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NEW WORD-ANALYSIS:

OR,

Either,

SCHOOL ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVE WORDS.

WITH PRACTICAL EXERCISES

SPELLING, ANALYZING, DEFINING, SYNONYMS, AND
THE USE OF WORDS.

BY WILLIAM SWINTON,

GOLD MEDALIST FOR TEXT-BOOKS, PARIS EXPOSITION, 1878; AND AUTHOR OF
"SWINTON'S GEOGRAPHIES," "OUTLINES OF THE WORLD'S
HISTORY," "LANGUAGE SERIES," ETC.

GOLD MEDALIST FOR TEXTBOOKS, PARIS EXPOSITION, 1878; AND AUTHOR OF
"SWINTON'S GEOGRAPHIES," "OUTLINES OF WORLD HISTORY," "LANGUAGE SERIES," ETC.

NEW YORK ·:· CINCINNATI ·:· CHICAGO

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

Copyright, 1879,

BY WILLIAM SWINTON

PREFACE.

The present text-book is a new-modeling and rewriting of Swinton's Word-Analysis, first published in 1871. It has grown out of a large amount of testimony to the effect that the older book, while valuable as a manual of methods, in the hands of teachers, is deficient in practice-work for pupils.

The current textbook is a modern version and rewrite of Swinton's Word-Analysis, originally published in 1871. It has come about from extensive feedback indicating that, while the older book is helpful as a guide for teachers, it lacks practical exercises for students.

This testimony dictated a double procedure: first, to retain the old methods; secondly, to add an adequate amount of new matter.

This testimony required a two-step approach: first, to keep the old methods; second, to incorporate a sufficient amount of new matter.

Accordingly, in the present manual, the few Latin roots and derivatives, with the exercises thereon, have been retained—under "Part II.: The Latin Element"—as simply a method of study.¹ There have then been added, in "Division II.: Abbreviated Latin Derivatives," no fewer than two hundred and twenty Latin root-words with their most important English offshoots. In order to concentrate into the limited available space so large an amount of new matter, it was requisite to devise a novel mode of indicating the English derivatives. What this mode is, teachers will see in the section, pages 50-104. The author trusts that it will prove well suited to class-room work, and in many other ways interesting and valuable: should it not, a good deal of labor, both of the lamp and of the file, will have been misplaced.

In this manual, we've included a small selection of Latin roots and derivatives, along with exercises, under "Part II.: The Latin Element," as simply a method of study.¹ Additionally, in "Division II.: Abbreviated Latin Derivatives," you will find over two hundred and twenty Latin root words along with their key English derivatives. To fit so much new material into the limited space, we had to come up with a new way to show the English derivatives. You can see this method detailed in the section on pages 50-104. The author hopes it proves to be useful for classroom work and interesting in many other ways; if not, then a lot of effort, both reading and editing, will have gone to waste.

To one matter of detail in connection with the Latin and Greek derivatives, the author wishes to call special attention: the Latin and the Greek roots are, as key-words, given in this book in the form of the present infinitive,—the present indicative and the supine being, of course, added. For this there is one sufficient justification, to wit: that the present infinitive is the form in which a Latin or a Greek root is always given in Webster and other received lexicographic authorities. It is a curious fact, that, in all the school etymologies, the present indicative should have been given as the root, and is explicable only from the accident that it is the key-form in the Latin dictionaries. The change into conformity with our English dictionaries needs no defense, and will probably hereafter be imitated by all authors of school etymologies.

To one specific detail related to the Latin and Greek derivatives, the author wants to draw special attention: the Latin and Greek roots are presented in this book in the form of the present infinitive—with the present indicative and the supine also included. There is one valid reason for this choice: the present infinitive is the form that a Latin or Greek root is always shown in according to Webster and other recognized lexicographic sources. It's interesting that in all school etymologies, the present indicative has been used as the root, which can only be explained by the fact that it is the main form in Latin dictionaries. The adjustment to align with our English dictionaries doesn't need justification and will likely be adopted by all authors of school etymologies in the future.

In this compilation the author has followed, in the main, the last edition of Webster's Unabridged, the etymologies in which carry the authoritative sanction of Dr. Mahn; but reference has constantly been had to the works of Wedgwood, Latham, and Haldeman, as also to the "English Etymology" of Dr. James Douglass, to whom the author is specially indebted in the Greek and Anglo-Saxon sections.

In this collection, the author primarily relied on the latest edition of Webster's Unabridged, whose etymologies have the official approval of Dr. Mahn. However, the author frequently referred to the works of Wedgwood, Latham, and Haldeman, as well as Dr. James Douglass's "English Etymology," to whom the author is particularly grateful for the Greek and Anglo-Saxon sections.

W.S.

NEW YORK, 1879.

CONTENTS.

PART I.

INTRODUCTION.

I. ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY

I. __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

II. ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS

II. __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

III. PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES

III. __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

IV. RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS

IV. __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

PART II.

THE LATIN ELEMENT.

THE LATIN COMPONENT.

I. LATIN PREFIXES

I. __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

II. LATIN SUFFIXES

II. __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

III. DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES

III. __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES

DIVISION I. METHOD OF STUDY

DIVISION II. ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES

PART III.

THE GREEK ELEMENT.

THE GREEK FACTOR.

I. GREEK PREFIXES

I. __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

II. GREEK ALPHABET

II. __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES

DIVISION I. PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS

DIVISION II. ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES

PART IV.

THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT.

THE ANGLO-SAXON COMPONENT.

I. ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES

I. __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

II. ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES

II. __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES

SPECIMENS OF ANGLO-SAXON

SPECIMENS OF SEMI-SAXON AND EARLY ENGLISH

ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT IN MODERN ENGLISH

PART V.

MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES.

OTHER DERIVATIVES.

I. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS

I. __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

1. NOUNS

NOUNS

2. ADJECTIVES

2. __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

II. WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES

II. __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

III. ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL SCHOOL STUDIES

III. __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

1. TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY

TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY

2. TERMS IN GRAMMAR

2. __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

3. TERMS IN ARITHMETIC

3. __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

WORD-ANALYSIS.

PART I.—INTRODUCTION.

I.—ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY.

1. Etymology² is the study which treats of the derivation of words,—that is, of their structure and history.

1. Etymology² is the study that looks at the origin of words—specifically, their structure and history.

2. English etymology, or word-analysis, treats of the derivation of English words.

2. English etymology, or word analysis, looks at where English words come from.

3. The vocabulary³ of a language is the whole body of words in that language. Hence the English vocabulary consists of all the words in the English language.

3. The vocabulary³ of a language is all the words that make up that language. So, the English vocabulary includes every word in the English language.

I. The complete study of any language comprises two distinct inquiries,—the study of the grammar of the language, and the study of its vocabulary. Word-analysis has to do exclusively with the vocabulary.

I. A thorough study of any language includes two separate aspects: the study of the grammar of the language, and the study of its vocabulary. Word analysis focuses solely on the vocabulary.

II. The term "etymology" as used in grammar must be carefully distinguished from "etymology" in the sense of word-analysis. Grammatical etymology treats solely of the grammatical changes in words, and does not concern itself with their derivation; historical etymology treats of the structure, composition, and history of words. Thus the relation of loves, loving, loved to the verb love is a matter of grammatical etmology; but the relation of lover, lovely, or loveliness to love is a matter of historical etymology.

II. The term "etymology" in grammar should be clearly distinguished from "etymology" in the context of word analysis. Grammatical etymology focuses only on the grammatical changes in words and does not deal with their origins; historical etymology looks at the structure, composition, and history of words. For example, the relationship of loves, loving, loved to the verb love is a matter of grammatical etymology, while the relationship of lover, lovely, or loveliness to love falls under historical etymology.

III. The English vocabulary is very extensive, as is shown by the fact that in Webster's Unabridged Dictionary there are nearly 100,000 words. But it should be observed that 3,000 or 4,000 serve all the ordinary purposes of oral and written communication. The Old Testament contains 5,642 words; Milton uses about 8,000; and Shakespeare, whose vocabulary is more extensive than that of any other English writer, employs no more than 15,000 words.

III. The English vocabulary is quite vast, as evidenced by the nearly 100,000 words in Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. However, it's important to note that 3,000 to 4,000 words are sufficient for most everyday conversation and writing. The Old Testament includes 5,642 words; Milton uses about 8,000; and Shakespeare, who has a larger vocabulary than any other English writer, uses no more than 15,000 words.

4. The principal elements of the English vocabulary are words of Anglo-Saxon and of Latin or French-Latin origin.

4. The main components of the English vocabulary are words of Anglo-Saxon and of Latin or French-Latin origin.

5. Anglo-Saxon is the earliest form of English. The whole of the grammar of our language, and the most largely used part of its vocabulary, are Anglo-Saxon.

5. Anglo-Saxon is the earliest version of English. The entire grammar of our language and the most commonly used part of its vocabulary come from Anglo-Saxon.

I. Anglo-Saxon belongs to the Low German ⁴ division of the Teutonic stock of languages. Its relations to the other languages of Europe—all of which are classed together as the Aryan, or Indo-European family of languages—may be seen from the following table:—

I. Anglo-Saxon is part of the Low German__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ branch of the Teutonic language family. Its connections to other languages in Europe—all grouped under the Aryan or Indo-European language family—can be illustrated by the following table:—

Indo- European Family.	CELTIC STOCK			as Welsh, Gaelic.
	SLAVONIC STOCK			as Russian.
	CLASSIC STOCK	Greek
		Latin	Italian. Spanish. French, etc.
	TEUTONIC STOCK	Scandinavian:		as Swedish.
		German	High Ger.:	as Modern German.
			Low Ger.:	as Anglo-Saxon.

II. The term "Anglo-Saxon" is derived from the names Angles and Saxons, two North German tribes who, in the fifth century A.D., invaded Britain, conquered the native Britons, and possessed themselves of the land, which they called England, that is, Angle-land. The Britons spoke a Celtic language, best represented by modern Welsh. Some British words were adopted into Anglo-Saxon, and still continue in our language.

II. The term "Anglo-Saxon" comes from the names Angles and Saxons, two North German tribes that invaded Britain in the fifth century A.D. They conquered the native Britons and took control of the land, which they named England, meaning Angle-land. The Britons spoke a Celtic language, which is best represented by modern Welsh. Some British words were taken into Anglo-Saxon and still exist in our language today.

6. The Latin element in the English vocabulary consists of a large number of words of Latin origin, adopted directly into English at various periods.

6. The Latin element in the English vocabulary includes a significant number of words borrowed directly from Latin at different times.

The principal periods, during which Latin words were brought directly into English are:—

The main periods when Latin words were directly introduced into English are:

1. At the introduction of Christianity into England by the Latin Catholic missionaries, A.D. 596.

1. When Christianity was introduced to England by Latin Catholic missionaries in A.D. 596.

2. At the revival of classical learning in the sixteenth century.

2. During the revival of classical learning in the sixteenth century.

3. By modern writers.

3. By today's writers.

7. The French-Latin element in the English language consists of French words, first largely introduced into English by the Norman-French who conquered England in the eleventh century, A.D.

7. The French-Latin influence in the English language consists of French words, primarily introduced into English by the Norman-French who conquered England in the eleventh century, A.D.

I. French, like Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, is substantially Latin, but Latin considerably altered by loss of grammatical forms and by other changes. This language the Norman-French invaders brought with them into England, and they continued to use it for more than two centuries after the Conquest. Yet, as they were not so numerous as the native population, the old Anglo-Saxon finally prevailed, though with an immense infusion of French words.

I. French, similar to Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese, is largely derived from Latin, but it has changed significantly due to the loss of grammatical forms and other modifications. The Norman-French invaders brought this language to England, and they continued to speak it for over two centuries after the Conquest. However, since they were fewer in number than the native population, the old Anglo-Saxon ultimately won out, albeit with a large incorporation of French vocabulary.

II. French-Latin words—that is, Latin words introduced through the French—can often be readily distinguished by their being more changed in form than the Latin terms directly introduced into our language. Thus—

II. French-Latin words, which are Latin words brought in through French, can often be easily recognized because they are more altered in form than the Latin terms that were directly introduced into our language. For example—

Latin.

Latin.

inimi'cus

inimicus

pop'ulus

population

se'nior

senior

French.

French language.

ennemi

enemy

peuple

people

sire

sir

English.

English.

enemy

foe

people

individuals

sir

ma'am

8. Other Elements.—In addition to its primary constituents—namely, the Anglo-Saxon, Latin, and French-Latin—the English vocabulary contains a large number of Greek derivatives and a considerable number of Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese words, besides various terms derived from miscellaneous sources.

8. Other Elements.—Besides its main components—specifically, Anglo-Saxon, Latin, and French-Latin—the English vocabulary includes a significant amount of Greek derivatives and a fair number of Italian, Spanish, and Portuguese words, in addition to various terms from other sources.

The following are examples of words taken from miscellaneous sources; that is, from sources other than Anglo-Saxon, Latin, French-Latin, and Greek:—

Below are examples of words from various sources; specifically, from sources other than Anglo-Saxon, Latin, French-Latin, and Greek:

Hebrew: amen, cherub, jubilee, leviathan, manna, sabbath, seraph.

Arabic: admiral, alcohol, algebra, assassin, camphor, caravan, chemistry, cipher, coffee, elixir, gazelle, lemon, magazine, nabob, sultan.

Turkish: bey, chibouk, chouse, janissary, kiosk, tulip.

Turkish: lord, pipe, brawl, soldier, pavilion, tulip.

Persian: azure, bazaar, checkmate, chess, cimeter, demijohn, dervise, orange, paradise, pasha, turban.

Persian: blue, market, checkmate, chess, curved sword, large jug, dervish, orange, paradise, pasha, turban.

Hindustani: calico, jungle, pariah, punch, rupee, shampoo, toddy.

Hindustani: calico, jungle, outcast, punch, rupee, shampoo, toddy.

Malay: a-muck, bamboo, bantam, gamboge, gong, gutta-percha, mango.

Chinese: nankeen, tea.

Chinese: cotton cloth, tea.

Polynesian: kangaroo, taboo, tattoo.

American Indian: maize, moccasin, pemmican, potato, tobacco, tomahawk, tomato, wigwam.

Native American: corn, moccasins, pemmican, potato, tobacco, tomahawk, tomato, wigwam.

Celtic: bard, bran, brat, cradle, clan, druid, pony, whiskey.

Scandinavian: by-law, clown, dregs, fellow, glade, hustings, kidnap, plough.

Scandinavian: law, clown, leftovers, guy, clearing, election campaign, abduct, plow.

Dutch, or Hollandish: block, boom, bowsprit, reef, skates, sloop, yacht.

Italian: canto, cupola, gondola, grotto, lava, opera, piano, regatta, soprano, stucco, vista.

Italian: song, dome, gondola, cave, lava, opera, piano, boat race, soprano, plaster, view.

Spanish: armada, cargo, cigar, desperado, flotilla, grandee, mosquito, mulatto, punctilio, sherry, sierra.

Spanish: fleet, cargo, cigar, outlaw, small fleet, nobleman, mosquito, mixed race, point of etiquette, sherry, mountain range.

Portuguese: caste, commodore, fetish, mandarin, palaver.

9. Proportions.—On an examination of passages selected from modern English authors, it is found that of every hundred words sixty are of Anglo-Saxon origin, thirty of Latin, five of Greek, and all the other sources combined furnish the remaining five.

9. Proportions.—When looking at excerpts from modern English writers, it turns out that out of every hundred words, sixty come from Anglo-Saxon, thirty from Latin, five from Greek, and the remaining five come from all other sources combined.

By actual count, there are more words of classical than of Anglo-Saxon origin in the English vocabulary,—probably two and a half times as many of the former as of the latter. But Anglo-Saxon words are so much more employed—owing to the constant repetition of conjunctions, prepositions, adverbs, auxiliaries, etc. (all of Anglo-Saxon origin)—that in any page of even the most Latinized writer they greatly preponderate. In the Bible, and in Shakespeare's vocabulary, they are in the proportion of ninety per cent. For specimens showing Anglo-Saxon words, see p. 136.

In reality, there are more words of classical origin than of Anglo-Saxon origin in the English language—likely two and a half times as many classical words as Anglo-Saxon ones. However, Anglo-Saxon words are used much more frequently—thanks to the constant use of conjunctions, prepositions, adverbs, auxiliaries, etc. (all of Anglo-Saxon origin)—that in any page of even the most Latin-influenced writer, they dominate significantly. In the Bible and in Shakespeare's vocabulary, Anglo-Saxon words make up about ninety percent. For examples of Anglo-Saxon words, see __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

II.—ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS.

10. Classes by Origin.—With respect to their origin, words are divided into two classes,—primitive words and derivative words.

10. Classes by Origin.—In terms of their origin, words are categorized into two types: primitive words and derivative words.

11. A primitive word, or root, is one that cannot be reduced to a more simple form in the language to which it is native: as, man, good, run.

11. A primitive word, or root, is one that cannot be simplified further in its original language: for example, man, good, run.

12. A derivative word is one made up of a root and one or more formative elements: as, manly, goodness, runner.

12. A derivative word is one formed from a root and one or more formative elements: for example, manly, goodness, runner.

The formative elements are called prefixes and suffixes. (See §§ 16, 17.)

The basic components are known as prefixes and suffixes. (See §§ 16, 17.)

13. By Composition.—With respect to their composition, words are divided into two classes,—simple and compound words.

13. By Composition.—In terms of their composition, words can be categorized into two types: simple words and compound words.

14. A simple word consists of a single significant term: as, school, master, rain, bow.

14. A simple word is made up of one meaningful term: like, school, teacher, rain, rainbow.

15. A compound word is one made up of two or more simple words united: as, school-master, rainbow.

15. A compound word is formed by combining two or more simple words together: for example, schoolmaster, rainbow.

In some compound words the constituent parts are joined by the hyphen as school-master; in others the parts coalesce and the compound forms a single (though not a simple) word, as rainbow.

In some compound words, the parts are connected by a hyphen, like school-master; in others, the parts merge to form a single (though not a simple) word, like rainbow.

III.—PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.

16. A prefix is a significant syllable or word placed before and joined with a word to modify its meaning: as, unsafe = not safe; remove = move back; circumnavigate = sail around.

16. A prefix is an important syllable or word added in front of another word to change its meaning: for example, unsafe = not safe; remove = move back; circumnavigate = sail around.

17. A suffix is a significant syllable or syllables placed after and joined with a word to modify its meaning: as, safely = in a safe manner; movable = that may be moved; navigation = act of sailing.

17. A suffix is an important syllable or syllables added to the end of a word to change its meaning: for example, safely = in a safe way; movable = can be moved; navigation = the act of sailing.

The word affix signifies either a prefix or a suffix; and the verb to affix means to join a prefix or a suffix to a root-word.

The word affix means either a prefix or a suffix; and the verb to affix means to attach a prefix or a suffix to a root word.

EXERCISE.

Tell whether the following words are primitive or derivative, and also whether simple or compound:—

Tell whether the following words are primitive or derivative, and also whether they are simple or compound:—

1 grace

2 sign

3 design

4 midshipman

4 cadets

5 wash

6 sea

6 seas

7 workman

7 workers

8 love

8 ❤️

9 lovely

9 cute

10 white

11 childhood

12 kingdom

12 kingdoms

13 rub

14 music

14 songs

15 musician

15 musicians

16 music-teacher

16 music instructor

17 footstep

17 footsteps

18 glad

18 happy

19 redness

20 school

20 schools

21 fire

22 watch-key

23 give

24 forget

25 iron

26 hardihood

26 resilience

27 young

27 years old

28 right

29 ploughman

29 farmer

30 day-star

30-day star

31 large

32 truthful

32 honest

33 manliness

33 masculinity

34 milkmaid

35 gentleman

35 dude

36 sailor

36 sailors

37 steamboat

38 wooden

39 rich

39 wealthy

40 hilly

41 coachman

41 driver

42 warm

42° warm

43 sign-post

43 signpost

44 greenish

44 green

45 friend

45 friends

46 friendly

47 reform

48 whalebone

48 baleen

49 quiet

50 quietude

50 tranquility

51 gardener

52 form

53 formal

54 classmate

55 trust

trust 55

56 trustworthy

56 reliable

57 penknife

57 pocket knife

58 brightness

59 grammarian

60 unfetter

60 unlocked

IV.—RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS.

Rule 1.—Final "e" followed by a Vowel.

Final e of a primitive word is dropped on taking a suffix beginning with a vowel: as, blame + able = blamable; guide + ance = guidance; come + ing = coming; force + ible = forcible; obscure + ity = obscurity.

Final e of a basic word is dropped when adding a suffix that starts with a vowel: for example, blame + able = blamable; guide + ance = guidance; come + ing = coming; force + ible = forcible; obscure + ity = obscurity.

Exception 1.—Words ending in ge or ce usually retain the e before a suffix beginning with a or o, for the reason that c and g would have the hard sound if the e were dropped: as, peace + able = peaceable; change + able = changeable; courage + ous = courageous.

Exception 1.—Words that end in ge or ce usually keep the e before a suffix that starts with a or o, because without the e, the c and g would be pronounced hard: for example, peace + able = peaceable; change + able = changeable; courage + ous = courageous.

Exception 2.—Words ending in oe retain the e to preserve the sound of the root: as, shoe + ing = shoeing; hoe + ing = hoeing. The e is retained in a few words to prevent their being confounded with similar words: as, singe + ing = singeing (to prevent its being confounded with singing).

Exception 2.—Words that end in oe keep the e to maintain the sound of the root: for example, shoe + ing = shoeing; hoe + ing = hoeing. The e is also kept in some words to avoid mixing them up with similar words: for instance, singe + ing = singeing (to prevent confusion with singing).

Rule II.—Final "e" followed by a Consonant.

Final e of a primitive word is retained on taking a suffix beginning with a consonant: as, pale + ness = paleness; large + ly = largely.

Final e of a basic word is kept when adding a suffix that starts with a consonant: for example, pale + ness = paleness; large + ly = largely.

Exception 1.—When the final e is preceded by a vowel, it is sometimes omitted; as, due + ly = duly; true + ly = truly; whole + ly = wholly.

Exception 1.—When the final e comes before a vowel, it might be dropped; for example, due + ly = duly; true + ly = truly; whole + ly = wholly.

Exception 2.—A few words ending in e drop the e before a suffix beginning with a consonant: as, judge + ment = judgment; lodge + ment = lodgment; abridge + ment = abridgment.

Exception 2.—Some words that end in e drop the e before a suffix that starts with a consonant: for example, judge + ment = judgment; lodge + ment = lodgment; abridge + ment = abridgment.

Rule III.—Final "y" preceded by a Consonant.

Final y of a primitive word, when preceded by a consonant, is generally changed into i on the addition of a suffix.

Final y of a basic word, when followed by a consonant, is usually changed to i when a suffix is added.

Exception 1.—Before ing or ish, the final y is retained to prevent the doubling of the i: as, pity + ing = pitying.

Exception 1.—Before ing or ish, the final y is kept to avoid doubling the i: for example, pity + ing = pitying.

Exception 2.—Words ending in ie and dropping the e, by Rule I. change the i into y to prevent the doubling of the i: as, die + ing = dying; lie + ing = lying.

Exception 2.—Words that end in ie and drop the e according to Rule I change the i to y to avoid doubling the i: for example, die + ing = dying; lie + ing = lying.

Exception 3.—Final y is sometimes changed into e: as, duty + ous = duteous; beauty + ous = beauteous.

Exception 3.—The final y is sometimes changed to e: for example, duty + ous = duteous; beauty + ous = beauteous.

Rule IV.—Final "y" preceded by a Vowel.

Final y of a primitive word, when preceded by a vowel, should not be changed into an i before a suffix: as, joy + less = joyless.

Final y of a basic word, when it comes before a vowel, should not be changed into an i before adding a suffix: for example, joy + less = joyless.

Rule V.—Doubling.

Monosyllables and other words accented on the last syllable, when they end with a single consonant, preceded by a single vowel, or by a vowel after qu, double their final letter before a suffix beginning with a vowel: as, rob + ed = robbed; fop + ish = foppish; squat + er = squatter; prefer' + ing = prefer'ring.

Monosyllables and other words that have the accent on the last syllable, when they end with a single consonant after a single vowel, or after a vowel following qu, double their final letter before a suffix that starts with a vowel: for example, rob + ed = robbed; fop + ish = foppish; squat + er = squatter; prefer + ing = preferring.

Exceptions.—X final, being equivalent to ks, is never doubled; and when the derivative does not retain the accent of the root, the final consonant is not always doubled: as, prefer' + ence = pref'erence.

Exceptions.—X at the end, which is like ks, is never doubled; and when the derivative doesn’t keep the accent from the root, the final consonant isn’t always doubled: for example, prefer' + ence = pref'erence.

Rule VI.—No Doubling.

A final consonant, when it is not preceded by a single vowel, or when the accent is not on the last syllable, should remain single before an additional syllable: as, toil + ing = tolling; cheat + ed = cheated; murmur + ing = murmuring.

A final consonant, when it isn’t followed by a single vowel or when the stress isn’t on the last syllable, should stay single before an extra syllable: for example, toil + ing = tolling; cheat + ed = cheated; murmur + ing = murmuring.

PART II.—THE LATIN ELEMENT.

I.—LATIN PREFIXES.

Prefix. Prefix.	Signification. Meaning.	Example. Example.	Definition. Definition.
a- a- ab- ab- abs- abs-	= from = from	a-vert a-vert ab-solve absolve abs-tain abstain	to turn from. to turn away. to release from. to release from. to hold from. to hold from.
ad- ad- a- a- ac- ac- af- af- ag- ag- al- al- an- an- ap- ap- ar- ar- as- as-	= to = to	ad-here adhere a-gree agree ac-cede accede af-fix attach ag-grieve stress al-ly ally an-nex annex ap-pend append ar-rive arrive as-sent as-sent	to stick to. to stick to. to be pleasing to. to be pleasing. to yield to. to give to. to fix to. to fix it. to give pain to. to inflict pain. to bind to. to bind to. to tie to. to connect to. to hang to. to hang out. to reach to. to reach to. to yield to. to give to.

NOTE.—The forms ac-, af-, etc., are euphonic variations of ad-, and follow generally the rule that the final consonant of the prefix assimilates to the initial letter of the root.

NOTE.—The forms ac-, af-, etc., are pleasant-sounding variations of ad-, and usually adhere to the rule that the final consonant of the prefix adapts to the first letter of the root.

am- am- amb- amb-	= around = around	am-putate amputate amb-ient ambient	to cut around. to cut around. going around. going around.
ante- before- anti- anti-	= before = prior	ante-cedent antecedent anti-cipate anticipate	going before. going first. to take before. to take before.
bi- bi- bis- bis-	= two or two or twice 2x	bi-ped biped bis-cuit cookie	a two-footed animal. a two-footed animal. twice cooked. twice-cooked
circum- circum- circu- circu-	= around around	circum-navigate circumnavigate circu-it circuit	to sail around. to sail around. journey around. journey around.
con- con- co- co- co- co- col- col- com- com- cor- cor-	= with or with or together together	con-vene meet co-equal equal co-gnate cognate col-loquy colloquy com-pose compose cor-relative correlation	to come together. to come together. equal with. equal to. born together. born together. a speaking with another. a conversation with another. to put together. to assemble. relative with. relative with.

NOTE.—The forms co-, col-, com-, and cor-, are euphonic variations of con-.

NOTE.—The forms co-, col-, com-, and cor- are variations of con- that improve sound.

contra- against contro- contro- counter- counter-	= against against	contra-dict contradict contro-vert controversy counter-mand countermand	to speak against to speak out to turn against to turn against to order against to order against
de- de-	= down or = down or off off	de-pose; depose de-fend defend	to put down; to put down fend off. fend off.
dis- dis- di- di- dif- dif-	asunder apart = apart apart opposite of inverse of	dis-pel dispel di-vert divert dif-fer différent	to drive asunder. to drive apart. to turn apart. to break apart. to bear apart; disagree. to bear apart; disagree.

NOTE.—The forms di- and dif- are euphonic forms of dis-; dif- is used before a root beginning with a vowel.

NOTE.—The forms di- and dif- are smoother versions of dis-; dif- is used before a root that starts with a vowel.

ex-

ex-

ec-

ef-

= out or from

= out or from

ex-clude

exclude

e-ject

eject

ec-centric

eco-centric

ef-flux

eflux

to shut out.

to shut out.

to cast out.

to cast out.

from the center.

from the center.

a flowing out.

a flowing out.

NOTE.—e-, ec-, and ef- are euphonic variations of ex-. When prefixed to the name of an office, ex- denotes that the person formerly held the office named: as, ex-mayor, the former mayor.

NOTE.—e-, ec-, and ef- are phonetic variations of ex-. When added to the name of a position, ex- signifies that the person previously held that position: for example, ex-mayor, the person who was mayor before.

extra- extra-	= beyond beyond	extra-ordinary extraordinary	beyond ordinary. extraordinary.
in- in- il- il- im- im- ir- ir- en-, em- en-, em-	(in nouns and (in nouns and verbs) verbs = in, into, on = in, into, on	in-clude include il-luminate illuminate im-port import ir-rigate irrigate en-force enforce	to shut in. to shut in. to throw light on. to shed light on. to carry in. to carry in. to pour water on. to splash water. to force on. to impose on.

NOTE.—The forms il-, im-, and ir- are euphonic variations of in-. The forms en- and em- are of French origin.

NOTE.—The prefixes il-, im-, and ir- are pleasant-sounding variations of in-. The prefixes en- and em- come from French.

in- in- i(n) i(n) il- il- im- im- ir- ir-	(in adjectives (in adjectives) and nouns.) and nouns.) = not = nope	in-sane insane i-gnoble i-gnoble il-legal illegal im-mature immature ir-regular irregular	not sane. not sane. not noble. not noble. not legal. not legal. not mature. immature. not regular. not standard.
inter- inter- intel- info-	= between or between or among among	inter-cede intercede intel-ligent intelligent	to go between. to go in between. choosing between. choosing between.
intra- intra-	= inside of inside	intra-mural intramural	inside of the walls. inside the walls.
intro- intro-	= within, into inside, into	intro-duce introduce	to lead into to lead into
juxta- juxta-	= near = close	juxta-position juxtaposition	a placing near a spot near
non- non-	= not = no	non-combatant civilian	not fighting. not fighting.

NOTE.—A hyphen is generally, though not always, placed between non- and the root.

NOTE.—A hyphen is usually, though not always, placed between non- and the root.

ob- ob- o- o- oc- oc- of- of- op- op-	in the way, in the way = against, against or out or out	ob-ject object o-mit omit oc-cur occur of-fend offend op-pose oppose	to throw against. to throw at. to leave out. to exclude. to run against; to run against; hence, to happen. therefore, to happen. to strike against. to strike against. to put one's self against. to put oneself against.
per- per- pel- pel-	= through, = via, thoroughly completely	per-vade; pervade per-fect perfect pel-lucid pellucid	to pass through; to go through; thoroughly made. well-made. thoroughly clear. totally clear.

NOTE.—Standing alone, per- signifies by: as, per annum, by the year.

NOTE.—Standing alone, per- means by: as, per annum, by the year.

post- post-	= after, = later, behind behind	post-script P.S.	written after. written after.
pre- pre-	= before = earlier	pre-cede precede	to go before. to go before.
preter- preter-	= beyond beyond	preter-natural preternatural	beyond nature. beyond nature.
pro pro	for, for = forth, or forward, or forward advance	pro-noun pronoun pro-pose propose	for a noun. for a noun. to put forth. to put forth.

NOTE.—In a few instances pro- is changed into pur-, as purpose; into por-, as portray; and into pol-, as pollute.

re- re- red- red	= back or back or anew again	re-pel repel red-eem redeem	to drive back. to drive back. to buy back. to buy it back.
retro- retro-	= backwards backward	retro-grade retrograde	going backwards. going backward.
se- se-	= aside, aside apart separated	se-cede secede	to go apart. to break up.
sine-	= without without	sine-cure no-show job	without care. without care.
sub- sub- suc- succeed suf- suff- sug- sugar sum- total sup- sup sus- sus	= under or = below or after after	sub-scribe subscribe suc-ceed succeed suf-fer suffer sug-gest suggest sum-mon summon sup-port support sus-tain sustain	to write under. to write below. to follow after. to follow later. to undergo. to experience. to bring to mind from under. to recall from under. to hint from under. to hint from below. to bear by being under. to endure by being under. to under-hold. to under-hold.

NOTE.—The euphonic variations suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, result from assimilating the b of sub- to the initial letter of the root. In "sustain" sus- is a contraction of subs- for sub-.

NOTE.—The sound variations suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, come from the b of sub- being adjusted to match the first letter of the root. In "sustain," sus- is a shortened form of subs- for sub-.

subter- subter-	= under or = below or beneath under	subter-fuge subterfuge	a flying under. a flying under.
super- super-	= above or above or over over	super-natural supernatural super-vise supervise	above nature. above nature. to over-see. to oversee.

NOTE.—In derivatives through the French, super- takes the form sur-, as sur-vey, to look over.

trans- trans- tra- tra-	through, through = over, over or beyond or beyond	trans-gress transgress tra-verse traverse	to step beyond. to step beyond. to pass over. to skip.
ultra- ultra-	= beyond, or >beyond<, or extremely very	ultra-montane high-altitude ultra-conservative far-right	beyond the mountain past the mountain (the Alps). (the Alps). extremely conservative. ultra-conservative.

II.—LATIN SUFFIXES.

Suffix. Suffix.	Signification. Meaning.	Example. No changes needed.	Definition. Definition.
-able -able -ible -ible -ble -ble	= that may be; = that might be; fit to be ready to be	cur-able curable possi-ble possible solu-ble soluble	that may be cured. that might be cured. that may be done. that might be done. that may be dissolved. that might be dissolved.
-ac -ac	relating to about = or = or resembling looks like	cardi-ac cardiac demoni-ac demonic	relating to the heart. about the heart. like a demon. like a devil.

NOTE.—The suffix -ac is found only in Latin derivatives of Greek origin.

NOTE.—The suffix -ac is only found in Latin derivatives from Greek origin.

-aceous -aceous -acious -acious	of; of; = having the = having the quality of quality of	sapon-aceous soapy cap-acious capacious	having the quality of having the quality of soap. soap. having the quality of having the quality of holding much. holding a lot.
-acy -acy	condition of state of = being; being; office of office of	celib-acy celibacy cur-acy accuracy	condition of being single. status of being single. office of a curate. curate's office.
-age -age	act, perform, = condition, or = status, or collection of collection of	marri-age marriage vassal-age vassal era foli-age foliage	act of marrying. wedding. condition of a vassal. status of a vassal. collection of leaves. leaf collection.

NOTE.—The suffix -age is found only in French-Latin derivatives.

NOTE.—The suffix -age is only found in French-Latin derivatives.

-al -al	adj. adj. = relating to = about n. the act of; n. the action of; that which that which	ment-al mental remov-al removal capit-al capital	relating to the mind. related to the mind. the act of removing. taking out. that which forms the that which forms the head of a column. column leader.
-an -an -ane -ane	adj. relating to adj. about = or befitting = or appropriate n. one who n. someone who	hum-an human hum-ane humane artis-an artisan	relating to mankind. connected to mankind. befitting a man. suitable for a man. one who follows a trade. tradesperson
-ance -ance -ancy -ancy	state or state or = quality quality of being of existence	vigil-ance vigilance eleg-ance elegance	state of being watchful. state of being alert. quality of being elegant. quality of being classy.
-ant -ant	= adj. being = adj. existing n. one who n. someone who	vigil-ant vigilant assist-ant assistant	being watchful. staying alert. one who assists. helper
-ar -ar	= relating to; like = related to; similar to	lun-ar lunar circul-ar circular	relating to the moon. about the moon. like a circle. like a circle.
-ary -ary	adj. relating to adj. pertaining to = n. one who; = n. someone who; place where location	epistol-ary epistolary mission-ary missionary avi-ary aviary	relating to a letter. about a letter. one who is sent out. one who is dispatched. a place where birds are kept. a bird sanctuary.
-ate -ate	n. one who is n. someone who is adj. having adj. possessing = the quality of the quality of v. to perform v. to execute the act of, the act of or cause or reason	deleg-ate delegate accur-ate accurate navig-ate navigate	one who is sent by someone who is sent by others. others. having the quality of having the quality of accuracy. accuracy. to perform the act of to carry out sailing. boating.
-cle -cle -cule -cule	= minute = minute	vesi-cle vehicle animal-cule animalcule	a minute vessel. a small vessel. a minute animal. a tiny animal.
-ee -ee	= one to whom = someone to whom	refer-ee referee	one to whom something the person who has something is referred. is mentioned.

NOTE.—This suffix is found only in words of French-Latin origin.

NOTE.—This suffix is only found in words derived from French or Latin.

-eer

-ier

= one who

one who

engin-eer

engineer

brigad-ier

brigadier

one who has charge of

person in charge of

an engine.

one who has charge of

person in charge of

a brigade.

a squad.

NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in words of French-Latin origin.

NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in words derived from French-Latin origin.

-ene -ene	= having relation to related to	terr-ene terrane	having relation to the related to the earth. Earth.
-ence -ence -ency -ency	= state of being = condition or quality of or quality of	pres-ence presence tend-ency tendency	state of being present. state of being now. quality of tending towards. quality of leaning towards.
-ent -ent	n. one who n. someone who = or which = or that adj. being adj. existing or -ing or -ing	stud-ent student equival-ent equivalent	one who studies. scholar. being equal to, equaling. being equal to, equaling.
-escence -escence	= state of becoming state of becoming	conval-escence recovery	state of becoming well. state of becoming okay.
-escent -escent	= becoming becoming	conval-escent recovery	becoming well. getting better.
-ess -ess	= female woman	lion-ess lioness	a female lion. a lioness.

NOTE.—This suffix is used only in words of French-Latin origin.

-ferous -ferous	= producing creating	coni-ferous coniferous	producing cones. making cones.
-fic -fic	= making, causing creating, causing	sopori-fic soporific	causing sleep. inducing sleep.
-fice -office	= something done = something completed or made or created	arti-fice artificiality	something done with something taken care of with art. artwork.
-fy -bify	= to make = create	forti-fy fortify	to make strong. to become strong.
-ic -ic -ical -ical	n. one who n. someone who = adj. like, = adj. similar, made of, made from relating to regarding	rust-ic rustic hero-ic heroic metall-ic metallic histor-ical historical	one who has countrified country person manners. etiquette. like a hero. like a boss. made of metal. made of metal. relating to history. connected to history.

NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin, namely, adjectives in -ikos. In words belonging to chemistry derivatives in -ic denote the acid containing most oxygen, when more than one is formed: as nitric acid.

NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin, specifically adjectives in -ikos. In chemistry, derivatives ending in -ic indicate the acid that has the highest oxygen content when more than one is created: for example, nitric acid.

-ice -ice	that which that which	just-ice justice	that which is just. what is just.
-ics -ics -ic -ic	the science of science of	mathemat-ics math arithmet-ic math	the science of quantity. the science of measurement. the science of number. the science of numbers.

NOTE.—These suffixes are found only in Latin words of Greek origin.

NOTE.—These suffixes are only found in Latin words that come from Greek.

-id -id	= being or -ing being or -ing	acr-id; flu-id acr-id; flu-id	being bitter; flowing. being bitter; flowing.
-ile -ile	= relating to; = about; apt for suitable for	puer-ile childish docile compliant	relating to a boy. about a boy. apt for being taught. good for being taught.
-ine -ine	= relating to; like = related to; similar to	femin-ine feminine alkal-ine alkaline	relating to a woman. about a woman. like an alkali. like an alkali.
-ion -ion	the act of, the act of, = state of being, = state of being, or -ing or -ing	expuls-ion expulsion corrupt-ion corruption frict-ion friction	the act of expelling. the act of kicking out. state of being corrupt. condition of corruption. rubbing. rubbing.
-ish -ish	= to make = to create	publ-ish publish	to make public. make public.
-ise -ize -ize -ize	= to render, or = to provide, or perform the act of do the act of	fertil-ize fertilize	to render fertile. to make fertile.

NOTE.—The suffix -ise, -ize, is of French origin, and is freely added to Latin roots in forming English derivatives.

NOTE.—The suffix -ise, -ize, comes from French and is commonly added to Latin roots to create English derivatives.

-ism

-ism

= state or act of; idiom

= state or act of; phrase

hero-ism

heroism

Gallic-ism

French influence

state of a hero.

condition of a hero.

a French idiom.

a French idiom.

NOTE.—This suffix, except when signifying an idiom, is found only in words of Greek origin.

NOTE.—This suffix, except when indicating an idiom, is only present in words that come from Greek.

-ist -ist	one who one person = practices or practices or is devoted to is dedicated to	art-ist artist botan-ist botanist	one who practices an art. artist one who is devoted to devoted to botany. plant science.
-ite -ite -yte -yte	= n. one who is = n. someone who is adj. being adj. being	favor-ite favorite defin-ite definite prosel-yte proselyte	one who is favored. favored one. being well defined. being clearly defined. one who is brought one who is brought over. over.

NOTE.—The form -yte is found only in words of Greek origin.

NOTE.—The form -yte only appears in words that come from Greek origin.

-ity -ity -ty -ty	= state or quality status or quality of being of existence	security security ability skill liber-ty liberty	state of being secure. state of being safe. quality of being able. ability. state of being free. state of being free.
-ive -ive	n. one who is n. someone who is = or that which = or that which adj. having adj. possessing the power the power or quality or quality	capt-ive captive cohes-ive cohesive	one who is taken. taken. having power to stick. having the power to stick.
-ix -ix	= feminine =feminine	testatr-ix testatr-ix	a woman who leaves a woman who walks away a will. a will.
ize ize	(See ise.) (See ise.)
-ment -ment	state of being being = or act of; = or action of; that which that which	excite-ment excitement induce-ment inducement	state of being excited. state of being hyped. that which induces. what causes.
-mony -money	state or state or = quality of; = quality of; that which that which	matri-mony marriage testi-mony testimony	state of marriage. marital status. that which is testified. what is testified.
-or -or	one who; one who = that which; = that which; quality of quality of	audit-or auditor mot-or motor err-or error	one who hears. listener that which moves. what moves. quality of erring. quality of making mistakes.
-ory -ory	adj. fitted or adj. tailored or = relating to = about n. place where; n. location where; that which that which	preparat-ory preparatory armor-y armory	fitted to prepare. set to prepare. place where arms are where arms are kept. kept.
-ose -ose -ous -ous	= abounding in full of	verb-ose wordy popul-ous populous	abounding in words. full of words. abounding in people. full of people.
-tude -tude	= condition or = condition or quality of quality of	servi-tude servitude forti-tude fortitude	condition of a slave. status of a slave. quality of being brave. courage.
-ty -ty	(See -ity.) (See -ity.)
-ule -ule	= minute minute	glob-ule droplet	a minute globe. a tiny globe.
-ulent -ulent	= abounding in full of	op-ulent opulent	abounding in wealth. rich in wealth.
-ure -ure	= act or state of; = action or condition of; that which that which	depart-ure departure creat-ure creature	act of departing. act of leaving. that which is created. that which is made.

CLASSIFIED REVIEW OF LATIN SUFFIXES, WITH GENERIC DEFINITIONS.

Noun Suffixes

Noun Endings

-an

-ant

-ary

-ate

-eer

-ate

-ee

-acy

-age

-ance

-ancy

-ate

-ence

-ency

-ion

-ary

-ory

-cle

-cule

-ule

-ent

-ier

-ist

-ive

-or

-or-

-ite

-ive

-ism

-ity

-ment

-mony

-tude

-ty

-ure

= _one who_ (_agent_); _that which._

= _one who is_ (_recipient_); _that which is._

= _state; condition; quality; act._

= state; condition; quality; action.

= _place where._

= _location._

= _diminutives._

= _nicknames._

II.

Adjective

Suffixes.

Suffixes.

-ac

-al

-an

-ar

-ary

-ent

-ate

-ose

-ous

-able

-ble

-ive

-ferous

-fic

-aceous

-acious

-escent

-ic

-ical

-ic

-id

-ile

-ine

-ory

-ible

-ile

= relating to; like; being.

= related to; similar to; being.

= abounding in; having the quality.

= full of; possessing the quality.

= that may be.

that could be

= having power.

= being powerful.

= causing or producing.

causing or producing.

= of; having the quality.

= becoming.

becoming

III.

Verb Suffixes

Verb Endings

-ate

-fy

-ise

-ize

= to make; render; perform an act.

= to create; provide; carry out an action.

EXERCISE.

I.

a. Write and define nouns denoting the agent (one who or that which) from the following:—

a. Write and define nouns that refer to the agent (the one who or that which) from the following:—

1. Nouns.

MODEL: art + ist = artist, one who practices an art.⁵

art + ist = artist, someone who practices an art.⁵

1 art

2 cash

3 humor

3 jokes

4 history

5 vision

6 tribute

7 cure

8 engine

9 auction

10 cannon

10 cannons

11 flute

12 drug

12 drugs

13 tragedy

14 mutiny

15 grammar

16 credit

16 credits

17 note

17 notes

18 method

18 methods

19 music

19 songs

20 flower (flor-)

20 flowers

2. Verbs.

1 profess

1 declare

2 descend

3 act

3 acts

4 imitate

4 copy

5 preside

5 lead

6 solicit

6 requests

7 visit

7 visits

8 defend

9 survey

9 surveys

10 oppose (oppon-)

10 oppose

3. Adjectives.

1 adverse

negative

2 secret

2 secrets

3 potent

3 powerful

4 private

b. Write and define nouns denoting the recipient (one who is or that which) from the following:—

b. Write and define nouns that refer to the recipient (the one who is or that which) from the following:—

1 assign

assign

2 bedlam

2 chaos

3 captum (taken)

3 captured

4 devote

4 dedicate

5 favor

5 likes

6 lease

6-month lease

7 natus (born)

8 patent

8 patents

9 refer

10 relate

10 connections

c. Write and define nouns denoting state, condition, quality, or act, from the following:—

c. Write and define nouns that describe a state, condition, quality, or action, from the following:—

1. Nouns.

1 magistrate

magistrate

2 parent

2 parents

3 cure

4 private

4 private

5 pilgrim

5 pilgrims

6 hero

7 despot

7 tyrant

8 judge

8 judges

9 vassal

9 follower

10 vandal

10 vandalizer

2. Verbs.

1 conspire

plot

2 marry

2 get married

3 forbear

3 restrain

4 repent

5 ply

5-ply

6 abase

6 degrade

7 excel

7 Excel

8 prosper

8 thrive

9 enjoy

10 accompany

11 depart

11 leave

12 abound

12 abundant

13 abhor

13 dislike intensely

14 compose

15 deride (deris-)

15 mock (deris-)

3. Adjectives.

1 accurate

accurate

2 delicate

2 delicate

3 distant

3 distant

4 excellent

4 excellent

5 current

5 current

6 parallel

7 prompt (i-)

8 similar

9 docile

9 compliant

10 moist

d. Write and define nouns denoting place where from the following words:—

d. Write and define nouns that indicate place where from the following words:—

1 grain

2 deposit

2 deposits

3 penitent

3 remorseful

4 arm

4 arms

5 observe

5 watch

e. Write and define nouns expressing diminutives of the following nouns:—

e. Write and define nouns that express smaller versions of the following nouns:—

1 part

2 globe

3 animal

3 animals

4 verse

4 verses

5 corpus (body)

II.

a. Write and define adjectives denoting relating to, like, or being, from the following nouns:—

a. Write and define adjectives that relate to or describe the following nouns:—

1 parent

2 nation

2 nations

3 fate

4 elegy

4 tribute

5 demon

5 demons

6 republic

6 republics

7 Rome

8 Europe

9 Persia

9 Iran

10 presbytery

10 church office

11 globule

11 droplets

12 luna (the moon)

13 oculus (the eye)

13 eye

14 consul

15 sol (the sun)

16 planet

16 planets

17 moment

17 moments

18 element

19 second

19 seconds

20 parliament

20 Parliament

21 honor

21 respect

22 poet

22 poets

23 despot

23 tyrant

24 majesty

24 royalty

25 ocean

26 metal

27 nonsense

28 astronomy

29 botany

29 plant science

30 period

30 days

31 tragedy

32 fervor

33 splendor

33 splendor

34 infant

34 infants

35 puer (a boy)

35 boy

36 canis (a dog)

37 felis (a cat)

38 promise

39 access

40 transit

b. Write and define adjectives denoting abounding in, having the quality of, from the following nouns:—

b. Write and define adjectives that mean full of or having the quality of, based on the following nouns:—

1 passion

passion

2 temper

2 moods

3 oper- (work)

3 oper- (function)

4 fortune

4 luck

5 popul- (people)

6 affection

6 love

7 aqua- (water)

8 verb (a word)

8 verb

9 beauty

10 courage

10 bravery

11 plenty

12 envy

12 jealous

13 victory

13 wins

14 joy

15 globe

c. Write and define adjectives denoting that may be, or having the power, from the following verbs:—

c. Write and define adjectives that suggest possibility or ability from the following verbs:—

1 blame

fault

2 allow

permit

3 move

3 moves

4 admit (miss-)

5 collect

6 abuse

7 aud- (hear)

7 aud- (listen)

8 divide (vis-)

8 divide (div-)

9 vary

9 variations

10 ara- (plough)

10 ara- (farm)

Write and define the following adjectives denoting—

(causing or producing) 1 terror, 2 sopor- (sleep), 3 flor (a flower), 4 pestis (a plague); (having the quality of) 5 farina (meal), 6 crust, 7 argilla (clay), (becoming), 8 effervesce.

III.

Write and define verbs denoting to make, render, or perform the act of, from the following words:—

Write and define verbs that mean to make, render, or perform the act of using the following words:—

1 authentic

1 genuine

2 person

2 people

3 captive

4 anima (life)

5 melior (better)

5 melior (improved)

6 ample

6 spacious

7 just

7 only

8 sanctus (holy)

8 sanctus (sacred)

9 pan

9 pans

10 false

11 facilis (easy)

11 easy

12 magnus(great)

13 equal

13 equals

14 fertile

15 legal

15 legal issues

III.—DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES.

1. A Latin primitive, or root, is a Latin word from which a certain number of English derivative words is formed. Thus the Latin verb du'cere, to draw or lead, is a Latin primitive or root, and from it are formed educe, education, deduction, ductile, reproductive, and several hundred other English words.

1. A Latin root is a Latin word that many English derivative words are created from. For example, the Latin verb du'cere, meaning to draw or lead, is a Latin root, and from it come educe, education, deduction, ductile, reproductive, and several hundred other English words.

2. Latin roots consist chiefly of verbs, nouns, and adjectives.

2. Latin roots mainly include verbs, nouns, and adjectives.

3. English derivatives from Latin words are generally formed not from the root itself but from a part of the root called the radical. Thus, in the word "education," the root-word is ducere, but the radical is duc- (education = e + duc + ate + ion).

3. English derivatives from Latin words are usually formed not from the root itself but from a part of the root called the radical. So, in the word "education," the root-word is ducere, but the radical is duc- (education = e + duc + ate + ion).

4. A radical is a word or a part of a word used in forming English derivatives.

4. A radical is a word or part of a word that is used to create English derivatives.

5. Sometimes several radicals from the same root-word are used, the different radicals being taken from different grammatical forms of the root-word.

5. Sometimes multiple radicals from the same root word are used, with the different radicals taken from various grammatical forms of the root word.

6. Verb-radicals are formed principally from two parts of the verb,—the first person singular of the present indicative, and a part called the supine, which is a verbal noun corresponding to the English infinitive in -ing. Thus:—

6. Verb-radicals are created mainly from two parts of the verb—the first-person singular of the present indicative and a part known as the supine, which is a verbal noun that corresponds to the English infinitive in -ing. Thus:—

1st pers. sing. pres. ind.

1st person singular present indicative

Root

Derivative

Derivative

Supine

On your back

Root

Derivative

Copied

duco (I draw)

duco (I sketch)

duc-

educe

reduce

ductum (drawing, or to draw)

drawing

duct-

duct

ductile

flexible

I. In giving a Latin verb-primitive in this book three "principal parts" of the verb will be given, namely: (1) The present infinitive, (2) the first person singular of the present indicative, and (3) the supine—the second and the third parts because from them radicals are obtained, and the infinitive because this is the part used in naming a verb in a general way. Thus as we say that loved, loving, etc., are parts of the verb "to love," so we say that a'mo (present ind.) and ama'tum (supine) are parts of the verb ama're.

I. In this book, each Latin verb will include three "main parts": (1) the present infinitive, (2) the first person singular of the present indicative, and (3) the supine. The second and third parts are included because they provide the root forms, and the infinitive is included because it’s the form used to refer to the verb in general. Just as we say that loved, loving, etc., are parts of the verb "to love," we say that a'mo (present ind.) and ama'tum (supine) are parts of the verb ama're.

II. It should be noted that it is incorrect to translate amo, amatum, by "to love," since neither of these words is in the infinitive mood, which is amare. The indication of the Latin infinitive will be found of great utility, as it is the part by which a Latin verb is referred to in the Dictionary.

II. It's important to point out that translating amo, amatum as "to love" is incorrect, since neither of these words is in the infinitive form, which is amare. Knowing the Latin infinitive will be very helpful, as it is the form used to look up a Latin verb in the Dictionary.

7. Noun-radicals and adjective radicals are formed from the nominative and from the genitive (or possessive) case of words belonging to these parts of speech. Thus:—

7. Noun-radicals and adjective radicals are created from the nominative and the genitive (or possessive) forms of words in these parts of speech. So:—

NOM. CASE.

Nominative Case.

iter (a journey)

journey

GEN. CASE.

itineris (of a journey)

journey

felicis (nom. felix, happy)

felicis (nom. felix, joyful)

ROOT.

iter-.

iterate.

ROOT

itiner-

felic-

felic-

DERIVATIVE.

reiterate

DERIVATIVE.

Derivative.

itinerant

itinerant

felicity

NOTE.—These explanations of the mode of forming radicals are given by way of general information; but this book presupposes and requires no knowledge of Latin, since in every group of English derivatives from Latin, not only the root-words in their several parts, but the radicals actually used in word-formation, are given.

NOTE.—These explanations on how to form radicals are provided for general understanding; however, this book assumes and requires no prior knowledge of Latin. In every group of English words derived from Latin, both the root words in their various parts and the radicals actually used in word formation are included.

Pronunciation of Latin Words.

1. Every word in Latin must have as many syllables as it has vowels or diphthongs: as miles (= mi'les).

2. C is pronounced like k before a, o, u; and like s before e, i, y, and the diphthongs æ and œ: as cado, pronounced ka'do; cedo, pronounced se'do.

3. G is pronounced hard before a, o, u, and soft like j before e, i, y, æ, œ: as gusto, in which g is pronounced as in August; gero, pronounced je'ro.

3. G is pronounced hard before a, o, u, and soft like j before e, i, y, æ, œ: as in gusto, where g is pronounced like in August; gero, pronounced je'ro.

4. A consonant between two vowels must be joined to the latter: as bene, pronounced be'ne.

4. A consonant between two vowels should be connected to the second vowel: as bene, pronounced be'ne.

5. Two consonants in the middle of a word must be divided: as mille, pronounced mil'le.

5. Two consonants in the middle of a word must be split: as mille, pronounced mil'le.

6. The diphthongs æ and œ are sounded like e: as cædo, pronounced ce'do.

6. The diphthongs æ and œ are pronounced like e: as cædo, pronounced ce'do.

7. Words of two syllables are accented on the first: as ager, pronounced a'jer.

7. Two-syllable words are stressed on the first syllable: like ager, pronounced a'jer.

8. When a word of more than one syllable ends in a, the a should be sounded like ah: as musa, pronounced mu'sah.

8. When a word with more than one syllable ends in a, it should be pronounced like ah: for example, musa, pronounced mu'sah.

9. T, s, and c, before ia, ie, ii, io, iu, and eu, preceded immediately by the accent, in Latin words as in English, change into sh and zh: as fa'cio, pronounced fa'sheo; san'cio, pronounced san'sheo; spa'tium, pronounced spa'sheum.

9. T, s, and c, before ia, ie, ii, io, iu, and eu, when immediately followed by the accent, in Latin words just like in English, change to sh and zh: like fa'cio, pronounced fa'sheo; san'cio, pronounced san'sheo; spa'tium, pronounced spa'sheum.

NOTE.—According to the Roman method of pronouncing Latin, the vowels a, e, i, o, u are pronounced as in baa, bait, beet, boat, boot; ae, au, ei, oe as in aisle, our, eight, oil; c always like k; g as in get; j as y in yes; t as in until; v as w. See any Latin grammar.

NOTE.—In the Roman way of pronouncing Latin, the vowels a, e, i, o, u are pronounced like in baa, bait, beet, boat, boot; ae, au, ei, oe like in aisle, our, eight, oil; c is always pronounced like k; g as in get; j as y in yes; t as in until; v as w. Refer to any Latin grammar.

LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.

DIVISION I.—METHOD OF STUDY.

1. AG'ERE: a'go, ac'tum, to do, to drive.

Radicals: ag- and act-.

1. act, v. ANALYSIS: from actum by dropping the termination um. DEFINITION: to do, to perform. The noun "act" is formed in the same way. DEFINITION: a thing done, a deed or performance.

1. act, v. ANALYSIS: from actum by dropping the ending um. DEFINITION: to do, to perform. The noun "act" is formed in the same way. DEFINITION: something done, a deed or performance.

2. ac'tion: act + ion = the act of doing: hence, a thing done.

2. action: act + ion = the act of doing; therefore, something done.

3. act'ive: act + ive = having the quality of acting: hence, busy, constantly engaged in action.

3. active: act + ive = having the quality of acting; therefore, busy, constantly involved in action.

4. act'or: act + or = one who acts: hence, (1) one who takes part in anything done; (2) a stage player.

4. actor: act + or = someone who acts: therefore, (1) someone who participates in anything being done; (2) a performer on stage.

5. a'gent: ag + ent = one who acts: hence, one who acts or transacts business for another.

5. agent: ag + ent = someone who acts: therefore, someone who acts or conducts business on behalf of another.

6. ag'ile: ag + ile = apt to act: hence, nimble, brisk.

6. ag'ile: ag + ile = likely to act: therefore, quick, lively.

7. co'gent: from Latin cogens, cogentis, pres. part, of cog'ere (= co + agere, to impel), having the quality of impelling: hence, urgent, forcible.

7. co'gent: from Latin cogens, cogentis, present participle of cog'ere (= co + agere, to drive or compel), having the quality of driving forward: therefore, urgent, forceful.

8. enact': en + act = to put in act: hence, to decree.

8. enact': en + act = to put into action: therefore, to officially establish.

9. transact': trans + act = to drive through: hence, to perform.

9. transact': trans + act = to drive through; therefore, to perform.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What two parts of speech is "act"?—Write a sentence containing this word as a verb; another as a noun.—Give a synonym of "act." Ans. Deed.—From what is "deed" derived? Ans. From the word do—hence, literally, something done.—Give the distinction between "act" and "deed." Ans. "Act" is a single action; "deed" is a voluntary action: thus—"The action which was praised as a good deed was but an act of necessity."

(1.) What two parts of speech is "act"?—Write a sentence using this word as a verb and another as a noun.—Provide a synonym for "act." Ans. Deed.—What is "deed" derived from? Ans. From the word do—which literally means something done.—Explain the difference between "act" and "deed." Ans. "Act" is a single action; "deed" is a voluntary action. So, "The action that was praised as a good deed was just an act of necessity."

(2.) Define "action" in oratory; "action" in law.—Combine and define in + action.

(2.) Define "action" in speaking; "action" in law.—Combine and define in + action.

(3.) Combine and define in + active; active + ity; in + active + ity.—What is the negative of "active"? Ans. Inactive.—What is the contrary of "active"? Ans. Passive.

(3.) Combine and define in + active; active + ity; in + active + ity.—What is the negative of "active"? Answer: Inactive.—What is the contrary of "active"? Answer: Passive.

(4.) Write a sentence containing "actor" in each of its two senses. MODEL: "Washington and Greene were prominent actors in the war of the Revolution." "David Garrick, the famous English actor, was born in 1716."—What is the feminine of "actor" in the sense of stage player?

(4.) Write a sentence using "actor" in both of its meanings. MODEL: "Washington and Greene were significant actors in the Revolutionary War." "David Garrick, the renowned English actor, was born in 1716."—What is the feminine form of "actor" when referring to a stage performer?

(6.) Combine and define agile + ity.—What is the distinction between "active" and "agile"? Ans. "Active" implies readiness to act in general; "agile" denotes a readiness to move the limbs.—Give two synonyms of "agile." Ans. Brisk, nimble.—Give the opposite of "agile." Ans. Sluggish, inert.

(6.) Combine and define agile + ity.—What’s the difference between "active" and "agile"? Ans. "Active" means being ready to act in general; "agile" refers to being ready to move the limbs.—Give two synonyms for "agile." Ans. Brisk, nimble.—What’s the opposite of "agile"? Ans. Sluggish, inert.

(7.) Explain what is meant by a "cogent argument."—What would be the contrary of a cogent argument?

(7.) Explain what is meant by a "cogent argument."—What would be the opposite of a cogent argument?

(8.) Combine and define enact + ment.—What is meant by the "enacting clause" of a legislative bill?—Write a sentence containing the word "enact." MODEL: "The British Parliament enacted the stamp-law in 1765."

(8.) Combine and define enact + ment.—What does the "enacting clause" of a legislative bill refer to?—Write a sentence using the word "enact." MODEL: "The British Parliament enacted the stamp law in 1765."

(9.) Combine and define transact + ion.—What derivative from "perform" is a synonym of "transaction"?

(9.) Combine and define transact + ion.—What word derived from "perform" is a synonym for "transaction"?

2. ALIE'NUS, another, foreign.

Radical: alien-.

Radical: extraterrestrial-.

1. al'ien: from alienus by dropping the termination us. DEFINITION: a foreigner, one owing allegiance to another country than that in which he is living.

1. al'ien: from alienus by dropping the ending us. DEFINITION: a foreigner, someone who owes loyalty to a country other than the one they are living in.

2. al'ienate: alien + ate = to cause something to be transferred to another: hence, (1) to transfer title or property to another; (2) to estrange, to withdraw.

2. al'ienate: alien + ate = to cause something to be transferred to another: hence, (1) to transfer ownership or property to someone else; (2) to make someone feel distant or removed.

3. inal'ienable: in + alien + able = that may not be given to another.

3. inalienable: in + alien + able = something that cannot be given to another.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Combine and define alien + age.—Can an alien be elected President of the United States? [See the Constitution, Article II. Sec. I. Clause 5.]—What is the word which expresses the process by which a person is changed from an alien to a citizen?

(1.) Combine and define alien + age.—Can an alien be elected President of the United States? [See the Constitution, Article II. Sec. I. Clause 5.]—What is the term that describes the process by which a person becomes a citizen from an alien?

(2.) Combine and define alienate + ion.—Give a synonym of "alienate" in its second sense. Ans. To estrange.—What is meant by saying that "the oppressive measures of the British government gradually alienated the American colonies from the mother country"?

(2.) Combine and define alienate + ion.—Give a synonym for "alienate" in its second sense. Ans. To estrange.—What does it mean when we say that "the oppressive measures of the British government gradually alienated the American colonies from the mother country"?

(3.) Quote a passage from the Declaration of Independence containing the word "inalienable."

(3.) Quote a passage from the Declaration of Independence that includes the word "inalienable."

3. AMA'RE, to love, AMI'CUS, a friend.

Radicals: am- and amic-.

1. a'miable: am(i) + able = fit to be loved.

1. amiable: am(i) + able = suitable for love.

OBS.—The Latin adjective is amabilis, from which the English derivative adjective would be amable; but it has taken the form amiable.

Note: The Latin adjective is amabilis, from which the English derivative adjective is amable; however, it has evolved into amiable.

2. am'ity: am + ity = the state of being a friend: hence, friendship; good-will.

2. amity: am + ity = the state of being a friend: therefore, friendship; goodwill.

3. am'icable: amic + able = disposed to be a friend: hence, friendly; peaceable.

3. am'icable: amic + able = willing to be a friend: therefore, friendly; peaceful.

4. inim'ical: through Lat. adj. inimi'cus, enemy: hence, inimic(us) + al = inimical, relating to an enemy.

4. inimical: from Latin adj. inimicus, meaning enemy: thus, inimic(us) + al = inimical, associated with an enemy.

5. amateur': adopted through French amateur, from Latin amator, a lover: hence, one who cultivates an art from taste or attachment, without pursuing it professionally.

5. amateur': borrowed from French amateur, which comes from Latin amator, meaning a lover: therefore, someone who engages in an art out of passion or affection, rather than as a profession.

EXERCISE.

(1). What word is a synonym of "amiable"? Ans. Lovable.—Show how they are exact synonyms.--Write a sentence containing the word "amiable." MODEL: "The amiable qualities of Joseph Warren caused his death to be deeply regretted by all Americans."—What noun can you form from "amiable," meaning the quality of being amiable?—What is the negative of "amiable"? Ans. Unamiable.—The contrary? Ans. Hateful.

(1). What word is a synonym of "amiable"? Ans. Lovable.—Show how they are exact synonyms.—Write a sentence containing the word "amiable." MODEL: "The amiable nature of Joseph Warren made his death deeply regretted by all Americans."—What noun can you create from "amiable," meaning the quality of being amiable?—What is the opposite of "amiable"? Ans. Unamiable.—The contrary? Ans. Hateful.

(2.) Give a word that is nearly a synonym of "amity." Ans. Friendship.—State the distinction between these words. Ans. "Friendship" applies more particularly to individuals; "amity" to societies or nations.—Write a sentence containing the word "amity." MODEL: "The Plymouth colonists in 1621 made a treaty of amity with the Indians."—What is the opposite of "amity"?

(2.) Give a word that is almost a synonym of "amity." Ans. Friendship.—Explain the difference between these words. Ans. "Friendship" refers more specifically to individuals, while "amity" is used for groups or nations.—Write a sentence that includes the word "amity." MODEL: "The Plymouth colonists in 1621 created a treaty of amity with the Indians."—What is the opposite of "amity"?

(3.) Give a synonym of "amicable." Ans. Friendly.—Which is the stronger? Ans. Friendly.—Why? Ans. "Friendly" implies a positive feeling of regard; "amicable" denotes merely the absence of discord.—Write a sentence containing the word "amicable." MODEL: "In 1871 commissioners appointed by the United States and Great Britain made an amicable settlement of the Alabama difficulties."

(3.) Give a synonym of "amicable." Ans. Friendly.—Which is the stronger? Ans. Friendly.—Why? Ans. "Friendly" suggests a positive feeling of regard; "amicable" simply means the absence of conflict.—Write a sentence using the word "amicable." MODEL: "In 1871, commissioners appointed by the United States and Great Britain reached an amicable resolution of the Alabama issues."

(4.) What is the noun corresponding to the adjective "inimical"? Ans. Enemy.—Give its origin. Ans. It comes from the Latin inimicus, an enemy, through the French ennemi.—What preposition does "inimical" take after it? Ans. The preposition to—thus, "inimical to health," "to welfare," etc.

(4.) What is the noun that corresponds to the adjective "inimical"? Ans. Enemy.—What's its origin? Ans. It comes from the Latin inimicus, meaning enemy, through the French ennemi.—What preposition does "inimical" use after it? Ans. The preposition to—therefore, "inimical to health," "to welfare," etc.

(5.) What is meant by an amateur painter? an amateur musician?

(5.) What does it mean to be an amateur painter? an amateur musician?

4. AN'IMUS, mind, passion; AN'IMA, life.

Radical: anim-.

Radical: animal-.

1. an'imal: from Lat. n. anima through the Latin animal: literally, something having life.

1. animal: from Latin n. anima through the Latin animal: literally, something that has life.

2. animal'cule: animal + cule = a minute animal: hence, an animal that can be seen only by the microscope.

2. animal'cule: animal + cule = a tiny animal: therefore, an animal that can only be seen with a microscope.

3. an'imate, v.: anim + ate = to make alive: hence, to stimulate, or infuse courage.

3. an'imate, v.: anim + ate = to make alive: therefore, to stimulate or inject courage.

4. animos'ity: anim + ose + ity = the quality of being (ity) full of (ose) passion: hence, violent hatred.

4. animosity: anim + ose + ity = the quality of being (ity) full of (ose) passion: therefore, intense hatred.

5. unanim'ity: un (from unus, one) + anim + ity = the state of being of one mind: hence, agreement.

5. unanimity: un (from unus, one) + anim + ity = the state of being of one mind: therefore, agreement.

6. rean'imate: re + anim + ate = to make alive again: hence, to infuse fresh vigor.

6. rean'imate: re + anim + ate = to bring back to life: therefore, to inject new energy.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Write a sentence containing the word "animal." MODEL: "Modern science has not yet been able to determine satisfactorily the distinction between an animal and a vegetable."

(1.) Write a sentence using the word "animal." MODEL: "Modern science still hasn't managed to clearly define the difference between an animal and a plant."

(2.) What is the plural of "animalcule"? Ans. Animalcules or animalculæ.—Write a sentence containing this word.

(2.) What is the plural of "animalcule"? Ans. Animalcules or animalculæ.—Write a sentence using this word.

(3.) What other part of speech than a verb is "animate"?—What is the negative of the adjective "animate?" Ans. Inanimate.—Define it.—Combine and define animate + ion.—Explain what is meant by an "animated discussion."

(3.) What part of speech is "animate" besides a verb?—What is the opposite of the adjective "animate?" Ans. Inanimate.—Define it.—Combine and define animate + ion.—Explain what is meant by an "animated discussion."

(4.) Give two synonyms of "animosity."

(4.) Provide two synonyms for "animosity."

(5.) What is the literal meaning of "unanimity"? If people are of one mind, is not this "unanimity"?—What is the adjective corresponding to the noun "unanimity"?—What is the opposite of "unanimity"?—Write a sentence containing the word "unanimity."

(5.) What does "unanimity" literally mean? If people are of one mind, isn't this "unanimity"?—What is the adjective that goes with the noun "unanimity"?—What is the opposite of "unanimity"?—Write a sentence using the word "unanimity."

(6.) Compare the verbs "animate" and "reanimate," and state the signification of each.—Has "reanimate" any other than its literal meaning?—Write a sentence containing this word in its figurative sense. MODEL: "The inspiring words of Lawrence, 'Don't give up the ship!' reanimated the courage of the American sailors."—What does "animated conversation" mean?

(6.) Compare the verbs "animate" and "reanimate," and explain the meaning of each. — Does "reanimate" have any other meaning besides its literal one? — Write a sentence using this word in a figurative way. MODEL: "The inspiring words of Lawrence, 'Don't give up the ship!' reanimated the courage of the American sailors." — What does "animated conversation" mean?

5. AN'NUS, a year.

Radical: ann-.

1. an'nals: from annus, through Lat. adj. annalis, pertaining to the year: hence, a record of things done from year to year.

1. annals: from annus, through Latin adjective annalis, relating to the year: thus, a record of events that happen year after year.

2. an'nual: through annuus (annu + al), relating to a year: hence, yearly or performed in a year.

2. annual: from annuus (annu + al), related to a year: therefore, yearly or done in a year.

3. annu'ity: through Fr. n. annuité = a sum of money payable yearly.

3. annuity: from Fr. n. annuité = a sum of money paid annually.

4. millen'nium: Lat. n. millennium (from annus and mille, a thousand), a thousand years.

4. millen'nium: Latin n. millennium (from annus and mille, meaning a thousand), a period of a thousand years.

5. peren'nial: through Lat. adj. perennis (compounded of per and annus), throughout the year: hence, lasting; perpetual.

5. perennial: from Latin adj. perennis (made up of per and annus), meaning throughout the year: therefore, lasting; perpetual.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Give a synonym of "annals." Ans. History.—What is the distinction between "annals" and "history"? Ans. "Annals" denotes a mere chronological account of events from year to year; "history," in addition to a narrative of events, inquires into the causes of events.—Write a sentence containing the word "annals," or explain the following sentence: "The annals of the Egyptians and Hindoos contain many incredible statements."

(1.) Give a synonym for "annals." Ans. History.—What is the difference between "annals" and "history"? Ans. "Annals" refers to a simple chronological record of events year by year; "history," on the other hand, not only tells the story of events but also explores the reasons behind those events.—Write a sentence using the word "annals," or clarify the following sentence: "The annals of the Egyptians and Hindoos include many unbelievable claims."

(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "annual."

(2.) Write a sentence using the word "annual."

(4.) Write a sentence containing the word "millennium."

(4.) Write a sentence using the word "millennium."

(5.) What is the meaning of a "perennial plant" in botany? Ans. A plant continuing more than two years.—Give the contrary of "perennial." Ans. Fleeting, short-lived.

(5.) What is the meaning of a "perennial plant" in botany? Ans. A plant that lives for more than two years. — What is the opposite of "perennial"? Ans. Temporary, short-lived.

6. ARS, ar'tis, art, skill.

Radical: art-.

1. art: from artis by dropping the termination is. DEFINITION: 1. cunning—thus, an animal practices art in escaping from his pursuers; 2. skill or dexterity—thus, a man may be said to have the art of managing his business; 3. a system of rules or a profession—as the art of building; 4. creative genius as seen in painting, sculpture, etc., which are called the "fine arts."

1. art: derived from artis by dropping the ending is. DEFINITION: 1. cleverness—so, an animal shows art when escaping from its hunters; 2. skill or proficiency—therefore, a person might be said to have the art of running their business; 3. a set of principles or a profession—like the art of construction; 4. creative talent as demonstrated in painting, sculpture, etc., which are referred to as the "fine arts."

2. art'ist: art + ist = one who practices an art: hence, a person who occupies himself with one of the fine arts.

2. artist: art + ist = someone who practices an art: therefore, a person who is involved in one of the fine arts.

OBS.—A painter is called an artist; but a blacksmith could not properly be so called. The French word artiste is sometimes used to denote one who has great skill in some profession, even if it is not one of the fine arts: thus a great genius in cookery might be called an artiste.

Note: A painter is referred to as an artist; however, a blacksmith wouldn't typically be called that. The French term artiste is sometimes used to refer to someone who has exceptional skill in a profession, even if it's not part of the fine arts. For example, a culinary genius might be called an artiste.

3. ar'tisan: through Fr. n. artisan, one who practices an art: hence, one who practices one of the mechanic arts; a workman, or operative.

3. artisan: from the French noun artisan, a person who practices an art; therefore, someone who works in one of the mechanical arts; a craftsman or worker.

4. art'ful: art + ful = full of art: hence, crafty, cunning.

4. art'ful: art + ful = full of art: so, clever, sly.

5. art'less: art + less = without art: hence, free from cunning, simple, ingenuous.

5. art'less: art + less = lacking art: therefore, free from deception, straightforward, genuine.

6. ar'tifice: through Lat. n. artificium, something made (fa'cere, to make) by art: hence, an artful contrivance or stratagem.

6. artifice: from Latin n. artificium, something created (fa'cere, to make) through skill: therefore, a clever device or scheme.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What is the particular meaning of "art" in the sentence from Shakespeare, "There is no art to read the mind's construction in the face"?

(1.) What does "art" mean in the sentence from Shakespeare, "There is no art to read the mind's construction in the face"?

(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "artist."—Would it be proper to call a famous hair-dresser an artist?—What might he be called?—Combine and define artist + ic + al + ly.—What is the negative of "artistic"?

(2.) Write a sentence using the word "artist."—Is it appropriate to refer to a well-known hairdresser as an artist?—What else could he be called?—Combine and define artist + ic + al + ly.—What is the opposite of "artistic"?

(3.) What is the distinction between an "artist" and an "artisan"?

(3.) What’s the difference between an "artist" and an "artisan"?

(5.) Give a synonym of "artless." Ans. Ingenuous, natural.—Give the opposite of "artless." Ans. Wily.—Combine and define artless + ly; artless + ness.

(5.) Give a synonym of "artless." Ans. Simple, genuine.—Give the opposite of "artless." Ans. Cunning.—Combine and define artless + ly; artless + ness.

(6.) Give a synonym of "artifice."—Combine artifice + er.—Does "artificer" mean one who practices artifice?—Write a sentence containing this word.—Combine and define artifice + ial; artifice + al + ity. Give the opposite of "artificial."

(6.) Give a synonym for "artifice."—Combine artifice + er.—Does "artificer" mean someone who practices artifice?—Write a sentence using this word.—Combine and define artifice + ial; artifice + al + ity. Give the opposite of "artificial."

7. AUDI'RE: au'dio, audi'tum, to hear.

Radicals: audi-, and audit-.

1. au'dible: audi + ble = that may be heard.

1. audible: audio + able = able to be heard.

2. au'dience: audi + ence = literally, the condition of hearing: hence, an assemblage of hearers, an auditory.

2. audience: audi + ence = literally, the state of hearing: so, a group of listeners, an auditory.

3. au'dit: from audit(um) = to hear a statement: hence, to examine accounts.

3. audit: from audit(um) = to hear a statement; therefore, to review accounts.

4. au'ditor: audit + or = one who hears, a hearer.

4. auditor: audit + or = someone who listens, a listener.

OBS.—This word has a secondary meaning, namely: an officer who examines accounts.

Note: This word also has a secondary meaning, which refers to an officer who reviews accounts.

5. obe'dient: through obediens, obedient(is), the present participle of obedire (compounded of ob, towards, and audire): literally, giving ear to: hence, complying with the wishes of another.

5. obedient: derived from obediens, obedient(is), the present participle of obedire (made up of ob, towards, and audire): literally, listening to: therefore, following the wishes of someone else.

EXERCISE.

(1.) "Audible" means that can be heard: what prefix would you affix to it to form a word denoting what can not be heard?—What is the adverb from the adjective "audible"?—Write a sentence containing this word.

(1.) "Audible" means that it can be heard: what prefix would you add to it to create a word meaning what can not be heard?—What is the adverb form of the adjective "audible"?—Write a sentence using this word.

(2.) What is meant when you read in history of a king's giving audience?

(2.) What does it mean when you read in history about a king giving audience?

(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "audit." MODEL—"The committee which had to audit the accounts of Arnold discovered great frauds."—How do you spell the past tense of "audit"?—Why is the t not doubled?

(3.) Write a sentence using the word "audit." MODEL—"The committee responsible for auditing Arnold's accounts uncovered significant fraud."—How do you spell the past tense of "audit"?—Why isn’t the t doubled?

(5.) What is the noun corresponding to the adjective "obedient"?—What is the verb corresponding to these words?—Combine and define dis + obedient.

(5.) What is the noun that goes with the adjective "obedient"?—What is the verb that matches these words?—Combine and define dis + obedient.

8. CA'PUT, cap'itis, the head.

Radical: capit-.

1. cap'ital, a. and n.: capit + al = relating to the head: hence, chief, principal, first in importance. DEFINITION: as an adjective it means, (1) principal; (2) great, important; (3) punishable with death;—as a noun it means, (1) the metropolis or seat of government; (2) stock in trade.

1. capital, adj. and n.: capit + al = relating to the head: therefore, chief, main, first in importance. DEFINITION: as an adjective it means, (1) main; (2) significant, important; (3) punishable by death;—as a noun it means, (1) the city where the government is located; (2) assets or resources available for use.

2. capita'tion: capit + ate + ion = the act of causing heads to be counted: hence, (1) a numbering of persons; (2) a tax upon each head or person.

2. capita'tion: capit + ate + ion = the act of counting heads: so, (1) a count of people; (2) a tax on each individual.

3. decap'itate: de + capit + ate = to cause the head to be taken off; to behead.

3. decapitate: de + capit + ate = to remove the head; to behead.

4. prec'ipice: through Lat. n. præcipitium: literally, a headlong descent.

4. prec'ipice: from Latin n. præcipitium: literally, a steep drop.

5. precip'itate: from Lat. adj. præcipit(is), head foremost. DEFINITION: (1) (as a verb) to throw headlong, to press with eagerness, to hasten; (2) (as an adjective) headlong, hasty.

5. precipitate: from Latin adj. præcipit(is), head first. DEFINITION: (1) (as a verb) to throw down quickly, to urge with enthusiasm, to speed up; (2) (as an adjective) rushed, hasty.

EXERCISE.

(1). Write a sentence containing "capital" as an adjective.—Write a sentence containing this word as a noun, in the sense of city.—Write a sentence containing "capital" in the sense of stock.—Is the capital of a state or country necessarily the metropolis or chief city of that state or country?—What is the capital of New York state?—What is the metropolis of New York State?

(1). Write a sentence using "capital" as an adjective.—Write a sentence using this word as a noun, meaning city.—Write a sentence using "capital" in the sense of stock.—Is the capital of a state or country always the main or largest city of that state or country?—What is the capital of New York state?—What is the metropolis of New York State?

(3) Combine and define decapitate + ion.—Can you name an English king who was decapitated?—Can you name a French king who was decapitated?

(4) What as the meaning of "precipice" in the line, "Swift down the precipice of time it goes"?

(4) What does "precipice" mean in the line, "Swift down the precipice of time it goes"?

(5) Combine and define precipitate + ly.—Write a sentence containing the adjective "precipitate". MODEL: "Fabius, the Roman general, is noted for never having made any precipitate movements."—Explain the meaning of the verb "precipitate" in the following sentences. "At the battle of Waterloo Wellington precipitated the conflict, because he knew Napoleon's army was divided", "The Romans were wont to precipitate criminals from the Tarpeian rock."

(5) Combine and define precipitate + ly.—Write a sentence containing the adjective "precipitate". MODEL: "Fabius, the Roman general, is known for never making any precipitate moves."—Explain the meaning of the verb "precipitate" in the following sentences. "At the battle of Waterloo, Wellington precipitated the conflict because he knew Napoleon's army was split," "The Romans used to precipitate criminals from the Tarpeian rock."

9. CI'VIS, a citizen.

Radical: civ-.

1. civ'ic: civ + ic = relating to a citizen or to the affairs or honors of a city.

1. civic: relating to a citizen or to the matters or honors of a city.

OBS.—The "civic crown" in Roman times was a garland of oak-leaves and acorns bestowed on a soldier who had saved the life of a citizen in battle.

Note: The "civic crown" in Roman times was a garland made of oak leaves and acorns awarded to a soldier who had saved a citizen's life in battle.

2. civ'il: Lat adj. civilis, meaning (1) belonging to a citizen, (2) of the state, political, (3) polite.

2. civ'il: Lat adj. civilis, meaning (1) related to a citizen, (2) pertaining to the state, political, (3) courteous.

3. civ'ilize: civil + ize = to make a savage people into a community having a government, or political organization; hence, to reclaim from a barbarous state.

3. civilize: civil + ize = to transform a wild group into a community with a government or political structure; therefore, to bring back from a savage condition.

4. civiliza'tion: civil + ize + ate + ion = the state of being civilized.

4. civilization: civil + ize + ate + ion = the state of being civilized.

5. civil'ian: civil + (i)an = one whose pursuits are those of civil life—not a soldier.

5. civilian: civil + (i)an = someone whose activities are related to civilian life—not a soldier.

EXERCISE.

(2.) "What is the ordinary signification of "civil"?—Give a synonym of this word.—Is there any difference between "civil" and "polite"? Ans. "Polite" expresses more than "civil," for it is possible to be "civil" without being "polite."—What word would denote the opposite of "civil" in the sense of "polite"?—Combine and define civil + ity.—Do you say uncivility or incivility, to denote the negative of "civility"?—Give a synonym of "uncivil." Ans. Boorish.—Give another synonym.

(2.) "What's the usual meaning of "civil"?—Provide a synonym for this word.—Is there a difference between "civil" and "polite"? Ans. "Polite" means more than "civil," since you can be "civil" without being "polite."—What word means the opposite of "civil" in the context of "polite"?—Combine and define civil + ity.—Do you say uncivility or incivility to indicate the opposite of "civility"?—Give a synonym for "uncivil." Ans. Boorish.—Provide another synonym.

(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "civilize."—Give a participial adjective from this word.—What compound word expresses half civilized?—What word denotes a state of society between savage and civilized?

(3.) Write a sentence using the word "civilize."—Provide a participial adjective derived from this word.—What compound word means half civilized?—What term describes a state of society between savage and civilized?

(4.) Give two synonyms of "civilization." Ans. Culture, refinement.—What is the meaning of the word "civilization" in the sentence: "The ancient Hindoos and Egyptians had attained a considerable degree of civilization"?—Compose a sentence of your own, using this word.

(4.) Give two synonyms of "civilization." Ans. Culture, refinement.—What does the word "civilization" mean in the sentence: "The ancient Hindoos and Egyptians had reached a significant level of civilization"?—Write a sentence of your own using this word.

10. COR, cor'dis, the heart.

Radical: cord-.

1. core: from cor = the heart: hence, the inner part of a thing.

1. core: from cor = the heart: so, the inner part of a thing.

2. cor'dial, a.: cord + (i)al = having the quality of the heart: hence, hearty, sincere. The noun "cordial" means literally something having the quality of acting on the heart: hence, a stimulating medicine, and in a figurative sense, something cheering.

2. cordial, adj.: cord + (i)al = having the quality of the heart; therefore, hearty, sincere. The noun "cordial" literally means something that affects the heart: thus, a stimulating medicine, and in a figurative sense, something uplifting.

3. con'cord: con + cord = heart with (con) heart: hence, unity of sentiment, harmony.

3. con'cord: con + cord = heart with (con) heart: meaning, unity of feeling, harmony.

OBS.—Concord in music is harmony of sound.

Note: Concord in music refers to harmony of sound.

4. dis'cord: dis + cord = heart apart from (dis) heart: hence, disagreement, want of harmony.

4. dis'cord: dis + cord = heart apart from (dis) heart: hence, disagreement, lack of harmony.

5. record': through Lat. v. recordari, to remember (literally, to get by heart): hence, to register.

5. record': from Latin verb recordari, meaning to remember (literally, to get by heart): therefore, to register.

6. cour'age: through Fr. n. courage: literally, heartiness: hence, bravery, intrepidity.

6. courage: from French n. courage: literally, heartiness: therefore, bravery, fearlessness.

OBS.—The heart is accounted the seat of bravery: hence, the derivative sense of courage.

Note: The heart is considered the center of bravery, which is why it is associated with courage.

EXERCISE.

(1.) "The quince was rotten at the core"; "The preacher touched the core of the subject": in which of these sentences is "core" used in its literal, in which in its figurative, sense?

(2.) What is the Anglo-Saxon synonym of the adjective "cordial"?—Would you say a "cordial laugh" or a "hearty laugh"?—What is the opposite of "cordial"?—Combine and define cordial + ly: cordial + ity.— Write a sentence containing the noun "cordial" in its figurative sense. MODEL: "Washington's victory at Trenton was like a cordial to the flagging spirits of the American army."

(2.) What is the Anglo-Saxon synonym for the adjective "cordial"?—Would you say a "cordial laugh" or a "hearty laugh"?—What is the opposite of "cordial"?—Combine and define cordial + ly: cordial + ity.—Write a sentence that includes the noun "cordial" in its figurative sense. MODEL: "Washington's victory at Trenton was like a cordial to the waning spirits of the American army."

(3.) Give a synonym of "concord." Ans. Accord.—Supply the proper word: "In your view of this matter, I am in (accord? or concord?) with you." "There should be —— among friends." "The man who is not moved by —— of sweet sounds."

(3.) Give a synonym of "concord." Ans. Accord.—Fill in the correct word: "In your view of this matter, I am in (accord? or concord?) with you." "There should be —— among friends." "The man who is not moved by —— of sweet sounds."

(4.) What is the connection in meaning between "discord" in music and among brethren?—Give a synonym of this word. Ans. Strife.—State the distinction. Ans. "Strife" is the stronger: where there is "strife" there must be "discord," but there may be "discord" without "strife"; "discord" consists most in the feeling, "strife" in the outward action.

(4.) What is the connection in meaning between "discord" in music and among brothers?—Give a synonym for this word. Ans. Strife.—State the distinction. Ans. "Strife" is the stronger term: where there is "strife," there must be "discord," but there can be "discord" without "strife"; "discord" mainly involves feelings, while "strife" relates to outward actions.

(5.) What part of speech is "record'"?—When the accent is placed on the first syllable (rec'ord) what part of speech does it become?—Combine and define record + er; un + record + ed.

(5.) What part of speech is "record"?—When the accent is on the first syllable (rec'ord), what part of speech does it turn into?—Combine and define record + er; un + record + ed.

(6.) "Courage" is the same as having a stout—what?—Give a synonym. Ans. Fortitude.—State the distinction. Ans. "Courage" enables us to meet danger; "fortitude" gives us strength to endure pain.—Would you say "the Indian shows courage when he endures torment without flinching"?—Would you say "The three hundred under Leonidas displayed fortitude in opposing the entire Persian army"?—What is the contrary of "courage"?—Combine and define courage + ous; courage + ous + ly.

(6.) "Courage" is the same as having a strong—what?—Give a synonym. Ans. Fortitude.—State the difference. Ans. "Courage" helps us face danger; "fortitude" gives us the strength to endure pain.—Would you say "the Indian shows courage when he endures torment without flinching"?—Would you say "The three hundred under Leonidas showed fortitude in facing the entire Persian army"?—What is the opposite of "courage"?—Combine and define courage + ous; courage + ous + ly.

11. COR'PUS, cor'poris, the body.

Radical: corpor-.

Radical: corp-.

1. cor'poral: corpor + al = relating to the body.

1. corporal: corporate + al = related to the body.

OBS.—The noun "corporal," meaning a petty officer, is not derived from corpus: it comes from the French caporal, of which it is a corruption.

Note: The noun "corporal," referring to a petty officer, does not come from corpus; it is derived from the French caporal, from which it has been altered.

2. cor'porate: corpor + ate = made into a body: hence, united into a body or corporation.

2. corporate: corpo + rate = turned into a body: therefore, united into a body or corporation.

3. incor'porate: in + corpor + ate = to make into a body: hence, (1) to form into a legal body; (2) to unite one substance with another.

3. incorporate: in + corpor + ate = to make into a body: hence, (1) to create a legal entity; (2) to combine one substance with another.

4. corpora'tion: corpor + ate + ion = that which is made into a body: hence, a body politic, authorized by law to act as one person.

4. corporation: corpor + ate + ion = something that is made into a body; therefore, a body politic, legally allowed to act as a single entity.

5. cor'pulent: through Lat. adj. corpulentus, fleshy: hence, stout in body, fleshy.

5. cor'pulent: from Latin adj. corpulentus, meaning fleshy: therefore, heavyset, plump.

6. cor'puscle: corpus + cle = a diminutive body; hence, a minute particle of matter.

6. cor'puscle: corpus + cle = a small body; therefore, a tiny particle of matter.

7. corps: [pronounced core] through Fr. n. corps, a body. DEFINITION: (1) a body of troops; (2) a body of individuals engaged in some one profession.

7. corps: [pronounced core] from Fr. n. corps, meaning a body. DEFINITION: (1) a group of soldiers; (2) a group of people involved in a specific profession.

8. corpse: through Fr. n. corps, the body; that is, only the body—the spirit being departed: hence, the dead body of a human being.

8. corpse: from Fr. n. corps, the body; that is, only the body—the spirit has left: thus, the dead body of a human being.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Give two synonyms of "corporal." Ans. Corporeal and bodily.—What is the distinction between "corporal" and "corporeal"? Ans. "Corporal" means pertaining to the body; "corporeal" signifies material, as opposed to spiritual.—Would you say a corporal or a corporeal substance? corporal or corporeal punishment? Would you say corporal strength or bodily strength?

(1.) Give two synonyms for "corporal." Ans. Corporeal and bodily.—What’s the difference between "corporal" and "corporeal"? Ans. "Corporal" refers to things related to the body; "corporeal" means material, as opposed to spiritual.—Would you say a corporal or a corporeal substance? Corporal or corporeal punishment? Would you say corporal strength or bodily strength?

(3.) Write a sentence containing the verb "incorporate" in its first sense. MODEL: "The London company which settled Virginia was incorporated in 1606, and received a charter from King James I."

(3.) Write a sentence using the verb "incorporate" in its first sense. MODEL: "The London company that established Virginia was incorporated in 1606 and got a charter from King James I."

(4.) Write a sentence containing the word "corporation." [Find out by what corporation Massachusetts Bay Colony was settled, and write a sentence about that.]

(4.) Write a sentence using the word "corporation." [Find out which corporation settled the Massachusetts Bay Colony, and write a sentence about that.]

(5.) What noun is there corresponding to the adjective "corpulent" and synonymous with "stoutness"?—Give two synonyms of "corpulent." Ans. Stout, lusty.—What is the distinction? Ans. "Corpulent" means fat; "stout" and "lusty" denote a strong frame.

(5.) What noun corresponds to the adjective "corpulent" and is synonymous with "stoutness"?—Provide two synonyms for "corpulent." Ans. Stout, robust.—What is the difference? Ans. "Corpulent" means fat; "stout" and "robust" imply a strong build.

(6.) What is meant by an "army corps"? Ans. A body of from twenty to forty thousand soldiers, forming several brigades and divisions.

(6.) What is meant by an "army corps"? Ans. A group of twenty to forty thousand soldiers, organized into multiple brigades and divisions.

(7.) How is the plural of corps spelled? Ans. Corps. How pronounced? Ans. Cores.—What is meant by the "diplomatic corps"?

(7.) How is the plural of corps spelled? Ans. Corps. How is it pronounced? Ans. Cores.—What does the "diplomatic corps" mean?

(8.) What other form of the word "corpse" is used? Ans. The form corse is sometimes used in poetry; as in the poem on the Burial of Sir John Moore:

(8.) What other form of the word "corpse" is used? Ans. The form corse is sometimes used in poetry; as in the poem about the Burial of Sir John Moore:

"Not a drum was heard, not a funeral note,

As his corse to the ramparts we hurried."

As we rushed his body to the ramparts.

12. CRED'ERE: cre'do, cred'itum, to believe.

Radicals: cred- and credit-.

1. creed: from the word credo, "I believe," at the beginning of the Apostles' Creed: hence, a summary of Christian belief.

1. creed: from the word credo, "I believe," at the beginning of the Apostles' Creed; therefore, a summary of Christian belief.

2. cred'ible: cred + ible = that may be believed: hence, worthy of belief.

2. credible: cred + ible = something that can be believed; therefore, deserving of belief.

3. cred'it: from credit(um) = belief, trust: hence, (1) faith; (2) reputation; (3) trust given or received.

3. credit: from credit(um) = belief, trust: therefore, (1) faith; (2) reputation; (3) trust given or received.

4. cred'ulous: through the Lat. adj. credulus, easy of belief: credul + ous = abounding in belief: hence, believing easily.

4. credulous: from the Latin adj. credulus, easy to believe: credul + ous = full of belief: therefore, easily convinced.

5. discred'it: dis + credit = to disbelieve.

5. discred'it: dis + credit = to not believe.

EXERCISE.

(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "credible." MODEL: "When the King of Siam was told that in Europe the water at certain seasons could be walked on, he declared that the statement was not credible."—What single word will express not credible?—Combine and define credible + ity.—Give a synonym of "credible." Ans. Trustworthy.—State the distinction. Ans. "Credible" is generally applied to things, as "credible testimony"; "trustworthy" to persons, as "a trustworthy witness."

(2.) Write a sentence using the word "credible." MODEL: "When the King of Siam heard that in Europe, people could walk on water during certain seasons, he said that was not credible."—What single word means not credible?—Combine and define credible + ity.—Give a synonym for "credible." Ans. Trustworthy.—Explain the difference. Ans. "Credible" typically refers to things, like "credible testimony"; "trustworthy" refers to people, like "a trustworthy witness."

(3.) What is the meaning of credit in the passage,

(3.) What does credit mean in the passage,

"John Gilpin was a citizen

"John Gilpin was a citizen"

Of credit and renown"?

Of credit and fame"?

Give a synonym of this word. Ans. Trust.—What is the distinction? Ans. "Trust" looks forward; "credit" looks back—we credit what has happened; we trust what is to happen.—What other part of speech than a noun is "credit"?—Combine and define credit + ed.—Why is the t not doubled?

Give a synonym for this word. Ans. Trust.—What's the difference? Ans. "Trust" looks to the future; "credit" looks to the past—we credit what has happened; we trust what is going to happen.—What other part of speech besides a noun is "credit"?—Combine and define credit + ed.—Why isn't the t doubled?

(4.) What is the meaning of "credulous" in the passage,

(4.) What does "credulous" mean in the passage,

"So glistened the dire snake, and into fraud

"So sparkled the deadly snake, and into deceit"

Led Eve, our credulous mother"?—MILTON.

Led Eve, our gullible mother"?—MILTON.

What noun corresponding to the adjective "credulous" will express the quality of believing too easily?—What is the negative of "credulous"?—What is the distinction between "incredible" and "incredulous"?—Which applies to persons? which to things?

What noun corresponds to the adjective "credulous" and represents the quality of believing too easily?—What is the opposite of "credulous"?—What is the difference between "incredible" and "incredulous"?—Which term refers to people, and which refers to things?

(5.) To what two parts of speech does "discredit" belong?—Write a sentence containing this word as a noun; another as a verb.

(5.) To what two parts of speech does "discredit" belong?—Write a sentence using this word as a noun; another as a verb.

13. CUR'RERE: cur'ro, cur'sum, to run.

Radicals used: curr- and curs-.

1. cur'rent, a.: curr + ent = running: hence, (1) passing from person to person, as a "current report"; (2) now in progress, as the "current month."

1. current, a.: curr + ent = running: hence, (1) passing from person to person, as a "current report"; (2) now in progress, as the "current month."

2. cur'rency: curr + ency = the state of passing from person to person, as "the report obtained currency": hence circulation.

2. currency: curr + ency = the condition of moving from one person to another, as in "the report gained currency": thus, circulation.

OBS.—As applied to money, it means that it is in circulation or passing from hand to hand, as a representative of value.

Note: When referring to money, it means that it is in circulation or being exchanged between people as a representation of value.

3. cur'sory: curs + ory = running or passing: hence, hasty.

3. cur'sory: curs + ory = running or passing: so, quick or rushed.

4. excur'sion: ex + curs + ion = the act of running out: hence, an expedition or jaunt.

4. excursion: ex + curs + ion = the act of running out: hence, a trip or outing.

5. incur'sion: in + curs + ion = the act of running in: hence, an invasion.

5. incursion: in + curs + ion = the act of running in; therefore, an invasion.

6. precur'sor: pre + curs + or = one who runs before: hence a forerunner.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What other part of speech than an adjective is "current"?—What is now the current year?

(1.) What other part of speech besides an adjective is "current"? — What is the current year?

(2.) Why are there two r's in "currency"? Ans. Because there are two in the root currere.—Give a synonym of this word in the sense of "money." Ans. The "circulating medium."—What was the "currency" of the Indians in early times?—Compose a sentence using this word.

(2.) Why are there two r's in "currency"? Ans. Because there are two in the root currere.—Give a synonym for this word in the sense of "money." Ans. The "circulating medium."—What was the "currency" of the Indians in early times?—Compose a sentence using this word.

(3.) When a speaker says that he will cast a "cursory glance" at a subject, what does he mean?—Combine and define cursory + ly.

(3.) When a speaker says that he will take a "quick look" at a subject, what does he mean?—Combine and define quick + ly.

(4.) Is "excursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a friendly or a hostile sense?

(4.) Is "excursion" usually used to refer to a trip in a friendly or hostile way?

(5.) Is "incursion" usually employed to denote an expedition in a friendly or a hostile sense?—Give a synonym. Ans. Invasion.—Which implies a hasty expedition?—Compose a sentence containing the word incursion. MODEL: "The Parthians were long famed for their rapid incursions into the territory of their enemies."

(5.) Is "incursion" usually used to refer to an expedition in a friendly or hostile way?—Provide a synonym. Ans. Invasion.—Which one suggests a quick expedition?—Create a sentence with the word incursion. MODEL: "The Parthians were long known for their swift incursions into enemy territory."

(6.) What is meant by saying that John the Baptist was the precursor of Christ?—What is meant by saying that black clouds are the precursor of a storm?

(6.) What does it mean to say that John the Baptist was the forerunner of Christ?—What does it mean to say that dark clouds are the forerunner of a storm?

14. DIG'NUS, worthy.

Radical: dign-.

1. dig'nify: dign + (i)fy = to make of worth: hence, to advance to honor.

1. dig'nify: dign + (i)fy = to add value to; therefore, to elevate to respect.

2. dig'nity: dign + ity = the state of being of worth: hence, behavior fitted to inspire respect.

2. dignity: dign + ity = the state of being worth something: therefore, behavior that deserves respect.

3. indig'nity: in + dign + ity = the act of treating a person in an unworthy (indignus) manner: hence, insult, contumely.

3. indignity: in + dign + ity = the act of treating a person in an unworthy (indignus) way: therefore, insult, disrespect.

4. condign': con + dign = very worthy: hence, merited, deserved.

4. condign': con + dign = really worthy: so, merited, deserved.

OBS.—The prefix con is here merely intensive.

OBS.—The prefix con is just intensifying.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What participial adjective is formed from the verb "dignify"? Ans. Dignified.—Give a stronger word. Ans. Majestic.—Give a word which denotes the same thing carried to excess and becoming ridiculous. Ans. Pompous.

(1.) What participial adjective is formed from the verb "dignify"? Ans. Dignified.—Give a stronger word. Ans. Majestic.—Give a word that means the same thing but in excess, becoming ridiculous. Ans. Pompous.

(2.) Can you mention a character in American history remarkable for the dignity of his behavior?—Compose a sentence containing this word.

(2.) Can you name a character in American history known for the dignity of his actions?—Write a sentence using this word.

(3.) Give the plural of "indignity."—What is meant by saying that "indignities were heaped on" a person?

(3.) Give the plural of "indignity."—What does it mean to say that "indignities were heaped on" someone?

(4.) How is the word "condign" now most frequently employed? Ans. In connection with punishment: thus we speak of "condign punishment," meaning richly deserved punishment.

(4.) How is the word "condign" now most frequently used? Ans. In relation to punishment: we say "condign punishment," meaning punishment that is well-deserved.

15. DOCE'RE: do'ceo, doc'tum, to teach.

Radicals: doc- and doct-.

1. doc'ile: doc + ile = that may be taught: hence, teachable.

1. docile: doc + ile = able to be taught; therefore, teachable.

2. doc'tor: doct + or = one who teaches: hence, one who has taken the highest degree in a university authorizing him to practice and teach.

2. doctor: doc + or = someone who teaches; therefore, someone who has earned the highest degree from a university that allows them to practice and teach.

4. doc'trine: through Lat. n. doctrina, something taught; hence, a principle taught as part of a system of belief.

4. doctrine: from Latin n. doctrina, something taught; therefore, a principle taught as part of a system of belief.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Combine and define docile + ity.—Give the opposite of "docile." Ans. Indocile.—Mention an animal that is very docile.—Mention one remarkable for its want of docility.

(1.) Combine and define docile + ity.—Give the opposite of "docile." Ans. Indocile.—Name an animal that is very docile.—Name one notable for its lack of docility.

(2.) What is meant by "Doctor of Medicine"?—Give the abbreviation.—What does LL.D. mean? Ans. It stands for the words legum doctor, doctor of laws: the double L marks the plural of the Latin noun.

(2.) What does "Doctor of Medicine" mean?—Provide the abbreviation.—What does LL.D. stand for? Ans. It stands for the words legum doctor, which means doctor of laws: the double L indicates the plural form of the Latin noun.

(3.) Give two synonyms of "doctrine." Ans. Precept, tenet.—What does "tenet" literally mean? Ans. Something held—from Lat. v. tenere, to hold.—Combine and define doctrine + al.

(3.) Give two synonyms of "doctrine." Ans. Precept, tenet.—What does "tenet" literally mean? Ans. Something held—from Latin verb tenere, to hold.—Combine and define doctrine + al.

16. DOM'INUS, a master or lord.

Radical: domin-.

Radical: domain.

1. domin'ion: domin + ion = the act of exercising mastery: hence, (1) rule; (2) a territory ruled over.

1. dominion: domin + ion = the act of exercising control: hence, (1) authority; (2) a territory under authority.

2. dom'inant: domin + ant = relating to lordship or mastery: hence, prevailing.

2. dominant: domin + ant = related to lordship or mastery: therefore, prevailing.

3. domineer': through Fr. v. dominer; literally, to "lord it" over one: hence, to rule with insolence.

3. domineer': from Fr. v. dominer; literally, to "lord" over someone: therefore, to rule with arrogance.

4. predom'inate: pre + domin + ate = to cause one to be master before another: hence, to be superior, to rule.

4. predominate: pre + domin + ate = to make someone the master over another: therefore, to be superior, to rule.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What is meant by saying that "in 1776 the United Colonies threw off the dominion of Great Britain"?

(1.) What does it mean when we say that "in 1776 the United Colonies rejected the control of Great Britain"?

(2.) What is meant by the "dominant party"? a "dominant race"?

(2.) What do we mean by the "dominant party"? a "dominant race"?

(3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "domineer." MODEL: "The blustering tyrant, Sir Edmund Andros, domineered for several years over the New England colonies; but his misrule came to an end in 1688 with the accession of King William."

(3.) Compose a sentence using the word "domineer." MODEL: "The overbearing tyrant, Sir Edmund Andros, domineered for several years over the New England colonies; but his misrule ended in 1688 with the arrival of King William."

(4.) "The Republicans at present predominate in Mexico": what does this mean?

(4.) "The Republicans currently predominate in Mexico": what does this mean?

17. FI'NIS, an end or limit.

Radical: fin-.

1. fi'nite: fin + ite = having the quality of coming to an end: hence, limited in quantity or degree.

1. finite: fin + ite = having the quality of coming to an end: therefore, limited in quantity or degree.

2. fin'ish: through Fr. v. finir; literally, to bring to an end: hence, to complete.

2. finish: from Fr. v. finir; literally, to bring to an end: so, to complete.

3. infin'ity: in + fin + ity = the state of having no limit: hence, unlimited extent of time, space, or quantity.

3. infinity: in + fin + ity = the condition of having no limits: therefore, boundless extent of time, space, or quantity.

4. define': through Fr. v. definer; literally, to bring a thing down to its limits: hence, to determine with precision.

4. define': from Fr. v. definer; literally, to set a thing within its boundaries: therefore, to specify accurately.

5. confine': con + fine; literally, to bring within limits or bounds: hence, to restrain.

5. confine': con + fine; literally, to bring within limits or bounds; therefore, to restrain.

6. affin'ity: af (a form of prefix ad) + fin + ity = close agreement.

6. affinity: af (a form of prefix ad) + fin + ity = close agreement.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What is meant by saying that "the human faculties are finite"?

(1.) What does it mean when we say that "human abilities are finite"?

(2.) What is the opposite of "finite"?—Give a synonym. Ans. Limited.—What participial adjective is formed from the verb to "finish"?—What is meant by a "finished gentleman"?

(2.) What is the opposite of "finite"?—Give a synonym. Ans. Limited.—What participial adjective is formed from the verb to "finish"?—What does a "finished gentleman" mean?

(3.) Give a synonym of "infinity." Ans. Boundlessness.—"The microscope reveals the fact that each drop of water contains an infinity of animalculæ." What is the sense of infinity as used in this sentence?

(3.) Give a synonym of "infinity." Ans. Boundlessness.—"The microscope shows that every drop of water holds an infinity of tiny creatures." What does infinity mean in this sentence?

(4.) Combine define + ite; in + define + ite.—Analyze the word "definition."—Compose a sentence containing the word "define."

(4.) Combine define + ite; in + define + ite.—Analyze the word "definition."—Write a sentence using the word "define."

(5.) Combine and define confine + ment.—What other part of speech than a verb is "confine"? Ans. A noun.—Write a sentence containing the word "confines."

(5.) Combine and define confine + ment.—What other part of speech besides a verb is "confine"? Ans. A noun.—Write a sentence using the word "confines."

(6.) Find in the dictionary the meaning of "chemical affinity."

(6.) Look up the meaning of "chemical affinity" in the dictionary.

18. FLU'ERE: flu'o, flux'um, to flow.

Radicals: flu- and flux-.

1. flux: from fluxum = a flowing.

flux: from fluxum = flow.

2. flu'ent: flu + ent = having the quality of flowing. Used in reference to language it means flowing speech: hence, voluble.

2. fluent: flu + ent = having the quality of flowing. When referring to language, it means smooth speech: therefore, talkative.

3. flu'id, n.: flu + id = Flowing: hence, anything that flows.

3. fluid, n.: flu + id = Flowing: so, anything that flows.

4. flu'ency: flu + ency = state of flowing (in reference to language).

4. fluency: flu + ency = state of flowing (related to language).

5. af'fluence: af (form of ad) + flu + ence = a flowing to: hence, an abundant supply, as of thought, words, money, etc.

5. affluence: af (a form of ad) + flu + ence = a flowing to: therefore, a plentiful supply, like thoughts, words, money, etc.

6. con'fluence: con + flu + ence = a flowing together: hence, (1) the flowing together of two or more streams; (2) an assemblage, a union.

6. con'fluence: con + flu + ence = a flowing together: therefore, (1) the merging of two or more streams; (2) a gathering, a union.

7. in'flux: in + flux = a flowing in or into.

7. in'flux: in + flux = a flow coming in or entering.

8. super'fluous: super + flu + ous = having the quality of overflowing: hence, needless, excessive.

8. super'fluous: super + flu + ous = having the quality of overflowing: therefore, unnecessary, excessive.

EXERCISE.

(2.) What is meant by a "fluent" speaker?—What word would denote a speaker who is the reverse of "fluent"?

(2.) What does it mean to be a "fluent" speaker?—What word would describe a speaker who is the opposite of "fluent"?

(3.) Write a sentence containing the word "fluid."

(3.) Write a sentence using the word "fluid."

(4.) What is meant by "fluency" of style?

(4.) What does "fluency" of style mean?

(5.) What is the ordinary use of the word "affluence"? An "affluence of ideas," means what?

(5.) What is the usual meaning of the word "affluence"? An "affluence of ideas" means what?

(6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "confluence." MODEL: "New York City stands at the —— of two streams."

(6.) Write a sentence using the word "confluence." MODEL: "New York City is located at the confluence of two rivers."

(8.) Mention a noun corresponding to the adjective "superfluous."—Compose a sentence containing the word "superfluous."—What is its opposite? Ans. Scanty, meager.

(8.) Mention a noun that relates to the adjective "superfluous."—Write a sentence using the word "superfluous."—What is its opposite? Ans. Scanty, meager.

19. GREX, gre'gis, a flock or herd.

Radical: greg-.

1. ag'gregate, v.: ag (for ad) + greg + ate = to cause to be brought into a flock: hence, to gather, to assemble.

1. aggregate, v.: ag (for ad) + greg + ate = to bring together a group: so, to collect, to gather, to assemble.

2. egre'gious: e + greg + (i)ous, through Lat. adj. egre'gius, chosen from the herd: hence, remarkable.

2. egre'gious: e + greg + (i)ous, from Latin adj. egre'gius, selected from the group: therefore, outstanding.

OBS.—Its present use is in association with inferiority.

Note: Its current use is linked to inferiority.

3. con'gregate: con + greg + ate = to perform the act of flocking together: hence, to assemble.

3. con'gregate: con + greg + ate = to come together in a group: in other words, to assemble.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What other part of speech than a verb is "aggregate"?—Why is this word spelled with a double g?

(1.) What other part of speech besides a verb is "aggregate"?—Why is this word spelled with a double g?

(2.) Combine and define egregious + ly.—What does an "egregious blunder" mean?—Compose a sentence containing the word "egregious."

(2.) Combine and define egregious + ly.—What does an "egregious blunder" mean?—Compose a sentence using the word "egregious."

(3.) Why is it incorrect to speak of congregating together?—Combine and define congregate + ion.

(3.) Why is it incorrect to say congregating together?—Combine and define congregate + ion.

20. I'RE: e'o, i'tum, to go.

Radical: it-.

1. ambi'tion: amb (around) + it + ion = the act of going around. DEFINITION: an eager desire for superiority or power.

1. ambition: amb (around) + it + ion = the act of moving around. DEFINITION: a strong desire for success or power.

OBS.—This meaning arose from the habit of candidates for office in Rome going around to solicit votes: hence, aspiration for office, and finally, aspiration in general.

Note: This meaning came from the practice of candidates in Rome going around to ask for votes: therefore, it evolved into the desire for office, and ultimately, desire in general.

2. ini'tial, a.: in + it + (i)al = pertaining to the ingoing: hence, marking the commencement.

2. initial, adj.: in + it + (i)al = related to the ingoing: therefore, indicating the beginning.

3. ini'tiate: in + it + (i)ate = to cause one to go in: hence, to introduce, to commence.

3. initiate: in + it + (i)ate = to cause someone to enter: therefore, to introduce, to start.

4. sedi'tion: sed (aside) + it + ion = the act of going aside; that is, going to a separate and insurrectionary party.

4. sedi'tion: sed (aside) + it + ion = the act of going aside; meaning, joining a different and rebellious group.

5. trans'it: trans + it = a passing across: hence, (1) the act of passing; (2) the line of passage; (3) a term in astronomy.

5. trans'it: trans + it = a crossing over: so, (1) the act of crossing; (2) the route of crossing; (3) a term in astronomy.

6. tran'sitory: trans + it + ory = passing over: hence, brief, fleeting.

6. transitory: trans + it + ory = passing over: therefore, brief, fleeting.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Compose a sentence containing the word "ambition." MODEL: "Napoleon's ambition was his own greatness; Washington's, the greatness of his country."—What is meant by "military ambition"? "political ambition"? "literary ambition"?—What adjective means possessing ambition?—Combine and define un + ambitious.

(1.) Write a sentence that includes the word "ambition." MODEL: "Napoleon's ambition was for his own greatness; Washington's was for the greatness of his country."—What does "military ambition" mean? "political ambition"? "literary ambition"?—What adjective means having ambition?—Combine and define un + ambitious.

(2.) What is the opposite of "initial"? Ans. Final, closing.—What part of speech is "initial" besides an adjective?—What is meant by "initials"?

(2.) What is the opposite of "initial"? Ans. Final, closing.—What part of speech is "initial" besides an adjective?—What does "initials" mean?

(3.) What is meant by saying that "the campaign of 1775 was initiated by an attack on the British in Boston"?—Give the opposite of "initiate" in the sense of "commence."

(3.) What does it mean when we say that "the campaign of 1775 was started by an attack on the British in Boston"?—Provide the opposite of "start" in the sense of "begin."

(4.) Give a synonym of "sedition." Ans. Insurrection.—Give another.—Compose a sentence containing this word.

(4.) Give a synonym of "sedition." Ans. Insurrection.—Give another.—Create a sentence using this word.

(5.) Explain what is meant by goods "in transit."—Explain what is meant by the "Nicaragua transit."—When you speak of the transit of Venus," you are using a term in what science?

(5.) Explain what is meant by goods "in transit."—Explain what is meant by the "Nicaragua transit."—When you refer to the transit of Venus," you are using a term in what science?

(6.) Give a synonym of "transitory."—Give its opposite. Ans. Permanent, abiding.

(6.) Give a synonym of "transitory."—Give its opposite. Ans. Permanent, lasting.

21. LA'PIS, lap'idis, a stone.

Radical: lapid-.

Radical: stone-.

1. lap'idary: lapid + ary = one who works in stone: hence, one who cuts, polishes, and engraves precious stones.

1. lap'idary: lapid + ary = someone who works with stone; in other words, a person who cuts, polishes, and engraves precious stones.

2. dilap'idated: di + lapid + ate + ed = put into the condition of a building in which the stones are falling apart: hence, fallen into ruin, decayed.

2. dilapidated: di + lapid + ate + ed = put into the condition of a building where the stones are crumbling: therefore, fallen into disrepair, worn out.

3. dilapida'tion: di + lapid + ate + ion = the state (of a building) in which the stones are falling apart: hence, demolition, decay.

3. dilapidation: di + lapid + ate + ion = the condition (of a building) where the stones are breaking down: therefore, demolition, decay.

EXERCISE.

Use the word "lapidary" in a sentence. MODEL: "When Queen Victoria wanted the Koh-i-noor to be recut, she sent it to a famous lapidary in Holland."

(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "dilapidated." MODEL: "At Newport, Rhode Island, there stands a dilapidated mill, which some writers have foolishly believed to be a tower built by Norsemen in the twelfth century."—If we should speak of a "dilapidated fortune," would the word be used in its literal meaning or in a figurative sense?

(2.) Write a sentence using the word "dilapidated." MODEL: "In Newport, Rhode Island, there’s a dilapidated mill that some writers have mistakenly thought was a tower built by Norsemen in the twelfth century."—If we were to talk about a "dilapidated fortune," would the word be used literally or figuratively?

(3.) Give two synonyms of "dilapidation." Ans. Ruin, decay.

22. LEX, le'gis, a law or rule.

Radical: leg-.

1. le'gal: leg + al = relating to the law; lawful.

1. le'gal: leg + al = related to the law; lawful.

2. ille'gal: il (for in, not) + leg + al = not legal: hence, unlawful.

2. illegal: il (for in, not) + leg + al = not legal: so, unlawful.

3. leg'islate: from legis + latum (from Lat. v. fer're, latum, to bring), to bring forward: hence, to make or pass laws.

3. leg'islate: from legis + latum (from Lat. v. fer're, latum, to bring), to introduce: therefore, to create or enact laws.

4. legit'imate: through Lat. adj. legitimus, lawful; legitim (us) + ate = made lawful: hence, in accordance with established law.

4. legit'imate: from Latin adj. legitimus, lawful; legitim (us) + ate = made lawful: therefore, in line with established law.

5. priv'ilege: Lat. adj. privus, private; literally, a law passed for the benefit of a private individual: hence, a franchise, prerogative, or right.

5. priv'ilege: Latin adjective privus, meaning private; literally, a law enacted for the benefit of a private individual: therefore, a franchise, prerogative, or right.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Point out the different senses of "legal" in the two expressions, "the legal profession" and "a legal right."—Combine and define legal + ize.

(1.) Identify the different meanings of "legal" in the two phrases, "the legal profession" and "a legal right."—Combine and define legal + ize.

(2.) Give an Anglo-Saxon synonym of "illegal." Ans. Unlawful.—Show that they are synonyms. Ans. il (in) = un; leg = law; and al = ful.—Compose a sentence containing the word "illegal."—Combine and define illegal + ity.

(3.) What noun derived from "legislate" means the law-making power?—Combine and define legislate + ion; legislate + ive.

(4.) Give the negative of "legitimate."

(4.) Give the opposite of "legitimate."

(5.) What is the plural of "privilege"?—Define the meaning of this word in the passage,—

(5.) What’s the plural of "privilege"?—Explain what this word means in the passage,—

"He claims his privilege, and says 't is fit

"He claims his privilege and says it's right

Nothing should be the judge of wit, but wit."

Nothing should judge wit except for wit itself.

23. LIT'ERA, a letter.

Radical: liter-.

Radical: lit-.

1. lit'eral: liter + al = relating to the letter of a thing; that is, exact to the letter.

1. literal: letter + al = related to the exact wording of something; that is, precise to the letter.

2. lit'erary: liter + ary = pertaining to letters or learning.

2. literary: liter + ary = related to letters or education.

3. obliterate: ob + liter + ate = to cause letters to be rubbed out: hence, to rub out, in general.

3. obliterate: ob + liter + ate = to erase letters: therefore, to erase in general.

4. lit'erature: through Lat. n. literatura = the collective body of literary works.

4. literature: from Latin n. literatura = the collective body of literary works.

5. illit'erate: il (for in, not) + liter + ate = of the nature of one who does not know his letters.

5. illiterate: il (for in, not) + liter + ate = relating to someone who cannot read or write.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Define what is meant by a "literal translation."

(2.) Give a synonymous expression for a "literary man."—Compose a sentence containing the terms "literary society."

(2.) Provide a phrase that means the same as "literary man."—Create a sentence using the words "literary society."

(3.) Give a synonym of "obliterate" in its literal meaning. Ans. To erase.—If we should speak of obliterating the memory of a wrong, would the word be used in its primary or its derivative sense?

(3.) Give a synonym of "obliterate" in its literal meaning. Ans. To erase.—If we were to talk about obliterating the memory of a wrong, would the word be used in its primary or its derived sense?

(4.) "When we speak of English "literature" what is meant?—Can you mention a great poem in Greek "literature"?—Compose a sentence containing the word "literature."

(4.) "When we talk about English "literature," what do we mean?—Can you name a significant poem in Greek "literature"?—Write a sentence using the word "literature."

(5.) Give a synonym of "illiterate." Ans. Unlearned.—What is the opposite of "illiterate"? Ans. Learned.

(5.) Give a synonym of "illiterate." Ans. Uneducated.—What is the opposite of "illiterate"? Ans. Educated.

24. MORS, mortis, death.

Radical: mort-.

Radical: death-.

1. mor'tal: mort + a = relating to death.

1. mortal: mort + a = related to death.

2. mor'tify: mort + ify = literally, to cause to die: hence, (1) to destroy vital functions; (2) to humble.

2. mortify: mort + ify = literally, to cause to die: hence, (1) to destroy vital functions; (2) to humble.

3. immor'talize: im (for in, not) + mort + al + ize = to make not subject to death: hence, to perpetuate.

3. immor'talize: im (meaning in, not) + mort + al + ize = to make not subject to death: therefore, to keep alive forever.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What does Shakespeare mean by the expression to "shuffle off this mortal coil"?—Combine and define mortal + ity.—What is the opposite of "mortal"?—Give a synonym. Ans. Deathless.

(1.) What does Shakespeare mean by the phrase to "shuffle off this mortal coil"?—Combine and define mortal + ity.—What is the opposite of "mortal"?—Give a synonym. Ans. Immortal.

(2.) State the two meanings of "mortify."—What noun is derived from this verb? Ans. Mortification.—When a surgeon speaks of "mortification" setting in, what does he mean?—What is meant by "mortification" when we say that the British felt great mortification at the recapture of Stony Point by General Anthony Wayne?

(2.) State the two meanings of "mortify."—What noun comes from this verb? Ans. Mortification.—When a surgeon talks about "mortification" starting, what does he mean?—What do we mean by "mortification" when we say that the British felt great mortification at the recapture of Stony Point by General Anthony Wayne?

(3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "immortalize." MODEL: "Milton immortalized his name by the production of Paradise Lost."

(3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "immortalize." MODEL: "Milton immortalized his name by creating Paradise Lost."

25. NOR'MA, a rule.

Radical: norm-.

1. nor'mal: norm + al = according to rule.

1. normal: norm + al = following the standard.

2. enor'mous: e + norm + ous = having the quality of being out of all rule: hence, excessive, huge.

2. enormous: e + norm + ous = having the quality of being beyond any standard: therefore, excessive, huge.

3. enor'mity: e + norm + ity = the state of being out of all rule: hence, an excessive degree—generally used in regard to bad qualities.

3. enormity: e + norm + ity = the state of being outside of any rules; therefore, an excessive degree—usually used in relation to negative qualities.

4. abnor'mal: ab + norm + al = having the quality of being away from the usual rule: hence, unnatural.

4. abnormal: ab + norm + al = having the quality of being distant from the usual standard: therefore, unnatural.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What is meant by the expression, "the normal condition of things"?—"What is the meaning of the term a "normal school"? Ans. It means a school whose methods of instruction are to serve as a model for imitation; a school for the education of teachers.

(1.) What does the phrase "the normal condition of things" mean?—"What does the term "normal school" refer to? Ans. It refers to a school whose teaching methods are intended to be a model for others to follow; a school for training teachers.

(2.) Give a synonym of "enormous." Ans. Immense.—Give another.—"What is meant by "enormous strength"? an "enormous crime?"—Combine and define enormous + ly.

(2.) Give a synonym for "enormous." Ans. Immense.—Give another.—"What does "enormous strength" mean? an "enormous crime?"—Combine and define enormous + ly.

(3.) Illustrate the meaning of the word "enormity" by a sentence.

(3.) Provide a sentence that demonstrates the meaning of the word "enormity."

26. OR'DO, or'dinis, order.

Radical: ordin-.

Radical: ordain.

1. or'dinary: ordin + ary = relating to the usual order of things.

1. ordinary: ordin + ary = related to the normal arrangement of things.

2. extraor'dinary: extra + ordin + ary = beyond ordinary.

2. extraordinary: extra + ordin + ary = beyond ordinary.

3. inor'dinate: in + ordin + ate = having the quality of not being within the usual order of things: hence, excessive.

3. inordinate: in + ordin + ate = having the quality of not being in the usual order of things: therefore, excessive.

4. subor'dinate: sub + ordin + ate = having the quality of being under the usual order: hence, inferior, secondary.

4. subordinate: sub + ordin + ate = having the quality of being below the usual order: therefore, inferior, secondary.

5. or'dinance: ordin + ance = that which is according to order: hence, a law.

5. or'dinance: ordinance + ance = something that follows a specific order: therefore, a law.

6. insubordina'tion: in + sub + ordin + ate + ion = the state of not being under the usual order of things: hence, disobedience to lawful authority.

6. insubordination: in + sub + ordin + ate + ion = the state of not being under the usual order of things: therefore, disobedience to lawful authority.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What is meant by "ordinary language"? an "ordinary man"?

(1.) What does "ordinary language" mean? an "ordinary man"?

(2.) Combine and define extraordinary + ly.—Compose a sentence using the word "extraordinary."—Give a synonym of "extraordinary." Ans. Unusual.

(3.) Explain what is meant by saying that General Charles Lee had "inordinate vanity."—Is "inordinate" used with reference to praiseworthy things?

(3.) Explain what is meant by saying that General Charles Lee had "excessive vanity."—Is "excessive" used in relation to admirable qualities?

(4.) What part of speech other than an adjective is "subordinate"?—What is meant by "a subordinate"?—What does "subordinate" mean in the sentence, "We must subordinate our wishes to the rules of morality"?—Combine and define subordinate + ion.

(4.) What part of speech other than an adjective is "subordinate"? — What does "a subordinate" refer to? — What does "subordinate" mean in the sentence, "We must subordinate our wishes to the rules of morality"? — Combine and define subordinate + ion.

(5.) What does the expression "the ordinances of the Common Council of the City of New York" mean?

(6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "insubordination."—Give the opposite of "insubordination"? Ans. Subordination, obedience.

(6.) Write a sentence that includes the word "insubordination." —What’s the opposite of "insubordination"? Ans. Subordination, obedience.

27. PARS, par'tis, a part or share.

Radical: part-.

1. part: from partis = a share.

part: from partis = a share.

2. par'ticle: part + (i)cle = a small part.

2. particle: part + (i)cle = a tiny piece.

3. par'tial: part + (i)al = relating to a part rather than the whole: hence, inclined to favor one party or person or thing.

3. partial: part + (i)al = relating to a part instead of the whole: therefore, inclined to favor one party, person, or thing.

4. par'ty: through Fr. n. partie: a set of persons (that is, a part of the people) engaged in some design.

4. party: from Fr. n. partie: a group of people (that is, a portion of the population) involved in a particular goal.

5. par'tisan: through Fr. n. partisan = a party man.

5. partisan: from the French noun partisan = a person who is loyal to a political party.

6. depart': de + part = to take one's self away from one part to another.

6. depart': de + part = to move away from one place to another.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What part of speech is "part" besides a noun?—Write a sentence containing this word as a noun; another as a verb.

(1.) What part of speech is "part" besides a noun?—Write a sentence using this word as a noun; another using it as a verb.

(2.) Point out the connection of meaning between "particle" and "particular." Ans. "Particular"' means taking note of the minute parts or particles of a given subject.

(2.) Point out the connection of meaning between "particle" and "particular." Ans. "Particular" means paying attention to the small parts or particles of a given subject.

(3.) What is the negative of "partial"? Ans. Impartial.—Define it.

(3.) What is the opposite of "partial"? Answer: Impartial.—Define it.

(4.) Explain what is meant by a "political party."

(6.) Combine and define depart + ure.

28. PES, pe'dis, a foot.

Radical: ped-.

Radical: foot-.

1. ped'al: ped + al = an instrument made to be moved by the foot.

1. ped'al: ped + al = an instrument designed to be operated by the foot.

2. bi'ped: bi + ped = a two-footed animal.

2. bi'ped: bi + ped = an animal that walks on two feet.

3. quad'ruped: quadru + ped = a four-footed animal. (Quadru, from quatuor, four.)

3. quad'ruped: quadru + ped = an animal with four feet. (Quadru, from quatuor, meaning four.)

4. ped'dler: literally, a trader who travels on foot.

4. peddler: literally, a person who sells goods while traveling on foot.

5. expedite': ex + ped + ite (ite, equivalent to ate) = literally, to free the feet from entanglement: hence, to hasten.

5. expedite': ex + ped + ite (ite, the same as ate) = literally, to free the feet from being stuck: so, to speed up.

6. expedi'tion: ex + ped + ite + ion = the act of expediting: hence, (1) the quality of being expeditious, promptness; (2) a sending forth for the execution of some object of importance.

6. expedition: ex + ped + ite + ion = the act of speeding things up: hence, (1) the quality of being quick and efficient, promptness; (2) a process of sending out to achieve something important.

7. imped'iment: through Lat. n. impedimentum; literally, something which impedes or entangles the feet: hence, an obstacle, an obstruction.

7. imped'iment: from Latin n. impedimentum; literally, something that impedes or gets in the way of the feet: therefore, an obstacle, an obstruction.

EXERCISE.

(2.) Make up a sentence containing the word "biped."

(2.) Create a sentence that includes the word "biped."

(3.) Make up a sentence containing the word "quadruped."

(3.) Create a sentence that includes the word "quadruped."

(4.) What is the English verb from which "peddler" comes?—In what other way is "peddler" sometimes spelled? Ans. It is sometimes spelled with but one d—thus, pedler.

(4.) What is the English verb that "peddler" originates from?—In what other way is "peddler" sometimes spelled? Ans. It is sometimes spelled with only one d—thus, pedler.

(5.) "To expedite the growth of plants": what does that mean?—Give the opposite of "expedite." Ans. To retard.

(5.) "To speed up the growth of plants": what does that mean?—Give the opposite of "speed up." Ans. To slow down.

(6.) Point out the double sense of the word "expedition" in the following sentences: "With winged expedition, swift as lightning."—Milton. "The expedition of Cortez miserably failed."—Prescott.

(6.) Point out the double meaning of the word "expedition" in the following sentences: "With winged expedition, swift as lightning."—Milton. "The expedition of Cortez miserably failed."—Prescott.

(7.) Compose a sentence containing the word "impediment."—What is meant by "impediment of speech"?—Is the word here used in its literal or its figurative sense?

(7.) Write a sentence using the word "impediment."—What does "impediment of speech" mean?—Is the word used here in its literal or figurative sense?

29. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, to break.

Radical: rupt-.

1. rup'ture: rupt + ure = the act of breaking with another; that is, a breach of friendly relations.

1. rupture: rupt + ure = the act of breaking away from someone; that is, a break in friendly relations.

2. erup'tion: e + rupt + ion = the act of breaking or bursting out.

2. eruption: e + rupt + ion = the act of breaking or bursting out.

3. abrupt': ab + rupt = broken off short: hence, having a sudden termination.

3. abrupt': ab + rupt = broken off short: so, having a sudden end.

4. corrupt': cor (for con) + rupt = thoroughly broken up: hence, decomposed, depraved.

4. corrupt': cor (for con) + rupt = completely broken up: therefore, decayed, morally wrong.

5. interrupt': inter + rupt = to break in between: hence, to hinder.

5. interrupt': inter + rupt = to break in between; therefore, to hinder.

6. bank'rupt: literally, one who is bank-broken, who cannot pay his debts, an insolvent debtor.

6. bank'rupt: literally, someone who is financially broken, unable to pay their debts, an insolvent debtor.

EXERCISE.

(1.) What other part of speech than a noun is "rupture"? Ans. A verb.—Compose one sentence using the word as a verb, the other as a noun.—What does the "rupture of a blood vessel" mean? Is this the literal sense of the word?—The "rupture of friendly relations" between Maine and Massachusetts: is this its literal or its figurative sense?

(1.) What part of speech is "rupture" besides a noun? Ans. A verb.—Create one sentence using the word as a verb and another as a noun.—What does the "rupture of a blood vessel" refer to? Is this the literal meaning of the word?—The "rupture of friendly relations" between Maine and Massachusetts: is this its literal meaning or a figurative one?

(2.) Compose a sentence containing the word "eruption."

(2.) Write a sentence that includes the word "eruption."

(3.) Combine and define abrupt + ness; abrupt + ly.—When we speak of an "abrupt manner," what is meant?—When we speak of an "abrupt descent," what is meant?

(3.) Combine and define abrupt + ness; abrupt + ly.—When we talk about an "abrupt manner," what do we mean?—When we talk about an "abrupt descent," what do we mean?

(4.) Explain what is meant by "corrupt principles"; a "corrupt judge."—Combine and define corrupt + ion; corrupt + ible; in + corrupt + ible.—What other part of speech than an adjective is "corrupt"?—What part of speech is it in the sentence "evil communications corrupt good manners"?

(4.) Explain what is meant by "corrupt principles"; a "corrupt judge."—Combine and define corrupt + ion; corrupt + ible; in + corrupt + ible.—What other part of speech besides an adjective is "corrupt"?—What part of speech is it in the sentence "evil communications corrupt good manners"?

30. TEM'PUS, tem'poris, time.

Radical: tempor-.

Radical: temporary.

1. tem'poral: tempor + al = relating to time: hence, not everlasting.

1. tem'poral: tempor + al = related to time: therefore, not eternal.

2. tem'porary: tempor + ary = lasting only for a brief time.

2. temporary: tempor + ary = lasting only for a short period.

3. contem'porary: con + tempor + ary = one who lives in the same time with another.

3. contemporary: con + tempor + ary = someone who lives during the same time as another.

4. tem'perance: through Fr. n. tempérance; literal meaning, the state of being well timed as to one's habits: hence, moderation.

4. temperance: from Fr. n. tempérance; literal meaning, the state of being well timed regarding one's habits: therefore, moderation.

5. extempora'neous: ex + temporane(us) + ous = produced at the time.

5. extemporaneous: ex + temporaneous + ous = produced at the time.

6. tem'porize: tempor + ize = to do as the times do: hence, to yield to the current of opinion.

6. tem'porize: tempor + ize = to go along with what’s popular: therefore, to conform to the prevailing opinion.

EXERCISE.

(1.) Give the opposite of "temporal." Ans. Eternal. Illustrate these two words by a sentence from the Bible. Ans. "The things which are seen are temporal; but the things which are not seen are eternal."

(1.) Give the opposite of "temporal." Ans. Eternal. Illustrate these two words with a sentence from the Bible. Ans. "The things that are seen are temporal; but the things that are not seen are eternal."

(2.) Give the opposite of "temporary." Ans. Permanent.—What is meant by the "temporary government of a city"?—Give a synonym of "temporary." Ans. Transitory.—Would you say that man is a "temporary being" or a "transitory being"?

(2.) Give the opposite of "temporary." Ans. Permanent.—What does "temporary government of a city" mean?—Give a synonym for "temporary." Ans. Transitory.—Would you consider man to be a "temporary being" or a "transitory being"?

(3.) Compose a sentence illustrating the use of the word "contemporary."—What adjective corresponds to this adjective?

(3.) Write a sentence that shows how to use the word "contemporary."—What adjective matches this adjective?

(4.) State the distinction between "temperance" and "abstinence."—Write a sentence showing the use of the two words.

(4.) State the difference between "temperance" and "abstinence."—Write a sentence demonstrating how to use both words.

(5.) What is meant by an "extemporaneous speech?"

(6.) What is one who temporizes sometimes called? Ans. A time-server.

DIVISION II.—ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES.

NOTE—In Division II, the English derivatives from Latin roots are given in abbreviated form, and are arranged in paragraphs under the particular radicals, from which the several groups of derivatives are formed. The radicals are printed at the left in bold-face type—thus., acr-, acerb-, etc. Derivatives not obviously connected with the Latin roots are given in the last paragraph of each section. Pupils are required to unite the prefixes and suffixes with the radicals, thus forming the English derivatives, which may be given either orally or in writing. Only difficult definitions are appended: in the case of words not defined, pupils may be required to form the definition by reference to the signification of the radicals and the formative elements, thus, acr + id = acrid, being bitter, acr + id + ity = state of being bitter, bitterness.

NOTE—In Division II, the English words derived from Latin roots are presented in a shortened format and organized in sections under the specific radicals that form various groups of derivatives. The radicals are highlighted on the left in bold type—such as acr-, acerb-, etc. Derivatives that aren't clearly linked to the Latin roots are listed in the final section of each part. Students are expected to combine the prefixes and suffixes with the radicals to create the English derivatives, which can be presented either verbally or in writing. Only challenging definitions are included: for words that aren’t defined, students may need to create the definition by looking at the meanings of the radicals and the formative elements, for example, acr + id = acrid, meaning bitter, acr + id + ity = the state of being bitter, bitterness.

1. A'CER, a'cris,
sharp
sharp
; Acer'bus,
bitter
bitter
; Ac'idus,
sour
sour
; Ace'tum,
vinegar
vinegar
.

acr: -id, -idity; ac'rimony (Lat. n. acrimo'nia, sharpness of temper); acrimo'nious.

acr: -id, -idity; ac'rimony (Latin noun acrimo'nia, sharpness of temperament); acrimo'nious.

acerb: -ity; exac'erbate, to render bitter; exacerba'tion.

bitter: -ness; exac'erbate, to make worse; exacerba'tion.

acid: ac'id; -ify, -ity; acid'ulate (Lat. adj. acid'ulus, slightly sour); acid'ulous; subac'id, slightly acid.

acet: -ate, a certain salt; -ic, pertaining to a certain acid; -ify, -ification, -ose, -ous.

acet: -ate, a specific salt; -ic, related to a specific acid; -ify, -ification, -ose, -ous.

2. AE'DES,
a house
a home
.

ed: ed'ify; edifica'tion; ed'ifice (Lat. n. edifi'cium, a large building); e'dile (Lat. n. aedi'lis, a Roman magistrate who had charge of buildings).

ed: ed'ify; edifica'tion; ed'ifice (Latin noun edifi'cium, a large building); e'dile (Latin noun aedi'lis, a Roman official responsible for buildings).

3. Æ'QUUS,
equal
equal
: Æqua'lis,
equal, just
fair, equitable
.

equ: -able, -ation, -ator, -atorial, -ity, -itable; ad'equate (Lat. v. adequa're, adequa'tum, to make equal); inadequacy; inad'equate; iniq'uity (Lat. n. iniq'uitas, want of equal or just dealing); iniq'uitous.

equ: -able, -ation, -ator, -atorial, -ity, -itable; ad'equate (Latin verb adequa're, adequa'tum, to make equal); inadequacy; inad'equate; iniq'uity (Latin noun iniq'uitas, lack of equal or fair treatment); iniq'uitous.

equal: e'qual (n., v., adj.), -ity, -ize; co-e'qual; une'qual.

equal: e'qual (noun, verb, adjective), -ity, -ize; co-e'qual; une'qual.

4. Æ'VUM,
an age
a generation
; Æter'nitas,
eternal
everlasting
.

ev: co-e'val; longevity (Lat. adj. lon'gus, long); prime'val (Lat. adj. pri'mus, first).

ev: co-e'val; longevity (Latin adj. lon'gus, long); prime'val (Latin adj. pri'mus, first).

etern: -al, -ity, -ize; co-eter'nal.

etern: -al, -ity, -ize; co-eternal.

5. A'GER, a'gri,
a field, land
a plot of land
.

agri: agra'rian (Lat. adj. agrarius, relating to land); agra'rianism; ag'riculture (Lat. n. cultu'ra, cultivation), agricult'ural, agricult'urist.

agri: agrarian (Latin adj. agrarius, relating to land); agrarianism; agriculture (Latin n. cultura, cultivation), agricultural, agriculturist.

Per'egrinate (Lat. v. peregrina'ri, to travel in foreign lands); peregrina'tion; pil'grim (Fr. n. pélérin, a wanderer); pil'grimage.

AGERE, to do. (See p. 23.)

AGERE, to do. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

6. AL'ERE: a'lo, al'itum
or
or
al'tum,
to nourish
to feed
; ALES'CERE: ales'co
to grow up
to mature
.

al: al'iment (Lat. n. alimen'tum, nourishment); alimen'tary; al'imony (Lat. n. alimo'ma, allowance made to a divorced wife for her support).

al: al'iment (Lat. n. alimen'tum, nourishment); alimen'tary; al'imony (Lat. n. alimo'ma, allowance given to a divorced wife for her support).

alit: coali'tion (-ist).

alit: coalition (-ist).

alesc: coalesce' (-ence, -ent).

ALIENUS. (See p. 25.)

ALIENUS. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

7. AL'TER,
another
another
; Alter'nus,
one after another
one by one
.

alter: al'ter, -ation, -ative (a medicine producing a change); unal'tered; alterca'tion (Lat. n. alterca'tio, a contention).

alter: al'ter, -ation, -ative (a medicine that causes a change); unal'tered; alterca'tion (Lat. n. alterca'tio, a dispute).

altern: -ate, -ation, -ative; subal'tern, a subordinate officer.

altern: -ate, -ation, -ative; subal'tern, a lower-ranking officer.

AMARE; Amicus. (See p. 25.)

LOVE; Friend. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

ANIMUS; Anima. (See p. 26.)

Spirit; Soul. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

ANNUS. (See p. 27.)

YEAR. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

8. ANTI'QUUS,
old, ancient
old
.

antiqu: -ary, -arian, -ated, -ity; antique' (Fr. adj. antique), old, ancient.

9. AP'TUS,
fit, suitable
fit, appropriate
.

apt: apt, -itude, -ly, -ness; adapt' (-able, -ation, -or).

10. A'QUA,
water
water
.

aque: -duct (du'cere, to lead); a'queous; suba'queous; terra'queous (Lat. n. terra, land); aquat'ic (Lat. adj. aquat'icus, relating to water); aqua'rium (Lat. n. aqua'rium, a reservoir of water), a tank for water-plants and animals.

11. AR'BITER, ar'bitri,
a judge or umpire
a referee
.

arbiter: ar'biter, a judge or umpire.

arbiter: ar'biter, a judge or referee.

arbitr: -ary, -ate, -ation, -ator; arbit'rament (Lat. n. arbitramen'tum, decision).

12. AR'BOR, ar'boris,
a tree
a tree
.

arbor: ar'bor, a lattice-work covered with vines, etc., a bower; -et, a little tree; -ist, -escent, -(e)ous; arbore'tum, a place where specimens of trees are cultivated; arboricult'ure (-ist).

arbor: ar'bor, a framework covered with vines or plants, a sheltering bower; -et, a small tree; -ist, -escent, -(e)ous; arbore'tum, a location where tree specimens are grown; arboricult'ure (-ist).

13. AR'MA,
arms, weapons
arms, weapons
.

arm: arm (n. and v.); arms, weapons; -or, defensive weapons; ar'morer; ar'mory; armo'rial, belonging to the escutcheon or coat of arms of a family; ar'mistice (sis'tere, to cause to stand still); disarm'; unarmed'.

arm: arm (n. and v.); weapons; -or, defensive weapons; armorer; armory; armorial, belonging to the escutcheon or coat of arms of a family; armistice (to cause to stand still); disarm; unarmed.

Arma'da (Span, n.), a naval warlike force; ar'my (Fr. n armée); ar'mament (Lat. n. armamen'ta, utensils); armadil'lo (Span, n.), an animal armed with a bony shell.

Arma'da (Spanish, noun), a naval military force.; ar'my (French, noun armée); ar'mament (Latin, noun armamen'ta, tools or weapons); armadil'lo (Spanish, noun), a creature protected by a hard shell.

ARS. (See page 28.)

ARS. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

14. ARTIC'ULUS,
a little joint
a small joint
.

articul: -ate (v., to utter in distinctly jointed syllables), -ate (adj. formed with joints), -ation; inartic'ulate; ar'ticle (Fr. n. article).

articul: -ate (v., to clearly express in distinct jointed syllables), -ate (adj. made with joints), -ation; inartic'ulate; ar'ticle (Fr. n. article).

15. AS'PER,
rough
rough
.

asper: -ate, -ity; exas'perate; exas'peration.

asper: -ate, -ity; exasperate; exasperation.

AUDIRE. (See page 29.)

AUDIRE. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

16. AUGE'RE: au'geo, auc'tum,
to increase
to boost
.

aug: augment' (v.); augmentation.

aug: augment (v.); augmentation.

auct: -ion, a sale in which the price is increased by bidders; -ioneer. Author (Lat. n. auc'tor, one who increases knowledge); author'ity; au'thorize; auxil'iary (Lat. n. auxil'ium, help).

auction: -ion, a sale where bidders drive the price up; -ioneer. Author (from Latin auc'tor, one who increases knowledge); authority; authorize; auxiliary (from Latin auxil'ium, help).

17. A'VIS,
a bird
a bird
; Au'gur, Aus'pex, aus'picis,
a soothsayer
a fortune teller
.

augur: au'gur (n.), one who foretells future events by observing the flight of birds, (v.) to foretell; au'gury, an omen; inau'gurate, to invest with an office by solemn rites; inaugura'tion; inau'gural.

augur: au'gur (n.), someone who predicts future events by watching the flight of birds, (v.) to predict; au'gury, a sign; inau'gurate, to formally invest someone with an office through ceremonial practices; inaugura'tion; inau'gural.

auspici: -ous, favorable; inauspi'cious; aus'pices.

auspici: -ous, favorable; inauspicious; auspices.

18. BAR'BARUS,
savage, uncivilized
brutal, barbaric
.

barbar: -ian (n. and adj.), -ic, -ism, -ity, -ize, -ous.

barbar: -ian (noun and adjective), -ic, -ism, -ity, -ize, -ous.

19. BIS,
twice or two
two
.

bi: bi'ennial (Lat. n. an'nus, a year); big'amy (Greek n. gamos, marriage); bil'lion (Lat. n. mil'lio, a million; literally, twice a million); bipar'tite (Lat. n. pars, par'tis, a part); bi'ped (Lat. n. pes, pe'dis, foot); bis'cuit (Fr. v. cuit, cooked); bisect' (Lat. v. sec'tum, cut); bi'valve (Lat. n. val'væ, folding-doors); bi'nary (Lat. adj. bi'ni, two by two); binoc'ular (Lat. n. oc'ulus, the eye); combine'; combina'tion.

bi: biannual (Lat. n. an'nus, a year); bigamy (Greek n. gamos, marriage); billion (Lat. n. mil'lio, a million; literally, twice a million); bipartite (Lat. n. pars, par'tis, a part); biped (Lat. n. pes, pe'dis, foot); biscuit (Fr. v. cuit, cooked); bisect (Lat. v. sec'tum, cut); bivalve (Lat. n. val'væ, folding-doors); binary (Lat. adj. bi'ni, two by two); binocular (Lat. n. oc'ulus, the eye); combine; combination.

20. BO'NIS,
good
great
; Be'ne,
well
good
.

bonus: bonus (something to the good of a person in addition to compensation), bounty (Fr. n. bonté, kindness); boun'teous; boun'tiful.

bonus: bonus (something extra for a good deed in addition to pay), bounty (Fr. n. bonté, kindness); boun'teous; boun'tiful.

bene: ben'efice (Lat. v. fac'ere, fac'tum, to do), literally, a benefit, an ecclesiastical living; benef'icence; benef'icent; benefi'cial; ben'efit; benefac'tion; benefac'tor; benedic'tion (Lat. v. dic'ere, dic'tum, to say); benev'olence (Lat. v. vel'le, to will).

bene: ben'efice (Latin verb fac'ere, fac'tum, meaning to do), literally, a benefit, an ecclesiastical position; benef'icence; benef'icent; benefi'cial; ben'efit; benefac'tion; benefac'tor; benedic'tion (Latin verb dic'ere, dic'tum, meaning to say); benev'olence (Latin verb vel'le, meaning to will).

EXERCISE.

In this and the following exercises, tell the roots of the words printed in italic: The equator divides the globe into two equal parts. Good agriculturists read agricultural papers. In the primeval ages the longevity of man was very great. The pilgrims have gone on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. The subaltern had no alternative but to obey. To remove the stain a powerful acid must be used. The alimony which had hitherto been allowed was no longer considered adequate. The discourse, though learned, was not edifying. God is an eternal and unchangeable being. The handsome edifice was burned to the ground. The plants and animals in the aquarium were brought from abroad. Though the style is antiquated, it is not inelegant. The arbitrary proceedings of the British Parliament exasperated the Americans. God is the bountiful Giver of all good. The President made a short inaugural address. By combined effort success is sure. One of Scott's novels is called The Antiquary. It is barbarous needlessly to destroy life. George Peabody was noted for his benevolence. The Romans were famous for their great aqueducts.

In this and the following exercises, identify the roots of the words printed in italic: The equator splits the globe into two equal halves. Good farmers read agriculture magazines. In ancient times, the lifespan of humans was very long. The pilgrims went on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. The junior officer had no choice but to obey. To remove the stain, a strong acid must be used. The support payments that had been given before were no longer seen as enough. The talk, while knowledgeable, was not inspiring. God is an everlasting and unchanging being. The beautiful building was burned to the ground. The plants and animals in the aquarium came from overseas. Though the style is outdated, it is not unattractive. The arbitrary actions of the British Parliament angered the Americans. God is the generous Giver of all good things. The President gave a brief inaugural speech. By working together, success is guaranteed. One of Scott's novels is called The Antiquary. It is cruel to destroy life needlessly. George Peabody was known for his kindness. The Romans were famous for their impressive aqueducts.

21. CAD'ERE: ca'do, ca'sum,
to fall
to drop
.

cad: -ence, a falling of the voice; cascade' (Fr. n.); deca'dence.

cad: -ence, the tone of the voice dropping; cascade' (Fr. n.); deca'dence.

cide: ac'cident; coincide' (con + in); coin'cidence; decid'uous; in'cident; oc'cident, the place of the falling or setting sun, the west.

cide: ac'cident; coincide' (con + in); coin'cidence; decid'uous; in'cident; oc'cident, the place where the sun sets, the west.

case: case, the state in which a thing happens or falls to be; casual (Lat. n. ca'sus, a fall); cas'ualty; cas'uist, one who studies cases of conscience; cas'uistry; occa'sion.

case: case, the situation in which something occurs or exists; casual (Latin n. ca'sus, a fall); cas'ualty; cas'uist, someone who examines moral dilemmas; cas'uistry; occa'sion.

Chance (Fr. v. choir, to fall), something that befalls without apparent cause; decay (Fr. v. déchoir, to fall away).

Chance (Fr. v. choir, to fall), something that happens without an obvious reason; decay (Fr. v. déchoir, to fall away).

22. CÆD'ERE: cæ'do, cæ'sum,
to cut, to kill
to cut, to kill
.

cide: decide', to cut off discussion, to determine; frat'ricide, the killing of a brother (Lat. n. fra'ter, a brother); hom'icide (ho'mo, a man); infan'ticide (in'fans, an infant); mat'ricide (ma'ter, a mother); par'ricide (pa'ter, a father); reg'icide (rex, re'gis, a king); su'icide (Lat. pro. sui, one's self).

cide: decide', to end the discussion, to determine; frat'ricide, the act of killing a brother (Lat. n. fra'ter, a brother); hom'icide (ho'mo, a man); infan'ticide (in'fans, an infant); mat'ricide (ma'ter, a mother); par'ricide (pa'ter, a father); reg'icide (rex, re'gis, a king); su'icide (Lat. pro. sui, oneself).

cise: con-, ex-, pre-; concise'ness; decis'ion; deci'sive; excis'ion, incis'ion; inci'sor; precis'ion.

cise: con-, ex-, pre-; conciseness; decision; decisive; excision, incision; incisor; precision.

23. CAL'CULUS,
a pebble
a stone
.

calcul: -able (literally, that may be counted by the help of pebbles anciently used in reckoning), -ate, -ation, -ator; incal'culable; miscal'culate.

calcul: -able (literally, that can be counted with the help of pebbles that were used in counting long ago), -ate, -ation, -ator; incal'culable; miscal'culate.

24. CANDE'RE: can'deo, can'ditum,
to be white, to shine (literally, to burn, to glow)
to be white, to shine (literally, to burn, to glow)
; Can'didus,
white
white
.

cand: -id, fair, sincere; -or, openness, sincerity; incandes'cent.

can'did: -ate (in Rome aspirants for office wore white robes).

candidate: -ate (in Rome, people running for office wore white robes).

Cen'ser, a vessel in which incense is burned; in'cense (n.), perfume given off by fire; incense' (v.), to inflame with anger; incen'diary (Lat. n. incen'dium, a fire); can'dle (Lat. cande'la, a white light made of wax); chand'ler (literally a maker or seller of candles); chandelier'; candel'abra.

Censer, a container used for burning incense; in'cense (n.), the fragrance produced by fire; incense' (v.), to provoke anger; incen'diary (Lat. n. incen'dium, meaning fire); can'dle (Lat. cande'la, a white light made of wax); chand'ler (literally a maker or seller of candles); chandelier; candel'abra.

25. CAN'ERE: ca'no, can'tum,
to sing
to sing
; Fr chanter,
to sing
to sing
.

cant: cant, hypocritical sing-song speech; canta'ta, a poem set to music; can'ticle; can'ticles, the Song of Solomon; can'to, division of a poem; discant'; incanta'tion, enchantment; recant', literally, to sing back, to retract.

cant: cant, hypocritical sing-song speech; canta'ta, a poem set to music; can'ticle; can'ticles, the Song of Solomon; can'to, division of a poem; discant; incanta'tion, enchantment; recant', literally, to sing back, to retract.

chant: chant; chant'er; chan'ticleer; chant'ry; enchant'.

chant: chant; chanter; rooster song; chant; enchant.

Ac'cent (Lat. ad. and cantus, a song), literally, a modulation of the voice; accentua'tion; precen'tor (Lat. v. præcan'ere, to sing before).

Ac'cent (Lat. ad. and cantus, a song), literally, a modulation of the voice; accentuation; precentor (Lat. v. præcan'ere, to sing before).

26. CAP'ERE: ca'pio, cap'tum,
to take
to grab
.

cap: -able, -ability; inca'pable.

cip: antic'ipate; eman'cipate (Lat. n. ma'nus, hand), literally, to take away from the hand of an owner, to free; incip'ient; munic'ipal (Lat. n. municip'ium, a free town; mu'nia, official duties, and cap'ere, to take); partic'ipate (Lat. n. pars, par'tis, a part); par'ticiple; prince (Lat. n. prin'ceps,—Lat. adj. pri'mus, first: hence, taking the first place or lead); prin'cipal; prin'ciple; recip'ient; rec'ipe (imperative of recip'ere; literally, "take thou," being the first word of a medical prescription).

cip: anticipate; emancipate (Lat. n. ma'nus, hand), literally, to take away from the hand of an owner, to free; incipient; municipal (Lat. n. municip'ium, a free town; mu'nia, official duties, and cap'ere, to take); participate (Lat. n. pars, par'tis, a part); participle; prince (Lat. n. prin'ceps,—Lat. adj. pri'mus, first: hence, taking the first place or lead); principal; principle; recipient; recipe (imperative of recip'ere; literally, "take thou," being the first word of a medical prescription).

ceive (Fr. root = cap- or cip-): conceive'; deceive'; perceive'; receive'.

ceive (Fr. root = cap- or cip-): conceive; deceive; perceive; receive.

capt: -ive, -ivate, -ivity, -or, -ure.

cept: accept' (-able, -ance, -ation); concep'tion; decep'tion; decep'tive; except' (-ion, -ionable); incep'tion; incep'tive; intercept'; pre'cept; precep'tor; recep'tacle; recep'tion; suscep'tible.

ceit (Fr. root = capt- or cept-): conceit'; deceit'; receipt'.

ceit (Fr. root = capt- or cept-): conceit; deceit; receipt.

Capa'cious (Lat. adj. ca'pax, capa'cis, able to hold: hence large); capac'itate; capac'ity; incapac'itate.

CAPUT. (See page 30.)

HEAD. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

27. CA'RO, carnis,
flesh
body
.

carn: -age, slaughter; -al, -ation, the flesh-colored flower; incar'nate; incarna'tion.

Carne'lian (Lat. adj. car'neus, fleshy), a flesh-colored stone; car'nival (Lat. v. vale, farewell), a festival preceding Lent; carniv'orous (Lat. v. vora're, to eat); char'nel (Fr. adj. charnel, containing flesh).

Carne'lian (Lat. adj. car'neus, fleshy), a flesh-colored stone; car'nival (Lat. v. vale, farewell), a festival before Lent; carniv'orous (Lat. v. vora're, to eat); char'nel (Fr. adj. charnel, containing flesh).

28. CAU'SA,
a cause
a movement
.

caus: -al, -ation, -ative; cause (Fr. n. cause), n. and v.

Accuse' (Fr. v. accuser, to bring a charge against), -ative, -ation, -er; excuse' (Fr. v. excuser, to absolve); excus'able; rec'usant (Lat. v. recusa're, to refuse).

Accuse (Fr. v. accuser, to bring a charge against), -ative, -ation, -er; excuse (Fr. v. excuser, to absolve); excusable; recusant (Lat. v. recusa're, to refuse).

29. CAVE'RE: ca'veo, cautum,
to beware
to be cautious
.

caut: -ion, -ious; incau'tious; precaution.

caut: -ion, -ious; incautious; precaution.

Ca'veat (3d per. sing. present subjunctive = let him beware), an intimation to stop proceedings.

Ca'veat (3rd person singular present subjunctive = let him beware), a warning to stop actions.

30. CA'VUS,
hollow
empty
.

cav: -ity; concav'ity; ex'cavate.

cav: cavity; concavity; excavate.

Cave (Fr. n. cave), literally, a hollow, empty space; con'cave (Lat. adj. conca'vus, arched); cav'il (Lat. n. cavil'la, a jest).

Cave (Fr. n. cave), literally, a hollow, empty space; con'cave (Lat. adj. conca'vus, arched); cav'il (Lat. n. cavil'la, a joke).

31. CED'ERE: ce'do, ces'sum,
to go, to yield
to proceed, to give in
.

cede: cede; accede'; antece'dent; concede'; precede'; recede'; secede'; unprecedented.

cede: cede; accede; antecedent; concede; precede; recede; secede; unprecedented.

ceed: ex-, pro-, sub- (suc-).

cess: -ation, -ion; ab'scess, a collection of matter gone away, or collected in a cavity; ac'cess; acces'sible; acces'sion; acces'sory; conces'sion; excess'; exces'sive; interces'sion; interces'sor; preces'sion; proc'ess; proces'sion; recess'; seces'sion; success' (-ful, -ion, -ive).

cess: -ation, -ion; ab'scess, a collection of pus that has formed in a cavity; ac'cess; acces'sible; acces'sion; acces'sory; conces'sion; excess'; exces'sive; interces'sion; interces'sor; preces'sion; proc'ess; proces'sion; recess'; seces'sion; success' (-ful, -ion, -ive).

32. CENSE'RE: cen'seo, cen'sum,
to weigh, to estimate, to tax
to consider, to assess, to evaluate
.

cens: -or, -ure; censo'rious; cen'surable; recen'sion.

Cen'sus (Lat. n. census, an estimate).

Census (Lat. n. census, an estimate).

33. CEN'TRUM,
the middle point
the midpoint
.

centr: -al, -ical; centrif'ugal (Lat. v. fu'gere, to flee); centrip'etal (Lat. v. pet'ere, to seek); concen'trate; concentra'tion; concen'tric; eccen'tric; eccentric'ity.

centr: -al, -ical; centrifugal (Lat. v. fugere, to flee); centripetal (Lat. v. petere, to seek); concentrate; concentration; concentric; eccentric; eccentricity.

Cen'ter or cen'tre (Fr. n. centre), n. and v.; cen'tered.

34. CEN'TUM,
a hundred
a hundred
.

cent: cent; cent'age; cen'tenary (Lat. adj. centena'rius); centena'rian; centen'nial (Lat. n. an'nus, a year); cen'tigrade (Lat. n. gra'dus, a degree); cen'tipede (Lat. n. pes, pe'dis, the foot); cen'tuple (Lat. adj. centu'plex, hundredfold); centu'rion (Lat. n. centu'rio, a captain of a hundred); cent'ury (Lat. n. centu'ria, a hundred years); percent'age.

cent: cent; percentage; centenary (Latin adj. centena'rius); centenarian; centennial (Latin n. an'nus, a year); centigrade (Latin n. gra'dus, a degree); centipede (Latin n. pes, pe'dis, the foot); centuple (Latin adj. centu'plex, hundredfold); centurion (Latin n. centu'rio, a captain of a hundred); century (Latin n. centu'ria, a hundred years); percentage.

35. CER'NERE: cer'no, cre'tum,
to sift, to see, to judge
to examine, to observe, to evaluate
; Discrimen, discrim'inis,
distinction
distinction
.

cern: con-, de-, dis-; unconcern'; discern'er, discern'ible, discern'ment.

cern: con-, de-, dis-; unconcerned; discerner, discernible, discernment.

cret: decre'tal, a book of decrees; discre'tion; discre'tionary; excre'tion; se'cret; sec'retary.

cret: decre'tal, a book of rules; discre'tion; discre'tionary; excre'tion; se'cret; sec'retary.

discrimin: -ate, -ation; indiscrim'inate.

discrimin: -ate, -ation; indiscriminate.

Decree' (Fr. n. decret); discreet' (Fr. adj. discret); discrete' (literally, sifted apart), separate.

36. CERTA'RE: cer'to, certa'tum,
to contend, to vie
to compete, to compete
.

cert: con'cert (n.); concert' (v.); disconcert'; preconcert'.

37. CIN'GERE: cin'go, cinc'tum,
to gird
to prepare
.

cinct: cinct'ure; pre'cinct; succinct', literally, girded or tucked up, compressed, concise; succinct'ness.

cinct: cincture; precinct; succinct, literally, girded or tucked up, compressed, concise; succinctness.

38. CIR'CUS,
a circle
a circle
; cir'culus,
a little circle
a small circle
.

circ: cir'cus, an open space for sports; cir'clet.

circ: circus, a space for sports; cir'clet.

circul: -ar, -ate, -ation, -atory.

Cir'cle (Fr. n. cercle); encir'cle; sem'icircle.

Circle; encircle; semicircle.

39. CITA'RE: ci'to, cita'tum,
to stir up, to rouse
to provoke, to awaken
.

cite: cite, to summon or quote; excite' (-able, -ability, -ment); incite' (-ment); recite' (-al); resus'citate (Lat. v. suscita're, to raise).

citat: cita'tion; recita'tion; recitative', a species of musical recitation.

citation: citation; recitation; recitative, a type of musical recitation.

CIVIS. (See p. 31.)

CIVIS. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

40. CLAMA'RE: cla'mo, clama'tum,
to cry out, to shout
to shout
; Clam'or,
a loud cry
a loud scream
.

claim: claim (v. and n., to demand; a demand), ac-, de-, dis-, ex-, pro-, re-; claim'ant; reclaim'a'ble.

claim: claim (v. and n., to assert; an assertion), ac-, de-, dis-, ex-, pro-, re-; claimant; reclaimable.

clamat: acclama'tion; declama'tion; declam'atory; exclama'tion; exclam'atory; proclama'tion; reclama'tion.

clamat: acclamation; declamation; declamatory; exclamation; exclamatory; proclamation; reclamation.

clamor: clam'or (v. and n.), -er, -ous.

clamor: klam-er (verb and noun), -er, -ous.

EXERCISE.

The decay of the tree was caused by the incisions which had accidentally been made in the bark. The captives will be set at liberty, but the precise time of their emancipation has not been fixed. The harbor is capacious, and can receive vessels of the largest size. The merits of the candidates were discriminated with great candor. We were enchanted with the carnival at Rome. This recitation is satisfactory. Have you ever seen a centigrade thermometer? Nothing is so successful as success. The number of concentric circles in the trunk marked the age of the tree. No censer round our altar beams. The heat being excessive, we took shelter in the recesses of a cave. Precision is the principal quality of good writing. Franklin's father was a tallow chandler. Last century there was great carnage in America. Infanticide is much practiced in China. The proclamation was widely circulated. The president was inaugurated on the 4th of March. The census is taken every ten years. Conceit is worse than eccentricity. Have you filed your caveat?

The decay of the tree was caused by the cuts that had accidentally been made in the bark. The captives will be set free, but the exact time of their release hasn't been determined. The harbor is spacious and can accommodate vessels of the largest size. The merits of the candidates were evaluated with great honesty. We were delighted with the carnival in Rome. This recitation is satisfactory. Have you ever seen a Celsius thermometer? Nothing is as successful as success. The number of concentric circles in the trunk indicated the age of the tree. No censer around our altar beams. The heat being intense, we took shelter in the depths of a cave. Precision is the main quality of good writing. Franklin's father was a tallow maker. Last century there was great bloodshed in America. Infanticide is quite common in China. The announcement was widely distributed. The president was sworn in on the 4th of March. The census is taken every ten years. Arrogance is worse than eccentricity. Have you filed your notice?

41. CLAU'DERE: clau'do, clau'sum,
to shut, to close
to shut, to close
.

clud: conclude'; exclude'; include'; preclude'; seclude'.

clud: conclude; exclude; include; preclude; seclude.

clus: conclu'sion; conclu'sive; exclu'sion; exclu'sive; recluse'; seclu'sion.

clus: conclusion; conclusive; exclusion; exclusive; recluse; seclusion.

close: close (v., n., adj.); clos'et; close'ness; inclose' (-ure); enclose' (-ure).

close: close (verb, noun, adjective); closet; closeness; include (noun); enclose (noun).

Clause (Fr. n. clause); clois'ter (old Fr. n. cloistre).

Clause (Fr. n. clause); cloister (old Fr. n. cloistre).

42. CLINA'RE: cli'no, clina'tum,
to bend
to flex
; Cli'vus,
a slope or hill
a hill
.

clinat: inclina'tion.

clinat: inclination.

cline: de-, in-, re-.

cliv: accliv'ity; decliv'ity; procliv'ity.

cliv: uphill; downhill; inclination.

43. COL'ERE: co'lo, cul'tum,
to till, to cultivate
to farm, to grow
(
Low Lat.
Low Lat.
Cultiva're,
to cultivate
to grow
).

cult: cult'ure (Lat. n. cultu'ra, a cultivation); ag'riculture (Lat. n. a'ger, a field); arboricult'ure (Lat. n. ar'bor, a tree); flor'iculture (Lat. n. flos, flo'ris, a flower); hor'ticulture (Lat. n. hor'tus, a garden); ausculta'tion (Lat. n. ausculta'tio, a listening; hence, a test of the lungs).

cult: culture (Latin n. cultura, a cultivation); agriculture (Latin n. ager, a field); arboriculture (Latin n. arbor, a tree); floriculture (Latin n. flos, floris, a flower); horticulture (Latin n. hortus, a garden); auscultation (Latin n. auscultatio, a listening; thus, a test of the lungs).

cultiv: -ate, -ation, -ator.

cultivate: -ation, -ator.

Col'ony (Lat. n. colo'nia, a settlement); colo'nial; col'onist; col'onize.

Colony (Lat. n. colonia, a settlement); colonial; colonist; colonize.

COR. (See page 32.)

COR. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

CORPUS. (See page 33.)

CORPUS. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

CREDERE. (See page 35.)

BELIEVE. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

44. CREA'RE: cre'o, crea'tum,
to create
to make
.

creat: -ion, -ive, -or, -ure; create' (pro-, re-).

create: -ion, -ive, -or, -ure; create' (pro-, re-).

45. CRES'CERE: cres'co, cre'tum,
to grow
to develop
.

cresc: cres'cent; excres'cence; decrease'; increase'.

cresc: crescent; excrescence; decrease; increase.

cret: accre'tion; con'crete; concre'tion.

cret: accretion; concrete; concretion.

Accrue' (Fr. n. accrue, increase); in'crement (Lat. n. incremen'tum, increase); recruit' (Fr. v. recroitre, recru, to grow again).

Accrue (Fr. n. accrue, increase); increment (Lat. n. incremen'tum, increase); recruit (Fr. v. recroitre, recru, to grow again).

46. CRUX, cru'cis,
a cross
a cross drawn
.

cruc: cru'cial (Fr. adj. cruciale, as if bringing to the cross: hence, severe); cru'cible (a chemist's melting-pot—Lat. n. crucib'ulum—marked in old times with a cross); cru'ciform (Lat. n. for'ma, a shape); cru'cify (Lat. v. fig'ere, fix'um, to fix); crucifix'ion; excru'ciating.

cruc: cru'cial (French adjective cruciale, implying a connection to the cross: therefore, severe); cru'cible (a chemist's melting pot—Latin noun crucib'ulum—historically marked with a cross); cru'ciform (Latin noun for'ma, meaning shape); cru'cify (Latin verb fig'ere, fix'um, to fix or fasten); crucifix'ion; excru'ciating.

Cross (Fr. n. croix); cro'sier (Fr. n. crosier); cruise (Dan. v. kruisen, to move crosswise or in a zigzag); crusade' (Fr. n. croisade, in the Middle Ages, an expedition to the Holy Land made under the banner of the cross); crusad'er.

Cross (Fr. n. croix); cro'sier (Fr. n. crosier); cruise (Dan. v. kruisen, to move crosswise or in a zigzag); crusade (Fr. n. croisade, in the Middle Ages, an expedition to the Holy Land made under the banner of the cross); crusader.

47. CUBA'RE: cu'bo (
in compos, cumbo
in composition, cumbo
), cub'itum,
to lie down
take a nap
.

cub: in'cubate; incuba'tion; in'cubator.

cub: incubate; incubation; incubator.

cumb: incum'bency; incum'bent; procum'bent; recum'bency; recum'bent; succumb' (sub-); superincum'bent.

cumb: incumbency; incumbent; procumbent; recumbency; recumbent; succumb (sub-); superincumbent.

Cu'bit (Lat. n. cub'itus, the elbow, because it serves for leaning upon); in'cubus (Lat. n. in'cubus), the nightmare.

Cu'bit (Lat. n. cub'itus, the elbow, because it’s used for leaning on); in'cubus (Lat. n. in'cubus), the nightmare.

48. CU'RA,
care
care
.

cur: -able, -ate, -ative, -ator; ac'curate; ac'curacy; inac'curate; proc'urator.

Cu'rious; prox'y (contracted from proc'uracy). authority to act for another; secure' (Lat. adj. secu'rus, from se for si'ne, without, and cu'ra, care); secu'rity; insecure'; si'necure (Lat. prep. si'ne, without—an office without duties).

Cu'rious; prox'y (short for proc'uracy). permission to act for someone else; secure' (Latin adj. secu'rus, from se for si'ne, without, and cu'ra, care); secu'rity; insecure'; si'necure (Latin prep. si'ne, without— a position without responsibilities).

CURRERE. (See page 32.)

CURRERE. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

49. DA'RE: do, da'tum,
to give
to provide
.

dat: date (originally the time at which a public document was given—da'tum); da'ta (Lat. plural of da'tum), facts or truths given or admitted; da'tive.

dat: date (originally the time a public document was issued—da'tum); da'ta (Lat. plural of da'tum), facts or truths provided or accepted; da'tive.

dit: addi'tion; condi'tion; ed'it (-ion, -or); perdi'tion; tradi'tion; extradi'tion.

dit: addition; condition; edit (-ion, -or); perdition; tradition; extradition.

Add (Lat. v. ad'dere, to give or put to); adden'dum (pl. adden'da), something to be added.

50. DEBE'RE: de'beo, deb'itum,
to owe
to be indebted
.

debt: debt; debt'or; indebt'ed; deb'it (n. and v.).

debt: debt; debtor; indebted; debit (n. and v.).

51. DE'CEM,
ten
ten
; Dec'imus,
the tenth
the 10th
.

decem: Decem'ber (formerly the tenth month); decem'virate (Lat. n. vir, a man), a body of ten magistrates; decen'nial (Lat. n. an'nus, a year).

decem: December (formerly the tenth month); decem'virate (Latin n. vir, a man), a group of ten magistrates; decen'nial (Latin n. an'nus, a year).

decim: dec'imal; dec'imate; duodec'imo (Lat. adj. duodec'imus, twelfth), a book having twelve leaves to a sheet.

decim: dec'imal; dec'imate; duodec'imo (Lat. adj. duodec'imus, meaning twelfth), a book with twelve leaves per sheet.

52. DENS, den'tis,
a tooth
a tooth
.

dent: dent, to notch; den'tal; den'tifrice (Lat. v. frica're, to rub); den'tist; denti'tion (Lat. n. denti'tio, a cutting of the teeth); eden'tate (Lat. adj. edenta'tus, toothless); indent'; indent'ure; tri'dent (Lat. adj. tres, three), Neptune's three-pronged scepter; dan'delion (Fr. dent-de-lion, the lion's tooth), a plant.

dent: dent, to notch; den'tal; den'tifrice (Lat. v. frica're, to rub); den'tist; denti'tion (Lat. n. denti'tio, cutting of teeth); eden'tate (Lat. adj. edenta'tus, toothless); indent'; indent'ure; tri'dent (Lat. adj. tres, three), Neptune's three-pronged scepter; dan'delion (Fr. dent-de-lion, the lion's tooth), a plant.

53. DE'US,
a God
a deity
; Divi'nus,
relating to God, divine
spiritual connection to God
.

de: de'ify; de'ism; de'ist; deist'ical; de'ity.

de: deify; deism; deist; deistical; deity.

divin: divine'; divina'tion (Lat. n. divina'tio, a foretelling the aid of the gods); divin'ity.

divin: divine'; divina'tion (Lat. n. divina'tio, predicting the help of the gods); divin'ity.

54. DIC'ERE: di'co, dio'tum,
to say
to say
.

dict: dic'tate; dicta'tor; dictatorial; dic'tion; dic'tionary (Lat. n. dictiona'rium, a word-book); dic'tum (pl. dic'ta), positive opinion; addict' (Lat. v. addic'ere, to devote); benedic'tion (Lat. adv. be'ne, well); contradict'; e'dict; indict' (Lat. v. indic'ere, to proclaim), to charge with a crime; indict'ment; in'terdict; jurid'ic (Lat. n. jus, ju'ris, justice), relating to the distribution of justice; maledic'tion (Lat. adv. ma'le, ill); predict'; predic'tion; valedic'tory (Lat. v. va'le, farewell); ver'dict (Lat. adj. ve'rus, true).

Dit'to, n. (Ital. n. det'to, a word), the aforesaid thing; indite' (Lat. v. indic'ere, to dictate), to compose.

Dit'to, n. (Ital. n. det'to, a word), the mentioned thing; indite' (Lat. v. indic'ere, to dictate), to write.

55. DI'ES,
a day
a day
;
French
French
jour,
a day
a day
.

dies: di'al; di'ary; di'et; diur'nal (Lat. adj. diur'nus, daily); merid'ian (Lat. n. merid'ies = me'dius di'es, midday); merid'ional; quotid'ian (Lat. adj. quotidia'nus, daily).

jour: jour'nal; jour'nalist; jour'ney; adjourn'; adjourn'ment; so'journ; so'journer.

day: day'book; day'reporter; day'trip; postpone; postpon'ement; stop'over; stop'over's.

DIGNUS (See page 37.)

DIGNUS (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

56. DIVID'ERE: div'ido, divi'sum,
to divide, to separate
to split, to separate
.

divid: divide'; div'idend; subdivide'; individ'ual, literally, one not to be divided, a single person.

divide: divide; div'idend; subdivide; individ'ual, literally, one that can’t be divided, a single person.

divis: -ible, -ibility, -ion, -or.

Device' (Fr. n. devis, something imagined or devised); devise' (Fr. v. deviser, to form a plan).

Device' (Fr. n. devis, something imagined or created); devise' (Fr. v. deviser, to come up with a plan).

DOCERE. (See page 38.)

TEACH. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

57. DOLE'RE: do'leo, doli'tum,
to grieve
to mourn
.

Dole'ful; do'lor; dol'orous; condole'; condo'lence; in'dolent (literally, not grieving or caring), lazy.

Doleful; dolor; dolorous; condole; condolence; indolent (literally, not grieving or caring), lazy.

DOMINUS. (See page 38.)

DOMINUS. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

58. DU'CERE: du'co, duc'tum,
to lead, to bring forward
to lead, to promote
.

duc: adduce'; conduce'; condu'cive; deduce'; educe'; ed'ucate; educa'tion; induce'; induce'ment; introduce'; produce'; reduce'; redu'cible; seduce'; superinduce'; traduce'; tradu'cer.

duc: bring forward; lead; helpful; draw a conclusion; develop; train; education; lead to; encouragement; present; create; lessen; capable of being reduced; entice; add on; slander; slanderer.

duct: abduc'tion; duc'tile (-ity); conduct' (-or); deduct' (-ion, -ive); induct' (-ion, -ive); introduc'tion; introduc'tory; prod'uct (-ion, -ive); reduc'tion; seduc'tion; seduc'tive; aq'ueduct (Lat. n. a'qua, water); vi'aduct (Lat. n. vi'a, a road); con'duit (Fr. n. conduit), a channel for conveying water.

duct: abduction; ductile (-ity); conductor; deduction (-ion, -ive); induction (-ion, -ive); introduction; introductory; product (-ion, -ive); reduction; seduction; seductive; aqueduct (Latin n. aqua, water); viaduct (Latin n. via, a road); conduit (French n. conduit), a channel for carrying water.

59. DU'O,
two
two
.

du: du'al; du'el (-ist); duet'; du'plicate (Lat. v. plica're, to fold); dupli'city (Lat. n. duplic'itas, double dealing).

du: du'al; du'el (-ist); duet; du'plicate (from Latin plica're, to fold); dupli'city (from Latin noun duplic'itas, double dealing).

Dubi'ety (Lat. n. dubi'etas, uncertainty); du'bious (Lat. adj. du'bius, uncertain); indu'bitable (Lat. v. dubita're, to doubt); doub'le (Fr. adj. double, twofold); doubt (Fr. n. doubt), -ful, -less; undoubt'ed.

60. DU'RUS,
hard, lasting
tough, durable
; DURA'RE: du'ro, dura'tum,
to last
to endure
.

dur: -able, -ableness, -ability, -ance, state of being held hard and fast; duresse, hardship, constraint; endure' (-ance); ob'duracy.

dur: -able, -ableness, -ability, -ance, the state of being firmly held; duress, hardship, constraint; endure' (-ance); ob'duracy.

durat: dura'tion; in'durate, to grow hard; indura'tion; ob'duracy.

durat: dura'tion; in'durate, to become hard; indura'tion; ob'duracy.

EXERCISE.

When the speech, was concluded loud acclamation arose. In many parts of the colony much of the waste land has been reclaimed, and agricultural operations now receive the due attention of the colonists. The patient declined to undergo auscultation. Fishing is a healthful recreation. Many of the crusaders were inspired with great courage. Security was offered, but it was not accepted. The incumbent could not stand the crucial test, and hence succumbed. A curious excrescence was cut from the tree. To Neptune with his trident the Greeks ascribed divine power. A French journalist has been indicted. The valedictory was pronounced in December. What is the difference between addition and division? We may easily predict the ruin of an indolent debtor. How many maledictions are heaped on dentists! The reduction of the public debt is desirable. The prisoner was doleful because he was in duresse vile. An educated man is known by his accurate use of language. The dandelion is a productive plant. The pilgrims received the priest's benediction before setting out on their journey. The decimal system conduces to the saving of time.

When the speech was finished, loud applause broke out. In many areas of the colony, a lot of the wasteland has been turned into arable land, and farming now gets the attention it deserves from the colonists. The patient refused to have an exam. Fishing is a healthy hobby. Many of the crusaders were filled with great courage. Protection was offered, but it was not accepted. The current holder couldn’t pass the challenging test, and thus gave in. A strange growth was cut from the tree. To Neptune with his trident, the Greeks assigned divine power. A French reporter has been charged. The farewell speech was given in December. What is the difference between addition and subtraction? We can easily predict the downfall of an idle debtor. How many curses are thrown at dentists! The reduction of the public debt is needed. The prisoner was sad because he was in serious trouble. An educated person is recognized by their correct use of language. The dandelion is a versatile plant. The pilgrims received the priest's blessing before starting their journey. The decimal system helps save time.

61. EM'ERE: e'mo, emp'tum, to buy or take.

empt: exempt' (-ion); per'emptory (Lat. adj. perempto'rius, wholly taken away), decisive, final; pre-empt'; pre-emp'tion, the right of buying before others; redemp'tion.

empt: exempt' (-ion); per'emptory (Lat. adj. perempto'rius, completely taken away), decisive, final; pre-empt'; pre-emp'tion, the right to purchase before others; redemp'tion.

Redeem' (Lat. v. redim'ere, to buy back); redeem'er; prompt (Lat. adj. promp'tus = pro-emp'tus, taken out; hence, ready); prompt'er; prompt'itude; prompt'ness; impromp'tu (Lat. in promp'tu, in readiness).

Redeem (Latin verb redim'ere, to buy back); redeemer; prompt (Latin adjective promp'tus = pro-emp'tus, taken out; therefore, ready); prompter; promptitude; promptness; impromptu (Latin in promp'tu, in readiness).

62. ERRA'RE: er'ro, erra'tum,
to wander
to roam
.

err: err, -ant, -antry; er'ror (Lat. n. er'ror); erro'neous (Lat. adj. erro'neus, erring).

errat: errat'ic; erra'tum (pl. er'rata), a mistake in printing; aberra'tion.

errat: erratic; erratum (pl. errata), a mistake in printing; aberration.

63. ES'SE,
to be
be
; en, en'tis,
being
being
.

ent: ab'sent (-ee); ab'sence; en'tity; nonen'tity; omnipres'ent (Lat. adj. om'nis, all); pres'ent (-ation, -ly); represent' (-ation, -ative); misrepresent'.

Es'sence (Lat. n. essen'tia, being); essen'tial; quintes'sence (Lat. adj. quin'tus, fifth), the highest essence; in'terest (3d pers. sing. pres. indic. of interes'se = it interests or is of interest); disin'terested.

Es'sence (Latin noun essen'tia, being); essen'tial; quintes'sence (Latin adjective quin'tus, fifth), the highest essence; in'terest (third person singular present indicative of interes'se = it interests or is of interest); disin'terested.

64. FA'CERE: fa'cio, fac'tum,
to do or make
to do or create
;
French
French
Faire.

fac: face'tious (Lat. adj. face'tus, merry); fac'ile (Lat. adj. fa'cilis, easily done); facil'ity; facil'itate; fac'ulty (Lat. n. facul'tas, power, ability); fac-sim'ile (Lat. adj. sim'ilis, like), literally, make like, an exact copy; facto'tum (Lat. adj. to'tum, the whole; literally, do the whole), a servant of all work.

fac: facetious (Latin adj. facētus, cheerful); facile (Latin adj. facilis, easy to do); facility; facilitate; faculty (Latin n. facultas, power, ability); facsimile (Latin adj. similis, like), literally, make like, an exact copy; factotum (Latin adj. totum, the whole; literally, do the whole), a jack of all trades.

fic: ben'efice (see bene); def'icit (literally, it is wanting), a lack; defi'ciency; defi'cient; dif'ficult (Lat. adj. diffic'ilis, arduous); ef'ficacy (Lat. adj. ef'ficax, effica'cis, powerful); effi'cient, causing effects; of'fice (Lat. n. offic'ium, a duty); of'ficer; offi'cial; offi'cious; profi'cient; suffice', literally, to make up what is wanting; suffi'cient.

fic: benefit (see bene); deficit (literally, it is missing), a lack; deficiency; deficient; difficult (Lat. adj. diffic'ilis, hard); efficacy (Lat. adj. ef'ficax, effica'cis, powerful); efficient, causing effects; office (Lat. n. offic'ium, a duty); officer; official; officious; proficient; suffice, literally, to make up what is missing; sufficient.

fact: fact; fac'tor; fac'tion, a party acting in opposition; fac'tious; facti'tious (Lat. adj. facti'tius, artificial); benefac'tor; manufacture (Lat. n. ma'nus, the hand).

fact: fact; fac'tor; fac'tion, a group acting in opposition; fac'tious; facti'tious (Lat. adj. facti'tius, artificial); benefac'tor; manufacture (Lat. n. ma'nus, the hand).

fect: affect' (-ation, -ion); disaffec'tion; confec'tion, literally, made with sugar (-er); defect' (-ion, -ive); effect' (-ive); effect'ual; infect' (-ion); infec'tious; per'fect, literally, thoroughly made (-ion); imper'fect (-ion); refec'tion; refec'tory.

faire (past participle fait): fash'ion (Fr. n. façon, the make or form of a thing); fea'sible (Old Fr. faisible, that may be done); feat; affair'; coun'terfeit, literally, to make again, to imitate; for'feit, (Fr. v. forfaire, to misdo), to lose by some fault; sur'feit, v., to overdo in the way of eating.

faire (past participle fait): fashion (Fr. n. façon, the make or form of something); feasible (Old Fr. faisible, that can be done); feat; affair; counterfeit, literally, to make again, to imitate; forfeit, (Fr. v. forfaire, to misdo), to lose due to some fault; surfeit, v., to overdo in terms of eating.

65. FAL'LERE: fal'lo, fal'sum,
to deceive
to trick
;
French
French
Faillir,
to fall short or do amiss
to fail or make a mistake
.

fall: fal'lacy; falla'cious; fal'lible; fallibil'ity; infal'lible.

fals: false (-hood, -ify); falset'to (Ital. n. = a false or artificial voice).

fals: false (-hood, -ify); falsetto (Italian n. = a false or artificial voice).

fail: fail'ure; fault (Old Fr. n. faulte); fault'y; fal'ter; default' (-er).

fail: failure; fault (Old French n. faulte); faulty; falter; default (-er).

66. FA'NUM,
a temple
a place of worship
.

fan: fane; fanat'ic (Lat. adj. fanat'icus, literally, one inspired by divinity—the god of the fane), a wild enthusiast; fanat'ical; fanat'icism; profane', v. (literally, to be before or outside of the temple), to desecrate; profane', adj., unholy; profana'tion; profan'ity.

fan: fane; fanatic (Latin adj. fanaticus, literally, one inspired by divinity—the god of the fane), a wild enthusiast; fanatical; fanaticism; profane, v. (literally, to be before or outside of the temple), to desecrate; profane, adj., unholy; profanation; profanity.

67. FA'RI, fa'tus,
to speak
to talk
.

fat: fate, -al, -ality, -alism, -alist; pref'atory.

fat: fate, -al, -ality, -alism, -alist; prefatory.

Affable (Lat. adj. affab'ilis, easy to be spoken to); affabil'ity; inef'fable; in'fant (Lat. participle, in'fans, infan'tis, literally, not speaking) (-ile, -ine); in'fancy; nefa'rious (Lat. adj. nefa'rius, impious); pref'ace (Fr. n. préface), something spoken or written by way of introduction.

Affable (Latin adjective affab'ilis, easy to talk to); affabil'ity; inef'fable; in'fant (Latin participle, in'fans, infan'tis, literally, not speaking) (-ile, -ine); in'fancy; nefa'rious (Latin adjective nefa'rius, wicked); pref'ace (French noun préface), something spoken or written as an introduction.

68. FATE'RI: fa'teor, fas'sus (
in comp.
in comp.
fes'sus),
to acknowledge, to show
to recognize, to display
.

fess: confess' (-ion, -ional, -or); profess' (-ion, -ional, -or).

fess: confess (-ion, -ional, -or); profess (-ion, -ional, -or).

69. FELIX, feli'cis,
happy
joyful
.

felic: -ity, -itous; infeli'city; feli'citate, to make happy by congratulation.

felic: -ity, -itous; infeli'city; feli'citate, to make happy by congratulating.

70. FEN'DERE: fen'do, fen'sum,
to keep off, to strike
to avoid, to hit
.⁶

fend: fend (-er); defend' (-er, -ant); offend' (-er).

fend: fend (-er); defend (-er, -ant); offend (-er).

fens: defense' (-ible, -ive); offense' (-ive); fence (n. and v., abbreviated from defence);⁷ fencer; fencing.

fens: defense (-ible, -ive); offense (-ive); fence (n. and v., short for defense);⁷ fencer; fencing.

71. FER'RE: fe'ro, la'tum,
to bear, to carry
to carry
.

fer: fer'tile (Lat. adj. fer'tilis, bearing, fruitful); fertil'ity; fer'tilize; circum'ference, literally, a measure carried around anything; confer', to consult; con'ference; defer'; def'erence; deferen'tial; dif'fer (-ence, -ent); infer' (-ence); of'fer; prefer' (-able, -ence, -ment); prof'fer; refer' (-ee, -ence); suf'fer (-ance, -able, -er); transfer' (-able, -ence); conif'erous (Lat. n. co'nus, a cone); florif'erous (Lat. n. flos, flo'ris, a flower); fructif'erous (Lat. n. fruc'tus, fruit); Lu'cifer (Lat. n. lux, lucis, light), the morning or evening star, Satan; pestif'erous (Lat. n. pes'tis, pest, plague).

fer: fer'tile (Latin adj. fer'tilis, bearing, fruitful); fertil'ity; fer'tilize; circum'ference, literally, a measure carried around anything; confer', to consult; con'ference; defer'; def'erence; deferen'tial; dif'fer (-ence, -ent); infer' (-ence); of'fer; prefer' (-able, -ence, -ment); prof'fer; refer' (-ee, -ence); suf'fer (-ance, -able, -er); transfer' (-able, -ence); conif'erous (Latin n. co'nus, a cone); florif'erous (Latin n. flos, flo'ris, a flower); fructif'erous (Latin n. fruc'tus, fruit); Lu'cifer (Latin n. lux, lucis, light), the morning or evening star, Satan; pestif'erous (Latin n. pes'tis, pest, plague).

lat: ab'lative (literally, carrying away; the sixth case of Latin nouns); collate' (-ion); dilate' (-ory); elate'; ob'late, flattened at the poles; obla'tion, an offering; prel'ate; prel'acy; pro'late, elongated at the poles; relate' (-ion, -ive); correla'tion; correl'ative; super'lative; translate' (-ion); delay' (= dis + lat, through old Fr. verb delayer, to put off).

lat: ablative (literally, carrying away; the sixth case of Latin nouns); collate (-ion); dilate (-ory); elate; oblate, flattened at the poles; oblation, an offering; prelate; prelacy; prolate, elongated at the poles; relate (-ion, -ive); correlation; correlative; superlative; translate (-ion); delay (= dis + lat, from the old French verb delayer, to put off).

72. FERVE'RE: fer'veo,
to boil
to heat
; Fermen'tum,
leaven
leavening
.

ferv: -ent, -ency, -id, -or; effervesce', to bubble or froth up; efferves'cence.

ferment: fer'ment, -ation.

73. FES'TUS,
joyful, merry
happy, cheerful
.

fest: -al, -ival, -ive, -ivity; feast (Old Fr. feste, a joyous meal); fête (modern Fr. equivalent of feast), a festival; festoon (Fr. n. feston, originally an ornament for a festival).

fest: -al, -ival, -ive, -ivity; feast (Old French feste, a joyful meal); fête (modern French equivalent of feast), a festival; festoon (French noun feston, originally an ornament for a festival).

74. FID'ERE: fi'do,
to trust
to have faith
; Fi'des,
faith
belief
; Fide'lis,
trusty
reliable
.

fid: confide' (-ant, -ence, -ent, -ential); dif'fidence; dif'fident; per'fidy (per = through and hence away from good faith); perfid'ious.

fid: confide (-ant, -ence, -ent, -ential); dif'fidence; dif'fident; per'fidy (per = through and hence away from good faith); perfid'ious.

fidel: fidel'ity; in'fidel; infidel'ity.

fidel: fidelity; infidel; infidelity.

Fe'alty (Old Fr. n. féalté = Lat. fidel'itas), loy'alty; fidu'cial (Lat. n. fidu'cia, trust); fidu'ciary; affi'ance, to pledge faith, to betroth; affida'vit (Low Lat., signifying, literally, he made oath), a declaration on oath; defy' (Fr. v. défier, originally, to dissolve the bond of allegiance; hence, to disown, to challenge, to brave).

Fealty (Old French n. féalté = Latin fidel'itas), loyalty; fiduciary (Latin n. fidu'cia, trust); fiduciary; affiance, to pledge faith, to betroth; affidavit (Low Latin, literally meaning, he made an oath), a declaration on oath; defy (French v. défier, originally, to dissolve the bond of allegiance; hence, to disown, to challenge, to brave).

75. FI'GERE: fi'go, fix'um,
to join, fix, pierce
to connect, repair, puncture
.

fix: affix'; cru'cifix (Lat. n. crux, cru'cis, a cross); cru'cify; fix'ture; post'fix; pre'fix; suf'fix (n., literally, something fixed below or on; hence, appended); transfix', to pierce through.

fix: attach'; cru'cifix (Latin n. crux, cru'cis, a cross); cru'cify; fix'ture; post'fix; pre'fix; suf'fix (n., literally, something attached below or on; thus, added); transfix', to pierce through.

76. FIN'GERE: fin'go, fic'tum,
to form, to feign
to pretend, to fake
; Figu'ra,
a shape
a form
.

fict: fic'tion; ficti'tious.

fict: fiction; fictional.

figur: fig'ure; figura'tion; configura'tion; disfig'ure; prefig'ure; transfig'ure.

Feign (Fr. v. feindre, feignant, to pretend); feint (feint, past part. of feindre); ef'figy (Lat. n. effig'ies, an image or likeness); fig'ment (Lat. n. figmen'tum, an invention).

Feign (Fr. v. feindre, feignant, to pretend); feint (feint, past part. of feindre); effigy (Lat. n. effig'ies, an image or likeness); figment (Lat. n. figmen'tum, an invention).

FINIS. (See page 40.)

THE END. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

77. FIR'MUS,
strong, stable
strong, stable
.

firm: firm; firm'ness; infirm' (-ary, -ity); fir'mament, originally, firm foundation; affirm' (-ation, -ative); confirm' (-ation, -ative).

firm: firm; firmness; infirm (-ary, -ity); firmament, originally, solid foundation; affirm (-ation, -ative); confirm (-ation, -ative).

78. FLAM'MA,
a stream of fire
a blaze
.

flam: flame; inflame' (-able, -ation, -atory).

Flambeau' (Fr. n. flambeau from v. flamber, to blaze); flamin'go (Span. n. flamenco), a bird of a flaming red color.

Flambeau (French n. flambeau from v. flamber, to blaze); flamingo (Spanish n. flamenco), a bird with a flaming red color.

EXERCISE.

Age does not always exempt one from faults. Peremptory orders were given that all the princes should be present at the diet. Many beneficial results must come from the introduction of drawing into the public schools. The lady is affable and perfectly free from affectation. The field is fertile and produces abundant crops. The professor's lecture related to edentate animals. Men sometimes feign a fealty they do not feel. The lady professed that her felicity was ineffable. The King seized a flambeau with zeal to destroy. It is a nefarious act to make a false affidavit. Fanaticism is often infectious. The confirmed offender had issued many counterfeits. Dickens gives us the quintessence of the facetious. In figure the earth is an oblate spheroid.

Age does not always exempt someone from faults. Direct orders were given that all the princes should be present at the meeting. Many beneficial outcomes must come from the introduction of drawing into the public schools. The lady is friendly and completely free from pretentiousness. The field is rich and produces abundant crops. The professor's lecture focused on toothless animals. Men sometimes pretend a loyalty they do not feel. The lady claimed that her happiness was indescribable. The King grabbed a torch with enthusiasm to destroy. It is a wicked act to make a false affidavit. Fanaticism is often contagious. The repeat offender had issued many forgeries. Dickens gives us the essence of the humorous. In shape, the earth is an oblate spheroid.

79. FLEC'TERE: flec'to, flex'um,
to bend
to flex
.

flect: deflect' (-ion); inflect' (-ion); reflect' (-ion, -ive, -or).

flect: deflect (ion); inflect (ion); reflect (ion, -ive, -or).

flex: -ible, -ile, -ion, -or (a muscle that bends a joint), -ure; flex'-uous; flex'uose; cir'cumflex; re'flex.

flex: -ible, -ile, -ion, -or (a muscle that bends a joint), -ure; flexuous; flexible; circumflex; reflex.

80. FLOS, flo'ris,
a flower
a flower
.

flor: -al, -et, -id, -ist; Flo'ra, the goddess of flowers; flor'iculture (Lat. n. cultu'ra, cultivation); florif'erous (Lat. v. fer're, to bear); flor'in (originally, a Florentine coin with a lily on it); flour (literally, the flower or choicest part of wheat); flow'er (-et, -y); flour'ish (Lat. v. flores'cere, to begin to blossom, to prosper); efflores'cence; efflores'cent.

flor: -al, -et, -id, -ist; Flo'ra, the goddess of flowers; flor'iculture (Latin n. cultu'ra, cultivation); florif'erous (Latin v. fer're, to bear); flor'in (originally, a Florentine coin with a lily on it); flour (literally, the flower or best part of wheat); flow'er (-et, -y); flour'ish (Latin v. flores'cere, to start to blossom, to thrive); efflores'cence; efflores'cent.

FLUERE. (See page 41.)

FLUERE. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

81. FŒ'DUS, fœd'eris,
a league or treaty
a league or agreement
.

feder: fed'eral; fed'eralist (in the United States a member of the party that favored a strong league of the States); fed'erate; confed'erate; confed'eracy; confedera'tion.

feder: fed'eral; fed'eralist (in the United States, a member of the party that supported a strong union of the States); fed'erate; confed'erate; confed'eracy; confedera'tion.

82. FO'LIUM,
a leaf
a leaf
.

foli: -aceous, -age, -ate; fo'lio (ablative case of fo'lium, a leaf), a book made of sheets folded once; exfo'liate, to come off in scales; foil, a thin leaf of metal; tre'foil, a plant with three (tres) leaves; cinque'foil (Fr. cinque, five).

foli: -aceous, -age, -ate; fo'lio (ablative case of fo'lium, a leaf), a book made of sheets folded once; exfo'liate, to come off in scales; foil, a thin sheet of metal; tre'foil, a plant with three (tres) leaves; cinque'foil (Fr. cinque, five).

83. FOR'MA,
shape, form
shape, form
.

form: form (-al, -ality); conform' (-able, -ation, -ity); deform' (-ity); inform' (-ant, -er, -ation); perform' (-ance, -er); reform' (-ation, -atory, -er); transform' (-ation); for'mula (Lat. n. for'mula, pl. for'mulæ, a little form, a model); for'mulate; mul'tiform (Lat. adj. mul'tus, many); u'niform (Lat. adj. u'nus, one).

84. FOR'TIS,
strong
strong
.

fort: fort; for'tress, a fortified place; for'tify; fortifica'tion; for'titude; com'fort, n., something that strengthens or cheers (-able, -er, -less); discom'fort; effort, a putting forth of one's strength; force (Fr. n. force, strength); for'cible; enforce' (-ment); reinforce' (-ment).

fort: fort; for'tress, a secure location; for'tify; fortifica'tion; for'titude; com'fort, n., something that supports or uplifts (-able, -er, -less); discom'fort; effort, an exertion of one's strength; force (Fr. n. force, strength); for'cible; enforce' (-ment); reinforce' (-ment).

85. FRAN'GERE: fran'go, frac'tum,
to break
to break up
; Fra'gilis,
easily broken
fragile
.

frang, fring: fran'gible (-ibility); infran'gible; infringe' (-ment); refran'gible.

fract: frac'tion; frac'tious; fract'ure; infract' (-ion); refract' (-ion, -ory).

fract: fraction; fractious; fracture; infract (-ion); refract (-ion, -ory).

Fra'gile; frag'ment; frail (old Fr. ad; fraile = Lat. fra'gilis); frail'ty.

86. FRA'TER, fra'tris,
a brother
a bro
; Frater'nus,
brotherly
brotherly affection
.

fratr: frat'ricide (Lat. v. cæd'ere, to kill).

fratern: -al, -ity, -ize; confrater'nity.

fratern: -al, -ity, -ize; brotherhood.

Fri'ar (Fr. n. frère, a brother); fri'ary.

Fri'ar (Fr. n. brother, a brother); fri'ary.

87. FRONS, fron'tis,
the forehead
the forehead
.

front: front (-age, -al, -less, -let); affront'; confront'; effront'ery; fron'tier (Fr. n. frontière); front'ispiece (Lat. n. frontispi'cium, from frons and spic'ere, to view; literally, that which is seen in front).

front: front (-age, -al, -less, -let); affront; confront; effrontery; frontier (Fr. n. frontière); frontispiece (Lat. n. frontispi'cium, from frons and spic'ere, to view; literally, that which is seen in front).

88 FRU'OR: fruc'tus,
to enjoy
to have fun
; Fru'ges,
corn
corn
; French Fruit,
fruit
fruit
.

fruct: -ify, -ification; fructif'erous (Lat. v. fer're, to bear).

fruct: -ify, -ification; fructif'erous (Latin verb fer're, to bear).

frug: -al, -ality; frugif'erous (Lat. v. fer're, to bear).

frug: -al, -ality; frugif'erous (Latin verb fer're, to bear).

fruit: fruit; fruit'erer; fruit'ful; frui'tion.

fruit: fruit; fruit seller; fruitful; fruition.

89. FU'GERE: fu'gio, fu'gitum,
to flee
to escape
.

fug: fuga'cious; centrif'ugal (Lat. n. cen'trum, the center); feb'rifuge (Lat. n. fe'bris, fever); fugue (Lat. n. fu'ga, a flight), a musical composition; ref'uge (-ee); sub'terfuge; ver'mifuge (Lat. n. ver'mis, a worm).

fug: fugacious; centrifugal (Latin n. centrum, the center); febrifuge (Latin n. febris, fever); fugue (Latin n. fuga, a flight), a musical composition; refuge (-ee); subterfuge; vermifuge (Latin n. vermis, a worm).

fugit: fu'gitive (adj. and n.).

fugitive

90. FU'MUS,
smoke
smoke
.

fum: fume; fu'mid; fumif'erous (Lat. v. fer're, to bear), producing smoke; fu'matory, a plant with bitter leaves; per'fume (-er, -ery).

fum: fume; fu'mid; fumif'erous (from Latin v. fer're, to bear), producing smoke; fu'matory, a plant with bitter leaves; per'fume (-er, -ery).

Fu'migate (Lat. v. fumiga're, fumiga'tum, to smoke), to disinfect; fumiga'tion; fu'migatory.

91. FUN'DERE: fun'do, fu'sum,
to pour
to pour out
.

fund: refund'; found (Fr. v. fondre = Lat. fun'dere), to form by pouring into a mould (-er, -ery); confound' (Fr. v. confondre, literally, to pour together; hence, to confuse).

fund: refund'; found (Fr. from fondre = Lat. fun'dere), to create by pouring into a mold (-er, -ery); confound' (Fr. from confondre, literally, to pour together; thus, to confuse).

fus: fuse (-ible, -ion); confuse' (-ion); diffuse' (-ion, -ive); effuse' (-ion, -ive); infuse' (-ion); profuse' (-ion); refuse' (-al); suffuse' (-ion); transfuse' (-ion).

92. GER'ERE: ge'ro, ges'tum,
to bear or carry
to carry
.

ger: ger'und, a Latin verbal noun; bellig'erent (Lat. n. bel'lum, war); con'geries (Lat. n. conge'ries, a collection); vicege'rent (Lat. vi'ce, in place of), one bearing rule in place of another.

gest: gest'ure; gestic'ulate (Lat. n. gestic'ulus, a mimic gesture); gesticula'tion; congest' (-ion, -ive); digest', literally, to carry apart: hence, to dissolve food in the stomach (-ible, -ion, -ive); suggest', literally, to bear into the mind from below, that is, indirectly (-ion, -ive); reg'ister (Lat. v. reger'ere, to carry back, to record); reg'istrar; registra'tion; reg'istry.

gest: gesture; gesticulate (Latin noun gesticulus, a mimic gesture); gesticulation; congest (-ion, -ive); digest, literally, to carry apart: hence, to break down food in the stomach (-ible, -ion, -ive); suggest, literally, to bring into the mind from below, that is, indirectly (-ion, -ive); register (Latin verb regerere, to carry back, to record); registrar; registration; registry.

93. GIG'NERE: gig'no, gen'itum,
to beget
to produce
; Gens, gen'tis,
a clan or nation
a tribe or nation
, Ge'nus, gen'eris,
a kind
a nice
.

genit: gen'itive, a case of Latin nouns; congen'ital, born with one; primogen'itor (Lat. adj. pri'mus, first), an ancestor; primogen'iture, state of being first born; progen'itor, an ancestor.

genit: genitive, a case used in Latin nouns; congenital, born with a condition; progenitor (Lat. adj. primus, first), an ancestor; primogeniture, the state of being firstborn; progenitor, an ancestor.

gent: genteel' (Lat. adj. genti'lis, pertaining to the same clan; hence of good family or birth); gentil'ity; gen'tle (genti'lis, of good birth), mild, refined; gen'try (contracted from gentlery), a class in English society; gen'tile, belonging to a nation other than the Jewish.

gent: genteel (Latin adj. genti'lis, related to the same clan; thus of good family or birth); gentility; gentle (genti'lis, of good birth), mild, refined; gentry (shortened from gentlery), a class in English society; gentile, belonging to a nation other than the Jewish.

gener: gen'eral (-ity, -ize); gen'erate (Lat. genera're, genera'tum, to produce); genera'tion; regenera'tion; gener'ic; gen'erous; generos'ity; con'gener, of the same kind; degen'erate, to fall off from the original kind; degen'eracy.

Gen'der (Fr. n. genre = Lat. ge'nus, gen'eris), the kind of a noun as regards the sex of the object; gen'ial (Lat. adj. genia'lis, cheerful); gen'ius (Lat. n. ge'nius, originally, the divine nature innate in everything); gen'uine (Lat. adj. genui'nus, literally, proceeding from the original stock; hence, natural, true); ge'nus, a kind including many species; engen'der (Fr. v. engendrer, to beget); ingen'ious (Lat. adj. ingenio'sus, acute, clever); ingen'uous (Lat. adj. ingen'uus, frank, sincere).

Gen'der (Fr. n. genre = Lat. ge'nus, gen'eris), the type of a noun related to the sex of the object; gen'ial (Lat. adj. genia'lis, cheerful); gen'ius (Lat. n. ge'nius, originally, the divine nature inherent in everything); gen'uine (Lat. adj. genui'nus, literally, coming from the original source; therefore, natural, true); ge'nus, a category that includes many species; engen'der (Fr. v. engendrer, to beget); ingen'ious (Lat. adj. ingenio'sus, sharp, clever); ingen'uous (Lat. adj. ingen'uus, open, sincere).

94. GRA'DI: gra'dior, gres'sus,
to walk
to stroll
.

grad: grada'tion; gra'dient (gra'diens, gradien'tis, pres. part. of v. gradi), rate of ascent, grade; grad'ual (Lat. n. gradus, a step); grad'uate; degrade' (-ation); ingre'dient (Lat. part. ingre'diens, entering); ret'rograde.

grad: graduation; gradient (gradients, gradient's, present participle of v. gradi), rate of ascent, grade; gradual (Lat. n. gradus, a step); graduate; degrade (-ation); ingredient (Lat. part. ingredients, entering); retrograde.

gress: aggres'sion; aggres'sive; con'gress (-ional); digress' (-ion); e'gress; in'gress; prog'ress (-ion, -ive); retrogres'sion; transgress' (-ion, -or).

gress: aggression; aggressive; congress (-ional); digress (-ion); egress; ingress; progress (-ion, -ive); regression; transgress (-ion, -or).

Grade (Fr. n. grade = Lat. gra'dus, degree or rank); degree' (Fr. n. degré = de + gradus).

95. GRA'TUS, thankful,
pleasing
enjoyable
.

grat: grate'ful; gra'tis (Lat. gra'tiis, by favor, for nothing) grat'itude; gratu'ity; gratu'itous; grat'ify (-ication); congrat'ulate (-ion, -ory); ingra'tiate.

grat: grateful; gra'tis (Lat. gra'tiis, by favor, for nothing) gratitude; gratuity; gratuitous; gratify (-ication); congratulate (-ion, -ory); ingratiate.

Grace (Fr. grâce = Lat. gra'tia, favor, grace); grace'ful; gra'cious; grace'less; disgrace'; agree' (Fr. v. agréer, to receive kindly), -able, -ment; disagree'.

Grace (Fr. grâce = Lat. gra'tia, favor, grace); graceful; gracious; graceless; disgrace; agree (Fr. v. agréer, to receive kindly), -able, -ment; disagree.

96. GRA'VIS,
heavy
heavy
.

grav: grave, literally, heavy: hence, serious; grav'ity; gravita'tion; ag'gravate (-ion).

grav: grave, literally, heavy: therefore, serious; grav'ity; gravita'tion; ag'gravate (-ion).

Grief (Fr. grief = Lat. gra'vis), literally, heaviness of spirit, sorrow; grieve; griev'ance; griev'ous.

GREX. (See page 41.)

GREX. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

97. HABE'RE: ha'beo, hab'itum,
to have or hold
to own or possess
; HABITA'RE, hab'ito, habita'tum,
to use frequently, to dwell
to frequent, to linger
.

habit: habit'ual; habit'uate; hab'itude; hab'itable; hab'itat, the natural abode of an animal or a plant; habita'tion; cohab'it; inhab'it (-able, -ant).

habit: habitual; habituate; habitude; habitable; habitat, the natural home of an animal or a plant; habitation; cohabit; inhabit (-able, -ant).

hibit: exhib'it, literally, to hold out, to show (-ion, -or); inhib'it (-ion); prohib'it (-ion, -ory).

hibit: exhibit, literally, to hold out, to show (-ion, -or); inhibit (-ion); prohibit (-ion, -ory).

Hab'it (Lat. hab'itus, state or dress); habil'iment (Fr. n. habillement, from v. habiller, to dress); a'ble (Lat. adj. hab'ilis, literally, that may be easily held or managed; hence, apt, skillful.)

Hab'it (Lat. hab'itus, state or attire); habil'iment (Fr. n. habillement, from v. habiller, to dress); a'ble (Lat. adj. hab'ilis, literally, that can be easily held or managed; therefore, apt, skillful.)

98. HÆRE'RE: hæ'reo, hæ'sum,
to stick
to adhere
.

her: adhere' (-ency, -ent); cohere' (-ence, -ency, -ent); inhere (-ent).

her: adhere (-ancy, -ent); cohere (-ence, -ancy, -ent); inhere (-ent).

hes: adhe'sion; adhe'sive; cohe'sion; cohe'sive.

hes: adhesion; adhesive; cohesion; cohesive.

Hes'itate (Lat. v. hæsita're, hæsita'ium, to be at a stand, to doubt); hes'itancy; hesita'tion.

Hesitate (Lat. v. hæsita're, hæsita'ium, to be at a stand, to doubt); hesitancy; hesitation.

99. HÆRES, hære'dis,
an heir or heiress
an heir or heiress
; French Hériter,
to be heir to
to inherit
.

hered: hered'itary, descending to heirs.

hered: hereditary, descending to heirs.

herit: her'itable; her'itage; inher'it (-ance); disinher'it.

herit: heritable; heritage; inherit (-ance); disinherit.

Heir (Old Fr. heir = Lat. hæ'res); heir'ess; heir'loom (Anglo-Saxon geloma, goods).

Heir (Old French heir = Latin hæ'res); heiress; heirloom (Anglo-Saxon geloma, goods).

100. HO'MO, hom'inis,
a man
a guy
; Huma'nus,
human
human
.

hom: hom'age (Fr. hommage, literally, acknowledgment by a man or vassal to his feudal lord); homicide (Lat. v. cæd'ere, to kill)

hom: homage (Fr. hommage, literally, acknowledgment by a man or vassal to his feudal lord); homicide (Lat. v. cæd'ere, to kill)

human: hu'man, belonging to a man; humane', having the feelings proper to a man, kind; human'ity; hu'manize; inhu'man.

human: hu'man, related to a person; humane', showing the feelings appropriate to a person, compassionate; human'ity; hu'manize; inhu'man.

EXERCISE.

Floral devices were tastefully introduced. The friar gives himself to reflection, and does not care a florin for worldly pleasures. The tree is covered with foliage, but bears no fruit. The rights of the fraternity have been infringed. The metal was fused in iron pans. By the law of primogeniture the eldest son will succeed to the estate. Congress met, and a general of the army was chosen president. The gradient is gentle, and the access easy. The reform of the refractory was in the highest degree genuine. We received our frugal meal with gratitude. Many of the inhabitants perished in the flames. Hamilton and Jay were leading federalists. To err is human; to forgive, divine. The boy gesticulated violently, but it was a mere subterfuge. Your words infuse comfort into my heart. May one not be human without being humane? Do you know the difference between the genitive and the ablative case?

Floral designs were tastefully introduced. The monk gives himself to reflection and doesn't care a penny about worldly pleasures. The tree is covered with leaves, but bears no fruit. The rights of the brotherhood have been violated. The metal was melted in iron pans. By the law of inheritance, the eldest son will inherit the estate. Congress met, and a general from the army was chosen as president. The slope is gentle, and the path is easy. The reform of the stubborn was completely genuine. We enjoyed our simple meal with gratitude. Many of the locals perished in the fire. Hamilton and Jay were leading federalists. To err is human; to forgive is divine. The boy waved his arms violently, but it was just a distraction. Your words bring comfort to my heart. Can one not be human without being kind? Do you know the difference between the genitive and the ablative case?

101. HU'MUS,
the earth
the planet
; Hu'milis,
on the ground, lowly
on the ground, humble
.

hum: exhume' (-ation); inhume.

hum: exhume (-ation); bury.

humil: humil'ity; humil'iate (-ion); hum'ble (Fr. adj. humble = Lat. hu'milis).

IRE. (See page 41.)

IRE. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

102. JA'CERE: ja'cio, jac'tum,
to throw or cast
to throw or cast
.

ject: ab'ject; ad'jective; conject'ure (-al); deject'ed; dejec'tion; eject' (-ion, -ment); inject' (-ion); interject' (-ion); object' (-ion, -ionable, -ive, -or); project' (-ile, -ion, -or); reject' (-ion); subject' (-ion, -ive); traject'ory.

Ejac'ulate (Lat. v. ejacula're, ejacula'tum, to hurl or throw); ejacula'tion; ejac'ulatory; jet (Fr. v. jéter = ja'cere); jet'ty; jut.

Ejaculate (Lat. v. ejacula're, ejacula'tum, to hurl or throw); ejaculation; ejaculatory; jet (Fr. v. jéter = ja'cere); jetty; jut.

103. JUN'GERE: jun'go, junc'tum,
to join
to sign up
; Ju'gum,
a yoke
a harness
.

junct: junc'tion; junct'ure, a point of time made critical by a joining of circumstances; ad'junct; conjunc'tion; conjunc'tive; disjunc'tion; disjunc'tive; injunc'tion; subjunc'tive (literally, joined subordinately to something else).

junct: junction; juncture, a crucial moment created by a combination of circumstances; adjunct; conjunction; conjunctive; disjunction; disjunctive; injunction; subjunctive (literally, joined in a subordinate way to something else).

jug: con'jugal, relating to marriage; conjugate (-ion); sub'jugate (-ion).

jug: con'jugal, related to marriage; conjugate (-ion); sub'jugate (-ion).

Join (Fr. v. joindre = Lat. jun'gere); adjoin'; conjoin'; disjoin'; enjoin'; rejoin'; subjoin'; joint (Fr. part, joint = Lat. junc'tum); joint'ure, property settled on a wife, to be enjoyed after her husband's death; jun'ta (Spanish junta = Lat. junc'tus, joined), a grand council of state in Spain; jun'to (Span, junt), a body of men united for some secret intrigue.

104. JURA'RE: ju'ro, jura'tum,
to swear
to curse
.

jur: ju'ry; ju'ror; abjure'; adjure'; conjure'; con'jure, to effect something as if by an oath of magic; con'jurer; per'jure, to forswear; per'jurer; per'jury.

jur: jury; juror; abjure; adjure; conjure; con'jure, to achieve something as if by a magical oath; conjurer; perjure, to swear falsely; perjurer; perjury.

105. JUS, ju'ris,
right law
correct law
; Jus'tus,
lawful
legal
; Ju'dex, ju'dicis,
a judge
a judge
.

jur: jurid'ical (Lat. v. dica're, to pronounce), relating to the administration of justice; jurisdic'tion, legal authority; jurispru'dence, science of law; ju'rist; in'jure; in'jury.

jur: judicial (Lat. v. dica're, to pronounce), related to the administration of justice; jurisdiction, legal authority; jurisprudence, the science of law; jurist; injure; injury.

just: just; jus'tice; justi'ciary; jus'tify; justifica'tion.

just: just; justice; judiciary; justify; justification.

judic: ju'dicature, profession of a judge; judi'cious, according to sound judgment; prej'udice, n., judgment formed beforehand; prejudi'cial; judge (Fr. n. juge = Lat. ju'dex); judg'ment; prejudge'.

judic: ju'dicature, the profession of a judge; judi'cious, based on sound judgment; prej'udice, n., a judgment made beforehand; prejudi'cial; judge (Fr. n. juge = Lat. ju'dex); judg'ment; prejudge'.

106. LE'GERE: le'go, lec'tum,
to gather, to read
to collect, to read
.

leg: le'gend (originally, stories of saints to be read—legen'da—in church); leg'endary; leg'ible; le'gion (originally, a body of troops gathered or levied—le'gio); el'egance; el'egant; sac'rilege (originally, the gathering or stealing of something sacred—sa'crum).

leg: legend (originally, stories of saints read in church—legen'da); legendary; legible; legion (originally, a group of troops gathered or raised—le'gio); elegance; elegant; sacrilege (originally, the gathering or theft of something sacred—sa'crum).

lig: dil'igent (originally, esteeming highly; hence, assiduous): el'igible; intel'ligible; intel'ligence; intel'ligent; neg'ligent (literally, not—neg = nec = not—picking up).

lig: diligent (originally, valuing highly; therefore, hardworking): eligible; intelligible; intelligence; intelligent; negligent (literally, not—neg = nec = not—picking up).

lect: lect'ure (-er); collect' (-ion, -ive, -or); recollect' (-ion); eclec'tic (Greek ec = ex); elect' (-ion, -or, -oral); in'tellect; neglect'; predilec'tion, a liking for; select' (-ion); les'son (Fr. n. leçon = Lat. lec'tio, a reading).

107. LEVA'RE: le'vo, leva'tum,
to raise
to elevate
; Le'vis,
easily raised, light
lightweight, easily lifted
;
French
French
Lever,
to rise or raise
to lift or elevate
.

lev: lev'ity; levita'tion; alle'viate (-ion); el'evate (-ion); rel'evant, literally, raising up: hence, pertinent, applicable; rel'evancy; irrel'evant.

lever: leav'en (Fr. levain, yeast); Levant', literally, the place of the rising sun—the countries near the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea; lev'ee; le'ver (-age); lev'y.

LEX. (See page 43.)

LEX. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

108. LI'BER,
free
free
.

liber: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate, -ator, -ty.

Deliv'er (Fr. v. délivrer = Lat. delibera're, to set free); deliv'erance; deliv'ery.

LITERA. (See page 43.)

LITERA. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

109. LO'CUS:
a place
a spot
.

loc: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate; locomo'tive (Lat. v. move're, to move); al'locate; col'locate (-ion); dis'locate (-ion).

loc: -al, -ality, -alize, -ate; loco'motive (Lat. v. move're, to move); al'locate; col'locate (-ion); dis'locate (-ion).

110. LO'QUI: lo'quor, locu'tus,
to speak
to talk
.

loqu: loqua'cious; loqua'city; col'loquy; collo'quial; el'oquent; magnil'oquent (Lat. adj. mag'nus, big, pompous); ob'loquy; solil'oquy (Lat. adj. so'lus, alone); ventril'oquist (Lat. n. ven'ter, the stomach).

loqu: talkative; talking; conversation; informal; eloquent; grandiloquent (Latin adj. mag'nus, big, pompous); verbal abuse; monologue (Latin adj. so'lus, alone); ventriloquist (Latin n. ven'ter, the stomach).

locut: circumlocu'tion; elocu'tion; interloc'utor.

locut: circumlocution; elocution; interlocutor.

111. LU'DERE: lu'do, lu'sum,
to play or deceive
to play or trick
.

lud: lu'dicrous (Lat. adj. lu'dicrus, sportive, laughable); allude', literally, to play at, to refer to indirectly; delude'; elude'; prelude'.

lud: ludicrous (Latin adj. ludicrus, playful, laughable); allude, literally, to reference indirectly; delude; elude; prelude.

lus: allu'sion; collu'sion; delu'sion; delu'sive; illu'sion; prelu'sive; prelu'sory.

lus: allusion; collusion; delusion; delusive; illusion; prelusive; prelusive.

112. LUX, lu'cis,
light
light
; Lu'men, lu'minis,
light
light
.

luc: Lu'cifer (Lat. v. fer're, to bear); lu'cid; elu'cidate; translu'cent.

luc: Lu'cifer (Latin v. fer're, to bear); lu'cid; elu'cidate; translu'cent.

lumin: lu'minary; lu'minous; illu'minate; illu'mine.

lumin: luminary; luminous; illuminate; illumine.

113. MAG'NUS,
great
awesome
; Ma'jor,
greater
greater
; Magis'ter,
master
expert
.

magn: magnanim'ity (Lat. n. an'imus, soul); mag'nate, a man of rank; mag'nify (-er); magnif'icent (Lat. v. fac'ere, to make), showing grandeur; mag'nitude.

magn: magnanimity (Latin n. an'imus, soul); mag'nate, a person of influence; mag'nify (-ier); magnif'icent (Latin v. fac'ere, to make), displaying grandeur; mag'nitude.

maj: maj'esty (-ic); ma'jor (-ity); may'or; may'oralty.

maj: majesty (-ic); major (-ity); mayor; mayoralty.

magister: mag'istrate; mag'istracy; magiste'rial; mas'ter (Old Fr. maistre = Lat. magis'ter); mis'tress (Old Fr. maistresse = Lat magis'tra, fem. of magis'ter).

magister: magistrate; magistracy; magisterial; master (Old Fr. maistre = Lat. magister); mistress (Old Fr. maistresse = Lat. magistra, fem. of magister).

114. MA'NUS,
the hand
the hand
;
French
French
Main,
the hand
the hand
.

man: man'acle (Lat. n. man'ica, a fetter); manip'ulate, to work with the hand (-ion, -or); man'ual; manufact'ure (Lat. v. fac'ere, to make); manufac'tory; manumit' (Lat. v. mit'tere, to send); man'uscript (Lat. v. scrib'ere, scrip'tum, to write); amanuen'sis (= ab + ma'nus), one who does handwriting for another; eman'cipate (Lat. v. cap'ere, to take); quadru'manous (Lat. quatuor, four).

man: man'acle (Latin n. man'ica, a fetter); manip'ulate, to work with the hand (-ion, -or); man'ual; manufact'ure (Latin v. fac'ere, to make); manufac'tory; manumit' (Latin v. mit'tere, to send); man'uscript (Latin v. scrib'ere, scrip'tum, to write); amanuen'sis (= ab + ma'nus), one who does handwriting for another; eman'cipate (Latin v. cap'ere, to take); quadru'manous (Latin quatuor, four).

main: man'ner (Fr. n. manière, originally, the mode in which a thing is handled); maneu'ver (Fr. n. manœuvre, literally, hand work; Fr. n. œuvre = o'pus, work); manure', v. (contracted from Fr. manœuvrer, to cultivate by manual labor).

main: manner (Fr. n. manière, originally, the way in which something is handled); maneuver (Fr. n. manœuvre, literally, hand work; Fr. n. œuvre = o'pus, work); manure, v. (shortened from Fr. manœuvrer, to cultivate by manual labor).

115. MA'RE,
the sea
the ocean
.

Marine' (Lat. adj. mari'nus, pertaining to the sea); mar'iner; mar'itime (Lat. adj. mariti'mus = mari'nus); submarine'; transmarine'; ultramarine'; mermaid (Fr. n. mer = Lat. ma're).

Marine (Lat. adj. mari'nus, related to the sea); mariner; maritime (Lat. adj. mariti'mus = mari'nus); submarine; transmarine; ultramarine; mermaid (Fr. n. mer = Lat. ma're).

116. ME'DIUS,
the middle
the center
.

Mediæ'val (Lat. n. æ'vum, age), relating to the Middle Ages; me'diate (-ion, -or); me'diocre (Lat. adj. medio'cris, middling; hence inferior); medioc'rity; Mediterra'nean (Lat. n. ter'ra, land); me'dium (Lat. n. me'dium, the middle); imme'diate (prefix in = not), with nothing intervening; interme'diate.

Mediæval (Lat. n. æ'vum, age), relating to the

117. MENINIS'SE: mem'ini,
to remember
to recall
; Me'mor,
mindful
aware
; MEMORA'RE mem'oro, memora'tum,
to remember, to mention
to recall, to state
.

meminisse: memen'to (imper. mood; literally, remember thou), a reminder, a memorial.

meminisse: memen'to (imperative mood; literally, remember you), a reminder, a memorial.

memor: mem'orable; memoran'dum (Lat. memoran'dus, p. part. of memora're; literally, something to be remembered); commem'orate (-ion, -ive); mem'ory (Lat. n. memo'ria); memo'rial (-ize); immemo'rial.

memor: memorable; memorandum (Lat. memorandum, p. part. of memorare; literally, something to be remembered); commemorate (-ion, -ive); memory (Lat. n. memoria); memorial (-ize); immemorial.

Mem'oir (Fr. n. mémoire = Lat. memoran'dum); men'tion (Fr. n. mention = Lat. men'tio, a speaking of); remem'ber (Old Fr. v. remembrer = Lat. remem'orare); remem'brance; remem'brancer; reminis'cence (Fr. n. réminiscence, from Lat. v. reminis'ci, to recall to mind).

Memorandum (Fr. n. mémoire = Lat. memoran'dum); mention (Fr. n. mention = Lat. men'tio, a speaking of); remember (Old Fr. v. remembrer = Lat. remem'orare); remembrance; remembrancer; reminiscence (Fr. n. réminiscence, from Lat. v. reminis'ci, to recall to mind).

118. MENS, men'tis,
the mind
the brain
.

ment: men'tal; dement'ed; demen'tia, insanity; ve'hement (Lat. adj. ve'hemens = ve, not, and mens; literally, not reasonable), furious, ardent.

ment: men'tal; demented; dementia, insanity; vehement (Lat. adj. ve'hemens = ve, not, and mens; literally, not reasonable), furious, ardent.

EXERCISE.

We reject insincere homage. When the body was exhumed the jury decided that poison had been administered. Legendary stories were related by the friar. The lessons were selected with intelligence. Levity and gravity are different qualities. The mayor's speech was more ludicrous than facetious. The magistrate claimed jurisdiction in the locality. We heard Hamlet's soliloquy finely delivered. Do you recollect the magnificent lines at the beginning of "Paradise Lost"? The lecturer was lucid in his allusions. In mediæval times homage was exacted of all vassals. The mariners maneuvered beautifully. Your magnificent donation will be gratefully remembered. The mermaid is a mere delusion. Illegible manuscript is a decided nuisance. The eastern part of the Mediterranean is called the Levant. Franklin's memoirs are very interesting.

We reject insincere tributes. When the body was dug up, the jury found that poison had been used. Legendary stories were shared by the friar. The lessons were chosen with care. Lightness and seriousness are different qualities. The mayor's speech was more ridiculous than funny. The magistrate claimed authority in the area. We heard Hamlet's speech beautifully performed. Do you remember the amazing lines at the beginning of "Paradise Lost"? The lecturer was clear in his references. In medieval times, tribute was required from all vassals. The sailors handled their boats beautifully. Your generous donation will be gratefully remembered. The mermaid is just a fantasy. Illegible writing is a real hassle. The eastern part of the Mediterranean is called the Levant. Franklin's memoirs are very interesting.

119. MER'CES,
hire
employ
; Merx, mer'cis,
merchandise
merch
.

merc: mer'cantile (Lat. part. mer'cans, mercan'tis); mer'cenary (Lat. adj. mercena'rius); mer'cer (Fr. n. mercier), one who deals in silks and woolens; mer'chant (Lat. part, mer'cans); mer'chandise; com'merce (Fr. n. commerce); commer'cial; mar'ket (Lat. n. merca'tus, a place of public traffic).

merc: mer'cantile (Latin participle mer'cans, mercan'tis); mer'cenary (Latin adjective mercena'rius); mer'cer (French noun mercier), someone who deals in silks and woolens; mer'chant (Latin participle, mer'cans); mer'chandise; com'merce (French noun commerce); commer'cial; mar'ket (Latin noun merca'tus, a place of public trade).

120. MER'GERE: mer'go, mer'sum,
to dip, to sink
to plunge, to submerge
.

merg: merge; emerge'; emer'gency, that which arises suddenly; submerge'.

merg: merge; emerge; emergency, something that comes up suddenly; submerge.

mers: emer'sion; immerse'.

mers: emersion; immerse.

121. MIGRA'RE: migro, migra'tum,
to remove
to delete
.

migr: em'igrant (Lat. part. mi'grans, migran'tis).

migr: emigrant (Lat. part. mi'grans, migran'tis).

migrat: mi'grate (-ion, -ory); em'igrate (-ion); im'migrate (-ion); transmigra'tion, the passage of the soul into another body after death.

migrat: mi'grate (-ion, -ory); em'igrate (-ion); im'migrate (-ion); transmigra'tion, the transition of the soul into another body after death.

122. MI'LES, mil'itis,
a soldier
a servicemember
.

milit: -ary, -ant; mil'itate, to act against; mili'tia, enrolled soldiers not in a standing army.

milit: -ary, -ant; mil'itate, to take action against; mili'tia, volunteer soldiers not part of a permanent army.

123. MINE'RE: min'eo, min'itum,
to hang over
to hang out
.

min. em'inent (Lat. part, em'inens, standing out); em'inence; im'minent, literally, threatening to fall; pre-em'inent; pre-em'inence; prom'inent; prom'inence; superem'inent.

min. eminent (Latin part, eminens, standing out); eminence; imminent, literally, about to fall; preeminent; preeminence; prominent; prominence; supereminent.

124. MINU'ERE: min'uo, minu'tum,
to lessen
reduce
; Mi'nor,
less
fewer
; Mi'nus,
less
fewer
.

minut: minute'; minu'tiæ (pl. of Lat. n. minu'tia, a very small object); min'uend (Lat. part, minuen'dus, to be lessened); min'uet (Fr. n. minuet = Lat. adj. minu'tus, small), a dance of small steps; dimin'ish (Lat. v. diminu'ere, to lessen); diminu'tion; dimin'utive.

minut: minute; minu'tiæ (the plural of the Latin noun minu'tia, a very small object); min'uend (Latin participle minuen'dus, to be lessened); min'uet (French noun minuet = Latin adjective minu'tus, small), a dance with small steps; dimin'ish (Latin verb diminu'ere, to lessen); diminu'tion; dimin'utive.

minor: mi'nor, n. and a.; minor'ity.

minor: mi'nor, n. and a.; minority.

minus: mi'nus (Lat. adj. comp. deg., less); min'imum (Lat. adj. super, deg., least); min'im.

minus: mi'nus (Latin, comparative degree, less); min'imum (Latin, superlative degree, least); min'im.

125. MINIS'TER,
a servant or attendant
a helper or assistant
.

minister: min'ister; ministe'rial; min'istry; admin'ister; administra'tion; admin'istrative; administra'tor.

minister: min'ister; ministe'rial; min'istry; admin'ister; administration; admin'istrative; admin'istrator.

126. MIRA'RI: mi'ror, mira'tus,
to wonder
to be curious
.

mir: admire' (-able, -ation); mir'acle (Lat. n. mirac'ulum, a wonderful thing); mirac'ulous.

mir: admire (-able, -ation); miracle (Lat. n. miraculum, a wonderful thing); miraculous.

Mirage' (Fr. n. mirage, a reflection); mir'ror (Fr. n. miroir, from v. mirer, to view).

Mirage (Fr. n. mirage, a reflection); mirror (Fr. n. miroir, from v. mirer, to view).

127. MISCE'RE: mis'ceo, mix'tum,
to mingle
to socialize
.

misc: mis'cellany; miscella'neous; promis'cuous.

misc: misc; miscellaneous; random.

mixt: mix; mixt'ure; admixt'ure; intermix'.

mixt: mix; mixture; blend; intermix.

128. MI'SER,
wretched
miserable
.

miser: mi'ser (-able); mis'ery; commis'erate (-ion).

129. MIT'TERE: mit'to, mis'sum,
to send or cast
to send or share
.

mit: admit' (-ance); commit' (-ee, -ment); demit'; emit'; intermit' (-ent); manumit' (Lat. n. manus, the hand), to release from slavery; omit'; permit'; pretermit'; remit' (-ance); submit'; transmit'; mit'timus (Lat. we send), a warrant of commitment to prison.

mit: admit (-ance); commit (-tee, -ment); demit; emit; intermit (-ent); manumit (Lat. n. manus, the hand), to release from slavery; omit; permit; pretermit; remit (-ance); submit; transmit; mit'timus (Lat. we send), a warrant of commitment to prison.

miss: mis'sile; mis'sion (-ary); admis'sible; admis'sion; com'missary, an officer who furnishes provisions for an army; commissa'riat; commis'sion (-er); com'promise; demise', death; em'issary; intermis'sion; omis'sion; permis'sion; premise'; prem'ises; prom'ise (-ory); remiss' (-ion); submis'sion; submis'sive; transmis'sion; transmis'sible.

miss: mis'sile; mis'sion (-ary); admis'sible; admis'sion; com'missary, an officer who provides supplies for an army; commissa'riat; commis'sion (-er); com'promise; demise', death; em'issary; intermis'sion; omis'sion; permis'sion; premise'; prem'ises; prom'ise (-ory); remiss' (-ion); submis'sion; submis'sive; transmis'sion; transmis'sible.

130. MODERA'RI: mod'eror, modera'tus,
to keep within bounds
to stay within limits
; Mo'dus,
a measure or manner
a method or approach
.

moderat: mod'erate (-ion, -or); immod'erate.

moderate: mod'erate (-ion, -or); immod'erate.

mod: mode; mood; mod'ify (-able, -er); modifica'tion; accom'modate (-ion); commode' (Lat. adj. com'modus, convenient). a small sideboard; commo'dious, literally, measured with; commod'ity, literally, a convenience; incommode'; mod'ern (Lat. adv. mo'do, lately, just now); mod'ernize; mod'ulate (Lat. n. mod'ulus, a measuring of tones); modula'tion.

mod: mode; mood; modify (-able, -er); modification; accommodate (-ion); commode (Lat. adj. commodus, convenient). a small sideboard; commodious, literally, measured with; commodity, literally, a convenience; inconvenience; modern (Lat. adv. modo, lately, just now); modernize; modulate (Lat. n. modulus, a measuring of tones); modulation.

131. MONE'RE: mo'neo, mon'itum,
to remind, to warn
to remind, to alert
.

mon: admon'ish; mon'ument (Lat. n. monumen'tum); premon'ish; sum'mon (Lat. v. summone're = sub + mone're, to remind privily), to call by authority.

mon: admonish; monument (Lat. n. monumentum); premonish; summon (Lat. v. summonere = sub + mone're, to remind secretly), to call by authority.

monit: mon'itor (-ial); admoni'tion; admon'itory; premoni'tion; premon'itory.

monit: monitor (-ial); warning; warning; forewarning; foreboding.

132. MONS, mon'tis,
a mountain
a mountain
.

mount: mount, n. a high hill; v. to rise or ascend; moun'tain (-eer, -ous); mount'ebank (It. n. banco, a bench); amount'; dismount'; par'amount (Fr. par = Lat. per, exceedingly), of the highest importance; prom'ontory (literally, the fore-part or projecting part of a mountain); remount'; surmount' (-able); tan'tamount (Lat. adj. tan'tus, so much); ultramon'tane (literally, beyond the Alps; i. e. on the Italian side).

mount: mount, n. a high hill; v. to rise or ascend; moun'tain (-eer, -ous); mount'ebank (It. n. banco, a bench); amount'; dismount'; par'amount (Fr. par = Lat. per, extremely), of the highest importance; prom'ontory (literally, the fore-part or projecting part of a mountain); remount'; surmount' (-able); tan'tamount (Lat. adj. tan'tus, so much); ultramon'tane (literally, beyond the Alps; i.e., on the Italian side).

133. MONSTRA'RE: mon'stro, monstra'tum,
to point out, to show
to highlight, to demonstrate
.

monstr: mon'ster; mon'strous; monstros'ity; mus'ter, literally, to show up, to display.

monster: mon'ster; mon'strous; monstros'ity; mus'ter, literally, to show up, to display.

monstrat: dem'onstrate (-able, -ion, -ive); remon'strate; remon'strance.

monstrat: demonstrate (-able, -ion, -ive); remonstrate; remonstrance.

134. MORDE'RE: mor'deo, mor'sum,
to bite
to bite
.

mord: mor'dant, biting, serving to fix colors; morda'cious (Lat. adj. mor'dax, morda'cis, biting), severe, sarcastic.

mord: mor'dant, biting, used to fix colors; morda'cious (Lat. adj. mor'dax, morda'cis, biting), harsh, sarcastic.

mors: mor'sel, literally, a little bite; remorse', the biting of conscience (-ful, -less).

mors: mor'sel, literally, a small bite; remorse', the sting of conscience (-ful, -less).

MORS. (See page 44.)

MORS. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

135. MOS, mo'ris,
manner, custom
style, tradition
;
pl.
pl.
Mo'res,
manners or morals
etiquette or ethics
.

mor: mor'al (ist, -ity, -ize); immor'al (-ity); demor'alize (-ation).

mor: moral (ist, -ity, -ize); immoral (-ity); demoralize (-ation).

136. MOVE'RE: mo'veo, mo'tum,
to move
to relocate
.

mov: move (-able, -er, -ment); remove' (-able, -al).

mov: move (-able, -er, -ment); remove (-able, -al).

mot: (-ive, -or); commo'tion; emo'tion (-al); locomo'tion (Lat. n. lo'cus; a place); promote' (-er, -ion); remote' (-ness).

mot: (-ive, -or); commotion; emotion (-al); locomotion (Lat. n. locus; a place); promote' (-er, -ion); remote' (-ness).

Mob (Lat. adj. mob'ilis, easily moved); mo'bile (-ity); momen'tum, the force of a moving body, impetus.

137. MUL'TUS, multi,
many, much
many, much
.

multi: mul'titude; multitu'dinous; multifa'rious; mul'tiform; mul'tiple (Lat. adj. mul'tiplus for mul'tiplex, manifold); mul'tiply (Lat. adj. mul'tiplex); mul'tiplicate (-ion); multiplic'ity.

multi: multitude; numerous; diverse; various; multiple (Latin adj. multiplus for multiplex, manifold); multiply (Latin adj. multiplex); duplicate (-ion); multiplicity.

138. MU'NUS, mu'neris,
a gift, a service
a gift, a service
.

mun. munic'ipal (Lat. n. municip'ium, a free town), pertaining to a corporation; municipal'ity; munif'icent; munif'icence; com'mon (Lat. adj. commu'nis = con + munus; literally, ready to be of service); commune', v. literally, to share (discourse) in common; commun'ion, commu'nity; com'munism; com'munist; commun'icate (-ion, -ive); commu'nicant; excommu'nicate; immu'nity (in + munus; literally, absence of service).

mun. municipal (Lat. n. municip'ium, a free town), related to a corporation; municipality; munificent; munificence; common (Lat. adj. commu'nis = con + munus; literally, ready to be of service); commune', v. literally, to share (discourse) in common; communion, community; communism; communist; communicate (-ion, -ive); communicant; excommunicate; immunity (in + munus; literally, absence of service).

muner: remunerate (-ion, -ive).

muner: pay (-ion, -ive).

139. MUTA'RE: mu'to, muta'tum,
to change
to update
.

mut: mu'table (-ity); immu'table; commute'; transmute' (-able).

mut: mutable (-ity); immutable; commute; transmute (-able).

mutat: muta'tion; commutation; transmuta'tion.

mutat: mutation; commutation; transmutation.

140. NAS'CI: nas'cor,
na'tus, to be born, to grow
na'tus, to be born, to grow
; Natu'ra,
nature
nature
.

nasc: nas'cent, growing; renaissance' (a style of decorative art revived by Raphael).

nat: na'tal; na'tion, originally, a distinct race or stock (-al, -ality, -ize); interna'tional; na'tive (-ity); cog'nate; in'nate.

nat: na'tal; na'tion, originally, a distinct race or group (-al, -ality, -ize); interna'tional; na'tive (-ity); cog'nate; in'nate.

natur: nat'ural (-ist, -ize, -ization); preternat'ural; supernat'ural.

nature: natural (-ist, -ize, -ization); preternatural; supernatural.

141. NA'VIS,
a ship
a boat
.

nav: nave, the middle or body of a church; na'val; na'vy; nau'tical (Lat. adj. nau'ticus, from nauta or nav'ita, a sailor); nav'igate (Lat. v. naviga're = na'vis + ag'ere); nav'igable; naviga'tion; nav'igator; circumnavigate.

nav: nave, the central part of a church; na'val; na'vy; nau'tical (Lat. adj. nau'ticus, from nauta or nav'ita, a sailor); nav'igate (Lat. v. naviga're = na'vis + ag'ere); nav'igable; naviga'tion; nav'igator; circumnavigate.

142. NEC'TERE: nec'to, nex'um,
to tie or bind
to connect or secure
.

nect: connect' (-ion, -ive); disconnect' (-ion).

nect: connect (-ion, -ive); disconnect (-ion).

nex: annex'; annexation.

nex: annex; annexation.

EXERCISE.

The administration of affairs is in the hands of her majesty's ministers. A miscellaneous collection of goods was sold on commission. The merchant remitted the money called for in the emergency. The suggestion to modify the plan was tantamount to its rejection. Do you admire Bunker Hill Monument? A miser is an object of commiseration to all who know him. Remuneration will be allowed according to the amount of labor. The major has been promoted to the rank of colonel. All who were connected with the movement were excommunicated. As the annexed territory is chiefly maritime it will greatly increase the commerce of the nation. The monitor admonished the pupils with great gentleness. The committee said the master had done his work in an admirable manner. The Pilgrim Fathers emigrated to this country in 1620. A minute missile moved towards us. What is the subjunctive mood or mode? A multitude of communists appeared in Paris.

The administration of affairs is in the hands of her majesty's ministers. A mixed assortment of goods was sold on commission. The merchant sent the money that was needed in the emergency. The suggestion to change the plan was basically its rejection. Do you like Bunker Hill Monument? A miser is someone everyone feels sorry for who knows him. Payment will be given based on the amount of work. The major has been promoted to the rank of colonel. All who were involved with the movement were excommunicated. Since the annexed territory is mostly coastal, it will significantly boost the trade of the nation. The monitor gently scolded the students with great patience. The committee said the master had done his job in an excellent manner. The Pilgrim Fathers immigrated to this country in 1620. A small object moved towards us. What is the subjunctive mood? A large crowd of communists appeared in Paris.

143. NEGA'RE: ne'go, nega'tum,
to deny
to reject
.

negat: nega'tion; neg'ative; ab'negate (-ion); ren'egade, an apostate.

negat: negation; negative; abnegate (-ion); renegade, an apostate.

Deny' (Fr. v. dénier = Lat. de + nega're, to contradict); deni'al; undeni'able.

Deny (Fr. v. dénier = Lat. de + nega're, to contradict); denial; undeniable.

144. NEU'TER, neu'trum,
neither of the two
neither one
.

neutr: neu'ter; neu'tral (-ity, -ize).

neutr: neutral; neutrality, neutralize.

145. NOCE'RE: no'ceo, no'citum,
to hurt
to harm
.

noc: no'cent, hurtful; in'nocent; in'nocence; innoc'uous.

Nox'ious (Lat. adj. nox'ius, hurtful); obnox'ious; nui'sance (Fr. v. nuire = Lat. noce're).

Noxious (Lat. adj. nox'ius, harmful); obnoxious; nuisance (Fr. v. nuire = Lat. noce're).

146. NO'MEN, nom'inis,
a name
a name
.

nomen: nomenclat'ure, a list of technical names; cogno'men, a surname.

nomin: nom'inal; nom'inate (-ion, -ive); nominee'; denom'inate (-ion, -or); ig'nominy (Lat. i(n) + gnomen, old form of nomen, a deprivation of one's good name); ignomin'ious.

nomin: nom'inal; nom'inate (-ion, -ive); nominee'; denom'inate (-ion, -or); ig'nominy (Lat. i(n) + gnomen, an old form of nomen, which means a loss of one's good name); ignomin'ious.

Noun (Fr. n. nom = Lat. no'men); pro'noun; misno'mer (Old Fr. mes = wrong, and nommer, to name), a wrong name.

Noun (Fr. n. nom = Lat. no'men); pronoun; misnomer (Old Fr. mes = wrong, and nommer, to name), a wrong name.

NORMA. (See page 45.)

NORMA. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

147. NOS'CERE: nos'co, no'tum,
to know
to find out
; No'ta,
a mark
a grade
.

not: note (-able, -ary, -ice, -ify, -ion); no'ticeable; notifica'tion; noto'rious (Lat. adj. noto'rius, making known), known in a bad sense; notori'ety; an'notate (-ion); denote'.

not: note (-able, -ary, -ice, -ify, -ion); no'ticeable; notification; notorious (Lat. adj. noto'rius, making known), known in a bad sense; notoriety; annotate (-ion); denote.

No'ble (Lat. adj. no'bilis, deserving to be known); noblesse' (Fr. n. noblesse = Lat. nobil'itas); nobil'ity; enno'ble; igno'ble (Lat. prefix i(n) + gnobilis, old form of nobilis); cog'nizance (Old Fr. cognizance = Lat. cognoscen'tia, notice or knowledge), judicial observation; connoisseur' (Fr. n. connoisseur, a critical judge); incog'nito (Italian incognito, from Lat. part. incog'nitus, unknown), unknown, in disguise; rec'ognize (Lat. re, again, and cognos'cere, to know); recog'nizance, a term in law; recogni'tion; reconnoi'ter (Fr. v. reconnoitre), to survey, to examine.

No'ble (Latin adj. no'bilis, worthy of being known); noblesse' (French n. noblesse = Latin nobil'itas); nobil'ity; enno'ble; igno'ble (Latin prefix i(n) + gnobilis, old form of nobilis); cog'nizance (Old French cognizance = Latin cognoscen'tia, notice or knowledge), judicial observation; connoisseur' (French n. connoisseur, a critical judge); incog'nito (Italian incognito, from Latin part. incog'nitus, unknown), unknown, in disguise; rec'ognize (Latin re, again, and cognos'cere, to know); recog'nizance, a term in law; recogni'tion; reconnoi'ter (French v. reconnoitre), to survey, to examine.

148. NO'VUS,
new
new
.

nov: in'novate (-ion, -or); ren'ovate (-ion, -or).

Nov'el (Lat. adj. novel'lus, diminutive of no'vus); adj. something new, out of the usual course; n., literally, a story new and out of the usual course; nov'elist; nov'elty; nov'ice, a beginner; novi'tiate, time of being a novice.

Nov'el (Lat. adj. novel'lus, diminutive of no'vus); adj. something new, different from the usual; n., literally, a story that is new and different from the usual; nov'elist; nov'elty; nov'ice, a beginner; novi'tiate, the period of being a novice.

149. NU'MERUS,
a number
a number
.

numer: (-al, -ate, -ation, -ator, -ic, -ical, -ous); enu'merate (Lat. v. enumera're, enumera'tum, to count or tell of), to reckon up singly; enumera'tion; innu'merable (= in + nu'mer + able, that may not be counted); supernu'merary, one above the necessary number; num'ber (Old Fr. n. numbre = Lat. nu'merus).

numer: (-al, -ate, -ation, -ator, -ic, -ical, -ous); enu'merate (Latin verb enumera're, enumera'tum, to count or tell about), to list individually; enumera'tion; innu'merable (= in + nu'mer + able, something that can't be counted); supernu'merary, one more than the required amount; num'ber (Old French n. numbre = Latin nu'merus).

150. NUNCIA'RE: nuncio, nuncia'tum,
to announce
to declare
; Nun'cius,
a messenger
a messenger
.

nunciat: enun'ciate, to utter (-ion); denuncia'tion; pronuncia'tion; renuncia'tion, disavowal, relinquishment.

nunciat: enunciate, to say (-ion); denunciation; pronunciation; renunciation, disavowal, giving up.

Nun'cio (Sp. n. nuncio = Lat. nun'cius), a messenger from the Pope; announce' (Fr. v. annoncer = Lat. ad + nuncia're), to proclaim; announce'ment; denounce' (Fr. v. dénoncer = Lat. de + nuncia're), to accuse publicly; pronounce' (Fr. v. prononcer = Lat. pro + nuncia're); pronounce'able; renounce' (Fr. v. renoncer = Lat. re + nuncia're), to disclaim; renounce'ment.

Nun'cio (Sp. n. nuncio = Lat. nun'cius), a messenger from the Pope; announce' (Fr. v. annoncer = Lat. ad + nuncia're), to proclaim; announcement; denounce' (Fr. v. dénoncer = Lat. de + nuncia're), to accuse publicly; pronounce' (Fr. v. prononcer = Lat. pro + nuncia're); pronounce'able; renounce' (Fr. v. renoncer = Lat. re + nuncia're), to disclaim; renouncement.

151. NUTRI'RE: nu'trio, nutri'tum,
to nourish
to feed
.

nutri: nu'triment, that which nourishes; nutri'tion; nutri'tious; nu'tritive.

nutri: nu'triment, what nourishes; nutri'tion; nutri'tious; nu'tritive.

Nour'ish (Fr. v. nourrir = Lat. nutri'ere); nurse (Fr. v. nourrice; a nurse); nur'sery; nurs'ling, a little one who is nursed; nurt'ure.

152. O'PUS, op'eris,
a work or deed
a task or action
; OPERA'RI, opera'tus,
to work
to work
.

oper: operose, requiring labor, tedious.

oper: labor-intensive, requiring effort, tedious.

operat: operate (-ion, -ive, -or); co-operate (-ion, -ive, -or).

Op'era (It. op'era = opera, pains, pl. of o'pus), a musical drama; operat'ic.

Op'era (It. op'era = opera, pains, pl. of o'pus), a musical drama; operatic.

ORDO. (See page 45.)

ORDER. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

153. PAN'DERE: pan'do, pan'sum,
and
and
pas'sum,
to spread
to share
; Pas'sus,
a step
a step
.

pand: expand', to spread out.

pand: expand, to spread.

pans: expanse' (-ion, -ive).

: expanse' (-ion, -ive).

pass: pass; pass'able, that may be passed, tolerable; pas'sage; com'pass, v. to stretch round; encom'pass; surpass'; tres'pass (tres = trans), to pass beyond due bounds.

pass: pass; passable, able to be passed, acceptable; pas'sage; com'pass, v. to go around; encom'pass; surpass; tres'pass (tres = trans), to go beyond normal limits.

Pace (Fr. n. pas = Lat. pas'sus); pas'senger (Old Eng. passager); pass'over, a Jewish festival;⁸ pass'port (= pass + port, literally, a permission to leave a port or to sail into it.)

Pace (Fr. n. pas = Lat. pas'sus); passenger (Old Eng. passager); Passover, a Jewish festival;⁸ passport (= pass + port, literally, permission to leave a port or to sail into it.)

154. PAR,
equal
equal
.

par: par'ity; dispar'ity; dispar'age, to injure by comparison of unequals; dispar'agement.

par: par'ity; disparity; disparage, to harm by comparing unequal things; disparagement.

Pair (Fr. adj. paire = Lat. par), two of a kind; peer (Old Fr. peer or pair = Lat. par), an equal, a nobleman; peer'age; peer'less; compeer'; non'pareil (Fr. non, not, and pareil, equal), a peerless thing or person.

Pair (Fr. adj. paire = Lat. par), two of a kind; peer (Old Fr. peer or pair = Lat. par), an equal, a nobleman; peer'age; peer'less; compeer; non'pareil (Fr. non, not, and pareil, equal), a peerless thing or person.

155. PARA'RE. pa'ro, para'tum,
to make ready, to prepare
to get ready
; SEPARA'RE: sep'aro, separa'tum,
to separate
to split
.

parat: compar'ative; prepara'tion; prepar'atory; repara'tion.

parat: comparative; preparation; preparatory; reparation.

separ: sep'arate, literally, to prepare aside: hence, to disjoin; separa'tion; sep'arable; insep'arable.

separ: sep'arate, literally, to prepare aside: therefore, to disjoin; separation; sep'arable; insep'arable.

Parade' (Fr. n. parade, literally, a parrying), military display; pare (Fr. v. parer, to pare or ward off); par'ry (Fr. v. parer, to ward off); appara'tus (Lat. appara'tus = ad + paratus, literally, something prepared for a purpose); appar'el (Fr. n. appareil, preparation); compare' (Fr. v. comparer = Lat. compara're), to set things together to see how far they resemble each other; prepare' (Fr. v. preparer = Lat. prepara're); repair' (Fr. v. réparer = Lat. repara're), literally, to prepare again, hence, to restore after injury; irrep'arable; sev'er (Old Fr. v. sevrer = Lat. separa're), to render asunder; sev'eral (Old Fr. adj. several = Lat. separa'lis, separate); sev'erance; dissev'er.

PARS. (See page 46.)

PARS. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

156. PAT'ER, pa'tris,
a father
a dad
; Pa'tria,
one's native country
home country
.

Pater'nal (Lat. adj. pater'nus, pertaining to a father); pater'nity (Lat. n. pater'nitas, Fr. paternité), fathership; patri'cian (Lat. adj. patri'cius, from pa'tres, fathers or senators), a Roman nobleman; pat'rimony (Lat. n. patrimo'nium), an estate inherited from one's ancestors; pa'tron (Lat. n. patro'nus, a protector), one who countenances or supports; pat'ronage; pat'ronize; pat'tern (Fr. n. pattern, something to be copied), a model; expatriate, to banish; expatria'tion.

Paternal (Lat. adj. pater'nus, related to a father); paternity (Lat. n. pater'nitas, Fr. paternité), fatherhood; patrician (Lat. adj. patri'cius, from pa'tres, fathers or senators), a Roman noble; patrimony (Lat. n. patrimo'nium), an inheritance from one's ancestors; patron (Lat. n. patro'nus, a supporter), someone who supports or endorses; patronage; patronize; pattern (Fr. n. pattern, something to be emulated), a model; expatriate, to exile; expatration.

157. PA'TI: pa'tior, pas'sus,
to bear, to suffer
to endure, to suffer
.

pati: pa'tient; pa'tience; impa'tient; compat'ible, consistent with; compat'ibility; incompat'ible.

pass: pas'sion, strong agitation of the mind; pas'sive; impas'sive, insensible; compas'sion, sympathy; compas'sionate.

pass: pas'sion, strong emotional disturbance; pas'sive; impas'sive, unfeeling; compas'sion, empathy; compas'sionate.

158. PEL'LERE; pel'lo, pul'sum,
to drive
to drive
.

pel (com-, dis-, ex-, im-, pro-, re-).

puls: pulse, the beating of an artery as blood is driven through it; pul'sate; pulsa'tion; compul'sion; compul'sory; expul'sion; propul'sion; repulse'; repul'sive.

puls: pulse, the beating of an artery as blood flows through it; pul'sate; pulsa'tion; compul'sion; compul'sory; expul'sion; propul'sion; repulse'; repul'sive.

159. PENDE'RE; pen'deo, pen'sum,
to hang
to post
.

pend: pen'dant, a long, narrow flag; pend'ing, not decided, during; append'; append'age; depend' (-ant, -ent, -ence); independ'ent; independ'ence; suspend'.

pend: pendant, a long, narrow flag; pending, not decided, during; append; appendage; depend (-ant, -ent, -ence); independent; independence; suspend.

pens: pen'sile, hanging; suspense'(-ion).

pens: pen'sile, hanging; suspense.

Pen'dulous (Lat. adj. pen'dulus, hanging); pen'dulum (Lat. adj. pen'dulus); appen'dix (Lat. n. appen'dix, an addition).

Pen'dulous (Lat. adj. pen'dulus, hanging); pen'dulum (Lat. adj. pen'dulus); appendix (Lat. n. appen'dix, an addition).

160. PEN'DERE: pen'do, pen'sum,
to weigh, to pay
to consider, to compensate
.

pend: com'pend (contraction of compendium); compen'dium (Lat. n. compen'dium, that which is weighed, saved, shortened); compen'dious (Lat. adj. compendio'sus, brief, succinct); expend'; expen'diture; sti'pend (Lat. n. stipen'dium, literally, the pay of soldiers); stipendiary.

pend: com'pend (short form of compendium); compen'dium (Lat. n. compen'dium, something that is weighed, saved, or shortened); compen'dious (Lat. adj. compendio'sus, brief, concise); expend'; expen'diture; sti'pend (Lat. n. stipen'dium, literally, soldiers' pay); stipendiary.

pens: pen'sive, thoughtful; pen'sion, an allowance for past services (-eer); com'pensate (-ion); dispense', to deal out (-ary); dispensa'tion; indispen'sable; expense' (-ive); rec'ompense.

pens: pen'sive, thoughtful; pen'sion, a payment for previous work (-eer); com'pensate (-ion); dispense', to distribute (-ary); dispensa'tion; indispen'sable; expense' (-ive); rec'ompense.

PES. (See page 47.)

PES. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

161. PET'ERE: pe'to, peti'tum,
to attack, to seek
to confront, to pursue
.

pet: centrip'etal (Lat. n. cen'trum, center); compete'; com'petent, fit, suitable; com'petence, sufficiency; incom'petent.

pet: centripetal (Latin n. centrum, center); compete; com'petent, fit, suitable; com'petence, sufficiency; incom'petent.

petit: peti'tion, a request (-er); compet'itor; compet'itive; repeti'tion.

Pet'ulant (Fr. adj. petulant, fretful); ap'petite (Fr. n. appétit), a seeking for hunger; impet'uous (Lat. adj. impetuo'sus, vehement); impetuos'ity; im'petus (Lat. n. im'petus, a shock); repeat' (Fr. v. répéter = Lat. repet'ere).

Petulant (French adj. petulant, irritable); appetite (French n. appétit), a desire for food; impetuous (Latin adj. impetuo'sus, forceful); impetuosity; impetus (Latin n. im'petus, a push); repeat (French v. répéter = Latin repet'ere).

EXERCISE

Numerous objections were submitted against the innovations about to be introduced. The obnoxious articles have been removed. The nominee by his ludicrous speech neutralized all that his friends did for him. Part of the apparatus prepared for the occasion was damaged in transmission. The patronage of the nobility and gentry connected with the neighborhood was asked. Many parts of the edifice are highly ornate. Christ had compassion on the multitude, for they had been a long time without food. The petitioner's application for a pension was not repeated. How can an acid be neutralized? The renegade was brought to ignominy. The prince was travelling incognito. The young lady seems pensive rather than petulant. Here is a new edition of the novel, with annotations by the author. The opera seems to be well patronized this winter. Webster had a compendious mode of stating great truths. What is meant by centripetal motion? What is the difference between the numerator and the denominator?

Many objections were raised against the innovations set to be introduced. The offensive articles have been removed. The nominee by his ridiculous speech undermined all that his friends did for him. Part of the equipment prepared for the event was damaged in transport. The support of the nobility and gentry associated with the neighborhood was requested. Many sections of the building are highly decorative. Christ had compassion for the crowd, as they had been without food for a long time. The petitioner's request for a pension was not reiterated. How can an acid be neutralized? The traitor was brought to shame. The prince was traveling undercover. The young lady seems thoughtful rather than irritable. Here is a new edition of the novel, with notes by the author. The opera seems to be well attended this winter. Webster had a concise way of stating great truths. What is meant by centripetal motion? What is the difference between the numerator and the denominator?

162. PLEC'TERE: plec'to, plex'um,
to twist
to turn
; PLICA'RE: pli'co, plica'tum,
and
and
plic'itum,
to fold
to fold
.

plex: com'plex (literally, twisted together); complex'ion; complex'ity; perplex' (literally, to twist thoroughly—per: hence, to puzzle or embarrass); perplex'ity.

plic: ap'plicable (-ity); ap'plicant; ex'plicable.

plic: applicable (-ity); applicant; explicable.

plicat: applica'tion; com'plicate (-ion); du'plicate; im'plicate (-ion); replica'tion, an answer in law; sup'plicate, to entreat earnestly; supplica'tion.

plicat: application; complicate (-ion); duplicate; implicate (-ion); replication, an answer in law; supplicate, to ask earnestly; supplication.

plicit: explic'it (literally, out-folded; hence, distinctly stated); implic'it, implied.

plicit: explicit (literally, unfolded; therefore, clearly stated); implicit, implied.

Ply (Fr. v. plier = Lat. plica're), to work diligently; pli'able, easily bent; pli'ant; pli'ancy; accom'plice, an associate in crime; apply' (Old Fr. applier = Lat. applica're); appli'ance, the thing applied; comply' (Fr. v. plier), to fold with: hence, to conform or assent; compli'ance; display' (Old Fr. v. desployer, to unfold); doub'le (Fr. adj. double = Lat. du'plex, twofold); du'plex; duplic'ity (Lat. n. duplic'itas, from du'plex, double); employ' (Fr. v. employer = Lat. implica're), to keep at work; employé; employ'er; employ'ment; exploit' (Fr. n. exploit = Lat. explic'itum, literally, something unfolded, set forth: hence, a deed, an achievement); imply', literally, to infold: hence to involve, to signify; mul'tiply (Fr. v. multiplier = Lat. mul'tus much, many); quad'ruple (Lat. qua'tuor, four); reply' (Old Fr. v. replier = Lat. replica're, to answer); sim'ple (Lat. simplex, gen. simplicis), not compounded, artless; sim'pleton (compare It. simplicione, a silly person); simplic'ity (Lat. n. simplic'itas); sim'plify; sup'ple (Fr. adj. souple = Lat. sup'plex, bending the knee, from sub and plica're); sup'pliant (literally, bending the knees under, kneeling down); treb'le (Old Fr. adj. treble = Lat. tri'plex, threefold); trip'le (Lat. tri'plex); trip'let, three lines rhyming alternately.

Ply (Fr. v. plier = Lat. plica're), to work hard; pliable, easily bent; pliant; pliancy; accomplice, a partner in crime; apply (Old Fr. applier = Lat. applica're); appliance, the thing applied; comply (Fr. v. plier), to fold with: hence, to conform or agree; compliance; display (Old Fr. v. desployer, to unfold); double (Fr. adj. double = Lat. du'plex, twofold); duplex; duplicity (Lat. n. duplic'itas, from du'plex, double); employ (Fr. v. employer = Lat. implica're), to keep someone working; employee; employer; employment; exploit (Fr. n. exploit = Lat. explic'itum, literally, something unfolded, set forth: hence, a deed, an achievement); imply, literally, to infold: hence to involve, to signify; multiply (Fr. v. multiplier = Lat. mul'tus much, many); quadruple (Lat. qua'tuor, four); reply (Old Fr. v. replier = Lat. replica're, to answer); simple (Lat. simplex, gen. simplicis), not complicated, innocent; simpleton (compare It. simplicione, a silly person); simplicity (Lat. n. simplic'itas); simplify; supple (Fr. adj. souple = Lat. sup'plex, bending the knee, from sub and plica're); suppliant (literally, bending the knees down, kneeling); treble (Old Fr. adj. treble = Lat. tri'plex, threefold); triple (Lat. tri'plex); triplet, three lines rhyming alternately.

163. PON'ERE: po'no, pos'itum,
to place
to put
.

pon: compo'nent, forming a compound; depone', to bear testimony; depo'nent; oppo'nent; postpone' (-ment).

pon: component, making a compound; depone', to testify; depo'nent; oppo'nent; postpone' (-ment).

posit: posi'tion; pos'itive; pos'itivism, a system of philosophy; pos'itivist, a believer in the positive philosophy; ap'posite, adapted to; compos'ite, compound; composi'tion; compos'itor; decomposi'tion; depos'it (-ary, -ion, -ory); deposi'tion, the giving testimony under oath; exposi'tion; expos'itor; imposi'tion; interposi'tion; juxtaposi'tion; op'posite (-ion); preposi'tion; proposi'tion; supposi'tion; suppositi'tious; transposi'tion.

posit: posi'tion; pos'itive; pos'itivism, a system of philosophy; pos'itivist, someone who believes in positive philosophy; ap'posite, well-suited to; compos'ite, made up of different parts; composi'tion; compos'itor; decomposi'tion; depos'it (-ary, -ion, -ory); deposi'tion, giving testimony under oath; exposi'tion; expos'itor; imposi'tion; interposi'tion; juxtaposi'tion; op'posite (-ion); preposi'tion; proposi'tion; supposi'tion; suppositi'tious; transposi'tion.

Pose (Fr. v. poser = Lat. pon'ere), to bring to a stand by questions; post; post'age; post'ure (Fr. n. posture = Lat. positu'ra, position); compose' (Fr. v. composer = Lat. compon'ere); compos'ure; com'pound (Lat. v. compon'ere); com'post, a mixture, a manure; depot' (Fr. n. dépôt = Lat. depos'itum); dispose' (Fr. v. disposer); dispo'sal; expose' (Fr. v. exposer); expos'ure; impose' (Fr. v. imposer); im'post, a tax placed on imported goods; impos'tor, one guilty of fraud; impost'ure; interpose'; oppose'; propose'; prov'ost (Old Fr. provost, from Lat præpos'itus, placed before, a chief), the principal of a college; pur'pose (Old Fr. n. purpos, propos = Lat. propos'itum), an end set before one; repose' (Fr. v. reposer); suppose' (Fr. v. supposer); transpose' (Fr. v. transposer).

Pose (Fr. v. poser = Lat. pon'ere), to bring to a stand by questions; post; postage; posture (Fr. n. posture = Lat. positu'ra, position); compose (Fr. v. composer = Lat. compon'ere); composure; compound (Lat. v. compon'ere); compost, a mixture, a fertilizer; depot (Fr. n. dépôt = Lat. depos'itum); dispose (Fr. v. disposer); disposal; expose (Fr. v. exposer); exposure; impose (Fr. v. imposer); impost, a tax placed on imported goods; impostor, one guilty of fraud; imposture; interpose; oppose; propose; provost (Old Fr. provost, from Lat præpos'itus, placed before, a chief), the principal of a college; purpose (Old Fr. n. purpos, propos = Lat. propos'itum), an end set before one; repose (Fr. v. reposer); suppose (Fr. v. supposer); transpose (Fr. v. transposer).

164. PORTA'RE: por'to, porta'tum,
to carry
to bring
.

port: port'able; por'ter (-age); deport'ment; export' (-ation, -er); im'port (-ance, -ant, -er); pur'port, design; report' (-er); support'; insupport'able; transport' (-ation).

port: portable; porter (-age); deportment; export (-ation, -er); import (-ance, -ant, -er); purport, design; reporter; support; insupportable; transport (-ation).

Portfo'lio (Lat. n. fo'lium, a leaf); portman'teau (Fr. n. manteau, a cloak); importune' (Lat. adj. importu'nus, unseasonable); import'unate; importu'nity; op'portune (Lat. adj. opportu'nus, literally, at or before the port or harbor: hence, seasonable); opportu'nity; inop'portune.

Portfo'lio (Latin n. fo'lium, a leaf); portman'teau (French n. manteau, a cloak); importune' (Latin adj. importu'nus, unseasonable); import'unate; importu'nity; op'portune (Latin adj. opportu'nus, literally, at or before the port or harbor: hence, seasonable); opportu'nity; inop'portune.

165. POS'SE,
to be able
to be able to
; Po'tens, poten'tis,
powerful, mighty
strong, powerful
.

posse: pos'sible (Lat. adj. possib'ilis); possibil'ity; impos'sible.

posse: pos'sible (Latin adj. possib'ilis); possibility; impos'sible.

potent: po'tent; po'tency; po'tentate; poten'tial; im'potent; omnip'otent (Lat. adj. om'nis, all); plenipoten'tiary (Lat. adj. ple'nus, full).

potent: po'tent; po'tency; po'tentate; poten'tial; im'potent; omnip'otent (Latin. adj. om'nis, all); plenipoten'tiary (Latin. adj. ple'nus, full).

166. PREHEN'DERE: prohen'do, prehen'sum,
to lay hold of, to seize
to grab, to seize
.

prehend: apprehend'; comprehend'; reprehend'.

prehend: catch; understand; criticize.

prehens: prehen'sile; apprehen'sion; apprehen'sive; comprehen'sible; comprehen'sion; comprehen'sive; reprehen'sible.

prehens: prehensile; apprehension; apprehensive; comprehensible; comprehension; comprehensive; reprehensible.

Appren'tice (Old Fr. n. apprentis, from v. apprendre, to learn); apprise' (Fr. v. apprendre, part. appris, to inform); comprise' (Fr. v. comprendre, compris), to include; en'terprise (Fr. n. entrepise, something undertaken); impreg'nable (Fr. adj. imprenable, not to be taken); pris'on (Fr. n. prison); prize (Fr. n. prise, something taken, from prendre, pris, to take); reprieve' (Old Fr. v. repreuver, to condemn), to grant a respite; repri'sal; surprise'.

Apprentice (Old Fr. n. apprentis, from v. apprendre, to learn); apprise (Fr. v. apprendre, part. appris, to inform); comprise (Fr. v. comprendre, compris), to include; enterprise (Fr. n. entrepise, something undertaken); impregnable (Fr. adj. imprenable, not to be taken); prison (Fr. n. prison); prize (Fr. n. prise, something taken, from prendre, pris, to take); reprieve (Old Fr. v. repreuver, to condemn), to grant a respite; reprisal; surprise.

167. PREM'ERE: pre'mo, pres'sum,
to press
to submit
.

press: press (-ure); compress' (-ible); depress' (-ion); express' (-ion, -ive); impress' (-ion, -ive, -ment); irrepres'sible; oppress' ('-ion, -ive, -or); repress' (-ion, -ive); suppress' (-ion).

Print (abbreviated from imprint, from Old Fr. v. preindre = Lat. prem'ere); im'print, the name of the publisher and the title page of a book; imprima'tur (Lat. let it be printed), originally, a license to print a book, the imprint of a publisher.

Print (short for imprint, from Old French v. preindre = Latin prem'ere); im'print, the name of the publisher and the title page of a book; imprima'tur (Latin let it be printed), originally, a license to print a book, the imprint of a publisher.

168. PRI'MUS,
first
first
; Prin'ceps, prin'cipis,
chief, original
boss, original
.

prim: prime; pri'mate, the highest dignitary of a church; pri'macy; prim'ary; primer; prime'val (Lat. n. æ'vum, an age); prim'itive; primogen'itor (Lat. n. gen'itor, a begetter); primogeniture (Lat. n. genitu'ra, a begetting), the exclusive right of inheritance which in English law belongs to the eldest son or daughter; primor'dial (Lat. v. ordi'ri, to begin), existing from the beginning; prim'rose (Lat. n. ro'sa); prin'cess; prince (Fr. n. prince = Lat. prin'ceps); prin'cipal; prin'ciple.

prim: prime; pri'mate, the highest official of a church; pri'macy; prim'ary; primer; prime'val (Lat. n. æ'vum, an age); prim'itive; primogen'itor (Lat. n. gen'itor, a begetter); primogeniture (Lat. n. genitu'ra, a begetting), the exclusive right of inheritance that in English law belongs to the eldest son or daughter; primor'dial (Lat. v. ordi'ri, to begin), existing from the beginning; prim'rose (Lat. n. ro'sa); prin'cess; prince (Fr. n. prince = Lat. prin'ceps); prin'cipal; prin'ciple.

Pre'mier (Fr. adj. premier, first), the prime minister; pri'or (Lat. adj. prior, former); pri'oress, the female superior of a convent; pri'ory, a convent; prior'ity, state of being first; pris'tine (Lat. adj. pristi'nus, primitive), original, ancient.

Pre'mier (Fr. adj. premier, first), the prime minister; pri'or (Lat. adj. prior, former); pri'oress, the female head of a convent; pri'ory, a convent; prior'ity, state of being first; pris'tine (Lat. adj. pristi'nus, primitive), original, ancient.

169. PROBA'RE: pro'bo, proba'tum,
to try, to prove
to test, to demonstrate
.

prob: prob'able, likely, credible; probabil'ity; improb'able; pro'bate, the proof of a will; proba'tion, the act of trying; proba'tioner; proba'tionary; probe, to try by an instrument; prob'ity, tried integrity; approba'tion, commendation; rep'robate (adj. literally, proved against), base, condemned.

prob: probable, likely, credible; probability; improbable; probate, the proof of a will; probation, the act of trying; probationer; probationary; probe, to try with a tool; probity, tested integrity; approbation, approval; reprobate (adj. literally, proved against), base, condemned.

Prove (Old Fr. prover, New Fr. prouver = Lat. proba're); proof (Old Fr. n. prove = Lat. pro'ba, proof); approve' (Fr. v. approuver = Lat. approba're); approv'al; disapprove'; improve', (-ment); reprove'; reproof'.

Prove (Old French prover, Modern French prouver = Latin proba're); proof (Old French noun prove = Latin pro'ba, proof); approve (French verb approuver = Latin approba're); approval; disapprove; improve, (-ment); reprove; reproof.

170. PUN'GERE: pun'go, punc'tum,
to prick
to stab
; Punc'tum,
a point
a point
.

pung: pun'gent; pun'gency; expunge', to mark out.

pung: pungent; pungency; expunge, to remove.

punct: punctil'io (Sp. punctillo, from Lat. punc'tum, a point), a nice point of exactness in conduct, etc.; punctil'ious; punct'ual (-ity); punct'uate (-ion); punct'ure; compunc'tion, remorse.

punct: punctilio (Sp. punctillo, from Lat. punctum, a point), a precise detail in behavior, etc.; punctilious; punctual (-ity); punctuate (-ion); puncture; compunction, guilt.

Punch (abbreviated from puncheon, from Lat. n. punc'tio, a pricking), an instrument for cutting holes; point (Fr. n. pointe = Lat. punc'tum); poign'ant (Fr. part. poignant, stinging); pon'iard (Fr. n. poignard), a small dagger.

Punch (short for puncheon, from Latin n. punc'tio, a pricking), an instrument for making holes; point (Fr. n. pointe = Latin punc'tum); poignant (Fr. part. poignant, stinging); poniard (Fr. n. poignard), a small dagger.

171. PUTA'RE: pu'to, puta'tum,
to think, to prune, to count or reckon
to think, to reduce, to count or calculate
.

put: compute' (-able, -ation); depute' (Lat. v. deputa're, to allot), to empower to act; dep'uty; dispute' (-ant); indis'putable; impute' (literally, to reckon in), to charge; repute'; disrepute' (-able).

put: compute (-able, -ation); depute (Latin v. deputa're, to assign), to give the authority to act; deputy; dispute (-ant); indisputable; impute (literally, to count in), to accuse; repute; disrepute (-able).

putat: pu'tative, supposed; am'putate, to cut off the limb from an animal; deputa'tion; imputa'tion; reputa'tion.

putat: pu'tative, assumed; am'putate, to remove a limb from an animal; deputa'tion; imputa'tion; reputa'tion.

Count (Fr. v. compter = Lat. computa're); account'; discount'; recount'.

Count (Fr. v. compter = Lat. computa're); account; discount; recount.

172. RAP'ERE: ra'pio, rap'tum,
to seize suddenly, to snatch or hurry away
to take quickly, to grab or rush away
.

rap: rapa'cious (Lat. adj. ra'pax, rapa'cis, greedy); rapac'ity; rap'id (Lat. adj. rap'idus, swift); rapid'ity; rap'ids; rap'ine (Lat. n. rapi'na, robbery).

rap: rapacious (Latin adj. rapax, rapacis, greedy); rapacity; rapid (Latin adj. rapidus, swift); rapidity; rapids; rapine (Latin n. rapina, robbery).

rapt: rapt, transported; rapt'ure (-ous); enrapt'ure; surrepti'tious (Lat. v. surrip'ere, surrep'tum, to take away secretly), done by stealth.

rapt: rapt, transported; rapture (-ous); enrapture; surreptitious (Lat. v. surripere, surreptum, to take away secretly), done by stealth.

Rav'age (Fr. v. ravager = to lay waste); rav'ish (Fr. v. ravir = Lat. rap'ere).

Rav'age (Fr. v. ravager = to destroy); rav'ish (Fr. v. ravir = Lat. rap'ere).

173. REG'ERE: re'go, rec'tum,
to rule
to govern
; Rec'tus,
straight
straight
.

reg: re'gent; re'gency; reg'imen (Lat. n. reg'imen, that by which one guides or governs anything); reg'iment (Lat. n. regimen'tum); re'gion (Lat. re'gio, regio'nis, a region); cor'rigible (Lat. v. corrig'ere = con + reg'ere); incor'rigible.

reg: re'gent; re'gency; reg'imen (Lat. n. reg'imen, a method for guiding or governing anything); reg'iment (Lat. n. regimen'tum); re'gion (Lat. re'gio, regio'nis, a region); cor'rigible (Lat. v. corrig'ere = con + reg'ere); incor'rigible.

rect: rec'tify; rec'titude; rec'tor (-ory); correct' (Lat. v. corrig'ere = con + reg'ere), to remove faults; direct' (-ion, -or, -ory); erect'; insurrec'tion; resurrec'tion.

rect: rectify; rectitude; rector (-ory); correct (Lat. v. corrig'ere = con + reg'ere), to remove faults; direction; erect; insurrection; resurrection.

Re'gal (Lat. n. rex, re'gis, a king); rega'lia; reg'icide (Lat. v. cæd'ere, to kill); reg'ular (Lat. n. reg'ula, a rule); reg'ulate; realm (Old Fr. realme, from Lat. adj. rega'lis, royal); reign (Fr. n. règne = Lat. reg'num); corrigen'da (sing. corrigen'dum), things to be corrected; dress (Fr. v. dresser = Lat dirig'ere); address' (Fr. v. adresser, to direct); redress' (Fr. v. redresser = Lat. re + dirig'ere), to rectify, to repair; source (Fr. n. source, from Lat. sur'gere, to spring up); surge; insur'gent (Lat. v. insur'gere).

174. RI'VUS,
a river
a river
.

riv: ri'val (Lat. n. riva'lis, one who used a brook in common with another); ri'valry; outri'val; riv'ulet (Lat. n. riv'ulus, diminutive of ri'vus); derive' (literally, to receive as from a source); deriva'tion; deriv'ative.

riv: ri'val (Latin noun riva'lis, someone who shares a stream with another); ri'valry; outri'val; riv'ulet (Latin noun riv'ulus, small version of ri'vus); derive' (literally, to get from a source); deriva'tion; deriv'ative.

175. ROGA'RE: ro'go, roga'tum,
to ask
to inquire
.

rog: ar'rogant, proud, overbearing; ar'rogance; prorogue' (Fr. v. proroger = Lat. proroga're).

rogat: ab'rogate; to repeal; ar'rogate, to assume; arroga'tion; derog'atory, detracting; inter'rogate (-ion, -ive, -ory); prerog'ative (literally, that is asked before others for an opinion: hence, preference), exclusive or peculiar right or privilege; proroga'tion, prolonga'tion; superer'ogate (Lat. super + eroga're, to spend or pay out over and above), to do more than is necessary; supereroga'tion.

176. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum,
to break
to break up
.

rupt: rupt'ure, to part violently; abrupt' (-ly, -ness); bank'rupt (It. n. banco, a merchant's place of business); bank'ruptcy; corrupt' (-ible, -ion); disrup'tion; erup'tion; interrupt' (-ion); irrup'tion; irrup'tive.

rupt: rupture, to break apart violently; abruptly (-ly, -ness); bankrupt (It. n. banco, a merchant's place of business); bankruptcy; corrupt (-ible, -ion); disruption; eruption; interrupt (-ion); irruption; irruptive.

177. SA'CER, sa'cri,
holy
holy
.

sacr: sac'rament (Lat. n. sacramen'tum, an oath, a sacred thing); sa'cred (orignally, past p. of Old Eng. v. sacre, to consecrate); sac'rifice (Lat. v. fac'ere, to make); sac'rilege (literally, that steals—properly gathers, picks up, leg'ere—sacred things); sac'ristan (Low Lat. sacrista'nus), a church officer.

sacr: sacrament (Lat. n. sacramen'tum, an oath, a sacred thing); sa'cred (originally, past participle of Old Eng. v. sacre, to consecrate); sac'rifice (Lat. v. fac'ere, to make); sac'rilege (literally, that which steals—properly gathers, picks up, leg'ere—sacred things); sac'ristan (Low Lat. sacrista'nus), a church officer.

secr: (in comp.) con'secrate (-ion); des'ecrate (-ion); ex'ecrate (-ion); ex'ecrable; sacerdo'tal (Lat. n. sacer'dos, sacerdo'tis, priest), pertaining to the priesthood.

secr: (in comp.) consecrate (-ion); desecrate (-ion); execrate (-ion); execrable; sacerdotal (Lat. n. sacerdos, sacerdotis, priest), related to the priesthood.

178. SA'LUS, salu'tis,
health
wellness
; Sal'vus,
safe
secure
.

salut: sal'utary, promoting health; salu'tatory, giving salutation; salute' (-ion).

salut: salutary, promoting health; salu'tatory, giving a greeting; salute' (-ion).

salv: sal'vage, reward for saving goods; sal'vo, a volley; salva'tion.

salv: salvage, reward for saving goods; salvo, a volley; salvation.

Safe (through Old Fr. salf or sauf); safe'ty; save; sav'ior salu'brious (Lat. adj. salu'bris, health-giving); salu'brity.

Safe (from Old French salf or sauf); safety; save; savior; salubrious (Latin adj. salu'bris, health-giving); salubriety.

179. SCAN'DERE: scan'do (
in comp.
in comp.
scen'do), scan'dum (
in comp.
in comp.
scen'sum),
to climb
climb
.

scend: ascend' (-ant, -ency); descend' (-ant); condescend' (-ing); transcend' (-ent); transcendental.

scens: ascen'sion; ascent'; condescen'sion.

scens: ascension; ascent; condescension.

180. SCRIB'ERE: scri'bo, scrip'tum,
to write
to write
.

scrib: ascribe', to impute to; circumscribe', to draw a line around, to limit; describe'; inscribe'; prescribe', to order or appoint; pro-scribe' (literally, to write forth), to interdict; subscribe'; superscribe'; transcribe'.

scrib: ascribe', to attribute to; circumscribe', to draw a line around, to limit; describe'; inscribe'; prescribe', to order or appoint; pro-scribe' (literally, to write out), to prohibit; subscribe'; superscribe'; transcribe'.

script: script, type in imitation of handwriting; script'ure; ascrip'tion; con'script, one taken by lot and enrolled for military service; conscrip'tion; descrip'tion; inscrip'tion; man'uscript (see manus); post'script; prescrip'tion; proscription; subscription; superscrip'tion; tran'script.

script: script, written in a style that mimics handwriting; script'ure; ascrip'tion; con'script, someone chosen by random selection and signed up for military service; conscrip'tion; descrip'tion; inscrip'tion; man'uscript (see manus); post'script; prescrip'tion; proscription; subscription; superscrip'tion; tran'script.

Scribe (Fr. n. scribe); scrib'ble; escritoire'.

Scribe (Fr. n. scribe); scribble; writing desk.

181. SECA'RE: se'co, sec'tum,
to cut
to reduce
.

sec: se'cant (Lat. pres. p. se'cans, secan'tis), a line that cuts another.

sec: se'cant (Latin present participle se'cans, secan'tis), a line that intersects another.

sect: sect (literally, a body of persons separated from others by peculiar doctrines); secta'rian (-ism); sec'tion (-al); bisect' (Lat. bis, two); dissect' (-ion); in'sect (literally, an animal whose body is apparently cut in the middle); insectiv'orous (Lat. v. vora're, to feed); intersect' (-ion); venesec'tion (Lat. n. vena, a vein).

sect: sect (literally, a group of people set apart from others by unique beliefs); sectarian (-ism); section (-al); bisect (from Latin bis, meaning two); dissect (-ion); insect (literally, a creature whose body appears divided in the middle); insectivorous (from Latin v. vora're, meaning to feed); intersect (-ion); venesection (from Latin n. vena, meaning a vein).

Seg'ment (Lat. n. segmen'tum), a part cut off.

Seg'ment (Lat. n. segmen'tum), a portion that has been separated.

182. SEDE'RE: se'deo (
in comp.
in competition.
se'do), ses'sum,
to sit
to chill
.

sed: sed'entary (Lat. adj. sedenta'rius, accustomed to sit); sed'iment (Lat. n. sedimen'tum, a settling or sinking down); sedimen'tary; sed'ulous (Lat. adj. sed'ulus, sitting close to an employment); supersede'.

sed: sedentary (Latin adj. sedenta'rius, used to sitting); sediment (Latin n. sedimen'tum, a settling or sinking down); sedimentary; sedulous (Latin adj. sed'ulus, devoted to a task); supersede.

sid: assid'uous; assidu'ity; insid'ious (literally, sitting in wait against); preside' (literally, to sit before or over); pres'ident; presidence; reside' (-ence); res'idue; resid'uary; subside'; subsidiary.

sid: assiduous; assiduity; insidious (literally, sitting in wait); preside (literally, to sit before or over); president; presidency; reside (-ence); residue; residuary; subside; subsidiary.

sess: ses'sion (-al); assess' (literally, to sit by or near a person or thing); assess'ment; assess'or; possess' (Lat. v. possid'ere, posses'sum, to sit upon: hence, to occupy in person, to have or hold); posses'sion; possess'or; posses'sive; prepossess', to take possession of beforehand, to prejudice.

sess: session (-al); assess' (literally, to sit next to someone or something); assessment; assessor; possess' (Latin v. possid'ere, posses'sum, to sit upon: hence, to occupy in person, to have or hold); possession; possessor; possessive; prepossess', to take possession of beforehand, to prejudice.

183. SENTI'RE: sen'tio, sen'sum,
to feel, to think
to feel, to think
.

sent: scent (Old English sent), odor; sen'tence (Lat. n. senten'tia); senten'tious (Lat. adj. sententio'sus, full of thought); sentiment (Fr. n. sentiment); sentimen'tal; assent', to agree to; consent' (literally, to think or feel together), to acquiesce, to permit; dissent' (-er); dissen'tient; presen'timent; resent' (literally, to feel back), to take ill; resent'ment.

sens: sense (-less, -ation, -ible, -itive); insen'sate; non'sense; sen'sual (Lat. adj. sensua'lis); sen'sualist; sen'suous.

184. SE'QUI: se'quor, secu'tus,
to follow
to follow along
.

sequ: se'quence, order of succession; consequent; con'sequence; consequential; ob'sequies, formal rites; obse'quious (literally, following in the way of another), meanly condescending; sub'sequent (-ly).

sequ: sequence, order of succession; consequence; consequential; obsequies, formal rites; obsequious (literally, following in the way of another), meanly condescending; subsequent (-ly).

secut: consec'utive; persecute (-ion, -or); pros'ecute (-ion).

secut: consecutive; persecute (-ion, -or); prosecute (-ion).

Se'quel (Lat. n. seque'la, that which follows); sue (Old Fr. v. suire, New Fr. suivre = se'qui), to follow at law; suit; suit'able; suit'or; suite (Fr. n. suite), a train or set; ensue' (Fr. v. ensuivre, to follow, to result from); pursue' (Fr. v. poursuivre, to follow hard, to chase); pursu'ance; pursu'ant; pursuit'; pur'suivant, a state messenger; ex'ecute (Fr. v. executer = Lat. ex'sequi); execu'tion; exec'utor; exec'utrix.

Sequel (Latin n. sequela, that which follows); sue (Old French v. suire, Modern French suivre = ce qui), to follow in a legal sense; suit; suitable; suitor; suite (French n. suite), a series or set; ensue (French v. ensuivre, to follow, to result from); pursue (French v. poursuivre, to follow closely, to chase); pursuance; pursuant; pursuit; pursuivant, a state messenger; execute (French v. exécuter = Latin exsequi); execution; executor; executrix.

185. SERVA'RE: ser'vo, serva'tum,
to save, to keep, to bind
to save, to keep, to connect
.

serv: conserve'; observe' (-able, -ance); preserve' (-er); reserve'; unreserved'.

serv: conserve; observe (-able, -ance); preserve (-er); reserve; unreserved.

servat: conserv'ative; conserv'atory; observ'ation; observ'atory; preserva'tion; preserv'ative; reserva'tion.

servat: conservative; conservatory; observation; observatory; preservation; preservative; reservation.

Res'ervoir (Fr. n. réservoir = Lat. reservato'rium, a place where anything is kept in store).

Res'ervoir (Fr. n. réservoir = Lat. reservato'rium, a place where anything is stored).

EXERCISE.

The puzzle is complicated and displays much ingenuity on the part of the inventor. A reply may be explicit without showing duplicity. It was urged that the election of delegates be postponed. The portmanteau containing important papers was left at the merchant's office. An impostor is sure to show opposition to the course of justice. Coleridge holds that it is possible to apprehend a truth without comprehending it. The bankrupt was so arrogant that his creditors were not disposed to be lenient with him. Most of the questions proposed by the rector were answered in the negative. What is the origin of the word derivation? The region is described as healthful. The manuscript was transcribed and subscribed by the author. It is salutary to be rivals in all worthy ambitions.

The puzzle is complicated and shows a lot of creativity from the inventor. A response can be clear without being deceptive. It was suggested that the election of delegates be delayed. The briefcase containing important papers was left at the merchant's office. An imposter will definitely show resistance to the pursuit of justice. Coleridge believes that it is possible to understand a truth without fully grasping it. The bankrupt was so arrogant that his creditors were not willing to be lenient with him. Most of the questions asked by the rector were answered negatively. What is the origin of the word derivation? The area is described as healthy. The manuscript was written out and signed by the author. It is beneficial to be rivals in all worthy ambitions.

186. SIG'NUM,
a sign
a sign
.

sign: sign; sig'nal (-ize); sig'net; sig'nify; signif'icant; signif'icance; significa'tion; assign' (Lat. v. assigna're, to designate); assignee'; consign' (Lat. v. consigna're, to seal) to intrust to another; consign'ment; coun'tersign, to sign what has already been signed by another; design', to plan; design'er; des'ignate, to name, to point out; designa'tion; en'sign, the officer who carries the flag of a regiment; insig'nia, badges of office; resign' (-ation); sig'nature (Lat. n. signatu'ra, a sign or stamp).

sign: sign; sig'nal (-ize); sig'net; sig'nify; signif'icant; signif'icance; significa'tion; assign' (Lat. v. assigna're, to designate); assignee'; consign' (Lat. v. consigna're, to seal) to entrust to another; consign'ment; coun'tersign, to sign what has already been signed by another; design', to plan; design'er; des'ignate, to name, to point out; designa'tion; en'sign, the officer who carries the flag of a regiment; insig'nia, badges of office; resign' (-ation); sig'nature (Lat. n. signatu'ra, a sign or stamp).

187. SIM'ILIS,
like
like
.

simil: sim'ilar (-ity); sim'i-le, a formal likening or comparison; simil'itude; verisimil'itude (Lat. adj. ve'rus, true); dissim'ilar; assim'ilate; fac-sim'ile (Lat. v. fac'ere, to make), an exact copy; sim'ulate (Lat. v. simula're, simula'tum, to make like).

similar: sim'ilar (-ity); sim'i-le, a formal comparison; simil'itude; verisimil'itude (Latin adj. ve'rus, true); dissim'ilar; assim'ilate; fac-sim'ile (Latin v. fac'ere, to make), an exact copy; sim'ulate (Latin v. simula're, simula'tum, to make like).

Dissimula'tion (Lat. v. dissimula're, dissimula'tum, to feign); dissem'ble (Fr. v. dissembler = Lat. dissimula're); resem'ble (Fr. v. ressembler).

Dissimilation (Lat. v. dissimula're, dissimula'tum, to feign); dissemble (Fr. v. dissembler = Lat. dissimula're); resemble (Fr. v. ressembler).

188. SIS'TERE: sisto, sta'tum,
to cause to stand, to stand
to make stand, to stand
.

sist: assist' (-ance, -ant); consist' (-ent, -ency); desist'; exist' (for ex-sist), to stand out: hence, to be, to live; exist'ence; co-exist'; pre-exist'; insist', to stand upon, to urge firmly; persist' (-ent, -ence); resist' (-ance, -ible); subsist (-ence).

sist: assist' (-ance, -ant); consist' (-ent, -ency); desist'; exist' (for ex-sist), to stand out: therefore, to be, to live; existence; co-exist'; pre-exist'; insist', to stand upon, to urge firmly; persist' (-ent, -ence); resist' (-ance, -ible); subsist (-ence).

189. SOL'VERE: sol'vo, solu'tum,
to loosen
to relax
.

solv: solve (-able, -ent, -ency); absolve'; dissolve'; resolve'.

solv: solve (-able, -ent, -ency); absolve; dissolve; resolve.

solut: solu'tion; ab'solute (-ion); dis'solute (-ion); res'olute (-ion).

Sol'uble (Lat. adj. solu'bilis); solubil'ity.

Soluble; solubility.

190. SPEC'ERE
or
or
SPIC'ERE: Spe'cio
or
or
spi'cio, spec'tum,
to behold
to see
; Spe'cies,
a kind
a nice
.

spic: aus'pices (literally, omens drawn from the inspection of birds); auspi'cious; conspic'uous (Lat. adj. conspic'uus, wholly visible); conspicu'ity; des'picable (Lat. despicab'ilis, deserving to be despised); perspic'uous (Lat. adj. perspic'uus, that may be seen through); perspicu'ity; suspi'cion; suspi'cious.

spic: aus'pices (literally, omens from looking at birds); auspi'cious; conspic'uous (Lat. adj. conspic'uus, fully visible); conspicu'ity; des'picable (Lat. despicab'ilis, worthy of being despised); perspic'uous (Lat. adj. perspic'uus, clear enough to be seen through); perspicu'ity; suspi'cion; suspi'cious.

spect: as'pect; cir'cumspect (-ion); expect' (-ant, -ation); inspect' (-ion, -or); perspec'tive; pros'pect (-ive); prospec'tus (Lat. n. prospec'tus, a view forward); respect' (literally, to look again: hence, to esteem or regard); respect'able; respect'ful; re'tro-spect (-ive); suspect'.

species: spe'cies; spe'cial (-ist, -ity, -ize); spe'cie; spec'ify (-ic, -ication); spe'cious, showy.

Spec'imen (Lat. n. spec'imen, a sample); spec'tacle (Lat. n. spectac'ulum, anything presented to view); specta'tor (Lat. n. specta'tor, a beholder); spec'ter (Lat. n. spec'trum, an image); spec'tral; spec'trum (pl. spec'tra), an image; spec'troscope (Gr. v. skopein, to view), an instrument for analysing light; spec'ulate (Lat. n. spec'ula, a lookout), to contemplate, to traffic for great profit; specula'tion; spec'ulative.

Specimen (Latin n. specimen, a sample); spectacle (Latin n. spectaculum, anything presented to view); spectator (Latin n. spector, a beholder); specter (Latin n. spectrum, an image); spectral; spectrum (pl. spectra), an image; spectroscope (Greek v. skopein, to view), an instrument for analyzing light; speculate (Latin n. specula, a lookout), to contemplate, to trade for great profit; speculation; speculative.

191. SPIRA'RE: spi'ro, spira'tum,
to breathe
to inhale
; Spir'itus,
breath, spirit
breath, vibe
.

spir: spir'acle, a breathing pore; aspire' (-ant); conspire' (-acy); expire'; expir'ing; inspire'; perspire'; respire'; transpire'.

spirat: aspira'tion; as'pirate; conspir'ator; inspira'tion; perspira'tion; respira'tion; respir'atory.

spirat: aspiration; aspirate; conspirator; inspiration; perspiration; respiration; respiratory.

spiritus: spir'it; spir'itual (-ity); spir'ituous.

spiritus: spirit; spiritual (-ity); spirited.

Sprightly (spright, a contraction of spirit); sprite (a contraction of spirit).

Sprightly (spright, a short form of spirit); sprite (a short form of spirit).

192. SPONDE'RE: spon'deo, spon'sum,
to promise
to vow
.

spond: correspond', to answer one to another; correspond'ence; correspond'ent; despond' (literally, to promise away: hence, to give up, to despond); despond'ency; respond'.

spond: "to correspond," to reply to each other; correspond'ence; correspond'ent; despond' (literally, to promise away: thus, to give up, to feel hopeless); despond'ency; respond'.

spons: spon'sor, a surety; response' (-ible, -ibility, -ive); irrespon'sible.

spons: spon'sor, a guarantor; response' (-ible, -ibility, -ive); irrespon'sible.

Spouse (Old Fr. n. espous, espouse = Lat. spon'sus, spon'sa); espouse' (Old Fr. v. espouser = Lat. sponsa're, to betroth, from spondere).

Spouse (Old French n. espous, espouse = Latin spon'sus, spon'sa); espouse (Old French v. espouser = Latin sponsa're, to betroth, from spondere).

193. STA'RE: sto, sta'tum (
in comp.
in comp.
sti'tum,
to stand; pres. part.
to stand; present participle
stans, stan'tis,
standing
standing
); SIS'TERE: sis'to, sta'tum,
to cause to stand
to make stand
; STATU'ERE: stat'uo, statu'tum,
to station, to fix, to place
to station, to fix, to place
.

stant: cir'cumstance (from part. circumstans', circumstan'tis, through Lat. n. circumstan'tia, Fr. circonstance), the condition of things surrounding or attending an event; circumstan'tial; circumstan'tiate; con'stant; con'stancy; dis'tant (literally, standing asunder: hence, remote, reserved); dis'tance; ex'tant; in'stant; instanta'neous; transubstan'tiate, to change to another substance.

stant: circumstance (from part. circumstans', circumstan'tis, through Lat. n. circumstan'tia, Fr. circonstance), the condition of things surrounding or attending an event; circumstantial; instantiate; constant; constancy; distant (literally, standing apart: hence, remote, reserved); distance; extant; instant; instantaneous; transubstantiate, to change to another substance.

stat: state; sta'tion (-ary, -er, -ery); state'ly; state'ment; states'man; stat'ue (-ary); stat'ure.

stit: supersti'tion (literally, a standing over, as if awe-struck); supersti'tious.

stit: superstition (literally, a standing over, as if amazed); superstitious.

statut: stat'ute (-ory).

status: statute (-ory).

stitu: con'stitute (literally, to set or station together: hence, to establish, to make); constitu'tion (-al); constituent; constit'uency; des'titute (literally, put from or away: hence, forsaken, in want of); in'stitute (literally, to place into: hence, to found, to commence); restitu'tion; sub'stitute (-ion).

stitu: con'stitute (literally, to set or place together: hence, to establish, to create); constitu'tion (-al); constituent; constit'uency; des'titute (literally, put away: hence, abandoned, in need of); in'stitute (literally, to place into: hence, to establish, to start); restitu'tion; sub'stitute (-ion).

Sta'ble; (Lat. adj. stab'ilis, standing firmly); stab'lish; estab'lish (-ment); stay, literally, to keep standing; ar'mistice (Lat. n. ar'ma, arms), a temporary stand-still of war; arrest' (Old Fr. arrester = Lat. ad + restare, to stay back, to remain); contrast' (Lat. contra + sta're, to stand against); inter'stice; ob'stacle; ob'stinate; sol'stice (Lat. n. sol, the sun).

194. STRIN'GERE: strin'go, stric'tum,
to bind; to draw tight
to fasten; to tighten
.

string: strin'gent; astrin'gent; astrin'gency.

string: stringent; astringent; astringency.

strict: strict (-ness, -ure); dis'trict, a defined portion of a country; restrict' (-ion).

strict: strict (-ness, -ure); dis'trict, a defined part of a country; restrict' (-ion).

Strain (Old Fr. straindre = Lat. strin'gere); constrain'; dis-train'; restrain'; restraint'.

Strain (Old Fr. straindre = Lat. strin'gere); constrain; dis-train; restrain; restraint.

195. STRU'ERE: stru'o, struc'tum,
to build, to place in order
to construct, to organize
.

struct: struct'ure; construct' (-ion, -ive); destruct'ible; destruc'tion; instruct' (-ion,-ive,-or); obstruct'(-ion); superstruct'ure.

struct: structure; construct (-ion, -ive); destructible; destruction; instruct (-ion, -ive, -or); obstruct (-ion); superstructure.

Con'strue; destroy'; in'strument (Lat. n. instrumen'tum); instrumental'ity.

196. SU'MERE: su'mo, sump'tum,
to take
to grab
; Sump'tus,
cost, expense
cost, expense
.

sum: assume'; consume' (-er); presume'; resume'.

sum: assume; consume (-er); presume; resume.

sumpt: sumpt'uous (Lat. adj. sumptuo'sus, expensive); sumpt'uary, relating to expense; assumption; consumption; consump'tive; presump'tion; presump'tive; presump'tuous.

sumpt: sumptuous (Lat. adj. sumptuo'sus, expensive); sumptuary, related to expense; assumption; consumption; consumptive; presumption; presumptive; presumptuous.

197. TAN'GERE: tan'go, tac'tum,
to touch
to contact
.

tang: tan'gent, a straight line which touches a circle or curve; tan'gible.

tang: tan'gent, a straight line that touches a circle or curve; tan'gible.

tact: tact, peculiar faculty or skill; con'tact; intact'.

tact: tact, unique ability or skill; con'tact; intact'.

Attain' (Fr. v. attaindre, to reach); attain'able; conta'gion, communication of disease by contact or touch; contam'inate, to defile, to infect; contig'uous; contin'gent.

Attain' (Fr. v. attaindre, to reach); attainable; contagion, the spread of disease through contact or touch; contaminate, to pollute, to infect; contiguous; contingent.

TEMPUS. (See page 48.)

TEMPUS. (See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__)

198. TEN'DERE: ten'do, ten'sum
or
or
ten'tum,
to stretch
to flex
.

tend: tend, to aim at, take care of; tend'ency; attend' (-ance, -ant); contend'; distend'; extend'; intend' (literally, to stretch to), to purpose, to design; portend' (literally, to stretch forward), to presage, to betoken; pretend' (literally, to stretch forth), to affect, feel; subtend', to extend under; superintend' (-ence, -ent).

tend: tend, to aim at, take care of; tendency; attend (-ance, -ant); contend; distend; extend; intend (literally, to stretch to), to purpose, to design; portend (literally, to stretch forward), to presage, to betoken; pretend (literally, to stretch forth), to affect, feel; subtend, to extend under; superintend (-ence, -ent).

tens: tense (adj.), stretched; ten'sion; intense' (-ify); osten'sible (Lat. v. osten'dere, to stretch out or spread before one), apparent; pretense'.

tens: tense (adj.), stretched; tension; intense' (-ify); ostensible (Lat. v. ostendere, to stretch out or spread before one), apparent; pretense'.

tent: tent, literally, a shelter of stretched canvas; tentac'ula, the feelers of certain animals; atten'tion; atten'tive; conten'tion; conten'tious; extent'; intent' (-ion); ostenta'tion; ostenta'tious; por'tent, an ill omen.

tent: tent, literally, a shelter made of stretched canvas; tentacles, the feelers of certain animals; attention; attentive; contention; contentious; extent; intent (-ion); ostentation; ostentatious; portent, an ill omen.

199. TENE'RE: ten'eo, ten'tum,
to hold
to grasp
;
French
French
Tenir (
radical
extreme
tain),
to hold
to grip
.

ten: ten'able; ten'ant, one who holds property under another; ten'antry; ten'ement; ten'et (Lat. tenet, literally, "he holds"), a doctrine held as true; ten'ure.

ten: ten'able; ten'ant, someone who holds property under another; ten'antry; ten'ement; ten'et (Lat. tenet, literally, "he holds"), a belief accepted as true; ten'ure.

tin (in compos.): ab'stinent; ab'stinence; continent; incon'tinent; per'tinent; imper'tinent.

tin (in composition): abstinent; abstinence; continent; incontenant; pertinent; impertinent.

tent: content' (-ment); contents'; discontent'; deten'tion; reten'tion; reten'tive; sus'tenance.

tain: abstain'; appertain'; contain'; detain'; entertain' (-ment); pertain'; retain' (-er); sustain'.

tain: abstain; appertain; contain; detain; entertain (-ment); pertain; retain (-er); sustain.

Tena'cious (Lat. adj. te'nax, tena'cis, holding firmly); tenac'ity; appur'tenance, that which belongs to something else; contin'ue (Fr. v. continuer = Lat. contine're); contin'ual; contin'uance; continua'tion; continu'ity; discontin'ue; coun'tenance (literally, the contents of a body: hence, of a face); lieuten'ant (Fr. n. lieu, a place); maintain' (Fr. n. main, the hand), literally, to hold by the hand: hence, to support, to uphold; main'tenance; pertina'cious; pertinac'ity; ret'inue, a train of attendants.

200. TER'RA,
the earth
the planet
.

terr: ter'race (Fr. n. terrasse); terra'queous (Lat. n. a'qua, water); terres'trial; ter'ritory (-al); ter'rier, a small dog that goes into the ground after burrowing animals; Mediterra'nean (Lat. n. me'dius, middle); subterra'nean.

terr: ter'ace (Fr. n. terrasse); terra'queous (Lat. n. a'qua, water); terres'trial; ter'ritory (-al); ter'rier, a small dog that goes underground after burrowing animals; Mediterranean (Lat. n. me'dius, middle); subterra'nean.

Inter, to put in the earth, to bury; inter'ment; disinter'.

Inter, to put in the ground, to bury; inter'ment; disinter'.

201. TES'TIS,
a witness
a bystander
.

test: tes'tify; attest' (-ation); contest'; detest' (-able); protest' (-ation, -ant); prot'estantism.

test: testify; attestation; contest; detestable; protestation, protestantism.

Tes'tament (Lat. n. testamen'tum, a will); testamen'tary; testa'tor; tes'timony (-al); intes'tate, not having left a will.

202. TOR'QUERE: tor'queo, tor'tum,
to twist
to turn
.

tort: tort'ure; contort' (-ion); distort' (-ion); extort' (-ion, -ionate); retort'.

tort: torture; contortion; distortion; extortion; retort.

Tor'tuous (Lat. adj. tortuo'sus, very twisted); tortuos'ity; torment' (Lat. n. tormen'tum, extreme pain).

203. TRA'HERE: tra'ho, trac'tum,
to draw
to sketch
;
Fr.
Fr.
Trair,
past part.
past participle
Trait.

tract: tract (-able, -ile, -ion); ab'stract (-ion); attract' (-ion, -ive); contract' (-ile, -or); detract'; distract'; extract' (-ion, -or); protract'; retract' (-ion); subtract' (-ion).

Trace (Fr. n. trace); track (Old Fr. n. trac); train; trait; treat (-ise, -ment, -y).

204. TRIBU'ERE: trib'uo, tribu'tum,
to allot, to give
to allocate, to provide
.

tribut: trib'ute (-ary); attrib'ute; contribute (-ion); distrib'ute (-ion, -ive); retribu'tion; retrib'utive.

tribut: tribute (-ary); attribute; contribute (-ion); distribute (-ion, -ive); retribution; retributive.

205. TRU'DERE: tru'do, tru'sum,
to thrust
to push
.

trud: detrude', to thrust down; extrude'; intrude' (-er); obtrude'; protrude'.

trud: detrude, to push down; extrude; intrude (-er); obtrude; protrude.

trus: abstruse' (literally, thrust away: hence, difficult to be understood); intru'sion; intru'sive; obtru'sive; protru'sion.

trus: obscure' (literally, pushed away: therefore, hard to understand); intrusion; intrusive; obtrusive; protrusion.

206. TU'ERE: tu'eor, tu'itus
or
or
tu'tus,
to watch
to view
.

tuit: tui'tion, instruction; intui'tion, the act or power of the mind by which it at once perceives the truth of a thing without argument; intu'itive.

tuit: tui'tion, instruction; intui'tion, the ability or power of the mind to immediately understand the truth of something without needing to argue; intu'itive.

tut: tu'tor; tuto'rial; tu'torage.

tut: tutor; tutorial; tutoring.

207. UN'DA,
a wave
a wave
.

und: abun'dance, literally, condition of overflowing—(abunda're, to overflow); abun'dant; superabundant; inun'date (-ion); redun'dant (literally, running back or over: hence, exceeding what is necessary); redundance; redun'dancy.

und: abundance, literally, a state of overflowing—(abunda're, to overflow); abundant; superabundant; inundate (-ion); redundant (literally, running back or over: therefore, exceeding what is necessary); redundance; redundancy.

Un'dulate (Lat. n. un'dula, a little wave); undula'tion; un'dulatory; abound'; superabound'; redound' (Old Fr. v. redonder = Lat. redunda're, to roll back as a wave or flood).

208. U'TI: u'tor, u'sus,
to use
to utilize
.

ut: uten'sil (Lat. n. uten'sile, something that may be used); util'ity (Lat. n. util'itas, usefulness); u'tilize.

ut: utensil (Latin n. utensile, something that can be used); utility (Latin n. utilitas, usefulness); utilize.

us: use (-able, -age, -ful, -less); us'ual (Lat. adj. usua'lis, of frequent use); u'sury, illegal interest paid for the use of money; u'surer; abuse' (-ive); disabuse'.

209. VAD'ERE: va'do, va'sum,
to go
to leave
.

vad: evade'; invade'; pervade'.

vad: dodge; intrude; spread.

vas: eva'sion; inva'sion; perva'sive.

vas: evasion; invasion; pervasive.

210. VALE'RE: valeo, vali'tum,
to be strong, to be of value
to be strong, to have worth
; Val'idus,
strong
powerful
; Va'le,
farewell
goodbye
.

val: valedic'tory, bidding farewell; valetudina'rian (Lat. n. valetu'do, state of health), a person in ill-health; val'iant, brave, heroic; val'or (-ous); val'ue (-able, -ation, -ator); convales'cent, regaining health; equiv'alent (Lat. adj. e'quus, equal); prev'alent, very common or general; prevalence.

val: valedictory, saying goodbye; valetudinarian (Lat. n. valetudo, state of health), a person with poor health; valiant, brave, heroic; valor (-ous); value (-able, -ation, -ator); convalescent, recovering health; equivalent (Lat. adj. equus, equal); prevalent, very common or widespread; prevalence.

vail: (Fr. radical): avail' (-able); prevail'.

valid: val'id; valid'ity; in'valid.

211. VENI'RE: ve'nio, ven'tum,
to come, to go
to arrive, to leave
.

vent: vent'ure, literally, something gone upon; vent'uresome; ad'vent; adventi'tious, accidental, casual; advent'ure (-ous); circumvent'; contraven'tion; con'vent, a monastery, a nunnery; conven'ticle, a place of assembly; conven'tion (-al); event'(-ful); event'ual; invent' (literally, to come upon), to find out, to contrive; inven'tion; invent'ive; invent'or; interven'tion; peradvent'ure; prevent' (-ion, -ive).

vent: venture, literally, something pursued; venturesome; advent; adventitious, accidental, casual; adventure (-ous); circumvent; contravention; convent, a monastery, a nunnery; conventicle, a place of assembly; conventional; event (-ful); eventual; invent (literally, to come upon), to discover, to create; invention; inventive; inventor; intervention; peradventure; prevent (-ion, -ive).

Av'enue (Fr. n. avenue, an approach to); contravene'; convene'; conven'ient (Lat. pres. part, conve'niens, convenien'tis, literally, coming together), suitable; conven'ience; cov'enant an agreement between two parties; intervene'; rev'enue; supervene', to come upon, to happen.

Av'enue (Fr. n. avenue, a way to get to something); contravene; convene; conven'ient (Lat. pres. part, conve'niens, convenien'tis, literally, coming together), appropriate; conven'ience; cov'enant a pact between two parties; intervene; rev'enue; supervene, to occur, to take place.

212. VER'BUM,
a word
a term
.

verb: verb (-al, -ally, -ose, -osity); ad'verb; prov'erb.

Verba'tim (Lat. adv. verba'tim, word for word); ver'biage (Fr. n. verbiage, wordiness).

Verbatim (Latin adv. verbatim, word for word); verbiage (French n. verbiage, wordiness).

213. VER'TERE: ver'to, ver'sum,
to turn
to rotate
.

vert: advert'; inadver'tent (literally, not turning the mind to), heedless; ad'vertise, to turn public attention to; adver'tisement; animadvert' (Lat. n. an'imus, the mind), to turn the mind to, to censure; avert'; controvert', to oppose; convert', to change into another form or state; divert'; invert', literally, to turn the outside in; pervert', to turn from the true purpose; retrovert'; revert'; subvert'.

vert: advert'; inadvertent (literally, not paying attention), careless; advertise, to attract public attention to; advertisement; animadvert (Lat. n. an'imus, the mind), to focus the mind on, to criticize; avert'; controvert, to disagree; convert, to change into another form or state; divert; invert, literally, to turn the outside in; pervert, to stray from the true purpose; retrovert; revert; subvert.

vers: adverse' (-ary, -ity); animadver'sion; anniver'sary, the yearly (Lat. n. an'nus, a year) celebration of an event; averse', having a dislike to; aver'sion; con'troversy; converse' (-ant, -ation); conver'sion; diverse' (-ify, -ion, -ity); ob'verse; perverse' (-ity); retrover'sion; reverse' (-al, -ion); subver'sion; subversive; tergiversa'tion (Lat. n. ter'gum, the back), a subterfuge; transverse', lying or being across; u'niverse (Lat. adj. u'nus, one), the system of created things; univer'sal (-ist); univer'sity, a universal school in which are taught all branches of learning.

vers: adverse (-ary, -ity); animadversion; anniversary, the yearly (Lat. n. an'nus, a year) celebration of an event; averse, having a dislike for; aversion; controversy; converse (-ant, -ation); conversion; diverse (-ify, -ion, -ity); obverse; perverse (-ity); retroversion; reverse (-al, -ion); subversion; subversive; tergiversation (Lat. n. ter'gum, the back), a subterfuge; transverse, lying or being across; u'niverse (Lat. adj. u'nus, one), the system of created things; universal (-ist); university, a universal school in which all branches of learning are taught.

Verse (Lat. n. ver'sus, a furrow), a line in poetry; ver'sify; versifica'tion; ver'sion, that which is turned from one language into another, a statement; ver'satile (Lat. adj. versat'ilis, turning with ease); vertex (pl. ver'tices), the summit; vertical; vertebra (pl. ver'tebræ); ver'tebrate; ver'tigo; vor'tex (Lat. n. vor'tex, a whirlpool); divorce' (Fr. n. divorce), a separation.

Verse (Lat. n. ver'sus, a furrow), a line in poetry; ver'sify; versifica'tion; ver'sion, something that is translated from one language to another, a statement; ver'satile (Lat. adj. versat'ilis, turning with ease); vertex (pl. ver'tices), the peak; vertical; vertebra (pl. ver'tebræ); ver'tebrate; ver'tigo; vor'tex (Lat. n. vor'tex, a whirlpool); divorce' (Fr. n. divorce, a separation).

214. VE'RUS,
true
true
; Ve'rax, vera'cis,
veracious
truthful
.

ver: ver'dict (Lat. n. dic'tum, a saying), the decision of a jury; ver'ify, to prove to be true; verifica'tion; ver'ity (Lat. n. ver'itas, truth); ver'itable; verisim'ilar, truth-like; verisimil'itude; aver', to declare truer; aver'ment; ver'ily; ver'y.

ver: verdict (Lat. n. dic'tum, a saying), the decision of a jury; verify, to prove to be true; verification; verity (Lat. n. ver'itas, truth); veritable; verisimilar, truth-like; verisimilitude; aver, to declare truer; averment; verily; very.

verac: v'era'cious; verac'ity.

verac: v'era'cious; veracity.

215. VI'A,
a way
a method
.

via: vi'aduct (Lat. v. du'cere, duc'tum, to lead); viat'icum (Lat. n. viat'icum, literally, traveling money), the sacrament administered to a dying person; de'viate (-ion); de'vious; ob'viate, to meet in the way, to remove; ob'vious; per'vious, affording a passage through; imper'vious.

via: viaduct (from Latin ducere, ductum, meaning to lead); viaticum (from Latin viaticum, literally, travel money), the sacrament given to someone who is dying; deviate (-ion); devious; obviate, to encounter along the way, to eliminate; obvious; pervious, allowing passage through; impervious.

Voy'age (Fr. n. voyage); convoy', to escort; en'voy (Fr. v. envoyer, to send), one sent on a special mission; triv'ial (Lat. n. triv'ium, a cross road), trifling; trivial'ity.

Voyage (Fr. n. voyage); convoy, to escort; envoy (Fr. v. envoyer, to send), one sent on a special mission; trivial (Lat. n. triv'ium, a crossroad), trifling; triviality.

216. VIDE'RE: vi'deo, vi'sum,
to see
to view
.

vid: ev'ident, clearly seen; ev'idence; invid'ious, literally, looking against: hence, likely to provoke envy; provide', to look out for, to supply; prov'idence; prov'ident.

vid: evid'ent, clearly seen; evidence; invid'ious, literally, looking against: therefore, likely to provoke envy; provide', to look out for, to supply; providence; provid'ent.

vis: vis'ible; vis'ion (-ary); advise'; advis'able, expedient; im'provise, to compose and recite without premeditation; provis'ion; revise' (-al, -ion); supervis'ion; supervis'or.

vis: vis'ible; vis'ion (-ary); advise'; advis'able, expedient; im'provise, to create and perform without planning; provis'ion; revise' (-al, -ion); supervis'ion; supervis'or.

View (Fr. v. voir, to see, vu, seen); review'; in'terview; vis'age (Fr. n. visage, the countenance); vis'it (-ant, -or, -ation); vis'or, part of a helmet perforated to see through; vis'ta (It. n. vista, sight), a prospect as seen through an avenue of trees ; advice'; en'vy (Fr. n. envie = Lat. invid'ia, from invide're, to see against); in'voice (It. n. avviso, notice), a priced list of goods; peruse' (Lat. v. pervide're, pervi'sum, to look through); provi'so, a stipulation; pru'dent (Lat. adj. pru'dens from prov'idens); pru'dence; purvey', to look out for in the way of buying provisions; purvey'or; survey' (-or).

View (Fr. v. voir, to see, vu, seen); review; interview; visage (Fr. n. visage, the face); visit (-ant, -or, -ation); visor, part of a helmet with openings to see through; vista (It. n. vista, sight), a view seen through a row of trees; advice; envy (Fr. n. envie = Lat. invid'ia, from invide're, to look against); invoice (It. n. avviso, notice), a priced list of goods; peruse (Lat. v. pervide're, pervi'sum, to look through); proviso, a stipulation; prudent (Lat. adj. pru'dens from prov'idens); prudence; purvey, to look out for in the way of buying provisions; purveyor; survey (-or).

217. VIN'CERE: vin'co, vic'tum,
to conquer
to dominate
.

vinc: vin'cible; invin'cible; convince'; evince', to show clearly

vinc: vin'cible; invin'cible; convince'; evince', to clearly show

vict: vic'tor; vic'tory (-ous); convict', to prove guilty of crime; evict', to dispossess; evic'tion.

vict: vic'tor; vic'tory (-ous); convict', to prove guilty of a crime; evict', to dispossess; evic'tion.

Vanquish (Fr. v. vaincre, vaincu = Lat. vin'cere); prov'ince (Fr. n. province = Lat. provin'cia, literally, a conquered country).

Vanquish (Fr. v. vaincre, vaincu = Lat. vin'cere); province (Fr. n. province = Lat. provin'cia, literally, a conquered country).

218. VOCA'RE: vo'co, voca'tum,
to call
to call out
; Vox, vo'cis,
the voice
the voice
.

vocat: voca'tion, literally, calling, occupation; voc'ative, the case of a noun in which the subject is called, or addressed; ad'vocate to plead for; convoca'tion, an assembly, a meeting; equivocate (Lat. adj. e'quus, equal), to use words of doubtful meaning; equivoca'tion; evoca'tion, act of calling forth; invoca'tion; provoca'tion; provo'cative; revoca'tion.

vocat: vocation, literally, calling, occupation; vocative, the case of a noun where the subject is called, or addressed; advocate to plead for; convocation, an assembly, a meeting; equivocate (Lat. adj. aequus, equal), to use words of unclear meaning; equivocation; evocation, act of calling forth; invocation; provocation; provocative; revocation.

voc: vo'cable (Lat. n. vocab'ulum, that which is sounded with the voice), a word; vocab'ulary; vo'cal (-ist, -ize); vociferate, to cry with a loud voice; ad'vocacy, a pleading for, a defense; irrev'ocable.

voc: vo'cable (Latin n. vocab'ulum, that which is sounded with the voice), a word; vocab'ulary; vo'cal (-ist, -ize); vociferate, to shout loudly; ad'vocacy, a plea for, a defense; irrev'ocable.

Voice (Fr. n. voix = Lat. vox), sound uttered by the mouth; vouch, to call out, or affirm strongly; vow'el (Fr. n. vouelle, a voice-sound); advow'son, right of perpetual calling to a benefice; convoke', to call together; evoke'; invoke'; revoke'.

Voice (Fr. n. voix = Lat. vox), sound produced by the mouth; vouch, to shout out or strongly affirm; vowel (Fr. n. vouelle, a voice sound); advowson, right to permanently appoint someone to a church position; convoke, to gather together; evoke; invoke; revoke.

219. VOL'VERE: vol'vo, volu'tum,
to roll
to roll
.

volv: circumvolve'; convolve', to roll together; devolve'; evolve'; involve'; revolve' (-ion, -ionist).

volv: to go around'; come together', to roll together; to pass on'; to develop'; to include'; to spin' (-ion, -ionist).

volut: circumvolu'tion; evolu'tion; revolution (-ary, -ist, -ize).

volut: circling; development; change (-ary, -ist, -ize).

Vol'ume (Lat. n. volu'men, a roll, or inscribed parchment sheet rolled up), a single book; volute', a kind of rolled or spiral scroll; vol'uble, literally, rolling easily: hence, having great fluency of speech; convol'vulus, a genus of twining plants; revolt'.

Vol'ume (Lat. n. volu'men, a roll, or inscribed parchment sheet rolled up), a single book; volute', a type of rolled or spiral scroll; vol'uble, literally, rolling easily: therefore, having great fluency of speech; convol'vulus, a genus of twining plants; revolt'.

220. VUL'GUS,
the common people
the general public
.

vulg: vul'gar; vul'garism; vulgar'ity; vul'gate, a Latin version of the Scriptures.

vulg: vul'gar; vul'garism; vulgar'ity; vul'gate, a Latin version of the Bible.

Divulge', to make known something before kept secret; divulge'ment; promulgate (-ion).

Divulge', to reveal something that was previously kept secret; divulge'ment; announce (-ion).

PART III.—THE GREEK ELEMENT.

I.—GREEK PREFIXES.

Prefix. Preface.	Signification. Meaning.	Example. Example.	Definition Meaning
a- a- an- an-	= without; = no; not not	a-pathy apathy an-omalous anomalous	state of being without feeling. state of being numb. not similar. not similar.
amphi- amphi-	= around; about; both both	amphi-theater amphitheater amphi-bious amphibious	place for seeing all around. place for seeing everything around. living in both land and water. living in both land and water.
ana- ana-	= back, back, throughout throughout	ana-logy analogy ana-lysis analysis	reasoning back. reasoning backwards. loosening throughout. loosening everywhere.
anti- anti- ant- ant	= against; = versus; opposite opposite	anti-pathy antipathy ant-arctic antarctic	a feeling against. a feeling against. opposite the Arctic. across from the Arctic.
apo- apo- ap- ap-	= away; = away; out out	apo-stle apostle ap-helion aphelion	one sent out. one sent out. away from the sun. away from the sun.
cata- cata- cat- cat	= down or down or against against	cata-ract cataract cat-arrh cat allergy	a rushing down. a rushing down. a flowing down. a flowing down.
dia- dia-	= through or through or across across	dia-meter diameter dia-logue dialogue	measure through the center. measure through the center. speaking across (from one another). talking to (each other).
dis- dis- di- di-	= two, = 2, double double	dis-syllable disyllable di-lemma dilemma	word of two syllables. two-syllable word. a double assumption. a double assumption.
dys- dys-	= ill =sick	dys-pepsia indigestion	ill digestion. indigestion.
ec- ec- ex- ex-	= out of out of	ec-centric eco-centric ex-odies ex-bodies	out of the center. out of the center. an outgoing. an outgoing.

Note—ex- is used before a root beginning with a vowel.

Note—ex- is used before a root that starts with a vowel.

en- en- em- em-	= in or in or on on	en-ergy energy em-phasis emphasis	power in one. power in one. stress on. stress on.
epi- epi- ep- ep-	= upon; = on; for for	epi-dermis epidermis ep-hemeral ephemeral	skin upon skin. skin on skin. lasting for a day. lasting for a day.

Note—ep- is used before a root beginning with a vowel or a h aspirate

Note—ep- is used before a root that starts with a vowel or an h sound.

eu- eu- ev- ev-	= well or well or good great	eu-phonic euphonic ev-angel evangel	sounding well. sounding good. good news. great news.
hemi- hemi-	= half half	hemi-sphere hemisphere	half a sphere half a sphere
hyper- hyper-	= over or over or beyond beyond	hyper-critical overly critical hyper-borean polar	over-critical. overly critical. beyond the North. beyond the North.
hypo- hypo-	= under = beneath	hypo-thesis hypothesis	a placing under (= Lat. supposition.) a placing under (Lat. supposition)
meta- meta- met- met	= beyond; beyond transference transfer	meta-physics metaphysics met-onymy metonymy	science beyond physics. science beyond physics. transference of name. name transfer.
para- para- par- par-	= by the by the side of side of	par-helion parhelion	mock sun by the side of the real. mock sun beside the real.
peri- peri-	= around = around	peri-meter perimeter	the measure around anything. the measure around anything.
pro- pro-	= before = prior	pro-gramme program	something written before. something written earlier.
pros- pros	= to = to	pros-elyte convert	one coming to a new religion. one converting to a new religion.
syn- syn- sy- sy- syl- syl- sym- sym-	with with = or = or together together	syn-thesis synthesis sy-stem system syl-lable syllable sym-pathy sympathy	placing together. putting together. part with part. part with part. letters taken together. letters combined. feeling together. feeling connected.

NOTE.—The form sy- is used before s; syl- before l, sym- before b, p or m.

NOTE.—The form sy- is used before s; syl- before l, sym- before b, p, or m.

II.—GREEK ALPHABET.

Α α

Β β

Γ γ

Δ δ

Ε ε

Ζ ζ

Η η

Θ θ

Ι ι

Κ κ

Λ λ

Μ μ

Ν ν

Ξ ξ

Ο ο

Π π

Ρ ρ

Σ σ, ς final

Σ,ς final

Τ τ

Υ υ

Φ φ

Χ χ

Ψ ψ

Ω ω

e as in met

e as in me

o as in not

o as in not

u, or y

o as in no

Alpha.

Beta.

Beta.

Gamma.

Gamma.

Delta.

Epsilon.

Epsilon.

Zeta.

Zeta.

Eta.

ETA.

Theta.

Iota

Kappa.

Kappa.

Lambda.

Mu.

Nu.

No.

Xi.

Omicron.

Omicron variant.

Rho.

Rho.

Sigma.

Tau.

Tau.

Upsilon.

Upsilon.

Phi.

Phi

Chi.

Psi.

Omega.

Pronunciation of Greek Words.

Gamma has always the hard sound of g, as in give.

Gamma always has the hard sound of g, as in give.

Kappa is represented by c in English words, although in Greek it has but one sound, that of our k.

Kappa is represented by c in English words, although in Greek it has just one sound, which is the same as our k.

Upsilon is represented by y in English words; in Greek it has always the sound of u in mute.

Upsilon is represented by y in English words; in Greek, it always has the sound of u when silent.

Chi is represented in English by ch having the sound of k; as in chronic.

Chi is represented in English by ch sounding like k; as in chronic.

In Greek words, as in Latin, there are always as many syllables as there are vowels and diphthongs.

In Greek, just like in Latin, there are always as many syllables as there are vowels and diphthongs.

An inverted comma placed over a letter denotes that the sound of our h precedes that letter.

An inverted comma placed over a letter indicates that the sound of our h comes before that letter.

GREEK ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.

DIVISION I.—PRINCIPAL GREEK ROOTS.

1. A'ER (αηρ), the air.

a'erate, to combine with air; to mix with carbonic acid.

a'erate, to mix with air; to blend with carbon dioxide.

a-e'rial, belonging to the air.

, belonging to the air.

a'eriform, having the form of air.

a'eriform, shaped like air.

a'erolite (Gr. n. lith'os, a stone), a meteoric stone.

a'eronaut (Gr. n. nau'tēs, a sailor), a balloonist.

a'eronaut (Gr. n. nau'tēs, a sailor), balloonist.

aerosta'tion, aerial navigation.

air travel, aerial navigation.

air, the atmosphere; a melody; the bearing of a person.

air, the atmosphere; a tune; the way someone carries themselves.

air'y, open to the air; gay, sprightly.

airy, open to the air; cheerful, lively.

2. AG'EIN (αγειν), to lead.

apago'ge, a leading away; an indirect argument

apago'ge,

dem'agogue (Gr. n. de'mos, the people), a misleader of the people.
demagogue (Gr. n. demos, the people), someone who misleads the people.

parago'ge (literally, a leading or extension beyond), the addition of a letter or syllable to the end of a word.
parago'ge (literally, an extension or addition), the addition of a letter or syllable to the end of a word.

ped'agogue (Gr. n. pais, a child), a schoolmaster; a pedantic person..
pedagogue (Gr. n. pais, a child), a teacher; a knowledgeable but overly formal person.

syn'agogue, a Jewish place of worship.
synagogue, a Jewish place of worship.

3. A'GON (αγων), a contest.

ag'ony, extreme pain.
agony, severe pain.

ag'onize, to be in agony.
agonize, to be in pain.

antag'onism, direct opposition.
antagonism, direct opposition.

antag'onist, or antagonis'tic, contending against.
antagonist, or antagonistic, in opposition.

4. ANG'ELLEIN (αγγελλειν), to bring tidings; ANG'ELLOS (αγγελλος), a messenger.

an'gel, a spiritual messenger.
angel, a spiritual messenger.

angel'ic, relating to an angel.
angelic, relating to an angel.

archan'gel (Gr. prefix archi-, chief), an angel of the highest order.
archangel (Gr. prefix archi-, chief), an angel of the highest rank.

evan'gel (Gr. prefix eu, well), good tidings; the gospel.
evan'gel (Gr. prefix eu, meaning "well"), good news; the gospel.

evan'gelist, one of the writers of the four gospels.
evangelist, one of the authors of the four gospels.

5. AR'CHE (αρχη), beginning, government, chief.

an'archy, want of government.
anarchy, lack of government.

ar'chitect (Gr. n. tek'tōn, workman), literally, a chief builder, one who devises plans for buildings.
architect (Gr. n. tek'tōn, workman), literally, the main builder, someone who creates designs for structures.

ar'chives, records.
archives, records.

hep'tarchy (Gr. hepta, seven), a sevenfold government.
heptarchy (Gr. hepta, seven), a sevenfold government.

hi'erarchy (Gr. adj. hi'eros, sacred), dominion in sacred things; a sacred body of rulers.
hierarchy (Gr. adj. hieros, sacred), control over sacred matters; a sacred group of leaders.

mon'arch (Gr. adj. mon'os, alone), one who rules alone, a sovereign.
monarch (Gr. adj. monos, alone), one who rules alone, a sovereign.

mon'archy, government by one person, a kingdom.
monarchy, government led by a single person, a kingdom.

oligarchy (Gr. adj. ol'igos, few), government by a few, an aristocracy.
oligarchy (Gr. adj. ol'igos, few), rule by a small group, an elite class.

pa'triarch (Gr. n. pat'ēr, a father), the father and ruler of a family.
patriarch (Gr. n. pat'ēr, a father), the father and leader of a family.

patriar'chal, relating to patriarchs.
patriarchal, relating to patriarchs.

6. AS'TRON (αστρον), a star.

as'terisk, a mark like a star (*) used to refer to a note, and sometimes to mark an omission of words.
asterisk, a symbol that looks like a star (*) used to refer to a note, and sometimes to indicate a missing part of the text.

as'teroid (Gr. adj. ei'dos, like), one of the numerous small planets between Mars and Jupiter.
asteroid (Gr. adj. eidos, like), one of the many small planets located between Mars and Jupiter.

as'tral, belonging to the stars.
astral, related to the stars.

astrol'ogy, the pretended science of foretelling events by the stars.
Astrology, the supposed science of predicting events based on the stars.

astron'omy (Gr. n. nom'os, a law), the science that treats of the stars.
Astronomy (Gr. n. nom'os, a law), the science that studies the stars.

astron'omer, one skilled in astronomy.
astronomer, one skilled in astronomy.

disas'ter, calamity, misfortune.
disaster, calamity, misfortune.

disas'trous, unlucky; calamitous.
disastrous, unlucky; catastrophic.

7. AU'TOS (αυτος), one's self.

autobiog'raphy (Gr. n. bi'os, life, graph'ein, to write), the life of a person written by himself.
autobiography (Gr. n. bios, life, graphein, to write), the story of a person's life written by that person.

au'tocrat (Gr. n. krat'os, power), an absolute ruler.
Autocrat (Gr. n. krat'os, power), an absolute ruler.

autocrat'ic, like an autocrat.
autocratic, like an autocrat.

au'tograph, one's own handwriting.
autograph, your own handwriting.

autom'aton (Gr. mema'otes, striving after), a self-acting machine.
automaton (Gr. mema'otes, striving after), a self-operating machine.

authen'tic, genuine, true.
authentic, genuine, true.

authentic'ity, genuineness.
authenticity, genuineness.

8. BAL'LEIN (βαλλειν), to throw or cast.

em'blem, a representation; a type.
emblem, a symbol; a kind.

emblemat'ical, containing an emblem.
emblematic, containing an emblem.

hyper'bole, a figure of speech which represents things greater or less than they are.
hyperbole, a figure of speech that exaggerates things to make them seem greater or smaller than they really are.

par'able, a story which illustrates some fact or doctrine.
parable, a story that illustrates a truth or principle.

parab'ola, one of the conic sections.
parabola, one of the conic sections.

prob'lem, a question proposed for solution.
problem, a question proposed for solution.

sym'bol, a sign; a representation.
symbol, a sign; a representation.

symbolical, representing by signs.
symbolic, representing through signs.

9. BAP'TEIN (βαπτειν), to wash, to dip.

bap'tism, a Christian sacrament, in the observance of which the individual is sprinkled with or immersed in water.
baptism, a Christian sacrament, in which a person is sprinkled with or immersed in water.

baptize', to sprinkle with or immerse in water.
baptize, to sprinkle or dip in water.

baptismal, pertaining to baptism: as baptismal vows.
baptismal, related to baptism: like baptismal vows.

bap'tist, one who approves only of baptism by immersion.
baptist, someone who believes in baptism only by immersion.

anabap'tist, one who believes that only adults should be baptized.
Anabaptist, someone who believes that only adults should be baptized.

catabap'tist, one opposed to baptism.
catabaptist, one against baptism.

pedobap'tism (Gr. pais, paidos, a child), infant baptism.
pedobaptism (Gr. pais, paidos, a child), infant baptism.

10. CHRON'OS (χρονος), time.

chron'ic, lasting a long time; periodical.
chronic, lasting a long time; periodical.

chron'icle, a record of events in the order of time; a history recording facts in order of time.
chron'icle, a record of events arranged in chronological order; a history documenting facts over time.

chronol'ogy, the science of computing the dates of past events.
chronology, the science of calculating the dates of past events.

chronom'eter (Gr. n. me'tron, a measure), an instrument for measuring time.
chronometer (Gr. n. metron, a measure), an instrument for measuring time.

anach'ronism, an error in computing time.
anachronism, time-related error.

syn'chronal, syn'chronous, existing at the same time.
syn'chronal, syn'chronous, occurring simultaneously.

11. GRAM'MA (γραμμα), a letter

gram'mar, the science of language.
grammar, the science of language.

gramma'rian, one skilled in or who teaches grammar.
grammarian, someone who is skilled in or teaches grammar.

grammat'ical, according to the rules of grammar.
grammatical, according to the rules of grammar.

an'agram, the change of one word into another by transposing the letters.
an'agram, the transformation of one word into another by rearranging the letters.

di'agram, a writing or drawing made for illustration.
diagram, a visual representation created for illustration.

ep'igram, a short poem ending with a witty thought.
epigram, a brief poem that concludes with a clever observation.

mon'ogram (Gr. adj. mon'os, alone), a character composed of several letters interwoven.
monogram (Gr. adj. monos, alone), a symbol made up of several letters twisted together.

pro'gramme, order of any entertainment.
program, schedule of any entertainment.

tel'egram (Gr. te'le, at a distance), a message sent by telegraph.
telegram (Gr. te'le, from a distance), a message sent by telegraph.

12. GRAPH'EIN (γραφειν), to write.

graph'ic, well delineated; giving vivid description.
graphic, well-defined; giving vivid description.

au'tograph. See au'tos.
autograph. See autos.

biog'raphy (Gr. n. bi'os, life), the history of a life.
biography (Gr. n. bios, life), the story of a life.

calig'raphy (Gr. adj. kal'os, beautiful), beautiful writing.
calligraphy (Gr. adj. kal'os, beautiful), beautiful writing.

geog'raphy (Gr. n. gē, the earth), a description of the earth.
geography (Gr. n. gē, the earth), a description of the earth.

historiog'rapher (Gr. n. histo'ria, history), one appointed to write history.
historiographer (Gr. n. historia, history), someone assigned to write history.

hol'ograph (Gr. adj. hol'os, whole), a deed or will wholly written by the grantor or testator.
holograph (Gr. adj. holos, whole), a document or will entirely written by the person granting or bequeathing.

lexicog'rapher (Gr. n. lex'icon, a dictionary), the compiler of a dictionary.
lexicographer (Gr. n. lexicon, a dictionary), a person who compiles a dictionary.

lith'ograph (Gr. n. lith'os, a stone), an impression of a drawing made on stone.
lithograph (Gr. n. lithos, meaning stone), a print made from a drawing on stone.

lithog'raphy, the art of writing on and taking impressions from stone.
Lithography, the art of writing on and printing from stone.

orthog'raphy (Gr. adj. or'thos, correct), the correct spelling of words.
orthography (Gr. adj. orthos, correct), the correct spelling of words.

pho'nograph (Gr. n. pho'ne, sound), an instrument for the mechanical registration and reproduction of audible sounds.
phonograph (Gr. n. phone, sound), a device for recording and playing back sounds.

phonog'raphy, a system of short hand; the art of constructing or of using the phonograph.
Phonography, a shorthand system; the skill of creating or using the phonograph.

photog'raphy (Gr. n. phos, phot'os, light), the art of producing pictures by light.
photography (Gr. n. phos, phot'os, light), the art of creating images using light.

stenog'raphy (Gr. adj. sten'os, narrow), the art of writing in short-hand.
Stenography (Gr. adj. sten, narrow), the art of writing in shorthand.

tel'egraph (Gr. te'le, at a distance), an apparatus for conveying intelligence to a distance by means of electricity.
telegraph (Gr. tele, at a distance), a device for sending messages over long distances using electricity.

topog'raphy (Gr. n. top'os, a place), the description of a particular place.
topography (Gr. n. topos, a place), the description of a specific location.

typography (Gr. n. tu'pos, a type), the art or operation of printing.
typography (Gr. n. tu'pos, a type), the art or process of printing.

13. HOD'OS ('οδος), a way.

ep'isode, an incidental story introduced into a poem or narrative.
episode, a side story added into a poem or narrative.

ex'odus, departure from a place; the second book of the Old Testament.
exodus, leaving a place; the second book of the Old Testament.

meth'od, order, system, way, manner.
method, order, system, way, manner.

Meth'odist, the followers of John Wesley. (The name has reference to the strictness of the rules of this sect of Christians).
Methodist, the followers of John Wesley. (The name refers to the strictness of the rules of this group of Christians).

pe'riod (Gr. n. period'os, a passage round), the time in which anything is performed; a kind of sentence; a punctuation mark.
period (Gr. n. period'os, a passage around), the time during which something occurs; a type of sentence; a punctuation mark.

syn'od, a meeting of ecclesiastics.
synod, a meeting of church leaders.

14. HU'DOR ('υδορ), water.

hy'dra, a water-snake; a fabulous monster serpent slain by Hercules.
hydra, a water snake; a legendary monster serpent killed by Hercules.

hydran'gea, a genus of plants remarkable for their absorption of water.
hydrangea, a type of plant known for its ability to absorb water.

hy'drant, a water-plug.
fire hydrant, a water plug.

hydrau'lic (Gr. n. au'los, a pipe), relating to the motion of water through pipes; worked by water.
hydraulic (Gr. n. aulos, a pipe), related to the movement of water through pipes; operated by water.

hydrau'lics, the science which treats of fluids in motion.
Hydraulics, the study of fluids in motion.

hydroceph'alus (Gr. n. keph'ale, the head), dropsy of the head.
hydrocephalus (Gr. n. kephalē, the head), swelling of the head.

hy'drogen (Gr. v. gen'ein, to beget), a gas which with oxygen produces water.
Hydrogen (Gr. v. gen'ein, to beget), a gas that combines with oxygen to produce water.

hydrog'raphy, the art of maritime surveying and mapping.
hydrography, the practice of surveying and mapping bodies of water.

hydrop'athy (Gr. n. path'os, feeling), the water-cure.
hydropathy (Gr. n. pathos, feeling), water cure.

hydropho'bia (Gr. n. phob'os, fear), literally, dread of water; canine madness.
hydrophobia (Gr. n. phobos, fear), literally, fear of water; rabies.

hy'dropsy, a collection of water in the body. ("Dropsy" is a contraction of hydropsy).
hydropsy, an accumulation of fluid in the body. ("Dropsy" is a shortened form of hydropsy).

hydrostat'ics, the science which treats of fluids at rest.
Hydrostatics, the study of fluids that are not in motion.

15. KRAT'OS (χρατος), rule, government, strength.

aristoc'racy (Gr. adj. aris'tos, best), government by nobles.
aristocracy (Gr. adj. aris'tos, best), rule by nobles.

aris'tocrat, one who favors aristocracy.
Aristocrat, someone who supports aristocracy.

au'tocrat. See au'tos.
autocrat. See autos.

democ'racy (Gr. n. de'mos, the people), government by the people.
democracy (Gr. n. demos, the people), government by the people.

dem'ocrat, one who upholds democracy; in the United States, a member of the democratic party.
democrat, someone who supports democracy; in the United States, a member of the Democratic Party.

theoc'racy, government of a state by divine direction, as the ancient Jewish state.
Theocracy, government of a state by divine guidance, as seen in the ancient Jewish state.

16. LOG'OS (λογος), speech, ratio, description, science.

log'ic, the science and art of reasoning.
Logic, the study and craft of reasoning.

logi'cian, one skilled in logic.
logician, one skilled in logic.

log'arithms (Gr. n. arith'mos, number), a class of numbers that abridge arithmetical calculations.
Logarithms (Gr. n. arith'mos, number), a type of numbers that simplify arithmetic calculations.

anal'ogy, a resemblance of ratios.
analogy, a resemblance of ratios.

ap'ologue, a moral fable.
b) moral fable.

apol'ogy, a defense, an excuse.
apology, a defense, an excuse.

cat'alogue, a list of names in order.
catalogue, a list of names in order.

chronol'ogy. (See chronos.)
chronology. (See chronos.)

conchol'ogy (Gr. n. kon'chos, a shell), the science of shells.
Conchology (Gr. n. kon'chos, a shell), the study of shells.

dec'alogue (Gr. dek'a, ten), the ten commandments.
Decalogue (Gr. dek'a, ten), the Ten Commandments.

doxol'ogy (Gr. n. doxa, glory), a hymn expressing glory to God.
doxology (Gr. n. doxa, glory), a hymn that praises God.

ec'logue, a pastoral poem.
Ecologue, a pastoral poem.

entomol'ogy (Gr. n. ento'ma, insects, and v. tem'nein, to cut), the natural history of insects.
entomology (Gr. n. entoma, insects, and v. temnein, to cut), the natural history of insects.

ep'ilogue, a short poem or speech at the end of a play.
epilogue, a brief poem or speech at the conclusion of a play.

etymol'ogy (Gr. et'umon, true source), a part of grammar; the science of the derivation of words.
etymology (Gr. et'umon, true source), a branch of grammar; the study of how words are derived.

eu'logy, praise, commendation.
eulogy, praise, commendation.

geneal'ogy (Gr. n. gen'os, birth), history of the descent of families.
genealogy (Gr. n. genos, birth), the history of family lineage.

geol'ogy (Gr. n. gē, the earth), the science which treats of the internal structure of the earth.
geology (Gr. n. gē, the earth), the science that studies the internal structure of the earth.

mineral'ogy, the science of minerals.
mineralogy, the study of minerals.

mythol'ogy (Gr. n. mu'thos, a fable), a system or science of fables.
mythology (Gr. n. mythos, a story), a system or study of stories.

ornithol'ogy (Gr. n. or'nis, or'nithos, a bird), the natural history of birds.
ornithology (Gr. n. ornis, ornithos, a bird), the natural history of birds.

pathol'ogy (Gr. n. path'os, suffering), that part of medicine which treats of the causes and nature of diseases.
pathology (Gr. n. pathos, suffering), the branch of medicine that deals with the causes and nature of diseases.

philol'ogy (Gr. phil'os, loving, fond of), the science which treats of languages.
philology (Gr. philos, loving, fond of), the study of languages.

phrenol'ogy (Gr. n. phrén, the mind), the art of reading the mind from the form of the skull.
phrenology (Gr. n. phrén, the mind), the practice of interpreting a person's thoughts and character based on the shape of their skull.

physiol'ogy (Gr. n. phu'sis, nature), the science which treats of the organism of plants and animals.
physiology (Gr. n. phu'sis, nature), the science that studies the structure and function of plants and animals.

pro'logue, verses recited as introductory to a play.
prologue, lines spoken as an introduction to a play.

psychol'ogy (Gr. n. psu'che, the soul), mental philosophy; doctrine of man's spiritual nature.
psychology (Gr. n. psu'che, the soul), mental philosophy; the study of human spiritual nature.

syl'logism, a form of reasoning consisting of three propositions.
syl'logism, a method of reasoning that includes three statements.

tautol'ogy (Gr. tau'to, the same), a repetition of the same idea in different words.
tautology (Gr. tau'to, the same), a repetition of the same idea using different words.

technol'ogy (Gr. n. tech'ne, art), a description of the arts.
technology (Gr. n. tech'ne, art), a description of the arts.

theol'ogy. See theos.
theology. See theos.

toxicol'ogy (Gr. n. tox'icon, poison) the science which treats of poisons and their effects.
Toxicology (Gr. n. toxicon, poison) the science that deals with poisons and their effects.

zool'ogy (Gr. n. zo'on, an animal), that part of natural history which treats of animals.
zoology (Greek: n. zo'on, meaning an animal), the branch of natural history that studies animals.

17. MET'RON (μετρον) a measure.

me'ter, arrangement of poetical feet; a measure of length.
meter, arrangement of poetic feet; a measurement of length.

met'ric, denoting measurement.
metric, referring to measurement.

met'rical, pertaining to meter.
metrical, related to meter.

anemom'eter (Gr. n. an'emos, the wind), an instrument measuring the force and velocity of the wind.
anemometer (Gr. n. anemos, the wind), an instrument measuring the strength and speed of the wind.

barom'eter (Gr. n. ba'ros, weight), an instrument that indicates changes in the weather.
barometer (Gr. n. baros, weight), an instrument that shows changes in the weather.

diam'eter, measure through anything.
diameter, measure across anything.

geom'etry (Gr. n. ge, the earth), a branch of mathematics.
geometry (Gr. n. ge, the earth), a branch of mathematics.

hexam'eter (Gr. hex, six), a line of six poetic feet.
hexameter (Gr. hex, six), a line made up of six poetic feet.

hydrom'eter (Gr. n. hu'dor, water), an instrument for determining the specific gravities of liquids.
hydrometer (Gr. n. hudor, water), a device for measuring the specific gravities of liquids.

hygrom'eter (Gr. adj. hu'gros, wet), an instrument for measuring the degree of moisture of the atmosphere.
hygrometer (Gr. adj. hu'gros, wet), a tool for measuring how much moisture is in the air.

pentam'eter (Gr. pen'te, five), a line of five poetic feet.
pentameter (Gr. pente, five), a line consisting of five poetic feet.

perim'eter, the external boundary of a body or figure.
perimeter, the outer edge of a shape or area.

sym'metry, the proportion or harmony of parts.
symmetry, the balance or harmony of parts.

thermom'eter (Gr. adj. ther'mos, warm), an instrument for measuring the heat of bodies.
thermometer (Gr. adj. thermos, warm), an instrument for measuring the temperature of objects.

trigonom'etry (Gr. n. trigo'non, a triangle), a branch of mathematics.
Trigonometry (Gr. n. trigonon, a triangle), a field of mathematics.

18. MON'OS (μονος), sole, alone.

mon'achism, the condition of monks; a monastic life.
Monasticism, the way of life for monks; a life dedicated to monastic practices.

mon'ad, something ultimate and indivisible.
mon'ad, the ultimate and indivisible.

mon'astery, a house of religious retirement.
monastery, a place for religious retreat.

monk (Gr. n. mon'achos), a religious recluse.
monk (Gr. n. mon'achos), a religious hermit.

monog'amy (Gr. n. gam'os, marriage), the marriage of one wife only.
monogamy (Gr. n. gamos, marriage), the marriage of one wife only.

mon'ologue (Gr. n. log'os), a speech uttered by a person alone.
monologue (Gr. n. logos), a speech delivered by a person alone.

monoma'nia (Gr. n. ma'nia, madness), madness confined to one subject.
monomania (Gr. n. mania, madness), madness focused on a single subject.

monop'oly (Gr. v. pol'ein, to sell), the sole power of selling anything.
monopoly (Gr. v. pol'ein, to sell), the exclusive right to sell something.

monosyl'lable, a word of one syllable.
monosyllable, a one-syllable word.

mon'otheism (Gr. n. the'os, God), the belief in the existence of only one God.
monotheism (Gr. n. the'os, God), the belief in the existence of just one God.

mon'otone, uniformity of tone.
monotone, same tone.

monot'ony, sameness of sound; want of variety.
monotony, repetition of sound; lack of variety.

19. O'DE (ωδε), a song.

ode, a lyric poem.
ode, a lyrical poem.

mel'ody (Gr. n. mel'os, a song), an agreeable succession of musical sounds.
melody (Gr. n. melos, a song), a pleasant sequence of musical sounds.

par'ody, the alteration of the works of an author to another subject.
parody, the modification of an author's work to focus on a different subject.

pros'ody, the study of versification.
prosody, the study of poetry.

psal'mody, the practice of singing psalms.
psal'mody, singing psalms.

trag'edy (Gr. n. trag'os, a goat ⁹), a dramatic representation of a sad or calamitous event.
tragedy (Gr. n. tragos, a goat ⁹), a dramatic portrayal of a sad or disastrous event.

EXERCISE.

The periods of astronomy go far beyond any chronology. The phonograph and the telegraph are both American inventions. By the aid of a diagram the problem was readily solved. Dr. Holmes, the Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, has written many parodies. In the struggle between monarchy and democracy Mexico has often been in a state of anarchy. His antagonist suffered great agony from the disaster that occurred. The eulogy pronounced on the great zoölogist Agassiz was well deserved. What is the etymological distinction between geography and geology? The aeronaut took with him a barometer, a thermometer, and a chronometer. I owe you an apology for not better knowing your genealogy. Typography has been well called "the art preservative of all the arts." Who is called the great American lexicographer? Tautology is to be avoided by all who make any pretence to grammar. One may be a democrat without being a demagogue. You cannot be an architect without knowing geometry. Zoology shows that there is great symmetry in the structure of animals. The pretensions of astrology are now dissipated into thin air. Many persons skilled in physiology do not believe in hydropathy. Longfellow's "Evangeline" is written in hexameter, and Milton's "Paradise Lost" in pentameter.
The periods of astronomy go far beyond any timeline. The phonograph and the telegraph are both American inventions. With the help of a diagram, the problem was easily solved. Dr. Holmes, the Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, has written many parodies. In the conflict between monarchy and democracy, Mexico has often been in a state of anarchy. His opponent suffered great pain from the disaster that occurred. The eulogy given for the great zoölogist Agassiz was well deserved. What is the etymological difference between geography and geology? The aeronaut took with him a barometer, a thermometer, and a chronometer. I owe you an apology for not knowing your genealogy better. Typography has been aptly called "the art that preserves all the arts." Who is regarded as the great American lexicographer? Tautology should be avoided by anyone who makes any claim to grammar. One can be a democrat without being a demagogue. You cannot be an architect without knowing geometry. Zoology shows that there is great symmetry in the structure of animals. The claims of astrology are now scattered into thin air. Many people skilled in physiology do not believe in hydropathy. Longfellow's "Evangeline" is written in hexameter, and Milton's "Paradise Lost" is in pentameter.

20. ON'OMA (ονομα), a name.

anon'ymous, without a name.
anonymous, without a name.

meton'ymy, a rhetorical figure in which one word is put for another.
metonymy, a rhetorical device where one word is substituted for another.

on'omatopoe'ia, the forming of words whose sound suggests the sense.
Onomatopoeia, the creation of words whose sounds imply their meaning.

paron'ymous, of like derivation.
paronymous, of similar derivation.

patronym'ic (Gr. n. pat'er, a father), a name derived from a parent or ancestor.
patronymic (Gr. n. pat'er, a father), a name that comes from a parent or ancestor.

pseu'donym (Gr. adj. pseu'des, false), a fictitious name.
(Gr. adj. pseu'des, false), a fake name.

syn'onym, a word having the same meaning as another in the same language.
synonym, a word that means the same as another word in the same language.

21. PAN (παν, παντος), all; whole.

panace'a (Gr. v. ak'eomai, I cure), a universal cure.
panacea (Gr. v. akeomai, I cure), a universal cure.

pan'creas (Gr. n. kre'as, flesh), a fleshy gland situated at the bottom of the stomach.
pancreas (Gr. n. kre'as, flesh), a fleshy gland located at the base of the stomach.

pan'dect, a treatise which combines the whole of any science.
pan'dect, a comprehensive work that encompasses the entirety of a specific field of knowledge.

panegyr'ic (Gr. n. ag'ora, an assembly), an oration in praise of some person or event.
panegyric (Gr. n. agora, an assembly), an speech in praise of someone or something.

pan'oply (Gr. n. hop'la, armor), a complete suit of armor.
pan'oply (Gr. n. hop'la, armor), a full set of armor.

panora'ma (Gr. n. hor'ama, a sight or view), a large picture gradually unrolled before an assembly.
panorama (Gr. n. horama, a sight or view), a large picture that is gradually revealed to an audience.

pan'theism (Gr. n. the'os, God), the doctrine that nature is God.
pantheism (Gr. n. the'os, God), the belief that nature is equivalent to God.

pan'theon, a temple dedicated to all the gods.
pantheon, a temple dedicated to all the gods.

pan'tomime, a scene or representation in dumb show.
pantomime, a scene or performance without words.

22. PA'THOS (παθος), suffering, feeling.

pathet'ic, affecting the emotions.
pathetic, affecting emotions.

pathol'ogy, the science of diseases.
pathology, the study of diseases.

allop'athy, a mode of medical practice.
allopathy, a medical practice method.

antip'athy, dislike, aversion.
antipathy, dislike, aversion.

ap'athy, want of feeling.
apathy, lack of feeling.

homeop'athy, a mode of medical practice.
homeopathy, a type of medical practice.

hydrop'athy. See hudor.
hydropathy. See hudor.

sym'pathy, fellow-feeling.
sympathy, empathy.

23. PHIL'OS (φιλος), a friend, a lover.

Philadel'phia (Gr. n. adel'phos, a brother), literally, the city of brotherly love.
Philadelphia (Gr. n. adelphos, a brother), literally, the city of brotherly love.

philanthropy (Gr. n. anthro'pos, a man), love of mankind.
philanthropy (Gr. n. anthro'pos, a person), love for humanity.

philharmon'ic (Gr. n. harmo'nia, harmony), loving harmony or music.
philharmonic (Gr. n. harmonia, harmony), loving harmony or music.

philos'ophy (Gr. n. sophi'a, wisdom), the general laws or principles belonging to any department of knowledge.
philos'ophy (Gr. n. sophi'a, wisdom), the general rules or principles related to any area of knowledge.

philos'opher, one versed in philosophy or science.
philosopher, someone knowledgeable in philosophy or science.

philosoph'ic, philosoph'ical, relating to philosophy.
philosophic, philosophical, relating to philosophy.

24. PHA'NEIN (φαινειν), to cause to appear; PHANTA'SIA (φαντασια), an image, an idea.

diaph'anous, translucent.
transparent, see-through.

epiph'any, the festival commemorative of the manifestation of Christ by the star of Bethlehem.
Epiphany, the celebration that marks the revelation of Christ through the Star of Bethlehem.

fan'cy, a pleasing image; a conceit or whim.
fancy, a pleasant image; a notion or whim.

fan'ciful, full of fancy; abounding in wild images.
whimsical, creative; full of vivid imagery.

fanta'sia, a musical composition avowedly not governed by the ordinary musical rules.
fanta'sia, a musical piece clearly not bound by the usual musical rules.

phan'tom, a specter, an apparation.
phantom, a ghost, a spirit.

phase, an appearance.
stage, an appearance.

phenom'enon, anything presented to the senses by experiment or observation; an unusual appearance.
phenomenon, anything that can be experienced through experiment or observation; an unusual sight.

syc'ophant (Gr. n. sukon, a fig, and, literally, an informer against stealers of figs), a mean flatterer.
syc'ophant (Gr. n. sukon, a fig, and, literally, an informer against stealers of figs), a petty flatterer.

25. PHO'NE (φωνη), a sound.

phonet'ic, phon'ic} according to sound.
phonetic, phonic} based on sound.

eu'phony, an agreeable sound of words.
euphony, pleasant sound of words.

sym'phony, harmony of mingled sounds; a musical composition for a full band of instruments.
symphony, the harmony of combined sounds; a musical piece for a complete ensemble of instruments.

26. PHOS (φως, φωτος), light.

phos'phorus (Gr. v. pherein, to bear), a substance resembling wax, highly inflammable, and luminous in the dark.
phos'phorus (Gr. v. pherein, to bear), a wax-like substance that ignites easily and shines in the dark.

phos'phate, a salt of phosphoric acid.
phosphate, a salt of phosphoric acid.

phosphores'cent, luminous in the dark.
phosphorescent, glowing in the dark.

phosphor'ic, relating to or obtained from phosphorus.
phosphoric, relating to or obtained from phosphorus.

photog'raphy. See graphein.
photography. See graphein.

27. PHU'SIS (φυσις), nature.

phys'ic, medicines.
physics, medications.

phys'ical, natural; material; relating to the body.
physical, natural; material; related to the body.

physi'cian, one skilled in the art of healing.
physician, someone skilled in the art of healing.

phys'icist, a student of nature.
physicist, a student of nature.

phys'ics, natural philosophy.
physics, natural philosophy.

physiog'nomy (Gr. n. gno'mon, a judge), the art of discerning the character of the mind from the features of the face; the particular cast of features or countenance.
physiognomy (Gr. n. gnomon, a judge), the skill of interpreting someone's character based on their facial features; the unique shape of someone's features or expression.

physiol'ogy. See logos.
physiology. See logos.

metaphys'ics, literally, after or beyond physics; hence, the science of mind.
Metaphysics, literally, after or beyond physics; hence, the science of mind.

metaphysi'cian, one versed in metaphysics.
metaphysician, one versed in metaphysics.

28. POL'IS (πολις), a city.

police', the body of officers employed to secure the good order of a city.
police, the group of officers responsible for maintaining the order of a city.

pol'icy, the art or manner of governing a nation or conducting public affairs; prudence.
policy, the way of managing a country or handling public matters; wisdom.

pol'itic, wise, expedient.
political, smart, practical.

polit'ical, relating to politics.
political, related to politics.

politi'cian, one devoted to politics.
politician, someone dedicated to politics.

pol'itics, the art or science of government; struggle of parties.
politics, the art or science of government; struggle of parties.

pol'ity, the constitution of civil government.
pol'ity, the structure of government.

acrop'olis (Gr. adj. ak'ros, high), a citadel.
acropolis, a citadel

cosmop'olite (Gr. n. kos'mos, the world), a citizen of the world.
cosmop'olite (Gr. n. kos'mos, the world), a citizen of the world.

metrop'olis (Gr. n. me'ter, a mother), the chief city of a country.
metropolis (Greek noun meter, meaning mother), the main city of a country.

necrop'olis (Gr. adj. nek'ros, dead), a burial-place; a city of the dead.
necrop'olis (Gr. adj. nek'ros, dead), a burial place; a city of the dead.

29. RHE'O ('ρεω), I flow, I speak.

rhet'oric, the art of composition; the science of oratory.
rhetoric, the art of writing; the science of public speaking.

rhetori'cian, one skilled in rhetoric.
rhetorician, one skilled in rhetoric.

rheu'matism, a disease of the limbs (so called because the ancients supposed it to arise from a deflection of the humors).
rheumatism, a disease of the limbs (named this way because the ancients thought it was caused by an imbalance of the body fluids).

res'in, a gum which flows from certain trees.
resin, a sticky substance that comes from certain trees.

catarrh', a discharge of fluid from the nose caused by cold in the head.
catarrh', a runny nose caused by a cold.

diarrhoe'a, purging.
diarrhea, cleansing.

hem'orrhage (Gr. n. haima, blood), a flowing of blood.
hemorrhage (Gr. n. haima, blood), a flow of blood.

30. SKOP'EIN (σκοπειν), to see, to watch.

scope, space, aim, intention.
scope, space, goal, intention.

bish'op (Gr. n. epis'kopos, overseer), a clergyman who has charge of a diocese.
bishop (Gr. n. episkopos, overseer), a clergyman who oversees a diocese.

epis'copacy, church government by bishops.
episcopacy, church government by bishops.

epis'copal, relating to episcopacy.
episcopal, relating to bishops.

kalei'doscope (Gr. adj. kal'os, beautiful), an optical instrument in which we see an endless variety of beautiful patterns by simple change of position.
kalei'doscope (Gr. adj. kal'os, beautiful), an optical device that allows us to view a never-ending assortment of beautiful patterns by just changing our position.

mi'croscope (Gr. adj. mik'ros, small), an instrument for examining small objects.
microscope (Gr. adj. mik'ros, small), an instrument for looking at tiny objects.

micros'copist, one skilled in the use of the microscope.
micros'copist, someone skilled in using the microscope.

steth'oscope (Gr. n. steth'os, the breast), an instrument for examining the state of the chest by sound.
stethoscope (Gr. n. stethos, the breast), a tool for checking the condition of the chest through sound.

tel'escope (Gr. te'le, afar off), an instrument for viewing objects far off.
telescope (Gr. te'le, far away), an instrument for observing distant objects.

31. TAK'TOS (τακτος), arranged; TAX'IS (ταξις), arrangement.

tac'tics, the evolution, maneuvers, etc., of military and naval forces; the science or art which relates to these.
Tactics, the evolution, maneuvers, etc., of military and naval forces; the science or art that pertains to these.

tacti'cian, one skilled in tactics.
tactician, one skilled in tactics.

syn'tax, the arrangement of words into sentences.
syntax, how words are arranged into sentences.

syntac'tical, relating to syntax.
syntactical, related to syntax.

tax'idermy (Gr. n. der'ma, skin), the art of preparing and arranging the skins of animals in their natural appearance.
taxidermy (Gr. n. derma, skin), the art of preparing and arranging the skins of animals to look like they do in nature.

tax'idermist, one skilled in taxidermy.
taxidermist, someone skilled in taxidermy.

32. TECH'NE (τεχνη), art.

tech'nical, relating to an art or profession.
technical, related to a specific art or profession.

technical'ity, a technical expression; that which is technical.
technicality, a technical term; something that is technical.

technol'ogy, a treatise on or description of the arts.
technology, a written work or explanation of the arts.

technol'ogist, one skilled in technology.
technologist, one skilled in technology.

polytech'nic (Gr. adj. pol'us, many), comprising many arts.
polytechnic (Gr. adj. pol'us, many), comprising many arts.

pyr'otechny (Gr. n. pur, fire), the art of making fireworks.
pyrotechnics (Greek n. pur, fire), the art of making fireworks.

33. THE'OS (θεος), God.

the'ism, belief in the existence of a God.
theism, the belief in the existence of a God.

theo'cracy. (See kratos.)
theocracy. (See kratos.)

theo'logy. (See logos.)
theology. (See logos.)

apotheo'sis, glorification, deification.
apotheosis, glorification, deification.

a'theism, disbelief in the existence of God.
atheism, the belief that God does not exist.

a'theist, one who does not believe in the existence of God.
atheist, someone who doesn't believe in the existence of God.

enthu'siasm, heat of imagination; ardent zeal.
enthusiasm, creativity; passionate drive.

pan'theism. (See pan.)
pan'theism. (See pan.)

pol'ytheism (Gr. adj. polus, many), the doctrine of a plurality of Gods.
polytheism (Gr. adj. polus, many), the belief in multiple gods.

34. TITH'ENI (τιθεναι), to place, to set.

theme, a subject set forth for discussion.
topic, a subject suggested for discussion.

the'sis, a proposition set forth for discussion.
thesis, a statement put forward for debate.

anath'ema, an ecclesiastical curse.
anathema, an ecclesiastical curse.

antithesis, opposition or contrast in words or deeds.
antithesis, opposition or contrast in actions or language.

hypoth'esis, a supposition.
hypothesis, a supposition.

paren'thesis, something inserted in a sentence which is complete without it.
parenthesis, something included in a sentence that would still make sense without it.

syn'thesis, a putting together, as opposed to analysis.
synthesis, combining different elements, in contrast to analysis.

35. TON'OS (τονος), tension, tone.

tone, tension, vigor, sound.
tone, tension, energy, sound.

ton'ic, adj. increasing tension or vigor; n. a medicine which increases strength.
tonic, adj. increasing tension or energy; n. a medicine that boosts strength.

tune, a series of musical notes on a particular key.
tune, a set of musical notes in a specific key.

attune', to make musical; to make one sound agree with another.
attune', to make musical; to make one sound match another.

bar'ytone (Gr. adj. ba'rus, heavy), a male voice.
baritone (Gr. adj. ba'rus, heavy), a male voice.

diaton'ic, proceeding by tones and semitones.
diatonic, moving by whole and half steps.

in'tonate, to sound; to modulate the voice.
intonate, to produce sound; to adjust the voice.

intone', to give forth a slow, protracted sound.
intone', to produce a long, drawn-out sound.

sem'itone, half a tone.
semitone, half a step.

REVIEW EXERCISE ON GREEK DERIVATIVES.

1. Derivation of "antithesis"?—Compose an example of an antithesis.—Point out the antithesis in the following:—
1. What's the meaning of "antithesis"?—Create an example of an antithesis.—Identify the antithesis in the following:—

"The prodigal robs his heir; the miser robs himself."
"The spendthrift takes from his heir; the penny-pincher deprives himself."

"A wit with dunces and a dunce with wits."
"A smart person among fools and a fool among smart people."

"Though deep, yet clear, though gentle, yet not dull,
"Though profound, yet clear; though gentle, yet not bland,"

Strong without rage, without o'erflowing, full."
Strong without anger, without overflowing, full.

2. Derivation of "hypothesis."—Give an adjective formed from this noun.—What Latin derivative corresponds literally to "hypothesis"? Ans. Supposition.—Show this. Ans. Supposition is composed of sub = hypo (under), and position (from ponere, to place) = thesis, a placing—What adjective from "supposition" would correspond to "hypothetical"? Ans. Supposititious.
2. Derivation of "hypothesis."—Give an adjective formed from this noun.—What Latin derivative literally corresponds to "hypothesis"? Ans. Supposition.—Show this. Ans. Supposition is made up of sub = hypo (under), and position (from ponere, to place) = thesis, a placing—What adjective from "supposition" corresponds to "hypothetical"? Ans. Supposititious.

3. Derivation of "parenthesis"?—Compose a parenthetical sentence.
3. Where does the term "parenthesis" come from?—Write a sentence that includes a parenthesis.

4. What is the opposite of "synthesis"?—Give the distinction Ans. Analysis is taking apart, synthesis is putting together—What adjective is derived from the noun "synthesis"?
4. What is the opposite of "synthesis"?—Give the distinction Ans. Analysis is taking things apart, synthesis is putting things together—What adjective comes from the noun "synthesis"?

5. What adjective is formed from "demagogue"? Ans. Demagogic or demagogical—Define it—Compose a sentence containing the word "demagogue". MODEL: "Aaron Burr, to gain popularity, practiced the arts of a demagogue."
5. What adjective is formed from "demagogue"? Ans. Demagogic or demagogical—Define it—Compose a sentence using the word "demagogue". MODEL: "Aaron Burr, to gain popularity, used the tactics of a demagogue."

6. What adjective is formed from "pedagogue"? Ans. Pedagogic—What would the "pedagogic art" mean?—Is "pedagogue" usually employed in a complimentary sense?—Give a synonym of "pedagogue" in its literal sense.
6. What adjective is formed from "pedagogue"? Ans. Pedagogic—What does the "pedagogic art" mean?—Is "pedagogue" typically used in a positive way?—Provide a synonym for "pedagogue" in its literal sense.

7. Derivation of "anarchy"?—Compose a sentence containing this word. MODEL: "Many of the South American States have long been cursed by anarchy."
7. Derivation of "anarchy"?—Compose a sentence containing this word. MODEL: "Many of the South American States have long been plagued by anarchy."

8. What adjective is formed from "monarchy"? Ans. Monarchical—Define it.—Can you mention a country at present ruled by a monarchical government?—What is the ruler of a monarchy called?
8. What adjective is made from "monarchy"? Ans. Monarchical—Define it.—Can you name a country currently governed by a monarchical system?—What is the title of the ruler in a monarchy called?

9. Compose a sentence containing the word "oligarchy". MODEL: "During the Middle Ages some of the Italian republics, as Genoa and Venice, were under the rule of an oligarchy."
9. Compose a sentence containing the word "oligarchy". MODEL: "During the Middle Ages, some Italian republics, like Genoa and Venice, were ruled by an oligarchy."

10. From what root is "democracy" derived?—What adjective is formed from "democracy"?—Is Russia at present a democracy?—Can you mention any ancient governments that for a time were democracies?
10. What root does the word "democracy" come from?—What adjective is made from "democracy"?—Is Russia currently a democracy?—Can you name any ancient governments that were democracies for a period of time?

11. What adjective is formed fiom "aristocracy"?—What noun will denote one who believes in aristocracy? Ans. Aristocrat—What does "aristocrat" ordinarily mean? Ans. A proud or haughty person who holds himself above the common people.
11. What adjective is formed from "aristocracy"?—What noun describes someone who believes in aristocracy? Ans. Aristocrat—What does "aristocrat" usually mean? Ans. A proud or arrogant person who considers themselves superior to ordinary people.

12. What is the etymology of "thermometer"?
12. What does the word "thermometer" come from?

13. Illustrate the meaning of "chronometer" by using it in a sentence.
13. Show what "chronometer" means by using it in a sentence.

14. What adjective is formed from "diameter"? Ans. Diametrical—What adverb is formed from "diametrical"?—What is meant by the expression "diametrically opposed"?
14. What adjective is made from "diameter"? Ans. Diametrical—What adverb comes from "diametrical"?—What does the phrase "diametrically opposed" mean?

15. What science was the forerunner of astronomy? Ans. Astrology—Give the derivative of this word.—What word denotes one who is skilled in astronomy?—Form an adjective from "astronomy."—Compose a sentence containing the word "astronomy." MODEL: "The three great founders of astronomy are Copernicus, Kepler, and Newton."
15. What science came before astronomy? Ans. Astrology—What is the root of this word?—What term refers to someone who is knowledgeable in astronomy?—Create an adjective from "astronomy."—Write a sentence using the word "astronomy." MODEL: "The three great pioneers of astronomy are Copernicus, Kepler, and Newton."

16. From what root is "telescope" derived?—Combine and define telescop + ic.—Compose a sentence using the word "telescope."
16. What is the origin of the word "telescope"?—Combine and define telescop + ic.—Create a sentence using the word "telescope."

17. From what root is "microscope" derived?—Combine and define microscop + ic.—What single word denotes microscopic animals? Ans. Animalculæ.—Compose a sentence containing the word "microscope." MODEL: "As the telescope reveals the infinitely distant, so the microscope reveals the infinitely little."
17. What is the origin of the word "microscope"?—Combine and define microscop + ic.—What single word refers to microscopic animals? Answer: Animalcules.—Create a sentence using the word "microscope." MODEL: "Just as the telescope shows us the far away, the microscope shows us the incredibly small."

18. Compose a sentence containing the word "antipathy." MODEL: "That we sometimes have antipathies which we cannot explain is well illustrated in the lines:
18. Write a sentence using the word "antipathy." MODEL: "It’s clear that we sometimes have dislikes that we can’t explain, as shown in the lines:

'The reason why I cannot tell,
I can't explain why.

I do not like you, Dr. Fell.'"
I don't like you, Dr. Fell.

19. What adjective is formed from "apathy"?
19. What adjective comes from "apathy"?

20. Derivation of "sympathy"?—Give a synonym of this Greek derivative. Ans. Compassion.—Show why they are literal synonyms. Ans. Sym = con or com, and pathy = passion; hence, compassion = sympathy.—Give an English derivative expressing the same thing. Ans. Fellow-feeling.
20. What’s the origin of "sympathy"?—Provide a synonym for this Greek word. Ans. Compassion.—Explain why they mean the same thing. Ans. Sym = con or com, and pathy = passion; therefore, compassion = sympathy.—Provide an English derivative that expresses the same idea. Ans. Fellow-feeling.

21. From what two roots is "autocrat" derived?—Form an adjective from "autocrat."—Who is the present "autocrat of all the Russias"?—Could the Queen of England be called an autocrat?—Why not?
21. What two roots is "autocrat" derived from?—Create an adjective from "autocrat."—Who is the current "autocrat of all the Russias"?—Could the Queen of England be called an autocrat?—Why not?

22. Compose a sentence containing the word "autograph." MODEL: "There are only two or three autographs of Shakespeare in existence."
22. Write a sentence using the word "autograph." MODEL: "There are only a couple of autographs of Shakespeare that still exist."

23. Derivation of "automaton"?—Illustrate the signification of the word by a sentence.
23. What does "automaton" mean?—Show the meaning of the word with a sentence.

24. What word would denote a remedy for "all the ills that flesh is heir to"?—Compose a sentence containing the word "panacea."
24. What word would mean a cure for "all the problems that come with being human"?—Write a sentence using the word "panacea."

25. Derivation of "panoply"?—In the following sentence is "panoply" used in a literal or a figurative sense? "We had need to take the Christian panoply, to put on the whole armor of God."
25. Derivation of "panoply"?—In the sentence below, is "panoply" used literally or figuratively? "We need to take the Christian panoply, to put on the whole armor of God."

26. From what two roots is "pantheism" derived?—What word is used to denote one who believes in pantheism?
26. From what two roots does the word "pantheism" come?—What term is used for someone who believes in pantheism?

27. Can you mention an ancient religion in which there were many gods?—Each divinity might have its own temple; but what name would designate a temple dedicated to all the gods?
27. Can you name an ancient religion that had multiple gods?—Each deity could have its own temple; but what would you call a temple dedicated to all the gods?

28. Give an adjective formed from the word "panorama."—Compose a sentence using the word "panorama."
28. Give an adjective made from the word "panorama."—Create a sentence using the word "panorama."

29. What is the derivative of "eulogy"?—Illustrate its meaning by a sentence.—Form an adjective from "eulogy."
29. What is the derivative of "eulogy"?—Use it in a sentence to show its meaning.—Create an adjective from "eulogy."

30. What is the etymology of "pseudonym"?—Give an example of a pseudonym.
30. What is the origin of the word "pseudonym"?—Provide an example of a pseudonym.

DIVISION II.—ADDITIONAL GREEK ROOTS AND THEIR DERIVATIVES.

ach'os, pain—ache, headache.
ache, pain—headache.

ainig'ma, a riddle—enigma.
riddle, a riddle—enigma.

ak'me, a point—acme.
acme, a peak—acme.

akou'ein, to hear—acoustics.
akou'ein, to hear—sound.

ak'ros, high—acropolis (polis).
ak'ros, high—city on a hill.

allel'on, each other—parallel, parallelogram.
allel'on, each other—parallel, parallelogram.

an'er, a man—Andrew, Alexander.
an'er, guy—Andrew, Alexander.

an'thos, a flower—anther, anthology, polyanthus.
anthos, a flower—anther, anthology, polyanthus.

anthro'pos, a man—anthropology, anthropophagi, misanthrope, philanthropist, philanthropy.
anthro'pos, a man—anthropology, cannibals, misanthrope, philanthropist, philanthropy.

ark'tos, a bear—arctic, antarctic.
ark'tos, a bear—Arctic, Antarctic.

ar'gos, idle—lethargy, lethargic.
ar'gos, lazy—sluggish, sluggish.

aris'tos, best—aristocrat (kratos), aristocracy, aristocratic.
aris'tos, best—aristocrat (kratos), aristocracy, elite.

arith'mos, number—arithmetic, arithmetician, logarithm, logarithmic.
arith'mos, number—math, mathematician, logarithm, logarithmic.

aro'ma, spice, odor—aromatic.
aroma, spice, scent—fragrant.

arte'ria, a bloodvessel—artery, arterial.
arte'ria, a blood vessel—artery, arterial.

ask'ein, to discipline—ascetic, asceticism.
ask'ein, to discipline—self-discipline, asceticism.

asphal'tos, pitch—asphalt.
asphalt

ath'los, a contest—athlete, athletic.
ath'los, a competition—athlete, athletic.

at'mos, vapor, smoke—atmosphere, atmospheric.
at'mos, vapor, smoke—atmosphere, atmospheric.

au'los, a pipe—hydraulic.
au'los, a hydraulic pipe.

bal'samon, balsam—balm, embalm.
bal'samon, balsam—balm, preserve.

ba'ros, weight—barometer, barytes.
baros, weight—barometer, barytes.

ba'sis, the bottom—base, baseless, basement, basis.
basis, the foundation—base, baseless, basement, basis.

bib'lion, a book—bible, biblical.
bib'lion, a book—Bible, biblical.

bi'os, life—biography, biology.
bio, life—biography, biology.

bo'tane, a plant—botanic, botanical, botanist, botany.
bo'tane, a plant—plant science, plant expert, plant study.

bron'chos, the throat—bronchial, bronchitis.
bronchitis, the throat—bronchial, bronchitis.

bus'sos, bottom—abyss.
bus'sos, bottom—void.

cha'lups, steel—chalybeate.
cha'lups, steel—iron-rich.

charas'sein, to stamp—character, characterize, characteristic.
charas'sein, to stamp—character, characterize, trait.

cha'ris, grace—eucharist.
charis, grace—communion.

cheir, the hand—surgeon (short for chirurgeon), surgical.
cheir, the hand—surgeon, surgical.

chlo'ros, green—chloride, chlorine
chloros, green—chloride, chlorine

chol'e, bile—choler, cholera, choleraic, melancholy.
chol'e, bile—choler, cholera, choleraic, melancholy.

chor'de, a string—chord, cord, cordage.
chord, a string—chord, cord, rope.

chris'tos, anointed—chrism, Christ, Christian, Christmas, Christendom, antichrist.
christos, anointed—chrism, Christ, Christian, Christmas, Christendom, antichrist.

chro'ma, color—chromatic, chrome, chromic, chromotype, achromatic.
chro'ma, color—chromatic, chrome, chromic, chromotype, achromatic.

chru'sos, gold—chrysalis, chrysolite.
chru'sos, gold—chrysalis, chrysolite.

chu'los, the milky juice formed by digestion—chyle, chylifaction.
chu'los, the milky fluid produced during digestion—chyle, chylification.

chu'mos, juice—chyme, chemist, chemistry, alchemy, alchemist.
chu'mos, juice—chyme, chemist, chemistry, alchemy, alchemist.

dai'mon, a spirit—demon, demoniac, demonology.
dai'mon, a spirit—demon, demonic, demonology.

de'mos, the people—demagogue, democracy, democrat, endemic, epidemic.
de'mos, the people—demagogue, democracy, democrat, endemic, epidemic.

den'dron, a tree—dendrology, rhododendron.
den'dron, a tree—dendrology, rhododendron.

der'ma, the skin—epidermis.
der'ma, the skin—epidermis.

des'potes, a ruler—despot, despotic, despotism.
des'potes, a ruler—despot, autocratic, authoritarian rule.

diai'ta, manner of life—diet, dietary, dietetic.
diai'ta, way of living—diet, dietary, dietetic.

dido'ni, to give—dose, antidote, anecdote.
dido'ni, to give—dose, antidote, story.

dog'ma, an opinion—dogma, dogmatic, dogmatize, dogmatism.
dog'ma, a belief—dogma, dogmatic, dogmatize, dogmatism.

dox'a, an opinion, glory—doxology, heterodox, orthodox, paradox.
doxa, an opinion, glory—doxology, heterodox, orthodox, paradox.

dram'a, a stage-play—drama, dramatic, dramatist.
drama, a stage play—drama, dramatic, playwright.

drom'os, a course—dromedary, hippodrome.
drom'os, a route—dromedary, racetrack.

drus, an oak—dryad.
dryad, an oak—tree spirit.

duna'thai, to be able—dynamics, dynamical, dynasty.
duna'thai, to be able—dynamics, dynamic, dynasty.

dus, ill, wrong—dysentery (entera, the bowels), dyspepsia (peptein, to digest).
bad, sick, incorrect—dysentery (entera, the intestines), dyspepsia (peptein, to digest).

ekkle'sia, the church—ecclesiastes, ecclesiastic, ecclesiastical.
ekklesia, the church—ecclesiastes, ecclesiastic, ecclesiastical.

e'chein, to sound—echo, catechise, catechism, catechumen.
e'chein, to sound—echo, quiz, teachings, beginner.

eklei'pein, to fail—eclipse, ecliptic.
eklei'pein, to fail—eclipse, ecliptic.

elek'tron, amber—electric, electricity, electrify, electrotype.
electron, amber—electric, electricity, electrify, electrotype.

em'ein, to vomit—emetic.
em'ein, to throw up—emetic.

ep'os, a word—epic, orthoepy.
ep'os, a word—epic, pronunciation.

er'emos, desert, solitary—hermit, hermitage.
er'emos, desert, solitary—hermit, hermitage.

er'gon, a work—energy, energetic, surgeon (cheir, the hand).
er'gon, a work—energy, energetic, surgeon (cheir, the hand).

eth'nos, a nation—ethnic, ethnical, ethnography, ethnology.
eth'nos, a nation—ethnic, ethnical, ethnography, ethnology.

eth'os, custom, manner—ethics, ethical.
ethos, custom, manner—ethics, ethical.

eu, good, well—eulogy, eulogize, euphony, evangelical.
I, good, well—eulogy, eulogize, euphony, evangelical.

gam'os, marriage—bigamy, polygamy, misogamist.
gam'os, marriage—bigamy, polygamy, anti-marriage.

gas'ter, the stomach—gastric, gastronomy.
gas'ter, the stomach—gastric, gastronomy.

ge, the earth—geography, geology, geological, geometry, George, apogee, perigee.
ge, the earth—geography, geology, geological, geometry, George, apogee, perigee.

gen'naein, to produce—genealogy, genesis, heterogeneous, homogeneous, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen.
gen'naein, to produce—genealogy, genesis, heterogeneous, homogeneous, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen.

gignos'kein, to know—diagnosis, diagnostic, prognosticate.
gignos'kein, to know—diagnosis, diagnostic, predict.

glos'sa, glot'ta, the tongue—glossary, glottis, polyglot.
glos'sa, glot'ta, the tongue—glossary, glottis, polyglot.

glu'phein, to carve—hieroglyphics.
glu'phein, to carve—glyphs.

gno'mon, an indicator—gnomon, physiognomy (phusis).
gnomon, an indicator—gnomon, appearance (phusis).

go'nia, a corner—diagonal, heptagon, hexagon, octagon, trigonometry.
go'nia, a corner—diagonal, heptagon, hexagon, octagon, trigonometry.

gum'nos, naked—gymnasium, gymnast, gymnastics.
gum'nos, naked—gym, gymnast, gymnastics.

hai'rein, to take or choose—heresy, heretic, heretical.
hai'rein, to take or choose—heresy, heretic, heretical.

harmo'nia, a fitting together—harmony, harmonious, harmonize, harmonium.
harmony, coming together—harmony, harmonious, harmonize, harmonium.

hek'aton, a hundred—hecatomb.
hek'aton, one hundred—hecatomb.

he'lios, the sun—heliotrope, aphelion, perihelion.
helios, the sun—heliotrope, aphelion, perihelion.

he'mera, a day—ephemeral.
he'mera, a day—fleeting.

hep'ta, seven—heptagon, heptarchy.
hep'ta, seven—heptagon, heptarchy.

he'ros, a hero—hero, heroic, heroine, heroism.
heroes, a hero—hero, heroic, heroine, heroism.

het'eros, another, unlike—heterodox, heterodoxy, heterogeneous.
het'eros, another, unlike—nonconformist, nonconformity, diverse.

hex, six—hexagon, hexangular.
hex, six—hexagon, hexagonal.

hi'eros, sacred—hierarchy, hieroglyphics (glyphein, to carve).
hi'eros, sacred—hierarchy, hieroglyphs (glyphein, to carve).

hip'pos, a horse—hippodrome, hippopotamus, Philip, philippic.
hippos, a horse—hippodrome, hippopotamus, Philip, philippic.

hol'os, all—holocaust, holograph, catholic, catholicity.
hol'os, all—holocaust, hologram, Catholic, Catholicism.

hom'os, like, the same—homogeneous (gennaein, to produce).
hom'os, like, the same—homogeneous (gennaein, to produce).

hor'os, a boundary—horizon, aphorism.
hor'os, a boundary—horizon, saying.

hu'men, the god of marriage—hymeneal.
humans, the god of marriage—hymeneal.

hum'nos, a song of praise—hymn, hymnal, hynmology.
hum'nos, a song of praise—hymn, hymnal, hymnology.

ich'thus, a fish—ichthyology.
thus, a fish—ichthyology.

id'ea, a form or pattern—idea, ideal.
idea, ideal

id'ios, peculiar—idiom, idiosyncrasy, idiot, idiotic.
id'ios, peculiar—expression, quirk, fool, foolish.

is'os, equal—isothermal.
isos, equal—isothermal.

kai'ein, to burn—caustic, cauterize, holocaust (holos, whole).
kai'ein, to burn—sharp, seal, total destruction (holos, whole).

ka'kos, bad—cacophony.
bad, bad—noise.

ka'los, beautiful—caligraphy, calotype, kaleidoscope (skopein).
kallos, beautiful—calligraphy, calotype, kaleidoscope (skopein).

kal'uptein, to conceal—apocalypse.
kal'uptein, to hide—apocalypse.

kan'on, a rule—canon, canonical, canonize.
kan'on, a rule—canon, canonical, canonize.

kar'dia, the heart—cardiac, pericardium.
kardia, the heart—cardiac, pericardium.

ken'os, empty—cenotaph.
ken'os, empty—memorial.

keph'ale, the head—acephalous, hydrocephalus (hydor).
keph'ale, the head—headless, water on the brain (hydor).

ker'as, a horn—rhinoceros.
Ker'as, a horn—rhino.

kle'ros, a portion—clergy, clerical, clerk, clerkship.
kle'ros, a share—clergy, clerical, clerk, clerkship.

kli'max, a ladder—climax.
climax, a ladder—climax.

kli'nein, to bend—clinical, recline.
kli'nein, to bend—clinical, lean back.

ko'mos, a merry feast—comedy, (odè), comedian, comic, encomium.
ko'mos, a fun celebration—comedy, (song), comedian, funny, tribute.

ko'nein, to serve—deacon, deaconship, diaconal, diaconate.
ko'nein, to serve—deacon, deaconship, diaconal, diaconate.

ko'nos, Lat. conus, a cone—cone, conic, conical, coniferous, coniform.
ko'nos, Lat. conus, a cone—cone, conic, conical, coniferous, coniform.

kop'tein, to cut—coppice, copse, syncope.
kop'tein, to cut—coppice, copse, syncope.

kos'mos, the world—cosmography, cosmopolitan.
cosmos, the world—cosmography, cosmopolitan.

kri'tes, a judge—crisis, criterion, critic, critical, criticism, hypocrite.
kri'tes, a judge—crisis, standard, reviewer, crucial, evaluation, two-faced.

krup'tein, to conceal—crypt, apocrypha.
krup'tein, to hide—crypt, apocrypha.

krustal'los, ice—crystal, crystallize.
krustal'los, ice—crystal, crystallize.

kuk'los, a circle—cycle, encyclical, cyclops, cyclades, encyclopedia.
kuk'los, a circle—cycle, encyclical, cyclops, cyclades, encyclopedia.

kulin'dros, a roller—cylinder.
kulin'dros, a roller—cylinder.

lam'banein, to take—syllable, dissyllable, polysyllable.
lam'banein, to take—syllable, two syllables, multiple syllables.

lam'pein, to shine—lamp.
lam'pein, to shine—light.

la'os, the people—layman, laity.
la'os, the people—general public, laity.

latrei'a, worship—idolatry, heliolatry.
latrei'a, worship—idolatry, sun worship.

lith'os, a stone—litharge, lithograph, aërolite.
lith'os, a stone—litharge, lithograph, aërolite.

lu'ein, to loosen—analysis, paralysis, paralytic, palsy.
lu'ein, to loosen—analysis, paralysis, paralyzed, palsy.

man'ia, madness—mania, maniac.
mania, madness—mania, maniac.

mar'tur, a witness—martyr, martyrdom, martyrology.
martyr, a witness—martyr, martyrdom, martyrology.

mel'as, black—melancholy, Melanesia.
mel'as, black—sadness, Melanesia.

me'ter, a mother—metropolis.
meter, mother—city.

mik'ros, small—microcosm, microscope, microscopic.
mik'ros, small—microcosm, microscope, microscale.

mi'mos, an imitator—mimic, mimicry, pantomime.
mi'mos, an imitator—mimic, mimicry, pantomime.

mor'phe, shape—amorphous, metamorphosis.
mor'phe, shape—formless, transformation.

mu'rias, ten thousand—myriad.
mu'rias, ten thousand—myriad.

mu'thos, a fable—myth, mythology.
mu'thos, a fable—myth, mythology.

nar'ke, torpor—narcissus, narcotic.
narc, daze—narcissus, narcotic.

naus, a ship—nausea, nauseate, nautical, nautilus, aëronaut.
naus, a ship—nausea, nauseate, nautical, nautilus, aëronaut.

nek'ros, dead—necropolis.
nek'ros, dead—city of the dead.

ne'sos, an island—Polynesia.
Ne'sos, an island—Polynesia.

nom'os, a law—astronomy, Deuteronomy, economy (oikos, a house), economic.
nom'os, a law—astronomy, Deuteronomy, economy (oikos, a house), economic.

ol'igos, few—oligarchy (arche).
oligarchs, few — oligarchy (rule).

or'phanos, deserted—orphan, orphanage.
orphaned, abandoned—orphan, orphanage.

or'thos, right, straight—orthodox, orthoepy, orthography.
or'thos, right, straight—orthodox, pronunciation, spelling.

paidei'a, instruction—cyclopædia.
paideia, learning—encyclopedia.

pais, a child—pedagogue, pedant, pedantic, pedobaptist.
country, a kid—teacher, know-it-all, nitpicker, infant baptism believer.

pap'as, Lat. papa, a father—papacy, pope, popedom, popery.
papa's, Lat. papa, a father—papacy, pope, popedom, popery.

paradei'sos, a pleasant garden—paradise.
paradei'sos, a lovely garden—paradise.

pat'ein, to walk—peripatetic.
pat'ein, to walk—on the go.

pen'te, five—pentagon, pentecost.
pent, five—pentagon, pentecost.

pet'ra, a rock—Peter, petrescent, petrify, petroleum, saltpeter.
petra, a rock—Peter, petrescent, petrify, petroleum, saltpeter.

phob'os, fear—hydrophobia (hudor, water).
phob'os, fear—hydrophobia (hudor, water).

phra'sis, speech—phrase, phraseology, paraphrase.
phra'sis, speech—phrase, wording, rephrase.

phren, the mind—phrenology, frantic, frenzy.
mind, the mind—phrenology, frantic, frenzy.

phu'ton, a plant—zoophyte.
phu'ton, a plant—animal-plant hybrid.

pla'naein, to wander—planet, planetary.
planēte, to wander—planet, planetary.

plas'sein, to mould—plaster, plastic.
plas'sein, to mold—plaster, plastic.

pleu'ra, the side—pleurisy.
pleurisy.

pneu'ma, breath, spirit—pneumatic.
pneu'ma, breath, spirit—pneumatic.

po'lein, to sell—bibliopolist, monopoly, monopolize.
po'lein, to sell—book seller, monopoly, monopolize.

pol'us, many—polygamy, polyglot, polysyllable, polytechnic.
pol'us, many—polygamy, multilingual, polysyllable, polytechnic.

por'os, a passage—pore, porosity, porous, emporium.
por'os, a passage—pore, porosity, porous, emporium.

pot'amos, a river—hippopotamus.
hippo, a river—hippopotamus.

pous, the foot—antipodes, polypus, tripod.
feet, the foot—antipodes, octopus, tripod.

pras'sein, to do—practice, practical, practitioner, impracticable.
pras'sein, to do—practice, practical, practitioner, impractical.

presbu'teros, elder—presbytery, presbyterian, presbyterianism.
presbu'teros, elder—presbytery, Presbyterian, Presbyterianism.

pro'tos, first—protomartyr.
pro'tos, first—first martyr.

psal'lein, to touch, to sing—psalm, psalmist, psalmody, psalter.
psal'lein, to touch, to sing—psalm, psalmist, psalmody, psalter.

pur, fire—pyramid, pyrotechny.
pur, fire—pyramid, fireworks.

rhin, the nose—rhinoceros.
rhin, the nose—rhino.

rhod'on, a rose —rhododendron.
rhod'on, a rose — rhododendron.

sarx, flesh—sarcasm, sarcastic, sarcophagus.
sarx, flesh—sarcasm, sarcastic, coffin.

sched'e, a sheet—schedule.
sched'e, a sheet—schedule.

sche'ma, a plan—scheme.
schema, a plan—scheme.

schis'ma, a division—schism, schismatic.
schis'ma, a division—schism, schismatic.

sit'os, corn—parasite, parasitical.
sit'os, corn—parasite, parasitic.

skan'dalon, disgrace—scandal, scandalous, scandalize, slander, slanderous.
skan'dalon, disgrace—scandal, scandalous, scandalize, slander, slanderous.

skeptes'thai, to consider—sceptic, sceptical, scepticism.
skeptes'thai, to consider—skeptic, skeptical, skepticism.

skep'tron, an emblem of office—scepter.
skep'tron, an emblem of office—scepter.

soph'ia, wisdom—sophist, sophistry, philosopher (philos), philosophy.
Sophia, wisdom—sophist, sophistry, philosopher (philos), philosophy.

sphai'ra, a globe—sphere, spherical, spheroid, hemisphere.
sphai'ra, a globe—sphere, round, ball, hemisphere.

stal'aein, to drop—stalactite, stalagmite.
stal'aein, to drop—stalactite, stalagmite.

stel'lein, to send—apostle, apostolic, epistle, epistolary.
stel'lein, to send—apostle, apostolic, message, messaging.

sten'os, narrow—stenography.
sten'os, narrow—shorthand.

sthen'os, strength—calisthenics.
sthen'os, strength—bodyweight training.

stig'ma, a mark—stigma, stigmatize.
stigma, a mark—stigma, stigmatize.

strat'os, an army—stratagem, strategy, strategist.
strat'os, an army—tactics, strategy, strategist.

stroph'e, a turning—apostrophe, catastrophe.
stroph'e, a turning—apostrophe, disaster.

ta'phos, a tomb—epitaph, cenotaph.
ta'phos, a tomb—headstone, memorial.

tau'to, the same—tautology.
tau'to, the same—redundancy.

tek'ton, a builder—architect.
tek'ton, a builder—architect.

te'le, far off—telegraph, telescope.
tele, far away—telegraph, telescope.

tem'nein, to cut—atom, anatomy, anatomist.
tem'nein, to cut—atom, anatomy, anatomist.

tet'ra, four—tetragon, tetrarch.
tet'ra, four—tetragon, tetrarch.

ther'me, heat—thermal.
therm, heat—thermal.

thron'os, a throne—throne, enthrone.
thron'os, a throne—throne, crown.

top'os, a place—topography.
top'os, a place—landscape.

trep'ein, to turn—trope, tropic, tropical, heliotrope.
trep'ein, to turn—trope, tropic, tropical, heliotrope.

tu'pos, a stamp—type, typography, prototype.
tu'pos, a stamp—type, font, prototype.

turan'nos, a ruler—tyrant, tyrannical, tyrannize, tyranny.
turan'nos, a ruler—dictator, oppressive, oppress, oppression.

zein, to boil—zeal, zealous.
zein, to boil—passion, passionate.

zephu'ros, the west wind—zephyr.
Zephyr, the west wind.

zo'on, an animal—zodiac, zoology, zoological, zoöphyte.
zo'on, an animal—zodiac, zoology, zoological, zoophyte.

PART IV.—THE ANGLO-SAXON ELEMENT.

I.—ANGLO-SAXON PREFIXES.

A—(corrupted from A.-S. on) signifies in, on, at: as abed, aboard, aside, aback; and gives the adverbial form to adjectives, as in aloud, aboard.
A—(corrupted from A.-S. on) means in, on, at: like abed, aboard, aside, aback; and creates the adverbial form of adjectives, as in aloud, aboard.

Be—gives a transitive signification, as in bespeak. It is sometimes intensive, as in bestir, and converts an adjective into a verb, as in bedim. Be, as a form of by, also denotes proximity, as in beside: as bystander.
Be—has a transitive meaning, like in bespeak. It can also be intensive, like in bestir, and turns an adjective into a verb, like in bedim. Be, as a variation of by, indicates closeness, as in beside: like bystander.

For¹⁰—means privation, or opposition: as forbear, forbid, forget.
For¹⁰—means lack, or resistance: as in refrain, prohibit, overlook.

Fore—before: as foretell, forebode.
Fore—before: as foretell, forebode.

Mis—error, wrongness: as mistake, misstate, misinform.
Mis—Error, Wrongness: as mistake, misstate, misinform.

N—has a negative signification, as in many languages: thus, never, neither, none.
N—has a negative meaning, as in many languages: thus, never, neither, none.

Off—from offspring.
Offspring—from offspring.

Out—beyond: as outdo, outlaw.
Out—beyond: as outdo, outlaw.

Over—above: as overhang, overflow, overturn.
Over: as overhang, overflow, overturn.

To—in to-day, to-morrow.
To—today, tomorrow.

Un—not, the reverse: as, unskilled, unlearned.
Un—not, the opposite: as, unskilled, unlearned.

Under—beneath: as undermine.
Under—beneath: as undermine.

With—against (German wider): as withstand.
With—against (German wider): as withstand.

II.—ANGLO-SAXON SUFFIXES.

Ar, ard, er, yer, ster¹¹—signifying agent or doer; as in beggar, drunkard, beginner, lawyer, spinster. Er forms verbs of adjectives, as lower, from low, and also forms the comparatives of adjectives.
Ar, ard, er, yer, ster¹¹—meaning agent or doer; like in beggar, drunkard, beginner, lawyer, spinster. Er is used to form verbs from adjectives, such as lower from low, and it also creates the comparatives of adjectives.

Ess, as in songstress, is borrowed from the French.
Ess, like in songstress, comes from French.

Dom, ship, ric, wic—from dom, judgment; ship, shape or condition; ric, rice, power; wic, a dwelling—signify state, condition, quality, etc., as in kingdom, friendship, bishopric, Berwick.
Dom, ship, ric, wic — from dom, judgment; ship, shape or condition; ric, rice, power; wic, a dwelling — represent state, condition, quality, etc., as in kingdom, friendship, bishopric, Berwick.

El, kin (= chen, German), let (from French), ling, ock—have a diminutive effect, as in manikin, streamlet, youngling, hillock, cockerel.
El, kin (= chen, German), let (from French), ling, ock—create a diminutive effect, like in manikin, streamlet, youngling, hillock, cockerel.

En—adjective termination, as wooden, from wood; it also converts adjectives into verbs, as deepen from deep.
En—adjective ending, like wooden, from wood; it also turns adjectives into verbs, like deepen from deep.

Fold—from fealdan, to fold; a numeral termination, like ple, from the Latin plico, I fold.
Fold—from fealdan, to fold; a numerical ending, like ple, from the Latin plico, I fold.

Ful—full; truthful.
Ful—complete; honest.

Hood, ness—of uncertain derivation, signify state, etc., as in priesthood, righteousness.
Hood, ness—of unclear origin, indicate condition, etc., as in priesthood, righteousness.

Ish—isc (Saxon), isch (German), denotes a quality; like rakish, knavish, churlish, Danish. Ish is also employed as a diminutive—blackish.
Ish—isc (Saxon), isch (German), signifies a quality; similar to rakish, knavish, churlish, Danish. Ish is also used as a diminutive—blackish.

Less—loss: as penniless, hopeless.
Less—loss: broke, hopeless.

Like and ly—like; lic (A.-S.): as warlike, manly.
Like and ly—like; lic (A.-S.): as warlike, manly.

Some—sum (A.-S.), sam (German), lonesome, handsome.
Some—sum (A.-S.), sam (German), lonely, attractive.

Teen—ten, as in fourteen.
Teen—ten, like in fourteen.

Ty—from tig (A.-S ), ten; zig (German), as in six-ty. Teen adds ten—ty multiplies by ten.
Ty—from tig (Old English), ten; zig (German), as in six-ty. Teen adds ten—ty multiplies by ten.

Ward—weard, wärts (German), versus (Latin), against, direction, towards; downward, eastward.
Ward—weard, wärts (German), versus (Latin), against, direction, towards; downward, eastward.

Wise—wisa, manner; likewise.
Smart—wisa, way; similarly.

Y—ig, an adjective termination; dreorig (A.-S.), dreary.
Y—ig, an adjective ending; dreorig (A.-S.), dreary.

ANGLO-SAXON ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.

The pronunciation of Anglo-Saxon is much nearer to that of modern German or the Continental pronunciation of Latin than of modern English.
The pronunciation of Anglo-Saxon is much closer to that of modern German or the Continental pronunciation of Latin than to modern English.

The letters of the alphabet wanting in Anglo-Saxon are: j, k, q, v, and z. K is commonly represented by c; thus, cyning (king) is pronounced kining; cyrtel, kirtle; qu is represented by cw, as cwic, quick; cwen, queen; cwellan, to quell; th is represented by two peculiar characters, one of which in its reduced form resembles y, as in ye olden times, where ye should be pronounced the, and not ye, as is often ignorantly done.
The letters of the alphabet missing in Anglo-Saxon are: j, k, q, v, and z. K is usually represented by c; so, cyning (king) is pronounced kining; cyrtel, which means kirtle; qu is represented by cw, as in cwic, which means quick; cwen, meaning queen; cwellan, meaning to quell; th is represented by two unique characters, one of which in its shorter form looks like y, as in ye olden times, where ye should be pronounced the, not ye, as is often mistakenly done.

Long vowels should be carefully distinguished from short vowels. Long vowels are a as far, ae as in fare, e as in they, i as in pique, o as in bone, u as in rule, y as in i (nearly). Short vowels are a as in fast, ae as in man, e as in men, i as in pin, o as in God, u as in full, y as in i (nearly).
Long vowels should be clearly distinguished from short vowels. Long vowels are a as in far, ae as in fare, e as in they, i as in pique, o as in bone, u as in rule, y as in i (almost). Short vowels are a as in fast, ae as in man, e as in men, i as in pin, o as in God, u as in full, y as in i (almost).

In the diphthongs ea, eo, and ie, the first element receives the stress; the second is pronounced very lightly.
In the diphthongs ea, eo, and ie, the first part gets the emphasis; the second is said very softly.

There are no silent letters in Anglo-Saxon as in modern English. The vowel of every syllable is pronounced, and in difficult combinations of consonants, as in hlud, loud, cniht, knight, cnif, knife, each consonant has its distinct sound.
There are no silent letters in Anglo-Saxon like there are in modern English. The vowel in every syllable is pronounced, and in challenging combinations of consonants, like hlud, loud, cniht, knight, cnif, knife, each consonant has its own clear sound.

E before a and o has the sound of y as a consonant; i before e and u has the same sound: thus, Earl = yarl; eow = you; iett = yett; and iúgoth = yúgoth, youth.
E before a and o sounds like y as a consonant; i before e and u has the same sound: so, Earl = yarl; eow = you; iett = yett; and iúgoth = yúgoth, youth.

ac, an oak—oak, oaken.
ac, an oak—oak, oak-like.

acsian, to inquire—ask.
acsian, to inquire—ask.

æcer, a field—acre, acreage.
æcer, a field—acre, land area.

ær, before—early, ere, erelong, erst.
ær, before—early, before, soon, first.

aft, hind-part—after, abaft.
aft, back—after, behind.

ágan, to have—owe, own, owner, ought, disown.
ágan, to have—owe, own, owner, ought, disown.

arisan, to arise—raise, rise, rouse.
arisan, to arise—lift, get up, wake up.

bácan, to bake—baker, bakery, bakehouse, batch.
bácan, to bake—baker, bakery, bakehouse, batch.

bæc, back—backbite, backslide, backward, aback.
bæc, back—backbite, backslide, backward, aback.

bælg, a bag.
bag, .

bald, bold, brave—bold, boldness.
bald, bold, brave—bold, courage.

bána, death—bane, baneful, henbane.
bána, death—curse, harmful, henbane.

banc, a bank or raised place—bank, banker, bankrupt, bankruptcy, bench, embankment.
banc, a bank or raised area—bank, banker, bankrupt, bankruptcy, bench, embankment.

beacnian, to beckon—beck, beckon, beacon.
beacnian, to beckon—beck, beckon, signal.

bellan, to roar—bawl, bellow.
bellan, to roar—shout, yell.

beorgan, to protect—borough, borrow, burgh, burglar, burrow, harbinger, harbor, berth.
beorgan, to protect—borough, borrow, burgh, burglar, burrow, harbinger, harbor, berth.

beorht, bright—bright.
beorht, bright—luminous.

beran, to bear, to bring forth—barrow, bear, bier, birth.
beran, to bear, to bring forth—barrow, bear, bier, birth.

bidan, to wait—abide.
bidan, to wait—wait.

biddan, to pray, to bid—bid, bidding, bead, beadsman, beadle, forbid, unbidden.
biddan, to pray, to request—request, requesting, bead, beadsman, beadle, forbid, uninvited.

bindan, to bind—band, bond, bondage, bundle.
bindan, to bind—band, bond, bondage, bundle.

blæc, pale—bleach, bleacher, bleak, bleakness.
black, white—bleach, bleacher, bleak, bleakness.

blawan, to blow—blade, bladder, blast, blaze, blazon, blister, blossom, blow, blush, bluster.
blawan, to blow—blade, bladder, blast, blaze, blazon, blister, blossom, blow, blush, bluster.

bletsian, to bless—bless, blessing.
bletsian, to bless—bless, blessing.

brád, broad—broad, breadth, board, aboard.
brád, broad—wide, width, board, onboard.

brécan, to break—bray (to pound), breach, breaker, breakfast, brink, broken.
brécan, to break—bray (to pound), breach, breaker, breakfast, brink, broken.

breost, the breast—breast, breastplate, breastwork, abreast.
breast, breastplate, breastwork, abreast.

breówan, to brew—brew, brewer, brewery.
breówan, to brew—brew, brewer, brewery.

brucan, to use—broker, brokerage, brook (to endure).
brucan, to use—broker, brokerage, brook (to endure).

buan, to cultivate—boor, boorish, neighbor, neighborhood.
buan, to cultivate—rude, uncouth, neighbor, community.

bugan, to bow or bend—bay, bight, bough, bow, buxom, elbow.
bugan, to bow or bend—bay, bight, branch, bow, full-figured, elbow.

byldan, to design, to make—build, builder, building.
build, builder, building.

byrnan, to burn—brand, brandish, brandy, brimstone, brown, brunt, auburn, firebrand.
byrnan, to burn—brand, brandish, brandy, brimstone, brown, brunt, auburn, firebrand.

cælan, to cool—chill, chilblain.
cælan, to cool—chill, frostbite.

ceapian, to buy—cheap, cheapen, cheapness, chaffer, chapman.
ceapian, to buy—affordable, lower the price, affordability, bargain, merchant.

cénnan, to produce—kin, kind, kindness, kindred, akin, mankind.
cénnan, to produce—relatives, type, compassion, family, similar, humanity.

ceorl, a churl—carle, churlish.
ceorl, a peasant—carle, rude.

clæne, clean—clean, cleanly, cleanliness, cleanse, unclean.
clean, clean—clean, cleanly, cleanliness, cleanse, unclean.

cláth, cloth—clothe, clothier, clothing, clad, unclad.
cloth, cloth—dress, tailor, attire, dressed, undressed.

cleófan, to cleave; clifian, to adhere—cleaver, cliff, clover, club.
cleófan, to split; clifian, to stick—splitter, cliff, clover, club.

cnafa, a boy—knave, knavery.
cnafa, a boy—trickster, deceit.

cnáwan, to know—knowledge, acknowledge, foreknow, unknown.
cnáwan, to know—knowledge, acknowledge, foresee, unknown.

cnyll, a loud noise—knell.
cnyll, a loud noise—bell toll.

cnyttan, to knit—knitting, knot, knotty, net, network.
cnyttan, to knit—knitting, knot, knotty, net, network.

cracian, to crack; cearcian, to creak—crack, crackle, creak, cricket, croak, screech, shriek.
cracian, to crack; cearcian, to creak—crack, crackle, creak, cricket, croak, screech, shriek.

cuman, to come—comely, comeliness, become, overcome, welcome.
cuman, to come—attractive, attractiveness, become, get over, welcome.

cunnan, to know, to be powerful—can, con, cunning, keen.
cunnan, to know, to be powerful—can, con, cunning, keen.

cwellan, to slay—kill, quell.
cwellan, to slay—kill, suppress.

dæg, a day—dawn, daylight, day-star, daisy = day's eye.
dæg, a day—morning, daylight, sun, daisy = day's eye.

dǽl, a part—deal, dole, ordeal.
dǽl, a part—deal, share, challenge.

déman, to think—deem.
déman, to think—consider.

deor, a wild animal—deer.
deer, a wild animal.

deore, dusky or black—dark, darken, darkly, darkness.
deore, dark or black—dark, darken, darkly, darkness.

dic, a dyke—dig, ditch, ditcher.
dict, a dyke—dig, ditch, ditcher.

disc, a plate—desk, disc, dish.
disk, a plate—desk, disk, dish.

dóm, judgment—doom, doomsday.
dóm, judgment—doom, judgment day.

dón, to do—doer, deed, undo.
do, to do—doer, action, undo.

dragan, to draw—drag, draggle, drain, draught, draughtsman, draw, dray.
dragan, to draw—drag, draggle, drain, draft, draftsman, draw, dray.

drifan, to drive—drift, driver, drove.
drifan, to drive—drift, driver, drove.

drigan, to dry—drysalter, drought, drug (originally dried plants), druggist.
drigan, to dry—drysalter, drought, drug (originally dried plants), druggist.

drincan, to suck in—drench, drink, drunk, drunkard, drunken.
drincan, to suck in—soak, drink, drank, drinker, intoxicated.

drypan, to drip or drop—drip, drop, droop, dribble, drivel.
drypan, to drip or drop—drip, drop, droop, dribble, drivel.

dwinan, to pine—dwindle, dwine.
dwinan, to long for—dwindle, dwine.

dyn, a noise—din, dun.
dyn, a noise—noise, sound.

eage, the eye—eye, eyeball, eye-bright, eyelid.
eage, the eye—eye, eyeball, bright eye, eyelid.

eald, old—alderman, earl.
old—alderman, earl.

efen, just—even, evenness.
even, just—even, evenness.

erian, to plough, to ear—earth, earthy, earthquake.
erian, to plow, to ear—earth, earthy, earthquake.

faeger, bright—fair, fairness.
Young, shining—light, brightness.

fáer, fear—fearful, fearless.
fáer, fear—afraid, unafraid.

faran, to go—fare, farewell, ferry, ford, seafaring, wayfarer.
faran, to go—fare, farewell, ferry, ford, seafaring, traveler.

fedan, to feed—feed, feeder, fodder, food, father, fatherly.
fedan, to feed—feeding, feeder, fodder, food, father, fatherly.

feond, an enemy—fiend, fiendish.
fiend, an enemy—fiend, fiendish.

fleógan, to fly—flag, flake, fledge, flee, flicker, flight.
fleógan, to fly—flag, flake, fledge, flee, flicker, flight.

fleótan, to float—float, fleet.
fleótan, to float—float, fleet.

flówan, to flow—flood, flow.
flowan, to flow—flood, flow.

folgian, to go after—follow.
folgian, to pursue—follow.

fón, to seize —fang, finger.
phone, to grab—claw, digit.

fót, the foot—foot, fetter, fetlock.
foot—foot, fetter, fetlock.

freón, to love—free, freedom, friend, friendship.
freon, to love—free, freedom, buddy, companionship.

fretan, to gnaw—fret, fretful.
fretan, to gnaw—worry, worried.

fugel, a bird—fowl, fowler, fowling-piece.
fugel, a bird—bird, hunter, shotgun.

fúl, unclean—filth, filthy, foul, fulsome.
fúl, unclean—filth, dirty, foul, excessive.

fullian, to whiten—full (to scour and thicken cloth in a mill), fuller, fuller's-earth.
fullian, to whiten—full (to clean and thicken cloth in a mill), fuller, fuller's earth.

fýr, fire—fiery, fireworks, bonfire.
fire—fiery, fireworks, bonfire.

gabban, to mock—gabble, gibe, gibberish, jabber.
gabban, to mock—chat, tease, gibberish, chatter.

galan, to sing—nightingale.
crush, to sing—nightingale.

gangan, to go—gang, gangway.
gangan, to go—gang, walkway.

gást, a ghost—gas, ghastly, ghost, ghostly, aghast.
ghost, a ghost—gas, eerie, ghost, spectral, shocked.

geard, an enclosure —garden, orchard, yard.
yard, an enclosure —garden, orchard.

geotan, to pour—gush, gut.
geotan, to pour—gush, spill.

gerefa, a governor—grieve (an overseer), sheriff, sheriffdom.
gerefa, a governor—grieve (an overseer), sheriff, sheriffdom.

getan, to get—get, beget, begotten, forget, forgetful.
get, to get—get, create, created, forget, forgetful.

gifan, to give—give, gift, forgive, forgiveness, misgive, unforgiven.
gifan, to give—give, gift, forgive, forgiveness, misgive, unforgiven.

glowan, to glow—glow, glowing.
glowan, to glow—glow, glowing.

gód, good—gospel, gossip.
god, good—gospel, gossip.

græs, grass—grass, graze, grazier.
grass—grass, graze, grazier.

grafan, to dig—grave, graver, graft, groove, grove, grub, engrave.
grafan, to dig—grave, graver, graft, groove, grove, grub, engrave.

grapian, to grapple; grípan, to gripe; gropian, to grope—grapple, grapnel, gripe, grope, group, grovel.
grapian, to grapple; grípan, to gripe; gropian, to grope—grapple, grapnel, gripe, grope, group, grovel.

greot, dust—gritty, groats.
great, dirt—gritty, oats.

grówan, to grow—grow, growth.
grówan, to grow—grow, growth.

grúnd, the ground—ground, groundless, groundsel, groundwork.
grúnd, the ground—ground, baseless, groundsel, groundwork.

habban, to have—have, haft, behave, behavior, misbehave.
habban, to have—have, had, act, conduct, misact.

hæge, a hedge—haw, hawthorn.
hedge, hawthorn.

hæl, sound, whole—hail, hale, heal, health, healthful, healthy, holy, holiness, whole, wholesome.
hail, sound, whole—hail, hale, heal, health, healthful, healthy, holy, holiness, whole, wholesome.

hám, a dwelling—hamlet, home, homely, homeliness.
, a dwelling—village, home, cozy, comfort.

hangian, to hang—hang, hanger, hinge, unhinge, overhang.
hangian, to hang—hang, hanger, hinge, unhinge, overhang.

hát, heat—heat, heater, hot.
sing, heat—heat, heater, hot.

healdan, to hold—halt, halter, hilt, hold, behold, uphold, upholsterer, withhold.
healdan, to hold—stop, restraint, handle, grip, see, support, furniture maker, retain.

heard, hard—harden, hardihood, hardship, hardware, hardy.
heard, tough—harden, courage, struggle, tech, resilient.

hebban, to lift—heap, heave, heaven, heavy, upheaval.
hebban, to lift—heap, heave, heaven, heavy, upheaval.

hédan, to heed—heed, heedful, heedfulness, heedless, heedlessness.
hédan, to heed—pay attention, attentive, attentiveness, inattentive, inattentiveness.

heorte, the heart—hearten, heartless, hearty, heartburn, heart's-ease, dishearten.
heorte, the heart—hearten, heartless, hearty, heartburn, heart's-ease, dishearten.

hláf, bread—loaf.
bread—loaf.

hleapan, to leap—leap, overleap, elope, elopement.
hleapan, to leap—leap, jump, run away, elopement.

hol, a hole—hole, hold (of a ship), hollow, hollowness.
hol, a hole—hole, hold (of a ship), hollow, hollowness.

hristlan, to make quick sounds—rustle, rustling.
hristlan, to make quick sounds—rustle, rustling.

huntian, to rush—hunt, hunter, huntsman.
, to rush—hunt, hunter, huntsman.

hús, house—housewife, husband, hustings.
house—housewife, husband, hustings.

hweorfan, to turn—swerve, wharf.
hweorfan, to turn—swerve, dock.

hýran, to hear—hear, hearer, hearsay.
hear, to hear—hear, listener, hearsay.

lǽdan, to lead—lead, leader, loadstar, loadstone, mislead.
lǽdan, to lead—lead, leader, guiding star, lodestone, mislead.

læfan, to leave—left, eleven, twelve.
læfan, to leave—left, eleven, twelve.

lǽran, to teach—learn, learner, learning, lore, unlearned.
lǽran, to teach—learn, learner, learning, knowledge, unlearned.

lang, long—long, length, lengthen, lengthy, linger.
lang, long—long, length, lengthen, lengthy, linger.

lecgan, to lay—lay, layer, lair, law, lawful, lawless, lea, ledge, ledger, lie, low, lowly, outlaw.
lecgan, to lay—lay, layer, lair, law, lawful, lawless, meadow, ledge, record book, lie, low, humble, outlaw.

leofian, lybban, to live—live, lively, livelihood, livelong, alive, outlive.
loving, to live, to live—live, lively, livelihood, livelong, alive, outlive.

leoht, light—lighten, lightsome, lighthouse, enlighten.
leoht, light—brighten, cheerful, lighthouse, illuminate.

líc, like—like, likely, likelihood, likeness, likewise, unlike.
like, like—like, likely, likelihood, likeness, likewise, unlike.

locian, to stretch forward—look.
locian, to stretch forward—check it out.

loma, utensils, furniture—loom, hand-loom, power-loom.
loma, kitchen tools, furniture—loom, hand-loom, power-loom.

losian, to lose—lose, loser, loss.
losian, to lose—lost, loser, loss.

lúf, love; lufian, to love—lover, lovely, loveliness, lief, beloved, unlovely.
lúf, love; lufian, to love—lover, lovely, loveliness, dear, beloved, unattractive.

lyfan, to permit—leave (permission), belief, believe, believer, misbelieve.
lyfan, to allow—leave (permission), faith, trust, believer, misbelieve.

lyft, the air—loft, lofty, aloft.
lyft, the air—loft, lofty, aloft.

macian, to make—make, maker, match, matchless, mate, inmate.
macian, to make—create, creator, pair, unmatched, partner, resident.

mængan, to mix—among, mingle, commingle, intermingle, mongrel.
mængan, to mix—among, mingle, combine, blend, mix together.

magan, to be able—may, might, mighty, main, mainland, dismay.
magan, to be able—may, might, powerful, primary, mainland, disappointment.

mearc, a boundary—mark, marksman, marches, remark.
mearc, a boundary—mark, marksman, boundaries, comment.

metan, to measure—meet, meeting, meet (fit), meetness.
metan, to measure—meet, meeting, meet (fit), meetness.

mund, a defence—mound.
mund, a defense—mound.

murnan, to murmur—mourn, mourner, mournful.
murnan, to murmur—grieve, griever, grieving.

mynd, the mind—mind, mindful, mindfulness, remind.
mind, the mind—mind, mindful, mindfulness, remind.

næs, a nose—naze, ness.
næs, a nose—naze, ness.

nama, a name—name, nameless, namesake, misname.
name, a name—name, nameless, namesake, misname.

nead, need—need, needful, needless, needs, needy.
knead, need—need, necessary, unnecessary, needs, needy.

neah, nigh—near, next, neighbor.
nah, almost—close, next, neighbor.

niht, night—night, nightfall, nightless, nightmare, nightshade.
niht, night—night, dusk, sleepless, nightmare, nightshade.

oga, dread—ugly, ugliness.
Yoga, dread—bad vibes, negativity.

pæth, a path—pathless, pathway, footpath.
pæth, a path—pathless, pathway, trail.

plegan, to exercise, to sport—play, player, playful, playmate.
plegan, to exercise, to sport—play, player, playful, playmate.

ræcan, to reach—reach, overreach, rack, rack-rent.
ræcan, to reach—reach, overreach, charge, high rent.

rǽdan, to read—read, readable, reader, reading, riddle.
readan, to read—read, readable, reader, reading, riddle.

read, red—red, redden, ruddy.
read, red—red, redden, ruddy.

reafian, to seize—bereave, bereavement, raven, ravenous, rive, rob, robber, robbery, rove, rover.
reafian, to grab—deprive, loss, raven, hungry, tear apart, steal, thief, theft, wander, wanderer.

recan, to heed—reck, reckless, recklessness, reckon, reckoning.
recan, to pay attention—reck, reckless, recklessness, reckon, reckoning.

rídan, to ride—ride, rider, road, roadster, roadstead.
rídan, to ride—ride, rider, road, roadster, roadstead.

rinnan, to run—run, runner, runaway, outrun.
rinnan, to run—run, runner, runaway, outpace.

ripan, to reap—reap, reaper, ripe, ripen, ripeness, unripe.
ripan, to reap—reap, reaper, ripe, ripen, ripeness, unripe.

ruh, rough—rough, roughness.
ruh, rough—rough, harshness.

sægan, to say—say, saying, hearsay, unsay.
sægan, to say—say, saying, gossip, unsay.

sar, painful—sore, soreness, sorrow, sorrowful, sorry.
sar, painful—sore, soreness, sadness, sad, sorry.

scacan, to shake—shake, shaky, shock, shocking.
shake, shaky, shock, shocking.

sceadan, to shade—shade, shady, shadow, shed (a covered enclosure).
sceadan, to shade—shade, shady, shadow, shed (a covered area).

scedan, to scatter, to shed—shed (to spill), watershed.
scedan, to scatter, to shed—shed (to spill), watershed.

sceofan, to push—shove, shovel, scuffle, shuffle, sheaf.
sceofan, to push—shove, shovel, scuffle, shuffle, bunch.

sceótan, to shoot—shoot, shot, sheet, shut, shutter, shuttle, overshoot, undershot, upshot.
sceótan, to shoot—shoot, shot, sheet, shut, shutter, shuttle, overshoot, undershot, upshot.

scéran, to cut—scar, scarf, score, share, sharp, shear, sheriff, shire.
scéran, to cut—scar, scarf, score, share, sharp, shear, sheriff, shire.

scínan, to shine—sheen, outshine, moonshine, sunshine.
scínan, to shine—sheen, outshine, moonlight, sunlight.

screopan, to creak—scrape, scraper, swap, scrap-book.
screopan, to creak—scrape, scraper, swap, scrapbook.

scrob, a bush—shrub, shrubbery.
scrob, a bush—shrub.

scyppan, to form—shape, shapeless, landscape.
scyppan, to shape—form, formless, scenery.

sellan, to give—sale, sell, sold.
sell, to give—sale, sell, sold.

seon, to see—see, seer, sight, foresee, oversee, unsightly, gaze.
seon, to see—look, viewer, vision, predict, supervise, unattractive, stare.

settan, to set; sittan, to sit—set, setter, settle, settler, settlement, set, beset, onset, outset, upset.
settan, to set; sittan, to sit—set, setter, settle, settler, settlement, set, beset, onset, outset, upset.

síde, side—side, sideboard, aside, beside, inside, outside, upside.
side, side—side, sideboard, aside, beside, inside, outside, upside.

singan, to sing—sing, singer, song.
singan, to sing—sing, singer, song.

slæc, slack—slack, slackness, slow, sloth, slothful, sluggard, sluggish.
slæc, slack—lacking in energy or effort, laziness, inactive, lazy, a lazy person, slow-moving.

sleán, to slay—slay, slaughter, sledge (a heavy hammer).
sleán, to slay—to kill, butcher, sledge (a heavy hammer).

slidan, to slide—slide, sled, sledge.
slidan, to slide—slide, sled, sledge.

slipan, to glide—slip, slipper, slippery, slipshod.
slipan, to glide—slip, slipper, slippery, careless.

smitan, to smite—smite, smiter, smith, smithy.
smitan, to smite—strike, smiter, blacksmith, forge.

snican, to creep—snake, sneak.
snican, to creep—sneak.

socc, a shoe—sock, socket.
socc, a shoe—sock, socket.

soft, soft—soften, softly, softness.
soft, soft—soften, softly, softness.

soth, true—sooth, soothsayer.
truth, truth—truth, fortune teller.

specan, to speak—speak, speaker, speech, bespeak.
specan, to speak—speak, speaker, speech, request.

spell, a message—spell (discourse), gospel.
spell, a message—spell (discussion), gospel.

spinnan, to spin—spinner, spider.
spin, to spin—spinner, spider.

stán, a stone—stony, stoneware.
stone, —rocky, stoneware.

standan, to stand—standard, understand, understanding, withstand.
standan, to stand—standard, understand, understanding, withstand.

steall, a place—stall, forestall, install, pedestal.
steall, a place—stall, forestall, install, pedestal.

steorfan, to die—starve, starvation, starveling.
starve, starvation, starveling.

stician, to stick—stake, stick, stickle, stickleback, sting, stitch, stock, stockade, stocking.
stician, to stick—stake, stick, stickle, stickleback, sting, stitch, stock, stockade, stocking.

stigan, to ascend—stair, staircase, stile, stirrup, sty.
stigan, to go up—stair, staircase, stile, stirrup, sty.

streccan, to stretch—stretch, stretcher, straight, straighten, straightness, outstretch, overstretch.
streccan, to stretch—stretch, stretcher, straight, straighten, straightness, outstretch, overstretch.

stýran, to steer—steer, steerage, steersman, stern (the hind part of a ship), astern.
stýran, to steer—steer, steering, steersman, stern (the back part of a ship), astern.

stýrian, to stir—stir, bestir.
Stirring, to stir—stir, bestir.

súr, sour—sour, sourish, sourness, sorrel, surly, surliness.
súr, sour—sour, slightly sour, sourness, sorrel, grumpy, grumpiness.

swerian, to swear—swear, swearer, forswear, answer, unanswered.
swerian, to swear—swear, swearer, forswear, answer, unanswered.

swét, sweet—sweet, sweetbread, sweeten, sweetmeat, sweetness.
sweet, sweet—sweet, sweetbread, sweeten, sweetmeat, sweetness.

táecan, to show, to teach—teach, teachable, teacher.
táecan, to show, to teach—teach, teachable, teacher.

tellan, to count—tell, teller, tale, talk, talkative, foretell.
tell, to count—tell, teller, story, chat, chatty, predict.

thincan, to seem; pret. thuh-te, methinks, methought.
thincan, to seem; past tense thuh-te, I think, I thought.

thringan, to press—throng.
, to press—crowd.

thyr, dry—thirst, thirsty.
thirst, thirsty—thirsty.

treowe, true—true, truth, truthful, truism, trust, trustee, trustworthy, trusty.
treowe, true—true, truth, honest, reality, trust, trustee, reliable, dependable.

twa, two—twice, twine, twist, between, entwine.
two, two—twice, twine, twist, between, entwine.

tyrnan, to turn—turn, turner, turncoat, turnkey, turnpike, overturn, return, upturn.
tyrnan, to turn—turn, turner, turncoat, turnkey, turnpike, overturn, return, upturn.

wacan, to awake—wake, wakeful, waken, wait, watch, watchful, watchfulness, watchman.
wacan, to awake—wake, alert, awaken, wait, observe, observant, mindfulness, guard.

warnian, to defend, to beware—warn, warning, warrant, wary, weir, aware, beware.
warnian, to defend, to beware—warn, warning, warrant, cautious, weir, aware, watch out.

wearm, glowing—warm, warmth.
warm, glowing—cozy, heat.

wegan, to move—wag, waggle, wain, wave, way, wayfarer, weigh, weight, weighty.
wegan, to move—wag, wiggle, wain, wave, way, traveler, weigh, weight, heavy.

weordh, worth—worth, worthy, worship, worshipper, unworthy.
weordh, worth—value, deserving, worship, worshiper, unworthy.

werian, to cover—wear, wearable, weary, wearisome.
werian, to cover—wear, wearable, tired, tedious.

winnan, to labor—win, won.
winner, to work—win, won.

witan, to know—wise, wisdom, wizard, wit, witness, witty.
witan, to know—wise, wisdom, wizard, wit, witness, witty.

wringan, to twist—wrangle, wrench, wriggle, wring, wrinkle.
wringan, to twist—wrangle, wrench, wiggle, wring, crumple.

writhan, to twist—wrath, wrathful, wroth, wreath, wreathe, wry, wryneck, wrong.
writhan, to twist—anger, angry, annoyed, wreath, to cover with a wreath, twisted, twisted neck, mistake.

wunian, to dwell—wont, wonted.
wunian, to live—custom, familiar.

wyrm, a worm, a serpent—worm.
wyrm, a worm, a snake—worm.

Specimens of Anglo-Saxon, and the same literally translated into Modern English.

EXTRACT FROM CÆDMON'S PARAPHRASE.
Excerpt from Cædmon's Paraphrase.

Cædmon: died about 680.
Cædmon: died around 680.

Nu we sceolan herian
Now we should praise

heofon-rices weard,
heaven's keeper,

metodes mihte,
metodes might,

and his mod-ge-thonc,
and his modern touch,

wera wuldor-fæder!
great glory-father!

swa he wundra ge-hwæs,
swa he wundra ge-hwæs,

ece dryhten,
lord,

oord onstealde.
oord onstealed.

He ærest ge-scéop
He first created

ylda bearnum
ylda offspring

heofon to hrófe,
heaven to heaven,

halig scyppend!
holy creator!

tha middan-geard
the middle gear

mon-cynnes weard,
mon-cynnes weard,

ece dryhten,
Lord,

æfter teode,
after creating,

firum foldan,
firum foldan,

frea ælmihtig!
holy almighty!

Now we shall praise
Now let's praise

the guardian of heaven,
the protector of heaven,

the might of the creator,
the power of the creator,

and his mind's thought,
and his thoughts,

the glory-father of men!
the glorious father of mankind!

how he of all wonders,
how he of all miracles,

the eternal lord,
the eternal ruler,

formed the beginning.
started it.

He first created
He initially created

for the children of men
for humanity's children

heaven as a roof,
heaven as a ceiling,

the holy creator!
the divine creator!

them the world
show them the world

the guardian of mankind
the protector of humanity

the eternal lord,
the everlasting lord,

produced afterwards,
produced later,

the earth for men,
the world for everyone,

the almighty master!
the all-powerful master!

PASSAGE REPEATED BY BEDE ON HIS DEATH-BED.
PASSAGE REPEATED BY BEDE ON HIS DEATH-BED.

Bede: died 735.
Bede: died 735 AD.

For tham ned-fere
For them, a night out

neni wirtheth
neni wirtheth

thances suotera
thances suotera

thonne him thearf sy,
then he needs it,

to ge-hicgeune
to get hiccups

er his heonon-gange
er his heonon-gange

hwet his gaste
hwet his gaste

godes othe yveles
goods or evils

efter deathe heonon
after death he shall be

demed weorthe.
demed worth.

Before the necessary journey
Before the essential trip

no one becomes
no one becomes

more prudent in thought
more thoughtful

than is needful to him,
than is necessary for him,

to search out
to seek out

before his going hence
before he leaves

what to his spirit
what matters to his spirit

of good or of evil
of good or evil

after his death hence
after his death

will be judged.
will be evaluated.

EXTRACT FROM THE SAXON CHRONICLE—Tenth Century.
EXTRACT FROM THE SAXON CHRONICLE—Tenth Century.

Tha feng Ælfred Æthelwulfing to West-Seaxna rice; and thæs ymb ænne monath gefeaht Ælfred cyning with ealne thone here lytle werode æt Wiltoune, and hine lange on dæg geflymde, and tha Deniscan ahton wæl-stowe geweald. And thæs geares wurdon nigon folcgefeoht gefohten with thone here on tham cyne-rice be suthan Temese, butan tham the him Ælfred, and ealdormen, and cyninges thegnas oft rada onridon the man na ne rimde. And thæs geares wæron of-slegene nigon eorlas, and an cyning; and thy geare namon West-Seaxan frith with thone here.
Tha feng Ælfred Æthelwulfing to West-Seaxna rice; and thæs ymb ænne monath gefeaht Ælfred cyning with ealne thone here lytle werode æt Wiltoune, and hine lange on dæg geflymde, and tha Deniscan ahton wæl-stowe geweald. And thæs geares wurdon nigon folcgefeoht gefohten with thone here on tham cyne-rice be suthan Temese, butan tham the him Ælfred, and ealdormen, and cyninges thegnas oft rada onridon the man na ne rimde. And thæs geares wæron of-slegene nigon eorlas, and an cyning; and thy geare namon West-Seaxan frith with thone here.

Then took Alfred, son of Ethelwulf to the West Saxon's kingdom; and that after one month fought Alfred king against all the army with a little band at Wilton, and them long during the day routed and then the Danes obtained of the battle-field possession. And this year were nine great battles fought with the army in the kingdom to the south of the Thames, besides those in which Alfred, and the alder-men, and the king's thanes oft inrode—against which one nothing accounted. And this year were slain nine earls and one king; and this year made the West-Saxons peace with the army.
Then Alfred, son of Ethelwulf, took control of the West Saxon's kingdom; and after one month, King Alfred fought against the entire army with a small group at Wilton, and he routed them for a long time during the day, but the Danes eventually gained control of the battlefield. That year, nine major battles were fought with the army in the kingdom south of the Thames, in addition to those in which Alfred, the aldermen, and the king's thanes frequently rode against, which went largely unrecorded. During that year, nine earls and one king were killed; and that year, the West Saxons made peace with the army.

EXTRACT FROM THE SAXON GOSPELS—Eleventh Century.
EXTRACT FROM THE SAXON GOSPELS—Eleventh Century.

LUCÆ, Cap. I. v. 5-10.
LUCÆ, Ch. I, v. 5-10.

5. On Herodes dagum Iudea cyninges, wæs sum sacerd on naman Zacharias, of Abian tune: and his wif wæs of Aarones dohtrum, and hyre nama wæs Elizabeth.
5. In the days of King Herod of Judea, there was a priest named Zacharias from the division of Abijah; and his wife was a descendant of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth.

LUKE, Chap. I. v. 5-10.
LUKE, Chap. 1, vs. 5-10.

5. In the days of Herod the king of Judea, there was a certain priest by name Zacharias, of the course of Abia: and his wife was of the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth.
5. During the time of King Herod of Judea, there was a priest named Zacharias, who belonged to the Abijah division. His wife was a descendant of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth.

6. Sothlice hig wæron butu rihtwise beforan Gode, gangende on eallum his bebodum and rihtwisnessum, butan wrohte.
6. They were both righteous before God, walking in all His commandments and ordinances, blameless.

6. And they were both righteous before God, walking in all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord without blame.
6. They were both righteous in God's eyes, following all the commandments and rules of the Lord without any faults.

7. And hig næfdon nan bearn, fortham the Elizabeth wæs unberende; and hig on heora dagum butu forth-eodon.
7. And they had no children, because Elizabeth was barren; and they continued on in their days.

7. And they had no child, because that Elizabeth was barren; and they in her days were both of great age.
7. They had no children because Elizabeth was unable to conceive, and both of them were very old.

8. Sothlice wæs geworden tha Zacharias hys sacerdhades breac on his gewrixles endebyrdnesse beforan Gode,
8. Then it happened that Zacharias was serving in his priestly role according to the order of his division before God,

8. And it befell that when Zacharias should do the office of the priesthood in the order of his course before God,
8. And it happened that when Zacharias was serving as a priest in his division before God,

9. Æfter gewunan thæs sacerdhades hlotes, he eode that he his offrunge sette, tha he on Godes tempel eode.
9. After the custom of the priest's offerings, he went and set his sacrifice when he entered God's temple.

9. After the custom of the priesthood he went forth by lot, to burn incense when he into God's temple went.
9. According to the practice of the priesthood, he was chosen by lot to burn incense when he entered God's temple.

10. Eall werod thæs folces wæs ute gebiddende on thære offrunge timan.
10. All the people of that nation were outside praying at the offering time.

10. And all the multitude of the people were without praying at the time of incense.
10. And all the crowd of people were outside praying at the time of the incense.

THE LORD'S PRAYER.
The Lord's Prayer.

Fæder ure, thu the eart on heofenum; si thin nama gehalgod; to-becume thin rice; geweordhe thin willa on eorthan, swa swa on heofenum. Urne ge dæghwamlican hlaf syle us to-dæg; and forgyf us ure gyltas, swa swa we forgidfadh urum gyltendum; and ne gelæde thu us on costnunge, ac alys us of yfle, etc.
Father our, who art in heaven; hallowed be thy name; thy kingdom come; thy will be done on earth, as it is in heaven. Give us this day our daily bread; and forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors; and lead us not into temptation, but deliver us from evil, etc.

Father our, thou who art in heaven; be thine name hallowed; let come thine kingdom; let be done thine will on earth, so as in the heavens. Our also daily bread give thou us to-day; and forgive thou to us our debts, so as we forgive our debtors; and not lead thou us into temptations, but deliver thou us from evil, etc.
Father in heaven, may your name be honored; let your kingdom come; let your will be done on earth as it is in heaven. Give us today our daily bread; and forgive us our debts, as we forgive our debtors; and do not lead us into temptation, but deliver us from evil, etc.

Specimens of Semi-Saxon and Early English.

EXTRACT FROM THE BRUT OF LAYAMON—About 1180.
EXTRACT FROM THE BRUT OF LAYAMON—About 1180.

He nom tha Englisca boc
He read the English book

Tha makede Seint Beda;
The making of Saint Bede;

An other he nom on Latin,
An other he nom on Latin,

Tha makede Seinte Albin,
The making of St. Albans,

And the feire Austin,
And the fire Austin,

The fulluht broute hider in.
The fulluht brought it in.

Boc he nom the thridde,
Boc he named the third,

Leide ther amidden,
Leaning there in the middle,

Tha makede a Frenchis clerc,
That made a French clerk,

Wace was ihoten,
Wace was invited,

The wel couthe writen,
The well-known writer,

And he hoc yef thare aethelen
And he said that there were nobles

Allienor, the wes Henries quene,
Allienor, the queen of Henrys,

Thes heyes kinges.
These are the king's eyes.

He took the English book
He grabbed the English book.

That Saint Bede made;
That Saint Bede created;

Another he took in Latin,
Another he took in Latin,

That Saint Albin made,
That Saint Albin created,

And the fair Austin,
And the lovely Austin,

That baptism brought hither in.
That baptism brought here in.

The third book he took,
The third book he picked,

And laid there in midst,
And lay there in the midst,

That made a French clerk,
That made a French clerk,

Wace was he called,
Wace was called "he,"

That well could write,
That could definitely write,

And he it gave to the noble
And he gave it to the noble

Eleanor, that was Henry's Queen,
Eleanor, that was Henry's queen,

The high king's.
The high king.

EXTRACT FROM A CHARTER OF HENRY III.—1258.
EXTRACT FROM A CHARTER OF HENRY III.—1258.

Henry, thurg Gode's fultome, King on Engleneloande, Lhoaverd on Yrloand, Duk on Norman, on Acquitain, Earl on Anjou, send I greting, to alle hise holde, ilærde and ilewede on Huntindonnschiere. Thæt witen ge wel alle, hæt we willen and unnen thæt ure rædesmen alle, other the moare del of heom, thæt beoth ichosen thurg us and thurg thæt loandes-folk on ure kineriche, habbith idon, and schullen don in the worthnes of God, and ure treowthe, for the freme of the loande, etc.
Henry, by the grace of God, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy, and Aquitaine, Earl of Anjou, sends greetings to all his subjects, learned and unlearned, in Huntingdonshire. You all know well that we desire and wish that our advisors, all or most of them, who have been chosen by us and by the people of this kingdom, have acted and will act in the honor of God and our loyalty, for the benefit of the land, etc.

Henry, through God's support, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy, of Acquitain, Earl of Anjou, sends greeting to all his subjects, learned and unlearned, of Huntingdonshire. This know ye well all, that we will and grant what our counsellors all, or the more part of them, that be chosen through us and through the landfolk of our kingdom, have done, and shall do, to the honor of God, and our allegiance, for the good of the land, etc.
Henry, by God's grace, King of England, Lord of Ireland, Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Earl of Anjou, sends greetings to all his subjects, both learned and unlearned, in Huntingdonshire. Let it be known to all of you that we agree to and support what our advisors, or the majority of them, who have been chosen by us and the people of our kingdom, have done and will do for the honor of God and our duty, for the good of the land, etc.

Anglo-Saxon Element in Modern English.

That the young student may be made aware of the extent of the employment of Anglo-Saxon in our present language, and that he may have some clue to direct him to a knowledge of the Saxon words, the following extracts, embracing a great proportion of these words, are submitted to his attention. The words not Teutonic are marked in Italics.
That the young student can understand how much Anglo-Saxon is used in our current language and have some guidance to help him learn the Saxon words, the following extracts, which include a significant number of these words, are presented for his consideration. The words that are not Teutonic are marked in Italics.

MILTON.
MILTON.

Of man's first disobedience, and the fruit
Of man's first disobedience, and the fruit

Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste
Of that forbidden tree, whose mortal taste

Brought death into the world, and all our woe,
Brought death into the world, and all our sorrow,

With loss of Eden, till one greater man
With the loss of Eden, until one greater man

Restore us and regain the blissful seat—
Restore us and regain the happy spot—

Sing, heavenly Muse.
Sing, divine Muse.

With thee conversing, I forget all time,
With you chatting, I lose track of time,

All seasons, and their change; all please alike.
All seasons and their changes; all please alike.

Sweet is the breath of morn, her rising sweet,
Sweet is the morning breeze, her rising lovely,

With charm of earliest birds; pleasant the sun
With the charm of early birds; pleasant the sun

When first on this delightful land he spreads
When he first arrives on this delightful land, he spreads

His orient beams on herb, tree, fruit, and flower,
His focus on herb, tree, fruit, and flower,

Glistering with dew; fragrant the fertile earth,
Glittering with dew; fragrant the fertile earth,

After soft showers; and sweet the coming on
After gentle rain; and sweet the arrival

Of grateful evening mild; then silent night
Of thankful evening mild; then quiet night

With this her solemn bird, and this fair moon,
With her serious bird and this beautiful moon,

And these the gems of heaven, her starry train.
And these are the gems of heaven, her starry train.

SHAKESPEARE.
SHAKESPEARE.

To be, or not to be, that is the question;
To be or not to be, that is the question;

Whether 't is nobler in the mind to suffer
Whether it's better in the mind to endure

The stings and arrows of outrageous fortune,
The pains and challenges of unfair luck,

Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,
Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,

And, by opposing, end them? To die, to sleep;
And, by resisting, end them? To die, to sleep;

No more;—and by a sleep to say we end
No more;—and by a sleep to say we finish

The heartache and the thousand natural shocks
The heartache and a thousand natural shocks

That flesh is heir to! 't were a consummation
That flesh is heir to! It would be a consummation

Devoutly to be wished. To die; to sleep;
Devoutly to be wished. To die; to sleep;

To sleep?—perchance to dream!
To sleep?—maybe to dream!

All the world's a stage,
All the world's a stage,

And all the men and women merely players.
And all the men and women are just players.

They have their exits and their entrances,
They have their exits and entrances,

And one man in his time plays many parts;
And one man in his lifetime plays many roles;

His acts being seven ages. At first the infant,
His seven stages of life. At first the infant,

Mewling and puking in his nurse's arms.
Mewling and throwing up in his nurse's arms.

And then the whining school-boy, with his satchel
And then the whining school-boy, with his backpack

And shining morning face, creeping like snail
And shining morning face, moving slowly like a snail

Unwillingly to school. And then the lover,
Unwilling to school. And then the lover,

Sighing like furnace, with a woeful ballad
Sighing like a furnace, with a sad ballad

Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a soldier,
Made to his mistress' eyebrow. Then a soldier,

Full of strange oaths, and bearded like the pard,
Full of weird oaths, and bearded like the leopard,

Jealous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel;
Jealous in honor, sudden and quick to fight;

Seeking the bubble reputation
Seeking the bubble reputation

Even in the cannon's mouth.
Even in the gun's mouth.

TRANSLATION OF THE BIBLE.
BIBLE TRANSLATION.

In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep: and the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let there be light; and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good; and God divided the light from the darkness. And God called the light Day, and the darkness he called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day.—Genesis i. 1-6.
In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was formless and empty; darkness was over the surface of the deep, and the Spirit of God was hovering over the waters. And God said, “Let there be light,” and there was light. God saw that the light was good, and he separated the light from the darkness. God called the light “Day,” and the darkness he called “Night.” And there was evening, and there was morning—the first day.—Genesis i. 1-6.

And it came to pass, that when Isaac was old, and his eyes were dim, so that he could not see, he called Esau, his eldest son, and said unto him, My son. And he said unto him, Behold, here am I. And he said, Behold now, I am old, I know not the day of my death. Now therefore take, I pray thee, thy weapons, thy quiver and thy bow, and go out to the field, and take me some venison; and make me savoury meat, such as I love, and bring it to me, that I may eat; that my soul may bless thee before I die. And Rebekah heard when Isaac spake to Esau his son. And Esau went to the field to hunt for venison, and to bring it. And Rebekah spake unto Jacob her son, saying, Behold, I heard thy father speak unto Esau thy brother, saying, Bring me venison, and make me savoury meat, that I may eat, and bless thee before the Lord before my death.—Genesis xxvii. 1-7.
And it happened that when Isaac got old and his eyesight was poor, so he couldn’t see, he called Esau, his oldest son, and said to him, “My son.” He answered, “Here I am.” Isaac said, “Look, I’m old and I don’t know when I might die. So, please take your weapons, your quiver and your bow, and go out to the field and hunt me some venison. Make me some delicious food like I love and bring it to me so that I can eat and bless you before I die.” Rebekah was listening when Isaac spoke to Esau his son. Esau went out to the field to hunt for venison and bring it back. Then Rebekah said to Jacob her son, “I heard your father talking to your brother Esau, saying, ‘Bring me venison and make me some delicious food so I can eat and bless you before the Lord before my death.’” —Genesis xxvii. 1-7.

THOMSON.
THOMSON.

These as they change, Almighty Father! these
These as they change, Almighty Father! these

Are but the varied God. The rolling year
Are just the varied God. The rolling year

Is full of thee. Forth in the pleasing spring
Is full of you. Out in the pleasant spring

Thy beauty walks, thy tenderness and love.
Your beauty shines, your tenderness and love.

Wide flush the fields; the softening air is balm;
Wide open are the fields; the gentle air is soothing;

Echo the mountains round; the forest smiles;
Echo the surrounding mountains; the forest smiles;

And every sense and every heart is joy.
And every sense and every heart is joy.

Then comes thy glory in the summer months,
Then comes your glory in the summer months,

With light and heat refulgent. Then thy sun
With light and heat shining. Then your sun

Shoots full perfection through the swelling year.
Shoots complete perfection throughout the year.

ADDISON.
ADDISON.

I was yesterday, about sunset, walking in the open fields, till the night insensibly fell upon me. I at first amused myself with all the richness and variety of colours which appeared in the western parts of heaven. In proportion as they faded away and went out, several stars and planets appeared, one after another, till the whole firmament was in a glow. The blueness of the ether was exceedingly heightened and enlivened by the season of the year.
I was out in the open fields yesterday around sunset when night quietly fell on me. At first, I entertained myself with all the richness and variety of colors that appeared in the western sky. As they faded and disappeared, several stars and planets showed up one after another, until the whole sky was glowing. The blue of the atmosphere was significantly brightened and enlivened by the season of the year.

YOUNG.
YOUTH.

Let Indians, and the gay, like Indians, fond
Let __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, and the __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, like __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, fond

Of feathered fopperies, the sun adore:
Of feathered fancies, the sun adores:

Darkness has more divinity for me;
Darkness feels more divine to me;

It strikes thought inward; it drives back the soul
It hits deep; it pushes the soul away.

To settle on herself, our point supreme.
To focus on herself, our ultimate point.

There lies our theater: there sits our judge.
There is our theater: there is our judge.

Darkness the curtain drops o'er life's dull scene:
Darkness the curtain falls on life's dull scene:

'T is the kind hand of Providence stretched out
'T is the kind hand of Providence stretched out

'Twixt man and vanity; 't is reason's reign,
Between man and vanity; it's reason's reign,

And virtue's too; these tutelary shades
And virtue's too; these protective shades

Are man's asylum from the tainted throng.
Are man's __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ from the __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__ throng.

Night is the good man's friend, and guardian too.
Night is the good person's friend and protector as well.

It no less rescues virtue, than inspires.
It equally rescues virtue, as inspires.

SWIFT.
Fast.

Wisdom is a fox, who, after long hunting, will at last cost you the pains to dig out. 'T is a cheese, which by how much the richer has the thicker, homelier, and the coarser coat; and whereof, to a judicious palate, the maggots are the best. 'Tis a sack posset, wherein the deeper you go on you will find it sweeter. But then, lastly, 'tis a nut, which, unless you choose with judgment, may cost you a tooth, and pay you with nothing but a worm.
Wisdom is like a fox that, after a long search, will eventually cost you the effort it takes to uncover it. It's like cheese, which, the richer it is, has a thicker, rougher rind; and for a discerning taste, the worms are the best part. It's like a cream mixture, where the deeper you go, the sweeter it becomes. But ultimately, it's a nut that, if you don't choose wisely, might cost you a tooth and leave you with nothing but a worm.

HUME.
Hume.

The beauties of her person and graces of her air combined to make her the most amiable of women; and the charms of her address and conversation aided the impression which her lovely figure made on the heart of all beholders. Ambitious and active in her temper, yet inclined to cheerfulness and society; of a lofty spirit, constant and even vehement in her purpose, yet politic, gentle, and affable, in her demeanor, she seemed to partake only so much of the male virtues as to render her estimable, without relinquishing those soft graces which compose the proper ornament of her sex.
The beauties of her appearance and the graces of her presence came together to make her the most likeable of women; and the charms of her manner and conversation enhanced the impression her lovely figure made on the hearts of everyone who saw her. Ambitious and energetic in her temperament, yet tending toward cheerfulness and socializing; with a noble spirit, steadfast and even passionate in her goals, yet tactful, kind, and friendly in her behavior, she seemed to embody just enough of the masculine qualities to make her admirable, without giving up those gentle graces that make up the true beauty of her gender.

GIBBON.
Gibbon.

In the second century of the Christian era, the empire of Rome comprehended the fairest part of the earth, and the most civilized portion of mankind. The frontiers of that extensive monarchy were guarded by ancient renown, and disciplined valour. The gentle but powerful influence of laws and manners had gradually cemented the union of the provinces. Their peaceful inhabitants enjoyed and abused the advantages of wealth and luxury. The image of a free constitution was preserved with decent reverence.
In the second century of the Christian era, the empire of Rome included the most beautiful parts of the earth and the most civilized areas of humanity. The boundaries of that vast monarchy were protected by ancient glory and trained bravery. The gentle but strong impact of laws and customs had slowly strengthened the unity of the provinces. Their peaceful residents enjoyed and misused the benefits of wealth and luxury. The concept of a free government was maintained with proper respect.

JOHNSON.
JOHNSON.

Of genius, that power which constitutes a poet; that quality without which judgment is cold, and knowledge is inert; that energy which collects, combines, amplifies, and animates; the superiority must, with some hesitation, be allowed to Dryden. It is not to be inferred that of this poetical vigor Pope had only a little, because Dryden had more; for every other writer since Milton must give place to Pope; and even of Dryden it must be said, that if he has brighter paragraphs, he has not better poems.
Of genius, that power that makes a poet; that quality without which judgment is cold, and knowledge is inert; that energy that collects, combines, amplifies, and animates; the superiority should, with some hesitation, be given to Dryden. It doesn't mean to infer that this poetic strength means Pope had only a little, because Dryden had more; for every other writer since Milton must take a backseat to Pope; and even with Dryden, it must be stated that while he has brighter paragraphs, he does not have better poems.

BYRON.
BYRON.

Ancient of days! august Athena! where,
Ancient of days! August Athena! Where,

Where are thy men of might—thy grand in soul?
Where are your strong men—your great in spirit?

Gone—glimmering through the dream of things that were.
Gone—shining through the dream of what once was.

First in the race that led to Glory's goal,
First in the race that led to Glory's goal,

They won, and passed away. Is this the whole?
They won and passed away. Is that everything?

A school-boy's tale—the wonder of an hour!
A schoolboy's story—the wonder of an hour!

The warrior's-weapon and the sophist's stole
The warrior's weapon and the sophist's stole

Are sought in vain, and o'er each mouldering tower,
Are searched for in vain, and over each crumbling tower,

Dim with the mist of years, gray flits the shade of power.
Dim with the mist of years, gray flits the shade of power.

SIR WALTER SCOTT.
Sir Walter Scott.

The way was long, the wind was cold,
The road was long, and the wind was chilly,

The Minstrel was infirm and old;
The Minstrel was elderly and frail;

His withered cheek and tresses gray
His withered cheek and gray hair

Seemed to have known a better day;
Seemed to have better days;

The harp, his sole remaining joy,
The harp, his only joy,

Was carried by an orphan boy.
Was carried by an orphan boy.

The last of all the bards was he
The last of all the poets was him.

Who sung of border chivalry;
Who sang about border chivalry;

For, well-a-day! their dale was fled;
For, well-a-day! their dale was gone;

His tuneful brethren all were dead;
His musical brethren all were dead;

And he, neglected and oppressed,
And he, ignored and suppressed,

Wished to be with them and at rest.
Wished to be with them and at peace.

WORDSWORTH.
WORDSWORTH.

Ah! little doth the young one dream,
Ah! Little does the young one dream,

When full of play and childish cares,
When filled with play and childish worries,

What power is in his wildest scream,
What power is in his wildest scream,

Heard by his mother unawares!
Caught by his mom off guard!

He knows it not, he cannot guess;
He doesn’t know it, he can’t guess;

Years to a mother bring distress;
Years to a mother bring stress;

But do not make her love the less.
But don't let that make her love you any less.

My son, if thou be humbled, poor,
My son, if you are humbled, poor,

Hopeless of honor and of gain,
Without hope for honor or gain,

Oh! do not dread thy mother's door;
Oh! don't be afraid of your mother's door;

Think not of me with grief and pain.
Think of me without grief and pain.

I now can see with better eyes;
I can now see more clearly;

And worldly grandeur I despise,
And worldly grandeur I hate,

And Fortune with her gifts and lies.
And Fortune with her gifts and deceits.

TENNYSON.
TENNYSON.

Not wholly in the busy world, nor quite
Not fully in the busy world, nor quite

Beyond it, blooms the garden that I love.
Beyond it, there's the garden that I love.

News from the humming city comes to it
News from the buzzing city reaches it.

In sound of funeral or of marriage bells;
In sound of funeral or wedding bells;

And sitting muffled in dark leaves you hear
And sitting wrapped in dark leaves, you hear

The windy clanging of the winter clock;
The windy chime of the winter clock;

Although between it and the garden lies
Although between it and the garden lies

A league of grass, washed by a slow broad stream,
A league of grass, washed by a slow wide stream,

That, stirred with languid pulses of the oar,
That, mixed with slow, steady strokes of the oar,

Waves all its lazy lilies, and creeps on,
Waves all its lazy lilies, and creeps on,

Barge laden, to three arches of a bridge,
Barge loaded, to three arches of a bridge,

Crowned with the minster-towers.
Crowned with the cathedral towers.

PART V.—MISCELLANEOUS DERIVATIVES.

I.—WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PERSONS.

1.—NOUNS.

at'las, a collection of maps bound together: "Atlas," a fabled giant who, according to the Greek notion bore the earth upon his shoulders.
atlas, a collection of maps bound together: "Atlas," a legendary giant who, according to Greek mythology, carried the earth on his shoulders.

acad'emy, a superior grade school, a society of learned men: "Academus," a Greek in whose garden near Athens Plato taught.
academy, a higher-level school, a group of knowledgeable individuals: "Academus," a Greek man whose garden near Athens was where Plato taught.

ammo'nia, the pungent matter of smelling salts: "Jupiter Ammon," near whose temple in Libya it was originally obtained.
ammonia, the strong-smelling substance found in smelling salts: "Jupiter Ammon," near whose temple in Libya it was first sourced.

bac'chanal, one who indulges in drunken revels: "Bacchus," the god of wine.
bac'chanal, someone who enjoys wild partying with drinks: "Bacchus," the god of wine.

bow'ie knife, an American weapon: Colonel "Bowie," the inventor.
bowie knife, an American weapon: Colonel "Bowie," the inventor.

braggado'cio, a vain boaster: "Braggadochio," a boastful character in Spenser's Faery Queen.
braggado'cio, a vain boaster: "Braggadochio," a showy character in Spenser's Faery Queen.

bud'dhism, a wide-spread Asiatic religion: "Buddha," a Hindoo sage who lived about 1000 B.C.
Buddhism, a widely-practiced Asian religion: "Buddha," a Hindu sage who lived around 1000 B.C.

cal'vinism, the doctrines of Calvin: "Calvin," a Swiss theologian of the 16th century.
Calvinism, the teachings of Calvin: "Calvin," a Swiss theologian from the 16th century.

camel'lia, a genus of evergreen shrubs: "Camelli," a Spaniard who brought them from Asia.
camellia, a type of evergreen shrub: "Camelli," a Spaniard who introduced them from Asia.

cicero'ne (sis e-ro'ne or chĭ chĕ-ro'-ne), a guide: "Cicero," the Roman orator.
cicero'ne (sis e-ro'ne or chĭ chĕ-ro'-ne), a guide: "Cicero," the Roman speaker.

cincho'na, Peruvian bark: Countess "Cinchona," wife of a Spanish governor of Peru (17th century). By means of this medicine she was cured of an intermittent fever, and after her return to Spain she aided in the diffusion of the remedy.
cincho'na, Peruvian bark: Countess "Cinchona," wife of a Spanish governor of Peru (17th century). With this medicine, she was cured of an intermittent fever, and after returning to Spain, she helped spread the remedy.

daguerre'otype, a picture produced on a metal plate: "Daguerre," the inventor (1789-1851).
daguerreotype, a picture created on a metal plate: "Daguerre," the inventor (1789-1851).

dahl'ia, a garden plant: "Dahl," a Swedish botanist.
dahl'ia, a garden plant: "Dahl," a Swedish botanist.

dunce, a dull, slow-witted person: "Duns Scotus," a subtle philosopher of the 13th century. His method of reasoning was very popular in the schools during the Middle Ages, and a very skillful hair-splitter was called a Dunse; but at last, through the influence of the antagonists of the philosopher, the word passed into a term of reproach.
dunce, a dull, slow-witted person: "Duns Scotus," a clever philosopher from the 13th century. His way of reasoning was widely accepted in schools during the Middle Ages, and a very skilled debater was called a Dunse; however, eventually, due to the opposition from critics of the philosopher, the term became a derogatory label.

ep'icure, one fond of good living: "Epicurus," a Greek philosopher who was said to teach that pleasure is the chief good.
epicure, someone who enjoys good food and drink: "Epicurus," a Greek philosopher who was known for teaching that pleasure is the highest good.

Fah'renheit, a thermometer that marks the freezing-point of water at 32° (which is different from both the centigrade and the Reaumur thermometer): "Fahrenheit," the inventor.
Fahrenheit, a thermometer that indicates the freezing point of water at 32° (which differs from both the Celsius and the Reaumur scales): "Fahrenheit," the inventor.

fuchsia (fu'sĭ-a), a genus of flowering plants: "Leonard Fuchs," a German botanist of the 16th century.
fuchsia (fu'shə), a genus of flowering plants: "Leonard Fuchs," a German botanist from the 16th century.

gal'vanism, a branch of the science of electricity: "Galvani," an Italian physician, its discoverer.
galvanism, a branch of the science of electricity: "Galvani," an Italian doctor, its discoverer.

gen'tian, a medicinal root: "Gentian," king of Illyria, who is said to have first experienced the virtues of the plant.
gen'tian, a medicinal root: "Gentian," king of Illyria, who is said to have been the first to discover the benefits of the plant.

gob'elin, a rich tapestry: "Jehan Gobeelen," a Flemish dyer.
gob'elin, a rich tapestry: "Jehan Gobeelen," a Flemish dyer.

guillotine', an instrument for beheading: "Guillotin," who invented and brought it into use at the time of the French Revolution, last century.
guillotine', a device for beheading: "Guillotin," who created it and made it popular during the French Revolution, last century.

hy'giene, the principles and rules of health: "Hygeia," the goddess of health in classical mythology.
hygiene, the principles and rules of health: "Hygeia," the goddess of health in classical mythology.

Jes'uit, a member of the Society of Jesus, formed by Ignatius Loyola in 1534: "Jesus."
Jesuit, a member of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola in 1534: "Jesus."

lynch, to punish without the usual forms of law: said to be from "Lynch," a Virginia farmer, who took the law into his own hands.
lynch, to punish without following standard legal procedures: thought to be named after "Lynch," a farmer from Virginia, who enforced his own version of justice.

macad'amize, to cover a road with small broken stones: "Macadam," the inventor.
macad'amize, to cover a road with small broken stones: "Macadam," the inventor.

magno'lia, a species of trees found in the southern parts of the United States: "Magnol," a French botanist.
magnolia, a type of tree that grows in the southern regions of the United States: "Magnol," a French botanist.

men'tor, a faithful monitor: "Mentor," the counselor of Telemachus.
mentor, a reliable guide: "Mentor," the advisor of Telemachus.

mor'phia, the narcotic principle of opium: "Morpheus," the god of sleep.
morphia, the narcotic component of opium: "Morpheus," the god of sleep.

ne'gus, a mixture of wine, water, and sugar: Colonel "Negus," who introduced its use in the time of Queen Anne.
ne'gus, a combination of wine, water, and sugar: Colonel "Negus," who popularized its use during the reign of Queen Anne.

or'rery, an apparatus for showing the motions, etc., of the heavenly bodies: the Earl of "Orrery," for whom one of the first was made.
or'rery, a device for displaying the movements, etc., of the celestial bodies: named after the Earl of "Orrery," for whom one of the first was created.

palla'dium, something that affords effectual defense, protection, and safety: Greek "palla'dion," an image of "Pallas Athene," which was kept hidden and secret, and was revered as a pledge of the safety of the town where it was lodged.
palladium, something that provides effective defense, protection, and safety: Greek "palladion," a statue of "Pallas Athene," which was kept hidden and secret, and was honored as a symbol of the safety of the city where it was kept.

pan'ic, a sudden fright: "Pan," the god of shepherds, who is said to have caused alarm by his wild screams and appearance.
panic, a sudden fear: "Pan," the god of shepherds, who is believed to have instigated fear with his fierce cries and terrifying looks.

pe'ony, a plant of the genus PÆONIA, having beautiful showy flowers: "Pæon," its discoverer.
peony, a plant of the genus PÆONIA, known for its beautiful and striking flowers: "Pæon," its discoverer.

pet'rel, an ocean bird: diminutive of Peter, probably so called in allusion to "St. Peter's" walking on the sea.
pet'rel, an ocean bird: a small form of Peter, likely named in reference to "St. Peter" walking on the sea.

pha'eton, an open carriage: "Phaethon," the fabled son of Phœbus or the Sun, whose chariot he attempted to drive.
pha'eton, an open carriage: "Phaethon," the legendary son of Phoebus or the Sun, whom he tried to drive the chariot of.

pinch'beck, an alloy of copper and zinc resembling gold: said to be from one "Pinchbeck," the inventor.
pinch'beck, a mixture of copper and zinc that looks like gold: believed to be named after an inventor named "Pinchbeck."

quas'sia, a bitter wood used as a tonic: "Quassy," a negro who discovered its qualities.
quas'sia, a bitter wood used as a tonic: "Quassy," a man of African descent who discovered its properties.

rodomontade', vainbluster: "Rodomonte," a boasting hero who figures in Ariosto's poem of the Orlando Furioso.
rodomontade', vainbluster: "Rodomonte," a bragging hero who appears in Ariosto's poem Orlando Furioso.

silhouette (sil oo et'), the outline of an object filled in with black color: "Silhouette" (see Webster).
silhouette (sil oo et'), the outline of an object filled in with black color: "Silhouette" (see Webster).

tan'talize, to torment or tease: "Tantalus," according to the poets, an ancient king of Phrygia, who was made to stand up to the chin in water with fruit hanging over his head, but from whom both receded when he wished to partake.
tantalize, to torment or tease: "Tantalus," according to the poets, was an ancient king of Phrygia who stood up to his chin in water with fruit hanging over his head, but both would move away whenever he tried to reach for them.

typhoon', a violent hurricane which occurs in the Chinese seas: "Typhon," a fabled giant who was taught to produce them.
typhoon', a powerful hurricane that happens in the Chinese seas: "Typhon," a legendary giant who was said to create them.

volca'no, a burning mountain: "Vulcan," the god of fire.
volcano, a burning mountain: "Vulcan," the god of fire.

2.—ADJECTIVES.

Amer'ican, relating to America: from "Amerigo (Latin, Americus) Vespucci"—contemporary of Columbus.
American, relating to America: from "Amerigo (Latin, Americus) Vespucci"—a contemporary of Columbus.

A'rian, relating to Arius: a theologian of the 4th century who denied the divinity of Christ.
A'rian, relating to Arius: a 4th-century theologian who rejected the divinity of Christ.

Aristote'lian, relating to the deductive method of reasoning set forth by Aristotle: a Greek philosopher of the 4th century B.C.
Aristotelian, referring to the deductive method of reasoning defined by Aristotle: a Greek philosopher from the 4th century B.C.

Armin'ian, relating to Arminius: a Dutch theologian of the 16th century, who opposed the doctrines of Calvin.
Arminian, related to Arminius: a Dutch theologian from the 16th century who challenged Calvinist doctrines.

Baco'nian, relating to the inductive method of reasoning set forth by Bacon: an English philosopher of the 17th century.
Baconian, : an English philosopher from the 17th century.

Carte'sian, relating to the philosophy of Descartes: a French philosopher of the 17th century.
Cartesian, relating to the philosophy of Descartes: a French philosopher from the 17th century.

ce'real, relating to grain: from "Ceres"—the Roman goddess of corn and tillage.
cereal, relating to grain: from "Ceres"—the Roman goddess of corn and farming.

Coper'nican, relating to Copernicus: a German philosopher of the 16th century, who taught the theory of the solar system now received, and called the Copernican system.
Copernican, related to Copernicus: a German philosopher from the 16th century who proposed the currently accepted theory of the solar system, known as the Copernican system.

Eliz'abethan, relating to the times of Queen Elizabeth of England: (1558-1603).
Elizabethan, pertaining to the era of Queen Elizabeth of England: (1558-1603).

Eo'lian, relating to the wind: from "Æolus"—the god of the winds in classic mythology.
Eolian, related to the wind: from "Aeolus"—the god of the winds in ancient mythology.

Eras'tian, relating to Erastus:—a German theologian of the 16th century, who maintained that the Church is wholly dependent on the State for support or authority.
Eras'tian, relating to Erastus:—a German theologian from the 16th century who argued that the Church is entirely dependent on the State for support and authority.

Escula'pian, relating to the healing art: from "Esculapius"—the god of the healing art among the Greeks.
Escula'pian, : from "Esculapius"—the Greek god associated with healing.

Gor'dian, intricate, complicated, difficult: from "Gordius"—king of Phrygia who tied a knot which could not be untied.
Gor'dian, complex, complicated, challenging: from "Gordius"—the king of Phrygia who tied a knot that couldn't be undone.

Hercule'an, very large and strong: from "Hercules"—a hero of antiquity celebrated for his strength.
Herculean, very large and strong: from "Hercules"—a hero from ancient times known for his immense strength.

hermet'ic, relating to Hermes—the fabled inventor of alchemy; adv., hermetically, in a perfectly close manner.
hermetic, relating to Hermes—the mythical creator of alchemy; adv., hermetically, in a completely sealed way.

Hudibras'tic, in the manner of the satirical poem called Hudibras, by Samuel Butler (1612-1680).
Hudibras'tic, in the style of the satirical poem called Hudibras, by Samuel Butler (1612-1680).

jo'vial, gay, merry: from "Jupiter" (Jovis),—the planet of that name having in the Middle Ages been supposed to make those who were born under it of a joyous temper.
jovial, cheerful, happy: from "Jupiter" (Jovis),—the planet of that name was believed in the Middle Ages to make those born under it have a joyful personality.

Linnæ'an, relating to Linnæus—the celebrated Swedish botanist.
Linnaean, related to Linnaeus—the famous Swedish botanist.

Lu'theran, relating to the doctrines of Luther—a German religious teacher of the 16th century.
Lutheran, —a German religious educator from the 16th century.

Machiavel'ian, cunning and sinister in politics: from "Machiaveli"—an Italian writer of the 15th century.
Machiavellian, clever and devious in politics: from "Machiavelli"—an Italian author from the 15th century.

mercu'rial, active, sprightly—having the qualities fabled to belong to the god "Mercury."
mercurial, lively, energetic—having the traits believed to be associated with the god "Mercury."

Mosa'ic, relating to Moses, his writings or his time.
Mosaic, related to Moses, his writings, or his era.

Newto'nian, relating to Sir Isaac Newton and his philosophy.
Newtonian, related to Sir Isaac Newton and his ideas.

Pindar'ic, after the style and manner of Pindar—a lyric poet of Greece.
Pindar'ic, in the style and manner of Pindar—a lyric poet from Greece.

platon'ic, relating to the opinions or the school of Plato,—a philosopher of Greece, in the 4th century B.C.
platonic, pertaining to the ideas or teachings of Plato,—a philosopher from Greece, in the 4th century B.C.

Pluton'ic, relating to the interior of the earth, or to the Plutonic theory in geology of the formation of certain rocks by fire: from "Pluto"—in classic mythology, the god of the infernal regions.
Pluton'ic, referring to the inside of the earth, or to the Plutonic theory in geology that explains the formation of certain rocks through fire: from "Pluto"—in ancient mythology, the god of the underworld.

procrus'tean, relating to or resembling the mode of torture employed by Procrustes—a celebrated highwayman of ancient Attica, who tied his victims upon an iron bed, and, as the case required, either stretched out or cut off their legs to adapt them to its length.
Procrustean, relating to or resembling the method of torture used by Procrustes—a notorious bandit from ancient Attica, who would tie his victims to an iron bed and, depending on the situation, either stretch them or cut off their legs to fit its length.

Prome'thean, relating to Prometheus—a god fabled by the ancient poets to have formed men from clay and to have given them life by means of fire stolen from heaven, at which Jupiter, being angry, sent Mercury to bind him to Mount Caucasus, and place a vulture to prey upon his liver.
Prome'thean, related to Prometheus—a deity mentioned by ancient poets who supposedly created humans from clay and brought them to life using fire he stole from the heavens. This angered Jupiter, who sent Mercury to chain him to Mount Caucasus and allowed a vulture to feed on his liver.

Quixot'ic, absolutely romantic, like Don Quixote—described by Cervantes, a Spanish writer of the 16th century.
Quixotic, completely romantic, like Don Quixote—described by Cervantes, a Spanish writer from the 16th century.

Satur'nian, distinguished for purity, integrity, and simplicity; golden, happy: from "Saturn"—one of the gods of antiquity whose age or reign, from the mildness and wisdom of his government, was called the golden age.
Satur'nian, noted for its purity, integrity, and simplicity; golden, joyful: named after "Saturn"—one of the ancient gods whose era, due to the gentleness and wisdom of his rule, was referred to as the golden age.

Socrat'ic, relating to the philosophy or the method of teaching of Socrates—the celebrated philosopher of Greece (468-399 B.C.).
Socratic, related to the philosophy or teaching method of Socrates—the famous philosopher from Greece (468-399 B.C.).

stento'rian, very loud or powerful, resembling the voice of Stentor—a Greek herald, spoken of by Homer, having a very loud voice.
stentorian, very loud or powerful, similar to the voice of Stentor—a Greek herald mentioned by Homer, known for his exceptionally loud voice.

Thes'pian, relating to tragic action: from "Thespis"—the founder of the Greek drama.
Thespian, relating to tragic action: from "Thespis"—the founder of Greek drama.

Titan'ic, enormous in size and strength: from the "Titans"—fabled giants in classic mythology.
Titanic, massive in size and power: from the "Titans"—legendary giants in ancient mythology.

Uto'pian, ideal, fanciful, chimerical: from "Utopia"—an imaginary island, represented by Sir Thomas More, in a work called "Utopia," as enjoying the greatest perfection in politics laws, and society.
Utopian, ideal, fanciful, unrealistic: from "Utopia"—a fictional island, depicted by Sir Thomas More, in a work titled "Utopia," that experiences the highest level of perfection in politics, laws, and society.

volta'ic, relating to voltaism or voltaic electricity: from "Volta"—who first devised apparatus for developing electric currents by chemical action.
voltaic, referring to voltaism or voltaic electricity: from "Volta"—who was the first to create devices for generating electric currents through chemical reactions.

II.—WORDS DERIVED FROM THE NAMES OF PLACES.

ag'ate, a precious stone: "Achates," a river in Sicily where it is found.
agate, a precious stone: "Achates," a river in Sicily where it is found.

al'abaster, a variety of soft marble: "Alabastrum," in Egypt, where it is found.
alabaster, a type of soft marble: "Alabastrum," in Egypt, where it can be found.

ar'ras, tapestry: "Arras," in France, where it is manufactured.
ar'ras, tapestry: "Arras," in France, where it is produced.

arte'sian, applied to wells made by boring into the earth till the instrument reaches water which flows from internal pressure: "Artois" (anciently called Artesium), in France, where many of such wells have been made.
artesian, referring to wells created by drilling into the ground until the tool reaches water that flows due to internal pressure: "Artois" (formerly known as Artesium), in France, where many of these wells have been constructed.

At'tic, marked by such qualities as characterized the Athenians, as delicate wit, purity of style, elegance, etc.: "Attica," the country of the Athenians.
At'tic, defined by qualities typical of the Athenians, such as sharp wit, clear style, elegance, and so on.: "Attica," the region of the Athenians.

ban'tam, a small domestic fowl: "Bantam," in Java, whence it was brought.
ban'tam, a small domestic chicken: "Bantam," from Java, where it originated.

barb, a Barbary horse: "Barbary," in Africa.
barb, a Barbary horse: "Barbary," in Africa.

bay'onet, a dagger fixed on the end of a musket: "Bayonne," in France, where it was invented, in 1679.
bay'onet, a dagger attached to the end of a musket: "Bayonne," in France, where it was created, in 1679.

bedlam, a lunatic asylum: "Bethlehem," a monastery in London, afterwards used as an asylum for lunatics.
bedlam, a mental hospital: "Bethlehem," a monastery in London, later used as a facility for the mentally ill.

bur'gundy, a French wine: "Burgundy," where it is made.
burgundy, a French wine: "Burgundy," the region where it's produced.

cal'ico, a kind of cotton cloth: "Calicut," in India, where it was first manufactured.
calico, a type of cotton fabric: "Calicut," in India, where it was first made.

cana'ry, a wine and a bird: the "Canary" Islands.
cana'ry, a wine and a bird: the "Canary" Islands.

can'ter, an easy gallop: "Canterbury," in allusion to the easy pace at which the pilgrims used to ride thither.
can'ter, a casual trot: "Canterbury," referencing the relaxed speed at which the pilgrims would travel there.

car'ronade, a short cannon: "Carron," in Scotland, where it was first made.
carronade, a short cannon: "Carron," in Scotland, where it was first made.

cash'mere, a rich shawl, from the wool of the Thibet goat: "Cashmere," the country where first made.
cashmere, a luxurious shawl, made from the wool of the Tibetan goat: "Cashmere," the region where it was originally produced.

chalced'ony, a variety of uncrystalized quartz: "Chalcedon," in Asia Minor, where obtained.
chalcedony, a type of uncrystallized quartz: "Chalcedon," in Asia Minor, where it's found.

champagne', a wine: "Champagne," in France, where produced.
champagne', a wine: "Champagne," in France, where produced.

cher'ry, a red stoned fruit: "Cerasus" (now Kheresoun), in Pontus, Asia Minor, whence the tree was imported into Italy.
cherry, a red-stoned fruit: "Cerasus" (now Kheresoun), in Pontus, Asia Minor, from where the tree was brought to Italy.

chest'nut, a fruit: "Castanea," in Macedonia, whence it was introduced into Europe.
chestnut, a fruit: "Castanea," from Macedonia, where it was brought into Europe.

cog'nac, a kind of French brandy: "Cognac," in France, where extensively made.
cognac, a type of French brandy: "Cognac" in France, where it is made in large quantities.

cop'per, a metal: "Cyprus," once celebrated for its rich mines of the metal.
copper, a metal: "Cyprus," once known for its abundant mines of the metal.

cord'wainer, a worker in cordwain, or cordovan, a Spanish leather: "Cordova," in Spain.
cordwainer, a person who works with cordwain, or cordovan, a type of Spanish leather: "Cordova," in Spain.

curaçoa', a liquor or cordial flavored with orange peel: the island of "Curaçoa," where it was first made.
curaçao, a liquor or cocktail flavored with orange peel: the island of "Curaçao," where it was first created.

cur'rant, a small dried grape: "Corinth," in Greece, of which "currant" is a corruption.
currant, a small dried grape: "Corinth," in Greece, from which "currant" is derived.

dam'ask, figured linen or silk: "Damascus," in Syria, where first made.
damask, patterned linen or silk: "Damascus," in Syria, where it was first made.

dam'son, a small black plum: (shortened from "Damascene") Damascus.
dam'son, a small black plum: (shortened from "Damascene") Damascus.

delf, a kind of earthenware: "Delft," in Holland, where it was orignally made.
delf, a type of pottery: "Delft," in the Netherlands, where it was originally created.

di'aper, a figured linen cloth, used for towels, napkins, etc.: "Ypres," in Flanders, where originally manufactured.
diaper, a patterned linen cloth, used for towels, napkins, etc.: "Ypres," in Flanders, where it was originally made.

dim'ity, a figured cotton cloth: "Damietta," in Egypt.
dimity, a patterned cotton fabric: "Damietta," in Egypt.

gamboge', a yellow resin used as a paint: "Cambodia, where it is obtained.
gamboge', a yellow resin used as paint: "Cambodia, where it's sourced.

ging'ham, cotton cloth, made of yarn dyed before woven: "Guincamp," in France, where it was first made.
gingham, cotton fabric made from yarn dyed before weaving: "Guincamp," in France, where it was originally produced.

guin'ea, an English gold coin of the value of twenty-one shillings: "Guinea," whence the gold was obtained out of which it was first struck.
guin'ea, an English gold coin worth twenty-one shillings: "Guinea," from which the gold used to make it was originally sourced.

gyp'sy, one of a wandering race: old English "Gyptian," from "Egypt," whence the race was supposed to have originated.
gypsy, one of a wandering community: old English "Gyptian," from "Egypt," where it was believed the community originated.

hol'land, a kind of linen cloth: "Holland," where first made.
Holland, a type of linen fabric: "Holland," where it was first made.

hol'lands, a spirit flavored with juniper berries: "Holland," where it is extensively produced..
hol'lands, a spirit flavored with juniper berries: "Holland," where it is widely produced.

in'digo, a blue dye: "India".
indigo, a blue dye: "India".

jal'ap, a cathartic medicine: "Jalapa," in Mexico, whence it was first imported in 1610.
jal'ap, a cleansing medicine: "Jalapa," from Mexico, where it was first brought in 1610.

jet, a mineral used for ornament: "Gagates," a river in Asia Minor, whence it was obtained.
jet, a mineral used for decoration: "Gagates," a river in Asia Minor, where it was sourced.

lan'dau, lan'daulet, a kind of carriage opening at the top: "Landau," a town in Germany.
landau, landaulet, a type of carriage that has an open top: "Landau," a city in Germany.

madei'ra, a wine: "Madeira," where produced.
"Madeira," where it's produced.

magne'sia, a primitive earth: "Magnesia," in Thessaly.
magne'sia, a primitive earth: "Magnesia," in Thessaly.

mag'net, the loadstone, or Magnesian stone.
magnet, the loadstone or Magnesian stone.

malm'sey, a wine: "Malvasia," in the Morea.
malm'sey, a wine: "Malvasia," in the Morea.

mar'sala, a wine: "Marsala," in Sicily.
Marsala, a wine: "Marsala," from Sicily.

mean'der, to flow in a winding course: "Meander," a winding river in Asia Minor.
meander, to flow in a winding path: "Meander," a winding river in Asia Minor.

mil'liner, one who makes ladies' bonnets, etc.: "Milan," in Italy.
milliner, someone who makes women’s hats, etc.: "Milan," in Italy.

moroc'co, a fine kind of leather: "Morocco," in Africa, where it was originally made.
moroc'co, a high-quality leather: "Morocco," in Africa, where it was first produced.

nankeen', a buff-colored cloth: "Nankin," in China, where first made.
nankeen', a light brown fabric: "Nankin," in China, where it was originally produced.

pheas'ant, a bird whose flesh is highly valued as food: "Phasis," a river in Asia Minor, whence it was brought to Europe.
Pheasant, a bird whose meat is highly prized as food: "Phasis," a river in Asia Minor, from where it was brought to Europe.

pis'tol, a small hand gun: "Pistoja," in Italy, where first made.
pistol, a small handgun: "Pistoja," in Italy, where it was first made.

port, a wine: "Oporto," in Portugal, whence extensively shipped.
port, a wine: "Oporto," in Portugal, from where it is widely shipped.

sardine', a small Mediterranean fish, of the herring family: "Sardinia" around whose coasts the fish abounds.
sardine', a small fish from the Mediterranean, part of the herring family: "Sardinia," where this fish is plentiful along the coasts.

sauterne', a wine: "Sauterne," in France, where produced.
sauterne', a wine: "Sauterne," in France, where produced.

sher'ry, a wine: "Xeres," in Spain, where it is largely manufactured.
sherry, a wine: "Xeres," in Spain, where it is mostly produced.

span'iel, a dog of remarkable sagacity: "Hispaniola," now Hayti, where originally found.
span'iel, a dog of exceptional intelligence: "Hispaniola," now Haiti, where it was originally discovered.

tar'iff, a list of duties or customs to be paid on goods imported or exported: from an Arabic word, tarif, information.
tariff, a list of fees or taxes to be paid on goods imported or exported: from an Arabic word, tarif, meaning information.

to'paz, a precious stone: "Topazos," an island in the Red Sea, where it is found.
topaz, a precious stone: "Topazos," an island in the Red Sea where it can be found.

trip'oli, a fine grained earth used in polishing stones: "Tripoli," in Africa, where originally obtained.
trip'oli, a fine-grained earth used for polishing stones: "Tripoli," in Africa, where it was originally sourced.

turquois', a bluish-green stone: "Turkey," whence it was originally brought.
turquoise, a bluish-green stone: "Turkey," where it was originally brought from.

worst'ed, well-twisted yarn, spun of long-staple wool: "Worsted," a village in Norfolk, England, where first made.
worsted, well-twisted yarn, made from long-staple wool: "Worsted," a village in Norfolk, England, where it was first made.

III.—ETYMOLOGY OF WORDS USED IN THE PRINCIPAL SCHOOL STUDIES.

1.—TERMS IN GEOGRAPHY.

antarc'tic: Gr. anti, opposite, and arktos, a bear. See arctic.
antarc'tic: Gr. anti, opposite, and arktos, a bear. See arctic.

archipel'ago: Gr. archi, chief, and pelagos, sea, originally applied to the Ægean Sea, which is studded with numerous islands.
archipelago: Gr. archi, chief, and pelagos, sea, originally used to refer to the Aegean Sea, which is filled with many islands.

arc'tic: Gr. arktikos, from arktos, a bear and a northern constellation so called.
arctic: Greek arktikos, from arktos, meaning bear, and also a northern constellation named after it.

Atlan'tic: Lat. Atlanticus, from "Atlas," a fabled Titan who was condemned to bear heaven on his head and hands.
Atlan'tic: Lat. Atlanticus, from "Atlas," a legendary Titan who was punished to hold up the sky on his head and hands.

ax'is: Lat. axis, an axletree.
ax'is: Lat. axis, an axle.

bar'barous: Gr. barbaros, foreign.
barbarous: Gr. barbaros, foreign.

bay: Fr. baie, from Lat. baia, an inlet.
bay: From French baie, derived from Latin baia, meaning an inlet.

can'cer: Lat. cancer, a crab (the name of one of the signs of the zodiac).
cancer: Latin cancer, meaning crab (the name of one of the signs of the zodiac).

cape: Fr. cap, from Lat. caput, head.
cape: Fr. cap, from Lat. caput, head.

cap'ital: Lat. capitalis, from caput, head.
capital: Lat. capitalis, from caput, head.

cap'ricorn: Lat. caper, goat, and cornu, horn (the name of one of the signs of the zodiac).
Capricorn: Latin caper, goat, and cornu, horn (the name of one of the signs of the zodiac).

car'dinal: adj Lat. cardinalis, from cardo, cardinis, a hinge.
cardinal: adj Lat. cardinalis, from cardo, cardinis, a hinge.

chan'nel: Lat. canalis, from canna, a reed or pipe.
channel: Latin canalis, from canna, a reed or pipe.

cir'cle: Lat. circus, from Gr. kirkos, a ring.
circle: Latin circus, from Greek kirkos, a ring.

circum'ference: Lat. circum, around, and ferre, to bear.
circum'ference: Latin circum, around, and ferre, to carry.

cit'y: Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas, a state or community.
city: Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas, a state or community.

civ'ilized: Lat. civilis, pertaining to an organized community.
civilized: Latin civilis, related to an organized community.

cli'mate: Gr. klima, klimatos, slope, the supposed slope of the earth from the Equator to the poles.
climate: Gr. klima, klimatos, slope, the believed slope of the earth from the Equator to the poles.

coast: Old Fr. coste (New Fr. côte), from Lat. costa, rib, side.
coast: Old French coste (Modern French côte), from Latin costa, rib, side.

con'fluence: Lat. con, together, and fluere, to flow.
con'fluence: Latin con, meaning together, and fluere, meaning to flow.

con'tinent: Lat. con, together, and tenere, to hold.
continent: From Latin con, meaning together, and tenere, meaning to hold.

con'tour: Lat. con, together, and tornus, a lathe.
contour: Latin con, meaning together, and tornus, which refers to a lathe.

coun'ty: Fr. comte, from Lat. comitatus, governed by a count.
county: Derived from Fr. comte, from Lat. comitatus, governed by a count.

degree': Lat. de, and gradus, a step
degree': Lat. de, and gradus, a step

diam'eter: Gr. dia, through, and metron, measure.
diameter: Gr. dia, through, and metron, measure.

Equa'tor: Lat. equus, equal.
Equator: Lat. equus, equal.

es'tuary: Lat. æstuare, to boil up, or be furious, the reference being to the commotion made by the meeting of a river-current and the tide.
estuary: Lat. æstuare, to boil up or be furious, referring to the disturbance caused by the meeting of a river current and the tide.

frig'id: Lat. frigidus, from frigere, to be cold.
frig'id: Latin frigidus, from frigere, meaning to be cold.

geog'raphy: Gr. ge, the earth, and graphe, a description.
geography: Greek ge, meaning the earth, and graphe, meaning a description.

globe: Lat. globus, a round body.
globe: Lat. globus, a spherical object.

gulf: Fr. golfe, from Gr. kolpos, bosom, bay.
gulf: Fr. golfe, from Gr. kolpos, meaning bosom, bay.

har'bor: Anglo-Saxon, hereberga, from beorgan, to shelter.
harbor: Anglo-Saxon, hereberga, from beorgan, to shelter.

hem'isphere: Gr. hemi, half, and sphaira, sphere.
hemisphere: Gr. hemi, half, and sphaira, sphere.

hori'zon: Gr. horizein, to bound.
horizon: Gr. horizein, to define.

In'dian (ocean): India.
Indian Ocean: India.

isth'mus: Gr. isthmos, a neck.
isth'mus: Gr. isthmos, a neck.

lake: Lat. lacus, a lake.
lake: Lat. lacus, a lake.

lat'itude: Lat. latitudo, from latus, broad.
latitude: Lat. latitudo, from latus, wide.

lon'gitude: Lat. longitudo, from longus, long.
longitude: Lat. longitudo, from longus, long.

merid'ian: Lat. meridies (= medius, middle, and dies, day), noon.
merid'ian: Latin meridies (= medius, middle, and dies, day), noon.

metrop'olis: Gr. meter, mother, and polis, city.
**metropolis**: Gr. *meter*, mother, and *polis*, city.

mon'archy: Gr. monarchés, from monos, alone, and archein, to rule.
monarchy: Greek monarchés, from monos, meaning alone, and archein, meaning to rule.

moun'tain: Fr. montagne, from Lat. mons, montis, a mountain.
mountain: From Fr. montagne, derived from Lat. mons, montis, meaning a mountain.

ob'late: Lat. oblatus (ob and past part. of ferre, to bring), brought forward.
ob'late: Latin oblatus (ob and the past participle of ferre, meaning to bring), presented.

o'cean: Gr. okeanus, from okus, rapid, and nacin, to flow.
ocean: Greek okeanus, from okus, meaning rapid, and nacin, meaning to flow.

Pacif'ic: Lat. pacificus, from pax, pacis, peace, and facere, to make.
Pacif'ic: Latin pacificus, from pax, pacis, meaning peace, and facere, meaning to make.

par'allel: Gr. para, beside, and allelon, of one another.
parallel: Gr. para, beside, and allelon, of one another.

penin'sula: Lat. penes, almost, and insula, island.
peninsula: Lat. penes, almost, and insula, island.

phys'ical: Gr. physis (phusis), nature.
physical: Gr. physis (phusis), nature.

plain: Lat. planus, flat.
Lat. planus, flat.

plane: Lat. planus, flat.
plane: Lat. planus, flat.

pole: Gr. polos, a pivot.
pole: Gr. polos, a pivot.

polit'ical: Gr. polis, a city or state.
political: Greek polis, meaning a city or state.

prom'ontory: Lat. pro, before, and mons, montis, a mountain.
promontory: Latin pro, before, and mons, montis, a mountain.

relief': Fr. relever, from Lat. relevare, to raise.
relief': Fr. relever, from Lat. relevare, to lift.

repub'lic: Lat. res, an affair, and publica, public: that is, a commonwealth.
republic: Lat. res, meaning affair, and publica, public: that is, a commonwealth.

riv'er: Fr. rivière, from Lat. ripa, a shore or bank.
river: From French rivière, derived from Latin ripa, meaning a shore or bank.

sav'age: Fr. sauvage, from Lat. silva, a wood.
sav'age: From French sauvage, from Latin silva, meaning a forest.

sea: Anglo-Saxon, sæ, the sea.
sea: Old English, sæ, the sea.

soci'ety: Lat. societas, from socius, a companion.
soci'ety: Lat. societas, from socius, a companion.

2.—TERMS IN GRAMMAR.

ad'jective, Lat. adjectivus, from ad and jacere, to add to: a word joined to a noun or pronoun to limit or describe its meaning.
adjective, Latin adjectivus, from ad and jacere, meaning to add to: a word that connects to a noun or pronoun to limit or describe its meaning.

ad'junct, Lat. adjunctus, from ad and jungere, to join to: a modifier or subordinate element of a sentence.
adjunct, Latin adjunctus, from ad and jungere, meaning to join to: a modifier or subordinate element of a sentence.

ad'verb, Lat. adverbium, from ad, to, and verbum, word, verb: a word used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
adverb, Latin adverbium, from ad, to, and verbum, word, verb: a word used to change the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.

anal'ysis, Gr. analusis, from ana and luein, to unloose, to resolve into its elements: the separation of a sentence into its constituent elements.
analysis, Gr. analusis, from ana and luein, meaning to unfasten, to break down into its parts: the breakdown of a sentence into its individual elements.

antece'dent, Lat. antecedens, pres. part. of antecedere, to go before: the noun or pronoun represented by a relative pronoun.
antecedent, Latin antecedens, present participle of antecedere, to go before: the noun or pronoun that a relative pronoun refers to.

apposi'tion, Lat. appositio, from ad, to, and ponere, to place beside: the state of two nouns put in the same case without a connecting word between them.
apposition, Latin appositio, from ad, meaning to, and ponere, meaning to place beside: the condition of two nouns in the same case without a connecting word between them.

ar'ticle, Lat. articulus, a little joint: one of the three words, a, an, or the.
article, Latin articulus, a small joint: one of the three words, a, an, or the.

auxil'iary, Lat. auxiliaris, from auxilium, help, aid: a verb used to assist in conjugating other verbs.
auxiliary, Latin auxiliaris, from auxilium, help, aid: a verb used to help in conjugating other verbs.

case, Lat. casus, from cadere, to fall, to happen: a grammatical form denoting the relation of a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence.
case, Latin casus, from cadere, meaning to fall or to happen: a grammatical form that indicates the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word in the sentence.

clause, Lat. claudere, clausum, to shut: a dependent proposition introduced by a connective.
clause, Latin claudere, clausum, meaning to shut: a dependent statement introduced by a connector.

compar'ison, Lat. comparatio, from comparare, to liken to: a variation in the form of an adjective or adverb to express degrees of quantity or quality.
comparison, Lat. comparatio, from comparare, to liken to: a variation in the form of an adjective or adverb to express degrees of quantity or quality.

com'plement, Lat. complementum, from con and plere, to fill fully: the word or words required to complete the predication of a transitive verb.
com'plement, Latin complementum, from con and plere, meaning to fill completely: the word or words needed to complete the meaning of a transitive verb.

com'plex (sentence), Lat. complexus, from con and plectere, to twist around: a sentence consisting of one independent proposition and one or more clauses.
complex (sentence), Latin complexus, from con and plectere, to twist around: a sentence that includes one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses.

com'pound (sentence), Lat. componere (= con and ponere), to put together: a sentence consisting of two or more independent propositions.
compound (sentence), Latin componere (= con and ponere), to put together: a sentence that has two or more independent clauses.

conjuga'tion, Lat. conjugatio, from con and jugare, to join together: the systematic arrangement of a verb according to its various grammatical forms.
conjugation, Lat. conjugatio, from con and jugare, to join together: the organized way of arranging a verb based on its different grammatical forms.

conjunction, Lat. conjunctio, from con and jungere, to join together: a word used to connect sentences or the elements of sentences.
conjunction, Lat. conjunctio, from con and jungere, to join together: a word that connects sentences or the parts of sentences.

declen'sion, Lat. declinatio, from declinare, to lean or incline: the process of giving in regular order the cases and numbers of a noun or pronoun.
Declension, from Latin declinatio, from declinare, to lean or incline: the process of systematically presenting the cases and numbers of a noun or pronoun.

ellip'sis, Gr. elleipsis, a leaving or defect: the omission of a word or words necessary to complete the grammatical structure of the sentence.
ellip'sis, Gr. elleipsis, a leaving or defect: the omission of a word or words needed to complete the grammatical structure of the sentence.

etymol'ogy, Gr. etumologia, from etumon, the true literal sense of a word, and logos, a discourse: that division of grammar which treats of the classification and grammatical forms of words.
etymology, Gr. etumologia, from etumon, the true literal meaning of a word, and logos, a discourse: that part of grammar that deals with the classification and grammatical forms of words.

fem'inine (gender), Lat. femininus, from femina, woman: the gender of a noun denoting a person of the female sex.
fem'inine (gender), Lat. femininus, from femina, woman: the gender of a noun that refers to a person who is female.

gen'der, Lat. genus, generis, kind: a grammatical form expressing the sex or non-sex of an object named by a noun.
gender, Lat. genus, generis, kind: a grammatical form that indicates the sex or lack of sex of an object referred to by a noun.

gram'mar, Gr. gramma, a letter, through Fr. grammaire: the science of language.
grammar, Gr. gramma, a letter, through Fr. grammaire: the study of language.

imper'ative (mood), Lat. imperativus, from imperare, to command: the mood of a verb used in the statement of a command or request.
imper'ative (mood), Latin imperativus, from imperare, meaning to command: the mood of a verb used to express a command or request.

indic'ative (mood), Lat. indicativus, from indicare, to proclaim: the mood of a verb used in the statement of a fact, or of a matter taken as a fact.
indicative (mood), Lat. indicativus, from indicare, to proclaim: the mood of a verb used to state a fact or something considered a fact.

inflec'tion, Lat. inflexio, from inflectere, to bend in: a change in the ending of a word.
inflection, Lat. inflexio, from inflectere, to bend in: a change in the ending of a word.

interjec'tion, Lat. interjectio, from inter and jacere, to throw between: a word which expresses an emotion, but which does not enter into the construction of the sentence.
interjection, Lat. interjectio, from inter and jacere, to throw between: a word that expresses an emotion, but does not form part of the sentence structure.

intran'sitive (verb), Lat. intransitivus = in, not, and transitivus, from trans and ire, itum, to go beyond: a verb that denotes a state or condition, or an action not terminating on an object.
intransitive (verb), Latin intransitivus = in, not, and transitivus, from trans and ire, itum, to go beyond: a verb that describes a state or condition, or an action that doesn't end on an object.

mas'culine (gender), Lat. masculus, male: the gender of a noun describing a person of the male sex.
masculine (gender), Lat. masculus, male: the gender of a noun that refers to a person of the male sex.

mode. See mood.
mode. See mood.

mood, Lat. modus, through Fr. mode, manner: a grammatical form denoting the style of predication.
mood, from Latin modus, through French mode, meaning manner: a grammatical form that indicates the style of stating something.

neu'ter (gender), Lat. neuter, neither: the gender of a noun denoting an object without life.
neuter (gender), Lat. neuter, neither: the gender of a noun that refers to an inanimate object.

nom'inative (case), Lat. nominativus, from nomen, a name: that form which a noun has when it is the subject of a verb.
nominative (case), Latin nominativus, from nomen, meaning a name: the form a noun takes when it acts as the subject of a verb.

noun, Lat. nomen, a name, through Fr. nom: a name-word, the name of anything.
noun, Latin nomen, a name, derived from French nom: a name-word, the name of anything.

num'ber, Lat. numerus, through Fr. nombre, number: a grammatical form expressing one or more than one of the objects named by a noun or pronoun.
number, Lat. numerus, through Fr. nombre, number: a grammatical form that shows whether there is one or more than one of the objects indicated by a noun or pronoun.

ob'ject, Lat. ob and jacere, to set before: that toward which an activity is directed or is considered to be directed.
object, Latin ob and jacere, to place before: the focus of an activity or what is seen as the focus of an activity.

objec'tive (case), Lat. objectivus, from ob and jacere: the case which follows a transitive verb or a preposition.
objective (case), Latin objectivus, from ob and jacere: the case that follows a transitive verb or a preposition.

parse, Lat. pars, a part: to point out the several parts of speech in a sentence and their relation to one another.
parse, Latin pars, a part: to identify the different parts of speech in a sentence and how they relate to each other.

par'ticiple, Lat. participium, from pars, part, and capere, to take, to share: a verbal adjective, a word which shares or participates in the nature both of the verb and of the adjective.
participle, Latin participium, from pars, part, and capere, to take, to share: a verbal adjective, a word that shares or participates in the qualities of both the verb and the adjective.

per'son, Lat. persona, the part taken by a performer: a grammatical form which shows whether the speaker is meant, the person spoken to, or the person spoken of.
person, Lat. persona, the role played by a performer: a grammatical form that indicates whether the speaker is the one talking, the person being addressed, or the person being talked about.

phrase, Gr. phrasis, a brief expression, from phrazein, to speak: a combination of related words forming an element of a sentence.
phrase, Gr. phrasis, a short expression, from phrazein, to speak: a grouping of connected words that make up a part of a sentence.

ple'onasm, Gr. pleonasmos, from pleion, more: the use of more words to express an idea than are necessary.
ple'onasm, Gr. pleonasmos, from pleion, more: using extra words to convey an idea than needed.

plu'ral (number), Lat. pluralis, from plus, pluris, more: the number which designates more than one.
plural (number), Latin pluralis, from plus, pluris, more: the number that indicates more than one.

possess'ive (case), Lat. possessivus, from possidere, to own: that form which a noun or pronoun has in order to denote ownership or possession.
possessive (case), Latin possessivus, from possidere, to own: the form that a noun or pronoun takes to indicate ownership or possession.

poten'tial (mood), Lat. potens, potentis, being able: the mood of a verb used in the statement of something possible or contingent.
potential (mood), Lat. potens, potentis, being able: the mood of a verb used in a statement of something possible or contingent.

predicate, Lat. prædicatum, from præ and dicare, to proclaim: the word or words in a proposition which express what is affirmed of the subject.
predicate, Latin prædicatum, from præ and dicare, meaning to proclaim: the word or words in a statement that express what is asserted about the subject.

preposi'tion, Lat. præpositio, from præ and ponere, to put before: a connective word expressing a relation of meaning between a noun or pronoun and some other word.
preposition, from Latin præpositio, meaning "to put before" from præ and ponere: a connecting word that shows the relationship in meaning between a noun or pronoun and another word.

pro'noun, Lat. pronomen, from pro, for, and nomen, a noun: a word used instead of a noun.
pronoun, Latin pronomen, from pro, meaning for, and nomen, meaning a noun: a word that can replace a noun.

prop'osition, Lat. propositio, from proponere (pro and ponere), to put forth: the combination of a subject with a predicate.
proposition, Latin propositio, from proponere (pro and ponere), meaning to put forward: the combination of a subject with a predicate.

rel'ative (pronoun), Lat. relativus, from re and ferre, latus, to bear back: a pronoun that refers to an antecedent noun or pronoun.
relative (pronoun), Latin relativus, from re and ferre, latus, meaning to bring back: a pronoun that refers to a previously mentioned noun or pronoun.

sen'tence, Lat. sententia, from sentire, to think: a combination of words expressing a complete thought.
sentence, Latin sententia, from sentire, to think: a group of words that expresses a complete thought.

sim'ple (sentence), Lat. simplex, from sine, without, and plica, fold: a sentence having but one subject and one predicate.
simple (sentence), Latin simplex, from sine, without, and plica, fold: a sentence that has only one subject and one predicate.

sub'ject, Lat. subjectus, from sub and jacere, to place under: that of which something is predicated.
subject, Latin subjectus, from sub and jacere, meaning to place under: that which something is stated about.

subjunc'tive (mood), Lat. subjunctivus, from sub and jungere, to subjoin: the mood used in the statement of something merely thought of.
subjunctive (mood), Latin subjunctivus, from sub and jungere, meaning to join: the mood used to express something that is merely contemplated.

syn'tax, Gr. suntaxis, from sun, together, and taxis, arrangement: that division of grammar which treats of the relations of words in sentences.
syntax, Gr. suntaxis, from sun, together, and taxis, arrangement: the part of grammar that focuses on how words relate to each other in sentences.

tense, Lat. tempus, time, through Fr. temps: a grammatical form of the verb denoting the time of the action or event.
tense, Lat. tempus, time, from Fr. temps: a grammatical form of the verb that indicates when the action or event takes place.

tran'sitive, Lat. transitivus, from trans and ire, itum, to pass over: a verb that denotes an action terminating on some object.
transitive, from Latin transitivus, from trans and ire, itum, to pass over: a verb that indicates an action directed towards an object.

verb, Lat. verbum, a word: a word that predicates action or being.
verb, Latin verbum, a word: a word that expresses action or existence.

voice, Lat. vox, vocis, voice, through Fr. voix: a grammatical form of the transitive verb, expressing whether the subject names the actor or the recipient of the action.
voice, Latin vox, vocis, voice, from French voix: a grammatical form of the transitive verb that indicates whether the subject is the doer or the receiver of the action.

3.—TERMS IN ARITHMETIC.

addi'tion, Lat. additio, from addere, to add.
addition, Lat. additio, from addere, to add.

al'iquot, Lat. aliquot, some.
some

arith'metic, Gr. adj. arithmetike, numerical, from n. arithmos, number.
arithmetic, Gr. adj. arithmetike, relating to numbers, from n. arithmos, number.

avoirdupois', Fr. avoir du pois, to have [a fixed or standard] weight.
avoirdupois', Fr. avoir du pois, to have [a certain or standard] weight.

cancella'tion, Lat. cancellatio, from cancellare, to make like a lattice (cancelli), to strike or cross out.
cancellation, Lat. cancellatio, from cancellare, to make like a lattice (cancelli), to strike or cross out.

cent, Lat. centum, a hundred.
cent, Latin centum, one hundred.

ci'pher, Arabic sifrun, empty, zero.
cipher, Arabic sifrun, empty, zero.

cube, Gr. kubos, a cubical die.
cube, Gr. kubos, a cube-shaped die.

dec'imal, Lat. decimus, tenth, from decem, ten.
decimal, Lat. decimus, tenth, from decem, ten.

denom'inator, Lat. denominare, from de and nominare (nomen, a name), to call by name.
denominator, Latin denominare, from de and nominare (nomen, a name), to name.

dig'it, Lat. digitus, a finger.
digit, Lat. digitus, a finger.

div'idend, Lat. dividendus, to be divided, from dividere, to divide.
dividend, from Latin dividendus, meaning to be divided, from dividere, to divide.

divis'ion, Lat. divisio, from dividere, to divide.
division, Lat. divisio, from dividere, to divide.

divi'sor, Sp. divisor, that which divides, from Lat. dividere, to divide.
divi'sor, Sp. divisor, something that divides, from Lat. dividere, to divide.

dol'lar, Ger. thaler, an abbreviation of Joachimsthaler, i.e. a piece of money first coined, about 1518, in the valley (thal) of St. Joachim, in Bohemia.
dollar, Ger. thaler, a shortened form of Joachimsthaler, meaning a coin that was first minted around 1518 in the valley (thal) of St. Joachim, in Bohemia.

equa'tion, Lat. æquatio, from æquus, equal.
equation, Lat. æquatio, from æquus, equal.

expo'nent, Lat. exponens, pres. part. of exponere, to set forth (= ex and ponere).
exponent, Latin exponens, present participle of exponere, to set forth (= ex and ponere).

fac'tor, Lat. factor, that which does something, from facere, factum, to do or make.
factor, Latin factor, something that does something, from facere, factum, to do or make.

fig'ure, Lat. figura, shape, from fingere, to form or shape.
figure, Latin figura, shape, from fingere, to form or shape.

frac'tion, Lat. fractio, from frangere, to break.
fraction, Lat. fractio, from frangere, to break.

in'teger, Lat. integer, untouched, whole.
integer, Lat. integer, whole number.

in'terest, Lat. interest = it interests, is of interest (3d per. sing. pres. indic. of interesse, to be between, to be of importance).
interest, Latin interest = it interests, is of interest (3rd person singular present indicative of interesse, to be between, to be of importance).

min'uend, Lat. minuendus, to be diminished, from minuere, to lessen.
min'uend, Latin minuendus, meaning to be reduced, from minuere, to lessen.

mul'tiple, Lat. multiplex, from multus, much, and plicare, to fold.
multiple, Latin multiplex, from multus, meaning much, and plicare, meaning to fold.

mul'tiply, multiplication, etc. See multiple.
multiply, multiplication, etc. See multiple.

naught, Anglo-Sax. nawhit, from ne, not, and awiht or auht, aught, anything.
naught, Anglo-Sax. nawhit, from ne, not, and awiht or auht, anything.

nota'tion, Lat. notatio, from notare, to mark (nota, a mark).
notation, Lat. notatio, from notare, to mark (nota, a mark).

numera'tion, Lat. numeratio, from numerus, a number.
numbering, Lat. numeratio, from numerus, a number.

quo'tient, Lat. quoties, how often, how many times, from quot, how many.
quotient, Latin quoties, meaning how often, how many times, from quot, meaning how many.

subtraction, Lat. subtractio, from sub and trahere, to draw from under.
subtraction, Lat. subtractio, from sub and trahere, meaning to take away.

u'nit, Lat. unus, one.
unit, Latin, unus, one.

ze'ro, Arabic çifrun, empty, cipher.
zero, Arabic çifrun, empty, cipher.

Notes.

1 To teachers who are unacquainted with the original Word-Analysis, the following extract from the Preface to that work may not be out of place:—
1 For teachers who are not familiar with the original Word-Analysis, the following excerpt from the Preface to that work might be helpful:—

"The treatment of the Latin derivatives in Part II. presents a new and important feature, to wit: the systematic analysis of the structure and organism of derivative words, together with the statement of their primary meaning in such form that the pupil inevitably perceives its relation with the root, and in fact makes its primary meaning by the very process of analyzing the word into its primitive and its modifying prefix or suffix. It presents, also, a marked improvement in the method of approaching the definition,—a method by which the definition is seen to grow out of the primary meaning, and by which the analytic faculty of the pupil is exercised in tracing the transition from the primary meaning to the secondary and figurative meanings,—thus converting what is ordinarily a matter of rote into an agreeable exercise of the thinking faculty. Another point of novelty in the method of treatment is presented in the copious practical exercises on the use of words. The experienced instructor very well knows that pupils may memorize endless lists of terms and definitions without having any realization of the actual living power of words. Such a realization can only be gained by using the word,—by turning it over in a variety of ways, and by throwing upon it the side-lights of its synonym and contrasted word. The method of thus utilizing English derivatives gives a study which possesses at once simplicity and fruitfulness,—the two desiderata of an instrument of elementary discipline."
"The treatment of Latin derivatives in Part II introduces a new and significant feature: a systematic analysis of the structure and formation of derivative words, along with an explanation of their primary meaning in such a way that the student inevitably sees its connection to the root. In fact, they essentially create its primary meaning through the process of breaking down the word into its original form and its modifying prefix or suffix. It also shows a significant improvement in how definitions are approached—a method where the definition is seen to evolve from the primary meaning, allowing the student's analytical skills to be exercised as they trace the transition from the primary to the secondary and figurative meanings—thus turning what is usually a memorization task into an engaging mental exercise. Another innovative aspect of this method is the extensive practical exercises on the use of words. Experienced instructors know that students can memorize endless lists of terms and definitions without truly grasping the vibrant power of words. That understanding can only come from using the word—exploring it in various contexts and examining its synonyms and antonyms. This method of using English derivatives provides a study that is both simple and productive— the two key qualities needed for an effective tool for foundational learning."

2 "Etymology," Greek et'umon, the true literal sense of a word according to its derivation, and log'os, a discourse.
2 "Etymology," from Greek et'umon, meaning the true literal sense of a word based on its origin, and log'os, meaning a discourse.

3 "Vocabulary," Latin vocabula'rium, a stock of words; from vox, vocis, a voice, a word.
3 "Vocabulary," from the Latin vocabula'rium, meaning a collection of words; derived from vox, vocis, meaning a voice or a word.

4 By the Low German languages are meant those spoken in the low, flat countries of North Germany, along the coast of the North Sea (as Dutch, the language of Holland); and they are so called in contradistinction to High German, or German proper.
4 By the Low German languages, we mean those spoken in the low, flat regions of North Germany, along the North Sea coast (like Dutch, the language of Holland); they are named this in contrast to High German, or proper German.

5 For the full definition, reference should be had to a dictionary; but in the present exercise the literal or etymological signification may suffice.
5 To get the complete definition, you should check a dictionary; however, for this exercise, the literal or etymological meaning might be enough.

6 Fen'do, fen'dere, is used in Latin only in composition.
6 Fen'do, fen'dere, is used in Latin only as a part of compound words.

7 Another mode of spelling defense.
Another way to spell defense.

8 From pass and over, a feast of the Jews instituted to commemorate the providential escape of the Jews to Egypt, when God, smiting the first-born of the Egyptians passed over the houses of the Israelites, which were marked with the blood of the paschal lamb.
8 From Passover and over, a Jewish feast established to celebrate the miraculous escape of the Jews to Egypt, when God, striking down the first-born of the Egyptians passed over the homes of the Israelites, which were marked with the blood of the Passover lamb.

9 For the explanation of the etymology see Webster's Unabridged.
9 For the explanation of the etymology, see Webster's Unabridged.

10 For is different from fore, and corresponds to the German ver, different from vor.
10 For is different from fore, and it corresponds to the German ver, which is different from vor.

A, be, for, ge, are often indifferently prefixed to verbs, especially to perfect tenses and perfect participles, as well as to verbal nouns.—BOSWORTH.
A, be, for, ge are often casually added to verbs, particularly to perfect tenses and perfect participles, as well as to verbal nouns.—BOSWORTH.

11 Ster was the Anglo-Saxon feminine termination. Females once conducted the work of brewing, baking, etc., hence brewster, baxter; these words were afterwards applied to men when they undertook the same work. Ster is now used in depreciating, as in trickster, youngster.
11 Ster was the feminine ending in Old English. Women originally performed tasks like brewing and baking, leading to terms like brewster and baxter; these terms later became used for men when they took on those roles. Ster is now used in a negative sense, such as in trickster and youngster.

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LUCÆ, Cap. I. v. 5-10. LUCÆ, Ch. I, v. 5-10. 5. On Herodes dagum Iudea cyninges, wæs sum sacerd on naman Zacharias, of Abian tune: and his wif wæs of Aarones dohtrum, and hyre nama wæs Elizabeth. 5. In the days of King Herod of Judea, there was a priest named Zacharias from the division of Abijah; and his wife was a descendant of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth.	LUKE, Chap. I. v. 5-10. LUKE, Chap. 1, vs. 5-10. 5. In the days of Herod the king of Judea, there was a certain priest by name Zacharias, of the course of Abia: and his wife was of the daughters of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth. 5. During the time of King Herod of Judea, there was a priest named Zacharias, who belonged to the Abijah division. His wife was a descendant of Aaron, and her name was Elizabeth.
6. Sothlice hig wæron butu rihtwise beforan Gode, gangende on eallum his bebodum and rihtwisnessum, butan wrohte. 6. They were both righteous before God, walking in all His commandments and ordinances, blameless.	6. And they were both righteous before God, walking in all the commandments and ordinances of the Lord without blame. 6. They were both righteous in God's eyes, following all the commandments and rules of the Lord without any faults.
7. And hig næfdon nan bearn, fortham the Elizabeth wæs unberende; and hig on heora dagum butu forth-eodon. 7. And they had no children, because Elizabeth was barren; and they continued on in their days.	7. And they had no child, because that Elizabeth was barren; and they in her days were both of great age. 7. They had no children because Elizabeth was unable to conceive, and both of them were very old.
8. Sothlice wæs geworden tha Zacharias hys sacerdhades breac on his gewrixles endebyrdnesse beforan Gode, 8. Then it happened that Zacharias was serving in his priestly role according to the order of his division before God,	8. And it befell that when Zacharias should do the office of the priesthood in the order of his course before God, 8. And it happened that when Zacharias was serving as a priest in his division before God,
9. Æfter gewunan thæs sacerdhades hlotes, he eode that he his offrunge sette, tha he on Godes tempel eode. 9. After the custom of the priest's offerings, he went and set his sacrifice when he entered God's temple.	9. After the custom of the priesthood he went forth by lot, to burn incense when he into God's temple went. 9. According to the practice of the priesthood, he was chosen by lot to burn incense when he entered God's temple.
10. Eall werod thæs folces wæs ute gebiddende on thære offrunge timan. 10. All the people of that nation were outside praying at the offering time.	10. And all the multitude of the people were without praying at the time of incense. 10. And all the crowd of people were outside praying at the time of the incense.

NEW WORD-ANALYSIS:

SCHOOL ETYMOLOGY OF ENGLISH DERIVATIVE WORDS.

WITH PRACTICAL EXERCISES

SPELLING, ANALYZING, DEFINING, SYNONYMS, AND THE USE OF WORDS.

BY WILLIAM SWINTON,

NEW YORK ·:· CINCINNATI ·:· CHICAGO

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

BY WILLIAM SWINTON

PREFACE.

CONTENTS.

PART I.

PART II.

PART III.

PART IV.

PART V.

WORD-ANALYSIS.

PART I.—INTRODUCTION.

I.—ELEMENTS OF THE ENGLISH VOCABULARY.

II.—ETYMOLOGICAL CLASSES OF WORDS.

III.—PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES.

EXERCISE.

IV.—RULES OF SPELLING USED IN FORMING DERIVATIVE WORDS.

Rule 1.—Final "e" followed by a Vowel.

Rule II.—Final "e" followed by a Consonant.

Rule III.—Final "y" preceded by a Consonant.

Rule IV.—Final "y" preceded by a Vowel.

Rule V.—Doubling.

Rule VI.—No Doubling.

PART II.—THE LATIN ELEMENT.

I.—LATIN PREFIXES.

II.—LATIN SUFFIXES.

CLASSIFIED REVIEW OF LATIN SUFFIXES, WITH GENERIC DEFINITIONS.

II.

III.

EXERCISE.

I.

1. Nouns.

2. Verbs.

3. Adjectives.

1. Nouns.

2. Verbs.

3. Adjectives.

II.

III.

III.—DIRECTIONS IN THE STUDY OF LATIN DERIVATIVES.

Pronunciation of Latin Words.

LATIN ROOTS AND ENGLISH DERIVATIVES.

DIVISION I.—METHOD OF STUDY.

1. AG'ERE: a'go, ac'tum, to do, to drive.

EXERCISE.

2. ALIE'NUS, another, foreign.

EXERCISE.

3. AMA'RE, to love, AMI'CUS, a friend.

EXERCISE.

4. AN'IMUS, mind, passion; AN'IMA, life.

EXERCISE.

5. AN'NUS, a year.

EXERCISE.

6. ARS, ar'tis, art, skill.

EXERCISE.

7. AUDI'RE: au'dio, audi'tum, to hear.

EXERCISE.

8. CA'PUT, cap'itis, the head.

EXERCISE.

9. CI'VIS, a citizen.

EXERCISE.

10. COR, cor'dis, the heart.

EXERCISE.

11. COR'PUS, cor'poris, the body.

EXERCISE.

12. CRED'ERE: cre'do, cred'itum, to believe.

EXERCISE.

13. CUR'RERE: cur'ro, cur'sum, to run.

EXERCISE.

14. DIG'NUS, worthy.

EXERCISE.

15. DOCE'RE: do'ceo, doc'tum, to teach.

EXERCISE.

16. DOM'INUS, a master or lord.

EXERCISE.

SPELLING, ANALYZING, DEFINING, SYNONYMS, AND
THE USE OF WORDS.

1. A'CER, a'cris,
sharp
sharp
; Acer'bus,
bitter
bitter
; Ac'idus,
sour
sour
; Ace'tum,
vinegar
vinegar
.

2. AE'DES,
a house
a home
.

3. Æ'QUUS,
equal
equal
: Æqua'lis,
equal, just
fair, equitable
.

4. Æ'VUM,
an age
a generation
; Æter'nitas,
eternal
everlasting
.

5. A'GER, a'gri,
a field, land
a plot of land
.

6. AL'ERE: a'lo, al'itum
or
or
al'tum,
to nourish
to feed
; ALES'CERE: ales'co
to grow up
to mature
.

7. AL'TER,
another
another
; Alter'nus,
one after another
one by one
.

8. ANTI'QUUS,
old, ancient
old
.

9. AP'TUS,
fit, suitable
fit, appropriate
.

10. A'QUA,
water
water
.

11. AR'BITER, ar'bitri,
a judge or umpire
a referee
.

12. AR'BOR, ar'boris,
a tree
a tree
.

13. AR'MA,
arms, weapons
arms, weapons
.

14. ARTIC'ULUS,
a little joint
a small joint
.

15. AS'PER,
rough
rough
.

16. AUGE'RE: au'geo, auc'tum,
to increase
to boost
.

17. A'VIS,
a bird
a bird
; Au'gur, Aus'pex, aus'picis,
a soothsayer
a fortune teller
.

18. BAR'BARUS,
savage, uncivilized
brutal, barbaric
.

19. BIS,
twice or two
two
.

20. BO'NIS,
good
great
; Be'ne,
well
good
.

21. CAD'ERE: ca'do, ca'sum,
to fall
to drop
.

22. CÆD'ERE: cæ'do, cæ'sum,
to cut, to kill
to cut, to kill
.

23. CAL'CULUS,
a pebble
a stone
.

24. CANDE'RE: can'deo, can'ditum,
to be white, to shine (literally, to burn, to glow)
to be white, to shine (literally, to burn, to glow)
; Can'didus,
white
white
.

25. CAN'ERE: ca'no, can'tum,
to sing
to sing
; Fr chanter,
to sing
to sing
.

26. CAP'ERE: ca'pio, cap'tum,
to take
to grab
.

27. CA'RO, carnis,
flesh
body
.

28. CAU'SA,
a cause
a movement
.

29. CAVE'RE: ca'veo, cautum,
to beware
to be cautious
.

30. CA'VUS,
hollow
empty
.

31. CED'ERE: ce'do, ces'sum,
to go, to yield
to proceed, to give in
.

32. CENSE'RE: cen'seo, cen'sum,
to weigh, to estimate, to tax
to consider, to assess, to evaluate
.

33. CEN'TRUM,
the middle point
the midpoint
.

34. CEN'TUM,
a hundred
a hundred
.

35. CER'NERE: cer'no, cre'tum,
to sift, to see, to judge
to examine, to observe, to evaluate
; Discrimen, discrim'inis,
distinction
distinction
.

36. CERTA'RE: cer'to, certa'tum,
to contend, to vie
to compete, to compete
.

37. CIN'GERE: cin'go, cinc'tum,
to gird
to prepare
.

38. CIR'CUS,
a circle
a circle
; cir'culus,
a little circle
a small circle
.

39. CITA'RE: ci'to, cita'tum,
to stir up, to rouse
to provoke, to awaken
.

40. CLAMA'RE: cla'mo, clama'tum,
to cry out, to shout
to shout
; Clam'or,
a loud cry
a loud scream
.