rejects his mistress, seemingly on his own accord and for personal, ascetic reasons. This fragment, previously thought to be from the second book, likely belongs to Book III. The tablet of the Assyrian version that contains the section referenced on the new tablet has not been discovered. The main theme of Book II is humanity's redemption from barbarism.

The newly recovered section of the epic contains two legends which supplied the glyptic artists of Sumer and Accad with subjects for seals. Obverse III 28–32 describes Enkidu the slayer of lions and panthers. Seals in all periods frequently represent Enkidu in combat with a lion. The struggle between the two heroes, where Enkidu strives to rescue his friend from the fatal charms of Išhara, is probably depicted on seals also. On one of the seals published by Ward, Seal Cylinders of Western Asia, No. 459, a nude female stands beside the struggling heroes.12 This scene not improbably illustrates the effort of Enkidu to rescue his friend from the goddess. In fact the satyr stands between Gilgamish and Išhara(?) on the seal. [211]

The newly recovered section of the epic contains two legends that provided the artists of Sumer and Akkad with topics for their seals. Obverse III 28–32 describes Enkidu, the lion and panther slayer. Throughout different periods, seals often show Enkidu in battle with a lion. The fight between the two heroes, where Enkidu tries to save his friend from the deadly charms of Išhara, is likely depicted on seals as well. One of the seals published by Ward, Seal Cylinders of Western Asia, No. 459, features a naked woman standing beside the struggling heroes. This scene probably illustrates Enkidu's effort to rescue his friend from the goddess. In fact, the satyr stands between Gilgamish and Išhara(?) on the seal. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

1 Ni. 13981, published by Dr. Poebel in PBS. V, No. 2.

2 The local Bêl of Erech and a bye-form of Enlil, the earth god. Here he is the consort of the mother goddess Ninsun.

2 The local Bêl of Erech and a variation of Enlil, the earth god. In this context, he is the partner of the mother goddess Ninsun.

3 Tammuz is probably a real personage, although Dumu-zi, his original name, is certainly later than the title Ab-ú, probably the oldest epithet of this deity, see Tammuz and Ishtar, p. 8. Dumu-zi I take to have been originally the name of a prehistoric ruler of Erech, identified with the primitive deity Abu.

3 Tammuz is likely a real figure, although Dumu-zi, his original name, definitely came after the title Ab-ú, which is probably the oldest known title of this god; see Tammuz and Ishtar, p. 8. I believe Dumu-zi was originally the name of an ancient ruler of Erech, linked to the early deity Abu.

4 See ibid., page 40.

4 See *ibid.*, p. 40.

5 Also Meissner’s early Babylonian duplicate of Book X has invariably the same writing, see Dhorme, Choix de Textes Religieux, 298–303.

5 Also, Meissner’s early Babylonian version of Book X always has the same writing; see Dhorme, Choix de Textes Religieux, 298–303.

6 Sign whose gunufied form is read aga.

7 The standard text of the Assyrian version is by Professor Paul Haupt, Das Babylonische Nimrodepos, Leipzig, 1884.

7 The official text of the Assyrian version is by Professor Paul Haupt, Das Babylonische Nimrodepos, Leipzig, 1884.

8 The name of the mother of Gilgamish has been erroneously read ri-mat ^ilatNin-lil, or Rimat-Bêlit, see Dhorme 202, 37; 204, 30, etc. But Dr. Poebel, who also copied this text, has shown that Nin-lil is an erroneous reading for Nin-sun. For Ninsun as mother of Gilgamish see SBP. 153 n. 19 and R.A., IX 113 III 2. Ri-mat ^ilatNin-sun should be rendered “The wild cow Ninsun.”

8 The name of Gilgamesh's mother has been incorrectly read as ri-mat ^ilatNin-lil, or Rimat-Bêlit, see Dhorme 202, 37; 204, 30, etc. However, Dr. Poebel, who also copied this text, demonstrated that Nin-lil is a mistake for Nin-sun. For Ninsun as the mother of Gilgamesh, see SBP. 153 n. 19 and R.A., IX 113 III 2. Ri-mat ^ilatNin-sun should be translated as “The wild cow Ninsun.”

9 The fragments which have been assigned to Book II in the British Museum collections by Haupt, Jensen, Dhorme and others belong to later tablets, probably III or IV.

9 The fragments that Haupt, Jensen, Dhorme, and others categorized as Book II in the British Museum collections are from later tablets, likely III or IV.

10 Rm. 289, latter part of Col. II (part of the Assyrian version) published in HAUPT, ibid., 81–4 preserves a defective text of this part of the epic. This tablet has been erroneously assigned to Book IV, but it appears to be Book III.

10 Rm. 289, later section of Col. II (from the Assyrian version) published in HAUPT, ibid., 81–4 keeps a flawed text of this part of the epic. This tablet has been mistakenly categorized as Book IV, but it seems to actually be Book III.

11 K. 2589 and duplicate (unnumbered) in Haupt, ibid., 16–19.

11 K. 2589 and duplicate (unnumbered) in Haupt, same source, 16–19.

12 See also Ward, No. 199.

Transliteration

1it-bi-e-ma ^iluGilgamiš šu-na-tam i-pa-aš-šar.

it-bi-e-ma ^iluGilgamiš you have taken away my heart.

2iz-za-kar-am1 a-na um-mi-šu

iz-za-kar-am__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ a-na um-mi-šu

3um-mi i-na ša-a-at mu-ši-ti-i̭a

um-mi i-na ša-a-at mu-ši-ti-i̭a

4ša-am-ḫa-ku-ma at-ta-na-al-la-ak

ša-am-ḫa-ku-ma at-ta-na-al-la-ak

5i-na bi-ri-it id-da-tim

i-na bi-ri-it id-da-tim

6ib-ba-šu-nim-ma ka-ka-’a2 ša-ma-i

ib-ba-šu-nim-ma ka-ka-’a__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ ša-ma-i

7ki-?-?-rum3 ša a-nim im-ku-ut a-na ṣi-ri-i̭a

7ki-?-?-rum__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ that you can successfully reach the end of the journey.

8áš-ši-šu-ma ik-ta-bi-it4 e-li-i̭a

áši-ši-šu-ma ik-ta-bi-it__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ e-li-i̭a

9ilam5 iš-šu-ma nu-uš-ša-šu6 u-ul el-ti-’i̭

9ilam__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ he has no luck__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__ he will not survive

10ad-ki ma-tum pa-ḫi-ir7 e-li-šu

ad-ki ma-tum pa-ḫi-ir__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ e-li-šu

11id-lu-tum ú-na-ša-ku ši-pi-šu

id-lu-tum ú-na-ša-ku ši-pi-šu

12ú-um-mi-id-ma pu-ti

ú-um-mi-id-ma pu-ti

13i-mi- du i̭a-ti

i-mi- du i̭a-ti

14aš-ši-a-šu-ma at-ba-la-áš-šu a-na ṣi-ri-ki

aš-ši-a-šu-ma at-ba-la-áš-šu a-na ṣi-ri-ki

15um-mi ^iluGilgamiš mu-u-da-a-at ka-la-ma

um-mi ^iluGilgamesh is dead now

16iz-za-kar-am a-na ^iluGilgamiš [212]

iz-za-kar-am a-na ^iluGilgamiš [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

17mi-in-di ^iluGilgamish ša ki-ma ka-ti

mi-in-di ^iluGilgamish ša ki-ma ka-ti

18i-na ṣi-ri i-wa-li-id-ma

i-na ṣi-ri i-wa-li-id-ma

19ú-ra-ab-bi-šu ša-du-ú

ú-ra-ab-bi-šu ša-du-ú

20ta-mar-šu-ma [sa(?)]-ap-ḫa-ta at-ta

ta-mar-šu-ma [sa(?)]-ap-ḫa-ta at-ta

21id-lu-tum ú-na-ša-ku ši-pi-šu8

id-lu-tum ú-na-ša-ku ši-pi-šu__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

22te-iṭ-ṭi-ra-šu(?) … šu-ú-zu

te-iṭ-ṭi-ra-šu(?) … šu-ú-zu

23ta-tar-ra-[’a]-šu a-na ṣi-[ri-i̭]a

ta-tar-ra-[’a]-šu a-na ṣi-[ri-i̭]a

24[iš-(?)] ti-lam-ma9 i-ta-mar ša-ni-tam

[iš-(?)] ti-lam-ma__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ i-ta-mar ša-ni-tam

25[šu-na-]ta i-ta-wa-a-am a-na um-mi-šu

[šu-na-]ta i-ta-wa-a-am a-na um-mi-šu

26[um-m]i a-ta-mar ša-ni-tam

[um-m]i a-ta-mar ša-ni-tam

27[šu-na-ta a-ta]mar e-mi-a i-na zu-ki-im

[šu-na-ta a-ta]mar e-mi-a i-na zu-ki-im

28[i-na?] Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim10

[i-na?] Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

29ḫa-aṣ-ṣi-nu na-di-i-ma

ḫa-aṣ-ṣi-nu na-di-i-ma

30e-li-šu pa-aḫ- ru

e-li-šu pa-aḫ- ru

31ḫa-aṣ-ṣi-nu-um-ma ša-ni bu-nu-šu

ḫa-aṣ-ṣi-nu-um-ma ša-ni bu-nu-šu

32a-mur-šu-ma aḫ-ta-ta a-na-ku

a-mur-šu-ma aḫ-ta-ta a-na-ku

33a-ra-am-šu-ma ki-ma áš-ša-tim

a-ra-am-šu-ma like a shadow

34a-ḫa-ap-pu-up el-šu

a-ḫa-ap-pu-up el-šu

35el-ki-šu-ma áš-ta-ka-an-šu

el-ki-šu-ma áš-ta-ka-an-šu

36a-na a-ḫi-i̭a

a-na a-ḫi-i̭a

37um-mi ^iluGilgamish mu-da-at ka-la-ma

um-mi ^iluGilgamish mu-da-at ka-la-ma

38[iz-za-kar-am a-na ^iluGilgamish]

[iz-za-kar-am a-na ^iluGilgamish]

...................................

[__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

COL. II

1aš-šum uš-[ta-] ma-ḫa-ru it-ti-ka.

aš-šum uš-[ta-] ma-ḫa-ru it-ti-ka.

2^iluGilgamish šu-na-tam i-pa-šar

Gilgamesh has taken control

3^iluEn-ki-[dû w]a?-ši-ib ma-ḫar ḫa-ri-im-tim

En-ki has been gone for a long time

4UR [ ]-ḫa-mu DI-?-al-lu-un

UR [ ]-ḫa-mu DI-?-al-lu-un

5[ ] im-ta-ši a-šar i-wa-al-du

[ ] im-ta-ši a-šar i-wa-al-du

6ûmê 611 ù 7 mu-ši- a-tim

ûmê 6__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ ù 7 mu-ši- a-tim

7^iluEn-ki-dû te-bi- i-ma

Enki's influence is evident.

8ša-[am-ka-ta] ir- ḫi

ša-[am-ka-ta] ir- ḫi

9ḫa-[ri-im-tu pa-a]-ša i-pu-ša-am-ma

ḫa-[ri-im-tu pa-a]-ša i-pu-ša-am-ma

10iz-za-[kar-am] a-na ^iluEn-ki-dû12

iz-za-[kar-am] a-na ^iluEn-ki-dû__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

11a-na-ṭal-ka ^dEn-ki-dû ki-ma ili ta-ba-áš-ši

a-na-ṭal-ka ^dEn-ki-dû like a god, you protect

12am-mi-nim it-ti na-ma-áš-te-e13

am-i-nim it-ti na-ma-áš-te-e__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

13ta-at-ta-[na-al-]la -ak ṣi-ra-am

ta-at-ta-[na-al-]la -ak ṣi-ra-am

14al-kam lu-ùr-di- ka

al-kam lu-ùr-di-ka

15a-na libbi Uruk-(ki) ri-bi-tim

a-na libbi Uruk-(ki) ri-bi-tim

16a-na biti [el-]lim mu-ša-bi ša A-nim

16Be like your brothers, who are smart and caring.

17^dEn-ki-dû ti-bi lu-ru-ka

Enki, you are my luck

18a-na É-[an-n]a mu-ša-bi ša A-nim

a-na É-[an-n]a mu-ša-bi ša A-nim

19a-šar [^iluGilgamiš] it-[.........] ne-pi-ši-tim(?)

a-šar [^iluGilgamiš] it-[.........] ne-pi-ši-tim(?)

20ù at-[ ]-di [ -] ma

21ta-[ ] ra-ma-an- ka [214]

ta-[ ] ra-ma-an- ka [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

22al-ka ti-ba i-[na] ga-ag-ga-ri

al-ka ti-ba i-[na] ga-ag-ga-ri

23ma-a-a?14 -ak ri-i-im

ma-a-a?__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ -ak ri-i-im

24iš-me a-wa-az-za im-ta-gár ga-ba-ša

iş-me a-wa-az-za im-ta-gár ga-ba-ša

25mi-il-kum ša sinništi

mi-il-kum of the brambles

26im-ta-[ku]-ut a-na libbi-šu

im-ta-[ku]-ut a-na libbi-šu

27iš-ḫu-uṭ li-ib-ša-am

iš-ḫu-uṭ li-ib-ša-am

28iš-ti-nam [ú]-la-ab-bi-iš-šu

iš-ti-nam [ú]-la-ab-bi-iš-šu

29li-ib- [ša-am] ša-ni-a-am

li-ib- [ša-am] ša-ni-a-am

30ši-i it-ta-al-ba- áš

ši-i it-ta-al-ba- áš

31ṣa-ab-ta-at ga-az- zu

ṣa-ab-ta-at ga-az- zu

32ki-ma ? i-ri-id-di-šu

ki-ma ? i-ri-id-di-šu

33a-na gu-up-ri ša ri-i-im

a-na gu-up-ri ša ri-i-im

34a-š[ar ] tar-ba-ṣi-im

a-š[ar ] tar-ba-ṣi-im

35i-na [ ]-ḫu-ru ri-i̭a-ú15

i-na [ ]-ḫu-ru ri-i̭a-ú__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

36.............................

.............................

(About two lines broken away.)

(About two lines cut off.)

COL. III

1ši-iz-ba ša na-ma-áš-te-e

ši-iz-ba ša na-ma-áš-te-e

2i-te-en- ni- iḳ

i-te-en- ni- iḳ

3a-ka-lam iš-ku-nu ma-ḫar-šu

a-ka-lam iš-ku-nu ma-ḫar-šu

4ip-te-iḳ-ma i-na -aṭ-ṭal16

ip-te-iḳ-ma i-na -aṭ-ṭal__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

5ù ip-pa-al-la- as

ù ip-pa-al-la- as

6u-ul i-di ^dEn-ki- dû

u-ul i-di ^dEn-ki- dû

7aklam a-na a-ka-lim

aklam a-na a-ka-lim

8šikaram a-na ša-te-e-im

šikaram a-na ša-te-e-im

9la-a lum-mu- ud [215]

la-a lum-mu- ud [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

10ḫa-ri-im-lum pi-ša i-pu-ša-am- ma

ḫa-ri-im-lum pi-ša i-pu-ša-am-ma

11iz-za-kar-am a-na ^iluEn-ki-dû

iz-za-kar-am a-na ^iluEn-ki-dû

12a-ku-ul ak-lam ^dEn-ki-dû

a-ku-ul ak-lam ^dEn-ki-dû

13zi-ma-at ba-la-ṭi-im

zi-ma-at ba-la-ṭi-im

14bi-ši-ti ši-im-ti ma-ti

bi-ši-ti ši-im-ti ma-ti

15i-ku-ul a-ak-lam ^iluEn-ki-dû

i-ku-ul a-ak-lam ^iluEn-ki-dû

16a-di ši-bi-e-šu

a-di ši-bi-e-šu

17šikaram iš-ti-a-am

šikaram iš-ti-a-am

187 aṣ-ṣa-am-mi-im17

7 aṣ-ṣa-am-mi-im__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

19it-tap-šar kab-ta-tum i-na-an-gu

it-tap-šar kab-ta-tum i-na-an-gu

20i-li-iṣ libba- šu- ma

i-li-iṣ libba- šu- ma

21pa-nu-šu [it-]ta(?)-bir -ru18

pa-nu-šu [it-]ta(?)-bir -ru__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

22ul-tap-pi-it [............]-i

ul-tap-pi-it [............]-i

23šu-ḫu-ra-am pa-ga-ar-šu

šu-ḫu-ra-am pa-ga-ar-šu

24ša-am-nam ip-ta-ša-áš-ma

ša-am-nam ip-ta-ša-áš-ma

25a-we-li-iš i-mē

a-we-li-iš i-mē

26il-ba- áš li-ib-ša-am

il-ba- áš li-ib-ša-am

27ki-ma mu-ti i-ba-áš-ši

ki-ma mu-ti i-ba-áš-ši

28il-ki ka-ak-ka-šu

il-ki ka-ak-ka-šu

29la-bi ú gi-ir- ri

la-bi ú gi-ir- ri

30iš-sa-ak-pu šab-[ši]-eš mu-ši-a-ti

iš-sa-ak-pu šab-[ši]-eš mu-ši-a-ti

31ut- tap -pi-iš šib-ba-ri19

ut- tap -pi-iš šib-ba-ri__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

32la-bi uk-t[a ]-ši-id

la-bi uk-t[a ]-ši-id

33it-ti immer na-ki-[e?] ra-bu-tum

it-ti immer na-ki-[e?] ra-bu-tum

34^iluEn-ki-dû ma-aṣ-ṣa-ar-šu-nu

Enki will not abandon us

35a-we-lum wa-ru-um

a-we-lum wa-ru-um

36iš-[te]-en id-lum

iš-[te]-en id-lum

37a-na[ ........ u]-za-ak-ki-ir

a-na[ ........ u]-za-ak-ki-ir

...........................

(About five lines broken away.) [216]

(About five lines broken away.) [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

REVERSE I

..............................

1i-ip-pu-uš ul-ṣa-am

i-ip-pu-uš ul-ṣa-am

2iš-ši-ma i-ni-i-šu

iš-ši-ma i-ni-i-šu

3i-ta-mar a-we-lam

i-ta-mar a-we-lam

4iz20-za-kar-am a-na ḫarimti

iz__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__-za-kar-am a-na ḫarimti

5ša-am-ka-at uk-ki-ši21 a-we-lam

ša-am-ka-at uk-ki-ši__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ a-we-lam

6a-na mi-nim il-li-kam

a-na mi-nim il-li-kam

7zi-ki-ir-šu lu-uš-šu22

zi-ki-ir-šu lu-uš-šu__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

8ḫa-ri-im-tum iš-ta-si a-we-lam

ḫa-ri-im-tum iš-ta-si a-we-lam

9i-ba-uš-šu-um-ma i-ta-mar-šu

i-ba-uš-šu-um-ma i-ta-mar-šu

10e-di-il23 e-eš-ta-ḫi-[ṭa-am]

e-di-il__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ e-eš-ta-ḫi-[ṭa-am]

11mi-nu a-la-ku-zu na-aḫ-24 [ -]ma

mi-nu a-la-ku-zu na-aḫ-__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ [ -]ma

12e pi-šu i-pu-ša-am-[ma]

e pi-šu i-pu-ša-am-[ma]

13iz-za-kar-am a-na ^iluEn-[ki-dû]

iz-za-kar-am a-na ^iluEn-[ki-dû]

14bi-ti-iš e-mu-tim [ ]

bi-ti-iš e-mu-tim [ ]

15ši-ma-a-at ni-ši-i- ma

ši-ma-a-at ni-ši-i- ma

16tu-ṣa25-ar pa-a-ta-tim26

tu-ṣa__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__-ar pa-a-ta-tim__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

17a-na âli dup-šak-ki-i e ṣi-en

a-na âli dup-šak-ki-i e ṣi-en

18UG-AD-AD-LIL e-mi ṣa-a-a-ḫa-tim [217]

UG-AD-AD-LIL e-mi ṣa-a-a-ḫa-tim [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

19a-na šarri Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim

a-na šarri Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim

20pi-ti pu-uk epši27 a-na ḫa-a-a-ri

pi-ti pu-uk epši__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ a-na ḫa-a-a-ri

21a-na ^iluGilgamiš šarri ša Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim

a-na ^iluGilgamesh king of Uruk-ki

22pi-ti pu-uk epši28

pi-ti pu-uk epši__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

23a-na ha-a-a-ri

a-na ha-a-a-ri

24áš-ša-at ši-ma-tim i-ra-aḫ-ḫi

áš-ša-at ši-ma-tim i-ra-aḫ-ḫi

25šu-u pa-na-nu-um-ma

šu-u pa-na-nu-um-ma

26mu-uk wa-ar-ka-nu

mu-uk wa-ar-ka-nu

27i-na mi-il-ki ša ili ga-bi-ma

i-na mi-il-ki of the god

28i-na bi-ti-iḳ a-pu-un-na-ti-šu29

i-na bi-ti-iḳ a-pu-un-na-ti-šu__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

29ši- ma- az- zum

ši- ma- az- zum

30a-na zi-ik-ri id-li-im

a-na zi-ik-ri id-li-im

31i-ri-ku pa-nu-šu

i-ri-ku pa-nu-šu

REVERSE II

............................................................

Understood! Please provide the text you'd like me to modernize.

(About five lines broken away.)

1i-il-la-ak- ..........

i-il-la-ak- ..........

2ù ša-am-ka-at[ ]ar-ki-šu

ù ša-am-ka-at[ ]ar-ki-šu

3i- ru- ub-ma30 a-na31 libbi Uruk-(ki) ri-bi-tim

i- ru- ub-ma__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ a-na__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__ libbi Uruk-(ki) ri-bi-tim

4ip-ḫur um-ma-nu-um i-na ṣi-ri-šu

ip-ḫur um-ma-nu-um i-na ṣi-ri-šu

5iz-zi-za-am-ma i-na zu-ki-im

iz-zi-za-am-ma i-na zu-ki-im

6ša Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim

ša Unuk-(ki) ri-bi-tim

7pa-aḫ-ra-a-ma ni-šu [218]

pa-aḫ-ra-a-ma ni-šu [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

8i-ta-mē-a i-na ṣi-ri-šu pi(?)-it-tam32

i-ta-mē-a i-na ṣi-ri-šu pi(?)-it-tam__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

9a-na mi-[ni]33 ^iluGilgamiš ma-ši-il

a-na mi-[ni]__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ ^iluGilgamesh ma-ši-il

10la-nam ša- pi- il

la-nam ša-pi-il

11e-ṣi[ pu]-uk-ku-ul

e-ṣi[ pu]-uk-ku-ul

12 i ? -ak-ta

i ? -ak-ta

13i[- -]di i-ši?

i[- -]di i-ši?

14ši-iz-ba ša[na-ma-]áš-[te]-e

ši-iz-ba ša[na-ma-]áš-[te]-e

15i-te- en- ni- iḳ

i-te- en- ni- iḳ

16ka-i̭ā-na i-na [libbi] Uruk-(ki) kak-ki-a-tum34

ka-i̭ā-na in [libbi] Uruk-(ki) kak-ki-a-tum__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

17id-lu-tum u-te-el-li- lu

id-lu-tum u-te-el-li- lu

18ša-ki-in ip-ša- nu35

18they are inside __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

19a-na idli ša i-tu-ru zi-mu-šu

a-na idli ša i-tu-ru zi-mu-šu

20a-na ^iluGilgamiš ki-ma i-li-im

a-na ^iluGilgamesh like a god

21ša-ki-iš-šum36 me-iḫ-rum

ša-ki-iš-šum__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ me-iḫ-rum

22a-na ^ilatIš-ḫa-ra ma-i̭ā-lum

a-na ^ilatIš-ḫa-ra ma-i̭ā-lum

23na- [di]-i- ma

na- [di]-i- ma

24^iluGilgamish id-[ ]na-an(?)...

Gilgamesh id-[ ]na-an(?)...

25i-na mu-ši in-ni-[ -]id

i-na mu-ši in-ni-[ -]id

26i-na-ak37-ša-am- ma

i-na-ak__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__-sha-am- ma

27it-ta-[ ]i-na zûki

it-ta-[ ]i-na zûki

28ip-ta-ra-[ku ]-ak-tām

ip-ta-ra-[ku ]-ak-tām

29ša ^iluGilgamish

ša ^iluGilgamish

30........... da-na(?) ni-iš-šu

........... da-na(?) ni-iš-šu

COL. III

1ur-(?)ḫa .....................

ur-(?)ḫa .....................

2^iluGilgamiš ................

Gilgamesh ................

3i-na ṣi-ri .................... [219]

i-na ṣi-ri .................... [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

4i-ḫa-an-ni-ib [pi-ir-ta-šu?]

i-ḫa-an-ni-ib [pi-ir-ta-šu?]

5it-bi-ma ...

it-bi-ma ...

6a-na pa-ni- šu

a-na pa-ni- šu

7it-tam-ḫa-ru i-na ri-bi-tu ma-ti

it-tam-ḫa-ru i-na ri-bi-tu ma-ti

8^iluEn-ki-dû ba-ba-am ip-ta-ri-ik

Enki, we need to talk.

9i-na ši-pi-šu

i-na ši-pi-šu

10^iluGilgamiš e-ri-ba-am u-ul id-di-in

Gilgamesh, you will not forget

11iṣ-ṣa-ab-tu-ma ki-ma li-i-im

iṣ-ṣa-ab-tu-ma ki-ma li-i-im

12i- lu- du38

i- lu- du__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

13zi-ip-pa-am ’i-bu- tu

zi-ip-pa-am ’i-bu- tu

14i-ga-rum ir-tu-tū39

i-ga-rum ir-tu-tū__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

15^iluGilgamiš ù ^iluEn-ki- dû

Gilgamesh and Enki are gods

16iṣ-ṣa-ab-tu-ù- ma

iṣ-ṣa-ab-tu-ù- ma

17ki-ma li-i-im i-lu-du

ki-ma li-i-im i-lu-du

18zi-ip-pa-am ’i-bu- tu

zi-ip-pa-am ’i-bu- tu

19i-ga-rum ir-tu-tū

i-ga-rum ir-tu-tū

20ik-mi-is-ma ^iluGilgamiš

ik-mi-is-ma ^iluGilgameš

21i-na ga-ga-ag-ga-ri ši-ip-šu

i-na ga-ga-ag-ga-ri ši-ip-šu

22ip-ši-iḫ40 uṣ-ṣa-šu- ma

ip-ši-iḫ__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ uṣ-ṣa-šu- ma

23i-ni-’i i-ra-az-zu

i-ni-’i i-ra-az-zu

24iš-tu i-ra-zu i-ni-ḫu41

iš-tu i-ra-zu i-ni-ḫu__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

25^iluEn-ki-dû a-na ša-ši-im

En-ki-dû for the evening

26iz-za-kar-am a-na ^iluGilgamiš

iz-za-kar-am a-na ^iluGilgamiš

27ki-ma iš-te-en-ma um-ma-ka

ki-ma iš-te-en-ma um-ma-ka

28ú- li- id- ka

ú- li- id- ka

29ri-im-tum ša zu- pu-ri

ri-im-tum ša zu- pu-ri

30^ilat-Nin- sun- na

31ul-lu e-li mu-ti ri-eš-su [220]

[__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

32šar-ru-tam ša ni-ši

šar-ru-tam ša ni-ši

33i-ši-im-kum ^iluEn-lil

i-ši-im-kum ^iluEn-lil

duppu 2 kam-ma

šu-tu-ur e-li …

4 šu-ši42

4 shush __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

1 Here this late text includes both variants pašāru and zakāru. The earlier texts have only the one or the other.

1 This later text includes both versions pašāru and zakāru. The earlier texts only have one or the other.

2 For kakabê; b becomes u̯ and then is reduced to the breathing.

2 For kakabê; b turns into u̯ and then is simplified to the breath.

3 The variants have kima kiṣri; ki-[ma]?-rum is a possible reading. The standard Assyrian texts regard Enkidu as the subject.

3 The variations include kima kiṣri; ki-[ma]?-rum might be another way to read it. The typical Assyrian texts view Enkidu as the main subject.

4 Var. da-an

5 ŠAM-KAK = ilu, net. The variant has ultaprid ki-is-su-šu, “he shook his murderous weapon.” For kissu see ZA. 9,220,4 = CT. 12,14b 36, giš-kud = ki-is-su.

5 ŠAM-KAK = ilu, net. The variant is ultaprid ki-is-su-šu, “he shook his deadly weapon.” For kissu see ZA. 9,220,4 = CT. 12,14b 36, giš-kud = ki-is-su.

6 Var. nussu for nuš-šu = nušša-šu. The previous translations of this passage are erroneous.

6 Var. nussu for nuš-šu = nušša-šu. The earlier translations of this section are incorrect.

7 This is to my knowledge the first occurence of the infinitive of this verb, paḫēru, not paḫāru.

7 As far as I know, this is the first instance of the infinitive of this verb, paḫēru, not paḫāru.

8 Text ma?

9 ištanamma > ištilamma.

10 Cf. Code of Hammurapi IV 52 and Streck in Babyloniaca II 177.

10 See Code of Hammurabi IV 52 and Streck in Babyloniaca II 177.

11 Restored from Tab. I Col. IV 21.

12 Cf. Dhorme Choix de Textes Religieux 198, 33.

12 See Dhorme Selection of Religious Texts 198, 33.

13 namaštû a late form which has followed the analogy of reštû in assuming the feminine t as part of the root. The long û is due to analogy with namaššû a Sumerian loan-word with nisbe ending.

13 namaštû is a later form that has taken after reštû, incorporating the feminine t into the root. The extended û is a result of influence from namaššû, which is a Sumerian loanword with a nisbe ending.

14 Room for a small sign only, perhaps A; māi̭āk? For mâka, there, see BEHRENS, LSS. II page 1 and index.

14 Space for a small sign only, maybe A; māi̭āk? For mâka, check BEHRENS, LSS. II page 1 and index.

15 Infinitive “to shepherd”; see also Poebel, PBS. V 106 I, ri-i̭a-ú, ri-te-i̭a-ú.

16 The text has clearly AD-RI.

17 Or azzammim? The word is probably an adverb; hardly a word for cup, mug (??).

17 Or azzammim? The word is likely an adverb; it's definitely not a term for cup or mug (??).

18 it is uncertain and ta more likely than uš. One expects ittabriru. Cf. muttabrirru, CT. 17, 15, 2; littatabrar, EBELING, KTA. 69, 4.

19 For šapparu. Text and interpretation uncertain. uttappiš II² from tapāšu, Hebrew tāpaś, seize.

19 For šapparu. The text and interpretation are unclear. uttappiš II² from tapāšu, Hebrew tāpaś, to seize.

20 Text ta!

21 On ekēšu, drive away, see Zimmern, Shurpu, p. 56. Cf. uk-kiš Myhrman, PBS. I 14, 17; uk-ki-ši, King, Cr. App. V 55; etc., etc.

22 The Hebrew cognate of mašû, to forget, is našâ, Arabic nasijia, and occurs here in Babylonian for the first time. See also Brockelman, Vergleichende Grammatik 160 a.

22 The Hebrew word related to mašû, which means to forget, is našâ, and the Arabic equivalent is nasijia. This is the first time it appears in Babylonian. Also, see Brockelman, Vergleichende Grammatik 160 a.

23 Probably phonetic variant of edir. The preterite of edēru, to be in misery, has not been found. If this interpretation be correct the preterite edir is established. For the change r > l note also attalaḫ < attaraḫ, Harper, Letters 88, 10, bilku < birku, RA. 9, 77 II 13; uttakkalu < uttakkaru, Ebeling, KTA. 49 IV 10.

23 Likely a phonetic variation of edir. The past tense of edēru, meaning to be in misery, has not been discovered. If this interpretation is accurate, then the past tense edir is confirmed. For the change from r to l, also consider attalaḫ < attaraḫ, Harper, Letters 88, 10, bilku < birku, RA. 9, 77 II 13; uttakkalu < uttakkaru, Ebeling, KTA. 49 IV 10.

24 Also na-’-[ -]ma is possible.

25 The text cannot be correct since it has no intelligible sign. My reading is uncertain.

25 The text can't be right because it doesn't have any clear meaning. I'm not sure what it says.

26 Text uncertain, kal-lu-tim is possible.

26 Text unclear, kal-lu-tim is possible.

27 KAK-ši.

28 KAK-ši.

29 Literally nostrils. pitik apunnati-šu, work done in his presence(?). The meaning of the idiom is uncertain.

30 Text ZU!

31 Text has erroneous form.

31 Text is in the wrong format.

32 Text PA-it-tam clearly!

33 Omitted by the scribe.

33 Left out by the writer.

34 Sic! The plural of kakku, kakkîtu(?).

34 Sic! The plural of kakku, kakkîtu (?).

35 Cf. e-pi-ša-an-šu-nu libâru, “May they see their doings,” Maḳlu VII 17.

35 Cf. e-pi-ša-an-šu-nu libâru, “May they see their actions,” Maḳlu VII 17.

36 For šakin-šum.

37 On the verb nâku see the Babylonian Book of Proverbs § 27.

37 For the verb nâku, refer to the Babylonian Book of Proverbs § 27.

38 The verb la’āṭu, to pierce, devour, forms its preterite iluṭ; see VAB. IV 216, 1. The present tense which occurs here as iluṭ also.

38 The verb la’āṭu, meaning to pierce or devour, has its past form as iluṭ; see VAB. IV 216, 1. The present tense appears here as iluṭ as well.

39 Note BUL(tu-ku) = ratātu (falsely entered in Meissner, SAI. 7993), and irattutu in Zimmern, Shurpu, Index.

39 Note BUL(tu-ku) = ratātu (incorrectly recorded in Meissner, SAI. 7993), and irattutu in Zimmern, Shurpu, Index.

40 “For ipšaḫ.”

41 Sic! ḫu reduced to the breathing ’u; read i-ni-’u.

41 Got it! ḫu changed to the breathing ’u; read i-ni-’u.

42 The tablet is reckoned at forty lines in each column,

42 The tablet is considered to have forty lines in each column,

Translation

1Gilgamish arose interpreting dreams,

Gilgamesh woke up interpreting dreams,

2addressing his mother.

addressing his mom.

3“My mother! during my night

“My mom! during my night

4I, having become lusty, wandered about

I, feeling adventurous, explored.

5in the midst of omens.

in the middle of signs.

6And there came out stars in the heavens,

6And stars lit up in the sky,

7Like a … of heaven he fell upon me.

7He came down on me like a blessing from above.

8I bore him but he was too heavy for me.

8I gave birth to him, but he was too big for me.

9He bore a net but I was not able to bear it.

9He was carrying a net, but I couldn't manage it.

10I summoned the land to assemble unto him,

10I summoned the land to gather for him,

11that heroes might kiss his feet.

11that heroes might worship him.

12He stood up before me1

He stood up in front of me __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

13and they stood over against me.

13and they stood in front of me.

14I lifted him and carried him away unto thee.”

14I picked him up and brought him to you.

15The mother of Gilgamish she that knows all things,

15The mother of Gilgamesh, the all-knowing one,

16said unto Gilgamish:— [212]

said to Gilgamish:— [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

17“Truly oh Gilgamish he is

“Truly, oh Gilgamesh, he is

18born2 in the fields like thee.

born__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ in the fields like you.

19The mountains have reared him.

The mountains have raised him.

20Thou beholdest him and art distracted(?)

20You see him and feel distracted?

21Heroes kiss his feet.

Heroes kiss his feet.

22Thou shalt spare him….

You shall spare him….

23Thou shalt lead him to me.”

23"You'll bring him to me."

24Again he dreamed and saw another dream

24He dreamed again and had another dream.

25and reported it unto his mother.

25and told his mom about it.

26“My mother, I have seen another

“Mom, I’ve met someone else

27[dream. I beheld] my likeness in the street.

27I saw my reflection in the street.

28In Erech of the wide spaces3

28In Erech of the wide open spaces __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

29he hurled the axe,

he threw the axe,

30and they assembled about him.

and they gathered around him.

31Another axe seemed his visage.

Another axe reflected his face.

32I saw him and was astounded.

32I saw him and was stunned.

33I loved him as a woman,

33I loved him like a woman does.

34falling upon him in embrace.

falling on him in embrace.

35I took him and made him

35I took him and created him.

36my brother.”

my brother.

37The mother of Gilgamish she that knows all things

37The mother of Gilgamesh, the one who knows everything

38[said unto Gilgamish:—]

[said to Gilgamish:—]

...................................

[__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

COL. II

1that he may join with thee in endeavor.”

1so he can collaborate with you.

2(Thus) Gilgamish solves (his) dream.

Gilgamesh interprets his dream.

3Enkidu sitting before the hierodule

Enkidu sitting before the priestess

5[ ] forgot where he was born.

6Six days and seven nights

Six days and seven nights

7came forth Enkidu

came forward Enkidu

8and cohabited with the courtesan.

and lived with the escort.

9The hierodule opened her mouth

The hierodule spoke

10speaking unto Enkidu.

speaking to Enkidu.

11“I behold thee Enkidu; like a god thou art.

11"I see you, Enkidu; you’re like a god."

12Why with the animals

Why with the animals?

13wanderest thou on the plain?

are you wandering on the plain?

14Come! I will lead thee

Come! I'll lead you.

15into the midst of Erech of the wide places,

15into the heart of Erech's open areas,

16even unto the holy house, dwelling place of Anu.

16even to the holy house, the dwelling of Anu.

17Oh Enkidu, arise, I will conduct thee

17Oh Enkidu, get up, I will guide you.

18unto Eanna dwelling place of Anu,

18to Eanna, the home of Anu,

19where Gilgamish [oppresses] the souls of men(?)

19where Gilgamish [oppresses] the souls of people(?)

20And as I ............

And as I ............

21thou shalt ........ thyself. [214]

you shall ........ yourself. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

22Come thou, arise from the ground

22Come on, get up from the floor.

23unto the place yonder (?) of the shepherd.”

23"to that place over there where the shepherd is."

24He heard her speak and accepted her words with favor.

24He listened to her and appreciated what she had to say.

25The advice of the woman

The woman's advice

26fell upon his heart.

fell on his heart.

27She tore off one garment

She ripped off one garment

28and clothed him with it.

and dressed him with it.

29With a second garment

With an extra garment

30she clothed herself.

she got dressed.

31She clasped his hand,

She held his hand,

32guiding him like ..............

guiding him like a boss

33unto the mighty presence of the shepherd,

33to the strong presence of the shepherd,

34unto the place of the ... of the sheepfolds.

34to the location of the ... of the sheepfolds.

35In ......... to shepherd

In ......... to guide

36.............................

.............................

(About two lines broken away.)

COL. III

1Milk of the cattle

Cow's milk

2he drank.

he drank.

3Food they placed before him.

Food they served him.

4He broke bread4

He shared a meal__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

5gazing and looking.

gazing and looking.

6But Enkidu understood not.

But Enkidu did not understand.

7Bread to eat,

Bread to eat,

8beer to drink,

beer to drink,

9he had not been taught. [215]

he hadn't been taught. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

10The hierodule opened her mouth

The hierodule spoke.

11and said unto Enkidu:—

and said to Enkidu:—

12“Eat bread, oh Enkidu!

“Eat bread, oh Enkidu!

13It is the conformity of life,

13It's how life comes together,

14of the conditions and the fate of the land.”

14"of the conditions and the fate of the land."

15Enkidu ate bread,

Enkidu ate bread,

16until he was satiated.

until he was satisfied.

17Beer he drank

He drank beer

18seven times(?).

seven times?

19His thoughts became unbounded and he shouted loudly.

19His mind was racing, and he shouted.

20His heart became joyful,

His heart grew joyful,

21and his face glowed.

and his face lit up.

22He stroked.................

He stroked...

23the hair of the head.5 His body

23the hair on the head.__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ His body

24with oil he anointed.

with oil he blessed.

25He became like a man.

He became like a dude.

26He attired himself with clothes

He dressed himself in clothes

27even as does a husband.

even like a husband.

28He seized his weapon,

He grabbed his weapon,

29which the panther and lion

which the panther and lion

30fells in the night time cruelly.

falls on a chilly night.

31He captured the wild mountain goats.

32The panther he conquered.

He conquered the panther.

33Among the great sheep for sacrifice

Among the great sheep for sacrifice

34Enkidu was their guard.

Enkidu was their protector.

35A man, a leader,

A man, a leader,

36A hero.

A hero.

37Unto .......... he elevated

Unto .......... he raised

...........................

(About five lines broken away.) [216]

(About five lines broken away.) [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

REVERSE I

..............................

1And he made glad.

And he was happy.

2He lifted up his eyes,

He looked up,

3and beheld the man,

and saw the man,

4and said unto the hierodule:—

and said to the hierodule:—

5“Oh harlot, take away the man.

5"Oh temptress, send the guy away.

6Wherefore did he come to me?

6Why did he come to me?

7I would forget the memory of him.”

I’d forget about him.

8The hierodule called unto the man

8The temple worker shouted to the man.

9and came unto him beholding him.

9and walked up to him, staring at him.

10She sorrowed and was astonished

She was sad and amazed

11how his ways were ............

how his ways were ............

12Behold she opened her mouth

Check it out, she spoke

13saying unto Enkidu:—

saying to Enkidu:—

14“At home with a family [to dwell??]

14"At home with a family [to live??]"

15is the fate of mankind.

is humanity's fate.

16Thou shouldest design boundaries(??)

You should set boundaries.

17for a city. The trencher-basket put (upon thy head).

17for a city. The serving basket on your head.

18.... ......an abode of comfort. [217]

an oasis of comfort. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

19For the king of Erech of the wide places

19For the king of Erech in the extensive territories

20open, addressing thy speech as unto a husband.

20Speak openly, as if you're talking to your husband.

21Unto Gilgamish king of Erech of the wide places

21To Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, in the expansive territories

22open, addressing thy speech

open, addressing your speech

23as unto a husband.

as to a husband.

24He cohabits with the wife decreed for him,

24He lives with the wife picked for him,

25even he formerly.

even he used to.

26But henceforth

But from now on

27in the counsel which god has spoken,

27in the guidance that God has provided,

28in the work of his presence

28in the process of being with him

29shall be his fate.”

"will be his fate."

30At the mention of the hero

When the hero is named

31his face became pale.

his face went pale.

REVERSE II

............................................................

Please provide the text you would like me to modernize.

(About five lines broken away.)

(About five lines split away.)

1going .......................

going

2and the harlot ..... after him.

2and the prostitute ..... followed him.

3He entered into the midst of Erech of the wide places.

3He walked into the center of Erech, the large open space.

4The artisans gathered about him.

The artists gathered around him.

5And as he stood in the street

5And while he was standing in the street

6of Erech of the wide places,

6of Erech of the open fields,

7the people assembled [218]

the crowd gathered [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

8disputing round about him:—

disputing around him:—

9“How is he become like Gilgamish suddenly?

9"How did he suddenly become like Gilgamesh?"

10In form he is shorter.

In shape, he is shorter.

11In ........ he is made powerful.

In ........ he gains power.

14Milk of the cattle

Cattle milk

15he drank.

he drank.

16Continually in the midst of Erech weapons

16Always surrounded by weapons in Erech.

17the heroes purified.

the heroes were purified.

18A project was instituted.

A project was launched.

19Unto the hero whose countenance was turned away,

19To the hero whose face was turned away,

20unto Gilgamish like a god

to Gilgamish like a god

21he became for him a fellow.

21he became his companion.

22For Išhara a couch

For Išhara a couch

23was laid.

was laid.

24Gilgamish ...................

Gilgamesh ...................

25In the night he ..............

In the night he ..............

26embracing her in sleep.

embracing her in sleep.

27They ........ in the street

They were in the street

28halting at the ................

halting at the ................

29of Gilgamish.

of Gilgamesh.

30.......... mightily(?)

.......... powerfully(?)

COL. III

1A road(?) ....................

A road....................

2Gilgamish ...................

Gilgamesh ...................

3in the plain .................. [219]

in the plain .................. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

4his hair growing thickly like the corn.

4his hair grew thick and full like corn.

5He came forth ...

He stepped forward ...

6into his presence.

into his presence.

7They met in the wide park of the land.

7They came together in the large park of the area.

8Enkidu held fast the door

Enkidu held the door tight

9with his foot,

with his foot,

10and permitted not Gilgamish to enter.

10and did not let Gilgamish enter.

11They grappled with each other

They wrestled with each other

12goring like an ox.

goring like an ox.

13The threshold they destroyed.

The barrier they destroyed.

14The wall they demolished.

The wall they tore down.

15Gilgamish and Enkidu

Gilgamesh and Enkidu

16grappled with each other,

grappled with each other,

17goring like an ox.

goring like an ox.

18The threshold they destroyed.

The threshold they destroyed.

19The wall they demolished.

The wall they tore down.

20Gilgamish bowed

Gilgamesh bowed

21to the ground at his feet

22and his javelin reposed.

and his javelin rested.

23He turned back his breast.

He turned his chest back.

24After he had turned back his breast,

24After he had turned back his chest,

25Enkidu unto that one

Enkidu to that one

26spoke, even unto Gilgamish.

spoke, even to Gilgamish.

27“Even as one6 did thy mother

“Just like your mom did”

28bear thee,

bear you,

29she the wild cow of the cattle stalls,

29she, the wild cow of the barns,

30Ninsunna,

Ninsunna,

31whose head she exalted more than a husband. [220]

31who she valued more than a husband. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

32Royal power over the people

Power to the people

33Enlil has decreed for thee.”

"Enlil has decreed for you."

Second tablet.

Written upon ...

Written on...

240 (lines).

[__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

1 Literally “he attained my front.”

1 Literally "he reached my front."

2 IV¹ of walādu.

3 I.e., in the suburb of Erech.

3 That is, in the suburb of Erech.

4 patāḳu has apparently the same sense originally as batāḳu, although the one forms its preterite iptiḳ, and the other ibtuḳ. Cf. also maḫāṣu break, hammer and construct.

4 patāḳu seems to have the same meaning originally as batāḳu, even though the former creates its past tense as iptiḳ, and the latter uses ibtuḳ. See also maḫāṣu meaning break, hammer, and construct.

5 The passage is obscure. Here šuḫuru is taken as a loan-word from suģur = ḳimmatu, hair of the head. The infinitive II¹ of saḫāru is philologically possible.

5 The passage is unclear. Here šuḫuru is considered a loanword from suģur = ḳimmatu, which means hair of the head. The infinitive II¹ of saḫāru is linguistically feasible.

6 I.e., an ordinary man.

6 Like a regular guy.

Index to Parts 2 and 3

A.

Adab, city, 123, 23.

addi, wailing, 117, 31; 137, 22; 161, 12.

addi, crying, 117, 31; 137, 22; 161, 12.

aḫu, brother, 212, 36.

Aja, goddess, 198, 9.

al (giš), al-gar (giš), a musical instrument, 187–191. See also No. 20 Rev. 7–12. al-bi, compound verb, 189 n. 6. In Ni. 8164 (unpublished) al-gar, al-gar-balag in list with (giš)-á-lá, also an instrument of music.

al (giš), al-gar (giš), a musical instrument, 187–191. See also No. 20 Rev. 7–12. al-bi, compound verb, 189 n. 6. In Ni. 8164 (unpublished) al-gar, al-gar-balag in a list with (giš)-á-lá, which is also a musical instrument.

alad, protecting genius, 154, 18.

alad, protecting talent, 154, 18.

ameliš, like a man, 215, 25.

Amurrû, god. Psalm to, 118; 119.

angubba, sentinel, 180, 14.

angubba, guard, 180, 14.

Anu, god. 116, 18:26 ff. 131, 8; 165, 9; 180, 20.

Anunnaki, gods, 114, 17:21; 116, 25; 116 n. 7; 128, 13; 135, 31; 189, 21.

Anunit, goddess, 158, 12; 166, 2.

apunnatu, nostrils, pitiḳ, apunnāti, 217, 28.

aṣṣammim (?), 215, 18.

Arallû, 132, 26; 134, 7.

arāmu, cover, 198 n. 2.

arāḳu, be pale, Prt. iriku, 217, 31.

arḫiš, quickly, 199, 28.

arḫiš, fast, 199, 28.

Aruru, goddess. Lamentation to, 115. Sister of Enlil, 115, 2; 171, 29; 190, 25. Other references, 116, 13:15:18; 117, 34 f.

Aruru, goddess. Lamentation for, 115. Sister of Enlil, 115, 2; 171, 29; 190, 25. Other references, 116, 13:15:18; 117, 34 f.

Asarludug, god, 163, 8; 170, 4.

Aš-im-ur, title of Moon-god, 136, 12. áš omitted, No. 19, 2.

Aš-im-ur, title of the Moon god, 136, 12. áš omitted, No. 19, 2.

aš-me, disk, 133, 38.

Ašširgi, god, No. 22, Rev. 7.

Azagsud, goddess, 196, 30:33; 197, 38.

B.

Babbar, god, 116, 24; 139, 43; 147, 21; 148, 3; 152.

Babylon, city, 158, 14; 160, 6; 163, 8; 166, 4:11.

badara, see 200 n. 2. badarani, a weapon, 133, 36.

balag, lyre, 138, 52.

bansur, table; title of a goddess, 175, 3.

bansur, table; name of a goddess, 175, 3.

Bau, goddess, 179, 2; 181, 30; 182, 32; 141, 7:10.

bišîtu, condition, 215, 14.

bi’u, cavern, 196, 29.

bi’u, cave, 196, 29.

bulukku, crab, 174, 5.

burgul, engraver, 185, 8.

C.

Cutha, city. Center of the cult of Nergal, 167, 15.

Cutha, city. The hub of the Nergal cult, 167, 15.

D.

Dada, god, 192, 6.

Dagan, West Semitic god, 149, 21.

Damu, title of Tammuz, 176, 7.

Damu, the title of Tammuz, 176, 7.

Deification of kings, 106–9; 127 n. 1.

dêpu, shatter, 195 n. 16. [222]

dêpu, shatter, 195 n. 16. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

DI-BAL, ideogram in incantations, 194, 10.

DI-BAL, symbol in spells, 194, 10.

Dilbat, city, 167, 16.

Dilmun, land and city, 112, 2:4.

dimgul, dimdul, master workman, 150.

dimgul, dimdul, master craftsman, 150.

dingir-gal-gal-e-ne, the great gods, the Anunnaki, 114, 21:125; 149, 19.

dumu-anna, daughter of heaven, title of Bau, 179, 5; 181, 28; 184, 28.

dumu-sag, title of Tašmet, 163, 12.

Dungi, king of Ur, liturgy to, 136.

dupšakku, trencher basket, 216, 17.

dupšakku, serving basket, 216, 17.

Duranki, epithet for Nippur, 122, 18; 180, 11.

Duranki, the name for Nippur, 122, 18; 180, 11.

E.

E-anna, temple in Erech, 123, 30; 125; 148, 12; 213, 18.

E-babbar, temple of the sun god, 152; 158, 11; 166, 1. Perhaps read E-barra.

E-babbar, temple of the sun god, 152; 158, 11; 166, 1. Maybe read E-barra.

E-daranna, temple of Enki in Babylon, 169, 25; 170, 29. See BL. 133.

edēlu = edēru, be gloomy, 216, 10.

edēlu = edēru, be sad, 216, 10.

é-dub, house of learning, 117, 39.

é-dub, place of learning, 117, 39.

é-gal, palace, No. 19, Rev. 3; 115, 11; 131, 7; 134, 22; 158, 9.

é-gig = ḳiṣṣu, 191, 11.

E-ibe-Anu, temple in Dilbat, 167, 16.

E-kinammaka, temple, 115, 10.

E-kišibba, temple in Kish, 166, 13.

E-kur, temple, 180, 12; 183, 23; 190, 7; 146, 9; 147, 17; 158, 8; 160, 4; 166, 17; 169, 23.

Emaḫ, Ešmaḫ, ritual house of the water cult of Marduk, 163, 7; 115, 4.

Emaḫ, Ešmaḫ, the ritual house of the water cult of Marduk, 163, 7; 115, 4.

E-malga-sud, temple, 181, 24; 141, 3.

E-meteg, daughter of Ninkasi, 144.

E-mete-ursag, temple in Kish, 166, 13.

E-namtila, temple, 160, 4; 169, 24.

en-a-nu-un, en-á-nun, title of Innini and Gula, 173, 2.

Enbilulu, title of Marduk, 170, 5.

E-ninnû, temple, 181, 22.

EN-ḪUL-tim-mu, 194 n. 2.

EN-ḪUL-tim-mu, 194 note 2.

EN-KA-KA, bêl dabābi, 194, 2.

EN-KA-KA, good vibes, 194, 2.

Enki, god. Hymn to, No. 20, 113, 7; 114, 10; 116, 21; 122, 7; 149, 16.

Enkidu, satyr, 213, 3:7:10:11; 214, 6; 215, 11:12:15:34; 216, 13; 219, 8:15:25; 131, 11; 134, 16; 178, 13.

Enlil, god. Liturgy to, 155–184. Regarded as god of light, 157, 1 ff. 158, 3 f. Other references, 114, 19; 115, 2; 116, 19; 131, 6; 136, 5; 139, 40; 149, 22; 146, 3:7:14; 189, 11:19; 220, 33.

Enlil, god. Liturgy to, 155–184. Considered the god of light, 157, 1 ff. 158, 3 f. Other references, 114, 19; 115, 2; 116, 19; 131, 6; 136, 5; 139, 40; 149, 22; 146, 3:7:14; 189, 11:19; 220, 33.

Enul, god, 149, 16.

Enzu, god, 139, 41; 146, 3.

epšānu, deeds, 218, 18.

epšānu, actions, 218, 18.

epû, be dark, I² itêpû, 196, 29.

Erech, city, 125; 149, 13. Erech ribîtim, 212, 28; 213, 15; 217, 19:21; 217, 3:6.

eri-azag, holy city, Isin, 141, 8.

erida, title, 175, 1.

Eridu, city, 113, 20; 136, 13.

Erishkigal, goddess, 131, 10; 134, 11.

eršagtugmal, penitential psalm, 118.

E-sagila, temple, 152.

E-sakudkalamma, temple, 166, 10; 169 n. 4.

ešendili, a title, 177, 10. [223]

ešendili, a title, 177, 10. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

eškar, fixed tax, 188, 9.

eškar, flat tax, 188, 9.

eš-lal, a sacred place, 161, 14.

E-temen-anki, temple, 169, 25.

E-turkalamma, temple, 166, 14.

E-turkalamma temple, 166, 14.

Euphrates, river, 183, 12; 183, 20.

E-zida, temple, 166, 12.

Ezina, grain goddess, 174, 9.

Ezina, goddess of grain, 174, 9.

Ezira, reading of the divine name KA-DI, 177, 11.

F.

Fara, modern Arabic name for the site of Isin (?), 177 n. 4.

Fara, the modern Arabic name for the site of Isin (?), 177 n. 4.

G.

GAB, baked bread, 200, 33.

GAB-LAL, a cake made with honey, 195, 22; 200, 35.

GAR-šunnu = epišan-šunu, 198, 13.

gašan-gula, title of Ninâ, 119 n. 2.

gepar, dark chamber, 123, 30 f., 148, 10; 161, 18.

Gibil, god, 197, 3.

gi-gál(giš),interlude, 151 n. 1; 182, 33.

gi-gál(giš), interlude, 151 n. 1; 182, 33.

gigunna, 114, 23.

Gilgamish, king of Erech, 207; 211, 1:115 f. 212, 17:37; 213, 2; 217, 21; 218, 9:20:24:29 and below 2; 219, 10;15:20:26. Derivation of name, 208. See also No. 16 Rev. II 15; 197, 42; 124 f.

Gilgamesh, king of Uruk, 207; 211, 1:115 f. 212, 17:37; 213, 2; 217, 21; 218, 9:20:24:29 and below 2; 219, 10;15:20:26. Origin of name, 208. See also No. 16 Rev. II 15; 197, 42; 124 f.

gilsa, a sacred relic, 132, 22.

gilsa, a holy artifact, 132, 22.

Girra, Irra, god, 174, 7; 177, 12.

girru, lion, 215, 29.

Girsu, city, 181, 23.

Guanna, deity, No. 16 Rev. II 18.

Guedin, province, 129, 28.

Gunura, goddess of healing, 176, 6.

gupru, mighty, 214, 33.

gupru, powerful, 214, 33.

Gutium, land, 120 ff.

Gutium, territory, 120 ff.

H.

Hallab, city, 125; 141.

ḫanābu, grow thickly, Prs. ibannib, 219, 4.

ḫanābu, grow densely, Prs. ibannib, 219, 4.

ḫapāpu, embrace, 212, 34.

ḫapāpu, hug, 212, 34.

ḫaṣṣinu, axe, 212, 29:31.

ḫarbatu, waste place, 200, 39.

ḫarbatu, junkyard, 200, 39.

Harsagkalamma, temple, 166, 14.

Harsagkalamma temple, 166, 14.

Hubur, mythical river, 197, 42.

ḫûlu, a bird, 199, 31.

ḫûḳu, a bird, 199, 31.

I.

Ibi-Sin, king of Ur, 151 n. 2.

ibsi, liturgical expression, 120, 5.

Igigi, heaven spirits, 116 n. 6.

IGI-NAGIN-NA, 194, 11.

imib, weapon, 131, 8. mi-ib, ibid. n.3.

imin, seven. Seven lands, 130, 35; seventh day, 134, 18.

Immer, god, 177, 8.

Immer, God, 177, 8.

Indag, god, consort of Gula, 173, 3.

Indag, god, partner of Gula, 173, 3.

Innini, goddess, 123. Liturgy to, 184; 123, 29. Consort of Shamash, 148, 4. Other references, 154, 21.

Innini, goddess, 123. Liturgy to her, 184; 123, 29. Partner of Shamash, 148, 4. Other references, 154, 21.

iṣṣur šamê, unclean birds, 195 n. 10.

Išhara, goddess, 218, 22.

Isin, city, 122, 15; 176, 4.

Ishme-Dagan, 178 ff. Son of Enlil, 181, 29; 182, 32. Liturgy to, 143.

K.

KA-DIB-BI, sibit pî, 194, 10.

KA-DIB-BI, sit here, 194, 10.

KAK-DIG, a weapon, 130, 4.

kakkitu (?), weapon. Pl. kakkiatum, 218, 16.

KAK-SIR, a weapon (?), 130, 4. [121]

KAK-SIR, a weapon (?), 130, 4. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

kalama, the Land, Sumer, 138, 25; 141, 5; 147, 22; 150, 4; 154, 17; 177, 9.

kanami=kalama, land, 120, 8.

KA-NE, a new ideograph, 153 n. 10.

KA-NE, a new symbol, 153 n. 10.

kasû, bind. I² liktisu, 198, 20.

Kenurra, chapel of Ninlil, 114, 22; 123, 20; 160, 4; 166, 18; 166, 8; 169, 24.

Keš, city, 115, 11; 123, 22.

kešda-azag, a relic, 132, 27.

ki, kin for gim = kima, 120, 6.

KI-AG-MAL, râmu, 194 n. 4.

Kidurkazal, daughter of Ninkasi, 145.

ki-malla, to bend. tig-zu ki-ma-al-la nu-gí-gí, “Thy neck wearies not in bending,” 168, 2. [Correct the translation.]

ki-malla, to bend. tig-zu ki-ma-al-la nu-gí-gí, “Your neck does not tire from bending,” 168, 2. [Correct the translation.]

ki-in-gin, ki-en-gin, Sumer, 115, 24; 134, 19; 189, 17.

KI-SAR, ḳaḳḳara tašabbiṭ, 199, 29.

KI-SAR, Kakkara disturbance, 199, 29.

Kish, city, 129, 30; 166, 12. é kiš-(ki)-šú, so read, No. 5 Obv. 8.

Kullab, city, 149, 14; 173, 1.

kunin, gunin, reed basket, 150 n. 3.

kurgal, “great mountain,” title of Sumer, 114, 11. Of Enlil, 114, 19; 182, 5.

KURUN-NA, (amelu), 196, 34.

KUŠ-KU-MAL, 194, 11.

L.

la’aṭu, gore. Prt. ilûdu, 219, 12:17.

labu, panther, 215, 29:32.

Lagash, city, 181, 23:26.

Lagash, city, 181, 11:26 PM.

Laḫama, goddess of Chaos, 113, 5.

Laws, promulgated by Dungi, 138, 31.

Laws, announced by Dungi, 138, 31.

Libit-Ishtar, king, 141.

libšu, garment, 214, 27:29; 215, 26.

libšu, clothing, 214, 27:29; 215, 26.

Ligirsig, a god, 113, 3.

lilazag, epithet of a deified king, 141, 1.

lilazag, nickname of a god-like king, 141, 1.

Lillaenna, goddess, 192, 5.

limēnu, be evil. II¹ ulammenu-inni, 197, 7.

limēnu, be wicked. II¹ ulammenu-inni, 197, 7.

Lugal-dīg, god, 197, 5.

lu’ûtu, pollution, 195, 19.

M.

Magan, land, 112, 2:5.

mai̭ālu, couch, 218, 22.

mai̭ālu, sofa, 218, 22.

malāšu, shear, 195, 20.

Mamit, 200, 41.

mandatu, form, 195, 21.

mal-gar (gi), a musical instrument, 191, 10.

mangu, disease, 195, 19.

Marduk, god, 151.

Marduk, deity, 151.

markasu, leader, 150.

markasu, leader, 150.

masû, seize, 195 n. 5.

masû, capture, 195 n. 5.

mašû, to forget, 216, 7.

Me-azag, daughter of Ninkasi, 144.

meḫru, fellow, 218, 21.

meḫru, buddy, 218, 21.

Meḫuš, daughter of Ninkasi, 144.

Meḫuš, Ninkasi's daughter, 144.

Meluḫḫa, land, 112, 6.

Meluḫḫa, country, 112, 6.

Meslam, temple in Cutha, 167, 15.

mesû, a tree, 159, 23.

muk, now, but now, 217, 26.

Mulgenna, Saturn, 137, 18.

Mulmul, gods, 142.

Mulmul, deities, 142.

N.

nâdu, water bottle, 198, 17.

water bottle, 198, 17.

nadîtu, temple devotee, 188, 7.

nadîtu, temple follower, 188, 7.

nagû, shout. Prs. inangu, 215, 19.

nâku, embrace, 218, 26.

namaštû, cattle, etc., 213, 12:17; 214, 1; 219, 14.

Namtar, god, 197, 3; 132, 24.

Nangt, goddess, 192, 7. [225]

Nangt, goddess, 192, 7. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Nannar, god, 115, 12; 116, 23; 133, 38; 137, 11; 150, 2.

Nergal, god, 131, 6.

Nergal, deity, 131, 6.

Nidaba, goddess, 191.

ni-gál, cattle, 121, 6.

nimir = ligir, 174, 4.

ninda, linear measure, 133, 41.

ninda, linear measurement, 133, 41.

Ningal, goddess, No. 19, 5; 148, 3; 151, 3.

Ningišzida, god, 133, 34.

Nin-isinna, goddess, 122, 16; 191, 15.

Ninkasi, goddess, 144.

Ninki, goddess, 149, 16.

Ninlil, goddess, 116, 20; 123, 20; 137, 12; 146, 14.

Ninmada, daughter of Ninkasi, 144.

Ninmaḫ, goddess, 116, 22.

Ninmenna, epithet of Damgalnunna, 190, 27.

Ninmenna, another name for Damgalnunna, 190, 27.

Ninsun, goddess, 219, 30; 208 n. 6; 129; 131, 16 (?).

Nintudri, goddess, 123, 26. Nintudra, 137, 16. Creatress of man and woman, 192.

Nintudri, goddess, 123, 26. Nintudra, 137, 16. Creator of man and woman, 192.

Ninul, goddess, 149, 16.

Ninurašâ, god, 191, 12; 146, 12.

Ninzuanna, goddess, 122, 13.

Nippur, city, 112, 8; 122, 18:19; 160, 3; 169, 21; 180, 11; 149, 18; 158, 7; 165, 16.

NI-SUR (amelu), 196, 35.

Nudimmud, god, 199, 25. No. 20, 10.

nugiganna, epithet of Innini, 185, 2.

nugiganna, title of Innini, 185, 2.

nûn apsi, unclean fish, 195 n. 11.

Nunamnirri, god, 190, 28; 146, 13; 180, 10:13:17.

nun-ùr, epithet of Amurrû, 119, 3.

nun-ùr, nickname for Amurrû, 119, 3.

Nusiligga, daughter of Ninkasi, 144.

Nusku, god, 146, 7; 163, 13.

P.

Pabilsag, god. Son and consort of Gula, 173 n. 3; 176, 5. A form of Tammuz.

Pabilsag, god. Son and partner of Gula, 173 n. 3; 176, 5. A version of Tammuz.

pananumma, formerly, 217, 25.

pananumma, previously, 217, 25.

Panunnaki, goddess, consort of Marduk, 163, 9.

Panunnaki, goddess, partner of Marduk, 163, 9.

patāḳu, fashion, break, 214, 4.

patāḳu, style, break, 214, 4.

paturru, a weapon, 200, 37.

Pleiades, 142.

R.

ratātu, demolish, 219, 19.

ratātu, destroy, 219, 19.

Rimat ^ilatNinsun, 208 n. 6; 219, 29.

Ruškišag, goddess, 132, 28.

RU-TIG, an epithet, 141, 2.

RU-TIG, a nickname, 141, 2.

S.

sa-bar; sa-sud-da, liturgical note, 182, 31.

šabšiš, cruelly, 215, 30.

šabšiš, brutally, 215, 30.

Sagilla, temple, 158, 15. E-sagila, 160, 5; 166, 5; 166, 11.

šaḫātu, be astounded, 216, 10. Arabic saḫiṭa.

šaḫātu, be amazed, 216, 10. Arabic saḫiṭa.

ṣai̭āḫatu, desire, comfort, 216, 18.

šakāpu, fell. I² išsakpu, 215, 30.

ṣalûtu, enmity, 199, 27.

ṣalûtu, hostility, 199, 27.

Šamaš, god, 197, 4:8; 198, 10:13; 199, 25:31.

Šamaš-šum-ukin, king. Incantations for, 193–200; 199, 23.

Samsuiluna, king, 151.

Samsuiluna, king, 151 BCE.

SAR-DI-DA, a relic, 133, 37.

Serpent adversary, 183, 21; 148, 12.

Serpent enemy, 183, 21; 148, 12.

Seven, sacred number. Seven gods, 196, 30.

Seven, a sacred number. Seven gods, 196, 30.

Ship, in legend, 113, 2.

Silsirsir, a chapel.

Silsirsir, a church.

Sin, god. Hymn to, No. 19.

sippu, threshold, 219, 13:18. [226]

sippu, threshold, 219, 1:18 PM. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Sippar, city, 158, 10; 160, 5; 166, 19.

sirgidda, long song, 140, 54.

Siriš, daughter of Ninkasi, 144.

Siriš, Ninkasi's daughter, 144.

Siriškaš, daughter of Ninkasi, 144.

Siriškaš, Ninkasi's daughter, 144.

Siriškašgig, daughter of Ninkasi, 144.

sirsagga, first melody, 117, 28; 139, 48.

ŠU-AN = kat ili, 194, 12. See also ŠU-^dINNINI, 194, 12.

ŠU-NAM-ERIM-MA, 194, 13.

ŠU-NAM-LU-GAL-LU, 194, 13.

subura, earth, 175, 3.

subura, soil, 175, 3.

su-ud, sú-ud-ám, epithet of goddess of Šuruppak, 177, 10 and note 4.

su-ud, sú-ud-ám, title of the goddess of Šuruppak, 177, 10 and note 4.

šuḫuru, hair (?), 215, 23.

sukkal-zid, title of Nebo, 163, 10.

Šulpae, god, No. 16 II 22.

Sumer, land, 113, 21; 114, 11; 136, 2.

sumugan, title of Girra, 177, 12 and note; 179, 3.

T.

Tablet of fates, 132 n. 3.

Tammuz, ancient ruler, 208. Liturgy to, 191. Other references, 126; 208; 131, 20.

tapāšu, seize, capture, II² uttappiš, 215, 31.

temēru, cook, 196, 35.

temēru, chef, 196, 35.

Tigris, river, 183, 12.

Tigris River, 183, 12.

Tummal, land, 190, 9; 191, 10.

U.

ud, spirit, word, 150, 1:4; 158, 16; 159, 17:24.

ul-al-tar, 191 n. 6.

ulinnu, girdle cord, 195, 20.

Ulmaš, temple of Anunit, 158, 13; 166, 3.

Ur, city, 134, 21; 137, 6. Lamentation for, 150. Other references, No. 19, 4:7:8:16:28: Rev. 5; 151, 3.

Ur-azag, king of Isin (?), 140 n. 2.

Ur-Engur, king of Ur, 126 ff.

urinu, spear (?), 173, 3.

ursaggal, epithet for Ninurašā, 165, 11. For Enbilulu, 170, 5.

ursaggal, name for Ninurašā, 165, 11. For Enbilulu, 170, 5.

ušumgal, 117, 33.

Z.

zâbu, flow. li-zu-bu, 198, 16. Cf. gàm = za’ibu, miṭirtu, words for canal, SAI. 691–3.

zag-sal, liturgical note, 103 f. No. 21 end.

za-am, 138, 34; 139, 38; 140, 56.

zênu, be enraged, II¹ uzinu-inni, 197, 6.

zênu, be angry, II¹ uzinu-inni, 197, 6.

ZI-TAR-RU-DA = nikis napišti, 194 n. 6. [124]

ZI-TAR-RU-DA = write it down, 194 n. 6. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Description of Tablets

Number in this volume. 1

Number in this volume: 1

Museum number. 7771

Museum number: 7771

Description.

Dark brown unbaked tablet. Three columns. Lower edge slightly broken. Knobs at left upper and left lower corners to facilitate the holding of the tablet. H. 7 inches: W. 6½; T. 1½. Second tablet of the Epic of Gilgamish. [125]

Dark brown unbaked tablet. Three columns. The lower edge is slightly broken. Knobs at the upper left and lower left corners make it easier to hold the tablet. H. 7 inches; W. 6½; T. 1½. Second tablet of the Epic of Gilgamesh. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

The Epic of Gilgamish

by Stephen Langdon

University of Pennsylvania The University Museum Publications of the Babylonian Section Vol. X No. 3

Introduction

Transliteration

COL. II

COL. III

REVERSE I

REVERSE II

COL. III

Translation

COL. II

COL. III

REVERSE I

REVERSE II

COL. III

Index to Parts 2 and 3

A.

B.

C.

D.

E.

F.

G.

H.

I.

K.

L.

M.

N.

P.

R.

S.

T.

U.

Z.

Description of Tablets

Autograph Plates

Plate LXIII.

Plate LXIV.

Plate LXV.

Plate LXVI.

Plate LXVII.

Plate LXVIII.

Plate LXIX.

Plate LXX.

University of Pennsylvania
The University Museum
Publications of the Babylonian Section
Vol. X No. 3