This is a modern-English version of Herbal Simples Approved for Modern Uses of Cure, originally written by Fernie, William Thomas. It has been thoroughly updated, including changes to sentence structure, words, spelling, and grammar—to ensure clarity for contemporary readers, while preserving the original spirit and nuance. If you click on a paragraph, you will see the original text that we modified, and you can toggle between the two versions.

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Transcriber's notes:

While most of the book titles and non-English words are italicized, not all of them are, and I have left the non-italicized terms as is.

While most book titles and non-English words are italicized, not all of them are, and I have kept the non-italicized terms as they are.

Page numbers have been placed in sqare brackets to facilitate the use of the table of contents and the index.

Page numbers have been placed in square brackets to help with using the table of contents and the index.

HERBAL SIMPLES APPROVED FOR MODERN USES OF CURE

W. T. FERNIE, M.D.
Author of "Botanical Outlines," etc_

W. T. FERNIE, M.D.
Author of "Botanical Outlines," etc.

Second Edition.

"Medicine is mine; what herbs and Simples grow
In fields and forests, all their powers I know."
DRYDEN.

"Medicine is my field; I understand all the herbs and simples that grow
In fields and forests, all their properties I know."
DRYDEN.

Philadelphia: Boericke & Tafel. 1897.

        "Jamque aderat Phoebo ante alios dilectus lapis
        Iasides: acri quondam cui captus amore
        Ipse suas artes, sua munera, laetus Apollo
        Augurium, citharamque dabat, celeresque sagittas
        Ille ut depositi proferret fata clientis,
        Scire potestates herbarum, usumque medendi
        Maluit, et mutas agitare inglorius artes."
                            VIRGIL, AEnid: Libr. xii. v. 391-8.

"Now, the beloved stone stood before Apollo
        Iasides: once captivated by sharp desire,
        He himself happily gave his gifts and skills,
        Prophecies, his lyre, and swift arrows.
        He preferred that the fates of his client be revealed,
        To know the powers of herbs and the art of healing,
        And chose to engage in silent, unrecognized arts."
                            VIRGIL, AEnid: Libr. xii. v. 391-8.

        "And now lapis had appeared,
        Blest leech! to Phoebus'-self endeared
                Beyond all men below;
        On whom the fond, indulgent God
        His augury had fain bestowed,
                His lyre-his sounding bow!
        But he, the further to prolong
                A fellow creature's span,
        The humbler art of Medicine chose,
        The knowledge of each plant that grows,
        Plying a craft not known to song,
                An unambitious man!"

"And now lapis had appeared,
        Blessed healer! Loved by Phoebus himself
                More than anyone else;
        To whom the caring, indulgent God
        Had gladly given his prophecy,
                His lyre—his mighty bow!
        But he, to extend
                A fellow creature's life,
        Chose the simpler art of Medicine,
        The knowledge of every plant that grows,
        Practicing a craft not meant for song,
                An unambitious man!"

[vii]

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.

It may happen that one or another enquirer taking up this book will ask, to begin with, "What is a Herbal Simple?" The English word "Simple," composed of two Latin words, Singula plica (a single fold), means "Singleness," whether of material or purpose.

It might happen that someone picking up this book will start by asking, "What is a Herbal Simple?" The English word "Simple," derived from two Latin words, Singula plica (a single fold), means "Singleness," whether in material or intent.

From primitive times the term "Herbal Simple" has been applied to any homely curative remedy consisting of one ingredient only, and that of a vegetable nature. Many such a native medicine found favour and success with our single-minded forefathers, this being the "reverent simplicity of ancienter times."

From early times, the term "Herbal Simple" has been used for any basic remedy made up of just one ingredient, and that ingredient is plant-based. Many of these traditional medicines were effective and appreciated by our straightforward ancestors, reflecting the "respectful simplicity of earlier times."

In our own nursery days, as we now fondly remember, it was: "Simple Simon met a pieman going to the fair; said Simple Simon to the pieman, 'Let me taste your ware.'" That ingenuous youth had but one idea, connected simply with his stomach; and his sole thought was how to devour the contents of the pieman's tin. We venture to hope our readers may be equally eager to stock their minds with the sound knowledge of Herbal Simples which this modest Manual seeks to provide for their use.

In our childhood, as we now fondly recall, it was: "Simple Simon met a pie seller going to the fair; Simple Simon said to the pie seller, 'Let me taste your goods.'" That innocent young man had just one focus, solely linked to his appetite; and his only thought was how to enjoy the contents of the pie seller's tin. We hope our readers will be just as eager to fill their minds with the solid knowledge of Herbal Remedies that this humble Manual aims to offer for their benefit.

Healing by herbs has always been popular both [xviii] with the classic nations of old, and with the British islanders of more recent times. Two hundred and sixty years before the date of Hippocrates (460 B.C.) the prophet Isaiah bade King Hezekiah, when sick unto death, "take a lump of Figs, and lay it on the boil; and straightway the King recovered."

Healing with herbs has always been popular, both with the ancient classic nations and with the British islanders in more recent times. Two hundred and sixty years before Hippocrates (460 B.C.), the prophet Isaiah told King Hezekiah, when he was sick to the point of death, "Take a lump of figs and put it on the boil; and immediately the King recovered."

Iapis, the favourite pupil of Apollo, was offered endowments of skill in augury, music, or archery. But he preferred to acquire a knowledge of herbs for service of cure in sickness; and, armed with this knowledge, he saved the life of AEneas when grievously wounded by an arrow. He averted the hero's death by applying the plant "Dittany," smooth of leaf, and purple of blossom, as plucked on the mountain Ida.

Iapis, the favorite student of Apollo, was given the gifts of divination, music, or archery. But he chose to learn about herbs for healing the sick; and, equipped with this knowledge, he saved Aeneas's life when he was severely injured by an arrow. He prevented the hero's death by using the plant "Dittany," which has smooth leaves and purple flowers, picked from Mount Ida.

It is told in Malvern Chase that Mary of Eldersfield (1454), "whom some called a witch," famous for her knowledge of herbs and medicaments, "descending the hill from her hut, with a small phial of oil, and a bunch of the 'Danewort,' speedily enabled Lord Edward of March, who had just then heavily sprained his knee, to avoid danger by mounting 'Roan Roland' freed from pain, as it were by magic, through the plant-rubbing which Mary administered."

It is said in Malvern Chase that Mary of Eldersfield (1454), "whom some referred to as a witch," known for her expertise in herbs and medicines, "came down the hill from her hut, with a small vial of oil and a bunch of 'Danewort,' quickly helped Lord Edward of March, who had just seriously injured his knee, to avoid disaster by riding 'Roan Roland' free from pain, almost as if by magic, thanks to the herb rubbing that Mary performed."

In Shakespeare's time there was a London street, named Bucklersbury (near the present Mansion House), noted for its number of druggists who sold Simples and sweet-smelling herbs. We read, in [ix] The Merry Wives of Windsor, that Sir John Falstaff flouted the effeminate fops of his day as "Lisping hawthorn buds that smell like Bucklersbury in simple time."

In Shakespeare's time, there was a street in London called Bucklersbury (near what is now Mansion House), famous for its many druggists who sold herbal remedies and fragrant herbs. In [ix] The Merry Wives of Windsor, Sir John Falstaff mocks the effeminate men of his time by referring to them as "Lisping hawthorn buds that smell like Bucklersbury in simple time."

Various British herbalists have produced works, more or less learned and voluminous, about our native medicinal plants; but no author has hitherto radically explained the why and where fore of their ultimate curative action. In common with their early predecessors, these several writers have recognised the healing virtues of the herbs, but have failed to explore the chemical principles on which such virtues depend. Some have attributed the herbal properties to the planets which rule their growth. Others have associated the remedial herbs with certain cognate colours, ordaining red flowers for disorders of the blood, and yellow for those of the liver. "The exorcised demon of jaundice," says Conway, "was consigned to yellow parrots; that of inflammatory disease to scarlet, or red weeds." Again, other herbalists have selected their healing plants on the doctrine of allied signatures, choosing, for instance, the Viper's Bugloss as effectual against venomous bites, because of its resembling a snake; and the sweet little English Eyebright, which shows a dark pupil in the centre white ocular corolla, as of signal benefit for inflamed eyes.

Various British herbalists have created works, whether extensive or not, about our native medicinal plants; however, no author has truly explained the reasons and principles behind their healing actions. Like their early predecessors, these writers have acknowledged the healing properties of the herbs but have not delved into the chemical principles that support these properties. Some have linked the herbal benefits to the planets that govern their growth. Others have connected the medicinal herbs to specific colors, suggesting red flowers for blood disorders and yellow for liver issues. "The exorcised demon of jaundice," says Conway, "was assigned to yellow parrots; that of inflammatory disease to scarlet or red weeds." Additionally, some herbalists have chosen their healing plants based on the doctrine of signatures, selecting the Viper's Bugloss as effective against venomous bites due to its snake-like appearance, and the delicate English Eyebright, with its dark pupil in the center of the white corolla, as particularly beneficial for inflamed eyes.

Thus it has continued to happen that until the [x] last half-century Herbal Physic has remained only speculative and experimental, instead of gaining a solid foothold in the field of medical science. Its claims have been merely empirical, and its curative methods those of a blind art:—

Thus it has continued to happen that until the [x] last fifty years, Herbal Medicine has remained only speculative and experimental, instead of gaining a solid foothold in the field of medical science. Its claims have been merely based on observation, and its healing methods those of a blind art:—

        "Si vis curari, de morbo nescio quali,
        Accipias herbam; sed quale nescio; nec quâ
        Ponas; nescio quo; curabere, nescio quando."

"To get better, take this herb for some illness I can't quite name,
But I don’t know what kind it is; nor how
You should use it; I can’t say when you’ll feel better."

        Your sore, I know not what, be not foreslow
        To cure with herbs, which, where, I do not know;
        Place them, well pounc't, I know not how, and then
        You shall be perfect whole, I know not when."

Your pain, I don’t really know what it is, don’t hesitate
        To treat it with herbs, though I’m not sure where;
        Prepare them, crushed well, I don’t know how, and then
        You’ll be completely healed, I don’t know when."

Happily now-a-days, as our French neighbours would say, Nous avons changé tout cela, "Old things are passed away; behold all things are become new!" Herbal Simples stand to-day safely determined on sure ground by the help of the accurate chemist. They hold their own with the best, and rank high for homely cures, because of their proved constituents. Their manifest healing virtues are shown to depend on medicinal elements plainly disclosed by analysis. Henceforward the curtain of oblivion must fall on cordial waters distilled mechanically from sweet herbs, and on electuaries artlessly compounded of seeds and roots by a Lady Monmouth, or a Countess of Arundel, as in the Stuart and Tudor times. Our Herbal Simples are fairly entitled at last to independent promotion from the shelves of the amateur still-room, from [xi] the rustic ventures of the village grandam, and from the shallow practices of self styled botanical doctors in the back streets of our cities.

Fortunately nowadays, as our French neighbors would say, Nous avons changé tout cela, "Old things are passed away; behold all things are become new!" Herbal remedies today stand firmly established thanks to the help of precise chemists. They hold their own against the best and are highly regarded for practical cures because of their proven ingredients. Their clear healing properties are shown to rely on medicinal elements revealed through analysis. From now on, the era of remembering old-fashioned herbal waters distilled mechanically from sweet herbs, and of remedies carelessly made from seeds and roots by a Lady Monmouth or a Countess of Arundel, as in the Stuart and Tudor times, must come to an end. Our Herbal remedies are finally deserving of independent recognition beyond the shelves of amateur herbalists, the rural experiments of village grandmothers, and the superficial practices of self-proclaimed botanical doctors in the back alleys of our cities.

        "I do remember an apothecary,—
        And hereabouts he dwells,—whom late I noted
        In tatter'd weeds, with overwhelming brows,
        Culling of Simples; meagre were his looks;
        And in his needy shop a tortoise hung,
        An alligator stuff'd, and other skins
        Of ill-shap'd fishes; and about his shelves
        A beggarly account of empty boxes,
        Green earthen pots, bladders, and musty seeds,
        Remnants of packthread, and old cakes of roses
        Were thinly scattered to make up a show."
                            Romeo and Juliet, Act V. Sc. 1.

"I remember an apothecary—
        And he lives around here—whom I recently noticed
        In tattered clothes, with a furrowed brow,
        Collecting herbs; his appearance was frail;
        And in his shabby shop hung a tortoise,
        A stuffed alligator, and other deformed fish skins;
        And on his shelves
        A pitiful collection of empty boxes,
        Green clay pots, bladders, and old seeds,
        Leftover bits of thread, and old cakes of roses
        Were scattered thinly to create an illusion."
                            Romeo and Juliet, Act V. Sc. 1.

Chemically assured, therefore, of the sterling curative powers which our Herbal Simples possess, and anxious to expound them with a competent pen, the present author approaches his task with a zealous purpose, taking as his pattern, from the Comus of Milton:—

Chemically confident, therefore, about the amazing healing abilities that our Herbal Simples have, and eager to explain them clearly, the author of this text takes on the task with great enthusiasm, using as inspiration a line from Milton's Comus:—

                    "A certain shepherd lad
        Of small regard to see to, yet well skilled
        In every virtuous plant, and healing herb;
                    He would beg me sing;
        Which, when I did, he on the tender grass
        Would sit, and hearken even to constancy;
        And in requital ope his leathern scrip,
        And show me Simples, of a thousand names,
        Telling their strange, and vigorous faculties."

A certain young shepherd
        Not much to look at, but really knowledgeable
        About every useful plant and healing herb;
                    He would ask me to sing;
        And when I did, he would sit on the soft grass
        And listen intently;
        And in return, he would open his leather pouch,
        And show me Simples, with a thousand names,
        Explaining their unique and powerful benefits.

Shakespeare said, three centuries ago, "throw physic to the dogs." But prior to him, one Doctor Key, self styled Caius, had written in the Latin [xii] tongue (tempore Henry VIII.), a Medical History of the British Canine Race. His book became popular, though abounding in false concords; insomuch that from then until now medical classics have been held by scholars in poor repute for grammar, and sound construction. Notwithstanding which risk, many a passage is quoted here of ancient Herbal lore in the past tongues of Greece, Rome; and the Gauls. It is fondly hoped that the apt lines thus borrowed from old faultless sources will escape reproach for a defective modern rendering in Dog Latin, Mongrel Greek, or the "French of Stratford atte bowe."

Shakespeare said three centuries ago, "throw medicine to the dogs." But before him, a doctor named Caius had written in Latin during the time of Henry VIII a Medical History of the British Canine Race. His book became popular, even though it was full of grammatical errors, so much so that from then until now, medical classics have had a bad reputation among scholars for their grammar and structure. Despite this risk, many passages are quoted here from ancient herbal knowledge in the old languages of Greece, Rome, and Gaul. It's hoped that the well-chosen lines borrowed from these old, reliable sources will avoid criticism for being poorly rendered in Dog Latin, mixed-up Greek, or the "French of Stratford atte bowe."

Lastly, quaint old Fuller shall lend an appropriate Epilogue. "I stand ready," said he (1672), "with a pencil in one hand, and a spunge in the other, to add, alter, insert, efface, enlarge, and delete, according to better information. And if these my pains shall be found worthy to passe a second Impression, my faults I will confess with shame, and amend with thankfulnesse, to such as will contribute clearer intelligence unto me."

Lastly, the charming old Fuller will provide a suitable epilogue. "I'm ready," he said (1672), "with a pencil in one hand and an eraser in the other, to add, change, insert, remove, expand, and delete based on better information. And if my efforts are deemed worthy of a second edition, I will confess my mistakes with shame and correct them with gratitude to those who provide me with clearer insights."

1895.

[xiii]

PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.

On its First Reading, a Bill drafted in Parliament meets with acquiescence from the House on both sides mainly because its merits and demerits are to be more deliberately questioned when it comes up again in the future for a second closer Reading, Meanwhile, its faults can be amended, and its omissions supplied: fresh clauses can be introduced: and the whole scheme of the Bill can be better adapted to the spirit of the House inferred from its first reception.

On its First Reading, a Bill drafted in Parliament receives general agreement from the House on both sides mainly because its strengths and weaknesses will be more thoroughly examined when it comes up again in the future for a second, more detailed Reading. In the meantime, its errors can be corrected, and any omissions can be addressed: new clauses can be added: and the overall framework of the Bill can be better tailored to the House’s mood based on its initial reception.

In somewhat similar fashion the Second Edition of "Herbal Simples" is now submitted to a Parliament of readers with the belief that its ultimate success, or failure of purpose, is to depend on its present revised contents, and the amplified scope of its chapters.

In a similar way, the Second Edition of "Herbal Simples" is now presented to a group of readers with the belief that its ultimate success, or failure to achieve its purpose, will depend on its revised contents and the expanded scope of its chapters.

The criticism which public journalists, not a few, thought proper to pass on its First Edition have been attentively considered herein. It is true their comments were in some cases so conflicting as to be difficult of practical appliance. The fabled old man and his ass stand always in traditional warning against futile attempts to satisfy inconsistent objectors, or to carry into effect suggestions made by irreconcilable censors. "Quot homines, tot [xiv] sententioe," is an adage signally verified when a fresh venture is made on the waters of chartered opinion. How shall the perplexed navigator steer his course when monitors in office accuse him on the one hand of lax precision throughout, and belaud him on the other for careful observance of detail? Or how shall he trim his sails when a contemptuous Standard-bearer, strangely uninformed on the point, ignores, as a leader of any repute, "one Gerard," a former famous Captain of the Herbal fleet? With the would-be Spectator's lament that Gerard's graphic drawings are regrettedly wanting here, the author is fain to concur. He feels that the absence of appropriate cuts to depict the various herbs is quite a deficiency: but the hope is inspired that a still future Edition may serve to supply this need. Certain botanical mistakes pointed out with authority by the _Pharmaceutical Journal _have here been duly corrected: and as many as fifty additional Simples will be found described in the present Enlarged Edition. At the same time a higher claim than hitherto made for the paramount importance of the whole subject is now courageously advanced.

The feedback from various public journalists on the First Edition has been carefully considered here. It's true that their comments were sometimes so conflicting that they were hard to apply in practice. The story of the old man and his donkey serves as a classic reminder against trying to please everyone or acting on suggestions from irreconcilable critics. "Quot homines, tot [xiv] sententioe" is a saying that is especially true when venturing into the waters of established opinions. How can the confused navigator find his way when some critics accuse him of being imprecise while others praise him for paying too much attention to detail? Or how should he adjust his sails when a dismissive Standard-bearer, clearly uninformed, overlooks "one Gerard," a once-renowned Captain of the Herbal fleet? With the would-be Spectator's disappointment that Gerard's illustrations are regrettably missing here, the author must agree. He believes that the lack of suitable images to represent the various herbs is a significant shortcoming, but hopes that a future Edition will address this need. Some botanical errors noted authoritatively by the _Pharmaceutical Journal_ have been corrected here, and as many as fifty additional Simples are described in this Expanded Edition. Additionally, a stronger case than before has been made for the vital importance of the entire subject.

To all who accept as literal truth the Scriptural account of the Garden of Eden it must be evident how intimately man's welfare from the first was made to depend on his uses of trees and herbs. The labour of earning his bread in the sweat of his brow by tilling the ground: and the penalty of [xv] and thistles produced thereupon, were alike incurred by Eve's disobedience in plucking the forbidden fruit: and a signified possibility of man's eventful share in the tree of life, to "put forth his hand, and eat, and live for ever," has been more than vaguely revealed. So that with almost a sacred mission, and with an exalted motive of supreme usefulness, this Manual of healing Herbs is published anew, to reach, it is hoped, and to rescue many an ailing mortal.

To everyone who takes the biblical story of the Garden of Eden as literal truth, it should be clear how closely humanity's well-being has always depended on the use of trees and plants. The effort of earning a living through hard work in the soil, along with the consequences of thorns and thistles that result, were both a consequence of Eve's disobedience in picking the forbidden fruit. Furthermore, the potential for humanity's significant participation in the tree of life—to "reach out, eat, and live forever"—has been more than just a vague promise. Therefore, with a nearly sacred purpose and a noble aim of ultimate usefulness, this Manual of Healing Herbs is being republished in hopes of reaching and helping many suffering individuals.

Against its main principle an objection has been speciously raised, which at first sight appears of subversive weight; though, when further examined, it is found to be clearly fallacious. By an able but carping critic it was alleged that the mere chemical analysis of old-fashioned Herbal Simples makes their medicinal actions no less empirical than before: and that a pedantic knowledge of their constituent parts, invested with fine technical names, gives them no more scientific a position than that which our fathers understood.

Against its main principle, a seemingly strong objection has been raised, which at first glance seems quite persuasive; however, upon closer examination, it is clearly flawed. A skilled but nitpicky critic claimed that just doing a chemical analysis of traditional Herbal Remedies does not make their medicinal effects any more empirical than they were before. Moreover, having a technical understanding of their components, complete with fancy names, doesn't give them a more scientific status than what our ancestors understood.

But, taking, for instance, the herb Rue, which was formerly brought into Court to protect a and the Bench from gaol fever, and other infectious disease; no one knew at the time by what particular virtue the Rue could exercise this salutary power. But more recent research has taught, that the essential oil contained in this, and other allied aromatic herbs, such as Elecampane, [xvi] Rosemary, and Cinnamon, serves by its germicidal principles (stearoptens, methyl-ethers, and camphors), to extinguish bacterial life which underlies all contagion. In a parallel way the antiseptic diffusible oils of Pine, Peppermint, and Thyme, are likewise employed with marked success for inhalation into the lungs by consumptive patients. Their volatile vapours reach remote parts of the diseased air-passages, and heal by destroying the morbid germs which perpetuate mischief therein. It need scarcely be said the very existence of these causative microbes, much less any mode of cure by their abolishment, was quite unknown to former Herbal Simplers.

But, taking the herb Rue as an example, which was previously brought to court to protect judges and others from gaol fever and other infectious diseases; no one knew back then why Rue had this protective power. However, more recent research has shown that the essential oil in this and other similar aromatic herbs, like Elecampane, Rosemary, and Cinnamon, has germicidal properties (stearoptens, methyl-ethers, and camphors) that kill the bacteria responsible for contagion. Similarly, the antiseptic oils of Pine, Peppermint, and Thyme are effectively used for inhalation by patients with tuberculosis. Their volatile vapors reach distant parts of the infected airways and heal by eliminating the harmful germs that cause problems. It’s worth noting that the very existence of these bacteria, let alone any methods to eliminate them, was completely unknown to earlier herbalists.

Again, in past times a large number of our native, plants acquired a well-deserved, but purely empirical celebrity, for curing scrofula and scurvy. But later discovery has shown that each of these several herbs contains lime, and earthy salts, in a subtle form of high natural sub-division: whilst, at the same time, the law of cure by medicinal similars has established the cognate fact that to those who inherit a strumous taint, infinitesimal doses of these earth salts are incontestably curative. The parents had first undergone a gradual impairment of health because of calcareous matters to excess in their general conditions of sustenance; and the lime proves potent to cure in the offspring what, through the parental surfeit, was entailed as [xvii] a heritage of disease. Just in the same way the mineral waters of Missisquoi, and Bethesda, in America, through containing siliceous qualities so sublimated as almost to defy the analyst, are effective to cure cancer, albuminuria, and other organic complaints.

Once, many of our native plants gained a well-deserved, but purely empirical reputation for curing scrofula and scurvy. However, later discoveries have revealed that each of these herbs contains lime and earthy salts in a finely divided natural form. At the same time, the principle of curing by medicinal similars has shown that for those with a hereditary propensity for struma, tiny doses of these earthy salts are definitely curative. The parents first experienced a gradual decline in health due to an excess of calcareous substances in their overall diet; and lime proves effective in treating the conditions passed down to the offspring as a legacy of disease. Similarly, the mineral waters of Missisquoi and Bethesda in America, which contain siliceous qualities so refined that they are almost undetectable by analysis, are effective in curing cancer, albuminuria, and other organic issues.

Nor is this by any means a new policy of cure. Its barbaric practice has long since obtained, even in African wilds, where the native snake doctor inoculates with his prepared snake poison to save the life of a victim otherwise fatally bitten by another snake of the same deadly virus. To Ovid, of Roman fame (20 B.C.), the same sanative axiom was also indisputably known as we learn from his lines:—

Nor is this by any means a new treatment approach. Its brutal practice has been around for a long time, even in the wilds of Africa, where the local snake doctor injects patients with his prepared snake venom to save the life of someone who has been fatally bitten by another snake carrying the same deadly toxin. Even Ovid, the famous Roman poet (20 B.C.), clearly knew of this healing principle, as we see in his lines:—

"Tunc observatas augur descendit in herbas;
Usus et auxilio est anguis ab angue dato."

"TThen the observed augur descends onto the grass;
The snake is helpful and provided by the snake."

"Then searched the Augur low mid grass close scanned
For snake to heal a snake-envenomed hand."

Then searched the Augur in the low mid grass, looking closely
For a snake to heal a snake-bitten hand.

And with equal cogency other arguments, which are manifold, might be readily adduced, as of congruous force, to vindicate our claim in favour of analytical knowledge over blind experience in the methods of Herbal cure, especially if this be pursued on the broad lines of enlightened practice by similars.

And just as convincingly, there are many other arguments that could easily be presented to support our claim for analytical knowledge over blind experience in herbal remedies, especially if this approach is taken on the broad basis of informed practices by using similar methods.

So now, to be brief, and to change our allegory, "on the banks of the Nile," as Mrs. Malaprop would have pervertingly put it, with "a nice [xviii] derangement of epitaphs," we invite our many guests to a simple "dinner of herbs." Such was man's primitive food in Paradise: "every green herb bearing seed, and every tree in the which is the fruit of a tree yielding seed:" "the green herb for meat for every beast of the earth, and every fowl of the air." What better Preface can we indite than a grace to be said before sitting down to the meal? "Sallets," it is hoped, will be found "in the lines to make the matter savoury." Far be it from our object to preach a prelude of texts, or to weary those at our board I with a meaningless long benediction. "'Tis not so plain as the old Hill of Howth," said tender-hearted witty Tom Hood, with serio-comic truth, "a man has got his belly full of meat, because he talks with victuals in his mouth." Rather would we choose the "russet Yeas and honest kersey Noes" of sturdy yeoman speech; and cheerfully taking the head of our well-stocked table, ask in homely terms that "God will bless these the good creatures of His Herbal Simples to our saving uses, and us to His grateful service."

So now, to keep it short and change our metaphor, "by the banks of the Nile," as Mrs. Malaprop would humorously misstate, with "a nice [xviii] mess of phrases," we invite our many guests to a simple "dinner of greens." This was humanity's basic food in Paradise: "every green herb bearing seed, and every tree that has fruit yielding seed:" "the green herb for food for every beast of the earth, and every bird of the air." What better introduction can we offer than a blessing to be said before we sit down to eat? "Salads," we hope, will be found "in the lines to make the meal tasty." It’s not our aim to deliver a lengthy sermon or to bore those at our table with a meaningless drawn-out prayer. "'Tis not so obvious as the old Hill of Howth," said the kind-hearted and witty Tom Hood, with a serious yet comical truth, "a man is full because he talks with food in his mouth." Instead, we would prefer the "common Yeses and honest Noes" of straightforward speech; and cheerfully taking the head of our well-stocked table, we will ask in simple terms that "God will bless these good things from His garden to our beneficial use, and us to His grateful service."

1897.

[xix]

CONTENTS.

Absinthe . . . 614
Acorn . . . 15
Agaric, Fly . . . 368
Agrimony . . . 18
Alexanders . . . 313
Allspice . . . 386
Amadou . . . 378
Anemone, Wood . . . 20
Angelica . . . 23
Aniseed . . . 24
Apple . . . 26
Arsmart . . . 606
Artichoke, Globe . . . 548
" Jerusalem . . . 549
Arum . . . 33
Asafetida . . . 269
Ash, Mountain . . . 350
Asparagus . . . 35
Asphodel, Bog . . . 482
Avens . . . 47

Absinthe . . . 614
Acorn . . . 15
Fly Agaric . . . 368
Agrimony . . . 18
Alexanders . . . 313
Allspice . . . 386
Amadou . . . 378
Wood Anemone . . . 20
Angelica . . . 23
Aniseed . . . 24
Apple . . . 26
Arsmart . . . 606
Globe Artichoke . . . 548
" Jerusalem Artichoke . . . 549
Arum . . . 33
Asafetida . . . 269
Mountain Ash . . . 350
Asparagus . . . 35
Bog Asphodel . . . 482
Avens . . . 47

Balm . . . 39
Barberry . . . 42
Barley . . . 44
Basil, Sweet . . . 45
Bean . . . 415
Bedstraw . . . 231
Bee sting . . . 260
Beet . . . 507
Belladonna . . . 388
Bennet Herb . . . 47
Betony, Water . . . 50, 198
" Wood . . . 42
Bilberry . . . 652
Bistort, Great . . . 607
Blackberry . . . 53
Black Pot Herb . . . 312
Blackthorn . . . 517
Bladderwrack . . . 503
Blessed Thistle . . . 557
Blue Bell . . . 57
Bog Bean . . . 58
Borage . . . 60
Bracken . . . 184
Brooklime . . . 431
Broom . . . 62
Bryony, Black . . . 68
" White . . . 65
Buckthorn . . . 69
Bugle . . . 510
Bullace . . . 520
Bulrush . . . 481
Burdock . . . 162
Burnet Saxifrage . . . 430
Butcher's Broom . . . 64
Butterbur . . . 119
Buttercup . . . 71

Balm . . . 39
Barberry . . . 42
Barley . . . 44
Sweet Basil . . . 45
Bean . . . 415
Bedstraw . . . 231
Bee Sting . . . 260
Beet . . . 507
Belladonna . . . 388
Bennet Herb . . . 47
Water Betony . . . 50, 198
" Wood . . . 42
Bilberry . . . 652
Great Bistort . . . 607
Blackberry . . . 53
Black Pot Herb . . . 312
Blackthorn . . . 517
Bladderwrack . . . 503
Blessed Thistle . . . 557
Bluebell . . . 57
Bog Bean . . . 58
Borage . . . 60
Bracken . . . 184
Brooklime . . . 431
Broom . . . 62
Black Bryony . . . 68
" White . . . 65
Buckthorn . . . 69
Bugle . . . 510
Bullace . . . 520
Bulrush . . . 481
Burdock . . . 162
Burnet Saxifrage . . . 430
Butcher's Broom . . . 64
Butterbur . . . 119
Buttercup . . . 71

Cabbage . . . 74
    " Sea . . . 76
Calamint . . . 343
Camphor . . . 337
Capsicum . . . 78
Caraway . . . 81
Carline Thistle . . . 558
Carraigeen Moss . . . 500
Carrot . . . 88
Cascara Sagrada . . . 70
Cat Mint . . . 344
Cat Thyme . . . 565
Cat's Tail . . . 482
[xx] Celandine, Greater . . . 92
    " Lesser . . . 90
Celery . . . 94
Centaury . . . 96
Chamomile . . . 84
    " Bitter . . . 86
Cherry . . . 98
Chervil . . . 100
Chestnut, Horse . . . 102
    " Sweet . . . 104
Chickweed . . . 105
Chicory . . . 542
Christmas Rose . . . 107
Cider . . . 30
Cinnamon . . . 390
Cinquefoil, Creeping . . . 516
Clary . . . 492
Cleavers . . . 230
Clover, Meadow . . . 110
    " Sweet . . . 112
Clovers . . . 395
Club Moss . . . 113
Colchicum . . . 483
Coltsfoot . . . 116
Comfrey . . . 120, 595
    " Prickly . . . 122
Coriander . . . 122
Couch Grass . . . 242
Cow . . . 126
Cowslip . . . 124
Crab Apple . . . 29
Cresses . . . 127
Cress, Garden . . . 128
    " Water . . . 129
Crowfoot . . . 71
Cuckoo Flower . . . 134
Cuckoo Pint . . . 33
Cumin . . . 135
Currants, Red, White, and Black . . . 137

Daffodil . . . 141
Daisy . . . 143
Damson . . . 520
Dandelion . . . 147
Darnel . . . 242
Date . . . 152
Dill . . . 155
Dock . . . 157
" Great Water . . . 164
" Yellow Curled . . . 163
Dodder . . . 112
Dog's Mercury . . . 332
Dropwort, Water . . . 603
Dulse . . . 501

Earthnut . . . 372
Egg . . . 150
Elder . . . 164
" Dwarf . . . 171
Elecampane . . . 172
Eryngo . . . 499
Eyebright . . . 175

Fairy rings . . . 374
Fennel . . . 179
    " Water . . . 604
Ferns . . . 182
    " Female (Bracken) . . . 184
    " Hart's-tongue . . . 187
    " Maidenhair . . . 188
    " Male . . . 183
    " Polypody . . . 189
    " Royal . . . 186
    " Spleenwort . . . 190
    " Wall Rue . . . 191
Feverfew . . . 192
Fig . . . 194
Figwort . . . 54
Flag, Blue . . . 199
    " Yellow . . . 200
    " Stinking (Gladdon) . . . 201
    " Sweet . . . 201, 480
Flax . . . 202
    " Purging . . . 204
Fly Agaric . . . 368
Foxglove . . . 205
Fumitory . . . 201
Furze . . . 63

Gage, Green . . . 521
Garlic . . . 214
" Poor Man's . . . 222
Ginger . . . 392
Gipsy Wort (Water Hore-hound) . . . 269
[xxi] Good King Henry . . . 227
Gooseberry . . . 223
Goosefoot . . . 227
" Stinking . . . 229
Goosegrass . . . 230
Goutweed . . . 235
Grapes . . . 236
Grasses . . . 241
Ground Ivy . . . 283
Groundsel . . . 243

Hawthorn . . . 245
Hellebore, Stinking . . . 109
Hemlock . . . 248
    " Water . . . 251
Hemp Agrimony . . . 19
Henbane . . . 252
Herb, Bennet . . . 47
Hoglouse . . . 564
Honey . . . 256
Hop . . . 262
Horehound, Black . . . 268
    " White . . . 267
Horse Radish . . . 269
House Leek . . . 273
Hyssop . . . 277
    " Hedge . . . 279

Hawthorn . . . 245
Stinking Hellebore . . . 109
Hemlock . . . 248
    " Water . . . 251
Hemp Agrimony . . . 19
Henbane . . . 252
Bennet Herb . . . 47
Hoglouse . . . 564
Honey . . . 256
Hop . . . 262
Black Horehound . . . 268
    " White . . . 267
Horseradish . . . 269
House Leek . . . 273
Hyssop . . . 277
    " Hedge . . . 279

Iceland Moss . . . 500
Irish Moss . . . 500
Ivy . . . 280
" Ground . . . 283

John's Wort, Saint . . . 287
Juniper . . . 291

Knapweed, the Lesser . . . 296

Ladies' Mantle . . . 511
    " Smock . . . 134
Lavender . . . 296
    " Sea . . . 300
Laver . . . 505
Leek . . . 220
Lemon . . . 300
Lentil . . . 305
Lettuce . . . 308
Lettuce, Lamb's . . . 312
    " Wild . . . 307
Lily of the Valley 313
Lily, Water . . . 604
Lime Tree . . . 316
Linseed . . . 202
Liquorice . . . 318
Lords and Ladies (Arum) . . . 33
Lungwort . . . 594
Lupine . . . 306

Ladies' Mantle . . . 511
Smock . . . 134
Lavender . . . 296
Sea . . . 300
Laver . . . 505
Leek . . . 220
Lemon . . . 300
Lentil . . . 305
Lettuce . . . 308
Lettuce, Lamb's . . . 312
Wild . . . 307
Lily of the Valley 313
Lily, Water . . . 604
Lime Tree . . . 316
Linseed . . . 202
Liquorice . . . 318
Lords and Ladies (Arum) . . . 33
Lungwort . . . 594
Lupine . . . 306

Mace . . . 395
Mace Reed . . . 482
Mallow . . . 322
    " Marsh . . . 323
    " Musk . . . 325
Mandrake . . . 66
Marigold . . . 327
    " Corn . . . 326
    " Marsh . . . 329
Marjoram . . . 331
Melancholy Thistle . . . 560
Menthol . . . 339
Mercury, Dog's . . . 332
    " English . . . 228
Milk Thistle . . . 556
Mints . . . 333
Mistletoe . . . 345
Monk's Rhubarb . . . 159
Moon Daisy . . . 146
Moss, Club . . . 113
    " Iceland . . . 500
    " Irish . . . 500
Mountain Ash . . . 350
Mugwort . . . 352
Mulberry . . . 356
Mullein . . . 359
Mum . . . 581
Mushrooms . . . 362
Mustard . . . 375
    " Hedge . . . 222, 381

Nasturtium . . . 132
Nettle . . . 382
" Dead . . . 387
Night Shade, Deadly . . . 388
Nutmeg . . . 393
Nuts . . . 602

Nasturtium . . . 132
Nettle . . . 382
" Dead . . . 387
Nightshade, Deadly . . . 388
Nutmeg . . . 393
Nuts . . . 602

[xxii] Oak Bark . . . 16
Oat . . . 397
Onion . . . 209
Orach . . . 229
Orange . . . 399
Orchids . . . 404
Orpine (Live Long) . . . 276
Ox eye Daisy . . . 146

Pansy, Wild . . . 589
Parsley . . . 407
    " Fool's . . . 412
Parsnip . . . 413
    " Water . . . 414
Pea . . . 416
Peach . . . 418
Pear . . . 419
Pellitory of Spain . . . 424
    " of Wall . . . 423
Pennyroyal . . . 334
Peppermint . . . 338
Pepper, Water . . . 606
Periwinkle, Greater . . . 427
    " Lesser . . . 428
Perry . . . 422
Pilewort . . . 90
Pimento, Allspice . . . 386
Pimpernel . . . 428
Pine . . . 576
Pink . . . 432
Plantain, Greater . . . 433
    " Ribwort . . . 435
    " Water . . . 435
Plum, Common . . . 520
    " Wild . . . 520
Polypody Fern . . . 190
Poppy, Scarlet . . . 437
    " Welsh . . . 441
    " White . . . 438
Potato . . . 441
Primrose . . . 447
    " Evening . . . 449
Primula . . . 449
Prune . . . 522
Prunella . . . 509
Psyllium Seeds . . . 436
Puff Ball . . . 365
Pulsatilla . . . 20

Quince . . . 452

Radish . . . 455
    " Horse . . . 269
Ragwort . . . 457
Ransoms . . . 221
Raspberry . . . 459
Reed, Sweet Scented . . . 480
Rest Harrow . . . 320
Rhubarb, Garden . . . 159
Rice . . . 461
Rosemary . . . 470
    " Wild . . . 474
Roses . . . 463
    " Rock . . . 469
Rue . . . 475
Rushes . . . 479

Radish . . . 455
    " Horse . . . 269
Ragwort . . . 457
Ransoms . . . 221
Raspberry . . . 459
Sweet Scented Reed . . . 480
Rest Harrow . . . 320
Garden Rhubarb . . . 159
Rice . . . 461
Rosemary . . . 470
    " Wild . . . 474
Roses . . . 463
    " Rock . . . 469
Rue . . . 475
Rushes . . . 479

Saffron . . . 485
    " Meadow . . . 483
Sage . . . 489
    " Meadow . . . 492
Sago . . . 155
Saint John's Wort . . . 287
Salep . . . 405
Saliva . . . 178
Samphire . . . 497
Sanicle . . . 508
Saucealone . . . 222
Savin . . . 493
Schalot . . . 222
Scurvy Grass . . . 133, 495
Sea Holly . . . 498
    " Tang . . . 502
    " Water . . . 508
    " Weeds . . . 496
Selfheal . . . 508
Service Tree . . . 352
Shepherd's Purse . . . 511
Silverweed . . . 514
Skullcap . . . 516
    " the Lesser . . . 517
Sloe . . . 517
Snails . . . 409
Soapwort . . . 522
Solomon's Seal . . . 524
Sorrel . . . 160
    " Wood . . . 161
Southernwood . . . 526
Sowbread . . . 450
Sow Thistle . . . 559
Spearmint . . . 342
Speedwell . . . 527
Spinach . . . 529
    " Sea . . . 506
Spindle Tree . . . 530
Spurge Wood . . . 532
    " Petty . . . 602
Stitchwort . . . 535
Stonecrop (House Leek) . . . 276
Strawberry . . . 538
    " Wild . . . 537
Succory . . . 541
Sundew . . . 543
Sunflower . . . 546

Saffron . . . 485
Meadow . . . 483
Sage . . . 489
Meadow . . . 492
Sago . . . 155
Saint John's Wort . . . 287
Salep . . . 405
Saliva . . . 178
Samphire . . . 497
Sanicle . . . 508
Saucealone . . . 222
Savin . . . 493
Schalot . . . 222
Scurvy Grass . . . 133, 495
Sea Holly . . . 498
Tang . . . 502
Water . . . 508
Weeds . . . 496
Selfheal . . . 508
Service Tree . . . 352
Shepherd's Purse . . . 511
Silverweed . . . 514
Skullcap . . . 516
the Lesser . . . 517
Sloe . . . 517
Snails . . . 409
Soapwort . . . 522
Solomon's Seal . . . 524
Sorrel . . . 160
Wood . . . 161
Southernwood . . . 526
Sowbread . . . 450
Sow Thistle . . . 559
Spearmint . . . 342
Speedwell . . . 527
Spinach . . . 529
Sea . . . 506
Spindle Tree . . . 530
Spurge Wood . . . 532
Petty . . . 602
Stitchwort . . . 535
Stonecrop (House Leek) . . . 276
Strawberry . . . 538
Wild . . . 537
Succory . . . 541
Sundew . . . 543
Sunflower . . . 546

Tamarind . . . 550
Tansy . . . 552
Tar . . . 580
Tarragon . . . 554
Teasel, Fuller's . . . 559
" Wild . . . 559
Thistles . . . 555
Thyme . . . 560
Thymol . . . 563
Toadflax . . . 565
Toadstool . . . 372
Tomato . . . 567
Tormentil . . . 573
Truffle . . . 371
Turnip . . . 574
Turpentine . . . 576
Tutsan . . . 290

Valerian, Red . . . 585
" Wild . . . 583
Verbena (Vervain) . . . 586
Verguice . . . 29, 238
Vernal grass . . . 241
Vine . . . 240, 588
Violet, Sweet . . . 592
" Wild . . . 589
Viper's Bugloss . . . 594

Wallflower . . . 595
Walnut . . . 597
     " American . . . 601
Wartwort . . . 602
Watercress . . . 129
Water Dropwort . . . 603
    " Figwort . . . 198
    " Horehound . . . 269
    " Lily, White . . . 605
    " Yellow . . . 605
    " Pepper . . . 606
Whitethorn . . . 245
Whortleberry . . . 52
Woodruff, Sweet . . . 608
    " Squinancy . . . 609
Wood Sorrel . . . 161, 610
Wormwood . . . 355, 612
Woundwort, Hedge . . . 615

Yarrow 616
Yew 619

[1] INTRODUCTION.

The art of _Simpling _is as old with us as our British hills. It aims at curing common ailments with simple remedies culled from the soil, or got from home resources near at hand.

The art of _Simpling_ is as old as our British hills. It focuses on treating common ailments with simple remedies gathered from the soil or obtained from local resources nearby.

Since the days of the Anglo-Saxons such remedies have been chiefly herbal; insomuch that the word "drug" came originally from their verb drigan, to dry, as applied to medicinal plants.

Since the days of the Anglo-Saxons, these remedies have mainly been herbal; in fact, the word "drug" originally came from their verb drigan, which means to dry, as it relates to medicinal plants.

These primitive Simplers were guided in their choice of herbs partly by watching animals who sought them out for self-cure, and partly by discovering for themselves the sensible properties of the plants as revealed by their odour and taste; also by their supposed resemblance to those diseases which nature meant them to heal.

These early Simplers chose their herbs partly by observing animals that used them for self-healing, and partly by figuring out the useful properties of the plants through their smell and taste; they also considered how the plants resembled the illnesses that they were meant to treat.

John Evelyn relates in his Acetaria (1725) that "one Signor Faquinto, physician to Queen Anne (mother to the beloved martyr, Charles the First), and formerly physician to one of the Popes, observing scurvy and dropsy to be the epidemical and dominant diseases [2] of this nation, went himself into the hundreds of Essex, reputed the most unhealthy county of this island, and used to follow the sheep and cattle on purpose to observe what plants they chiefly fed upon; and of these Simples he composed an excellent electuary of marvellous effects against these same obnoxious infirmities." Also, in like manner, it was noticed by others that "the dog, if out of condition, would seek for certain grasses of an emetic or purgative sort; sheep and cows, when ill, would devour curative plants; an animal suffering from rheumatism would remain as much as it could in the sunshine; and creatures infested by parasites would roll themselves frequently in the dust." Again, William Coles in his Nature's Paradise, or, Art of Simpling (1657), wrote thus: "Though sin and Sathan have plunged mankinde into an ocean of infirmities, jet the mercy of God, which is over all His works, maketh grass to grow upon the mountaines, and Herbes for the use of men; and hath not only stamped upon them a distinct forme, but also given them particular signatures, whereby a man may read even in legible characters the use of them."

John Evelyn shares in his Acetaria (1725) that "a certain Signor Faquinto, physician to Queen Anne (the mother of the beloved martyr, Charles the First), and previously physician to one of the Popes, noticed that scurvy and dropsy were the main illnesses affecting this nation. He traveled into the hundreds of Essex, known as the unhealthiest county in the island, and would follow sheep and cattle to see what plants they mainly fed on. From those simple plants, he created an excellent mixture with amazing effects against these troublesome ailments." Similarly, others observed that "dogs, when unwell, would search for certain grasses that act as emetics or laxatives; sick sheep and cows would eat healing plants; animals suffering from rheumatism would stay in the sunlight as much as possible; and creatures plagued by parasites would often roll in the dirt." Additionally, William Coles noted in his Nature's Paradise, or, Art of Simpling (1657): "Even though sin and Satan have plunged mankind into a sea of ailments, the mercy of God, which oversees all His creations, makes grass grow on the mountains and herbs for the benefit of humankind; He has not only given them distinct forms but also particular signatures, allowing a person to read the uses of these plants in clear characters."

The present manual of our native Herbal Simples seeks rather to justify their uses on the sound basis of accurate chemical analysis, and precise elementary research. Hitherto medicinal herbs have come down to us from early times as possessing only a traditional value, and as exercising merely empirical effects. Their selection has been commended solely by a shrewd discernment, and by the practice of successive centuries. But to-day a closer analysis in the laboratory, and skilled provings by experts have resolved the several plants into their component parts, and have chemically determined the medicinal nature of these parts, both [3] singly and collectively. So that the study and practice of curative British herbs may now fairly take rank as an exact science, and may command the full confidence of the sick for supplying trustworthy aid and succour in their times of bodily need.

The current guide to our local Herbal Simples aims to support their uses based on accurate chemical analysis and thorough scientific research. Until now, medicinal herbs have been passed down mainly for their traditional value and perceived benefits. Their selection has been praised for its keen insight and the practice established over many centuries. However, today’s detailed laboratory analysis and expert testing have broken down these plants into their individual components and have chemically identified the medicinal properties of these components, both alone and together. As a result, the study and practice of healing British herbs can now genuinely be considered a precise science, earning the full trust of those seeking reliable help during times of illness.

Scientific reasons which are self-convincing may be readily adduced for prescribing all our best known native herbal medicines. Among them the Elder, Parsley, Peppermint, and Watercress may be taken as familiar examples of this leading fact. Almost from time immemorial in England a "rob" made from the juice of Elderberries simmered and thickened with sugar, or mulled Elder wine concocted from the fruit, with raisins, sugar, and spices, has been a popular remedy in this country, if taken hot at bedtime, for a recent cold, or for a sore throat. But only of late has chemistry explained that Elderberries furnish "viburnic acid," which induces sweating, and is specially curative of inflammatory bronchial soreness. So likewise Parsley, besides being a favourite pot herb, and a garnish for cold meats, has been long popular in rural districts as a tea for catarrh of the bladder or kidneys; whilst the bruised leaves have been extolled as a poultice for swellings and open sores. At the same time, a saying about the herb has commonly prevailed that it "brings death to men, and salvation to women." Not, however, until recently has it been learnt that the sweet-smelling plant yields what chemists call "apiol," or Parsley-Camphor, which, when given in moderation, exercises a quieting influence on the main sensific centres of life—the head and the spine. Thereby any feverish irritability of the urinary organs inflicted by cold, or other nervous shock, would be subordinately allayed. Thus likewise the Parsley-Camphor (whilst serving, [4] when applied externally, to usefully stimulate indolent wounds) proves especially beneficial for female irregularities of the womb, as was first shown by certain French doctors in 1849.

Scientific reasons that are convincing can easily be provided for recommending all our well-known native herbal medicines. Among them, Elder, Parsley, Peppermint, and Watercress serve as familiar examples of this important fact. For ages in England, a "rob" made from the juice of Elderberries simmered and thickened with sugar, or mulled Elder wine made from the fruit with raisins, sugar, and spices, has been a popular remedy in this country when taken hot at bedtime for a recent cold or a sore throat. But only recently has chemistry explained that Elderberries contain "viburnic acid," which induces sweating and is especially effective for inflammatory bronchial soreness. Similarly, Parsley, aside from being a popular kitchen herb and a garnish for cold meats, has long been favored in rural areas as a tea for bladder or kidney issues; while the bruised leaves have been praised as a poultice for swellings and open sores. At the same time, there's been a saying about the herb that it "brings death to men, and salvation to women." However, it’s only recently been discovered that the sweet-smelling plant produces what chemists refer to as "apiol," or Parsley-Camphor, which, when taken in moderation, has a calming effect on the main sensory centers of life—the head and the spine. Thus, any feverish irritability of the urinary organs caused by cold or other nervous shock would be effectively reduced. Similarly, the Parsley-Camphor, when applied externally, can effectively stimulate sluggish wounds and proves to be particularly beneficial for women's irregularities of the womb, as was first demonstrated by certain French doctors in 1849.

Again, with respect to Peppermint, its cordial water, or its lozenges taken as a confection, have been popular from the days of our grandmothers for the relief of colic in the bowels, or for the stomach-ache of flatulent indigestion. But this practice has obtained simply because the pungent herb was found to diffuse grateful aromatic warmth within the stomach and bowels, whilst promoting the expulsion of wind; whereas we now know that an active principle "menthol" contained in the plant, and which may be extracted from it as a camphoraceous oil, possesses in a marked degree antiseptic and sedative properties which are chemically hostile to putrescence, and preventive of dyspeptic fermentation.

Again, regarding Peppermint, its flavored water or its lozenges, enjoyed as a treat, have been popular since our grandmothers' time for relieving bowel colic or stomach pain from gas and indigestion. This practice became common simply because the strong herb provides a pleasant aromatic warmth in the stomach and intestines while helping to release gas. Now, we know that an active compound called "menthol" found in the plant, which can be extracted as a camphor-like oil, has significant antiseptic and calming properties that counteract decay and prevent digestive fermentation.

Lastly, the Watercress has for many years held credit with the common people for curing scurvy and its allied ailments; while its juices have been further esteemed as of especial use in arresting tubercular consumption of the lungs; and yet it has remained for recent analysis to show that the Watercress is chemically rich in "antiscorbutic salts," which tend to destroy the germs of tubercular disease, and which strike at the root of scurvy generally. These salts and remedial principles are "sulphur," "iodine," "potash," "phosphatic earths," and a particular volatile essential oil known as "sulphocyanide of allyl," which is almost identical with the essential oil of White Mustard.

Lastly, for many years, Watercress has been recognized by the common people for treating scurvy and related conditions. Its juices are also especially valued for their effectiveness in stopping lung tuberculosis. Recent analyses have revealed that Watercress is rich in "antiscorbutic salts," which help eliminate the germs responsible for tuberculosis and address the root causes of scurvy. These salts and healing properties include "sulphur," "iodine," "potash," "phosphatic earths," and a specific volatile essential oil called "sulphocyanide of allyl," which is nearly identical to the essential oil of White Mustard.

Moreover, many of the chief Herbal Simples indigenous to Great Britain are further entitled for a still stronger reason to the fullest confidence of both doctor [5] and patient. It has been found that when taken experimentally in varying quantities by healthy provers, many single medicines will produce symptoms precisely according with those of definite recognized maladies; and the same herbs, if administered curatively, in doses sufficiently small to avoid producing their toxical effects, will speedily and surely restore the patient to health by dispelling the said maladies. Good instances of such homologous cures are afforded by the common Buttercup, the wild Pansy, and the Sundew of our boggy marshes. It is widely known that the field Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus), when pulled from the ground, and carried in the palm of the hand, will redden and inflame the skin by the acrimony of its juices; or, if the bruised leaves are applied to any part they will excite a blistering of the outer cuticle, with a discharge of watery fluid from numerous small vesicles, whilst the tissues beneath become red, hot, and swollen; and these combined symptoms precisely represent "shingles,"—a painful skin disease given to arise from a depraved state of the bodily system, and from a faulty supply of nervous force. These shingles appear as a crop of sore angry blisters, which commonly surround the walls of the chest either in part or entirely; and modern medicine teaches that a medicinal tincture of the Buttercup, if taken in small doses, and applied, will promptly and effectively cure the same troublesome ailment; whilst it will further serve to banish a neuralgic or rheumatic stitch occurring in the side from any other cause.

Moreover, many of the main herbal remedies native to Great Britain are fully deserving of the complete trust of both doctors and patients for even stronger reasons. It's been shown that when tested in different amounts by healthy individuals, many single medicines can produce symptoms that match exactly those of specific recognized diseases; and the same herbs, when given as treatment in small enough doses to avoid toxic effects, can quickly and reliably restore health by eliminating these diseases. Good examples of such effective cures include the common Buttercup, the wild Pansy, and the Sundew found in our marshy areas. It is well known that the field Buttercup (Ranunculus bulbosus), when uprooted and held in the hand, will cause redness and irritation to the skin from its strong juices; or, if the crushed leaves are applied to any area, they will cause blistering of the outer skin along with a discharge of watery fluid from many small blisters, while the underlying tissues become red, hot, and swollen. These combined symptoms closely represent "shingles," a painful skin condition that can result from a compromised bodily system and an inadequate supply of nerve energy. These shingles appear as a cluster of painful blisters, typically surrounding the chest either partially or completely; modern medicine teaches that a medicinal tincture of the Buttercup, when taken in small doses and applied, can quickly and effectively treat this troublesome condition, and it can also alleviate nerve pain or a rheumatic pain in the side from other causes.

And so with respect to the Wild Pansy (Viola tricolor), we read in Hahnemann's commentary on the proved plant: "The Pansy Violet excites certain cutaneous eruptions about the head and face, a hard thick scab being formed, which is cracked here and there, and [6] from which a tenacious yellow matter exudes, and hardens into a substance like gum." This is an accurate picture of the diseased state seen often affecting the scalp of unhealthy children, as milk-crust, or, when aggravated, as a disfiguring eczema, and concerning the same Dr. Hughes of Brighton, in his authoritative modern treatise, says, "I have rarely needed any other medicine than the Viola tricolor for curing milk-crust, which is the plague of children," and "I have given it in the adult for recent impetigo (a similar disease of the skin), with very satisfactory results."

And so regarding the Wild Pansy (Viola tricolor), we find in Hahnemann's commentary on the studied plant: "The Pansy Violet triggers certain skin eruptions around the head and face, forming a hard, thick scab that cracks in places, from which a sticky yellow substance oozes and hardens into something like gum." This accurately describes the diseased condition often seen on the scalps of unhealthy children, known as milk-crust, or, when worsened, as a disfiguring eczema. Dr. Hughes of Brighton, in his well-respected modern treatise, notes, "I have rarely needed any other medicine than the Viola tricolor to cure milk-crust, which is a common issue among children," and "I have prescribed it for adults with recent impetigo (a similar skin condition), with very good results."

Finally, the Sundew (Drosera rotundifolia), which is a common little plant growing on our bogs, and marshy places, is found to act in the same double fashion of cause or cure according to the quantity taken, or administered. Farmers well know that this small herb when devoured by sheep in their pasturage will bring about a violent chronic cough, with waste of substance: whilst the Sundew when given experimentally to cats has been found to stud the surface of their lungs with morbid tubercular matter, though this is a form of disease to which cats are not otherwise liable. In like manner healthy human provers have become hoarse of voice through taking the plant, and troubled with a severe cough, accompanied with the expectoration of abundant yellow mucus, just as in tubercular mischief beginning at the windpipe. Meantime it has been well demonstrated (by Dr. Curie, and others) that at the onset of pulmonary consumption in the human subject a cure may nearly always be brought about, or the symptoms materially improved, by giving the tincture of Sundew throughout several weeks—from four to twenty drops in the twenty-four hours. And it has further become an established fact that the same tincture [7] will serve with remarkable success to allay the troublesome spasms of Whooping Cough in its second stage, if given in small doses, repeated several times a day.

Finally, the Sundew (Drosera rotundifolia), a small plant commonly found in our bogs and marshy areas, is known to have a dual effect of causing or curing depending on the amount taken or given. Farmers are well aware that when sheep eat this little herb, it can lead to a severe chronic cough and loss of weight. Meanwhile, when Sundew has been tested on cats, it has been found to cause abnormal tubercular growths in their lungs, even though this isn't a disease they typically get. Similarly, healthy human testers have experienced hoarseness and a severe cough, along with a lot of yellow mucus, like in initial stages of tuberculosis beginning in the windpipe. Meanwhile, research by Dr. Curie and others has shown that when pulmonary tuberculosis starts in humans, it can almost always be treated or the symptoms significantly improved by using a tincture of Sundew over several weeks—ranging from four to twenty drops in a day. It has also been proven that this same tincture [7] can effectively relieve the troublesome spasms of Whooping Cough in its second stage if taken in small doses several times a day.

From these several examples, therefore, which are easy to be understood, we may fairly conclude that positive remedial actions are equally exercised by other Herbal Simples, both because of their chemical constituents and by reason of their curing in many cases according to the known law of medicinal correspondence.

From these various examples, which are easy to understand, we can reasonably conclude that effective treatments are also provided by other herbal remedies, both due to their chemical components and because they often heal in alignment with the established principles of medicinal correspondence.

Until of late no such an assured position could be rightly claimed by our native herbs, though pretentions in their favour have been widely popular since early English times. Indeed, Herbal physic has engaged the attention of many authors from the primitive days of Dioscorides (A.D. 60) to those of Elizabethan Gerard, whose exhaustive and delightful volume published in 1587 has remained ever since in paramount favour with the English people. Its quaint fascinating style, and its queer astrological notions, together with its admirable woodcuts of the plants described, have combined to make this comprehensive Herbal a standing favourite even to the present day.

Until recently, our native herbs couldn't really claim a solid position, even though support for them has been popular since early English times. In fact, herbal medicine has interested many authors from the early days of Dioscorides (A.D. 60) to the time of Elizabethan Gerard, whose thorough and enjoyable book, published in 1587, has remained a favorite among the English people ever since. Its charming style, odd astrological ideas, and amazing woodcuts of the plants described have all contributed to making this comprehensive herbal a lasting favorite even today.

Gerard had a large physic-garden near his house in Old Bourne (Holborn), and there is in the British Museum a letter drawn up by his hand asking Lord Burghley, his patron, to advise the establishment by the University of Cambridge in their grounds of a Simpling Herbarium. Nevertheless, we are now told (H. Lee, 1883) that Gerard's "ponderous book is little more than a translation of Dodonoeus, from which comparatively un-read author whole chapters have been taken verbatim without acknowledgment."

Gerard had a big physic garden near his house in Old Bourne (Holborn), and there’s a letter in the British Museum written by him asking Lord Burghley, his patron, for advice on setting up a Simpling Herbarium on the grounds of the University of Cambridge. However, we're now told (H. Lee, 1883) that Gerard's "heavy book is hardly more than a translation of Dodonoeus, from which a number of chapters have been copied word for word without any credit."

No English work on herbs and plants is met with prior to the sixteenth century. In 1552 all books on [8] astronomy and geography were ordered to be destroyed, because supposed to be infected with magic. And it is more than probable that any publications extant at that time on the virtues of herbs (then associated by many persons with witchcraft), underwent the same fate. In like manner King Hezekiah long ago "fearing lest the Herbals of Solomon should come into profane hands, caused them to be burned," as we learn from that "loyal and godly herbalist," Robert Turner.

No English work on herbs and plants exists before the sixteenth century. In 1552, all books on [8] astronomy and geography were ordered to be destroyed because they were thought to be linked to magic. It’s very likely that any publications at the time about the properties of herbs (which many people associated with witchcraft) faced the same outcome. Similarly, King Hezekiah, fearing that the Herbals of Solomon would fall into the wrong hands, ordered them to be burned, as noted by that "loyal and godly herbalist," Robert Turner.

During the reigns of Edward the Sixth and Mary, Dr. William Bulleyn ranked high as a physician and botanist. He wrote the first Boke of Simples, which remains among the most interesting literary productions of that era as a record of his acuteness and learning. It advocates the exclusive employment of our native herbal medicines. Again, Nicholas Culpeper, "student in physick," whose name is still a household word with many a plain thinking English person, published in 1652, for the benefit of the Commonwealth, his "Compleat Method whereby a man may cure himself being sick, for threepence charge, with such things only as grow in England, they being most fit for English bodies." Likewise in 1696 the Honourable Richard Boyle, F.R.S., published "A Collection of Choice, Safe, and Simple English Remedies, easily prepared, very useful in families, and fitted for the service of country people."

During the reigns of Edward VI and Mary, Dr. William Bulleyn was well-known as a physician and botanist. He wrote the first Boke of Simples, which is still one of the most captivating literary works of that time, showcasing his insight and knowledge. It promotes the exclusive use of our native herbal medicines. Additionally, Nicholas Culpeper, a "student in physick," whose name remains recognizable to many everyday English people, published in 1652, for the benefit of the Commonwealth, his "Compleat Method whereby a man may cure himself being sick, for threepence charge, with such things only as grow in England, they being most fit for English bodies." Similarly, in 1696, the Honourable Richard Boyle, F.R.S., published "A Collection of Choice, Safe, and Simple English Remedies, easily prepared, very useful in families, and suited for the needs of rural people."

Once more, the noted John Wesley gave to the world in 1769 an admirable little treatise on Primitive Physic, or an Easy and Natural Method for Curing most Diseases; the medicines on which he chiefly relied being our native plants. For asthma, he advised the sufferer to "live a fortnight on boiled Carrots only"; for "baldness, to wash the head with a decoction of Boxwood"; [9] for "blood-spitting to drink the juice of Nettles"; for "an open cancer, to take freely of Clivers, or Goosegrass, whilst covering the sore with the bruised leaves of this herb"; and for an ague, to swallow at stated times "six middling pills of Cobweb."

Once again, the famous John Wesley shared with the world in 1769 a great little book called Primitive Physic, or an Easy and Natural Method for Curing most Diseases; the remedies he mainly depended on were our local plants. For asthma, he suggested that patients "live on boiled carrots alone for two weeks"; for "baldness, wash the scalp with a brew of boxwood"; [9] for "coughing up blood, drink nettle juice"; for "an open cancer, take plenty of cleavers, or goosegrass, while covering the sore with mashed leaves of this plant"; and for a fever, take "six average pills of cobweb" at regular intervals.

In Wesley's day tradition only, with shrewd guesses and close observation, led him to prescribe these remedies. But now we have learnt by patient chemical research that the Wild Carrot possesses a particular volatile oil, which promotes copious expectoration for the relief of asthmatic cough; that the Nettle is endowed in its stinging hairs with "formic acid," which avails to arrest bleeding; that Boxwood yields "buxine," a specific stimulant to those nerves of supply which command the hair bulbs; that Goosegrass or Clivers is of astringent benefit in cancer, because of its "tannic," "citric," and "rubichloric acids"; and that the Spider's Web is of real curative value in ague, because it affords an albuminous principle "allied to and isomeric with quinine."

In Wesley's time, tradition alone, along with smart guesses and careful observation, guided him in recommending these remedies. But now we've learned through thorough chemical research that Wild Carrot has a certain volatile oil that helps clear mucus for relief from asthma coughs; that Nettle has "formic acid" in its stinging hairs, which can stop bleeding; that Boxwood contains "buxine," a specific stimulant for the nerves that control hair follicles; that Goosegrass or Clivers is beneficial for cancer due to its "tannic," "citric," and "rubichloric acids"; and that Spider's Web is genuinely effective for ague because it provides an albuminous substance "related to and isomeric with quinine."

Long before this middle era in medicine, during quite primitive British times, the name and office of "Leeches" were familiar to the people as the first doctors of physic; and their parabilia or "accessibles" were worts from the field and the garden; so that when the Saxons obtained possession of Britain, they found it already cultivated and improved by what the Romans knew of agriculture and of vegetable productions. Hence it had happened that Rue, Hyssop, Fennel, Mustard, Elecampane, Southernwood, Celandine, Radish, Cummin, Onion, Lupin, Chervil, Fleur de Luce, Flax (probably), Rosemary, Savory, Lovage, Parsley, Coriander, Alexanders, or Olusatrum, the black pot herb, Savin, and other useful herbs, were already of common growth for kitchen uses, or for medicinal purposes.

Long before this middle period in medicine, during very primitive times in Britain, the term and role of "Leeches" were well-known to people as the first doctors of healing; and their parabilia or "accessibles" were plants from the fields and gardens. So, when the Saxons took over Britain, they found it already cultivated and improved thanks to what the Romans understood about farming and plant production. As a result, herbs like Rue, Hyssop, Fennel, Mustard, Elecampane, Southernwood, Celandine, Radish, Cummin, Onion, Lupin, Chervil, Fleur de Luce, Flax (likely), Rosemary, Savory, Lovage, Parsley, Coriander, Alexanders, or Olusatrum, the black pot herb, Savin, and other useful herbs were already commonly grown for cooking or medicinal purposes.

[10] And as a remarkable incidental fact antiquity has bequeathed to us the legend, that goats were always exceptionally wise in the choice of these wholesome herbs; that they are, indeed, the herbalists among quadrupeds, and known to be "cunning in simples." From which notion has grown the idea that they are physicians among their kind, and that their odour is wholesome to the animals of the farmyard generally. So that in deference, unknowingly, to this superstition, it still happens that a single Nanny or a Betty is freakishly maintained in many a modern farmyard, living at ease, rather than put to any real use, or kept for any particular purpose of service. But in case of stables on fire, he or she will face the flames to make good an escape, and then the horses will follow.

[10] Interestingly, ancient times have left us the belief that goats are incredibly smart in choosing these healthy herbs; they are, in fact, the herbalists of the animal world and are known to be "clever with plants." This idea has led to the notion that they act as doctors among their peers, and their scent is considered beneficial for farm animals in general. As a result, out of respect, albeit unknowingly, for this superstition, you still find a single Nanny or a Betty pampered in many modern farmyards, living comfortably rather than being put to any real work or specific purpose. However, in the event of a fire in the stables, they will rush into the flames to help others escape, and the horses will then follow suit.

It was through chewing the beans of Mocha, and becoming stupefied thereby, that unsuspicious goats first drew the attention of Mahomedan monks to the wonderful properties of the Coffee berry.

It was by chewing the beans of Mocha and getting dazed from it that unsuspecting goats first caught the attention of Muslim monks to the amazing qualities of the coffee berry.

Next, coming down to the first part of the present century, we find that purveyors of medicinal and savoury herbs then wandered over the whole of England in quest of such useful simples as were in constant demand at most houses for the medicine-chest, the store-closet, or the toilet-table. These rustic practitioners of the healing art were known as "green men," who carried with them their portable apparatus for distilling essences, and for preparing their herbal extracts. In token of their having formerly officiated in this capacity, there may yet be seen in London and elsewhere about the country, taverns bearing the curious sign of "The Green Man and (his) Still."

Next, moving into the early part of this century, we see that sellers of medicinal and flavorful herbs roamed all over England seeking useful plants that were always in demand in most homes for the medicine cabinet, pantry, or vanity. These country practitioners of healing were called "green men," and they carried portable equipment for distilling essences and preparing herbal extracts. As a reminder of their past role, you can still find taverns in London and other parts of the country that display the unusual sign "The Green Man and (his) Still."

It is told of a certain French writer not long since, that whilst complacently describing our British manners [11] customs, he gravely translated this legend of the into "L'homme vert, et tranquil."

It is said of a certain French writer not long ago that while casually describing our British manners [11] customs, he seriously translated this legend into "L'homme vert, et tranquille."

Passing on finally to our own times at the close of the nineteenth century, we are able now-a-days, as has been already said, to avail ourselves of precise chemical research by apparatus far in advance of the untutored herbalist's still. He prepared his medicaments and his fragrant essences, merely as a mechanical art, and without pretending to fathom their method of physical action. But the skilled expert of to-day resolves his herbal simples into their ultimate elements by exact analysis in the laboratory, and has learnt to attach its proper medicinal virtue to each of these curative principles. It has thus come about that Herbal Physic under competent guidance, if pursued with intelligent care, is at length a reliable science of fixed methods, and crowned with sure results.

Turning to our own time at the end of the nineteenth century, we can now take advantage of precise chemical research using equipment that far surpasses the basic still of the untrained herbalist. He created his medicines and fragrant essences simply as a mechanical craft, without trying to understand how they worked physically. In contrast, today’s skilled experts break down herbal remedies into their most basic components through accurate laboratory analysis and have learned to associate specific medicinal properties with each of these healing elements. As a result, Herbal Medicine, when guided by knowledgeable hands and approached with thoughtful care, has transformed into a reliable science with established methods and proven outcomes.

Moreover, in this happy way is at last vindicated the infinite superiority felt instinctively by our forefathers of home-grown herbs over foreign and far-fetched drugs; a superiority long since expressed by Ovid with classic felicity in the passage:—

Moreover, in this happy way, the infinite superiority that our ancestors instinctively felt for home-grown herbs over foreign and exotic medicines is finally confirmed; a superiority that Ovid long ago captured perfectly in the passage:—

    "AEtas cui facimus aurea nomen,
    Fructibus arbuteis, et humus quas educat herbis
    Fortunata fuit."—Metamorphos., Lib. XV.

"AEtas to which we give the name golden,
Was fortunate with berry-bearing trees and the earth that nurtures
Herbs."—Metamorphos., Lib. XV.

    "Happy the age, to which we moderns give
    The name of 'golden,' when men chose to live
    On woodland fruits; and for their medicines took
    Herbs from the field, and simples from the brook."

"Blessed is the era that we today call
    The 'golden age,' when people chose to live
    On fruits from the forest; and for their remedies took
    Herbs from the fields and natural plants from the stream."

or, as epitomised in the time-worn Latin adage:—

or, as summed up in the old Latin saying:—

"Qui potest mederi simplicibus frustra quaerit composita."

"Who can heal the simple struggles with the complex."

"If simple herbs suffice to cure,
'Tis vain to compound drugs endure."

"If simple herbs are enough to heal,
It's pointless to mix harsh medicines."

In the following pages our leading Herbal Simples [12] are reviewed alphabetically; whilst, to ensure accuracy, the genus and species of each plant are particularised.

In the following pages, our main Herbal Simples [12] are organized alphabetically; to ensure accuracy, the genus and species of each plant are specified.

Most of these herbs may be gathered fresh in their proper season by persons who have acquired a knowledge of their parts, and who live in districts where such plants are to be found growing; and to other persons who inhabit towns, or who have no practical acquaintance with Botany, great facilities are now given by our principal druggists for obtaining from their stores concentrated fresh juices of the chief herbal simples.

Most of these herbs can be picked fresh during the right season by people who know about their parts and live in areas where these plants grow. For those living in towns or who aren't familiar with botany, our leading drugstores now make it easy to get concentrated fresh juices of the main herbal remedies from their shops.

Again, certain preparations of plants used only for their specific curative methods are to be got exclusively from the Homoeopathic chemist, unless gathered at first hand. These, not being officinal, fail to find a place on the shelves of the ordinary Pharmaceutical druggist. Nevertheless, when suitably employed, they are of singular efficacy in curing the maladies to which they stand akin by the law of similars. For convenience of distinction here, the symbol H. will follow such particular preparations, which number in all some seventy-five of the simples described. At the same time any of the more common extracts, juices, and tinctures (or the proper parts of the plants for making these several medicaments), may be readily purchased at the shop of every leading druggist.

Again, certain plant preparations used only for their specific healing methods can only be obtained from a homeopathic pharmacy, unless collected directly. Since these aren’t officially recognized, they don’t appear on the shelves of regular pharmacies. However, when used properly, they can be highly effective in treating the conditions they correspond to by the law of similars. For clarity, the symbol H. will be added to these specific preparations, which total around seventy-five of the simple remedies described. At the same time, any of the more common extracts, juices, and tinctures (or the appropriate parts of the plants for making these various medicines) can easily be bought at any major pharmacy.

It has not been thought expedient to include among the Simples for homely uses of cure such powerfully poisonous plants as Monkshood (Aconite), Deadly Nightshade (Belladonna), Foxglove (Digitalis), Hemlock or Henbane (except for some outward uses), and the like dangerous herbs, these being beyond the province of domestic medicine, whilst only to be administered under the advice and guidance of a qualified prescriber.

It has not been considered practical to include among the simple remedies for home use such highly toxic plants as Monkshood (Aconite), Deadly Nightshade (Belladonna), Foxglove (Digitalis), Hemlock, or Henbane (except for a few external applications), and other hazardous herbs, as these fall outside the realm of home medicine and should only be used under the advice and supervision of a qualified healthcare provider.

[13] The chief purpose held in view has been to reconsider those safe and sound herbal curative remedies and medicines which were formerly most in vogue as homely simples, whether to be taken or to be outwardly applied. And the main object has been to show with what confidence their uses may be now resumed, or retained under the guidance of modern chemical teachings, and of precise scientific provings. This question equally applies, whether the Simples be employed as auxiliaries by the physician in attendance, or are welcomed for prompt service in a household emergency as ready at hand when the doctor cannot be immediately had.

[13] The main goal has been to revisit those reliable herbal remedies and medicines that used to be popular as simple home treatments, whether taken internally or applied externally. The focus has been to demonstrate how confidently their use can be resumed or continued with the support of modern chemistry and accurate scientific testing. This question applies both when these remedies are used as supplements by the attending physician or when they're available for quick use in a household emergency when the doctor isn't immediately available.

Moreover, such a Manual as the present of approved Herbal Remedies need not by any means be disparaged by the busy practitioner, when his customary medicines seem to be out of place, or are beyond speedy reach; it being well known that a sick person is always ready to accept with eagerness plain assistant remedies sensibly advised from the garden, the store-closet, the spice-box, or the field.

Moreover, a manual like this one, featuring reliable herbal remedies, shouldn’t be dismissed by busy practitioners, especially when their usual medications aren’t suitable or are hard to get quickly. It’s well known that sick people are always open to trying straightforward and sensible remedies suggested from the garden, pantry, spice rack, or field.

    "Of simple medicines, and their powers to cure,
    A wise physician makes his knowledge sure;
    Else I or the household in his healing art
    He stands ill-fitted to take useful part."

"Of basic remedies and their ability to heal,
    A skilled doctor ensures his knowledge is real;
    Otherwise, I or the family in his care
    Will find him ill-equipped to be of any help."

So said Oribasus (freely translated) as long ago as the fourth century, in classic terms prophetic of later times, Simplicium medicamentorum et facultatum quoe in eis insunt cognitio ita necessaria est ut sine eâ nemo rite medicari queat.

So said Oribasus (freely translated) way back in the fourth century, in classic terms that seem prophetic of later times, Simplicium medicamentorum et facultatum quoe in eis insunt cognitio ita necessaria est ut sine eâ nemo rite medicari queat.

But after all has been said and done, none the less must it be finally acknowledged in the pathetic utterance of King Alfred's Anglo-Saxon proverb, Nis [14] no wurt woxen on woode ne on felde, per enure mage be lif uphelden.

But after everything has been said and done, it must still be acknowledged in the poignant words of King Alfred's Anglo-Saxon proverb, Nis [14] no wurt woxen on woode ne on felde, per enure mage be lif uphelden.

"No wort is waxen in wood or wold,
Which may for ever man's life uphold."

"No wood or field has grown,
That can support a man's life forever."

Neither to be discovered in the quaint Herbals of primitive times, nor to be learnt by the advanced chemical knowledge of modern plant lore, is there any panacea for all the ills to which our flesh is heir, or an elixir of life, which can secure for us a perpetual immunity from sickness. Contra vim mortis nullum medicamentum in hortis, says the rueful Latin distich:—

Neither found in the charming herbals of ancient times, nor learned through the advanced chemical knowledge of modern plant science, is there any cure-all for the many ailments of the human body, or a life-extending potion that can grant us permanent immunity from illness. Contra vim mortis nullum medicamentum in hortis, says the sorrowful Latin saying:—

"No healing herb can conquer death,
And so for always give us breath."

"No healing herb can defeat death,
And so forever grant us breath."

To sum up which humiliating conclusion good George Herbert has put the matter thus with epigrammatic conciseness:—

To sum up the humiliating conclusion, good George Herbert put it this way with sharp brevity:—

"St. Luke was a saint and a physician, yet he is dead!"

"St. Luke was a saint and a doctor, yet he's dead!"

But none the less bravely we may still take comfort each in his mortal frailty, because of the hopeful promise preached to men long since by the son of Sirach, "A faithful friend is the Medicine of life; they that fear the Lord shall find Him."

But still, we can take comfort in our human weaknesses, thanks to the hopeful message shared long ago by the son of Sirach: "A faithful friend is the medicine of life; those who fear the Lord will find Him."

[15] ACORN.

This is the well-known fruit of our British Oak, to Which tree it gives the name—Aik, or Eik, Oak.

This is the well-known fruit of our British Oak, which gives the tree its name—Aik, or Eik, Oak.

The Acorn was esteemed by Dioscorides, and other old authors, for its supposed medicinal virtues. As an article of food it is not known to have been habitually used at any time by the inhabitants of Britain, though acorns furnished the chief support of the large herds of swine on which our forefathers subsisted. The right of maintaining these swine in the woods was called "panage," and formed a valuable property.

The acorn was valued by Dioscorides and other ancient writers for its supposed healing properties. While it wasn't commonly eaten by the people of Britain, acorns were a primary food source for the large herds of pigs that our ancestors relied on. The privilege of keeping these pigs in the woods was known as "panage" and was considered a significant asset.

The earliest inhabitants of Greece and Southern Europe who lived in the primeval forests were supported almost wholly on the fruit of the Oak. They were described by classic authors as fat of person, and were called "balanophagi"—acorn eaters.

The earliest inhabitants of Greece and Southern Europe who lived in the ancient forests relied almost entirely on acorns from the oak trees. Classic authors described them as overweight and referred to them as "balanophagi"—acorn eaters.

During the great dearth of 1709 the French were driven to eat bread of acorns steeped in water to destroy the bitterness, and they suffered therefrom injurious effects, such as obstinate constipation, or destructive cholera.

During the great famine of 1709, the French were forced to eat bread made from acorns soaked in water to get rid of the bitterness, which led to harmful effects like severe constipation or deadly cholera.

It is worth serious notice medically that in years remarkable for a large yield of Acorns disastrous losses have occurred among young cattle from outbreaks of acorn poisoning, or the acorn disease. Those up to two years old suffered most severely, but sheep, pigs and deer were not affected by this acorn malady. Its symptoms are progressive wasting, loss of appetite, diarrhoea, sore places inside the mouth, discharge from [16] the eyes and nostrils, excretion of much pale urine, and no fever, but a fall of temperature below the normal standard. Having regard to which train of symptoms it is fair to suppose the acorn will afford in the human subject a useful specific medicine for the marasmus, or wasting atrophy of young children who are scrofulous. The fruit should be given in the form of a tincture, or vegetable extract, or even admixed (when ground) sparingly with wheaten flour in bread. The dose should fall short of producing any of the above symptoms, and the remedy should be steadily pursued for many weeks.

It's important to note medically that in years with a large crop of acorns, there have been significant losses among young cattle due to acorn poisoning, also known as acorn disease. Cattle under two years old were hit hardest, but sheep, pigs, and deer were not affected by this acorn issue. The symptoms include progressive weight loss, lack of appetite, diarrhea, sores inside the mouth, discharge from the eyes and nostrils, a lot of pale urine, and a drop in body temperature below the normal level, but no fever. Considering these symptoms, it seems reasonable to believe that acorns can serve as a useful medicine for the wasting condition in young children suffering from scrofula. The fruit should be given as a tincture, vegetable extract, or even mixed sparingly (when ground) with wheat flour in bread. The dosage should be below the level that causes any of the symptoms mentioned, and the treatment should continue steadily for several weeks.

The tincture should be made of saturated strength with spirit of wine on the bruised acorns, to stand for a fortnight before being decanted. Then the dose will be from twenty to thirty drops with water three or four times a day.

The tincture should be made with a strong mix of alcohol and crushed acorns, and allowed to sit for two weeks before being strained. Then, the dosage will be twenty to thirty drops mixed with water three or four times a day.

The Acorn contains chemically starch, a fixed oil, citric acid, uncrystallizable sugar, and another special sugar called "quercit."

The acorn contains starch, a fixed oil, citric acid, uncrystallizable sugar, and another specific sugar called "quercit."

Acorns, when roasted and powdered, have been sometimes employed as a fair substitute for coffee. By distillation they will yield an ardent spirit.

Acorns, when roasted and ground, have occasionally been used as a decent alternative to coffee. Through distillation, they can produce a strong spirit.

Dr. Burnett strongly commends a "distilled spirit of acorns" as an antidote to the effects of alcohol, where the spleen and kidneys have already suffered, with induced dropsy. It acts on the principle of similars, ten drops being given three times a day in water.

Dr. Burnett highly recommends a "distilled spirit of acorns" as a remedy for the effects of alcohol, especially when the spleen and kidneys have already been affected, leading to swelling. It works on the principle of similars, with ten drops taken three times a day in water.

In certain parts of Europe it is customary to place acorns in the hands of the newly dead; whilst in other districts an apple is put into the palm of a child when lying in its little coffin.

In some areas of Europe, it's a tradition to put acorns in the hands of the deceased; meanwhile, in other regions, an apple is placed in the palm of a child resting in their small coffin.

The bark of an oak tree, and the galls, or apples, produced on its leaves, or twigs, by an insect named [17] cynips, are very astringent, by reason of the gallo-tannic acid which they furnish abundantly. This acid, given as a drug, or the strong decoction of oak bark which contains it, will serve to restrain bleedings if taken internally; and finely powdered oak bark, when inhaled pretty frequently, has proved very beneficial against consumption of the lungs in its early stages. Working tanners are well known to be particularly exempt from this disease, probably through their constantly inhaling the peculiar aroma given off from the tan pits; and a like effect may be produced by using as snuff the fresh oak bark dried and reduced to an impalpable powder, or by inhaling day after day the steam given off from recent oak bark infused in boiling water.

The bark of an oak tree and the galls, or “apples,” that form on its leaves or twigs due to an insect called [17] cynips are very astringent because of the gallo-tannic acid they contain in abundance. This acid, when used as medication, or the strong brew of oak bark that has it, can help stop bleeding if taken internally. Additionally, finely powdered oak bark, when inhaled regularly, has been shown to be very beneficial for early stages of lung consumption. It’s well-known that tanners are particularly less likely to suffer from this disease, likely due to their constant exposure to the unique aroma from the tan pits. A similar effect can be achieved by using fresh oak bark, dried and ground into a very fine powder as snuff, or by inhaling the steam released from fresh oak bark infused in boiling water on a daily basis.

Marble galls are formed on the back of young twigs, artichoke galls at their extremities, and currant galls by spangles on the under surface of the leaves. From these spangles females presently emerge, and lay their eggs on the catkins, giving rise to the round shining currant galls.

Marble galls form on the backs of young twigs, artichoke galls at their tips, and currant galls appear as spangles on the underside of the leaves. From these spangles, females soon emerge and lay their eggs on the catkins, leading to the development of the round, shiny currant galls.

The Oak—Quercus robur—is so named from the Celtic "quer," beautiful; and "cuez," a tree. "Drus," another Celtic word for tree, and particularly for the Oak, gave rise to the terms Dryads and Druids. Among the Greeks and Romans a chaplet of oak was one of the highest honours which could be conferred on a citizen. Ancient oaks exist in several parts of England, which are traditionally called Gospel oaks, because it was the practice in times long past when beating the bounds of a parish to read a portion of the Gospel on Ascension Day beneath an oak tree which was growing on the boundary line of the district. Cross oaks were planted at the juncture of cross roads, so that persons suffering from ague might peg a lock of their hair into the [18] trunks, and by wrenching themselves away might leave the hair and the malady in the tree together. A strong decoction of oak bark is most usefully applied for prolapse of the lower bowel.

The oak—Quercus robur—gets its name from the Celtic word "quer," meaning beautiful, and "cuez," meaning tree. The Celtic word "drus," which also means tree, particularly refers to the oak and is the root of the terms Dryads and Druids. For the Greeks and Romans, wearing a crown made of oak leaves was one of the highest honors a citizen could receive. Ancient oak trees can still be found in various parts of England, known as Gospel oaks, because in ancient times, during the annual boundary walks of a parish, a passage from the Gospel was read on Ascension Day under an oak tree located on the boundary line. Cross oaks were planted at intersections so that individuals suffering from ague could tie a lock of their hair to the trunks, and by pulling away, could leave both the hair and the illness behind in the tree. A strong brew made from oak bark is also effectively used for treating prolapse of the lower bowel.

Oak Apple day (May 29th) is called in Hampshire "Shikshak" day.

Oak Apple day (May 29th) is called "Shikshak" day in Hampshire.

AGRIMONY.

The Agrimony is a Simple well known to all country folk, and abundant throughout England in the fields and woods, as a popular domestic medicinal herb. It belongs to the Rose order of plants, and blossoms from June to September with small yellow flowers, which sit close along slender spikes a foot high, smelling like apricots, and called by the rustics "Church Steeples." Botanically it bears the names Agrimonia Eupatoria, of which the first is derived from the Greek, and means "shining," because the herb is thought to cure cataract of the eye; and the second bears reference to the liver, as indicating the use of this plant for curing diseases of that organ. Chemists have determined that the Agrimony possesses a particular volatile oil, and yields nearly five per cent. of tannin, so that its use in the cottage for gargles, and as an astringent application to indolent wounds, is well justified. The herb does not seem really to own any qualities for acting medicinally on the liver. More probably the yellow colour of its flowers, which, with the root, furnish a dye of a bright nankeen hue, has given it a reputation in bilious disorders, according to the doctrine of signatures, because the bile is also yellow. Nevertheless, Gerard says: "A decoction of the leaves is good for them that have naughty livers." By pouring a pint of boiling water on a handful of the plant—stems, flowers and leaves—an [19] excellent gargle may be made for a relaxed throat; and a teacupful of the same infusion may be taken cold three or four times in the day for simple looseness of the bowels; also for passive losses of blood. In France, Agrimony tea is drank as a beverage at table. This herb formed an ingredient of the genuine arquebusade water, as prepared against wounds inflicted by an arquebus, or hand-gun, and it was mentioned by Philip de Comines in his account of the battle of Morat, 1476. When the Yeomen of the Guard were first formed in England—1485—half were armed with bows and arrows, whilst the other half carried arquebuses. In France the eau de arquebusade is still applied for sprains and bruises, being carefully made from many aromatic herbs. Agrimony was at one time included in the London Materia Medica as a vulnerary herb. It bears the title of Cockleburr, or Sticklewort, because its seed vessels cling by the hooked ends of their stiff hairs to any person or animal coming into contact with the plant. A strong decoction of the root and leaves, sweetened with honey, has been taken successfully to cure scrofulous sores, being administered two or three times a day in doses of a wineglassful persistently for several months. Perhaps the special volatile oil of the plant, in common with that contained in other herbs similarly aromatic, is curatively antiseptic. Pliny called it a herb "of princely authoritie."

The Agrimony is a familiar plant known to all country people and is common throughout England in fields and woods as a popular home remedy. It belongs to the rose family of plants and blooms from June to September, featuring small yellow flowers that grow close together on slender spikes around a foot tall, smelling like apricots, and referred to by locals as "Church Steeples." Botanically, it is called Agrimonia Eupatoria, with the first part coming from Greek, meaning "shining," because the herb is thought to treat cataracts, and the second part referring to the liver, indicating its use for liver-related ailments. Chemists have found that Agrimony contains a specific volatile oil and yields nearly five percent tannin, justifying its use in households for gargling and as an astringent for slow-healing wounds. The herb doesn’t seem to have any actual medicinal properties for the liver. More likely, the yellow color of its flowers, which along with the root can produce a bright yellow dye, has contributed to its reputation for treating bile-related issues, based on the doctrine of signatures, since bile is also yellow. Nevertheless, Gerard noted: "A decoction of the leaves is good for those with bad livers." By pouring a pint of boiling water over a handful of the plant—stems, flowers, and leaves—an excellent gargle can be made for a sore throat; and drinking a teacup of this infusion cold three or four times a day can help with mild diarrhea and also for passive bleeding. In France, Agrimony tea is consumed as a beverage at the table. This herb was one of the ingredients in genuine arquebusade water, prepared for wounds caused by an arquebus or hand gun, and it was mentioned by Philip de Comines in his account of the battle of Morat in 1476. When the Yeomen of the Guard were first established in England in 1485, half were armed with bows and arrows while the other half carried arquebuses. In France, eau de arquebusade is still used for sprains and bruises, carefully made from various aromatic herbs. Agrimony was once listed in the London Materia Medica as a healing herb. It’s also known as Cockleburr or Sticklewort because its seed pods attach to anyone or anything that comes in contact with the plant due to the hooked ends of their stiff hairs. A strong decoction of its root and leaves, sweetened with honey, has been successfully used to treat scrofulous sores when taken two or three times a day in doses of a wineglass for several months. Perhaps the unique volatile oil in Agrimony, like that found in other aromatic herbs, has antiseptic healing properties. Pliny referred to it as a herb "of princely authority."

The Hemp Agrimony, or St. John's Herb, belongs to the Composite order of plants, and grows on the margins of brooks, having hemp-like leaves, which are bitter of taste and pungent of smell, as if it were an umbelliferous herb. Because of these hempen leaves it was formerly called "Holy Rope," being thus named after the rope with which Jesus was bound. They contain a volatile [20] oil, which acts on the kidneys; likewise some tannin, and a bitter chemical principle, which will cut short the chill of intermittent fever, or perhaps prevent it. Provers of the plant have found it produce a "bilious fever," with severe headache, redness of the face, nausea, soreness over the liver, constipation, and high-coloured urine. Acting on which experience, a tincture, prepared (H.) from the whole plant, may be confidently given in frequent small well-diluted doses with water for influenza, or for a similar feverish chill, with break-bone pains, prostration, hot dry skin, and some bilious vomiting. Likewise a tea made with boiling water poured on the dried leaves will give prompt relief if taken hot at the onset of a bilious catarrh, or of influenza. This plant also is named Eupatorium because it refers, as Pliny says, to Eupator, a king of Pontus. In Holland it is used for jaundice, with swollen feet: and in America it belongs to the tribe of bone-sets. The Hemp Agrimony grows with us in moist, shady places, with a tall reddish stem, and with terminal crowded heads of dull lilac flowers. Its distinctive title is Cannabinum, or "Hempen," whilst by some it is known as "Thoroughwort."

The Hemp Agrimony, also known as St. John's Herb, is part of the Composite family of plants and grows along the edges of streams. It has leaves similar to hemp that taste bitter and have a strong smell, resembling an umbelliferous herb. Because of these hemp-like leaves, it was once referred to as "Holy Rope," named after the rope used to bind Jesus. The leaves contain a volatile oil that affects the kidneys, as well as some tannin and a bitter chemical that can relieve chills from intermittent fever or possibly prevent them. Users of the plant have reported it causing "bilious fever," which includes severe headaches, a red face, nausea, liver soreness, constipation, and dark-colored urine. Based on this experience, a tincture prepared (H.) from the entire plant can be safely given in frequent small doses, diluted with water, for influenza or similar feverish chills with severe body aches, extreme fatigue, hot dry skin, and some bilious vomiting. Additionally, a tea made by pouring boiling water over the dried leaves can provide quick relief if taken hot at the start of a bilious catarrh or influenza. This plant is also called Eupatorium because, as Pliny mentions, it refers to Eupator, a king of Pontus. In Holland, it is used for jaundice and swollen feet; in America, it is part of the bone-set family. The Hemp Agrimony thrives in moist, shady areas, featuring a tall reddish stem and clusters of dull lilac flowers at the top. Its distinguishing name is Cannabinum, or "Hempen," though some also call it "Thoroughwort."

ANEMONE (Wood).

Wood Anemone.

The Wood Anemone, or medicinal English Pulsatilla, with its lovely pink white petals, and drooping blossoms, is one of our best known and most beautiful spring flowers. Herbalists do not distinguish it virtually from the silky-haired Anemone Pulsatilla, which medicinal variety is of highly valuable modern curative use as a Herbal Simple. The active chemical principles of each plant are "anemonin" and "anemonic acid." A tincture is made (H.) with spirit of wine from the entire [21] plant, collected when in flower. This tincture is remarkably beneficial in disorders of the mucous membranes, alike of the respiratory and of the digestive passages. For mucous indigestion following a heavy or rich meal the tincture of Pulsatilla is almost a specific remedy. Three or four drops thereof should be given at once with a tablespoonful of water, hot or cold, and the same dose may be repeated after an hour if then still needed. For catarrhal affections of the eyes and the ears, as well as for catarrhal diarrhoea, the tincture is very serviceable; also for female monthly difficulties its use is always beneficial and safe. As a medicine it best suits persons of a mild, gentle disposition, and of a lymphatic constitution, especially females; it is less appropriate for quick, excitable, energetic men. Anemonin, or Pulsatilla Camphor, which is the active principle of this plant, is prepared by the chemist, and may be given in doses of from one fiftieth to one tenth of a grain rubbed up with dry sugar of milk. Such a dose (or a drop of the tincture with a tablespoonful of water), given every two or three hours, will soon relieve a swollen testicle; and the tincture still more diluted will ease the bladder difficulties of old men. Furthermore, the tincture, in doses of two or three drops with a spoonful of water, will allay spasmodic cough, as of whooping cough, or bronchitis. The vinegar of Wood Anemone made from the leaves retains all the more acrid properties of the plant, and is put, in France, to many rural domestic purposes. When applied in lotions every night for five or six times consecutively, it will heal indolent ulcers; and its rubefacient effects serve instead of those produced externally by mustard. If a teaspoonful is sprinkled within the palms and its volatile vapours are inhaled through the mouth and nose, this [22] will dispel an incipient catarrh. The name Pulsatilla is a diminutive of the Latin puls, a pottage, as made from pulse, and used at sacrificial feasts. The title Anemone signifies "wind-flower." Pliny says this flower never opens but when the wind is blowing. The title has been misapprehended as "an emony." Turner says gardeners call the flowers "emonies"; and Tennyson, in his "Northern Farmer," tells of the dead keeper being found "doon in the woild enemies afoor I corned to the plaice." Other names of the plant are Wood Crowfoot, Smell Fox (Rants), and Flawflower. Alfred Austin says, "With windflower honey are my tresses smoothed." It is also called the Passover Flower, because blossoming at Easter; and it belongs to the Ranunculaceous order of plants. The flower of the Wood Anemone tells the approach of night, or of a shower, by curling over its petals like a tent; and it has been said that fairies nestle within, having first pulled the curtains round them. Among the old Romans, to gather the first Anemone of the year was deemed a preservative against fever. The Pasque flower, also named Bluemoney and Easter, or Dane's flower, is of a violet blue, growing in chalky pastures, and less common than the Wood Anemone, but each possesses equally curative virtues.

The Wood Anemone, or medicinal English Pulsatilla, with its beautiful pink and white petals and drooping flowers, is one of the most well-known and stunning spring flowers. Herbalists hardly distinguish it from the silky-haired Anemone Pulsatilla, which is highly valued in modern medicine as a Herbal Simple. The active compounds in each plant are "anemonin" and "anemonic acid." A tincture is made (H.) using alcohol from the entire [21] plant when it’s in bloom. This tincture is very effective for disorders of the mucous membranes in both the respiratory and digestive systems. For mucous indigestion after a heavy or rich meal, the tincture of Pulsatilla is almost a specific remedy. Three or four drops should be taken at once with a tablespoon of water, hot or cold, and the same dose can be repeated after an hour if needed. For catarrhal issues affecting the eyes and ears, as well as for catarrhal diarrhea, the tincture is very useful; it is also consistently beneficial and safe for women's monthly issues. As a medicine, it works best for people with a mild, gentle nature and a lymphatic constitution, particularly women; it is less suitable for quick, excitable, energetic men. Anemonin, or Pulsatilla Camphor, the active compound from this plant, can be prepared by a chemist and given in doses ranging from one fiftieth to one tenth of a grain mixed with dry milk sugar. Such a dose (or a drop of the tincture mixed with a tablespoon of water) taken every two or three hours will quickly relieve a swollen testicle; a more diluted version of the tincture will help alleviate bladder issues in older men. Additionally, the tincture, in doses of two or three drops with a spoonful of water, can reduce spasmodic coughs, like those seen in whooping cough or bronchitis. The vinegar made from the leaves of the Wood Anemone retains more of the plant's pungent properties and is used for various rural home purposes in France. When applied in lotions every night for five or six consecutive nights, it can heal stubborn ulcers; its rubefacient properties can replace those produced externally by mustard. If a teaspoonful is sprinkled into the palms and its volatile vapors are inhaled through the mouth and nose, this [22] will help relieve the onset of a cold. The name Pulsatilla is a diminutive form of the Latin puls, a stew made from pulse and used in sacrificial feasts. The name Anemone means "wind-flower." Pliny states that this flower only opens when the wind is blowing. The name has been misunderstood as "an emony." Turner notes that gardeners refer to the flowers as "emonies"; and Tennyson, in his "Northern Farmer," mentions a dead keeper being found "doon in the woild enemies afore I corned to the plaice." Other names for the plant include Wood Crowfoot, Smell Fox (Rants), and Flawflower. Alfred Austin notes, "With windflower honey are my tresses smoothed." It is also called the Passover Flower because it blooms at Easter and belongs to the Ranunculaceous family of plants. The Wood Anemone’s flower indicates the approach of night or rain by curling its petals like a tent, and legends say that fairies nestle inside after pulling the curtains around them. Among the ancient Romans, picking the first Anemone of the year was thought to protect against fever. The Pasque flower, also known as Bluemoney and Easter or Dane's flower, is violet blue, found in chalky pastures, and is less common than the Wood Anemone, but both possess equally beneficial properties.

The seed of the Anemone being very light and downy, is blown away by the first breeze of wind. A ready-witted French senator took advantage of this fact while visiting Bacheliere, a covetous florist, near Paris, who had long held a secret monopoly of certain richly-coloured and splendidly handsome anemones from the East. Vexed to see one man hoard up for himself what ought to be more widely distributed, he walked and talked with the florist in his garden when the anemone [23] plants were in seed. Whilst thus occupied, he let fall his robe, as if by accident, upon the flowers, and so swept off a number of the little feathery seed vessels which clung to his dependent garment, and which he afterwards cultivated at home. The petals of the Pasque flower yield a rich green colour, which is used For staining Easter eggs, this festival having been termed Pask time in old works, from "paske," a crossing over. The plant is said to grow best with iron in the soil.

The seed of the Anemone is very light and fluffy, easily blown away by the slightest breeze. A sharp-minded French senator took note of this while visiting Bacheliere, a greedy florist near Paris, who had long kept a secret monopoly on some richly colored and stunning anemones from the East. Frustrated to see one person hoarding what should be shared, he strolled and chatted with the florist in his garden while the anemone plants were seeding. During their conversation, he let his robe fall, seemingly by accident, over the flowers, brushing off several little feathery seed pods that stuck to his garment, which he later cultivated at home. The petals of the Pasque flower produce a vibrant green color used for dyeing Easter eggs, as this holiday was referred to as Pask time in older texts, derived from "paske," meaning a crossing over. The plant is believed to thrive best in soil enriched with iron.

ANGELICA (also called MASTER-WORT).

Angelica (also known as Master-Wort).

The wild Angelica grows commonly throughout England in wet places as an umbelliferous plant, with a tall hollow stem, out of which boys like to make pipes. It is purple, furrowed, and downy, bearing white flowers tinged with pink. But the herb is not useful as a simple until cultivated in our gardens, the larger variety being chosen for this purpose, and bearing the name Archangelica.

The wild Angelica is commonly found throughout England in wet areas as an umbellifer plant, featuring a tall hollow stem that boys like to turn into pipes. It has a purple, ridged, and fuzzy appearance, with white flowers that have a hint of pink. However, the herb isn’t useful as a simple until it’s cultivated in our gardens, with the larger variety being preferred for this purpose, known as Archangelica.

    "Angelica, the happy counterbane,
    Sent down from heaven by some celestial scout,
    As well its name and nature both avow't."

"Angelica, the joyful antidote,
Sent down from heaven by some heavenly messenger,
As both its name and essence confirm."

It came to this country from northern latitudes in 1568. The aromatic stems are grown abundantly near London in moist fields for the use of confectioners. These stems, when candied, are sold as a favourite sweetmeat. They are grateful to the feeble stomach, and will relieve flatulence promptly. The roots of the garden Angelica contain plentifully a peculiar resin called "angelicin," which is stimulating to the lungs, and to the skin: they smell pleasantly of musk, being an excellent tonic and carminative. An infusion of the plant may be made by pouring a pint of boiling water on an ounce of the bruised root, and two tablespoonfuls [24] of this should be given three or four times in the day; or the powdered root may be administered in doses of from ten to thirty grains. The infusion will relieve flatulent stomach-ache, and will promote menstruation if retarded. It is also of use as a stimulating bronchial tonic in the catarrh of aged and feeble persons. Angelica, taken in either medicinal form, is said to cause a disgust for spirituous liquors. In high Dutch it is named the root of the Holy Ghost. The fruit is employed for flavouring some cordials, notably Chartreuse. If an incision is made in the bark of the stems, and the crown of the root, at the commencement of spring, a resinous gum exudes with a special aromatic flavour as of musk or benzoin, for either of which it can be substituted. Gerard says: "If you do but take a piece of the root, and hold it in your mouth, or chew the same between your teeth, it doth most certainly drive away pestilent aire." Icelanders eat both the stem and the roots raw with butter. These parts of the plant, if wounded, yield a yellow juice which becomes, when dried, a valuable medicine beneficial in chronic rheumatism and gout. Some have said the Archangelica was revealed in a dream by an angel to cure the plague; others aver that it blooms on the day of Michael the Archangel (May 8th, old style), and is therefore a preservative against evil spirits and witchcraft.

It arrived in this country from northern regions in 1568. The fragrant stems are grown abundantly near London in damp fields for confectioners' use. When candied, these stems are sold as a popular treat. They're gentle on weak stomachs and quickly relieve bloating. The roots of garden Angelica contain a lot of a unique resin called "angelicin," which is good for the lungs and skin; they have a pleasant musk scent and serve as a great tonic and digestive aid. You can make an infusion of the plant by pouring a pint of boiling water over an ounce of bruised root, and you should take two tablespoons of this three to four times a day; alternatively, the powdered root can be taken in doses of ten to thirty grains. The infusion will soothe stomach pains caused by gas and help regulate menstruation if it’s delayed. It's also useful as a stimulating bronchial tonic for older and weak individuals. Angelica, in whatever medicinal form, is said to create a dislike for alcoholic drinks. In Dutch, it’s known as the root of the Holy Ghost. The fruit is used to flavor some liqueurs, especially Chartreuse. If you make a cut in the bark of the stems or the crown of the root at the beginning of spring, a resinous gum oozes out with a unique aromatic scent resembling musk or benzoin, which can be used as a substitute for either. Gerard states: "If you just take a piece of the root and hold it in your mouth or chew it, it will certainly ward off harmful air." Icelanders eat both the stems and roots raw with butter. If the plant is damaged, it releases a yellow juice that, when dried, becomes a valuable remedy for chronic rheumatism and gout. Some claim that Archangelica was revealed in a dream by an angel to cure the plague; others say it blooms on the feast day of Michael the Archangel (May 8th, old calendar) and therefore protects against evil spirits and witchcraft.

ANISEED.

The Anise (Pimpinella), from "bipenella," because of its secondary, feather-like leaflets, belongs to the umbelliferous plants, and is cultivated in our gardens; but its aromatic seeds chiefly come from Germany. The careful housewife will do well always to have a [25] supply of this most useful Simple closely bottled in her store cupboard. The herb is a variety of the Burnet Saxifrage, and yields an essential oil of a fine blue colour. To make the essence of Aniseed one part of the oil should be mixed with four parts of spirit of wine. This oil, by its chemical basis, "anethol," represents the medicinal properties of the plant. It has a special influence on the bronchial tubes to encourage expectoration, particularly with children. For infantile catarrh, after its first feverish stage, Aniseed tea is very useful. It should be made by pouring half-a-pint of boiling water on two teaspoonfuls of the seeds, bruised in a mortar, and given when cold in doses of one, two, or three teaspoonfuls, according to the age of the child. For the relief of flatulent stomach-ache, whether in children or in adults, from five to fifteen drops of the essence may be given on a lump of sugar, or mixed with two dessertspoonfuls of hot water. Gerard says: "The Aniseed helpeth the yeoxing, or hicket (hiccough), and should be given to young children to eat which are like to have the falling sickness, or to such as have it by patrimony or succession." The odd literary mistake has been sometimes made of regarding Aniseed as a plural noun: thus, in "The Englishman's Doctor," it is said, "Some anny seeds be sweet, and some bitter." An old epithet of the Anise was, Solamen intestinorum—"The comforter of the bowels." The Germans have an almost superstitious belief in the medicinal virtues of Aniseed, and all their ordinary household bread is plentifully flavoured with the whole seeds. The mustaceoe, or spiced cakes of the Romans, introduced at the close of a rich entertainment, to prevent indigestion, consisted of meal, with anise, cummin, and other aromatics used for staying putrescence or fermentation within the [26] intestines. Such a cake was commonly brought in at the end of a marriage feast; and hence the bridecake of modern times has taken its origin, though the result of eating this is rather to provoke dyspepsia than to prevent it. Formerly, in the East, these seeds were in use as part payment of taxes: "Ye pay tithe of mint, anise [dill?], and cummin!" The oil destroys lice and the itch insect, for which purpose it may be mixed with lard or spermaceti as an ointment. The seed has been used for smoking, so as to promote expectoration.

The Anise (Pimpinella), named after "bipenella" due to its secondarily feather-like leaflets, is part of the umbelliferous plants and is grown in our gardens, although its aromatic seeds mainly come from Germany. A careful housewife should always keep a supply of this very useful herb bottled in her pantry. The herb is a type of Burnet Saxifrage and produces an essential oil with a fine blue color. To create aniseed essence, mix one part of the oil with four parts of spirit of wine. This oil contains "anethol," which gives the plant its medicinal properties. It significantly affects the bronchial tubes to support expectoration, especially in children. For infantile catarrh, after its initial feverish stage, aniseed tea is very beneficial. It should be made by pouring half a pint of boiling water over two teaspoons of the crushed seeds and given cold in doses of one, two, or three teaspoons, depending on the child's age. To relieve flatulent stomachaches in both children and adults, five to fifteen drops of the essence can be given on a lump of sugar or mixed with two dessert spoons of hot water. Gerard mentions: "Aniseed helps with hiccups and should be given to young children to eat who are prone to seizures, whether inherited or not." There has occasionally been a mistake in treating "aniseed" as a plural noun; for instance, in "The Englishman's Doctor," it says, "Some anny seeds be sweet, and some bitter." An older term for Anise was Solamen intestinorum—"The comforter of the bowels." The Germans almost superstitiously believe in the healing properties of aniseed, and they flavor their everyday bread generously with whole seeds. The Romans had spiced cakes called mustaceoe, served at the end of lavish meals to prevent indigestion, made from meal with anise, cummin, and other spices to combat putrefaction or fermentation in the intestines. Such a cake was often presented at the end of a wedding feast, which is how today's bridecake originated, though eating it tends to cause dyspepsia rather than prevent it. In the past, in the East, these seeds were used as partial tax payments: "Ye pay tithe of mint, anise [dill?], and cummin!" The oil can eliminate lice and scabies and may be mixed with lard or spermaceti for use as an ointment. The seeds have also been used for smoking to promote expectoration.

Besides containing the volatile oil, Aniseed yields phosphates, malates, gum, and a resin. The leaves, if applied externally, will help to remove freckles; and, "Let me tell you this," says a practical writer of the present day, "if you are suffering from bronchitis, with attacks of spasmodic asthma, just send for a bottle of the liqueur called 'Anisette,' and take a dram of it with a little water. You will find it an immediate palliative; you will cease barking like Cerberus; you will be soothed, and go to sleep."— Experto crede! "I have been bronchitic and asthmatic for twenty years, and have never known an alleviative so immediately efficacious as 'Anisette.'"

Besides containing volatile oil, aniseed produces phosphates, malates, gum, and a resin. The leaves, when applied externally, can help to remove freckles; and, "Let me tell you this," says a practical writer today, "if you're dealing with bronchitis and attacks of spasmodic asthma, just get a bottle of the liqueur called 'Anisette,' and take a shot of it with a little water. You'll find it works right away; you'll stop coughing like Cerberus; you'll feel relaxed and fall asleep."—Trust me! "I've had bronchitis and asthma for twenty years, and I've never found anything that works as quickly as 'Anisette.'"

For the restlessness of languid digestion, a dose of essence of Aniseed in hot water at bedtime is much to be commended. In the Paregoric Elixir, or "Compound Tincture of Camphor," prescribed as a sedative cordial by doctors (and containing some opium), the oil of Anise is also included—thirty drops in a pint of the tincture. This oil is of capital service as a bait for mice.

For the discomfort of slow digestion, taking a dose of anise oil in hot water before bed is highly recommended. In the Paregoric Elixir, or "Compound Tincture of Camphor," which doctors prescribe as a soothing drink (and that contains some opium), anise oil is also added—thirty drops for every pint of the tincture. This oil is also very effective as bait for mice.

APPLE.

The term "Apple" was applied by the ancients indiscriminately to almost every kind of round fleshy fruit, [27] such as the thornapple, the pineapple, and the loveapple. Paris gave to Venus a golden apple; Atalanta lost her classic race by staying to pick up an apple; the fruit of the Hesperides, guarded by a sleepless dragon, were golden apples; and through the same fruit befell "man's first disobedience," bringing "death into the world and all our woe" (concerning which the old Hebrew myth runs that the apple of Eden, as the first fermentable fruit known to mankind, was the beginner of intoxicating drinks, which led to the knowledge of good and evil).

The term "Apple" was used by ancient people to refer to almost any round, juicy fruit, such as the thornapple, the pineapple, and the loveapple. Paris gave a golden apple to Venus; Atalanta lost her famous race because she stopped to pick up an apple; the golden apples of the Hesperides were guarded by a watchful dragon; and the same fruit was associated with "man's first disobedience," which brought "death into the world and all our woe" (the old Hebrew myth says that the apple of Eden, being the first known fermentable fruit, was the starting point for alcoholic drinks that led to the knowledge of good and evil).

Nothing need be said here about the Apple as an esculent; we have only to deal with this eminently English, and most serviceable fruit in its curative and remedial aspects. Chemically, the Apple is composed of vegetable fibre, albumen, sugar, gum, chlorophyll, malic acid, gallic acid, lime, and much water. Furthermore, German analysts say that the Apple contains a larger percentage of phosphorus than any other fruit or vegetable. This phosphorus is specially adapted for renewing the essential nervous "lethicin" of the brain and spinal cord. Old Scandinavian traditions represent the Apple as the food of the gods, who, when they felt themselves growing feeble and infirm, resorted to this fruit for renewing their powers of mind and body. Also the acids of the Apple are of signal use for men of sedentary habits, whose livers are sluggish of action; they help to eliminate from the body noxious matters, which, if retained, would make the brain heavy and dull, or produce jaundice, or skin eruptions, or other allied troubles. Some experience of this sort has led to the custom of our taking Apple sauce with roast pork, roast goose, and similar rich dishes. The malic acid of ripe Apples, raw or cooked, will neutralize the chalky matter engendered in gouty subjects, particularly from [28] an excess of meat eating. A good, ripe, raw Apple is one of the easiest of vegetable substances for the stomach to deal with, the whole process of its digestion being completed in eighty-five minutes. Furthermore, a certain aromatic principle is possessed by the Apple, on which its peculiar flavour depends, this being a fragrant essential oil—the valerianate of amyl—in a small but appreciable quantity. It can be made artificially by the chemist, and used for imparting the flavour of apples to sweetmeats and confectionery. Gerard found that "the pulp of roasted Apples, mixed in a wine quart of faire water, and laboured together until it comes to be as Apples and ale—which we call lambswool (Celtic, 'the day of Apple fruit')—never faileth in certain diseases of the raines, which myself hath often proved, and gained thereby both crownes and credit." Also, "The paring of an Apple cut somewhat thick, and the inside whereof is laid to hot, burning or running eyes at night when the party goes to bed, and is tied or bound to the same, doth help the trouble very speedily, and, contrary to expectation, an excellent secret." A poultice made of rotten Apples is commonly used in Lincolnshire for the cure of weak, or rheumatic eyes. Likewise in the Hotel des Invalides, at Paris, an Apple poultice is employed for inflamed eyes, the apple being roasted, and its pulp applied over the eyes without any intervening substance To obviate constipation two or three Apples taken at night, whether baked or raw, are admirably efficient. It was said long ago: "They do easily and speedily pass through the belly, therefore they do mollify the belly," and for this reason a modern maxim teaches that:—

Nothing needs to be said here about the Apple as food; we only need to focus on this distinctly English and highly useful fruit in terms of its healing properties. Chemically, the Apple is made up of plant fiber, proteins, sugar, gum, chlorophyll, malic acid, gallic acid, lime, and a lot of water. Additionally, German analysts claim that the Apple has a higher percentage of phosphorus than any other fruit or vegetable. This phosphorus is particularly good for renewing the essential nervous substance "lecithin" in the brain and spinal cord. Old Scandinavian myths describe the Apple as the food of the gods, who, when they felt weak and frail, turned to this fruit to regain their mental and physical strength. The acids in the Apple are very beneficial for people with sedentary lifestyles, whose livers may be sluggish; they help remove harmful substances from the body that, if retained, could make the brain feel heavy and dull, or cause jaundice, skin rashes, or other related issues. Some experiences of this kind have led to the tradition of serving applesauce with rich dishes like roast pork and roast goose. The malic acid in ripe Apples, whether raw or cooked, can neutralize the chalky substances created in people with gout, especially from eating too much meat. A good, ripe, raw Apple is one of the easiest foods for the stomach to handle, with the entire digestive process taking just eighty-five minutes. Moreover, the Apple has a certain aromatic quality that gives it its unique flavor, stemming from a fragrant essential oil—the valerianate of amyl—in a small but noticeable amount. This can be artificially produced by chemists and used to add apple flavor to sweets and confections. Gerard noted that "the pulp of roasted Apples, mixed in a quart of clean water and blended until it resembles a drink called lambswool (Celtic for 'the day of Apple fruit')—never fails in certain ailments of the kidneys, which I have often tested and benefited from, gaining both wealth and respect." Additionally, "a thick slice of Apple, applied to hot, burning, or watery eyes at night before bed, tied or secured in place, helps alleviate the issue quickly and, surprisingly, is an excellent remedy." A poultice made from rotten Apples is commonly used in Lincolnshire to treat weak or rheumatic eyes. Similarly, at the Hotel des Invalides in Paris, an Apple poultice is used for inflamed eyes, made by roasting the fruit and applying its pulp directly to the eyes without any other material. To prevent constipation, consuming two or three Apples at night, either baked or raw, is highly effective. It was said long ago: "They pass through the body easily and quickly, thus they soften the bowels," and for this reason, a modern saying teaches that:—

"To eat an Apple going to bed
Will make the doctor beg his bread."

"Having an apple before bed
Will make the doctor have to beg for his bread."

[29] There was concocted in Gerard's day an ointment with the pulpe of Apples, and swine's grease, and rosewater, which was used to beautifie the face, and to take away the roughnesse of the skin, and which was called in the shops "pomatum," from the apples, "poma," whereof it was prepared. As varieties of the Apple, mention is made in documents of the twelfth century, of the pearmain, and the costard, from the latter of which has come the word costardmonger, as at first a dealer in this fruit, and now applied to our costermonger. Caracioli, an Italian writer, declared that the only ripe fruit he met with in Britain was a baked apple. The juices of Apples are matured and lose their rawness by keeping the fruit a certain time. These juices, together with those of the pear, the peach, the plum, and other such fruits, if taken without adding cane sugar, diminish acidity in the stomach rather than provoke it: they become converted chemically into alkaline carbonates, which correct sour fermentation. It is said in Devonshire that apples shrump up if picked when the moon is on the wane. From the bark of the stem and root of the apple, pear and plum trees, a glucoside is to be obtained in small crystals, which possesses the peculiar property of producing artificial diabetes in animals to whom it is given.

[29] In Gerard's time, they created an ointment made from apple pulp, pig fat, and rosewater, which was used to beautify the face and smooth out rough skin. It was known in stores as "pomatum," named after apples, or "poma," from which it was made. Documents from the twelfth century mention different varieties of apples, including pearmain and costard. The term costardmonger originated from those who sold this fruit and is now used for our costermonger. Caracioli, an Italian writer, claimed that the only ripe fruit he encountered in Britain was a baked apple. The juices of apples mature and lose their rawness after being stored for a while. These juices, along with those from pears, peaches, plums, and similar fruits, reduce stomach acidity instead of increasing it when consumed without added cane sugar: they chemically change into alkaline carbonates, which correct sour fermentation. In Devonshire, it's said that apples shrink if picked when the moon is waning. From the bark of apple, pear, and plum trees' stems and roots, a glucoside can be extracted in small crystals, which has the unique ability to induce artificial diabetes in animals that consume it.

The juice of a sour Apple, if rubbed on warts first pared away to the quick, will serve to cure them. The wild "Scrab," or Crab Apple, armed with thorns, grows in our fields and hedgerows, furnishing verjuice, which is rich in tannin, and a most useful application for old sprains. In the United States of America an infusion of apple tree bark is given with benefit during intermittent, remittent, and bilious fevers. We likewise prescribe Apple water as a grateful cooling drink for [29] feverish patients. Francatelli directs that it should be made thus: "Slice up thinly three or four Apples without peeling them, and boil them in a very clean saucepan, with a quart of water and a little sugar until the slices of apple become soft; the apple water must then be strained through a piece of muslin, or clean rag, into a jug, and drank when cold." If desired, a small piece of the yellow rind of a lemon may be added, just enough to give it a flavour.

The juice of a sour apple, when applied to warts that have been carefully scraped, can help to cure them. The wild "Scrab," or crab apple, which has thorns, grows in our fields and hedgerows and provides verjuice, which is high in tannin and very useful for treating old sprains. In the United States, an infusion made from apple tree bark is beneficial for intermittent, remittent, and bilious fevers. We also recommend apple water as a refreshing cooling drink for feverish patients. Francatelli suggests making it this way: "Thinly slice three or four apples without peeling them, and boil them in a clean saucepan with a quart of water and a little sugar until the apple slices are soft; then strain the apple water through a piece of muslin or a clean cloth into a jug and drink it cold." If desired, you can add a small piece of yellow lemon rind, just enough to give it some flavor.

About the year 1562 a certain rector of St. Ives, in Cornwall, the Rev. Mr. Attwell, practised physic with milk and Apples so successfully in many diseases, and so spread his reputation, that numerous sufferers came to him from all the neighbouring counties. In Germany ripe Apples are applied to warts for removing them, by reason of the earthy salts, particularly the magnesia, of the fruit. It is a fact, though not generally known, that magnesia, as occurring in ordinary Epsom salts, will cure obstinate warts, and the disposition thereto. Just a few grains, from three to six, not enough to produce any sensible medicinal effect, taken once a day for three or four weeks, will surely dispel a crop of warts. Old cheese ameliorates Apples if eaten when crude, probably by reason of the volatile alkali, or ammonia of the cheese neutralizing the acids of the Apple. Many persons make a practice of eating cheese with Apple pie. The "core" of an Apple is so named from the French word, coeur, "heart."

Around 1562, a rector in St. Ives, Cornwall, the Rev. Mr. Attwell, successfully used milk and apples to treat various diseases, building such a strong reputation that many people came to him from neighboring counties seeking help. In Germany, ripe apples are used to remove warts due to the earthy salts, especially magnesium, found in the fruit. Interestingly, though not widely known, magnesium, as found in regular Epsom salts, can cure stubborn warts and prevent their occurrence. Just a few grains—between three and six—taken once a day for three or four weeks can effectively eliminate a group of warts. Eating old cheese improves the effects of apples if consumed when they are raw, likely because the volatile alkali or ammonia in the cheese neutralizes the apple's acids. Many people enjoy cheese with apple pie. The "core" of an apple gets its name from the French word, coeur, meaning "heart."

The juice of the cultivated Apple made by fermentation into cider, which means literally "strong drink," was pronounced by John Evelyn, in his Pomona, 1729, to be "in a word the most wholesome drink in Europe, as specially sovereign against the scorbute, the stone, spleen, and what not." This beverage [31] contains alcohol (on the average a little over five per cent.), gum, sugar, mineral matters, and several acids, among which the malic predominates. As an habitual drink, if sweet, it is apt to provoke acid fermentation with a gouty subject, and to develop rheumatism. Nevertheless, Dr. Nash, of Worcester, attributed to cider great virtues in leading to longevity; and a Herefordshire vicar bears witness to its superlative merits thus:—

The juice of the cultivated apple fermented into cider, which literally means "strong drink," was described by John Evelyn in his Pomona, 1729, as "arguably the healthiest drink in Europe, especially effective against scurvy, kidney stones, spleen issues, and much more." This beverage [31] contains alcohol (usually just over five percent), gum, sugar, minerals, and several acids, with malic acid being the most prominent. When consumed regularly, if it's sweet, it can trigger acid fermentation in someone prone to gout and lead to rheumatism. Despite this, Dr. Nash from Worcester credited cider with significant benefits for longevity, and a vicar from Herefordshire attests to its exceptional qualities this way:—

    "All the Gallic wines are not so boon
    As hearty cider;—that strong son of wood
    In fullest tides refines and purges blood;
    Becomes a known Bethesda, whence arise
    Full certain cures for spit tall maladies:
    Death slowly can the citadel invade;
    A draught of this bedulls his scythe, and spade."

"All the Gallic wines aren’t as generous
    As hearty cider;—that strong offspring of wood
    In its fullest state refines and cleanses blood;
    It becomes a well-known Bethesda, where arise
    Fully guaranteed cures for serious illnesses:
    Death can slowly invade the stronghold;
    A sip of this dulls his scythe and spade."

Medical testimony goes to show that in countries where cider—not of the sweet sort—is the common beverage, stone, or calculus, is unknown; and a series of enquiries among the doctors of Normandy, a great Apple country, where cider is the principal, if not the sole drink, brought to light the fact that not a single case had been met with there in forty years. Cider Apples were introduced by the Normans; and the beverage began to be brewed in 1284. The Hereford orchards were first planted "tempore" Charles I.

Medical testimony shows that in countries where cider—specifically the non-sweet kind—is the common drink, kidney stones or calculi are rare. A series of inquiries among doctors in Normandy, a major apple-growing region where cider is the primary, if not the only, drink, revealed that not a single case of stones had been recorded there in forty years. Cider apples were brought to the region by the Normans, and cider brewing began in 1284. The orchards in Hereford were first planted during the reign of Charles I.

A chance case of stone in the bladder if admitted into a Devonshire or a Herefordshire Hospital, is regarded by the surgeons there as a sort of professional curiosity, probably imported from a distance. So that it may be fairly surmised that the habitual use of natural unsweetened cider keeps held in solution materials which are otherwise liable to be separated in a solid form by the kidneys.

A rare occurrence of a bladder stone, if treated in a hospital in Devonshire or Herefordshire, is seen by the surgeons there as somewhat of a professional curiosity, likely brought in from elsewhere. Therefore, it can be reasonably suggested that regularly consuming natural, unsweetened cider helps keep substances that would normally solidify in the kidneys dissolved.

Pippins are apples which have been raised from pips; [32] a codling is an apple which requires to be "coddled," stewed, or lightly boiled, being yet sour and unfit for eating whilst raw. The John Apple, or Apple John, ripens on St. John's Day, December 27th. It keeps sound for two years, but becomes very shrunken. Sir John Falstaff says (Henry IV., iii. 3) "Withered like an old Apple John." The squab pie, famous in Cornwall, contains apples and onions allied with mutton.

Pippins are apples grown from seeds; a codling is an apple that needs to be "coddled," stewed, or lightly boiled, as it's still sour and not good for eating raw. The John Apple, or Apple John, ripens on St. John's Day, December 27th. It stays fresh for two years but gets quite shriveled. Sir John Falstaff says (Henry IV., iii. 3) "Withered like an old Apple John." The squab pie, which is famous in Cornwall, contains apples and onions combined with mutton.

    "Of wheaten walls erect your paste:
    Let the round mass extend its breast;
    Next slice your apples picked so fresh;
    Let the fat sheep supply its flesh:
    Then add an onion's pungent juice—
    A sprinkling—be not too profuse!
    Well mixt, these nice ingredients—sure!
    May gratify an epicure."

"Build your dough walls with wheat:
    Let the round dough rise well;
    Next, slice your fresh-picked apples;
    Let the juicy lamb provide the meat:
    Then add some sharp onion juice—
    Just a little—don’t overdo it!
    Mixed well, these tasty ingredients—definitely!
    Will please a food lover."

In America, "Apple Slump" is a pie consisting of apples, molasses, and bread crumbs baked in a tin pan. This is known to New Englanders as "Pan Dowdy." An agreeable bread was at one time made by an ingenious Frenchman which consisted of one third of apples boiled, and two-thirds of wheaten flour.

In America, "Apple Slump" is a pie made with apples, molasses, and bread crumbs baked in a tin pan. New Englanders refer to this as "Pan Dowdy." An interesting type of bread was once created by a clever Frenchman, made with one-third boiled apples and two-thirds wheat flour.

It was through the falling of an apple in the garden of Mrs. Conduitt at Woolthorpe, near Grantham, Sir Isaac Newton was led to discover the great law of gravitation which regulates the whole universe. Again, it was an apple the patriot William Tell shot from the head of his own bright boy with one arrow, whilst reserving a second for the heart of a tyrant. Dr. Prior says the word Apple took its origin from the Sanskrit, Ap,—"water," and Phal,—"fruit," meaning "water fruit," or "juice fruit"; and with this the Latin name Pomum—from Poto, "to drink"—precisely agrees; if which be so, our apple must have come originally from the East long ages back.

It was the fall of an apple in Mrs. Conduitt's garden at Woolthorpe, near Grantham, that led Sir Isaac Newton to discover the great law of gravitation, which governs the entire universe. Similarly, it was an apple that the patriot William Tell shot from the head of his own young son with one arrow while keeping a second arrow ready for the heart of a tyrant. Dr. Prior states that the word "apple" comes from the Sanskrit, Ap,—"water," and Phal,—"fruit," meaning "water fruit" or "juice fruit"; and this aligns perfectly with the Latin name Pomum—from Poto, "to drink." If this is true, our apples must have originally come from the East many ages ago.

[33] The term "Apple-pie order" is derived from the French phrase, à plis, "in plaits," folded in regular plaits; or, perhaps, from cap à pied, "armed from head to foot," in perfect order. Likewise the "Apple-pie bed" is so called from the French à plis, or it may be from the Apple turnover of Devon and Cornwall, as made with the paste turned over on itself.

[33] The term "Apple-pie order" comes from the French phrase, à plis, meaning "in plaits," which refers to something folded neatly; or it might come from cap à pied, meaning "fully armed," indicating perfect order. Similarly, the "Apple-pie bed" gets its name from the French à plis, or it could refer to the apple turnover from Devon and Cornwall, which is made with the dough folded over itself.

The botanical name of an apple tree is Pyrus Malus, of which schoolboys are wont to make ingenious uses by playing on the latter word. Malo, I had rather be; Malo, in an Apple tree; Malo, than a wicked man; Malo, in adversity. Or, again, Mea mater mala est sus, which bears the easy translation, "My mother is a wicked old sow"; but the intentional reading of which signifies "Run, mother! the sow is eating the apples." The term "Adam's Apple," which is applied to the most prominent part of a person's throat in front is based on the superstition that a piece of the forbidden fruit stuck in Adam's throat, and caused this lump to remain.

The botanical name for an apple tree is Pyrus Malus, which schoolboys often use cleverly by playing on the last word. Malo, I would rather be; Malo, in an apple tree; Malo, than a wicked man; Malo, in tough times. Or, again, Mea mater mala est sus, which translates easily to, "My mother is a wicked old sow"; but the intended reading means, "Run, mother! The sow is eating the apples." The term "Adam's Apple," which refers to the most prominent part of a person’s throat in front, comes from the superstition that a piece of the forbidden fruit got stuck in Adam's throat, leaving that lump.

ARUM—THE COMMON.

The "lords and ladies" (arum maculatum) so well known to every rustic as common throughout Spring in almost every hedge row, has acquired its name from the colour of its erect pointed spike enclosed within the curled hood of an upright arrow-shaped leaf. This is purple or cream hued, according to the accredited sex of the plant. It bears further the titles of Cuckoo Pint, Wake Robin, Parson in the Pulpit, Rampe, Starchwort, Arrowroot, Gethsemane, Bloody Fingers, Snake's Meat, Adam and Eve, Calfsfoot, Aaron, and Priest's Pintle. The red spots on its glossy emerald arrow-head leaves, are attributed to the dropping of our Saviour's blood on [34] the plant whilst growing at the foot of the cross. Several of the above appellations bear reference to the stimulating effects of the herb on the sexual organs. Its tuberous root has been found to contain a particular volatile acrid principle which exercises distinct medicinal effects, though these are altogether dissipated if the roots are subjected to heat by boiling or baking. When tasted, the fresh juice causes an acrid burning irritation of the mouth and throat; also, if swallowed it will produce a red raw state of the palate and tongue, with cracked lips. The leaves, when applied externally to a delicate skin will blister it. Accordingly a tincture made (H.) from the plant and its root proves curative in diluted doses for a chronic sore throat, with swollen mucous membrane, and vocal hoarseness, such as is often known as "Clergyman's Sore Throat," and likewise for a feverish sore mouth, as well as for an irresistible tendency to sleepiness, and heaviness after a full meal. From five to ten drops of the tincture, third decimal strength, should be given with a tablespoonful of cold water to an adult three times a day. An ointment made by stewing the fresh sliced root with lard serves efficiently for the cure of ringworm.

The "lords and ladies" (arum maculatum), which everyone in the countryside recognizes as common in nearly every hedgerow during Spring, got its name from the color of its upright pointed spike that's enclosed in the curled hood of a long, arrow-shaped leaf. This can be purple or cream colored, depending on the plant's recognized gender. It is also known as Cuckoo Pint, Wake Robin, Parson in the Pulpit, Rampe, Starchwort, Arrowroot, Gethsemane, Bloody Fingers, Snake's Meat, Adam and Eve, Calfsfoot, Aaron, and Priest's Pintle. The red spots on its shiny green arrowhead leaves are said to have come from the blood of our Savior falling on the plant while it was growing at the foot of the cross. Several of these names reference the herb's stimulating effects on the reproductive organs. Its tuberous root has been found to contain a specific volatile acrid principle that produces distinct medicinal effects, although these effects are completely lost if the roots are heated by boiling or baking. When tasted, the fresh juice causes a burning irritation in the mouth and throat; if swallowed, it can lead to redness and soreness of the palate and tongue, along with cracked lips. The leaves, if applied to sensitive skin, will cause blistering. Thus, a tincture made (H.) from the plant and its root can effectively treat chronic sore throat with swollen mucous membranes and vocal hoarseness, often referred to as "Clergyman's Sore Throat," as well as for a feverish sore mouth and an overwhelming tendency to feel sleepy and heavy after eating a big meal. Adults should take five to ten drops of the tincture, at a third decimal strength, mixed with a tablespoon of cold water three times a day. An ointment made by cooking fresh sliced root with lard is also effective in treating ringworm.

The fresh juice yields malate of lime, whilst the plant contains gum, sugar, starch and fat. The name Arum is derived from the Hebrew jaron, "a dart," in allusion to the shape of the leaves like spear heads; or, as some think, from aur, "fire," because of the acrid juice. The adjective _maculatum _refers to the dark spots or patches which are seen on the smooth shining leaves of the plant. These leaves have sometimes proved fatal to children who have mistaken them for sorrel. The brilliant scarlet coral-like berries which are found set closely about the erect spike of the arum in the autumn [35] are known to country lads as adder's meat—a name corrupted from the Anglo-Saxon attor, "poison," as originally applied to these berries, though it is remarkable that pheasants can eat them with impunity.

The fresh juice produces lime malate, while the plant contains gum, sugar, starch, and fat. The name Arum comes from the Hebrew jaron, meaning "a dart," referring to the leaf shape resembling spearheads; or, as some believe, from aur, meaning "fire," due to the bitter juice. The adjective _maculatum _refers to the dark spots or patches seen on the plant's smooth, shiny leaves. These leaves have sometimes been deadly for children who mistook them for sorrel. The bright scarlet, coral-like berries that grow closely around the upright spike of the arum in the autumn [35] are known by country kids as adder's meat—a name derived from the Anglo-Saxon attor, meaning "poison," which was originally used for these berries, although it's noteworthy that pheasants can eat them without any harm.

In Queen Elizabeth's time the Arum was known as starch-wort because the roots were then used for supplying pure white starch to stiffen the ruffs and frills worn at that time by gallants and ladies. This was obtained by boiling or baking the roots, and thus dispelling their acridity. When dried and powdered the root constitutes the French cosmetic, "Cypress Powder." Recently a patented drug, "Tonga," has obtained considerable notoriety for curing obstinate neuralgia of the head and face—this turning out to be the dried scraped stem of an aroid (or arum) called Raphidophora Vitiensis, belonging to the Fiji Islands. Acting on the knowledge of which fact some recent experimenters have tried the fresh juice expressed from our common Arum Maculatum in a severe case of neuralgia which could be relieved previously only by Tonga: and it was found that this juice in doses of a teaspoonful gave similar relief. The British Domestic Herbal, of Sydenham's time, describes a case of alarming dropsy, with great constitutional exhaustion treated most successfully with a medicine composed of Arum and Angelica, which cured in about three weeks. The "English Passion Flower" and "Portland Sago" are other names given to the Arum Maculatum.

In Queen Elizabeth's time, the Arum was called starch-wort because its roots were used to produce pure white starch to stiffen the ruffs and frills worn by fashionable men and women. The starch was made by boiling or baking the roots, which removed their bitterness. When dried and ground into powder, the root becomes the French cosmetic known as "Cypress Powder." Recently, a patented drug called "Tonga" has gained a lot of attention for treating stubborn headaches and facial neuralgia—this drug is actually made from the dried, scraped stem of an aroid (or arum) called Raphidophora Vitiensis, which is native to the Fiji Islands. Based on this fact, some recent researchers have tried using the fresh juice from our common Arum Maculatum to treat a severe case of neuralgia that could only be relieved before by Tonga; they found that a teaspoonful of this juice provided similar relief. The British Domestic Herbal from Sydenham's time describes a case of severe dropsy with significant constitutional exhaustion that was successfully treated with a medicine made from Arum and Angelica, which cured the patient in about three weeks. The Arum Maculatum is also known by other names, such as "English Passion Flower" and "Portland Sago."

ASPARAGUS.

The Asparagus, belonging to the Lily order of plants, occurs wild on the coasts of Essex, Suffolk, and Cornwall. It is there a more prickly plant than the cultivated vegetable which we grow for the sake of the tender, [36] edible shoots. The Greeks and Romans valued it for their tables, and boiled it so quickly that velocius quam asparagi coquuntur—"faster than asparagus is cooked"—was a proverb with them, to which our "done in a jiffy" closely corresponds. The shoots, whether wild or cultivated, are succulent, and contain wax, albumen, acetate of potash, phosphate of potash, mannite, a green resin, and a fixed principle named "asparagin." This asparagin stimulates the kidneys, and imparts a peculiar, strong smell to the urine after taking the shoots; at the same time, the green resin with which the asparagin is combined, exercises gently sedative effects on the heart, calming palpitation, or nervous excitement of that organ. Though not producing actual sugar in the urine, asparagus forms and excretes a substance therein which answers to the reactions used by physicians for detecting sugar, except the fermentation test. It may fairly be given in diabetes with a promise of useful results. In Russia it is a domestic medicine for the arrest of flooding.

The asparagus, part of the lily family of plants, grows wild along the coasts of Essex, Suffolk, and Cornwall. There, it is a pricklier plant than the cultivated variety we grow for its tender, edible shoots. The Greeks and Romans appreciated it at their meals and cooked it so quickly that “velocius quam asparagi coquuntur”—"faster than asparagus is cooked"—became a saying among them, similar to our "done in a jiffy." The shoots, whether wild or cultivated, are juicy and contain wax, albumin, potassium acetate, potassium phosphate, mannitol, a green resin, and a compound known as "asparagin." This asparagin stimulates the kidneys and gives urine a strong, distinct smell after consuming the shoots; at the same time, the green resin combined with the asparagin has a mild sedative effect on the heart, helping to calm palpitations or nervous excitement. While it doesn’t produce actual sugar in the urine, asparagus creates and excretes a substance that reacts in similar ways to the tests used by doctors for detecting sugar, except for the fermentation test. It can be reasonably used in diabetes with the expectation of beneficial results. In Russia, it serves as a home remedy to stop excessive bleeding.

Asparagin also bears the chemical name of "althein," and occurs in crystals, which may be reduced to powder, and which may likewise be got from the roots of marsh mallow, and liquorice. One grain of this given three times a day is of service for relieving dropsy from disease of the heart. Likewise, a medicinal tincture is made (H.) from the whole plant, of which eight or ten drops given with a tablespoonful of water three times a day will also allay urinary irritation, whilst serving to do good against rheumatic gout. A syrup of asparagus is employed medicinally in France: and at Aix-les-Bains it forms part of the cure for rheumatic patients to eat Asparagus. The roots of Asparagus contain diuretic virtues more abundantly than the shoots. An infusion [37] made from these roots will assist against jaundice, and congestive torpor of the liver. The shrubby stalks of the plant bear red, coral-like berries which, when ripe, yield grape sugar, and spargancin. Though generally thought to branch out into feathery leaves, these are only ramified stalks substituted by the plant when growing on an arid sandy soil, where no moisture could be got for the maintenance of leaves. The berries are attractive to small birds, who swallow them whole, and afterwards void the seeds, to germinate when thus scattered about. Thus there is some valid reason for the vulgar corruption of the title Asparagus into Sparrowgrass, or Grass. Botanically the plant is a lily which has seen better days. In the United States of America, Asparagus is thought to be undeniably sedative, and a palliative in all heart affections attended with excited action of the pulse. The water in which asparagus has been boiled, if drunk, though somewhat disagreeable, is beneficial against rheumatism. The cellular tissue of the plant furnishes a substance similar to sago. In Venice, the wild asparagus is served at table, but it is strong in flavour and less succulent than the cultivated sort. Mortimer Collins makes Sir Clare, one of his characters in Clarisse say: "Liebig, or some other scientist maintains that asparagin—the alkaloid in asparagus-develops form in the human brain: so, if you get hold of an artistic child, and give him plenty of asparagus, he will grow into a second Raffaelle!"

Asparagin is also known as "althein" and is found in crystalline form, which can be ground into powder. It can be extracted from the roots of marshmallow and licorice. Taking one grain of this three times a day helps relieve dropsy caused by heart disease. Additionally, a medicinal tincture is made from the whole plant; taking eight or ten drops mixed with a tablespoon of water three times a day can also alleviate urinary irritation and help with rheumatic gout. In France, a syrup made from asparagus is used for medicinal purposes, and at Aix-les-Bains, part of the treatment for rheumatic patients includes eating asparagus. The roots of asparagus contain more diuretic properties than the shoots. An infusion made from these roots can help with jaundice and liver congestion. The woody stems of the plant have red, coral-like berries that, when ripe, produce grape sugar and spargancin. While it’s commonly believed that the plant has feathery leaves, these are actually branched stems that the plant develops in dry, sandy soils where it can’t maintain leaves due to lack of moisture. The berries attract small birds, which eat them whole and later drop the seeds, allowing them to germinate. This provides some justification for the common misnomer of asparagus as "sparrowgrass" or just "grass." Botanically, the plant is a lily that has seen better days. In the United States, asparagus is thought to have calming properties and is a remedy for heart issues that come with an increased pulse rate. Drinking the water in which asparagus has been boiled, although somewhat unpalatable, is beneficial for rheumatism. The plant's cellular tissue contains a substance similar to sago. In Venice, wild asparagus is served, but it has a stronger flavor and is less tender than the cultivated variety. Mortimer Collins makes Sir Clare, a character in Clarisse, say: "Liebig or some other scientist claims that asparagin—the alkaloid in asparagus—grows form in the human brain: so, if you have an artistic child and give him plenty of asparagus, he’ll become a second Raffaelle!"

Gerard calls the plant "Sperage," "which is easily concocted when eaten, and doth gently loose the belly." Our name, "Asparagus," is derived from a Greek word signifying "the tearer," in allusion to the spikes of some species; or perhaps from the Persian "Spurgas," a shoot.

Gerard calls the plant "Sperage," "which is easily prepared when eaten and gently relieves constipation." Our name, "Asparagus," comes from a Greek word meaning "the tearer," referring to the spikes of some species; or maybe from the Persian "Spurgas," meaning a shoot.

[38] John Evelyn, in his Book of Salads, derives the term Asparagus in easy fashion, ab asperitate, "from the sharpness of the plant." "Nothing," says he, "next to flesh is more nourishing; but in this country we overboil them, and dispel their volatile salts: the water should boil before they are put in." He tells of asparagus raised at Battersea in a natural, sweet, and well-cultivated soil, sixteen of which (each one weighing about four ounces) were made a present to his wife, showing what "solum, coelum, and industry will effect." The Asparagus first came into use as a food about 200 B.C., in the time of the elder Cato, and Augustus was very partial to it. The wild Asparagus was called Lybicum, and by the Athenians, Horminium. Roman cooks used to dry the shoots, and when required these were thrown into hot water, and boiled for a few minutes to make them look fresh and green. Gerard advises that asparagus should be sodden in flesh broth, and eaten; or boiled in fair water, seasoned with oil, pepper, and vinegar, being served up as a salad. Our ancestors in Tudor times ate the whole of the stalks with spoons. Swift's patron, Sir William Temple, who had been British Minister at the Hague, brought the art of Asparagus culture from Holland; and when William III. visited Sir William at Moor Park, where young Jonathan was domiciled as Secretary, his Majesty is said to have taught the future Dean of St. Patrick's how to eat asparagus in the Dutch style. Swift afterwards at his own table refused a second helping of the vegetable to a guest until the stalks had been devoured, alleging that "King William always ate his stalks." When the large white asparagus first came into vogue, it was known as the "New Vegetable." This was grown with lavish manure and was called Dutch Asparagus. For [39] cooking the stalks should be cut of equal lengths, and boiled standing upwards in a deep saucepan with nearly two inches of the heads out of the water. Then the steam will suffice to cook these tender parts, whilst the hard stalky portions may be boiled long enough to become soft and succulently wholesome. Two sorts of asparagus are now grown— the one an early kind, pinkish white, cultivated in France and the Channel Islands; the other green and English. At Kynance Cove in Cornwall, there is an island called Asparagus Island, from the abundance in which the plant is found there.

[38] John Evelyn, in his Book of Salads, explains the term Asparagus simply as ab asperitate, "from the sharpness of the plant." "Nothing," he says, "next to meat is more nutritious; but in this country, we overcook them and lose their volatile salts: the water should be boiling before they are added." He mentions asparagus grown in Battersea in rich, sweet, and well-tended soil, mentioning that sixteen of them (each weighing about four ounces) were given to his wife, illustrating what "soil, climate, and effort can achieve." Asparagus was first used as food around 200 B.C., during the time of the elder Cato, and Augustus was quite fond of it. Wild asparagus was known as Lybicum, and the Athenians called it Horminium. Roman cooks would dry the shoots, and when needed, these were soaked in hot water and boiled for a few minutes to make them appear fresh and green. Gerard suggests that asparagus should be cooked in meat broth and eaten; or boiled in clean water, seasoned with oil, pepper, and vinegar, served as a salad. Our ancestors in Tudor times used to eat the entire stalks with spoons. Swift's patron, Sir William Temple, who had been the British Minister at the Hague, brought the technique of asparagus cultivation from Holland; and when William III visited Sir William at Moor Park, where young Jonathan was living as Secretary, it’s said the king taught the future Dean of St. Patrick's how to eat asparagus the Dutch way. Swift later refused a second serving of the vegetable to a guest until the stalks had been finished, claiming that "King William always ate his stalks." When the large white asparagus first became popular, it was known as the "New Vegetable." This was grown using a lot of manure and was called Dutch Asparagus. For [39] cooking the stalks, they should be cut to the same length and boiled standing upright in a deep saucepan with nearly two inches of the tops out of the water. Then the steam will cook these tender parts, while the tougher stalks can boil long enough to become soft and delicious. Two types of asparagus are now grown—the early variety, pinkish white, cultivated in France and the Channel Islands; and the green variety, which is English. At Kynance Cove in Cornwall, there is an island referred to as Asparagus Island, due to the abundance of the plant found there.

In connection with this popular vegetable may be quoted the following riddle:—

In relation to this popular vegetable, the following riddle can be mentioned:—

    "What killed a queen to love inclined,
    What on a beggar oft we find,
    Show—to ourselves if aptly joined,
    A plant which we in bundles bind."

"What caused a queen to fall for love,
    What we often see in a beggar's life,
    Show—to ourselves if brought together right,
    A plant that we gather in bunches."

BALM.

The herb Balm, or Melissa, which is cultivated quite commonly in our cottage gardens, has its origin in the wild, or bastard Balm, growing in our woods, especially in the South of England, and bearing the name of "Mellitis." Each is a labiate plant, and "Bawme," say the Arabians, "makes the heart merry and joyful." The title, "Balm," is an abbreviation of Balsam, which signifies "the chief of sweet-smelling oils;" Hebrew, Bal smin, "chief of oils"; and the botanical suffix, Melissa, bears reference to the large quantity of honey (mel) contained in the flowers of this herb.

The herb Balm, or Melissa, which is commonly grown in our cottage gardens, originates from the wild version, known as bastard Balm, found in our woods, especially in the South of England, and is referred to as "Mellitis." Both are labiate plants, and the Arabians say that "Bawme" "makes the heart merry and joyful." The name "Balm" is a shortened form of Balsam, meaning "the best of sweet-smelling oils"; in Hebrew, it's Bal smin, meaning "chief of oils"; and the botanical name Melissa refers to the large amount of honey (mel) found in the flowers of this herb.

When cultivated, it yields from its leaves and tops an essential oil which includes a chemical principle, or "stearopten." "The juice of Balm," as Gerard tells us, "glueth together greene wounds," and the leaves, say [40] both Pliny and Dioscorides, "being applied, do close up woundes without any perill of inflammation." It is now known as a scientific fact that the balsamic oils of aromatic plants make most excellent surgical dressings. They give off ozone, and thus exercise anti-putrescent effects. Moreover, as chemical "hydrocarbons," they contain so little oxygen, that in wounds dressed with the fixed balsamic herbal oils, the atomic germs of disease are starved out. Furthermore, the resinous parts of these balsamic oils, as they dry upon the sore or wound, seal it up, and effectually exclude all noxious air. So the essential oils of balm, peppermint, lavender, and the like, with pine oil, resin of turpentine, and the balsam of benzoin (Friars' Balsam) should serve admirably for ready application on lint or fine rag to cuts and superficial sores. In domestic surgery, the lamentation of Jeremiah falls to the ground: "Is there no balm in Gilead: is there no physician there?" Concerning which "balm of Gilead," it may be here told that it was formerly of great esteem in the East as a medicine, and as a fragrant unguent. It was the true balsam of Judea, which at one time grew nowhere else in the whole world but at Jericho. But when the Turks took the Holy Land, they transplanted this balsam to Grand Cairo, and guarded its shrubs most jealously by Janissaries during the time the balsam was flowing.

When grown, it produces essential oil from its leaves and tops that contains a chemical compound known as "stearopten." "The juice of Balm," as Gerard mentions, "glues together green wounds," and both Pliny and Dioscorides note that "when applied, the leaves close up wounds without any risk of inflammation." It's now scientifically established that the balsamic oils of aromatic plants make excellent surgical dressings. They release ozone, which helps prevent decay. Additionally, as chemical "hydrocarbons," they have very little oxygen, meaning that in wounds treated with these fixed balsamic herbal oils, harmful germs are starved out. Moreover, the resinous components of these balsamic oils harden as they dry on the sore or wound, effectively sealing it off from any harmful air. Thus, the essential oils of balm, peppermint, lavender, and similar plants, along with pine oil, turpentine resin, and benzoin (known as Friars' Balsam), should work perfectly for quick application on gauze or fine cloth for cuts and superficial sores. In home remedies, the lamentation of Jeremiah becomes irrelevant: "Is there no balm in Gilead? Is there no physician there?" Regarding the "balm of Gilead," it’s worth noting that it was once highly valued in the East as both a medicine and a fragrant ointment. It was the true balsam of Judea, which at one time could only be found in the world at Jericho. However, when the Turks captured the Holy Land, they transferred this balsam to Grand Cairo and closely guarded its plants with Janissaries while the balsam was being harvested.

In the "Treacle Bible," 1584, Jeremiah viii., v. 22, this passage is rendered: "Is there not treacle at Gylead?" Venice treacle, or triacle, was a famous antidote in the middle ages to all animal poisons. It was named Theriaca (the Latin word for our present treacle) from the Greek word Therion, a small animal, in allusion to the vipers which were added to the triacle by Andromachus, physician to the emperor Nero.

In the "Treacle Bible," 1584, Jeremiah viii., v. 22, this passage is rendered: "Is there not treacle at Gilead?" Venice treacle, or triacle, was a well-known antidote in the Middle Ages for all animal poisons. It was named Theriaca (the Latin word for our current treacle) from the Greek word Therion, meaning a small animal, referring to the vipers that Andromachus, physician to Emperor Nero, added to the triacle.

[41] Tea made of our garden balm, by virtue of the volatile oil, will prove restorative, and will promote perspiration if taken hot on the access of a cold or of influenza; also, if used in like manner, it will help effectively to bring on the delayed monthly flow with women. But an infusion of the plant made with cold water, acts better as a remedy for hysterical headache, and as a general nervine stimulant because the volatile aromatic virtues are not dispelled by heat. Formerly, a spirit of balm, combined with lemon peel, nutmeg, and angelica-root, enjoyed a great reputation as a restorative cordial under the name of Carmelite water. Paracelsus thought so highly of balm that he believed it would completely revivify a man, as primum ens melissoe. The London Dispensatory of 1696 said: "The essence of balm given in Canary wine every morning will renew youth, strengthen the brain, relieve languishing nature, and prevent baldness." "Balm," adds John Evelyn, "is sovereign for the brain, strengthening the memory, and powerfully chasing away melancholy." In France, women bruise the young shoots of balm, and make them into cakes, with eggs, sugar, and rose water, which they give to mothers in childbed as a strengthener.

[41] Tea made from our garden balm, because of its volatile oil, will be restorative and help promote sweating if drunk hot during the onset of a cold or flu. It will also effectively encourage delayed menstrual flow in women if used similarly. However, an infusion of the plant made with cold water works better for hysterical headaches and as a general nerve stimulant because the volatile aromatic properties aren’t lost with heat. In the past, a balm spirit combined with lemon peel, nutmeg, and angelica root was well-known as a restorative cordial called Carmelite water. Paracelsus held balm in such high regard that he believed it could completely revive a person, referring to it as primum ens melissoe. The London Dispensatory from 1696 stated: "The essence of balm given in Canary wine every morning will renew youth, strengthen the brain, alleviate fatigue, and prevent baldness." "Balm," John Evelyn adds, "is excellent for the brain, strengthening memory and powerfully dispelling melancholy." In France, women crush the young shoots of balm and mix them into cakes with eggs, sugar, and rose water, which they provide to mothers after childbirth as a strengthener.

It is fabled that the Jew Ahasuerus (who refused a cup of water to our Saviour on His way to Golgotha, and was therefore doomed to wander athirst until Christ should come again) on a Whitsuntide evening, asked for a draught of small beer at the door of a Staffordshire cottager who was far advanced in consumption. He got the drink, and out of gratitude advised the sick man to gather in the garden three leaves of Balm, and to put them into a cup of beer. This was to be repeated every fourth day for twelve days, the refilling of the cup to be continued as often as might be wished; then "the [42] disease shall be cured and thy body altered." So saying, the Jew departed and was never seen there again. But the cottager obeyed the injunction, and at the end of the twelve days had become a sound man.

It’s said that Ahasuerus, a Jewish man (who refused to give a cup of water to our Savior on His way to Golgotha and was cursed to wander thirsty until Christ returns), on a Whitsun evening, asked for a glass of small beer at the door of a sick man in Staffordshire who was suffering from a severe illness. He got the drink, and out of gratitude, he advised the ill man to pick three leaves of Balm from his garden and add them to a cup of beer. This should be done every fourth day for twelve days, and the beer could be refilled as often as desired; then “the disease will be cured, and your body will be transformed.” After saying this, the man left and was never seen again. However, the sick man followed the advice, and after twelve days, he had become healthy.

BARBERRY.

The Common Barberry (Berberis), which gives its name to a special order of plants, grows wild as a shrub in our English copses and hedges, particularly about Essex, being so called from Berberin, a pearl oyster, because the leaves are glossy like the inside of an oyster shell. It is remarkable for the light colour of its bark, which is yellow inside, and for its three-forked spines. Provincially it is also termed Pipperidge-bush, from "pepin," a pip, and "rouge," red, as descriptive of its small scarlet juiceless fruit, of which the active chemical principles, as well as of the bark, are "berberin" and "oxyacanthin." The sparingly-produced juice of the berries is cooling and astringent. It was formerly held in high esteem by the Egyptians, when diluted as a drink, in pestilential fevers. The inner, yellow bark, which has been long believed to exercise a medicinal effect on the liver, because of its colour, is a true biliary purgative. An infusion of this bark, made with boiling water, is useful in jaundice from congestive liver, with furred tongue, lowness of spirits, and yellow complexion; also for swollen spleen from malarious exposure. A medicinal tincture (H.) is made of the root-branches and the root-bark, with spirit of wine; and if given three or four times a day in doses of five drops with one tablespoonful of cold water, it will admirably rouse the liver to healthy and more vigorous action. Conversely the tincture when of reduced strength will stay bilious diarrhoea. British farmers dislike the [43] Barberry shrub because, when it grows in cornfields, the wheat near it is blighted, even to the distance of two or three hundred yards. This is because of a special fungus which is common to the Barberry, and being carried by the wind reproduces itself by its spores destructively on the ears of wheat, the AEcidium Berberidis, which generates Puccinia.

The Common Barberry (Berberis), which lends its name to a specific order of plants, grows wild as a shrub in English woods and hedges, especially in Essex. It's named after "Berberin," a pearl oyster, due to its glossy leaves resembling the inside of an oyster shell. It’s notable for the light color of its bark, which is yellow on the inside, and for its three-pronged spines. Locally, it's also called Pipperidge-bush, from "pepin," meaning seed, and "rouge," meaning red, describing its small, red, tasteless fruit. The active chemical compounds found in both the fruit and the bark are "berberin" and "oxyacanthin." The small amount of juice produced by the berries is cooling and astringent. It was highly valued by the Egyptians as a diluted drink for pestilential fevers. The inner yellow bark has long been believed to have a medicinal effect on the liver due to its color, acting as a genuine biliary purgative. An infusion of this bark made with boiling water can be useful for jaundice caused by liver congestion, especially with a coated tongue, low spirits, and a yellow complexion; it also helps with swollen spleen from malaria exposure. A medicinal tincture (H.) is created from the root-branches and root-bark, combined with alcohol; if taken three or four times a day in doses of five drops with one tablespoon of cold water, it can effectively stimulate the liver to function healthily and vigorously. On the other hand, a weaker tincture can help manage bilious diarrhea. British farmers dislike the Barberry shrub because, when it grows in cornfields, it blights the wheat nearby, sometimes up to two or three hundred yards away. This happens due to a specific fungus that affects the Barberry, which is carried by the wind and reproduces destructively on wheat ears—specifically, the AEcidium Berberidis, which leads to the generation of Puccinia.

Clusius setteth it down as a wonderful secret which he had from a friend, "that if the yellow bark of Barberry be steeped in white wine for three hours, and be afterwards drank, it will purge one very marvellously."

Clusius notes an amazing secret he learned from a friend: "if the yellow bark of Barberry is soaked in white wine for three hours and then consumed, it will cleanse the body remarkably."

The berries upon old Barberry shrubs are often stoneless, and this is the best fruit for preserving or for making the jelly. They contain malic and citric acids; and it is from these berries that the delicious confitures d'epine vinette, for which Rouen is famous, are commonly prepared. And the same berries are chosen in England to furnish the kernel for a very nice sugar-plum. The syrup of Barberries will make with water an excellent astringent gargle for raw, irritable sore throat; likewise the jelly gives famous relief for this catarrhal affection. It is prepared by boiling the berries, when ripe, with an equal weight of sugar, and then straining. For an attack of colic because of gravel in the kidneys, five drops of the tincture on sugar every five minutes will promptly relieve, as likewise when albumen is found by analysis in the urine.

The berries on old Barberry shrubs are usually seedless, making them the best fruit for preserving or making jelly. They have malic and citric acids, and it's from these berries that the delicious confitures d'epine vinette, which Rouen is famous for, are typically made. These same berries are also used in England to create a tasty sugar plum. Barberry syrup mixed with water makes an excellent astringent gargle for soothing a raw, irritated sore throat; the jelly also provides great relief for this type of congestion. To prepare it, boil the ripe berries with an equal weight of sugar, then strain. For colic caused by kidney stones, five drops of the tincture on sugar every five minutes will provide quick relief, especially if albumin is detected in the urine.

A noted modern nostrum belauds the virtues of the Barberry as specific against bile, heartburn, and the black jaundice, this being a remedy which was "discovered after infinite pains by one who had studied for thirty years by candle light for the good of his countrymen." In Gerard's time at the village of Ivor, near Colebrooke, most of the hedges consisted solely of Barberry bushes.

A well-known modern remedy praises the benefits of the Barberry for treating bile, heartburn, and black jaundice, a cure that was "found after countless efforts by someone who had studied for thirty years by candlelight for the benefit of his fellow countrymen." In Gerard's time at the village of Ivor, near Colebrooke, most of the hedges were made up entirely of Barberry bushes.

[44] The following is a good old receipt for making Barberry jam:—Pick the fruit from the stalks, and bake it in an earthen pan; then press it through a sieve with a wooden spoon. Having mixed equal weights of the prepared fruit, and of powdered sugar, put these together in pots, and cover the mixture up, setting them in a dry place, and having sifted some powdered sugar over the top of each pot. Among the Italians the Barberry bears the name of Holy Thorn, because thought to have formed part of the crown of thorns made for our Saviour.

[44] Here’s a classic recipe for making Barberry jam: Pick the fruit from the stems and bake it in a clay pan; then press it through a sieve using a wooden spoon. Mix equal weights of the prepared fruit and powdered sugar, put this mixture into jars, and cover them, placing them in a dry spot, with some powdered sugar sifted over the top of each jar. In Italy, the Barberry is called Holy Thorn because it's believed to have been part of the crown of thorns made for our Savior.

BARLEY.

Hordeum Vulgare—common Barley—is chiefly used in Great Britain for brewing and distilling; but, it has dietetic and medicinal virtues which entitle it to be considered among serviceable simples. Roman gladiators who depended for their strength and prowess chiefly on Barley, were called Hordearii. Nevertheless, this cereal is less nourishing than wheat, and when prepared as food is apt to purge; therefore it is not made into bread, except when wheat is scarce and dear, though in Scotland poor people eat Barley bread. In India Barley meal is made into balls of dough for the oxen and camels. Pearl Barley is prepared in Holland and Germany by first shelling the grain, and then grinding it into round white granules. The ancients fed their horses upon Barley, and we fatten swine on this grain made into meal. Among the Greeks beer was known as barley wine, which was brewed without hops, these dating only from the fourteenth century.

Hordeum Vulgare—common Barley—is mainly used in Great Britain for brewing and distilling; however, it also has dietary and medicinal benefits that make it valuable as a simple staple. Roman gladiators, who relied on Barley for their strength and skills, were called Hordearii. Still, this cereal is less nutritious than wheat and, when prepared as food, can cause digestive issues; therefore, it is not typically made into bread unless wheat is scarce and expensive, although in Scotland, poorer people do eat Barley bread. In India, Barley flour is turned into dough balls for oxen and camels. Pearl Barley is processed in Holland and Germany by first removing the husk and then grinding the grain into small white granules. The ancients fed their horses Barley, and we use this grain to fatten pigs. Among the Greeks, beer was referred to as barley wine, which was brewed without hops, as hops only became common in the fourteenth century.

A decoction of barley with gum arabic, one ounce of the gum dissolved in a pint of the hot decoction, is a very useful drink to soothe irritation of the bladder, [45] and of the urinary passages. The chemical constituents of Barley are starch, gluten, albumen, oil, and hordeic acid. From the earliest times it has been employed to prepare drinks for the sick, especially in feverish disorders, and for sore lining membranes of the chest. Honey may be added beneficially to the decoction of barley for bronchial coughs. The French make "Orgeat" of barley boiled in successive waters, and sweetened at length as a cooling drink: though this name is now applied in France to a liqueur concocted from almonds.

A decoction of barley with gum arabic, one ounce of the gum dissolved in a pint of the hot decoction, is a very useful drink to soothe bladder irritation and issues in the urinary tract. The chemical components of barley include starch, gluten, albumen, oil, and hordeic acid. Since ancient times, it has been used to prepare drinks for the sick, especially in cases of fever and for soothing irritated membranes in the chest. Honey can be added to the barley decoction to help with bronchial coughs. The French make "Orgeat" from barley boiled in several waters and sweetened as a refreshing drink, although this term is now used in France for a liqueur made from almonds.

BASIL.

The herb Sweet Basil (Ocymum Basilicum) is so called because "the smell thereof is fit for a king's house." It grows commonly in our kitchen gardens, but in England it dies down every year, and the seeds have to be sown annually. Botanically, it is named "basilicon," or royal, probably because used of old in some regal unguent, or bath, or medicine.

The herb Sweet Basil (Ocimum Basilicum) is named because "its smell is suitable for a king's house." It usually grows in our kitchen gardens, but in England, it dies back every year, so the seeds need to be planted each year. Botanically, it’s called "basilicon," or royal, probably because it was historically used in some royal ointment, bath, or medicine.

This, and the wild Basil, belong to the Labiate order of plants. The leaves of the Sweet Basil, when slightly bruised, exhale a delightful odour; they gave the distinctive flavour to the original Fetter-Lane sausages.

This, along with wild Basil, belongs to the Labiate family of plants. The leaves of Sweet Basil, when lightly crushed, release a wonderful aroma; they provided the unique flavor for the original Fetter-Lane sausages.

The Wild Basil (Calamintha clinopodium) or Basil thyme, or Horse thyme, is a hairy plant growing in bushy places, also about hedges and roadsides, and bearing whorls of purple flowers with a strong odour of cloves. The term Clinopodium signifies "bed's-foot flower," because "the branches dooe resemble the foot of a bed." In common with the other labiates, Basil, both the wild and the sweet, furnishes an aromatic volatile camphoraceous oil. On this account it is much employed in France for flavouring soups (especially mock turtle) and [46] sauces; and the dry leaves, in the form of snuff, are used for relieving nervous headaches. A tea, made by pouring boiling water on the garden basil, when green, gently but effectually helps on the retarded monthly flow with women. The Bush Basil is Ocymum minimum, of which the leafy tops are used for seasoning, and in salads.

The Wild Basil (Calamintha clinopodium), also known as Basil thyme or Horse thyme, is a hairy plant that grows in overgrown areas, around hedges, and along roadsides. It produces clusters of purple flowers that emit a strong clove scent. The name Clinopodium means "bed's-foot flower," because "the branches resemble the foot of a bed." Like other mint family plants, both wild and sweet basil contain an aromatic, camphor-like essential oil. Because of this, it's commonly used in France to flavor soups (especially mock turtle) and [46] sauces, and the dried leaves can be used as snuff to relieve tension headaches. A tea made by steeping fresh garden basil in boiling water can gently help stimulate a delayed menstrual cycle in women. The Bush Basil is Ocymum minimum, whose leafy tops are used for seasoning and in salads.

The Sweet Basil has been immortalised by Keats in his tender, pathetic poem of Isabella and the Pot of Basil, founded on a story from Boccaccio. She reverently possessed herself of the decapitated head of her lover, Lorenzo, who had been treacherously slain:—

The Sweet Basil has been immortalized by Keats in his touching, poignant poem Isabella and the Pot of Basil, based on a story from Boccaccio. She lovingly kept the severed head of her lover, Lorenzo, who had been deceitfully killed:—

    "She wrapped it up, and for its tomb did choose
    A garden pot, wherein she laid it by,
    And covered it with mould, and o'er it set
    Sweet Basil, which her tears kept ever wet."

"She wrapped it up and chose a garden pot for its resting place,
    Where she laid it to rest,
    Covered it with soil, and on top she planted
    Sweet Basil, which her tears kept constantly wet."

The herb was used at funerals in Persia. Its seeds were sown by the Romans with maledictions and curses through the belief that the more it was abused the better it would prosper. When desiring a good crop they trod it down with their feet, and prayed the gods it might not vegetate. The Greeks likewise supposed Basil to thrive best when sown with swearing; and this fact explains the French saying, Semer la Basilic, as signifying "to slander." It was told in Elizabeth's time that the hand of a fair lady made Basil flourish; and this was then planted in pots as an act of gallantry. "Basil," says John Evelyn, "imparts a grateful flavour to sallets if not too strong, but is somewhat offensive to the eyes." Shenstone, in his School Mistress's Garden, tells of "the tufted Basil," and Culpeper quaintly says: "Something is the matter; Basil and Rue will never grow together: no, nor near one another." It is related [47] that a certain advocate of Genoa was once sent as an ambassador to treat for conditions with the Duke of Milan; but the Duke harshly refused to hear the message, or to grant the conditions. Then the Ambassador offered him a handful of Basil. Demanding what this meant, the Duke was told that the properties of the herb were, if gently handled, to give out a pleasant odour; but that, if bruised, and hardly wrung, it would breed scorpions. Moved by this witty answer, the Duke confirmed the conditions, and sent the Ambassador honourably home.

The herb was used at funerals in Persia. Its seeds were planted by the Romans with curses and insults, based on the belief that the more it was mistreated, the better it would grow. When they wanted a good crop, they trampled it underfoot and prayed to the gods that it wouldn't sprout. The Greeks also believed that Basil would thrive best when sown with swearing; this is why the French saying, Semer la Basilic, means "to slander." During Elizabeth's time, it was said that the hand of a beautiful woman made Basil grow, and it was then planted in pots as a romantic gesture. "Basil," says John Evelyn, "adds a pleasant flavor to salads if not too strong, but is somewhat off-putting to the eyes." Shenstone, in his School Mistress's Garden, speaks of "the tufted Basil," and Culpeper humorously notes: "Something is wrong; Basil and Rue will never grow together: no, not even close to each other." It's said that a certain advocate from Genoa was once sent as an ambassador to negotiate terms with the Duke of Milan; however, the Duke harshly refused to listen or grant the terms. The Ambassador then offered him a handful of Basil. When the Duke asked what this meant, he was told that the herb, when gently handled, gives off a pleasant scent, but if crushed and roughly treated, it could breed scorpions. Amused by this clever response, the Duke agreed to the terms and sent the Ambassador home with honor.

BEAN (see Pea and Bean).

BELLADONNA (see Night Shade).

BELLADONNA (see Nightshade).

BENNET HERB (Avens).

This, the Herba Benedicta, or Blessed Herb, or Avens (Geum Urbanum) is a very common plant of the Rose tribe, in our woods, hedges, and shady places. It has an erect hairy stem, red at the base, with terminal bright yellow drooping flowers. The ordinary name Avens—or Avance, Anancia, Enancia—signifies an antidote, because it was formerly thought to ward off the Devil, and evil spirits, and venomous beasts. Where the root is in a house Satan can do nothing, and flies from it: "therefore" (says Ortus Sanitatis) "it is blessed before all other herbs; and if a man carries the root about him no venomous beast can harm him." The herb is sometimes called Way Bennet, and Wild Rye. Its graceful trefoiled loaf, and the fine golden petals of its flowers, symbolising the five wounds of Christ, were sculptured by the monks of the thirteenth century on their Church architecture. The botanical title of this [48] plant, Geum, is got from Geuo, "to yield an agreeable fragrance," in allusion to the roots. Hence also has been derived another appellation of the Avens—Radix Caryophyllata, or "clove root," because when freshly dug out of the ground the roots smell like cloves. They yield tannin freely, with mucilage, resin, and muriate of lime, together with a heavy volatile oil. The roots are astringent and antiseptic, having been given in infusion for ague, and as an excellent cordial sudorific in chills, or for fresh catarrh. To make this a pint of boiling water should be poured on half an ounce of the dried root, or rather more of the fresh root, sliced. Half a wineglassful will be the dose, or ten grains of the powdered root. An extract is further made. When the petals of the flower fall off, a small round prickly ball is to be seen.

This, the Herba Benedicta, or Blessed Herb, or Avens (Geum Urbanum), is a very common plant from the rose family, found in our woods, hedges, and shady spots. It has a straight hairy stem, red at the base, topped with bright yellow drooping flowers. The common name Avens—or Avance, Anancia, Enancia—means antidote, because it was once believed to repel the Devil, evil spirits, and poisonous animals. Where the root is found in a house, Satan can do nothing and will flee from it: "therefore" (says Ortus Sanitatis) "it is considered more blessed than all other herbs; and if a person carries the root with them, no venomous creature can harm them." The herb is sometimes called Way Bennet and Wild Rye. Its elegant trefoiled leaves and the lovely golden petals of its flowers, representing the five wounds of Christ, were depicted in the Church architecture by monks in the thirteenth century. The botanical name of this plant, Geum, comes from Geuo, meaning "to yield an agreeable fragrance," referring to the roots. This also led to another name for Avens—Radix Caryophyllata, or "clove root," because when freshly dug up, the roots smell like cloves. They release tannin abundantly, along with mucilage, resin, and muriate of lime, as well as a strong volatile oil. The roots are astringent and antiseptic and have been used in infusion for fever and as an excellent sweat-inducing remedy for chills or recent colds. To prepare this, pour a pint of boiling water over half an ounce of the dried root, or a bit more of the fresh sliced root. Half a wineglassful will be the dose, or ten grains of the powdered root. An extract is also made. Once the flower petals fall off, a small round prickly ball is revealed.

BETONY.

Few, if any, herbal plants have been more praised for their supposed curative virtues than the Wood Betony (Stachys Betonica), belonging to the order of Labiates. By the common people it is often called Bitny. The name Betonica is from the Celtic "ben," head, and "tonic," good, in allusion to the usefulness of the herb against infirmities of the head. It is of frequent growth in shady woods and meadows, having aromatic leaves, and spikes (stakoi) of light purple flowers. Formerly it was held in the very highest esteem as a leading herbal simple. The Greeks loudly extolled its good qualities. Pliny, in downright raptures, styled it ante cunctas laudatissima! An old Italian proverb ran thus: Vende la tunica en compra la Betonia, "Sell your coat, and buy Betony;" whilst modern Italians, when speaking of a most excellent man, say, [49] "He has as many virtues as Betony"—He piu virtù che Bettonica.

Few, if any, herbal plants have been more praised for their supposed healing properties than Wood Betony (Stachys Betonica), which is part of the Labiates family. Common people often refer to it as Bitny. The name Betonica comes from the Celtic words "ben," meaning head, and "tonic," meaning good, highlighting the herb's usefulness for head-related issues. It commonly grows in shady woods and meadows, featuring aromatic leaves and spikes of light purple flowers. In the past, it was highly regarded as a significant herbal remedy. The Greeks celebrated its beneficial qualities. Pliny enthusiastically referred to it as ante cunctas laudatissima! An old Italian proverb went: Vende la tunica en compra la Betonia, "Sell your coat, and buy Betony;" while modern Italians, when talking about an exceptional person, say, [49] "He has as many virtues as Betony"—He piu virtù che Bettonica.

In the Medicina Britannica, 1666, we read: "I have known the most obstinate headaches cured by daily breakfasting for a month or six weeks on a decoction of Betony, made with new milk, and strained."

In the Medicina Britannica, 1666, we read: "I have known the most stubborn headaches cured by having breakfast every day for a month or six weeks on a tea made from Betony, mixed with fresh milk and strained."

Antonius Musa, chief physician to the Emperor Augustus, wrote a book entirely on the virtues of this herb. Meyrick says, inveterate headaches after resisting every other remedy, have been cured by taking daily at breakfast a decoction made from the leaves and tops of the Wood Betony. Culpeper wrote: "This is a precious herb well worth keeping in your house." Gerard tells that "Betony maketh a man have a good appetite to his meat, and is commended against ache of the knuckle bones" (sciatica).

Antonius Musa, the head doctor for Emperor Augustus, wrote a book entirely about the benefits of this herb. Meyrick mentions that stubborn headaches, which wouldn't respond to any other treatment, have been resolved by drinking a brew made from the leaves and tops of Wood Betony every morning at breakfast. Culpeper stated, "This is a valuable herb that is definitely worth having at home." Gerard noted that "Betony gives a person a good appetite for their food and is recommended for pain in the joints" (sciatica).

A pinch of the powdered herb will provoke violent sneezing. The dried leaves formed an ingredient in Rowley's British Herb Snuff, which was at one time quite famous against headaches.

A small amount of the powdered herb will cause intense sneezing. The dried leaves were used in Rowley's British Herb Snuff, which was once well-known for treating headaches.

And yet, notwithstanding all this concensus of praise from writers of different epochs, it does not appear that the Betony, under chemical analysis and research, shows itself as containing any special medicinal or curative constituents. It only affords the fragrant aromatic principles common to most of the labiate plants.

And yet, despite all this agreement of praise from writers of different times, it doesn’t seem that Betony, through chemical analysis and research, reveals any special medicinal or healing compounds. It only provides the fragrant aromatic properties typical of most plants in the mint family.

Parkinson, who enlarged the Herbal of Gerard, pronounced the leaves and flowers of Wood Betony, "by their sweet and spicy taste, comfortable both in meate and medicine." Anyhow, Betony tea, made with boiling water poured on the plant, is a safe drink, and likely to prove of benefit against languid nervous headaches; and the dried herb may be smoked as tobacco for relieving the same ailment. To make Betony tea, put two ounces of [50] the herb to a quart of water over the fire, and let this gradually simmer to three half-pints. Give a wine-glassful of the decoction three times a day. A conserve may be made from the flowers for similar purposes. The Poet Laureate, A. Austin, mentions "lye of Betony to soothe the brow." Both this plant, and the Water Betony—so called from its similarity of leaf—bear the name of Kernel-wort, from having tubers or kernels attached to the roots, and from being therefore supposed, on the doctrine of signatures, to cure diseased kernels or scrofulous glands in the neck; also to banish piles from the fundament.

Parkinson, who expanded Gerard’s Herbal, described the leaves and flowers of Wood Betony as "having a sweet and spicy taste, making them soothing in both food and medicine." Regardless, Betony tea, made by pouring boiling water over the plant, is a safe drink and likely to help with sluggish nervous headaches; the dried herb can also be smoked like tobacco to alleviate the same issue. To prepare Betony tea, add two ounces of [50] the herb to a quart of water over heat, and let it simmer gradually until it reduces to three and a half pints. Drink a wine-glassful of the infusion three times a day. You can make a conserve from the flowers for similar uses. The Poet Laureate, A. Austin, references “lye of Betony to soothe the brow.” Both this plant and the Water Betony—named for their similar leaves—are called Kernel-wort because they have tubers or kernels attached to their roots and are believed, according to the doctrine of signatures, to cure diseased kernels or scrofulous glands in the neck; they are also thought to help eliminate piles.

But the Water Betony (Figwort) belongs not to the labiates, but to the Scrophulariaceoe, or scrofula-curing order of plants. It is called in some counties "brown-wort," and in Yorkshire "bishopsleaves," or, l'herbe du siège, which term has a double meaning—in allusion both to the seat in the temple of Cloacina (W.C.) and to the ailments of the lower body in connection therewith, as well as to the more exalted "See" of a Right Reverend Prelate. In old times the Water figwort was famous as a vulnerary, both when used externally, and when taken in decoction. The name "brown-wort" has been got either from the brown colour of the stems and flowers, or, more probably, from its growing abundantly about the "brunnen," or public German fountains. Wasps and bees are fond of the flowers. In former days this herb was relied on for the cure of toothache, and for expelling the particular disembodied spirit, or "mare," which visited our Saxon ancestors during their sleep after supper, being familiarly known to them as the "nightmare." The "Echo" was in like manner thought by the Saxons to be due to a spectre, or mare, which they called the "wood mare." The Water [51] Betony is said to make one of the ingredients in Count Mattaei's noted remedy, "anti-scrofuloso." The Figwort is named in Somersetshire "crowdy-kit" (the word kit meaning a fiddle), "or fiddlewood," because if two of the stalks are rubbed together, they make a noise like the scraping of the bow on violin strings. In Devonshire, also, the plant is known as "fiddler."

But Water Betony (Figwort) doesn’t belong to the mint family; it’s actually part of the Scrophulariaceae, a group known for curing scrofula. In some areas, it’s called "brown-wort," and in Yorkshire, it’s referred to as "bishopsleaves," or l'herbe du siège, which has a double meaning—referring both to the seat in the temple of Cloacina (W.C.) and to lower body ailments associated with it, as well as to the more prestigious "See" of a Right Reverend Prelate. In the past, Water Figwort was well-known as a wound healer, used both externally and in decoction. The name "brown-wort" likely comes from either the brown color of the stems and flowers or, more likely, from its abundance around "brunnen," or public German fountains. Wasps and bees enjoy its flowers. Historically, this herb was trusted to relieve toothaches and to drive away the specific spirit, or "mare," that troubled our Saxon ancestors during their sleep after dinner, commonly known to them as the "nightmare." The Saxons similarly believed that the "Echo" was caused by a specter or mare they called the "wood mare." Water Betony is said to be one of the ingredients in Count Mattaei's famous remedy, "anti-scrofuloso." In Somersetshire, Figwort is called "crowdy-kit" (with "kit" meaning a fiddle) or "fiddlewood," because rubbing two of its stalks together creates a sound like violin bowing. In Devonshire, the plant is also known as "fiddler."

An allied Figwort—which is botanically called nodosa, or knotted—is considered, when an ointment is made with it, using the whole plant bruised and treated with unsalted lard, a sovereign remedy against "burnt holes" or gangrenous chicken-pox, such as often attacks the Irish peasantry, who subsist on a meagre and exclusively vegetable diet, being half starved, and pent up in wretched foul hovels. This herb is said to be certainly curative of hydrophobia, by taking every morning whilst fasting a slice of bread and butter on which the powdered knots of the roots have been spread, following it up with two tumblers of fresh spring water. Then let the patient be well clad in woollen garments and made to take a long fast walk until in a profuse perspiration. The treatment should be continued for nine days. Again, the botanical name of a fig, ficus, has been commonly applied to a sore or scab appearing on a part of the body where hair is, or to a red sore in the fundament, i.e., to a pile. And the Figwort is so named in allusion to its curative virtues against piles, when the plant is made into an ointment for outward use, and when the tincture is taken internally. It is specially visited by wasps.

An allied Figwort—which is botanically called nodosa, or knotted—is considered a powerful remedy when made into an ointment using the whole plant bruised and mixed with unsalted lard, effectively treating "burnt holes" or gangrenous chickenpox, which often affects the Irish peasantry. They live on a meager, purely vegetable diet, often feeling half-starved and confined in filthy, damp huts. This herb is said to be effective against hydrophobia by consuming a slice of bread and butter topped with powdered knots from the roots every morning while fasting, followed by two glasses of fresh spring water. The patient should then be well-dressed in woolen clothes and take a long, brisk walk until they sweat profusely. The treatment should continue for nine days. Additionally, the botanical name for fig, ficus, is often used to describe a sore or scab on hairy areas of the body or a red sore in the anus, referring to a pile. The Figwort is named for its healing properties against piles when the plant is made into an ointment for external use or taken internally as a tincture. It is especially frequented by wasps.

BILBERRY (Whortleberry, or Whinberry).

BILBERRY (Whortleberry or Whinberry).

This fruit, which belongs to the Cranberry order of plants, grows abundantly throughout England in heathy [52] and mountainous districts. The small-branched shrub bears globular, wax-like flowers, and black berries, which are covered, when quite fresh, with a grey bloom. In the West of England they are popularly called "whorts," and they ripen about the time of St. James' Feast, July 25th. Other names for the fruit are Blueberry, Bulberry, Hurtleberry, and Huckleberry. The title Whinberry has been acquired from its growing on Whins, or Heaths; and Bilberry signifies dark coloured; whence likewise comes Blackwort as distinguished in its aspect from the Cowberry and the Cranberry. By a corruption the original word Myrtleberry has suffered change of its initial M into W. (Whortlebery.) In the middle ages the Myrtleberry was used in medicine and cookery, to which berry the Whortleberry bears a strong resemblance. It is agreeable to the taste, and may be made into tarts, but proves mawkish unless mixed with some more acid fruit.

This fruit, which is part of the Cranberry family of plants, grows plentifully throughout England in heath and mountainous areas. The small-branched shrub produces round, waxy flowers and black berries that are covered with a grey bloom when fresh. In the West of England, they're commonly known as "whorts," and they ripen around the time of St. James' Feast on July 25th. Other names for the fruit include Blueberry, Bulberry, Hurtleberry, and Huckleberry. The name Whinberry comes from its growth on Whins or Heaths, and Bilberry means dark-colored; this is also where Blackwort comes from, as it looks different from Cowberry and Cranberry. Due to a mispronunciation, the original name Myrtleberry changed its initial M to W (Whortlebery). In the Middle Ages, the Myrtleberry was used in medicine and cooking, and the Whortleberry is very similar to it. It's pleasant to eat and can be made into tarts, but it can taste too sweet if not mixed with some more sour fruit.

The Bilberry (Vaccinium Myrtillus) is an admirable astringent, and should be included as such among the domestic medicines of the housewife. If some good brandy be poured over two handfuls of the fruit in a bottle, this will make an extract which continually improves by being kept. Obstinate diarrhoea may be cured by giving doses of a tablespoonful of this extract taken with a wineglassful of warm water, and repeated at intervals of two hours whilst needed, even for the more severe cases of dysenteric diarrhoea. The berries contain chemically much tannin. Their stain on the lips may be quickly effaced by sucking at a lemon. In Devonshire they are eaten at table with cream. The Irish call them "frawns." If the first tender leaves are properly gathered and dried, they can scarcely be [53] distinguished from good tea. Moor game live on these berries in the autumn. Their juice will stain paper or linen purple:—

The Bilberry (Vaccinium Myrtillus) is a great astringent and should be included among the household remedies for anyone managing a home. If you pour some good brandy over two handfuls of the fruit in a bottle, it will create an extract that improves over time when stored. Stubborn diarrhea can be treated with a tablespoon of this extract mixed with a wineglass of warm water, taken every two hours as needed, even for more severe cases of dysentery. The berries have a significant amount of tannin. Any stains on the lips can be quickly removed by sucking on a lemon. In Devonshire, they are served at the table with cream. The Irish refer to them as "frawns." If the first tender leaves are properly picked and dried, they can hardly be distinguished from good tea. Moor game feed on these berries in the autumn. Their juice can stain paper or linen purple:—

    "Sanguineo splendore rosas vaccinia nigro,
    Induit, et dulci violas ferrugine pingit."
            CLAUDIAN.

"Sanguineo splendore rosas vaccinia nigro,
Induit, et dulci violas ferrugine pingit."
CLAUDIAN.

They are also called in some counties, Blaeberries, Truckleberries, and Blackhearts.

They are also called in some areas, Blaeberries, Truckleberries, and Blackhearts.

The extract of Bilberry is found to be a very useful application for curing such skin diseases as scaly eczema, and other eczema which is not moist or pustulous; also for burns and scalds. Some of the extract is to be laid thickly on the cleansed skin with a camel hairbrush, and a thin layer of cotton wool to be spread over it, the whole being fastened with a calico or gauze bandage. This should be changed gently once a day.

The extract of Bilberry is known to be very effective for treating skin conditions like scaly eczema and other non-moist or non-pustulous eczema, as well as for burns and scalds. Some of the extract should be applied generously to the clean skin using a camel hairbrush, and a thin layer of cotton wool should be placed over it, securing everything with a calico or gauze bandage. This dressing should be changed gently once a day.

Another Vaccinium (oxycoccos), the Marsh Whortleberry, or Cranberry, or Fenberry—from growing in fens—is found in peat bogs, chiefly in the North. This is a low plant with straggling wiry stems, and solitary terminal bright red flowers, of which the segments are bent back in a singular manner. Its fruit likewise makes excellent tarts, and forms a considerable article of commerce at Langtown, on the borders of Cumberland. The fruit stalks are crooked at the top, and before the blossom expands they resemble the head and neck of a crane.

Another Vaccinium (oxycoccos), the Marsh Whortleberry, or Cranberry, or Fenberry—from growing in fens—is found in peat bogs, mostly in the North. This is a low plant with sprawling, slender stems and single, bright red flowers at the tips, which have petals that bend back in a unique way. Its fruit also makes delicious tarts and is a significant product in Langtown, located on the edge of Cumberland. The fruit stalks are twisted at the top, and before the flowers open, they look like the head and neck of a crane.

BLACKBERRY.

This is the well-known fruit of the Common Bramble (Rubus fructicosus), which grows in every English hedgerow, and which belongs to the Rose order of plants. It has long been esteemed for its bark and leaves as a [54] capital astringent, these containing much tannin; also for its fruit, which is supplied with malic and citric acids, pectin, and albumen. Blackberries go often by the name of "bumblekites," from "bumble," the cry of the bittern, and kyte, a Scotch word for belly; the name bumblekite being applied, says Dr. Prior, "from the rumbling and bumbling caused in the bellies of children who eat the fruit too greedily." "Rubus" is from the Latin ruber, red.

This is the well-known fruit of the Common Bramble (Rubus fructicosus), which grows in every English hedgerow and belongs to the rose family of plants. It has long been valued for its bark and leaves as a top astringent, as they contain a lot of tannin; also for its fruit, which has malic and citric acids, pectin, and albumen. Blackberries are often called "bumblekites," from "bumble," the sound a bittern makes, and "kyte," a Scottish word for belly; the name bumblekite is used, according to Dr. Prior, "because of the rumbling and bumbling in the bellies of children who eat the fruit too greedily." "Rubus" comes from the Latin ruber, meaning red.

The blackberry has likewise acquired the name of scaldberry, from producing, as some say, the eruption known as scaldhead in children who eat the fruit to excess; or, as others suppose, from the curative effects of the leaves and berries in this malady of the scalp; or, again, from the remedial effects of the leaves when applied externally to scalds.

The blackberry is also known as scaldberry because, as some people believe, it can cause a skin condition called scaldhead in children who eat too much of the fruit; others think it gets the name from the healing properties of the leaves and berries for this scalp issue; and still others believe it's due to the soothing effects of the leaves when used on burns.

It has been said that the young shoots, eaten as a salad, will fasten loose teeth. If the leaves are gathered in the Spring and dried, then, when required, a handful of them may be infused in a pint of boiling water, and the infusion, when cool, may be taken, a teacupful at a time, to stay diarrhoea, and for some bleedings. Similarly, if an ounce of the bruised root is boiled in three half-pints of water, down to a pint, a teacupful of this may be given every three or four hours. The decoction is also useful against whooping-cough in its spasmodic stage. The bark contains tannin; and if an ounce of the same be boiled in a pint and a half of water, or of milk, down to a pint, half a teacupful of the decoction may be given every hour or two for staying relaxed bowels. Likewise the fruit, if desiccated in a moderately hot oven, and afterwards reduced to powder (which should be kept ill a well corked bottle) will prove an efficacious remedy for dysentery.

It’s been said that young shoots, eaten as a salad, can help tighten loose teeth. If you collect the leaves in the spring and dry them, you can steep a handful in a pint of boiling water when needed. Once it cools, you can drink a teacupful at a time to relieve diarrhea and control some bleeding. Similarly, if you boil an ounce of the crushed root in three half-pints of water until it reduces to a pint, you can take a teacupful of this every three or four hours. This decoction is also helpful for whooping cough during its spasmodic phase. The bark contains tannin; if you boil an ounce of it in a pint and a half of water or milk until it reduces to a pint, you can take half a teacupful of the decoction every hour or two to help with loose bowels. Additionally, if you dry the fruit in a moderately hot oven and then grind it into powder (which should be stored in a well-corked bottle), it will be an effective remedy for dysentery.

[55] Gerard says: "Bramble leaves heal the eyes that hang out, and stay the haemorrhoides [piles] if they can be laid thereunto." The London Pharmacopoeia (1696) declared the ripe berries of the bramble to be a great cordial, and to contain a notable restorative spirit. In Cruso's Treasury of Easy Medicines (1771), it is directed for old inveterate ulcers: "Take a decoction of blackberry leaves made in wine, and foment the ulcers with this whilst hot each night and morning, which will heal them, however difficult to be cured." The name of the bush is derived from brambel, or brymbyll, signifying prickly; its blossom as well as the fruit, ripe and unripe, in all stages, may be seen on the bush at the same time. With the ancient Greeks Blackberries were a popular remedy for gout.

[55] Gerard says: "Bramble leaves heal protruding eyes and help with hemorrhoids if applied there." The London Pharmacopoeia (1696) stated that ripe bramble berries are a great tonic and contain a significant restorative quality. In Cruso's Treasury of Easy Medicines (1771), it instructs to use it for stubborn old ulcers: "Take a decoction of blackberry leaves made in wine, and apply this hot to the ulcers every night and morning, which will heal them, no matter how hard they are to treat." The name of the bush comes from brambel or brymbyll, meaning prickly; both its blossoms and fruit, ripe and unripe, can be seen on the bush at the same time. Ancient Greeks commonly used blackberries as a remedy for gout.

As soon as blackberries are over-ripe, they become quite indigestible. Country folk say in Somersetshire and Sussex: "The devil goes round on Old Michaelmas Day, October 11th, to spite the Saint, and spits on the blackberries, so that they who eat them after that date fall sick, or have trouble before the year is out." Blackberry wine and blackberry jam are taken for sore throats in many rustic homes. Blackberry jelly is useful for dropsy from feeble ineffective circulation. To make "blackberry cordial," the juice should be expressed from the fresh ripe fruit, adding half a pound of white sugar to each quart thereof, together with half an ounce of both nutmeg and cloves; then boil these together for a short time, and add a little brandy to the mixture when cold.

As soon as blackberries are overripe, they become really hard to digest. People in Somerset and Sussex say, "The devil roams around on Old Michaelmas Day, October 11th, to annoy the Saint, and spits on the blackberries, so anyone who eats them after that date gets sick or has problems before the year ends." Blackberry wine and blackberry jam are used for sore throats in many rural homes. Blackberry jelly is helpful for fluid retention due to weak circulation. To make "blackberry cordial," you should squeeze the juice from fresh, ripe fruit, adding half a pound of white sugar for each quart, along with half an ounce of nutmeg and cloves; then boil these together for a short time and mix in a little brandy once it cools down.

In Devonshire the peasantry still think that if anyone is troubled with "blackheads," i.e., small pimples, or boils, he may be cured by creeping from East to West on the hands and knees nine times beneath an arched [56] bramble bush. This is evidently a relic of an old Dryad superstition when the angry deities who inhabited particular trees had to be appeased before the special diseases which they inflicted could be cured. It is worthy of remark that the Bramble forms the subject of the oldest known apologue. When Jonathan upbraided the men of Shechem for their base ingratitude to his father's house, he related to them the parable of the trees choosing a king, by whom the Bramble was finally elected, after the olive, the fig tree, and the vine had excused themselves from accepting this dignity.

In Devonshire, peasants still believe that if someone has "blackheads," meaning small pimples or boils, they can be cured by crawling from East to West on their hands and knees nine times beneath an arched bramble bush. This is clearly a remnant of an old Dryad superstition, where the angry spirits inhabiting certain trees had to be appeased before the specific diseases they caused could be healed. It's worth noting that the Bramble is the focus of the oldest known fable. When Jonathan scolded the men of Shechem for their petty ingratitude toward his father's house, he told them the story of the trees choosing a king, where the Bramble was ultimately elected after the olive, fig tree, and vine declined the honor.

In the Roxburghe Ballad of "The Children in the Wood," occurs the verse—

In the Roxburghe Ballad of "The Children in the Wood," there is a verse—

    "Their pretty lips with Blackberries
        Were all besmeared and dyed;
    And when they saw the darksome night
        They sat them down, and cryed."

"Their pretty lips covered in blackberries
        Were all smeared and stained;
    And when they saw the dark night
        They sat down and cried."

The French name for blackberries is mûres sauvages, also mûres de haie; and in some of our provincial districts they are known as "winterpicks," growing on the Blag.

The French name for blackberries is mûres sauvages, also mûres de haie; and in some of our provincial areas, they are called "winterpicks," growing on the Blag.

Blackberry wine, which is a trustworthy cordial astringent remedy for looseness of the bowels, may be made thus: Measure your berries, and bruise them, and to every gallon of the fruit add a quart of boiling water. Let the mixture stand for twenty-four hours, occasionally stirring; then strain off the liquid, adding to every gallon a couple of pounds of refined sugar, and keep it in a cask tightly corked till the following October, when it will be ripe and rich.

Blackberry wine, a reliable astringent remedy for diarrhea, can be made like this: Measure your berries and mash them up, then add a quart of boiling water for every gallon of fruit. Let the mixture sit for twenty-four hours, stirring occasionally; then strain out the liquid, adding a couple of pounds of refined sugar for every gallon. Store it in a tightly sealed cask until the following October, when it will be ready and flavorful.

A noted hair-dye is said to be made by boiling the leaves of the bramble in strong lye, which then imparts permanently to the hair a soft, black colour. Tom Hood, in his humorous way, described a negro funeral [57] as "going a black burying." An American poet graphically tell us:—

A well-known hair dye is said to be made by boiling bramble leaves in strong lye, which gives the hair a soft, permanent black color. Tom Hood, in his humorous style, described a Black funeral as "going a black burying." An American poet vividly tells us:—

            "Earth's full of Heaven,
    And every common bush afire with God!
    But only they who see take off their shoes;
    The rest sit round it, and—pluck blackberries."

"Earth's full of Heaven,
    And every common bush is on fire with God!
    But only those who see take off their shoes;
    The rest sit around it and—pick blackberries."

BLUEBELL (Wild Hyacinth).

Bluebell (Wild Hyacinth).

This,—the Agraphis mutans,—of the Lily tribe—is so abundant in English woods and pastures, whilst so widely known, and popular with young and old, as to need no description. Hyacinth petals are marked in general with dark spots, resembling in their arrangement the Greek word AI, alas! because a youth, beloved by Apollo, and killed by an ill-wind, was changed into this flower. But the wild Hyacinth bears no such character on its petals, and is therefore called "non-scriptus." The graceful curl of the petals, not their dark violet colour, has suggested to the poets "hyacinthine locks."

This—the Agraphis mutans—from the Lily family—is so common in English woods and pastures, and so well-known and loved by people of all ages, that it doesn’t require any description. Hyacinth petals generally have dark spots that are arranged like the Greek word AI, which means "alas!" because a young man, who was adored by Apollo, was killed by a bad breeze and transformed into this flower. However, the wild Hyacinth doesn’t have such markings on its petals, which is why it’s called "non-scriptus." The elegant curl of the petals, rather than their dark violet color, has inspired poets to refer to "hyacinthine locks."

In Walton's Angler the Bluebell is mentioned as Culverkeys, the same as "Calverkeys" in Wiltshire. No particular medicinal uses have attached themselves to the wild Hyacinth flower as a herbal simple. The root is round, and was formerly prized for its abundant clammy juice given out when bruised, and employed as starch. Miss Pratt refers to this as poisonous; and our Poet Laureate teaches:—

In Walton's Angler, the Bluebell is referred to as Culverkeys, which is the same as "Calverkeys" in Wiltshire. No specific medicinal uses have been associated with the wild Hyacinth flower as an herbal remedy. The root is round and was once valued for the thick, sticky juice released when crushed, which was used as starch. Miss Pratt refers to this as poisonous; and our Poet Laureate teaches:—

"In the month when earth and sky are one,
To squeeze the blue bell 'gainst the adder's bite."

"In the month when earth and sky come together,
To press the bluebell against the snake's bite."

When dried and powdered, the root as a styptic is of special virtue to cure the whites of women: in doses of not more than three grains at a time. "There is [58] hardly," says Sir John Hill, "a more powerful remedy." Tennyson has termed the woodland abundance of Hyacinths in full spring time as "The heavens upbreaking through the earth." On the day of St. George, the Patron Saint of England, these wild hyacinths tinge the meadows and pastures with their deep blue colour—an emblem of the ocean empire, over which England assumes the rule.

When dried and ground up, the root acts as a powerful styptic that is especially beneficial for treating women's vaginal discharge: in doses of no more than three grains at a time. "There is [58] hardly," says Sir John Hill, "a more effective remedy." Tennyson referred to the abundance of hyacinths in full bloom during spring as "The heavens breaking through the earth." On St. George's Day, the Patron Saint of England, these wild hyacinths color the meadows and pastures with their deep blue hue—symbolizing the ocean empire that England claims to rule.

But the chief charms of the Bluebell are its beauty and early appearance. Now is "the winter past; the rain is over and gone; the flowers appear on the earth; the time for the singing of birds is come; and the voice of the turtle is heard in the land."

But the main attractions of the Bluebell are its beauty and its early arrival. Now is "the winter past; the rain is over and gone; the flowers appear on the earth; the time for the singing of birds has come; and the voice of the turtle is heard in the land."

    "This earth is one great temple, made
        For worship everywhere;
    The bells are flowers in sun and shade
        Which ring the heart to prayer."

"This earth is one big temple, made
For worship everywhere;
The bells are flowers in sun and shade
That call the heart to prayer."

    "The city bell takes seven days
        To reach the townsman's ear;
    But he who kneels in Nature's ways.
        Has Sabbath all the year."

"The city bell takes seven days
        To reach the townsman's ear;
    But he who kneels in Nature's ways.
        Has a day of rest all year long."

The Hairbell (Campanula rotundifolia) is the Bluebell of Scotland; and nothing rouses a Scot to anger more surely than to exhibit the wild Hyacinth as the true Bluebell.

The Hairbell (Campanula rotundifolia) is Scotland's Bluebell; and nothing makes a Scot angrier than showing the wild Hyacinth as the real Bluebell.

BOG BEAN (or Marsh-trefoil).

BOG BEAN (or Marsh Trefoil).

The Buck-bean, or Bog-bean, which is common enough in stagnant pools, and on our spongy bogs, is the most serviceable of all known herbal tonics. It may be easily recognised growing in water by its large leaves overtopping the surface, each being composed of three leaflets, and resembling the leaf of a Windsor Broad Bean. The flowers when in bud are of a bright rose [59] color, and when fully blown they have the inner surface of their petals thickly covered with a white fringe, on which account the plant is known also as "white fluff." The name Buckbean is perhaps a corruption of scorbutus, scurvy; this giving it another title, "scurvy bean." And it is termed "goat's bean," perhaps from the French le bouc, "a he-goat." The plant flowers for a month and therefore bears the botanical designation, "Menyanthes" (trifoliata) from meen, "a month," and anthos, "a flower." It belongs to the Gentian tribe, each of which is distinguished by a tonic and appetizing bitterness of taste. The root of the Bog Bean is the most bitter part, and is therefore selected for medicinal use. It contains a chemical glucoside, "Menyanthin," which consists of glucose and a volatile product, "Menyanthol." For curative purposes druggists supply an infusion of the herb, and a liquid extract in combination with liquorice. These preparations are in moderate doses, strengthening and antiscorbutic; but when given more largely they are purgative and emetic. Gerard says if the plant "be taken with mead, or honied water, it is of use against a cough"; in which respect it is closely allied to the Sundew (another plant of the bogs) for relieving whooping-cough after the first feverish stage, or any similar hacking, spasmodic cough. A tincture is made (H.) from the whole plant with spirit of wine, and this proves most useful for clearing obscuration of the sight, when there is a sense, especially in the open-air, of a white vibrating mist before the eyes; and therefore it has been given with marked success in early stages of amaurotic paralysis of the retina. The dose should be three or four drops of the tincture with a tablespoonful of cold water three times in the day for a week at a time.

The Buck-bean, or Bog-bean, which is fairly common in stagnant pools and on our soft bogs, is the most effective herbal tonic known. You can easily spot it growing in water by its large leaves that rise above the surface, each made up of three leaflets, resembling the leaf of a Windsor Broad Bean. The buds are a bright rose color, and when fully open, the inner surface of their petals is thickly covered with a white fringe, which is why the plant is also called "white fluff." The name Buckbean possibly comes from scorbutus, meaning scurvy, giving it another name, "scurvy bean." It’s also called "goat's bean," likely derived from the French le bouc, meaning "a he-goat." The plant blooms for a month, which is reflected in its botanical name, "Menyanthes" (trifoliata), from meen, meaning "a month," and anthos, meaning "a flower." It belongs to the Gentian family, known for their tonic and appetizing bitter flavors. The root of the Bog Bean is the most bitter part and is used for medicinal purposes. It contains a chemical glucoside called "Menyanthin," which includes glucose and a volatile product known as "Menyanthol." For healing, pharmacists offer an infusion of the herb and a liquid extract combined with licorice. These preparations, in moderate doses, are strengthening and good for scurvy; however, when taken in larger amounts, they act as a laxative and induce vomiting. Gerard claims that if the plant is taken with mead or honeyed water, it helps with coughs; in this respect, it's closely related to the Sundew (another bog plant) for relieving whooping cough after the initial feverish phase or any similar hacking, spasmodic cough. A tincture is made (H.) from the whole plant with spirit of wine, and it is very effective for clearing up blurred vision, particularly when there’s a sensation of a white vibrating mist in the open air before the eyes; hence, it has been successfully used in the early stages of amaurotic paralysis of the retina. The recommended dose is three or four drops of the tincture mixed with a tablespoonful of cold water three times a day for a week at a time.

[60] BORAGE.

The Borage, with its gallant blue flower, is cultivated in our gardens as a pot herb, and is associated in our minds with bees and claret cup. It grows wild in abundance on open plains where the soil is favourable, and it has a long-established reputation for cheering the spirits. Botanically, it is the Borago officinalis, this title being a corruption of cor-ago, i.e., cor, the heart, ago, I stimulate—quia cordis affectibus medetur, because it cures weak conditions of the heart. An old Latin adage says: Borago ego gaudia semper ago—"I, Borage, bring always courage"; or the name may be derived from the Celtic, Borrach, "a noble person." This plant was the Bugloss of the older botanists, and it corresponds to our Common Bugloss, so called from the shape and bristly surface of its leaves, which resemble bous-glossa, the tongue of an ox. Chemically, the plant Borage contains potassium and calcium combined with mineral acids. The fresh juice affords thirty per cent., and the dried herb three per cent. of nitrate of potash. The stems and leaves supply much saline mucilage, which, when boiled and cooled, likewise deposits nitre and common salt. These crystals, when ignited, will burn with a succession of small sparkling explosions, to the great delight of the schoolboy. And it is to such saline qualities the wholesome, invigorating effects and the specially refreshing properties of the Borage are supposed to be mainly due. For which reason, the plant, "when taken in sallets," as says an old herbalist, "doth exhilarate, and make the mind glad," almost in the same way as a bracing sojourn by the seaside during an autumn holiday. The flowers possess cordial virtues which are very revivifying, and have been much commended against melancholic depression of the nervous system. Burton, in his [61] Anatomy of Melancholy (1676), wrote with reference to the frontispiece of that book:—

The Borage, with its striking blue flowers, is grown in our gardens as a pot herb and is linked in our minds with bees and claret cup. It grows wild in abundance on open plains where the soil is good, and it’s long been known for lifting spirits. Botanically, it is the Borago officinalis, a name that comes from cor-ago, meaning cor (heart) and ago (I stimulate)—quia cordis affectibus medetur, because it helps with weak heart conditions. An old Latin saying goes: Borago ego gaudia semper ago—"I, Borage, always bring courage"; or it may come from the Celtic word Borrach, meaning "a noble person." This plant was known as Bugloss by older botanists and corresponds to our Common Bugloss, named for the shape and rough texture of its leaves, which resemble bous-glossa, the tongue of an ox. Chemically, Borage contains potassium and calcium along with mineral acids. The fresh juice has thirty percent nitrate of potash, while the dried herb has three percent. The stems and leaves provide a lot of saline mucilage, which, when boiled and cooled, also yields nitre and common salt. These crystals, when ignited, burn with a series of small sparkling explosions, much to the delight of schoolboys. This saline quality is believed to be primarily responsible for the wholesome, invigorating effects and refreshing properties of Borage. For this reason, the plant "when taken in salads," as an old herbalist said, "exhilarates and brings joy to the mind," much like a refreshing trip to the seaside during an autumn holiday. The flowers have revitalizing qualities that are highly praised for combating the melancholic depression of the nervous system. Burton, in his [61] Anatomy of Melancholy (1676), wrote about the frontispiece of that book:—

    "Borage and Hellebore fill two scenes,
    Sovereign plants to purge the veins
    Of melancholy, and cheer the heart
    Of those black fumes which make it smart;
    The best medicine that God e'er made
    For this malady, if well assaid."

"Borage and Hellebore take up two scenes,
    Powerful plants to cleanse the veins
    Of sadness, and lift the spirits
    Of those dark thoughts that cause pain;
    The best remedy that God ever created
    For this illness, if used properly."

"The sprigs of Borage," wrote John Evelyn, "are of known virtue to revive the hypochondriac and cheer the hard student."

"The sprigs of Borage," wrote John Evelyn, "are known to revive those feeling down and cheer up dedicated students."

According to Dioscorides and Pliny, the Borage was that famous nepenthe of Homer which Polydamas sent to Helen for a token "of such rare virtue that when taken steep'd in wine, if wife and children, father and mother, brother and sister, and all thy dearest friends should die before thy face, thou could'st not grieve, or shed a tear for them." "The bowl of Helen had no other ingredient, as most criticks do conjecture, than this of borage." And it was declared of the herb by another ancient author: Vinum potatum quo sit macerata buglossa moerorum cerebri dicunt auferre periti:—

According to Dioscorides and Pliny, Borage was the famous nepenthe of Homer that Polydamas sent to Helen as a token "of such rare virtue that when steeped in wine, even if your wife and children, father and mother, brother and sister, and all your dearest friends died right in front of you, you could not grieve or shed a tear for them." "Helen's bowl had no other ingredient, as most critics suggest, than borage." Another ancient author declared about the herb: Vinum potatum quo sit macerata buglossa moerorum cerebri dicunt auferre periti:—

"To enliven the sad with the joy of a joke,
Give them wine with some borage put in it to soak."

"To lift the downhearted with the happiness of a joke,
Offer them wine infused with some borage."

The Romans named the Borage Euphrosynon, because when put into a cup of wine it made the drinkers of the same merry and glad.

The Romans called Borage Euphrosynon because when it was added to a cup of wine, it made those who drank it cheerful and happy.

Parkinson says, "The seed of Borage helpeth nurses to have more store of milk, for which purpose its leaves are most conducing." Its saline constituents promote activity of the kidneys, and for this reason the plant is used in France to carry off catarrhs which are feverish. The fresh herb has a cucumber-like odour, and when compounded with lemon and sugar, added to wine and [62] water, it makes a delicious "cool tankard," as a summer drink. "A syrup concocted of the floures," said Gerard, "quieteth the lunatick person, and the leaves eaten raw do engender good blood." Of all nectar-loving insects, bees alone know how to pronounce the "open sesame" of admission to the honey pots of the Borage.

Parkinson says, "The seeds of Borage help nursing mothers produce more milk, and its leaves are especially useful for this purpose." Its salty components enhance kidney function, which is why the plant is used in France to relieve feverish colds. The fresh herb has a cucumber-like smell, and when mixed with lemon and sugar, added to wine and water, it creates a refreshing "cool tankard" summer drink. "A syrup made from the flowers," said Gerard, "calms those who are mentally troubled, and eating the leaves raw promotes good blood." Of all nectar-loving insects, only bees know how to access the honey of the Borage.

BROOM.

The Broom, or Link (Cytisus scoparius) is a leguminous shrub which is well known as growing abundantly on open places in our rural districts. The prefix "cytisus" is derived from the name of a Greek island where Broom abounded. It formerly bore the name of Planta Genista, and gave rise to the historic title, "Plantagenet." A sprig of its golden blossom was borne by Geoffrey of Anjou in his bonnet when going into battle, making him conspicuous throughout the strife. In the Ingoldsby Legends it is said of our second King Henry's headdress:—

The Broom, or Link (Cytisus scoparius), is a leguminous shrub that is widely recognized for thriving in open areas of our countryside. The name "cytisus" comes from a Greek island where Broom was plentiful. It used to be called Planta Genista, which led to the historical name "Plantagenet." A sprig of its golden flowers was worn by Geoffrey of Anjou in his hat when going into battle, making him stand out throughout the conflict. In the Ingoldsby Legends, it's mentioned about the headdress of our second King Henry:—

"With a great sprig of broom, which he bore as a badge in it,
He was named from this circumstance, Henry Plantagenet."

"With a large sprig of broom, which he carried as a symbol,
He was named after this incident, Henry Plantagenet."

The stalks of the Broom, and especially the topmost young twigs, are purgative, and act powerfully on the kidneys to increase the flow of urine. They contain chemically an acid principle, "scoparin," and an alkaloid, "sparteine." For medical purposes these terminal twigs are used (whether fresh or dried) to make a decoction which is of great use in dropsy from a weak heart, but it should not be given where congestion of the lungs is present. From half to one ounce by weight of the tops should be boiled down in a pint of water to half this quantity, and a wineglassful may be taken as a dose every four or six hours. For more chronic dropsy, a compound decoction of broom may be given with much [63] benefit. To make this, use broom-tops and dandelion roots, of each half an ounce, boiling them in a pint of water down to half a pint, and towards the last adding half an ounce of bruised juniper berries. When cold, the decoction should be strained and a wineglassful may be had three or four times a day. "Henry the Eighth, a prince of famous memory, was wonte to drinke the distilled water of broome flowers against surfeits and diseases therefrom arising." The flower-buds, pickled in vinegar, are sometimes used as capers; and the roasted seeds have been substituted for coffee. Sheep become stupefied or excited when by chance constrained to eat broom-tops.

The stalks of the broom plant, especially the young twigs at the top, have a laxative effect and strongly influence the kidneys to boost urine production. They contain a chemical called "scoparin" and an alkaloid known as "sparteine." For medical uses, these terminal twigs can be prepared (either fresh or dried) into a decoction that is very effective for treating dropsy due to heart weakness, but it shouldn't be administered if there's lung congestion present. Boil half to one ounce of the tops in a pint of water until reduced to half that amount, and a wineglassful can be taken every four to six hours. For more chronic dropsy, a compound decoction of broom can be beneficial. To make this, combine half an ounce each of broom tops and dandelion roots, boiling them in a pint of water down to half a pint, and add half an ounce of bruised juniper berries towards the end. Once cool, strain the decoction, and a wineglassful can be taken three to four times a day. "Henry the Eighth, a prince of famous memory, was used to drinking the distilled water of broom flowers against surfeits and diseases arising from them." The flower buds, pickled in vinegar, are sometimes used like capers, and roasted seeds have been used as a coffee substitute. Sheep can become dazed or agitated when they accidentally eat broom tops.

The generic name, Scoparius, is derived from the Latin word scopa, a besom, this signifying "a shrub to sweep with." It has been long represented that witches delight to ride thereon: and in Holland, if a vessel lying in dock has a besom tied to the top of its mast, this advertises it as in search of a new owner. Hence has arisen the saying about a woman when seeking a second husband, Zij steetk't dem bezen, "She hangs out the broom."

The generic name, Scoparius, comes from the Latin word scopa, meaning “a broom,” which signifies "a shrub to sweep with." It has long been said that witches enjoy riding on it: and in Holland, if a ship in dock has a broom tied to the top of its mast, it indicates that the ship is looking for a new owner. This has led to the saying about a woman looking for a second husband, Zij steetk't dem bezen, "She hangs out the broom."

There is a tradition in Suffolk and Sussex:—

There’s a tradition in Suffolk and Sussex:—

"If you sweep the house with Broom in May,
You'll sweep the head of the house away."

"If you sweep the house with a broom in May,
You'll sweep the head of the house away."

Allied to the Broom, and likewise belonging to the Papilionaceous order of leguminous plants, though not affording any known medicinal principle, the Yellow Gorse (Ulex) or Furze grows commonly throughout England on dry exposed plains. It covers these during the flowering season with a gorgeous sheet of yellow blossoms, orange perfumed, and which entirely conceals the rugged brown unsightly branches beneath. Its elastic seed vessels burst with a crackling noise in hot [64] weather, and scatter the seeds on all sides. "Some," says Parkinson, "have used the flowers against the jaundice," but probably only because of their yellow colour. "The seeds," adds Gerard, "are employed in medicines against the stone, and the staying of the laske" (laxitas, looseness). They are certainly astringent, and contain tannin. In Devonshire the bush is called "Vuzz," and in Sussex "Hawth."

Related to the Broom and also part of the Papilionaceous group of leguminous plants, the Yellow Gorse (Ulex), despite not having any known medicinal properties, grows widely across England on dry, open plains. During the flowering season, it blankets these areas in a stunning display of yellow flowers that are orange-scented, completely hiding the rough brown branches underneath. In hot weather, its springy seed pods burst with a crackling sound, scattering seeds all around. "Some," notes Parkinson, "have used the flowers for jaundice," likely just because they are yellow. "The seeds," adds Gerard, "are used in medicines for stones and to treat diarrhea" (laxitas, looseness). They are indeed astringent and contain tannin. In Devonshire, the plant is called "Vuzz," and in Sussex, it's known as "Hawth."

The Gorse is rare in Scotland, thriving best in our cool humid climate. In England it is really never out of blossom, not even after a severe frost, giving rise to the well-known saying "Love is never out of season except when the Furze is out of bloom." It is also known as Fursbush, Furrs and Whins, being crushed and given as fodder to cattle. The tender shoots are protected from being eaten by herbivorous animals in the same way as are the thistles and the holly, by the angles of the leaves having grown together so as to constitute prickles.

The Gorse is rare in Scotland, thriving best in our cool, humid climate. In England, it’s almost always in bloom, not even stopping after a harsh frost, leading to the famous saying, "Love is never out of season except when the Furze is out of bloom." It's also known as Fursbush, Furrs, and Whins, and is crushed and used as fodder for cattle. The young shoots are protected from being eaten by herbivorous animals much like thistles and holly, with the leaf angles growing together to form prickles.

    "'Twere to cut off an epigram's point,
    Or disfurnish a knight of his spurs,
    If we foolishly tried to disjoint
    Its arms from the lance-bearing Furze."

"It would be like cutting off the point of an epigram,
    Or taking a knight's spurs away,
    If we foolishly tried to take apart
    Its arms from the lance-bearing Furze."

Linnoeus "knelt before it on the sod: and for its beauty thanked his
God."

Linnoeus "knelt before it on the ground: and for its beauty thanked his
God."

The Butcher's Broom, Ruscus (or Bruscus) aculeatus, or prickly, is a plant of the Lily order, which grows chiefly in the South of England, on heathy places and in woods. It bears sharp-pointed, stiff leaves (each of which produces a small solitary flower on its upper surface), and scarlet berries. The shrub is also known as Knee Hulyer, Knee Holly (confused with the Latin cneorum), Prickly Pettigrue and Jews' Myrtle. Butchers make besoms of its twigs, with which to sweep their stalls or [65] blocks: and these twigs are called "pungi topi," "prickrats," from being used to preserve meat from rats. Jews buy the same for service during the Feast of Tabernacles; and the boughs have been employed for flogging chilblains. The Butcher's Broom has been claimed by the Earls of Sutherland as the distinguishing badge of their followers and Clan, every Sutherland volunteer wearing a sprig of the bush in his bonnet on field days. This shrub is highly extolled as a free promoter of urine in dropsy and obstructions of the kidneys; a pint of boiling water should be poured on an ounce of the fresh twigs, or on half-an-ounce of the bruised root, to make an infusion, which may be taken as tea. The root is at first sweet to the taste, and afterwards bitter.

The Butcher's Broom, Ruscus (or Bruscus) aculeatus, or prickly broom, is a plant from the Lily family that primarily grows in the South of England, in heathlands and forests. It has sharp, stiff leaves (each of which has a small solitary flower on its upper side) and produces red berries. The shrub is also known as Knee Hulyer, Knee Holly (confused with the Latin cneorum), Prickly Pettigrue, and Jews' Myrtle. Butchers use its twigs to make brooms for sweeping their stalls or blocks, and these twigs are called "pungi topi" or "prickrats," as they are used to keep rats away from meat. Jewish people purchase these for use during the Feast of Tabernacles, and the branches have also been used to treat chilblains. The Butcher's Broom has been claimed by the Earls of Sutherland as the symbol of their followers and clan, with every Sutherland volunteer wearing a sprig of the bush in their hat on field days. This shrub is highly praised for promoting urine flow in cases of dropsy and kidney obstructions; a pint of boiling water should be poured over an ounce of fresh twigs, or half an ounce of bruised root, to create an infusion that can be consumed like tea. The root initially tastes sweet and then turns bitter.

BRYONY.

English hedgerows exhibit Bryony of two distinct sorts—the white and the black—which differ much, the one from the other, as to medicinal properties, and which belong to separate orders of plants. The White Bryony is botanically a cucumber, being of common growth at our roadsides, and often called the White Vine; it also bears the name of Tetterberry, from curing a disease of the skin known as tetters. It climbs about with long straggling stalks, which attach themselves by spiral tendrils, and which produce rough, palmated leaves. Insignificant pale-green flowers spring in small clusters from the bottom of these leaves. The round berries are at first green, and afterwards brilliantly red. Chemically, the plant contains "bryonin," a medicinal substance which is intensely bitter; also malate and phosphate of lime, with gum, starch, and sugar.

English hedgerows feature two distinct types of Bryony—the white and the black—which vary significantly in their medicinal properties and belong to different plant families. The White Bryony is botanically classified as a cucumber and commonly grows along our roadsides; it’s often referred to as the White Vine. It’s also known as Tetterberry because it treats a skin condition called tetters. This plant climbs with long, winding stems that attach themselves using spiral tendrils and produces rough, hand-shaped leaves. Unremarkable pale-green flowers bloom in small clusters at the base of these leaves. The round berries start off green and later turn bright red. Chemically, the plant contains "bryonin," a highly bitter medicinal compound, along with malate and phosphate of lime, as well as gum, starch, and sugar.

A tincture is made (H.) from the fresh root collected before the plant flowers, which is found to [66] be of superlative use for the relief of chronic rheumatism (especially when aggravated by moving), and for subduing active congestions of the serous membranes which line the heart-bag, the ribs, the outer coat of the brain, and which cover the bowels. In the treatment of pleurisy, this tincture is invaluable. Four drops should be given in a tablespoonful of cold water every three or four hours. Also for any contused bruising of the skin, and especially for a black eye, to promptly bathe the injured part with a decoction of White Bryony root will speedily subdue the swelling, and will prevent discoloration far better than a piece of raw beef applied outside as the remedy most approved in the Ring.

A tincture is made from the fresh root collected before the plant flowers, which is found to be extremely useful for relieving chronic rheumatism (especially when made worse by movement) and for reducing active congestion of the serous membranes that line the heart, the ribs, the outer layer of the brain, and cover the intestines. In treating pleurisy, this tincture is invaluable. Four drops should be taken in a tablespoon of cold water every three or four hours. Additionally, for any bruising of the skin, especially for a black eye, quickly bathing the injured area with a decoction of White Bryony root will rapidly reduce the swelling and will prevent discoloration much better than applying a piece of raw beef, which is the remedy most often favored in boxing circles.

In France, the White Bryony is deemed so potent and perilous, that its root is named the devil's turnip—navet du diable.

In France, the White Bryony is considered so powerful and dangerous that its root is called the devil's turnip—navet du diable.

Our English plant, the Bryonia dioica, purges as actively as colocynth, if too freely administered.

Our English plant, the Bryonia dioica, purges just as effectively as colocynth, if given in excess.

The name Bryony is two thousand years old, and comes from a
Greek word bruein, "to shoot forth rapidly."

The name Bryony is two thousand years old and comes from a
Greek word bruein, meaning "to shoot forth rapidly."

From the incised root of the White Bryony exudes a milky juice which is aperient of action, and which has been commended for epilepsy, as well as for obstructed liver and dropsy; also its tincture for chronic constipation.

From the cut root of the White Bryony oozes a milky juice that has a laxative effect and has been praised for its benefits for epilepsy, as well as issues with the liver and fluid retention; its tincture is also recommended for chronic constipation.

The popular herbal drink known as Hop Bitters is said to owe many of its supposed virtues to the bryony root, substituted for the mandrake which it is alleged to contain. The true mandrake is a gruesome herb, which was held in superstitious awe by the Greeks and the Romans. Its root was forked, and bears some resemblance to the legs of a man; for which reason the moneymakers [67] of the past increased the likeness, and attributed supernatural powers to the plant. It was said to grow only beneath a murderer's gibbet, and when torn from the earth by its root to utter a shriek which none might hear and live. From earliest times, in the East, a notion prevailed that the mandrake would remove sterility. With which purpose in view, Rachel said to Leah: "Give me, I pray thee, of thy son's mandrakes" (Genesis xxx. v. 14). In later times the Bryony has come into use instead of the true mandrake, and it has continued to form a profitable spurious article with mountebank doctors. In Henry the Eighth's day, ridiculous little images made from Bryony roots, cut into the figure of a man, and with grains of millet inserted into the face as eyes, the same being known as pappettes or mammettes, were accredited with magical powers, and fetched high prices with simple folk. Italian ladies have been known to pay as much as thirty golden ducats for one of these artificial mandrakes. Readers of Thalaba (Southey) will remember the fine scene in which Khawla procures this plant to form part of the waxen figure of the Destroyer. Unscrupulous vendors of the fraudulent articles used to seek out a thriving young Bryony plant, and to open the earth round it. Then being prepared with a mould such as is used for making Plaster of Paris figures, they fixed it close to the root, and fastened it with wire to keep it in place. Afterwards, by filling the earth up to the root they left it to assume the required shape, which was generally accomplished in a single summer.

The popular herbal drink known as Hop Bitters is said to owe many of its supposed benefits to the bryony root, which is used instead of the mandrake that it is claimed to contain. The real mandrake is a disturbing plant, held in superstitious fear by the Greeks and Romans. Its root forked and resembled a man's legs, which led crafty sellers of the past to enhance this resemblance and attribute supernatural powers to the plant. It was believed to grow only beneath the gallows of a murderer, and when pulled from the ground, it was said to scream a cry that no one could hear and live. Since ancient times in the East, there was a belief that the mandrake could cure infertility. With this in mind, Rachel said to Leah: "Give me, I pray you, of your son's mandrakes" (Genesis xxx. v. 14). In later years, bryony replaced the true mandrake, continuing to be sold as a profitable fake by quack doctors. In the time of Henry the Eighth, ridiculous little figures made from bryony roots, carved into the shape of a man and with millet seeds inserted for eyes—known as pappettes or mammettes—were believed to have magical powers and sold for high prices to gullible people. Italian women were known to pay as much as thirty golden ducats for one of these fake mandrakes. Readers of Thalaba (by Southey) will remember the impressive scene where Khawla obtains this plant to be part of the wax figure of the Destroyer. Dishonest sellers of these fake items would look for a thriving young bryony plant, then dig around it. They were prepared with a mold like those used for making plaster figures, which they placed close to the root and secured with wire to hold it in place. After filling the earth back around the root, they left it to take the desired shape, usually achieved in just one summer.

The medicinal tincture (H.) of White Bryony (Bryonia alba) is of special service to persons of dark hair and complexion, with firm fibre of flesh, and of a bilious cross-grained temperament. Also it is of [68] particular use for relieving coughs, and colds of a feverish bronchial sort, caught by exposure to the east wind. On the contrary, the catarrhal troubles of sensitive females, and of young children, are better met by Ipecacuanha:—

The medicinal tincture (H.) of White Bryony (Bryonia alba) is especially helpful for people with dark hair and complexion, who have a solid build and a choleric temperament. It’s also particularly effective for easing coughs and colds that are feverish and bronchial, which are caught from exposure to the east wind. In contrast, the nasal issues of sensitive women and young children are better treated with Ipecacuanha:—

    "Coughing in a shady grove
        Sat my Juliana,
    Lozenges I gave my love,
        Ipecacuanha—
    Full twenty from the lozenge box
        The greedy nymph did pick;
    Then, sighing sadly, said to me—
        My Damon, I am sick."
            George Canning.

"Coughing in a shady grove
        Sat my Juliana,
    I gave my love some lozenges,
        Ipecacuanha—
    She picked a full twenty from the lozenge box
        The greedy nymph took;
    Then, sighing sadly, said to me—
        My Damon, I feel unwell."
            George Canning.

    THYRSIS ET PHYLLIS.
    In nemore umbroso Phyllis mea forte sedebat,
    Cui mollem exhausit tussis anhela sinum:
    Nec mora: de loculo deprompsi pyxida loevo,
    Ipecacuaneos, exhibuique trochos:
    Illa quidem imprudens medicatos leniter orbes
    Absorpsit numero bisque quaterque decem:
    Tum tenero ducens suspiria pectore dixit,
    "Thyrsi! Mihi stomachum nausea tristis habet."

THYRSIS AND PHYLLIS.
In a shady grove, my Phyllis happened to be sitting,
From her soft chest, a persistent cough arose:
Without hesitation, I pulled out a box from my bag,
And offered her some Ipecacuanha pills:
She, unaware, gently swallowed the medicated rounds,
Taking them in sets of twenty and forty:
Then, with a tender sigh from her heart, she said,
"Thyrsis! I feel a sad nausea in my stomach."

The Black Bryony (Lady's-seal, or Oxberry), which likewise grows freely in our hedges, is quite a different plant from its nominal congener. It bears the name of Tamus Vulgaris, and belongs to the natural order of Yams. It is also called the Wild Hop, and Tetterberry or Tetterwort (in common with the greater Celandine), because curing the skin disease known as tetters; and further, Blackbindweed. It has smooth heart-shaped leaves, and produces scarlet, elliptical berries larger than those of the White Bryony. A tincture is made (H.) from the root-stock, with spirit of wine, which proves a most useful application to unbroken chilblains, when [69] made into a lotion with water, one part to twenty. The plant is called Black Bryony (Bryonia nigra) from its dark leaves and black root. It is not given at all internally, but the acrid pulp of the root has been used as a stimulating plaster.

The Black Bryony (Lady's-seal or Oxberry), which also grows freely in our hedges, is a completely different plant from its namesake. It’s called Tamus Vulgaris and belongs to the yam family. It’s also known as Wild Hop, and Tetterberry or Tetterwort (sharing this name with greater Celandine) because it can treat the skin condition known as tetters, as well as Blackbindweed. It has smooth, heart-shaped leaves and produces scarlet, oval berries that are larger than those of the White Bryony. A tincture is made (H.) from the root, using alcohol, which is very useful for treating unbroken chilblains when mixed into a lotion with water, one part tincture to twenty parts water. The plant is called Black Bryony (Bryonia nigra) because of its dark leaves and black root. It is not taken internally at all, but the irritating pulp of the root has been used as a stimulating plaster.

BUCKTHORN.

The common Buckthorn grows in our woods and thickets, and used to be popularly known because of the purgative syrup made from its juice and berries. It bears dense branches of small green flowers, followed by the black berries, which purge violently. If gathered before they are ripe they furnish a yellow dye. When ripe, if mixed with gum arabic and lime water, they form the pigment called "Bladder Green." Until late in the present century— O dura ilia messorum!—English rustics, when requiring an aperient dose for themselves or their children, had recourse to the syrup of Buckthorn. But its action was so severe, and attended with such painful gripings, that as time went on the medicine was discarded, and it is now employed in this respect almost exclusively by the cattle doctor. Dodoeus taught about Buckthorn berries: "They be not meet to be administered but to young and lusty people of the country, which do set more store of their money than their lives." The shrub grows chiefly on chalk, and near brooks. The name Buckthorn is from the German buxdorn, boxthorn, hartshorn. In Anglo-Saxon it was Heorot-bremble. It is also known as Waythorn, Rainberry Thorn, Highway Thorn and Rhineberries. Each of the berries contains four seeds: and the flesh of birds which eat thereof is said to be purgative. When the juice is given medicinally it causes a bad stomach-ache, with much dryness of the throat: for which reason Sydenham [70] always ordered a basin of soup to be given after it. Chemically the active principle of the Buckthorn is "rhamno-cathartine." Likewise a milder kind of Buckthorn, which is much more useful as a Simple, grows freely in England, the Rhamnus frangula or so-called "black berry-bearing Alder," though this appellation is a mistake, because botanically the Alder never bears any berries. This black Buckthorn is a slender shrub, which occurs in our woods and thickets. The juice of its berries is aperient, without being irritating, and is well suited as a laxative for persons of delicate constitution. It possesses the merit of continuing to answer in smaller doses after the patient has become habituated to its use. The berry of the _Rhamnus frangula _may be known by its containing only two seeds. Country people give the bark boiled in ale for jaundice; and this bark is the black dogwood of gunpowder makers. Lately a certain aperient medicine has become highly popular with both doctors and patients in this country, the same being known as Cascara Sagrada. It is really an American Buckthorn, the Rhamnus Persiana, and it possesses no true advantage over our black Alder Buckthorn, though the bark of this latter must be used a year old, or it will cause griping. A fluid extract of the English mild Buckthorn, or of the American Cascara, is made by our leading druggists, of which from half to one teaspoonful may be given for a dose. This is likewise a tonic to the intestines, and is especially useful for relieving piles. Lozenges also of the Alder Buckthorn are dispensed under the name of "Aperient Fruit Lozenges;" one, or perhaps two, being taken for a dose as required.

The common Buckthorn grows in our woods and thickets and used to be well-known for the purgative syrup made from its juice and berries. It has dense branches with small green flowers, followed by the black berries, which can cause a strong laxative effect. If picked before they’re ripe, they can produce a yellow dye. When ripe, if mixed with gum arabic and lime water, they create the pigment called "Bladder Green." Until recently—O dura ilia messorum!—English country folks, when needing a laxative for themselves or their children, would turn to Buckthorn syrup. However, its effects were so harsh and accompanied by painful cramps that over time the medicine was abandoned, and it is now mostly used by veterinarians. Dodoeus mentioned Buckthorn berries: "They should only be given to young and healthy people who value their money more than their lives." The shrub mainly grows on chalky soil and near streams. The name Buckthorn comes from the German buxdorn, meaning boxthorn, hartshorn. In Anglo-Saxon, it was Heorot-bremble. It’s also known as Waythorn, Rainberry Thorn, Highway Thorn, and Rhineberries. Each berry has four seeds, and the flesh of birds that eat them is said to be laxative. When the juice is used medicinally, it causes stomach pain and dry throat, which is why Sydenham [70] would always prescribe a bowl of soup afterward. Chemically, the active ingredient in Buckthorn is "rhamno-cathartine." There’s also a milder type of Buckthorn that’s much more beneficial as a Simple, known as Rhamnus frangula or the "black berry-bearing Alder," although this name is incorrect since botanically, Alders don’t produce berries. This black Buckthorn is a slender shrub found in our woods and thickets. The juice of its berries is a gentle laxative without being irritating, making it suitable for people with delicate constitutions. It has the advantage of remaining effective in smaller doses even after the patient has grown used to it. The berry of the _Rhamnus frangula_ can be identified by containing only two seeds. Country folks use the bark boiled in ale for jaundice, and this bark is the black dogwood used by gunpowder makers. Recently, a certain laxative medicine called Cascara Sagrada has become quite popular among both doctors and patients in this country. It is actually an American Buckthorn, Rhamnus Persiana, and doesn’t really have any true advantages over our black Alder Buckthorn, though the bark of the latter must be at least a year old; otherwise, it will cause cramping. Leading druggists make a fluid extract of the English mild Buckthorn or the American Cascara, with doses typically ranging from half to one teaspoonful. This is also a tonic for the intestines and is especially effective for relieving hemorrhoids. Lozenges made from Alder Buckthorn are available under the name "Aperient Fruit Lozenges," with one or perhaps two taken as needed.

There is a Sea Buckthorn, Hippophoe, which belongs to a different natural order, Eloeagnaceoe, a low shrubby tree, [71] growing on sandhills and cliffs, and called also Sallowthorn. The fruit is made (in Tartary) into a pleasant jelly, because of its acid flavour, and used in the Gulf of Bothnia for concocting a fish sauce.

There is a Sea Buckthorn, Hippophoe, which belongs to a different natural order, Eloeagnaceoe, a low shrubby tree, [71] growing on sand dunes and cliffs, also known as Sallowthorn. The fruit is made (in Tartary) into a tasty jelly due to its tart flavor and is used in the Gulf of Bothnia to make a fish sauce.

The name signifies "giving light to a horse," being conferred because of a supposed power to cure equine blindness; or it may mean "shining underneath," in allusion to the silvery underside of the leaf.

The name means "bringing light to a horse," given due to a believed ability to heal horse blindness; or it could refer to "shining underneath," referring to the silver underside of the leaf.

The old-fashioned Cathartic Buckthorn of our hedges and woods has spinous thorny branchlets, from which its name, Rhamnus, is thought to be derived, because the shrub is set with thorns like as the ram. At one time this Buckthorn was a botanical puzzle, even to Royalty, as the following lines assure us:—

The old-fashioned Cathartic Buckthorn found in our hedges and woods has thorny, spiky branches, which is thought to be the origin of its name, Rhamnus, because the shrub has thorns like a ram. At one time, this Buckthorn was a botanical mystery, even to royalty, as the following lines assure us:—

    "Hicum, peridicum; all clothed in green;
    The King could not tell it, no more could the Queen;
    So they sent to consult wise men from the East.
    Who said it had horns, though it was not a beast."

"Hicum, peridicum; all dressed in green;
    The King couldn’t figure it out, nor could the Queen;
    So they sent for wise men from the East to consult.
    They said it had horns, even though it wasn’t a beast."

BURNET SAXIFRAGE (see Pimpernel).

BUTTERCUP.

The most common Buttercup of our fields (Ranunculus bulbosis) needs no detailed description. It belongs to the order termed Ranunculaceoe, so-called from the Latin rana, a frog, because the several varieties of this genus grow in moist places where frogs abound. Under the general name of Buttercups are included the creeping Ranunculus, of moist meadows; the Ranunculus acris, Hunger Weed, or Meadow Crowfoot, so named from the shape of the leaf (each of these two being also called King Cup), and the Ranunculus bulbosus mentioned above. "King-Cob" signifies a resemblance between the unexpanded flowerbud and [72] a stud of gold, such as a king would wear; so likewise the folded calyx is named Goldcup, Goldknob and Cuckoobud. The term Buttercup has become conferred through a mistaken notion that this flower gives butter a yellow colour through the cows feeding on it (which is not the case), or, perhaps, from the polished, oily surface of the petals. The designation really signifies "button cop," or bouton d'or; "the batchelor's button"; this terminal syllable, cup, being corrupted from the old English word "cop," a head. It really means "button head." The Buttercup generally is known in Wiltshire and the adjoining counties as Crazy, or Crazies, being reckoned by some as an insane plant calculated to produce madness; or as a corruption of Christseye (which was the medieval name of the Marigold).

The most common Buttercup found in our fields (Ranunculus bulbosis) doesn’t need a detailed description. It belongs to the order called Ranunculaceoe, named after the Latin word rana, meaning frog, because several varieties of this genus thrive in damp areas where frogs are plentiful. The general term Buttercups includes the creeping Ranunculus found in wet meadows; Ranunculus acris, known as Hunger Weed or Meadow Crowfoot, named for the shape of its leaves (both of these are also called King Cup), and the Ranunculus bulbosus mentioned earlier. "King-Cob" suggests a similarity between the unopened flower bud and a golden stud that a king would wear; similarly, the folded calyx is referred to as Goldcup, Goldknob, and Cuckoobud. The term Buttercup likely comes from a misconception that this flower colors butter yellow because cows eat it (which isn’t true), or maybe from the shiny, oily texture of the petals. The name actually means "button cop," or bouton d'or; "the bachelor’s button"; with the last part, cup, altered from the old English word "cop," meaning head. It essentially translates to "button head." In Wiltshire and nearby counties, the Buttercup is commonly known as Crazy or Crazies, as some people consider it to be a crazy plant that can cause madness; or as a distortion of Christseye (which was the medieval name for the Marigold).

A burning acridity of taste is the common characteristic of the several varieties of the Buttercup. In its fresh state the ordinary field Buttercup is so acrimonious that by merely pulling up the plant by its root, and carrying it some little distance in the hand, the palm becomes reddened and inflamed. Cows will not eat it unless very hungry, and then the mouth of the animal becomes sore and blistered. The leaves of the Buttercup, when bruised and applied to the skin, produce a blistering of the outer cuticle, with a discharge of a watery fluid, and with heat, redness, and swelling. If these leaves are masticated in the mouth they will induce pains like a stitch between the ribs at the side, with the sharp catchings of neuralgic rheumatism. A medicinal tincture is made (H.) from the bulbous Buttercup with spirit of wine, which will, as a similar, cure shingles very expeditiously, both the outbreak of small watery pimples clustered together at the side, and the accompanying sharp pains between the ribs. Also this tincture will [73] promptly relieve neuralgic side-ache, and pleurisy which is of a passive sort. From six to eight drops of the tincture may be taken with a tablespoonful of cold water by an adult three or four times a day for either of the aforesaid purposes. In France, this plant is called "jaunet." Buttercups are most probably the "Cuckoo Buds" immortalised by Shakespeare. The fresh leaves of the Crowfoot (Ranunculus acris) formed a part of the famous cancer cure of Mr. Plunkett in 1794. This cure comprised Crowfoot leaves, freshly gathered, and dog's-foot fennel leaves, of each an ounce, with one drachm of white arsenic levigated, and with five scruples of flowers of sulphur, all beaten together into a paste, and dried by the sun in balls, which were then powdered, and, being mixed with yolk of egg, were applied on pieces of pig's bladder. The juice of the common Buttercup (Bulbosus), known sometimes as "St. Anthony's Turnip," if applied to the nostrils, will provoke sneezing, and will relieve passive headache in this way. The leaves have been applied as a blister to the wrists in rheumatism, and when infused in boiling water as a poultice over the pit of the stomach as a counter-irritant. For sciatica the tincture of the bulbous buttercup has proved very helpful.

A burning bitterness in taste is the common trait of the different types of Buttercup. In its fresh form, the typical field Buttercup is so harsh that just pulling it out by the root and carrying it a short distance in your hand can make your palm turn red and inflamed. Cows will only eat it when they’re very hungry, and even then, it can make their mouths sore and blistered. When the Buttercup leaves are crushed and applied to the skin, they can cause blisters with a watery discharge, along with heat, redness, and swelling. If these leaves are chewed, they can trigger sharp pains like a stitch in the side, similar to the sharp aches of neuralgic rheumatism. A medicinal tincture is made from the bulbous Buttercup using spirit of wine, which can quickly treat shingles, helping with the cluster of small watery bumps at the side and the sharp pains in between the ribs. This tincture also provides quick relief for neuralgic side pain and passive pleurisy. An adult can take six to eight drops of the tincture mixed with a tablespoon of cold water three to four times a day for these purposes. In France, this plant is called "jaunet." Buttercups are likely the "Cuckoo Buds" immortalized by Shakespeare. The fresh leaves of Crowfoot (Ranunculus acris) were part of the famous cancer treatment by Mr. Plunkett in 1794. This treatment involved one ounce each of freshly gathered Crowfoot leaves and dog’s-foot fennel leaves, one drachm of finely ground white arsenic, and five scruples of flowers of sulfur, all mixed into a paste, dried in balls by the sun, powdered, and then mixed with egg yolk to be applied on pieces of pig bladder. The juice of the common Buttercup (Bulbosus), sometimes called "St. Anthony's Turnip," can cause sneezing when applied to the nostrils and can relieve passive headaches this way. The leaves have been used as a blister treatment on the wrists for rheumatism and can be made into a poultice when infused in boiling water to be applied to the pit of the stomach as a counter-irritant. For sciatica, the tincture of the bulbous buttercup has been very effective.

The Ranunculus flammata, Spearwort, has been used to produce a slight blistering effect by being put under a limpet shell against the skin of the part to be relieved, until some smarting and burning have been sensibly produced, with incipient vesication of the outermost skin.

The Ranunculus flammata, known as Spearwort, has been applied under a limpet shell against the skin to create a mild blistering effect on the area needing relief, until noticeable stinging and burning sensations occur, along with the beginnings of blistering on the outermost layer of skin.

The Ranunculus Sceleratus, Marsh Crowfoot, or Celery-leaved Buttercup, called in France "herbe sardonique," and "grenouillette d'eau," when made into a tincture (H.) with spirit of wine, and given in small diluted doses, proves curative of stitch in the side, and of neuralgic pains between the ribs, likewise of pleurisy without [74] feverishness. The dose should be five drops of the third decimal tincture with a spoonful of water every three or four hours. This plant grows commonly at the sides of our pools, and in wet ditches, bearing numerous small yellow flowers, with petals scarcely longer than the calyx.

The Ranunculus Sceleratus, Marsh Crowfoot, or Celery-leaved Buttercup, known in France as "herbe sardonique" and "grenouillette d'eau," when made into a tincture (H.) with alcohol and taken in small diluted doses, is effective for treating side stitches and neuralgic pain between the ribs, as well as pleurisy without [74] fever. The recommended dose is five drops of the third decimal tincture mixed with a spoonful of water every three to four hours. This plant commonly grows at the edges of our ponds and in wet ditches, bearing many small yellow flowers with petals that are barely longer than the calyx.

CABBAGE.

"The time has come," as the walrus said in Alice and the Looking
Glass, "to talk of many things"—

"The time has come," as the walrus said in Alice and the Looking
Glass, "to talk about a lot of things"—

"Of shoes, and ships, and sealing-wax; of Cabbages, and
kings."

"About shoes, ships, and sealing wax; about Cabbages, and
kings."

The Cabbage, which is fabled to have sprung from the tears of the Spartan lawgiver, Lycurgus, began as the Colewort, and was for six hundred years, according to Pliny and Cato, the only internal remedy used by the Romans. The Ionians had such a veneration for Cabbages that they swore by them, just as the Egyptians did by the onion. With ourselves, the wild Cabbage, growing on our English sea cliffs, is the true Collet, or Colewort, from which have sprung all our varieties of Cabbage—cauliflower, greens, broccoli, etc. No vegetables were grown for the table in England before the time of Henry the Eighth. In the thirteenth century it was the custom to salt vegetables because they were so scarce; and in the sixteenth century a Cabbage from Holland was deemed a choice present.

The Cabbage, which is said to have originated from the tears of the Spartan lawgiver, Lycurgus, started out as the Colewort and was for six hundred years, according to Pliny and Cato, the only internal remedy used by the Romans. The Ionians held Cabbages in such high regard that they swore by them, just as the Egyptians did with onions. Here in England, the wild Cabbage, growing on our sea cliffs, is the true Collet, or Colewort, from which all our varieties of Cabbage—cauliflower, greens, broccoli, etc.—have developed. No vegetables were grown for the table in England before the time of Henry the Eighth. In the thirteenth century, it was common to salt vegetables because they were so rare; and in the sixteenth century, a Cabbage from Holland was considered a special gift.

The whole tribe of Cabbages is named botanically Brassicaceoe— apo tou brassein—because they heat, or ferment.

The entire group of Cabbages is botanically named Brassicaceae—apo tou brassein—because they heat or ferment.

By natural order they are cruciferous plants; and all contain much nitrogen, or vegetable albumen, with a considerable quantity of sulphur; hence they tend strongly to putrefaction, and when decomposed their odour is very offensive. Being cut into pieces, and pressed close in a tub with aromatic herbs and salt, so as to undergo an acescent fermentation (which is [75] arrested at that stage), Cabbages form the German Saurkraut, which is strongly recommended against scurvy. The white Cabbage is most putrescible; the red most emollient and pectoral. The juice of the red cabbage made into syrup, without any condiments, is useful in chronic coughs, and in bronchial asthma. The leaves of the common white Cabbage, when gently bruised and applied to a blistered surface, will promote a free discharge, as also when laid next the skin in dropsy of the ankles. All the Coleworts are called "Crambe," from krambos, dry, because they dispel drunkenness.

By natural classification, they are cruciferous plants; all of them have a lot of nitrogen, or plant protein, along with a significant amount of sulfur; therefore, they decompose quickly, and when they break down, their smell is quite unpleasant. When chopped up and tightly packed in a container with fragrant herbs and salt, so that they undergo a mild fermentation (which is [75] stopped at this stage), cabbages become the German Saurkraut, which is highly recommended for preventing scurvy. The white cabbage is the most prone to rot; the red is more soothing and helps the chest. The juice from red cabbage turned into syrup, without any added flavors, is beneficial for chronic coughs and bronchial asthma. The leaves of common white cabbage, when lightly crushed and placed on a blistered area, can encourage drainage, as can be applied directly to the skin in cases of swollen ankles. All varieties of coleworts are referred to as "Crambe," from krambos, which means dry, because they help eliminate drunkenness.

"There is," says an old author, "a natural enmitie between the Colewort and the vine, which is such that the vine, if growing near unto it, withereth and perisheth; yea, if wine be poured into the Colewort while it is boiling, it will not be any more boiled, and the colour thereof will be quite altered." The generic term Colewort is derived from caulis, a stalk, and wourte, as applied to all kinds of herbs that "do serve for the potte." "Good worts," exclaimed Falstaff, catching at Evans' faulty pronunciation of words,—"good worts,"—"good cabbages." An Irish cure for sore throat is to tie Cabbage leaves round it; and the same remedy is applied in England with hot Cabbage leaves for a swollen face. In the Island of Jersey coarse Cabbages are grown abundantly on patches of roadside ground, and in corners of fields, the stalks of which attain the height of eight, ten, or more feet, and are used for making walking sticks or cannes en tiges de choux. These are in great demand on the island, and are largely exported. It may be that a specially tall cabbage of this sort gave rise to the Fairy tale of "Jack and the bean stalk." The word Cabbage bears reference [76] to caba (caput), a head, as signifying a Colewort which forms a round head. Kohl rabi, from caulo-rapum, cabbage turnip, is a name given to the Brassica oleracea. In 1595 the sum of twenty shillings was paid for six Cabbages and a few carrots, at the port of Hull, by the purveyor to the Clifford family.

"There is," says an old author, "a natural enmity between the cabbage and the vine, so much so that the vine, if it grows nearby, withers and dies; yes, if wine is poured into boiling cabbage, it won’t boil anymore, and its color will change completely." The term cabbage comes from caulis, meaning stalk, and wourte, which applies to all kinds of herbs that are "good for the pot." "Good veggies," exclaimed Falstaff, misinterpreting Evans' pronunciation of words,—"good veggies,"—"good cabbages." An Irish remedy for a sore throat is to wrap cabbage leaves around it; the same treatment is used in England with hot cabbage leaves for a swollen face. On the Island of Jersey, coarse cabbages grow abundantly along roadside patches and in field corners, with stalks reaching eight, ten, or more feet high, used for making walking sticks or cannes en tiges de choux. These are in high demand on the island and are widely exported. It’s possible that a particularly tall cabbage inspired the fairy tale of "Jack and the Beanstalk." The word cabbage refers to caba (caput), meaning head, denoting a cabbage that forms a round head. Kohl rabi, coming from caulo-rapum, meaning cabbage turnip, is a name given to Brassica oleracea. In 1595, twenty shillings were paid for six cabbages and a few carrots at the port of Hull by the supplier to the Clifford family.

The red Cabbage is thought in France to be highly anti-scorbutic; and a syrup is made from it with this purpose in view. The juice of white Cabbage leaves will cure warts.

The red cabbage is believed in France to be very good for preventing scurvy; and a syrup is made from it for this reason. The juice from white cabbage leaves can cure warts.

The Brassica oleracea is one of the plants used in Count Mattaei's vaunted nostrum, "anti-scrofuloso." This, the sea Cabbage, with its pale clusters of handsome yellow flowers, is very ornamental to our cliffs. Its leaves, which are conspicuously purple, have a bitter taste when uncooked, but become palatable for boiling if first repeatedly washed; and they are sold at Dover as a market vegetable. These should be boiled in two waters, of which the first will be made laxative, and the second, or thicker decoction, astringent, which fact was known to Hippocrates, who said "jus caulis solvit cujus substantia stringit."

The Brassica oleracea is one of the plants used in Count Mattaei's famous remedy, "anti-scrofuloso." This sea cabbage, with its pale clusters of beautiful yellow flowers, adds a nice touch to our cliffs. Its leaves, which are noticeably purple, taste bitter when raw, but become tasty when boiled after being washed several times; they are sold at Dover as a market vegetable. These leaves should be boiled in two batches of water, with the first batch acting as a laxative and the second, thicker batch being astringent. This was known to Hippocrates, who said "jus caulis solvit cujus substantia stringit."

Sir Anthony Ashley brought the Cabbage into English cultivation. It is said a Cabbage is sculptured at his feet on his monument in Wimbourne Minster, Dorset. He imported the Cabbage (Cale) from Cadiz (Cales), where he held a command, and grew rich by seizing other men's possessions, notably by appropriating some jewels entrusted to his care by a lady. Hence he is said to have got more by Cales (Cadiz) than by Cale (Cabbage); and this is, perhaps, the origin of our term "to cabbage." Among tailors, this phrase "to cabbage" is a cant saying which means to filch the cloth when cutting out for a customer. Arbuthnot writes "Your [77] tailor, instead of shreds, cabbages whole yards of cloth." Perhaps the word comes from the French cabasser, to put into a basket.

Sir Anthony Ashley introduced cabbage cultivation in England. There’s a statue of a cabbage at his feet on his monument in Wimbourne Minster, Dorset. He brought the cabbage (cale) from Cadiz (Cales), where he had a position of command, and became wealthy by taking others' belongings, especially by stealing some jewels that a woman had entrusted to him. Because of this, he is said to have gained more from Cadiz than from cabbage; and this might be the origin of our term "to cabbage." Among tailors, the phrase "to cabbage" is a slang term that means to sneak away with cloth while cutting for a customer. Arbuthnot wrote, "Your tailor, instead of shreds, cabbages whole yards of cloth." The word may come from the French cabasser, which means to put into a basket.

From the seed of the wild Cabbage (Rape, or Navew) rape-seed oil is extracted, and the residue is called rape-cake, or oil-cake.

From the seed of the wild cabbage (rape, or navew), we extract rapeseed oil, and the leftover material is called rape cake, or oil cake.

Some years ago it was customary to bake bread-rolls wrapped in Cabbage leaves, for imparting what was considered an agreeable flavour. John Evelyn said: "In general, Cabbages are thought to allay fumes, and to prevent intoxication; but some will have them noxious to the sight." After all it must be confessed the Cabbage is greatly to be accused for lying undigested in the stomach, and for provoking eructations; which makes one wonder at the veneration the ancients had for it, calling the tribe divine, and swearing per brassicam, which was for six hundred years held by the Romans a panacea: though "Dis crambee thanatos"—"Death by twice Cabbage"—was a Greek proverb. Gerard says the Greeks called the Cabbage Amethustos, "not only because it driveth away drunkennesse; but also for that it is like in colour to the pretious stone called the amethyst." The Cabbage was Pompey's best beloved dish. To make a winter salad it is customary in America to choose a firm white Cabbage, and to shred it very fine, serving it with a dressing of plain oil and vinegar. This goes by the name of "slaw," which has a Dutch origin.

A few years ago, it was common to bake bread rolls wrapped in cabbage leaves to give them what was thought to be a nice flavor. John Evelyn remarked, "Generally, cabbages are believed to reduce gas and prevent drunkenness; however, some people think they’re harmful to the eyes." It's true that cabbage is often blamed for causing indigestion and gas, which makes it surprising to think about the respect the ancients had for it, calling it divine and swearing per brassicam, which the Romans considered a cure-all for six hundred years. Yet, "Dis crambee thanatos"—"Death by twice cabbage"—was a Greek saying. Gerard noted that the Greeks called cabbage Amethustos, "not just because it helps with drunkenness, but also because its color resembles that of the precious stone known as amethyst." Cabbage was Pompey's favorite dish. To make a winter salad in America, people typically choose a firm white cabbage, shred it finely, and dress it with plain oil and vinegar. This is called "slaw," a term with Dutch roots.

The free presence of hydrogen and sulphur causes a very strong and unpleasant smell to pervade the house during the cooking of Cabbages. Nevertheless, this sulphur is a very salutary constituent of the vegetable, most useful in scurvy and scrofula. Partridge and Cabbage suit the patrician table; bacon and Cabbage [78] better please the taste and the requirements of the proletarian. The nitrogen of this and other cruciferous plants serves to make them emit offensive stinks when they lie out of doors and rot.

The free presence of hydrogen and sulfur creates a really strong and unpleasant smell that fills the house while cooking cabbage. However, this sulfur is actually a beneficial part of the vegetable, very helpful for conditions like scurvy and scrofula. Partridge and cabbage are suited for the upper-class table; bacon and cabbage better satisfy the taste and needs of the working class. The nitrogen in cabbage and other cruciferous plants causes them to emit offensive odors when they rot outdoors.

For the purulent scrofulous ophthalmic inflammation of infants, by cleansing the eyes thoroughly every half-hour with warm water, and then packing the sockets each time with fresh Cabbage leaves cleaned and bruised to a soft pulp, the flow of matter will be increased for a few days, but a cure will be soon effected. Pliny commended the juice of the raw Cabbage with a little honey for sore and inflamed eyes which were moist and weeping, but not for those which were dry and dull.

For the pus-filled scrofulous eye inflammation in infants, clean the eyes thoroughly every half-hour with warm water, and then fill the eye sockets each time with fresh cabbage leaves that have been cleaned and mashed into a soft pulp. The discharge will increase for a few days, but a cure will come quickly. Pliny recommended using the juice of raw cabbage mixed with a little honey for sore and inflamed eyes that are moist and weeping, but not for those that are dry and dull.

In Kent and Sussex, when a Cabbage is cut and the stalk left in the ground to produce "greens" for the table, a cottager will carve an x on the top flat surface of the upright stalk, and thus protect it against mischievous garden sprites and demons.

In Kent and Sussex, when someone cuts a cabbage and leaves the stalk in the ground to grow "greens" for dinner, a cottage worker will carve an x on the flat top of the standing stalk to protect it from pesky garden spirits and demons.

Some half a century ago medical apprentices were taught the art of blood-letting by practising with a lancet on the prominent veins of a Cabbage leaf.

Some fifty years ago, medical apprentices learned the art of bloodletting by practicing with a lancet on the prominent veins of a cabbage leaf.

Carlyle said "of all plants the Cabbage grows fastest to completion." His parable of the oak and the Cabbage conveys the lesson that those things which are most richly endowed when they come to perfection, are the slowest in their production and development.

Carlyle said, "of all plants, the cabbage grows fastest to completion." His story about the oak and the cabbage teaches that things that are most richly developed when they're fully grown take the longest to produce and develop.

CAPSICUM (CAYENNE).

The Capsicum, or Bird Pepper, or Guinea Pepper, is a native of tropical countries; but it has been cultivated throughout Great Britain as a stove plant for so many years (since the time of Gerard, 1636) as to have become practically indigenous. Moreover, its fruit-pods are so highly useful, whether as a condiment, or as a medicine, [79] no apology is needed for including it among serviceable Herbal Simples. The Cayenne pepper of our tables is the powdered fruit of Bird Pepper, a variety of the Capsicum plant, and belonging likewise to the order of Solanums; whilst the customary "hot" pickle which we take with our cold meats is prepared from another variety of the Capsicum plant called "Chilies." This plant—the Bird Pepper—exercises an important medicinal action, which has only been recently recognized by doctors. The remarkable success which has attended the use of Cayenne pepper as a substitute for alcohol with hard drinkers, and as a valuable drug in delirium tremens, has lately led physicians to regard the Capsicum as a highly useful, stimulating, and restorative medicine. For an intemperate person, who really desires to wean himself from taking spirituous liquors, and yet feels to need a substitute at first, a mixture of tincture of Capsicum with tincture of orange peel and water will answer very effectually, the doses being reduced in strength and frequency from day to day. In delirium tremens, if the tincture of Capsicum be given in doses of half-a-dram well diluted with water, it will reduce the tremor and agitation in a few hours, inducing presently a calm prolonged sleep. At the same time the skin will become warm, and will perspire naturally; the pulse will fall in quickness, but whilst regaining fulness and volume; and the kidneys, together with the bowels, will act freely.

The Capsicum, also known as Bird Pepper or Guinea Pepper, is native to tropical countries, but it has been grown in Great Britain as a houseplant for so many years (since Gerard's time in 1636) that it has almost become native. Additionally, its fruit pods are incredibly useful, whether as a seasoning or a medicine, so there's no need to justify including it among practical herbal remedies. The Cayenne pepper we use at our tables is the powdered fruit of Bird Pepper, a variety of the Capsicum plant, also part of the Solanum family. The common "hot" pickle we enjoy with cold meats is made from another type of Capsicum called "Chilies." This plant—the Bird Pepper—plays a significant medicinal role, which has only recently come to the attention of doctors. The impressive results seen with Cayenne pepper as an alternative to alcohol for heavy drinkers, and as an effective treatment in delirium tremens, have prompted physicians to view Capsicum as a very useful, stimulating, and restorative medicine. For someone struggling with alcohol who genuinely wants to quit but needs a substitute at first, a mix of Capsicum tincture, orange peel tincture, and water can be very effective, with doses being gradually lowered over time. In cases of delirium tremens, administering half a dram of Capsicum tincture well diluted with water can relieve shaking and agitation within a few hours, leading to a prolonged calm sleep. At the same time, the skin will warm up and perspire naturally; the pulse will slow down but regain strength and fullness; and the kidneys and bowels will function freely.

Chemically the plant furnishes an essential oil with a crystalline principle, "capsicin," of great power. This oil may be taken remedially in doses of from half to one drop rubbed up with some powdered white sugar, and mixed with a wineglassful of hot water.

Chemically, the plant provides an essential oil containing a crystalline compound called "capsicin," which is very potent. This oil can be taken as a remedy in doses of half to one drop, combined with some powdered white sugar and mixed with a wineglass of hot water.

The medicinal tincture is made with sixteen grains of [80] the powdered Capsicum to a fluid ounce of spirit of wine; and the dose of this tincture is from five to twenty drops with one or two tablespoonfuls of water. In the smaller doses it serves admirably to relieve pains in the loins when depending on a sluggish inactivity of the kidneys. Unbroken chilblains may be readily cured by rubbing them once a day with a piece of sponge saturated with the tincture of Capsicum until a strong tingling is induced. In the early part of the present century, a medicine of Capsicum with salt was famous for curing severe influenza with putrid sore throat. Two dessert spoonfuls of small red pepper; or three of ordinary cayenne pepper, were beaten together with two of fine salt, into a paste, and with half-a-pint of boiling water added thereto. Then the liquor was strained off when cold, and half-a-pint of very sharp vinegar was mixed with it, a tablespoonful of the united mixture being given to an adult every half, or full hour, diluted with water if too strong. For inflammation of the eyes, with a relaxed state of the membranes covering the eyeballs and lining the lids, the diluted juice of the Capsicum is a sovereign remedy. Again, for toothache from a decayed molar, a small quantity of cayenne pepper introduced into the cavity will often give immediate relief. The tincture or infusion given in small doses has proved useful to determine outwardly the eruption of measles and scarlet fever, when imperfectly developed because of weakness. Also for a scrofulous discharge of matter from the ears, Capsicum tincture, of a weak strength, four drops with a tablespoonful of cold water three times a day, to a child, will prove curative.

The medicinal tincture is made with sixteen grains of the powdered Capsicum mixed with a fluid ounce of alcohol. The recommended dose of this tincture is five to twenty drops combined with one or two tablespoons of water. In smaller doses, it works great to relieve lower back pain caused by inactive kidneys. Unbroken chilblains can be easily treated by rubbing them once a day with a sponge soaked in the Capsicum tincture until strong tingling occurs. In the early 2000s, a Capsicum and salt remedy was well-known for treating severe influenza with a bad sore throat. Two dessert spoonfuls of small red pepper or three of regular cayenne pepper were blended with two spoonfuls of fine salt into a paste, then combined with half a pint of boiling water. Once cooled, the liquid was strained, and half a pint of strong vinegar was added, with a tablespoon of this mixture given to an adult every half hour or hour, diluted with water if it was too strong. For eye inflammation with relaxed membranes around the eyeballs and eyelids, the diluted juice of Capsicum is an excellent remedy. Additionally, for toothache from a decayed molar, placing a small amount of cayenne pepper in the cavity often provides immediate relief. The tincture or infusion in small doses has been helpful for directing the external eruption of measles and scarlet fever when they are underdeveloped due to weakness. For a scrofulous discharge from the ears, a weak Capsicum tincture of four drops mixed with a tablespoon of cold water three times a day for a child can be curative.

A Capsicum ointment, or "Chili paste," scarcely ever fails to relieve chronic rheumatism when rubbed in [81] topically for ten minutes at a time with a gloved hand; and an application afterwards of dry heat will increase the redness and warmth, which persist for some while, and are renewed by walking. This ointment, or paste, is made of the Oleo-resin—Capsicin—half-an-ounce, and Lanolin five ounces, the unguent being melted, and, after adding the Capsicin, letting them be stirred together until cold. The powder or tincture of Capsicum will give energy to a languid digestion, and will correct the flatulency often incidental to a vegetable diet. Again, a gargle containing Capsicum in a proper measure will afford prompt relief in many forms of sore throat, both by its stimulating action, and by virtue of its special affinities (H.); this particularly holds good for a relaxed state of the throat, the uvula, and the tonsils. Cayenne pepper is employed in the adulteration of gin.

A Capsicum ointment, or "Chili paste," rarely fails to relieve chronic rheumatism when you rub it in topically for ten minutes with a gloved hand; afterward, applying dry heat will enhance the redness and warmth, which linger for a while and come back when you walk. This ointment, or paste, is made from half an ounce of Oleo-resin—Capsicin—and five ounces of Lanolin. Melt the ointment and, after adding the Capsicin, stir them together until it cools. The powder or tincture of Capsicum will boost weak digestion and help with the gas often associated with a vegetarian diet. Additionally, a gargle containing the right amount of Capsicum will provide quick relief for various sore throat issues, thanks to its stimulating properties and specific affinities. This is especially effective for a relaxed state of the throat, uvula, and tonsils. Cayenne pepper is used in the adulteration of gin.

The "Peter Piper" of our young memories took pickled pepper by the peck. He must have been a Homoeopathic prover with a vengeance; but has left no useful record of his experiments—the more's the pity—for our guidance when prescribing its diluted forms.

The "Peter Piper" from our childhood memories picked pickled peppers by the peck. He must have been a homeopathic prover with a strong passion; unfortunately, he left no helpful record of his experiments—which is a shame— to guide us when prescribing its diluted forms.

CARAWAY.

The common Caraway is a herb of the umbelliferous order found growing on many waste places in England, though not a true native of Great Britain. Its well-known aromatic seeds should be always at hand in the cupboard of every British housewife. The plant got its name from inhabiting Caria, a province of Asia Minor. It is now cultivated for commerce in Kent and Essex; and the essential oil distilled from the home grown fruit is preferred in this country. The medicinal properties of the Caraway are cordial and comforting to [82] the stomach in colic and in flatulent indigestion; for which troubles a dose of from two to four drops of the essential oil of Caraway may be given on a lump of sugar, or in a teaspoonful of hot water.

The common Caraway is a herb from the parsley family that grows in many abandoned areas in England, although it’s not originally from Great Britain. Its well-known aromatic seeds should always be kept in the cupboard of every British housewife. The plant got its name because it comes from Caria, a region in Asia Minor. It's now grown commercially in Kent and Essex, and the essential oil made from the locally grown seeds is preferred in this country. The medicinal properties of Caraway are soothing and comforting to the stomach for issues like colic and gas-related indigestion; for these problems, a dose of two to four drops of Caraway essential oil can be taken on a piece of sugar or in a spoonful of hot water.

For earache, in some districts the country people pound up the crumb of a loaf hot from the oven, together with a handful of bruised Caraway seeds; then wetting the whole with some spirit, they apply it to the affected part. The plant has been long naturalised in England, and was known here in Shakespeare's time, who mentions it in the second part of Henry IV. thus: "Come, cousin Silence! we will eat a pippin of last year's graffing, with a dish of Caraways; and then to bed!" The seeds grow numerously in the small flat flowers placed thickly together on each floral plateau, or umbel, and are best known to us in seed cake, and in Caraway comfits. They are really the dried fruit, and possess, when rubbed in a mortar, a warm aromatic taste, with a fragrant spicy smell. Caraway comfits consist of these fruits encrusted with white sugar; but why the wife of a comfit maker should be given to swearing, as Shakespeare avers, it is not easy to see. The young roots of Caraway plants may be sent to table like parsnips; they warm and stimulate a cold languid stomach. These mixed with milk and made into bread, formed the chara of Julius Caesar, eaten by the soldiers of Valerius. Chemically the volatile oil obtained from Caraway seeds consists of "carvol," and a hydro-carbon, "carvene," which is a sort of "camphor." Dioscorides long ago advised the oil for pale-faced girls; and modern ladies have not disregarded the counsel.

For earache, in some areas, local people mash up the crumb of a loaf fresh from the oven, along with a handful of bruised caraway seeds; then they moisten the mixture with some spirit and apply it to the affected area. The plant has been established in England for a long time and was known during Shakespeare's time, who mentions it in the second part of Henry IV: "Come, cousin Silence! we will eat a pippin of last year's grafting, with a dish of caraways; and then to bed!" The seeds grow abundantly in the small flat flowers clustered closely together on each floral cluster, or umbel, and we best know them in seed cake and caraway comfits. They are actually dried fruit and have a warm aromatic taste and fragrant spicy smell when crushed in a mortar. Caraway comfits consist of these fruits coated in white sugar, but it's not easy to understand why the wife of a comfit maker swears, as Shakespeare claims. The young roots of caraway plants can be served like parsnips; they warm and stimulate a cold, sluggish stomach. These mixed with milk and made into bread formed the chara of Julius Caesar, eaten by Valerius's soldiers. Chemically, the volatile oil obtained from caraway seeds contains "carvol" and a hydrocarbon called "carvene," which is a type of "camphor." Dioscorides suggested the oil for pale-faced girls long ago, and modern women haven't ignored that advice.

From six pounds of the unbruised seeds, four ounces of the pure essential oil can be expressed. In Germany the peasants flavour their cheese, soups, and household [83] bread—jager—with the Caraway; and this is not a modern custom, for an old Latin author says: Semina carui satis communiter adhibentur ad condiendum panem; et rustica nostrates estant jusculum e pane, seminibus carui, et cerevisâ coctum.

From six pounds of unbruised seeds, you can extract four ounces of pure essential oil. In Germany, the peasants flavor their cheese, soups, and homemade bread—jager—with caraway seeds; this isn’t a modern tradition, as an old Latin author notes: Semina carui satis communiter adhibentur ad condiendum panem; et rustica nostrates estant jusculum e pane, seminibus carui, et cerevisâ coctum.

The Russians and Germans make from Caraways a favourite liqueur "Kummel," and the Germans add them as a flavouring condiment to their sawerkraut. In France Caraways enter into the composition of l'huile de Venus, and of other renowned cordials.

The Russians and Germans make a popular liqueur called "Kummel" from caraway seeds, and the Germans use them as a flavoring in their sauerkraut. In France, caraways are included in the recipe for l'huile de Venus and other famous cordials.

An ounce of the bruised seeds infused for six hours in a pint of cold water makes a good Caraway julep for infants, from one to three teaspoonfuls for a dose, It "consumeth winde, and is delightful to the stomack; the powdered seed put into a poultice taketh away blacke and blew spots of blows and bruises." "The oil, or seeds of Caraway do sharpen vision, and promote the secretion of milk." Therefore dimsighted men and nursing mothers may courageously indulge in seed cake!

An ounce of bruised caraway seeds steeped for six hours in a pint of cold water makes a good caraway julep for infants, with a dose of one to three teaspoons. It "relieves gas and is pleasant for the stomach; powdered seeds in a poultice can remove dark bruises and spots." "The oil or seeds of caraway improve vision and enhance milk production." So, people with poor eyesight and nursing mothers can enjoy seed cake without worry!

The name Caraway comes from the Gaelic Caroh, a ship, because of the shape which the fruit takes. By cultivation the root becomes more succulent, and the fruit larger, whilst more oily, and therefore acquiring an increase of aromatic taste and odour. In Germany the seeds are given for hysterical affections, being finely powdered and mixed with ginger and salt to spread with butter on bread. As a draught for flatulent colic twenty grains of the powdered seeds may be taken with two teaspoonfuls of sugar in a wineglassful of hot water. Caraway-seed cake was formerly a standing institution at the feasts given by farmers to their labourers at the end of wheat sowing. But narcotic effects have been known to follow the chewing of Caraway seeds in a large quantity, such as three ounces at a time.

The name Caraway comes from the Gaelic Caroh, meaning ship, which refers to the shape of the fruit. Through cultivation, the root becomes juicier, and the fruit grows larger and more oily, enhancing its aromatic flavor and scent. In Germany, the seeds are used for treating hysterical conditions, ground up and mixed with ginger and salt to spread on buttered bread. For relief from bloating, you can take twenty grains of the powdered seeds with two teaspoons of sugar in a glass of hot water. Caraway-seed cake used to be a regular treat at the feasts farmers held for their workers at the end of wheat planting. However, consuming a large amount of Caraway seeds, like three ounces at once, can lead to narcotic effects.

[84] As regards its stock of honey the Caraway may be termed, like Uriah Heep, and in a double sense, "truly umbel." The diminutive florets on its flat disk are so shallow that lepidopterous and hymenopterous insects, with their long proboses, stand no chance of getting a meal. They fare as poorly as the stork did in the fable, whom the fox invited to dinner served on a soup plate. As Sir John Lubbock has shown, out of fifty-five visitants to the Caraway plant for nectar, one moth, nine bees, twenty-one flies, and twenty-four miscellaneous midges constituted the dinner party.

[84] When it comes to its supply of honey, the Caraway can be described, like Uriah Heep, in a twofold way, as "truly umbel." The tiny flowers on its flat head are so shallow that butterflies and bees, with their long tongues, have no chance of getting a meal. They do just as badly as the stork did in the fable, where the fox invited it to dinner served on a soup plate. As Sir John Lubbock has demonstrated, out of fifty-five visitors to the Caraway plant for nectar, there was one moth, nine bees, twenty-one flies, and twenty-four random midges making up the dinner party.

CHAMOMILE.

No Simple in the whole catalogue of herbal medicines is possessed of a quality more friendly and beneficial to the intestines than "Chamomile flowers." This herb was well known to the Greeks, who thought it had an odour like that of apples, and therefore they named it "Earth Apple," from two of their words, kamai—on the ground, and melon—an apple. The Spaniards call it Manzanilla, from a little apple, and they give the same name to one of their lightest sherries flavoured with this plant. The flowers, or "blows" of the Chamomile belong to the daisy genus, having an outer fringe of white ray florets, with a central yellow disk, in which lies the chief medicinal virtue of the plant. In the cultivated Chamomile the white petals increase, while the yellow centre diminishes; thus it is that the curative properties of the wild Chamomile are the more powerful. The true Chamomile is to be distinguished from the bitter Chamomile (matricaria chamomilla) which has weaker properties, and grows erect, with several flowers at a level on the same stalk. The true Chamomile grows prostrate, and produces but [85] one flower (with a convex, not conical, yellow disk) from each stem, whilst its leaves are divided into hair-like segments. The flowers exhale a powerful aromatic smell, and present a peculiar bitter to the taste. When distilled with water they yield a small quantity of most useful essential oil, which, if fresh and good, is always of a bluish colour. It should be green or blue, and not faded to yellow. This oil is a mixture of ethers, among which "chamomilline," or the valerianate of butyl, predominates. Medicinally it serves to lower nervous excitability reflected from some organ in trouble, but remote from the part where the pain is actually felt; so it is very useful for such spasmodic coughs as are due to indigestion; also for distal neuralgia, pains in the head or limbs from the same cause, and for nervous colic bowels. The oil may be given in doses of from two to four drops on a lump of sugar, or in a dessert-spoonful of milk. An officinal tincture (Tinctura anthemidis) is made from the flowers of the true Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis) with rectified spirit of wine. The dose of this is from three to ten drops with a spoonful of water. It serves usefully to correct the summer diarrhoea of children, or that which occurs during teething, when the stools are green, slimy and particoloured. The true Chamomile, the bitter Chamomile, and the Feverfew, are most obnoxious to flies and mosquitoes. An infusion of their respective leaves in spirit will, if used as a wash to the face, arms, or any exposed part of the body, protect effectually from all attack by these petty foes, which are quaintly described in an old version of our Bible as "the pestilence that walketh in the darkness, and the bug that destroyeth at noonday." Chamomile tea is an excellent stomachic when taken in moderate doses of half-a-teacupful at a [86] time. It should be made by pouring half-a-pint of boiling water on half-an-ounce of the dried flower heads, and letting this stand for fifteen minutes, A special tincture (H.) of Chammomilla is made from the bitter Chamomile (Matricaria), which, when given in small doses of three or four drops in a dessertspoonful of cold water every hour, will signally relieve severe neuralgic pains, particularly if they are aggravated at night. Likewise this remedy will quickly cure restlessness and fretfulness in children from teething, and who refuse to be soothed save by being carried about.

No simple remedy in the entire catalog of herbal medicines has a quality more beneficial to the intestines than “Chamomile flowers.” This herb was well known to the Greeks, who thought it smelled like apples, so they named it “Earth Apple,” derived from their words, kamai—on the ground, and melon—an apple. The Spaniards call it Manzanilla, meaning a little apple, and they also use this name for one of their lightest sherries flavored with this plant. The flowers, or “blows” of the Chamomile, belong to the daisy family, featuring a ring of white ray florets surrounding a central yellow disk, where the main medicinal properties of the plant lie. In cultivated Chamomile, the white petals increase while the yellow center decreases; hence, the curative properties of the wild Chamomile are more powerful. True Chamomile can be distinguished from bitter Chamomile (matricaria chamomilla), which has weaker properties and grows upright with multiple flowers on the same stalk. True Chamomile grows spread out and produces only one flower (with a convex, not conical, yellow disk) per stem, while its leaves are divided into hair-like segments. The flowers give off a strong aromatic scent and have a distinct bitter taste. When distilled with water, they yield a small amount of very useful essential oil, which, if fresh and good, always has a bluish color. It should be green or blue, not faded to yellow. This oil is a mix of ethers, with “chamomilline,” or valerianate of butyl, being the most prevalent. Medicinally, it helps to reduce nervous excitability that comes from an organ in distress, even if it's not where the pain is actually felt; thus, it’s very effective for spasmodic coughing due to indigestion, as well as for distal neuralgia, and pains in the head or limbs from the same cause, and for nervous colic in the bowels. The oil can be taken in doses of two to four drops on a sugar cube or in a dessert spoonful of milk. An official tincture (Tinctura anthemidis) is made from the flowers of true Chamomile (Anthemis nobilis) using rectified spirit of wine. The dose for this is three to ten drops with a spoonful of water. It is useful for treating summer diarrhea in children or diarrhea that occurs during teething, when the stools are green, slimy, and multicolored. True Chamomile, bitter Chamomile, and Feverfew are very unattractive to flies and mosquitoes. An infusion of their leaves in spirit, when used as a wash for the face, arms, or any exposed part of the body, can effectively protect against these pesky attackers, which are amusingly described in an old version of our Bible as “the pestilence that walketh in the darkness, and the bug that destroyeth at noon.” Chamomile tea is an excellent stomach remedy when taken in moderate doses of half a teacup at a time. It should be prepared by pouring half a pint of boiling water over half an ounce of dried flower heads and letting it steep for fifteen minutes. A special tincture (H.) of Chammomilla is made from bitter Chamomile (Matricaria), which, when taken in small doses of three or four drops in a dessert spoonful of cold water every hour, will significantly relieve severe neuralgic pains, especially if they worsen at night. This remedy will also quickly ease restlessness and fussiness in teething children, who will only be comforted if carried around.

The name, Matricaria, of the bitter Chamomile is derived from mater cara, "beloved mother," because the herb is dedicated to St. Anne, the reputed mother of the Virgin Mary, or from matrix, as meaning "the womb." This herb may be known from the true Chamomile because having a large, yellow, conical disk, and no scales on the receptacles.

The name, Matricaria, of the bitter Chamomile comes from mater cara, which means "beloved mother," because the herb is dedicated to St. Anne, who is believed to be the mother of the Virgin Mary, or from matrix, meaning "the womb." You can recognize this herb from the true Chamomile by its large, yellow, conical disk and the absence of scales on the receptacles.

Chamomile tea is also an excellent drink for giving to aged persons an hour or more before dinner. Francatelli directs that it should be made thus: "Put about thirty flowers into a jug, and pour a pint of boiling water on them; cover up the tea, and when it has stood for about ten minutes pour it off from the flowers into another jug, and sweeten with sugar or honey." A teacupful of this Chamomile tea, into which is stirred a large dessertspoonful of moist sugar, with a little grated ginger added, will answer the purpose now indicated. For outward application, to relieve inflammatory pains, or congestive neuralgia, hot fomentations made of the infused Chamomile "blows" are invaluable. Bags may be loosely stuffed with the flowers, and steeped well in boiling water before being applied. But for internal use the infusion and the extract of the herb are comparatively [87] useless, because much of the volatile essential oil is dissipated by boiling, or by dry heat. This oil made into pills with bread crumbs, and given whilst fasting two hours before a meal, will effectually dispel intestinal worms. True Chamomile flowers may be known from spurious ones (of the Feverfew) which have no bracts on the receptacle when the florets are removed.

Chamomile tea is also a great drink for elderly people to have about an hour or more before dinner. Francatelli recommends preparing it like this: "Put about thirty flowers in a jug and pour a pint of boiling water over them; cover the tea, and after it has steeped for about ten minutes, pour it from the flowers into another jug and sweeten it with sugar or honey." A teacupful of this Chamomile tea, stirred with a large dessert spoon of moist sugar and a bit of grated ginger, will serve the intended purpose. For external use, to relieve inflammatory pain or congestive neuralgia, hot compresses made from the infused Chamomile flowers are extremely helpful. Bags can be loosely filled with the flowers and steeped well in boiling water before applying. However, for internal use, the infusion and extract of the herb are relatively ineffective because a lot of the volatile essential oil is lost during boiling or dry heat. This oil, when mixed into pills with bread crumbs and taken on an empty stomach two hours before a meal, will effectively eliminate intestinal worms. True Chamomile flowers can be distinguished from fake ones (like Feverfew) which lack bracts on the receptacle when the florets are removed.

It is remarkable that each Chamomile is a plant Physician, as nothing contributes so much to the health of a garden as a number of Chamomile herbs dispersed about it. Singularly enough, if another plant is drooping, and apparently dying, in nine cases out of ten it will recover if you place a herb of Chamomile near it.

It’s amazing that each Chamomile plant acts like a healer since nothing helps a garden's health as much as having several Chamomile herbs scattered around. Interestingly, if another plant is wilting and seems to be dying, it will likely bounce back nine times out of ten if you put a Chamomile herb nearby.

The stinking Chamomile (Anthemis cotula) or Mayweed, grows in cornfields, having a foetid smell, and often blistering the hand which gathers it. Another name which it bears is "dog's fennel," because of the disagreeable odour, and the leaf resembling fennel. Similar uses may be made of it as with the other Chamomiles, but less effectively. It has solitary flowers with erect stems.

The stinky Chamomile (Anthemis cotula) or Mayweed grows in cornfields, giving off a foul smell and often causing blisters on the hand that picks it. It’s also known as "dog's fennel" because of its unpleasant odor and its leaves that look like fennel. You can use it in similar ways as the other Chamomiles, but it's less effective. It has single flowers on upright stems.

Dr. Schall declares that the Chamomile is not only a preventive of nightmare, but the sole certain remedy for this complaint. As a carminative injection for tiresome flatulence, it has been found eminently beneficial to employ Chamomile flowers boiled in tripe broth, and strained through a cloth, and with a few drops of the oil of Aniseed added to the decoction.

Dr. Schall states that Chamomile is not just a way to prevent nightmares, but the only reliable remedy for this issue. For annoying flatulence, it has been shown to be very effective to use Chamomile flowers boiled in tripe broth, strained through a cloth, with a few drops of Aniseed oil added to the mixture.

Falstaffe says in Henry IV.: "Though Chamomile, the more it is trodden on the faster it grows; yet youth, the more it is wasted the sooner it wears." For coarse feeders and drunkards Chamomile is peculiarly suitable. Its infusion will cut short an attack of delirium tremens in the early stage. Gerard found the oil of the flowers [88] a remedy against all weariness; and quaint old Culpeper reminds us that the Egyptians dedicated the Chamomile to the sun because it cured agues. He slyly adds: "They were like enough to do it, for they were the arrantest apes in their religion I ever read of."

Falstaff says in Henry IV: "Even though chamomile grows faster when it's stepped on, youth wears out quicker the more it’s wasted." Chamomile is particularly good for heavy drinkers. Its tea can quickly help with early-stage delirium tremens. Gerard found that chamomile oil was a remedy for fatigue, and the quirky old Culpeper points out that the Egyptians dedicated chamomile to the sun because it cured fevers. He cheekily adds, "They were likely to do that since they were the most ridiculous followers of their religion I've ever read about."

CARROT.

Our garden Carrot, or Dauke, is a cultivated variety of the Dalucus sylvestris, or wild carrot, an umbelliferous plant, which groweth of itself in untoiled places, and is called philtron, because it serveth for love matters. This wild Carrot may be found abundantly in our fields and on the sea shore; the term Carrot being Celtic, and signifying "red of colour," or perhaps derived from caro, flesh, because this is a fleshy vegetable. Daucus is from the Greek daio, to burn, on account of the pungent and stimulating qualities. It is common also on our roadsides, being popularly known as "Bee's nest," because the stems of its flowering head, or umbel, form a concave semi-circle, or nest, which bees, when belated from the hive will use as a dormitory. The small purple flower which grows in the middle of the umbel has been found beneficial for the cure of epilepsy. The juice of the Carrot contains "carotine" in red crystals; also pectin, albumen, and a particular volatile oil, on which the medicinal properties of the root depend. The seeds are warm and aromatic to the taste, whilst they are slightly diuretic. A tea made from the whole plant, and taken each night and morning, is excellent when the lithic acid, or gouty disposition prevails, with the deposit of a brick-dust sediment in the urine on its becoming cool.

Our garden carrot, or Dauke, is a cultivated variety of the Dalucus sylvestris, also known as wild carrot, which grows naturally in uncultivated areas. It's referred to as philtron because it's associated with love matters. You can find this wild carrot growing plentifully in our fields and along the seashore; the name Carrot comes from Celtic, meaning "red in color," or maybe from the word caro, meaning flesh, since it's a fleshy vegetable. Daucus is derived from the Greek daio, meaning to burn, due to its strong and stimulating qualities. It's also commonly seen along our roadsides, where it's popularly called "Bee's nest" because the stems of its flowering head, or umbel, form a concave shape that bees use as a resting spot when they're caught away from their hive. The small purple flower in the center of the umbel is known to help with epilepsy. The juice of the carrot contains "carotine" in red crystals, as well as pectin, albumen, and a specific volatile oil that gives the root its medicinal properties. The seeds have a warm, aromatic taste and are slightly diuretic. Drinking tea made from the whole plant every morning and night is great for dealing with lithic acid or gouty tendencies, especially if you notice a brick-dust sediment in the urine when it cools down.

The chief virtues of Carrots lie in the strong antiseptic qualities they possess, which prevent all putrescent [89] changes within the body. In Suffolk they were given long since as a secret specific for preserving and restoring the wind of horses, but cows if fed long on them will make bloody urine. Wild Carrots are superior medicinally to those of the cultivated kind. Carrot sugar got from the inspissated juice of the roots may be used at table, and is good for the coughs of consumptive children. The seeds of the wild Carrot were formerly esteemed as a specific remedy for jaundice; and in Savoy the peasants now give an infusion of the roots for the same purpose; whilst this infusion has served to prevent stone in the bladder throughout several years when the patient had been previously subject to frequent attacks.

The main benefits of Carrots come from their strong antiseptic properties, which help prevent decomposition in the body. In Suffolk, they were used a long time ago as a special remedy for keeping horses' wind (breath) healthy, but feeding them to cows for a long time can cause bloody urine. Wild Carrots are actually better for medicinal use than the cultivated ones. Carrot sugar, made from the concentrated juice of the roots, can be used as a sweetener at the table and is helpful for coughs in children with tuberculosis. The seeds of wild Carrots were once highly regarded as a remedy for jaundice; in Savoy, peasants still make an infusion of the roots to treat the same condition. This infusion has also been used to prevent bladder stones in patients who had previously experienced frequent attacks.

Carrots boiled sufficiently, and mashed into a pulp, when applied directly to a putrid, indolent sore, will sweeten and heal it. The Carrot poultice was first used by Sulzer for mitigating the pain, and correcting the stench of foul ulcers. Raw scraped Carrot is an excellent plaster for chapped nipples. At Vichy, where derangements of the liver and of the biliary digestion are particularly treated, Carrots in one or another form are served at every meal, whether in soup, or as a vegetable; and considerable efficacy of cure is attributed to them. In the time of Parkinson (1640) the leaves of the Carrot were thought to be so ornamental that ladies wore them as a head-dress instead of feathers. A good British wine may be brewed from the roots of the Carrot; and very tolerable bread may be prepared for travellers from these roots when dried and powdered. Pectic acid can be extracted by the chemist from Carrots, which will solidify plain sugared water into a wholesome appetising jelly. One part of this pectic acid dissolved in a little hot water, and added to make three hundred parts of warm water, [90] is soon converted into a mass of trembling jelly. The yellow core of the Carrot is the part which is difficult of digestion with some persons, not the outer red layer. Before the French Revolution the sale of Carrots and oranges was prohibited in the Dutch markets, because of the unpopular aristocratic colour of these commodities. In one thousand parts of a Carrot there are ninety-five of sugar, and (according to some chemists) only three of starch. In country districts raw Carrots are sometimes given to children for expelling worms, probably because the vegetable matter passes mechanically through the body unchanged, and scours it. "Remember, William," says Sir Hugh Evans in the Merry Wives of Windsor, "Focative is Caret," "and that" replies Mrs. Quickly, "is a good root."

Carrots that are boiled well and mashed into a pulp, when put directly on a rotting, slow-healing sore, will help it heal and smell better. The Carrot poultice was first used by Sulzer to ease pain and reduce the smell of bad ulcers. Shredded raw Carrot makes a great treatment for chapped nipples. At Vichy, where they particularly treat liver problems and bile digestion issues, Carrots are served at every meal, whether in soup or as a side dish; they are believed to be highly effective. In the time of Parkinson (1640), Carrot leaves were considered so beautiful that women wore them in their hair instead of feathers. A decent British wine can be made from Carrot roots, and travelers can prepare pretty acceptable bread from these roots when dried and ground. Chemists can extract pectic acid from Carrots, which can turn plain sugared water into a tasty jelly. Dissolving one part of this pectic acid in a bit of hot water and adding it to three hundred parts of warm water results in a wobbly jelly. The yellow core of the Carrot can be hard to digest for some people, unlike the outer red layer. Before the French Revolution, selling Carrots and oranges was banned in Dutch markets because these items were seen as having an unpopular aristocratic connotation. In a Carrot, there are about ninety-five parts sugar and (according to some chemists) only three parts starch. In rural areas, raw Carrots are sometimes given to children to help expel worms, probably because the fibrous material passes through the body unchanged and cleans it out. "Remember, William," says Sir Hugh Evans in the Merry Wives of Windsor, "Focative is Caret," "and that," replies Mrs. Quickly, "is a good root."

    "The man in the moon drinks claret,
        But he is a dull Jack-a-dandy;
    Would he know a sheep's head from a Carrot
        He should learn to drink cider and brandy."
            Song of Mad Tom in Midsummer Night's Dream.

"The man in the moon drinks red wine,
But he's a boring show-off;
If he can't tell a sheep's head from a carrot,
He should pick up some cider and brandy."
Song of Mad Tom in Midsummer Night's Dream.

CELANDINE (Greater, and Lesser).

CELANDINE (Greater and Lesser).

This latter flower is a conspicuous herald of spring, which is strikingly welcome to everyone living in the country throughout England, and a stranger to none. The Pilewort, or lesser Celandine, bespangles all our banks with its brilliant, glossy, golden stars, coming into blossom on or about March 7th, St. Perpetua's day. They are a timely tocsin for five o'clock tea, because punctually at that hour they shut up their showy petals until 9.0 a.m. on the following morning. The well-known little herb, with its heart-shaped leaves, is a Ranunculus, and bears the affix ficaria from its curative value in the malady called ficus—a "red sore in the fundament". (Littleton, 1684).

This latter flower is a noticeable sign of spring, which is eagerly welcomed by everyone living in the countryside across England, and is familiar to all. The Pilewort, or lesser Celandine, decorates our banks with its bright, shiny, golden stars, blooming around March 7th, St. Perpetua's day. They serve as a timely reminder for five o'clock tea, because right at that hour, they close their vibrant petals until 9:00 a.m. the next morning. This well-known little herb, with its heart-shaped leaves, is a Ranunculus and has the name ficaria due to its healing properties for the ailment known as ficus—a "red sore in the fundament." (Littleton, 1684).

[91] The popular title, Pilewort, from Pila, a ball, was probably first acquired because, after the doctrine of signatures, the small oval tubercles attached to its stringy roots were supposed to resemble and to cure piles. Nevertheless, it has been since proved practically that the whole plant, when bruised and made into an ointment with fresh lard, is really useful for healing piles; as likewise when applied to the part in the form of a poultice or hot fomentation. "There be those also who thinke that if the herbe be but carried about by one that hath the piles the paine forthwith ceaseth." It has sometimes happened that the small white tubercles collected about the roots of the plant, when washed bare by heavy rains, and lying free on the ground, have given rise to a supposed shower of wheat. After flowering the Pilewort withdraws its substance of leaf and stem into a small rounded tube underground, so as to withstand the heat of summer, and the cold of the subsequent winter.

[91] The common name, Pilewort, comes from Pila, meaning a ball. It likely came about because, according to the doctrine of signatures, the small oval tubers attached to its stringy roots were thought to resemble and cure piles. However, it has since been practically shown that the whole plant, when crushed and mixed into an ointment with fresh lard, is actually effective for treating piles, particularly when applied as a poultice or hot compress. "There are also those who believe that if the herb is simply carried by someone with piles, the pain will immediately stop." Sometimes, the small white tubers that collect around the roots of the plant, washed clean by heavy rains and lying exposed on the ground, have led people to think they have found a shower of wheat. After blooming, the Pilewort draws its leaves and stems down into a small rounded tuber underground to survive the summer heat and the cold winter that follows.

With the acrid juice of this herb, and of others belonging to the same Ranunculous order, beggars in England used to produce sores about their body for the sake of exciting pity, and getting alms. They afterwards cured these sores by applying fresh mullein leaves to heal them. The lesser Celandine furnishes a golden yellow volatile oil, which is readily converted into anemonic acid.

With the sharp juice of this herb, along with others from the same Ranunculus family, beggars in England used to create sores on their bodies to evoke sympathy and receive donations. They would then heal these sores by applying fresh mullein leaves. The lesser Celandine provides a golden yellow volatile oil, which can easily be turned into anemonic acid.

Wordsworth specially loved this lesser Celandine, and turned his lyre to sing its praises:—

Wordsworth especially loved this lesser Celandine and played his lyre to sing its praises:—

    "There is a flower that shall be mine,
    'Tis the little Celandine;
    I will sing as doth behove
    Hymns in praise of what I love."

"There is a flower that will be mine,
    It's the little Celandine;
    I will sing as I should
    Songs in praise of what I love."

In token of which affectionate regard these flowers have been carved on the white marble of his tomb.

In honor of this affectionate regard, these flowers have been engraved on the white marble of his tomb.

[92] The greater Celandine, or Coeli donum (Chelidonium majus), though growing freely in our waste places and hedgerows, is, perhaps, scarcely so well known as its diminutive namesake. Yet most persons acquainted with our ordinary rural plants have repeatedly come across this conspicuous herb, which exudes a bright yellow juice when bruised. It has sharply cut vivid leaves of a dull green, with a small blossom of brilliant yellow, and is not altogether unlike a buttercup, though growing to the height of a couple of feet. But this Celandine belongs to the Poppy tribe, whilst the Buttercup is a Ranunculus. The technical name of the greater Celandine (Chelidonium) comes from the Greek word Chelidon, a swallow, because of an ancient tradition that the bird makes use of this herb to open the eyes of its young, or to restore their sight when it has been lost:—

[92] The greater Celandine, or Coeli donum (Chelidonium majus), while growing freely in our untended areas and hedgerows, may not be as well known as its smaller counterpart. Still, most people familiar with common rural plants have likely encountered this noticeable herb, which releases a bright yellow juice when crushed. It has sharply cut, vibrant leaves of a dull green and a small bloom of brilliant yellow, and it's somewhat similar to a buttercup, even though it can grow to about two feet tall. However, this Celandine is part of the Poppy family, while the Buttercup belongs to the Ranunculus family. The scientific name of the greater Celandine (Chelidonium) comes from the Greek word Chelidon, meaning swallow, due to an old belief that the bird uses this herb to open the eyes of its young or to restore their sight if it has been lost:—

"Caecatis pullis hâc lumina mater hirundo
(Plinius ut scripsit) quamvis sint eruta, reddit."

"Even though the chicks are out of the light, the swallow mother still returns them."

The ancients entertained a strong belief that birds are gifted with a knowledge of herbs; the woodpecker, for instance, seeking out the Springwort to remove obstructions, and the linnet making use of the Eyebright to restore its vision.

The ancients strongly believed that birds had a knack for knowing about herbs; for example, the woodpecker would look for Springwort to clear away blockages, and the linnet used Eyebright to improve its sight.

Queen Elizabeth in the forty-sixth year of her age was attacked with such a grievous toothache that she could obtain no rest by night or day because of the torture she endured. The lords of her council decided on sending for an "outlandish physician" named Penatus, who was famous for curing this agonising pain. He advised that when all was said and done, if the tooth was hollow, it were best to have it drawn; but as Her Majesty could not bring herself to submit to the use of [93] chirugical instruments, he suggested that the Chelidonius major—our greater Celandine— should be put into the tooth, and this stopped with wax, which would so loosen the tooth that in a short time it might be pulled out with the fingers. Aylmer, Bishop of London, tried to encourage the Queen by telling her that though he was an old man, and had not many teeth to spare, she should see a practical experiment made on himself. Thereupon he bade the surgeon who was in attendance extract one of his teeth in Her Majesty's presence.

Queen Elizabeth, at forty-six, suffered from a terrible toothache that kept her from finding relief day or night due to the pain she was in. The lords of her council decided to call for an "outlandish physician" named Penatus, who was known for treating this kind of agonizing pain. He suggested that, ultimately, if the tooth was decayed, it would be best to have it removed; however, since Her Majesty couldn't bring herself to endure surgical instruments, he recommended that Chelidonius major—our greater Celandine—be placed in the tooth, sealed with wax, which would loosen the tooth enough to be pulled out with fingers soon. Aylmer, the Bishop of London, tried to reassure the Queen by saying that even though he was old and didn't have many teeth left, she should witness a practical experiment on himself. He then asked the surgeon present to extract one of his teeth in front of Her Majesty.

This plant, the Chelidonium majus, is still used in Suffolk for toothache by way of fomentation. It goes also by the name of "Fenugreek" (Foenum Groecum), Yellow Spit, Grecian Hay, and by that of Tetterwort. The root contains chemically "chelidonin" and "sanguinarin."

This plant, the Chelidonium majus, is still used in Suffolk for toothache as a warm poultice. It’s also known as "Fenugreek" (Foenum Groecum), Yellow Spit, Grecian Hay, and Tetterwort. The root contains the compounds "chelidonin" and "sanguinarin."

On the doctrine of signatures the herb, because of its bright orange-coloured juice, was formerly believed to be curative of jaundice. A medicinal tincture (H.) made from the entire plant with spirit of wine is at the present time held in high esteem by many physicians for overcoming torpid conditions of the liver. Eight or ten drops of this tincture, or of the fresh juice of the plant, may be given for a dose three times in the day in sweetened water when bilious yellowness of the skin is present, with itching, and with clayey stools, dark thick urine, constipation, and a pain in the right shoulder; also for neuralgia of the head and face on the right side. It is certainly remarkable that though the fanciful theory of choosing curative plants by their signatures has been long since exploded, yet doctors of to-day select several yellow medicines for treating biliary disorders—to wit, this greater Celandine with its ochreous juice; the Yellow Barberry; the Dandelion; [94] the Golden Seal (Hydrastis); the Marigold; Orange; Saffron; and Tomato. Animals poisoned by the greater Celandine have developed active and pernicious congestion of the lungs and liver. Clusius found by experience that the juice of the greater Celandine, when squeezed into small green wounds of what sort so ever, wonderfully cured them. "If the juice to the bigness of a pin's head be dropped into the eye in the morning in bed, it takes away outward specks, and stops incipient suffusions." Also if the yellow juice is applied to warts, or to corns, first gently scraped, it will cure them promptly and painlessly. The greater Celandine is by genus closely allied to the horned Poppy which grows so abundantly on our coasts. Its tincture given in small doses proves of considerable service in whooping-cough when very spasmodic.

On the doctrine of signatures, the herb, due to its bright orange juice, was once thought to cure jaundice. A medicinal tincture (H.) made from the whole plant with alcohol is currently highly valued by many doctors for treating sluggish liver conditions. Eight to ten drops of this tincture, or the fresh juice of the plant, can be taken three times a day in sweetened water when yellowing of the skin is present, along with itching, pale stools, dark concentrated urine, constipation, and pain in the right shoulder; it's also used for headaches and face pain on the right side. It's interesting that although the idea of choosing healing plants based on their appearances has been long debunked, modern doctors still use several yellow remedies for bile-related issues—such as this Greater Celandine with its yellow juice, Yellow Barberry, Dandelion, Golden Seal (Hydrastis), Marigold, Orange, Saffron, and Tomato. Animals poisoned by Greater Celandine have shown serious congestion in their lungs and liver. Clusius discovered that the juice of Greater Celandine, when applied to small green wounds of any kind, healed them remarkably. "If a drop of juice the size of a pinhead is placed in the eye when waking in the morning, it removes specks and prevents early cloudiness." If the yellow juice is applied to warts or corns (first gently scraped), it will treat them quickly and without pain. The Greater Celandine is closely related to the horned Poppy, which grows abundantly along our coasts. Its tincture, taken in small doses, is quite helpful for severe whooping cough.

Curious remedies for this complaint have found rustic favour: in Yorkshire owl broth is considered to be a specific; again in Gloucestershire a roasted mouse is given to be eaten by the patient; and in Staffordshire the child is made to look at the new moon whilst the right hand of the nurse is rubbed up and down its bare belly.

Curious remedies for this complaint have gained popularity in rural areas: in Yorkshire, owl broth is seen as a cure; in Gloucestershire, a roasted mouse is given for the patient to eat; and in Staffordshire, the child is made to look at the new moon while the nurse rubs her right hand up and down the child's bare belly.

CELERY.

The Parsleys are botanically named Selinon, and by some verbal accident, through the middle letter "n" in this word being changed into "r," making it Seliron, or, in the Italian, Celeri, our Celery (which is a Parsley) obtained its title. It is a cultivated variety of the common Smallage (Small ache) or wild Celery (Apium graveolens), which grows abundantly in moist English ditches, or in water. This is an umbelliferous herb, unwholesome as a food, and having a coarse root, with [95] a fetid smell. But, like many others of the same natural order, when transplanted into the garden, and bleached, it becomes aromatic and healthful, making an excellent condimentary vegetable. But more than this, the cultivated Celery may well take rank as a curative Herbal Simple. Dr. Pereira has shown us that it contains sulphur (a known preventive of rheumatism) as freely as do the cruciferous plants, Mustard, and the Cresses. In 1879, Mr. Gibson Ward, then President of the Vegetarian Society, wrote some letters to the Times, which commanded much attention, about Celery as a food and a medicament. "Celery," said he, "when cooked, is a very fine dish, both as a nutriment and as a purifier of the blood; I will not attempt to enumerate all the marvellous cures I have made with Celery, lest medical men should be worrying me en masse. Let me fearlessly say that rheumatism is impossible on this diet; and yet English doctors in 1876 allowed rheumatism to kill three thousand six hundred and forty human beings, every death being as unnecessary as is a dirty face."

The Parsleys are botanically called Selinon, and due to a verbal mix-up, the middle letter "n" in this word was changed to "r," turning it into Seliron, or in Italian, Celeri, which is our Celery (which is a type of Parsley). It's a cultivated variety of common Smallage (Small ache) or wild Celery (Apium graveolens), which grows plentifully in damp English ditches or in water. This is a herb from the umbelliferous family, not great for eating, and has a rough root with a bad smell. However, like many others in its group, when it's moved to a garden and bleached, it becomes flavorful and healthy, making it a great vegetable for seasoning. Moreover, cultivated Celery can also be considered a medicinal herb. Dr. Pereira showed us that it has sulfur (known to help prevent rheumatism) just as much as cruciferous plants like Mustard and Cresses. In 1879, Mr. Gibson Ward, then President of the Vegetarian Society, wrote a series of letters to the Times that gained a lot of attention regarding Celery as both food and medicine. "Celery," he said, "when cooked, is an excellent dish, both nutritious and good for purifying the blood; I won't try to list all the amazing cures I've achieved with Celery, or else medical professionals might bombard me en masse. Let me boldly state that rheumatism is impossible on this diet; and yet English doctors in 1876 allowed rheumatism to take the lives of three thousand six hundred and forty people, each death as unnecessary as having a dirty face."

The seeds of our Sweet Celery are carminative, and act on the kidneys. An admirable tincture is made from these seeds, when bruised, with spirit of wine; of which a teaspoonful may be taken three times a day, with a spoonful or two of water. The root of the Wild Celery, Smallage, or Marsh Parsley, was reckoned, by the ancients, one of the five great aperient roots, and was employed in their diet drinks. The Great Parsley is the Large Age, or Large Ache; as a strange inconsistency the Romans adorned the heads of their guests, and the tombs of their dead with crowns of the Smallage. Our cultivated Celery is a capital instance of fact that most of the poisonous plants call, by [96] human ingenuity, be so altered in character as to become eminently serviceable for food or medicine. Thus, the Wild Celery, which is certainly poisonous when growing exposed to daylight, becomes most palatable, and even beneficial, by having its edible leaf stalks earthed up and bleached during their time of cultivation.

The seeds of our Sweet Celery help with digestion and have a positive effect on the kidneys. You can make a great tincture from these crushed seeds mixed with alcohol; take a teaspoon of it three times a day, mixed with a spoonful or two of water. The root of Wild Celery, also known as Smallage or Marsh Parsley, was considered by ancient people as one of the five main laxative roots and was used in their health drinks. The Great Parsley is referred to as Large Age or Large Ache; interestingly, the Romans decorated the heads of their guests and the tombs of the deceased with crowns made from Smallage. Our cultivated Celery is an excellent example of how many poisonous plants can be transformed through human innovation to become highly beneficial for food and medicine. For instance, Wild Celery, which is definitely toxic when exposed to sunlight, becomes very tasty and even healthy when its edible stalks are buried and bleached during cultivation.

Dr. Pereira says the digestibility of Celery is increased by its maceration in vinegar. As taken at table, Celery possesses certain qualities which tend to soothe nervous irritability, and to relieve sick headaches. "This herb Celery [Sellery] is for its high and grateful taste," says John Evelyn, in his Acetaria, "ever placed in the middle of the grand sallet at our great men's tables, and our Praetor's feasts, as the grace of the whole board." It contains some sugar and a volatile odorous principle, which in the wild plant smells and tastes strongly and disagreeably. The characteristic odour and flavour of the cultivated plant are due to this essential oil, which has now become of modified strength and qualities; also when freshly cut it affords albumen, starch, mucilage, and mineral matter. Why Celery accompanies cheese at the end of dinner it is not easy to see. This is as much a puzzle as why sucking pig and prune sauce should be taken in combination,—of which delicacies James Bloomfield Rush, the Norwich murderer, desired that plenty should be served for his supper the night before he was hanged, on April 20th, 1849.

Dr. Pereira says that the digestibility of celery improves when it's soaked in vinegar. When served at the table, celery has certain qualities that help calm nervousness and relieve headaches. "This herb celery [sellery] is favored for its pleasant taste," says John Evelyn in his Acetaria, "always placed in the center of the grand salad at the tables of our notable figures and at our Praetor's banquets, as the highlight of the entire meal." It contains some sugar and a volatile fragrant substance, which in the wild version has a strong and unpleasant smell and taste. The distinct smell and flavor of the cultivated celery come from this essential oil, which has been modified in strength and characteristics; also, when freshly cut, it provides protein, starch, mucilage, and minerals. It's unclear why celery is served with cheese at the end of a meal. This question is as puzzling as why sucking pig is paired with prune sauce—delicacies that James Bloomfield Rush, the Norwich murderer, requested to be served at his supper the night before he was executed on April 20th, 1849.

CENTAURY.

Of all the bitter appetising herbs which grow in our fields and hedgerows, and which serve as excellent simple tonics, the Centaury, particularly its white flowered variety, belonging to the Gentian order of [97] plants, is the most efficacious. It shares in an abundant measure the restorative antiseptic virtues of the Field Gentian and the Buckbean. There are four wild varieties of the Centaury, square stemmed, and each bearing flat tufts of flowers which are more or less rose coloured. The ancients named this bitter plant the Gall of the Earth, and it is now known as Christ's Ladder, or Felwort.

Of all the bitter yet tasty herbs that grow in our fields and along our hedgerows, which are great simple tonics, Centaury, especially its white-flowered variety from the Gentian family, is the most effective. It has a wealth of restorative and antiseptic properties similar to those of Field Gentian and Buckbean. There are four wild varieties of Centaury, with square stems, each featuring flat clusters of flowers that are more or less rose-colored. The ancients referred to this bitter plant as the Gall of the Earth, and it is now commonly known as Christ's Ladder or Felwort.

Though growing commonly in dry pastures, in woods, and on chalky cliffs, yet the Centaury cannot be reared in a garden. Of old its tribe was called "Chironia," after Chiron, the Greek Centaur, well skilled in herbal physic; and most probably the name of our English plant was thus originated. But the Germans call the Centaury Tausendgulden kraut—"the herb of a thousand florins,"—either because of its medicinal value, or as a corruption of Centum aureum, "a hundred golden sovereigns." Centaury has become popularly reduced in Worcestershire to Centre of the Sun. Its generic adjective "erythroea" signifies red. The flowers open only in fine weather, and not after twelve o'clock (noon) in the day. Chemically the herb contains erythrocentaurin—a bitter principle of compound character,—together with the usual herbal constituents, but with scarcely any tannin. The tops of the Centaury, especially of that flore albo—with the light coloured petals—are given in infusion, or in powder, or when made into an extract. For languid digestion, with heartburn after food, and a want of appetite, the infusion prepared with cold water, an ounce of the herb to a pint is best; but for muscular rheumatism the infusion should be made with boiling water. A wineglass of either will be the proper dose, two or three times a day.

Though it often grows in dry pastures, woods, and on chalky cliffs, Centaury cannot be cultivated in a garden. Historically, its group was named "Chironia," after Chiron, the Greek Centaur known for his expertise in herbal medicine; likely, this is where our English name originated. In Germany, they call Centaury Tausendgulden kraut—"the herb of a thousand florins"—either because of its medicinal properties or as a corruption of Centum aureum, meaning "a hundred golden sovereigns." In Worcestershire, Centaury has popularly been shortened to Centre of the Sun. Its scientific name "erythroea" means red. The flowers only bloom in nice weather and not after noon. Chemically, the herb contains erythrocentaurin—a bitter compound—along with the usual herbal elements, but with very little tannin. The tops of the Centaury, especially those with flore albo—light-colored petals—are used in infusions, powders, or extracts. For slow digestion with heartburn after meals and a lack of appetite, an infusion made with cold water, using one ounce of the herb per pint, is best; however, for muscular rheumatism, the infusion should be prepared with boiling water. A wineglass of either should be taken two or three times a day.

[98] CHERRY.

The wild Cherry (Cerasus), which occurs of two distinct kinds, has by budding and grafting begotten most of our finest garden fruits of its genus. The name _Cerasus _was derived from Kerasous, a city of Cappadocia, where the fruit was plentiful. According to Pliny, Cherries were first brought to Rome by Lucullus after his great victory over Mithridates, 89 B.C. The cultivated Cherry disappeared in this country during the Saxon period, and was not re-introduced until the reign of Henry VIII. The _Cerasus sylvestris _is a wild Cherry tree rising to the height of thirty or forty feet, and producing innumerable small globose fruits; whilst the Cerasus vulgaris, another wild Cherry, is a mere shrub, called Cerevisier in France, of which the fruit is sour and bitter. Cherry stones have been found in the primitive lake dwellings of Western Switzerland. There is a tradition that Christ gave a Cherry to St. Peter, admonishing him not to despise little things. In the time of Charles the First, Herrick, the clergyman poet, wrote a simple song, to which our well-known pretty "Cherry Ripe" has been adapted:—

The wild cherry (Cerasus), which exists in two distinct types, has produced many of our best garden fruits of its kind through budding and grafting. The name _Cerasus_ comes from Kerasous, a city in Cappadocia where the fruit was abundant. Pliny noted that cherries were first brought to Rome by Lucullus after his significant victory over Mithridates in 89 B.C. The cultivated cherry disappeared in this country during the Saxon period and wasn’t reintroduced until the reign of Henry VIII. The _Cerasus sylvestris_ is a wild cherry tree that grows to about thirty or forty feet tall and bears countless small round fruits; while the Cerasus vulgaris, another wild cherry, is just a shrub, known as Cerevisier in France, with fruit that is sour and bitter. Cherry stones have been discovered in the ancient lake dwellings of Western Switzerland. There’s a tradition that Christ gave a cherry to St. Peter, reminding him not to overlook small things. During the time of Charles I, the clergyman poet Herrick wrote a simple song, to which the well-known pretty "Cherry Ripe" has been adapted:—

    "Cherry ripe! ripe! I cry,
    Full and fair ones I come, and buy!
    If so be you ask me where
    They do grow: I answer there
    Where my Julia's lips do smile,
    There's the land: a cherry isle."

"Cherry ripe! Ripe! I shout,
    I come to buy the full and lovely ones!
    If you ask me where they grow,
    I’ll tell you it’s where
    My Julia's lips smile,
    That’s the place: a cherry island."

"Cherries on the ryse" (or, on twigs) was well known as a London street cry in the fifteenth century; but these were probably the fruit of the wild Cherry, or Gean tree. In France soup made from Cherries, and taken with bread, is the common sustenance of the wood cutters and charcoal burners of the forest during the [99] winter. The French distil from Cherries a liqueur named Eau de Cerises, or, in German, Kirschwasser; whilst the Italians prepare from a Cherry called Marusca the liqueur noted as Marasquin. Cherries termed as Mazzards are grown in Devon and Cornwall, A gum exudes from the bark of the Cherry tree which is equal in value to gum arabic. A caravan going from Ethiopia to Egypt, says Husselquist, and a garrison of more than two hundred men during a siege which lasted two months, were kept alive with no other food than this gum, "which they sucked often and slowly." It is known chemically as "cerasin," and differs from gum acacia in being less soluble.

"Cherries on the rise" (or, on twigs) were a well-known street cry in London during the fifteenth century; but these were probably wild cherries, or Gean trees. In France, soup made from cherries, eaten with bread, is the common food for woodcutters and charcoal burners in the forest during the winter. The French distill a liqueur from cherries called Eau de Cerises, or Kirschwasser in German; while the Italians make a liqueur called Marasquin from a cherry known as Marusca. Cherries referred to as Mazzards are grown in Devon and Cornwall. A gum oozes from the bark of the cherry tree that's as valuable as gum arabic. According to Husselquist, a caravan traveling from Ethiopia to Egypt, as well as a garrison of over two hundred men during a two-month siege, survived solely on this gum, "which they sucked often and slowly." It's known chemically as "cerasin," and it differs from gum acacia in being less soluble.

The leaves of the tree and the kernels of the fruit contain a basis of prussic acid.

The leaves of the tree and the seeds of the fruit contain a base of prussic acid.

The American wild Cherry (Prunus virginiana) yields from its bark a larger quantity of the prussic acid principle, which is sedative to the nervous centres, and also some considerable tannin. As an infusion, or syrup, or vegetable extract, it will allay nervous palpitation of the heart, and will quiet the irritative hectic cough of consumption, whilst tending to ameliorate the impaired digestion. Its preparations can be readily had from our leading druggists, and are found to be highly useful. A teaspoonful of the syrup, with one or two tablespoonfuls of cold water, is a dose for an adult every three or four hours. The oozing of the gum-tears from the trunk and boughs is due to the operation of a minute parasitic fungus. Helena, in the Midsummer Night's Dream, paints a charming picture of the close affection between Hermia and herself—

The American wild cherry (Prunus virginiana) produces a larger amount of prussic acid from its bark, which has a calming effect on the nervous system, along with a significant amount of tannin. As an infusion, syrup, or herbal extract, it can help reduce nervous heart palpitations and soothe the irritating cough associated with consumption, while also improving digestion. You can easily find its preparations at local pharmacies, and they are considered very effective. For an adult, a teaspoon of syrup mixed with one or two tablespoons of cold water should be taken every three or four hours. The gum tears that ooze from the trunk and branches are caused by a tiny parasitic fungus. Helena, in Midsummer Night's Dream, beautifully describes the close bond between herself and Hermia—

            "So we grew together
    Like to a double Cherry-seeming parted,
    But yet a union in partition:
    Two lovely berries moulded on one stem."

"So we grew together
Like a double cherry that seems divided,
Yet still a union in separation:
Two beautiful berries formed on one stem."

CHERVIL, or BEAKED PARSLEY.

Chervil, or Beaked Parsley.

"There is found," writes Parkinson, "during June and July, in almost every English hedge, a certain plant called Choerophyllum, in show very like unto Hemlockes, of a good and pleasant smell and taste, which have caused us to term it 'Sweet Chervill.'" And in modern times this plant has taken rank as a pot herb in our gardens, though its virtues and uses are not sufficiently known. "The root is great, thick and long, exceedingly sweet in smell, and tasting like unto anise seeds. This root is much used among the Dutch people in a kind of loblolly or hotchpot, which they do eat, calling it warmus. The seeds taken as a salad whilst they are yet green, exceed all other salads by many degrees in pleasantness of taste, sweetness of smell, and wholesomeness for the cold and feeble stomach." In common with other camphoraceous and strongly aromatic herbs, by reason of its volatile oil and its terebinthine properties, the Scandix, or Sweet Chervil, was entitled to make one of the choice spices used for composing the holy oil with which the sacred vessels of the Tabernacle were anointed by Moses. It belongs to the particular group of umbelliferous plants which is endowed with balsamic gums, and with carminative essences appealing powerfully to the sense of smell.

"There is found," writes Parkinson, "during June and July, in almost every English hedge, a certain plant called Choerophyllum, which looks very similar to Hemlock, and has a pleasant smell and taste, leading us to call it 'Sweet Chervil.'" Nowadays, this plant is recognized as a pot herb in our gardens, although its benefits and uses are not widely understood. "The root is large, thick, and long, with a sweet smell and flavor resembling anise seeds. This root is commonly used by the Dutch in a type of stew or mixture they eat, calling it warmus. The seeds can be eaten as a salad while still green, surpassing all other salads in taste, fragrant aroma, and benefits for those with cold or weak stomachs." Like other camphor-scented and strongly aromatic herbs, due to its volatile oil and properties similar to turpentine, the Scandix, or Sweet Chervil, was considered one of the key spices used to create the holy oil with which Moses anointed the sacred vessels of the Tabernacle. It belongs to a specific group of umbelliferous plants that contains balsamic gums and carminative essences, which have a strong appeal to the sense of smell.

The herb Chervil was in the mind of Roman Catullus when discoursing sweet verses of old to his friend Fabullus:—

The herb chervil was on the mind of Roman Catullus when he shared sweet verses from the past with his friend Fabullus:—

    "Nam unguentum dabo quod meoe puelloe
    Donârunt veneres, cupidinesque.
    Quod tu quum olfacies deo rogabis
    Totum ut te faciat. Fabulle! nasum."

"Here’s an ointment I’ll give you, which my girl
    Received from the Venuses and Cupids.
    When you smell it, you’ll ask the gods
    To make you completely yours. Fabulle! your nose."

    "I will give you a perfume my damsels gave me,
    Sweet daughters of Venus, sad hoydens are ye!
    Which the moment you smell will incite you to pray
    My Fabullus! to live as 'all nose' from that day."

"I'll give you a perfume that my girls gave me,
    Sweet daughters of Venus, you're such a sad bunch!
    The moment you smell it, it'll make you want to pray
    My Fabullus! to live as if you're just a nose from that day."

Evelyn taught (1565) that "the tender tops of Cherville should never be wanting in our sallets, being exceeding wholesome, and chearing the spirits; also that the roots boiled and cold are to be much commended for aged persons." But in 1745 several Dutch soldiers were poisoned by eating the rough wild Chervil, from which the cultivated sweet variety is to be distinguished by its having its stems swollen beneath the joints—much as our blue-blooded patricians are signalised by gouty knuckles and bunioned feet.

Evelyn taught (1565) that "the tender tops of Chervil should always be included in our salads, as they are very healthy and uplifting; also, the roots, whether boiled or cold, are highly recommended for older people." However, in 1745, several Dutch soldiers were poisoned by consuming the rough wild Chervil, which can be distinguished from the cultivated sweet variety by its swollen stems beneath the joints—similar to how our elite aristocrats are recognized by their gouty knuckles and bunioned feet.

The botanical name of the Sweet Chervil (Choerophyllum) signifies a plant which rejoices the heart—Kairei-phyllum. "The roots," said an old writer, "are very good for old people that are dull and without courage; they gladden and comfort the spirits, and do increase their lusty strength." The juice is slightly aperient, and abundantly lacteal when mixed with goat's milk, or in gruel. Physicians formerly held this herb in high esteem, as capable of curing most chronic disorders connected with the urinary passages, and gravel. Some have even asserted that if these distempers will not yield to a constant use of Chervil, they win be scarcely curable by any other medicine. The Wild Chervil will "help to dissolve any tumours or swellings in all parts of the body speedily, if applied to the place, as also to take away the spots and marks in the flesh and skin, of congealed blood by blows or bruises." The feathery leaves of Chervil, which are of a bright emerald hue in the spring, become of a rich purple in the autumn, just as the objectionably carroty locks of Tittlebat Titmouse, in Ten Thousand a Year, became vividly green under "Cyanochaitanthropopoin," and were afterwards strangely empurpled by "Tetragmenon abracadabra," at nine and sixpence the bottle.

The botanical name of Sweet Chervil (Choerophyllum) means a plant that brings joy to the heart—Kairei-phyllum. "The roots," said an old writer, "are great for elderly people who are dull and lacking in courage; they uplift and comfort the spirit and enhance their lively strength." The juice is a mild laxative and very nourishing when mixed with goat's milk or used in porridge. Doctors used to hold this herb in high regard for its ability to treat most chronic issues related to the urinary tract and kidney stones. Some even claimed that if these problems did not improve with regular use of Chervil, they would likely be difficult to cure with any other medicine. Wild Chervil can "help dissolve any tumors or swelling in any part of the body quickly if applied to the affected area, and can also remove spots and marks on the flesh and skin from bruises or impacts." The feathery leaves of Chervil, bright emerald in spring, turn a rich purple in autumn, similar to how the unattractive carrot-colored hair of Tittlebat Titmouse in Ten Thousand a Year turned vividly green under "Cyanochaitanthropopoin," and then became oddly purple with "Tetragmenon abracadabra," at nine and sixpence a bottle.

[102] CHESTNUTS (Horse, and Sweet).

Chestnuts (Horse and Sweet).

Ever since 1633 the Horse Chestnut tree has grown and flourished in England, having been brought at first from the mountains of Northern Asia. For the most part it is rather known and admired for its wealth of shade, its large handsome floral spikes of creamy, pink-tinted blossom, and its white, soft wood, than supposed to exercise useful medicinal properties. But none the less is this tree remarkable for the curative virtues contained in its large nuts of mahogany polish, its broad palmate leaves, and its smooth silvery bark. These virtues have been discovered and made public especially by physicians and chemists of the homoeopathic school. From the large digitated leaves an extract is made which has proved of service in whooping-cough, and of which from one-third to half a teaspoonful may be given for a dose. On the Continent the bark is held in estimation for cutting short attacks of intermittent fever and ague by acting in the same way as Peruvian bark, though it is much more astringent. But the nuts are chiefly to be regarded as the medicinal belongings of the Horse Chestnut tree; and their bodily sphere of action is the rectum, or lower bowel, in cases of piles, and of obstinate constipation. Their use is particularly indicated when the bottom of the back gives out on walking, with aching and a sense of weariness in that region. Likewise, signal relief is found to be wrought by the same remedy when the throat is duskily red and dry, in conjunction with costiveness, and piles. A tincture is made (H.) from the ripe nuts with spirit of wine, for the purposes described above, or the nuts themselves are finely powdered and given in that form. These nuts are starchy, and contain so much potash, that they may be used when boiled for washing purposes. [103] In France and Switzerland they are employed for cleansing wool and bleaching linen, on account of their "saponin." Botanically, the Horse Chestnut is named AEsculus hippocastanea—the first word coming from esca, food; and the second from hippos, a horse; and Castana, the city, so called. The epithet "horse" does not imply any remedial use in diseases of that animal, but rather the size and coarseness of this species as compared with the Sweet Spanish Chestnut. In the same way we talk of the horse radish, the horse daisy, and the horse leech. In Turkey the fruit is given to horses touched or broken in the wind, but in this country horses will not eat it. Nevertheless, Horse Chestnuts may be used for fattening cattle, particularly sheep, the nuts being cut up, and mixed with oats, or beans. Their bitterness can be removed by first washing the Chestnuts in lime water. Medicinally, the ripe nut of this tree is employed, being collected in September or October, and deprived of its shell. The odour of the flowers is powerful and peculiar. No chemical analysis of them, or of the nuts, has been made, but they are found to contain tannin freely. Rich-coloured, of a reddish brown, and glossy, these nuts have given their name to a certain shade of mellow dark auburn hair. Rosalind, in As You Like It, says "Orlando's locks are of a good colour: I' faith your Chestnut was ever the only colour."

Since 1633, the Horse Chestnut tree has been growing and thriving in England after being originally brought from the mountains of Northern Asia. It is mainly admired for its abundant shade, its large, beautiful floral spikes of creamy, pink-tinted blossoms, and its soft white wood, rather than for any supposed medicinal properties. Nevertheless, this tree is notable for the healing qualities found in its large, polished mahogany nuts, broad palmate leaves, and smooth silvery bark. These properties have been highlighted particularly by physicians and chemists in the homeopathic field. An extract is made from the large, finger-like leaves, which has been helpful for whooping cough, with doses ranging from one-third to half a teaspoonful. In continental Europe, the bark is valued for helping to alleviate intermittent fever and ague in a manner similar to Peruvian bark, although it is much more astringent. However, the nuts are primarily regarded as the medicinal part of the Horse Chestnut tree, mainly affecting the rectum or lower bowel in cases of hemorrhoids and stubborn constipation. They are particularly useful when there is a sensation of weakness or aching in the lower back when walking. Significant relief is also noted with this remedy when the throat is dusky red and dry, accompanied by constipation and hemorrhoids. A tincture is made from ripe nuts with alcohol for the purposes mentioned, or the nuts can be finely powdered and taken in that form. These nuts are starchy and contain so much potash that when boiled, they can be used for cleaning purposes. In France and Switzerland, they are used for washing wool and bleaching linen because of their "saponin." Botanically, the Horse Chestnut is called AEsculus hippocastanea—the first part coming from esca, meaning food; the second part from hippos, meaning horse; and Castana, after the city. The term "horse" doesn’t suggest any medicinal use for horses, but rather indicates the size and coarseness of this species compared to the Sweet Spanish Chestnut. Similarly, we use terms like horse radish, horse daisy, and horse leech. In Turkey, the fruit is given to horses that are winded or injured, but in this country, horses will not eat it. However, Horse Chestnuts can be used to fatten cattle, especially sheep, by chopping the nuts and mixing them with oats or beans. Their bitterness can be removed by first soaking the chestnuts in lime water. Medicinally, the ripe nuts of this tree are collected in September or October and husked. The flowers have a strong and distinctive scent. While no chemical analysis has been done on the flowers or the nuts, they are known to contain tannin. Richly colored, reddish-brown, and glossy, these nuts have inspired the name of a certain shade of dark auburn hair. Rosalind in As You Like It states, "Orlando's locks are of a good colour: I' faith your Chestnut was ever the only colour."

Of the Horse Chestnut tincture, two or three drops, with a spoonful of water, taken before meals and at bedtime, will cure almost any simple case of piles in a week. Also, carrying a Horse Chestnut about the person, is said to obviate giddiness, and to prevent piles.

Of the Horse Chestnut tincture, two or three drops mixed with a spoonful of water, taken before meals and at bedtime, can fix almost any simple case of hemorrhoids in a week. Also, carrying a Horse Chestnut with you is said to help prevent dizziness and stop hemorrhoids.

Taken altogether, the Horse Chestnut, for its splendour of blossom, and wealth of umbrageous leaf, [104] its polished mahogany fruit, and its special medicinal virtues, is facile princeps the belle of our English trees. But, like many a ball-room beauty, when the time comes for putting aside the gay leafy attire, it is sadly untidy, and makes a great litter of its cast-off clothing.

Taken altogether, the Horse Chestnut, with its stunning blossoms and lush green leaves, its shiny mahogany fruit, and its unique medicinal properties, is easily the standout among our English trees. But, like many a beautiful person at a ball, when it’s time to shed its lovely leafy attire, it looks quite messy and leaves a lot of discarded bits behind.

It has been ingeniously suggested that the cicatrix of the leaf resembles a horse-shoe, with all its nails evenly placed.

It has been cleverly suggested that the scar on the leaf looks like a horseshoe, with all its nails evenly spaced.

The Sweet Spanish Chestnut tree is grown much less commonly in this country, and its fruit affords only material for food, without possessing medicinal properties; though, in the United States of America, an infusion of the leaves is thought to be useful for staying the paroxysms of whooping-cough. Of all known nuts, this (the Sweet Chestnut, Stover Nut, or Meat Nut) is the most farinaceous and least oily; hence it is more easy of digestion than any other. To mountaineers it is invaluable, so that on the Apennines and the Pyrenees the Chestnut harvest is the event of the year. The Italian Chestnut-cakes, called necci, contain forty per cent. of nutritious matter soluble in cold water; and Chestnut flour, when properly prepared, is a capital food for children.

The Sweet Spanish Chestnut tree is not commonly grown in this country, and its fruit is mainly used for food, lacking medicinal properties. However, in the United States, an infusion made from the leaves is believed to help with whooping cough symptoms. Of all known nuts, this one (the Sweet Chestnut, Stover Nut, or Meat Nut) is the most starchy and least oily, making it easier to digest than others. For mountain dwellers, it is essential, and in the Apennines and the Pyrenees, the Chestnut harvest is the highlight of the year. Italian Chestnut cakes, called necci, contain forty percent of nutritious matter that dissolves in cold water, and when properly prepared, Chestnut flour is excellent food for children.

To be harvested the Chestnuts are spread on a frame of lattice-work overhead, and a fire is kept burning underneath. When dry the fruit is boiled, or steamed, or roasted, or ground into a kind of flour, with which puddings are made, or an excellent kind of bread is produced. The ripe Chestnut possesses a fine creamy flavour, and when roasted it becomes almost aromatic. A good way to cook Chestnuts is to boil them for twenty minutes, and then place them for five minutes more in a Dutch oven.

To harvest the chestnuts, they are spread out on a lattice frame overhead, with a fire kept burning underneath. Once they are dry, the fruit can be boiled, steamed, roasted, or ground into a kind of flour, which can be used to make puddings or a delicious type of bread. Ripe chestnuts have a nice creamy flavor, and when roasted, they become almost fragrant. A great way to cook chestnuts is to boil them for twenty minutes, then transfer them to a Dutch oven for another five minutes.

It was about the fruit of the Spanish tree Shakespeare [105] said: "A woman's tongue gives not half so great a blow to the ear as will a Chestnut in a farmer's fire." In the United States of America an old time-worn story, or oft repeated tale, is called in banter a "Chestnut," and a stale joker is told "not to rattle the Chestnuts."

It was about the fruit of the Spanish tree Shakespeare [105] said: "A woman's tongue doesn't hit the ear nearly as hard as a chestnut in a farmer's fire." In the United States, an old, tired story or a frequently repeated tale is jokingly referred to as a "chestnut," and a stale joke-teller is told "not to rattle the chestnuts."

For convalescents, after a long serious illness, the French make a chocolate of sweet Chestnuts, which is highly restorative. The nuts are first cooked in eau de vie until their shells and the pellicle of the kernels can be peeled off; then they are beaten into a pulp together with sufficient milk and sugar, with some cinnamon added. The mixture is afterwards boiled with more milk, and frothed up in a chocolate pot.

For people recovering from a long serious illness, the French make a chocolate drink from sweet chestnuts that is very healing. The nuts are first cooked in eau de vie until their shells and the thin skin of the kernels can be removed; then they are mashed into a pulp with enough milk and sugar, and a bit of cinnamon is added. The mixture is then boiled with more milk and frothed in a chocolate pot.

CHICKWEED.

Chickweed—called Alsine or Stellaria media, a floral star of middle magnitude—belongs to the Clove-pink order of plants, and, despite the most severe weather, grows with us all the year round, in waste places by the roadsides, and as a garden weed. It is easily known by its fresh-looking, juicy, verdant little leaves, and by its tiny white star-like flowers; also by a line of small stiff hairs, which runs up one side of the stalk like a vegetable hog-mane, and when it reaches a pair of leaves immediately shifts its position, and runs up higher on the opposite side.

Chickweed—known as Alsine or Stellaria media, a somewhat prominent flower—belongs to the Clove-pink family of plants. Despite the harshest weather, it thrives all year round in neglected areas along roadsides and as a troublesome garden weed. It's easy to identify by its fresh, juicy green leaves and its small, white star-like flowers. You can also recognize it by a line of stiff hairs that runs up one side of the stem like a vegetable mohawk; once it reaches a pair of leaves, it changes sides and continues higher up on the opposite side.

The fact of our finding Chickweed (and Groundsel) in England, as well as on the mainland of Europe, affords a proof that Britain, when repeopled after the great Ice age, must have been united somewhere to the continent; and its having lasted from earliest times throughout Europe, North America, and Siberia, seems to show that this modest plant must be possessed of some universal utility which has enabled it to hold its own [106] until now in the great evolutionary struggle. It grows wild allover the earth, and serves as food for small birds, such as finches, linnets, and other feathered songsters of the woods. Moreover, we read in the old herbal of Turner: Qui alunt aviculas caveis inclusas hoc solent illas si quando cibos fastigiant recreare—or, as Gerard translates this: "Little birds in cages are refreshed with Chickweed when they loath their meat."

The fact that we find Chickweed (and Groundsel) in England, as well as on the European mainland, proves that Britain, when repopulated after the last Ice Age, must have been connected to the continent at some point. Its presence throughout the ages across Europe, North America, and Siberia suggests that this unassuming plant has some kind of universal utility that has allowed it to survive in the ongoing evolutionary battle. It grows wild all over the world and serves as food for small birds like finches, linnets, and other singing birds of the woods. Moreover, we read in the old herbal of Turner: Qui alunt aviculas caveis inclusas hoc solent illas si quando cibos fastigiant recreare—or, as Gerard translates it: "Little birds in cages are refreshed with Chickweed when they refuse their food."

The Chickweed is termed Alsine—quia lucos, vel alsous amat— because it loves to grow in shady places This small herb abounds with the earthy salts of potash, which are admirable against scurvy when thus found in nature's laboratory, and a continued deprivation from which always proves disastrous to mankind. "The water of Chickweed," says an old writer, "is given to children for their fits, and its juice is used for their gripes." When boiled, the plant may be eaten instead of Spinach. Its fresh juice if rubbed on warts, first pared to the quick, will presently cause them to fall off.

The Chickweed is called Alsine—because it loves to grow in shady spots—because it thrives in low-light areas. This small herb is rich in earthy potash salts, which are great for scurvy when found naturally, and a lack of it can be harmful to people. "The water from Chickweed," an old writer says, "is given to kids for their seizures, and its juice is used for their stomach aches." When cooked, the plant can be eaten like Spinach. Its fresh juice, when applied to warts that have been cut down to the skin, will quickly cause them to fall off.

Fresh Chickweed juice, as proved medicinally in 1893, produced sharp rheumatic pains and stitches in the head and eyes, with a general feeling of being bruised; also pressure about the liver and soreness there, with sensations of burning, and of bilious indigestion. Subsequently, the herb, when given in quite small doses of tincture, or fresh juice, or infusion, has been found by its affinity to remove the train of symptoms just described, and to act most reliably in curing obstinate rheumatism allied therewith. Furthermore, a poultice prepared from the fresh green juicy leaves, is emollient and cooling, whilst an ointment made from them with hog's lard, is manifestly healing.

Fresh chickweed juice, proven medicinally in 1893, caused sharp rheumatic pain and discomfort in the head and eyes, along with a general feeling of being bruised; it also led to pressure and soreness around the liver, with sensations of burning and indigestion. Later, the herb, when taken in small doses as a tincture, fresh juice, or infusion, has been found to effectively relieve these symptoms and reliably treat stubborn rheumatism associated with them. Additionally, a poultice made from the fresh, juicy leaves is soothing and cooling, while an ointment created from them with hog's lard is clearly healing.

When rain is impending, the flowers remain closed; [107] and the plant teaches an exemplary matrimonial lesson, seeing that at night its leaves approach one another in loving pairs, and sleep with the tender buds protected between them. Culpeper says: "Chickweed is a fine, soft, pleasing herb, under the dominion of the moon, and good for many things." Parkinson orders thus: "To make a salve fit to heal sore legs, boil a handful of Chickweed with a handful of red rose leaves in a pint of the oil of trotters or sheep's feet, and anoint the grieved places therewith against a fire each evening and morning; then bind some of the herb, if ye will, to the sore, and so shall ye find help, if God will."

When rain is on the way, the flowers stay closed; [107] and the plant offers a perfect lesson about marriage, as at night its leaves lean toward each other in loving pairs, protecting the delicate buds between them as they sleep. Culpeper notes: "Chickweed is a lovely, soft, appealing herb, governed by the moon, and useful for many things." Parkinson instructs: "To make a soothing ointment for sore legs, boil a handful of Chickweed with a handful of red rose leaves in a pint of oil from trotters or sheep's feet, and apply it to the affected areas each evening and morning against a fire; then, if you like, bind some of the herb to the sore, and you will find relief, if God wills."

CHRISTMAS ROSE—BLACK HELLEBORE.

This well-known plant, a native of Southern Europe, and belonging to the Ranunculus order, is grown commonly in our gardens for the sake of its showy white flowers, conspicuous in winter, from December to February. The root has been famous since time immemorial as a remedy for insanity. From its abundant growth in the Grecian island of Anticyra arose the proverb: Naviget Anticyram—"Take a voyage to Anticyra," as applied by way of advice to a man who has lost his reason.

This well-known plant, native to Southern Europe and part of the Ranunculus family, is commonly grown in our gardens for its striking white flowers, which stand out in winter from December to February. The root has been famous since ancient times as a treatment for insanity. Its abundant growth on the Greek island of Anticyra gave rise to the saying: Naviget Anticyram—"Take a trip to Anticyra," often used as advice for someone who has lost their sanity.

When fresh the root is very acrid, and will blister the skin. If dried and given as powder it will cause vomiting and purging, also provoking sneezing when smelt, and inducing the monthly flow of a woman. This root contains a chemical glucoside—"helleborin," which, if given in full doses, stimulates the kidneys to such an excess that their function becomes temporarily paralyzed. It therefore happens that a medicinal tincture (H.) made from the fresh root collected at Christmas, just before the plant would flower, when [108] taken in small doses, will promptly relieve dropsy, especially a sudden dropsical swelling of the skin, with passive venous congestion of the kidneys, as in scrofulous children.

When fresh, the root is very harsh and can blister the skin. If dried and taken as a powder, it causes vomiting and diarrhea, also triggering sneezing when smelled, and stimulating a woman's menstrual cycle. This root contains a chemical glucoside—"helleborin," which, if taken in large doses, can overstimulate the kidneys to the point of temporarily paralyzing their function. Therefore, a medicinal tincture (H.) made from the fresh root collected at Christmas, just before the plant blooms, when taken in small doses, can quickly relieve dropsy, especially a sudden swelling of the skin due to fluid retention, with passive venous congestion of the kidneys, as seen in scrofulous children.

A former method of administering the root was by sticking a particularly sweet apple full of its fibres, and roasting this under hot embers; then the fibres were withdrawn, and the apple was eaten by the patient.

A previous way to use the root was by taking a particularly sweet apple, filling it with its fibers, and roasting it under hot embers; then the fibers were removed, and the patient ate the apple.

Taken by mischance in any quantity the root is highly poisonous: one ounce of a watery decoction has caused death in eight hours, with vomiting, giddiness, insensibility, and palsy. Passive dropsy in children after scarlet fever may be effectually cured by small doses of the tincture, third decimal strength.

Taken by accident in any amount, the root is extremely toxic: one ounce of a watery infusion has led to death within eight hours, accompanied by vomiting, dizziness, unconsciousness, and paralysis. Passive swelling in children after scarlet fever can be effectively treated with small doses of the tincture at the third decimal strength.

The name Hellebore, as applied to the plant, comes from the Greek Elein—to injure, and Bora—fodder. It is also known as Melampodium, being thus designated because Melampus, a physician in the Peloponnesus (B.C. 1530) watched the effect on his goats when they had eaten the leaves, and cured therewith the insane daughters of Proetus, King of Argos.

The name Hellebore for the plant comes from the Greek words Elein—to injure, and Bora—fodder. It is also called Melampodium, named after Melampus, a physician in the Peloponnesus (B.C. 1530), who observed the effects on his goats after they ate the leaves and used it to cure the insane daughters of Proetus, King of Argos.

It was famous among the Egyptian and Greek doctors of old as the most effectual remedy for the diseases of mania, epilepsy, apoplexy, dropsy, and gout. The tincture is very useful in mental stupor, with functional impairment of the hearing and sight; likewise for strumous water on the brain.

It was well-known among ancient Egyptian and Greek doctors as the most effective treatment for diseases like mania, epilepsy, strokes, water retention, and gout. The tincture is very helpful in cases of mental stupor, along with issues affecting hearing and sight; it’s also used for watery swelling in the brain.

The original reputation of this herb was acquired because of its purgative properties, which enabled it to carry off black bile which was causing insanity.

The original reputation of this herb came from its purgative properties, which allowed it to eliminate black bile that was causing insanity.

No tannin is contained in the root. A few drops of the juice obtained therefrom, if dropped warm into the ear each night and morning, will cure singing and noises in the ears. A proper dose of the powdered root [109] is from five to ten grains. Snuff made with this powder has cured night blindness, as among the French prisoners at Norman Cross in 1806. The Gauls used to rub the points of their hunting spears with Hellebore, believing the game they killed was thus rendered more tender. Hahnemann said that at least one third of the cases of insanity occurring in lunatic asylums may be cured by this and the white Hellebore (an allied plant) in such small doses as of the tincture twelfth dilution, given in the patient's drink.

No tannin is found in the root. A few drops of the juice extracted from it, if placed warm in the ear each night and morning, will cure ringing and noises in the ears. The proper dose of the powdered root [109] is between five to ten grains. Snuff made with this powder has cured night blindness, as seen among the French prisoners at Norman Cross in 1806. The Gauls used to rub the tips of their hunting spears with Hellebore, believing it made the game they hunted more tender. Hahnemann stated that at least one-third of the cases of insanity in mental hospitals could be treated with this and the white Hellebore (a related plant) in such small doses as the tincture twelfth dilution, given in the patient's drink.

A bastard Hellebore, which is foetidus, or, "stinking," and is known to rustics as Bearsfoot, because of its digitate leaves, grows frequently near houses in this country, though a doubtful native. The sepals of its flowers are purple, and the leaves are evergreen; the petals are green and leaf-like, whilst the nectaries are large and tubular, often containing small flies. The nectar is reputed to be poisonous. Again, this plant bears the names Pegroots, Oxbeel, Oxheal, and Setterwort, because used for "settering" cattle. A piece of the root is inserted as a seton (so-called from seta—a hank of silk) into the dewlap, and this is termed "pegging," or, "settering," for the benefit of diseased lungs. "The root," says Gerard, "consists of many small black strings, involved or wrapped one within another very intricately." The smell of the fresh plant is extremely fetid, and, when taken, it will purge, or provoke vomiting. The leaves are very useful for expelling worms. Dr. Woodville says their juice made into a syrup, with coarse sugar, is almost the only vermifuge he had used against round worms for three years past. "If these leaves be dried in an oven after the bread is drawne out, and the powder thereof be taken in a figge, or raisin, or strewed upon a piece of [110] bread spread with honey, and eaten, it killeth worms in children exceedingly." A decoction made with one drachm of the green leaves, or about fifteen grains of the dried leaves in powder, is the usual dose for a child between four and six years of age; but a larger dose will provoke sickness, or diarrhoea. The medicine should be repeated on two or three consecutive mornings; and it will be found that the second dose acts more powerfully than the first, "never failing to expel round worms by stool, if there be any lodged in the alimentary tube."

A bastard Hellebore, known scientifically as foetidus—or "stinking"—is commonly called Bearsfoot by locals because of its finger-like leaves. This plant often grows near houses in this area, though it’s uncertain if it’s native. Its flower sepals are purple, and the leaves are evergreen; the petals resemble green leaves, while the nectaries are large and tubular, frequently containing tiny flies. The nectar is considered toxic. Additionally, this plant is referred to as Pegroots, Oxbeel, Oxheal, and Setterwort because it’s used for "setting" cattle. A piece of the root is inserted as a seton (named from seta—a strand of silk) into the dewlap, a process called "pegging" or "settering," intended to help treat lung issues. "The root," Gerard notes, "is made up of many small black strands that are intricately intertwined." The fresh plant has an extremely foul smell, and when ingested, it can induce purging or vomiting. The leaves are very effective at expelling worms. Dr. Woodville mentions that their juice, made into a syrup with coarse sugar, is nearly the only remedy he’s used against roundworms for the last three years. "If these leaves are dried in an oven after the bread comes out, and the resulting powder is consumed in a fig or raisin, or sprinkled on a piece of [110] bread spread with honey, it effectively kills worms in children." A standard dose for children aged four to six consists of a decoction made from one drachm of fresh leaves or about fifteen grains of dried leaf powder; however, a higher dose may cause nausea or diarrhea. The medicine should be administered over two or three consecutive mornings, and it’s observed that the second dose works more effectively than the first, "always successful in expelling roundworms through stool if any are present in the digestive tract."

CLOVER.

In this country we possess about twenty species of the trefoil, or Clover, which is a plant so well known in its general features by its abundance in every field and on every grass plot, as not to need any detailed description. The special variety endowed with medicinal and curative virtues, is the Meadow Clover (Trifolium pratense), or red clover, called by some, Cocksheads, and familiar to children as Suckles, or Honey-suckles, because of the abundant nectar in the long tubes of its corollae. Other names for it are Bee-bread, and Smere. An extract of this red clover is now confidently said to have the power of healing scrofulous sores, and of curing cancer. The New York Tribune of September, 1884, related a case of indisputable cancer of the breast of six years' standing, with an open fetid sore, which had penetrated the chest-wall between the ribs, and which was radically healed by a prolonged internal use of the extract of red clover. Four years afterwards, in September, 1888, "the breast was found to be restored to its normal condition, all but a small place the size of half a dollar, which will in every probability become absorbed like [111] the rest, so that the patient is considered by her physicians to be absolutely cured."

In this country, we have about twenty species of trefoil, or clover, which is so well-known and abundant in every field and grassy area that it doesn't need much description. The specific variety known for its medicinal properties is Meadow Clover (Trifolium pratense), also called red clover. Some people refer to it as Cocksheads, and children often call it Suckles or Honey-suckles because of the abundant nectar in the long tubes of its flowers. Other names include Bee-bread and Smere. An extract from this red clover is now confidently said to have the ability to heal scrofulous sores and cure cancer. The New York Tribune in September 1884 reported a case of undeniable breast cancer that had been present for six years, accompanied by an open, foul-smelling sore that had penetrated the chest wall between the ribs. This was radically healed through prolonged internal use of the red clover extract. Four years later, in September 1888, "the breast was found to be restored to its normal condition, except for a small area the size of half a dollar, which will likely absorb like the rest, so the patient is considered absolutely cured by her doctors."

The likelihood is that whatever virtue the red clover can boast for counteracting a scrofulous disposition, and as antidotal to cancer, resides in its highly-elaborated lime, silica, and other earthy salts. Moreover, this experience is not new. Sir Spencer Wells, twenty years ago, recorded some cases of confirmed cancer cured by taking powdered and triturated oyster shells; whilst egg shells similarly reduced to a fine dust have proved equally efficacious. It is remarkable that if the moorlands in the North of England, and in some parts of Ireland, are turned up for the first time, and strewed with lime, white clover springs up there in abundance.

The chances are that the benefits of red clover for combating a scrofulous condition and acting as a cancer antidote come from its rich content of lime, silica, and other mineral salts. Additionally, this isn't a new discovery. Sir Spencer Wells documented some cases of confirmed cancer being cured by using powdered oyster shells two decades ago, and similarly, finely ground egg shells have also been effective. It's interesting to note that when the moorlands in Northern England and certain areas of Ireland are newly disturbed and spread with lime, white clover grows there abundantly.

Again, a syrup is made from the flowers of the red clover, which has a trustworthy reputation for curing whooping-cough, and of which a teaspoonful may be taken three or four times in the day. Also stress is laid on the healing of skin eruptions in children, by a decoction of the purple and white meadow trefoils.

Again, a syrup is made from the flowers of the red clover, which has a reliable reputation for treating whooping cough, and a teaspoonful can be taken three or four times a day. It’s also emphasized that a decoction of the purple and white meadow trefoils helps heal skin eruptions in children.

The word clover is a corruption of the Latin clava a club; and the "clubs" on our playing cards are representations of clover leaves; whilst in France the same black suit is called trefle.

The word clover is a variation of the Latin clava, meaning club; and the "clubs" on our playing cards represent clover leaves; meanwhile, in France, the same black suit is called trefle.

A conventional trefoil is figured on our coins, both Irish and English, this plant being the National Badge of Ireland. Its charm has been ever supposed there as an unfailing protection against evil influences, as is attested by the spray in the workman's cap, and in the bosom of the cotter's wife.

A traditional trefoil is depicted on our coins, both Irish and English, as this plant is the National Badge of Ireland. Its appeal has always been believed to provide constant protection against negative influences, as seen in the sprig in the worker's cap and in the dress of the cotter's wife.

The clover trefoil is in some measure a sensitive plant; "its leaves," said Pliny, "do start up as if afraid of an assault when tempestuous weather is at hand."

The clover trefoil is somewhat of a sensitive plant; "its leaves," Pliny said, "react as if they're afraid of an attack when stormy weather is coming."

[112] The phrase, "living in clover," alludes to cattle being put to feed in rich pasturage.

[112] The phrase "living in clover" refers to cattle being fed in lush pastures.

A sworn foe to the purple clover cultivated by farmers, is the Dodder (Cuscuta trifolii), a destructive vegetable parasite which strangles the plants in a crafty fashion, and which goes by the name of "hellweed," or "devil's guts." It lies in ambush like a pigmy field octopus, with deadly suckers for draining the sap of its victims. These it mats together in its wiry, sinuous coils, and chokes relentlessly by the acre. Nevertheless, the petty garotter— like a toad, "ugly and venomous, wears yet a precious jewel in its head." "If boiled," says Hill, "with a little ginger, the dodder in decoction works briskly as a purge. Also, the thievish herb, when bruised and applied externally to scrofulous tumours, is an excellent remedy."

A sworn enemy of the purple clover grown by farmers is the Dodder (Cuscuta trifolii), a harmful plant parasite that stealthily strangles its hosts. Known as "hellweed" or "devil's guts," it lies in wait like a miniature field octopus, using deadly suckers to drain the sap from its victims. It entangles them in its wiry, twisting strands and chokes them without mercy across vast areas. Yet, this small predator—like an ugly and poisonous toad—has a valuable side. "If boiled," Hill says, "with a bit of ginger, the dodder in a decoction works effectively as a laxative. Additionally, this thieving herb, when crushed and applied externally to scrofulous tumors, is an excellent remedy."

The word "dodder" signifies the plural of "dodd," a bunch of threads. The parasite is sometimes called "Red tangle" and "Lady's laces."

The word "dodder" refers to the plural of "dodd," which means a bundle of threads. The parasite is sometimes known as "Red tangle" and "Lady's laces."

Its botanical name Cuscuta comes from the Greek Kassuo—to sew together. If the piece of land infested with it is closely mown (and the cut material carried away unshaken), being next covered with deal saw-dust, on which a ten per cent. solution of sulphate of iron is freely poured, then by combining with the tannin contained in the stems of the Dodder, this will serve to kill the parasite without doing any injury to the clover or lucerne. Although a parasite the plant springs every year from seed. It is a remedy for swooning or fainting fits.

Its botanical name Cuscuta comes from the Greek Kassuo—to sew together. If the infested land is mowed closely (and the cut material removed without disturbance), and then covered with sawdust from softwood, on which a ten percent solution of iron sulfate is poured generously, this will combine with the tannin found in the stems of the Dodder, effectively killing the parasite without harming the clover or alfalfa. Although it is a parasite, the plant grows back from seed each year. It is also a remedy for fainting spells.

The Sweet Clover (or yellow Melilot), when prepared as a tincture (H.), with spirit of wine, and given as a medicine in material doses, causes, in sensitive persons, a severe headache, sometimes with a determination of [113] blood to the head, and bleeding from the nose. When administered, on the principle of curative affinity, in much smaller doses, it is singularly beneficial against nervous headaches, with oppression of the brain, acting helpfully within five minutes. Dr. Hughes (Brighton) writes: "I value this medicine much in nervous headaches, and I always carry it in my pocket-case— as the mother tincture—which I generally administer by olfaction." For epilepsy, it is said in the United States of America to be "the one grand master-remedy," by giving a drop of the tincture every five minutes during the attack, and five drops five times a day in water, for some weeks afterwards.

The Sweet Clover (or yellow Melilot), when made into a tincture (H.) with alcohol, and given in large doses as a medicine, can cause severe headaches in sensitive individuals, sometimes leading to increased blood flow to the head and nosebleeds. However, when used based on the principle of healing affinity in much smaller doses, it can be remarkably effective against nervous headaches accompanied by brain pressure, working beneficially within five minutes. Dr. Hughes (Brighton) writes: "I really value this medicine for nervous headaches, and I always carry it in my pocket case — as the mother tincture — which I usually administer by olfaction." For epilepsy, it is said in the United States to be "the one grand master remedy," by administering a drop of the tincture every five minutes during the attack, and then five drops five times a day in water for several weeks afterward.

The Melilot (from mel, honey, and lotus, because much liked by bees) is known as Plaster Clover from its use since Galen's time in plasters for dispersing tumours. Continental physicians still employ the same made of melilot, wax, resin, and olive oil. The plant contains, "Coumarin" in common with the Sweet Woodruff, and the Tonquin Bean. Other names for it are "Harts' Clover," because deer delight to feed on it and "King's Clover" or "Corona Regis," because "the yellow flouers doe crown the top of the stalkes as with a chaplet of gold." It is an herbaceous plant common in waste places, and having light green leaves; when dried it smells like Woodruff, or new hay.

The Melilot (from mel, meaning honey, and lotus, since bees love it) is called Plaster Clover because it has been used in plasters for reducing tumors since Galen's time. Doctors in Europe still use a plaster made from melilot, wax, resin, and olive oil. The plant contains coumarin, which it shares with Sweet Woodruff and Tonquin Bean. Other names for it are "Harts' Clover," since deer enjoy eating it, and "King's Clover" or "Corona Regis," because "the yellow flowers crown the top of the stalks like a golden wreath." It’s a herbaceous plant found in neglected areas, with light green leaves; when dried, it smells like Woodruff or fresh hay.

CLUB MOSS.

Though not generally thought worth more than a passing notice, or to possess any claims of a medicinal sort, yet the Club Moss, which is of common growth in Great Britain on heaths and hilly pastures, exerts by its spores very remarkable curative effects, and [114] therefore it should be favourably regarded as a Herbal Simple. It is exclusively due to homoeopathic provings and practice, that the Lycopodium clavatum (Club Moss) takes an important position amongst the most curative vegetable remedies of the present day.

Though often overlooked and not considered to have any healing properties, the Club Moss, which commonly grows in Great Britain on heaths and hilly pastures, has very remarkable healing effects due to its spores. Therefore, it should be viewed positively as a Herbal Simple. It is solely because of homeopathic testing and practice that Lycopodium clavatum (Club Moss) holds a significant place among today's most effective plant remedies.

The word lycopodium means "wolf's claw," because of the claw-like ends to the trailing stems of this moss; and the word clavatum signifies that its inflorescence resembles a club. The spores of Club Moss constitute a fine pale-yellow, dusty powder which is unctuous, tasteless, inodorous, and only medicinal when pounded in all agate mortar until the individual spores, or nuts, are fractured.

The word lycopodium means "wolf's claw," due to the claw-like tips of the trailing stems of this moss, and the word clavatum indicates that its flower arrangement looks like a club. The spores of Club Moss are a fine pale-yellow, powdery dust that is greasy, tasteless, and odorless, and they become medicinal only when ground in an agate mortar until the individual spores, or nuts, are broken apart.

By being thus triturated, the nuts give out their contents, which are shown to be oil globules, wherein the curative virtues of the moss reside. Sugar of milk is then rubbed up for two hours or more with the broken spores, so as to compose a medicinal powder, which is afterwards to be further diluted; or a tincture is made from the fractured spores, with spirit of ether, which will develop their specific medicinal properties. The Club Moss, thus prepared, has been experimentally taken by provers in varying material doses; and is found through its toxical affinities in this way to be remarkably useful for chronic mucous indigestion and mal-nutrition, attended with sallow complexion, slow, difficult digestion, flatulence, waterbrash, heartburn, decay of bodily strength, and mental depression. It is said that whenever a fan-like movement of the wings of the nostrils can be observed during the breathing, the whole group of symptoms thus detailed is specially curable by Club Moss.

By grinding the nuts, they release their contents, which are found to be oil droplets containing the healing properties of the moss. Next, milk sugar is blended for two hours or more with the crushed spores to create a medicinal powder that will be diluted later; alternatively, a tincture can be made from the broken spores using ether, which will enhance their specific healing qualities. The prepared Club Moss has been tested by a variety of people in different dosages and has been found, due to its toxic properties, to be particularly effective for chronic mucous indigestion and malnutrition, accompanied by a pale complexion, slow and difficult digestion, bloating, water brash, heartburn, loss of physical strength, and mental fatigue. It is said that whenever a fan-like movement is seen in the nostrils during breathing, the entire set of symptoms mentioned is especially treatable with Club Moss.

As a dose of the triturated powder, reduced to a weaker dilution, ten grains may be taken twice a day [115] mixed with a dessertspoonful of water; or of the tincture largely reduced in strength, ten drops twice a day in like manner. Chemically, the oil globules extracted from the spores contain "alumina" and "phosphoric acid." The diluted powder has proved practically beneficial for reducing the swelling and for diminishing the pulsation of aneurism when affecting a main blood-vessel of the heart.

As a dose of the powder that's been ground down to a weaker dilution, you can take ten grains twice a day [115] mixed with a dessert spoonful of water; or if you use the tincture that's been significantly diluted, take ten drops twice a day in the same way. Chemically, the oil droplets extracted from the spores contain "alumina" and "phosphoric acid." The diluted powder has been shown to be practically helpful for reducing swelling and for decreasing the pulsation of an aneurysm when it affects a major blood vessel of the heart.

In Cornwall the Club Moss is considered good against most diseases of the eyes, provided it be gathered on the third day of the moon when first seen; being shown the knife whilst the gatherer repeats these words:—

In Cornwall, Club Moss is thought to be effective for most eye diseases, as long as it’s collected on the third day of the moon when it’s first spotted; while holding the knife, the collector says these words:—

"As Christ healed the issue of blood,
Do thou cut what thou cut test for good."

"As Christ healed the woman with the bleeding issue,
Do what you need to do for good."

"Then at sundown the Club Moss should be cut by the operator whilst kneeling, and with carefully washed hands. It is to be tenderly wrapped in a fair white cloth, and afterwards boiled in water procured from the spring nearest the spot where it grew," and the liquor is to be applied as a fomentation; or the Club Moss may be "made into an ointment with butter from the milk of a new cow." Such superstitious customs had without doubt a Druidic origin, and they identify the Club Moss with the Selago, or golden herb, "Cloth of Gold" of the Druids. This was reputed to confer the power of understanding the language of birds and beasts, and was intimately connected with some of their mysterious rites; though by others it is thought to have been a sort of Hedge Hyssop (Gratiola).

"Then at sunset, the operator should cut the Club Moss while kneeling, using carefully washed hands. It should be gently wrapped in a clean white cloth and then boiled in water from the spring closest to where it grew," and the liquid is to be used as a compress; or the Club Moss can be "made into an ointment with butter from the milk of a new cow." These superstitious customs undoubtedly have Druidic origins, linking the Club Moss with the Selago or golden herb, known as the "Cloth of Gold" of the Druids. This was believed to give the power to understand the language of birds and animals and was closely tied to some of their mysterious rituals; although others think it was a type of Hedge Hyssop (Gratiola).

The Common Lycopodium bears in some, districts the name of "Robin Hood's hatband." Its unmoistenable powder from the spores is a capital absorbing application to weeping, raw surfaces. At the shops, this [116] powder of the Club Moss spores is sold as "witch meal," or "vegetable sulphur." For trade purposes it is obtained from the ears of a Wolfsfoot Moss, the Lycopodium clavatum, which grows in the forests of Russia and Finland. The powder is yellow of colour, dust-like and smooth to the touch. Half a drachm of it given during July in any proper vehicle has been esteemed "a noble remedy to cure stone in the bladder." Being mixed with black pepper, it was recognized by the College of Physicians in 1721 as a medicine of singular value for preventing and curing hydrophobia. Dr. Mead, who had repeated experience of its worth, declared that he never knew it to fail when combined with cold bathing.

The Common Lycopodium is known in some areas as "Robin Hood's hatband." Its non-moist absorbent powder from the spores is excellent for treating weeping, raw surfaces. In stores, this powder from the Club Moss spores is sold as "witch meal" or "vegetable sulphur." For commercial use, it is sourced from the ears of Wolfsfoot Moss, specifically Lycopodium clavatum, which grows in the forests of Russia and Finland. The powder is yellow, fine like dust, and smooth to the touch. Half a drachm of it taken in July in any suitable medium has been valued as "a great remedy for curing bladder stones." When mixed with black pepper, it was acknowledged by the College of Physicians in 1721 as a highly effective medicine for preventing and treating hydrophobia. Dr. Mead, who had extensive experience with it, stated that he never saw it fail when used in conjunction with cold bathing.

Club Moss powder ignites with a flicker, and is used for stage lightning. It is the Blitzmehl, or lightning-meal of the Germans, who give it in doses of from fifteen to twenty grains for the cure of epilepsy in children.

Club Moss powder ignites with a flicker and is used for stage lighting. It is the Blitzmehl, or lightning meal, of the Germans, who administer it in doses of fifteen to twenty grains to treat epilepsy in children.

When the "Mortal Struggle" was produced (see Nicholas Nickleby) by Mr. Vincent Crummles at Portsmouth, with the aid of Miss Snevelicci, and the Infant Phenomenon, lurid lightning was much in request to astonish the natives; and this was sufficiently well simulated by igniting, with a sudden flash and a hiss, highly inflammable spores of the Club Moss projected against burning tow within a hollow cone, producing weird scenic effects.

When "Mortal Struggle" was performed (see Nicholas Nickleby) by Mr. Vincent Crummles in Portsmouth, with help from Miss Snevelicci and the Infant Phenomenon, dramatic lightning effects were in high demand to shock the audience; this was effectively created by igniting, with a quick flash and a hiss, highly flammable spores of the Club Moss shot against burning tow inside a hollow cone, creating eerie visual effects.

COLTSFOOT.

The Coltsfoot, which grows abundantly throughout England in places of moist, heavy soil, especially along the sides of our raised railway banks, has been justly termed "nature's best herb for the lungs, and her most eminent thoracic." Its seeds are supposed to have lain [117] dormant from primitive times, where our railway cuttings now upturn them and set them growing anew; and the rotting foliage of the primeval herb by retaining its juices, is thought to have promoted the development and growth of our common earthworm.

The Coltsfoot, which grows plentifully across England in areas with moist, heavy soil, especially along the sides of our raised railway embankments, has rightly been called "nature's best herb for the lungs, and her most distinguished thoracic herb." Its seeds are believed to have been dormant since ancient times, now being brought to life by our railway cuttings; and the decaying leaves of this ancient plant are thought to have helped nurture and develop our common earthworm by retaining their juices.

The botanical name of Coltsfoot is Tussilago farfara, signifying tussis ago, "I drive away a cold"; and farfar, the white poplar tree, which has a similar leaf. It is one of the Composite order, and the older authors named this plant, Filius ante patrem—"the son before the father," because the flowers appear and wither before the leaves are produced. These flowers, at the very beginning of Spring, stud the banks with gay, golden, leafless blossoms, each growing on a stiff scaly stalk, and resembling a dandelion in miniature. The leaves, which follow later on, are made often into cigars, or are smoked as British herbal tobacco, being mixed for this purpose with the dried leaves and flowers of the eye-bright, buckbean, betony, thyme, and lavender, to which some persons add rose leaves, and chamomile flowers. All these are rubbed together by the hands into a coarse powder, Coltsfoot forming quite one-half of the same; and this powder may be very beneficially smoked for asthma, or for spasmodic bronchial cough. Linnoeus said, "Et adhuc hodie plebs in Sueciâ, instar tabaci contra tussim fugit"—"Even to-day the Swiss people cure their coughs with Coltsfoot employed like tobacco." When the flowers are fully blown and fall off, the seeds with their "clock" form a beautiful head of white flossy silk, and if this flies away when there is no wind it is said to be a sure sign of coming rain. The Goldfinch often lines her nest with the soft pappus of the Coltsfoot. In Paris the Coltsfoot flower is painted on the doorposts of an apothecary's house.

The botanical name of Coltsfoot is Tussilago farfara, meaning tussis ago, "I drive away a cough"; and farfar, referring to the white poplar tree, which has a similar leaf. It belongs to the Composite family, and earlier authors called this plant Filius ante patrem—"the son before the father," because the flowers bloom and fade before the leaves appear. These flowers, at the very start of Spring, cover the banks with bright, golden, leafless blossoms, each growing on a stiff, scaly stalk, and looking like a tiny dandelion. The leaves, which come later, are often rolled into cigars or smoked as British herbal tobacco, mixed for this purpose with dried leaves and flowers of eyebright, buckbean, betony, thyme, and lavender, and some people add rose leaves and chamomile flowers. All these ingredients are rubbed together by hand into a coarse powder, with Coltsfoot making up about half of it; this powder can be very helpful when smoked for asthma or spasmodic bronchial cough. Linnaeus noted, "Et adhuc hodie plebs in Sueciâ, instar tabaci contra tussim fugit"—"Even today the Swiss cure their coughs with Coltsfoot used like tobacco." When the flowers fully bloom and drop off, the seeds with their "clock" create a beautiful head of white fluffy silk, and if this blows away when there's no wind, it's said to be a sure sign of approaching rain. The Goldfinch often lines her nest with the soft pappus of the Coltsfoot. In Paris, the Coltsfoot flower is painted on the doorposts of an apothecary's shop.

[118] From earliest times, the plant has been found helpful in maladies of the chest. Hippocrates advised it with honey for "ulcerations of the lungs." Dioscorides, Pliny, and Galen, severally commended the use of its smoke, conducted into the mouth through a funnel or reed, for giving ease to cough and difficult breathing; they named it breechion, from breex, a cough.

[118] Since ancient times, this plant has been recognized as beneficial for chest ailments. Hippocrates recommended it mixed with honey for "lung ulcers." Dioscorides, Pliny, and Galen all praised using its smoke inhaled through a funnel or reed to relieve coughs and breathing difficulties; they called it breechion, derived from breex, meaning cough.

In taste, the leaves are harsh, bitter, and mucilaginous. They appear late in March, being green above, with an undersurface which is white, and cottony. Sussex peasants esteem the white down of the leaves as a most valuable medicine.

In terms of taste, the leaves are harsh, bitter, and slimy. They show up late in March, being green on top, with a white, cottony underside. Sussex farmers consider the white fluff on the leaves to be a very valuable medicine.

All parts of the plant contain chemically tannin, with a special bitter principle, and free mucilage; so that the herb is to be considered emollient, demulcent, and tonic. Dr. Cullen employed a decoction of the leaves with much benefit in scrofula, where the use of sea water had failed. And Dr. Fuller tells about a girl cured of twelve scrofulous sores, by drinking daily, for four months, as much as she could of Coltsfoot tea, made so strong from the leaves as to be sweet and glutinous. A modern decoction is prepared from the herb with boiling water poured on the leaves, and with liquorice root and honey added.

All parts of the plant contain tannins, a bitter compound, and free mucilage, making the herb emollient, demulcent, and tonic. Dr. Cullen used a decoction of the leaves with great success in treating scrofula when seawater had failed. Dr. Fuller recounts a case of a girl who was cured of twelve scrofulous sores by drinking as much Coltsfoot tea as she could for four months. The tea was brewed strong from the leaves, resulting in a sweet and thick consistency. A modern decoction is made by pouring boiling water over the leaves, with added liquorice root and honey.

But, "hark! I hear the pancake bell," said Poor Richard in his almanack, 1684; alluding to pancakes then made with Coltsfoot, like tansies, and fried with saged butter.

But, "listen! I hear the pancake bell," said Poor Richard in his almanack, 1684; referring to pancakes made with Coltsfoot, like tansies, and fried with sage butter.

A century later it was still the fashion to treat consumptive young women with quaint remedies. Mrs. Delaney writes in 1758, "Does Mary cough in the Night? two or three snails boiled in her barley water may be of great service to her."

A hundred years later, it was still common to use old-fashioned remedies for young women with tuberculosis. Mrs. Delaney writes in 1758, "Does Mary cough at night? Two or three snails boiled in her barley water might be very helpful for her."

Again, the confectioner provides Coltsfoot rock, [119] concocted in fluted sticks of a brown colour, as a sweetmeat, and flavoured with some essential oil—as aniseed, or dill—these sticks being well beloved by most schoolboys. The dried leaves, when soaked out in warm water, will serve as an excellent emollient poultice. A certain preparation, called "Essence of Coltsfoot," found great favour with our grand sires for treating their colds. This consisted of Balsam of Tolu and Friar's Balsam in equal parts, together with double the quantity of Spirit of Wine. It did not really contain a trace of Coltsfoot, and the nostrum was provocative of inflammation, because of the spirit in excess. Dr. Paris said: "And this, forsooth, is a pectoral for coughs! If a patient with a catarrh should recover whilst using such a remedy, I should certainly designate it a lucky escape, rather than a skilful cure." Gerard wrote about Coltsfoot: "The fume of the dried leaves, burned upon coles, effectually helpeth those that fetch their winde thicke, and breaketh without peril the impostumes of the brest"; also "the green leaves do heal the hot inflammation called Saint Anthony's fire."

Once again, the candy maker offers Coltsfoot rock, [119] made in fluted brown sticks as a treat, flavored with an essential oil—like aniseed or dill—these sticks are quite popular among most schoolboys. The dried leaves, when soaked in warm water, make an excellent soothing poultice. A certain preparation known as "Essence of Coltsfoot" was very popular with our ancestors for treating colds. It consisted of equal parts Balsam of Tolu and Friar's Balsam, along with double the amount of Spirit of Wine. It didn’t actually contain any Coltsfoot, and the remedy could cause inflammation due to the excess spirit. Dr. Paris remarked: "And this, indeed, is a remedy for coughs! If a patient with a cold were to recover while using such a treatment, I would certainly call it a lucky escape rather than a skillful cure." Gerard wrote about Coltsfoot: "The smoke from the dried leaves, burned on coals, effectively helps those who have difficulty breathing, and safely breaks open the abscesses of the chest"; he also mentioned that "the green leaves heal the painful inflammation known as Saint Anthony's fire."

The names of the herb—Coltsfoot, and Horsehoof—are derived
from the shape of the leaf. It is likewise known as Asses' foot, and
Cough wort; also as Foal's foot, and Bull's foot, Hoofs, and (in
Yorkshire) Cleats.

The names of the herb—Coltsfoot and Horsehoof—come from the shape of the leaf. It's also called Asses' foot, Cough wort, Foal's foot, Bull's foot, Hoofs, and (in Yorkshire) Cleats.

To make an infusion or decoction of the plant for a confirmed cough, or for chronic bronchitis, pour a pint of boiling water on an ounce of the dried leaves and flowers, and take half a teacupful of it when cold three or four times in the day. The silky down of the seed-heads is used in the Highlands for stuffing pillows, and the presence of coal is said to be indicated by an abundant growth of the herb.

To make an infusion or decoction of the plant for a persistent cough or chronic bronchitis, pour a pint of boiling water over an ounce of the dried leaves and flowers, and take half a teacup of it when it cools, three or four times a day. The silky fibers from the seed heads are used in the Highlands for pillow stuffing, and it's said that a lot of this herb indicates the presence of coal.

Another species, the Butter bur (Tussilago petasites), [120] is named from petasus, an umbrella, or a broad covering for the head. It produces the largest leaves of any plant in Great Britain, which sometimes measure three feet in breadth. This plant was thought to be of great use in the time of the plague, and thus got the names of Pestilent wort, Plague flower and Bog Rhubarb. Both it, and the Coltsfoot, are specific remedies (H.) for severe and obstinate neuralgia in the small of the back, and the loins, a medicinal tincture being prepared from each herb.

Another species, the Butterbur (Tussilago petasites), [120] gets its name from petasus, meaning an umbrella or a broad covering for the head. It has the largest leaves of any plant in Great Britain, with some measuring up to three feet wide. This plant was believed to be very useful during the time of the plague, earning it names like Pestilent wort, Plague flower, and Bog Rhubarb. Both it and Coltsfoot are known remedies (H.) for severe and stubborn neuralgia in the lower back and loins, with a medicinal tincture made from each herb.

COMFREY.

The Comfrey of our river banks, and moist watery places, is the Consound, or Knit-back, or Bone-set, and Blackwort of country folk; and the old Symphytum of Dioscorides. It has derived these names from the consolidating and vulnerary qualities attributed to the plant, from confirmo, to strengthen together, or the French, comfrie. This herb is of the Borage tribe, and is conspicuous by its height of from one to two feet, its large rough leaves, which provoke itching when handled, and its drooping white or purple flowers growing on short stalks. Chemically, the most important part of the plant is its "mucilage." This contains tannin, asparagin, sugar, and starch granules. The roots are sweet, sticky, and without any odour. "Quia tanta proestantia est," says Pliny, "ut si carnes duroe coquuntur conglutinet addita; unde nomen!"—"and the roots be so glutinative that they will solder or glew together meat that is chopt in pieces, seething in a pot, and make it into one lump: the same bruysed, and lay'd in the manner of a plaister, doth heale all fresh and green wounds." These roots are very brittle, and the least bit of them will start growing afresh.

The Comfrey that grows along our riverbanks and in wet areas is known as the Consound, Knit-back, Bone-set, and Blackwort by locals; it's also called Symphytum in Dioscorides's writings. These names come from the plant's healing and restorative properties, derived from the Latin word confirmo, meaning to strengthen together, or from the French term comfrie. This herb belongs to the Borage family and is notable for its height of one to two feet, large rough leaves that can cause itching when touched, and its drooping white or purple flowers on short stems. Chemically, the most important part of the plant is its mucilage, which contains tannin, asparagin, sugar, and starch granules. The roots are sweet, sticky, and odorless. "Quia tanta proestantia est," says Pliny, "ut si carnes duroe coquuntur conglutinet addita; unde nomen!"—"the roots are so adhesive that they can stick together tough meat chopped into pieces while boiling, forming one lump; when bruised and applied as a poultice, they heal all fresh and open wounds." These roots are very brittle, and even a small piece can start to grow again.

[121] The whole plant, beaten to a cataplasm, and applied hot as a poultice, has always been deemed excellent for soothing pain in any tender, inflamed or suppurating part. It was formerly applied to raw indolent ulcers as a glutinous astringent, and most useful vulnerary. Pauli recommended it for broken bones, and externally for wounds of the nerves, tendons, and arteries. More recently surgeons have declared that the powdered root (which, when broken, is white within, and full of a slimy juice), if dissolved in water to a mucilage, is far from contemptible for bleedings, fractures, and luxations, whilst it hastens the callus of bones under repair. Its strong decoction has been found very useful in Germany for tanning leather. The leaves were formerly employed for giving a flavour to cakes and panada.

[121] The entire plant, crushed into a paste and applied hot as a poultice, has always been considered excellent for soothing pain in any sensitive, inflamed, or pus-filled area. It was previously used on raw, slow-healing ulcers as a sticky astringent and a very helpful wound remedy. Pauli recommended it for broken bones and for treating wounds involving nerves, tendons, and arteries. More recently, surgeons have stated that the powdered root (which is white inside and filled with a slimy juice when broken) can be made into a mucilage by dissolving it in water, and it is quite effective for bleeding, fractures, and dislocations, while also speeding up the healing of bones. Its strong decoction has been found very useful in Germany for tanning leather. The leaves were previously used to flavor cakes and panada.

A modern medicinal tincture (H.) is made from the root-stock with spirit of wine; and ten drops of this should be taken three or four times a day with a tablespoonful of cold water. French nurses treat cracked nipples by applying a hollow section of the fresh root over the sore caruncle; and a decoction of the root made by boiling from two to four drachms in a pint of water, is given for bleedings from the lungs or bladder.

A modern medicinal tincture (H.) is made from the root with alcohol, and you should take ten drops of this three or four times a day mixed with a tablespoon of cold water. French nurses treat cracked nipples by applying a hollow piece of the fresh root over the sore area, and a decoction made by boiling two to four drachms of the root in a pint of water is given for bleeding from the lungs or bladder.

The name Consound, owned by the Common Comfrey, was given likewise to the daisy and the bugle, in the middle ages. "It joyeth," says Gerard, "in watery ditches, in fat and fruitful meadows." A solve concocted from the fresh herb will certainly tend to promote the healing of bruised and broken parts, suggesting as an appropriate motto for the salve box: "Behold how good and pleasant a thing it is to dwell together in unity! It is like the precious ointment which ran down Aaron's beard." Some foreknowledge [122] of the Comfrey perhaps inspired the Prophet Isaiah to predict that after a time "the heart should rejoice and the bones flourish like a herb." The Poet Laureate tells of

The name Consound, associated with the Common Comfrey, was also used for the daisy and the bugle in the Middle Ages. "It thrives," says Gerard, "in watery ditches, in rich and productive meadows." A solution made from the fresh herb will definitely help heal bruises and broken areas, suggesting an appropriate motto for the salve box: "Look how good and pleasant it is to live together in unity! It's like the precious ointment that ran down Aaron's beard." Some foreknowledge of the Comfrey may have inspired the Prophet Isaiah to predict that one day "the heart will rejoice and the bones will thrive like a plant." The Poet Laureate tells of

"This, the Consound,
Whereby the lungs are eased of their grief."

"This, the Consound,
That relieves the lungs of their troubles."

About a century ago, the Prickly Comfrey—a variety of our Consound—was naturalised in this country from the Caucasus, and has since proved itself amazingly productive to farmers, as, when cultivated, it will grow six crops in the year; and the plant is both preventive and curative of foot and mouth disease in cattle. It bears flowers of a rich blue colour.

About a century ago, the Prickly Comfrey—a type of our Consound—was brought to this country from the Caucasus and has since shown to be incredibly productive for farmers, as it can yield six crops in a year when cultivated. The plant also helps prevent and treat foot and mouth disease in cattle. It produces flowers in a vibrant blue color.

From our Common Comfrey a sort of glue is got in Angora, which is used for spinning the famous fleeces of that country. Mr. Cockayne relates that the locksman at Teddington informed him how the bone of his little finger being broken, was grinding and grunching so sadly for two months, that sometimes he felt quite wrong in his head. One day he saw a doctor go by, and told him about the distress. The doctor said: "You see that Comfrey growing there? Take a piece of its root, and champ it, and put it about your finger, and wrap it up." The man did so, and in four days his finger was well.

From our Common Comfrey, a type of glue is made in Angora, which is used for spinning the famous fleeces of that region. Mr. Cockayne mentions that the locksmith at Teddington told him how his little finger was broken and hurt so badly for two months that he sometimes felt quite out of sorts. One day, he saw a doctor passing by and told him about his pain. The doctor said, "Do you see that Comfrey growing there? Take a piece of its root, chew it, place it around your finger, and wrap it up." The man did exactly that, and in four days, his finger was healed.

CORIANDER.

Coriander comfits, sold by the confectioner as admirably warming to the stomach, and corrective of flatulence, consist of small aromatic seeds coated with white sugar. These are produced by the Coriander, an umbelliferous herb cultivated in England from early times for medicinal and culinary uses, though introduced at first from the Mediterranean. It has now [123] become wild as an escape, growing freely in our fields and waste places. Farmers produce it, especially about Essex, under the name of Col, the crops being mown down when ripe, and the fruits being then thrashed out to procure the seeds. The generic name has been derived from koros, a bug; alluding to the stinking odour of the bruised leaves, though these, when dried, are fragrant, and pleasant of smell. In some countries, as Egypt and Peru, they are taken in soups. The seeds are cordial, but become narcotic if used too freely. When distilled with water they yield a yellow essential oil of a very aromatic and strong odour.

Coriander candies, sold by candy makers as great for settling the stomach and reducing gas, are small aromatic seeds coated in white sugar. These come from the Coriander plant, a herb that has been grown in England since ancient times for both medicinal and cooking purposes, originally brought over from the Mediterranean. It has now [123] become wild, growing freely in our fields and neglected areas. Farmers, especially in Essex, cultivate it under the name Col; the crops are cut down when ripe, and the fruits are then thrashed to collect the seeds. The generic name comes from koros, which means bug, referencing the unpleasant smell of the crushed leaves, although when dried, they have a pleasant fragrance. In some countries like Egypt and Peru, they are used in soups. The seeds are beneficial, but can be sedative if consumed in excess. When distilled with water, they produce a yellow essential oil that is highly aromatic and has a strong scent.

Coriander water was formerly much esteemed as a carminative for windy colic. Being so aromatic and comfortably stimulating, the fruit is commended for aiding the digestion of savoury pastry, and to correct the griping tendencies of such medicines as senna and rhubarb. It contains malic acid, tannin, the special volatile oil of the herb, and some fatty matter.

Coriander water used to be highly valued as a remedy for gas and colic. Its aromatic and pleasantly stimulating properties make the seeds recommended for helping digest rich pastries and for easing the cramping effects of medications like senna and rhubarb. It contains malic acid, tannin, the unique essential oil of the herb, and some fatty substances.

Distillers of gin make use of this fruit, and veterinary surgeons employ it as a drug for cattle and horses. Alston says, "The green herb—seeds and all—stinks intolerably of bugs"; and Hoffman admonishes, "Si largius sumptura fuerit semen non sine periculo e suâ sede et statu demovet, et qui sumpsere varia dictu pudenda blaterant." The fruits are blended with curry powder, and are chosen to flavour several liquors. By the Chinese a power of conferring immortality is thought to be possessed by the seeds. From a passage in the Book of Numbers where manna is likened to Coriander seed, it would seem that this seed was familiar to the Israelites and used by them for domestic purposes. Robert Turner says when taken in wine it stimulates the animal passions.

Distillers of gin use this fruit, and veterinarians use it as a drug for cattle and horses. Alston says, "The green herb—seeds and all—smells unbearably like bugs"; and Hoffman warns, "Si largius sumptura fuerit semen non sine periculo e suâ sede et statu demovet, et qui sumpsere varia dictu pudenda blaterant." The fruits are mixed with curry powder and are used to flavor several liquors. The Chinese believe the seeds have the power to grant immortality. From a passage in the Book of Numbers where manna is compared to coriander seed, it seems that this seed was well-known to the Israelites and used by them for household purposes. Robert Turner states that when taken in wine, it arouses animal passions.

[124] COWSLIP.

Our English pastures and meadows, especially where the soil is of blue lias clay, become brilliantly gay, "with gaudy cowslips drest," quite early in the spring. But it is a mistake to suppose that these flowers are a favourite food with cows, who, in fact, never eat them if they can help it. The name Cowslip is really derived, says Dr. Prior, from the Flemish words, kous loppe, meaning "hose flap," a humble part of woollen nether garments. But Skeat thinks it arose from the fact that the plant was supposed to spring up where a patch of cow dung had fallen.

Our English pastures and meadows, especially where the soil is blue lias clay, become brightly colorful, "with flashy cowslips dressed," quite early in the spring. But it's a misconception to think that these flowers are a favorite food for cows, who actually avoid eating them if they can. The name Cowslip actually comes, according to Dr. Prior, from the Flemish words, kous loppe, meaning "hose flap," a simple part of woolen pants. However, Skeat believes it originated from the idea that the plant tends to grow where a patch of cow dung has fallen.

Originally, the Mullein—which has large, oval, woolly leaves— and the Cowslip were included under one common Latin name, Verbascum; for which reason the attributes of the Mullein still remain accredited by mistake to the second plant. Former medical writers called the Cowslip herba paralysis, or, "palsywort," because of its supposed efficacy in relieving paralysis. The whole plant is known to be gently narcotic and somniferous. Pope praised the herb and its flowers on account of their sedative qualities:—

Originally, the Mullein—which has large, oval, fuzzy leaves— and the Cowslip were grouped under a single Latin name, Verbascum. That's why the qualities of the Mullein are often mistakenly attributed to the Cowslip. Earlier medical writers referred to the Cowslip as herba paralysis, or "palsywort," due to its believed ability to help with paralysis. The entire plant is known to have mild narcotic and sleep-inducing effects. Pope praised the herb and its flowers for their calming properties:—

"For want of rest,
Lettuce and Cowslip wine—Probatum est."

"For lack of rest,
Lettuce and Cowslip wine—It has been proven."

Whilst Coleridge makes his Christabel declare with reference to the fragrant brew concocted from its petals, with lemons and sugar:—

Whilst Coleridge has his Christabel talk about the fragrant drink made from its petals, along with lemons and sugar:—

"It is a wine of virtuous powers,
My mother made it of wild flowers."

"It’s a wine with great qualities,
My mom created it from wildflowers."

Physicians for the last two centuries have used the powdered roots of the Cowslip (and the Primrose) for wakefulness, hysterical attacks, and muscular rheumatism; and the cowslip root was named of old both [124] radix paralyseos, and radix arthritica. This root, and the flowers, have an odour of anise, which is due to their containing some volatile oil identical with mannite. Their more acrid principle is "saponin." Hill tells us that when boiled in ale, the roots are taken by country persons for giddiness, with no little success. "They be likewise in great request among those that use to hunt after goats and roebucks on high mountains, for the strengthening of the head when they pass by fearful precipices and steep places, in following their game, so that giddiness and swimming of the brain may not seize upon them." The dose of the dried and powdered flowers is from fifteen to twenty grains. A syrup of a fine yellow colour may also be made from the petals, which answers the same purposes. Three pounds of the fresh blossoms should be infused in five pints of boiling water, and then simmered down to a proper consistence with sugar.

For the last two centuries, doctors have used the powdered roots of the Cowslip (and the Primrose) to treat issues like wakefulness, hysterical episodes, and muscular rheumatism. The cowslip root was historically referred to as both radix paralyseos and radix arthritica. This root, along with the flowers, has an anise-like scent, which comes from containing a volatile oil similar to mannitol. Its more irritating component is "saponin." Hill mentions that when boiled in ale, the roots are consumed by locals to combat dizziness, often with significant success. "They are also highly sought after by those who hunt goats and roebucks in the mountains to help steady their nerves when navigating treacherous cliffs and steep areas while tracking their prey, preventing dizziness and disorientation." The recommended dose of the dried and powdered flowers is between fifteen to twenty grains. A syrup with a bright yellow color can also be made from the petals that serves the same purpose. To prepare it, three pounds of fresh blossoms should be steeped in five pints of boiling water, then simmered down to a suitable consistency with sugar.

Herbals of the Elizabethan date, say that an ointment made from cowslip flowers "taketh away the spots and wrinkles of the skin, and doth add beauty exceedingly, as divers ladies, gentlewomen, and she citizens—whether wives or widows—know well enough."

Herbals from the Elizabethan era say that an ointment made from cowslip flowers "removes spots and wrinkles from the skin and greatly enhances beauty, as many ladies, gentlewomen, and citizens—whether wives or widows—know very well."

The tiny people were then supposed to be fond of nestling in the drooping bells of Cowslips, and hence the flowers were called fairy cups; and, in accordance with the doctrine of signatures, they were thought effective for removing freckles from the face.

The tiny people were said to love snuggling in the drooping bells of Cowslips, which is why the flowers were called fairy cups. According to the doctrine of signatures, they were believed to be effective for getting rid of freckles on the face.

    "In their gold coats spots you see,
    These be rubies: fairy favours.
    In these freckles live their savours."

"In their golden coats, you see spots,
These are rubies: fairy gifts.
In these freckles live their flavors."

The cluster of blossoms on a single stalk sometimes bears the name of "lady's keys" or "St. Peter's wort," either because it resembles a bunch of keys as St. [126] Peter's badge, or because as primula veris it unlocks the treasures of spring.

The group of flowers on one stem is sometimes called "lady's keys" or "St. Peter's wort," either because it looks like a bunch of keys, like St. [126] Peter's badge, or because as primula veris it opens up the treasures of spring.

Cowslip flowers are frequently done up by playful children into balls, which they call tisty tosty, or simply a tosty. For this purpose the umbels of blossoms fully blown are strung closely together, and tied into a firm ball.

Cowslip flowers are often made into balls by playful kids, which they call tisty tosty, or just a tosty. To make these, the fully bloomed umbels of flowers are closely strung together and tied into a solid ball.

The leaves were at one time eaten in salad, and mixed with other herbs to stuff meat, whilst the flowers were made into a delicate conserve.

The leaves were once eaten in salads and mixed with other herbs to stuff meat, while the flowers were turned into a delicate preserve.

Yorkshire people call this plant the Cowstripling; and in Devonshire, where it is scarcely to be found, because of the red marl, it has come about that the foxglove goes by the name of Cowslip. Again, in some provincial districts, the Cowslip is known as Petty Mullein, and in others as Paigle (Palsywort). The old English proverb, "As blake as a paigle," means, "As yellow as a cowslip."

Yorkshire folks call this plant the Cowstripling, while in Devonshire, where it’s rare due to the red marl, the foxglove is referred to as Cowslip. In some local areas, the Cowslip is known as Petty Mullein, and in others, it’s called Paigle (Palsywort). The old English saying, "As blake as a paigle," means "As yellow as a cowslip."

One word may be said here in medicinal favour of the poor cow, whose association with the flower now under discussion has been so unceremoniously disproved. The breath and smell of this sweet-odoured animal are thought in Flintshire to be good against consumption. Henderson tells of a blacksmith's apprentice who was restored to health when far advanced in a decline, by taking the milk of cows fed in a kirkyard. In the south of Hampshire, a useful plaster of fresh cow-dung is applied to open wounds. And even in its evolutionary development, the homely animal reads us a lesson; for Dat Deus immiti cornua curta bovi, says the Latin proverb—"Savage cattle have only short horns." So was it in "the House that Jack built," where the fretful creature that tossed the dog had but one horn, and this grew crumpled.

One word can be said here in support of the poor cow, whose connection with the flower being discussed has been so unceremoniously disproven. The breath and smell of this sweet-smelling animal are believed in Flintshire to be beneficial against tuberculosis. Henderson tells of a blacksmith's apprentice who was restored to health when far along in a decline, by drinking the milk of cows that grazed in a graveyard. In the south of Hampshire, a useful plaster made from fresh cow dung is applied to open wounds. And even in its evolution, this humble animal teaches us a lesson; for Dat Deus immiti cornua curta bovi, says the Latin proverb—"Savage cattle have only short horns." So it was in "the House that Jack built," where the irritable creature that tossed the dog had only one horn, and this grew twisted.

[127] CRESSES.

The Cress of the herbalist is a noun of multitude: it comprises several sorts, differing in kind but possessing the common properties of wholesomeness and pungency. Here "order in variety we see"; and here, "though all things differ, all agree." The name is thought by some to be derived from the Latin verb crescere, to grow fast.

The Cress of the herbalist is a collective noun: it includes various types, each different in kind but sharing common traits of healthiness and spiciness. Here we see "order in variety"; and here, "though everything is different, they all have something in common." Some believe the name comes from the Latin verb crescere, which means to grow quickly.

Each kind of Cress belongs to the Cruciferous genus of plants; whence comes, perhaps, the common name The several varieties of Cress are stimulating and anti-scorbutic, whilst each contains a particular essential principle, of acrid flavour, and of sharp biting qualities. The whole tribe is termed lepidium, or "siliquose," scaly, with reference to the shape of the seed-pouches. It includes "Land Cress (formerly dedicated to St. Barbara); Broad-leaved Cress (or the Poor-man's pepper); Penny Cress (thlapsus); Garden, or Town Cress; and the well known edible Water Cress." Formerly the Greeks attached much value to the whole order of Cresses, which they thought very beneficial to the brain. A favourite maxim with them was, "Eat Cresses, and get wit."

Each type of Cress belongs to the Cruciferous family of plants, which may explain the common name. The different varieties of Cress are stimulating and help prevent scurvy, and each contains a specific essential compound with a pungent flavor and sharp qualities. The entire group is called lepidium, or "siliquose," referring to the shape of the seed pods. It includes "Land Cress (once dedicated to St. Barbara), Broad-leaved Cress (or Poor-man's pepper), Penny Cress (thlapsus), Garden or Town Cress, and the well-known edible Water Cress." In the past, the Greeks valued the entire Cress family, believing it was very beneficial for the brain. A popular saying among them was, "Eat Cresses, and gain wit."

In England these plants have long been cultivated as a source of profit; whence arose the saying that a graceless fellow is not worth a "kurse" or cress—in German, kers. Thus Chaucer speaks about a character in the Canterbury Tales, "Of paramours ne fraught he not a kers." But some writers have referred this saying rather to the wild cherry or kerse, making it of the same significance as our common phrase, "Not worth a fig."

In England, these plants have been grown for profit for a long time, giving rise to the saying that a worthless person isn't worth a "kurse" or cress—in German, kers. Chaucer mentions a character in the Canterbury Tales, saying, "Of paramours ne fraught he not a kers." However, some writers have connected this saying to the wild cherry or kerse, giving it the same meaning as our phrase, "Not worth a fig."

As Curative Herbal Simples we need only consider the Garden or Town Cress, and the Water Cress: whilst regarding the other varieties rather as condiments, and [128] salad herbs to be taken by way of pleasant wholesome appetisers at table. These aromatic herbs were employed to season the homely dishes of our forefathers, before commerce had brought the spices of the East at a cheap rate to our doors; and Cresses were held in common favour by peasants for such a purpose. The black, or white pepper of to-day, was then so costly that "to promise a saint yearly a pound of it was considered a liberal bequest." And therefore the leaves of wild Cresses were eaten as a substitute for giving pungency to the food. Remarkable among these was the Dittander Sativus, a species found chiefly near the sea, with foliage so hot and acrid, that the plant then went by the name of "Poor-man's Pepper," or "Pepper Wort." Pliny said, "It is of the number of scorching and blistering Simples." "This herbe," says Lyte, "is fondly and unlearnedly called in English Dittany. It were better in following the Dutchmen to name it Pepperwort."

As Curative Herbal Simples, we only need to think about Garden or Town Cress and Water Cress, while seeing the other varieties more as seasonings and salad herbs to enjoy as tasty, healthy appetizers at the table. These aromatic herbs were used to flavor the simple meals of our ancestors, before trade made spices from the East readily available and affordable. Cresses were commonly appreciated by peasants for this purpose. Back then, black or white pepper was so expensive that "promising a saint a pound of it every year was considered a generous gift." So, the leaves of wild Cresses were eaten as a substitute to add heat to food. Notable among these was the Dittander Sativus, a type found mainly near the sea, with leaves so hot and sharp that it was known as "Poor-man's Pepper" or "Pepper Wort." Pliny remarked, "It is one of the scorching and blistering Simples." "This herb," says Lyte, "is foolishly and incorrectly called Dittany in English. It would be better to follow the Dutch and call it Pepperwort."

The Garden Cress, called Sativum (from satum, a pasture), is the sort commonly coupled with the herb Mustard in our familiar "Mustard and Cress." It has been grown in England since the middle of the sixteenth century, and its other name Town Cress refers to its cultivation in "tounes," or enclosures. It was also known as Passerage; from passer, to drive away—rage, or madness, because of its reputed power to expel hydrophobia. "This Garden Cress," said Wm. Coles in his Paradise of Plants, 1650, "being green, and therefore more qualified by reason of its humidity, is eaten by country people, either alone with butter, or with lettice and purslane, in Sallets, or otherwise."

The Garden Cress, called Sativum (from satum, a pasture), is the type commonly paired with the herb Mustard in our familiar "Mustard and Cress." It has been cultivated in England since the mid-sixteenth century, and its other name Town Cress refers to its growth in "towns," or enclosed areas. It was also known as Passerage; from passer, to drive away—rage, or madness, because of its believed ability to ward off hydrophobia. "This Garden Cress," said Wm. Coles in his Paradise of Plants, 1650, "being green, and therefore more suitable due to its moisture, is eaten by country people, either on its own with butter, or with lettuce and purslane, in salads, or otherwise."

It contains sulphur, and a special ardent volatile medicinal oil. The small leaves combined with those of [129] our white garden Mustard are excellent against rheumatism and gout. Likewise it is a preventive of scurvy by reason of its mineral salts. In which salutary respects the twin plants, Mustard and Cress, are happily consorted, and well play a capital common part, like the "two single gentlemen rolled into one" of George Colman, the younger.

It contains sulfur and a unique, intense volatile medicinal oil. The small leaves, when combined with those of our white garden mustard, are great for treating rheumatism and gout. They also help prevent scurvy due to their mineral salts. In these beneficial ways, the two plants, mustard and cress, work together perfectly, much like the "two single gentlemen rolled into one" from George Colman the younger.

The Water Cress (Nasturtium officinale) is among cresses, to use an American simile, the "finest toad in the puddle." This is because of its superlative medicinal worth, and its great popularity at table. Early writers called the herb "Shamrock," and common folk now-a-days term it the "Stertion." Zenophon advised the Persians to feed their children on Water-cresses (kardamon esthie) that they might grow in stature and have active minds.

The Water Cress (Nasturtium officinale) is, in American terms, the "top toad in the puddle" among cresses. This is due to its outstanding medicinal value and its popularity on dinner plates. Early writers referred to this herb as "Shamrock," and nowadays, people commonly call it "Stertion." Xenophon recommended that the Persians feed their children Water-cresses (kardamon esthie) to help them grow taller and develop sharp minds.

The Latin name Nasturtium was given to the Watercress because of its volatile pungency when bruised and smelt; from nasus, a nose, and tortus, turned away, it being so to say, "a herb that wriths or twists the nose." For the same reason it is called Nasitord in France. When bruised its leaves affect the eyes and nose almost like mustard. They have been usefully applied to the scald head and tetters of children. In New Zealand the stems grow as thick as a man's wrist, and nearly choke some of the rivers. Like an oyster, the Water-cress is in proper season only when there is an "r" in the month.

The Latin name Nasturtium was given to Watercress because of its strong smell when crushed; from nasus, meaning nose, and tortus, meaning twisted, it describes "a herb that twists the nose." For the same reason, it’s called Nasitord in France. When crushed, its leaves affect the eyes and nose almost like mustard. They have been effectively used for treating scalds and skin conditions in children. In New Zealand, the stems grow as thick as a man's wrist and can nearly choke some rivers. Like oysters, Watercress is in season only when there's an "r" in the month.

According to an analysis made recently in the School of Pharmacy at Paris, the Water-cress contains a sulpho-nitrogenous oil, iodine, iron, phosphates, potash, certain other earthy salts, a bitter extract, and water. Its volatile oil which is rich in nitrogen and sulphur (problematical) is the sulpho-cyanide of allyl. Anyhow [130] there is much sulphur possessed by the whole plant in one form or another, together with a considerable quantity of mineral matter. Thus the popular plant is so constituted as to be particularly curative of scrofulous affections, especially in the spring time, when the bodily humours are on the ferment. Dr. King Chambers writes (Diet in Health and Disease), "I feel sure that the infertility, pallor, fetid breath, and bad teeth which characterise some of our town populations are to a great extent due to their inability to get fresh anti-scorbutic vegetables as articles of diet: therefore I regard the Water-cress seller as one of the saviours of her country." Culpeper said pithily long ago: "They that will live in health may eat Water-cress if they please; and if they won't, I cannot help it."

According to a recent analysis from the School of Pharmacy in Paris, watercress contains a sulpho-nitrogenous oil, iodine, iron, phosphates, potash, various other mineral salts, a bitter extract, and water. Its volatile oil, which is high in nitrogen and sulfur (though possibly problematic), is allyl sulfo-cyanide. In any case, the whole plant is rich in sulfur in various forms, along with a significant amount of mineral matter. This popular plant is particularly effective for treating scrofulous conditions, especially in the spring when the body's humors are in flux. Dr. King Chambers writes in Diet in Health and Disease, "I am convinced that the infertility, pale complexion, foul breath, and poor dental health seen in some of our urban populations are largely due to their lack of access to fresh anti-scurvy vegetables in their diet; hence, I see the watercress vendor as one of the saviors of the nation." Culpeper wisely noted long ago: "Those who want to stay healthy can eat watercress if they choose; if they don’t, that’s their choice."

The scrofula to which the Water-cress and its allied plants are antidotal, got its name from scrofa, "a burrowing pig," signifying the radical destruction of important glands in the body by this undermining constitutional disease. Possibly the quaint lines which nurses have long been given to repeat for the amusement of babies while fondling their infantine fingers bear a hidden meaning which pointedly imports the scrofulous taint. This nursery distich, as we remember, personates the fingers one by one as five little fabulous pigs:—the first small piggy doesn't feel well; and the second one threatens the doctor to tell; the third little pig has to linger at home; and the fourth small porker of meat has none; then the fifth little pig, with a querulous note, cries "weak, weak, weak" from its poor little throat.

The scrofula that Water-cress and related plants counteract got its name from scrofa, meaning "a burrowing pig," which represents the severe damage to important glands in the body caused by this destructive disease. Perhaps the old rhyme that nurses have traditionally recited to entertain babies while playing with their tiny fingers carries a hidden meaning that subtly points to the scrofulous condition. This nursery rhyme, as we recall, personifies the fingers one by one as five little pigs: the first little piggy isn’t feeling well; the second one threatens to tell the doctor; the third little pig has to stay home; the fourth little pig has no meat; and the fifth little pig, with a whiny voice, cries "weak, weak, weak" from its little throat.

    "oegrotat multis doloribus porculus ille:
    Ille rogat fratri medicum proferre salutem:
    Debilis ille domi mansit vetitus abire;
    Carnem digessit nunquam miser porculus ille;
    'Eheu!' ter repetens, 'eheu!' perporculus, 'eheu!'
    Vires exiguas luget plorante susurro."

"That little piglet groaned with many pains:
    He asked his brother to bring health:
    That weakling stayed at home, forbidden to leave;
    He never digest the meat, that poor little pig;
    'Alas!' he repeated thrice, 'alas!' the little piglet said, 'alas!'
    He laments his small strength with a weeping whisper."

[131] On account of its medicinal constituents the herb has been deservedly extolled as a specific remedy for tubercular consumption of the lungs. Haller says: "We have seen patients in deep declines cured by living almost entirely on this plant;" and it forms the chief ingredient of the _Sirop Antiscorbutique _given so successfully by the French faculty in scrofula and other allied diseases. Its active principles are at their best when the plant is in flower; and the amount of essential oil increases according to the quantity of sunlight which the leaves obtain, the proportion of iron being determined according to the quality of the water, and the measure of phosphates by the supply of dressing afforded. The leaves remain green when grown in the shade, but become of a purple brown because of their iron when exposed to the sun. The expressed juice, which contains the peculiar taste and pungency of the herb, may be taken in doses of from one to two fluid ounces at each of the three principal meals, and it should always be had fresh. When combined with the juice of Scurvy grass and of Seville oranges it makes the popular antiscorbutic medicine known as "Spring juices."

[131] Because of its medicinal properties, this herb has rightfully been praised as a specific treatment for lung tuberculosis. Haller mentions, "We have seen patients in severe decline recover by almost exclusively consuming this plant;" and it is the main ingredient in the _Sirop Antiscorbutique_ that the French medical community successfully uses for scrofula and other related conditions. Its active compounds are most effective when the plant is in bloom; and the amount of essential oil increases with the amount of sunlight the leaves receive, while the level of iron depends on the water quality, and the amount of phosphates is influenced by the type of fertilizer used. The leaves stay green in the shade but turn a purple-brown due to their iron content when exposed to sunlight. The extracted juice, which has the distinct taste and spiciness of the herb, can be taken in doses of one to two fluid ounces at each of the three main meals, and it should always be fresh. When mixed with the juice of scurvy grass and Seville oranges, it creates the popular antiscorbutic remedy known as "Spring juices."

A Water-cress cataplasm applied cold in a single layer, and with a pinch of salt sprinkled thereupon makes a most useful poultice to heal foul scrofulous ulcers; and will also help to resolve glandular swellings.

A cold watercress poultice applied in a single layer, with a pinch of salt sprinkled on top, is an incredibly effective remedy for healing nasty scrofulous ulcers and can also help reduce glandular swelling.

Water-cresses squeezed and laid against warts were said by the Saxon leeches to work a certain cure on these excrescences. In France the Water-cress is dipped in oil and vinegar to be eaten at table with chicken or a steak. The Englishman takes it at his morning or evening meal, with bread and butter, or at dinner in a salad. It loses some of its pungent flavour and of its curative qualities [132] when cultivated; and therefore it is more appetising and useful when freshly gathered from natural streams. But these streams ought to be free from contamination by sewage matter, or any drainage which might convey the germs of fever, or other blood poison: for, as we are admonished, the Water-cress plant acts as a brush in impure running brooks to detain around its stalks and leaves any dirty disease-bringing flocculi.

Watercress pressed against warts was believed by Saxon healers to cure these growths. In France, watercress is dipped in oil and vinegar and served with chicken or steak. In England, people enjoy it at breakfast or dinner, paired with bread and butter, or in a salad. It loses some of its strong flavor and healing properties when farmed, making it more enjoyable and beneficial when freshly picked from natural streams. However, these streams should be free from sewage or any runoff that could carry germs of fever or other blood toxins, as watercress can trap harmful particles around its stems and leaves in polluted waters.

Some of our leading druggists now make for medicinal use a liquid extract of the Nasturtium officinale, and a spirituous juice (or succus) of the plant. These preparations are of marked service in scorbutic cases, where weakness exists without wasting, and often with spongy gums, or some skin eruption. They are best when taken with lemon juice.

Some of our top pharmacists now produce a liquid extract of the Nasturtium officinale for medicinal use, as well as a spirit juice (or succus) from the plant. These products are particularly useful for treating scurvy, especially when there is weakness without significant weight loss, and often with swollen gums or some skin rash. They work best when taken with lemon juice.

The leaf of the unwholesome Water parsnep, or Fool's Cress, resembles that of the Water-cress, and grows near it not infrequently: but the leaves of the true Water-cress never embrace the stem of the plant as do the leaf stalks of its injurious imitators. Herrick the joyous poet of "dull Devonshire" dearly loved the Water-cress, and its kindred herbs. He piously and pleasantly made them the subject of a quaint grace before meat:—

The leaf of the harmful Water Parsnip, or Fool's Cress, looks similar to that of Watercress and often grows nearby. However, the leaves of true Watercress never wrap around the plant’s stem like those of its harmful lookalikes. Herrick, the cheerful poet from "dull Devonshire," had a deep affection for Watercress and its related herbs. He charmingly made them the focus of a quirky blessing before meals:—

    "Lord, I confess too when I dine
        The pulse is Thine:
    And all those other bits that be
        There placed by Thee:
    The wurts, the perslane, and the mess
        of Water-cress."

"God, I admit it when I eat
        The food is Yours:
    And all those other things that are
        There placed by You:
    The sausages, the purslane, and the bunch
        of watercress."

The true Nasturtium (Tropoeolum majus), or greater Indian Cress grows and is cultivated in our flower gardens as a brilliant ornamental creeper. It was brought from Peru to France in 1684, and was called La grande Capucine, whilst the botanical title tropoeolum, [133] a trophy, was conferred because of its shield-like leaves, and its flowers resembling a golden helmet. An old English name for the same plant was Yellow Lark's heels.

The true Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus), or greater Indian Cress, thrives and is grown in our flower gardens as a stunning ornamental vine. It was brought from Peru to France in 1684 and was called La grande Capucine. The botanical name tropaeolum, meaning trophy, was given due to its shield-like leaves and flowers that resemble a golden helmet. An old English name for the same plant was Yellow Lark's heels.

Two years later it was introduced into England. This partakes of the sensible and useful qualities of the other cresses. The fresh plant and the dark yellow flowers have an odour like that of the Water-cress, and its bruised leaves emit a pungent smell. An infusion made with water will bring out the antiscorbutic virtues of the plant which are specially aromatic, and cordial. The flowers make a pretty and palatable addition to salads, and the nuts or capsules (which resemble the "cheeses" of Mallow) are esteemed as a pickle, or as a substitute for Capers. Invalids have often preferred this plant to the Scurvy grass as an antiscorbutic remedy. In the warm summer months the flowers have been observed about the time of sunset to give out sparks, as of an electrical kind, which were first noticed by a daughter of Linnoeus.

Two years later, it was brought to England. This plant shares the practical and beneficial qualities of other cresses. The fresh plant and its dark yellow flowers have a scent similar to Water-cress, and its crushed leaves release a sharp smell. A tea made with water draws out the plant's anti-scurvy properties, which are especially aromatic and soothing. The flowers make a beautiful and tasty addition to salads, and the seeds or pods (which look like Mallow “cheeses”) are valued as a pickle or a substitute for capers. People dealing with illnesses have often preferred this plant over Scurvy grass as an anti-scurvy remedy. During the warm summer months, it has been observed that the flowers emit spark-like light, similar to electricity, around sunset, a phenomenon first noted by a daughter of Linnaeus.

The Water-cress is justly popular with persons who drink freely overnight, for its power of dissipating the fumes of the liquor, and of clearing away lethargic inaptitude for work in the morning: also for dispelling the tremors, and the foul taste induced by excessive tobacco smoking.

The Water-cress is rightly popular among people who drink a lot at night because it helps get rid of the alcohol effects and clears away the morning sluggishness. It also helps with shakes and the unpleasant taste that comes from smoking too much tobacco.

Closely allied thereto is another cruciferous plant, the Scurvy grass (Cochleare), named also "Spoon-wort" from its leaves resembling in shape the bowl of an old-fashioned spoon. This is thought to be the famous Herba Britannica of the ancients. Our great navigators have borne testimony to its never failing use in scurvy, and, though often growing many miles from the sea, yet the taste of the herb is always [134] found to be salt. If eaten in its fresh state, as a salad, it is the most effectual of all the antiscorbutic plants, the leaves being admirable also to cure swollen and spongy gums. It grows along the muddy banks of the Avon, likewise in Wales, and is found in Cumberland, more commonly near the coast; and again on the mountains of Scotland. It may be readily cultivated in the garden for medicinal use.

Closely related is another cruciferous plant, Scurvy grass (Cochleare), also known as "Spoon-wort" because its leaves resemble the bowl of an old-fashioned spoon. This is believed to be the famous Herba Britannica mentioned by ancient writers. Our great explorers have confirmed its reliable use for scurvy, and even though it often grows many miles from the sea, the taste of the herb is always found to be salty. When eaten fresh as a salad, it is the most effective of all the anti-scurvy plants, and its leaves are also great for treating swollen and spongy gums. It grows along the muddy banks of the Avon, also in Wales, and is found in Cumberland, more commonly near the coast, and again on the mountains of Scotland. It can be easily grown in the garden for medicinal purposes.

The Cuckoo flower, or "Ladies' Smock" (Cardamine) from Cardia damao, "I strengthen the heart," is another wholesome Cress with the same sensible properties as the Water-cress, only in an inferior degree, while the strong pungency of its flavour prevents it from being equally popular. This plant bears also the names of "Lucy Locket," and "Smell Smocks." In Cornwall the flowering tops have been employed for the cure of epilepsy throughout several generations with singular success; though the use of the leaves only for this purpose has caused disappointment. From one to three drams of these flowering tops are to be taken two or three times a day.

The Cuckoo flower, also known as "Ladies' Smock" (Cardamine) from Cardia damao, meaning "I strengthen the heart," is another nutritious Cress that has similar properties to Water-cress, though to a lesser extent. Its strong flavor makes it less popular. This plant is also called "Lucy Locket" and "Smell Smocks." In Cornwall, the flowering tops have been used to treat epilepsy successfully for several generations, although using just the leaves for this purpose has been disappointing. One to three drams of these flowering tops should be taken two or three times a day.

By the Rev. Mr. Gregor (1793) and by his descendants this remedy was given for inveterate epilepsy with much benefit. Lady Holt, and her sister Lady Bracebridge, of Aston Hall, Warwickshire, were long famous for curing severe cases of the same infirmity by administering this herb. They gave the powdered heads of the flowers when in full bloom-twelve grains three times a day for many weeks together.

By Rev. Mr. Gregor (1793) and his descendants, this remedy was used to treat chronic epilepsy with great success. Lady Holt and her sister, Lady Bracebridge, from Aston Hall in Warwickshire, became well-known for curing severe cases of the same condition by using this herb. They administered the powdered flower heads when they were in full bloom—twelve grains three times a day for several weeks.

Sir George Baker in 1767 read a paper before the London College of Physicians on the value of these flowers in convulsive disorders. He related five cures of St. Vitus' dance, spasmodic convulsions, and spasmodic asthma. Formerly the flowers were admitted into the [135] London Pharmacopoeia. The herb was named Ladies' Smock in honour of the Virgin Mary, because it comes first into flower about Lady Day, being abundant with its delicate lilac blossoms in our moist meadows and marshes:

Sir George Baker presented a paper to the London College of Physicians in 1767 discussing the benefits of these flowers for convulsive disorders. He shared five cases of cures for St. Vitus' dance, spasmodic convulsions, and spasmodic asthma. In the past, the flowers were included in the [135] London Pharmacopoeia. The herb was called Ladies' Smock in honor of the Virgin Mary because it blooms around Lady Day, showcasing its delicate lilac blossoms in our damp meadows and marshes.

"Lady Smocks all silver white
Do paint the meadows with delight."

"Lady Smocks, all silver white
Do paint the fields with joy."

This plant is also named—"Milk Maids," "Bread and Milk," and "Mayflower." Gerard says "it flowers in April and May when the Cuckoo cloth begin to sing her pleasant notes without stammering." One of his characters is made by the Poet Laureate to—

This plant is also called "Milk Maids," "Bread and Milk," and "Mayflower." Gerard mentions that "it flowers in April and May when the Cuckoo starts to sing its sweet notes without hesitation." One of his characters is created by the Poet Laureate to—

"Steep for Danewulf leaves of Lady Smock,
For they keep strong the heart."

"Steep Danewulf leaves of Lady Smock,
For they strengthen the heart."

"And so much," as says William Cole, herbalist, in his Paradise of Plants, 1650, "for such Plants as cure the Scurvy."

"And so much," as William Cole, herbalist, says in his Paradise of Plants, 1650, "for such plants that cure scurvy."

CUMIN.

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) is not half sufficiently known, or esteemed as a domestic condiment of medicinal value, and culinary uses; whilst withal of ready access as one of our commonest importations from Malta and Sicily for flavouring purposes, and veterinary preparations. It is an umbelliferous plant, and large quantities of its seeds are brought every year to England. The herb has been cultivated in the East from early days, being called "Cuminum" by the Greeks in classic times. The seeds possess a strong aromatic odour with a penetrating and bitter taste; when distilled they yield a pungent powerful essential oil. The older herbalists esteemed them superior in comforting carminative [136] qualities to those of the fennel or caraway. They are eminently useful to correct the flatulence of languid digestion, serving also to relieve dyspeptic headache, to allay colic of the bowels, and to promote the monthly flow of women.

Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) is not as well known or appreciated as a household spice with medicinal benefits and cooking uses, even though it is readily available as one of our most common imports from Malta and Sicily for flavoring and veterinary purposes. It’s an umbelliferous plant, and large amounts of its seeds are brought to England every year. The herb has been grown in the East since ancient times, where it was referred to as "Cuminum" by the Greeks. The seeds have a strong aromatic smell with a sharp and bitter taste; when distilled, they produce a potent essential oil. Older herbalists considered them to have better soothing and gas-relieving qualities than those of fennel or caraway. They are especially helpful for reducing bloating from sluggish digestion, relieving dyspeptic headaches, easing bowel colic, and supporting women’s monthly cycles.

In Holland and Switzerland they are employed for flavouring cheese; whilst in Germany they are added to bread as a condiment.

In Holland and Switzerland, they’re used to add flavor to cheese, while in Germany, they’re mixed into bread as a seasoning.

Here the seeds are introduced in the making of curry powder, and are compounded to form a stimulating liniment; likewise a warming plaster for quickening the sluggish congestions of indolent parts. The odorous volatile oil of the fruit contains the hydro-carbons "Cymol," and "Cuminol," which are redolent of lemon and caraway odours. A dose of the seeds is from fifteen to thirty grains. Cumin symbolised cupidity among the Greeks: wherefore Marcus Antoninus was so nick-named because of his avarice; and misers were jocularly said to have eaten Cumin.

Here, the seeds are used to make curry powder and are mixed to create a stimulating liniment; they also serve as a warming plaster for alleviating sluggish congestion in lazy areas. The fragrant essential oil from the fruit contains hydrocarbons like "Cymol" and "Cuminol," which smell like lemon and caraway. A typical dose of the seeds ranges from fifteen to thirty grains. Among the Greeks, cumin symbolized greed, which is why Marcus Antoninus was nicknamed for his avarice; people jokingly said that misers had eaten cumin.

The herb was thought to specially confer the gift of retention, preventing the theft of any object which contained it, and holding the thief in custody within the invaded house; also keeping fowls and pigeons from straying, and lovers from proving fickle. If a swain was going off as a soldier, or to work a long way from his home, his sweetheart would give him a loaf seasoned with Cumin, or a cup of wine in which some of the herb had been mixed.

The herb was believed to have the special power of protection, preventing the theft of anything it was placed with, and keeping the thief trapped in the house they broke into; it also kept birds and pigeons from wandering off, and ensured that lovers stayed faithful. If a young man was leaving to join the army or for work far from home, his girlfriend would give him a spiced loaf with cumin or a cup of wine mixed with some of the herb.

The ancients were acquainted with the power of Cumin to cause the human countenance to become pallid; and as a medicine the herb is well calculated to cure such pallor of the face when occurring as an illness. Partridges and pigeons [137] are extremely fond of the seeds: respecting the scriptural use of which in the payment of taxes we are reminded (Luke xi. v. 42)—"ye pay tithe of mint, and anise, and cummin." It has been discovered by Grisar that Cumin oil exercises a special action which gives it importance as a medicine. This is to signally depress nervous reflex excitability when administered in full doses, as of from two to eight drops of the oil on sugar. And when the aim is to stimulate such reflex sensibility as impaired by disease, small diluted doses of the oil serve admirably to promote this purpose.

The ancients knew that cumin had the power to make the human face pale; and as a medicine, the herb is effective in treating this kind of pallor when it appears as a health issue. Partridges and pigeons [137] really like the seeds: regarding their use in paying taxes, we are reminded (Luke xi. v. 42)—"you pay a tithe of mint, and anise, and cumin." Grisar has discovered that cumin oil has a specific effect that makes it significant as a medicine. It notably reduces nervous reflex excitability when given in higher doses, such as two to eight drops of the oil on sugar. When the goal is to stimulate reflex sensitivity that has been weakened by illness, small diluted doses of the oil work well for this purpose.

CURRANTS.

The original Currants in times past were small grapes, grown in Greece at Zante, near Corinth, and termed Corinthians; then they became Corantes, and eventually Currants. But, as an old Roman proverb pertinently said: Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthum, "It was not for everyone to visit fashionable Corinth." And therefore the name of Currants became transferred in the Epirus to certain small fruit of the Gooseberry order which closely resembled the grapes of Zante, but were identical rather with the Currants of our modern kitchen gardens, such as we now use for making puddings, pies, jams, and jellies. The bushes which produce this fruit grow wild in the Northern part, of Great Britain, and belong to the Saxifrage order of plants. The wild Red Currant bears small berries which are intensely acid. In modern Italy basketsful are gathered in the woods of the Apennines, and the Alps.

The original currants were once small grapes grown in Greece at Zante, near Corinth, and were called Corinthians. Then they became known as Corantes, and finally, currants. As an old Roman saying goes: Non cuivis homini contingit adire Corinthum, "It was not for everyone to visit fashionable Corinth." Because of this, the name currants was applied in Epirus to certain small fruits similar to gooseberries that closely resembled the grapes of Zante, but were actually more like the currants we use today in our kitchens for making puddings, pies, jams, and jellies. The bushes that produce this fruit grow wild in the northern parts of Great Britain and are part of the saxifrage family. The wild red currant produces small berries that are very sour. In modern Italy, baskets full are collected from the woods of the Apennines and the Alps.

Currants are not mentioned in former Greek or Roman literature, nor do they seem to have been cultivated by the Anglo-Saxons, or the Normans. Our several sorts [138] of Currants afford a striking illustration of the mode which their parent bushes have learnt to adopt so as to attract by their highly coloured fruits the birds which shall disperse their seeds. These colours are not developed until the seed is ripe for germination; because if birds devoured them prematurely the seed would fall inert. But simultaneously come the ripeness and the soft sweet pulp, and the rich colouring, so that the birds may be attracted to eat the fruit, and spread the seed in their droppings. Zeuxis, a famous Sicilian painter four hundred years before Christ, depicted currants and grapes with such fidelity that birds came and tried to peck them out from his canvas.

Currants aren't mentioned in earlier Greek or Roman literature, and it seems that the Anglo-Saxons and Normans didn't cultivate them either. The different types of currants we have today illustrate how their parent bushes have learned to attract birds with their brightly colored fruits, which helps disperse their seeds. These colors only develop when the seeds are ready to germinate; if birds eat them too early, the seeds won't grow. But at the same time that the fruits ripen, they also develop soft, sweet pulp and rich colors to attract birds, encouraging them to eat the fruit and spread the seeds through their droppings. Zeuxis, a famous Sicilian painter who lived about four hundred years before Christ, painted currants and grapes so realistically that birds would come and try to peck them off his canvas.

White Currants are the most simple in kind; and the Red are a step in advance. If equal parts of either fruit and of sugar are put over the fire, the liquid which separates spontaneously will make a very agreeable jelly because of the "pectin" with which it is chemically furnished. Nitric acid will convert this pectin into oxalic acid, or salts of sorrel. The juice of Red Currants also contains malic and citric acids, which are cooling and wholesome. In the Northern counties this red Currant is called Wineberry, or Garnetberry, from its rich ruddy colour, and transparency. Its sweetened juice is a favourable drink in Paris, being preferred there to the syrup of orgeat (almonds). When made into a jelly with sugar the juice of red Currants is excellent in fevers, and acts as an anti-putrescent; as likewise if taken at table with venison, or hare, or other "high" meats. This fruit especially suits persons of sanguine temperament. Both red and white Currants are without doubt trustworthy remedies in most forms of obstinate visceral obstruction, and they correct impurities of the blood, being certainly antiseptic.

White currants are the simplest type, while red currants are a step up. If you cook equal parts of either fruit and sugar, the liquid that naturally separates will make a very pleasant jelly because of the pectin it contains. Nitric acid can turn this pectin into oxalic acid or salts of sorrel. The juice of red currants also has malic and citric acids, which are refreshing and healthy. In the northern counties, the red currant is known as wineberry or garnetberry, due to its rich, reddish color and transparency. In Paris, its sweetened juice is a popular drink, even preferred over orgeat syrup (almond syrup). When turned into jelly with sugar, red currant juice is great for fevers and helps prevent spoilage; it's also good when served with venison, hare, or other rich meats. This fruit is particularly suited for people with a sanguine temperament. Both red and white currants are reliable remedies for various stubborn digestive issues and help cleanse the blood, as they are definitely antiseptic.

[139] The black Currant is found growing wild in England, for the most part by the edges of brooks, and in moist grounds, from mid-Scotland southwards. Throughout Sussex and Kent the shrub is called "Gazles" as corrupted from the French Groseilles (Gooseberries). The fruit is cooling, laxative, and anodyne. Its thickened juice concocted over the fire, with, or without sugar, formed a "rob" of Old English times. The black Currant is often named by our peasantry "Squinancy," or "Quinsyberry," because a jelly prepared therefrom has been long employed for sore throat and quinsy. The leaf glands of its young leaves secrete from their under surface a fragrant odorous fluid. Therefore if newly gathered, and infused for a moment in very hot water and then dried, the leaves make an excellent substitute for tea; also these fresh leaves when applied to a gouty part will assuage pain, and inflammation. They are used to impart the flavour of brandy to common spirit. Bergius called the leaf, mundans, pellens, et diuretica. Botanically the black Currant, Ribes nigrum, belongs to the Saxifrage tribe, this generic term Ribes being applied to all fresh currants, as of Arabian origin, and signifying acidity. Grocers' currants come from the Morea, being small grapes dried in the sun, and put in heaps to cake together. Then they are dug out with a crow-bar, and trodden into casks for exportation. Our national plum pudding can no more be made without these currants than "little Tom Tucker who for his supper, could cut his bread without any knife or could find himself married without any wife." Former cooks made an odd use of grocers' currants, according to King, a poet of the middle ages, who says:—

[139] The black currant grows wild in England, mostly along the edges of streams and in damp areas, from mid-Scotland downwards. In Sussex and Kent, this shrub is called "Gazles," a name derived from the French Groseilles (gooseberries). The fruit is refreshing, acts as a laxative, and has pain-relieving properties. When cooked down into a thick juice over heat, with or without sugar, it creates a "rob" that dates back to Old English times. Our rural folks often refer to the black currant as "Squinancy" or "Quinsyberry" because a jelly made from it has long been used to treat sore throats and quinsy. The leaf glands of its young leaves release a fragrant liquid from their undersides. If freshly gathered, infused briefly in very hot water, and then dried, the leaves serve as a great tea substitute. Additionally, applying these fresh leaves to sore joints can help relieve pain and reduce inflammation. They are also used to give the flavor of brandy to regular spirits. Bergius referred to the leaf as mundans, pellens, et diuretica. Botanically, the black currant, Ribes nigrum, belongs to the Saxifrage family; the term Ribes is applied to all fresh currants, deriving from Arabic origin and meaning acidity. The currants sold by grocers come from the Morea; they are small grapes that are sun-dried and then pressed into clumps. Afterward, they are dug out with a crowbar and packed into barrels for export. Our national plum pudding cannot be made without these currants, just like "little Tom Tucker who for his supper, could cut his bread without any knife or could find himself married without any wife." Former cooks made a surprising use of grocers' currants, according to King, a poet from the Middle Ages, who says:—

"They buttered currants on fat veal bestowed,
And rumps of beef with virgin honey strewed."

"They spread currants on rich veal,
And sprinkled beef cuts with pure honey."

[140] On the kitchen Currant a riddling rhyme was long ago to be found in the Children's Book of Conundrums:—

[140] On the kitchen counter, there used to be a tricky rhyme found in the Children's Book of Conundrums:—

    "Higgledy-piggledy, here I lie
    Picked and plucked, and put in a pie;
    My first is snapping, snarling, growling;
    My second noisy, ramping, prowling."

Eccles cakes are delicious Currant sandwiches which are very popular in Manchester.

Eccles cakes are tasty currant sandwiches that are really popular in Manchester.

Black Currant jelly should not be made with too much sugar, else its medicinal-virtues will be impaired. A teaspoonful of this jelly may be given three or four times in the day to a child with thrush. In Russia the leaves of the black Currant are employed to fabricate brandy made with a coarse spirit. These leaves and the fruit are often combined by our herbalists with the seeds of the wild carrot for stimulating the kidneys in passive dropsy. A medicinal wine is also brewed from the fruit together with honey. In this country we use a decoction of the leaf, or of the bark as a gargle. In Siberia black Currants grow as large as hazel nuts. Both the black and the red Currants afford a pleasant home-made wine. Ex eo optimum vinum fieri potest non deterius vinis vetioribus viteis, wrote Haller in 1750. White Currants, however, yield the best wine, and this may be improved by keeping, even for twenty years. Dr. Thornton says: "I have used old wine of white Currants for calculous affections, and it has surpassed all expectation."

Black currant jelly shouldn’t be made with too much sugar, or its medicinal properties will be compromised. A teaspoon of this jelly can be given three or four times a day to a child with thrush. In Russia, the leaves of the black currant are used to make brandy with a rough spirit. Herbalists often combine these leaves and the fruit with wild carrot seeds to enhance kidney function in cases of passive dropsy. There’s also a medicinal wine brewed from the fruit mixed with honey. Here, we use a decoction of the leaf or the bark as a gargle. In Siberia, black currants can grow as large as hazelnuts. Both black and red currants can make a delightful homemade wine. Ex eo optimum vinum fieri potest non deterius vinis vetioribus viteis, wrote Haller in 1750. However, white currants produce the best wine, which can improve by aging, even for up to twenty years. Dr. Thornton states: "I have used old wine of white currants for calculous conditions, and it has exceeded all expectations."

A delicate jelly is made from the red Currant at Bas-le-duc; and a well-known nursery rhyme tells of the tempting qualities of "cherry pie, and currant wine." A rob of black Currant jam is taken in Scotland with whiskey toddy. Shakespeare in the Winter's Tale makes Antolycus, the shrewd "picker-up of unconsidered [141] trifles" talk of buying for the sheep-shearing feast "three pounds of sugar, five pounds of currants, and rice." In France a cordial called Liqueur de cassis is made from black Currants; and a refreshing drink, Eau de groseilles, from the red.

A delicate jelly is made from red currants in Bas-le-duc, and a popular nursery rhyme highlights the tempting qualities of "cherry pie and currant wine." In Scotland, black currant jam is enjoyed with whiskey toddy. Shakespeare in the Winter's Tale has Antolycus, the clever "picker-up of unconsidered trifles," mention purchasing "three pounds of sugar, five pounds of currants, and rice" for the sheep-shearing feast. In France, a liqueur called Liqueur de cassis is made from black currants, while a refreshing drink, Eau de groseilles, is made from the red ones.

Some forty years ago, at the time of the Crimean war a patriotic song in praise of the French flag was most popular in our streets, and had for its refrain, "Hurrah for the Red, White, and Blue!" So valuable for food and physics are our tricoloured Currants that the same argot may be justly paraphrased in their favour, with a well-merited eulogium of "Hurrah for the White, Red, Black!"

Some forty years ago, during the Crimean War, a patriotic song celebrating the French flag was very popular in our streets, and its chorus went, "Hurrah for the Red, White, and Blue!" Our tricolored currants are so valuable for food and health that the same slang could be rightly adapted to praise them, with a well-deserved cheer of "Hurrah for the White, Red, Black!"

DAFFODIL.

The yellow Daffodil, which is such a favourite flower of our early Spring because of its large size, and showy yellow color, grows commonly in English woods, fields, and orchards. Its popular names, Daffodowndilly, Daffodily, and Affodily, bear reference to the Asphodel, with which blossom of the ancient Greeks this is identical. It further owns the botanical name of Narcissus (pseudo-narcissus)—not after the classical youth who met with his death through vainly trying to embrace his image reflected in a clear stream because of its exquisite beauty, and who is fabled to have been therefore changed into flower—but by reason of the narcotic properties which the plant possesses, as signified by the Greek word, Narkao, "to benumb." Pliny described it as a Narce narcisswm dictum, non a fabuloso puero. An extract of the bulbs when applied to open wounds has produced staggering, numbness of the whole nervous system, and paralysis of the heart. Socrates called this plant the "Chaplet of the Infernal Gods," because of its [142] narcotic effects. Nevertheless, the roots of the asphodel were thought by the ancient Greeks to be edible, and they were therefore laid in tombs as food for the dead. Lucian tells us that Charon, the ferryman who rowed the souls of the departed over the river Styx, said: "I know why Mercury keeps us waiting here so long. Down in these regions there is nothing to be had but, asphodel, and oblations, in the midst of mist and darkness; whereas up in heaven he finds it all bright and clear, with ambrosia there, and nectar in plenty."

The yellow daffodil, a favorite flower of early spring because of its large size and bright yellow color, commonly grows in English woods, fields, and orchards. Its popular names, daffodowndilly, daffodily, and affodily, reference the asphodel, which this flower is identical to according to the ancient Greeks. It also has the botanical name Narcissus (pseudo-narcissus)—not because of the classical youth who died trying to embrace his reflection in a clear stream due to its exquisite beauty, said to have been transformed into a flower, but because of the narcotic properties the plant possesses, as indicated by the Greek word, Narkao, meaning "to benumb." Pliny described it as Narce narcisswm dictum, non a fabuloso puero. An extract from the bulbs applied to open wounds has caused immense numbness throughout the nervous system and paralysis of the heart. Socrates called this plant the "Chaplet of the Infernal Gods" because of its narcotic effects. Nevertheless, ancient Greeks thought the roots of the asphodel were edible, and they were placed in tombs as food for the dead. Lucian tells us that Charon, the ferryman who transported souls across the river Styx, said: "I know why Mercury keeps us waiting here so long. Down in these regions, there is nothing to eat but asphodel and offerings, surrounded by mist and darkness; while up in heaven, it’s all bright and clear, with ambrosia and plenty of nectar."

In the Middle Ages the roots of the Daffodil were called Cibi regis, "food for a king,"; but his Majesty must have had a disturbed night after partaking thereof, as they are highly stimulating to the kidneys: indeed, there is strong reason for supposing that these roots have a prior claim to those of the dandelion for lectimingous fame, (lectus, "the bed"; mingo, to "irrigate").

In the Middle Ages, the roots of the Daffodil were known as Cibi regis, meaning "food for a king"; but his Majesty must have had a rough night after eating them, as they are very stimulating to the kidneys. In fact, there is good reason to believe that these roots have a stronger claim to fame for being used for medicinal purposes than those of the dandelion, with lectus meaning "the bed" and mingo meaning "to irrigate."

The brilliant yellow blossom of the Daffodil possesses, as is well known, a bell-shaped crown in the midst of its petals, which is strikingly characteristic. The flower-stalk is hollow, bearing on its summit a membranous sheath, which envelops a single flower of an unpleasant odour. But the Jonquil, which is a cultivated variety of the Daffodil, having white petals with a yellow crown, yields a delicious perfume, which modern chemistry can closely imitate by a hydrocarbon compound. If "naphthalin," a product of coal tar oil, has but the smallest particle of its scent diffused in a room, the special aroma of jonquil and narcissus is at once perceived.

The bright yellow flower of the Daffodil is well-known for its bell-shaped crown in the middle of its petals, which is a standout feature. The stem is hollow and has a thin sheath at the top that surrounds a single flower with an unpleasant smell. On the other hand, the Jonquil, a cultivated variety of the Daffodil, has white petals with a yellow crown and gives off a delightful fragrance that modern chemistry can closely replicate using a hydrocarbon compound. If "naphthalene," a byproduct of coal tar oil, is even slightly present in a room, the unique scent of jonquil and narcissus is immediately recognized.

When the flowers of the Daffodil are dried in the sun, if a decoction of them is made, from fifteen to thirty grains will prove emetic like that of Ipecacuanha. From five to six ounces of boiling water should be poured on this quantity of the dried [143] flowers, and should stand for twenty minutes. It will then serve most usefully for relieving the congestive bronchial catarrh of children, being sweetened, and given one third at a time every ten or fifteen minutes until it provokes vomiting. It is also beneficial in this way, but when given less often, for epidemic dysentery.

When you dry Daffodil flowers in the sun and make a decoction from them, using between fifteen to thirty grams will act as an emetic like Ipecacuanha. Pour five to six ounces of boiling water over this amount of dried flowers and let it steep for twenty minutes. This remedy is very effective for relieving bronchial congestion in children and should be sweetened, with one-third given at a time every ten to fifteen minutes until it induces vomiting. It can also help with epidemic dysentery if given less frequently.

The chemical principles of the Daffodil have not been investigated; but a yellow volatile oil of disagreeable odour, and a brown colouring matter, have been got from the flowers.

The chemical properties of the Daffodil haven't been studied; however, a yellow, smelly volatile oil and a brown pigment have been extracted from the flowers.

Arabians commended this oil to be applied for curing baldness, and for stimulating the sexual organs.

Arabians recommended this oil for treating baldness and for boosting sexual function.

Herrick alludes in his Hesperides to the Daffodil as death:—

Herrick mentions the Daffodil as a symbol of death in his Hesperides:—

    "When a Daffodil I see
    Hanging down its head towards me,
    Guess I may what I must be—
    First I shall decline my head;
    Secondly I shall be dead;
    Lastly, safely buried."

"When I see a Daffodil
    Hanging its head down towards me,
    I can guess what I must be—
    First, I will lower my head;
    Second, I will be dead;
    Finally, safely buried."

Daffodils, popularly known in this country as Lent Lilies, are called by the French Pauvres filles de Sainte Clare. The name Junquillo is the Spanish diminutive of Junco, "the rush," and is given to the jonquil because of its slender rush-like stem. From its fragrant flowers a sweet-smelling yellow oil is obtained.

Daffodils, commonly called Lent Lilies in this country, are referred to by the French as Pauvres filles de Sainte Clare. The name Junquillo is the Spanish diminutive of Junco, meaning "the rush," and is used for the jonquil because of its thin, rush-like stem. A sweet-smelling yellow oil is extracted from its fragrant flowers.

The medicinal influence of the daffodil on the nervous System has led to giving its flowers and its bulb for Hysterical affections, and even epilepsy, with benefit.

The healing properties of the daffodil on the nervous system have led to using its flowers and bulb for treating hysterical conditions and even epilepsy, with positive results.

DAISY.

Our English Daisy is a composite flower which is called in the glossaries "gowan," or Yellow flower. Botanically [144] it is named Bellis perennis, probably from bellis, "in fields of battle," because of its fame in healing the wounds of soldiers; and perennis as implying that though "the rose has but a summer reign, the daisy never dies," The flower is likewise known as "Bainwort," "beloved by children," and "the lesser Consound." The whole plant has been carefully and exhaustively proved for curative purposes; and a medicinal tincture (H.) is now made from it with spirit of wine. Gerard says: "Daisies do mitigate all kinds of pain, especially in the joints, and gout proceeding from a hot humour, if stamped with new butter and applied upon the pained place." And, "The leaves of Daisies used among pot herbs do make the belly soluble." Pliny tells us the Daisy was used in his time with Mugwort as a resolvent to scrofulous tumours.

Our English Daisy is a composite flower known in glossaries as "gowan" or Yellow flower. Botanically, it’s called Bellis perennis, probably from bellis, meaning "in fields of battle," because of its reputation for healing soldiers' wounds; and perennis suggests that while "the rose has but a summer reign, the daisy never dies." This flower is also referred to as "Bainwort," "beloved by children," and "the lesser Consound." The entire plant has been thoroughly tested for medicinal uses, and a medicinal tincture (H.) is now made from it using alcohol. Gerard writes that "Daisies relieve all kinds of pain, especially in the joints, and gout caused by hot humor, if crushed with new butter and applied to the painful area." He also notes, "The leaves of Daisies, when used among pot herbs, help with digestion." Pliny mentions that the Daisy was used in his time with Mugwort as a remedy for scrofulous tumors.

The leaves are acrid and pungent, being ungrateful to cattle, and even rejected by geese. These and the flowers, when chewed experimentally, have provoked giddiness and pains in the arms as if from coming boils: also a development of boils, "dark, fiery, and very sore," on the back of the neck, and outside the jaws. For preventing, or aborting these same distressing formations when they begin to occur spontaneously, the tincture of Daisies should be taken in doses of five drops three times a day in water. Likewise this medicine should be given curatively on the principle of affinity between it and the symptoms induced in provers who have taken the same in material toxic doses, "when the brain is muddled, the sight dim, the spirits soon depressed, the temper irritable, the skin pimply, the heart apt to flutter, and the whole aspect careworn; as if from early excesses." Then the infusion of the plant in tablespoonful doses, or the diluted tincture, will answer admirably [145] to renovate and re-establish the health and strength of the sufferer.

The leaves are bitter and strong-smelling, unpleasant for cattle, and even avoided by geese. Both these leaves and the flowers, when chewed just to try them out, can cause dizziness and arm aches as if from developing boils. They can also lead to boils that are "dark, fiery, and really painful," appearing on the back of the neck and outside the jaws. To prevent or reduce these painful skin issues when they start to appear on their own, you should take five drops of Daisy tincture three times a day in water. Additionally, this treatment should be administered based on the connection between it and the symptoms seen in people who have taken it in large toxic doses when "the brain feels cloudy, the vision is blurry, the mood is quickly low, irritability increases, the skin gets bumpy, the heart races, and the whole appearance seems worn out; as if due to previous excesses." At that point, taking the plant infusion in tablespoon doses or the diluted tincture will work perfectly to restore and strengthen the health of the person suffering.

The flowers and leaves are found to afford a considerable quantity of oil and of ammoniacal salts. The root was named _Consolida minima _by older physicians. Fabricius speaks of its efficacy in curing wounds and contusions. A decoction of the leaves and flowers was given internally, and the bruised herb blended with lard was applied outside. "The leaves stamped do take away bruises and swellings, whereupon, it was called in old time Bruisewort." If eaten as a spring salad, or boiled like spinach, the leaves are pungent, and slightly laxative.

The flowers and leaves provide a significant amount of oil and ammonium salts. The root was referred to as _Consolida minima_ by ancient doctors. Fabricius talked about its effectiveness in treating wounds and bruises. A decoction of the leaves and flowers was taken internally, while the crushed herb mixed with lard was applied externally. "The crushed leaves help reduce bruises and swelling, which is why it used to be called Bruisewort." When eaten as a spring salad or cooked like spinach, the leaves are peppery and have a mild laxative effect.

Being a diminutive plant with roots to correspond, the Daisy, on the doctrine of signatures, was formerly thought to arrest the bodily growth if taken with this view. Therefore its roots boiled in broth were given to young puppies so as to keep them of a small size. For the same reason the fairy Milkah fed her foster child on this plant, "that his height might not exceed that of a pigmy":—

Being a small plant with roots to match, the Daisy, based on the doctrine of signatures, was once believed to stop physical growth if consumed for that purpose. Because of this, its roots were boiled in broth and given to young puppies to keep them small. For the same reason, the fairy Milkah fed her foster child this plant "so that he would not grow taller than a little person."

    "She robbed dwarf elders of their fragrant fruit,
    And fed him early with the daisy-root,
    Whence through his veins the powerful juices ran,
    And formed the beauteous miniature of man."

"She stole sweet fruit from the elder dwarfs,
    And fed him early with the daisy root,
    From which powerful juices flowed through his veins,
    And created the beautiful small version of man."

"Daisy-roots and cream" were prescribed by the fairy godmothers of our childhood to stay the stature of those gawky youngsters who were shooting up into an ungainly development like "ill weeds growing apace."

"Daisy-roots and cream" were recommended by the fairy godmothers of our childhood to keep the growth of those awkward kids who were rapidly growing into an ungraceful form like "weeds growing fast."

Daisies were said of old to be under the dominion of Venus, and later on they were dedicated to St. Margaret of Cortona. Therefore they were reputed good for the special-illnesses of females. It is remarkable there is no [146] Greek word for this plant, or flower. Ossian the Gaelic poet feigns that the Daisy, whose white investments figure innocence, was first "sown above a baby's grave by the dimpled hands of infantine angels."

Daisies were once believed to be ruled by Venus, and later they were dedicated to St. Margaret of Cortona. Because of this, they were thought to be beneficial for women's specific ailments. It's interesting that there isn't a Greek word for this plant or flower. Ossian, the Gaelic poet, imagines that the Daisy, whose white petals symbolize innocence, was first "sown above a baby's grave by the dimpled hands of little angels."

During mediaeval times the Daisy was worn by knights at a tournament as an emblem of fidelity. In his poem the Flower and the Leaf, Chaucer, who was ever loud in his praises of the "Eye of Day"—"empresse and floure of floures all," thus pursues his theme:—

During medieval times, knights wore the Daisy at tournaments as a symbol of loyalty. In his poem the Flower and the Leaf, Chaucer, who often praised the "Eye of Day"—"empress and flower of flowers all," continues with his theme:—

    "And at the laste there began anon
    A lady for to sing right womanly
    A bargaret in praising the Daisie:
    For—as methought among her notes sweet,
    She said, 'Si doucet est la Margarete.'"

"And then suddenly there started right away
A lady to sing very femininely
A song praising the Daisy:
For—as it seemed to me among her sweet notes,
She said, 'So sweet is the Margaret'."

The French name _Marguerite _is derived from a supposed resemblance of the Daisy to a pearl; and in Germany this flower is known as the Meadow Pearl. Likewise the Greek word for a pearl is Margaritos.

The French name _Marguerite_ comes from a supposed similarity between the Daisy and a pearl, and in Germany, this flower is called the Meadow Pearl. Similarly, the Greek word for a pearl is Margaritos.

A saying goes that it is not Spring until a person can put his foot on twelve of these flowers. In the cultivated red Daisies used for bordering our gardens, the yellow central boss of each compound flower has given place to strap-shaped florets like the outer rays, and without pollen, so that the entire flower consists of this purple inflorescence. But such aristocratic culture has made the blossom unproductive of seed. Like many a proud and belted Earl, each of the pampered and richly coloured Daisies pays the penalty of its privileged luxuriance by a disability from perpetuating its species.

There's a saying that it isn’t truly Spring until someone can step on twelve of these flowers. In the cultivated red Daisies used for edging our gardens, the yellow center of each flower has been replaced by strap-shaped florets that resemble the outer petals and lack pollen, so the whole flower consists of this purple cluster. However, this high-class cultivation has rendered the blossom unable to produce seeds. Like many a proud and well-to-do Earl, each of the spoiled and brightly colored Daisies suffers the consequence of its lavish nature by being unable to reproduce its species.

The Moon Daisy, or Oxeye Daisy (Leucanthemum Orysanthemum), St. John's flower, belonging to the same tribe of plants, grows commonly with an erect stem about two feet high, in dry pastures and roads, bearing large solitary flowers which are balsamic and make a [147] useful infusion for relieving chronic coughs, and for bronchial catarrhs. Boiled with some of the leaves and stalks they form, if sweetened with honey, or barley sugar, an excellent posset drink for the same purpose. In America the root is employed successfully for checking the night sweats of pulmonary consumption, a fluid extract thereof being made for this object, the dose of which is from fifteen to sixty drops in water.

The Moon Daisy, or Oxeye Daisy (Leucanthemum Orysanthemum), St. John's flower, which is part of the same plant family, typically grows with a straight stem about two feet tall in dry fields and along roadsides. It produces large, single flowers that have a balsamic scent and can be made into an infusion useful for easing chronic coughs and bronchial issues. When boiled with some leaves and stems, and sweetened with honey or barley sugar, it creates an excellent drink for the same purpose. In America, the root is effectively used to reduce night sweats associated with tuberculosis, and a fluid extract is made for this purpose, with a recommended dosage of fifteen to sixty drops in water.

The Moon Daisy is named Maudlin-wort from St. Mary Magdalene, and bears its lunar name from the Grecian goddess of the moon, Artemis, who particularly governed the female health. Similarly, our bright little Daisy, "the constellated flower that never sets," owns the name Herb Margaret. The Moon Daisy is also called Bull Daisy, Gipsies' Daisy, Goldings, Midsummer Daisy, Mace Flinwort, and Espilawn. Its young leaves are sometimes used as a flavouring in soups and stews. The flower was compared to the representation of a full moon, and was formerly dedicated to the Isis of the Egyptians. Tom Hood wrote of a traveller estranged far from his native shores, and walking despondently in a distant land:—

The Moon Daisy is called Maudlin-wort after St. Mary Magdalene, and gets its lunar name from the Greek goddess of the moon, Artemis, who specifically governed women's health. Similarly, our bright little Daisy, "the constellated flower that never sets," is also known as Herb Margaret. The Moon Daisy goes by several other names, including Bull Daisy, Gipsies' Daisy, Goldings, Midsummer Daisy, Mace Flinwort, and Espilawn. Its young leaves are sometimes used to add flavor to soups and stews. The flower has been likened to a full moon, and in the past, it was dedicated to the Egyptian goddess Isis. Tom Hood wrote about a traveler far away from home, walking despondently in a foreign land:—

    "When lo! he starts with glad surprise,
        Home thoughts come rushing o'er him,
    For, modest, wee, and crimson-tipped
        A flower he sees before him.
    With eager haste he stoops him down,
        His eyes with moisture hazy;
    And as he plucks the simple bloom
        He murmurs, 'Lawk, a Daisy'"!

"When suddenly! he feels a rush of happiness,
        Thoughts of home flood his mind,
    For, small, humble, and with red tips
        A flower appears before him.
    With quick excitement, he bends down,
        His eyes a bit teary;
    And as he picks the pretty flower
        He whispers, 'Wow, a Daisy'"!

DANDELION.

Owing to long years of particular evolutionary sagacity in developing winged seeds to be wafted from the silky pappus of its ripe flowerheads over wide areas of land, [148] the Dandelion exhibits its handsome golden flowers in every field and on every ground plot throughout the whole of our country. They are to be distinguished from the numerous hawkweeds, by having the outermost leaves of their exterior cup bent downwards whilst the stalk is coloured and shining. The plant-leaves have jagged edges which resemble the angular jaw of a lion fully supplied with teeth; or, some writers say, the herb has been named from the heraldic lion which is vividly yellow, with teeth of gold-in fact, a dandy lion! Again, the flower closely resembles the sun, which a lion represents. It is called by some Blowball, Time Table, and Milk "Gowan" (or golden).

Due to many years of clever evolution in developing winged seeds that are carried by the silky fluff from its mature flowerheads across large areas, the Dandelion showcases its striking golden flowers in every field and on every piece of land throughout our country. They can be distinguished from the many types of hawkweeds by the way the outermost leaves of their outer cup bend downwards while the stem is colored and shiny. The plant’s leaves have jagged edges that resemble the angular jaw of a lion full of teeth; some writers even suggest that the herb got its name from the heraldic lion, which is a vivid yellow with golden teeth—in fact, a dandy lion! Additionally, the flower closely resembles the sun, which a lion symbolizes. It's also known by some as Blowball, Time Table, and Milk "Gowan" (or golden).

"How like a prodigal does Nature seem,
When thou with all thy gold so common art."

"Nature seems so wasteful,
When you're so rich and everything is so ordinary."

In some of our provinces the herb is known as Wiggers, and Swinesnout; whilst again in Devon and Cornwall it is called the Dashelflower. Botanically it belongs to the composite order, and is named Taraxacum Leontodon, or eatable, and lion-toothed. This latter when Latinised is dens leonis, and in French dent de lion. The title Taraxacum is an Arabian corruption of the Greek trogimon, "edible"; or it may have been derived from the Greek taraxos, "disorder," and akos, "remedy." It once happened that a plague of insects destroyed the harvest in the island of Minorca, so that the inhabitants had to eat the wild produce of the country; and many of them then subsisted for some while entirely on this plant. The Dandelion, which is a wild sort of Succory, was known to Arabian physicians, since Avicenna of the eleventh century mentions it as taraxacon. It is found throughout Europe, Asia, and North America; possessing a root which abounds with milky juice, and [149] this varying in character according to the time of year in which the plant is gathered.

In some of our regions, the herb is known as Wiggers and Swinesnout; meanwhile, in Devon and Cornwall, it’s called the Dashelflower. Botanically, it belongs to the composite family and is named Taraxacum Leontodon, or edible and lion-toothed. The latter, when turned into Latin, is dens leonis, and in French, it’s dent de lion. The name Taraxacum is an Arabic twist on the Greek trogimon, meaning "edible"; it could also come from the Greek taraxos, meaning "disorder," and akos, meaning "remedy." There was a time when a plague of insects wiped out the harvest on the island of Minorca, forcing the locals to eat the wild produce of the land; many of them survived for a while solely on this plant. The Dandelion, which is a wild type of Succory, was known to Arab physicians, as Avicenna in the eleventh century referred to it as taraxacon. It can be found across Europe, Asia, and North America, featuring a root that is rich in milky juice, which varies in properties depending on the season in which the plant is harvested.

During the winter the sap is thick, sweet, and albuminous; but in summer time it is bitter and acrid. Frost causes the bitterness to diminish, and sweetness to take its place; but after the frost this bitterness returns, and is intensified. The root is at its best for yielding juice about November. Chemically the active ingredients of the herb are taraxacin, and taraxacerine, with inulin (a sort of sugar), gluten, gum, albumen, potash, and an odorous resin, which is commonly supposed to stimulate the liver, and the biliary organs. Probably this reputed virtue was assigned at first to the plant largely on the doctrine of signatures, because of its bright yellow flowers of a bilious hue. But skilled medical provers who have experimentally tested the toxical effects of the Dandelion plant have found it to produce, when taken in excess, troublesome indigestion, characterized by a tongue coated with a white skin which peels off in patches, leaving a raw surface, whilst the kidneys become unusually active, with profuse night sweats and an itching nettle rash. For these several symptoms when occurring of themselves, a combination of the decoction, and the medicinal tincture will be invariably curative.

During the winter, the sap is thick, sweet, and rich in proteins; but in the summer, it's bitter and sharp. Frost reduces the bitterness and brings back the sweetness, but after the frost, the bitterness returns, and it becomes stronger. The root is best for extracting juice around November. Chemically, the active ingredients of the herb include taraxacin, taraxacerine, and inulin (a type of sugar), along with gluten, gum, albumen, potash, and a fragrant resin that's commonly believed to stimulate the liver and biliary organs. This reputed benefit likely originated from the plant’s appearance, particularly its bright yellow flowers that resemble bile. However, experienced medical testers who have trialed the toxic effects of the Dandelion plant found that excessive consumption can lead to uncomfortable indigestion, marked by a white-coated tongue that peels in patches, exposing a raw surface, while the kidneys become overly active, accompanied by excessive night sweats and an itchy rash similar to nettle stings. For these various symptoms, when they occur on their own, a mix of the decoction and the medicinal tincture will consistently provide relief.

To make a decoction of the root, one part of this dried, and sliced, should be gently boiled for fifteen minutes in twenty parts of water, and strained off when cool. It may be sweetened with brown sugar, or honey, if unpalatable when taken alone, several teacupfuls being given during the day. Dandelion roots as collected for the market are often adulterated with those of the common Hawkbit (Leontodon hispidus); but these are more tough and do not give out any milky juice.

To make a root decoction, gently boil one part of the dried, sliced root in twenty parts of water for fifteen minutes, then strain it after it cools. If the taste is unpleasant on its own, you can sweeten it with brown sugar or honey. Several teacups of this should be consumed throughout the day. Dandelion roots sold in the market are often mixed with those of the common Hawkbit (Leontodon hispidus), but the latter are tougher and don’t release any milky juice.

[150] The tops of the roots dug out of the ground, with the tufts of the leaves remaining thereon, and blanched by being covered in the earth as they grow, if gathered in the spring, are justly esteemed as an excellent vernal salad. It was with this homely fare the good wise Hecate entertained Theseus, as we read in Evelyn's Acetaria. Bergius says he has seen intractable cases of liver congestion cured, after many other remedies had failed, by the patients taking daily for some months, a broth made from Dandelion roots stewed in boiling water, with leaves of Sorrel, and the yelk of an egg; though (he adds) they swallowed at the same time cream of tartar to keep their bodies open.

[150] The tops of the roots pulled out of the ground, with the bunches of leaves still attached and whitened from being covered in soil as they grow, if picked in the spring, are considered a great spring salad. It was with this simple dish that the wise Hecate treated Theseus, as mentioned in Evelyn's Acetaria. Bergius claims he has seen tough cases of liver congestion resolved after many other treatments failed, by having patients take a broth made from Dandelion roots simmered in boiling water, with Sorrel leaves and an egg yolk every day for several months; although (he adds) they also took cream of tartar at the same time to keep their systems regular.

Incidentally with respect to the yelk of an egg, as prescribed here, it is an established fact that patients have been cured of obstinate jaundice by taking a raw egg on one or more mornings while fasting. Dr. Paris tells us a special oil is to be extracted from the yelks (only) of hard boiled eggs, roasted in pieces in a frying pan until the oil begins to exude, and then pressed hard. Fifty eggs well fried will yield about five ounces of this oil, which is acrid, and so enduringly liquid that watch-makers use it for lubricating the axles and pivots of their most delicate wheels. Old eggs furnish the oil most abundantly, and it certainly acts as a very useful medicine for an obstructed liver. Furthermore the shell, when finely triturated, has served by its potentialised lime to cure some forms of cancer. Sweet are the uses of adversity! even such as befell the egg symbolised by Humpty-Dumpty:—

Incidentally, regarding the yolk of an egg, as mentioned here, it’s a well-known fact that patients have been cured of stubborn jaundice by consuming a raw egg on one or more mornings while fasting. Dr. Paris informs us that a special oil should be extracted from the yolks (only) of hard-boiled eggs, which are roasted in pieces in a frying pan until the oil starts to ooze out, and then pressed hard. Fifty well-fried eggs will produce about five ounces of this oil, which is sharp and so persistently liquid that watchmakers use it to lubricate the axles and pivots of their most delicate mechanisms. Older eggs provide the oil more abundantly, and it definitely acts as a very effective remedy for a blocked liver. Moreover, the shell, when finely ground, has been known to help cure some types of cancer due to its potentialized lime. Sweet are the benefits of adversity! even those that came to the egg symbolized by Humpty-Dumpty:—

    "Humptius in muro requievit Dumptius alto,
    Humptius e muro Dumptius—heu! cecidit!
    Sed non Regis equi, Reginae exercitus omnis
    Humpti, te, Dumpti, restituere loco."

"Humptius rested on the wall while Dumptius was high up,
    Humptius from the wall, Dumptius—oh no! has fallen!
    But neither the king's horse nor the entire queen's army
    Humpti, you, Dumpti, restore him to his place."

[151] The medicinal tincture of Dandelion is made from the entire plant, gathered in summer, employing proof spirit which dissolves also the resinous parts not soluble in water. From ten to fifteen drops of this tincture may be taken with a spoonful of water three times in the day.

[151] The medicinal tincture of Dandelion is made from the whole plant, collected in the summer, using high-proof alcohol that also dissolves the resinous parts not soluble in water. You can take ten to fifteen drops of this tincture mixed with a spoonful of water three times a day.

Of the freshly prepared juice, which should not be kept long as it quickly ferments, from two to three teaspoonfuls are a proper dose. The leaves when tender and white in the spring are taken on the Continent in salads or they are blanched, and eaten with bread and butter. Parkinson says: "Whoso is drawing towards a consumption, or ready to fall into a cachexy, shall find a wonderful help from the use thereof, for some time together." Officially, according to the London College, are prepared from the fresh dried roots collected in the autumn, a decoction (one ounce to a pint of boiling water), a juice, a fresh extract, and an inspissated liquid extract.

Of the fresh juice that should not be stored for long because it ferments quickly, two to three teaspoons are a suitable amount. In the spring, when the leaves are tender and white, they are used in salads on the Continent or blanched and eaten with bread and butter. Parkinson mentions: "Whoever is nearing consumption or about to fall into a cachexia will find significant help from using it for some time." According to the London College, a decoction (one ounce to a pint of boiling water), a juice, a fresh extract, and a thickened liquid extract are prepared from the freshly dried roots collected in autumn.

Because of its tendency to provoke involuntary urination at night, the Dandelion has acquired a vulgar suggestive appellation which expresses this fact in most homey terms: quasi herba lectiminga, et urinaria dicitur: and this not only in our vernacular, but in most of the European tongues: quia plus lotii in vesicam derivat quam puerulis retineatur proesertim inter dormiendum, eoque tunc imprudentes et inviti stragula permingunt.

Because it often causes people to involuntarily urinate at night, the Dandelion has picked up a crude nickname that captures this issue in the most familiar way: quasi herba lectiminga, et urinaria dicitur: and this is true not just in our language, but in most European languages as well: quia plus lotii in vesicam derivat quam puerulis retineatur proesertim inter dormiendum, eoque tunc imprudentes et inviti stragula permingunt.

At Gottingen, the roots are roasted and used instead of coffee by the poorer folk; and in Derbyshire the juice of the stalk is applied to remove warts. The flower of the Dandelion when fully blown is named Priest's Crown (Caput monachi), from the resemblance of its naked receptacle after the winged seeds have been all blown away, to the smooth shorn head of a Roman [152] cleric. So Hurdis sings in his poem The Village Curate:—

At Göttingen, the roots are roasted and used as a coffee substitute by poorer people; in Derbyshire, the stalk juice is used to get rid of warts. The fully blown flower of the dandelion is called Priest's Crown (Caput monachi) because its bare receptacle, after the fluffy seeds have all blown away, looks like the smooth, shaven head of a Roman cleric. So Hurdis sings in his poem The Village Curate:—

    "The Dandelion this:
    A college youth that flashes for a day
    All gold: anon he doffs his gaudy suit,
    Touched by the magic hand of Bishop grave,
    And all at once by commutation strange
    Becomes a reverend priest: and then how sleek!
    How full of grace! with silvery wig at first
    So nicely trimmed, which presently grows bald.
    But let me tell you, in the pompous globe
    Which rounds the Dandelion's head is fitly couched
    Divinity most rare."

"The Dandelion this:
A college student who shines for a day
All bright and flashy: soon he takes off his fancy clothes,
Touched by the serious hand of the solemn Bishop,
And suddenly through a strange change
Becomes a respected priest: and then how polished!
How graceful! with a silvery wig at first
So neatly styled, which soon becomes bald.
But let me tell you, in the grand sphere
That sits atop the Dandelion's head is truly
A divinity most rare."

Boys gather the flower when ripe, and blow away the hall of its silky seed vessels at the crown, to learn the time of day, thus sportively making:—

Boys pick the flower when it's ripe and blow away the bunch of silky seed pods at the top to figure out the time of day, playfully making:—

"Dandelion with globe of down
The school-boy's clock in every town."

"Dandelion with fluffy seed head
The schoolboy's clock in every town."

DATE.

Dates are the most wholesome and nourishing of all our imported fruits. Children especially appreciate their luscious sweetness, as afforded by an abundant sugar which is easily digested, and which quickly repairs waste of heat and fat. With such a view, likewise, doctors now advise dates for consumptive patients; also because they soothe an irritable chest, and promote expectoration; whilst, furthermore, they prevent costiveness. Dates are the fruit of the Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), or, Tree of Life.

Dates are the healthiest and most nourishing of all our imported fruits. Kids especially love their rich sweetness, thanks to a lot of easily digestible sugar that quickly replaces lost energy and fat. With this in mind, doctors also recommend dates for patients with respiratory issues, because they relax an irritated chest and help with mucus clearance; plus, they help prevent constipation. Dates come from the Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), also known as the Tree of Life.

In old English Bibles of the sixteenth century, the name Date-tree is constantly given to the Palm, and the fruit thereof was the first found by the Israelites when wandering in the Wilderness.

In old English Bibles from the sixteenth century, the name Date-tree is repeatedly used for the Palm, and its fruit was the first one discovered by the Israelites while wandering in the Wilderness.

Oriental writers have attributed to this tree a certain semi-human consciousness. The name Phoenix was [153] bestowed on the Date palm because a young shoot springs always from the withered stump of an old decayed Date tree, taking the place of the dead parent; and the specific term Dactylifera refers to a fancied resemblance between clusters of the fruit and the human fingers.

Oriental writers have given this tree a kind of semi-human awareness. The name Phoenix was [153] assigned to the Date palm because a new shoot always grows from the withered stump of an old, decayed Date tree, replacing the dead parent; and the specific term Dactylifera refers to a supposed similarity between the clusters of fruit and human fingers.

The Date palm is remarkably fond of water, and will not thrive unless growing near it, so that the Arabs say: "In order to flourish, its feet must be in the water, and its head in the fire (of a hot sun)." Travellers across the desert, when seeing palm Dates in the horizon, know that wells of water will be found near at hand: at the same time they sustain themselves with Date jam.

The Date palm loves water and won’t thrive unless it’s near it, which is why the Arabs say: "To thrive, its roots must be in the water, and its leaves in the heat of the sun." Travelers crossing the desert know that where they see Date palms on the horizon, there are likely wells nearby; meanwhile, they survive on Date jam.

In some parts of the East this Date palm is thought been the tree of the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden. It is mystically represented as the tree of life in the sculptured foliage of early French churches, and on the primitive mosaics found in the apses of Roman Basilicas. Branches of this tree are carried about in Catholic countries on Palm Sunday. Formerly Dates were sent to England and elsewhere packed in mats from the Persian gulf; but now they arrive in clean boxes, neatly laid, and free from duty; so that a wholesome, sustaining, and palatable meal may be had for one penny, if they are eaten with bread.

In some parts of the East, the date palm is believed to be the tree of the forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden. It is mystically represented as the tree of life in the carved foliage of early French churches and in the primitive mosaics found in the apses of Roman basilicas. Branches of this tree are carried around in Catholic countries on Palm Sunday. In the past, dates were sent to England and other places packed in mats from the Persian Gulf; now they come in clean boxes, neatly arranged and free from import duties, so a wholesome, nourishing, and tasty meal can be had for just one penny if eaten with bread.

The Egyptian Dates are superior, being succulent and luscious when new, but apt to become somewhat hard after Christmas.

The Egyptian dates are top-notch, being sweet and delicious when fresh, but they tend to get a bit hard after Christmas.

The Dates, however, which surpass all others in their general excellence, are grown with great care at Tafilat, two or three hundred miles inland from Morocco, a region to which Europeans seldom penetrate.

The dates, however, which are better than all others in overall quality, are carefully grown in Tafilat, two or three hundred miles inland from Morocco, a place that Europeans rarely visit.

These Dates travel in small packages by camel, rail, and steamer, being of the best quality, and highly valued. Their exportation is prohibited by the African [154] authorities at Tafilat, unless the fruit crop has been large enough to allow thereof after gathering the harvest with much religious ceremony.

These dates are transported in small packages by camel, train, and steamer, known for their excellent quality and high value. Their export is banned by the African authorities at Tafilat unless the fruit crop has been large enough to permit it after the harvest is collected with significant religious ceremony.

Dates of a second quality are brought from Tunis, being intermixed with fragments of stalk and branch; whilst the inferior sorts come in the form of a cake, or paste (adjoue!), being pressed into baskets. In this shape they were tolerably common with us in Tudor times, and were then used for medicinal purposes. Strutt mentions a grocer's bill delivered in 1581, in which occurs the item of six pounds of dates supplied at a funeral for two shillings; and we read that in 1821 the best kind of dates cost five shillings a pound.

Dates of a lower quality come from Tunis, mixed with bits of stalk and branch, while the lesser quality is found in the form of a cake or paste (adjoue!), pressed into baskets. This shape was fairly common in Tudor times and was used for medicinal purposes. Strutt notes a grocer's bill from 1581 that includes an item for six pounds of dates provided for a funeral for two shillings; and we see that in 1821, the best quality dates cost five shillings per pound.

If taken as a portable refection by jurymen and others who may be kept from their customary food Dates will prevent exhaustion, and will serve to keep active the energies of mind and body. The fruit should be selected when large and soft, being moist, and of a reddish yellow colour outside, and not much wrinkled, whilst having within a white membrane between the flesh and the stone.

If used as a convenient snack by jurors and others who might miss their regular meals, dates can prevent fatigue and help maintain physical and mental energy. The fruit should be chosen when it's large and soft, moist, with an outer reddish-yellow color and minimal wrinkles, while having a white membrane inside between the flesh and the pit.

Beads for rosaries are made in Barbary from Date stones turned in a lathe; or when soaked in water for a couple of days the stones may be given to cattle as a nutritious food, being first ground in a mill. The fodder being astringent will serve by its tannin, which is abundant, to cure or prevent looseness.

Beads for rosaries are made in Barbary from date stones shaped on a lathe; or after soaking them in water for a couple of days, the stones can be given to cattle as a nutritious feed, after being ground in a mill. The feed, being astringent, will help with its tannin, which is plentiful, to treat or prevent diarrhea.

In a clever parody on Bret Harte's "Heathen Chinee," an undergraduate is detected in having primed himself before examination thus:—

In a witty parody of Bret Harte's "Heathen Chinee," a college student is found to have prepared himself for an exam in this way:—

    "Inscribed on his cuffs were the Furies, and Fates,
    With a delicate map of the Dorian States:
    Whilst they found in his palms, which were hollow,
    What are common in Palms—namely, Dates."

"Engraved on his cuffs were the Furies and the Fates,
    Along with a detailed map of the Dorian States:
    While they noticed in his hands, which were empty,
    What is typical in palms—specifically, dates."

[155] Again, a conserve is prepared by the Egyptians from unripe Dates whole with sugar. The soft stones are edible: and this jam, though tasteless, is very nourishing. The Arabs say that Adam when driven out of Paradise took with him three things—the Date, chief of all fruits, Myrtle, and an ear of Wheat.

[155] Once more, the Egyptians make a preserve from whole unripe dates with sugar. The soft seeds are edible, and this jam is very nourishing, even though it lacks flavor. The Arabs believe that when Adam was expelled from Paradise, he took three things with him: the date, the top fruit, myrtle, and a stalk of wheat.

Another Palm—the Sagus, or, Cycus revolute,—which grows naturally in Japan and the East Indian Islands, being also cultivated in English hot-houses, yields by its gummy pith our highly nutritious sago. This when cooked is one of the best and most sustaining foods for children and infirm old persons. The Indians reserve their finest sago for the aged and afflicted. A fecula is washed from the abundant pith, which is chemically a starch, very demulcent, and more digestible than that of rice. It never ferments in the stomach, and is very suitable for hectic persons. By the Arabs the pith of the Date-bearing Palm is eaten in like manner. The simple wholesome virtues of this domestic substance have been told of from childhood in the well-known nursery rhyme, which has been playfully rendered into Latin and French:—

Another palm—the Sagus, or Cycus revolute—grows naturally in Japan and the East Indian Islands, and is also cultivated in English greenhouses. It provides us with highly nutritious sago from its gummy pith. When cooked, sago is one of the best and most sustaining foods for children and elderly people who are unwell. The Indians save their finest sago for the elderly and those in need. A starch is washed from the abundant pith, which is very soothing and more digestible than rice. It never ferments in the stomach and is very suitable for people with fevers. The Arabs eat the pith of the Date-bearing Palm in a similar way. The simple, wholesome benefits of this common food have been mentioned since childhood in the well-known nursery rhyme, which has been playfully translated into Latin and French:—

    "There was an old man of Iago
    Whom they kept upon nothing but sago;
    Oh! how he did jump when the doctor said plump:
    'To a roast leg of mutton you may go.'"

There was an old man from Iago
    Who lived on nothing but sago;
    Oh! how he would jump when the doctor would say:
    'You can go have a roast leg of mutton today.'

    "Jamdudum senior quidam de rure Tobagus
    Invito mad das carpserat ore dapes;
    Sed medicus tandem non injucunda locutus:
    'Assoe' dixit 'oves sunt tibi coena, senex.'"

"An elderly man from the country, Tobagus,
had reluctantly tasted the food;
But the doctor finally said something not unpleasant:
'Listen,' he said, 'the sheep are your dinner, old man.'"

    "J'ai entendu parler d'un veillard de Tobag
    Qui ne mangea longtemps que du ris et du sague;
    Mais enfin le medecin lui dit ces mots:
    'Allez vous en, mon ami, au gigot.'"

"J'ai entendu parler d'un vieux de Tobag
    Qui ne mangeait longtemps que du riz et du sagou;
    Mais finalement le médecin lui a dit ces mots:
    'Va-t-en, mon ami, vers l'agneau.'"

[156] DILL.

Cordial waters distilled from the fragrant herb called Dill are, as every mother and monthly nurse well know, a sovereign remedy for wind in the infant; whilst they serve equally well to correct flatulence in the grown up "gourmet." This highly scented plant (Anethum graveolens) is of Asiatic origin, growing wild also in some parts of England, and commonly cultivated in our gardens for kitchen or medicinal uses.

Cordial waters made from the fragrant herb known as dill are, as every mother and caregiver knows, a fantastic remedy for gas in infants; they also work well to relieve bloating in adults. This highly aromatic plant (Anethum graveolens) originates from Asia, grows wild in some areas of England, and is often cultivated in our gardens for culinary or medicinal purposes.

It "hath a little stalk of a cubit high, round, and joyned, whereupon do grow leaves very finely cut, like to those of Fennel, but much smaller." The herb is of the umbelliferous order, and its fruit chemically furnishes "anethol," a volatile empyreumatic oil similar to that contained in the Anise, and Caraway. Virgil speaks of the Dill in his _Second Eclogue _as the bene olens anethum, "a pleasant and fragrant plant." Its seeds were formerly directed to be used by the Pharmacopoeias of London and Edinburgh. Forestus extols them for allaying sickness and hiccough. Gerard says: "Dill stayeth the yeox, or hicquet, as Dioscorides has taught."

It has a small stem about a foot high, round, and joined, on which very finely cut leaves grow, similar to those of fennel, but much smaller. The herb belongs to the umbelliferous family, and its fruit provides "anethol," a volatile oil that's similar to that found in anise and caraway. Virgil refers to dill in his _Second Eclogue_ as the bene olens anethum, meaning "a pleasant and fragrant plant." Its seeds were previously recommended by the Pharmacopoeias of London and Edinburgh. Forestus praises them for easing sickness and hiccups. Gerard mentions: "Dill stops the cough or hiccup, as Dioscorides has taught."

The name _Anethum _was a radical Greek term (aitho—to burn), and the herb is still called Anet in some of our country districts. The pungent essential oil which it yields consists of a hydrocarbon, "carvene," together with an oxygenated oil; It is a "gallant expeller of the wind, and provoker of the terms." "Limbs that are swollen and cold if rubbed with the oil of Dill are much eased; if not cured thereby."

The name _Anethum_ comes from a Greek word (aitho—to burn), and in some rural areas, the herb is still called Anet. The strong essential oil it produces contains a hydrocarbon called "carvene," along with an oxygenated oil. It's known to effectively relieve gas and stimulate digestion. Rubbing the oil of Dill on swollen and cold limbs provides significant relief, if not a complete cure.

A dose of the essential oil if given for flatulent indigestion should be from two to four drops, on sugar, or with a tablespoonful of milk. Of the distilled water sweetened, one or two teaspoonfuls may be given to an infant.

A dose of the essential oil for flatulent indigestion should be two to four drops, taken on sugar or with a tablespoon of milk. For distilled water that is sweetened, one or two teaspoonfuls can be given to an infant.

[157] The name Dill is derived from the Saxon verb dilla, to lull, because of its tranquillizing properties, and its causing children to sleep. This word occurs in the vocabulary of Oelfric, Archbishop of Canterbury, tenth century. Dioscorides gave the oil got from the flowers for rheumatic pains, and sciatica; also a carminative water distilled from the fruit, for increasing the milk of wet nurses, and for appeasing the windy belly-aches of babies. He teaches that a teaspoonful of the bruised seeds if boiled in water and taken hot with bread soaked therein, wonderfully helps such as are languishing from hardened excrements, even though they may have vomited up their faeces.

[157] The name Dill comes from the Saxon verb dilla, which means to lull, because of its calming effects, especially in helping children sleep. This term was used in the vocabulary of Oelfric, Archbishop of Canterbury, in the tenth century. Dioscorides recommended using the oil extracted from the flowers for rheumatic pain and sciatica. He also suggested a carminative water made by distilling the fruit to help increase milk production in nursing mothers and to soothe babies with gas. He advised that a teaspoon of crushed seeds, when boiled in water and consumed hot with bread soaked in it, can greatly aid those suffering from constipation, even in cases where they have been unable to pass stool normally.

The plant is largely grown in the East Indies, where is known as Soyah. Its fruit and leaves are used for flavouring pickles, and its water is given to parturient women.

The plant is mainly cultivated in the East Indies, where it's called Soyah. Its fruit and leaves are used to flavor pickles, and its water is given to women who are giving birth.

Drayton speaks of the Dill as a magic ingredient in Love potions; and the weird gipsy, Meg Merrilies, crooned a cradle song at the birth of Harry Bertram in it was said:—

Drayton talks about Dill as a magical ingredient in love potions; and the mysterious gypsy, Meg Merrilies, sang a lullaby at the birth of Harry Bertram, as it was said:—

"Trefoil, vervain, John's wort, Dill,
Hinder witches of their will."

"Trefoil, vervain, St. John's wort, Dill,
Stop witches from getting what they want."

DOCK.

The term Dock is botanically a noun of multitude, meaning originally a bundle of hemp, and corresponding to a similar word signifying a flock. It became in early times applied to a wide-spread tribe of broad-leaved wayside weeds. They all belong to the botanical order of Polygonaceoe, or "many kneed" plants, because, like the wife of Yankee Doodle, famous in song, they are "double-jointed;" though he, poor man! expecting to find Mistress Doodle doubly active in her household [158] duties, was, as the rhyme says, "disappointed." The name "Dock" was first applied to the Arctium Lappa, or Bur-dock, so called because of its seed-vessels becoming frequently entangled by their small hooked spines in the wool of sheep passing along by the hedge-rows. Then the title got to include other broad-leaved herbs, all of the Sorrel kind, and used in pottage, or in medicine.

The term "Dock" is botanically a noun that refers to a group, originally meaning a bundle of hemp, and related to a similar word that means a flock. In ancient times, it was used to describe a widespread group of broad-leaved roadside weeds. They all belong to the botanical order of Polygonaceoe, or "many-kneed" plants, because, like the wife of Yankee Doodle, famous in song, they are "double-jointed;" though he, poor guy! expecting to find Mrs. Doodle doubly active in her household [158] duties, was, as the rhyme goes, "disappointed." The name "Dock" was first applied to Arctium Lappa, or Burdock, so named because its seed-vessels often get caught in the wool of sheep passing by the hedgerows. Over time, the name came to include other broad-leaved plants, all of the Sorrel variety, used in soups or for medicinal purposes.

Of the Docks which are here recognized, some are cultivated, such as Garden Rhubarb, and the Monk's Rhubarb, or herb Patience, an excellent pot herb; whilst others grow wild in meadows, and by river sides, such as the round-leafed Dock (Rumex obtusifolius), the sharp-pointed Dock (Rumex acutus), the sour Dock (Rumex acetosus), the great water Dock (Rumex hydrolapathum), and the bloody-veined Dock (Rumex sanguineus).

Of the docks recognized here, some are cultivated, like Garden Rhubarb and Monk's Rhubarb, also known as herb Patience, which is a great cooking herb. Others grow wild in meadows and by riverbanks, such as the round-leafed Dock (Rumex obtusifolius), sharp-pointed Dock (Rumex acutus), sour Dock (Rumex acetosus), great water Dock (Rumex hydrolapathum), and bloody-veined Dock (Rumex sanguineus).

All these resemble our garden rhubarb more or less in their general characteristics, and in possessing much tannin. Most of them chemically furnish "rumicin," or crysophanic acid, which is highly useful in several chronic diseases of the skin among scrofulous patients. The generic name of several Docks is rumex, from the Hebrew rumach, a "spear"; others arc called lapathum, from the Greek verb lapazein, to cleanse, because they act medicinally as purgatives.

All of these plants are somewhat similar to our garden rhubarb in their general traits and contain a lot of tannin. Most of them produce "rumicin," or chrysophanic acid, which is very helpful for various chronic skin diseases in patients with scrofula. The general name for several types of docks is rumex, derived from the Hebrew rumach, meaning "spear"; others are called lapathum, from the Greek verb lapazein, which means to cleanse, because they have medicinal properties as purgatives.

The common wayside Dock (Rumex obtusifolius) is the most ordinary of all the Docks, being large and spreading, and so coarse that cattle refuse to eat it. The leaves are often applied as a rustic remedy to burns and scalds, and are used for dressing blisters. Likewise a popular cure for nettle stings is to rub them with a Dock leaf, saying at the same time:—

The common wayside Dock (Rumex obtusifolius) is the most ordinary of all the Docks, being large and spreading, and so coarse that cattle won't eat it. The leaves are often used as a homemade remedy for burns and scalds and are used to treat blisters. A popular cure for nettle stings is to rub them with a Dock leaf while saying:—

"Out nettle: in Dock;
Dock shall have a new smock."

"Out with the nettle: in Dock;
Dock will get a new outfit."

[159] or:

"Nettle out: Dock in;
Dock remove the nettle sting."

"Nettle out: Dock in;
Dock removes the nettle sting."

A tea made from the root was formerly given for the cure of boils, and the plant is frequently called Butterdock, because its leaves are put into use for wrapping up butter. This Dock will not thrive in poor worthless soil; but its broad foliage serves to lodge the destructive turnip fly. The root when dried maybe added to tooth powder.

A tea made from the root was once used to treat boils, and the plant is often called Butterdock because its leaves are used to wrap butter. This Dock doesn’t grow well in poor soil, but its wide leaves can shelter the damaging turnip fly. The dried root can be added to toothpaste.

It was under the broad leaf of a roadside Dock that Hop o' My Thumb, famous in nursery lore, sought refuge from a storm, and was unfortunately swallowed whilst still beneath the leaf by a passing hungry cow.

It was under the wide leaf of a roadside Dock that Hop o' My Thumb, well-known in nursery stories, took shelter from a storm, and was sadly eaten while still under the leaf by a passing hungry cow.

The herb Patience, or Monk's Rhubarb (Rumex alpinus), a Griselda among herbs, may be given with admirable effect in pottage, as a domestic aperient, "loosening the belly, helping the jaundice, and dispersing the tympany." This grows wild in some parts, by roadsides, and near cottages, but is not common except as a cultivated herb ill the kitchen-garden, known as "Patience-dock." It is a remarkable fact that the toughest flesh-meat, if boiled with the herb, or with other kindred docks, will become quite tender. The name Patience, or Passions, was probably from the Italian Lapazio, a corruption of Lapathum, which was mistaken for la passio, the passion of Christ.

The herb Patience, or Monk's Rhubarb (Rumex alpinus), a unique herb, can be used effectively in soups as a natural laxative, "relaxing the stomach, assisting with jaundice, and reducing bloating." It grows wild in some areas, along roadsides and near homes, but is mostly found as a cultivated herb in kitchen gardens, known as "Patience-dock." Interestingly, even the toughest cuts of meat, when boiled with this herb or similar docks, become quite tender. The name Patience, or Passions, likely comes from the Italian Lapazio, a variation of Lapathum, which was confused with la passio, referring to the passion of Christ.

Our Garden Rhubarb is a true Dock, and belongs to the "many-kneed," buckwheat order of plants. Its brilliant colouring is due to varying states of its natural pigment (chlorophyll), in combination with oxygen. For culinary purposes the stalk, or petiole of the broad leaf, is used. Its chief nutrient property is glucose, which is identical with grape-sugar. The agreeable taste and odour of the [160] plant are not brought out until the leaf stalks are cooked. It came originally from the Volga, and has been grown in this country since 1573. The sour taste of the stalks is due to oxalic acid, or rather to the acid oxalate of potash. This combines with the lime elaborated in the system of a gouty person (having an "oxalic acid" disposition), and makes insoluble and injurious products which have to be thrown off by the kidneys as oxalate crystals, with much attendant irritation of the general system. Sorrel (Rumex acetosus) acts with such a person in just the same way, because of the acid oxalate of potash which it contains.

Our Garden Rhubarb is a true Dock, and belongs to the "many-kneed," buckwheat group of plants. Its vibrant colors come from different states of its natural pigment (chlorophyll), combined with oxygen. For cooking, we use the stalk or petiole of the broad leaf. Its main nutrient is glucose, which is the same as grape sugar. The pleasant taste and smell of the plant only come out once the leaf stalks are cooked. It originally came from the Volga region and has been grown in this country since 1573. The tart flavor of the stalks is due to oxalic acid, or more specifically, the acid oxalate of potash. This interacts with the lime produced in the body of someone with gout (having an "oxalic acid" condition), resulting in insoluble and harmful substances that the kidneys have to expel as oxalate crystals, causing a lot of irritation in the overall system. Sorrel (Rumex acetosus) has the same effect on such individuals due to the acid oxalate of potash it contains.

Garden Rhubarb also possesses albumen, gum, and mineral matters, with a small quantity of some volatile essence. The proportion of nutritive substance to the water and vegetable fibre is very small. As an article of food it is objectionable for gouty persons liable to the passage of highly coloured urine, which deposits lithates and urates as crystals after it has cooled; and this especially holds good if hard water, which contains lime, is drunk at the same time.

Garden rhubarb also contains protein, gum, and minerals, along with a small amount of some volatile oils. The ratio of nutrients to water and plant fiber is quite low. As a food item, it is not recommended for people with gout who are prone to passing concentrated urine, which leaves behind crystals of lithates and urates after it cools; this is particularly true if hard water, which has lime in it, is consumed at the same time.

The round-leaved Dock, and the sharp-pointed Dock, together with the bloody-veined Dock (which is very conspicuous because of its veins and petioles abounding in a blood-coloured juice), make respectively with their astringent roots a useful infusion against bleedings and fluxes; also with their leaves a decoction curative of several chronic skin diseases.

The round-leaved Dock, the sharp-pointed Dock, and the bloody-veined Dock (which stands out because of its veins and stems filled with a blood-red juice) can be used to make a helpful tea from their astringent roots to treat bleeding and diarrhea; their leaves can also be brewed into a remedy for various chronic skin conditions.

The Rumex acetosus (Sour Dock, or Sorrel), though likely to disagree with gouty persons, nevertheless supplies its leaves as the chief constituent of the Soupe aux herbes, which a French lady will order for herself after a long and tiring journey. Its title is derived as some think, from struma, because curative [161] thereof. This Dock further bears the names of Sour sabs, Sour grabs, Soursuds, Soursauce, Cuckoo sorrow, and Greensauce. Because of their acidity the leaves make a capital dressing with stewed lamb, veal, or sweetbread. Country people beat the herb to a mash, and take it mixed with vinegar and sugar as a green sauce with cold meat. When boiled by itself without water it serves as an excellent accompaniment to roast goose or pork instead of apple sauce. The root of Sorrel when dried has the singular property of imparting a fine red colour to boiling water, and it is therefore used by the French for making barley water look like red wine when they wish to avoid giving anything of a vinous character to the sick. In Ireland Sorrel leaves are eaten with fish, and with other alkalescent foods. Because corrective of scrofulous deposits, Sorrel is specially beneficial towards the cure of scurvy. Applied externally the bruised leaves will purify foul ulcers. Says John Evelyn in his noted Acetaria (1720), "Sorrel sharpens the appetite, assuages heat, cools the liver and strengthens the heart; it is an antiscorbutic, resisting putrefaction, and in the making of sallets imparts a grateful quickness to the rest as supplying the want of oranges and lemons. Together with salt it gives both the name and the relish to sallets from the sapidity which renders not plants and herbs only, but men themselves, and their conversations pleasant and agreeable. But of this enough, and perhaps too much! lest while I write of salts and sallets I appear myself insipid."

The Rumex acetosus (Sour Dock or Sorrel), while likely not suitable for people with gout, provides its leaves as the main ingredient of Soupe aux herbes, which a French woman would order for herself after a long and tiring trip. Some believe its name comes from "struma," due to its healing properties. This Dock is also known as Sour sabs, Sour grabs, Soursuds, Soursauce, Cuckoo sorrow, and Greensauce. Because of their tartness, the leaves make a great dressing for stewed lamb, veal, or sweetbread. Country folks often mash the herb and mix it with vinegar and sugar to create a green sauce for cold meats. When boiled alone without water, it serves as an excellent side for roast goose or pork instead of apple sauce. The dried root of Sorrel has the unique ability to turn boiling water a lovely red color, which the French use to make barley water look like red wine when they want to avoid giving anything wine-like to the sick. In Ireland, Sorrel leaves are eaten with fish and other alkaline foods. Because it helps correct scrofulous deposits, Sorrel is especially good for treating scurvy. When applied externally, the crushed leaves can cleanse infected ulcers. John Evelyn mentions in his famous Acetaria (1720), "Sorrel sharpens the appetite, cools heat, soothes the liver, and strengthens the heart; it acts as an antiscorbutic, preventing putrefaction, and in salads, it adds a refreshing kick to the other ingredients, serving as a substitute for oranges and lemons. Together with salt, it gives both the name and flavor to salads due to the savoriness that makes plants and herbs, as well as the people talking about them, enjoyable and pleasant. However, that’s enough, perhaps too much! Lest while I write about salts and salads, I come off as bland myself."

The Wood Sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) is a distinct plant from the Dock Sorrel, and is not one of the Polygonaceoe, but a geranium, having a triple leaf which is often employed to symbolise the Trinity. Painters of old [162] placed it in the foreground of their pictures when representing the crucifixion. The leaves are sharply acid through oxalate of potash, commonly called "Salts of Lemon," which is quite a misleading name in its apparent innocence as applied to so strong a poison. The petals are bluish coloured, veined with purple. Formerly, on account of its grateful acidity, a conserve was ordered by the London College to be made from the leaves and petals of Wood Sorrel, with sugar and orange peel, and it was called Conserva lujuoe.

The Wood Sorrel (Oxalis acetosella) is a different plant from the Dock Sorrel and is not part of the Polygonaceoe family, but rather a type of geranium. It has a three-leaf structure that is often used to symbolize the Trinity. Traditional painters [162] placed it in the foreground of their artwork depicting the crucifixion. The leaves have a sharp, sour taste due to oxalate of potash, commonly referred to as "Salts of Lemon," which is a misleading name given how potent a poison it actually is. The petals are bluish and have purple veins. In the past, because of its pleasant acidity, the London College commissioned a conserves made from the leaves and petals of Wood Sorrel, mixed with sugar and orange peel, which was called Conserva lujuoe.

The Burdock (Arctium lappa) grows very commonly in our waste places, with wavy leaves, and round heads of purple flowers, and hooked scales. From the seeds a medicinal tincture (H.) is made, and a fluid extract, of which from ten to thirty drops, given three times a day, with two tablespoonfuls of cold water, will materially benefit certain chronic skin diseases (such as psoriasis), if taken steadily for several weeks, or months. Dr. Reiter of Pittsburg, U.S.A., says the Burdock feed has proved in his hands almost a specific for psoriasis and for obstinate syphilis. The tincture is of special curative value for treating that depressed state of the general health which is associated with milky phosphates in the urine, and much nervous debility. Eight or ten drops of the reduced tincture should be given in water three times a day.

The Burdock (Arctium lappa) grows commonly in our neglected areas, with wavy leaves and round clusters of purple flowers, plus hooked scales. A medicinal tincture (H.) is made from the seeds, and a fluid extract, from ten to thirty drops taken three times a day with two tablespoons of cold water, can significantly help certain chronic skin conditions (like psoriasis) if taken consistently for several weeks or months. Dr. Reiter from Pittsburgh, U.S.A., reports that Burdock feed has been nearly a specific treatment for psoriasis and stubborn syphilis. The tincture is especially effective for addressing the depressed state of overall health that comes with milky phosphates in the urine and significant nervous weakness. Eight to ten drops of the diluted tincture should be taken in water three times a day.

The root in decoction is an excellent remedy for other skin diseases of the scaly, itching, vesicular, pimply and ulcerative characters. Many persons think it superior to Sarsaparilla. The burs of this Dock are sometimes called "Cocklebuttons," or "Cucklebuttons," and "Beggarsbuttons." Its Anglo-Saxon name was "Fox's clote."

The root in decoction is a great treatment for various skin problems like scaling, itching, blisters, pimples, and ulcers. Many people believe it’s better than Sarsaparilla. The burs of this Dock are sometimes referred to as "Cocklebuttons," "Cucklebuttons," or "Beggarsbuttons." Its Anglo-Saxon name was "Fox's clote."

Boys throw them into the air at dusk to catch bats, which dart at the Bur in mistake for a moth or fly; [163] then becoming entangled with the thorny spines they fall helplessly to the ground. Of the botanical names, Arctium derived from arktos, a bear, in allusion to the roughness of the burs; and Lappa is from labein, to seize. Other appellations of the herb are Clot-bur (from sticking to clouts, or clothes), Clithe, Hurbur, and Hardock. The leaves when applied externally are highly resolvent for tumours, bruises, and gouty swellings. In the Philadelphia Recorder for January, 1893, a striking case is given of a fallen womb cured after twenty years' duration by a decoction of Burdock roots. The liquid extract acts as an admirable remedy in some forms (strumous) of longstanding indigestion. The roots contain starch; and the ashes of the plant burnt when green yield carbonate of potash abundantly, with nitre, and inulin.

Boys toss them into the air at dusk to catch bats, which mistake the burr for a moth or fly; then, getting tangled in the thorny spines, they fall helplessly to the ground. The botanical name Arctium comes from arktos, meaning bear, referring to the roughness of the burs; Lappa is derived from labein, meaning to seize. Other names for the herb include Clot-bur (because it sticks to rags or clothes), Clithe, Hurbur, and Hardock. When applied to the skin, the leaves are very effective for tumors, bruises, and gouty swelling. In the Philadelphia Recorder from January 1893, there's a remarkable case of a fallen womb cured after twenty years with a decoction of Burdock roots. The liquid extract is an excellent remedy for certain forms (strumous) of longstanding indigestion. The roots contain starch, and burning the green plant produces a lot of carbonate of potash along with nitre and inulin.

The Yellow Curled Dock (Rumex crispus), so called because its leaves are crisped at their edges, grows freely in our roadside ditches, and waste places, as a common plant; and a medicinal tincture which is very useful (H.) is made from it before it flowers. This is of particular service for giving relief to an irritable tickling cough of the upper air-tubes, and the throat, when these passages are rough and sore, and sensitive to the cold atmosphere, with a dry cough occurring in paroxysms. It is likewise excellent for dispelling any obstinate itching of the skin, in which respect it was singularly beneficial against the contagious army-itch which prevailed during the last American war. It acts like Sarsaparilla chiefly, for curing scrofulous skin affections and glandular swellings. To be applied externally an ointment may be made by boiling the root in vinegar until the fibre is softened, and by then mixing the pulp with lard (to which some sulphur is [164] added at times). In all such cases of a scrofulous sort from five to ten drops of the tincture should be given two or three times a day with a spoonful of cold water.

The Yellow Curled Dock (Rumex crispus), named for its crisp-edged leaves, grows abundantly in roadside ditches and neglected areas as a common plant. A medicinal tincture, which is quite useful (H.), is made from it before it flowers. This tincture is particularly helpful for easing an irritating tickling cough in the upper airways and throat, especially when these passages feel rough, sore, and sensitive to cold air, with a dry cough that comes in bursts. It’s also great for relieving stubborn skin itching, and it proved especially effective against the contagious army-itch that was common during the last American war. It primarily works like Sarsaparilla to treat scrofulous skin conditions and swollen glands. For external use, an ointment can be prepared by boiling the root in vinegar until the fibers soften, and then mixing the pulp with lard (sometimes with added sulfur). In cases of scrofulous conditions, five to ten drops of the tincture should be taken two to three times a day with a spoonful of cold water.

Rumicin is the active principle of the Yellow Curled Dock; and from the root, containing chrysarobin, a dried extract is prepared officinally, of which from one to four grains may be given for a dose in a pill. This is useful for relieving a congested liver, as well as for scrofulous skin diseases.

Rumicin is the active ingredient in Yellow Curled Dock. A dried extract is prepared from the root, which contains chrysarobin, and a dose of one to four grains can be given in a pill. This is effective for relieving a congested liver and for treating scrofulous skin diseases.

"Huds," or the great Water Dock (Rumex hydrolapathum) is of frequent growth on our river banks, bearing numerous green flowers in leafless whorls, and being identical with the famous Herba Britannica of Pliny. This name does not denote British origin, but is derived from three Teuton words, brit, to tighten: tan, a tooth; and ica, loose; thus expressing its power of bracing up loose teeth and spongy gums. Swedish ladies employ the powdered root as a dentifrice; and gargles prepared therefrom are excellent for sore throat and relaxed uvula. The fresh root must be used, as it quickly turns yellow and brown in the air. The green leaves make a capital application for ulcers of the legs. They possess considerable acidity, and are laxative. Horace was aware of this fact, as we learn by his Sermonum, Libr. ii., Satir 4:—

"Huds," or the great Water Dock (Rumex hydrolapathum), often grows along our riverbanks, displaying numerous green flowers in leafless clusters, and is the same as the well-known Herba Britannica mentioned by Pliny. This name doesn’t indicate a British origin; it comes from three Germanic words: brit, meaning to tighten; tan, meaning tooth; and ica, meaning loose. Together, they express its ability to firm up loose teeth and spongy gums. Swedish women use the powdered root as a toothpaste, and gargles made from it are excellent for sore throats and a relaxed uvula. The fresh root must be used, as it quickly turns yellow and brown in the air. The green leaves are great for treating leg ulcers. They are quite acidic and act as a laxative. Horace was aware of this, as we learn from his Sermonum, Libr. ii., Satir 4:—

    "Si dura morabitur alvus,
    Mytulus, et viles pellent, obstantia conchae,
    Et Lapathi brevis herba, sed albo non sine Coo."

"Si dura morabitur alvus,
Mytulus, et viles pellent, obstantia conchae,
Et Lapathi brevis herba, sed albo non sine Coo."

ELDER.

"'Arn,' or the common Elder," says Gerard, "groweth everywhere; and it is planted about cony burrows, for the shadow of the conies." Formerly it was much [165] cultivated near our English cottages, because supposed to afford protection against witches. Hence it is that the Elder tree may be so often seen immediately near old village houses. It acquired its name from the Saxon word eller or kindler, because its hollow branches were made into tubes to blow through for brightening up a dull fire. By the Greeks it was called Aktee. The botanical name of the Elder is Sambucus nigra, from sambukee, a sackbut, because the young branches, with their pith removed, were brought into requisition for making the pipes of this, and other musical instruments.

"'Arn,' or the common Elder," says Gerard, "grows everywhere; and it is planted around rabbit burrows for the rabbits' shade." In the past, it was widely cultivated near our English cottages because it was believed to protect against witches. That's why the Elder tree is often found right next to old village houses. It got its name from the Saxon word eller or kindler, because its hollow branches were used as tubes to blow air into a fire to make it burn brighter. The Greeks called it Aktee. The botanical name of the Elder is Sambucus nigra, from sambukee, a sackbut, because the young branches, after removing the pith, were used to make the pipes for this and other musical instruments.

It was probably introduced as a medicinal plant at the time of the Monasteries. The adjective term nigra refers to the colour of the berries. These are without odour, rather acid, and sweetish to the taste. The French put layers of the flowers among apples, to which they impart, an agreeable odour and flavour like muscatel. A tract on Elder and Juniper Berries, showing how useful they may be in our Coffee Houses, is published with the Natural History of Coffee, 1682. Elder flowers are fatal to turkeys.

It was likely introduced as a medicinal plant during the time of the monasteries. The term nigra refers to the color of the berries. These berries are odorless, somewhat acidic, and sweet in taste. The French layer the flowers among apples, giving them a pleasant scent and flavor similar to muscatel. A pamphlet titled Elder and Juniper Berries, showing how useful they may be in our Coffee Houses was published alongside the Natural History of Coffee in 1682. Elder flowers are toxic to turkeys.

Hippocrates gave the bark as a purgative; and from his time the whole tree has possessed a medicinal celebrity, whilst its fame in the hands of the herbalist is immemorial. German writers have declared it contains within itself a magazine of physic, and a complete chest of medicaments.

Hippocrates used the bark as a laxative, and since then, the entire tree has been known for its medicinal properties, with a long-standing reputation among herbalists. German authors have claimed that it holds an abundance of medicinal resources, offering a complete kit of remedies.

The leaves when bruised, if worn in the hat, or rubbed on the face, will prevent flies from settling on the person. Likewise turnips, cabbages, fruit trees, or corn, if whipped with the branches and green leaves of Elder, will gain an immunity from all depredations of blight; but moths are fond of the blossom.

The leaves, when crushed, if worn in a hat or rubbed on the face, will keep flies from landing on you. Similarly, turnips, cabbages, fruit trees, or corn, if beaten with the branches and green leaves of Elder, will be protected from all kinds of blight; however, moths really like the blossoms.

Dried Elder flowers have a dull yellow colour, being [166] shrivelled, and possessing a sweet faint smell, unlike the repulsive odour of the fresh leaves and bark. They have a somewhat bitter, gummy taste, and are sold in entire cymes, with the stalks. An open space now seen in Malvern Chase was formerly called Eldersfield, from the abundance of Elder trees which grew there. "The flowers were noted," says Mr. Symonds, "for eye ointments, and the berries for honey rob and black pigments. Mary of Eldersfield, the daughter of Bolingbroke, was famous for her knowledge of herb pharmacy, and for the efficacy of her nostrums."

Dried elderflowers have a dull yellow color, being shriveled and having a faint sweet smell, unlike the unpleasant odor of the fresh leaves and bark. They have a somewhat bitter, gummy taste and are sold in whole clusters with the stalks. An open space now seen in Malvern Chase was previously called Eldersfield, named for the abundance of elder trees that grew there. "The flowers were known," says Mr. Symonds, "for eye ointments, and the berries for honey rob and black pigments. Mary of Eldersfield, the daughter of Bolingbroke, was famous for her knowledge of herbal medicine, and for the effectiveness of her remedies."

Chemically the flowers contain a yellow, odorous, buttery oil, with tannin, and malates of potash and lime, whilst the berries furnish viburnic acid. On expression they yield a fine purple juice, which proves a useful laxative, and a resolvent in recent colds. Anointed on the hair they make it black.

Chemically, the flowers have a yellow, fragrant, buttery oil, along with tannin and malates of potash and lime, while the berries provide viburnic acid. When pressed, they release a nice purple juice, which serves as a helpful laxative and a remedy for recent colds. When applied to the hair, they turn it black.

A medicinal tincture (H.) is made from the fresh inner bark of the young branches. This, when given in toxical quantities, will induce profuse sweating, and will cause asthmatic symptoms to present themselves. When used in a diluted form it is highly beneficial for relieving the same symptoms, if they come on as an attack of illness, particularly for the spurious croup of children, which wakes them at night with a suffocative cough and wheezing. A dose of four or five drops, if given at once, and perhaps repeated in fifteen minutes, will straightway prove of singular service.

A medicinal tincture (H.) is made from the fresh inner bark of young branches. When taken in toxic amounts, it will cause excessive sweating and trigger asthma-like symptoms. However, when used in a diluted form, it is very helpful for relieving those same symptoms if they appear during an illness, especially in the case of false croup in children, which disturbs their sleep with a suffocating cough and wheezing. A dose of four or five drops taken at once, and possibly repeated in fifteen minutes, will be particularly effective.

Sir Thomas Browne said that in his day the Elder had become a famous medicine for quinsies, sore throats, and strangulations.

Sir Thomas Browne said that in his time, the Elder had become a well-known remedy for quinsy, sore throats, and choking.

The inspissated juice or "rob" extracted from the crushed berries, and simmered with white sugar, is cordial, aperient, and diuretic. This has long been a [167] popular English remedy, taken hot at bed-time, when a cold is caught. One or two tablespoonfuls are mixed with a tumblerful of very hot water. It promotes perspiration, and is demulcent to the chest. Five pounds of the fresh berries are to be used with one pound of loaf sugar, and the juice should be evaporated to the thickness of honey.

The thick juice or "rob" extracted from crushed berries, and simmered with white sugar, is soothing, helps digestion, and encourages urination. This has been a popular English remedy for a long time, taken hot at bedtime when you catch a cold. One or two tablespoons are mixed with a glass of very hot water. It helps with sweating and soothes the chest. Use five pounds of fresh berries with one pound of loaf sugar, and evaporate the juice until it's as thick as honey.

"The recent rob of the Elder spread thick upon a slice of bread and eaten before other dishes," says Dr. Blochwich, 1760, "is our wives' domestic medicine, which they use likewise in their infants and children whose bellies are stop't longer than ordinary; for this juice is most pleasant and familiar to children; or to loosen the belly drink a draught of the wine at your breakfast, or use the conserve of the buds."

"The recent elderberry jelly spread thick on a slice of bread and eaten before other dishes," says Dr. Blochwich, 1760, "is our wives' home remedy, which they also give to their infants and children who are constipated for longer than usual; this juice is very pleasant and familiar to children. To help with constipation, drink a glass of the wine at breakfast, or use the conserve made from the buds."

Also a capital wine, which may well pass for Frontignac, is commonly made from the fresh berries, with raisins, sugar, and spices. When well brewed, and three years' old, it constitutes English port. "A cup of mulled Elder wine, served with nutmeg and sippets of toast, just before going to bed on a cold wintry night, is a thing," as Cobbet said, "to be run for." The juice of Elder root, if taken in a dose of one or two tablespoonfuls when fasting, acts as a strong aperient, being "the most excellent purger of watery humours in the world, and very singular against dropsy, if taken once in the week."

Also, a great wine that could easily be mistaken for Frontignac is usually made from fresh berries, along with raisins, sugar, and spices. When properly brewed and aged for three years, it becomes English port. "A cup of mulled Elder wine, served with nutmeg and bits of toast, just before going to bed on a cold winter night, is something," as Cobbet said, "to be sought after." The juice of Elder root, taken in a dose of one or two tablespoons on an empty stomach, acts as a strong laxative, being "the best cleanser of excess fluids in the world, and very effective against dropsy, if taken once a week."

John Evelyn, in his Sylva (1729), said of the Elder: "If the medicinal properties of its leaves, bark, and berries, were fully known, I cannot tell what our countrymen could ail, for which he might not fetch a remedy from every hedge, either for sickness or wounds." "The buds boiled in water gruel have effected wonders in a fever," "and an extract composed [168] of the berries greatly assists longevity. Indeed,"—so famous is the story of Neander— "this is a catholicum against all infirmities whatever." "The leaves, though somewhat rank of smell, are otherwise, as indeed is the entire shrub, of a very sovereign virtue. The springbuds are excellently wholesome in pottage; and small ale, in which Elder flowers have been infused, are esteemed by many so salubrious, that this is to be had in most of the eating houses about our town."

John Evelyn, in his Sylva (1729), remarked about the Elder: "If the healing properties of its leaves, bark, and berries were fully understood, I can't imagine what our countrymen could suffer from that he couldn't find a remedy for in every hedge, whether for illness or injuries." "The buds boiled in watery porridge have achieved remarkable results in a fever," "and an extract made from the berries significantly aids longevity. Indeed,"—so well-known is the tale of Neander—"this is a universal cure for all ailments." "The leaves, while they have a somewhat strong smell, are otherwise, as is the whole shrub, extremely beneficial. The spring buds are very healthy in soups; and small ale infused with Elder flowers is considered by many to be so good for health that it's available in most of the restaurants around our town."

"It were likewise profitable for the scabby if they made a sallet of those young buds, who in the beginning of the spring doe bud forth together with those outbreakings and pustules of the skin, which by the singular favour of nature is contemporaneous; these being sometimes macerated a little in hot water, together with oyle, salt, and vinegar, and sometimes eaten. It purgeth the belly, and freeth the blood from salt and serous humours" (1760). Further, "there be nothing more excellent to ease the pains of the haemorrhoids than a fomentation made of the flowers of the Elder and Verbusie, or Honeysuckle, in water or milk, for in a short time it easeth the greatest pain."

"It would also be beneficial for those with scabies if they made a salad from the young buds that sprout at the beginning of spring, coinciding with the outbreaks and pustules of the skin, which nature provides at the same time. These buds can be slightly soaked in hot water, along with oil, salt, and vinegar, or sometimes eaten as is. It helps to clear the stomach and purifies the blood of salt and watery humors" (1760). Furthermore, "nothing is better for relieving the pain of hemorrhoids than a warm compress made from the flowers of the Elder and Honeysuckle in water or milk, as it quickly alleviates severe pain."

If the green leaves are warmed between two hot tiles, and applied to the forehead, they will promptly relieve nervous headache. In Germany the Elder is regarded with much respect. From its leaves a fever drink is made; from its berries a sour preserve, and a wonder-working electuary; whilst the moon-shaped clusters of its aromatic flowers, being somewhat narcotic, are of service in baking small cakes.

If you heat green leaves between two hot tiles and place them on your forehead, they will quickly relieve a tension headache. In Germany, the Elder is highly respected. Its leaves are used to make a fever remedy; its berries are turned into a tangy preserve, and a miraculous mixture; while the crescent-shaped clusters of its fragrant flowers, which are somewhat sedative, are useful in baking small cakes.

The Romans made use of the black Elder juice as a hair dye. From the flowers a fragrant water is now distilled as a perfume; and a gently stimulating ointment is prepared with lard for dressing burns and [169] scalds. Another ointment, concocted from the green berries, with camphor and lard, is ordered by the London College as curative of piles. "The leaves of Elder boiled soft, and with a little linseed oil added thereto, if then laid upon a piece of scarlet or red cloth, and applied to piles as hot as this can be suffered, being removed when cold, and replaced by one such cloth after another upon the diseased part by the space of an hour, and in the end some bound to the place, and the patient put warm to bed. This hath not yet failed at the first dressing to cure the disease, but if the patient be dressed twice, it must needs cure them if the first fail." The Elder was named Eldrun and Burtre by the Anglo-Saxons. It is now called Bourtree in Scotland, from the central pith in the younger branches which children bore out so as to make pop guns:—

The Romans used black elderberry juice as a hair dye. From the flowers, a fragrant water is now distilled to create perfume, and a gently stimulating ointment made with lard is used for treating burns and scalds. Another ointment, made from green berries, camphor, and lard, is recommended by the London College for curing hemorrhoids. "The leaves of elder, boiled soft and mixed with a little linseed oil, should be placed on a piece of scarlet or red cloth and applied to hemorrhoids while still warm. This should be removed when it cools, and replaced with another cloth on the affected area for about an hour. Finally, some cloth should be bound to the area, and the patient should be kept warm in bed. This has so far never failed to cure the condition on the first treatment, but if the patient is treated twice, it will definitely cure them if the first treatment does not." The elder was called Eldrun and Burtre by the Anglo-Saxons. It is now known as Bourtree in Scotland, named for the central pith in the younger branches that children hollowed out to make pop guns:—

    "Bour tree—Bour tree: crooked rung,
    Never straight, and never strong;
    Ever bush, and never tree
    Since our Lord was nailed on thee."

"Bour tree—Bour tree: twisted branch,
    Never straight, and never strong;
    Always a bush, and never a tree
    Since our Lord was nailed on you."

The Elder is specially abundant in Kent around Folkestone. By the
Gauls it was called "Scovies," and by the Britons "Iscaw."

The Elder is particularly common in Kent, especially around Folkestone. The Gauls referred to it as "Scovies," while the Britons called it "Iscaw."

This is the tree upon which the legend represents Judas as having hanged himself, or of which the cross was made at the crucifixion. In Pier's Plowman's Vision it is said:—

This is the tree where the legend says Judas hanged himself, or from which the cross was made at the crucifixion. In Pier's Plowman's Vision it is said:—

"Judas he japed with Jewen silver,
And sithen an eller hanged hymselve."

"Judas joked with Jewish silver,
And then another hanged himself."

Gerard says "the gelly of the Elder, otherwise called Jew's ear, taketh away inflammations of the mouth and throat if they be washed therewith, and doth in like Manner help the uvula." He refers here to a fungus [170] which grows often from the trunk of the Elder, and the shape of which resembles the human ear. Alluding to this fungus, and to the supposed fact that the berries of the Elder are poisonous to peacocks, a quaint old rhyme runs thus:—

Gerard says, "the jelly from the Elder, also known as Jew's ear, helps reduce inflammation in the mouth and throat when you rinse with it, and it similarly aids the uvula." He is talking about a fungus [170] that often grows on the trunk of the Elder and has a shape similar to a human ear. Referring to this fungus, and to the belief that Elder berries are toxic to peacocks, an old rhyme goes like this:—

    "For the coughe take Judas' eare,
    With the paring of a peare,
    And drynke them without feare
        If you will have remedy."

"For the cough, take Judas' ear,
    With the peeling of a pear,
    And drink them without fear
        If you want a remedy."

    "Three syppes for the hycocke,
    And six more for the chycocke:
    Thus will my pretty pycocke
        Recover bye and bye."

"Three sips for the rooster,
    And six more for the hen:
    This way my lovely rooster
        Will recover soon enough."

Various superstitions have attached themselves in England to the Elder bush. The Tree-Mother has been thought to inhabit it; and it has been long believed that refuge may be safely taken under an Elder tree in a thunderstorm, because the cross was made therefrom, and so the lightning never strikes it. Elder was formerly buried with a corpse to protect it from witches, and even now at a funeral the driver of the hearse commonly has his whip handle made of Elder wood. Lord Bacon commended the rubbing of warts with a green Elder stick, and then burying the stick to rot in the mud. Brand says it is thought in some parts that beating with an Elder rod will check the growth of boys. A cross made of the wood if affixed to cow-houses and stables was supposed to protect cattle from all possible harm.

Various superstitions have been associated with the Elder bush in England. It's thought that the Tree-Mother lives in it, and people have long believed that you can safely take refuge under an Elder tree during a thunderstorm because the cross was made from its wood, preventing lightning from striking it. In the past, Elder was buried with a corpse to protect it from witches, and even now, at funerals, the driver of the hearse usually has his whip handle made of Elder wood. Lord Bacon suggested rubbing warts with a green Elder stick and then burying the stick to let it rot in the mud. Brand mentions that in some areas, it's believed that hitting boys with an Elder rod will stop their growth. A cross made from Elder wood, if attached to cowhouses and stables, was thought to protect livestock from any potential harm.

Belonging to the order of Caprifoliaceous (with leaves eaten by goats) plants, the Elder bush grows to the size of a small tree, bearing many white flowers in large flat umbels at the ends of the branches. It gives off an unpleasant soporific smell, which is said to prove harmful to those that sleep under its shade. Our summer is [171] not here until the Elder is fully in flower, and it ends when the berries are ripe. When taken together with the berries of Herb Paris (four-leaved Paris) they have been found very useful in epilepsy. "Mark by the way," says Anatomie of the Elder (1760), "the berries of Herb Paris, called by some Bear, or Wolfe Grapes, is held by certain matrons as a great secret against epilepsie; and they give them ever in an unequal number, as three, five, seven, or nine, in the water of Linden tree flowers. Others also do hang a cross made of the Elder and Sallow, mutually inwrapping one another, about the children's neck as anti-epileptick." "I learned the certainty of this experiment (Dr. Blochwich) from a friend in Leipsick, who no sooner erred in diet but he was seized on by this disease; yet after he used the Elder wood as an amulet cut into little pieces, and sewn in a knot against him, he was free." Sheep suffering from the foot-rot, if able to get at the bark and young shoots of an Elder tree, will thereby cure themselves of this affection. The great Boerhaave always took off his hat when passing an Elder bush. Douglas Jerrold once, at a well-known tavern, ordered a bottle of port wine, which should be "old, but not Elder."

Belonging to the order of Caprifoliaceous (with leaves consumed by goats), the Elder bush grows to the size of a small tree, producing many white flowers in large flat clusters at the ends of the branches. It emits an unpleasant, sleep-inducing smell, which is said to be harmful to those who sleep in its shade. Our summer does not truly begin until the Elder is fully in bloom, and it ends when the berries are ripe. When used together with the berries of Herb Paris (four-leaved Paris), they have been found very effective in treating epilepsy. "Notice," says Anatomie of the Elder (1760), "that the berries of Herb Paris, referred to by some as Bear or Wolfe Grapes, are considered by certain women to be a great secret against epilepsy; they always give them in an uneven number, like three, five, seven, or nine, mixed with the water of Linden tree flowers. Others also hang a cross made of Elder and Sallow, intertwined with one another, around children's necks as an anti-epileptic." "I learned the accuracy of this method (Dr. Blochwich) from a friend in Leipzig, who would be struck by this condition whenever he strayed from a proper diet; however, after he used pieces of the Elder wood as an amulet, sewn into a knot around him, he found relief." Sheep suffering from foot-rot, if they can reach the bark and young shoots of an Elder tree, will cure themselves of this ailment. The great Boerhaave always removed his hat when passing by an Elder bush. Douglas Jerrold once, at a well-known tavern, ordered a bottle of port wine that should be "old, but not Elder."

The Dwarf Elder (Sambucus ebulus) is quite a different shrub, which grows not infrequently in hedges and bushy places, with a herbaceous stem from two to three feet high. It possesses a smell which is less aromatic than that of the true Elder, and it seldom brings its fruit to ripeness. A rob made therefrom is actively purgative; one tablespoonful for a dose. The root, which has a nauseous bitter taste, was formerly used in dropsies. A decoction made from it, as well as from the inner bark, purges, and promotes free urination.

The Dwarf Elder (Sambucus ebulus) is a different type of shrub that often grows in hedges and bushy areas, reaching heights of two to three feet. It has a scent that isn’t as fragrant as that of the true Elder, and it rarely produces ripe fruit. A syrup made from it acts as a strong laxative; one tablespoon is used as a dose. The root, which has a bitter and unpleasant taste, was historically used to treat dropsy. A brew made from it, as well as from the inner bark, helps with digestion and encourages urination.

[172] The leaves made into a poultice will resolve swellings and relieve contusions. The odour of the green leaves will drive away mice from granaries. To the Dwarf Elder have been given the names Danewort, Danesweed, and Danesblood, probably because it brings about a loss of blood called the "Danes," or perhaps as a corruption of its stated use contra quotidianam. The plant is also known as Walewort, from wal—slanghter. It grows in great plenty about Slaughterford, Wilts, where there was a noted fight with the Danes; and a patch of it thrives on ground in Worcestershire, where the first blood was drawn in the civil war between the Parliament and the Royalists. Rumour says it will only prosper where blood has been shed either in battle, or in murder.

[172] The leaves made into a poultice will reduce swellings and ease bruises. The smell of the green leaves will keep mice away from grain storage. The Dwarf Elder is known by names like Danewort, Danesweed, and Danesblood, likely because it causes a loss of blood known as the "Danes," or maybe it's a twist on its stated use contra quotidianam. The plant is also called Walewort, from wal—slaughter. It grows abundantly around Slaughterford, Wilts, where there was a famous battle with the Danes; and a patch of it thrives on land in Worcestershire, where the first blood was spilled in the civil war between Parliament and the Royalists. Legend has it will only thrive where blood has been shed in battle or murder.

ELECAMPANE.

"Elecampane," writes William Coles, "is one of the plants whereof England may boast as much as any, for there grows none better in the world than in England, let apothecaries and druggists say what they will." It is a tall, stout, downy plant, from three to five feet high, of the Composite order, with broad leaves, and bright, yellow flowers. Campania is the original source of the plant (Enula campana), which is called also Elf-wort, and Elf-dock. Its botanical title is Helenium inula, to commemorate Helen of Troy, from whose tears the herb was thought to have sprung, or whose hands were full of the leaves when Paris carried her off from Menelaus. This title has become corrupted in some districts to Horse-heal, or Horse-hele, or Horse-heel, through a double, blunder, the word inula being misunderstood for hinnula, a colt; and the term Hellenium being thought to have something to do with healing, or [173] heels; and solely on this account the Elecampane has been employed by farriers to cure horses of scabs and sore heels. Though found wild only seldom, and as a local production in our copses and meadows, it is cultivated in our gardens as a medicinal and culinary herb. The name inula is only a corruption of the Greek elenium; and the herb is of ancient repute, having been described by Dioscorides. An old Latin distich thus celebrates its virtues: Enula campana reddit proecordia sana—"Elecampane will the spirits sustain." "Julia Augusta," said Pliny, "let no day pass without eating some of the roots of Enula condired, to help digestion, and cause mirth."

"Elecampane," writes William Coles, "is one of the plants that England can proudly claim, because none grows better in the world than in England, no matter what apothecaries and druggists say." It's a tall, strong, fuzzy plant, three to five feet high, part of the Composite family, with broad leaves and bright yellow flowers. Campania is the plant's original source (Enula campana), which is also known as Elf-wort and Elf-dock. Its botanical name is Helenium inula, honoring Helen of Troy, from whose tears the herb was believed to have originated, or whose hands were filled with the leaves when Paris took her away from Menelaus. This name has been twisted in some areas to Horse-heal, Horse-hele, or Horse-heel due to a mix-up, where inula was misunderstood as hinnula, meaning colt; and the term Hellenium was thought to relate to healing or heels; and because of this, Elecampane has been used by farriers to treat horses for scabs and sore heels. Though it’s rarely found wild and mainly grows in our woods and meadows, it’s cultivated in our gardens as a medicinal and culinary herb. The name inula is just a corruption of the Greek elenium; and the herb has been known since ancient times, having been described by Dioscorides. An old Latin verse celebrates its benefits: Enula campana reddit proecordia sana—"Elecampane will sustain the spirits." "Julia Augusta," said Pliny, "should not let a day go by without eating some of the preserved roots of Enula to aid digestion and promote joy."

The inula was noticed by Horace, Satire viii., 51:—

The inula was noted by Horace, Satire viii., 51:—

"Erucos virides inulas ego primus amaras
Monstravi incoquere."

"First, I showed how to cook the bitter green turnips."

Also the Enula campana has been identified with the herb Moly (of Homer), "apo tou moleuein, from its mitigating pain."

Also the Enula campana has been identified with the herb Moly (of Homer), "apo tou moleuein, from its ability to ease pain."

Prior to the Norman Conquest, and during the Middle Ages, the root of Elecampane was much employed in Great Britain as a medicine; and likewise it was candied and eaten as a sweetmeat. Some fifty years ago the candy was sold commonly in London, as flat, round cakes, being composed largely of sugar, and coloured with cochineal. A piece was eaten each night and morning for asthmatical complaints, whilst it was customary when travelling by a river to suck a bit of the root against poisonous exhalations and bad air. The candy may be still had from our confectioners, but now containing no more of the plant Elecampane than there is of barley in barley sugar.

Before the Norman Conquest and throughout the Middle Ages, the root of Elecampane was widely used in Great Britain as a medicine; it was also candied and consumed as a sweet treat. About fifty years ago, this candy was commonly sold in London as flat, round cakes, primarily made of sugar and colored with cochineal. A piece was taken each night and morning for asthma relief, and it was common to suck on a piece of the root while traveling by river to protect against poisonous fumes and bad air. You can still find the candy at confectioners, but it now contains just as little of the Elecampane plant as there is barley in barley sugar.

Gerard says: "The flowers of this herb are in all [174] their bravery during June and July; the roots should be gathered in the autumn. The plant is good for an old cough, and for such as cannot breathe freely unless they hold their necks upright; also it is of great value when given in a loch, which is a medicine to be licked on. It voids out thick clammy humors, which stick in the chest and lungs." Galen says further: "It is good for passions of the huckle-bones, called sciatica." The root is thick and substantial, having, when sliced, a fragrant aromatic odour.

Gerard says: "The flowers of this plant are at their best in June and July; the roots should be harvested in the fall. This plant is beneficial for a chronic cough and for those who can only breathe easily when keeping their necks straight; it’s also very effective when used in a lozenge that you can suck on. It helps clear out thick, sticky mucus that lodges in the chest and lungs." Galen adds: "It’s good for issues with the lower back, known as sciatica." The root is thick and solid, and when sliced, it has a fragrant, aromatic smell.

Chemically, it contains a crystalline principle, resembling camphor, and called "helenin"; also a starch, named "inulin," which is peculiar as not being soluble in water, alcohol, or ether; and conjointly a volatile oil, a resin, albumen, and acetic acid. Inulin is allied to starch, and its crystallized camphor is separable into true helenin, and alantin camphor. The former is a powerful antiseptic to arrest putrefaction. In Spain it is much used as a surgical dressing, and is said to be more destructive than any other agent to the bacillus of cholera. Helenin is very useful in ulceration within the nose (ozoena), and in chronic bronchitis to lessen the expectoration. The dose is from a third of a grain to two grains.

Chemically, it has a crystalline substance similar to camphor, called "helenin," and also contains a starch named "inulin," which is unique because it doesn’t dissolve in water, alcohol, or ether. Additionally, it has a volatile oil, resin, albumen, and acetic acid. Inulin is related to starch, and its crystallized camphor can be separated into true helenin and alantin camphor. The first one is a strong antiseptic that stops decay. In Spain, it’s widely used as a surgical dressing and is said to be more harmful to cholera bacteria than any other agent. Helenin is very effective for treating nasal ulcers (ozoena) and chronic bronchitis to reduce phlegm. The recommended dose ranges from one-third of a grain to two grains.

Furthermore, Elecampane counteracts the acidity of gouty indigestion, and regulates the monthly illnesses of women. The French use it in the distillation of absinthe, and term it l'aulnee, d'un lieu planté d'aulnes ou elle se plait. To make a decoction, half-an-ounce of the root should be gently boiled for ten minutes in a pint of water, and then allowed to cool. From one to two ounces of this may be taken three times in the day. Of the powdered root, from half to one teaspoonful may be given for a dose.

Furthermore, Elecampane helps reduce the acidity associated with gouty indigestion and regulates women's menstrual issues. The French use it in the distillation of absinthe and call it l'aulnee, d'un lieu planté d'aulnes ou elle se plait. To make a decoction, half an ounce of the root should be gently boiled for ten minutes in a pint of water, then allowed to cool. You can take one to two ounces of this three times a day. For the powdered root, half to one teaspoon can be given as a dose.

[175] A medicinal tincture (H.) is prepared from the root, of which thirty or forty drops may be taken for a dose, with two tablespoonfuls of cold water; but too large a dose will induce sickness. Elecampane is specifically curative of a sharp pain affecting the right elbow joint, and recurring daily; also of a congestive headache coming on through costiveness of the lowest bowel. Moreover, at the present time, when there is so much talk about the inoculative treatment of pulmonary consumption by the cultivated virus of its special microbe, it is highly interesting to know that the helenin of Elecampane is said to be peculiarly destructive to the bacillus of tubercular disease.

[175] A medicinal tincture (H.) is made from the root, and you can take thirty or forty drops for a dose, mixed with two tablespoons of cold water; however, taking too much can cause nausea. Elecampane is particularly effective for sharp pain in the right elbow joint that happens daily, as well as for a congestive headache that occurs due to constipation in the lower intestine. Additionally, with all the current discussions about using inoculations to treat pulmonary tuberculosis through the cultivated virus of its specific microbe, it’s fascinating to note that the helenin in Elecampane is said to be especially harmful to the bacillus responsible for tuberculosis.

In classic times the poet Horace told how Fundanius first taught the making of a delicate sauce, by boiling in it the bitter Inula (Elecampane); and how the Roman stomach, when surfeited with an excess of rich viands, pined for turnips, and the appetising Enulas acidas from frugal Campania:—

In ancient times, the poet Horace described how Fundanius was the first to teach the creation of a fine sauce by boiling in it the bitter Inula (Elecampane); and how the Roman stomach, after being overloaded with too many rich foods, craved turnips and the tasty Enulas acidas from simple Campania:—

"Quum rapula plenus
Atque acidas mavult inulas."

EYEBRIGHT.

Found in abundance in summer time on our heaths, and on mountains near the sea, this delicate little plant, the Euphrasia officinalis, has been famous from earliest times for restoring and preserving the eyesight. The Greeks named the herb originally from the linnet, which first made use of the leaf for clearing its vision, and which passed on the knowledge to mankind. The Greek word, euphrosunee, signifies joy and gladness. The elegant little herb grows from two to six inches high, with deeply-cut leaves, and numerous white or [176] purplish tiny flowers variegated with yellow; being partially a parasite, and preying on the roots of other plants. It belongs to the order of scrofula-curing plants; and, as proved by positive experiment (H.), the Eyebright has been recently found to possess a distinct sphere of curative operation, within which it manifests virtues which are as unvarying as they are truly potential. It acts specifically on the mucous lining of the eyes and nose, and the uppermost throat to the top of the windpipe, causing, when given so largely as to be injurious, a profuse secretion from these parts; and, if given of reduced strength, it cures the same troublesome symptoms when due to catarrh.

Found in abundance during the summer on our heaths and mountains near the sea, this delicate little plant, the Euphrasia officinalis, has been well-known since ancient times for restoring and preserving eyesight. The Greeks originally named the herb after the linnet, which first used the leaf to clear its vision and passed that knowledge on to humans. The Greek word euphrosunee means joy and gladness. This elegant little herb grows between two to six inches tall, with deeply-cut leaves and numerous tiny flowers that are white or purplish with yellow accents; it is partially a parasite, feeding on the roots of other plants. It belongs to a group of plants said to cure scrofula. Recent experiments (H.) have shown that Eyebright has a specific area of healing properties, consistently demonstrating effective potential. It specifically targets the mucous lining of the eyes and nose, as well as the upper throat up to the windpipe, causing a profuse secretion in these areas when taken in excessive amounts; however, in reduced strength, it alleviates similar bothersome symptoms caused by catarrh.

An attack of cold in the head, with copious running from the eyes and nose, may be aborted straightway by giving a dose of the infusion (made with an ounce of the herb to a pint of boiling water) every two hours; as, likewise, for hay fever. A medicinal tincture (H.) is prepared from the whole plant with spirit of wine, of which an admirably useful lotion may be made together with rose water for simple inflammation of the eyes, with a bloodshot condition of their outer coats. Thirty drops of the tincture should be mixed with a wineglassful of rosewater for making this lotion, which may be used several times in the day.

A cold in the head, with a lot of runny eyes and nose, can be quickly stopped by taking a dose of the infusion (made with an ounce of the herb in a pint of boiling water) every two hours; this also works for hay fever. A medicinal tincture (H.) is made from the whole plant with alcohol, which can be turned into an excellent lotion when mixed with rose water for mild inflammation of the eyes, especially if they look bloodshot. Mix thirty drops of the tincture with a wineglass of rosewater to make this lotion, which can be used several times a day.

What precise chemical constituents occur in the Eyebright beyond tannin, mannite, and glucose, are not yet recorded. In Iceland its expressed juice is put into requisition for most ailments of the eyes. Likewise, in Scotland, the Highlanders infuse the herb in milk, and employ this for bathing weak, or inflamed eyes. In France, the plant is named Casse lunettes; and in Germany, Augen trost, or, consolation of the eye.

What specific chemical components are present in Eyebright besides tannin, mannite, and glucose haven't been recorded yet. In Iceland, its juice is used for most eye problems. Similarly, in Scotland, the Highlanders steep the herb in milk and use it to bathe weak or inflamed eyes. In France, the plant is called Casse lunettes; in Germany, it's referred to as Augen trost, meaning consolation for the eye.

[177] Surely the same little herb must have been growing freely in the hedge made famous by ancient nursery tradition:—

    "Thessalus acer erat sapiens proe civibus unus
    Qui medium insiluit spinets per horrida sepem.
    Effoditque oculos sibi crudelissimus ambos.
    Cum vero effosos orbes sine lumine vidit
    Viribus enisum totis illum altera sepes
    Accipit, et raptos oculos cito reddit egenti."

"Thessalus was a sharp-witted wise man among his fellow citizens
    Who leaped into the thorns through the dreadful hedge.
    And he cruelly dug out both of his own eyes.
    But when he saw his empty eye sockets without light
    With all his strength, the other hedge
    Received him, and quickly returned his stolen eyes to the needy."

    "There was a man of Thessuly, and he was wondrous wise;
    He jumped into a quick set hedge, and scratched out both his eyes;
    Then, when he found his eyes were out, with all his might and main
    He jumped into the quick set hedge, and scratched them in again."

"There was a man from Thessaly, and he was incredibly wise;
    He jumped into a thorny hedge and scratched out both his eyes;
    Then, when he realized his eyes were gone, with all his strength and effort
    He jumped into the thorny hedge again and scratched them back in."}

Old herbals pronounced it "cephalic, ophthalmic, and good for a weak memory." Hildamus relates that it restored the sight of many persons at the age of seventy or eighty years. "Eyebright made into a powder, and then into an electuary with sugar, hath," says Culpeper, "powerful effect to help and to restore the sight decayed through years; and if the herb were but as much used as it is neglected, it would have spoilt the trade of the maker."

Old herbals called it "cephalic, good for the eyes, and helpful for a weak memory." Hildamus mentions that it helped many people regain their sight at seventy or eighty years old. "Eyebright, turned into a powder and then mixed with sugar to make an electuary, has," says Culpeper, "a powerful effect in helping to restore vision that has faded over the years; and if this herb were used as much as it is ignored, it would have ruined the business of the practitioner."

On the whole it is probable that the Eyebright will succeed best for eyes weakened by long-continued straining, and for those which are dim and watery from old age. Shenstone declared, "Famed Euphrasy may not be left unsung, which grants dim eyes to wander leagues around"; and Milton has told us in Paradise Lost, Book XI:—

On the whole, it's likely that Eyebright will work best for eyes that have been strained for a long time and for those that are blurry and watery due to aging. Shenstone said, "Famed Euphrasy shouldn’t go unmentioned, as it allows dim eyes to wander miles around"; and Milton mentioned in Paradise Lost, Book XI:—

    "To nobler sights
    Michael from Adam's eyes the film removed,
    Then purged with Euphrasy and rue
    The visual nerve, for he had much to see."

"To greater visions
Michael from Adam's eyes the veil lifted,
Then cleansed with Euphrasy and rue
The optic nerve, for he had much to perceive."

[178] The Arabians I mew the herb Eyebright under the name Adhil, It now makes an ingredient in British herbal tobacco, which is smoked most usefully for chronic bronchial colds. Some sceptics do not hesitate to say that the Eyebright owes its reputation solely to the fact that the tiny flower bears in its centre a yellow spot, which is darker towards the middle, and gives a close resemblance to the human eye; wherefore, on the doctrine of signatures, it was pronounced curative of ocular derangements. The present Poet Laureate speaks of the herb as:—

[178] The Arabs call the herb Eyebright Adhil. It is now an ingredient in British herbal tobacco, which is particularly useful for chronic bronchial colds. Some skeptics openly claim that Eyebright's reputation comes solely from the fact that the tiny flower has a yellow spot in its center, which is darker in the middle and closely resembles the human eye. Because of the doctrine of signatures, it was believed to cure eye problems. The current Poet Laureate refers to the herb as:—

                 "The Eyebright this.
     Whereof when steeped in wine I now must eat
     Because it strengthens mindfulness."

"The Eyebright this.
Now, when soaked in wine, I must eat it
Because it boosts my focus."

Grandmother Cooper, a gipsy of note for skill in healing, practised the cure of inflamed and scrofulous eyes, by anointing them with clay, rubbed up with her spittle, which proved highly successful. Outside was applied a piece of rag kept wet with water in which a cabbage had been boiled. As confirmatory of this cure, we read reverently in the Gospel of St. John about the man "which was blind from his birth," and for whose restoration to sight our Saviour "spat on the ground, and made clay of the spittle, and anointed the eyes of the blind man with the clay." More than one eminent oculist has similarly advised that weak, ailing eyes should be daily wetted on waking with the fasting saliva. And it is well known that "mothers' marks" of a superficial character, but even of a considerable size, become dissipated by a daily licking with the mother's tongue. Old Mizaldus taught that "the fasting spittle of a whole and sound person both quite taketh away all scurviness, or redness of the face, ringworms, tetters, and all kinds [179] of pustules, by smearing or rubbing the infected place therewith; and likewise it clean puts away thereby all painful swelling by the means of any venomous thing as hornets, spiders, toads, and such like." Healthy saliva is slightly alkaline, and contains sulphocyanate of potassium.

Grandmother Cooper, a well-known healer, treated inflamed and scrofulous eyes by applying clay mixed with her saliva, which was very effective. A damp piece of cloth soaked in water from boiled cabbage was placed on the eyes. To support this method, we read respectfully in the Gospel of St. John about the man "who was blind from birth," and how our Savior "spat on the ground, made clay with the saliva, and anointed the blind man's eyes with the clay." More than one respected eye doctor has also recommended that weak, troubled eyes be moistened each morning with saliva from a fasting state. It's also well-known that "mothers' marks," even if they're quite large, can disappear with daily licking from the mother's tongue. Old Mizaldus taught that "the saliva of a healthy person can completely remove scurvy, redness of the face, ringworm, and all kinds of pustules by applying or rubbing it on the infected area; it can also completely relieve any painful swelling caused by venomous creatures like hornets, spiders, toads, and similar." Healthy saliva is slightly alkaline and contains potassium thiocyanate.

FENNEL.

We all know the pleasant taste of Fennel sauce when eaten with boiled mackerel. This culinary condiment is made with Sweet Fennel, cultivated in our kitchen gardens, and which is a variety of the wild Fennel growing commonly in England as the Finkel, especially in Cornwall and Devon, on chalky cliffs near the sea. It is then an aromatic plant of the umbelliferous order, but differing from the rest of its tribe in producing bright yellow flowers.

We all know how great Fennel sauce tastes with boiled mackerel. This condiment is made from Sweet Fennel, which we grow in our kitchen gardens and is a type of the wild Fennel, commonly found in England as Finkel, especially in Cornwall and Devon, on chalky cliffs by the sea. It's an aromatic plant in the umbelliferous family but stands out from others in its group by producing bright yellow flowers.

Botanically, it is the Anethum foeniculum, or "small fragrant hay" of the Romans, and the Marathron of the Greeks. The whole plant has a warm carminative taste, and the old Greeks esteemed it highly for promoting the secretion of milk in nursing mothers. Macer alleged that the use of Fennel was first taught to man by serpents. His classical lines on the subject when translated run thus:—

Botanically, it's the Anethum foeniculum, or "small fragrant hay" as the Romans called it, and the Marathron used by the Greeks. The entire plant has a warm, soothing flavor, and the ancient Greeks valued it for helping nursing mothers produce more milk. Macer claimed that serpents were the first to teach humans about the use of fennel. His famous lines on the topic, when translated, go like this:—

     "By eating herb of Fennel, for the eyes
     A cure for blindness had the serpent wise;
     Man tried the plant; and, trusting that his sight
     Might thus be healed, rejoiced to find him right."

"By eating fennel herb, for the eyes
     A remedy for blindness had the wise serpent;
     Man tried the plant; and, trusting that his sight
     Might be healed this way, was happy to find it worked."

     "Hac mansâ serpens oculos caligine purgat;
     Indeque compertum est humanis posse mederi
     Illum hominibus: atque experiendo probatum est."

"Hac mansâ, the serpent clears its eyes of darkness;
And from that, it has been discovered that it can heal
Humans: and this has been proven through experience."

Pliny also asserts that the ophidia, when they cast their skins, have recourse to this plant for restoring their [180] sight. Others have averred that serpents wax young again by eating of the herb; "Wherefore the use of it is very meet for aged folk."

Pliny also claims that snakes, when they shed their skins, rely on this plant to restore their sight. Others have said that serpents regain their youth by eating the herb; "Therefore, its use is very suitable for elderly people."

Fennel powder may be employed for making an eyewash: half-a-teaspoonful infused in a wineglassful of cold water, and decanted when clear. A former physician to the Emperor of Germany saw a monk cured by his tutor in nine days of a cataract by only applying the roots of Fennel with the decoction to his eyes.

Fennel powder can be used to create an eyewash: half a teaspoon infused in a wineglass of cold water, and poured off when it's clear. A former physician to the Emperor of Germany witnessed a monk being cured of a cataract in nine days just by having the roots of fennel and the decoction applied to his eyes by his teacher.

In the Elizabethan age the herb was quoted as an emblem of flattery; and Lily wrote, "Little things catch light minds; and fancie is a worm that feedeth first upon Fennel." Again, Milton says, in Paradise Lost, Book XI:—

In the Elizabethan era, the herb was seen as a symbol of flattery; and Lily wrote, "Small things attract superficial minds; and fancy is a worm that first feeds on Fennel." Additionally, Milton says in Paradise Lost, Book XI:—

                 "The savoury odour blown,
     Grateful to appetite, more pleased my sense
     Than smell of sweetest Fennel."

"The savory smell wafted,
Thankful to my hunger, pleased my senses
More than the scent of the sweetest fennel."

Shakespeare makes the sister of Laertes say to the King, in
Hamlet, when wishing to prick the royal conscience, "There's
Fennel for you." And Falstaff commends Poins thus, in Henry the
Fourth, "He plays at quoits well, and eats conger, and Fennel."

Shakespeare has Laertes' sister tell the King in
Hamlet, trying to stir his conscience, "Here’s
some fennel for you." And Falstaff praises Poins in Henry the
Fourth, saying, "He plays quoits well, eats conger, and fennel."

The Italians take blanched stalks of the cultivated Fennel (which they call Cartucci) as a salad; and in Germany its seeds are added to bread as a condiment, much as we put caraways in some of our cakes. The leaves are eaten raw with pickled fish to correct its oily indigestibility. Evelyn says the peeled stalks, soft and white, when "dressed like salery," exercise a pleasant action conducive to sleep. Roman bakers put the herb under their loaves in the oven to make the bread taste agreeably.

The Italians eat blanched stalks of cultivated fennel (which they call Cartucci) as a salad, and in Germany, its seeds are added to bread as a seasoning, similar to how we use caraway seeds in some of our cakes. The leaves are eaten raw with pickled fish to offset its oily heaviness. Evelyn mentions that the peeled stalks, which are soft and white, when "prepared like celery," have a pleasant effect that promotes sleep. Roman bakers would place the herb underneath their loaves in the oven to give the bread a nice flavor.

Chemically, the cultivated Fennel plant furnishes a volatile aromatic oil, a fixed fatty principle, sugar, and some [181] in the root; also a bitter resinous extract. It is an admirable corrective of flatulence; and yields an essential oil, of which from two to four drops taken on a lump of sugar will promptly relieve griping of the bowels with distension. Likewise a hot infusion, made by pouring half-a-pint of boiling water on a teaspoonful of the bruised seeds will comfort belly ache in the infant, if given in teaspoonful doses sweetened with sugar, and will prove an active remedy in promoting female monthly regularity, if taken at the periodical times, in doses of a wineglassful three times in the day. Gerard says, "The green leaves of the Fennel eaten, or the seed made into a ptisan, and drunk, do fill women's brestes with milk; also the seed if drunk asswageath the wambling of the stomacke, and breaketh the winde." The essential oil corresponds in composition to that of anise, but contains a special camphoraceous body of its own; whilst its vapour will cause the tears and the saliva to flow. A syrup prepared from the expressed juice was formerly given for chronic coughs.

Chemically, the cultivated fennel plant produces a volatile aromatic oil, a fixed fatty substance, sugar, and some [181] in the root; it also yields a bitter resinous extract. It’s an excellent remedy for gas and provides an essential oil that, when taken in two to four drops on a lump of sugar, will quickly relieve abdominal cramps and bloating. Similarly, a hot infusion made by pouring half a pint of boiling water over a teaspoon of crushed seeds can soothe an infant’s belly ache if given in teaspoon doses sweetened with sugar. Additionally, it serves as an effective remedy to promote regular menstrual cycles for women when taken during their periods in doses of a wineglass three times a day. Gerard states, "The green leaves of the fennel eaten, or the seeds made into a drink, fill women's breasts with milk; also, the seeds when consumed ease stomach discomfort and reduce gas." The essential oil has a composition similar to that of anise but includes a unique camphor-like component; its vapor can trigger tears and saliva production. A syrup made from the extracted juice was once used to treat chronic coughs.

W. Coles teaches in Nature's Paradise, that "both the leaves, seeds, and roots, are much used in drinks and broths for those that are grown fat, to abate their unwieldinesse, and make them more gaunt and lank." The ancient Greek name of the herb, Marathron, from maraino, to grow thin, probably embodied the same notion. "In warm climates," said Matthiolus, "the stems are cut, and there exudes a resinous liquid, which is collected under the name of fennel gum."

W. Coles writes in Nature's Paradise that "the leaves, seeds, and roots are commonly used in drinks and broths for those who have gained weight, to reduce their bulk and make them leaner." The ancient Greek name for the herb, Marathron, derived from maraino, meaning to grow thin, likely carried the same idea. "In warm climates," Matthiolus noted, "the stems are cut, and a resinous liquid oozes out, which is collected and referred to as fennel gum."

The Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia orders "Sweet Fennel seeds, combined with juniper berries and caraway seeds, for making with spirit of wine, the 'compound spirit of juniper,' which is noted for promoting a copious flow of urine in dropsy." The bruised plant, if applied [182] externally, will speedily relieve toothache or earache. This likewise proves of service as a poultice to resolve chronic swellings. Powdered Fennel is an ingredient in the modern laxative "compound liquorice powder" with senna. The flower, surrounded by its four leaves, is called in the South of England, "Devil in a bush." An old proverb of ours, which is still believed in New England, says, that "Sowing Fennel is sowing sorrow." A modern distilled water is now obtained from the cultivated plant, and dispensed by the druggist. The whole herb has been supposed to confer longevity, strength and courage. Longfellow wrote a poem about it to this effect.

The Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia states, "Sweet Fennel seeds, mixed with juniper berries and caraway seeds, are used to make 'compound spirit of juniper' with wine spirit, which is known for increasing urine flow in cases of dropsy." When the bruised plant is applied externally, it quickly eases toothache or earache. It can also be used as a poultice to help reduce chronic swelling. Powdered Fennel is now found in the contemporary laxative "compound liquorice powder" with senna. In the South of England, the flower, which has four leaves, is called "Devil in a bush." An old saying we have, still believed in New England, goes, "Sowing Fennel is sowing sorrow." A modern distilled water is made from the cultivated plant and is available from pharmacies. The whole herb has historically been thought to promote longevity, strength, and courage. Longfellow wrote a poem about it expressing this belief.

The fine-leaved Hemlock Water Dropwort (Oenanthe Phellandrium), is the Water Fennel.

The fine-leaved Hemlock Water Dropwort (Oenanthe Phellandrium) is also known as Water Fennel.

FERNS.

Only some few of our native Ferns are known to possess medicinal virtues, though they may all be happily pronounced devoid of poisonous or deleterious properties. As curative simples, a brief consideration will be given here to the common male and female Ferns, the Royal Fern, the Hart's Tongue, the Maidenhair, the common Polypody, the Spleenwort, and the Wall Rue. Generically, the term "fern" has been referred to the word "feather," because of the pinnate leaves, or to farr, a bullock, from the use of the plants as litter for cattle. Ferns are termed Filices, from the Latin word filum, a thread, because of their filamentary fronds. Each of those now particularized owes its respective usefulness chiefly to its tannin; while the few more specially endowed with healing powers yield also a peculiar chemical acid "filicic," which is fatal to worms. In an old charter, A.D. 855, the [183] right of pasturage on the common Ferns was called "fearnleswe," or Pascua procorum, the pasturage of swine (from fearrh, a pig). Matthiolus when writing of the ferns, male and female, says, Utriusque radice sues pinguescunt. In some parts of England Ferns at large are known as "Devil's brushes"; and to bite off close to the ground the first Fern which appears in the Spring, is said, in Cornwall, to cure toothache, and to prevent its return during the remainder of the year.

Only a few of our native ferns are known to have medicinal properties, although they can all be safely said to be free from poisonous or harmful effects. Here, we'll briefly look at the common male and female ferns, the Royal Fern, the Hart's Tongue, the Maidenhair, the common Polypody, the Spleenwort, and the Wall Rue. Generally, the term "fern" is related to the word "feather," due to their feather-like leaves, or to farr, meaning a bullock, because the plants are used as bedding for cattle. Ferns are called Filices, from the Latin word filum, meaning a thread, because of their thread-like fronds. Each of these ferns owes its usefulness mainly to its tannin content; those with especially strong healing qualities also produce a unique chemical acid called "filicic," which is deadly to worms. In an old charter from A.D. 855, the right to graze on common ferns was referred to as "fearnleswe," or Pascua procorum, which means the pasturage of swine (from fearrh, a pig). Matthiolus, when writing about both male and female ferns, states, Utriusque radice sues pinguescunt. In some parts of England, ferns are often called "Devil's brushes"; and in Cornwall, it is believed that biting off the first fern that appears in the spring, close to the ground, cures toothache and prevents it from coming back for the rest of the year.

The common Male Fern (Filix mas) or Shield Fern, grows abundantly in all parts of Great Britain, and has been known from the times of Theophrastus and Dioscorides, as a specific remedy for intestinal worms, particularly the tape worm. For medicinal purposes, the green part of the rhizome is kept and dried; this is then powdered, and its oleo-resin is extracted by ether. The green fixed oil thus obtained; which is poisonous to worms, consists of the glycerides of filocylic and filosmylic acids, with tannin, starch, gum, and sugar. The English oil of Male Fern is more reliable than that which is imported from the Continent. Twenty drops made into an emulsion with mucilage should be given every half-hour on an empty stomach, until sixty or eighty drops have been taken. It is imprudent to administer the full quantity in a single dose. The treatment should be thus pursued when the vigour of the parasite has been first reduced by a low diet for a couple of days, and is lying within the intestines free from alimentary matter; a purgative being said to assist the action of the plant, though it is, independently, quite efficacious. The knowledge of this remedy had become lost, until it was repurchased for fifteen thousand francs, in 1775, by the French king, under the advice of his principal physicians, from Madame Nouffer, [184] a surgeon's widow in Switzerland, who employed it as a secret mode of cure with infallible success. Her method consisted in giving from one to three drams of the powdered root, after using a clyster, and following the dose up with a purge of scammony and calomel. The rhizome should not be used medicinally if more than a year old. A medicinal tincture (H.) is now prepared from the root-stock with proof spirit, in the autumn when the fronds are dying.

The common Male Fern (Filix mas), also known as the Shield Fern, grows widely throughout Great Britain and has been recognized since the times of Theophrastus and Dioscorides as a specific treatment for intestinal worms, especially tapeworms. For medicinal use, the green part of the rhizome is harvested and dried; this is then ground into powder, and its oleo-resin is extracted using ether. The resulting green fixed oil, which is toxic to worms, contains the glycerides of filocylic and filosmylic acids, along with tannin, starch, gum, and sugar. The English oil of Male Fern is more reliable than the imported varieties from the Continent. Twenty drops mixed into an emulsion with mucilage should be taken every half-hour on an empty stomach, until a total of sixty or eighty drops is consumed. It's unwise to take the full dosage in one go. This treatment should begin after reducing the parasite's strength with a low diet for a couple of days, allowing it to reside in the intestines without any food, and a purgative may enhance the plant's action, though it's effective on its own. Knowledge of this remedy was forgotten until it was reacquired for fifteen thousand francs in 1775 by the French king, based on the advice of his top physicians, from Madame Nouffer, a surgeon’s widow in Switzerland, who used it as a secret cure with consistent success. Her method involved administering one to three drams of the powdered root after using an enema, followed by a purge of scammony and calomel. The rhizome should not be used medicinally if it’s over a year old. A medicinal tincture (H.) is now prepared from the root-stock with high-proof spirit in the autumn when the fronds are dying.

The young shoots and curled leaves of the Male Fern, which is distinguished by having one main rib, are sometimes eaten like asparagus; whilst the fronds make an excellent litter for horses and cattle. The seed of this and some other species of Fern is so minute (one frond producing more than a million) as not to be visible to the naked eye. Hence, on the doctrine of signatures, the plant—like the ring of Gyges, found in a brazen horse—has been thought to confer invisibility. Thus Shakespeare says, Henry IV., Act II., Scene 1, "We have the receipt of Fern seed; we walk invisible."

The young shoots and curled leaves of the Male Fern, which is known for having one main rib, are sometimes eaten like asparagus, while the fronds make great bedding for horses and cattle. The seeds of this and some other fern species are so tiny (one frond can produce more than a million) that they aren’t visible to the naked eye. Because of this, according to the doctrine of signatures, the plant—similar to the ring of Gyges found in a bronze horse—has been thought to grant invisibility. As Shakespeare says in Henry IV, Act II, Scene 1, "We have the receipt of Fern seed; we walk invisible."

Bracken or Brakes, which grows more freely than any other of the Fern tribe throughout England, is the Filix foemina, or common Female Fern. The fronds of this are branched, whilst the male plant having only one main rib, is more powerful as an astringent, and antiseptic; "the powder thereof freely beaten healeth the galled necks of oxen and other cattell." Bracken is also named botanically, Pteris aquilina, because the figure which appears in its succulent stem when cut obliquely across at the base, has been thought to resemble a spread eagle; and, therefore, Linnaeus termed the Fern Aquilina. Some call it, for the same reason, "King Charles in the oak tree"; and in Scotland the symbol is said to be an impression of the Devil's foot. [185] Again, witches are reputed to detest this Fern, since it bears on its cut root the Greek letter X, which is the initial of Christos.

Bracken, or Brakes, which grows more abundantly than any other fern in England, is the Filix foemina, or common Female Fern. Its fronds are branched, while the male plant, which has only one main rib, is more effective as an astringent and antiseptic; "the powder from it, when finely ground, heals the galled necks of oxen and other cattle." Bracken is also scientifically named Pteris aquilina because the shape that appears in its juicy stem when cut diagonally at the base is thought to resemble a spread eagle, which is why Linnaeus called the fern Aquilina. Some people refer to it for the same reason as "King Charles in the oak tree"; and in Scotland, the symbol is said to resemble the Devil's foot. [185] Additionally, witches are believed to hate this fern since it shows the Greek letter X on its cut root, which is the first letter of Christos.

In Ireland it is called the Fern of God, because of the belief that if the stem be cut into three sections, on the first of these will be seen the letter G; on the second O; and on the third D.

In Ireland, it’s known as the Fern of God because people believe that if you cut the stem into three sections, the first will show the letter G, the second O, and the third D.

An old popular proverb says about this Bracken:—

An old popular saying goes about this Bracken:—

     "When the Fern is as high as a spoon
     You may sleep an hour at noon,
     When the Fern is as high as a ladle
     You may sleep as long as you're able,
     When the Fern is looking red
     Milk is good with faire brown bread."

"When the fern is as high as a spoon
     You can nap for an hour at noon,
     When the fern is as high as a ladle
     You can sleep as long as you’re able,
     When the fern is turning red
     Milk pairs well with fair brown bread."

The Bracken grows almost exclusively on waste places and uncultivated ground; or, as Horace testified in Roman days, Neglectis urenda filix innascitur agris. It contains much potash; and its ashes were formerly employed in the manufacture of soap. The young tops of the plant are boiled in Hampshire for hogs' food, and the peculiar flavour of Hampshire bacon has been attributed to this custom. The root affords much starch, and is used medicinally. "For thigh aches" [sciatica], says an old writer, "smoke the legs thoroughly with Fern braken."

The bracken grows mostly in abandoned areas and uncultivated land; or, as Horace noted in Roman times, Neglectis urenda filix innascitur agris. It has a lot of potash, and its ashes were once used to make soap. In Hampshire, the young tops of the plant are cooked as pig feed, and this practice has been linked to the unique taste of Hampshire bacon. The root contains a lot of starch and is used for medicinal purposes. "For leg pain" [sciatica], an old writer advises, "smoke the legs thoroughly with fern bracken."

During the Seventeenth Century it was customary to set growing Brakes on fire with the belief that this would produce rain. A like custom of "firing the Bracken" still prevails to-day on the Devonshire moors. By an official letter the Earl of Pembroke admonished the High Sheriff of Stafford to forbear the burning of Ferns during a visit of Charles I., as "His Majesty desired that the country and himself may enjoy fair weather as long as he should remain in those parts."

During the 17th century, it was common to set growing brambles on fire with the belief that it would bring rain. A similar practice of "burning the bracken" still happens today on the Devonshire moors. In an official letter, the Earl of Pembroke warned the High Sheriff of Stafford to stop burning ferns during a visit from Charles I, as "His Majesty wanted the country and himself to enjoy nice weather for as long as he stayed in those parts."

In northern climates a coarse kind of bread is made [186] from the roots of the Brake Fern; whilst in the south the young shoots are often sold in bundles as a salad. (Some writers give the name of Lady Fern, not to the Bracken, but to the Asplenium filix foemina, because of its delicate and graceful foliage.) The Bracken has branched riblets, and is more viscid, mucilaginous, and diuretic, than the Male Fern.

In northern climates, a rough type of bread is made from the roots of the Brake Fern, while in the south, the young shoots are often sold in bundles as a salad. (Some authors refer to the Lady Fern not as the Bracken, but as the Asplenium filix foemina, due to its delicate and graceful leaves.) The Bracken has branched riblets and is stickier, more gelatinous, and has stronger diuretic properties than the Male Fern.

Its ashes when burnt contain much vegetable alkali which has been used freely in making glass.

Its ashes, when burned, contain a lot of vegetable alkali, which has been commonly used in making glass.

It was customary to "watch the Fern" on Midsummer eve, when the plant put forth at dusk a blue flower, and a wonderful seed at midnight, which was carefully collected, and known as "wish seed." This gave the power to discover hidden treasures, whilst to drink the sap conferred perpetual youth.

It was a tradition to "watch the Fern" on Midsummer eve, when the plant bloomed a blue flower at dusk and produced a magical seed at midnight, which was carefully collected and called "wish seed." This seed had the power to reveal hidden treasures, and drinking the sap granted eternal youth.

The Royal Fern (Osmunda regalis), grows abundantly in many parts of Great Britain, and is the stateliest of Ferns in its favourite watery haunts. It heeds a soil of bog earth, and is incorrectly styled "the flowering Fern," from its handsome spikes of fructification. One of its old English names is "Osmund, the Waterman"; and the white centre of its root has been called the heart of Osmund. This middle part boiled in some kind of liquor was supposed good for persons wounded, dry-beaten, and bruised, or that have fallen from some high place. The name "Osmund" is thought to be derived from os, the mouth, or os, bone, and mundare, to cleanse, or from gross mond kraut, the Greater Moonwort; but others refer it to Saint Osmund wading a river, whilst bearing the Christ on his shoulders. The root or rhizome has a mucilaginous slightly bitter taste. The tender sprigs of the plant at their first coming are "good to be put into balmes, oyles, and healing plasters." Dodonoeus says, "the harte of the root of [187] Osmonde is good against squattes, and bruises, heavie and grievous falles, and whatever hurte or dislocation soever it be." "A conserve of these buds," said Dr. Short of Sheffield, 1746, "is a specific in the rickets; and the roots stamped in water or gin till the liquor becometh a stiff mucilage, has cured many most deplorable pains of the back, that have confined the distracted sufferers close to bed for several weeks." This mucilage was to be rubbed over the vertebrae of the back each night and morning for five or six days together. Also for rickets, "take of the powdered roots with the whitest sugar, and sprinkle some thereof on the child's pap, and on all his liquid foods." "It maketh a noble remedy," said Dr. Bowles, "without any other medicine." The actual curative virtues of this Fern are most probably due to the salts of lime, potash, and other earths, which it derives in solution from the bog soil, and from the water in which it grows. On July 25th it is specially dedicated to St. Christopher, its patron saint.

The Royal Fern (Osmunda regalis) grows widely in many areas of Great Britain and is the most impressive of ferns in its preferred wet environments. It thrives in boggy soil and is mistakenly called "the flowering fern" because of its attractive spikes that bear spores. One of its old English names is "Osmund, the Waterman," and the white center of its root is referred to as the heart of Osmund. This central part, when boiled in some kind of liquid, was believed to be beneficial for people who were wounded, beaten, bruised, or had fallen from a height. The name "Osmund" is thought to come from os, meaning mouth, or os, meaning bone, and mundare, which means to cleanse, or from gross mond kraut, the Greater Moonwort; however, some attribute it to Saint Osmund wading through a river while carrying Christ on his shoulders. The root or rhizome has a slightly bitter, gelatinous taste. The tender young shoots of the plant, when they first appear, are "good to be used in balms, oils, and healing plasters." Dodonoeus states that "the heart of the root of [187] Osmonde is effective against bruises, severe falls, and any type of injury or dislocation." Dr. Short from Sheffield said in 1746, "a conserve of these buds is a remedy for rickets; and the roots mashed in water or gin until the liquid turns into a thick gel has relieved many severe back pains that kept sufferers bedridden for weeks." This gel should be applied to the back's vertebrae every night and morning for five or six days. For rickets, "take the powdered roots with the whitest sugar and sprinkle some on the child's porridge and all liquid foods." "It makes a great remedy," said Dr. Bowles, "without needing any other medicine." The actual healing properties of this fern are likely due to the salts of lime, potash, and other minerals that it absorbs from the bog soil and the water in which it grows. On July 25th, it is specifically dedicated to St. Christopher, its patron saint.

The Hart's Tongue or Hind's Tongue, is a Fern of common English growth in shady copses on moist banks, it being the Lingua cervina of the apothecaries, and its name expressing the shape of its fronds. This, the Scolopendrium vulgare, is also named "Button-hole," "Horse tongue;" and in the Channel Islands "Godshair." The older physicians esteemed it as a very valuable medicine; and Galen gave it for diarrhoea or dysentery. By reason of its tannin it will restrain bleedings, "being commended," says Gerard, "against the bloody flux." People in rural districts make an ointment from its leaves for burns and scalds. It was formerly, in company with the common Maidenhair Fern, one of the five great capillary herbs. Dr. Tuthill Massy advises the drinking, in Bright's disease, of as much as three [188] half-pints daily of an infusion of this Fern, whilst always taking care to gather the young shoots. Also, in combination (H.) with the American Golden Seal (Hydrastis canadensis). the Hart's Tongue has served in not a few authenticated cases to arrest the progress of that formidable disease, diabetes mellitus. Its distilled water will quiet any palpitations of the heart, and will stay the hiccough; it will likewise help the falling of the palate (relaxed throat), or stop bleeding of the gums if the mouth be gargled therewith.

The Hart's Tongue, or Hind's Tongue, is a fern commonly found in shady areas near moist banks in England. It’s known as Lingua cervina by apothecaries, with its name reflecting the shape of its fronds. This fern, Scolopendrium vulgare, is also called "Button-hole," "Horse tongue," and in the Channel Islands, "Godshair." Older physicians valued it as a potent medicine; Galen used it for diarrhea and dysentery. Thanks to its tannin content, it can help stop bleeding, "being recommended," says Gerard, "for the bloody flux." People in rural areas create an ointment from its leaves to treat burns and scalds. It was once, alongside the common Maidenhair Fern, considered one of the five major capillary herbs. Dr. Tuthill Massy suggests drinking up to three half-pints a day of an infusion of this fern for Bright's disease, ensuring to collect the young shoots. Additionally, when combined (H.) with the American Golden Seal (Hydrastis canadensis), Hart's Tongue has helped halt the progress of the severe disease diabetes mellitus in several documented cases. Its distilled water can soothe heart palpitations and stop hiccups; it can also aid with a relaxed palate (droopy throat) or control gum bleeding when gargled with it.

From the Ophioglossum vulgatum, "'Adder's tongue,' or 'Christ's Spear,' when boiled in olive oil is produced a most excellent greene oyle. Or rather a balsam for greene wounds, comparable to oyle of St. John's Wort; if it doth not far surpasse it." A preparation from this plant known as the "green oil of charity," is still in request as a vulnerary, and remedy for wounds.

From the Ophioglossum vulgatum, "'Adder's tongue,' or 'Christ's Spear,' when boiled in olive oil creates a very effective green oil. Or rather, a balm for fresh wounds, similar to St. John's Wort oil; if it doesn’t actually surpass it." A preparation from this plant called the "green oil of charity" is still sought after as a healing treatment for wounds.

The true Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum capillus veneris), of exquisite foliage, and of a dark crimson colour, is a stranger in England, except in the West country. But we have in greater abundance the common Maidenhair (Asplenium trichomanes), which grows on old walls, and which will act as a laxative medicine; whilst idiots are said to have taken it remedially, so as to recover their senses. The true Maidenhair is named Adiantum, from the Greek: Quod denso imbre cadente destillans foliis tenuis non insidet humor, "Because the leaves are not wetted even by a heavily falling shower of rain." "In vain," saith Pliny, "do you plunge the Adiantum into water, it always remains dry." This veracious plant doth "strengthen and embellish the hair." It, occurs but rarely with us; on damp rocks, and walls near the sea. The Maidenhair is called Polytrichon because it brings forth a multitude of hairs; [189] Calitrichon because it produces black and faire hair; Capillus veneris because it fosters grace and love.

The true Maidenhair Fern (Adiantum capillus veneris), with its beautiful foliage and dark crimson color, is quite rare in England, except in the West Country. However, we have a more common variety, the Maidenhair (Asplenium trichomanes), which grows on old walls and can act as a laxative; it's said that those with mental challenges have used it to regain their senses. The true Maidenhair is called Adiantum, which comes from the Greek: Quod denso imbre cadente destillans foliis tenuis non insidet humor, meaning "Because the leaves are not wetted even by a heavily falling shower of rain." "In vain," says Pliny, "do you plunge the Adiantum into water; it always remains dry." This remarkable plant "strengthens and beautifies the hair." It grows infrequently with us, usually on damp rocks and walls near the sea. The Maidenhair is called Polytrichon because it produces many hairs; Calitrichon because it yields both black and light hair; and Capillus veneris because it promotes grace and love.

From its fine hairlike stems, and perhaps from its attributed virtues in toilet use, this Fern has acquired the name of "Our Lady's Hair" and "Maria's Fern." "The true Maidenhair," says Gerard, "maketh the hair of the head and beard to grow that is fallen and pulled off." From this graceful Fern a famous elegant syrup is made in France called Capillaire; which is given as a favourite medicine in pulmonary catarrh. It is flavoured with orange flowers, and acts as a demulcent with slightly stimulating effects. One part of the plant is gently boiled with ten parts of water, and with nineteen parts of white sugar. Dr. Johnson says Boswell used to put Capillaire into his port wine. Sir John Hill instructed us that (as we cannot get the true Maidenhair fresh in England) the fine syrup made in France from their Fern in perfection, concocted with pure Narbonne honey, is not by any means to be thought a trifle, because barley water, sweetened with this, is one of the very best remedies for a violent cold. But a tea brewed from our more common Maidenhair will answer the same purpose for tedious coughs. Its leaves are sweet, mucilaginous, and expectorant, being, therefore, highly useful in many pulmonary disorders.

From its fine hairlike stems, and possibly due to its supposed benefits for personal care, this Fern has earned the names "Our Lady's Hair" and "Maria's Fern." "The true Maidenhair," Gerard states, "helps restore hair on the head and beard that has fallen out." A well-known elegant syrup called Capillaire is made from this graceful Fern in France; it is commonly used as a remedy for respiratory issues. It’s flavored with orange blossoms and acts as a soothing agent with mild stimulating effects. One part of the plant is gently boiled with ten parts of water and nineteen parts of white sugar. Dr. Johnson mentioned that Boswell used to mix Capillaire into his port wine. Sir John Hill informed us that since we can't get fresh true Maidenhair in England, the fine syrup made in France from their Fern, prepared with pure Narbonne honey, should not be considered insignificant, as barley water sweetened with it is one of the best remedies for a severe cold. However, a tea made from our more common Maidenhair can also serve the same purpose for lingering coughs. Its leaves are sweet, mucilaginous, and expectorant, making them very beneficial for various respiratory ailments.

The common Polypody Fern, or "rheum-purging Polypody" grows plentifully in this country on old walls and stumps of trees, in shady places. In Hampshire it is called "Adder's Tongue," as derived from the word attor, poison; also Wall-fern, and formerly in Anglo-Saxon Ever-fern, or Boar-fern. In Germany it is said to have sprung from the Virgin's milk, and is named Marie bregue. The fresh root has been used successfully in decoction, or powdered, for melancholia; [190] also of late for general rheumatic swelling of the joints. By the ancients it was employed as a purgative. Six drachms by weight of the root should be infused for two hours in a pint of boiling water, and given in two doses. This is the Oak Fern of the herbalists; not that of modern botanists (Polypodium dryopteris); it being held that such Fern plants as grew upon the roots of an oak tree were of special medicinal powers, Quod nascit super radices quercûs est efficacius. The true Oak Fern (Dryopteris) grows chiefly in mountainous districts among the mossy roots of old oak trees, and sometimes in marshy places. If its root is bruised and applied to the skin of any hairy part, whilst the person is sweating, this will cause the hair to come away. Dioscorides said, "The root of Polypody is very good for chaps between the fingers." "It serveth," writes Gerard, "to make the belly soluble, being boiled in the broth of an old cock, with beets or mallows, or other like things, that move to the stool by their slipperiness." Parkinson says: "A dram or two, it need be, of the powdered dry roots taken fasting, in a cupful of honeyed water, worketh gently as a purge, being a safe medicine, fit for all persons and seasons, which daily experience confirmeth." "Applied also to the nose it cureth the disease called polypus, which by time and sufferance stoppeth the nostrils." The leaves of the Polypody when burnt furnish a large proportion of carbonate of Potash.

The common Polypody Fern, or "rheum-purging Polypody," grows abundantly in this country on old walls and tree stumps, especially in shady spots. In Hampshire, it’s known as "Adder's Tongue," derived from the word attor, meaning poison; it’s also called Wall-fern and was previously referred to in Anglo-Saxon as Ever-fern or Boar-fern. In Germany, it’s said to have come from the Virgin's milk and is named Marie bregue. The fresh root has been successfully used in a decoction or powdered for treating melancholia; [190] recently, it’s also been used for general swelling of the joints due to rheumatism. The ancients used it as a purgative. For a dosage, six drachms of the root should be steeped for two hours in a pint of boiling water and taken in two doses. This is known as the Oak Fern among herbalists, not the one classified by modern botanists (Polypodium dryopteris); it was believed that ferns growing on oak tree roots had special medicinal properties, Quod nascit super radices quercûs est efficacius. The true Oak Fern (Dryopteris) primarily grows in mountainous areas among the mossy roots of old oak trees and sometimes in marshy locations. If its root is crushed and applied to the skin on any hairy area while the person is sweating, it will cause the hair to fall out. Dioscorides noted, "The root of Polypody is very good for chapped skin between the fingers." Gerard wrote, "It helps to make the belly move, especially when boiled in the broth of an old hen, with beets or mallows, or similar slippery things that aid in bowel movements." Parkinson mentioned, "One or two drams of the powdered dry roots taken on an empty stomach in a cup of honeyed water work gently as a purge, being a safe medicine suitable for everyone and all occasions, which daily experience confirms." "When applied to the nose, it also cures a condition called polypus, which gradually blocks the nostrils." The leaves of the Polypody, when burned, provide a significant amount of carbonate of potash.

The Spleenwort (Asplenium ceterach—an Arabian term), or Scaly Fern, or Finger Fern, grows on old walls, and in the clefts of moist rocks. It is also called "Miltwaste," because supposed to cure disorders of the milt, or spleen:—

The Spleenwort (Asplenium ceterach—an Arabian term), also known as the Scaly Fern or Finger Fern, grows on old walls and in the cracks of damp rocks. It's referred to as "Miltwaste" because it's believed to treat issues with the milt or spleen:—

"The Finger Fern, which being given to swine,
It makes their milt to melt away in fine."

"The Finger Fern, when given to pigs,
It makes their sperm dissolve away completely."

[191] Very probably this reputed virtue has mainly become attributed to the plant, because the lobular milt-like shape of its leaf resembles the form of the spleen. "No herbe maie be compared therewith," says one of the oldest Herbals, "for his singular virtue to help the sicknesse or grief of the splene." Pliny ordered: "It should not be given to women, because it bringeth barrenness." Vitruvius alleged that in Crete the flocks and herds were found to be without spleens, because they browsed on this fern. The plant was supposed when given medicinally to diminish the size of the enlarged spleen or "ague-cake."

[191] It's likely that this supposed virtue has mainly been attributed to the plant because the lobular, milt-like shape of its leaf looks like the spleen. "No herb can compare to it," says one of the oldest Herbals, "for its unique ability to help with the sickness or pain of the spleen." Pliny advised: "It shouldn't be given to women, because it causes barrenness." Vitruvius claimed that in Crete, the flocks and herds had no spleens because they grazed on this fern. The plant was believed to reduce the size of an enlarged spleen or "ague-cake" when used medicinally.

The Wall Rue (Ruta muraria) is a white Maidenhair Fern, and is named by some Salvia vitoe. It is a small herb, somewhat nearly of the colour of Garden Rue, and is likewise good for them that have a cough, or are shortwinded, or be troubled with stitches in the sides. It stayeth the falling or shedding of the hair, and causeth them to grow thick, fair, and well coloured. This plant is held by those of judgment and experience, to be as effectual a capillary herb as any whatever. Also, it helpeth ruptures in children. Matthiolus "hath known of divers holpen therein by taking the powder of the herb in drink for forty days together." Its leaves are like those of Rue, and the Fern has been called Tentwort from its use as a specific or sovereign remedy for the cure of rickets, a disease once known as "the taint."

The Wall Rue (Ruta muraria) is a white Maidenhair Fern, and is also called Salvia vitoe by some. It’s a small herb, similar in color to Garden Rue, and is beneficial for those with a cough, shortness of breath, or side stitches. It prevents hair from falling out and promotes thick, healthy, and well-colored hair growth. This plant is regarded by knowledgeable and experienced individuals as one of the most effective herbs for hair health. Additionally, it helps with ruptures in children. Matthiolus "has known of several people helped by taking the herb's powder in drink for forty days straight." Its leaves resemble those of Rue, and the Fern has been referred to as Tentwort due to its use as a specific remedy for rickets, a condition once known as "the taint."

The generic appellations of the several species of Ferns are derived thus: Aspidium, from aspis, a shield, because the spores are enclosed in bosses; Pteris, from pteerux, a wing, having doubly pinnate fronds; or from pteron, a feather, having feathery fronds; Scolopendrium, because the fructification is supposed to resemble the feet of Scoltpendra, a genus of mydrapods; and Polypody, many footed, by reason of the pectinate fronds.

The common names of the various types of ferns come from: Aspidium, from aspis, meaning shield, because the spores are enclosed in clusters; Pteris, from pteerux, meaning wing, because it has doubly pinnate leaves; or from pteron, meaning feather, due to its feathery leaves; Scolopendrium, as the reproductive structures are thought to resemble the feet of Scoltpendra, a group of centipedes; and Polypody, which means many footed, because of its comb-like fronds.

[192] There grows in Tartary a singular polypody Fern, of which the hairy foot is easily made to simulate in form a small sheep. It rises above the ground with excrescences resembling a head and tail, whilst having four leg-like fronds. Fabulous stories are told about this remarkable Fern root; and in China its hairy down is so highly valued as a styptic for fresh bleeding cuts and wounds, that few families will be without it. Dr. Darwin, in his Loves of the Plants, says about this curious natural production, the Polypodium Barometz:—

[192] In Tartary, there’s a unique polypody fern whose hairy base can easily be shaped to look like a small sheep. It grows up from the ground with protrusions that resemble a head and tail, and it has four frond-like legs. Amazing stories are told about this extraordinary fern root; in China, its hairy fibers are so highly regarded as a styptic for stopping fresh bleeding cuts and wounds that very few families go without it. Dr. Darwin, in his Loves of the Plants, mentions this intriguing natural phenomenon, the Polypodium Barometz:—

    "Cradled in snow, and fanned by Arctic air
    Shines, gentle Barometz, thy golden hair;
    Rooted in earth each cloven hoof descends,
    And found and round her flexile neck she bends:
    Crops the green coral moss, and hoary thyme,
    Or laps with rosy tongue the melting rime;
    Eyes with mute tenderness her distant dam,
    Or seems to bleat—a vegetable Lamb."

"Cradled in snow, and fanned by Arctic air
    Shines, gentle Barometz, your golden hair;
    Rooted in earth, each split hoof goes down,
    And found and around her flexible neck she bends:
    Eats the green coral moss, and gray thyme,
    Or licks with a rosy tongue the melting frost;
    Watches with silent tenderness her distant mother,
    Or seems to bleat—a vegetable Lamb."

FEVERFEW.

The Feverfew is one of the wild Chamomiles (Pyrethrum Parthenium), or Matricaria, so called because especially useful for motherhood. Its botanical names come from the Latin febrifugus, putting fever to flight, and parthenos, a virgin. The herb is a Composite plant, and grows in every hedgerow, with numerous small heads of yellow flowers, having outermost white rays, but with an upright stem; whereas that of the true garden Chamomile is procumbent. The whole plant has a pungent odour, and is particularly disliked by bees. A double variety is cultivated in gardens for ornamental purposes.

The Feverfew is one of the wild Chamomiles (Pyrethrum Parthenium) or Matricaria, named for its usefulness in motherhood. Its botanical names come from the Latin febrifugus, meaning "putting fever to flight," and parthenos, meaning "virgin." The herb is a Composite plant that grows in every hedgerow, featuring numerous small yellow flower heads surrounded by white outer rays, with a straight stem; the true garden Chamomile, however, has a sprawling stem. The whole plant has a strong odor and is particularly disliked by bees. A double variety is grown in gardens for decorative purposes.

The herb Feverfew is strengthening to the stomach, preventing hysteria and promoting the monthly functions of women. It is much used by country mediciners, though insufficiently esteemed by the doctors of to-day.

The herb Feverfew is good for the stomach, preventing hysteria and supporting women's menstrual cycles. It is widely used by rural healers, although it’s not well regarded by modern doctors.

[193] In Devonshire the plant is known as "Bachelor's buttons," and at Torquay as "Flirtwort," being also sometimes spoken of as "Feathyfew," or "Featherfull."

[193] In Devonshire, the plant is known as "Bachelor's buttons," and in Torquay, it's called "Flirtwort." It's also sometimes referred to as "Feathyfew" or "Featherfull."

Gerard says it may be used both in drinks, and bound on the wrists, as of singular virtue against the ague.

Gerard says it can be used in drinks and wrapped around the wrists, as it has special effectiveness against the chills.

As "Feverfue," it was ordered, by the Magi of old, "to be pulled from the ground with the left hand, and the fevered patient's name must be spoken forth, and the herbarist must not look behind him." Country persons have long been accustomed to make curative uses of this herb very commonly, which grows abundantly throughout England. Its leaves are feathery and of a delicate green colour, being conspicuous even in mid-winter. Chemically, the Feverfew furnishes a blue volatile oil; containing a camphoraceous stearopten, and a liquid hydrocarbon, together with some tannin, and a bitter mucilage.

As "Feverfew," it was instructed by the ancient Magi, "to be pulled from the ground with the left hand, and the name of the fevered patient must be spoken aloud, and the herb gatherer must not look back." People in the countryside have been using this herb for healing purposes for a long time, as it grows plentifully all over England. Its leaves are feathery and a delicate green color, making it noticeable even in mid-winter. Chemically, Feverfew produces a blue volatile oil that contains a camphor-like stearopten, a liquid hydrocarbon, some tannin, and a bitter mucilage.

The essential oil is medicinally useful for correcting female irregularities, as well as for obviating cold indigestion. The herb is also known as "Maydeweed," because useful against hysterical distempers, to which young women are subject. Taken generally it is a positive tonic to the digestive and nervous systems. Out chemists make a medicinal tincture of Feverfew, the dose of which is from ten to twenty drops, with a spoonful of water, three times a day. This tincture, if dabbed oil the parts with a small sponge, will immediately relieve the pain and swelling caused by bites of insects or vermin. In the official guide to Switzerland directions are given to take "a little powder of the plant called Pyrethrum roseum and make it into a paste with a few drops of spirit, then apply this to the hands and face, or any exposed part of the body, and let it [194] dry: no mosquito or fly will then touch you." Or if two teaspoonfuls of the tincture are mixed with half a pint of cold water, and if all parts of the body likely to be exposed to the bites of insects are freely sponged therewith they will remain unassailed. Feverfew is manifestly the progenitor of the true Chamomilla (Anthemis nobilis), from which the highly useful Camomile "blows," so commonly employed in domestic medicine, are obtained, and its flowers, when dried, may be applied to the same purposes. An infusion of them made with boiling water and allowed to become cold, will allay any distressing sensitiveness to pain in a highly nervous subject, and will afford relief to the faceache or earache of a dyspeptic or rheumatic person. This Feverfew (Chrysanthemum parthenium), is best calculated to pacify those who are liable to sudden, spiteful, rude irascibility, of which they are conscious, but say they cannot help it, and to soothe fretful children. "Better is a dinner or such herbs, where love is; than a stalled ox, and hatred therewith."

The essential oil is useful for treating women's health issues and relieving digestive problems. The herb is also known as "Maydeweed" because it helps with hysterical conditions that young women tend to experience. Overall, it acts as a tonic for the digestive and nervous systems. Our chemists create a medicinal tincture from Feverfew, which should be taken in doses of ten to twenty drops with a spoonful of water, three times a day. This tincture can be dabbed on affected areas with a small sponge to quickly relieve pain and swelling from insect or pest bites. In the official guide to Switzerland, instructions suggest taking "a little powder of the plant called Pyrethrum roseum and making it into a paste with a few drops of alcohol, then applying this to the hands and face, or any exposed area of the body, and letting it dry: no mosquito or fly will then touch you." Alternatively, mixing two teaspoonfuls of the tincture with half a pint of cold water and sponging it on all areas likely to be bitten by insects will keep them at bay. Feverfew is clearly the ancestor of true Chamomilla (Anthemis nobilis), from which the highly useful Camomile "blows," commonly used in home medicine, are obtained. Its dried flowers can be used for the same purposes. An infusion made from them with boiling water, allowed to cool, will ease any painful sensitivity in highly nervous individuals and relieve headaches or earaches in people with digestive issues or rheumatism. Feverfew (Chrysanthemum parthenium) is particularly effective for calming those prone to sudden, aggressive irritability, which they are aware of but feel they can't control, as well as soothing cranky children. "Better is a dinner or such herbs, where love is; than a stalled ox, and hatred therewith."

FIGS.

"In the name of the Prophet 'Figs'" was the pompous utterance ascribed to Dr. Johnson, whose solemn magniloquent style was simulated as Eastern cant applied to common business in Rejected Addresses, by the clever humorists, Horace and James Smith, 1812. The tree which produces this fruit belongs to the history of mankind. In Paradise Adam partook of figs, and covered his nakedness with the leaves.

"In the name of the Prophet 'Figs'" was the grand statement attributed to Dr. Johnson, whose serious and lofty style was mimicked as Eastern jargon applied to everyday matters in Rejected Addresses, by the witty humorists, Horace and James Smith, 1812. The tree that bears this fruit is part of human history. In Paradise, Adam ate figs and used the leaves to cover his nakedness.

Though indigenous to Western Asia, Figs have been cultivated in most countries from a remote period, and will ripen in England during a warm summer if screened from north-east winds. The fig tree flourishes best with [195] us on our sea coasts, bathed by the English Channel, by reason of the salt-laden atmosphere. Near Gosport, and at Fig Valleys, in the neighbourhood of Worthing, there are orchards of figtrees; but they remain barren in this country as far as affording seed to be raised anew from the ripened fruit. The first figtrees introduced into England are still alive and productive in the gardens of the Archbishop of Canterbury, at Lambeth, having been planted there by Cardinal Pole in the time of Henry the Eighth. We call the Sunday before Easter "Fig Sunday," probably because of our Saviour's quest of the fruit when going from Bethany the next day.

Though native to Western Asia, figs have been grown in most countries for a long time and can ripen in England during a warm summer if protected from northeast winds. The fig tree thrives best along our coastlines, especially near the English Channel, due to the salty air. Near Gosport and in Fig Valleys close to Worthing, there are fig orchards; however, they do not produce seeds that can be grown again from the ripe fruit in this country. The first fig trees brought to England are still alive and producing fruit in the gardens of the Archbishop of Canterbury at Lambeth, planted there by Cardinal Pole during the reign of Henry the Eighth. We refer to the Sunday before Easter as "Fig Sunday," likely because of our Savior's search for the fruit the day before.

By the Jews a want of blossom on the Fig tree was considered a grievous calamity. On the Saturday preceding Palm Sunday (says Miss Baker), the market at Northampton is abundantly supplied with figs, and more of the fruit is purchased at this time than throughout the rest of the year. Even charity children are regaled in some parts with figs on the said Sunday; whilst in Lancashire fig pies made of dried figs with sugar and treacle are eaten beforehand in Lent.

By the Jews, a lack of blossoms on the fig tree was seen as a serious disaster. On the Saturday before Palm Sunday (says Miss Baker), the market in Northampton is filled with figs, and more of the fruit is bought at this time than throughout the rest of the year. Even charity children are treated in some areas with figs on that Sunday; meanwhile, in Lancashire, fig pies made of dried figs with sugar and treacle are eaten during Lent.

In order to become fertilised, figs (of which the sexual apparatus lies within the fruit) must have their outer skin perforated by certain gnats of the Cynips tribe, which then penetrate to the interior whilst carrying with them the fertilising pollen; but these gnats are not found in this country. Producers of the fruit abroad bearing the said fact in view tie some of the wild fruit when tenanted by the Culex fly to the young cultivated figs.

To get fertilized, figs (whose reproductive parts are inside the fruit) need their outer skin to be pierced by certain gnats from the Cynips tribe. These gnats go inside while bringing the fertilizing pollen, but they aren't found in this country. Fruit growers abroad, aware of this fact, tie some wild fruit occupied by the Culex fly to the young cultivated figs.

Foreign figs are dried in the oven so as to destroy the larvae of the Cynips insect, and are then compressed into small boxes. They consist in this state almost exclusively of mucilage and sugar.

Foreign figs are dried in the oven to kill the larvae of the Cynips insect, and then they're packed into small boxes. At this point, they are almost entirely made up of mucilage and sugar.

[196] Only one kind of Fig comes to ripeness with us in England, the great blue Fig, as large as a Catherine pear. "It should be grown," says Gerard, "under a hot wall, and eaten when newly gathered, with bread, pepper, and salt; or it is excellent in tarts." This fruit is soft, easily digested, and corrective of strumous disease. Dried Turkey Figs, as imported, contain glucose (sugar), starch, fat, pectose, gum, albumen, mineral matter, collulose, and water. They are used by our druggists as an ingredient in confection of senna for a gentle laxative effect. When split open, and applied as hot as they can be borne against gumboils, and similar suppurative gatherings, they afford ease, and promote maturation of the abscess; and likewise they will help raw, unhealthy sores to heal. The first poultice of Figs on record is that employed by King Hezekiah 260 years before Christ, at the instance of the prophet Isaiah, who ordered to "take a lump of Figs; and they took it, and laid it on the boil, and the King recovered" (2 Kings xx. 7).

[196] Only one type of fig ripens in England, the large blue fig, which is about the size of a Catherine pear. "It should be grown," says Gerard, "against a warm wall, and eaten freshly picked, with bread, pepper, and salt; or it is great in tarts." This fruit is soft, easy to digest, and helps with strumous diseases. Dried Turkish figs, as imported, contain glucose (sugar), starch, fat, pectose, gum, albumen, minerals, cellulose, and water. Our pharmacists use them as an ingredient in senna concoctions for a gentle laxative effect. When split open and applied hot against gum boils and similar pus-filled lumps, they provide relief and help the abscess mature; they can also assist in healing raw, unhealthy sores. The first recorded poultice of figs was used by King Hezekiah 260 years before Christ, at the request of the prophet Isaiah, who instructed to "take a lump of figs; and they took it, and laid it on the boil, and the King recovered" (2 Kings xx. 7).

The Fig is said to have been the first fruit, eaten as food by man. Among the Greeks it formed part of the ordinary Spartan fare, and the Athenians forbade exportation of the best Figs, which were highly valued at table. Informers against those who offended in this respect were called Suko phantai, or Fig discoverers—our Sycophants.

The fig is believed to be the first fruit that humans ate. For the Spartans, it was a regular part of their diet, while the Athenians banned the export of the best figs, which were greatly prized at meals. Those who reported on people who broke this rule were known as Suko phantai, or fig discoverers—our modern term Sycophants.

Bacchus was thought to have acquired his vigour and corpulency from eating Figs, such as the Romans gave to professed wrestlers and champions for strength and good sustenance.

Bacchus was believed to have gained his strength and bulk from eating figs, like those the Romans provided to professional wrestlers and champions for enhanced strength and nutrition.

Dodonoeus said concerning Figs, Alimentum amplius quam coeteri proebent; and Pliny spoke of them as the best restorative for those brought low by languishing [197] disease, with loss of their colour. It was under the Perpul tree (Ficus religiosa) Buddha attained Nirvada.

Dodonoeus said about figs, More nourishing than anything else; and Pliny described them as the best remedy for those weakened by prolonged illness, who had lost their color. It was under the Peepal tree (Ficus religiosa) that Buddha achieved Nirvana.

The botanical name ficus has been derived from the Greek verb phuo to generate, and the husbandry of Figs was called by the Latins "caprification." The little fig-bird of the Roman Campagna pays a yearly visit in September to the fig orchards on our Sussex coast.

The botanical name ficus comes from the Greek verb phuo, meaning to generate, and the cultivation of figs was known to the Romans as "caprification." The small fig bird from the Roman Campagna makes an annual trip in September to the fig orchards on our Sussex coast.

When eaten raw, dried Figs prove somewhat aperient, and they are apt to make the mouth sore whilst masticating them. Their seeds operate mechanically against constipation, though sometimes irritating the lining membrane of the stomach and bowels. Grocers prepare from the pulp of these foreign dried figs, when mixed with honey, a jam called "figuine," which is wholesome, and will prevent costiveness if eaten at breakfast with bread.

When eaten raw, dried figs can be a bit laxative, and they tend to make your mouth sore while chewing them. Their seeds help relieve constipation, although they can sometimes irritate the stomach and intestinal lining. Grocers make a jam called "figuine" from the pulp of these imported dried figs mixed with honey. It's healthy and can help prevent constipation if eaten for breakfast with bread.

The pulp of Turkey Figs is mucilaginous, and has been long esteemed as a pectoral emollient for coughs: also when stewed and, added to ptisans, for catarrhal troubles of the air passages, and of other mucous canals.

The flesh of Turkey Figs is sticky and has long been valued as a soothing remedy for coughs. When cooked and added to herbal teas, it is also used for respiratory issues and other mucous membrane problems.

In its fresh green state the fruit secretes a mildly acrid juice, which will destroy warts; this afterwards becomes saccharine and oily. The dried Figs of the shops give no idea of the fresh fruit as enjoyed in Italy at breakfast, which then seem indeed a fruit of paradise, and which contain a considerable quantity of grape sugar. In the Regimen of the School of Salerno (eleventh century) we read:—

In its fresh green state, the fruit releases a mildly bitter juice that can eliminate warts; later, it turns sweet and oily. The dried figs sold in stores don’t even come close to the fresh fruit enjoyed at breakfast in Italy, which truly feels like a fruit from paradise and is packed with a good amount of grape sugar. In the Regimen of the School of Salerno (eleventh century) we read:—

"Scrofa, tumor, glandes, ficus cataplasma sedet,
Swines' evil, swellings, kernels, a plaster of figs will heal."

"Scrofa, tumor, glands, a fig plaster will help,
Swine's disease, lumps, cysts, a fig poultice will cure."

Barley water boiled with dried Figs (split open), liquorice root, and raisins, forms the compound decoction of barley prescribed by doctors as a capital demulcent; [198] and an admirable gargle for inflamed sore throat may be made by boiling two ounces of the Figs in half-a-pint of water, which is to be strained when cool. Figs cooked in milk make an excellent drink for costive persons.

Barley water boiled with dried figs (split open), licorice root, and raisins creates a mixture of barley recommended by doctors as a great soothing remedy; [198] and a fantastic gargle for inflamed sore throats can be made by boiling two ounces of figs in half a pint of water, which should be strained when cool. Figs cooked in milk make a great drink for people who are constipated.

In the French codex a favourite pectoral medicine is composed of
Figs, stoned dates, raisins, and jujubes.

In the French codex, a popular chest tonic is made from
Figs, pitted dates, raisins, and jujubes.

Formerly the poisoned Fig was used in Spain as a secret means for getting rid of an enemy. The fruit was so common there that to say "a fig for you!" and "I give you the fig" became proverbial expressions of contempt. In fiocchi (in gala costome), is an Italian phrase which we now render as "in full fig."

The poisoned fig was once used in Spain as a secret way to eliminate an enemy. The fruit was so common there that saying "a fig for you!" and "I give you the fig" became well-known expressions of disdain. In fiocchi (in gala costume) is an Italian phrase that we now translate as "in full fig."

The Water Figwort, a common English plant which grows by the sides of ditches, and belongs to the scrofula-curing order, has acquired its name because supposed to heal sores in the fundament when applied like figs as a poultice. It further bears the name of Water Betony (page 50), under which title its curative excellence against piles, and for scrofulous glands in the neck has been already described. The whole plant, yielding its juice, may be blended with lard to be used as an ointment; and an infusion of the roots, made with boiling water, an ounce to a pint, may be taken as a medicine—a wineglassful three times in the day.

The Water Figwort, a common plant in England that grows along ditches and is part of the group known for treating scrofula, got its name because it's believed to heal sores in the anal area when used like figs as a poultice. It’s also called Water Betony (page 50), under which its effectiveness against hemorrhoids and scrofulous glands in the neck has already been discussed. The whole plant can be juiced and mixed with lard to make an ointment, and an infusion of the roots, prepared with boiling water at a ratio of one ounce to a pint, can be taken as a medicine—one wineglass three times a day.

In Ireland it is known as "Rose noble," also as Kernelwort, because the kernels, or tubers attached to the roots have been thought to resemble scrofulous glands in the neck. "Divers do rashly teach that if it be hanged about the necke, or else carried about one it keepeth a man in health." In France the sobriquet herbe du seige, given to this plant, is said to have been derived from its famous use in healing all sorts of wounds during the long siege of Rochelle under Louis XIII.

In Ireland, it’s called "Rose noble" or Kernelwort because the tubers connected to the roots are thought to look like swollen glands in the neck. "Some people foolishly claim that if it’s worn around the neck or carried, it keeps a person healthy." In France, the nickname herbe du seige for this plant is said to have come from its well-known use in healing various wounds during the long siege of Rochelle under Louis XIII.

[199] The Water Figwort may be readily known by the winged corners of its stems, which, though hollow and succulent, are rigid when dead, and prove very troublesome to anglers. The flowers are much frequented by wasps: and the leaves are employed to correct the taste of senna.

[199] The Water Figwort can be easily recognized by the winged corners of its stems, which, although hollow and juicy, become stiff when dead and can be quite a nuisance to fishermen. The flowers attract a lot of wasps, and the leaves are used to improve the flavor of senna.

FLAG (Common).

Flag (Common).

Our English water Flags are true whigs of the old school, and get their generic name because hanging out their banners respectively of dark blue and yellow.

Our English water flags are true Whigs of the old school and get their name because they display their banners in dark blue and yellow.

Each is also called Iris, as resembling the rainbow in beauty of colour. The land Flag (Iris versicolor) is well known as growing in swamps and moist meadows, with sword-shaped leaves, and large purple heads of flowers, bearing petals chiefly dark blue, and veined with green, yellow, or white. The water Flag (Iris pseudacorus) is similar of growth, and equally well known by its brilliant heads of yellow flowers, with blade-like leaves, being found in wet places and water courses. The root of the Blue Flag, "Dragon Flower," or "Dagger Flower," contains chemically an "oleo-resin," which is purgative to the liver in material doses, and specially alleviative against bilious sickness when taken of much reduced strength by reason of its acting as a similar. The official dose of this "iridin" is from one to three grains. A liability to the formation of gall stones may be remedied by giving one grain of the oleoresin (iridin) every night for twelve nights.

Each is also called Iris for its beauty, resembling the rainbow in color. The land Flag (Iris versicolor) is well-known for growing in swamps and damp meadows, featuring sword-shaped leaves and large purple flower heads, with petals mainly dark blue and veined with green, yellow, or white. The water Flag (Iris pseudacorus) has a similar growth pattern and is also recognized for its bright yellow flower heads and blade-like leaves, found in wet areas and waterways. The root of the Blue Flag, sometimes called "Dragon Flower" or "Dagger Flower," contains a chemical called "oleo-resin," which is purgative to the liver in large doses and particularly helps relieve bile-related illness when taken in much lower strength, as it acts as a similar. The official dose of this "iridin" is from one to three grains. A tendency to develop gallstones may be treated by taking one grain of the oleoresin (iridin) every night for twelve nights.

A medicinal tincture (H.) is made which holds this Iris in solution; and if three or four drops are taken immediately, with a spoonful of water, and the same dose is repeated in half-an-hour if still necessary, an attack of bilious vomiting, with sick headache, and a [200] film before the eyes, will be prevented, or cut short. The remedy is, under such circumstances, a trustworthy substitute for calomel, or blue pill. Orris powder, which is so popular in the nursery, and for the toilet table with ladies, on account of its fresh "violet" scent, is made from the root of this Iris, being named from the genitive ireos.

A medicinal tincture (H.) is created that dissolves this Iris; if three or four drops are taken right away with a spoonful of water, and the same dose is repeated in half an hour if needed, it will prevent or shorten an episode of bilious vomiting, along with a sick headache and a [200] film in front of the eyes. In such cases, this remedy is a reliable alternative to calomel or blue pill. Orris powder, which is popular in nurseries and on ladies' vanity tables because of its fresh "violet" scent, is made from the root of this Iris, named from the genitive ireos.

Louis VII. of France chose this Blue Flag as his heraldic emblem, and hence its name, fleur de lys, has been subsequently borne on the arms of France. The flower was said to have been figured on a shield sent down from heaven to King Louis at Clovis, when fighting against the Saracens. Fleur de Louis has become corrupted to fleur de lys, or fleur de lis.

Louis VII of France selected this Blue Flag as his heraldic symbol, which is why its name, fleur de lys, has been used on the arms of France ever since. The flower was believed to have appeared on a shield sent from heaven to King Louis at Clovis while he was battling the Saracens. Fleur de Louis has changed over time to fleur de lys or fleur de lis.

The Purple Flag was formerly dedicated to the Virgin Mary. A certain knight more devout than learned could never remember more than two words of the Latin prayer addressed to the Holy Mother; these were Ave Maria, which the good old man repeated day and night until he died. Then a plant of the blue Iris sprang up over his grave, displaying on every flower in golden letters these words, Ave Maria. When the monks opened the tomb they found the root of the plant resting on the lips of the holy knight whose body lay buried below.

The Purple Flag was once dedicated to the Virgin Mary. A knight, more devoted than educated, could never remember more than two words of the Latin prayer meant for the Holy Mother; those were Ave Maria, which the kind old man repeated day and night until he passed away. Then a blue Iris plant grew over his grave, with every flower displaying the words Ave Maria in golden letters. When the monks opened the tomb, they discovered the plant's roots resting on the lips of the holy knight buried beneath.

The Yellow Flag, or Water Flag, is called in the north, "Seggs." Its flowers afford a beautiful yellow dye; and, its seeds, when roasted, can be used instead of coffee. The juice of the root is very acrid when sniffed up the nostrils, and causes a copious flow of water therefrom, thus giving marked relief for obstinate congestive headache of a dull, passive sort. The root is very astringent, and will check diarrhoea by its infusion; also it is of service for making ink. In the [201] south of England the plant is named "Levers." It contains much tannin.

The Yellow Flag, or Water Flag, is called "Seggs" in the north. Its flowers produce a lovely yellow dye, and its seeds can be roasted and used as a coffee substitute. The juice from the root can be quite irritating when inhaled, leading to a runny nose, which can provide relief for stubborn, dull headaches caused by congestion. The root is highly astringent and can help stop diarrhea when made into an infusion; it’s also useful for making ink. In the south of England, this plant is known as "Levers." It contains a lot of tannin.

The "Stinking Flag," or "Gladdon," or "Roast Beef," because having the odour of this viand, is another British species of Flag, abundant in southern England, where it grows in woods and, shady places. Its leaves, when bruised, emit a strong smell like that of carrion, which is very loathsome. The plant bears the appellations, Iris foetidissima, Spatual foetida, and "Spurgewort," having long, narrow leaves, which stink when rubbed. Country folk in Somersetshire purge themselves to good purpose with a decoction made from the root. The term "glad," or "smooth," refers to the surface of the leaves, or to their sword-like shape, from gladiolus (a small sword), and the plant bears flowers of a dull, livid purple, smaller than those of the other flags.

The "Stinking Flag," also known as "Gladdon" or "Roast Beef" because it smells like this dish, is another type of British Flag found in abundance in southern England, where it grows in woods and shady areas. When you crush its leaves, they emit a strong, unpleasant odor similar to that of rotting flesh. The plant is referred to by names like Iris foetidissima, Spatual foetida, and "Spurgewort," and it has long, narrow leaves that smell bad when rubbed. People in Somersetshire use a decoction made from its root for effective cleansing. The term "glad," or "smooth," relates to the surface of the leaves or their sword-like shape, coming from gladiolus (which means small sword), and the plant produces flowers that are a dull, dark purple, smaller than those of other flags.

Lastly, there is the Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus), though this is not an Iris, but belongs botanically to the family of Arums. It grows on the edges of lakes and streams allover Europe, as a highly aromatic, reedy plant, with an erect flowering stem of yellowish green colour. Its name comes from the Greek, koree, or "pupil of the eye," because of its being used in ailments of that organ.

Lastly, there is the Sweet Flag (Acorus calamus), which isn’t an Iris but is actually part of the Arums family. It grows along the edges of lakes and streams throughout Europe as a fragrant, reed-like plant, featuring an upright flowering stem that is yellowish-green. Its name is derived from the Greek word koree, meaning "pupil of the eye," because it was used for treating eye issues.

Calamus was the Roman term for a reed; and formerly this sweet Flag, by reason of its pleasant odour like that of violets, was freely strewn on the floor of a cathedral at times of church festivals, and in many private houses instead of rushes. The root is a powerful cordial against flatulence, and passive indigestion, with headache. It contains a volatile oil, and a bitter principle, "acorin;" so that a fluid extract is made by the chemists, of which from thirty to forty drops may be given as a dose, with a [202] tablespoonful, of water, every half-hour for several consecutive times. The candied root is much employed for like uses in Turkey and India. It is sold as a favourite medicine in every Indian Bazaar; and Ainslie says it is reckoned so valuable in the bowel complaints of children, that there is a penalty incurred by every druggist who will not open his door in the middle of the night to sell it if demanded.

Calamus was the Roman word for a reed; and in the past, this sweet flag, because of its pleasant scent similar to that of violets, was often scattered on the floor of cathedrals during church festivals, as well as in many private homes instead of rushes. The root is a powerful remedy for gas, mild indigestion, and headaches. It contains a volatile oil and a bitter compound called "acorin," so chemists create a fluid extract from it, of which thirty to forty drops can be taken as a dose, mixed with a tablespoon of water, every half-hour over several consecutive doses. The candied root is widely used for similar purposes in Turkey and India. It is popular as a remedy in every Indian bazaar; and Ainslie mentions that it is considered so valuable for treating children's bowel issues that there is a penalty for any pharmacist who refuses to sell it if asked during the night.

The root stocks are brought to this country from Germany, being used by mastication to cleat the urine when it is thick and loaded with dyspeptic products; also for flavouring beer, and scenting snuff.

The root stocks are imported from Germany and are used for chewing to clear the urine when it's thick and filled with digestive issues; they are also used to flavor beer and scent snuff.

Their ash contains potash, soda, zinc, phosphoric Acid, silica, and peroxide of iron. In the Times April 24th, 1856, Dr. Graves wrote commending for the soldiers when landing at Galipoli, and notable to obtain costly quinine, the Sweet Flag—acorus calamas—as their sheet anchor against ague and allied maladies arising from marsh miasmata. The infusion of the root should be given, or the powdered root in doses of from ten to sixty grains. (See RUSHES.)

Their ash contains potash, soda, zinc, phosphoric acid, silica, and iron peroxide. In the Times on April 24th, 1856, Dr. Graves praised the use of Sweet Flag—acorus calamus—as a reliable remedy for soldiers landing at Gallipoli who needed expensive quinine to combat fevers and other illnesses caused by marsh miasma. The root should be prepared as an infusion, or the powdered root should be administered in doses ranging from ten to sixty grains. (See RUSHES.)

FLAX (LINSEED).

The common Flax plant, from which we get our Linseed, is of great antiquity, dating from the twenty-third century before Christ, and having been cultivated in all countries down to the present time. But it is exhausting to the soil in England, and therefore not favoured in home growth for commercial uses. The seeds come to us chiefly from the Baltic. Nevertheless, the plant (Linum usitatissimum) is by no means uncommon in our cornfields, flowering in June, and ripening its seed in September. Provincially it is called "Lint" and "Lyne." A rustic proverb says "if put in the shoes it preserves [203] from poverty"; wherever found it is probably an escape from cultivation.

The common Flax plant, which gives us Linseed, is very old, dating back to the 23rd century before Christ, and has been grown in various countries up to today. However, it depletes the soil in England, so it's not commonly grown for commercial purposes. Most of the seeds come from the Baltic region. Still, the plant (Linum usitatissimum) is quite common in our cornfields, blooming in June and producing seeds by September. Locally, it's referred to as "Lint" and "Lyne." There's a saying that "if put in shoes, it protects from poverty"; wherever it grows, it likely escaped from cultivation.

The word "flax" is derived from filare, to spin, or, filum, a thread; and the botanical title, linum, is got from the Celtic lin also signifying thread. The fibres of the bark are separated from the woody matter by soaking it in water, and they then form tow, which is afterwards spun into yarn, and woven into cloth. This water becomes poisonous, so that Henry the Eighth prohibited the washing of flax in any running stream.

The word "flax" comes from filare, which means to spin, or filum, meaning thread; and the botanical name, linum, is derived from the Celtic word lin that also means thread. The fibers from the bark are separated from the woody part by soaking it in water, and this creates tow, which is then spun into yarn and woven into cloth. This water becomes toxic, so Henry the Eighth banned the washing of flax in any flowing stream.

The seeds ate very rich in linseed oil, after expressing which, the refuse is oil-cake, a well-known fattening food for cattle. The oil exists chiefly in the outer skins of the seeds, and is easily extracted by boiling water, as in the making a linseed poultice. These seeds contain gum, acetic acid, acetate and muriate of potash, and other salts, with twenty-two parts per cent. of the oil. They were taken as food by the ancient Greeks and Romans, whilst Hippocrates knew the demulcent properties of linseed. An infusion of the seeds has long been given as Linseed tea for soothing a sore chest or throat in severe catarrh, or pulmonary complaints; also the crushed seed is used for making poultices. Linseed oil has laxative properties, and forms, when mixed with lime water, or with spirit of turpentine, a capital external application to recent burns or scalds.

The seeds are very high in linseed oil, which is extracted from them, leaving behind oil-cake, a popular fattening feed for cattle. The oil is mainly found in the outer skins of the seeds and can be easily extracted by boiling water, similar to making a linseed poultice. These seeds contain gum, acetic acid, acetate and muriate of potash, and other salts, with twenty-two percent of the oil. Ancient Greeks and Romans used them as food, and Hippocrates recognized the soothing properties of linseed. A tea made from the seeds has been used for a long time as Linseed tea to relieve a sore chest or throat during severe colds or lung issues; the crushed seeds are also used to make poultices. Linseed oil has laxative effects and, when mixed with lime water or turpentine, makes an excellent topical treatment for fresh burns or scalds.

Tumours of a simple nature, and sprains, may be usefully rubbed with Linseed oil; and another principal service to which the oil is put is for mixing the paints of artists. To make Linseed tea, wash two ounces of Linseed by putting them into a small strainer, and pouring cold water through it; then pare off as thinly as possible the yellow rind of half a lemon; to the Linseed and lemon rind add a quart of cold water, [204] and allow them to simmer over the fire for an hour-and-a-half; strain away the seeds, and to each half-pint of the tea add a teaspoonful of sugar, or sugar candy, with some lemon juice, in the proportion of the juice of one lemon to each pint of tea.

Tumors of a simple nature and sprains can be effectively treated by rubbing them with linseed oil. Another major use for this oil is mixing artists' paints. To make linseed tea, rinse two ounces of linseed in a small strainer by pouring cold water over it. Then, peel the yellow rind off half a lemon as thinly as possible. Add the linseed and lemon rind to a quart of cold water, and let it simmer over the heat for an hour and a half. Strain out the seeds, and for each half-pint of tea, mix in a teaspoon of sugar or sugar candy, along with lemon juice, using the juice of one lemon for each pint of tea.

The seeds afford but little actual nourishment, and are difficult of digestion; they provoke troublesome flatulence, though sometimes used fraudulently for adulterating pepper. Flax seed has been mixed with corn for making bread, but it proved indigestible and hurtful to the stomach. In the sixteenth century during a scarcity of wheat, the inhabitants of Middleburgh had recourse to Linseed for making cakes, but the death of many citizens was caused thereby, it bringing about in those who partook of the cakes dreadful swellings on the body and face. There is an Act of Parliament still in force which forbids the steeping of Flax in rivers, or any waters which cattle are accustomed to drink, as it is found to communicate a poison destructive to cattle and to the fish inhabiting such waters. In Dundee a hank of yarn is worn round the loins as a cure for lumbago, and girls may be seen with a single thread of yarn round the head as an infallible specific for tic douloureux.

The seeds provide very little actual nutrition and are hard to digest; they can cause annoying gas, although they are sometimes used dishonestly to adulterate pepper. Flaxseed has been mixed with corn to make bread, but it turned out to be hard to digest and harmful to the stomach. In the 16th century, during a wheat shortage, the people of Middleburgh turned to linseed to make cakes, but many residents died from it, as consuming the cakes caused severe swelling on the body and face. There is still a law that prohibits steeping flax in rivers or any water sources where livestock drink, as it is known to poison both cattle and fish in those waters. In Dundee, a bundle of yarn is worn around the waist as a remedy for lumbago, and you can see girls wearing a single thread of yarn around their heads as an infallible cure for facial pain.

The Purging Flax (Linum catharticum), or Mill Mountain (Kamailinon), or Ground Flax, is a variety of the Flax common on our heaths and pastures, being called also Fairy Flax from its delicacy, and Dwarf Flax. It contains a resinous, purgative principle, and is known to country folk as a safe, active purge. They infuse the herb in water, which they afterwards take medicinally. Also a tincture is made (H.) from the entire fresh plant, which may be given curatively for frequent, wattery, painless diarrhoea, two or three [205] drops for a dose with water every hour or two until the flux is stayed.

The Purging Flax (Linum catharticum), also known as Mill Mountain (Kamailinon) or Ground Flax, is a type of Flax commonly found on our heaths and pastures. It's sometimes referred to as Fairy Flax due to its delicacy, and also as Dwarf Flax. This plant contains a resinous, purgative compound and is recognized by locals as a reliable, active laxative. They infuse the herb in water to drink for medicinal purposes. Additionally, a tincture is made (H.) from the entire fresh plant, which can be used to treat frequent, watery, painless diarrhea, usually given as two or three drops in water every hour or two until the diarrhea stops.

FOXGLOVE.

The purple Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) which every one knows and admires for its long graceful spikes of elegant bell-shaped brilliant blossoms seen in our woods and hedges, is also called the Thimble Flower, or the Finger Flower, from the resemblance of these blossoms to a thimble or to the fingers of a glove. The word digitalis refers likewise to the digits, or fingers of a gauntlet. In France the title is Gants de Notre Dame, the gloves of our Lady the Virgin. Some writers give Folks' Glove, or Fairies' Glove as the proper English orthography, but this is wrong. Our name of the plant comes really from the Anglo-Saxon, Foxesglew or Fox music, in allusion to an ancient musical instrument composed of bells which were hanging from an arched support, a tintinnabulum, which this plant with its pendent bell-shaped flowers so exactly represents.

The purple foxglove (Digitalis purpurea) is well-known and admired for its tall, graceful spikes of beautiful, bell-shaped flowers found in our woods and hedges. It's also called the Thimble Flower or the Finger Flower, because the blossoms resemble a thimble or the fingers of a glove. The term digitalis also relates to digits, or fingers of a gauntlet. In France, it's referred to as Gants de Notre Dame, meaning the gloves of Our Lady, the Virgin. Some writers incorrectly spell it as Folks' Glove or Fairies' Glove. The name, however, actually originates from the Anglo-Saxon term Foxesglew or Fox music, in reference to an ancient musical instrument made of bells hanging from an arched frame, a tintinnabulum, which this plant with its drooping, bell-shaped flowers closely resembles.

In Ireland the Foxglove is known as the Great Herb, and Lusmore, also the Fairy Cap; and in Wales it is the Goblin's Gloves; whilst in the North of Scotland it is the Dead men's Bells. We read in the Lady of the Lake there grew by Loch Katrine:—

In Ireland, the Foxglove is called the Great Herb and Lusmore, also known as the Fairy Cap; in Wales, it's referred to as the Goblin's Gloves; while in the North of Scotland, it's called the Dead men's Bells. We read in the Lady of the Lake that it grew by Loch Katrine:—

"Night shade and Foxglove side by side,
Emblems of punishment and pride."

"Nightshade and foxglove next to each other,
Symbols of punishment and pride."

In Devonshire the plant is termed Poppy, because when one of the bell-shaped flowers is inflated by the breath whilst the top edges are held firmly together; the wind bag thus formed, if struck smartly against the other hand, goes off with a sounding pop. The peasantry also call it "Flop a dock." Strangely enough, the Foxglove, so handsome and striking in a landscape, is not [206] mentioned by Shakespeare, or by either of the old English poets. The "long purples" of Shakespeare refers to the orchis mascula.

In Devonshire, the plant is called Poppy because when you blow into one of the bell-shaped flowers while holding the top edges tightly together, it creates a windbag that, if you hit it against your other hand, goes off with a loud pop. The locals also refer to it as "Flop a dock." Interestingly, the Foxglove, which is so beautiful and eye-catching in a landscape, isn’t mentioned by Shakespeare or any of the old English poets. The "long purples" in Shakespeare refer to the orchis mascula.

Chemically, the Foxglove contains a dangerous, active, medicinal principle digitalin, which acts powerfully on the heart, and on the kidneys, but this should never be given in any preparation of the plant except under medical guidance, and then only with much caution. Parkinson speaks highly of the bruised herb, or of its expressed juice, for scrofulous swellings when applied outwardly in the form of an ointment. An officinal tincture is made from the plants collected in the spring, when two years old; also, in some villages the infusion is employed as a homely remedy to cure a cold, the herb being known as "Throttle Wort;" but this is not a safe thing to do, for medical experience shows that the watery infusion of Foxglove acts much more powerfully than the spirituous tincture, which is eight times stronger, and from this fact it may fairly be inferred that the presence of alcohol, as in the tincture, directly opposes the specific action of the plant. This herb bears further in some districts the names "Flop Top," "Cow Flop," and "Flabby Dock." It was stated in the Times Telescope, 1822, "the women of the poorer class in Derbyshire used to indulge in copious draughts of Foxglove tea, as a cheap means of obtaining the pleasures of intoxication. This was found to produce a great exhilaration of the spirits, with other singular effects on the system." So true is the maxim, ubi virus, ibi virtus.

Chemically, the Foxglove contains a dangerous active medicinal compound digitalin, which has a strong effect on the heart and kidneys. However, this should only be given in any preparation of the plant under medical supervision, and only with great caution. Parkinson highly recommends the bruised herb or its expressed juice for swelling due to scrofula when used topically as an ointment. A medicinal tincture is made from plants collected in spring when they are two years old; also, in some villages, the infusion is used as a home remedy for colds, with the herb being known as "Throttle Wort." However, this is not safe, as medical experience shows that the watery infusion of Foxglove is much more potent than the alcohol-based tincture, which is eight times stronger. From this, it can be reasonably inferred that the presence of alcohol in the tincture directly counteracts the specific action of the plant. In some areas, this herb is also called "Flop Top," "Cow Flop," and "Flabby Dock." It was reported in the Times Telescope, 1822, that "the poorer women in Derbyshire used to enjoy drinking large amounts of Foxglove tea as a cheap way to experience intoxication. This was found to create a great boost in spirits, along with other peculiar effects on the body." So true is the saying, ubi virus, ibi virtus.

No animal will touch the plant, which is biennial, and will only develop its active principle digitalin, when getting some sunshine, but remains inert when grown altogether in the shade. Therefore its source of production for medicinal purposes is very important.

No animal will touch the plant, which is biennial, and will only develop its active ingredient digitalin when it gets some sunshine, but stays inactive when grown entirely in the shade. So, its source for producing medicine is really important.

[207] FUMITORY.

The common Fumitory (Fumaria officinalis) is a small grey-green plant, bearing well known little flowers, rose coloured, and tipped with purple, whilst standing erect in every cornfield, vineyard, or such-like manured place throughout Great Britain. It is so named from the Latin fumus terroe, earth smoke, which refers either to the appearance of its pretty glaucous foliage on a dewy summer morning, or to the belief that it was produced not from seed but from vapours rising out of the earth. The plant continues to flower throughout the year, and was formerly much favoured for making cosmetic washes to purify the skin of rustic maidens in the spring time:—

The common Fumitory (Fumaria officinalis) is a small gray-green plant with familiar little flowers that are pinkish and have purple tips. It stands upright in every cornfield, vineyard, or similarly fertilized area across Great Britain. Its name comes from the Latin fumus terroe, meaning earth smoke, which either refers to the appearance of its pretty bluish-green leaves on a dewy summer morning or to the belief that it grew not from seeds but from vapors rising from the ground. The plant flowers all year round and was once popular for making cosmetic washes to purify the skin of country maidens in the spring.

     "Whose red and purpled mottled flowers
         Are cropped by maids in weeding hours
     To boil in water, milk, or whey,
         For washes on a holiday;
     To make their beauty fair and sleek,
         And scare the tan from summer's cheek."

"Whose red and purple speckled flowers
         Are picked by girls during weeding time
     To boil in water, milk, or whey,
         For rinses on a special day;
     To make their beauty smooth and sleek,
         And remove the tan from summer's cheek."

In many parts of Kent the Fumitory bears the name of "Wax Dolls," because its rose coloured flowers, with their little, dark, purple heads, are by no means unlike the small waxen toys given as nurslings to children.

In many areas of Kent, Fumitory is called "Wax Dolls," because its pink flowers, with their small dark purple tops, look a lot like the tiny wax toys given to kids.

Dioscorides affirmed: "The juice of Fumitory, of that which groweth among barley, with gum arabic, doth take away unprofitable hairs that prick, being first plucked away, for it will not suffer others to grow in their places." "It helpeth," says Gerard, "in the summer time those that are troubled with scabs."

Dioscorides stated: "The juice of Fumitory, the kind that grows among barley, mixed with gum arabic, removes unwanted hairs that irritate after being plucked, as it prevents new ones from growing back." "It helps," says Gerard, "during the summer for those affected by scabs."

Pliny said it is named because causing the eyes to water as smoke does. In Shakespeare the name is written Fumiter. It continues to flower throughout the year, and its presence is thought to indicate good deep rich land. There is also a "ramping" Fumitory [208] (capreolata) which climbs; being found likewise in fields and waste places, but its infusion produces purgative effects.

Pliny said it’s named because it makes the eyes water like smoke. In Shakespeare, the name is spelled Fumiter. It blooms all year round, and its presence is believed to signify fertile land. There's also a "ramping" Fumitory [208] (capreolata) that climbs; it can also be found in fields and wastelands, but its infusion has purgative effects.

The whole plant has a saline, bitter, and somewhat acrid taste. It contains "fumaric acid," and the alkaloid "fumarina," which are specially useful for scrofulous diseases of the skin. A decoction of the herb makes a curative lotion for the milk-crust which disfigures the scalp of an infant, and for grown up persons troubled with chronic eruptions on the face, or freckles.

The entire plant has a salty, bitter, and slightly harsh taste. It contains "fumaric acid" and the alkaloid "fumarina," which are particularly effective for scrofulous skin diseases. A decoction of the herb creates a healing lotion for the milk crust that affects an infant's scalp and for adults dealing with chronic facial eruptions or freckles.

The fresh juice may be given as a medicine; or an infusion made with an ounce of the plant to a pint of boiling water, one wineglassful for a dose twice or three times in the day.

The fresh juice can be used as a medicine; or you can make an infusion using an ounce of the plant in a pint of boiling water, taking one wineglassful as a dose two or three times a day.

By the ancients Fumitory was named Capnos, smoke: Pliny wrote "Claritatem facit inunctis oculis delachrymationemque, ceu fumus, unde nomen." They esteemed the herb specially useful for dispelling dimness of the sight, and for curing other infirmities of the eyes.

By the ancients, Fumitory was called Capnos, meaning smoke. Pliny wrote, "It clears vision and causes tearing, just like smoke, hence the name." They regarded the herb as particularly helpful for clearing up blurry vision and treating other eye issues.

The leaves, which have no particular odour, throw up crystals of nitre on their surface when cool. The juice may be mixed with whey, and taken as a common drink, or as a medicinal beverage for curing obstinate skin eruptions, and for overcoming obstructions of the liver and digestive organs. Dr. Cullen found it most useful in leprous skin disease. The juice from the fresh herb may be given two ounces in the day, but the virtues remain equally in the dried plant. Its smoke was said by the ancient exorcists to have the power of expelling evil spirits. The famous physician, John of Milan, extolled Fumitory as a sovereign remedy against malarious fever.

The leaves, which don’t have a distinct smell, develop crystals of nitre on their surface when they cool down. The juice can be mixed with whey and consumed as a regular drink or as a medicinal beverage to treat stubborn skin issues and to relieve blockages in the liver and digestive organs. Dr. Cullen found it very effective for treating leprous skin diseases. You can take two ounces of juice from the fresh herb during the day, but the beneficial properties are also present in the dried plant. Ancient exorcists claimed that its smoke had the power to drive away evil spirits. The renowned physician John of Milan praised Fumitory as an excellent remedy for malarial fever.

It is a remarkable fact, that the colour of the hair and the complexion seem to determine the liability, or [209] otherwise, of a European to West Coast fever in Africa. A man with harsh, bright-coloured red hair, such as is common in Scotland, has a complete immunity, though running the same risks as another mall, dark and with a dry skin, who seems absolutely doomed. A red-haired European will, as a rule, keep his health where even the natives are attacked. Old negresses have secret methods of cure which can, undoubtedly, save life even in cases which have become hopeless to European medical science.

It’s fascinating that hair color and complexion appear to determine a European's likelihood of contracting West Coast fever in Africa. A man with coarse, vibrant red hair, which is common in Scotland, has complete immunity, even while facing the same risks as another man who has dark hair and dry skin, and who seems entirely at risk. Generally, a red-haired European will maintain his health when even the local people fall ill. Older Black women have secret remedies that can undoubtedly save lives, even in cases deemed hopeless by European medical science.

GARLIC, LEEK, and ONION.

Garlic, leek, and onion.

Seeming at first sight out of place among the lilies of the field, yet Garlic, the Leek, and the Onion are true members of that noble order, and may be correctly classified together with the favoured tribe, "Clothed more grandly than Solomon in all his glory." They possess alike the same properties and characteristics, though in varying degrees, and they severally belong to the genus Allium, each containing "allyl," which is a radical rich in sulphur.

At first glance, Garlic, Leek, and Onion might seem out of place among the lilies of the field, but they are indeed true members of that noble family and can be accurately grouped with the favored clan, "Dressed more splendidly than Solomon in all his glory." They all have the same properties and characteristics, though in different amounts, and they all belong to the genus Allium, each containing "allyl," which is a radical high in sulfur.

The homely Onion may be taken first as the best illustration of the family. This is named technically Allium cepa, from cep, a head (of bunched florets which it bears). Lucilius called it Flebile coepe, because the pungency of its odour will provoke a flow of tears from the eyes. As Shakespeare says, in Taming of the Shrew:—

The simple Onion is probably the best example of the family. Its scientific name is Allium cepa, derived from cep, meaning a head (referring to the cluster of florets it produces). Lucilius referred to it as Flebile coepe, as its strong smell can bring tears to one's eyes. As Shakespeare says in Taming of the Shrew:—

"Mine eyes smell onions;
I shall weep anon."

"These eyes of mine smell onions;
I will cry soon."

The Egyptians were devoted to Onions, which they ate more than two thousand years before the time of Christ. They were given to swear by the Onion and [210] Garlic in their gardens. Herodotus tells us that during the building of the pyramids nine tons of gold were spent in buying onions for the workmen. But it is to be noted that in Egypt the Onion is sweet and soft; whereas, in other countries it grows hard, and nauseous, and strong.

The Egyptians were very fond of onions, which they consumed more than two thousand years before Christ. They even swore by onions and garlic in their gardens. Herodotus tells us that during the construction of the pyramids, nine tons of gold were spent on onions for the workers. However, it's important to note that in Egypt, onions are sweet and soft; while in other countries, they tend to be hard, unpleasant, and strong.

By the Greeks this bulb was called Krommuon, "apo tau Meuein tas koras," because of shutting the eyes when eating it. In Latin its name unio, signified a single root without offsets.

By the Greeks, this bulb was called Krommuon, "apo tau Meuein tas koras," because it makes you close your eyes when you eat it. In Latin, its name unio meant a single root without any offshoots.

Raw Onions contain an acrid volatile oil, sulphur, phosphorus, alkaline earthy salts, phosphoric and acetic acids, with phosphate and citrate of lime, starch, free uncrystallized sugar, and lignine. The fresh juice is colourless, but by exposure to the air becomes red. A syrup made from the juice with honey is an excellent medicine for old phlegmatic persons in cold weather, when their lungs are stuffed, and the breathing is hindered.

Raw onions have a strong essential oil, sulfur, phosphorus, alkaline earth salts, phosphoric and acetic acids, along with phosphate and citrate of lime, starch, free uncrystallized sugar, and lignin. The fresh juice is clear, but it turns red when exposed to air. A syrup made from the juice with honey is a great remedy for older, sluggish people in cold weather when their lungs are congested and their breathing is difficult.

Raw Onions increase the flow of urine, and promote perspiration, insomuch, that a diet of them, with bread, has many a time cured dropsy coming on through a chill at first, or from exposure to cold. They contain the volatile principle, "sulphide of allyl," which is acrid and stimulating. If taken in small quantities, Onions quicken the circulation, and assist digestion; but when eaten more prodigally they disagree.

Raw onions increase urine flow and promote sweating so much that a diet of them with bread has often cured dropsy that started from a chill or exposure to the cold. They contain the volatile compound "sulphide of allyl," which is sharp and stimulating. When consumed in small amounts, onions boost circulation and aid digestion, but when eaten in larger quantities, they can cause discomfort.

In making curative Simples, the Onion (and Garlic) should not be boiled, else the volatile essential oil, on which its virtues chiefly depend, will escape during the process.

In preparing healing remedies, onions (and garlic) shouldn’t be boiled, or else the essential oil, which is mainly responsible for their benefits, will be lost during the process.

The principal internal effects of the Onion, the Leek, and Garlic, are stimulation and warmth, so that they are of more salutary use when the subject is of a cold [211] temperament, and when the vital powers are feeble, than when the body is feverish, and the constitution ardently excitable. "They be naught," says Gerard, "for those that be cholericke; but good for such as are replete with raw and phlegmatick humors." Vous tous qui etes gros, et gras, et lymphatiques, avec l'estomac paresseux, mangez l'oignon cru; c'est pour vous que le bon Dieu l'a fait.

The main effects of onion, leek, and garlic are to stimulate and warm the body, making them more beneficial for people with a cold temperament and weak vitality than for those who are feverish and have an overly excitable constitution. "They're not good," says Gerard, "for those who are choleric; but they're great for those filled with raw and phlegmatic humors." You who are big, fat, and lethargic, with a lazy stomach, eat raw onion; it's made for you by the good Lord.

Onions, when eaten at night by those who are not feverish, will promote sleep, and induce perspiration. The late Frank Buckland confirmed this statement. He said, "I am sure the essential oil of Onions has soporific powers. In my own case it never fails. If I am much pressed with work, and feel that I am not disposed to sleep, I eat two or three small Onions, and the effect is magical." The Onion has a very sensitive organism, and absorbs all morbid matter that comes in its way. During our last epidemic of cholera it puzzled the sanitary inspectors of a northern town why the tenants of one cottage in an infected row were not touched by the plague. At last some one noticed a net of onions hanging in the fortunate house, and on examination all these proved to have become diseased. But whilst welcoming this protective quality, the danger must be remembered of eating an onion which shows signs of decay, for it cannot be told what may have caused this distemper.

Onions, when eaten at night by people who aren't feverish, can help promote sleep and cause sweating. The late Frank Buckland confirmed this. He said, "I'm sure the essential oil of onions has sleep-inducing powers. In my own experience, it never fails. If I'm really busy and feel like I can't sleep, I eat two or three small onions, and the effect is amazing." The onion has a very sensitive system and absorbs all harmful substances that come its way. During our last cholera epidemic, sanitary inspectors in a northern town were puzzled as to why the residents of one cottage in an infected area weren't affected by the plague. Eventually, someone noticed a net of onions hanging in that lucky house, and upon inspection, all of them were found to be diseased. While we appreciate this protective quality, we must remember the risk of eating an onion that shows signs of decay, as we can't know what might have caused this problem.

When sliced, and applied externally, the raw Onion serves by its pungent and essential oil to quicken the circulation, and to redden the skin of the particular surface treated in this way; very usefully so in the case of an unbroken chilblain, or to counteract neuralgic pain; but in its crude state the bulb is not emollient or demulcent. If employed as a poultice for ear-ache, or broken chilblains, the Onion should be roasted, so as to [212] modify its acrid oil. When there is a constant arid painful discharge of fetid matter from the ear, or where an abscess is threatened, with pain, heat, and swelling, a hot poultice of roasted Onions will be found very useful, and will mitigate the pain. The juice of a sliced raw Onion is alkaline, and will quickly relieve the acid venom of a sting from a wasp, or bee, if applied immediately to the part.

When sliced and used externally, raw onion helps to improve circulation and redden the skin on the area treated, which is particularly useful for unbroken chilblains or to relieve nerve pain. However, in its raw form, the bulb isn't soothing or healing. If used as a poultice for earache or broken chilblains, the onion should be roasted to lessen its sharp oil. For a constant dry, painful discharge of foul-smelling matter from the ear, or when an abscess is expected with pain, heat, and swelling, a hot poultice of roasted onions can be very helpful and will ease the pain. The juice from a sliced raw onion is alkaline and can quickly relieve the acidic sting from a wasp or bee if applied immediately to the area.

A tincture is made (H.) from large, red, strong Onions for medicinal purposes. As a warming expectorant in chronic bronchitis, or asthma, or for a cold which is not of a feverish character, from half to one teaspoonful of this tincture may be given with benefit three or four times in the day in a wineglassful of hot water, or hot milk. Likewise, a jorum (i.e., an earthen bowl) of hot Onion broth taken at bedtime, serves admirably to soothe the air passages, and to promote perspiration; after the first feverish stage of catarrh or influenza has passed by. To make this, peel a large Spanish Onion, and divide it into four parts; then put them into a saucepan, with half a saltspoonful of salt, and two ounces of butter, and a pint of cold water; let them simmer gently until quite tender; next pour all into a bowl which has been made hot, dredging a little pepper over; and let the porridge be eaten as hot as it can be taken.

A tincture is made from large, strong red onions for medicinal purposes. As a warming expectorant for chronic bronchitis, asthma, or for a cold that isn’t feverish, half to one teaspoon of this tincture can be taken with benefit three or four times a day in a wineglass of hot water or hot milk. Additionally, a bowl of hot onion broth taken at bedtime is great for soothing the air passages and promoting sweating after the initial fever stage of a cold or flu has passed. To make this, peel a large Spanish onion and cut it into four parts; then put them in a saucepan with half a saltspoon of salt, two ounces of butter, and a pint of cold water. Let them simmer gently until they're tender; then pour everything into a pre-warmed bowl, sprinkle a little pepper on top, and eat it as hot as you can.

The allyl and sulphur in the bulbs, together with their mucilaginous parts, relieve the sore mucous membranes, and quicken perspiration, whilst other medicinal virtues are exercised at the same time on the animal economy.

The allyl and sulfur in the bulbs, along with their sticky parts, soothe sore mucous membranes and promote sweating, while also providing other medicinal benefits to the body.

By eating a few raw parsley sprigs immediately afterwards, the strong smell which onions communicates to the breath may be removed and dispelled. Lord [213] Bacon averred "the rose will be sweeter if planted in a bed of onions." So nutritious does the Highlander find this vegetable, that, if having a few raw bulbs in his pocket, with oat-cake, or a crust of bread, he can travel for two or three days together without any other food. Dean Swift said:—

By eating a few raw parsley sprigs right after, you can get rid of the strong smell that onions leave on your breath. Lord [213] Bacon claimed, "the rose will smell sweeter when planted among onions." The Highlander finds this vegetable so nutritious that if he has a few raw bulbs in his pocket, along with oat-cake or a piece of bread, he can travel for two or three days without needing any other food. Dean Swift said:—

     "This is every cook's opinion,
     No savoury dish without an onion,
     But lest your kissing should be spoiled,
     Your onions must be fully boiled."

"This is every cook's opinion,
     No savory dish without an onion,
     But to avoid ruining your kiss,
     Your onions need to be well-cooked."

Provings have been made by medical experts of the ordinary red Onion in order to ascertain what its toxical effects are when pushed to an excessive degree, and it has been found that Onions, Leeks, or Garlic, when taken immoderately, induce melancholy and depression, with severe catarrh. They dispose to sopor, lethargy, and even insanity. The immediate symptoms are extreme watering of the eyes after frequent sneezing, confusion of the head, and heavy defluxion from the nose, with pains in the throat extending to the ears; in a word, all the accompaniments of a bad cold, sneezings, lacrymation, pains in the forehead, and a hoarse, hacking cough. These being the effects of taking Onions in a harmful quantity, it is easy to understand that when the like morbid symptoms have arisen spontaneously from other causes, as from a sharp catarrh of the head and chest, then modified forms of the Onion are calculated to counteract them on the law of similars, so that a cure is promptly produced. On which principle the Onion porridge is a scientific remedy, as food, and as Physic, during the first progress of a catarrhal attack, and pari passu the medicinal tincture of the red Onion may be likewise curatively given.

Medical experts have tested the common red onion to find out what its toxic effects are when consumed in large amounts. They discovered that onions, leeks, or garlic can cause sadness and depression, along with severe nasal congestion if consumed excessively. These foods can lead to drowsiness, lethargy, and even insanity. The immediate symptoms include watery eyes after frequent sneezing, confusion, a heavy runny nose, and throat pain that extends to the ears. Essentially, they produce all the symptoms of a bad cold: sneezing, tearing up, forehead pain, and a hoarse, hacking cough. Knowing these effects of consuming onions in harmful quantities, it's easy to see that similar symptoms caused by other factors, like a severe cold affecting the head and chest, can be countered by modified onion remedies based on the law of similars, thereby providing a quick cure. This principle makes onion porridge a scientific remedy, both as food and medicine, at the onset of a cold, and similarly, the medicinal tincture of the red onion can also be used for healing.

[214] Spanish Onions, which are imported into this country in the winter, are sweet and mucilaginous. A peasant in Spain will munch an onion just as an English labourer eats an apple.

[214] Spanish onions, which are imported into this country in the winter, are sweet and slimy. A farmer in Spain will snack on an onion just like a British worker eats an apple.

At the present day Egyptians take onions, roasted, and each cut into four pieces, with small bits of baked meat, and slices of an acid apple, which the Turks call kebobs. With this sweet and savoury dish they are so delighted, that they trust to enjoy it in paradise. The Israelites were willing to return to slavery and brick-making for their love of the Onion; and we read that Hecamedes presented some of the bulbs to Patrochus, in Homer, as a regala. These are supplied liberally to the antelopes and giraffes in our Zoological Gardens, which animals dote on the Onion.

Nowadays, Egyptians enjoy roasted onions, each cut into four pieces, along with small chunks of baked meat and slices of a sour apple, which the Turks call kebobs. They love this sweet and savory dish so much that they believe they’ll get to enjoy it in paradise. The Israelites were willing to go back to slavery and brick-making just for their love of onions; and we read that Hecamedes gifted some of the bulbs to Patrochus in Homer as a treat. These are generously provided to the antelopes and giraffes in our Zoological Gardens, which absolutely love onions.

A clever paraprase of the word Onion may be read in the lines:—

A clever paraphrase of the word Onion can be found in the lines:—

     "Charge! Stanley, charge! On! Stanley, on!
     Were the last words of Marmion.
     If I had been in Stanley's place
     When Marmion urged him to the chase,
     In me you quickly would descry
     What draws a tear from many an eye."

"Charge! Stanley, charge! On! Stanley, on!
     Were the last words of Marmion.
     If I had been in Stanley's place
     When Marmion urged him to the chase,
     In me you would quickly see
     What brings a tear to many an eye."

For chilblains apply onions with salt pounded together, and for inflamed or protruding piles, raw Onion pulp, made by bruising the bulb, if kept bound to the parts by a compress, and renewed as needed, will afford certain relief.

For chilblains, apply onions mixed with salt that have been crushed together. For inflamed or protruding hemorrhoids, using raw onion pulp—made by crushing the bulb—if kept on the affected area with a compress and changed as needed, will provide reliable relief.

The Garlic (Allium sativum), Skorodon of the Greeks, which was first cultivated in English gardens in 1540, takes its name, from gar, a spear; and leac, a plant, either because of its sharp tapering leaves, or perhaps as "the war plant," by reason of its nutritive and stimulating qualities for those who do battle. It is known also [215] to many as "Poor-man's Treacle," or "Churls Treacle," from being regarded by rustics as a treacle, or antidote to the bite of any venomous reptile.

The Garlic (Allium sativum), known as Skorodon by the Greeks, was first grown in English gardens in 1540. Its name comes from gar, meaning spear, and leac, meaning plant, possibly because of its sharp, pointed leaves, or maybe it's called "the war plant" due to its nourishing and energizing properties for warriors. Many also refer to it as "Poor-man's Treacle" or "Churls Treacle" because rural people see it as a remedy or antidote for the bite of venomous snakes.

The bulb, consisting of several combined cloves, is stimulating, antispasmodic, expectorant, and diuretic. Its active properties depend on an essential oil which may be readily obtained by distillation. A medicinal tincture is made (H.) with spirit of wine, of which from ten to twenty drops may be taken in water several times a day. Garlic proves useful in asthma, whooping-cough, and other spasmodic affections of the chest. For all adult, one or more cloves may be eaten at a time. The odour of the bulb is very diffusible, even when it is applied to the soles of the feet its odour is exhaled by the lungs.

The bulb, made up of several combined cloves, is stimulating, relaxes spasms, helps with coughing, and acts as a diuretic. Its active properties come from an essential oil that can be easily obtained through distillation. A medicinal tincture is made (H.) with alcohol, and you can take ten to twenty drops mixed in water several times a day. Garlic is helpful for asthma, whooping cough, and other spasms in the chest. For adults, one or more cloves can be eaten at a time. The smell of the bulb is very strong; even when applied to the soles of the feet, its odor can be smelled from the lungs.

When bruised and mixed with lard, it makes a most useful opbdeldoc to be rubbed in for irritable spines of indolent scrofulous tumours or gout, until the skin surface becomes red and glowing. If employed thus over the chest (back and front) of a child with whooping-cough, it proves eminently helpful.

When crushed and blended with lard, it creates a very effective ointment to be applied for sore spots caused by lazy scrofulous tumors or gout, until the skin becomes red and warm. If used this way on the chest (both back and front) of a child with whooping cough, it can be extremely beneficial.

Raw Garlic, when applied to the skin, reddens it, and the odour sniffed into the nostrils will revive an hysterical sufferer. It formed the principal ingredient in the "Four thieves' vinegar," which was adopted so successfully at Marseilles for protection against the plague, when prevailing there. This originated with four thieves, who confessed that, whilst protected by the liberal use of aromatic vinegar during the plague, they plundered the dead bodies of its victims with complete security. Or, according to another explanation of the name, an old tract, printed in 1749, testifies that one, Richard Forthave, who lived in Bishopsgate Street, invented and sold a vinegar which had such a run that [216] he soon grew famous, and that his surname became thus corrupted in the course of time.

Raw garlic, when applied to the skin, makes it red, and the smell inhaled can revive someone in hysterics. It was the main ingredient in the "Four Thieves' Vinegar," which was successfully used in Marseille to protect against the plague when it was spreading there. This name comes from four thieves who admitted that while using lots of aromatic vinegar during the plague, they safely looted the bodies of its victims. Alternatively, an old document printed in 1749 claims that a man named Richard Forthave, who lived on Bishopsgate Street, invented and sold a vinegar that became so popular that he quickly became well-known, and over time, his surname got corrupted.

But long before the plague at Marseilles (1722) vinegar was employed as a disinfectant. With Cardinal Wolsey it was a constant custom to carry in his hand an orange emptied of its pulp, and containing a sponge soaked in vinegar made aromatic with spices, so as to protect himself from infection when passing through the crowds which his splendour and his office attracted.

But long before the plague in Marseilles (1722), vinegar was used as a disinfectant. Cardinal Wolsey had a habit of carrying an orange that had been hollowed out, filled with a sponge soaked in vinegar that's been scented with spices, to protect himself from infection while walking through the crowds that his wealth and position drew.

It is related that during a former outbreak of infectious fever in Somer's Town and St. Giles's, the French priests, who constantly used Garlic in all their dishes, visited the worst cases in the dirtiest hovels with impunity, while the English clergy, who were similarly engaged, but who did not eat onions in like fashion, caught the infection in many instances, and fell victims to the disease.

It’s said that during a past outbreak of fever in Somer's Town and St. Giles's, the French priests, who used garlic in all their meals, were able to visit the worst cases in the filthiest homes without getting sick, while the English clergy, who were also helping out but didn’t eat onions the same way, often caught the infection and suffered from the disease.

For toothache and earache, a clove of Garlic stripped of its skin, and cut in the form of a suppository, if thrust in the ear of the aching side, will soon assuage the pain. If introduced into the lower bowel, it will help to destroy thread worms, and when swallowed it abolishes round worms.

For toothache and earache, a clove of garlic, peeled and shaped like a suppository, placed in the ear on the hurting side, will quickly ease the pain. If inserted into the lower bowel, it helps eliminate threadworms, and when swallowed, it gets rid of roundworms.

As a condiment, Garlic undoubtedly aids digestion by stimulating the circulation, with a consequent increase of saliva and gastric juice. The juice from the bulbs can be employed for cementing broken glass or china, by means of its mucilage.

As a condiment, garlic definitely helps with digestion by boosting circulation, which leads to more saliva and stomach acid. The juice from the bulbs can be used to glue broken glass or china because of its sticky substance.

Dr. Bowles, a noted English physician of former times, made use of Garlic with much success as a secret remedy for asthma. He concocted a preserve from the boiled cloves with vinegar and sugar, to be kept in an earthen jar. The dose was a bulb or two with some of the syrup, each morning when fasting. [217] The pain of rheumatic parts may be much relieved by simply rubbing them with cut Garlic.

Dr. Bowles, a well-known English doctor from earlier times, successfully used garlic as a hidden remedy for asthma. He created a preserve from boiled cloves mixed with vinegar and sugar, stored in an earthen jar. The recommended dose was one or two bulbs along with some syrup, taken each morning on an empty stomach. The pain in rheumatic areas can be significantly eased by just rubbing them with sliced garlic.

Garlic emits the most acrimonious smell of all the onion tribe. When leprosy prevailed in this country, Garlic was a prime specific for its relief, and as the victims had to "pil," or peel their own garlic, they were nicknamed "Pil Garlics," and hence it came about that anyone shunned like a leper had this epithet applied to him. Stow says, concerning a man growing old: "He will soon be a peeled garlic like myself."

Garlic has the strongest and most unpleasant smell of all the onions. When leprosy was widespread in this country, garlic was a main remedy for it, and since the victims had to "pil," or peel their own garlic, they were called "Pil Garlics." This led to anyone who was avoided like a leper being given this nickname. Stow mentions about an aging man: "He will soon be a peeled garlic like me."

The strong penetrating odour and taste of this plant, though offensive to most English palates, are much relished by Russians, Poles, and Spaniards, and especially by the Jews. But the Greeks detested Garlic. It is true the Attic husbandmen ate it from remote times, probably in part to drive away by its odour venomous creatures from assailing them; but persons who partook of it were not allowed to enter the temples of Cybele, says Athenaeus; and so hated was garlic, that to have to eat it was a punishment for those that had committed the most horrid crimes; Horace, among the Romans, was made ill by eating garlic at the table of Maecenas; and afterwards (in his third Epode) he reviled the plant as, Cicutis allium nocentius, "Garlic more poisonous than hemlock." Sir Theodore Martin has thus spiritedly translated the passage:—

The strong, pungent smell and taste of this plant, while unpleasant to most English people, are actually enjoyed by Russians, Poles, Spaniards, and especially by Jews. However, the Greeks disliked garlic. It's true that the farmers in Attica ate it from ancient times, likely partly to ward off harmful creatures with its odor; but those who consumed it were not allowed to enter the temples of Cybele, according to Athenaeus. Garlic was so despised that eating it was considered a punishment for people who committed the worst crimes. Horace, among the Romans, felt nauseous after eating garlic at Maecenas’ table; later, in his third Epode, he criticized the plant as Cicutis allium nocentius, "Garlic more poisonous than hemlock." Sir Theodore Martin has spiritedly translated the passage:—

     "If his old father's throat any impious sinner,
         Has cut with unnatural hand to the bone:
     Give him garlick—more noxious than hemlock—at dinner;
         Ye gods! what strong stomachs the reapers must own!"

"If his old father's throat any wicked sinner,
         Has cut to the bone with a cruel hand:
     Give him garlic—worse than hemlock—at dinner;
         Oh gods! what strong stomachs the harvesters must have!"

The singular property is attributed to Garlic, that if a morsel of the bulb is chewed by a man running a race, it will prevent his competitors from getting ahead of him. Hungarian jockeys sometimes fasten a clove of [218] garlic to the bits of their racers; and it is said that the horses which run against those thus baited, fall back the moment they smell the offensive odour. If a leg of mutton, before being roasted, has a small clove of Garlic inserted into the knuckle, and the joint is afterwards served with haricot beans (soaked for twenty-four hours before being boiled), it is rendered doubly delicious. In Greece snails dressed with Garlic are now a favourite dish.

The unique trait of Garlic is that if a bite of the bulb is chewed by someone racing, it will stop his competitors from getting ahead. Hungarian jockeys sometimes attach a clove of garlic to the bits of their horses; and it's said that the horses racing against these racers fall behind as soon as they smell the unpleasant odor. If a leg of mutton has a small clove of garlic inserted into the knuckle before roasting, and the joint is served with haricot beans (soaked for twenty-four hours before boiling), it becomes even more delicious. In Greece, snails cooked with garlic are now a popular dish.

A well known chef is said to have chewed a small clove of Garlic when he wished to impart its delicate flavour to a choice plât, over which he then breathed lightly. Dumas relates that the whole atmosphere of Provence is impregnated with the perfume of Garlic, and is exceedingly wholesome to inhale.

A famous chef is said to have chewed a small clove of garlic when he wanted to give a special dish its subtle flavor, then he would lightly breathe over it. Dumas notes that the entire atmosphere of Provence is filled with the scent of garlic, which is incredibly healthy to breathe in.

As an instance of lunar influences (which undoubtedly affect our bodily welfare), it is remarkable that if Garlic is planted when the moon is in the full, the bulb will be round like an onion, instead of being composed, as it usually is, of several distinct cloves.

As an example of how the moon can influence us (which definitely affects our health), it's interesting that if you plant garlic when the moon is full, the bulb will be round like an onion, instead of usually being made up of several separate cloves.

Homer says it was to the virtues of the Yellow Garlic (Moly?) Ulysses owed his escape from being changed by Circe into a pig, like each of his companions.

Homer says it was thanks to the qualities of the Yellow Garlic (Moly?) that Ulysses managed to escape being turned into a pig by Circe, like all his companions.

The Crow Garlic, vineale, and the purple striped, oleraceum, grow wild in this country. When the former of these is eaten by birds it so stupefies them that they may be taken with the hand.

The Crow Garlic, vineale, and the purple striped, oleraceum, grow wild in this country. When birds eat the former, it makes them so dazed that they can be easily caught by hand.

Concerning the cure of nervous headache by Garlic (and its kindred medicinal herb Asafoetida), an old charm reads thus:—

Concerning the cure for nervous headaches using Garlic (and its related medicinal herb Asafoetida), an old charm goes as follows:—

     "Give onyons to Saynt Cutlake,
     And Garlycke to Saynt Cyryake;
     If ye will shun the headake,
         Ye shall have them at Queenhyth."

"Give onions to Saint Cutlake,
     And garlic to Saint Cyriac;
     If you want to avoid a headache,
         You can get them at Queenhyth."

The Asafoetida (Ferula Asafoetida) grows in Western Thibet, and exudes a gum which is used medicinally, coming as a milky juice from the incised root and soon coagulating; it is then exported, having a very powerful odour of garlic which may be perceived a long distance away. Phosphorus and sulphur are among its constituent elements, and, because of the latter, says Dr. Garrod after much observation, he regards Asafoetida as one of the most valuable remedies known to the physician. From three to five grains of the gum in a pill, or half-a-teaspoonful of the tincture, with a small wineglassful of warm milk, may be given for a dose.

The Asafoetida (Ferula Asafoetida) grows in Western Tibet and produces a gum that is used for medicinal purposes. This gum oozes out as a milky juice from the cut root and quickly thickens. It is then exported and has a very strong garlic-like smell that can be detected from far away. Phosphorus and sulfur are some of its main components, and Dr. Garrod, after much observation, considers Asafoetida to be one of the most valuable remedies known to doctors. A typical dose is three to five grains of the gum in a pill, or half a teaspoon of the tincture mixed with a small glass of warm milk.

Some of the older writers esteemed it highly as an aromatic flavouring spice, and termed it cibus deorum, food of the gods. John Evelyn says (in his Acetaria) "the ancient Silphium thought by many to be none other than the fetid asa, was so highly prized for its taste and virtues, that it was dedicated to Apollo at Delphi, and stamped upon African coins as a sacred plant."

Some of the older writers valued it greatly as an aromatic flavoring spice and called it cibus deorum, or food of the gods. John Evelyn mentions in his Acetaria that "the ancient Silphium, often believed to be nothing more than the foul-smelling asa, was so treasured for its taste and benefits that it was dedicated to Apollo at Delphi and was stamped on African coins as a sacred plant."

Aristophanes extolled its juice as a restorer of masculine vigour, and the Indians at this day sauce their viands with it. Nor are some of our skilful cooks ignorant how to condite it, with the applause of those who are unaware of the secret. The Silphium, or laserpitium of the Romans, yielded what was a famous restorative, the "Cyrenaic juice." Pareira tells us he was assured by a noted gourmet that the finest relish which a beef steak can possess, may be communicated to it by rubbing the gridiron on which the steak is to be cooked, with Asafoetida.

Aristophanes praised its juice as a way to boost male vitality, and even today, Indians use it as a sauce for their dishes. Some of our talented chefs are also skilled at preparing it, impressing those who don't know the secret. The Silphium, or laserpitium of the Romans, produced a well-known restorative, the "Cyrenaic juice." Pareira mentions that a famous food lover told him that the best flavor a beef steak can have can be achieved by rubbing the grill on which the steak will be cooked with Asafoetida.

The gum when given in moderate doses, acts on all parts of the body as a wholesome stimulant, leading among other good results, to improvement of the vision, [220] and enlivening the spirits. But its use is apt to produce eructations smacking of garlic, which may persist for several hours; and, if it be given in over doses, the effects are headache and giddiness. When suitably administered, it quickens the appetite and improves the digestion, chiefly with those of a cold temperament, and languid habit. Smollet says the Romans stuffed their fowls for the table with Asafoetida. In Germany, Sweden, and Italy, it is known as "Devil's Dung."

The gum, when taken in moderate amounts, works as a healthy stimulant for the whole body, leading to various positive effects, including better vision and increased energy. However, it can cause garlic-flavored burps that may last for several hours, and taking too much can result in headaches and dizziness. When used appropriately, it boosts appetite and aids digestion, especially in those who are cold-natured and sluggish. Smollet mentions that the Romans used to stuff their birds for dinner with Asafoetida. In Germany, Sweden, and Italy, it’s referred to as "Devil's Dung."

The Leek (Allium porrium) bears an Anglo-Saxon name corrupted from Porleac, and it is also called the Porret, having been the Prason of the Greeks. It was first made use of in England during 1562. This was a food of the poor in ancient Egypt, as is shown by an inscription on one of the Pyramids, whence was derived the phrase, "to eat the Leek"; and its loss was bewailed by the Israelites in their journey through the Desert. It was said by the Romans to be prolific of virtue, because Latona, the mother of Apollo, longed after leeks. The Welsh, who take them much, are observed to be very fruitful. They dedicate these plants to St. David, on whose day, March 1st, in 640, the Britons (who were known to each other by displaying in their caps, at the inspiration of St. David, some leeks, "the fairest emblym that is worne," plucked in a garden near the field of action) gained a complete victory over the Saxons.

The leek (Allium porrium) has an Anglo-Saxon name that evolved from Porleac, and it’s also known as the Porret, which was the Prason of the Greeks. It was first used in England in 1562. This vegetable was a staple for the poor in ancient Egypt, as noted by an inscription on one of the Pyramids, leading to the expression "to eat the leek"; its absence was mourned by the Israelites during their time in the Desert. The Romans claimed it was full of benefits because Latona, the mother of Apollo, had a craving for leeks. The Welsh, who consume a lot of them, are noted for being very fertile. They dedicate these plants to St. David, and on his day, March 1st, in 640, the Britons (who recognized each other by wearing leeks in their caps, inspired by St. David, "the fairest emblem that is worn," picked from a garden near the battlefield) achieved a complete victory over the Saxons.

The bulb contains some sulphur, and is, in its raw state, a stimulating expectorant. Its juice acts energetically on the kidneys, and dissolves the calculous formations of earthy phosphates which frequently form in the bladder.

The bulb has some sulfur in it and, in its natural form, is a stimulating expectorant. Its juice works actively on the kidneys and breaks down the calcified formations of earthy phosphates that often develop in the bladder.

For chilblains, chapped hands, and sore eyes, the juice of a leek squeezed out, and mixed with cream, [221] has been found curative. Old Tusser tells us, in his Husbandry for March:—

For chilblains, chapped hands, and sore eyes, the juice of a leek squeezed out and mixed with cream has been found to be healing. Old Tusser tells us in his Husbandry for March:—

"Now leeks are in season, for pottage full good,
That spareth the milch cow, and purgeth the blood,"

"Now leeks are in season, perfect for soup,
That saves the milk cow and cleanses the blood,"

and a trite proverb of former times bids us:—

and a cliché saying from the past tells us:—

"Eat leeks in Lide [March] and ramsons in May,
Then all the year after physicians can play."

"Eat leeks in March and wild garlic in May,
Then all year long, doctors can take a break."

Ramsons, or the Wild Garlic (Allium ursinum), is broad leaved, and grows abundantly on our moist meadow banks, with a strong smell of onions when crushed or bruised. It is perennial, having egg-shaped or lance-like leaves, whilst bearing large, pearly-white blossoms with acute petals. The name is the plural of "Ramse," or "Ram," which signifies strong-smelling, or rank. And the plant is also called "Buck Rams," or "Buck Rampe," in allusion to its spadix or spathe. "The leaves of Ramsons," says Gerard, "are stamped and eaten with fish, even as we do eat greene sauce made with sorrell." This is "Bear's Garlic," and the Star Flower of florists.

Ramsons, or Wild Garlic (Allium ursinum), has broad leaves and grows abundantly along our damp meadow banks, giving off a strong onion smell when crushed or bruised. It's a perennial plant with egg-shaped or lance-like leaves and produces large, pearly-white flowers with pointed petals. The name comes from the plural of "Ramse," or "Ram," which means strong-smelling or rank. The plant is also known as "Buck Rams" or "Buck Rampe," referring to its spadix or spathe. "The leaves of Ramsons," says Gerard, "are crushed and eaten with fish, just like we eat green sauce made with sorrel." This is "Bear's Garlic" and the Star Flower of florists.

Leeks were so highly esteemed by the Emperor Nero, that his subjects gave him the sobriquet of "Porrophagus." He took them with oil for several days in each month to clear his voice, eating no bread on those days. Un remede d'Empereur (Neron) pour se debarrasser d'un rhume,—et de commère pour attendre le meme but— fut envelopper un oignon dans une feuille de chou et le faire cuire sous la cendre; puis l'ecrasser, le reduire en pulpe, le mettre dans une tasse de lait, ou une decoction chaude de redisse; se coucher; et se tenir chaudement, au besoin recidiver matin et soir.

Leeks were so highly valued by Emperor Nero that his subjects gave him the nickname "Porrophagus." He would consume them with oil for several days each month to clear his voice, avoiding bread on those days. A remedy from the Emperor (Nero) to get rid of a cold—similar advice for the same purpose—was to wrap an onion in a cabbage leaf and cook it in the ashes; then crush it, reduce it to pulp, and mix it in a cup of milk or a hot radish infusion; lie down; and keep warm, repeating this morning and night if necessary.

The Scotch leek is more hardy and pungent than that [222] grown in
England. It was formerly a favourite ingredient in the Cock-a-Leekie
soup of Caledonia, which is so graphically described by Sir
Walter Scott, in the Fortunes of Nigel.

The Scotch leek is tougher and stronger in flavor than the one grown in
England. It used to be a popular ingredient in the Cock-a-Leekie
soup of Scotland, which is vividly described by Sir
Walter Scott in the Fortunes of Nigel.

A "Herby" pie, peculiar to Cornwall, is made of leeks and pilchards, or of nettles, pepper cress, parsley, mustard, and spinach, with thin slices of pork. At the bottom of the Squab pie mentioned before was a Squab, or young Cormorant, "which diffused," says Charles Kingsley, "through the pie, and through the ambient air, a delicate odour of mingled guano and polecat." That "lovers live by love, as larks by leeks," is an old saying; and in the classic story of Pyramus and Thisbe, reference is made to the beautiful emerald green which the leaves of the leek exhibit. "His eyes were as green as leeks." Among the Welsh farmers, it is a neighbourly custom to attend on a certain day and plough the land of a poor proprietor whose means are limited—each bringing with him one or more leeks for making the soup or broth.

A "Herby" pie, unique to Cornwall, is made with leeks and pilchards, or with nettles, pepper cress, parsley, mustard, and spinach, along with thin slices of pork. At the bottom of the Squab pie mentioned earlier was a Squab, or young Cormorant, "which spread," says Charles Kingsley, "through the pie, and through the surrounding air, a subtle scent of mixed guano and polecat." That "lovers live by love, just as larks live by leeks," is an old saying; and in the classic tale of Pyramus and Thisbe, there’s a reference to the beautiful emerald green that leek leaves show. "His eyes were as green as leeks." Among Welsh farmers, it’s a friendly tradition to gather on a specific day and plow the land of a struggling neighbor—each person bringing one or more leeks for making soup or broth.

The Schalot, or Eschalotte, is another variety of the onion tribe, which was introduced into England by the Crusaders, who found it growing at Ascalon. And Chives (Allium schoenoprasum) are an ever green perennial herb of the onion tribe, having only a mild, alliaceous flavour. Epicures consider the Schalot to be the best seasoning for beef steaks, either by taking the actual bulb, or by rubbing the plates therewith.

The Schalot, also known as Eschalotte, is another type of onion that was brought to England by the Crusaders, who discovered it growing in Ascalon. Chives (Allium schoenoprasum) are a perennial herb from the onion family that stays green all year round, and they have a mild onion-like flavor. Food enthusiasts believe that the Schalot is the best seasoning for beef steaks, whether by using the actual bulb or by rubbing the plates with it.

Again, as a most common plant in all our hedgerows, is found the Poor Man's Garlic, or Sauce-alone (Erisymum alliaria), from eruo, to cure, a somewhat coarse and most ordinary member of the onion tribe, which goes also by the names of "Jack by the hedge" and "Garlick-wort," and belongs to the cruciferous order [223] of plants. When bruised, it gives out a strong smell of garlic, and when eaten by cows it makes their milk taste powerfully of onions. The Ancients, says John Evelyn, used "Jack by the hedge" as a succedaneum to their Scordium, or cultivated Garlic.

Once again, a very common plant found in all our hedgerows is Poor Man's Garlic, or Sauce-alone (Erisymum alliaria), from eruo, meaning to cure. It’s a rather rough and ordinary member of the onion family, also known as "Jack by the hedge" and "Garlick-wort," and it belongs to the cruciferous family of plants. When crushed, it releases a strong garlic scent, and when cows eat it, their milk takes on a strong onion flavor. According to John Evelyn, the Ancients used "Jack by the hedge" as a substitute for their Scordium, or cultivated garlic.

This herb grows luxuriantly, bearing green, shining, heart-shaped leaves, and headpieces of small, white-flowering bunches. It was named "Saucealone," from being eaten in the Springtime with meat, whilst having so strong a flavour of onions, that it served alone of itself for sauce. Perhaps (says Dr. Prior) the title "Jack by the hedge" is derived from "jack," or "jakes," an old English word denoting a privy, or house of office, and this in allusion to the fetid smell of the plant, and the usual place of its growth.

This herb grows abundantly, with shiny green, heart-shaped leaves and clusters of small white flowers. It was named "Saucealone" because it’s eaten in the spring with meat and has such a strong onion flavor that it can be used as a sauce on its own. Perhaps (says Dr. Prior) the name "Jack by the hedge" comes from "jack" or "jakes," an old English term for a toilet, relating to the unpleasant smell of the plant and where it commonly grows.

When gathered and eaten with boiled mutton, after having been first separately boiled, it makes an excellent vegetable, if picked as it approaches the flowering state. Formerly this herb was highly valued as an antiscorbutic, and was thought a most desirable pot herb.

When picked and eaten with boiled mutton, after being boiled separately first, it makes a great vegetable if harvested just before it flowers. This herb was once considered very valuable for preventing scurvy and was seen as a highly desirable pot herb.

(The Erysimum officinale (Hedge Mustard) and the Vervain (Verbena) make Count Mattaei's empirical nostrum Febrifugo: but this Erysimum is not the same plant as the Jack by the hedge.)

(The Erysimum officinale (Hedge Mustard) and the Vervain (Verbena) are the main ingredients in Count Mattaei's empirical remedy Febrifugo: but this Erysimum is not the same plant as the one by the hedge.)

GOOSEBERRY.

The Gooseberry (Ribes grossularia) gets its name from krüsbar, which signifies a cross, in allusion to the triple spine of the fruit or berry, which is commonly cruciform. This is a relic of its first floral days, preserved like the apron of the blacksmith at Persia, when he came to the throne. The term grossularia implies a resemblance of the fruit to grossuli, small unripe figs.

The Gooseberry (Ribes grossularia) gets its name from krüsbar, which means a cross, referring to the three spines of the fruit or berry, which often looks cross-shaped. This is a remnant from its early flowering days, kept like a blacksmith's apron in Persia when he took the throne. The term grossularia suggests that the fruit resembles grossuli, small unripe figs.

[224] Frequently the shrub, which belongs to the same natural order as the Currant (Ribes), grows wild in the hedges and thickets of our Eastern counties, bearing then only a small, poor berry, and not supposed to be of native origin.

[224] Often, the shrub, which is related to the Currant (Ribes), grows wild in the hedges and thickets of our Eastern counties, producing only a small, low-quality berry, and is thought not to be native.

In East Anglia it is named Fabe, Feap, Thape, or Theab berry, probably by reason of a mistake which arose through an incorrect picture. The Melon, in a well-known book of Tabernaemontanus, was figured to look like a large gooseberry, and was headed, Pfebe. And this name was supposed by some wiseacre to be that of the gooseberry, and thus became attached to the said fruit. Loudon thinks it signifies Feverberry, because of the cooling properties possessed by the gooseberry, which is scarcely probable.

In East Anglia, it's called Fabe, Feap, Thape, or Theab berry, likely due to a mix-up from a misleading illustration. The Melon, in a well-known book by Tabernaemontanus, was depicted to resemble a large gooseberry and was labeled Pfebe. Some clever person assumed this name referred to the gooseberry, and so it became linked to that fruit. Loudon believes it means Feverberry because of the cooling properties of the gooseberry, which seems unlikely.

In Norfolk, the green, unripe fruit is called Thape, and the schoolboys in that county well know Thape pie, made from green Gooseberries. The French call the fruit Groseille, and the Scotch, Grosert. It contains, chemically, citric acid, pectose, gum, sugar, cellulose, albumen, mineral matter, and water. The quantity of flesh-forming constituents is insignificant. Its pectose, under heat, makes a capital jelly.

In Norfolk, the green, unripe fruit is called Thape, and the schoolboys in that county are very familiar with Thape pie, made from green gooseberries. The French refer to the fruit as Groseille, and the Scots call it Grosert. Chemically, it contains citric acid, pectose, gum, sugar, cellulose, albumen, mineral matter, and water. The amount of flesh-forming constituents is minimal. Its pectose, when heated, makes a great jelly.

In this country, the Gooseberry was first cultivated at the time of the Reformation, and it grows better in Great Britain than elsewhere, because of the moist climate. The original fruit occurred of the hairy sort, like Esau, as the Uva crispa of Fuschius, in Henry the Eighth's reign; and there are now red, white, and yellow cultivated varieties of the berry.

In this country, the gooseberry was first cultivated during the Reformation, and it grows better in Great Britain than in other places because of the moist climate. The original fruit was the hairy variety, like Esau, as the Uva crispa of Fuschius, during the reign of Henry the Eighth. Today, there are cultivated varieties of the berry that are red, white, and yellow.

When green and unripe, Gooseberries are employed in a sauce, together with bechamel, and aromatic spices, this being taken with mackerel and other rich fish, as an acid corrective condiment. Also, from the juice of the [225] green fruit, "which cureth all inflammations," may be concocted an excellent vinegar.

When they are green and unripe, gooseberries are used in a sauce with béchamel and aromatic spices, served with mackerel and other fatty fish as a tangy condiment. Additionally, the juice from the green fruit, which "cures all inflammations," can be made into a great vinegar.

Gooseberry-fool, which comes to our tables so acceptably in early summer, consists of the unripe fruit foulé (that is, crushed or beaten up) with cream and milk. Similarly the French have a foulé des pommes, and a_ foulé des raisins_. To "play old Gooseberry" with another man's property is conjectured to mean smashing it up, and reducing it, as it were, to Gooseberry-fool.

Gooseberry fool, which is so well-received at our tables in early summer, is made from unripe fruit that is crushed or beaten up, along with cream and milk. Likewise, the French have a "foulé des pommes" and a "foulé des raisins." To "play old Gooseberry" with someone else's property is thought to mean damaging it and breaking it down, as if turning it into Gooseberry fool.

The young and tender leaves of the shrub, if eaten raw in a salad; drive forth the gravel. And from the red Gooseberry may be prepared an excellent light jelly, which is beneficial for sedentary, plethoric, and bilious subjects. This variety of the fruit, whether hairy or smooth, is grown largely in Scotland, but in France it is little cared for.

The young and tender leaves of the shrub, when eaten raw in a salad, help to eliminate gravel. You can make a delicious light jelly from the red Gooseberry, which is great for those who are sedentary, overweight, or have digestive issues. This type of fruit, whether hairy or smooth, is widely grown in Scotland, but is not highly valued in France.

The yellow Gooseberry is richer and more vinous of taste, suiting admirably, when of the smooth sort, for making Gooseberry wine; which is choice, sparkling, and wholesome, such as that wherewith Goldsmith's popular Vicar of Wakefield used to regale Farmer Flamborough and the blind piper, having "lost neither the recipe nor the reputation." They were soothed in return by the touching ballads of Johnny Armstrong's Last Good Night, and Cruel Barbara Allen.

The yellow gooseberry has a richer and more wine-like flavor, making it perfect for creating smooth gooseberry wine; it’s excellent, bubbly, and good for you, like the kind that Goldsmith's famous Vicar of Wakefield served to Farmer Flamborough and the blind piper, having "lost neither the recipe nor the reputation." In return, they enjoyed the heartfelt ballads of Johnny Armstrong's Last Good Night and Cruel Barbara Allen.

Gooseberry Shows are held annually in Lancashire, and excite keen competition; but after exhibition, the successful berries are "topped and tailed," so as to disqualify them from being shown elsewhere. Southey, in The Doctor, speaks about an obituary notice in a former Manchester newspaper, of a man who "bore a severe illness with Christian fortitude, and was much esteemed among Gooseberry growers." Prizes are given for the [226] biggest and heaviest berries, which are produced with immense pains as to manuring, and the growth of cool chickweed around the roots of the bushes. At the same time each promising berry is kept submerged in a shallow vessel of water placed beneath it so as to compel absorption of moisture, and thus to enlarge its size. Whimsical names, such as "Golden Lion," "The Jolly Angler," and "Crown Bob," etc., are bestowed on the prize fruit. Cuttings from the parent plant of a prize Gooseberry become in great request; and thus the pedigree scions of a single bush have been known to yield as much as thirty-two pounds sterling to their possessor. The Gooseberry Book is a regular Manchester annual.

Gooseberry Shows are held every year in Lancashire, creating a lot of competition. However, after the exhibition, the winning berries are "topped and tailed" to prevent them from being shown elsewhere. Southey, in The Doctor, talks about an obituary notice in an old Manchester newspaper about a man who "faced a serious illness with Christian strength and was well-regarded among Gooseberry growers." Prizes are awarded for the largest and heaviest berries, which are grown with great care in terms of fertilizing and cultivating cool chickweed around the roots of the bushes. At the same time, each promising berry is kept submerged in a shallow container of water placed underneath it to ensure moisture absorption, helping to increase its size. Quirky names like "Golden Lion," "The Jolly Angler," and "Crown Bob" are given to the prize-winning fruit. Cuttings from the parent plant of a winning Gooseberry become highly sought after; as a result, the pedigree branches of a single bush have been known to sell for as much as thirty-two pounds sterling. The Gooseberry Book is an annual publication from Manchester.

A berry weighing as heavy as thirty-seven penny-weight has been exhibited; and a story is told of a Middleton weaver, who, when a thunder-storm was gathering, lay awake as if for his life, and at the first patter of rain against the window panes, rushed to the rescue of his Gooseberry bushes with his bed quilt. Green Gooseberries will help to abate the strange longings which sometimes beset pregnant women.

A berry weighing as much as thirty-seven pennyweights has been showcased; and there's a story about a weaver from Middleton who, when a thunderstorm was approaching, lay awake as if his life depended on it. At the first drop of rain against the window, he rushed to protect his gooseberry bushes with his bed quilt. Green gooseberries can help ease the unusual cravings that sometimes affect pregnant women.

In Devon the rustics call Gooseberries "Deberries," and in Sussex they are familiarly known to village lads as Goosegogs.

In Devon, the locals refer to gooseberries as "Deberries," and in Sussex, village boys commonly call them Goosegogs.

An Irish cure for warts is to prick them with a Gooseberry thorn passed through a wedding ring.

An Irish remedy for warts is to poke them with a gooseberry thorn that has been passed through a wedding ring.

By some subtle bodily action wrought through a suggestion made to the mind, warts undoubtedly disappear as the result of this and many another equally trivial proceeding; which being so, why not the more serious skin affections, and larger morbid growths?

By some subtle physical action triggered by a suggestion to the mind, warts definitely go away as a result of this and many other seemingly minor actions; if that's the case, then why not the more serious skin conditions and larger unhealthy growths?

The poet Southey wrote a Pindaric Ode upon a Gooseberry [227]
Pie, beginning "Gooseberry Pie is best," with the refrain:—

The poet Southey wrote a Pindaric Ode upon a Gooseberry [227]
Pie, starting with "Gooseberry Pie is best," followed by the refrain:—

"And didst thou scratch thy tender arms,
Oh, Jane I that I should dine"?

"And did you scratch your tender arms,
Oh, Jane, that I should dine?"

GOOSEFOOT.

Among Curative Simples, the Goosefoot, or Chenopod order of British plants, contributes two useful herbs, the Chenopodium bonus Henricus (Good King Henry), and the Chenopodium vulvaria (Stinking Goosefoot).

Among Curative Simples, the Goosefoot, or Chenopod order of British plants, offers two useful herbs, Chenopodium bonus Henricus (Good King Henry) and Chenopodium vulvaria (Stinking Goosefoot).

This tribe derives its distinctive title from the Greek words, cheen, a goose, and pous, a foot, in allusion to the resemblance borne by its leaves to the webbed members of that waddling bird which raw recruits are wont to bless for their irksome drill of the goose-step. Incidentally, it may be said that goosegrease, got from the roasted bird, is highly emollient, and very useful in clysters; it also proves easily emetic.

This tribe gets its unique name from the Greek words, cheen, which means goose, and pous, meaning foot, referring to how its leaves look like the webbed feet of that waddling bird, which new recruits often thank for their annoying drill of the goose-step. On a side note, it's worth mentioning that goose grease, obtained from the roasted bird, is very soothing and quite useful in enemas; it also acts as an effective emetic.

The Goosefoot herbs are common weeds in most temperate climates, and grow chiefly in salt marshes, or on the sea-shore. Other plants of this tribe are esculent vegetables, as the Spinach, Beet, and Orach. They all afford "soda" in abundance.

The Goosefoot herbs are common weeds in most temperate climates and mainly grow in salt marshes or along the shore. Other plants in this group include edible vegetables like Spinach, Beet, and Orach. They all provide plenty of "soda."

The Good King Henry (Goosefoot) grows abundantly in waste places near villages, being a dark green, succulent plant, about a foot high, with thickish arrow-shaped leaves, which are cooked as spinach, especially in Lincolnshire. It is sometimes called Blite, from the Greek bliton, insipid; and, as Evelyn says, in his Acetaria, "it is well named, being insipid enough."

The Good King Henry (Goosefoot) grows widely in neglected areas near villages. It’s a dark green, juicy plant, about a foot tall, with thick, arrow-shaped leaves that can be cooked like spinach, particularly in Lincolnshire. It’s sometimes referred to as Blite, which comes from the Greek word bliton, meaning tasteless; and as Evelyn mentions in his Acetaria, "it is well named, being tasteless enough."

Why the said Goosefoot has been named "Good King Henry," or, "Good King Harry," is a disputed point. A French writer declares "this humble plant which grows on our plains without culture will confer a more lasting [228] duration on the memory of Henri Quatre than the statue of bronze placed on the Pont Neuf, though fenced with iron, and guarded by soldiers." Dodoeus says the appellation was given to distinguish the plant from another, a poisonous one, called Malus Henricus, "Bad Henry." Other authors have referred it to our Harry the Eighth, and his sore legs, for which the leaves were applied as a remedy; but this idea does not seem of probable correctness. Frowde tells us "the constant irritation of his festering legs made his terrible temper still more dreadful. Warned of his approaching dissolution; and consumed with the death-thirst, he called for a cup of white wine, and, turning to one of his attendants; cried, 'All is lost!'—and these were his last words." The substantive title, Henricus, is more likely derived from "heinrich," an elf or goblin, as indicating certain magical virtues in the herb.

Why the Goosefoot is called "Good King Henry" or "Good King Harry" is a matter of debate. A French writer claims, "this humble plant that grows on our plains without cultivation will leave a more lasting memory of Henri Quatre than the bronze statue on the Pont Neuf, even though it's fenced with iron and guarded by soldiers." Dodoeus suggests that the name was given to differentiate it from another plant, a poisonous one called Malus Henricus, or "Bad Henry." Other authors have linked it to our Henry the Eighth and his sore legs, as the leaves were used as a remedy; however, this idea doesn’t seem very likely. Frowde tells us, "the constant irritation of his festering legs made his terrible temper even more frightening. Aware of his impending death and consumed with the thirst for life, he called for a cup of white wine, and, turning to one of his attendants, cried, 'All is lost!'—and these were his last words." The name Henricus is more likely derived from "heinrich," meaning an elf or goblin, suggesting some magical qualities in the herb.

It is further known as English Marquery, or Mercury, and Tota bona; or, Allgood, the latter from a conceit of the rustics that it will cure all hurts; "wherefore the leaves are now a constant plaster among them for every green wound." It bears small flowers of sepals only, and is grown by cottagers as a pot herb. The young shoots peeled and boiled may be eaten as asparagus, and are gently laxative. The leaves are often made into broth, being applied also externally by country folk to heal old ulcers; and the roots are given to sheep having a cough.

It is also known as English Marquery or Mercury, and Tota bona; or Allgood, the latter name coming from the local belief that it can heal all injuries. Because of this, the leaves are used as a regular plaster for every green wound. It has small flowers with only sepals and is cultivated by villagers as a pot herb. The young shoots, when peeled and boiled, can be eaten like asparagus and have a mild laxative effect. The leaves are commonly used to make broth and are also applied externally by locals to treat old ulcers, while the roots are given to sheep that have a cough.

Both here and in Germany this Goosefoot is used for feeding poultry, and it has hence acquired the sobriquet of Fat-hen.

Both here and in Germany, this Goosefoot is used to feed poultry, and as a result, it has gained the nickname Fat-hen.

The term, English Mercury, has been given because of its excellent remedial qualities against indigestion, and bears out the proverb: "Be thou sick or whole, put [229] Mercury in thy koole." Poultices made from the herb are applied to cleanse and heal chronic sores, which, as Gerard teaches, "they do scour and mundify." Certain writers associate it with our good King Henry the Sixth. There is made in America, from an allied plant, the oak-leaved Goosefoot (Chenopodium glaucum), or from the aphis which infests it, a medicinal tincture used for expelling round worms.

The term "English Mercury" is used because of its great healing properties for indigestion, supporting the saying: "Whether you’re sick or healthy, use Mercury in your bowl." Poultices made from this herb are applied to clean and heal chronic sores, which, as Gerard explains, "they do scrub and purify." Some writers connect it with our good King Henry the Sixth. In America, a medicinal tincture is made from an related plant, the oak-leaved Goosefoot (Chenopodium glaucum), or from the aphids that infest it, which is used to expel roundworms.

The Stinking Goosefoot, called therefore, Vulvaria, and Garosmus, grows often on roadsides in England, and is known as Dog's Orach. It is of a dull, glaucous, or greyish-green aspect, and invested with a greasy mealiness which when touched exhales a very odious and enduring smell like that of stale salt fish, this being particularly attractive to dogs, though swine refuse the plant. It has been found very useful in hysteria, the leaves being made into a conserve with sugar; or Dr. Fuller's famous Electuarium hystericum may be compounded by adding forty-eight drops of oil of amber (Oleum succini) to four ounces of the conserve. Then a piece of the size of a chestnut should be taken when needed, and repeated more or less often as required. It further promotes the monthly flow of women. But the herb is possessed odoris virosi intolerabilis, of a stink which remains long on the hands after touching it. The whole plant is sprinkled over with the white, pellucid meal, and contains much "trimethylamine," together with osmazome, and nitrate of potash; also it gives off free ammonia. The title, Orach, given to the Stinking Goosefoot, a simple of a "most ancient, fish-like smell," and to others of the same tribe, is a corruption of aurum, gold, because their seeds were supposed to cure the ailment known popularly as the "yellow jaundice." These plants afford no nutriment, [230] and, therefore, each bears the name, atriplex, not, trephein, to nourish:—

The Stinking Goosefoot, also called Vulvaria and Garosmus, frequently grows along roadsides in England and is known as Dog's Orach. It has a dull, greyish-green appearance and is covered in a greasy powder that, when touched, gives off a very unpleasant and lingering smell similar to stale salt fish, which is particularly appealing to dogs, although pigs tend to avoid it. It has been found to be quite useful for hysteria, with the leaves made into a conserve with sugar; or Dr. Fuller's famous Electuarium hystericum can be created by adding forty-eight drops of oil of amber (Oleum succini) to four ounces of the conserve. A piece about the size of a chestnut should be taken when needed, and can be repeated as often as required. It also promotes women’s monthly flow. However, the herb has an odoris virosi intolerabilis, a stink that lingers on the hands after it has been touched. The entire plant is coated with a white, translucent powder, and contains a lot of "trimethylamine," along with osmazome and nitrate of potash; it also emits free ammonia. The name Orach, given to the Stinking Goosefoot—a reminder of a "very ancient, fish-like smell"—and to others in the same family, is derived from aurum, meaning gold, because their seeds were believed to cure the condition commonly known as "yellow jaundice." These plants provide no nutrition, [230] and thus each is named atriplex, meaning not trephein, to nourish:—

     "Atriplicem tritum cum nitro, melle, et aceto
     Dicunt appositum calidum sedare podagram
     Ictericis dicitque Galenus tollere morbum
     Illius semen cum vino saepius haustum."

"A triplicate mix crushed with saltpeter, honey, and vinegar
     They say applying it warm soothes gout
     Galen says it can cure jaundice
     Its seed, often taken with wine."

     "With vinegar, honey, and salt, the Orach
     Made hot, and applied, cures a gouty attack;
     Whilst its seeds for the jaundice, if mingled with wine,
     —As Galen has said—are a remedy fine."

"Using vinegar, honey, and salt, the Orach
     When heated and applied, treats a gout flare-up;
     While its seeds for jaundice, if mixed with wine,
     —As Galen mentioned—are a great remedy."

"Orach is cooling," writes Evelyn, "and allays the pituit humors." "Being set over the fire, neither this nor the lettuce needs any other water than their own moisture to boil them in." The Orach hails from Tartary, and is much esteemed in France. It was introduced about 1548.

"Orach is refreshing," writes Evelyn, "and eases the pituitary humors." "When cooked, neither this nor the lettuce requires any water besides their own moisture to boil." The Orach comes from Tartary and is highly valued in France. It was introduced around 1548.

GOOSEGRASS.

"Goosey, goosey, gander, whither do ye wander?" says an old nursery rhyme by way of warning to the silly waddling birds not to venture into hedgerows, else will they become helplessly fettered by the tough, straggling coils of the Clivers, Goosegrass, or, Hedgeheriff, growing so freely there, and a sad despoiler of feathers.

"Goosey, goosey, gander, where are you going?" says an old nursery rhyme as a warning to the silly waddling birds not to stray into hedgerows, or they'll get helplessly stuck in the tough, tangled vines of Clivers, Goosegrass, or Hedgeheriff, which grow freely there and sadly ruin their feathers.

The medicinal Goosegrass (Galium aparine), which is a highly useful curative Simple, springs up luxuriantly about fields and waste places in most English districts. It belongs to the Rubiaceous order of plants, all of which have a root like madder, affording a red dye. This hardy Goosegrass climbs courageously by its slender, hairy stems through the dense vegetation of our hedges into open daylight, having sharp, serrated leaves, and producing small white flowers, "pearking on the tops of the sprigs." It is one of the Bedstraw tribe, and bears [231] a number of popular titles, such as Cleavers, Clithers, Robin run in the grass, Burweed, Loveman, Gooseherriff, Mutton chops, Clite, Clide, Clitheren, and Goosebill, from the sharp, serrated leaves, like the rough-edged mandibles of a goose.

The medicinal Goosegrass (Galium aparine), which is a highly useful healing herb, grows abundantly in fields and neglected areas in most parts of England. It belongs to the Rubiaceae family of plants, all of which have a root similar to madder, producing a red dye. This resilient Goosegrass climbs bravely with its slender, hairy stems through the thick vegetation of our hedges into the sunlight, featuring sharp, jagged leaves, and producing small white flowers that "peek above the tops of the sprigs." It is part of the Bedstraw family and has several common names, such as Cleavers, Clithers, Robin run in the grass, Burweed, Loveman, Gooseherriff, Mutton chops, Clite, Clide, Clitheren, and Goosebill, named for its sharp, jagged leaves, similar to the rough-edged beak of a goose.

Its stalks and leaves are covered with little hooked bristles, which attach themselves to passing objects, and by which it fastens itself in a ladder-like manner to adjacent shrubs, so as to push its way upwards in the hedgerows.

Its stems and leaves are covered with tiny hooked bristles that cling to passing objects, allowing it to secure itself in a ladder-like fashion to nearby shrubs, so it can grow upward in the hedgerows.

Goosegrass has obtained the sobriquet of Beggar's lice, from clinging closely to the garments of passers by, as well as because the small burs resemble these disgusting vermin; again it is known to some as Harriff, or, Erriff, from the Anglo-Saxon "hedge rife," a taxgather, or robber, because it plucks the wool from the sheep as they pass through a hedge; also Grip-grass, Catchweed, and Scratchweed. Furthermore, this Bedstraw has been called Goose-grease, from a mistaken belief that obstructive ailments of geese can be cured therewith. It is really a fact that goslings are extremely fond of the herb.

Goosegrass has picked up the nickname Beggar's lice because it clings tightly to the clothes of passersby and because the small burs resemble these annoying pests. It's also called Harriff, or Erriff, derived from the Anglo-Saxon "hedge rife," meaning a tax collector or thief, since it pulls the wool off sheep as they pass through hedges. Other names for it include Grip-grass, Catchweed, and Scratchweed. Additionally, this Bedstraw has been known as Goose-grease because of a mistaken belief that it can cure blockages in geese. In reality, goslings really love this herb.

The botanical name, Aparine, bears the same meaning, being derived from the Greek verb, apairo, to lay hold of. The generic term, Galium, comes from the Greek word gala, milk, which the herb was formerly employed to curdle, instead of rennet.

The botanical name, Aparine, has the same meaning, coming from the Greek verb, apairo, which means to grasp. The generic term, Galium, is derived from the Greek word gala, meaning milk, because the herb was once used to curdle milk instead of using rennet.

The flowers of this Bedstraw bloom towards August, about the time of the Feast of the Annunciation, and a legend says they first burst into blossom at the birth of our Saviour. Bedstraw is, according to some, a corruption of Beadstraw. It is certain that Irish peasant girls often repeat their "aves" from the round seeds of the Bedstraw, using them for beads in the absence of a rosary; [232] and hence, perhaps, has been derived the name Our Lady's Be(a)dstraw. But straw (so called from the Latin sterno, to strew, or, scatter about) was formerly employed as bedding, even by ladies of rank: whence came the expression of a woman recently confined being "in the straw." Children style the Galium Aparine Whip tongue, and Tongue-bleed, making use of it in play to draw blood from their tongues.

The flowers of this Bedstraw bloom around August, just in time for the Feast of the Annunciation, and there's a legend that says they first opened at the birth of our Savior. Some believe Bedstraw is a corrupted form of Beadstraw. It's known that Irish peasant girls often say their "aves" using the round seeds of the Bedstraw as makeshift beads when they don't have a rosary; [232] this might be where the name Our Lady's Be(a)dstraw comes from. However, straw (named from the Latin sterno, meaning to strew or scatter) was once used as bedding, even by women of high status, which is where the term “in the straw” for a woman who has recently given birth originated. Kids call the Galium Aparine Whip tongue and Tongue-bleed, using it in play to draw blood from their tongues.

This herb has a special curative reputation with reference to cancerous growths and allied tumours. For open cancers an ointment is made from the leaves and stems wherewith to dress the ulcerated parts, and at the same time the expressed juice of the plant is given internally. Dr. Tuthill Massy avers that it often produces a cure in from six to twelve months, and advises that the decoction shall be drank regularly afterwards in the Springtime.

This herb is known for its healing properties regarding cancerous growths and related tumors. For open cancers, an ointment is made from the leaves and stems to treat the ulcerated areas, while the extracted juice of the plant is taken internally. Dr. Tuthill Massy claims that it can often lead to a cure in six to twelve months and recommends that the decoction be consumed regularly afterward in the spring.

Dr. Quinlan, at St. Vincent's Hospital, Dublin, successfully employed poultices made with the fresh juice, and applied three times in the day, to heal chronic ulcers on the legs. Its effects, he says, in the most unlikely cases, were decisive and plain to all. He gave directions that whilst a bundle of ten or twelve stalks is grasped with the left hand, this bundle should be cut into pieces of about half-an-inch long, by a pair of scissors held in the right hand. The segments are then to be bruised thoroughly in a mortar, and applied in the mass as a poultice beneath a bandage.

Dr. Quinlan, at St. Vincent's Hospital in Dublin, successfully used poultices made from fresh juice, applying them three times a day to heal chronic leg ulcers. According to him, the results were clear and impressive, even in the most challenging cases. He instructed that while holding a bundle of ten or twelve stalks in the left hand, it should be cut into pieces about half an inch long with scissors held in the right hand. The pieces are then to be thoroughly crushed in a mortar and applied as a poultice under a bandage.

Dr. Thornton, in his excellent Herbal (1810), says: "After some eminent surgeons had failed, he ordered the juice of Cleavers, mixed with linseed, to be applied to the breast, in cases of supposed cancer of that part, with a teaspoonful of the juice to be taken every night and morning whilst fasting; by which plan, after a short [233] time, he dispersed very frightful tumours in the breast."

Dr. Thornton, in his excellent Herbal (1810), says: "After some well-known surgeons had failed, he instructed that the juice of Cleavers, mixed with linseed, be applied to the breast in cases of suspected cancer in that area, with a teaspoonful of the juice to be taken every night and morning while fasting; by using this method, after a short time, he was able to eliminate some very alarming tumors in the breast."

The herb is found, on analysis, to contain three distinct acids—the tannic acid (of galls), the citric acid (of lemons), and the special rubichloric acid of the plant.

The herb is found, on analysis, to contain three distinct acids—the tannic acid (from galls), the citric acid (from lemons), and the unique rubichloric acid of the plant.

"In cancer," says Dr. Boyce, "five fluid ounces of the fresh juice of the plant are to be taken twice a day, whilst constantly applying the bruised leaves, or their ointment, to the sore."

"In cancer," Dr. Boyce says, "you should take five fluid ounces of fresh juice from the plant twice a day, while regularly applying the crushed leaves or their ointment to the sore."

Some of our leading druggists now furnish curative preparations made from the fresh herb. These include the succus, or juice, to be swallowed; the decoction, to be applied as a lotion; and the ointment, for curative external use. Both in England and elsewhere the juice of this Goosegrass constitutes one of the Spring juices taken by country people for scorbutic complaints. And not only for cancerous disease, but for many other foul, illconditioned ulcers, whether scrofulous or of the scurvy nature, this Goosegrass has proved itself of the utmost service, its external application being at all times greatly assisted by the internal use of the juice, or of a decoction made from the whole herb.

Some of our top pharmacists now provide healing products made from the fresh herb. These include the succus, or juice, to be taken orally; the decoction, to be used as a lotion; and the ointment, for external healing. In both England and other places, the juice of this Goosegrass is one of the Spring tonics used by rural folks for scurvy-related issues. This Goosegrass has proven to be extremely effective, not only for cancer but also for many other serious, unhealthy sores, whether scrofulous or linked to scurvy. Its external application is always greatly enhanced by taking the juice or a decoction made from the whole herb internally.

By reason of its acid nature; this Galium is astringent, and therefore of service in some bleedings, as well as in diarrhoea, and for obesity.

Due to its acidic properties, this Galium is astringent and can be helpful in treating certain types of bleeding, as well as diarrhea and obesity.

Gerard writes: "The herb, stamped with swine's grease, wasteth away the kernels by the throat; and women do usually make pottage of Cleavers with a little mutton and oatmeal, to cause leanness, and to keep them from fatness." Dioscorides reported that: "Shepherds do use the herb to take hairs out of the milk, if any remain therein."

Gerard writes: "The herb, coated with pig fat, breaks down the kernels in the throat; and women typically make a stew with Cleavers, a bit of mutton, and oatmeal to promote weight loss and avoid gaining fat." Dioscorides reported that: "Shepherds use the herb to remove any hairs in the milk, if there are any left."

Considered generally, the Galium aparine exercises acid, astringent, and diuretic effects, whilst it is of [234] special value against epilepsy, and cancerous sores, as already declared; being curative likewise of psoriasis, eczema, lepra, and other cutaneous diseases. The dose of the authorised officinal juice is from one to two teaspoonfuls, and from five to twenty grains of the prepared extract.

Generally speaking, Galium aparine has acid, astringent, and diuretic effects, and it's particularly valuable for treating epilepsy and cancerous sores, as previously mentioned. It's also effective for psoriasis, eczema, leprosy, and other skin diseases. The recommended dose of the official juice is one to two teaspoonfuls, and the prepared extract ranges from five to twenty grains.

The title Galium borne by Bedstraws has been derived from the Greek gala, milk, because they all possess to some extent the power of curdling milk when added to it. Similarly the appellation "Cheese rennet," or, Cheese running (from gerinnen, to coagulate), is given to these plants. Highlanders make special use of the common Yellow Bedstraw for this purpose, and to colour their cheese.

The name Galium for Bedstraws comes from the Greek word gala, meaning milk, because they can, to some degree, cause milk to curdle when mixed in. Likewise, the term "Cheese rennet," or Cheese running (from gerinnen, to coagulate), is used for these plants. People in the Highlands make particular use of common Yellow Bedstraw for this purpose and to color their cheese.

From the Yellow Bedstraw (Galium verum), which is abundant on dry banks chiefly near the sea, and which may be known by its diminutive, puffy stems, and its small golden flowers, closely clustered together in dense panicles, "an ointment," says Gerard, "is prepared, which is good for anointing the weary traveller."

From the Yellow Bedstraw (Galium verum), which is commonly found on dry banks, especially near the sea, and can be recognized by its small, fluffy stems and tiny golden flowers that grow closely together in dense clusters, "an ointment," says Gerard, "is made, which is beneficial for soothing the tired traveler."

Because of its bright yellow blossoms, this herb is also named "Maid's hair," resembling the loose, unsnooded, golden hair of maidens. In Henry VIII's reign "maydens did wear silken callis to keep in order their hayre made yellow with dye." For a like reason the Yellow Bedstraw has become known as "Petty mugget," from the French petit muguet, a little dandy, as applied in ridicule to effeminate young men, the Jemmy Jessamies, or "mashers" of the period. Old herbalists affirmed that the root of this same Bedstraw, if drunk in wine, stimulates amorous desires, and that the flowers, if long smelt at, will produce a similar effect.

Due to its bright yellow flowers, this herb is also called "Maid's hair," as it resembles the loose, flowing golden hair of young women. During Henry VIII's time, "maids wore silk caps to keep their hair, dyed yellow, in order." For a similar reason, Yellow Bedstraw has come to be known as "Petty mugget," derived from the French petit muguet, meaning a little dandy, which was used mockingly for effeminate young men, the Jemmy Jessamies, or "mashers" of that time. Old herbalists claimed that drinking the root of this Bedstraw in wine would spark romantic desires, and that smelling the flowers for an extended period would have a similar effect.

This is, par excellence, the Bedstraw of our Lady, who [235] gave birth to her son, says the legend, in a stable, with nothing but wild flowers for the bedding.

This is, par excellence, the Bedstraw of our Lady, who [235] gave birth to her son, according to the legend, in a stable, with nothing but wildflowers for the bedding.

Thus, in the old Latin hymn, she sings right sweetly:—

Thus, in the old Latin hymn, she sings very sweetly:—

    "Lectum stravi tibi soli: dormi, nate bellule!
        Stravi lectum foeno molli: dormi, mi animule!
    Ne quid desit sternam rosis: sternam foenum violis,
        Pavimentum hyacinthis; et praesepe liliis."

"I've made a bed just for you: sleep, my little warrior!
        I laid down soft hay for you: sleep, my dear one!
    To make it perfect, I'll spread roses: I'll lay down grass with violets,
        The floor with hyacinths; and the cradle with lilies."

    "Sleep, sweet little babe, on the bed I have spread thee;
        Sleep, fond little life, on the straw scattered o'er!
    'Mid the petals of roses, and pansies I've laid thee,
        In crib of white lilies; blue bells on the floor."

"Sleep, sweet little baby, on the bed I've made for you;
        Sleep, dear little one, on the straw spread around!
    Among the petals of roses, and pansies I've placed you,
        In a crib of white lilies; bluebells on the ground."

GOUTWEED.

A passing word should certainly be given to the Goutweed, or, Goatweed, among Herbal Simples. It is, though but little regarded, nevertheless, a common and troublesome garden weed, of the Umbelliferous tribe, and thought to possess certain curative virtues. Botanically it is the OEgopodium podagraria, signifying, by the first of these names, Goatsfoot, and by the second, a specific power against gout. The plant is also known as Herb Gerard, because dedicated to St. Gerard, who was formerly invoked to cure gout, against which this herb was employed. Also it has been named Ashweed, wild Master-wort, and Gout-wort. The herb grows about a foot high, with white flowers in umbels, having large, thrice-ternate, aromatic leaves, and a creeping root. These leaves are sometimes boiled, and eaten, but they possess a strong, disagreeable flavour. Culpeper says: "It is not to be supposed that Goutweed hath its name for nothing; but upon experiment to heal the gout, and sciatica; as also joint aches, and other cold griefs; the very bearing it about one [236] easeth the pains of the gout, and defends him that bears it from disease." Hill recommends the root and fresh buds of the leaves as excellent in fomentations and poultices for pains; and the leaves, when boiled soft, together with the roots, for application about the hip in sciatica.

A quick mention should definitely be made of Goutweed, or Goatweed, among herbal remedies. Though it doesn't get much attention, it’s a common and annoying weed in gardens, part of the Umbelliferous family, and is believed to have some healing properties. Botanically, it's called OEgopodium podagraria, which translates to Goatsfoot and indicates a specific ability to help with gout. This plant is also referred to as Herb Gerard, named after St. Gerard, who was once called upon to treat gout, for which this herb was used. Additionally, it’s known as Ashweed, wild Master-wort, and Gout-wort. The herb typically grows about a foot tall, featuring white flowers that cluster in umbels, large, aromatic leaves that are divided into three parts, and a creeping root. People sometimes boil and eat the leaves, but they have a strong and unpleasant taste. Culpeper states: "It shouldn't be assumed that Goutweed got its name for no reason; it has been tried and shown to heal gout, sciatica, joint pains, and other cold afflictions; just carrying it with you [236] relieves gout pain and protects the bearer from illness." Hill suggests using the root and fresh leaf buds in compresses and poultices for pain; and the leaves, when boiled until soft, along with the roots, for use around the hip area in cases of sciatica.

No chemical analysis of the Goutweed is yet on record.

No chemical analysis of Goutweed has been recorded yet.

"Herbe Gerard groweth of itself in gardens without setting, or sowing; and is so fruitful in his increase that where once it hath taken root, it will hardly be gotten out again, spoiling and getting every yeere more ground—to the annoying of better herbes."

"Wild geranium grows on its own in gardens without being planted or sown; and it is so prolific that once it takes root, it’s almost impossible to get rid of, spreading and taking over more space each year—much to the detriment of better plants."

GRAPES (see also VINE).

Grapes, the luscious and refreshing fruit of the Vine, possess certain medicinal properties and virtues which give them a proper place among Herbal Simples. The name Vine comes from viere, to twist, being applied with reference to the twining habits of the parent stock; as likewise to "with," and "withy."

Grapes, the delicious and refreshing fruit of the vine, have some medicinal properties and benefits that earn them a rightful spot among herbal remedies. The term "vine" comes from viere, meaning to twist, referring to the twisting nature of the parent plant; it also relates to "with" and "withy."

The fruit consists of pulp, stones, and skin. Within the pulp is contained the grape sugar, which differs in some respects chemically from cane sugar, and which is taken up straightway into our circulation when eaten, without having to be changed slowly by the saliva, as is the case with cane sugar. Therefore it happens that the grape sugar warms and fattens speedily, with a quick repair of waste, when the strength and the structures are consumed by fever, Grapes then being most grateful to the sufferer. But they do not suit inflammatory subjects at other times, or gouty persons at any time, as well as cane sugar, which has to undergo slower chemical conversion before it furnishes heat and [237] sustenance. And in this respect, grape sugar closely resembles the glucose, or sweet principle of honey.

The fruit is made up of pulp, seeds, and skin. The pulp contains grape sugar, which is chemically different from cane sugar and gets absorbed directly into our bloodstream when we eat it, without needing to be gradually broken down by saliva like cane sugar. This is why grape sugar warms you up and adds weight quickly, helping to restore energy and body structure when someone is sick with fever—making grapes very beneficial for them. However, grapes aren’t suitable for people with inflammation at other times, or for those with gout, unlike cane sugar, which requires a longer chemical process to provide heat and nourishment. In this way, grape sugar is quite similar to glucose, the sweet component found in honey.

The fruit also contains a certain quantity of "fruit sugar," which is chemically identical with cane sugar; and, because of the special syrupy juice of its pulp, the Grape adapts itself to quick alcoholic fermentation.

The fruit also contains a certain amount of "fruit sugar," which is chemically the same as cane sugar; and, due to the unique syrupy juice in its pulp, the grape is suited for rapid alcoholic fermentation.

The important ingredients of Grapes are sugar (grape and fruit), gum, tannin, bitartrate of potash, sulphate of potash, tartrate of lime, magnesia, alum, iron, chlorides of potassium and sodium, tartaric, citric, racemic, and malic acids, some albumen, and azotized matters, with water.

The key components of grapes include sugar (from grapes and fruit), gum, tannin, potassium bitartrate, potassium sulfate, calcium tartrate, magnesium, alum, iron, potassium and sodium chlorides, tartaric acid, citric acid, racemic acid, malic acid, some albumin, and nitrogenous compounds, along with water.

But the wine grower is glad to see his must deposit the greater part of these chemical ingredients in the "tartar," a product much disliked, and therefore named Sal Tartari, or Hell Salt; and Cremor Tartari, Hell Scum (Cream of Tartar).

But the winemaker is happy to see his must leave most of these chemical components in the "tartar," a product that is poorly regarded, hence called Sal Tartari, or Hell Salt; and Cremor Tartari, Hell Scum (Cream of Tartar).

In Italy, the vine furnishes oil as well as wine, this being extracted from the grape stones, and reckoned superior to any other sort, whether for the table or for purposes of lighting. It has no odour, and burns without smoke. The stones also yield volatile essences, which are developed by crushing, and which give bouquet to the several wines, whilst the skin affords colouring matter and tannin, of more or less astringency.

In Italy, the vine provides both oil and wine, with the oil extracted from the grape seeds, considered better than any other type, whether for eating or for lighting purposes. It has no scent and burns without smoke. The seeds also produce volatile essences when crushed, which enhance the aroma of different wines, while the skin offers coloring and tannin, varying in astringency.

Grapes supply but little actual nutritious matter for building up the solid structures of the body; they act as gentle laxatives; though their stones, and the leaves of the vine, are astringent. These latter were formerly employed to stop bleedings, and when dried and powdered, for arresting dysentery in cattle.

Grapes provide very little actual nutrition for building the solid parts of the body; they serve as mild laxatives, while their seeds and the grape leaves are astringent. The latter were once used to stop bleeding and, when dried and powdered, to treat dysentery in livestock.

In Egypt the leaves are used, when young and tender, for enveloping balls of hashed meat, at good tables. The [238] sap of the vine, named lacryma, "a tear," is an excellent application to weak eyes, and for specs of the cornea. The juice of the unripe fruit, which is verjuice (as well as that of the wild crabapple), was much esteemed by the ancients, and is still in good repute for applying to bruises and sprains.

In Egypt, young and tender leaves are used to wrap balls of minced meat at nice meals. The sap of the vine, called lacryma, meaning "a tear," is great for weak eyes and for issues with the cornea. The juice from unripe fruit, known as verjuice (along with that of the wild crabapple), was highly valued by the ancients and is still well-regarded for treating bruises and sprains.

When taken in any quantity, Grapes act freely on the kidneys, and promote a flow of urine. The vegetable acids of the fruit become used up as such, and are neutralised in the system by combining with the earthy salts found therein, and they pass off in the urine as alkaline carbonates. With full-blooded, excitable persons, grapes in any quantity are apt to produce palpitation, and to quicken the circulation for a time. Also with persons of slow and feeble energies, having a languid digestion (and especially if predisposed to acid fermentation in the stomach), Grapes are apt to disagree. They send their glucose straightway into the circulation combined with acids found in the stomach, and create considerable distress of heartburn and dyspepsia. "Thus," says Dr. King Chambers, "is generated acidity of the stomach, parent of gout, and of all its hideous crew." Likewise wine, especially if sweet, new, or full-bodied, when taken by such persons at a meal, is absorbed but slowly by the stomach, and much of the sugar, with some alcohol, becomes converted by fermentation into acetic acid, which further causes the oily ingredients in the food which has been swallowed to turn rancid. "Things sweet to taste prove to digestion sour." But otherwise, with a person in good health, and not given to gout or rheumatism, Grapes are an excellent food for supplying warmth as combustion material, by their ready-made sugar; whilst the essential flavours of the fruit are cordial, and [239] whilst a surplus of the glucose serves to form fat for storage.

When consumed in any amount, grapes have a direct effect on the kidneys and encourage urination. The fruit's vegetable acids are utilized and neutralized in the body by combining with the earthy salts present, and they are expelled through urine as alkaline carbonates. For people with robust, excitable temperaments, grapes can cause heart palpitations and temporarily increase circulation. Additionally, for those with slow and weak energy levels, particularly if they have poor digestion and are prone to acid buildup in the stomach, grapes may cause discomfort. They release glucose into the bloodstream, combined with stomach acids, leading to significant heartburn and digestive issues. "Thus," says Dr. King Chambers, "is generated acidity of the stomach, the precursor of gout and all its unpleasant companions." Similarly, wine—especially if it’s sweet, new, or full-bodied—when consumed by such individuals during a meal, is absorbed slowly by the stomach, and much of the sugar, along with some alcohol, ferments into acetic acid, which can spoil the fats in the food being digested. "Things that taste sweet turn out to be sour for digestion." However, for someone in good health who does not suffer from gout or rheumatism, grapes are an excellent food choice, providing warmth from their readily available sugar; the essential flavors of the fruit are uplifting, and any excess glucose can be converted into fat for storage.

What is known as the Grape-cure, is pursued in the Tyrol, in Bavaria, on the banks of the Rhine, and elsewhere—the sick person being ordered to eat from three to six pounds of grapes a day. But the relative proportions of the sugar and acids in the various kinds of grapes have important practical bearings on the results obtained, determining whether wholesome purgation shall follow, or whether tonic and fattening effects shall be produced. In the former case, sufferers from sluggish liver and torpid biliary functions, with passive local congestions, will benefit most by taking the grapes not fully ripe, and not completely sweet; whilst in the latter instance, those invalids will gain special help from ripe and sweet grapes, who require quick supplies of animal heat and support to resist rapid waste of tissue, as in chronic catarrh of the lungs, or mucous catarrh of the bowels.

What we call the Grape-cure is practiced in Tyrol, Bavaria, along the Rhine, and other places—the sick person is advised to eat between three to six pounds of grapes daily. However, the balance of sugar and acids in different types of grapes significantly affects the outcomes, determining whether a beneficial cleansing occurs or if the effects will be more about toning and weight gain. In the first scenario, people suffering from a sluggish liver and slow bile production, along with passive local congestion, will benefit most from eating grapes that are not fully ripe and not completely sweet; while in the latter case, those in need of immediate sources of body heat and support to combat rapid tissue loss, as seen in chronic lung conditions or mucous issues in the bowels, will find ripe and sweet grapes especially helpful.

The most important constituent to be determined is the quantity of grape sugar, which varies according to the greater or less warmth of the climate. Tokay Grapes are the sweetest; next are those of southern France; then of Moselle, Bohemia, and Heidelberg; whilst the fruit of the Vine in Spain, Italy, and Madeira, is not commended for curative purposes. The Grapes are eaten three, four, or five times a day, during the promenade; those which are not sweet produce a diuretic and laxative effect; seeing, moreover, that their reaction is alkaline, the "cure" thereby is particularly suitable for persons troubled with gravel and acid gout.

The most important factor to determine is the amount of grape sugar, which changes based on how warm the climate is. Tokay grapes are the sweetest, followed by those from southern France, then the grapes from Moselle, Bohemia, and Heidelberg. The grapes from Spain, Italy, and Madeira aren’t recommended for healing purposes. People eat grapes three, four, or five times a day while taking walks; those that aren’t sweet have a diuretic and laxative effect. Since they also have an alkaline reaction, this "cure" is particularly good for those suffering from gravel and acid gout.

After losses of blood, and in allied states of exhaustion, the restorative powers of the grape-cure are often [240] strikingly exhibited. Formerly, the German doctors kept their patients, when under this mode of treatment, almost entirely without other food. But it is now found that light, wholesome nourishment, properly chosen, and taken at regular times, even with some moderate allowance of Bordeaux wine, may be permitted in useful conjunction with the grapes. Children do not, as a rule, bear the grape-cure well. One sort of grape, the Bourdelas, or Verjus, being intensely sour when green, is never allowed to ripen, but its large berries are made to yield their acid liquor for use instead of vinegar or lemon juice, in sauces, drinks, and medicinal preparations.

After losing blood and feeling completely drained, the healing properties of the grape treatment are often remarkably apparent. In the past, German doctors would keep their patients on this treatment almost entirely without any other food. However, it’s now known that light, nutritious foods, carefully selected and eaten at regular intervals, along with a moderate amount of Bordeaux wine, can be beneficial alongside the grapes. Generally, children do not tolerate the grape treatment well. One type of grape, the Bourdelas or Verjus, is extremely sour when unripe, so it's never allowed to ripen. Instead, its large berries are pressed to extract their acidic juice for use as a substitute for vinegar or lemon juice in sauces, drinks, and medicinal mixtures.

A vinegar poultice, applied cold, is an effectual remedy for sprains and bruises, and will arrest the progress of scrofulous enlargements of bones. It may be made with vinegar and oatmeal, or with the addition of bread crumb."—Pharmacopoeia Chirurgica, 1794.

A cold vinegar poultice is an effective treatment for sprains and bruises and can slow the progression of scrofulous bone enlargements. You can make it with vinegar and oatmeal, or by adding bread crumbs. —Pharmacopoeia Chirurgica, 1794.

"Other fruits may please the palate equally well, but it is the proud prerogative of the kingly grape to minister also to the mind." This served to provide one of the earliest offerings to the Deity, seeing that "Bread and wine were brought forth to Abraham by Melchisedec, the Priest of the Most High God."

"Other fruits might taste just as good, but only the noble grape has the special ability to also nourish the mind." This was one of the earliest gifts to God, as "Bread and wine were brought forth to Abraham by Melchisedec, the Priest of the Most High God."

The Vine (Vitis vinifera) was almost always to the front in the designs drawn by the ancients. Thus, miniatures and dainty little pictures were originally encircled with representations of its foliage, and we still name such small exquisite illustrations, "vignettes," from the French word, vigne.

The vine (Vitis vinifera) was almost always at the forefront in the designs created by ancient cultures. Miniatures and delicate little images were originally bordered with representations of its leaves, and we still call these small, beautiful illustrations "vignettes," which comes from the French word vigne.

The large family of Muscat grapes get their distinctive title not because of any flavour of musk attached to them, but because the sweet berries are particularly attractive to flies (muscre), a reason which [241] induced the Romans to name this variety, Vitis apiaria. "On attrape plus de mouches avec le miel qu' avec le vinaigre"— say the French.

The big family of Muscat grapes gets their unique name not because they have a musk flavor, but because the sweet berries are especially appealing to flies (muscre), which is why the Romans called this variety Vitis apiaria. "On attrape plus de mouches avec le miel qu' avec le vinaigre"—the French say.

In Portugal, grape juice is boiled down with quinces into a sort of jam—the progenitor of all marmalades. The original grape vine is supposed to have been indigenous to the shores of the Caspian Sea.

In Portugal, grape juice is cooked down with quinces to make a kind of jam—the ancestor of all marmalades. The original grapevine is believed to have been native to the shores of the Caspian Sea.

If eaten to excess, especially by young persons, grapes will make the tongue and the lining membrane of the mouth sore, just as honey often acts. For this reason, both grapes and honey do good to the affection known as thrush, with sore raw mouth, and tongue in ulcerative white patches, coming on as a derangement of the health.

If eaten in large amounts, especially by young people, grapes can irritate the tongue and the inside of the mouth, similar to how honey can. Because of this, both grapes and honey are helpful for treating thrush, which causes a sore, raw mouth and a tongue with painful white patches, resulting from a health imbalance.

GRASSES.

Our abundant English grasses furnish nutritious herbage and farinaceous seeds, whilst their stems and leaves prove useful for textile purposes. Furthermore, some few of them possess distinctive medicinal virtues, with mucilaginous roots, and may be properly classed among Herbal Simples.

Our plentiful English grasses provide nutritious forage and starchy seeds, while their stems and leaves are useful for textiles. Additionally, a few of them have unique medicinal properties, with mucilaginous roots, and can rightly be categorized as Herbal Simples.

The Sweet-scented Vernal Grass (Anthoxanthum, with Yellow Anthers) gives its delightfully characteristic odour to newly mown meadow hay, and has a pleasant aroma of Woodruff. But it is specially provocative of hay fever and hay asthma with persons liable to suffer from these distressing ailments. Accordingly, a medicinal tincture is made (H.) from this grass with spirit of wine, and if some of the same is poured into the open hand-palms for the volatile aroma to be sniffed well into the nose and throat, immediate relief is afforded during an attack. At the same time three or four drops of the tincture should be taken as a dose with water, and [242] repeated at intervals of twenty or thirty minutes, as needed.

The Sweet-scented Vernal Grass (Anthoxanthum, with Yellow Anthers) gives a delightfully characteristic scent to freshly cut meadow hay and has a pleasant aroma reminiscent of Woodruff. However, it can trigger hay fever and hay asthma in those prone to these uncomfortable issues. Therefore, a medicinal tincture is made (H.) from this grass using alcohol, and if some of it is poured into the open palms and inhaled deeply, it provides immediate relief during an attack. At the same time, three or four drops of the tincture should be taken with water and repeated every twenty to thirty minutes as needed.

The flowers contain "coumarin," and their volatile pollen impregnates the atmosphere in early summer. The sweet perfume is due chiefly to benzoic acid, such as is used for making scented pastilles, or Ribbon of Bruges for fumigation.

The flowers have "coumarin," and their fragrant pollen fills the air in early summer. The sweet scent mainly comes from benzoic acid, which is used to create scented pastilles, like Ribbon of Bruges for fumigation.

Again, the Couch Grass, Dog Grass, or Quilch (Triticum repens) found freely in road-sides, fields, and waste places, has been employed from remote times as a vulnerary, and to relieve difficulties of urination. Our English wheat has been evolved therefrom.

Again, Couch Grass, Dog Grass, or Quilch (Triticum repens) can be found growing freely along roadsides, in fields, and in abandoned areas. It has been used since ancient times to heal wounds and help with urinary issues. Our English wheat has developed from this.

In modern days its infusion—of the root—is generally regarded as a soothing diuretic, helpful to the bladder and kidneys. Formerly, this was a popular drink to purify the blood in the Spring. But no special constituents have been discovered in the root besides a peculiar sugar, a gum-like principle, triticin, and some lactic acid. The decoction may be made from the whole fresh plant, or from the dried root sliced, two to four ounces being put in a quart of water, reduced to a pint by boiling. A wineglassful of this may be given for a dose. It certainly palliates irritation of the urinary passages, and helps to relieve against gravel. A liquid extract is also dispensed by the druggists, of which from one to two teaspoonfuls are given in water.

In today's world, the infusion of the root is generally seen as a soothing diuretic that benefits the bladder and kidneys. In the past, it was a popular drink for cleansing the blood in the spring. However, no specific compounds have been found in the root, apart from a unique sugar, a gum-like substance, triticin, and some lactic acid. The decoction can be made from the whole fresh plant or from dried, sliced root, using two to four ounces in a quart of water and boiling it down to a pint. A wineglassful serves as a dose. It certainly helps relieve irritation in the urinary tract and can assist with gravel. Drugstores also offer a liquid extract, with one to two teaspoonfuls recommended in water.

The French specially value this grass for its stimulating fragrancy of vanilla and rose perfumes in the decoction. They use the Cocksfoot Grass (Dactylis), or pied de poule, in a similar way, and for the same purposes.

The French especially appreciate this grass for its uplifting scent of vanilla and rose in the brew. They use Cocksfoot Grass (Dactylis), or pied de poule, in a similar manner and for the same reasons.

Also the "bearded Darnel," Lolium temulentum ("intoxicated"), a common grass-weed in English cornfields, will produce medicinally all the symptoms of drunkenness. The French call it Ivraie for this reason, and [243] with us it is known as Ray Grass, or in some provincial districts as "Cheat." The old Sages supposed it to cause blindness, hence with the Romans, lolio victitare, to live on Darnel, was a phrase applied to a dim-sighted person. Gerard says, "the new bread wherein Darnell is eaten hot, causeth drunkenness."

Also, the "bearded Darnel," Lolium temulentum ("intoxicated"), a common grass-weed found in English cornfields, will cause all the symptoms of drunkenness medicinally. The French call it Ivraie for this reason, and here it is known as Ray Grass, or in some local areas as "Cheat." Ancient philosophers thought it could lead to blindness, which is why in Roman times, lolio victitare, meaning to live on Darnel, referred to a person with poor eyesight. Gerard mentions, "the new bread made with hot Darnel causes drunkenness."

From lolium the term Lollard given in reproach to the Waldenses, and the followers of Wickliffe, indicated that they were pernicious weeds choking and destroying the pure wheat of the gospel. Milne says the expression in Matthew xiii. v. 25, would have been better translated "darnel" than "tares."

From lolium, the term Lollard used as an insult for the Waldenses and the followers of Wycliffe suggested that they were harmful weeds choking and ruining the pure wheat of the gospel. Milne states that the phrase in Matthew 13:25 would have been better translated as "darnel" instead of "tares."

A general trembling, followed by inability to walk, hindered speech, and presently profound sleep, with subsequent headache and vomiting, are the symptoms produced by Darnel when taken in a harmful quantity. So that medicinally a tincture of the plant may be expected, if given in small diluted doses, to quickly dispel intoxication from alcoholic drinks; also to prove useful for analogous congestion of the brain coming on as an illness, and for dimness of vision. Chemically, it contains an acrid fixed oil, and a yellow glucoside.

A general shaking, followed by difficulty walking, trouble speaking, and eventually deep sleep, along with headaches and vomiting, are the symptoms caused by Darnel when consumed in harmful amounts. Therefore, a tincture of the plant is expected to quickly alleviate intoxication from alcoholic beverages when given in small diluted doses. It may also be useful for similar brain congestion that arises as an illness, as well as for blurred vision. Chemically, it contains a bitter fixed oil and a yellow glucoside.

There is some reason to suspect that the old custom of using Darnel to adulterate malt and distilled liquors has not been wholly abandoned. Farmers in Devonshire are fond of the Ray Grass, which they call "Eaver" or "Iver"; and "Devon-ever" is noted likewise in Somersetshire.

There’s some reason to believe that the old practice of using Darnel to mix with malt and distilled spirits hasn’t completely vanished. Farmers in Devonshire really like the Ray Grass, which they refer to as "Eaver" or "Iver"; and "Devon-ever" is also recognized in Somersetshire.

GROUNDSEL.

Common Groundsel is so well known throughout Great Britain, that it needs scarcely any description. It is very prolific, and found in every sort of cultivated ground, being a small plant of the Daisy tribe, but without any [244] outer white rays to its yellow flower-heads. These are compact little bundles, at first of a dull yellow colour, until presently the florets fall off and leave the white woolly pappus of the seeds collected together, somewhat resembling the hoary hairs of age. They have suggested the name of the genus "senecio," from the Latin senex, an old man:—

Common Groundsel is so well-known across Great Britain that it hardly needs any description. It's very prolific and can be found in all kinds of cultivated areas. It's a small plant from the Daisy family, but it doesn't have any outer white petals around its yellow flower heads. These are compact little clusters that start off a dull yellow color until the florets fall off, leaving behind a white, fluffy covering of seeds that somewhat resembles the gray hair of old age. This has led to the name of the genus "senecio," derived from the Latin senex, meaning old man:—

"Quod canis simili videatur flore capillis;
Cura facit canos quamvis vir non habet annos."

"Like a dog with a flowery coat;
Care makes one gray, even if a man has no years."

"With venerable locks the Groundsel grows;
Hard care more quick than years white head-gear shows."

"With aged leaves, the Groundsel thrives;
Worry shows on its white head faster than time passes."

In the fifteenth century this herb went by the name of Grondeswyle, from grund, ground, and swelgun, to swallow, and to this day it is called in Scotland Grundy Swallow, or Ground Glutton.

In the fifteenth century, this herb was known as Grondeswyle, from grund, meaning ground, and swelgun, meaning to swallow. Today, it's still called Grundy Swallow or Ground Glutton in Scotland.

Not being attractive to insects or visited by them the Groundsel is fertilized by the wind. It flowers throughout the whole year, and is the favourite food of many small birds, being thus given to canaries, and to other domesticated songsters.

Not attracting insects or being visited by them, the Groundsel is fertilized by the wind. It blooms all year round and is a favorite food for many small birds, making it a popular choice for canaries and other pet songbirds.

The weed, named at first "Ascension," is called in the Eastern counties by corruption "Senshon" and "Simson." Its leaves are fleshy, with a bitter saline taste, whilst the juice is slightly acrid, but emollient. In this country farriers give it to horses for bot-worms, and in Germany it is employed as a vermifuge for children. A weak infusion of the whole plant with boiling water makes a simple and easy purgative dose, but a strong infusion will act as an emetic. For the former purpose two drachms by weight of the fresh plant should be boiled in four fluid ounces of water, and the same decoction serves as a useful gargle for a [245] sore throat from catarrh. Chemically it contains senecin and seniocine.

The weed, initially called "Ascension," is commonly referred to in the Eastern counties as "Senshon" and "Simson." Its leaves are thick and have a bitter, salty taste, while the juice is slightly harsh but soothing. In this country, farriers give it to horses for bot-worms, and in Germany, it is used as a dewormer for children. A weak infusion of the whole plant with boiling water creates a simple and effective laxative, whereas a strong infusion acts as an emetic. For the laxative effect, two drachms of the fresh plant should be boiled in four fluid ounces of water, and the same decoction can be used as a helpful gargle for a sore throat caused by colds. Chemically, it contains senecin and seniocine.

In the hands of Simplers the Groundsel formerly held high rank as a herb of power. Au old herbal prescribes against toothache to "dig up Groundsel with a tool that hath no iron in it, and touch the tooth five times with the plant, then spit thrice after each touch, and the cure will be complete." Hill says "the fresh roots if smelled when first taken out of the ground, are an immediate cure for many forms of headache." To apply the bruised leaves will serve for preventing boils, and the plant, if taken as a sallet with vinegar, is good for sadness of the heart. Gerard says "Women troubled with the mother (womb) are much eased by baths made of the leaves, and flowers of this, and the kindred Ragworts."

In the hands of healers, Groundsel used to be considered a powerful herb. An old herbal guide suggests that to cure a toothache, you should "dig up Groundsel with a tool that has no iron in it, touch the tooth five times with the plant, then spit three times after each touch, and the cure will be complete." Hill states that "the fresh roots, when smelled right after being pulled from the ground, can immediately relieve many types of headaches." Applying the bruised leaves can help prevent boils, and consuming the plant as a salad with vinegar is said to lift sadness. Gerard mentions that "women struggling with menstrual issues find significant relief from baths made with the leaves and flowers of this plant, as well as related Ragworts."

A decoction of Groundsel serves as a famous application for healing chapped hands. In Cornwall if the herb is to be used as an emetic they strip it upwards, if for a purgative downwards. "Lay by your learned receipts," writes Culpeper, "this herb alone shall do the deed for you in all hot diseases, first safely, second speedily."

A decoction of Groundsel is well-known for treating chapped hands. In Cornwall, if the herb is used as an emetic, they strip it upwards; if for a purgative, they strip it downwards. "Forget your complicated recipes," writes Culpeper, "this herb alone will take care of everything for you in all hot diseases, first safely, and second quickly."

HAWTHORN (Whitethorn).

HAWTHORN (White Thorn).

The Hawthorn, or Whitethorn, is so welcome year by year as a harbinger of Summer, by showing its wealth of sweet-scented, milk-white blossoms, in our English hedgerows, that everyone rejoices when the Mayflower comes into bloom. Its brilliant haws, or fruit, later on are a botanical advance on the blackberry and wild raspberry, which belong to the same natural order. It has promoted itself to the possession of a single carpel or seed-vessel to each blossom, producing a [246] separate fruit, this being a stony apple in miniature.

The Hawthorn, also known as Whitethorn, is eagerly anticipated each year as a sign of Summer, showcasing its abundance of sweet-smelling, milk-white flowers in our English hedgerows. Everyone celebrates when the Mayflower blooms. Later, its bright haws, or fruit, are a botanical step up from blackberries and wild raspberries, which are in the same family. It has evolved to produce a single carpel or seed pod for each flower, creating a small stone fruit.

But the word "haw" is misapplied, because it really means a "hedge," and not a fruit; whilst "hips," which are popularly connected with "haws," are the fruit-capsules of the wild Dog-rose. Haws, when dried, make an infusion which will act on the kidneys; they are astringent, and serve, as well as the flowers, in decoction, to cure a sore throat.

But the term "haw" is used incorrectly, as it actually refers to a "hedge" and not a fruit; while "hips," which are commonly associated with "haws," are the fruit-capsules of the wild Dog-rose. Dried haws can be made into a tea that benefits the kidneys; they have astringent properties and can be used, along with the flowers, in a decoction to treat a sore throat.

The Hawthorn bush was chosen by Henry the Seventh for his device, because a small crown from the helmet of Richard the Third was discovered hanging thereon. Hence arose the legend "Cleve to thy crown though it hangs on a bush." In some districts it is called Hazels, Gazels, and Halves; and in many country places the villagers believe that the blossom of the Hawthorn still bears the smell of the great plague of London. It was formerly thought to be scathless—a tree too sacred to be touched.

The Hawthorn bush was picked by Henry the Seventh as his symbol because a small crown from Richard the Third's helmet was found hanging from it. This led to the saying "Cling to your crown even if it hangs on a bush." In some areas, it’s referred to as Hazels, Gazels, and Halves; and in many rural places, locals believe that the Hawthorn blossoms still carry the scent of the great plague of London. It was once considered untouchable—a tree too sacred to be harmed.

Botanically, the Hawthorn is called Cratoegus oxyacantha, these names signifying kratos, strength or hardness (of the wood); and oxus, sharp—akantha, a thorn. It is the German Hage-dorn or Hedge thorn, showing that from a very early period in the history of the Germanic races, their land was divided into plots by means of hedges.

Botanically, the Hawthorn is called Crataegus oxyacantha, which translates to kratos, meaning strength or hardness (of the wood); and oxus, sharp—akantha, a thorn. It's known as the German Hage-dorn or Hedge thorn, indicating that from a very early time in the history of the Germanic peoples, their land was divided into plots using hedges.

The Hawthorn is also named Whitethorn, from the whiteness of its rind; and Quickset from its growing in a hedge as a "quick" or living shrub, when contrasted with a paling of dead wood. An old English name for the buds of the Hawthorn when just expanding, was Ladies' Meat; and in Sussex it is called the Bread and Cheese tree.

The Hawthorn is also called Whitethorn because of the whiteness of its bark, and Quickset because it grows in hedges as a "quick" or living shrub, in contrast to a fence made of dead wood. An old English name for the buds of the Hawthorn when they are just starting to open was Ladies' Meat, and in Sussex, it's referred to as the Bread and Cheese tree.

In many parts of England charms or incantations are [247] employed to prevent a thorn from festering in the flesh, as:—

In many areas of England, charms or spells are used to stop a thorn from getting infected in the skin, such as:—

    "Happy the man that Christ was born,
    He was crowned with a thorn,
    He was pierced through the skin
    For to let the poison in;
    But His five wounds, so they say,
    Closed before He passed away;
    In with healing, out with thorn!
    Happy man that Christ was born."

"Blessed is the man that Christ was born,
    He wore a crown of thorns,
    He was pierced through the skin
    To let the poison in;
    But His five wounds, they say,
    Were healed before He passed away;
    In with healing, out with thorn!
    Blessed man that Christ was born."

The flowers are fertilised for the most part by carrion insects, and a certain undertone of decomposition may be detected (says Grant Allen) by keen nostrils in the scent of the Mayflower. It is this curious element, in what seems otherwise a pure and delicious perfume, which attracts the meat-eating insects, or rather those insects which lay their eggs and hatch out their larvae in decaying animal matter. The meat-fly comes first abroad just at the time when the Mayblossom breaks into bloom.

The flowers are mostly fertilized by carrion insects, and a hint of decay can be noticed (according to Grant Allen) by sensitive noses in the scent of the Mayflower. It's this strange aspect, in what otherwise seems like a fresh and delightful fragrance, that draws in the meat-eating insects, or more specifically, the insects that lay their eggs and hatch their larvae in decaying animal matter. The meat-fly shows up just when the Mayblossom starts to bloom.

A Greek bride was sometimes decked with a sprig of Hawthorn, as emblematic of a flowery future, with thorns intermingled. It is supposed that "the Jewes maden," for our Saviour, "a croune of the branches of Albespyne, that is, Whitethorn, that grew in the same garden, and therefore hath the Whitethorn many vertues" being called in France l'epine noble.

A Greek bride was sometimes adorned with a sprig of hawthorn, symbolizing a bright future filled with beauty and challenges. It is believed that "the Jews made," for our Savior, "a crown from the branches of whitsun thorn, which grew in the same garden, and thus the hawthorn is said to have many virtues," being known in France as l'epine noble.

The shadows in the moon are popularly thought to represent a man laden with a bundle of thorns in punishment of theft:—

The shadows on the moon are often seen as a man carrying a bundle of thorns as punishment for theft:—

"Rusticus in lunâ quem sarcina deprimit una,
Monstrat per spinas nulli prodesse rapinas."

"Rustic man on the moon, burdened by a single load,
Shows that plundering through thorns benefits no one."

"A thievish clown by cruel thorns opprest
Shows in the moon that honesty pays best."

"A sneaky clown, weighed down by sharp thorns,
Reveals under the moonlight that honesty is the best policy."

[248] HEMLOCK and HENBANE.

HEMLOCK and HENBANE.

The Spotted Hemlock (Conium maculatum), and the Sickly-smelling Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger), are plants of common wild growth throughout England, especially the former, and are well known to everyone familiar with our Herbal Simples. But each is so highly narcotic as a medicine, and yet withal so safely useful externally to allay pain, as well as to promote healing, that their outward remedial forms of application must not be overlooked among our serviceable herbs. Nevertheless, for internal administration, these herbs lie altogether beyond the pale of domestic uses, except in the hands of a doctor.

The Spotted Hemlock (Conium maculatum) and the Sickly-smelling Henbane (Hyoscyamus niger) are commonly found wild plants throughout England, especially the former, and are well known to anyone familiar with our Herbal Remedies. However, each of these plants is so highly narcotic that, while they can be safely used externally to relieve pain and promote healing, their external applications should not be overlooked among our useful herbs. That said, for internal use, these herbs should only be handled by a doctor, as they are beyond safe domestic use.

The Hemlock is an umbelliferous plant of frequent growth in our hedges and roadsides, with tall, hollow stalks, powdered blue at the bottom, whilst smooth and splashed about with spotty streaks of a reddish purple. It possesses foliage resembling that of the garden carrot, but feathery and more delicately divided.

The Hemlock is a flowering plant that often grows in our hedges and along roadsides, featuring tall, hollow stems that are lightly blue at the base, while the rest of the stem has smooth areas with reddish-purple spots. Its leaves look similar to those of garden carrots but are more feathery and finely divided.

The name has been got from healm, or haulm, straw, and leac, a plant, because of the dry hollow stalks which remain after flowering is done. In Kent and Essex, the Hemlock is called Kecksies, and the stalks are spoken of as Hollow Kecksies.

The name comes from healm or haulm, meaning straw, and leac, a plant, due to the dry hollow stems that are left after flowering is over. In Kent and Essex, Hemlock is referred to as Kecksies, and the stalks are known as Hollow Kecksies.

Keckis, or Kickes, of Humblelockis are mentioned by our oldest herbalists. In a book about herbs, of the fourteenth century, two sorts of Hemlock are specified—one being the Grete Homeloc, which is called "Kex," or "Wode Whistle," being of no use except for poor men's fuel, and children's play.

Keckis, or Kickes, of Humblelockis are mentioned by our oldest herbalists. In a book about herbs from the fourteenth century, two types of Hemlock are listed—one being the Grete Homeloc, which is called "Kex," or "Wode Whistle," serving no purpose except as fuel for the poor and for children's play.

Botanically, it bears the name of Conium maculatum (spotted), the first of these words coming from the Greek, konos, a top, and having reference to the giddiness which the juice of hemlock causes toxically in the [249] human brain. The unripe fruit of this plant possesses its peculiar medicinal properties in a greater degree than any other part, and the juice expressed therefrom is more reliably medicinal than the tincture made with spirit of wine, from the whole plant.

Botanically, it's called Conium maculatum (spotted), with the first part of the name coming from the Greek word konos, meaning "top," and referring to the dizziness that the juice of hemlock causes in the human brain. The unripe fruit of this plant has its unique medicinal properties more strongly than any other part, and the juice extracted from it is more consistently medicinal than the tincture made with alcohol from the whole plant.

Soil, situation, and the time of year, materially affect the potency of Hemlock. Being a biennial plant, it is not poisonous in this country to cattle during the first year, if they eat its leaves.

Soil, location, and the season significantly influence the potency of Hemlock. Since it’s a biennial plant, it isn’t toxic to cattle in this country during the first year if they consume its leaves.

The herb is always uncertain of action unless gathered of the true "maculatum" sort, when beginning to flower. Its juice should be thickened in a water bath, or the leaves carefully dried, and kept in a well-stoppered bottle, not exposed to the light. Cole says, "if asses chance to feed on Hemlock, they will fall so fast asleep that they seem to be dead, insomuch that some, thinking them to be dead indeed, have flayed off their skins; yet after the Hemlock had done operating they had stirred and wakened out of their sleep."

The herb is always unpredictable in its effects unless it’s the genuine "maculatum" type and is picked when it starts to bloom. Its juice should be thickened using a water bath, or the leaves should be properly dried and stored in a tightly sealed bottle, kept away from light. Cole notes that "if donkeys happen to eat Hemlock, they'll fall asleep so deeply that they look dead, so much so that some, thinking they are actually dead, have skinned them; but after the Hemlock has done its work, they eventually wake up from their sleep."

The dried leaves of the plant, if put into a small bag, and steeped in boiling water for a few minutes, and then applied hot to a gouty part, will quickly relieve the pain; also, they will help to soften the hard concretions which form about gouty joints. If the fresh juice of the Hemlock is evaporated to a thick syrup, and mixed with lanoline (the fat of sheep's wool), to make an ointment, it will afford wonderful relief to severe itching within and around the fundament; but it must be thoroughly applied. For a poultice some of this thickened juice may be added to linseed meal and boiling water, previously mixed well together.

The dried leaves of the plant, if placed in a small bag and steeped in boiling water for a few minutes, then applied hot to a painful gouty area, will quickly relieve the pain; they will also help soften the hard deposits that form around gouty joints. If the fresh juice of the Hemlock is concentrated into a thick syrup and mixed with lanolin (sheep's wool fat) to create an ointment, it will provide significant relief from severe itching around the anal area; however, it must be applied thoroughly. For a poultice, some of this thickened juice can be added to linseed meal and boiling water, which should be mixed together well beforehand.

Conium plasters were formerly employed to dry up the breast milk, and are now found of service to subdue palpitations of the heart.

Conium plasters used to be used to dry up breast milk, and now they're helpful for calming heart palpitations.

[250] An extract of Hemlock, blended with potash, is kept by the chemists, to be mixed with boiling water, for inhalation to ease a troublesome spasmodic cough, or an asthmatic attack. In Russia and the Crimea, this plant is so inert as to be edible; whereas in the South of Europe it is highly poisonous.

[250] An extract of Hemlock, mixed with potash, is kept by chemists to be combined with boiling water for inhalation to relieve a bothersome spasmodic cough or an asthma attack. In Russia and Crimea, this plant is so harmless that it can be eaten; however, in Southern Europe, it is extremely poisonous.

Chemically, the toxic action of Hemlock depends on its alkaloids, "coniine," and "methyl-coniine."

Chemically, the toxic effect of Hemlock relies on its alkaloids, "coniine," and "methyl-coniine."

Vinegar has proved useful in neutralising the poisonous effects of Hemlock, and it is said if the plant is macerated or boiled in vinegar it becomes altogether inert.

Vinegar has been shown to be effective in neutralizing the toxic effects of Hemlock, and it is said that if the plant is soaked or boiled in vinegar, it becomes completely inactive.

For inhalation to subdue whooping-cough, three or four grains of the extract should be mixed with a pint of boiling water in a suitable inhaler, so that the medicated vapour may be inspired through the mouth and nostrils.

For inhalation to relieve whooping cough, three or four grains of the extract should be mixed with a pint of boiling water in a suitable inhaler, so that the medicated vapor can be inhaled through the mouth and nostrils.

To make a Hemlock poultice, when the fresh plant cannot be procured, mix an ounce of powdered hemlock leaves (from the druggist) with three ounces of linseed meal; then gradually add half a pint of boiling water whilst constantly stirring.

To make a Hemlock poultice when fresh plant isn't available, mix an ounce of powdered hemlock leaves (from the pharmacist) with three ounces of linseed meal; then gradually add half a pint of boiling water while constantly stirring.

Herb gatherers sometimes mistake the wild Cicely (Myrrhis odorata) for the Hemlock; but this Cicely has a furrowed stem without spots, and is hairy, with a highly aromatic flavour. The bracts of Hemlock, at the base of the umbels, go only half way round the stem. The rough Chervil is also spotted, but hairy, and its stem is swollen below each joint. Under proper medical advice, the extract and the juice of Hemlock may be most beneficially given internally in cancer, and as a nervine sedative.

Herb gatherers sometimes confuse wild Cicely (Myrrhis odorata) with Hemlock; however, this Cicely has a furrowed, unspotted stem and is hairy, with a strong aromatic flavor. The bracts of Hemlock, located at the base of the umbels, only wrap halfway around the stem. Rough Chervil is also spotted but has hair, and its stem swells below each joint. With proper medical guidance, the extract and juice of Hemlock can be very beneficial when taken internally for cancer and act as a nerve-calming sedative.

The Hemlock was esteemed of old as Herba Benedicta, a blessed herb, because "where the root is in the house [251] the devil can do no harm, and if anyone should carry the plant about on his person no venomous beast can harm him." The Eleusinian priests who were required to remain chaste all their lives, had the wisdom to rub themselves with Hemlock.

The Hemlock was valued in ancient times as Herba Benedicta, a blessed herb, because "where the root is in the house [251] the devil can do no harm, and if someone carries the plant with them, no venomous beast can harm them." The Eleusinian priests, who had to remain chaste throughout their lives, wisely rubbed themselves with Hemlock.

Poultices may be made exclusively with the fresh leaves (which should be gathered in June) or with the dried leaflets when powdered, for easing and healing cancerous sores. Baron Stoerck first brought the plant into repute (1760) as a medicine of extraordinary efficacy for curing inveterate scirrhus, cancer, and ulcers, such as were hitherto deemed irremediable.

Poultices can be made using only fresh leaves (which should be collected in June) or with powdered dried leaflets to soothe and heal cancerous sores. Baron Stoerck first popularized the plant in 1760 as a powerful treatment for stubborn scirrhus, cancer, and ulcers that were previously considered untreatable.

Likewise the Cicuta virosa, or Water Hemlock, has proved curative to many similar glandular swellings. This is also an umbelliferous plant, which grows commonly on the margins of ditches and rivers in many parts of England. It gets its name from cicuta (a shepherd's pipe made from a reed), because of its hollow stems. Being hurtful to cows it has acquired the title of Cowbane.

Likewise, Cicuta virosa, or Water Hemlock, has been found to help with many similar glandular swellings. This plant is also in the umbellifer family and is commonly found along the edges of ditches and rivers in many parts of England. It gets its name from cicuta (a shepherd's pipe made from a reed) due to its hollow stems. Since it's toxic to cows, it has earned the nickname Cowbane.

The root when incised secretes from its wounded bark a yellow juice of a narcotic odour and acrid taste. This has been applied externally with benefit for scirrhous cancer, and to ease the pain of nervous gout. But when taken internally it is dangerous, being likely to provoke convulsions, or to produce serious narcotic effects. Nevertheless, goats eat the herb with impunity:—

The root, when cut, releases a yellow juice from its damaged bark that has a narcotic smell and a bitter taste. This juice has been applied externally with success for hard cancer and to relieve the pain of nervous gout. However, taking it internally is risky, as it can lead to convulsions or serious narcotic effects. Still, goats eat the herb without any problems:—

"Nam videre licet pinguescere soepe cicutam,
Barbigeras pecudes; hominique est acre venenum."

"One can often see the hemlock growing thick,
With its hairy beasts; and for humans, it has a sharp poison."

The leaves smell like celery or parsley, these being most toxical in summer, and the root in spring. The potency of the plant depends on its cicutoxin, a principle derived from the resinous constituents, and [252] which powerfully affects the organic functions through the spinal cord. It was either this or the Spotted Hemlock, which was used as the State poison of the Greeks for causing the death of Socrates.

The leaves smell like celery or parsley, becoming most toxic in summer, and the root in spring. The strength of the plant comes from its cicutoxin, which is derived from its resinous components, and it significantly impacts the body's functions through the spinal cord. It was either this or the Spotted Hemlock, which the Greeks used as a state poison to execute Socrates.

For a fomentation with the Water Hemlock half-a-pound of the fresh leaves, or three ounces of the dried leaves should be boiled in three pints of water down to a quart; and this will be found very helpful for soothing and healing painful cancerous, or scrofulous sores. Also the juice of the herb mixed with hot lard, and strained, will serve a like useful purpose.

For a poultice with Water Hemlock, half a pound of fresh leaves or three ounces of dried leaves should be boiled in three pints of water until it reduces to a quart. This will be very effective for soothing and healing painful cancerous or scrofulous sores. Additionally, the juice of the herb mixed with hot lard and strained will serve a similar useful purpose.

For pills of the herb take of its inspissated juice half-an-ounce, and of the finely powdered plant enough when mixed together to make from forty to sixty pills. Then for curing cancer, severe scrofula, or syphilitic sores, give from one to twenty of these pills in twenty-four hours (Pharmacopeia Chirurgica, 1794).

For herbal pills, take half an ounce of its thick juice and mix in enough finely powdered plant to make forty to sixty pills. To treat cancer, severe scrofula, or syphilitic sores, take one to twenty of these pills in a twenty-four hour period (Pharmacopeia Chirurgica, 1794).

An infusion of the plant will serve when carefully used, to relieve nervous and sick headache. If the fresh, young, tender leaves are worn under the soles of the feet, next the skin, and are renewed once during the day, they will similarly assuage the discomfort of a nervous headache. The oil with which the herb abounds is not poisonous.

An infusion of the plant, when used properly, can help relieve nervous and sick headaches. If you wear fresh, young, tender leaves under the soles of your feet, against the skin, and change them once during the day, they will also ease the discomfort of a nervous headache. The oil found in the herb isn't toxic.

The Black Henbane grew almost everywhere about England, in Gerard's day, by highways, in the borders of fields, on dunghills, and in untoiled places. But now it has become much less common as a rustic herb in this country. We find it occasionally in railway cuttings, and in rubbish on waste places, chiefly on chalky ground, and particularly near the sea. The plant is biennial, rather large, and dull of aspect, with woolly sea-green leaves, and bearing bell-shaped flowers of a lurid, creamy colour, streaked and spotted with purple. It [253] is one of the Night-shade tribe, having a heavy, oppressive, sub-fetid odour, and being rather clammy to the touch. This herb is also called Hogsbean, and its botanical name, Hyoscyamus, signifies "the bean of the hog," which animal eats it with impunity, though to mankind it is a poisonous plant. It has been noticed in Sherwood Forest, that directly the turf is pared Henbane springs up.

The Black Henbane used to grow almost everywhere in England during Gerard's time—along highways, at the edges of fields, on dung heaps, and in untended areas. But now, it's much less common as a wild herb in this country. We occasionally find it in railway cuttings and among debris in neglected spots, mainly on chalky soil, and especially near the coast. The plant is biennial, fairly large, and looks rather dull, with fuzzy sea-green leaves and bell-shaped flowers that have a vivid creamy color, marked and spotted with purple. It [253] belongs to the Nightshade family, has a strong, heavy, somewhat unpleasant odor, and feels clammy to the touch. This herb is also known as Hogsbean, and its botanical name, Hyoscyamus, means "the bean of the hog," which can eat it without harm, though it is toxic to humans. It's been noted in Sherwood Forest that as soon as the grass is cut, Henbane starts to grow.

"To wash the feet," said Gerard, "in a decoction of Henbane, as also the often smelling to the flowers, causeth sleep." Similarly famous anodyne necklaces were made from the root, and were hung about the necks of children to prevent fits, and to cause an easy breeding of the teeth. From the leaves again was prepared a famous sorcerer's ointment. "These, the seeds, and the juice," says Gerard, "when taken internally, cause an unquiet sleep, like unto the sleep of drunkenness, which continueth long, and is deadly to the patient."

"To wash the feet," Gerard said, "in a mixture of Henbane, along with the frequent scenting of the flowers, causes sleep." Likewise, well-known pain-relief necklaces were made from the root and worn around children's necks to prevent convulsions and to ease teething. From the leaves, a well-known witch's ointment was also made. "These, as well as the seeds and the juice," Gerard states, "when taken internally, induce a restless sleep, similar to drunkenness, which lasts a long time and can be fatal to the person."

The herb was known to the ancients, being described by Dioscorides and Celsus. Internally, it should only be prescribed by a physician, and is then of special service for relieving irritation of the bladder, and to allay maniacal excitement, as well as to subdue spasm.

The herb was recognized by ancient healers, with references from Dioscorides and Celsus. It should only be prescribed by a doctor for internal use, and is particularly useful for soothing bladder irritation and calming manic episodes, as well as relieving spasms.

The fresh leaves crushed, and applied as a poultice, will quickly relieve local pains, as of gout or neuralgia. In France the plant is called Jusquiame, and in Germany it is nicknamed Devil's-eye.

The fresh leaves crushed and used as a poultice will quickly relieve local pains, like gout or neuralgia. In France, the plant is called Jusquiame, and in Germany, it's nicknamed Devil's-eye.

The chemical constituents of Henbane are "hyoscyamine," a volatile alkaloid, with a bitter principle, "hyoscypricin" (especially just before flowering), also nitrate of potash, which causes the leaves, when burnt, to sparkle with a deflagration, and other inorganic salts. The seeds contain a whitish, oily albumen.

The chemical components of Henbane include "hyoscyamine," a volatile alkaloid, as well as a bitter compound called "hyoscypricin" (especially just before it flowers). It also contains potassium nitrate, which makes the leaves sparkle and fizz when burned, along with other inorganic salts. The seeds hold a whitish, oily substance.

The leaves and viscid stem are produced only in [254] each second year. The juice when dropped into the eye will dilate the pupil.

The leaves and sticky stem are produced only in [254] every other year. The juice, when dropped into the eye, will widen the pupil.

Druggists prepare this juice of the herb, and an extract; also, they dispense a compound liniment of Henbane, which, when applied to the skin-surface on piline, is of great service for relieving obstinate rheumatic pains.

Druggists prepare this herb juice and an extract; they also provide a compound liniment of Henbane, which, when applied to the skin on piline, is very helpful for relieving stubborn rheumatic pain.

In some rural districts the cottony leaves of Henbane are smoked for toothache, like tobacco, but this practice is not free from risk of provoking convulsions, and even of causing insanity.

In some rural areas, the fluffy leaves of Henbane are smoked for toothaches, similar to tobacco, but this practice isn't without the risk of causing convulsions and possibly even insanity.

Gerard writes, with regard to the use of the seed of Henbane by mountebanks, for obstinate toothache: "Drawers of teeth who run about the country and pretend they cause worms to come forth from the teeth by burning the seed in a chafing dish of coals, the party holding his mouth over the fume thereof, do have some crafty companions who convey small lute strings into the water, persuading the patient that those little creepers came out of his mouth, or other parts which it was intended to ease." Forestus says: "These pretended worms are no more than an appearance of worms which is always seen in the smoak of Henbane seed."

Gerard writes about how quacks use the seed of Henbane to treat stubborn toothaches: "Tooth pullers who wander around the country and claim they can extract worms from teeth by burning the seed in a coal dish, while the patient holds their mouth over the smoke, have some sneaky accomplices who drop small lute strings into the water. They convince the patient that those tiny creatures came out of their mouth or other areas they were supposed to soothe." Forestus states: "These so-called worms are just an illusion of worms that is always seen in the smoke of Henbane seed."

    "Sic dentes serva; porrorum collige grana:
    No careas thure; cum hyoscyamo ure:
    Sic que per embotum fumun cape dente remotum."
            Regimen sanitatis salernitanum (Translated 1607).

"Sustain your teeth; gather the grains of fennel:
    Do not lack incense; burn it with henbane:
    Thus, through the smoke, capture the tooth that has fallen."
            Regimen sanitatis salernitanum (Translated 1607).

    "If in your teeth you happen to be tormented,
        By means some little worms therein do brede,
    Which pain (if need be tane) may be prevented
        By keeping cleane your teeth when as ye fead.
    Burn Frankonsence (a gum not evil scented),
        Put Henbane into this, and onyon seed,
    And with a tunnel to the tooth that's hollow,
        Convey the smoke thereof, and ease shall follow."

"If your teeth are bothering you,
        Because some tiny worms are causing trouble,
    You can prevent the pain (if needed)
        By keeping your teeth clean while you eat.
    Burn frankincense (a pleasant-smelling gum),
        Add henbane to this, along with onion seeds,
    And with a funnel, deliver the smoke to the affected tooth,
        And relief will come."

[255] By older writers, the Henbane was called Henbell and Symphonica, as implying its resemblance to a ring of bells (Symphonia), which is struck with a hammer. It has also been named Faba Jovis (Jupiter's bean). Only within recent times has the suffix "bell" given place to "bane," because the seeds are fatal to poultry and fish. In some districts horsedealers mix the seed of Henbane with their oats, in order to fatten the animals.

[255] Older writers referred to Henbane as Henbell and Symphonica, suggesting its similarity to a ring of bells (Symphonia) that is struck with a hammer. It has also been called Faba Jovis (Jupiter's bean). Recently, the suffix "bell" has been replaced by "bane" because the seeds are toxic to poultry and fish. In some areas, horse traders mix Henbane seeds with their oats to help fatten the animals.

An instance is narrated where the roots of Henbane were cooked by mistake at a monastery for the supper of its inmates, and produced most strange results. One monk would insist on ringing the large bell at midnight, to the alarm of the neighbourhood; whilst of those who came to prayers at the summons, several could not read at all, and others read anything but what was contained in their breviaries.

An example is told where the roots of Henbane were accidentally cooked at a monastery for the dinner of its residents, leading to some bizarre outcomes. One monk insisted on ringing the big bell at midnight, alarming the neighborhood; while of those who came to pray at the call, several couldn’t read at all, and others read anything but what was in their breviaries.

Some authors suppose that this is the noxious herb intended by Shakespeare, in the play of Hamlet, when the ghost of the murdered king makes plaint, that:

Some authors believe that this is the harmful plant referred to by Shakespeare in the play Hamlet, when the ghost of the murdered king laments that:

    "Sleeping within mine orchard,
    My custom always of the afternoon,
    Upon my secure hour thy uncle stole,
    With juice of cursed hebenon in a vial,
    And in the porches of mine ear did pour
    The leprous distilment."

"Sleeping in my orchard,
    My usual routine in the afternoon,
    During my safe hour, your uncle crept in,
    With the juice of that cursed hebenon in a vial,
    And poured the infected liquid in my ear."

But others argue more correctly that the name used here is a varied form of that by which the yew is known in at least five of the Gothic languages, and which appears in Marlow and other Elizabethan writers, as "hebon." "This tree," says Lyte, "is altogether venomous and against man's nature; such as do but only sleepe under the shadow thereof, become sicke, and sometimes they die."

But others argue more accurately that the name used here is a different version of what the yew is called in at least five of the Gothic languages, and which appears in Marlowe and other Elizabethan writers as "hebon." "This tree," Lyte says, "is completely poisonous and harmful to humans; those who merely sleep under its shadow become ill, and sometimes they die."

[256] HONEY.

Being essentially of floral origin, and a vegetable product endowed with curative properties, Honey may be fairly ranked among Herbal Simples. Indeed, it is the nectar of flowers, partaking closely of their flavours and odours, whilst varying in taste, colour, scent, and medicinal attributes, according to the species of the plant from which it is produced.

Being primarily made from flowers and a plant product with healing properties, honey can be considered one of the herbal simples. In fact, it is the nectar of flowers, closely resembling their flavors and aromas, while differing in taste, color, scent, and medicinal qualities depending on the type of plant it comes from.

The name Honey has been derived from a Hebrew word ghoneg, which means literally "delight." Historically, this substance dates from the oldest times of the known world. We read in the book of Genesis, that the land of Canaan where Abraham dwelt, was flowing with milk and honey; and in the Mosaic law were statutes regulating the ownership of bees.

The name Honey comes from a Hebrew word ghoneg, which literally means "delight." This substance has been around since ancient times in the known world. In the book of Genesis, we read that the land of Canaan, where Abraham lived, was flowing with milk and honey; and the Mosaic law included rules about owning bees.

Among the ancients Honey was used for embalming the dead, and it is still found contained in their preserved coffins.

Among the ancients, honey was used for embalming the dead, and it's still found inside their preserved coffins.

Aristoeus, a pupil of Chiron, first gathered Honey from the comb, and it was the basis of the seasoning of Apicius: whilst Pythagoras, who lived to be ninety, took latterly only bread and Honey. "Whoever wishes," said an old classic maxim, "to preserve his health, should eat every morning before breakfast young onions with honey."

Aristoeus, a student of Chiron, was the first to collect honey from the hive, which became a key ingredient in Apicius' recipes. Meanwhile, Pythagoras, who lived to be ninety, later only consumed bread and honey. “Anyone who wants to stay healthy,” said an old saying, “should eat young onions with honey every morning before breakfast.”

Tacitus informs us that our German ancestors gave credit for their great strength and their long lives to the Mead, or Honey-beer, on which they regaled themselves. Pliny tells of Rumilius Pollio, who enjoyed marvellous health arid vitality, when over a hundred years old. On being presented to the Emperor Augustus, who enquired what was the secret of his wondrous longevity, Pollio answered, "Interus melle, exterus oleo, the eating of Honey, and anointing with oil."

Tacitus tells us that our German ancestors attributed their great strength and long lives to Mead, or Honey-beer, which they enjoyed. Pliny mentions Rumilius Pollio, who had amazing health and vitality even at over a hundred years old. When he was introduced to Emperor Augustus, who asked him about the secret of his incredible longevity, Pollio replied, "Interus melle, exterus oleo, eating Honey, and rubbing with oil."

[257] At the feasts of the gods, described by Ovid, the delicious Honey-cakes were never wanting, these being made of meal, Honey, and oil, whilst corresponding in number to the years of the devout offerer.

[257] At the gods' feasts, as described by Ovid, there were always delicious honey cakes, made from flour, honey, and oil, and the number of cakes matched the years of the devoted worshiper.

Pure Honey contains chemically about seventy per cent. of glucose (analogous to grape sugar) or the crystallizable part which sinks to the bottom of the jar, whilst the other portion above, which is non-crystallizable, is levulose, or fruit sugar, almost identical with the brown syrup of the sugar cane, but less easy of digestion. Hence, the proverb has arisen "of oil the top, of wine the middle, of Honey the bottom."

Pure honey is made up of about seventy percent glucose (similar to grape sugar), which is the crystallizable part that settles at the bottom of the jar. The portion above that doesn't crystallize is levulose or fruit sugar, which is very much like the brown syrup from sugar cane but is a bit harder to digest. That's how the saying "oil floats to the top, wine rests in the middle, honey settles at the bottom" came about.

The odour of Honey is due to a volatile oil associated with a yellow colouring matter melichroin, which is separated by the floral nectaries, and becomes bleached on exposure to the sunlight. A minute quantity of an animal acid lends additional curative value for sore throat, and some other ailments.

The smell of honey comes from a volatile oil linked to a yellow pigment called melichroin, which is released by the flower's nectaries and gets lighter when exposed to sunlight. A small amount of an animal acid adds extra healing properties for sore throat and other issues.

Honey has certain claims as a food which cane sugar does not possess. It is a heat former, and a producer of vital energy, both in the human subject, and in the industrious little insect which collects the luscious fodder. Moreover, it is all ready for absorption straightway into the blood after being eaten, whereas cane sugar must be first masticated with the saliva, or spittle, and converted somewhat slowly into honey sugar before it can be utilised for the wants of the body. In this way the superiority of Honey over cane sugar is manifested, and it may be readily understood why grapes, the equivalent of Honey in the matter of their sugar, have an immediate effect in relieving fatigue by straightway contributing power and caloric.

Honey has specific benefits as a food that cane sugar doesn't have. It's a source of heat and vital energy, both for people and for the busy little bee that gathers this delicious substance. Plus, honey is ready to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream once consumed, while cane sugar has to be first chewed with saliva and slowly transformed into honey sugar before the body can use it. This clearly shows why honey is superior to cane sugar, and it’s easy to see why grapes, which have a similar sugar content to honey, can quickly help relieve fatigue by immediately providing energy and calories.

Aged persons who are toothless may be supported almost exclusively on sugar. The great Duke of [258] Beaufort, whose teeth were white and sound at seventy, whilst his general health was likewise excellent, had for forty years before his death a pound of sugar daily in his wine, chocolate, and sweetmeats. A relish for sugar lessens the inclination for alcohol, and seldom accompanies the love of strong drink.

Aged people who have lost their teeth can almost solely rely on sugar. The great Duke of [258] Beaufort, who had white and healthy teeth at seventy and was also in excellent overall health, consumed a pound of sugar daily in his wine, chocolate, and sweets for forty years before he died. A taste for sugar reduces the desire for alcohol and usually does not go hand in hand with a love for strong drinks.

With young children, cane sugar is apt to form acids in the stomach, chiefly acetic, by a process of fermentation which causes pain, and flatulence, so that milk sugar should be given instead to those of tender years who are delicate, as this produces only lactic acid, which is the main constituent of digestive gastric juice.

With young children, cane sugar can create acids in the stomach, mainly acetic acid, through fermentation, leading to pain and gas. Therefore, milk sugar should be given to delicate young ones, as it only produces lactic acid, which is the primary component of digestive gastric juice.

When examined under a microscope Honey exhibits in addition to its crystals (representing glucose, or grape sugar), pollen-granules of various forms, often so perfect that they may be referred to the particular plants from which the nectar has been gathered.

When looked at under a microscope, honey shows its crystals (which are glucose, or grape sugar) along with pollen grains that come in different shapes, often so distinct that they can be traced back to the specific plants where the nectar was collected.

As good Honey contains sugar in a form suitable for such quick assimilation, it should be taken generally in some combination less easily absorbed, otherwise the digestion may be upset by too speedy a glut of heat production, and of energy. Therefore the bread and Honey of time-honoured memory is a sound form of sustenance, as likewise, the proverbial milk and Honey of the Old Testament. This may be prepared by taking a bowl of new milk, and breaking into it some light wheaten bread, together with some fresh white Honeycomb. The mixture will be found both pleasant and easy of digestion.

As good honey has sugar that's easy to absorb quickly, it’s best to consume it with something that’s absorbed more slowly. Otherwise, you might upset your digestion with too much heat and energy at once. That's why the classic combination of bread and honey is a great source of nourishment, just like the famous milk and honey from the Old Testament. You can create this by pouring fresh milk into a bowl and adding some light wheat bread along with fresh honeycomb. You'll find the mix both enjoyable and easy to digest.

Our forefathers concocted from Honey boiled with water and exposed to the sun (after adding chopped raisins, lemon peel, and other matters) a famous fermented drink, called mead, and this was termed metheglin (methu, wine, and aglaion, splendid) when the finer [261] Honey was used, and certain herbs were added so as to confer special flavours.

Our ancestors created a famous fermented drink called mead by mixing honey with water and letting it sit in the sun, adding chopped raisins, lemon peel, and other ingredients. When they used higher quality honey and added specific herbs for unique flavors, it was referred to as metheglin (methu, wine, and aglaion, splendid).

    "Who drank very hard the whole night through
    Cups of strong mead, made from honey when new,
    Metheglin they called it, a mighty strong brew,
    Their whistles to wet for the morrow."

"Who drank heavily all night long
    Cups of strong mead, freshly made from honey,
    They called it Metheglin, an incredibly strong brew,
    Their whistles to moisten for the next day."

Likewise, the old Teutons prepared a Honey wine, (hydromel), and made it the practice to drink this for the first thirty days after marriage; from which custom has been derived the familiar Honeymoon, or the month after a wedding.

Likewise, the old Teutons made a honey wine (hydromel) and had the custom of drinking it for the first thirty days after marriage, from which the familiar term Honeymoon, or the month after a wedding, has come.

Queen Elizabeth was particularly fond of mead, and had it made every year according to a special recipe of her own, which included the leaves of sweet briar, with rosemary, cloves, and mace.

Queen Elizabeth really loved mead and had it made every year using a special recipe of her own that included sweet briar leaves, rosemary, cloves, and mace.

Honey derived from cruciferous plants, such as rape, ladies' smock, and the wallflower, crystallizes quickly, often, indeed, within the comb before it is removed from the hive; whilst Honey from labiate plants, and from fruit trees in general, remains unchanged for several months after being extracted from the comb.

Honey from plants like canola, ladies' smock, and wallflower crystallizes quickly, often even while still in the comb before being taken out of the hive. In contrast, honey from mint family plants and fruit trees usually stays liquid for several months after being harvested from the comb.

As a heat producer, if taken by way of food, one pound of Honey is equal to two pounds of butter; and when cod liver oil is indicated, but cannot be tolerated by the patient, Honey may sometimes be most beneficially substituted.

As a source of energy, if consumed through food, one pound of honey is equivalent to two pounds of butter; and when cod liver oil is recommended but the patient cannot handle it, honey may sometimes be a very helpful alternative.

In former times it was employed largely as a medicine, and applied externally for the healing of wounds. When mixed with flour, and spread on linen, or leather, it has long been a simple remedy for bringing boils to maturity. In coughs and colds it makes a serviceable adjunct to expectorant medicines, whilst acting at the same time as sufficiently laxative. For sore throats it may be used in gargles with remarkable benefit; and [260] when mixed with vinegar it forms the old-fashioned oxymel, always popular against colds of the chest and throat.

In the past, it was mainly used as a medicine and applied externally to heal wounds. When mixed with flour and spread on cloth or leather, it has been a straightforward remedy for ripening boils. For coughs and colds, it works well with expectorant medicines while also acting as an effective laxative. For sore throats, it can be used in gargles with great benefit; and when mixed with vinegar, it creates the traditional oxymel, which has always been favored for colds in the chest and throat.

"Honeywater" distilled from Honey, incorporated with sand, is an excellent wash for promoting the growth of the hair, either by itself, or when mixed with spirit of rosemary. Rose Honey (rhodomel) made from the expressed juice of rose petals with Honey, was formerly held in high esteem for the sick.

"Honeywater" distilled from honey, mixed with sand, is a great wash for encouraging hair growth, either on its own or when combined with rosemary oil. Rose Honey (rhodomel), made from the juice of rose petals and honey, was once highly valued for the sick.

Bee propolis, or the glutinous resin manufactured by bees for fixing the foundations of their combs, will afford relief to the asthmatic by its fumes when burnt. It consists largely of resin, and yields benzoic acid.

Bee propolis, the sticky resin made by bees to secure their honeycomb, can provide relief for people with asthma when burned. It mainly consists of resin and produces benzoic acid.

Basilicon, kingly ointment, or resin ointment, is composed of bees wax, olive oil, resin, Burgundy pitch, and turpentine. This is said to be identical with the famous "Holloway's Ointment," and is highly useful when the stimulation of indolent sores is desired.

Basilicon, a royal ointment, or resin ointment, is made from beeswax, olive oil, resin, Burgundy pitch, and turpentine. It's said to be the same as the well-known "Holloway's Ointment," and is very effective when you want to stimulate lazy sores.

A medicinal tincture of superlative worth is prepared by Homoeopathic practitioners from the sting of the Honey bee. This makes a most valuable and approved medicine for obviating erysipelas, especially of the head and face; likewise, for a puffy sore throat with much swelling about the tonsils; also for dropsy of the limbs which has followed a chill, or is connected with passive inactivity of the kidneys. Ten drops of the diluted tincture, first decimal strength, should be given three or four times in the day, with a tablespoonful of cold water. This remedy is known as the tincture of Apis mellifica. For making it the bees are seized when emerging from the hive, and they thus become irritated, being ready to sting. They are put to death with a few drops of chloroform, and then have their Honey-bags severed. These are bruised in a mortar [261] with glycerine, and bottled in spirit of wine, shaking them for several days, and lastly filtering the tincture.

A highly effective medicinal tincture is made by homeopathic practitioners from the sting of the honeybee. This creates a valuable and well-regarded remedy for treating erysipelas, particularly on the head and face; it’s also useful for a swollen sore throat with significant tonsil enlargement; and for dropsy in the limbs that occurs after getting cold, or is related to kidney inactivity. Ten drops of the diluted tincture, at first decimal strength, should be taken three to four times a day, mixed with a tablespoon of cold water. This remedy is called the tincture of Apis mellifica. To make it, bees are captured as they leave the hive, becoming agitated and ready to sting. They are then killed with a few drops of chloroform, and their honey bags are removed. These are crushed in a mortar with glycerine, bottled in wine spirit, shaken for several days, and finally, the tincture is filtered.

Boiling water poured on bees (workers) when newly killed makes bee-tea, which may be taken to relieve strangury, and a difficult passage of urine, as likewise for dropsy of the heart and kidneys. Also of such bees when dried and powdered, thirty grains will act as a dose to promote a free flow of the urine.

Boiling water poured on freshly killed worker bees creates bee tea, which can be used to relieve painful urination and difficulty passing urine, as well as for heart and kidney swelling. Additionally, when these bees are dried and ground into a powder, a dose of thirty grains can help encourage a healthy flow of urine.

Honey, especially if old, will cause indigestion when eaten by some persons, through an excessive production of lactic acid in the stomach; and a superficial ulceration of the mouth and tongue, resembling thrush, will ensue; it being at the same time a known popular fact, that Honey by itself, or when mixed with powdered borax (which is alkaline) will speedily cure a similar sore state within the mouth arising through deranged health.

Honey, especially if it’s old, can cause indigestion for some people because it leads to too much lactic acid in the stomach. This may result in a shallow ulceration of the mouth and tongue, looking like thrush. At the same time, it’s commonly known that honey on its own, or mixed with powdered borax (which is alkaline), can quickly heal a similar sore condition in the mouth caused by poor health.

As long ago as when Soranus lived, the contemporary of Galen (160 A.D.) Honey was declared to be "an easy remedy for the thrush of children," but he gravely attributed its virtues in this respect to the circumstance that bees collected the Honey from flowers growing over the tomb of Hippocrates, in the vale of Tempe.

As far back as the time of Soranus, a contemporary of Galen (160 A.D.), honey was said to be "a simple remedy for children’s thrush." However, he seriously credited its effectiveness to the fact that bees gathered the honey from flowers growing over the grave of Hippocrates, in the vale of Tempe.

The sting venom of bees has been found helpful for relieving rheumatic gout in the hands, and elsewhere through toxicating the tender and swollen limbs by means of lively bees placed over the parts in an inverted tumbler, and then irritating the insects so as to make them sting. A custom prevails in Malta of inoculation by frequent bee stinging, so as to impart at length a protective immunity against rheumatism, this being confirmatory of the fact known to beekeepers elsewhere, that after exposure to attacks from bees, often repeated [262] throughout a length of time, most persons will acquire a convenient freedom from all future disagreeable effects. An Austrian physician has based on these methods an infallible cure for acute rheumatism.

The sting venom of bees has been found useful for relieving rheumatic gout in the hands and other areas by using live bees placed over the swollen and tender limbs in an upside-down glass, then provoking the insects to sting. In Malta, there’s a practice of inoculation through frequent bee stings to eventually provide some immunity against rheumatism. This supports the understanding among beekeepers in other places that after repeated bee stings over time, most people gain a notable resilience against future negative effects. An Austrian doctor has developed a guaranteed cure for acute rheumatism based on these methods.

In Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, Sir Toby Belch asks to have a "song for sixpence," the third verse of which has been thought to run thus:—

In Shakespeare's Twelfth Night, Sir Toby Belch asks for a "song for sixpence," and the third verse is believed to go like this:—

    "The King was in his counting house
    Counting out his money,
    The Queen was in the parlour
    Eating bread and Honey."

"The King was in his counting room
    Counting his money,
    The Queen was in the living room
    Eating bread and honey."

"Mel mandit, panemque, morans regina culinâ,
Dulcia plebeiâ non comedenda nuru."

"Mel gives, and bread, while the queen is in the kitchen,
Sweet things not to be eaten by the common daughter-in-law."

A plain cake, currant or seed, made with Honey in place of sugar is a pleasant addition to the tea-table and a capital preventive of constipation.

A plain cake, made with currants or seeds and sweetened with honey instead of sugar, is a nice addition to the tea table and a great way to prevent constipation.

"All kinds of precious stones cast into Honey become more brilliant thereby," says St. Francis de Sales in The Devout Life, 1708, "and all persons become more acceptable when they join devotion to their graces."

"All kinds of precious stones thrown into honey become more brilliant because of it," says St. Francis de Sales in The Devout Life, 1708, "and everyone becomes more admirable when they combine devotion with their talents."

HOP.

The Hop (Humulus lupulus) belongs to the Nettle tribe (Cannabineoe) of plants, and grows wild in our English hedges and copses; but then it bears only male flowers. When cultivated it produces the female catkins, or strobiles which are so well known as Hops, and are so largely used for brewing purposes.

The Hop (Humulus lupulus) is part of the Nettle family (Cannabineoe) of plants and grows wild in our English hedges and woodlands; however, it only produces male flowers in the wild. When grown intentionally, it produces the female catkins, or strobiles, which are commonly known as Hops and are widely used for brewing.

The plant gets its first name Humulus from humus, the rich moist ground in which it chooses to grow, and its affix lupulus from the Latin lupus a wolf, because (as Pliny explained), when produced among osiers, it [263] strangles them by its light climbing embraces as the wolf does a sheep.

The plant is called Humulus because of humus, the rich, moist soil where it likes to grow, and its suffix lupulus comes from the Latin word lupus, meaning wolf, because (as Pliny noted), when it grows among willows, it [263] chokes them with its light climbing tendrils, just like a wolf does to a sheep.

The word Hop comes from the Anglo-saxon hoppan to climb. The leaves and the flowers afford a fine brown dye, and paper has been made from the bine, or stalk, which sprouts in May, and soon grows luxuriantly; as said old Tusser (1557):—

The word Hop comes from the Anglo-Saxon hoppan, meaning to climb. The leaves and flowers provide a great brown dye, and paper has been made from the bine, or stalk, which starts sprouting in May and quickly grows lush; as the old Tusser (1557) said:—

"Get into thy Hop-yard, for now it is time
To teach Robin Hop on his pole how to climb."

"Get into your hop yard, because it's time
To teach Robin Hop how to climb on his pole."

The Hop, says Cockayne, was known to the Saxons, and they called it the Hymele, a name enquired-for in vain among Hop growers in Worcestershire and Kent.

The Hop, according to Cockayne, was known to the Saxons, who referred to it as the Hymele, a name that has been searched for in vain among hop growers in Worcestershire and Kent.

Hops were first brought to this country from Flanders, in 1524:—

Hops were first brought to this country from Flanders in 1524:—

"Turkeys, Carp, Hops, Pickerel, and Beer,
Came into England all in one year."

"Turkeys, carp, hops, pickerel, and beer,
All arrived in England in the same year."

So writes old Izaak Walton! Before Hops were used for improving and preserving beer our Saxon ancestors drank a beverage made from malt, but clarified in a measure with Ground Ivy which is hence named Ale-hoof. This was a thick liquor about which it was said:—

So writes old Izaak Walton! Before hops were used to enhance and preserve beer, our Saxon ancestors drank a beverage made from malt, but clarified to some extent with ground ivy, which is why it's called ale-hoof. This was a thick drink that people said:—

"Nil spissius est dum bibitur; nil clarius dum mingitur,
Unde constat multas faeces in ventre relinqui."

"Nothing is thicker when it’s drunk; nothing is clearer when it’s urinated,
From which it’s clear that a lot of waste is left in the stomach."

The Picts made beer from heather, but the secret of its manufacture was lost when they became exterminated, since it had never been divulged to strangers. Kenneth offered to spare the life of a father, whose son had been just slain, if he would reveal the method; but, though pardoned, he refused persistently. The inhabitants of Tola, Jura, and other outlying districts, now brew a potable beer by mixing two-thirds of heath tops with one of malt. Highlanders think it very lucky to [264] find the white heather, which is the badge of the Captain of Clan Ronald.

The Picts brewed beer from heather, but the recipe was lost when they were wiped out, as it had never been shared with outsiders. Kenneth offered to spare the life of a father whose son had just been killed if he would reveal the method; however, even though he was granted mercy, he persistently refused. The people of Tola, Jura, and other remote areas now brew a drinkable beer by mixing two-thirds heather tops with one-third malt. Highlanders believe it’s very fortunate to find white heather, which is the symbol of the Captain of Clan Ronald.

At first Hops were unpopular, and were supposed to engender melancholy. Therefore Henry the Eighth issued an injunction to brewers not to use them. "Hops," says John Evelyn in his Pomona, 1670, "transmuted our wholesome ale into beer, which doubtless much altered our constitutions. This one ingredient, by some suspected not unworthily, preserves the drink indeed, but repays the pleasure with tormenting diseases, and a shorter life."

Initially, hops were not well-received and were thought to cause sadness. As a result, Henry the Eighth ordered brewers not to use them. "Hops," John Evelyn states in his Pomona, 1670, "changed our good ale into beer, which certainly altered our health. This one ingredient, which some believe not without reason, does keep the drink fresh, but it returns the enjoyment with painful illnesses and a shorter lifespan."

Hops, such as come into the market, are the chaffy capsules of the seeds, and turn brown early in the autumn. They possess a heavy fragrant aromatic odour, and a very bitter pungent taste. The yellow glands at the base of the scales afford a volatile strong-smelling oil, and an abundant yellow powder which possesses most of the virtues of the plant. Our druggists prepare a tincture from the strobiles with spirit of wine, and likewise a thickened extract.

Hops that are available in the market are the dried capsules of the seeds, which turn brown early in the fall. They have a strong, fragrant aroma and a very bitter, sharp taste. The yellow glands at the base of the scales produce a volatile, strong-smelling oil, as well as a plentiful yellow powder that contains most of the plant's beneficial properties. Our pharmacists make a tincture from the strobiles using alcohol, as well as a concentrated extract.

Again, a decoction of the root is esteemed by some as of equal benefit with Sarsaparilla.

Again, some people consider a brew made from the root to be just as beneficial as Sarsaparilla.

The lassitude felt in hot weather at its first access, or in early spring, may be well met by an infusion of the leaves, strobiles and stalks as Hop tea, taken by the wineglassful two or three times in the day, whilst sluggish derangements of the liver and spleen may be benefited thereby.

The tiredness experienced during hot weather when it first starts, or in early spring, can be effectively treated with an infusion of the leaves, flowers, and stems as Hop tea, taken in wineglass-sized portions two or three times a day, which can also help with sluggish issues of the liver and spleen.

Lupulin, the golden dust from the scales (but not the pollen of the anthers, as some erroneously suppose), is given in powder, and acts as a gentle sedative if taken at bedtime. This is specific against sexual irritability and its attendant train of morbid symptoms, with mental depression and vital exhaustion. It contains [265] "lupulite," a volatile oil, and a peculiar resin, which is somewhat acrid, and penetrating of taste.

Lupulin, the golden powder from the hop plant scales (not to be confused with pollen from the anthers, as some mistakenly think), is taken in powdered form and serves as a mild sedative when used at bedtime. It's effective against sexual irritability and the related symptoms, including mental depression and fatigue. It contains [265] "lupulite," a volatile oil, and a unique resin that has a somewhat sharp and strong taste.

Each of the Simples got from the Hop will allay pain and conduce to sleep; they increase the firmness of the pulse, and reduce its frequency.

Each of the Simples obtained from the Hop will ease pain and help with sleep; they strengthen the pulse and lower its frequency.

Also if applied externally, Hops as a poultice, or when steeped in a bag, in very hot water as a stupe, will relieve muscular rheumatism, spasm, and bruises.

Also, if applied externally, hops used as a poultice or steeped in a bag in very hot water as a compress will relieve muscle pain, spasms, and bruises.

Hop tea, when made from the flowers only, is to be brewed by pouring a pint of boiling water on an ounce of the Hops, and letting it stand until cool. This is an excellent drink in delirium tremens, and will give prompt ease to an irritable bladder. Sherry in which some Hops have been steeped makes a capital stomachic cordial. A pillow, Pulvinar Humuli, stuffed with newly dried Hops was successfully prescribed by Dr. Willis for George the Third, when sedative medicines had failed to give him sleep; and again for our Prince of Wales at the time of his severe typhoid fever, 1871, in conjunction then with a most grateful draught of ale which had been heretofore withheld. The crackling of dry Hop flowers when put into a pillow may be prevented by first sprinkling them with a little alcohol.

Hop tea, made with just the flowers, is brewed by pouring a pint of boiling water over an ounce of hops and letting it steep until cool. This is a great drink for delirium tremens and will provide quick relief for an irritable bladder. Sherry that has been steeped with some hops makes an excellent digestive tonic. A pillow, Pulvinar Humuli, filled with freshly dried hops was successfully recommended by Dr. Willis for George the Third when sedative medications failed to help him sleep; it was also used for our Prince of Wales during his severe typhoid fever in 1871, along with a very welcome drink of ale that had previously been withheld. To prevent the crackling noise of dry hop flowers in a pillow, you can sprinkle them with a little alcohol first.

Persons have fallen into a deep slumber after remaining for some time in a storehouse full of hops; and in certain northern districts a watery extract from the flowers is given instead of opium. It is useful to know that for sound reasons a moderate supper of bread and butter, with crisp fresh lettuces, and light home-brewed ale which contains Hops, is admirably calculated to promote sleep, except in a full-blooded plethoric person. Lupulin, the glandular powder from the dried strobiles, will induce sleep without causing constipation, or headache. The dose is from two to four grains at bedtime [266] on a small piece of bread and butter, or mixed with a spoonful of milk.

People have fallen into a deep sleep after spending some time in a storage room full of hops; and in certain northern areas, a watery extract from the flowers is used instead of opium. It's helpful to know that, for good reasons, a light supper of bread and butter, with fresh crisp lettuce, and light homemade ale that contains hops, is great for promoting sleep, except in someone who has a lot of blood and is overly energetic. Lupulin, the powdered glands from the dried flower clusters, can help you sleep without causing constipation or headaches. The recommended dose is two to four grains at bedtime [266], taken on a small piece of bread and butter, or mixed with a spoonful of milk.

The year 1855 produced a larger crop of cultivated Hops than has been known before or since. When Hop poles are shaken by the wind there is a distant electrical murmur like thunder.

The year 1855 produced a larger crop of cultivated hops than has been seen before or since. When hop poles sway in the wind, there's a distant electrical hum like thunder.

Hop tea in the leaf is now sold by grocers, made from a mixture of the Kentish and Indian plants, so as to combine in its infusion, the refreshment of the one herb with the sleep-inducing virtues of the other. The hops are brought direct from the farmers, just as they are picked. They are then laid for a few hours to wither, after which they are put under a rolling apparatus, which ill half-an-hour makes them look like tea leaves, both in shape and colour. They are finally mixed with Indian and Ceylon teas.

Hop tea in the leaf is now available at grocery stores, made from a blend of Kentish and Indian plants, so that its infusion combines the refreshing qualities of one herb with the sleep-inducing benefits of the other. The hops are sourced directly from farmers, just as they are picked. They are left to wither for a few hours, after which they go through a rolling machine that, in half an hour, makes them resemble tea leaves in both shape and color. Finally, they are blended with Indian and Ceylon teas.

The young tops of the Hop plant if gathered in the spring and boiled, may be eaten as asparagus, and make a good pot-herb: they were formerly brought to market tied up in small bundles for table use.

The young shoots of the hop plant, if picked in the spring and boiled, can be eaten like asparagus and make a tasty pot herb. They used to be sold in markets tied in small bundles for dining purposes.

A popular notion has, in some places, associated the Hop and the
Nightingale together as frequenting the same districts.

A common idea in some areas links the Hop and the
Nightingale as birds that inhabit the same regions.

Medicinally the Hop is tonic, stomachic, and diuretic, with antiseptic effects; it prevents worms, and allays the disquietude of nervous indigestion. The popular nostrum "Hop Bitters" is thus made: Buchu leaves, two ounces; Hops, half-a-pound; boil in five quarts of water, in an iron vessel, for an hour; when lukewarm add essence of Winter-green (Pyrola), two ounces, and one pint of alcohol. Take one tablespoonful three times in the day, before eating. White Bryony root is likewise used in making the Bitters.

Medicinally, hops are a tonic, good for the stomach, and act as a diuretic with antiseptic properties; they help prevent worms and ease the discomfort of nervous indigestion. The popular remedy "Hop Bitters" is made like this: two ounces of buchu leaves and half a pound of hops are boiled in five quarts of water in an iron pot for an hour. Once it cools down a bit, add two ounces of essence of wintergreen (Pyrola) and one pint of alcohol. Take one tablespoon three times a day before meals. White bryony root is also used in making the bitters.

[267] HOREHOUND (White and Black).

HOREHOUND (White & Black).

The herb Horehound occurs of two sorts, white and black, in our hedge-rows, and on the sides of banks, each getting its generic name, which was originally Harehune, from hara, hoary, and hune, honey; or, possibly, the name Horehound may be a corruption of the Latin Urinaria, since the herb has been found efficacious in cases of strangury, or difficult making of water.

The herb Horehound comes in two varieties, white and black, found in our hedgerows and along the sides of banks. Each variety gets its name, originally Harehune, from hara, meaning hoary, and hune, meaning honey; or it might be that the name Horehound is a twist on the Latin Urinaria, as the herb has been known to help with issues related to painful urination.

The White Horehound (Marrubium) is a common square-stemmed herb of the Labiate order, growing in waste places, and of popular use for coughs and colds, whether in a medicinal form, or as a candied sweetmeat. Its botanical title is of Hebrew derivation, from marrob, a bitter juice. The plant is distinguished by the white woolly down on its stems, by its wrinkled leaves, and small white flowers.

The White Horehound (Marrubium) is a common square-stemmed herb from the mint family that grows in neglected areas and is widely used for treating coughs and colds, whether in medicine or as a candy. Its botanical name comes from Hebrew, derived from marrob, which means bitter juice. The plant is recognizable by the white fuzzy hairs on its stems, its wrinkled leaves, and its small white flowers.

It has a musky odour, and a bitter taste, being a much esteemed Herbal Simple, but very often spuriously imitated. It affords chemically a fragrant volatile oil, a bitter extractive "marrubin," and gallic acid.

It has a musky smell and a bitter taste, being a highly regarded herbal remedy, but is often faked. Chemically, it provides a fragrant volatile oil, a bitter extract called "marrubin," and gallic acid.

As a homely remedy it is especially given for coughs accompanied with abundant thick expectoration, and for chronic asthma. In Norfolk scarcely a cottage garden can be found without its Horehound corner; and Horehound beer is much drunk there by the natives. Horehound tea may be made by pouring boiling water on the fresh leaves, an ounce to a pint, and sweetening this with honey: then a wineglassful should be taken three or four times in the day. Or from two to three teaspoonfuls of the expressed juice of the herb may be given for a dose.

As a home remedy, it's especially used for coughs with a lot of thick mucus and for chronic asthma. In Norfolk, you can hardly find a cottage garden without a corner dedicated to Horehound, and the locals drink Horehound beer quite often. Horehound tea can be made by pouring boiling water over fresh leaves, using an ounce for each pint, and sweetening it with honey. Then, take a wineglassful three or four times a day. Alternatively, you can take two to three teaspoonfuls of the juice extracted from the herb as a dose.

Candied Horehound is best made from the fresh plant by boiling it down until the juice is extracted, [268] and then adding sugar before boiling this again until it has become thick enough of consistence to pour into a paper case, and to be cut into squares when cool. Gerard said: "Syrup made from the greene fresh leaves and sugar is a most singular remedy against the cough and wheezing of the lungs. It doth wonderfully, and above credit, ease such as have been long sicke of any consumption of the lungs; as hath been often proved by the learned physicians of our London College."

Candied Horehound is best made with fresh plants by boiling them down to extract the juice, [268] then adding sugar and boiling it again until it thickens enough to pour into a paper mold, where it can be cut into squares once it cools. Gerard said: "Syrup made from the green fresh leaves and sugar is a unique remedy for coughs and wheezing in the lungs. It remarkably and incredibly helps those who have been sick with any lung issues for a long time, as has been proven many times by the learned physicians of our London College."

When given in full doses, an infusion of the herb is laxative. If the plant be put in new milk and set in a place pestered with flies, it will speedily kill them all. And according to Columella, the Horehound is a serviceable remedy against the Cankerworm in trees: Profuit et plantis latices infundere amaros marrubii.

When given in full doses, an infusion of the herb acts as a laxative. If the plant is placed in fresh milk and left in a spot infested with flies, it will quickly kill them all. According to Columella, Horehound is an effective remedy against the Cankerworm in trees: Profuit et plantis latices infundere amaros marrubii.

The Marrubium was called by the Egyptian Priests the "Seed of Horus" or "the Bull's Blood" and "the Eye of the Star." It was a principal remedy in the Negro Caesar's Antidote for vegetable poisons.

The Marrubium was referred to by the Egyptian priests as the "Seed of Horus," "the Bull's Blood," and "the Eye of the Star." It was a key ingredient in the Negro Caesar's Antidote for plant poisons.

The Black Horehound (Ballota nigra), so called from its dark purple-coloured flowers, is likewise of common growth about our roadsides and waste places. Its botanical title comes from the Greek ballo, to reject, because of its disagreeable odour, particularly when burnt. The herb is sometimes known as Madwort, being supposed to act as an antidote to the bite of a mad dog. In Beaumont and Fletcher's Faithful Shepherdess, we read of:—

The Black Horehound (Ballota nigra), named for its dark purple flowers, commonly grows along our roadsides and in abandoned areas. Its scientific name comes from the Greek word ballo, meaning to reject, due to its unpleasant smell, especially when burned. This herb is also referred to as Madwort, as it was believed to counteract the bite of a rabid dog. In Beaumont and Fletcher's Faithful Shepherdess, we read of:—

"Black Horehound, good
For Sheep, or Shepherd bitten by a wood-dog's venomed tooth."

"Black Horehound, beneficial
For Sheep, or Shepherd bitten by a wild dog’s poisoned bite."

If its leaves are applied externally as a poultice, they will relieve the pain of gout, and will mollify angry [269] boils. In Gotha the plant is valued for curing chronic skin diseases, particularly of a fungoid character, such as ringworm; also for diseases of cattle. "This," says Meyrick "is one of those neglected English herbs which are possessed of great virtues, though they are but little known, and still less regarded. It is superior to most things as a remedy in hysteria, and for low spirits." Drayton said (Polybion, 1613):—

If its leaves are used as a poultice, they will ease the pain of gout and soothe painful boils. In Gotha, this plant is appreciated for treating chronic skin conditions, especially fungal ones like ringworm; it's also used for animal illnesses. "This," says Meyrick, "is one of those overlooked English herbs that have great benefits, even though they are not well known and even less appreciated. It is better than most remedies for hysteria and low spirits." Drayton mentioned (Polybion, 1613):—

"For comforting the spleen and liver—get for juice,
Pale Horehound."

"For soothing the spleen and liver—get some juice,
Pale Horehound."

The Water Horehound (Lycopus), or Gipsy wort, which grows frequently in our damp meadows and on the sides of streams, yields a black dye used for wool, or silk, and with which gipsies stain their skins, as well as with Walnut juice. "This is called Gipsy Wort," says Lyte, "because the rogues and runagates, which name themselves Egyptians, do colour themselves black with this herbe." Each of the Horehounds is a labiate plant; and this, the water variety, bears flesh coloured flowers, whilst containing a volatile oil, a resin, a bitter principle, and tannin. Its medicinal action is astringent, with a reduced frequency of the pulse, and some gentle sedative effects, so that any tendency to coughing, etc., will be allayed. Half-an-ounce of the plant to a pint of boiling water will make the infusion.

The Water Horehound (Lycopus), also known as Gipsy wort, often grows in our wet meadows and along the edges of streams. It produces a black dye used for wool or silk, which gipsies use to stain their skin, alongside Walnut juice. "This is called Gipsy Wort," says Lyte, "because the rogues and runaways, who call themselves Egyptians, color themselves black with this herb." Each type of Horehound is a mint family plant, and this water variety has flesh-colored flowers. It contains a volatile oil, resin, bitter elements, and tannin. Its medicinal properties are astringent, reducing pulse rate, and it has mild sedative effects, which can help relieve coughing and other issues. To make the infusion, use half an ounce of the plant in a pint of boiling water.

HORSE RADISH (Radix, a Root).

HORSERADISH (Radix, a Root).

The Horse Radish of our gardens is a cultivated cruciferous plant of which the fresh root is eaten, when scraped, as a condiment to correct the richness of our national roast beef. This plant grows wild in many parts of the country, particularly about rubbish, and the sides of ditches; yet it is probably an introduction, [270] and not a native. Its botanical name, Cochlearia armoracia, implies a resemblance between its leaves and an old-fashioned spoon, cochleare; also that the most common place of its growth is ar, near, mor, the sea.

The horseradish in our gardens is a cultivated cruciferous plant whose fresh root is eaten, when grated, as a condiment to balance the richness of our national roast beef. This plant grows wild in many parts of the country, particularly around garbage and the sides of ditches; however, it likely was introduced here and is not native. Its botanical name, Cochlearia armoracia, suggests a connection between its leaves and an old-fashioned spoon, cochleare; it also indicates that its common growing area is ar, near, mor, the sea.

Our English vernacular styles the plant "a coarse root," or a "Horse radish," as distinguished from the eatable radish (root), the Raphanus sativus. Formerly it was named Mountain Radish, and Great Raifort. This is said to be one of the five bitter herbs ordered to be eaten by the Jews during the Feast of the Passover, the other four being Coriander, Horehound, Lettuce, and Nettle.

Our English language refers to the plant as "a coarse root" or "horseradish," which is different from the edible radish (root), the Raphanus sativus. It used to be called Mountain Radish and Great Raifort. This is said to be one of the five bitter herbs that the Jews are instructed to eat during the Passover Feast, along with Coriander, Horehound, Lettuce, and Nettle.

Not a few fatal cases have occurred of persons being poisoned by taking Aconite root in mistake for a stick of Horse radish, and eating it when scraped. But the two roots differ materially in shape, colour, and taste, so as to be easily discriminated: furthermore the leaves of the Aconite—supposing them to be attached to the root—are not to be mistaken for those of any other plant, being completely divided to their base into five wedge-shaped lobes, which are again sub-divided into three. Squire says it seems incredible that the Aconite Root should be mistaken for Horse Radish unless we remember that country folk are in the habit of putting back again into the ground Horse Radish which has been scraped, until there remain only the crown and a remnant of the root vanishing to a point, these bearing resemblance to the tap root of Aconite.

Not a few fatal cases have occurred of people being poisoned by taking Aconite root mistakenly for a piece of horseradish and eating it after scraping. However, the two roots are significantly different in shape, color, and taste, making them easy to tell apart. Additionally, the leaves of the Aconite—which, if they're still attached to the root—are unmistakable from any other plant, being completely divided at the base into five wedge-shaped lobes, which are further divided into three. Squire mentions that it seems unbelievable that Aconite root could be confused with horseradish unless we consider that country people often put back into the ground the scraped horseradish until only the crown and a bit of the root tapering to a point remain, which resembles the taproot of Aconite.

The fresh root of the Horse radish is a powerful stimulant by reason of its ardent and pungent volatile principle, whether it be taken as a medicament, or be applied externally to any part of the body. When scraped it exhales a nose-provoking odour, and possesses [271] a hot biting taste, combined with a certain sweetness: but on exposure to the air it quickly turns colour, and loses its volatile strength; likewise, it becomes vapid, and inert by being boiled. The root is expectorant, antiscorbutic, and, if taken at all freely, emetic. It contains a somewhat large proportion of sulphur, as shown by the black colour assumed by metals with which it comes into touch. Hence it promises to be of signal use for relieving chronic rheumatism, and for remedying scurvy.

The fresh root of horseradish is a strong stimulant because of its intense and spicy volatile compounds, whether it's taken as medicine or applied to any part of the body. When grated, it releases a pungent smell and has a hot, biting taste with a hint of sweetness; however, when exposed to air, it quickly changes color and loses its potent qualities. It also becomes bland and inactive when boiled. The root helps with expectoration, prevents scurvy, and can induce vomiting if taken in excess. It contains a relatively high amount of sulfur, which is evident from the dark color it produces when it comes into contact with metals. Therefore, it seems to be very useful for relieving chronic rheumatism and treating scurvy.

Taken in sauce with oily fish or rich fatty viands, scraped Horse radish acts as a corrective spur to complete digestion, and at the same time it will benefit a relaxed sore throat, by contact during the swallowing. In facial neuralgia scraped Horse radish applied as a poultice, proves usefully beneficial: and for the same purpose some of the fresh scrapings may be profitably held in the hand of the affected side, which hand will become in a short time bloodlessly benumbed, and white.

Taken in sauce with oily fish or rich fatty dishes, grated horseradish helps with digestion and also soothes a sore throat as it makes contact when swallowed. For facial nerve pain, applying grated horseradish as a poultice can be quite helpful; similarly, holding some of the fresh grated horseradish in the hand on the affected side can be effective, causing that hand to become numb and pale in a short time.

When sliced across with a knife the root of the Horse radish will exude some drops of a sweet juice which may be rubbed with advantage on rheumatic, or palsied limbs. Also an infusion of the sliced root in milk, almost boiling, and allowed to cool, makes an excellent and safe cosmetic; or the root may be infused for a longer time in cold milk, if preferred, for use with a like purpose in view. Towards the end of the last century Horse radish was known in England as Red cole, and in the previous century it was eaten habitually at table, sliced, with vinegar.

When you cut the root of horseradish with a knife, it releases a little bit of sweet juice that can be beneficial when rubbed on sore or weak limbs. Also, if you soak the sliced root in milk that's just about boiling and then let it cool, it creates a great and safe cosmetic. Alternatively, you can soak the root for a longer time in cold milk if you prefer, for the same purpose. By the end of the last century, horseradish was known in England as red cole, and in the century before that, it was commonly eaten sliced with vinegar at the table.

Infused in wine the root stimulates the whole nervous system, and promotes perspiration, whilst acting likewise as a diuretic. For rheumatic neuralgia [272] it is almost a specific, and for palsy it has often proved of service. Our druggists prepare a "compound spirit of Horse radish," made with the sliced fresh root, orange peel, nutmeg, and spirit of wine. This proves of effective use in strengthless, languid indigestion, as well as for chronic rheumatism; it stimulates the stomach, and promotes the digestive secretions. From one to two teaspoonfuls may be taken two or three times in the day, with half a wineglassful of water, at the end of a principal meal, or a few minutes after the meal. An infusion of the root made with boiling water and taken hot readily proves a stimulating emetic. Until cut or bruised the root is inodorous; but fermentation then begins, and develops from the essential oil an ammoniacal odour and a pungent hot bitter taste which were not pre-existing.

Infused in wine, the root activates the entire nervous system and encourages sweating, while also acting as a diuretic. For rheumatic neuralgia [272], it’s almost a cure, and it has often been helpful for paralysis. Pharmacists prepare a "compound spirit of horseradish," made with sliced fresh root, orange peel, nutmeg, and alcohol. This is useful for weak, sluggish digestion, as well as for chronic rheumatism; it stimulates the stomach and promotes digestive secretions. One to two teaspoons can be taken two or three times a day, mixed with half a wineglass of water, at the end of a main meal or a few minutes after eating. An infusion of the root made with boiling water and taken hot acts as a stimulating emetic. The root has no smell until it is cut or bruised; then fermentation starts, producing an ammoniacal odor and a strong, hot bitter taste that weren't there before.

Chemically the Horse radish contains a volatile oil, identical with that of mustard, being highly diffusible and pungent by reason of its "myrosin." One drop of this volatile oil will suffice to odorise the atmosphere of a whole room, and, if swallowed with any freedom, it excites vomiting. Other constituents of the root are a bitter resin, sugar, starch, gum, albumen, and acetates.

Chemically, horseradish contains a volatile oil that is the same as that found in mustard, making it very portable and sharp due to its "myrosin." Just one drop of this oil can fill an entire room with its smell, and if taken in large amounts, it can cause vomiting. Other components of the root include a bitter resin, sugar, starch, gum, albumen, and acetates.

A mixture of the fresh juice, with vinegar, if applied externally, will prove generally of service for removing freckles.

A mix of fresh juice and vinegar, when applied on the skin, is usually helpful in getting rid of freckles.

Bergius alleges that by cutting the root into very small pieces without bruising it, and then swallowing a tablespoonful of these fragments every morning without chewing them, for a month, a cure has been effected in chronic rheumatism, which had seemed otherwise intractable.

Bergius claims that by chopping the root into tiny pieces without damaging it, and then taking a tablespoon of these pieces every morning without chewing them for a month, a cure has been achieved for chronic rheumatism, which had previously seemed untreatable.

For loss of the voice and relaxed sore throat the [273] infusion of Horse radish makes an excellent gargle; or it may be concentrated in the form of a syrup, and mixed for the same use—a teaspoonful, with a wine-glassful of cold water.

For a lost voice and a sore throat, the infusion of horseradish makes a great gargle; it can also be concentrated into a syrup and mixed for the same purpose—one teaspoonful with a wine glass of cold water.

Gerard said of the root: "If bruised and laid to the part grieved with the sciatica, gout, joyntache, or the hard swellings of the spleen and liver, it doth wonderfully help them all." If the scraped root be macerated in vinegar, it will form a mixture (which may be sweetened with glycerine to the taste) very effective against whooping cough. In pimply acne of the skin, to touch each papula with some of the Compound Spirit of Horse Radish now and again will soon effect a general cure of the ailment.

Gerard said of the root: "If it's bruised and applied to the area affected by sciatica, gout, joint pain, or the hard swellings of the spleen and liver, it really helps with all these issues." If the scraped root is soaked in vinegar, it will create a mixture (which can be sweetened with glycerin for taste) that is very effective against whooping cough. For pimply acne on the skin, applying some of the Compound Spirit of Horseradish to each bump from time to time will quickly lead to a complete cure of the condition.

HOUSE LEEK (Crassulaceoe).

HOUSE LEEK (Crassulaceae).

The House Leek (Sempervivum tectorum), or "never dying" flower of our cottage roofs, which is commonly known also as Stone-crop, grows plentifully on walls and the tops of small buildings throughout Great Britain, in all country districts. It is distinguished by its compact rose-shaped arrangement of seagreen succulent leaves lying sessile in a somewhat flattened manner, and by its popularity among country folk on account of these bland juicy leaves, and its reputed protective virtues. It possesses a remarkable tenacity of life, quem sempervivam dicunt quoniam omni tempore viret, this being in allusion to its prolonged vitality; for which reason it is likewise called Ayegreen, and Sengreen (semper, green).

The House Leek (Sempervivum tectorum), also known as the "never dying" flower of our cottage roofs and commonly referred to as Stone-crop, grows abundantly on walls and the tops of small buildings throughout Great Britain, especially in rural areas. It’s characterized by its compact, rose-shaped arrangement of sea-green succulent leaves that lie flat. Country folks appreciate it for its soft, juicy leaves and its supposed protective qualities. It has an incredible ability to survive, which is why it's called Ayegreen and Sengreen (semper, green).

History relates that a botanist tried hard for eighteen months to dry a plant of the House Leek for his herbarium, but failed in this object. He afterwards restored it to its first site when it grew again as if nothing had interfered with its ordinary life.

History tells us that a botanist worked for eighteen months to dry a House Leek plant for his herbarium, but he couldn’t achieve this goal. He then returned it to its original location, and it grew back as if nothing had interrupted its normal life.

[274] The plant was dedicated of old to Thor, or Jupiter, and sometimes to the Devil. It bore the titles of Thor's beard, Jupiter's eye, Joubarb, and Jupiter's beard, from its massive inflorescence which resembles the sculptured beard of Jove; though a more recent designation is St. George's beard.

[274] The plant was traditionally dedicated to Thor, or Jupiter, and occasionally to the Devil. It was known by names like Thor's beard, Jupiter's eye, Joubarb, and Jupiter's beard, due to its large flower clusters that look like Jove's sculpted beard; however, a more modern name for it is St. George's beard.

    "Quem sempervivam dicunt quoniam viret omni
    Tempore—'Barba Jovis' vulgari more vocatur,
    Esse refert similem predictoe Plinius istam."
        Macer.

"Those who call it the 'ever-living' say it thrives at all times—
    It’s commonly known as 'Jupiter’s beard,'
    And Pliny mentions that it resembles the one previously mentioned."
        Macer.

The Romans took great pleasure in the House Leek, and grew it in vases set before the windows of their houses. They termed it Buphthalmon, Zoophthalmon, and Stergethron, as one of the love medicines; it being further called Hypogeson, from growing under the eaves; likewise Ambrosia and Ameramnos. The plant is indigenous to the Greek Islands, being sometimes spoken of as "Imbreke" and "Home Wort."

The Romans really enjoyed the House Leek and would grow it in pots placed in front of their windows. They called it Buphthalmon, Zoophthalmon, and Stergethron, considering it one of the love potions. It was also known as Hypogeson, because it grows under the eaves; it had additional names like Ambrosia and Ameramnos. This plant is native to the Greek Islands and is sometimes referred to as "Imbreke" and "Home Wort."

It has been largely planted about the roofs of small houses throughout the country, particularly in Scotland, because supposed to guard against lightning and thunderstorms; likewise as protective against the enchantments of sorcerers; and, in a more utilitarian spirit, as preservative against decay. Hence the House Leek is known as Thunderbeard, and in Germany Donnersbart or Donderbloem, from "Jupiter the thunderer."

It has been widely planted on the roofs of small houses across the country, especially in Scotland, because it is believed to protect against lightning and thunderstorms; also as a safeguard against the spells of witches; and, more practically, as a way to prevent decay. Therefore, the House Leek is known as Thunderbeard, and in Germany, it is called Donnersbart or Donderbloem, named after "Jupiter the thunderer."

The English name House Leek denotes leac (Anglo-Saxon) a plant growing on the house; and another appellation of its genus, sedum, comes from the Latin sedare, to soothe, and subdue inflammations, etc.

The English name House Leek refers to leac (Anglo-Saxon), a plant that grows on roofs; and another name for its genus, sedum, comes from the Latin sedare, which means to soothe and calm down inflammations, etc.

The thick leaves contain an abundant acidulous astringent juice, which is mucilaginous, and affords malic acid, identical with that of the Apple. This juice, in a dose of from one to three drams, has proved [275] useful in dysentery, and in some convulsive diseases. Galen extolled it as a capital application for erysipelas and shingles. Dioscorides praised it for weak and inflamed eyes, but in large doses it is emetic and purgative.

The thick leaves have a lot of acidic, astringent juice that's slimy and contains malic acid, similar to that found in apples. This juice, taken in doses of one to three drams, has been found useful for dysentery and certain convulsive diseases. Galen praised it as an excellent treatment for erysipelas and shingles. Dioscorides recommended it for weak and inflamed eyes, but in large doses, it can cause vomiting and diarrhea.

In rural districts the bruised leaves of the fresh plant or its juice are often applied to burns, scalds, contusions, and sore legs, or to scrofulous ulcers; as likewise for chronic skin diseases, and enlarged or cancerous lymphatic glands. By the Dutch the leaves are cultivated with a dietetic purpose for mixing in their salads.

In rural areas, the bruised leaves of the fresh plant or its juice are commonly used on burns, scalds, bruises, and sore legs, as well as for scrofulous ulcers, chronic skin diseases, and swollen or cancerous lymph nodes. The Dutch cultivate the leaves for dietary purposes to mix into their salads.

With honey the juice assuages the soreness and ulcerated condition within the mouth in thrush. Gerard says: "The juice being gently rubbed on any place stung by nettles, or bees, or bitten by any venomous creature, doth presently take away the pain. Being applied to the temples and forehead it easeth also the headache and distempered heat of the brain through want of sleep."

With honey, the juice soothes the soreness and ulcers in the mouth caused by thrush. Gerard says: "When gently rubbed on areas stung by nettles, bees, or bitten by any poisonous creature, the juice immediately relieves the pain. When applied to the temples and forehead, it also alleviates headaches and the restless heat in the brain from lack of sleep."

The juice, moreover, is excellently helpful for curing corns and warts, if applied from day to day after they have been scraped. As Parkinson teaches, "the juice takes away cornes from the toes and feet if they be bathed therewith every day, and at night emplastered as it were with the skin of the same House Leek."

The juice is really effective for treating corns and warts if you apply it daily after scraping them. As Parkinson says, "the juice removes corns from the toes and feet if you soak them in it every day, and at night cover them as if with the skin of the same House Leek."

The plant may be readily made to cover all the roof of a building by sticking on the offsets with a little moist earth, or cowdung. It bears purple flowers, and its leaves are fringed at their edges, being succulent and pulpy. Thus the erect gay-looking blossoms, in contrast to the light green foliage arranged in the form of full blown double roses, lend a picturesque appearance to the roof of even a cow-byre, or a hovel.

The plant can easily cover the entire roof of a building by sticking the offsets down with some moist soil or cow dung. It produces purple flowers, and its leaves have fringed edges, being thick and juicy. The upright, colorful blossoms contrast beautifully with the light green leaves, which are arranged like fully bloomed double roses, giving a charming look to the roof of even a cow shed or a small hut.

[276] The House Leek (Sedum majus), and the Persicaria Water-pepper (Arsmart), if their juices be boiled together, will cure a diarrhoea, however obstinate, or inveterate. The famous empirical anti-Canceroso nostrum of Count Mattaei is authoritatively said to consist of the Sedum acre (Betony stone-crop), the Sempervivum tectorum (House Leek), Sedum telephium (Livelong), the Matricaria (Feverfew), and the Nasturtium Sisymbrium (Water-cress).

[276] The House Leek (Sedum majus) and the Persicaria Water-pepper (Arsmart), when their juices are boiled together, can treat diarrhea, no matter how stubborn or chronic it is. The well-known home remedy for cancer attributed to Count Mattaei is said to include Sedum acre (Betony stone-crop), Sempervivum tectorum (House Leek), Sedum telephium (Livelong), Matricaria (Feverfew), and Nasturtium Sisymbrium (Water-cress).

The Sedum Telephium (Livelong, or Orpine), called also Roseroot and Midsummer Men, is the largest British species of Stone-crop. Being a plant of augury its leaves are laid out in pairs on St. John's Eve, these being named after courting couples. When the leaves are freshly assorted those which keep together promise well for their namesakes, and those which fall apart, the reverse.

The Sedum Telephium (also known as Livelong or Orpine), sometimes called Roseroot and Midsummer Men, is the largest British species of Stone-crop. This plant is used in divination, and its leaves are placed in pairs on St. John's Eve, each pair representing a couple. When the leaves are freshly arranged, those that stay together predict a good outcome for their namesakes, while those that separate indicate the opposite.

The special virtues of this Sedum are supposed to have been discovered by Telephus, the son of Hercules. Napoleon, at St. Helena, was aware of its anti-cancerous reputation, which was firmly believed in Corsica. The plant contains lime, sulphur, ammonia, and (perhaps) mercury. It remains long alive when hung up in a room. The designation Orpine has become perversely applied to this plant which bears pink blossoms, the word having been derived from Orpin, gold pigment, a yellow sulphuret of the metal arsenic, and it should appertain exclusively to yellow flowers. The Livelong Sedum was formerly named Life Everlasting. It serves to keep away moths.

The special qualities of this Sedum are said to have been discovered by Telephus, the son of Hercules. Napoleon, while at St. Helena, knew about its reputation for fighting cancer, which was strongly believed in Corsica. The plant contains lime, sulfur, ammonia, and possibly mercury. It stays alive for a long time when hung up in a room. The name Orpine has mistakenly been applied to this plant with pink flowers; the term comes from Orpin, a gold pigment, which is a yellow sulfur compound of the metal arsenic, and it should only refer to yellow flowers. The Livelong Sedum was previously called Life Everlasting. It helps keep moths away.

Doctors have found that the expulsive vomiting provoked by doses of the Sedum acre (Betony stone-crop), will serve in diphtheria to remove such false membrane clinging in patches to the throat and tonsils, [277] as threatens suffocation: and after this release afforded by copious vomiting, the diphtheritic foci are prevented from forming again.

Doctors have discovered that the forceful vomiting caused by doses of the Sedum acre (Betony stone-crop) can help in cases of diphtheria by removing the false membrane that's clinging in patches to the throat and tonsils, [277] which poses a risk of suffocation. After this relief from intense vomiting, the diphtheritic areas are less likely to reappear.

The Sedum Acre (or Biting Stone-crop) is also named Pepper crop, being a cyme, or head of flowers, which furnishes a pungent taste like that of pepper. This further bears the names of Ginger (in Norfolk), Jack of the Buttery, Gold Dust, Creeping Tom, Wall Pepper, Pricket or Prick Madam, Gold Chain, and Biting Mouse Tail. It was formerly said "the savages of Caledonia use this plant for removing the sloughs of cancer."

The Sedum Acre (or Biting Stone-crop) is also known as Pepper crop, as it produces a cluster of flowers that has a spicy taste similar to pepper. It is additionally referred to as Ginger (in Norfolk), Jack of the Buttery, Gold Dust, Creeping Tom, Wall Pepper, Pricket or Prick Madam, Gold Chain, and Biting Mouse Tail. It was once said that "the inhabitants of Caledonia use this plant to treat the sores of cancer."

The herb serves admirably to make a gargle for scurvy of the gums, and a lotion for scrofulous, or syphilitic ulcers. The leaves are thick and very acrid, being crowded together. This and the Sedums album and reflexum were ingredients in a famous worm-expelling medicine, or theriac (treacle), which conferred the title "Jack of the Buttery," as a corruption of "Bot. theriaque."

The herb is great for making a mouthwash for gum disease and a lotion for scrofulous or syphilitic ulcers. The leaves are thick and quite bitter, growing close together. This and the Sedums album and reflexum were part of a well-known worm-expelling remedy, or theriac (treacle), which earned the nickname "Jack of the Buttery," as a twisted form of "Bot. theriaque."

The several Stone-crops are so named from crop, a top, or bunch of flowers, these plants being found chiefly in tufts upon walls or roofs. From their close growth originally on their native rocks they have acquired the generic title of Sedum, from sedere (to sit).

The various Stone-crops get their name from crop, which means a top or bunch of flowers, since these plants are mainly found in clusters on walls or roofs. Because they originally grew closely together on their native rocks, they were given the generic name of Sedum, from sedere (to sit).

HYSSOP.

The cultivated Hyssop, now of frequent occurrence in the herb-bed, and a favourite plant there because of its fragrance, belongs to the labiate order, and possesses cordial qualities which give it rank as a Simple. It has pleasantly odorous striped leaves which vary in colour, and possess a camphoraceous odour, with a warm aromatic bitter taste. This is of comparatively recent introduction into our gardens, not having been [278] cultivated until Gerard's time, about 1568, and not being a native English herb.

The cultivated hyssop, now commonly found in the herb garden and a favorite plant due to its fragrance, belongs to the mint family and has soothing properties that make it a notable herb. It features pleasantly scented striped leaves that come in different colors and have a camphor-like smell, along with a warm, aromatic, bitter taste. This herb was introduced to our gardens relatively recently, not being grown until Gerard's time around 1568, and it is not a native English herb.

The Ussopos of Dioscorides, was named from azob, a holy herb, because used for cleansing sacred places. Hence it is alluded to in this sense scripturally: "Purge me with Hyssop, and I shall be clean: wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow" (Psalm li. 7). Solomon wrote "of all trees, from the Cedar in Lebanon to the Hyssop that springeth out of the wall." The healing virtues of the plant are due to a particular volatile oil which admirably promotes expectoration in bronchial catarrh and asthma. Hyssop tea is a grateful drink well adapted to improve the tone of a feeble stomach, being brewed with the green tops of the herb. The same parts of the plant are sometimes boiled in soup to be given for asthma. The leaves and flowers are of a warm pungent taste, and of an agreeable aromatic smell; therefore if the tops and blossoms are reduced to a powder and added to cold salad herbs they give a comforting cordial virtue.

The Ussopos of Dioscorides was named after azob, a sacred herb used for cleansing holy places. This is referenced in scripture: "Purge me with Hyssop, and I shall be clean: wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow" (Psalm li. 7). Solomon mentioned it, saying, "of all trees, from the Cedar in Lebanon to the Hyssop that springs out of the wall." The healing properties of the plant come from a specific volatile oil that effectively helps with expectoration in bronchial catarrh and asthma. Hyssop tea is a pleasant drink that is great for improving the health of a weak stomach, made by brewing the green tops of the herb. The same parts of the plant are sometimes cooked in soup for asthma relief. The leaves and flowers have a warm, pungent taste and a pleasant aromatic smell; thus, if the tops and blossoms are ground into a powder and mixed with cold salad greens, they provide a soothing, comforting effect.

There was formerly made a distilled water of Hyssop, which may still be had from some druggists, it being deemed a good pectoral medicine. In America an infusion of the leaves is used externally for the relief of muscular rheumatism, as also for bruises and discoloured contusions. The herb was sometimes called Rosemary in the East, and was hung up to afford protection from the evil eye, as well as to guard against witches.

There was once a distilled water made from Hyssop, which you can still find at some pharmacies, as it's considered a good medicine for the chest. In America, an infusion of the leaves is used externally to relieve muscle pain from rheumatism and to treat bruises and discoloration. The herb was sometimes referred to as Rosemary in the East, and it was hung up to protect against the evil eye and to guard against witches.

To make Hyssop tea, one drachm of the herb should be infused in a pint of boiling water, and allowed to become cool. Then a wineglassful is to be given as a dose two or three times in the day.

To make Hyssop tea, infuse one drachm of the herb in a pint of boiling water and let it cool. Then, take a wineglassful as a dose two or three times a day.

Of the essential oil of Hyssop, from one to two drops [279] should be the dose. Pliny said: "Hyssop mixed with figs, purges; with honey, vomits." If the herb be steeped in boiling water and applied hot to the part, it will quickly remove the blackness consequent upon a bruise or blow, especially in the case of "black" or blood-shot eyes.

Of the essential oil of Hyssop, one to two drops [279] should be the dose. Pliny said: "Hyssop mixed with figs cleanses; with honey, it induces vomiting." If the herb is steeped in boiling water and applied hot to the area, it will quickly reduce the discoloration from a bruise or blow, especially in the case of "black" or bloodshot eyes.

Parkinson says that in his day "the golden hyssop was of so pleasant a colour that it provoked every gentlewoman to wear them in their heads, and on their arms with as much delight as many fine flowers can give." The leaves are striped conspicuously with white or yellow; for which reason, and because of their fragrance, the herb is often chosen to be planted on graves. The green herb, bruised and applied, will heal cuts promptly. Its tea will assist in promoting the monthly courses for women. Hyssop grows wild in middle and southern Europe.

Parkinson says that in his time, "the golden hyssop was such a lovely color that it encouraged every lady to wear it in their hair and on their arms with as much joy as many beautiful flowers can provide." The leaves are noticeably striped with white or yellow; for this reason, and because of their pleasant smell, the herb is often chosen to be planted on graves. The green herb, when crushed and applied, will heal cuts quickly. Its tea will help in promoting menstruation for women. Hyssop grows wild in central and southern Europe.

The Hedge Hyssop (Gratiola officinalis), or Water Hyssop, is quite a different plant from the garden pot-herb, and belongs to the scrofula-curing order, with far more active medicinal properties than the Hyssop proper. The commonly recognized Hedge Hyssop bears a pale yellow, or a pale purple flower, like that of the Foxglove; and the whole plant has a very bitter taste. A medicinal tincture (H.) is made from the entire herb, of which from eight to ten drops may be taken with a tablespoonful of cold water three times in the day. It will afford relief against nervous weakness and shakiness, such as occur after an excessive use of coffee or tobacco. The title "gratiola," is from dei gratiâ, "by the grace of God."

The Hedge Hyssop (Gratiola officinalis), or Water Hyssop, is quite different from the garden herb and belongs to the scrofula-curing family, with much stronger medicinal properties than true Hyssop. The commonly recognized Hedge Hyssop has pale yellow or pale purple flowers, similar to those of the Foxglove, and the entire plant has a very bitter taste. A medicinal tincture (H.) is made from the whole herb, of which eight to ten drops can be taken with a tablespoon of cold water three times a day. It helps relieve nervous weakness and shakiness, like what can happen after consuming too much coffee or tobacco. The name "gratiola" comes from dei gratiâ, meaning "by the grace of God."

The juice of the plant purges briskly, and may be usefully employed in some forms of dropsy. Its decoction is milder of action, and proves beneficial [280] in cases of jaundice. In France the plant is cultivated as a perfume, and it is said to be an active ingredient in the famous Eau médicinale for gout.

The juice of the plant acts quickly as a laxative and can be effectively used for certain types of edema. Its decoction is gentler and helpful in cases of jaundice. In France, the plant is grown for its fragrance and is said to be an important component in the famous Eau médicinale for gout.

Of the dried leaves from five to twenty-five grains will act as a drastic vermifuge to expel worms. The root resembles ipecacuanha in its effects, and in moderate quantities, as a powder or decoction, helps to stay bloody fluxes and purgings. The flowers are sometimes of a blood-red hue, and the whole plant contains a special essential oil.

Of the dried leaves, five to twenty-five grains will work as a strong purge to get rid of worms. The root has effects similar to ipecacuanha, and in moderate amounts, whether as a powder or in a decoction, it helps control bloody diarrhea and excessive bowel movements. The flowers are sometimes bright red, and the entire plant contains a unique essential oil.

"Whoso taketh," says Parkinson, "but one scruple of Gratiola (Hedge Hyssop) bruised, shall perceive evidently his effectual operation and virtue in purging mightily, and that in great abundance, watery, gross, and slimy tumours." Caveat qui sumpserit. On the principle of affinities, small diluted doses of the tincture, or decoction, or of the dried leaves, prove curative in cases of fluxes from the lower bowels, where irritation within the fundament is frequent, and where there is considerable nervous exhaustion, especially in chronic cases of this sort.

"Whoever takes," says Parkinson, "just one scruple of Gratiola (Hedge Hyssop) crushed, will clearly see its powerful effect and benefit in effectively purging, especially in large amounts, watery, heavy, and slimy swellings." Beware who takes it. Based on the principle of affinities, small diluted doses of the tincture, decoction, or the dried leaves are effective in treating diarrhea from the lower intestines, where there's frequent irritation in the anal area and significant nervous exhaustion, particularly in chronic cases like this.

IVY, Common (Araliaceoe).

IVY, Common (Araliaceae).

The clergyman of fiction in the sixth chapter of Dickens' memorable Pickwick, sings certain verses which he styles "indifferent" (the only verse, by the way, to be found in all that great writer's stories), and which relate to the Ivy, beginning thus:—

The clergyman in the sixth chapter of Dickens' unforgettable Pickwick sings some verses he calls "indifferent" (the only verse, by the way, found in all of that great writer's stories), which are about the Ivy, starting like this:—

"Oh! a dainty plant is the Ivy green,
That creepeth o'er ruins old."

"Oh! a delicate plant is the Ivy green,
That creeps over old ruins."

The well known common Ivy (Hedera helix), which clothes the trunks of trees and the walls of old buildings so picturesquely throughout Great Britain, gets its botanical name most probably from the Celtic word hoedra [281] "a cord," or from the Greek hedra "a seat," because sitting close, and its vernacular title from iw "green," which is also the parent of "yew." In Latin it is termed abiga, easily corrupted to "iva"; and the Danes knew it as Winter-grunt, or Winter-green, to which appellation it may still lay a rightful claim, being so conspicuously green at the coldest times of the year when trees are of themselves bare and brown.

The well-known common Ivy (Hedera helix), which beautifully covers the trunks of trees and the walls of old buildings throughout Great Britain, likely gets its botanical name from the Celtic word hoedra [281] meaning "a cord," or from the Greek hedra meaning "a seat," because it grows closely together. Its common name comes from iw meaning "green," which is also the root of "yew." In Latin, it's called abiga, which easily changes to "iva"; and the Danes referred to it as Winter-grunt or Winter-green, a name it still rightfully holds, being notably green during the coldest months of the year when trees are bare and brown.

By the ancients the Ivy was dedicated to Bacchus, whose statues were crowned with a wreath of the plant, under the name Kissos, and whose worshippers decorated themselves with its garlands. The leaves have a peculiar faintly nauseous odour, whilst they are somewhat bitter, and rough of taste. The fresh berries are rather acid, and become bitter when dried. They are much eaten by our woodland birds in the spring.

By the ancients, Ivy was dedicated to Bacchus, whose statues were topped with a wreath of the plant called Kissos, and whose followers adorned themselves with its garlands. The leaves have a slightly unpleasant smell, while they taste somewhat bitter and rough. The fresh berries are quite sour, but they turn bitter when dried. Our woodland birds eat them a lot in the spring.

A crown of Ivy was likewise given to the classic poets of distinction, and the Greek priests presented a wreath of the same to newly married persons. The custom of decorating houses and churches with Ivy at Christmastide, was forbidden by one of the early councils on account of its Pagan associations. Prynne wrote with reference to this decree:—

A crown of ivy was also given to distinguished classical poets, and the Greek priests presented a wreath of the same to newly married couples. The tradition of decorating homes and churches with ivy during Christmas was banned by one of the early councils due to its pagan associations. Prynne wrote about this decree:—

    "At Christmas men do always Ivy get,
    And in each corner of the house it set,
    But why make use then of that Bacchus weed?
    Because they purpose Bacchus-like to feed."

"At Christmas, people always get Ivy,
    And set it in every corner of the house,
    But why use that Bacchus weed?
    Because they intend to feast like Bacchus."

The Ivy, though sending out innumerable small rootlets, like suckers, in every direction (which are really for support) is not a parasite. The plant is rooted in the soil and gets its sustenance therefrom.

The Ivy, while sending out countless small rootlets, like suckers, in every direction (which are actually for support), is not a parasite. The plant is anchored in the soil and gets its nutrition from it.

Chemically, its medicinal principles depend on the special balsamic resin contained in the leaves and stems, as well as constituting the aromatic gum.

Chemically, its medicinal properties rely on the unique balsamic resin found in the leaves and stems, as well as forming the aromatic gum.

[282] Ivy flowers have little or no scent, but their yield of nectar is particularly abundant.

[282] Ivy flowers don't have much of a smell, but they produce a lot of nectar.

When the bark of the main stems is wounded, a gum will exude, and may be collected: it possesses astringent and mildly aperient properties. This was at one time included as a medicine in the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, but it has now fallen out of such authoritative use. Its chemical principle is "hederin." The gum is anti-spasmodic, and promotes the monthly flow of women.

When the bark of the main stems is damaged, a gum will leak out and can be collected. It has astringent and slightly laxative properties. This was once included as a medicine in the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, but it is no longer considered an authoritative treatment. Its active chemical component is "hederin." The gum is anti-spasmodic and encourages menstrual flow in women.

An infusion of the berries will relieve rheumatism, and a decoction of the leaves applied externally will destroy vermin in the heads of children.

An infusion of the berries will ease rheumatism, and a decoction of the leaves applied externally will eliminate lice in children's hair.

Fresh Ivy leaves will afford signal relief to corns when they shoot, and are painful. Good John Wesley, who dabbled in "domestic medicine," and with much sagacity of observation, taught that having bathed the feet, and cut the corns, and having mashed some fresh Ivy leaves, these are to be applied: then by repeating the remedial process for fifteen days the corns will be cured.

Fresh ivy leaves provide significant relief for corns when they flare up and become painful. Good John Wesley, who explored "home remedies" and was quite observant, taught that after soaking the feet and cutting the corns, mashed fresh ivy leaves should be applied. By repeating this treatment for fifteen days, the corns will be healed.

During the Great Plague of London, Ivy berries were given with some success as possessing antiseptic virtues, and to induce perspiration, thus effecting a remission of the symptoms. Cups made from Ivywood have been employed from which to drink for disorders of the spleen, and for whooping cough, their method of use being to be kept refilled from time to time with water (cold or hot), which the patient is to constantly sip.

During the Great Plague of London, Ivy berries were used successfully for their antiseptic properties and to promote sweating, which helped reduce symptoms. Cups made from Ivy wood were used for drinking, particularly for issues related to the spleen and whooping cough. The way to use them was to keep them filled with either cold or hot water, which the patient was to sip continuously.

Ivy gum dissolved in vinegar is a good filling for a hollow tooth which is causing neuralgic toothache: and an infusion of the leaves made with cold water, will, after standing for twenty-four hours, relieve sore and smarting eyes if used rather frequently as a lotion. A decoction of the leaves and berries will mitigate a [283] severe headache, such as that which follows hard drinking over night. And it may have come about that from some rude acquaintance with this fact the bacchanals adopted goblets carved out of Ivywood.

Ivy gum dissolved in vinegar makes a good filling for a hollow tooth that's causing sharp tooth pain. An infusion of the leaves, made with cold water and left to sit for twenty-four hours, can help soothe sore and irritated eyes if used frequently as a lotion. A decoction of the leaves and berries can ease a severe headache, like the one that follows a night of heavy drinking. It's possible that this knowledge led some partygoers to use goblets carved from Ivy wood.

This plant is especially hardy, and suffers but little from the smoke and the vitiated air of a manufacturing town. Chemically, such medicinal principles as the Ivy possesses depend on the special balsamic resin contained in its leaves and stems; as well as on its particular gum. Bibulous old Bacchus was always represented in classic sculpture with a wreath of Ivy round his laughing brows; and it has been said that if the foreheads of those whose potations run deep were bound with frontlets of Ivy the nemesis of headache would be prevented thereby. But legendary lore teaches rather that the infant Bacchus was an object of vengeance to Juno, and that the nymphs of Nisa concealed him from her wrath, with trails of Ivy as he lay in his cradle.

This plant is really tough and hardly gets affected by the smoke and polluted air of an industrial town. The medicinal properties of Ivy come from the unique balsamic resin in its leaves and stems, as well as its special gum. In classic sculpture, Bacchus was always shown with a crown of Ivy on his joyful head, and it's said that if people who drink a lot wore Ivy garlands on their heads, it could keep headaches away. However, the legends tell us that baby Bacchus was targeted by Juno's anger, and the nymphs of Nisa hid him from her fury using trails of Ivy while he was in his cradle.

At one time our taverns bore over their doors the sign of an Ivybush, to indicate the excellence of the liquor supplied within. From which fact arose the saying that "good wine needs no bush," "Vinum vendibile hederâ non est opus." And of this text Rosalind cleverly avails herself in As You Like It, "If it be true" says she, "that good wine needs no bush,"—"'tis true that a good play needs no epilogue."

At one time, our taverns had a sign of an Ivybush above their doors to show the quality of the drinks they served. This led to the saying that "good wine needs no bush," "Vinum vendibile hederâ non est opus." Rosalind cleverly uses this saying in As You Like It, saying, "If it’s true that good wine needs no bush,"—"'tis true that a good play needs no epilogue."

IVY (Ground).

IVY (Ground Cover).

This common, and very familiar little herb, with its small Ivy-like aromatic leaves, and its striking whorls of dark blue blossoms conspicuous in early spring time, comes into flower pretty punctually about the third or fourth of April, however late or early the season may be. Its name is attributed to the resemblance borne [284] by its foliage to that of the true Ivy (Hedera helix). The whole plant possesses a balsamic odour, and an aromatic taste, due to its particular volatile oil, and its characteristic resin, as a fragrant labiate herb. It remaineth green not only in summer, but also in winter, at all times of the year.

This common and well-known little herb, with its small ivy-like aromatic leaves and striking clusters of dark blue flowers that stand out in early spring, usually starts to bloom around April 3rd or 4th, regardless of how early or late the season is. Its name comes from the similarity of its leaves to those of true ivy (Hedera helix). The entire plant has a balsamic scent and a fragrant taste, thanks to its unique essential oil and characteristic resin. It stays green not only in summer but also in winter, throughout the entire year.

From the earliest days it has been thought endowed with singular curative virtues chiefly against nervous headaches, and for the relief of chronic bronchitis. Ray tells of a remarkable instance in the person of a Mr. Oldacre who was cured of an obstinate chronic headache by using the juice or the powdered leaves of the Ground Ivy as snuff: Succus hujus plantoe naribus attractus cephalalgiam etiam vehementissimam et inveteratam non lenit tantum, sed et penitus aufert; and he adds in further praise of the herb: Medicamentum hoc non satis potest laudari; si res ex usu oestimarentur, auro oequiparandum. An infusion of the fresh herb, or, if made in winter, from its dried leaves, and drank under the name of Gill tea, is a favourite remedy with the poor for coughs of long standing, accompanied with much phlegm. One ounce of the herb should be infused in a pint of boiling water, and a wineglassful of this when cool is to be taken three or four times in the day. The botanical name of the plant is Nepeta glechoma, from Nepet, in Tuscany, and the Greek gleechon, a mint.

From the earliest days, it's been believed to have unique healing properties, especially for relieving nervous headaches and chronic bronchitis. Ray mentions an amazing case involving a Mr. Oldacre, who was cured of a persistent chronic headache by using the juice or powdered leaves of Ground Ivy as snuff: Succus hujus plantoe naribus attractus cephalalgiam etiam vehementissimam et inveteratam non lenit tantum, sed et penitus aufert; and he adds in further praise of the herb: Medicamentum hoc non satis potest laudari; si res ex usu oestimarentur, auro oequiparandum. An infusion of the fresh herb, or if made in winter, from its dried leaves, is commonly known as Gill tea and is a popular remedy among the poor for long-lasting coughs that produce a lot of phlegm. One ounce of the herb should be steeped in a pint of boiling water, and a wineglassful of this should be taken when cool, three or four times a day. The botanical name of the plant is Nepeta glechoma, derived from Nepet, in Tuscany, and the Greek gleechon, meaning mint.

Resembling Ivy in miniature, the leaves have been used in weaving chaplets for the dead, as well as for adorning the Alestake erected as a sign at taverns. For this reason, and because formerly in vogue for clearing the ale drank by our Saxon ancestors, the herb acquired the names of Ale hoof, and Tun hoof ("tun" signifying a garden, and "hoof" or "hufe" a coronal or chaplet), [285] or Hove, "because," says Parkinson, "it spreadeth as a garland upon the ground." Other titles which have a like meaning are borne by the herb, such as "Gill go by the ground," and Haymaids, or Hedgemaids; the word "gill" not only relating to the fermentation of beer, but meaning also a maid. This is shown in the saying, "Every Jack should have his Gill, or Jill"; and the same notion was conveyed by the sobriquet "haymaids." Again in some districts the Ground Ivy is called "Lizzy run up the hedge," "Cat's-foot" (from the soft flower heads), "Devil's candlesticks," "Aller," and in Germltny "Thundervine," also in the old English manuscripts "Hayhouse," "Halehouse," and "Horshone." The whole plant was employed by our Saxon progenitors to clarify their so-called beer, before hops had been introduced for this purpose; and the place of refreshment where the beverage was sold bore the name of a "Gill house."

Resembling mini ivy, the leaves have been used to weave chaplets for the dead and to decorate the Alestake, which was a sign at taverns. Because of this, and since it was previously popular for clearing the ale consumed by our Saxon ancestors, the herb earned the names Ale hoof and Tun hoof ("tun" meaning a garden, and "hoof" or "hufe" referring to a crown or chaplet), or Hove, "because," as Parkinson puts it, "it spreads like a garland on the ground." Other names with similar meanings include "Gill go by the ground" and Haymaids or Hedgemaids; the word "gill" relates not only to the fermentation of beer but also means a maid. This is reflected in the saying, "Every Jack should have his Gill, or Jill"; the same idea is captured in the nickname "haymaids." In some regions, Ground Ivy is referred to as "Lizzy run up the hedge," "Cat's-foot" (due to the soft flower heads), "Devil's candlesticks," "Aller," and in Germany "Thundervine," along with "Hayhouse," "Halehouse," and "Horshone" in old English texts. The entire plant was used by our Saxon ancestors to clarify their so-called beer before hops were introduced for this purpose, and the establishments where the beverage was sold were called "Gill houses."

In A Thousand Notable Things, it is stated, "The juice of Ground Ivy sniffed up into the nostrils out of a spoon, or a saucer, purgeth the head marvellously, and taketh away the greatest and oldest pain thereof that is: the medicine is worth gold, though it is very cheap."

In A Thousand Notable Things, it is stated, "The juice of Ground Ivy sniffed from a spoon or a saucer clears the head remarkably and relieves even the worst and longest-lasting pain: this remedy is worth its weight in gold, even though it’s quite affordable."

Small hairy tumours may often be seen in the autumn on the leaves of the Ground Ivy occasioned (says Miss Pratt) by the punctures of the cynips glechomoe from which these galls spring. They have a strong flavour of the plant, and are sometimes eaten by the peasantry of France. The volatile oil on which the special virtues of the Ground Ivy depend exudes from small glandular dots on the under surface of the leaves. This is the active ingredient of Gill tea made by country persons, and sweetened with honey, sugar, or liquorice. Also the expressed juice of the herb is [286] equally effectual, being diaphoretic, diuretic, and somewhat astringent against bleedings.

Small hairy tumors can often be seen in the autumn on the leaves of Ground Ivy, caused (according to Miss Pratt) by the punctures of the cynips glechomoe, from which these galls develop. They have a strong flavor of the plant and are sometimes eaten by the rural people in France. The volatile oil, which gives Ground Ivy its special benefits, comes from small glandular dots on the underside of the leaves. This is the active ingredient in Gill tea made by local people, which is sweetened with honey, sugar, or liquorice. The expressed juice of the herb is also equally effective, acting as a diaphoretic, diuretic, and somewhat astringent for stopping bleeding.

Gerard says that in his day "the Ground Ivy was commended against the humming sound, and ringing noises of the ears by being put into them, and for those that are hard of hearing. Also boiled in mutton broth it helpeth weak and aching backs." Dr. Thornton tells us in his Herbal (1810) that "Ground Ivy was at one time amongst the 'cries' of London, for making a tea to purify the blood," and Dr. Pitcairn extolled this plant before all other vegetable medicines for the cure of consumption. Perhaps the name Ground Ivy was transferred at first to the Nepeta from the Periwinkle, about which we read in an old distich of Stockholm:—

Gerard mentions that in his time, "Ground Ivy was recommended for the buzzing sound and ringing in the ears by being placed in them, and for those who are hard of hearing. Also, when boiled in mutton broth, it helps with weak and aching backs." Dr. Thornton informs us in his Herbal (1810) that "Ground Ivy was once among the 'cries' of London, as a tea for purifying the blood," and Dr. Pitcairn praised this plant above all other herbal remedies for treating consumption. It’s possible that the name Ground Ivy was initially transferred to the Nepeta from the Periwinkle, as referenced in an old couplet from Stockholm:—

    "Parvenke is an erbe green of colour,
    In time of May he bereth blo flour,
    His stalkes are so feynt and feye
    That nevermore groweth he heye:
    On the grounde he rynneth and growe
    As doth the erbe that hyth tunhowe;
    The lef is thicke, schinende and styf
    As is the grene Ivy leef:
    Uniche brod, and nerhand rownde;
    Men call it the Ivy of the grounde."

"Parvenke is a green herb,
In May it blooms with flowers,
Its stalks are so delicate and pretty
That it never grows tall:
On the ground it runs and grows
Like the herb that is called tunhowe;
The leaves are thick, shiny, and stiff
Like the green ivy leaf:
Broad and nearly round;
People call it the ivy of the ground."

In the Organic Materia Medica of Detroit, U.S.A., 1890, it is stated, "Painters use the Ground Ivy (Nepeta glechoma) as a remedy for, and a preventive of lead colic." An infusion is given (the ounce to a pint of boiling water)—one wineglassful for a dose repeatedly. In the relief which it affords as a snuff made from the dried leaves to congestive headache of a passive continued sort, this benefit is most probably due partly to the special titillating aroma of the plant, and partly to the copious defluxion of mucus and tears from the nasal passages, and the eyes.

In the Organic Materia Medica of Detroit, U.S.A., 1890, it is stated, "Painters use Ground Ivy (Nepeta glechoma) as a remedy for and preventive of lead colic." An infusion is prepared (one ounce to a pint of boiling water)—one wineglassful as a dose, taken several times. The relief it provides as a snuff made from the dried leaves for congestive headaches of a passive, ongoing nature is likely due partly to the plant's unique aromatic qualities and partly to the abundant flow of mucus and tears from the nasal passages and eyes.

[287] JOHN'S WORT.

The wild Saint John's Wort (Hypericum peiforatum) is a frequent plant in our woods and hedgebanks, having leaves studded with minute translucent vesicles, which seem to perforate their structure, and which contain a terebinthinate oil of fragrant medicinal virtues.

The wild Saint John's Wort (Hypericum perforatum) is a common plant in our woods and hedgerows, with leaves dotted with tiny translucent bubbles that appear to pierce their surface, and which hold a fragrant oil with medicinal qualities.

The name Hypericum is derived from the two Greek words, huper eikon, "over an apparition," because of its supposed power to exorcise evil spirits, or influences; whence it was also formerly called Fuga doemoniorum, "the Devil's Scourge," "the Grace of God," "the Lord God's Wonder Plant." and some other names of a like import, probably too, because found to be of curative use against insanity. Again, it used to be entitled Hexenkraut, and "Witch's Herb," on account of its reputed magical powers. Matthiolus said, Scripsere quidam Hypericum adeo odisse doemones, ut ejus suffitu statim avolent, "Certain writers have said that the St. John's Wort is so detested by evil spirits that they fly off at a whiff of its odour."

The name Hypericum comes from the two Greek words, huper eikon, which means "over an apparition," because of its believed ability to drive away evil spirits or influences; that's why it was also called Fuga doemoniorum, "the Devil's Scourge," "the Grace of God," "the Lord God's Wonder Plant," and several other names with similar meanings, likely because it was found to be helpful in treating insanity. It was also known as Hexenkraut and "Witch's Herb" due to its rumored magical properties. Matthiolus claimed, Scripsere quidam Hypericum adeo odisse doemones, ut ejus suffitu statim avolent, "Certain writers have said that St. John's Wort is so hated by evil spirits that they fly away at a whiff of its scent."

Further names of the herb are "Amber," "Hundred Holes," and Sol terrestris, the "Terrestrial Sun," because it was believed that all the spirits of darkness vanish in its presence, as at the rising of the sun.

Further names of the herb are "Amber," "Hundred Holes," and Sol terrestris, the "Terrestrial Sun," because people believed that all the spirits of darkness disappear when it's around, just like when the sun rises.

For children troubled with incontinence of urine at night, and who wet their beds, an infusion, or tea, of the St. John's Wort is an admirable preventive medicine, which will stop this untoward infirmity.

For children struggling with bedwetting at night, an infusion or tea made from St. John's Wort is an excellent preventative remedy that will help address this issue.

The title St. John's Wort is given, either because the plant blossoms about St. John's day, June 24th, or because the red-coloured sap which it furnishes was thought to resemble and signalise the blood of St. John the Baptist. Ancient writers certainly attributed a host of virtues to this plant, especially for the cure of hypochondriasis, and insanity. The red juice, or "red [288] oil," of Hypericum made effective by hanging for some months in a glass vessel exposed to the sun, is esteemed as one of the most popular and curative applications in Europe for excoriations, wounds, and bruises.

The plant known as St. John's Wort gets its name either because it blooms around St. John's Day, June 24th, or because its red-colored sap was thought to resemble the blood of St. John the Baptist. Ancient writers certainly credited this plant with many virtues, particularly for treating hypochondria and insanity. The red juice, or "red oil," of Hypericum, which is made effective by being left in a glass container exposed to the sun for several months, is considered one of the most popular and effective treatments in Europe for cuts, wounds, and bruises.

The flowers also when rubbed together between the fingers yield a red juice, so that the plant has obtained the title of Sanguis hominis, human blood. Furthermore, this herb is Medicamentum in mansâ intus sumptum, "to be chewed for its curative effects."

The flowers, when rubbed together between the fingers, produce a red juice, leading to the plant being called Sanguis hominis, meaning human blood. Additionally, this herb is known as Medicamentum in mansâ intus sumptum, which means "to be chewed for its healing properties."

And for making a medicinal infusion, an ounce of the herb should be used to a pint of boiling water. This may be given beneficially for chronic catarrhs of the lungs, the bowels, or the urinary passages, Dr. Tuthill Massy considered the St. John's Wort, by virtue of its healing properties for injuries of the spinal cord, and its dependencies, the vulnerary "arnica" of the organic nervous system. On the doctrine of signatures, because of its perforated leaves, and because of the blood-red juice contained in the capsules which it bears, this plant was formerly deemed a most excellent specific for healing wounds, and for stopping a flow of blood:—

To make a medicinal infusion, use an ounce of the herb with a pint of boiling water. This can be beneficial for chronic respiratory issues, bowel problems, or urinary tract issues. Dr. Tuthill Massy believed that St. John's Wort, with its healing properties for spinal cord injuries and related conditions, acts like the vulnerary "arnica" for the body's nervous system. According to the doctrine of signatures, because of its perforated leaves and the blood-red juice found in its capsules, this plant was once thought to be an excellent remedy for healing wounds and stopping bleeding:—

"Hypericon was there—the herb of war,
Pierced through with wounds, and seamed with many a scar."

"Hypericon was present—the war plant,
Pierced with wounds, and marked with many scars."

For lacerated nerves, and injuries by violence to the spinal cord, a warm lotion should be employed, made with one part of the tincture to twenty parts of water, comfortably hot. A salve compounded from the flowers, and known as St. John's Wort Salve, is still much used and valued in English villages. And in several countries the dew which has fallen on vegetation before daybreak on St. John's morning, is gathered with great care. It is thought to protect the eyes from all harm throughout the ensuing year, and the Venetians [289] say it renews the roots of the hair on the baldest of heads. Peasants in the Isle of Man, are wont to think that if anyone treads on the St. John's Wort after sunset, a fairy horse will arise from the earth, and will carry him about all night, leaving him at sunrise wherever he may chance to be.

For damaged nerves and injuries to the spinal cord, use a warm lotion made with one part tincture to twenty parts water, at a comfortable temperature. A salve made from the flowers, known as St. John's Wort Salve, is still commonly used and appreciated in English villages. In several countries, dew collected from plants before dawn on St. John's morning is gathered carefully. It's believed to protect the eyes from harm for the entire year, and Venetians say it rejuvenates hair roots even on the baldest heads. In the Isle of Man, locals believe that if someone steps on St. John's Wort after sunset, a fairy horse will rise from the ground and carry them around all night, dropping them off at sunrise wherever they happen to be.

The plant has a somewhat aromatic odour; and from the leaves and flowers, when crushed, a lemon-like scent is exhaled, whilst their taste is bitter and astringent. The flowers furnish for fabrics of silk or wool a dye of deep yellow. Those parts of the plant were alone ordered by the London Pharmacopoeia to be used for supplying in chief the medicinal, oily, resinous extractive of the plant.

The plant has a somewhat fragrant smell; when you crush the leaves and flowers, they give off a lemony scent, while their taste is bitter and astringent. The flowers produce a deep yellow dye for silk or wool fabrics. Those parts of the plant were the only ones recommended by the London Pharmacopoeia to mainly provide the plant's medicinal, oily, resinous extract.

The juice gives a red colour to the spirit of wine with which it is mixed, and to expressed oils, being then known as the Hypericum "red oil" mentioned above. The flowers contain tannin, and "Hypericum red."

The juice adds a red color to the wine it's mixed with and to extracted oils, now referred to as the Hypericum "red oil" mentioned earlier. The flowers contain tannin and are known as "Hypericum red."

Moreover, this Hypericum oil made from the tops is highly useful for healing bed sores, and is commended as excellent for ulcers. A medicinal tincture (H.) is prepared with spirit of wine from the entire fresh plant, collected when flowering, or in seed, and this proves of capital service for remedying injuries to the spinal cord, both by being given internally, and by its external use. It has been employed in like manner with benefit for lock-jaw. The dose of the tincture is from five to eight drops with a spoonful of water two or three times a day.

Moreover, this Hypericum oil made from the tops is very effective for healing bedsores and is highly regarded for treating ulcers. A medicinal tincture (H.) is made with distilled spirits from the entire fresh plant, gathered when it’s flowering or in seed, and this is extremely helpful for treating spinal cord injuries, both when taken internally and when applied externally. It has been used similarly with success for lockjaw. The dosage for the tincture is five to eight drops mixed with a spoonful of water two to three times a day.

This plant may be readily distinguished from others of the Hypericaceous order by its decidedly two edged stem. Sprigs of it are stuck at the present time in Wales over every outer door on the eve of St. John's day; [290] and in Scotland, milking is done on the herb to dispel the malignant enchantments which cause ropy milk.

This plant can be easily recognized from others in the Hypericaceous family by its clearly two-edged stem. Right now in Wales, sprigs of it are placed over every outer door on the eve of St. John's Day; [290] and in Scotland, milking is done using the herb to ward off the harmful spells that cause lumpy milk.

Among the Christian saints St. John represents light; and the flowers of this plant were taken as a reminder of the beneficent sun.

Among the Christian saints, St. John represents light, and the flowers of this plant serve as a reminder of the healing sun.

Tutsan is a large flowered variety (Hypericum androsoemum) of the St. John's Wort, named from the French toute saine, or "heal all," because of its many curative virtues; and is common in Devon and Cornwall. It possesses the same properties as the perforate sort, but yields a stronger and more camphoraceous odour when the flowers and the seed vessels are bruised. A tincture made from this plant, as well as that made from the perforate St. John's Wort, has been used with success to cure melancholia, and its allied forms of insanity. The seed-capsules of the Tutsan are glossy and berry-like; the leaves retain their strong resinous odour after being dried.

Tutsan is a large-flowered variety (Hypericum androsoemum) of St. John's Wort, named after the French term toute saine, meaning "heal all," due to its numerous healing properties; it's commonly found in Devon and Cornwall. It has the same qualities as the perforate variety, but gives off a stronger, more camphor-like scent when the flowers and seed pods are crushed. A tincture made from this plant, as well as one made from the perforate St. John's Wort, has been successfully used to treat melancholia and related forms of insanity. The seed capsules of Tutsan are shiny and resemble berries; the leaves keep their strong resinous scent even after drying.

Tutsan is called also provincially "Woman's Tongue," once set g(r)owing it never stops; and by country folk in Ireland the "Rose of Sharon." Its botanical name Androsoemum, andros aima, man's blood, derived from the red juice and oil, probably suggested the popular title of Tutsan, "heal all," often corrupted to "Touchen leaf."

Tutsan is also known locally as "Woman's Tongue," and once it starts growing, it never stops. In rural Ireland, it’s referred to as the "Rose of Sharon." Its botanical name is Androsoemum, from the Greek andros aima, meaning man's blood, which comes from the red juice and oil. This likely led to the popular name Tutsan, meaning "heal all," which is often mispronounced as "Touchen leaf."

Gerard gives a receipt, as a great secret, for making a compound oil of Hypericum, "than which," he says, "I know that in the world there is no better; no, not the natural balsam itself." "The plant," he adds, "is a singular remedy for the sciatica, provided that the patient drink water for a day or two after purging." "The leaves laid upon broken shins and scabbed legs do heal them."

Gerard provides a secret recipe for creating a compound oil from Hypericum, stating, "I know of nothing better in the world; not even the natural balsam itself." He continues, "The plant is an exceptional treatment for sciatica, as long as the patient drinks water for a day or two after cleansing." "Placing the leaves on broken shins and sore legs helps heal them."

The whole plant is of a special value for healing [291] punctured wounds; and its leaves are diuretic. It is handsome and shrubby, growing to a height of two or three feet.

The entire plant is particularly valuable for treating punctured wounds, and its leaves have diuretic properties. It is attractive and bushy, growing to a height of two to three feet.

JUNIPER.

The Juniper shrub (Arkenthos of the ancients), which is widely distributed about the world, grows not uncommonly in England as a stiff evergreen conifer on heathy ground, and bears bluish purple berries. These have a sweet, juicy, and, presently, bitter, brown pulp, containing three seeds, and they do not ripen until the second year. The flowers blossom in May and June. Probably the shrub gets its name from the Celtic jeneprus, "rude or rough." Gerard notes that "it grows most commonly very low, like unto our ground furzes." Gum Sandarach, or Pounce, is the product of this tree.

The Juniper shrub (Arkenthos of the ancients), which is found all over the world, grows quite commonly in England as a dense evergreen conifer on heathland and produces bluish-purple berries. These berries have a sweet, juicy taste, and a currently bitter, brown pulp containing three seeds, and they don’t ripen until the second year. The flowers bloom in May and June. The shrub probably gets its name from the Celtic jeneprus, meaning "rude or rough." Gerard mentions that "it usually grows very low, like our ground furzes." Gum Sandarach, or Pounce, is a product of this tree.

Medicinally, the berries and the fragrant tops are employed. They contain "juniperin," sugar, resins, wax, fat, formic and acetic acids, and malates. The fresh tops have a balsamic odour, and a carminative, bitterish taste. The berries afford a yellow aromatic oil, which acts on the kidneys, and gives cordial warmth to the stomach. Forty berries should yield an ounce of the oil. Steeped in alcohol the berries make a capital ratafia; they are used in several confections, as well as for flavouring gin, being put into a spirit more common than the true geneva of Holland. The French obtain from these berries the Genièvre (Anglice "geneva"), from which we have taken our English word "gin." In France, Savoy, and Italy, the berries are largely collected, and are sometimes eaten as such, fifteen or twenty at a time, to stimulate the kidneys; or they are taken in powder for the same [292] purpose. Being fragrant of smell, they have a warm, sweet, pungent flavour, which becomes bitter on further mastication.

Medicinally, the berries and the aromatic tops are used. They contain "juniperin," sugar, resins, wax, fat, formic and acetic acids, and malates. The fresh tops have a balsamic scent and a slightly bitter, carminative taste. The berries produce a yellow aromatic oil that affects the kidneys and provides warming comfort to the stomach. Forty berries yield about an ounce of the oil. When steeped in alcohol, the berries make a great ratafia; they are used in various confections and for flavoring gin, added to a spirit that is more common than the genuine geneva from Holland. The French extract Genièvre (English "geneva") from these berries, which is where we get the English word "gin." In France, Savoy, and Italy, the berries are widely collected and are sometimes eaten directly—fifteen or twenty at a time—to stimulate the kidneys, or they are taken in powder for the same purpose. Having a fragrant smell, they have a warm, sweet, spicy flavor that turns bitter with more chewing.

Our British Pharmacopoeia orders a spirit of Juniper to be made for producing the like diuretic action in some forms of dropsy, so as to carry off the effused fluid by the kidneys. A teaspoonful of this spirit may be taken, well diluted with water, several times in the day. Of the essential oil the dose is from two to three drops on sugar, or with a tablespoonful of milk. These remedies are of service also in catarrh of the urinary passages; and if applied externally to painful local swellings, whether rheumatic, or neuralgic, the bruised berries afford prompt and lasting relief.

Our British Pharmacopoeia recommends making a Juniper spirit to have a similar diuretic effect in certain cases of dropsy, helping to eliminate excess fluid through the kidneys. A teaspoon of this spirit can be taken, well diluted with water, several times a day. The dosage for the essential oil is two to three drops on sugar or mixed with a tablespoon of milk. These remedies are also helpful in treating urinary tract inflammation; if used externally on painful swelling, whether from rheumatism or nerve pain, the crushed berries provide quick and long-lasting relief.

An infusion or decoction of the Juniper wood is sometimes given for the same affections, but less usefully, because the volatile oil becomes dissipated by the boiling heat. A "rob," or inspissated juice of the berries, is likewise often employed. Gerard said: "A decoction thereof is singular against an old cough." Gin is an ordinary malt spirit distilled a second time, with the addition of some Juniper berries. Formerly these berries were added to the malt in grinding, so that the spirit obtained therefrom was flavoured with the berries from the first, and surpassed all that could be made by any other method. At present gin is cheaply manufactured by leaving out the berries altogether, and giving the spirit a flavour by distilling it with a proportion of oil of turpentine, which resembles the Juniper berries in taste; and as this sophistication is less practised in Holland than elsewhere, it is best to order "Hollands," with water, as a drink for dropsical persons. By the use of Juniper berries Dr. Mayern cured some patients who were deplorably ill with [293] epilepsy when all other remedies had failed. "Let the patient carry a bag of these berries about with him, and eat from ten to twenty every morning for a month or more, whilst fasting. Similarly for flatulent indigestion the berries may be most usefully given; on the first day, four berries; on the second, five; on the third, six; on the fourth, seven; and so on until twelve days, and fifteen berries are reached; after this the daily dose should be reduced by one berry until only five are taken in the day; which makes an admirable 'berry-cure.'" The berries are to be well masticated, and the husks may be afterwards either rejected or swallowed.

An infusion or decoction of Juniper wood is sometimes used for similar issues, but it's not very effective because the volatile oil gets lost during boiling. A "rob," or concentrated juice of the berries, is also commonly used. Gerard mentioned, "A decoction is particularly good for an old cough." Gin is a regular malt spirit that is distilled a second time with Juniper berries added. In the past, these berries were mixed with the malt while grinding, which meant the spirit would be flavored with the berries right from the start, resulting in a superior product compared to any other method. Nowadays, gin is often made cheaply without the berries and instead gets its flavor from distilling with a bit of turpentine oil, which tastes similar to Juniper berries. Since this practice is less common in Holland, it's best to order "Hollands" with water as a drink for people with dropsy. Using Juniper berries, Dr. Mayern treated some patients who were extremely ill with epilepsy when other remedies had failed. "Let the patient carry a bag of these berries and consume ten to twenty each morning on an empty stomach for a month or more. For flatulent indigestion, start with four berries on the first day, five on the second, six on the third, seven on the fourth, and continue increasing until you reach fifteen berries on the twelfth day. After that, decrease the daily amount by one berry until you're down to five a day, which makes for an excellent 'berry cure.'" The berries should be chewed well, and the husks can either be discarded or swallowed.

Juniper oil, used officinally, is distilled from the full-grown, unripe, green fruit. The Laplanders almost adore the tree, and they make a decoction of its ripe berries, when dried, to be drunk as tea, or coffee; whilst the Swedish peasantry prepare from the fresh berries a fermented beverage, which they drink cold, and an extract, which they eat with their bread for breakfast as we do butter.

Juniper oil, used in medicine, is extracted through distillation from the fully grown, unripe, green fruit. The Laplanders have great respect for the tree and prepare a decoction of its dried ripe berries to drink as tea or coffee. Meanwhile, the Swedish peasants create a fermented drink from the fresh berries that they enjoy cold, as well as an extract that they spread on their bread for breakfast, similar to how we use butter.

Simon Pauli assures us these berries have performed wonders in curing the stone, he having personally treated cases thus, with incredible success. Schroder knew a nobleman of Germany, who freed himself from the intolerable symptoms of stone, by a constant use of these berries. Evelyn called them the "Forester's Panacea," "one of the most universal remedies in the world to our crazy Forester." Astrological botanists advise to pull the berries when the sun is in Virgo.

Simon Pauli assures us that these berries have worked wonders in curing kidney stones, as he has personally treated cases with incredible success. Schroder knew a nobleman in Germany who relieved himself from the unbearable symptoms of kidney stones by regularly using these berries. Evelyn referred to them as the "Forester's Panacea," calling it "one of the most universal remedies in the world for our eccentric Forester." Astrological botanists recommend picking the berries when the sun is in Virgo.

We read in an old tract (London, 1682) on The use of Juniper and Elder berries in our Publick Houses: "The simple decoction of these berries, sweetened with a little sugar candy, will afford liquors so pleasant to the eye, so grateful to the palate, and so beneficial to the [294] body, that the wonder is they have not been courted and ushered into our Publick Houses, so great are the extraordinary beauty and vertues of these berries." "One ounce, well cleansed, bruised, and mashed, will be enough for almost a pint of water. When they are boiled together the vessel must be carefully stopt, and after the boiling is over one tablespoonful of sugar candy must be put in."

We read in an old pamphlet (London, 1682) on The use of Juniper and Elderberries in our Public Houses: "A simple brew of these berries, sweetened with a bit of sugar candy, creates drinks that are so appealing to the eye, so delightful to the taste, and so good for the body that it's surprising they haven't been embraced and introduced into our Public Houses, considering the remarkable beauty and benefits of these berries." "One ounce, properly cleaned, crushed, and mashed, is enough for almost a pint of water. When boiled together, the container must be tightly sealed, and after boiling is finished, one tablespoon of sugar candy should be added."

From rifts which occur spontaneously in the bark of the shrubs in warm countries issues a gum resembling frankincense. This gum, as Gerard teaches, "drieth ulcers which are hollow, and filleth them with flesh if they be cast thereon." "Being mixed with oil of roses, it healeth chaps of the hands and feet." Bergius said "the lignum (wood) of Juniper is diureticum, sudorificum, mundificans; the bacca (berry), diuretica, nutriens, diaphoretica." In Germany the berries are added to sauerkraut for flavouring it.

From cracks that happen naturally in the bark of shrubs in warm countries comes a gum that looks like frankincense. This gum, as Gerard teaches, "dries out hollow ulcers and fills them with flesh if applied." "When mixed with rose oil, it heals cracks on the hands and feet." Bergius stated "the wood of Juniper is diuretic, sudorific, cleansing; the berry is diuretic, nutritious, diaphoretic." In Germany, the berries are added to sauerkraut for flavor.

Virgil thought the odour exhaled by the Juniper tree noxious, and he speaks of the Juniperis gravis umbra:—

Virgil thought the smell coming from the Juniper tree was unpleasant, and he talks about the Juniperis gravis umbra:—

    "Surgamus! solet esse gravis cantantibus umbra;
    Juniperis gravis umbra; nocent et frugibus umbrae."
        Eclog. X. v. 75.

"Surgamus! There is often a heavy shadow for those who sing;
A heavy shadow of junipers; shadows also harm the crops."
Eclog. X. v. 75.

But it is more scientific to suppose that the growth of Juniper trees should be encouraged near dwellings, because of the balsamic and antiseptic odours which they constantly exhale. The smoke of the leaves and wood was formerly believed to drive away "all infection and corruption of the aire which bringeth the plague, and such like contagious diseases."

But it's more logical to think that planting Juniper trees near homes should be encouraged because of the fragrant and antiseptic scents they continuously release. People used to believe that the smoke from the leaves and wood could repel "all infection and corruption of the air that brings the plague and other contagious diseases."

Sprays of Juniper are frequently strewn over floors of apartments, so as to give out when trodden down, their agreeable odour which is supposed to promote [295] sleep. Queen Elizabeth's bedchamber was sweetened with their fumes. In the French hospitals it is customary to burn Juniper berries with Rosemary for correcting vitiated air, and to prevent infection.

Sprays of juniper are often scattered across apartment floors to release their pleasant scent when stepped on, which is thought to help with sleep. Queen Elizabeth's bedroom was filled with their aroma. In French hospitals, it's common to burn juniper berries with rosemary to purify the air and prevent infection.

On the Continent the Juniper is regarded with much veneration, because it is thought to have saved the life of the Madonna, and of the infant Jesus, whom she hid under a Juniper bush when flying into Egypt from the assassins of Herod.

On the Continent, the Juniper is held in high regard because it's believed to have saved the life of the Madonna and the infant Jesus, whom she hid under a Juniper bush while fleeing to Egypt from Herod's assassins.

Virgil alludes to the Juniper as Cedar:—

Virgil refers to the Juniper as Cedar:—

"Disce et odoratam stabulis accendere cedrum."
Georgic.

"Learn and light cedar in the stables."
Georgic.

"But learn to burn within your sheltering rooms
Sweet Juniper."

"But learn to burn within your cozy rooms
Sweet Juniper."

Its powerful odour is thought to defeat the keen scent of the hound; and a hunted hare when put to extremities will seek a safe retreat under cover of its branches. Elijah was sheltered from the persecutions of King Ahab by the Juniper tree; since which time it has been always regarded as an asylum, and a symbol of succour.

Its strong smell is believed to overpower the sharp sense of smell of a hound; and a hunted hare, when in danger, will look for safety under its branches. Elijah found refuge from King Ahab's persecution under the Juniper tree; since then, it has been seen as a safe haven and a symbol of support.

From the wood of the Juniperus oxycoedrus; an empyreumatic oil resembling liquid pitch, is obtained by dry distillation, this being named officinally, Huile de cade, or Oleum cadinum, otherwise "Juniper tar." It is found to be most useful as an external stimulant for curing psoriasis and chronic eczema of the skin. A recognised ointment is made with this and yellow wax, Unguentum olei cadini.

From the wood of the Juniperus oxycoedrus, an oily substance similar to liquid pitch is obtained through dry distillation, officially known as Huile de cade or Oleum cadinum, commonly referred to as "Juniper tar." It's very effective as an external stimulant for treating psoriasis and chronic eczema of the skin. A well-known ointment is created from this and yellow wax, called Unguentum olei cadini.

In Italy stables are popularly thought to be protected by a sprig of Juniper from demons and thunderbolts, just as we suppose the magic horseshoe to be protective to our houses and offices.

In Italy, people commonly believe that a sprig of juniper protects stables from demons and lightning, just like we think a lucky horseshoe protects our homes and offices.

[296] KNAPWEED (The Lesser).

[296] Lesser Knapweed.

Black Knapweed, the Centaurea nigra, is a common tough-stemmed composite weed growing in our meadows and cornfields, being well known by its heads of dull purple flowers, with brown, or almost black scales of the outer floral encasement. It is popularly called Hard heads, Loggerheads, Iron heads, Horse knob, and Bull weed.

Black Knapweed, the Centaurea nigra, is a common sturdy-stemmed weed found in our meadows and cornfields, known for its clusters of dull purple flowers, featuring brown or nearly black scales on the outer flower casing. It's commonly referred to as Hard heads, Loggerheads, Iron heads, Horse knob, and Bull weed.

Dr. Withering relates that a decoction made from these hard heads has afforded at least a temporary relief in cases of diabetes mellitus, "by diminishing the quantity of urine, and dispelling the sweetness."

Dr. Withering says that a brew made from these tough heads has provided at least temporary relief in cases of diabetes mellitus, "by reducing the amount of urine and eliminating the sweetness."

Its chief chemical constituent enicin, is identical with that of the Blessed thistle, and the Blue bottle, and closely resembles that of the Dandelion. It has been found useful in strengthless indigestion, especially when this is complicated with sluggish torpor of the liver. From half to one ounce of the herb may be boiled in eight fluid ounces of water, and a small wineglassful be taken for a dose twice or three times a day. In Bucks young women make use of this Knapweed for love divination:—

Its main chemical component enicin is the same as that found in Blessed thistle and Blue bottle, and it closely resembles that in Dandelion. It has proven helpful for weak indigestion, especially when combined with sluggish liver function. Boil half to one ounce of the herb in eight fluid ounces of water, and take a small wineglassful for a dose two or three times a day. In Bucks, young women use this Knapweed for love divination:—

    "They pull the little blossom threads
    From out the Knotweed's button beads,
    And put the husk with many a smile
    In their white bosoms for a while;
    Then, if they guess aright, the swain
    Their love's sweet fancies try to gain,
    'Tis said that ere it lies an hour
    'Twill blossom with a second flower."

"They pull the little flower threads
    From the Knotweed's button beads,
    And with plenty of smiles
    They tuck the husk into their white chests for a while;
    Then, if they guess correctly, the guy
    Tries to earn their love's sweet dreams,
    It's said that before it goes an hour
    It'll bloom with another flower."

LAVENDER.

The Lavender of our gardens, called also Lavender Spike, is a well-known sweet-smelling shrub, of the Labiate order. It grows wild in Spain, Piedmont, and [297] the south of France, on waysides, mountains, and in barren places. The plant was propagated by slips, or cuttings, and has been cultivated in England since about 1568. It is produced largely for commercial purposes in Surrey, Hertfordshire, and Lincoln. The shrub is set in long rows occupying fields, and yields a profitable fragrant essential oil from the flowering tops, about one ounce of the oil from sixty terminal flowering spikes. From these tops also the popular cosmetic lavender water is distilled. They contain tannin, and a resinous camphire, which is common to most of the mints affording essential oils. If a hank of cotton is steeped in the oil of Lavender, and drained off so as to be hung dry about the neck, it will prevent bugs and other noxious insects from attacking that part. When mixed with three-fourths of spirit of turpentine, or spirit of wine, this oil makes the famous Oleum spicoe, formerly much celebrated for curing old sprains and stiff joints. Lavender oil is likewise of service when rubbed in externally, for stimulating paralysed limbs—preferring the sort distilled from the flowering tops to that which is obtained from the stalks. Internally, the essential oil, or a spirit of Lavender made therefrom, proves admirably restorative and tonic against faintness, palpitations of a nervous sort, weak giddiness, spasms, and colic. It is agreeable to the taste and smell, provokes appetite, raises the spirits, and dispels flatulence; but the infusion of Lavender tops, if taken too freely, will cause griping, and colic. In hysteria, palsy, and similar disorders of debility, and lack of nerve power, the spirit of Lavender will act as a powerful stimulant; and fomentations with Lavender in bags, applied hot, will speedily relieve local pains. "It profiteth them much," says Gerard, "that have the palsy if they be washed with the distilled water [298] from the Lavender flowers; or are anointed with the oil made from the flowers and olive oil, in such manner as oil of roses is used." A dose of the oil is from one to four drops on sugar, or on a small piece of bread crumb, or in a spoonful or two of milk. And of the spirit, from half to one teaspoonful may be taken with two tablespoonfuls of water, hot or cold, or of milk. The spirit of Lavender is made with one part of the essential oil to forty-nine parts of spirit of wine. For preparing distilled Lavender water, the addition of a small quantity of musk does much to develop the strength of the Lavender's odour and fragrance. The essential oil of Lavandula latifolia, admirably promotes the growth of the hair when weakly, or falling off.

The Lavender in our gardens, also known as Lavender Spike, is a popular sweet-smelling shrub from the mint family. It grows wild in Spain, Piedmont, and southern France, along roadsides, on mountains, and in dry areas. The plant is propagated through cuttings and has been cultivated in England since around 1568. It is mainly grown for commercial purposes in Surrey, Hertfordshire, and Lincoln. The shrub is planted in long rows across fields and produces a valuable fragrant essential oil from the flowering tops, yielding about one ounce of oil from sixty flowering spikes. From these tops, the widely used cosmetic lavender water is also distilled. The plant contains tannins and a resinous camphor, which is common in many mints that provide essential oils. If a cotton cloth is soaked in lavender oil and then drained to hang dry around the neck, it helps keep bugs and other pests away from that area. When mixed with three-fourths of turpentine or wine spirit, this oil creates the well-known Oleum spicoe, which was once celebrated for treating old sprains and stiff joints. Lavender oil is also useful when applied externally to stimulate paralyzed limbs—especially the oil distilled from the flowering tops rather than that from the stems. Internally, the essential oil or a spirit of Lavender made from it is highly restorative and tonic against faintness, nervous palpitations, light-headedness, spasms, and colic. It’s pleasant in taste and aroma, boosts appetite, lifts spirits, and reduces gas; however, drinking too much lavender tea can cause stomach cramps and colic. In cases of hysteria, paralysis, and similar conditions marked by weakness and lack of nerve power, the spirit of Lavender acts as a strong stimulant, and hot packs with Lavender in bags can quickly relieve localized pain. "It greatly benefits those who have the palsy," says Gerard, "if they are washed with the distilled water from the Lavender flowers or anointed with oil made from the flowers and olive oil, similar to how rose oil is used." A typical dose of the oil is one to four drops on sugar, a small piece of bread, or in a spoonful or two of milk. For the spirit, half to one teaspoon can be taken with two tablespoons of water, hot or cold, or milk. The spirit of Lavender is made with one part essential oil to forty-nine parts wine spirit. For preparing distilled Lavender water, adding a small amount of musk helps enhance the strength of the Lavender’s scent and fragrance. The essential oil of Lavandula latifolia is excellent for promoting hair growth when it is weak or falling out.

By the Greeks the name Nardus is given to Lavender, from Naarda, a city of Syria, near the Euphrates; and many persons call the plant "Nard." St. Mark mentions this as Spikenard, a thing of great value The woman who came to Christ having an alabaster box of ointment of Spikenard, very precious "brake the box, and poured it on His head." In Pliny's time blossoms of the nardus sold for a hundred Roman denarii (or £3 2s. 6d.) the pound. This Lavender or Nardus, was likewise called Asarum by the Romans, because not used in garlands or chaplets. It was formerly believed that the asp, a dangerous kind of viper, made Lavender its habitual place of abode, so that the plant had to be approached with great caution.

By the Greeks, the name Nardus is used for Lavender, taken from Naarda, a city in Syria close to the Euphrates; many people refer to the plant as "Nard." St. Mark mentions this as Spikenard, something very valuable. The woman who came to Christ with an alabaster jar of Spikenard ointment, which was very precious, "broke the jar and poured it on His head." In Pliny's time, blossoms of nardus sold for a hundred Roman denarii (or £3 2s. 6d.) per pound. This Lavender or Nardus was also known as Asarum by the Romans because it wasn't used in garlands or wreaths. It was once believed that the asp, a dangerous type of viper, made Lavender its regular home, so the plant had to be approached with great caution.

Conserves of Lavender were much used in the time of Gerard, and desserts may be most pleasantly brought to the table on a service of Lavender spikes. It is said, on good authority, that the lions and tigers in our Zoological gardens, are powerfully affected by the smell of Lavender-water and become docile under its influence.

Conserves of lavender were widely used during Gerard's time, and desserts can be very nicely presented on a platter of lavender spikes. It's said, by reliable sources, that the lions and tigers in our zoos are significantly influenced by the scent of lavender water and become tame under its effect.

[299] The Lavender shrub takes its name from the Latin lavare, "to wash," because the ancients employed it as a perfume. Lavender tops, when dried, and placed with linen, will preserve it from moths and other insects.

[299] The Lavender shrub gets its name from the Latin lavare, "to wash," because ancient people used it as a fragrance. Dried lavender tops, when kept with linens, will protect them from moths and other bugs.

The whole plant was at one time considered indispensable in Africa, ubi lavandis corporibus Lybes eâ utuntur; nec nisi decocto ejus abluti mane domo egrediuntur, "where the Libyans make use of it for washing their bodies, nor ever leave their houses of a morning until purified by a decoction of the plant."

The entire plant was once seen as essential in Africa, ubi lavandis corporibus Lybes eâ utuntur; nec nisi decocto ejus abluti mane domo egrediuntur, "where the Libyans use it for washing their bodies, and they don't leave their homes in the morning until they have been cleansed with a decoction of the plant."

In this country the sweet-smelling herb is often introduced for scenting newly washed linen when it is put by; from which custom has arisen the expression, "To be laid up in Lavender." During the twelfth century a washerwoman was called "Lavender," in the North of England.

In this country, the fragrant herb is often used to scent freshly washed linens when they're stored away, which is where the phrase "to be laid up in Lavender" comes from. In the twelfth century, a washerwoman was referred to as "Lavender" in Northern England.

A tea brewed from the flowers is an excellent remedy for headache from fatigue, or weakness. But Lavender oil is, in too large a dose, a narcotic poison, and causes death by convulsions. The tincture of red Lavender is a popular medicinal cordial; and is composed of the oils of Lavender and rosemary, with cinnamon bark, nutmeg, and red sandal wood, macerated in spirit of wine for seven days; then a teaspoonful may be given for a dose in a little water, with excellent effect, after an indigestible meal, taking the dose immediately when feeling uneasy, and repeating it after half-an-hour if needed. An old form of this compound tincture was formerly famous as "Palsy Drops," it being made from the Lavender, with rosemary, cinnamon, nutmeg, red sandal wood, and spirit. In some cases of mental depression and delusions the oil of Lavender proves of real service; and a few drops of it rubbed on the temples will cure nervous headache.

A tea made from the flowers is a great remedy for headaches caused by fatigue or weakness. However, Lavender oil can be toxic in large amounts and may lead to death by convulsions. The tincture of red Lavender is a well-known medicinal drink and is made from Lavender and rosemary oils, along with cinnamon bark, nutmeg, and red sandalwood, soaked in wine for seven days. A teaspoon can be mixed with a little water and taken for relief after an upset stomach; take it as soon as you start feeling uneasy and repeat it after half an hour if necessary. An old version of this tincture was once known as "Palsy Drops," made from Lavender, rosemary, cinnamon, nutmeg, red sandalwood, and spirit. In some cases of mental depression and delusions, Lavender oil can be quite helpful; a few drops rubbed on the temples can relieve a nervous headache.

[300] Shakespeare makes Perdita (Winter's Tale) class Lavender among the flowers denoting middle age:

[300] Shakespeare makes Perdita (Winter's Tale) classify Lavender among the flowers representing middle age:

    "Here's flowers for you,
    Hot Lavender: Mints: Savory: Marjoram;
    The Marigold that goes to bed with the sun,
    And with him rises, weeping: these are the flowers
    Of middle summer, and I think they are given
    To men of middle age."

"Here are some flowers for you,
    Hot Lavender: Mints: Savory: Marjoram;
    The Marigold that sleeps with the sun,
    And rises with him, weeping: these are the flowers
    Of mid-summer, and I believe they are given
    To people of middle age."

There is a broad-leaved variety of the Lavender shrub in France, which yields three times as much of the essential oil as can be got from our narrow-leaved plant, but of a second rate quality.

There’s a broad-leaved variety of the Lavender shrub in France that produces three times more essential oil than our narrow-leaved plant, but the quality is inferior.

The Sea Lavender, or Thrift (Statice limonium) grows near the sea, or in salt marshes. It gets its name Statice from the Greek word isteemi (to stop, or stay), because of its medicinal power to arrest bleeding. This is the marsh Rosemary, or Ink Root, which contains (if the root be dried in the air) from fourteen to fifteen per cent. of tannin. Therefore, its infusion or tincture will prove highly useful to control bleeding from the lungs or kidneys, as also against dysentery; and when made into a gargle, for curing an ulcerated sore throat.

The Sea Lavender, or Thrift (Statice limonium), grows near the sea or in salt marshes. Its name, Statice, comes from the Greek word isteemi (to stop or stay) because of its medicinal ability to stop bleeding. This plant is also known as marsh Rosemary or Ink Root, and when its root is dried in the air, it contains about fourteen to fifteen percent tannin. Because of this, its infusion or tincture can be very effective for controlling bleeding from the lungs or kidneys, as well as treating dysentery. Additionally, when used as a gargle, it can help heal an ulcerated sore throat.

LEMON.

The Lemon (Citrus Limonum) is so common of use in admixing refreshing drinks, and for its fragrancy of peel, whether for culinary flavour, or as a delightful perfume, that it may well find a place among the Simples of a sagacious housewife. Moreover, the imported fruit, which abounds in our markets, as if to the manner born, is endowed with valuable medicinal properties which additionally qualify it for the domestic Herbarium. The Lemons brought to England come chiefly from Sicily, [301] through Messina and Palermo. Flowers may be found on the lemon tree all the year round.

The lemon (Citrus Limonum) is commonly used to mix refreshing drinks and has a fragrant peel, making it perfect for adding flavor to dishes or as a nice scent. Because of this, it definitely deserves a spot in the collection of a wise housewife. Besides that, the imported fruit, which is widely available in our markets, seems to fit right in and has valuable medicinal properties that make it a great addition to the home Herbarium. The lemons brought to England mainly come from Sicily, [301] via Messina and Palermo. You can find flowers on the lemon tree all year round.

In making lemonade it is a mistake to pour boiling water upon sliced Lemons, because thus brewing an infusion of the peel, which is medicinal. The juice should be squeezed into cold water (previously boiled), adding to a quart of the same the juice of three lemons, a few crushed strawberries, and the cut up rind of one Lemon.

In making lemonade, it's a mistake to pour boiling water over sliced lemons because that brews an infusion from the peel, which is medicinal. The juice should be squeezed into cold water (that has been boiled beforehand), adding to a quart of that water the juice of three lemons, a few crushed strawberries, and the chopped rind of one lemon.

This fruit grows specially at Mentone, in the south of France; and a legend runs that Eve carried two or three Lemons with her away from Paradise, wandering about until she came to Mentone, which she found to be so like the Garden of Eden that she settled there, and planted her fruit.

This fruit specifically grows in Mentone, in the south of France; and there's a legend that Eve took two or three lemons with her when she left Paradise, wandering until she arrived at Mentone, which she found so similar to the Garden of Eden that she decided to stay and planted her fruit.

The special dietetic value of Lemons consists in their potash salts, the citrate, malate, and tartrate, which are respectively antiscorbutic, and of assistance in promoting biliary digestion. Each fluid ounce of the fresh juice contains about forty-four grains of citric acid, with gum, sugar, and a residuum, which yields, when incinerated, potash, lime, and phosphoric acid. But the citric acid of the shops is not nearly so preventive or curative of scurvy as the juice itself.

The unique dietary benefits of lemons come from their potash salts, including citrate, malate, and tartrate, which help prevent scurvy and support healthy bile digestion. Each fluid ounce of fresh lemon juice contains about forty-four grains of citric acid, along with gum, sugar, and a residue that, when burned, produces potash, lime, and phosphoric acid. However, the citric acid you find in stores is not nearly as effective in preventing or treating scurvy as the juice itself.

The exterior rind furnishes a grateful aromatic bitter; and our word "zest" signifies really a chip of lemon peel or orange peel used for giving flavour to liquor. It comes from the Greek verb, "skizein," to divide, or cut up.

The outer rind provides a pleasant aromatic bitterness; and our word "zest" actually means a piece of lemon peel or orange peel used to add flavor to drinks. It comes from the Greek verb, "skizein," which means to divide or cut up.

The juice has certain sedative properties whereby it allays hysterical palpitation of the heart, and alleviates pain caused by cancerous ulceration of the tongue. Dr. Brandini, of Florence, discovered this latter property of fresh Lemon juice, through a patient who, when suffering [302] grievously from that dire disease, found marvellous relief to the part by casually sucking a lemon to slake his feverish thirst. But it is a remarkable fact that the acid of Lemons is harmful and obnoxious to cats, rabbits, and other small animals, because it lowers the heart's action in these creatures, and liquifies the blood; whereas, in man it does not diminish the coagulability of the blood, but proves more useful than any other agent in correcting that thin impoverished liquidity thereof which constitutes scurvy. Rapin extols lemons, or citrons, for discomfort of the heart:—

The juice has certain calming properties that reduce hysterical heart palpitations and relieve pain caused by cancerous ulcers on the tongue. Dr. Brandini from Florence discovered this property of fresh lemon juice through a patient who, while suffering greatly from that terrible disease, found remarkable relief by casually sucking on a lemon to quench his feverish thirst. However, it's notable that the acid in lemons is harmful and irritating to cats, rabbits, and other small animals because it slows down their heart rate and thins their blood; whereas in humans, it doesn't reduce blood clotting but is actually more effective than any other agent in correcting the thin, impoverished blood that causes scurvy. Rapin praises lemons or citrons for heart discomfort:—

    "Into an oval form the citrons rolled
    Beneath thick coats their juicy pulp unfold:
    From some the palate feels a poignant smart,
    Which, though they wound the tongue, yet heal the heart."

"Into an oval shape, the citrons rolled
    Beneath thick skins, their juicy flesh revealed:
    From some, the taste brings a sharp sting,
    Which, although they hurt the tongue, still comfort the heart."

Throughout Italy, and at Rome, a decoction of fresh Lemons is extolled as a specific against intermittent fever; for which purpose a fresh unpeeled Lemon is cut into thin slices, and put into an earthenware jar with three breakfastcupfuls of cold water, and boiled down to one cupful, which is strained, the lemon being squeezed, and the decoction being given shortly before the access of fever is expected.

Throughout Italy, and especially in Rome, a lemon tea is praised as a remedy for intermittent fever. To prepare it, a fresh unpeeled lemon is sliced thin and placed in a clay jar with three cups of cold water, then boiled down to one cup. After straining, the lemon is squeezed, and the tea is given just before the onset of the fever is expected.

For a restless person of ardent temperament and active plethoric circulation, a Lemon squash (unsweetened) of not more than half a tumblerful is a capital sedative; or, a whole lemon may be made hot on the oven top, being turned from time to time, and being put presently when soft and moist into a teacup, then by stabbing it about the juice will be made to escape, and should be drunk hot. If bruised together with a sufficient quantity of sugar the pips of a fresh Lemon or Orange will serve admirably against worms in [303] children. Cut in slices and put into the morning bath, a Lemon makes it fragrant and doubly refreshing.

For a restless person with a fiery temperament and lots of energy, an unsweetened lemon squash of no more than half a glass is a great calming drink. Alternatively, you can heat a whole lemon on the stovetop, turning it occasionally, and once it's soft and moist, place it in a teacup. Then, by poking it with a fork, the juice will come out, and it should be consumed while hot. If you crush the seeds of a fresh lemon or orange with enough sugar, it works well against worms in children. Sliced and added to a morning bath, a lemon makes the water fragrant and extra refreshing.

Professor Wilhelm Schmole, a German doctor, has published a work of some note, in which he advances the theory that fresh Lemon juice is a kind of elixir vitae; and that if a sufficient number of Lemons be taken daily, life may be indefinitely prolonged. Lemon juice is decidedly beneficial against jaundice from passive sluggishness of the biliary functions; it will often serve to stay bleedings, when ice and astringent styptics have failed; it will prove useful when swallowed freely against immoderately active monthly fluxes in women; and when applied externally it signally relieves cutaneous itching, especially of the genitals.

Professor Wilhelm Schmole, a German doctor, has published a notable work in which he proposes the theory that fresh lemon juice is a type of elixir vitae; and that if enough lemons are consumed daily, life can be indefinitely extended. Lemon juice is definitely helpful against jaundice caused by sluggish biliary functions; it can often stop bleeding when ice and astringent treatments have failed; it is useful when taken freely against excessively heavy menstrual flow in women; and when applied externally, it effectively relieves skin itching, especially in the genital area.

Prize-fighters refresh themselves with a fresh cut Lemon between the rounds when competing in the Ring. Hence has arisen the common saying, "Take a suck of the Lemon, and at him again."

Prize fighters refresh themselves with a fresh cut lemon between the rounds when competing in the ring. Hence has arisen the common saying, "Take a suck of the lemon, and go at him again."

For a relaxed sore throat, Lemon juice will help to make a serviceable gargle. By the heat of the sun it may be reduced to a solid state. For a cold in the head, if the juice of a ripe Lemon be squeezed into the palm of the hand, and strongly sniffed into the nostrils at two or three separate times, a cure will be promoted. Roast fillet of veal, with stuffing and lemon juice, was beloved by Oliver Cromwell.

For a soothing sore throat, lemon juice works well as a gargle. When exposed to sunlight, it can turn solid. If you're dealing with a head cold, squeezing the juice of a ripe lemon into your palm and sniffing it up your nose a couple of times can help promote healing. Oliver Cromwell loved roast fillet of veal with stuffing and lemon juice.

For heartburn which comes on without having eaten sweet things, it is helpful to suck a thin slice of fresh Lemon dipped in salt just after each meal.

For heartburn that occurs without eating sweets, it's helpful to suck on a thin slice of fresh lemon dipped in salt right after each meal.

The Chinese practice of rubbing parts severely neuralgic with the wet surface of a cut Lemon is highly useful. This fruit has been sold within present recollection at half-a-crown each, and during the American war at five shillings.

The Chinese practice of rubbing sore spots with the wet surface of a cut lemon is very effective. This fruit has been sold in recent memory for two and a half shillings each, and during the American war for five shillings.

[304] The hands may be made white, soft, and supple by daily sponging them with fresh Lemon juice, which further keeps the nails in good order; and the same may be usefully applied to the roots of the hair for removing dandriff from the scalp.

[304] You can make your hands white, soft, and smooth by regularly soaking them in fresh lemon juice, which also helps keep your nails healthy. This can also be effectively used on the roots of your hair to eliminate dandruff from the scalp.

The Candied Peel which we employ as a confection is got from one of the citrons (a variety of the lemon); whilst another of this tribe is esteemed for religious purposes in Jewish synagogues. These citrons are imported into England from the East; and for unblemished specimens of the latter which reach London, high prices are paid. One pound sterling is a common sum, and not infrequently as much as seventy shillings are given for a single "Citron of Law." The fruit is used at the Feast of Tabernacles according to a command given in the Book of the Law; it is not of an edible nature, but is handed round and smelt by the worshippers as they go out, when they "thank God for all good things, and for the sweet odours He has given to men." This citron is considered to be almost miraculously restorative, especially by those who regard it as the "tappnach," intended in the text, "Comfort me with apples." Ladies of the Orient, even now, carry a piece of its rind about them in a vinaigrette.

The candied peel we use as candy comes from one of the citrons (a type of lemon), while another variety is valued for religious purposes in Jewish synagogues. These citrons are imported to England from the East, and high prices are paid for flawless specimens that arrive in London. One pound is a common price, and sometimes as much as seventy shillings is paid for a single "Citron of Law." The fruit is used during the Feast of Tabernacles as commanded in the Book of the Law; it isn’t meant to be eaten, but is passed around and smelled by the worshippers as they leave, when they "thank God for all good things, and for the sweet scents He has given to mankind." This citron is thought to have almost miraculous restorative properties, especially by those who see it as the "tappnach," referenced in the text, "Comfort me with apples." Even today, women from the East carry a piece of its rind in a vinaigrette.

The citron which furnishes Candied Peel resembles a large juicy lemon, but without a nipple.

The citron that provides Candied Peel looks like a big, juicy lemon, but it doesn’t have a tip.

Virgil said of the fruit generally:—

Virgil generally referred to the fruit as:—

"Media fert tristes succos, tardumque saporem
Felicis mali."

"Media brings sad juices, and a slow taste
Of the happy apple."

Fresh Lemon juice will not keep because of its mucilage, which soon ferments.

Fresh lemon juice won't last because of its mucilage, which quickly ferments.

Sidney Smith, in writing about Foston, his remote Country Cure in
Yorkshire, said it is "twelve miles from a Lemon."

Sidney Smith, writing about Foston, his isolated country retreat in
Yorkshire, remarked that it is "twelve miles from a Lemon."

[305] LENTIL.

Among the leguminous plants which supply food for the invalid, and are endowed with certain qualifications for correcting the health, may be justly placed the Lentil, though we have to import it because our moist, cold climate is not favourable for its growth. Nevertheless, it closely resembles the small purple vetch of our summer hedgerows at home. In France its pulse is much eaten during Lent—which season takes its name, as some authors suppose, from this penitential plant. Men become under its subduing dietary influence, "lenti et lenes." The plant is cultivated freely in Egypt for the sake of the seeds, which are flat on both sides, growing in numerous pods.

Among the leguminous plants that provide food for those who are ill and have certain qualities for improving health, the lentil is a notable option, even though we have to import it because our wet, cold climate isn't suitable for its growth. Still, it closely resembles the small purple vetch found in our summer hedgerows at home. In France, its seeds are commonly eaten during Lent—a period that some sources believe takes its name from this humble plant. People are influenced by its calming dietary effects, "lenti et lenes." The plant is grown extensively in Egypt for its seeds, which are flat on both sides and grow in many pods.

The botanical name is Ervum lens; and about the year 1840 a Mr. Wharton sold the flour of Lentils under the name of Ervalenta, this being then of a primrose colour. He failed in his enterprise, and Du Barry took up the business, but substituting the red Arabian Lentil for the yellow German pulse.

The botanical name is Ervum lens; around 1840, a Mr. Wharton sold lentil flour under the name Ervalenta, which was then a primrose color. He didn't succeed in his venture, and Du Barry took over the business, replacing the yellow German lentil with the red Arabian lentil.

Joseph's mess of pottage which he sold to Esau for his birthright was a preparation of the red Lentil: and the same food was the bread of Ezekiel.

Joseph's stew that he sold to Esau for his birthright was made from red lentils, and that same food was what Ezekiel ate.

The legumin contained in this vegetable is very light and sustaining, but it is apt to form unwholesome combinations with any earthy salts taken in other articles of food, or in the water used in cooking; therefore Lemon juice or vinegar is a desirable addition to Lentils at table. This is because of the phosphates contained so abundantly, and liable to become deposited in the urine. "Lentils," says Gerard, "are singular good to stay the menses." They are traditionally regarded as funeral plants, and formerly they were forbidden at sacrifices and feasts.

The legume found in this vegetable is light and nourishing, but it can form unhealthy combinations with any mineral salts present in other foods or in the water used for cooking; therefore, adding lemon juice or vinegar to lentils at the table is a good idea. This is due to the phosphates that are abundant and can build up in the urine. "Lentils," says Gerard, "are particularly good for regulating menstruation." They have long been seen as plants associated with funerals, and in the past, they were prohibited at sacrifices and feasts.

[306] Parkinson said, "The country people sow it in the fields as food for their cattle, and call it 'tills', leaving out the 'lent', as thinking that word agreeth not with the matter." "Ita sus Minervam." In Hampshire the plant is known as "tils," and in Oxfordshire as "dills." The Romans supposed it made people indolent and torpid, therefore they named the plant from lentus, slow.

[306] Parkinson said, "The rural folks plant it in the fields to feed their livestock and call it 'tills,' dropping the 'lent' because they believe that word doesn't fit." "Ita sus Minervam." In Hampshire, the plant is referred to as "tils," while in Oxfordshire, it's called "dills." The Romans thought it made people lazy and sluggish, so they named the plant after lentus, meaning slow.

Allied to the Lentil as likewise a leguminous plant is the LUPINE, grown now only as an ornament to our flower beds, but formerly cultivated by the Romans as an article of food, and still capable of usefulness in this capacity for the invalid. Pliny said, "No kind of fodder is more wholesome and light of digestion than the white Lupine when eaten dry." If taken commonly at meals it will contribute a fresh colour and a cheerful countenance. When thus formerly used neither trouble nor expense was needed in sowing the seed, since it had merely to be scattered over the ground without ploughing or digging. But Virgil designated it tristis Lupinus, "the sad Lupine," probably because when the pulse of this plant was eaten without being first cooked in any way so as to modify its bitter taste, it had a tendency to contract the muscles of the face, and to give a sorrowful appearance to the countenance. It was said the Lupine was cursed by the Virgin Mary, because when she fled with the child Christ from the assassins of Herod, plants of this species by the noise they made attracted the attention of the soldiers.

Allied to the lentil and also a leguminous plant is the lupine, now grown only as an ornament in our flower beds, but once cultivated by the Romans as food, and still useful for invalids. Pliny remarked, "No kind of fodder is more wholesome and easy to digest than the white lupine when eaten dry." If consumed regularly at meals, it can give a fresh complexion and a cheerful look. In the past, it was easy to grow since the seeds only needed to be scattered on the ground without any plowing or digging. However, Virgil referred to it as tristis Lupinus, "the sad lupine," likely because eating its pulse without cooking it first to reduce its bitterness would cause the facial muscles to contract, resulting in a sorrowful appearance. It was said that the lupine was cursed by the Virgin Mary, as when she fled with the child Christ from Herod's assassins, the noise made by this plant drew the attention of the soldiers.

The Lupine was originally named from lupus, a wolf, because of its voracious nature. The seeds were used as pieces of money by Roman actors in their plays and comedies, whence came the saying, "nummus lupinus," "a spurious bit of money."

The Lupine got its name from lupus, which means wolf, because of how greedy it is. Roman actors used the seeds as a form of currency in their plays and comedies, which is where the phrase "nummus lupinus," meaning "a fake piece of money," comes from.

[307] LETTUCE.

Our garden Lettuce is a cultivated variety of the wild, or strong-scented Lettuce (Lactuca virosa), which grows, with prickly leaves, on banks and waysides in chalky districts throughout England and Wales. It belongs to the Composite order of plants, and contains the medicinal properties of the plant more actively than does the Lettuce produced for the kitchen. An older form of the name is Lettouce, which is still retained in Scotland.

Our garden lettuce is a cultivated type of wild, or strongly-scented lettuce (Lactuca virosa), which grows with prickly leaves along banks and roadsides in chalky areas across England and Wales. It is part of the Composite family of plants and has more active medicinal properties than the lettuce typically used in cooking. An older version of the name is Lettouce, which is still used in Scotland.

Chemically the wild Lettuce contains lactucin, lactucopricin, asparagin, mannite, albumen, gum, and resin, together with oxalic, malic, and citric acids; thus possessing virtues for easing pain, and inducing sleep. The cultivated Lettuce which comes to our tables retains these same properties, but in a very modified degree, since the formidable principles have become as completely toned down and guileless in the garden product as were the child-like manners and the pensive smile of Bret Harte's Heathen Chinee.

Chemically, wild lettuce has lactucin, lactucopricin, asparagin, mannite, albumen, gum, and resin, along with oxalic, malic, and citric acids; this gives it properties that help relieve pain and promote sleep. The cultivated lettuce we eat retains these same properties, but to a much lesser extent, as the strong elements have been completely softened and stripped down in the garden variety, similar to how the innocent demeanor and thoughtful smile of Bret Harte's Heathen Chinee were portrayed.

Each plant derives its name, lactuca, from its milky juice; in Latin lactis; and in Greek, galaktos (taking the genitive case). This juice, when withdrawn from the cut or incised stalks and stems of the wild Lettuce, is milky at first, and afterwards becomes brown, like opium, being then known (when dried into a kind of gum) as lactucarium. From three to eight grains of this gum, if taken at bedtime, will allay the wakefulness which follows over-excitement of brain. A similar lactucarium, got from the dried milk of the cultivated garden Lettuce, is so mild a sedative as to be suitable for restless infants; and two grains thereof may be safely given to a young child for soothing it to sleep.

Each plant gets its name, lactuca, from its milky sap; in Latin, lactis; and in Greek, galaktos (in the genitive case). This sap, when extracted from the cut or sliced stalks and stems of wild lettuce, is milky at first and later turns brown, resembling opium. When dried into a sort of gum, it is called lactucarium. Taking three to eight grains of this gum before bed can help relieve the insomnia that comes from an overactive mind. A similar lactucarium, derived from the dried sap of cultivated garden lettuce, is such a gentle sedative that it's suitable for restless infants; two grains of it can be safely given to a young child to help them sleep.

The wild Lettuce is rather laxative; with which view a decoction of the leaves is sometimes taken as a drink [308] to remedy constipation, and intestinal difficulties, as also to allay feverish pains. The plant was mentioned as acting thus in an epigram by Martial (Libr. VI., Sq.).

The wild lettuce is quite laxative; with this purpose, a brew of the leaves is sometimes consumed as a drink [308] to help with constipation and digestive issues, as well as to reduce feverish pains. The plant was referred to for these effects in a poem by Martial (Libr. VI., Sq.).

"Prima tibi dabitur ventro lactuca movendo
Utilis, et porris fila resecta suis."

"First, you'll be given the useful lettuce by moving it to the stomach,
And cut the leek to its proper lengths."

Gerard said: "Being in some degree laxative and aperient, the cultivated Lettuce is very proper for hot bilious dispositions;" and Parkinson adds (1640): "Lettuce eaten raw or boyled, helpeth to loosen the belly, and the boyled more than the raw." It was known as the "Milk Plant" to Dioscorides and Theophrastus, and was much esteemed by the Romans to be eaten after a debauch of wine, or as a sedative for inducing sleep. But a prejudice against it was entertained for a time as venerem enervans, and therefore mortuorum cibi, "food for the dead."

Gerard said: "Since it has some laxative and soothing properties, cultivated lettuce is very suitable for hot, bilious conditions;" and Parkinson adds (1640): "Lettuce eaten raw or boiled helps to relieve constipation, and boiled is more effective than raw." It was referred to as the "Milk Plant" by Dioscorides and Theophrastus, and the Romans valued it for consumption after a night of drinking or as a calming remedy to promote sleep. However, there was a period when it was viewed with prejudice as venerem enervans, and thus mortuorum cibi, "food for the dead."

Apuleius says, that when the eagle desires to fly to a great height, and to get a clear view of the extensive prospect below him, he first plucks a leaf of the wild Lettuce and touches his eyes with the juice thereof, by which means he obtains the widest perspicuity of vision. "Dicunt aquilam quum in altum volare voluerit ut prospiciat rerum naturas lactucoe sylvaticoe folium evellere et succo ejus sibi oculos tangere, et maximam inde claritudinem accipere."

Apuleius says that when the eagle wants to fly high and get a clear view of the vast landscape below, it first picks a leaf from wild lettuce and touches its eyes with the juice. This way, it gains the clearest vision. "Dicunt aquilam quum in altum volare voluerit ut prospiciat rerum naturas lactucoe sylvaticoe folium evellere et succo ejus sibi oculos tangere, et maximam inde claritudinem accipere."

After the death of Adonis, Venus is related to have thrown herself on a bed of lettuces to assuage her grief. "In lactucâ occultatum a Venere Adonin—cecinit Callimachus—quod allegoricé interpretatus Athenoeus illuc referendum putat quod in venerem hebetiores fiunt lactucas vescentes assidue."

After Adonis died, Venus is said to have thrown herself onto a bed of lettuces to ease her sadness. "In lactucâ occultatum a Venere Adonin—cecinit Callimachus—quod allegoricé interpretatus Athenoeus illuc referendum putat quod in venerem hebetiores fiunt lactucas vescentes assidue."

The Pythagoreans called this plant "the Eunuch"; and there is a saying in Surrey, "O'er much Lettuce in [309] the garden will stop a young wife's bearing." During the middle ages it was thought an evil spirit lurked among the Lettuces adverse to mothers, and causing grievous ills to new-born infants.

The Pythagoreans referred to this plant as "the Eunuch," and there’s a saying in Surrey: "Too much lettuce in the garden will prevent a young wife from having children." During the Middle Ages, people believed an evil spirit resided among the lettuces that was harmful to mothers and caused serious problems for newborns.

The Romans, in the reign of Domitian, had the lettuce prepared with eggs, and served with the last course at their tables, so as to stimulate their appetites afresh. Martial wonders that it had since then become customary to take it rather at the beginning of the meal:—

The Romans, during Domitian's rule, had lettuce made with eggs and served it as the final dish at their tables to refresh their appetites. Martial is puzzled that it has since become common to eat it at the start of the meal:—

"Claudere quae caenas lactuca solebat avorum
Dic mihi cur nostras inchoat illa dapes."

"She used to close the feasts with lettuce, like our ancestors did.
Tell me why she starts our meals."

Antoninus Musa cured Caesar Augustus of hypochondriasis by means of this plant.

Antoninus Musa cured Caesar Augustus of anxiety issues using this plant.

The most common variety of the wild Lettuce, improved by frequent cultivation, is the Cabbage Lettuce, or Roman, "which is the best to boil, stew, or put into hodge-podge." Different sorts of the Cos Lettuce follow next onwards. The Lactuca sylvatica is a variety of the wild Lettuce producing similar effects. From this a medicinal tincture (H.) is prepared, and an extract from the flowering herb is given in doses of from five to fifteen grains. No attempt was made to cultivate the Lettuce in this country until the fourth year of Elizabeth's reign.

The most common type of wild lettuce, improved through regular cultivation, is Cabbage Lettuce, or Roman, "which is best for boiling, stewing, or adding to hodgepodge." Various kinds of Cos Lettuce come next. The Lactuca sylvatica is another type of wild lettuce with similar effects. From this, a medicinal tincture (H.) is made, and an extract from the flowering herb is given in doses ranging from five to fifteen grains. No effort was made to cultivate lettuce in this country until the fourth year of Elizabeth's reign.

When bleached by gardeners the lettuce becomes tender, sweet, and succulent, being easily digested, even by dyspeptic persons, as to its crisp, leafy parts, but not its hard stalk. It now contains but little nutriment of any sort, but supplies some mineral salts, especially nitre. In the stem there still lingers a small quantity of the sleep-inducing principle, "lactucarin," particularly when the plant is flowering. Galen, when sleepless from [310] advanced age and infirmities, with hard study, took decoction of the Lettuce at night; and Pope says, with reference to our garden sort:—

When gardeners bleach lettuce, it becomes tender, sweet, and juicy, making it easy to digest, even for those with stomach issues, in its crisp, leafy parts, but not in its tough stalk. It has very little nutrition overall but does provide some mineral salts, especially nitrate. A small amount of the sleep-inducing substance, "lactucarium," remains in the stem, especially when the plant is flowering. Galen, struggling with insomnia due to old age and health problems from intense study, would drink a lettuce decoction at night; and Pope mentions something similar regarding our garden variety:—

"If you want rest,
Lettuce, and cowslip wine:—'probatum est.'"

"If you want to relax,
Lettuce and cowslip wine:—'it's been proven.'"

But if Lettuces are taken at supper with this view of promoting sleep, they should be had without any vinegar, which neutralises their soporific qualities. "Sleep," said Sir Thomas Brown, "is so like death that I dare not trust it without my prayers."

But if you eat lettuce at dinner to help you sleep, you should have it without any vinegar, as vinegar cancels out its sleep-inducing effects. "Sleep," said Sir Thomas Browne, "is so similar to death that I hesitate to trust it without my prayers."

Some persons suppose that when artificially blanched the plant is less wholesome than if left to grow naturally in the garden, especially if its ready digestibility by those of sensitive stomachs be correctly attributed to the slightly narcotic principle. It was taken uncooked by the Hebrews with the Paschal lamb.

Some people think that when the plant is artificially blanched, it’s less healthy than if it’s allowed to grow naturally in the garden, especially since its easy digestibility for those with sensitive stomachs might be linked to a slightly narcotic property. The Hebrews ate it raw with the Passover lamb.

John Evelyn writes enthusiastically about it in his Book of Sallets: "So harmless is it that it may safely be eaten raw in fevers; it allays heat, bridles choler, extinguishes thirst, excites appetite, kindly nourishes, and, above all, represses vapours, conciliates sleep, and mitigates pain, besides the effect it has upon the morals— temperance and chastity."

John Evelyn writes enthusiastically about it in his Book of Sallets: "It's so harmless that it can be safely eaten raw during fevers; it cools the body, calms anger, quells thirst, increases appetite, nourishes gently, and, most importantly, reduces anxiety, promotes sleep, and eases pain, not to mention its positive impact on morals—encouraging moderation and chastity."

"Galen (whose beloved sallet it was) says it breeds the most laudable blood. No marvel, then, that Lettuces were by the ancients called sanoe by way of eminency, and were so highly valued by the great Augustus that, attributing to them his recovery from a dangerous sickness, it is reported he erected a statue and built an altar to this noble plant." Likewise, "Tacitus, spending almost nothing at his frugal table in other dainties, was yet so great a friend to the Lettuce that he used to say of his prodigality in its purchase, Summi se mercari [311] illas sumitus effusione." Probably the Lettuce of Greece was more active than our indigenous, or cultivated plant.

"Galen (whose favorite dish it was) says it produces the best blood. It’s no surprise, then, that the ancients called Lettuces sanoe as a mark of distinction, and they were so highly prized by the great Augustus that, believing they helped him recover from a serious illness, it's said he erected a statue and built an altar to this noble plant." Similarly, "Tacitus, spending almost nothing on fancy foods at his simple table, was such a fan of Lettuce that he would remark on his extravagance in buying it, Summi se mercari [311] illas sumitus effusione." The Lettuce from Greece was likely more potent than our native or cultivated varieties.

By way of admonition as to care in preparing the Lettuce for table, Dr. King Chambers has said (Diet in Health and Disease), "The consumption of Lettuce by the working man with his tea is an increasing habit worthy of all encouragement. But the said working man must be warned of the importance of washing the material of his meal. This hint is given in view of the frequent occurrence of the large round worm in the labouring population of some agricultural counties, Oxfordshire for instance, where unwashed Lettuce is largely eaten." Young Lettuces may be raised in forty-eight-hours by first steeping the seed in brandy and then sowing it in a hot-house.

By way of advice on how to prepare Lettuce for the table, Dr. King Chambers has stated (Diet in Health and Disease), "The habit of working men eating Lettuce with their tea is growing and should be encouraged. However, these workers need to be reminded of the importance of washing their food properly. This warning comes because of the common presence of large round worms in the working population of certain agricultural counties, such as Oxfordshire, where unwashed Lettuce is often consumed." Young Lettuces can be grown in just forty-eight hours by soaking the seeds in brandy first and then planting them in a hot-house.

The seeds of the garden Lettuce are emollient, and when rubbed up with water make a pleasant emulsion, which contains nothing of the milky, laxative bitterness furnished by the leaves and stalk. This emulsion resembles that of almonds, but is even more cooling, and therefore a better medicine in disorders arising from acrimony and irritation.

The seeds of garden lettuce are soothing, and when mixed with water create a nice emulsion that lacks the milky, laxative bitterness found in the leaves and stalk. This emulsion is similar to almond emulsion, but even more refreshing, making it a better remedy for issues caused by acidity and irritation.

From the Lactuca virosa, or strong-scented wild Lettuce, a medicinal tincture (H.) is prepared, using the whole plant. On the principle of treating with this tincture, when diluted, such toxic effects as too large doses of the juice would bring about, a slow pulse, with a disposition to stupor, and sleepy weakness, are successfully met by its use. Also a medicinal extract is made by druggists from the wild Lettuce, and given in doses of from three to ten grains for the medicinal purposes which have been particularised, and to remove a dull, heavy headache.

From the Lactuca virosa, or strong-scented wild lettuce, a medicinal tincture (H.) is made using the whole plant. This tincture, when diluted, can effectively counteract toxic effects that could arise from taking too much of the juice, such as a slow pulse and a tendency towards drowsiness and fatigue. Additionally, druggists prepare a medicinal extract from wild lettuce, which is given in doses ranging from three to ten grains to treat specific ailments and alleviate a dull, heavy headache.

"The garden Lettuce is good," as Pliny said, "for [312] burnings and scaldings if the leaves be laid thereon, with salt (sic), before the blisters do appear." "By reason," concludes Evelyn, "too, of its soporiferous quality, the Lettuce ever was, and still continues, the principal foundation of the universal tribe of Sallets, which cools and refreshes, besides its other properties, and therefore was held in such high esteem by the ancients, that divers of the Valerian family dignified and ennobled their name with that of Lactucinii." It is botanically distinguished as the Lactuca sativa, "from the plenty of milk," says "Adam in Eden" (W. Coles), "that it hath, and causeth."

"The garden Lettuce is beneficial," as Pliny stated, "for burns and scalds if the leaves are placed on the affected area, with salt, before the blisters appear." "Additionally," concludes Evelyn, "due to its sleep-inducing quality, Lettuce has always been and still is the main ingredient in the universal family of Salads, which cools and refreshes, along with its other properties. This is why it was highly valued by the ancients, with some of the Valerian family elevating their name to Lactucinii." It is botanically termed as Lactuca sativa, "because of the abundant milk," says "Adam in Eden" (W. Coles), "that it has, and produces."

Lambs' Lettuce, or Corn Salad, is a distinct plant, one of the Valerian tribe, which was formerly classed as a Lettuce, by name, Lactuca agnina, either because it appears about the time when lambs (agni) are dropped, or because it is a favourite food of lambs.

Lambs' Lettuce, or Corn Salad, is a unique plant in the Valerian family that was once categorized as a Lettuce, known as Lactuca agnina, either because it blossoms around the time when lambs (agni) are born, or because it's a preferred food for lambs.

The French call this salade de Prètre, "monks' salad," and in reference thereto an old writer has said: "It certainly deserves a place among the penitential herbs, for the stomach that admits it is apt to cry peccavi."

The French call this salade de Prètre, "monks' salad," and an old writer once said: "It definitely deserves a spot among the penitential herbs, because a stomach that accepts it is likely to cry peccavi."

The same plant is also known by the title of the White Pot Herb, in contrast to the Olus atrum, or Black Pot Herb. It grows wild in the banks of hedges and waste cornfields, and is cultivated in our kitchen gardens as a salad herb, the Milk Grass, being called botanically the Valerianella olitoria, and having been in request as a spring medicine among country folk in former days. By genus it is a Fedia, and bears diminutive white flowers resembling glass. Gerard says: "We know the Lambs' Lettuce as Loblollie; and it serves in winter as a salad herb, among others none of the worst." In France it goes by the names manche and broussette. A medicinal tincture is made (H.) from the fresh root.

The same plant is also known as the White Pot Herb, in contrast to the Olus atrum, or Black Pot Herb. It grows wild along hedgerows and in neglected cornfields, and is cultivated in our kitchen gardens as a salad herb, called Milk Grass, with the botanical name Valerianella olitoria. It used to be popular as a spring remedy among rural people. Genus-wise, it is a Fedia and has small white flowers that look like glass. Gerard states: "We refer to Lambs' Lettuce as Loblollie; it works as a winter salad herb, along with others that are not the worst." In France, it is known as manche and broussette. A medicinal tincture is made (H.) from the fresh root.

[313] The black pot-herb—so called from the dark colour of its fruit—is an umbelliferous plant, (Smyrnium olusatrum) or Alexanders, often found in the vicinity of abbeys, and probably therefore held in former repute by the Monks. Its names are derived from Smyrna, myrrh, in allusion to the odour of the plant; and from Macedonicum, or the parsley of Macedon, Alexander's country. The herb was also known as Stanmarch. It grows on waste places by rivers near the sea, having been formerly cultivated like celery, which has now supplanted it. When boiled it is eaten with avidity by sailors returning from long voyages, who happen to land at the South Western corner of Anglesea.

[313] The black pot-herb—named for the dark color of its fruit—is a type of umbelliferous plant, (Smyrnium olusatrum) or Alexanders, often found near abbeys and likely valued by the Monks in the past. Its names come from Smyrna, referring to myrrh, because of the plant's scent; and from Macedonicum, or the parsley from Macedon, which is Alexander's homeland. The herb was also known as Stanmarch. It grows in neglected areas by rivers close to the sea, having once been cultivated like celery, which has now taken its place. When boiled, it is eagerly eaten by sailors returning from long voyages who happen to land at the southwestern corner of Anglesey.

LILY OF THE VALLEY.

The Lily of the Valley grows wild in many of our English woods, and possesses special curative virtues, which give it, according to modern knowledge, a just place among Herbal Simples of repute. This is the parent flower of our graceful, sweet-scented scape of pendent, milk-white little floral bells, enshrined within two broad leafy blades of dark green, and finding general favour for the jardinière, or the button-hole.

The Lily of the Valley grows wild in many of our English woods and has special healing properties that, according to modern knowledge, earn it a respected spot among well-known herbal remedies. This is the parent flower of our elegant, sweet-smelling cluster of dangling, milk-white floral bells, surrounded by two wide leafy blades of dark green, and is commonly favored for the jardinière or the buttonhole.

Its name Convallaria majalis is derived from convallis, "a valley," and majalis, "belonging to the month of May," when this Lily comes into flower.

Its name Convallaria majalis comes from convallis, "a valley," and majalis, "related to the month of May," when this Lily blooms.

Rustics corrupt the double title to "Liry Confancy," and provincially the plant is known as "Wood Lily," "May Lily," and "May Blossom." Also it bears the name of Mugget, and is said to have grown up after the bloody combat of St. Leonard with the Dragon. The French call it Muguet, or "little musk." The taste of the flowers is acrid and bitter; they have been [314] employed with benefit, when dried and powdered, as snuff, for headache, and giddiness arising from weakness. A tincture of the plant is made, and can be procured from any leading druggist. The active medicinal principle is "convallarin," which slows the disturbed action of a weak, irritable heart, whilst at the same time increasing its power. Happily the remedy is a perfectly safe one, and no harm has been known to occur from taking it experimentally in full and frequent doses; so that, in this respect, it is far preferable to the Fox Glove, which is apt to accumulate in the blood with poisonous results. To make the tincture of Convallaria, one part of the flowers is treated with eight parts of spirit of wine (proof); and the dose is from five to fifteen drops, with a tablespoonful of water, three times in the twenty-four hours.

Rustics misinterpret the double title "Liry Confancy," and locally the plant is known as "Wood Lily," "May Lily," and "May Blossom." It’s also called Mugget, and it's said to have appeared after the bloody battle of St. Leonard with the Dragon. The French refer to it as Muguet, or "little musk." The flowers taste acrid and bitter; they've been used beneficially, when dried and powdered, as snuff for headaches and dizziness caused by weakness. A tincture of the plant can be made and is available from any reputable druggist. The active medicinal ingredient is "convallarin," which slows the erratic action of a weak, irritable heart while simultaneously increasing its strength. Fortunately, this remedy is completely safe, and no harm has been reported from experimental use in large and frequent doses; in this regard, it's much better than Fox Glove, which can build up in the blood and cause poisoning. To make the tincture of Convallaria, one part of the flowers is combined with eight parts of alcohol; the dosage is five to fifteen drops mixed with a tablespoon of water, taken three times a day.

Also an infusion may be made with boiling water poured over the whole plant-root, stems, and flowers; and this infusion may be given continuously for from five to ten days; but it should be left off for a time as soon as the irritability of the heart is subdued, and the pulse steady and stronger. If taken during an attack of palpitation and laboured breathing from a weak heart, the benefit of the infusion in tablespoonful doses is felt at once.

Also, you can make an infusion by pouring boiling water over the entire plant—roots, stems, and flowers. This infusion can be taken continuously for five to ten days, but it should be stopped once the heart's irritability is calmed, and the pulse becomes steady and stronger. If taken during an episode of heart palpitations and difficulty breathing due to a weak heart, the benefits of the infusion in tablespoon doses are felt immediately.

Ten grains of the dried flowers may be infused in six ounces of boiling water; and a tablespoonful of this be given three times a day with perfect safety, and with a most soothing effect for a weak, sensitive, palpitating heart; but it does not suit a fatty heart equally well. Nevertheless, even for insufficiency of the valves, when dangerous, or distressing symptoms of heart disease have set in, an infusion of the flowers has proved very helpful. The rhizome, root, exhales a pleasant odour, [315] different from that of the flowers; it tastes sweet at first but afterwards bitter.

Ten dried flower grains can be steeped in six ounces of boiling water, and a tablespoon of this mixture can be taken three times a day safely, providing a soothing effect for a weak, sensitive, pounding heart; however, it may not be as suitable for a fatty heart. Still, even in cases of valve insufficiency, when serious or troubling heart disease symptoms appear, an infusion of the flowers has been very beneficial. The rhizome, or root, gives off a pleasant smell, [315] different from that of the flowers; it starts off tasting sweet but then turns bitter.

A fluid extract is further prepared, and may be mixed in doses of from five to twenty drops with water. The Russian peasants have long employed the Lily of the Valley for certain forms of dropsy, when proceeding from a faulty heart.

A liquid extract is made, and can be mixed in doses of five to twenty drops with water. Russian peasants have used the Lily of the Valley for certain types of dropsy caused by heart issues for a long time.

In the summer, when the flowers are in bloom, two drachms, by weight, of the leaves should be steeped in a pint of water, either cold or boiling; and the whole of this may be taken, if needed, during the twenty-four hours. It will promote a free flow of urine. Culpeper commended the Lily of the Valley for weak memory, loss of speech, and apoplexy; whilst Gerard advised it for gout. In Devonshire it is thought unlucky to plant a bed of these Lilies, as the person who does so will probably die within the next twelve months.

In the summer, when the flowers are blooming, you should steep two drachms of the leaves in a pint of water, either cold or boiling. You can take all of this throughout the day as needed. It will help increase urine flow. Culpeper recommended the Lily of the Valley for poor memory, speech loss, and strokes, while Gerard suggested it for gout. In Devonshire, people believe it’s bad luck to plant a bed of these lilies, as the person who does so is likely to die within the next year.

In the Apocrypha, Canticles ii, I, "I am the Lily of the Valley," this flower is apparently brought under notice, but some other plant must be intended here, because the Lily Convally does not grow in Palestine. The word Lily is used in Oriental languages for a flower in general.

In the Apocrypha, Canticles ii, I, "I am the Lily of the Valley," this flower is mentioned, but it's likely referring to another plant because the Lily of the Valley doesn't grow in Palestine. In Oriental languages, the term Lily is used to refer to flowers in general.

Distilled water from the flowers was formerly in great repute against nervous affections, and for many troubles of the head, insomuch that it was treasured in vessels of gold and silver. Matthiolus named it Aqua aurea, "golden water"; and Etmuller said of the virtues of the plant, Quod specifice armabit impotentes maritos ad bellum veneris.

Distilled water from the flowers used to be highly regarded for treating nervous issues and various head problems, so much so that it was kept in gold and silver containers. Matthiolus referred to it as Aqua aurea, "golden water"; and Etmuller spoke of the plant's benefits, stating, Quod specifice armabit impotentes maritos ad bellum veneris.

A spirit made from the petals is excellent as an outward embrocation for rheumatism and sprains; and in some parts of Germany, a wine is prepared from the flowers mixed with raisins. Old Gerard adopted an [316] unaccountable method for extracting these virtues of the Lilies. He ordered that, "The flowers being close stopped up in a glass vessel, should be put into an ant hill, and taken away again a month after, when ye shall find a liquor in the glass which, being outwardly applied, will help the cure of the gout."

A spirit made from the petals is great as a topical treatment for rheumatism and sprains; and in some places in Germany, a wine is made from the flowers mixed with raisins. Old Gerard had a strange method for extracting the benefits of the Lilies. He said that "the flowers should be tightly sealed in a glass container and buried in an ant hill, then taken out a month later, and you'll find a liquid in the glass that, when applied externally, will help treat gout."

After the blossom has fallen off a berry is formed, which assumes in the autumn a bright scarlet colour, and proves attractive to birds.

After the flower drops, a berry forms, which takes on a bright red color in the fall and attracts birds.

LIME TREE, Flowers of (Tiliaceoe).

LIME TREE, Flowers of (Tiliaceae).

Though not a native of Great Britain, yet, because of its common growth in our roadways and along the front of terraced houses, and in suburban avenues, the Lime Tree has become almost indigenous.

Although it's not originally from Great Britain, the Lime Tree has become so common along our roads, in front of terraced houses, and in suburban streets that it feels almost native.

In the old Herbals it is called Lyne or Line, Tillet, Till tree, and Tilia, each of these names bearing reference to the bast or inner bark of the tree, which is used in the North for cordage. Others say the name is an alteration of Telia, from telum, a dart, alluding to the use of the wood. Tilia is more probably derived from ptilon, a feather, because of the feathery appearance of the floral leaves.

In the old Herbals, it’s referred to as Lyne or Line, Tillet, Till tree, and Tilia, with each name connected to the inner bark of the tree, which is used in the North for making rope. Some suggest the name is a variation of Telia, from telum, meaning dart, relating to the use of the wood. However, Tilia is more likely derived from ptilon, meaning feather, due to the feathery look of the floral leaves.

Shakespeare says:—

"Now, tell me thy name, good fellow," said he,
"Under the leaves of lyne."

"Now, tell me your name, good friend," he said,
"Under the leaves of linden."

The "n" in later writers has been changed into "m."

The "n" in later writers has been changed to "m."

Its sweet-smelling and highly fragrant flowers blossom in May, and are much sought after by bees, because abounding with honied nectar. A medicinal tincture (H.) is made from them with spirit of wine; and when given in doses of from five to ten drops with water, three times in the day, it serves to relieve sick [317] bilious giddiness, with depression of spirits, and a tendency to loose bowels, with nervous headache. The sap of the Lime Tree (Tilia Europoea) abounds in mucilage, from which sugar can be elaborated. A tea made from the blossoms and leaves with boiling water, is admirable for promoting perspiration. It is because of a long established reputation for giving relief in chronic epilepsy or the falling sickness, and of curing epileptiform headaches, whilst proving of indisputable usefulness in allied nervous disorders, that the flowers and leaves of the Lime or Linden Tree occupy a true place among modern medicinal Simples. Gilbert White made some Lime-blossom tea, and pronounced it a very soft, well-flavoured, pleasant saccharine julep, much resembling the juice of liquorice. This tea has been found efficacious for quieting hard coughs and for relieving hoarseness.

Its sweet-smelling and highly fragrant flowers bloom in May and are highly sought after by bees because they are full of sweet nectar. A medicinal tincture (H.) is made from them using alcohol; when given in doses of five to ten drops with water three times a day, it helps relieve dizziness from bilious issues, low spirits, and a tendency for loose bowels, along with nervous headaches. The sap of the Lime Tree (Tilia Europaea) is rich in mucilage, from which sugar can be derived. A tea made from the blossoms and leaves with boiling water is excellent for promoting sweating. Because of its long-standing reputation for providing relief in chronic epilepsy or seizures and curing epileptic-like headaches, while also proving undeniably useful in related nerve disorders, the flowers and leaves of the Lime or Linden Tree have a significant place among modern medicinal herbs. Gilbert White made some Lime-blossom tea and described it as a very smooth, well-flavored, pleasant sweet drink, much like the juice of licorice. This tea has been found effective for soothing persistent coughs and relieving hoarseness.

The flowers easily ferment, and being so fragrant may be used for making wine: likewise a fine flavoured brandy has been distilled from them. The fruit contains an oily substance, and has been proposed, when roasted, as a domestic substitute for chocolate. The sap may be procured by making incisions in the trunk, and branches. The flowers are sedative, and anti-spasmodic. Fenelon decorates his enchanted Isle of Calypso with flowering Lime trees. Hoffman says Tilioe ad mille usus petendoe.

The flowers ferment easily and are so fragrant that they can be used to make wine; similarly, a nicely flavored brandy has been distilled from them. The fruit has an oily substance and has been suggested, when roasted, as a home alternative for chocolate. The sap can be collected by making cuts in the trunk and branches. The flowers have calming and anti-spasmodic properties. Fenelon adorns his enchanted Isle of Calypso with flowering lime trees. Hoffman says Tilioe ad mille usus petendoe.

The inner bark furnishes a soft mucilage, which may be applied externally with healing effect to burns, scalds, and inflammatory swellings. Gerard taught, "that the flowers are commended by divers persons against pain of the head proceeding from a cold cause; against dizziness, apoplexy, and the falling sickness; and not only the flowers, but the distilled water thereof." [318] Hoffman knew a case of chronic epilepsy recovered by a use of the flowers in infusion drunk as tea. Such, indeed, was the former exalted anti-epileptic reputation of the Lime Tree, that epileptic persons sitting under its shade were reported to be cured.

The inner bark provides a soft mucilage that can be applied externally to help heal burns, scalds, and swelling caused by inflammation. Gerard noted that "the flowers are recommended by various people for headaches caused by cold; for dizziness, apoplexy, and epilepsy; and not just the flowers, but also the distilled water made from them." [318] Hoffman mentioned a case where chronic epilepsy was cured by drinking an infusion of the flowers as tea. Indeed, the Lime Tree was once highly regarded for its ability to treat epilepsy, with reports that epileptic individuals sitting in its shade were cured.

A famous "Lind" or Lime Tree, which grew in his ancestral place, gave to the celebrated Linnaeus his significant name. The well-known street, unter den Lïnden in Berlin, is a favourite resort, because of its pleasant, balmy shade; and when Heine lay beneath the Lindens, he "thought his own sweet nothing-at-all thoughts." The wood of the Lime Tree is preferred before every other wood fur masterly carving. Grinling Gibbons executed his best and most noted work in this material; and the finely-cut details still remain sharp, delicate, and beautiful.

A famous lime tree, which grew in his ancestral home, gave the celebrated Linnaeus his notable name. The well-known street, unter den Lïnden in Berlin, is a popular spot because of its pleasant, soothing shade; and when Heine lay beneath the linden trees, he "thought his own sweet nothing-at-all thoughts." The wood of the lime tree is preferred over all other woods for skilled carving. Grinling Gibbons created his best and most famous work with this material, and the finely carved details still remain sharp, delicate, and beautiful.

Chemically, the Linden flowers contain a particular light, fragrant, volatile oil, which is soluble in alcohol. They are used in warm baths with much success to allay nervous irritability; or a strong infusion of them is administered by enema for the same purpose.

Chemically, the Linden flowers contain a specific light, fragrant, volatile oil that dissolves in alcohol. They are effectively used in warm baths to calm nervous irritability; alternatively, a strong infusion of them can be given through an enema for the same reason.

LIQUORICE, English (Leguminous).

The common Liquorice plant, a native of the warmer European countries, was first cultivated in Britain about 1562, in Turner's time. It has been chiefly grown at Pontefract (Pomfret) in Yorkshire, Worksop in Nottinghamshire, and Godalming in Surrey; whilst at the present time it is produced abundantly at Mitcham, near London, and the roots are dug up after a three years' growth, to be supplied to the shops. The use of the Liquorice plant was first learnt by the Hellenes from the Scythians; and the root was named adipson, being thought from the time of Theophrastus to [319] powerfully extinguish thirst. But Dr. Cullen says his experience has not confirmed this as a true effect of chewing the root. When lightly boiled in a little water it yields all its sweetness, together with some mucilage.

The common liquorice plant, which is native to warmer European countries, was first grown in Britain around 1562, during Turner's time. It's mainly been cultivated in Pontefract (Pomfret) in Yorkshire, Worksop in Nottinghamshire, and Godalming in Surrey; currently, it's produced abundantly in Mitcham, near London, with the roots being harvested after three years of growth to supply local shops. The ancient Greeks learned about the liquorice plant from the Scythians, and the root was called adipson, believed since the time of Theophrastus to effectively quench thirst. However, Dr. Cullen notes that his experience does not support this as a true effect of chewing the root. When lightly boiled in a bit of water, it releases all its sweetness along with some mucilage.

A favourite pastime of school boys at the beginning of the present century, was to carry in the pocket a small phial of water containing bits of this "Spanish juice," and to shake it continually so as to make a solution, valued the more the darker and thicker it became.

A favorite pastime of schoolboys at the start of this century was to carry a small vial of water in their pockets containing bits of this "Spanish juice," and to shake it constantly to create a solution, which was appreciated more the darker and thicker it got.

The juice is commonly employed as a pectoral in coughs or hoarseness, when thickened to the consistence of a lozenge, or to that of a solid mass, which hardens in the form of a stick. It is also added to nauseous medicines, for masking their taste. Towards obtaining this juice the underground stem or root of the plant is the part employed.

The juice is often used as a remedy for coughs or hoarseness when it's thickened to the consistency of a lozenge or a solid stick. It's also mixed into unpleasant medicines to cover up their taste. To get this juice, the underground stem or root of the plant is used.

The search of Diogenes for an honest man was scarcely more difficult than would be that of an average person for genuine Liquorice; since the juice is adulterated to any extent, and there is no definite standard of purity for this article so commonly used. Potato starch, miller's sweepings mixed with sugar, and any kind of rubbish are added to it.

The search for an honest man by Diogenes was hardly more challenging than an average person trying to find real Liquorice; the juice is so often diluted, and there's no clear standard for purity of this widely used product. It's mixed with potato starch, miller's leftovers combined with sugar, and all sorts of junk.

In China, the roots of _Glycyrrhiza echinata _and Glycyrrhiza glabra, are used in a variety of medicinal preparations as possessing tonic, alterative, and expectorant properties, and as a mild aperient. Thereto are attributed rejuvenating and highly nutritive qualities. English Liquorice root occurs in pieces three or four inches long, and about as thick as a finger.

In China, the roots of _Glycyrrhiza echinata_ and Glycyrrhiza glabra are used in various medicinal remedies because they have tonic, alternative, and expectorant properties, as well as a mild laxative effect. They are also said to have rejuvenating and highly nutritious qualities. English liquorice root comes in pieces that are three to four inches long and about as thick as a finger.

The extract of Liquorice must be prepared from the dried root, else it cannot be strained bright, and would be liable to fermentation. Chemically, the root [320] contains a special kind of sugar, glycyrrhizine, a demulcent starch, asparagin, phosphate and malate of lime and magnesia, a resinous oil, albumen, and woody fibre. Old Fuller says concerning Nottingham, "This county affordeth the first and best Liquorice in England: great is the use thereof in physick. A stick of the same is commonly the spoon prescribed to patients to use in any Loaches. If (as the men of oeneas were forced to eat their own trenchers), these chance to eat their spoons, their danger is none at all." The Loach, or Lingence, from ekleigma, a substance licked-up, has become our modern lozenge. Extract of Liquorice is largely imported as "Spanish" or "Italian" juice, the Solazzi juice being most esteemed, which comes in cylindrical or flattened rolls, enveloped in bay leaves; but the pipe Liquorice of the sweetstuff shops is adulterated. Pontefract lozenges are made of refined Liquorice, and are justly popular. The sugar of Liquorice may be safely taken by diabetic patients.

The extract of licorice must be made from the dried root, or it won't be clear when strained and could spoil. Chemically, the root [320] contains a unique type of sugar called glycyrrhizine, a soothing starch, asparagine, and calcium and magnesium phosphates and malates, along with a resinous oil, albumen, and woody fiber. Old Fuller mentions Nottingham: "This county produces the first and best licorice in England, which is highly valued in medicine. A stick of it is often the spoon recommended for patients to use with any lozenges. If, as the men of Oeneas were forced to eat their own trenchers, by chance they eat their spoons, they face no danger at all." The loach, or lingence, which comes from ekleigma, a substance that is licked up, has become our modern lozenge. Licorice extract is largely imported as "Spanish" or "Italian" juice, with Solazzi juice being the most valued, arriving in rolls that are either cylindrical or flattened and wrapped in bay leaves; however, the pipe licorice found in sweet shops is often mixed with other substances. Pontefract lozenges are made from refined licorice and are rightly popular. The sugar from licorice can be safely consumed by diabetic patients.

Officinally, the root and stolons (underground stems) of the Glycyrrhiza glabra (smooth) are variously employed; for making an extract, for mixing with linseed in a tea, for combination with powdered senna, sugar, and fennel, to form a favourite mild laxative medicine, known as "Compound Liquorice Powder," and for other uses. The solid juice is put into porter and stout, because giving sweetness, thickness, and blackness to those beverages, without making them fermentative; but Liquorice, like gum, supplies scant aliment to the body. Black Liquorice is employed in the manufacture of tobacco, for smoking and chewing.

Medicinally, the root and underground stems (stolons) of Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) are used in various ways: to make an extract, to mix with linseed in tea, and to combine with powdered senna, sugar, and fennel to create a popular mild laxative known as "Compound Liquorice Powder," among other uses. The solid extract is added to porter and stout because it adds sweetness, thickness, and color to those drinks without causing fermentation; however, licorice, like gum, provides very little nourishment to the body. Black licorice is used in producing tobacco for smoking and chewing.

The Rest Harrow (Ononis arvensis), a troublesome weed, very common in our ploughed fields, has a root [321] which affords a sweet viscid juice, and hence it is popularly known as "Wild Liquorice."

The Rest Harrow (Ononis arvensis), a pesky weed that is very common in our cultivated fields, has a root [321] that produces a sweet, sticky juice, which is why it's often called "Wild Liquorice."

This is a leguminous plant, called also "Ground Furze," which is a favourite food of the donkey, and therefore gets its botanical title from the Greek word onos, an ass. Its long and thickly matted roots will arrest the progress of the harrow, or plough. Medicinally, the plant has been given with success to subdue delirium. It is obnoxious to snakes, and they will not come near it.

This is a legume, also known as "Ground Furze," which is a favorite food of donkeys, earning its botanical name from the Greek word onos, meaning donkey. Its long, thick roots can stop the progress of a harrow or plow. Medicinally, the plant has been successfully used to calm delirium. It is repellent to snakes, and they tend to avoid it.

Other appellations of the herb are Cammock, Stinking Tommy, Arréte boeuf, Remora aratri, Resta bovis, and Land Whin (which from the Latin guindolum, signifies a kind of cherry). The plant was formerly much extolled for obviating stone in the bladder. It is seen to be covered with spines; and a tradition exists that it was the Rest harrow which furnished the crown of thorns plaited by the Roman soldiers at the crucifixion of our Saviour. This plant has been long-used as a culinary vegetable, its young shoots being boiled, or taken in salad, or pickled.

Other names for the herb include Cammock, Stinking Tommy, Arréte boeuf, Remora aratri, Resta bovis, and Land Whin (which comes from the Latin guindolum, meaning a type of cherry). The plant was once highly praised for preventing bladder stones. It's known to be covered with spines, and there's a legend that it was the Rest harrow that provided the crown of thorns woven by the Roman soldiers at the crucifixion of our Savior. This plant has been used for a long time as a cooking vegetable, with its young shoots being boiled, added to salads, or pickled.

The French know it as Bugrane, beloved by goats, and the chief delight of donkeys, who rejoice to roll themselves amid its prickles. Simon Pauli ne connait pas de meilleur remède contre le calcul des reins, et de la vessie. "Anjourdhui l'arr éte boeuf est à peu pres abandonné." "On y reviendra!" The plant contains "ononin," a chemical glucoside, which is demulcent to the urinary organs.

The French call it Bugrane, a favorite of goats and a major joy for donkeys, who love to roll around in its prickles. Simon Pauli doesn't know a better remedy for kidney stones and bladder issues. "Today, the beef root is pretty much forgotten." "We'll come back to it!" The plant has "ononin," a chemical glucoside that soothes the urinary organs.

Its botanical name of Glycyrrhiza comes from the Greek words, glukus, "sweet," and riza, "a root." English Liquorice root, when dried, is commercially used in two forms, the peeled and the unpeeled. By far and away the best lozenges are those of our [322] boyhood, still attributed to one "Smith," in the Borough of London.

Its botanical name Glycyrrhiza comes from the Greek words glukus, meaning "sweet," and riza, meaning "root." Dried English liquorice root is sold commercially in two forms: peeled and unpeeled. The best lozenges by far are the ones from our [322] childhood, still credited to one "Smith" in the Borough of London.

MALLOWS.

All the Mallows (Malvaceoe) to the number of a thousand, agree in containing mucilage freely, and in possessing no unwholesome properties.

All the Mallows (Malvaceae) numbering in the thousands, are known for having plenty of mucilage and for not having any harmful properties.

Their family name "Mallow" is derived from the Greek malassein, "to soften," as alluding to the demulcent qualities of these mucilaginous plants. The Common Mallow is a well-known roadside plant, with large downy leaves, and streaked trumpet-shaped purple flowers, which later on furnish round button-like seeds, known to the rustics as "pickcheeses" in Norfolk and elsewhere, whilst beloved by schoolboys, because of their nutty flavour, and called by them "Bread and Cheese."

Their family name "Mallow" comes from the Greek malassein, meaning "to soften," referring to the soothing properties of these slimy plants. The Common Mallow is a familiar sight along roadsides, featuring large fuzzy leaves and striped trumpet-shaped purple flowers. Later, it produces round button-like seeds, which rural folks in Norfolk and other areas call "pickcheeses." Schoolboys love them for their nutty flavor, and they refer to them as "Bread and Cheese."

Clare tells playfully of the fairies, borne by mice at a gallop:—

Clare playfully talks about the fairies, carried by mice at a run:—

    "In chariots lolling at their ease,
    Made of whate'er their fancies please,
    With wheels at hand of Mallow seeds,
    Which childish sport had strung as beads."

"In chariots lounging comfortably,
    Made of whatever their imaginations desire,
    With wheels made from Mallow seeds,
    Which playful activity had strung like beads."

And recalls the time when he sat as a boy:—

And remembers the time when he sat as a kid:—

"Picking from Mallows, sport to please,
The crumpled seed we called a cheese."

"Picking from Mallows, a fun way to enjoy,
The crumpled seed we called cheese."

Both this plant and its twin sister, the Marsh Mallow (Althoea hibiscus, from altho, to cure), possess medicinal virtues, which entitle them to take rank as curative Herbal Simples. The Sussex peasant knows the Common Mallow as "Maller," so that "aller and maller" means with him Alehoof (Ground Ivy) and Mallow. Pliny said: "Whosoever shall take a spoonful of the [323] Mallows shall that day be free from all diseases that may come to him."

Both this plant and its sister, the Marsh Mallow (Althoea hibiscus, from altho, to cure), have medicinal properties that qualify them as effective herbal remedies. The Sussex farmer refers to the Common Mallow as "Maller," so for him, "aller and maller" means Alehoof (Ground Ivy) and Mallow. Pliny stated: "Whoever takes a spoonful of the Mallows will be free from all diseases that may come to him that day."

This plant is often named "Round Dock," and was formerly called "Hock Herb": our Hollyhock being of the Mallow tribe, and first brought to us from China. Pythagoras held Malvoe folium sanctissimum; and we read of Epimenides in Plato, "at his Mallows and Asphodels." The Romans esteemed the plant in deliciis among their dainties, and placed it of old as the first dish at their tables. The laxative properties of the Mallow, both as regards its emollient leaves, and its radix altheoe efficacior, were told of by Cicero and Horace.

This plant is commonly referred to as "Round Dock," and it used to be called "Hock Herb." Our Hollyhock belongs to the Mallow family and was originally brought to us from China. Pythagoras regarded Malvoe folium sanctissimum; and we learn about Epimenides in Plato, "at his Mallows and Asphodels." The Romans valued the plant in deliciis among their delicacies and traditionally served it as the first dish at their meals. The laxative qualities of Mallow, both from its soothing leaves and its radix altheoe efficacior, were mentioned by Cicero and Horace.

The Marsh Mallow grows wild abundantly in many parts of England, especially in marshes near the sea coast. It gets its generic name althoea, from the Greek althos, "a remedy," because exercising so many curative virtues. Its old appellations were Vismalva, Bismalva, Malvaviscus, being twice as medicinally efficacious as the ordinary Mallow (Sylvestris).

The Marsh Mallow grows wild in many parts of England, especially in marshes near the coast. Its scientific name althoea comes from the Greek word althos, meaning "a remedy," because it has many healing properties. Its old names included Vismalva, Bismalva, and Malvaviscus, and it is considered to be twice as medicinally effective as the common Mallow (Sylvestris).

Virgil in one of his eclogues teaches how to coax goats with the
Marsh Mallow:—

Virgil in one of his eclogues teaches how to lure goats with the
Marsh Mallow:—

"Haedorumque gregem viridi compellere hibisco."

"Calling the herd to green hibiscus."

The root is sweet and very mucilaginous when chewed, containing more than half its weight of saccharine viscous mucilage. It is, therefore, emollient, demulcent, pain-soothing, and lubricating; serving to subdue heat and irritation, whilst, if applied externally, diminishing the painful soreness of inflamed parts. It is, for these reasons, much employed in domestic poultices, and in decoction as a medicine for pulmonary catarrhs, hoarseness, and irritative diarrhoea or dysentery. Also the decoction acts well as a bland soothing collyrium for [324] bathing inflamed eyes. Gerard says: "The leaves be with good effect mixed with fomentations and poultices against pains of the sides, of the stone, and of the bladder; also in a bath they serve to take away any manner of pain."

The root is sweet and quite slimy when chewed, containing more than half its weight in sticky, sweet mucilage. Because of this, it’s soothing, calming, pain-relieving, and helps lubricate; it helps reduce heat and irritation, and when used externally, it lessens the painful soreness of inflamed areas. For these reasons, it's commonly used in homemade poultices and brewed as a remedy for respiratory issues, hoarseness, and irritating diarrhea or dysentery. Additionally, the brew works well as a gentle, soothing eye wash for inflamed eyes. Gerard mentions: "The leaves can be effectively mixed with hot compresses and poultices to relieve pain in the sides, bladder stones, and bladder issues; they also help relieve any kind of pain in a bath."

The mucilaginous matter with which the Marsh Mallow abounds is the medicinal part of the plant; the roots of the Common Mallow being useless to yield it for such purposes, whilst those of the Marsh Mallow are of singular efficacy. A decoction of Marsh Mallow is made by adding five pints of water to a quarter-of-a-pound of the dried root, then boiling down to three pints, and straining through calico. Also Marsh Mallow ointment is a popular remedy, especially for mollifying heat, and hence it was thought invaluable by those who had to undergo the ordeal of holding red hot iron in their hands, to rapidly test their moral integrity. The sap of the Marsh Mallow was combined together with seeds of Fleabane, and the white of an hen's egg, to make a paste which was so adhesive that the hands when coated with it were safe from harm through holding for a few moments the glowing iron.

The gooey substance found in Marsh Mallow is the plant's medicinal part; the roots of Common Mallow don’t provide it for medicinal use, while those of Marsh Mallow are particularly effective. To make a decoction of Marsh Mallow, add five pints of water to a quarter-pound of dried root, boil it down to three pints, and strain it through fabric. Marsh Mallow ointment is also a popular remedy, especially for soothing heat, making it invaluable for those facing the challenge of holding red-hot iron in their hands to quickly test their honesty. The sap of Marsh Mallow was mixed with Fleabane seeds and egg white to create a paste that was so sticky it protected hands from injury when briefly holding the glowing iron.

French druggists prepare a famous medicinal sweet-meat, known as Pate de gimauve from the root of the Marsh Mallow. In Palestine, the plant is employed by the poor to eke out their food; thus we read in the book of Job (chap. xxx. ver. 4), "Who cut up Mallows by the bushes, and juniper roots for their meat."

French pharmacists make a well-known medicinal candy called Pate de gimauve from the root of the Marsh Mallow. In Palestine, the plant is used by the poor to supplement their food; as we read in the book of Job (chap. xxx. ver. 4), "Who cut up Mallows by the bushes, and juniper roots for their meat."

In France, the young tops and tender leaves of the Marsh Mallow are added to spring salads, as stimulating the kidneys healthily, for which purpose is likewise prepared a syrup of Marsh Mallows (Syrupus Althoeus) from the roots with cold water, to which the [325] sugar is afterwards added. The leaves, flowers, and roots, are employed for making ptisans. In Devonshire, this plant is termed by the farmers, "Meshmellish," also "Drunkards," because growing close by the water; and in the West of England, "Bulls-eyes"; whilst being known in Somerset as "Bull Flowers" (pool flowers). The root of the Marsh Mallow contains starch, mucilage, pectin, oil, sugar, asparagin, phosphate of lime, glutinous matter and cellulose. An infusion made with cold water takes up the mucilage, sugar, and asparagin, then the hot water dissolves the starch.

In France, the young tops and tender leaves of the Marsh Mallow are added to spring salads for their beneficial effects on kidney health. A syrup made from Marsh Mallows (Syrupus Althoeus) is also prepared from the roots using cold water, to which sugar is added later. The leaves, flowers, and roots are used to make herbal teas. In Devonshire, farmers call this plant "Meshmellish" or "Drunkards" because it grows near water; in the West of England, it's known as "Bulls-eyes," and in Somerset, it's referred to as "Bull Flowers" (pool flowers). The root of the Marsh Mallow contains starch, mucilage, pectin, oil, sugar, asparagin, phosphate of lime, glutinous matter, and cellulose. An infusion made with cold water extracts the mucilage, sugar, and asparagin, while hot water dissolves the starch.

The flowers were used formerly on May-day by country people for strewing before their doors, and weaving into garlands.

The flowers were once used on May Day by rural folks to scatter in front of their doors and to weave into garlands.

The Geranium is said to have been originally a Mallow. Mahomet having washed his shirt while on a journey, hung it on a Mallow to dry, and the plant became therefore promoted to be a Geranium.

The Geranium is believed to have originally been a Mallow. Mahomet, while on a journey, washed his shirt and hung it on a Mallow to dry, which led to the plant being promoted to a Geranium.

Most probably, the modern French Pate de gimauve contains actually nothing of the plant or its constituents; but the root is given in France to infants, on which they may try their teeth during dentition, much as Orris root is used elsewhere.

Most likely, modern French Pate de gimauve actually contains none of the plant or its components; however, the root is given to babies in France to chew on while teething, similar to how Orris root is used in other places.

The laxative quality of the common Mallow was mentioned by
Martial:—

The laxative effect of the common Mallow was mentioned by
Martial:—

"Exoneraturas ventrem mihi villica malvas
Attulit, et varias quas habet hortus opes."

"She brought me a pouch full of herbs, and the garden has various resources."

The Musk Mallow (Malva moschata) is another common variety of this plant, which emits from its leaves a faint musky odour, especially in warm weather, or when they are drawn lightly through the hand. Its virtues are similar in kind, but less powerful in degree, to those of the Marsh Mallow.

The Musk Mallow (Malva moschata) is another common type of this plant that gives off a subtle musky scent from its leaves, especially when it's warm or when you lightly run your hand over them. Its benefits are similar to those of the Marsh Mallow, but they're not as strong.

[326] MARIGOLD.

In the Grete Herball this plant was called Mary Gowles. Three varieties of the Marigold exercise medicinal virtues which constitute them Herbal Simples of a useful nature—the Corn Marigold (Chrysanthemum segetum), found in our cornfields; the cultivated garden Marigold (Calendula officinalis); and the Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris), growing in moist grass lands, and popularly known as "Mareblobs."

In the Grete Herball, this plant was referred to as Mary Gowles. Three types of Marigold have medicinal properties that make them useful Herbal Simples—the Corn Marigold (Chrysanthemum segetum), found in our cornfields; the cultivated garden Marigold (Calendula officinalis); and the Marsh Marigold (Caltha palustris), which grows in wet grasslands and is commonly known as "Mareblobs."

The Corn Marigold, a Composite flower, called also Bigold, and the Yellow Oxeye, grows freely, though locally, in English cornfields, its brilliant yellow flowers contrasting handsomely with adjacent Scarlet-hued Poppies and Bluebottles (Centaurea cyanus). It is also named Buddle or Boodle, from buidel, a purse, because it bears gools or goldins, representing gold coins, in the form of the flat, round, brightly yellow blossoms, which were formerly known, too, as Ruddes (red flowers). The botanical title of the species, Chrysanthemum segetum, signifies "golden flower."

The Corn Marigold, a Composite flower, also known as Bigold and the Yellow Oxeye, grows freely, though locally, in English cornfields, its bright yellow flowers beautifully contrasting with nearby Scarlet-hued Poppies and Bluebottles (Centaurea cyanus). It is also called Buddle or Boodle, from buidel, meaning purse, because it has gools or goldins, which represent gold coins, in the form of flat, round, bright yellow blossoms, which were once also called Ruddes (red flowers). The botanical name of the species, Chrysanthemum segetum, means "golden flower."

Hill named this Marigold, "the husbandman's dyall." In common with the larger Oxeye Daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum) it has proved of late very successful in checking the night sweats of pulmonary consumption. A tincture and an infusion of the herb have been made; from five to ten drops of the former being given for a dose, and from two to three tablespoonfuls of the latter.

Hill named this Marigold "the farmer's dial." Like the bigger Oxeye Daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum), it has recently been very effective in reducing the night sweats caused by pulmonary consumption. A tincture and an infusion of the herb have been made; a dose of the former is five to ten drops, and for the latter, it's two to three tablespoons.

The garden Marigold, often called African Marigold, came originally from Southern France, and has been cultivated in England since 1570. It is a Composite plant, and bears the name Calendula from the Latin calendoe, the first days of each month, because it flowers all the year round. Whittier styles it "the grateful and [327] obsequious Marigold." The leaves are somewhat thick and sapid; when chewed, they communicate straightway a viscid sweetness, which is followed by a sharp, penetrating taste, very persistent in the mouth, and not of the warm, aromatic kind, but of an acrid, saline nature. This Marigold has always been grown, chiefly for its flowers, which were esteemed of old as a cordial to cheer the spirits, and when dried were put into broths as a condiment: Charles Lamb (Elia) says, in his Essay on Christ's Hospital: "In lieu of our half-pickled Sundays, or quite fresh boiled beef on Tuesdays (strong as caro equina), with detestable Marigolds floating in the pail to poison the broth." The strap-like florets of the rays are the parts of the flowers used for such a purpose. They should be gathered on a fine day when the blossoms are fully expanded, which having been divested of their outer green leaves, should be next spread on a cloth in an airy room to become dry. After having been turned frequently for a few days, they may be put by in paper bags or in drawers.

The garden Marigold, often referred to as African Marigold, originally comes from Southern France and has been grown in England since 1570. It is a Composite plant and gets its name Calendula from the Latin calendoe, meaning the first days of each month, because it blooms all year round. Whittier describes it as "the grateful and [327] obsequious Marigold." The leaves are somewhat thick and flavorful; when chewed, they immediately give a sticky sweetness, followed by a sharp, strong taste that lingers in the mouth, not warm and aromatic but rather acrid and salty. This Marigold has always been cultivated primarily for its flowers, which were traditionally valued as a tonic to lift the spirits, and when dried, were added to broths as a seasoning. Charles Lamb (Elia) mentions in his Essay on Christ's Hospital: "Instead of our half-pickled Sundays, or the completely fresh boiled beef on Tuesdays (as tough as caro equina), with disgusting Marigolds floating in the pail to ruin the broth." The strap-like petals of the flowers are the parts used for this purpose. They should be picked on a nice day when the blooms are fully open, then stripped of their outer green leaves and spread on a cloth in a well-ventilated room to dry. After being turned frequently for a few days, they can be stored in paper bags or drawers.

Gerard says: "The yellow leaves of the flowers are dried and kept throughout Dutch-land against winter, to put into broths and physical potions, and for divers other purposes, in such quantity that the stores of some grocers or spice-sellers contain barrels filled with them, and to be retailed by the penny, more or less; insomuch, that no broths are well made without dried Marigolds"; and, "The herb drank after the coming forth from the bath of them that hath the yellow jaundice doth in short time make them well coloured." (This is probably conjectured on the doctrine of signatures.)

Gerard says: "The yellow leaves of the flowers are dried and stored in the Netherlands for winter, to use in soups and medicinal potions, and for various other purposes, so much so that some grocers or spice sellers have barrels full of them, to be sold by the penny, more or less; in fact, no soups are properly made without dried Marigolds"; and, "Drinking the herb after coming out of the bath for those who have yellow jaundice quickly helps restore their color." (This is likely based on the doctrine of signatures.)

A decoction of the flowers is employed by country people as a posset drink in measles and small-pox; and the expressed fresh juice proves a useful remedy against [328] costiveness, as well as for jaundice and suppression of the monthly flow—from one to two tablespoonfuls being taken as a dose.

A tea made from the flowers is used by rural folks as a soothing drink for measles and smallpox; the fresh juice is also an effective treatment for constipation, jaundice, and missed periods—typically one to two tablespoons are taken as a dose.

The plant has been considered also of service for scrofulous children, when given to them as a salad. One of the flowers if rubbed on any part recently stung by a bee or wasp, will quickly relieve it.

The plant has also been seen as helpful for children with scrofula when eaten as a salad. Rubbing one of the flowers on a spot recently stung by a bee or wasp will quickly ease the pain.

Buttercups and Marigolds, when growing close to each other, are called in Devonshire, "publicans and sinners." The active, bitter principle of the Marigold is "callendulin," which is yellow and tasteless, whilst swelling in water into a transparent jelly. Druggists now make a medicinal tincture (H.) of the common Marigold, using four ounces of the dried florets to a pint of proof spirit, the dose being from half a teaspoonful to two teaspoonfuls in water, twice or three times in the day. It is advised as a sudorific stimulant in low fevers, and to relieve spasms. Also, the Marigold has been employed both as a medicine and externally in treating cancer, being thought to "dispose cancerous sores to heal." A saturated tincture of the flowers when mixed with water, promotes the cure of contusions, wounds, and simple sores or ulcers; also the extract will allay chronic vomiting, if given in doses of two grains, several times a day. One drop of the tincture with two grains of powdered borax when sprayed into the ear, is very useful if a discharge has become established therefrom.

Buttercups and Marigolds, when growing close to each other, are referred to in Devonshire as "publicans and sinners." The active, bitter compound in the Marigold is "callendulin," which is yellow and tasteless, swelling in water to form a transparent jelly. Pharmacists now create a medicinal tincture (H.) from the common Marigold by using four ounces of dried florets to a pint of high-proof alcohol, with a recommended dosage of half a teaspoon to two teaspoons in water, taken two to three times a day. It is suggested as a sudorific stimulant in low fevers and for relieving spasms. Additionally, the Marigold has been used both as a medicine and topically in treating cancer, as it is believed to help "dispose cancerous sores to heal." A saturated tincture of the flowers mixed with water can aid in healing bruises, wounds, and simple sores or ulcers; also, the extract may alleviate chronic vomiting when taken in doses of two grains several times a day. One drop of the tincture combined with two grains of powdered borax, when sprayed into the ear, can be very effective if there's an ongoing discharge.

The plant, especially its flowers, was used on a large scale by the American surgeons, to treat wounds and injuries sustained during the last civil war; and obtained their warmest commendation. It quite prevented all exhausting suppurative discharges and drainings. Succus Calenduloe (the fresh juice) is the best form—say American surgeons—in which the Calendula [329] is obtainable for ready practice. Just sufficient alcohol should be added to the juice as will prevent fermentation. For these purposes as a vulnerary, the Calendula owes its introduction and first use altogether to homoeopathic methods, as signally valuable for healing wounds, ulcers, burns, and other breaches of the skin surface. Dr. Hughes (Brighton) says: "The Marigold is a precious vulnerary. You will find it invaluable in surgical practice."

The plant, especially its flowers, was widely used by American surgeons to treat wounds and injuries from the last civil war, receiving high praise. It effectively stopped all excessive pus and drainage. Succus Calendulae (the fresh juice) is considered the best form—according to American surgeons—in which Calendula [329] is available for practical use. Just enough alcohol should be added to the juice to prevent fermentation. For these purposes as a wound healer, the Calendula is entirely known for its initial use through homeopathic methods, recognized for its value in healing wounds, ulcers, burns, and other skin injuries. Dr. Hughes (Brighton) says: "The Marigold is a valuable wound healer. You'll find it indispensable in surgical practice."

On exposure to the sun the yellow colour of the garden Marigold becomes bleached. Some writers spell the name "Marygold," as if it, and its synonyms bore reference to the Virgin Mary; but this is a mistake, though there is a fancied resemblance of the disc's florets to rays of glory. It comes into blossom about March 25th (the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary).

When exposed to sunlight, the yellow color of the garden Marigold fades. Some writers spell it "Marygold," suggesting a connection to the Virgin Mary, but that's a mistake, even though the flower's disc florets are thought to resemble rays of glory. It typically blooms around March 25th, which is the Annunciation of the Virgin Mary.

"What flower is this which bears the Virgin's name,
And richest metal joined with the same?"

"What flower is this that carries the Virgin's name,
And the finest metal paired with it?"

In the chancel of Burynarbon Church, Devonshire, is an epitaph containing a quaint allusion to this old idea respecting the Marigold:—"To the pretious memory of Mary, ye dear, and only daughter of George Westwood. January 31st, 1648."

In the chancel of Burynarbon Church, Devonshire, there's an epitaph that makes a charming reference to the old belief about the Marigold:—"In loving memory of Mary, the beloved and only daughter of George Westwood. January 31st, 1648."

    "This Mary Gold, lo! here doth show
        Mari's worth gold lies here below;
    The Marigold in sunshine spread,
        When cloudie closed doth bow the head."

"This Mary Gold, look! Here it shows
        Mari's worth in gold lies here below;
    The Marigold spreads in sunshine,
        When clouds cover it, it bows its head."

Margaret of Orleans had for her device a Marigold turning towards the sun, with the motto, "je ne veux suivre que lui seul."

Margaret of Orleans had a Marigold facing the sun as her emblem, with the motto, "I want to follow only Him alone."

Dairy women used to churn the petals of the Marigold with their cream for giving to their butter a yellow colour.

Dairy women used to mix Marigold petals with their cream to give their butter a yellow color.

The Marsh Marigold (Caltha poetarum) or the Marsh [330] Horsegowl of old writers, grows commonly in our wet meadows, and resembles a gigantic buttercup, being of the same order of plants (Ranunculaceoe). The term, Marsh Marigold, is a pleonasm for Marigold, which means of itself the Marsh Gowl or Marsh Golden Flower, being an abbreviation of the old Saxon mear-gealla. So that the term "Marsh" has become prefixed unnecessarily. Presently, the name "Marigold," "Marsh Gowl," was passed on to the Calendula of the corn fields of Southern Europe, and to the garden Marigold. Furthermore, the botanical title, Caltha, of the Mare Blob, is got from calathus, a small round basket of twigs or osiers made two thousand years and more ago, which the concave golden bowl of the Marsh Marigold was thought to resemble. Persephone was collecting wild flowers in a Calathus when carried off by the admiring Pluto. The earliest use of the floral name Caltha occurs in Virgil's second Pastoral, "Mollia luteolâ pingit vaccinia Calthâ." The title Mare Blob comes from the Anglo-Saxon, "mere" (a marsh), and "bleb" or "blob" (a bladder). These flowers were the flaventia lumina Calthoe of Columella, described by Shakespeare in the Winter's Tale. They are also known as "Bublicans," "Meadowbrights," "Crazies," "Christ's Eyes," "Bull's Eyes," "May Blobs," "Drunkards," "Water Caltrops," and wild "Batchelor's Buttons." A tincture is made (H.) from the whole plant when in flower, and may be given with success for that form of bloodlessness with great impairment of the whole health, known as pernicious anaemia. In toxic quantities the marsh Marigold has produced in its provers, a pallid, yellow, swollen state of the face, constant headache and giddiness, a thickly-coated tongue, diarrhoea, a small rapid pulse sometimes intermittent, heaviness of the limbs, and an [331] unhealthy, eruptive state of the skin; so that the tincture of the plant in small, well-diluted doses will slowly overcome this totality of symptoms, and serve to establish a sound state of restored health. Five drops of the tincture diluted to the third strength should be given three times a day with water. Dr. Withering tells that on a large quantity of the flowers being put in the bed-room of a girl subject to fits, the attacks ceased; and an infusion of the flowers has been since given with success for similar fits.

The Marsh Marigold (Caltha poetarum), also known as the Marsh Horsegowl from old writings, commonly grows in our wet meadows and looks like a giant buttercup, being part of the same family of plants (Ranunculaceoe). The name "Marsh Marigold" is actually a redundancy since "Marigold" itself means "Marsh Gowl" or "Marsh Golden Flower," derived from the old Saxon word mear-gealla. Therefore, the prefix "Marsh" is unnecessary. The name "Marigold," or "Marsh Gowl," was later transferred to the Calendula found in the cornfields of Southern Europe and to garden Marigolds. Additionally, the botanical name Caltha for the Mare Blob comes from calathus, a small round basket of twigs or willow made over two thousand years ago, which the concave golden bowl of the Marsh Marigold was thought to resemble. Persephone was picking wildflowers in a Calathus when she was taken by the admiring Pluto. The earliest use of the floral name Caltha is found in Virgil's second Pastoral, "Mollia luteolâ pingit vaccinia Calthâ." The name Mare Blob is derived from Anglo-Saxon words "mere" (meaning marsh) and "bleb" or "blob" (meaning bladder). These flowers were referred to as flaventia lumina Calthoe by Columella and are mentioned by Shakespeare in The Winter's Tale. They are also known by various names such as "Bublicans," "Meadowbrights," "Crazies," "Christ's Eyes," "Bull's Eyes," "May Blobs," "Drunkards," "Water Caltrops," and wild "Bachelor's Buttons." A tincture is prepared (H.) from the whole plant when it is in bloom and is effective for treating a form of bloodlessness known as pernicious anemia, which severely affects overall health. In toxic amounts, the Marsh Marigold can cause symptoms including a pale, yellow, swollen face, persistent headache and dizziness, a thick-coated tongue, diarrhea, a rapid sometimes intermittent pulse, heavy limbs, and an unhealthy, eruptive skin condition. However, a tincture of the plant in small, well-diluted doses can gradually alleviate these symptoms and help restore good health. Five drops of the tincture diluted to the third strength should be taken three times a day with water. Dr. Withering reported that after a large quantity of the flowers was placed in the bedroom of a girl who had seizures, her attacks stopped; since then, an infusion of the flowers has successfully treated similar fits.

The Marsh Marigold has been called Verrucaria, because efficacious in curing warts; also Solsequia, or Solsequium; and Sponsa Solis, since the flower opens at the rising, and shuts at the setting of the sun.

The Marsh Marigold has been referred to as Verrucaria because it is effective in treating warts; it is also known as Solsequia or Solsequium; and Sponsa Solis, since the flower blooms at sunrise and closes at sunset.

MARJORAM.

The common Marjoram (Origanum) grows frequently as a wild labiate plant on dry, bushy places, especially in chalky districts throughout Britain, the whole herb being fragrantly aromatic, and bearing flowers of a deep red colour. When cultivated in our kitchen gardens it becomes a favourite pot herb, as "Sweet Marjoram," with thin compact spikes, and more elliptical leaves than the wild Marjoram. Its generic title, Origanum, means in Greek, the joy of the mountains (oros-ganos) on which it grows.

The common Marjoram (Origanum) often grows wild in dry, bushy areas, especially in chalky regions across Britain. The whole plant is pleasantly aromatic and has deep red flowers. When grown in our kitchen gardens, it’s known as "Sweet Marjoram," which has thin, compact spikes and more oval leaves compared to the wild Marjoram. Its scientific name, Origanum, comes from Greek, meaning the joy of the mountains (oros-ganos) where it thrives.

This plant and the Pennyroyal are often called "Organ." Its dried leaves are put as a pleasant condiment into soups and stuffings, being also sometimes substituted for tea. Together with the flowering tops they contain an essential volatile fragrant oil, which is carminative, warming, and tonic. An infusion made from the fresh plant will excellently relieve nervous headaches by virtue of the camphoraceous principle [332] contained in the oil; and externally the herb may be applied with benefit in bags as a hot fomentation to painful swellings and rheumatism, as likewise for colic. "Organy," says Gerard, "is very good against the wambling of the stomacke, and stayeth the desire to vomit, especially at sea. It may be used to good purpose for such as cannot brooke their meate."

This plant and Pennyroyal are often called "Organ." Its dried leaves are used as a pleasant seasoning in soups and stuffing, and they are sometimes a substitute for tea. Along with the flowering tops, they contain an essential volatile fragrant oil that is carminative, warming, and tonic. An infusion made from the fresh plant is great for relieving nervous headaches because of the camphor-like properties in the oil; and the herb can also be used externally in bags as a hot compress for painful swellings and rheumatism, as well as for colic. "Organy," says Gerard, "is very good against the rumbling of the stomach and reduces the urge to vomit, especially at sea. It can be beneficial for those who struggle with their food."

The sweet Marjoram has also been successfully employed externally for healing scirrhous tumours of the breast. Murray says: "Tumores mammarum dolentes scirrhosos herba recens, viridis, per tempus applicata feliciter dissipavit." The essential oil, when long kept, assumes a solid form, and was at one time much esteemed for being rubbed into stiff joints. The Greeks and Romans crowned young couples with Marjoram, which is in some countries the symbol of honour. Probably the name was originally, "Majoram," in Latin, Majorana. Our forefathers scoured their furniture with its odorous juice. In the Merry Wives of Windsor, Act v, Scene 5, we read:—

The sweet Marjoram has also been effectively used externally to treat hard tumors of the breast. Murray states: "Painful scirrhous tumors of the breast have been successfully reduced by applying fresh, green herb over time." The essential oil, when stored for a long time, becomes solid and was once highly valued for being rubbed on stiff joints. The Greeks and Romans used to crown young couples with Marjoram, which in some countries symbolizes honor. The name likely originally came from "Majoram" in Latin, Majorana. Our ancestors used its fragrant juice to polish their furniture. In the Merry Wives of Windsor, Act v, Scene 5, we read:—

"The several chairs of order look you scour
With juice of balm, and every precious flower."

"The various chairs of order watch you clean
With balm and every precious flower."

MERCURY-DOG'S (Euphorbiaceoe).

MERCURY-DOG’S (Euphorbiaceae).

The Mercuriallis perennis (Dog's Mercury) grows commonly in our hedges and ditches, occurring in large patches, with egg-shaped pointed leaves, square stems, and light green flowers, developed in spikes. The old herbalists called it Smerewort, and gave it for agues, as well as to cure melancholy humours. It has been eaten in mistake for Good King Henry, which is sometimes called Mercury Goosefoot; but it is decidedly poisonous, even when cooked. Some persons style it "Kentish Balsam."

The Mercuriallis perennis (Dog's Mercury) commonly grows in our hedges and ditches, appearing in large patches with egg-shaped pointed leaves, square stems, and light green flowers that develop in spikes. Old herbalists referred to it as Smerewort, using it to treat fevers and to cure melancholic moods. It has been mistakenly eaten as Good King Henry, which is sometimes known as Mercury Goosefoot; however, it is definitely poisonous, even when cooked. Some people call it "Kentish Balsam."

[333] The name Dog's Mercury or Dog's Cole was given either because of its supposed worthlessness, or to distinguish it from the Mercury Goosefoot aforesaid. A medicinal tincture is made (H.) from the whole plant freshly collected when in flower and fruit, with spirit of wine; and the dose of this in a diluted form is from five to ten drops, of the third decimal strength, two or three times a day, with a spoonful of water. The condition which indicates its medicinal use, is that of a severe catarrh, with chilliness, a heavy head, sneezing, a dry mouth, and general aching, lassitude, with stupor, and heat of face. Its chemical constituents have not been ascertained. In the Isle of Skye it is used for causing salivation, as a vegetable mercury; and per contra for curing a sore mouth.

[333] The plant known as Dog's Mercury or Dog's Cole got its name either because it was believed to be worthless or to differentiate it from the previously mentioned Mercury Goosefoot. A medicinal tincture is made (H.) from the entire plant, freshly collected when it’s in flower and fruit, mixed with wine spirit; the diluted dose is five to ten drops of the third decimal strength, taken two to three times a day with a spoonful of water. It's used to treat severe catarrh, characterized by chilliness, a heavy head, sneezing, a dry mouth, and general aches, fatigue, stupor, and facial heat. Its chemical makeup hasn't been determined. In the Isle of Skye, it's used to induce salivation, acting as a vegetable mercury, and conversely, to treat a sore mouth.

Such virtues as the herb possesses were thought to have been taught by the god Mercury. The Greeks called it Mercury's Grass (Ermou poa). When boiled and eaten with fried bacon in error for the English spinach, Good King Henry, it has produced sickness, drowsiness, and convulsive twitchings. The root affords both a blue and a crimson colour for dyeing.

Such virtues as the herb has were believed to have been taught by the god Mercury. The Greeks called it Mercury's Grass (Ermou poa). When boiled and eaten with fried bacon mistakenly thinking it was English spinach, Good King Henry, it has caused illness, drowsiness, and convulsive twitching. The root provides both a blue and a crimson color for dyeing.

MINTS. (Pennyroyal, Peppermint, and Spearmint).

Mints (Pennyroyal, Peppermint, Spearmint).

Several kinds of the Mints have been used medicinally from the
earliest times, such as Balm, Basil, Ground Ivy, Horehound,
Marjoram, Pennyroyal, Peppermint, Rosemary, Sage, Savory,
Spearmint, and Thyme, some being esteemed rather as pot herbs,
than as exercising positive medicinal effects. The most useful as
Herbal Simples which have yet to be considered are Pennyroyal,
Peppermint, and Spearmint. The Cat Mint (Nepeta cataria) and
Horse Mint are of minor importance.

Several types of mint have been used for their medicinal properties since ancient times, including Balm, Basil, Ground Ivy, Horehound, Marjoram, Pennyroyal, Peppermint, Rosemary, Sage, Savory, Spearmint, and Thyme, some of which are valued more as culinary herbs than for their specific medicinal effects. The most useful ones that have been discussed so far are Pennyroyal, Peppermint, and Spearmint. Cat Mint (Nepeta cataria) and Horse Mint are of lesser significance.

[334] All the Mints are severally provided with leaves of a familiar fragrant character, it having been observed that this aromatic vegetation is a feature of deserts, and of other hot, dry places, allover the world. Tyndall showed the power exercised by a spray of perfume when diffused through a room to cool it, or in other words to exclude the passage of the heat rays; and it has been suggested that the presence of essential oils in the leaves of these plants serves to protect them against the intense dry heat of a desert sun all effectively as if they were partly under shelter. Nevertheless Mints, with the exception of "Arvensis," are the inhabitants of wet and marshy wastes.

[334] All the Mints have leaves that smell familiar and pleasant. It's been noticed that this aromatic plant is common in deserts and other hot, dry areas around the world. Tyndall demonstrated how a spray of perfume can cool a room by blocking heat rays. It has also been suggested that the essential oils in the leaves of these plants help protect them from the intense dry heat of the desert sun, almost as if they were sheltered. However, Mints, except for "Arvensis," typically grow in wet and marshy environments.

They have acquired their common name Mentha from Minthes (according to Ovid) who was changed into a plant of this sort by Proserpina, the wife of Pluto, in a fit of jealousy. Their flowering tops are all found to contain a certain portion of camphor. Pliny said: "As for the garden Mint, the very smell of it alone recovers and refreshes the spirits, as the taste stirs up the appetite for meat, which is the reason that it is so general in our acid sauces, wherein we are accustomed to dip our meat." The Mints for paying tithes, with respect to which the Pharisees were condemned for their extravagance by our Saviour, included the Horse Mint (Sylvestris), the round-leaved Mint, the hairy Mint (Aquatica), the Corn Mint (Arvensis), the Bergamot Mint, and some others, besides the "Mint, Rue, and Anise," specially mentioned. "Woe unto you Pharisees; for ye tithe Mint and Rue, and all manner of herbs. Ye pay tithe of Mint, and Anise, and Cummin."

They got the name Mentha from Minthes (as Ovid tells it), who was turned into this kind of plant by Proserpina, the wife of Pluto, out of jealousy. The flowering tops all have a certain amount of camphor. Pliny said, "As for garden mint, just the smell alone lifts and refreshes the spirits, while the taste increases the appetite for food, which is why it's so commonly used in our sour sauces for dipping meat." The mints mentioned for paying tithes, which is why our Savior condemned the Pharisees for their extravagance, included Horse Mint (Sylvestris), round-leaved Mint, hairy Mint (Aquatica), Corn Mint (Arvensis), Bergamot Mint, and a few others, in addition to the "Mint, Rue, and Anise" specifically noted. "Woe to you Pharisees; for you tithe Mint and Rue and all kinds of herbs. You pay tithes on Mint, Anise, and Cummin."

The Mint Pennyroyal (Mentha Pulegium) gets its name from the Latin puleium regium, because of its royal efficacy in destroying fleas (pulices). The French call [335] this similarly, Pouliot. It grows on moist heaths and pastures, and by the margins of brooks, being cultivated further in our herb gardens, for kitchen and market uses. Also, it is produced largely about Mitcham, and is mostly sold in a dry state. The herb was formerly named Pudding Grass, from its being used to make the stuffing for meat, in days when this was termed a pudding. Thus we read in an old play, The Ordinary:—

The Mint Pennyroyal (Mentha Pulegium) gets its name from the Latin puleium regium because of its royal power to eliminate fleas (pulices). The French also call it Pouliot. It grows in wet heaths and pastures, and along the edges of streams, and it's often grown in our herb gardens for kitchen and market use. It's mainly produced around Mitcham and is mostly sold dried. The herb was once called Pudding Grass because it was used to make stuffing for meat, back when that was referred to as pudding. This is noted in an old play, The Ordinary:—

        "Let the corporal
     Come sweating under a breast of mutton stuffed with
        [pudding]."

"Let the corporal
Come sweating under a breast of lamb stuffed with
[pudding]."

The Pennyroyal was named by the Greeks Bleekon and Gleekon, being often used by them as a condiment for seasoning different viands. Formerly it was known in England as "Lurk in ditch," and "Run by the ground," from its creeping nature, arid love of a damp soil. Its first titles were "Puliall Royall," and "Hop Marjoram." A chaplet of Pennyroyal was considered admirable for clearing the brain. Treadwell says, the Pennyroyal was especially put into hog's puddings, which were made of flour, currants, and spice, and stuffed into the entrail of a hog.

The Pennyroyal was called by the Greeks Bleekon and Gleekon, as they often used it as a seasoning for various dishes. It used to be known in England as "Lurk in ditch" and "Run by the ground" because of its creeping nature and preference for damp soil. Its original names were "Puliall Royall" and "Hop Marjoram." A garland of Pennyroyal was thought to be excellent for clearing the mind. Treadwell mentions that Pennyroyal was specifically added to hog's puddings, which were made from flour, currants, and spices, and stuffed into the intestines of a pig.

The oil of Pennyroyal is used commercially in France and Germany. Its distilled water is carminative and anti-spasmodic; whilst the whole plant is essentially stimulating. The fresh herb yields about one per cent. of a volatile oil containing oxygen, but of which the exact composition has not been ascertained. From two to eight drops may be given as a dose in suitable cases, but not where feverish or inflammatory symptoms are present.

The oil of Pennyroyal is used commercially in France and Germany. Its distilled water helps with digestion and relieves spasms, while the whole plant is primarily stimulating. The fresh herb produces about one percent of a volatile oil containing oxygen, though the exact composition hasn’t been determined. A dose of two to eight drops can be given in appropriate cases, but it should not be used when there are feverish or inflammatory symptoms present.

If added to an ordinary embrocation the oil of [336] Pennyroyal increases the reddening and the benumbing (anodyne) effects, acting in the same way as, menthol (oil of Peppermint) for promptly dispelling severe neuralgic pain. With respect to the Pennyroyal, folk speak in Devonshire of "Organs," "Organ Tea," and "Organ Broth." An essence is made of the oil, mixed and diluted with spirit of wine. The Pennyroyal has proved useful in whooping cough; but the chief purpose to which it has long been devoted, is that of promoting, the monthly flow with women. Haller says he never knew an infusion of the herb in white wine, with steel, to fail of success; Quod me nunquam fefellit. It is certain that in some parts of England preparations of Pennyroyal are in considerable demand, and a great number of women ascribe emmenagogue properties to it, that is, the power of inducing the periodical monthly flux. Many married women of intelligence and close observation, assert as a positive fact, that Pennyroyal will bring on the periodical flow when suppressed; and yet the eminent jurisprudist, Dr. Taylor, was explicit in declaring that Pennyroyal has no such properties. He stated that it has no more effect on the womb than peppermint or camphor water. So there is difficulty in collecting evidence as regards the real action of Pennyroyal in such respect. Chemists supply the medicine in the full belief of this eminent opinion just quoted: at the same time they know it is not wanted for "catarrh of the chest," as alleged. The purchaser keeps her secret to herself, and does not communicate her experience to anyone. Dr. Taylor evidently supposed Peppermint water and Camphor water to be almost inert, especially as exercising any toxical effect on the womb. The medicinal basis of the latter is certainly a powerful agent, and its stimulating volatile principles [337] are found to exist in most of the aromatic herbs; in fact, Camphor is a concrete volatile vegetable oil, and camphoraceous properties signalise all the essences derived from carminative Herbal Simples.

If you add Pennyroyal oil to a regular ointment, it boosts the reddening and numbing (pain-relieving) effects, acting similarly to menthol (peppermint oil) in quickly relieving severe nerve pain. In Devonshire, people refer to it as "Organs," "Organ Tea," and "Organ Broth." An essence is made from the oil, mixed and diluted with alcohol. Pennyroyal has been found useful for whooping cough; however, its primary use over the years has been to promote menstruation in women. Haller claimed that he had never seen an infusion of the herb in white wine with iron fail to work; Quod me nunquam fefellit. It's clear that in some areas of England, Pennyroyal preparations are in high demand, and many women believe it has emmenagogue properties, meaning it can induce the monthly flow. Many observant and intelligent married women firmly state that Pennyroyal can trigger the monthly flow when it's been suppressed; yet, the respected legal expert Dr. Taylor explicitly stated that Pennyroyal does not have such effects. He noted that it affects the womb no more than peppermint or camphor water. Therefore, there is difficulty in gathering evidence regarding Pennyroyal's actual effects in this regard. Chemists provide the medicine fully believing in Dr. Taylor’s prominent viewpoint, even though they know it isn’t used for "chest colds," as claimed. The buyer keeps her reasons private, not sharing her experiences with anyone. Dr. Taylor seemed to assume that peppermint water and camphor water were nearly inert, particularly regarding any toxic effects on the womb. However, the medicinal foundation of the latter is definitely a potent agent, and its stimulating volatile components [337] are found in most aromatic herbs; in fact, camphor is a solid volatile plant oil, and camphor-like properties are characteristic of all essences derived from carminative herbal simples.

The Camphor of commerce is secreted by trees of the laurel sort native to China and Japan, whilst coming also from the West Indies. Everyone knows by sight and smell the white crystalline granular semi-translucent gum, strongly odorous, and having a warm pungent characteristic taste. Branches, leaves, and chips of the trees are soaked in water until it is saturated with the extract, which is then turned out into an earthen basin to coagulate. This is completely soluble in spirit of wine, but scarcely at all in water; nevertheless, if a lump of the Camphor be kept in a bottle of fresh water, to be drawn off from time to time as required, it will constitute Camphor julep. A wineglassful of it serves to relieve nervous headache and hysterical depression.

The camphor used in trade comes from laurel trees found in China and Japan, as well as the West Indies. Most people recognize the white, crystalline, granular, semi-translucent gum by its strong smell and warm, pungent taste. The branches, leaves, and chips of the trees are soaked in water until the extract is fully absorbed, then poured into an earthen basin to solidify. This camphor dissolves completely in alcohol but only slightly in water; however, if a piece of camphor is kept in a bottle of fresh water and drawn off as needed, it creates a camphor julep. A small glass of this can help relieve nervous headaches and feelings of hysterical depression.

The domestic uses of Camphor are multiple, and within moderate limits perfectly safe; but a measure of caution should be exercised, as was shown a while ago by the school-boy, whom his mother furnished affectionately after the holidays with a bottle of supersaturated pilules to be taken one or two at a time against any incipient catarrh or cold. The whole bottleful was devoured at once as a sweetmeat, and the lad's life was rescued with difficulty because of intense nervous shock occasioned thereby.

The household uses of camphor are numerous and generally safe in moderation; however, some caution is advised. This was demonstrated recently by a schoolboy whose mother lovingly gave him a bottle of supersaturated pills after the holidays to take one or two at a time for any early signs of a cold or sniffles. He ended up eating the entire bottle at once as if they were candy, and his life was saved with great difficulty due to the severe nervous shock it caused.

An old Latin adage declares that Camphora per nares emasculat mares, "Camphor in excess makes men eunuchs," even when imbibed only through the air as a continuous practice. And, therefore, as a "similar" the odorous gum, in small repeated doses, is an excellent sexual restorative. Likewise, persons who have taken poisonous, or large [338] probative quantities of Camphor found themselves quickly affected by exhausting choleraic diarrhoea; and Hahnemann therefore advised, with much success, to give (in doses of from one to three or four drops on sugar), repeatedly for cholera, a tincture of Camphor (Rubini's) made with spirit of wine above proof. This absorbs as much as is possibly soluble of the drug.

An old Latin saying states that Camphora per nares emasculat mares, "Excessive camphor makes men eunuchs," even when inhaled regularly. Therefore, in smaller repeated doses, this fragrant gum serves as a great sexual enhancer. Similarly, individuals who have ingested toxic or large amounts of camphor have quickly experienced severe choleraic diarrhea. As a result, Hahnemann recommended, with considerable success, administering (in doses of one to three or four drops on sugar) a tincture of camphor (Rubini's) made with high-proof alcohol for cholera. This method extracts as much of the drug as is soluble.

Physiologically Camphor acts by reducing reflex nervous irritability. Externally its spirit makes an admirable warming liniment, either by itself, or when conjoined with other rubefacients. In persons poisoned by the drug, all the superficial blood vessels of the bodily skin have been found immensely dilated; acting on a knowledge of which fact anyone wishing to produce copious general sweating, may do so by sitting over a plate on which Camphor is heated, whilst a blanket envelops the body loosely, and is pinned round the neck so that the fumes do not get down the throat.

Physiologically, camphor works by decreasing reflex nerve irritability. When applied externally, its essence creates an excellent warming liniment, either on its own or when mixed with other warming agents. In individuals who have been poisoned by the substance, all the superficial blood vessels in the skin are found to be greatly dilated. Understanding this fact, anyone wanting to induce significant general sweating can do so by sitting over a plate with heated camphor while being loosely covered with a blanket pinned around the neck to keep the fumes from entering the throat.

In medical books of the last century this substance was called "Camphire." To a certain extent its effluvium is noxious to insects, and it may therefore be employed for preserving specimens, as well as for protecting fabrics against moths. But its volatile odours swiftly evaporate, and become even offensively diffused about the room. In a moderate measure Camphor is antiseptic, and lessens urinary irritation. Recently a dose of ninety-six grains, taken toxically, produced giddiness, then epileptic convulsions, with dilated pupils, and stertor of breathing.

In medical books from the last century, this substance was referred to as "Camphire." To some extent, its fumes are harmful to insects, which means it can be used to preserve specimens and protect fabrics from moths. However, its strong smells quickly evaporate and can spread unpleasantly throughout the room. In moderate amounts, Camphor is antiseptic and helps reduce urinary irritation. Recently, a toxic dose of ninety-six grains caused dizziness, followed by epileptic seizures, dilated pupils, and labored breathing.

The Peppermint (Mentha piperita), or "Brandy Mint," so called because having a pungent smell, and taste of a peppery (piper) nature, is a labiate plant, found not uncommonly in moist places throughout Britain, and occurring of several varieties. Both it and the Spearmint [390] probably escaped from cultivation at first, and then became our wild plants. Its leaves and stems exhale a powerful, refreshing, characteristic aroma, and give a taste which, whilst delicate at first, is quickly followed by a sense of numbness and coldness, increased by inspiring strongly. Preparations of Peppermint, when swallowed, diffuse warmth in the stomach and mouth, acting as a stimulating carminative, with some amount of anodyne power to allay the pain of colic, flatulence, spasm, or indigestion. This is through the powerful volatile oil, of which the herb yields one per cent.

The Peppermint (Mentha piperita), also known as "Brandy Mint," gets its name from its strong smell and peppery taste. It's a mint plant commonly found in damp areas across Britain and comes in several varieties. Both Peppermint and Spearmint [390] likely originated from cultivated plants before becoming wild. Its leaves and stems release a strong, refreshing aroma and provide a flavor that starts off mild but quickly turns into a numbing and cooling sensation, especially when inhaled deeply. When consumed, Peppermint preparations generate warmth in the stomach and mouth, acting as a stimulating digestive aid with some pain-relieving properties to ease colic, gas, cramps, or indigestion. This is due to the potent volatile oil that the herb contains, which is about one percent.

Its bruised fresh leaves, if applied, will relieve local pains and headache. A hot infusion, taken as tea, soothes stomach ache, allays sickness, and stays colicky diarrhoea. This will also subdue menstrual colic in the female. The essential oil owes its virtues to the menthol, or mint camphor, which it contains.

Its bruised fresh leaves, when applied, will relieve local pains and headaches. A hot infusion, taken as tea, soothes stomach aches, settles nausea, and controls colicky diarrhea. This will also relieve menstrual cramps in women. The essential oil gets its benefits from the menthol, or mint camphor, that it contains.

The Peppermint is largely grown at Mitcham, and is distilled on the ground at a low temperature, the water which comes away with the oil not being re-distilled, but allowed for the most part to run off.

The peppermint is mostly grown in Mitcham and is distilled on-site at a low temperature. The water that comes with the oil isn’t re-distilled but mostly allowed to run off.

Chinese oil of Peppermint (Po Ho Yo) yields menthol in a solid crystalline form, which, when rubbed over the surface of a painful neuralgic part, will afford speedy and marked relief, as also for neuralgic tooth-ache, tic douloureux, and the like grievous troubles. It is sold in diminutive bottles and cases labelled with Chinese characters. An ethereal tincture of menthol is made officinally with one part of menthol to eight parts of pure ether. If some of this is inhaled by vaporisation from a mouthpiece inhaler, or is sprayed into the nostrils and hindermost throat, it will relieve acute affections thereof, and of the nose, by making the blood vessels contract, and by arresting the flow of mucous discharge, [340] thus diminishing the congestion, and quieting the pain. This camphoraceous oil was formerly applied by the Romans to the temples for the cure of headache. In local rheumatic affections the skin may be painted beneficially with oil of Peppermint. For internal use, from one to three drops of the oil may be given as a dose on sugar, or in a spoonful of milk; but the diluted essence, made from some of the oil admixed with spirit of wine, is to be preferred. Put on cotton wool into the hollow of a carious tooth, a drop or two of the essential oil will often ease the pain speedily. The fresh plant, bruised, and applied against the pit of the stomach over the navel, will allay sickness, and is useful to stay the diarrhoeic purging of young children. From half to one teaspoonful of the spirituous essence of Peppermint may be given for a dose with two tablespoonfuls of hot water; or, if Peppermint water be chosen, the dose of this should be from half to one wineglassful. Distilled Peppermint water should be preferred to that prepared by adding the essence to common water. Lozenges made of the oil, or the essence, are admirable for affording ease in colic, flatulence, and nausea. They will also prevent or relieve sea-sickness.

Chinese oil of Peppermint (Po Ho Yo) produces menthol in a solid crystal form, which, when rubbed onto painful areas of neuralgia, provides quick and noticeable relief, including for neuralgic toothaches, tic douloureux, and other serious conditions. It comes in small bottles and boxes labeled with Chinese characters. An ether-based menthol tincture is made from one part menthol to eight parts pure ether. Inhaling this through a mouthpiece inhaler or spraying it into the nostrils and back of the throat can relieve acute issues in those areas and in the nose by constricting blood vessels and stopping mucous flow, which reduces congestion and alleviates pain. The Romans used this camphor-like oil on the temples to treat headaches. In local rheumatic conditions, the skin can benefit from an application of peppermint oil. For internal use, one to three drops of the oil can be taken on sugar or in a spoonful of milk; however, the diluted essence made by mixing some oil with alcohol is preferred. Placing a drop or two of the essential oil on cotton wool in a decayed tooth can often provide quick pain relief. The fresh plant, crushed and applied to the area on the stomach above the navel, can alleviate nausea and is helpful for stopping diarrhea in young children. A dose of half to one teaspoonful of the alcoholic peppermint essence with two tablespoons of hot water can be taken; alternatively, if peppermint water is preferred, the dose should be half to one wineglassful. Distilled peppermint water is better than that made by adding essence to regular water. Lozenges made from the oil or essence are excellent for relieving colic, gas, and nausea. They will also help prevent or relieve motion sickness.

When Tom Hood lay a dying he turned his eyes feebly towards the window on hearing it rattle in the night, whereupon his wife, who was watching him, said softly. "It's only the wind, dear"; to which he replied, with a sense of humour indomitable to the last, "Then put a Peppermint lozenge on the sill."

When Tom Hood was dying, he weakly turned his eyes toward the window when he heard it rattle in the night. His wife, who was watching him, said softly, "It's just the wind, dear." He replied, still maintaining his sense of humor until the end, "Then put a peppermint lozenge on the sill."

Two sorts of this herb are cultivated for the market—black and white Peppermint, the first of which furnishes the most, but not the best oil. The former has purple stems, and the latter green. As an antiseptic, and destroyer of disease germs, this oil is signally efficacious, [341] on which important account it is now used for inhalation by consumptive patients as a volatile vapour to reach remote diseased parts of the lung passages, and to heal by destroying the morbid germs which are keeping up mischief therein. Towards proving this preservative power exercised by the oil of Peppermint, pieces of meat, and of fat, wrapped in several layers of gauze medicated with the oil have been kept for seven months sweet, and free from putrescent changes. A simple respirator for inhaling the oil is made from a piece of thin perforated zinc plate adapted to the shape of the mouth and nostrils like a small open funnel, within the narrow end of which is fitted a pledget of cotton wool saturated with twenty drops of the oil, or from twenty to thirty drops of the spirituous essence. This should be renewed each night and morning, whilst the apparatus is to be worn nearly all day. At the same time the oil is agreeable of odour, and is altogether harmless. It may be serviceably admixed with liniments for use to rheumatic parts.

Two types of this herb are grown for the market—black and white peppermint. The first type produces the most oil, but it's not the best quality. The black peppermint has purple stems, while the white has green. This oil is particularly effective as an antiseptic and for killing disease germs, which is why it's now used for inhalation by patients with tuberculosis as a vapor that can reach distant infected areas of the lungs to heal by eliminating the harmful germs causing problems there. To demonstrate the preservative power of peppermint oil, pieces of meat and fat wrapped in several layers of gauze soaked in the oil have remained fresh and free from decay for seven months. A simple respirator for inhaling the oil can be made from a thin perforated zinc plate shaped like a small funnel to fit the mouth and nostrils. Inside the narrow end, a piece of cotton wool saturated with twenty drops of the oil—or twenty to thirty drops of the concentrated essence—is placed. This should be replaced every night and morning, while the respirator should be worn nearly all day. The oil has a pleasant scent and is completely harmless. It can also be mixed with liniments for use on rheumatic areas.

"Peppermint," says Dr. Hughes (Brighton), "should be more largely employed than it is in coughs, especially in a dry cough, however caused, when it seems to act specifically as a cure, just as arnica does for injuries, or aconite for febrile inflammation. It will relieve even the irritative hectic cough of consumptive patients. Eight or ten drops of the essence should be given for this purpose as a dose with a tablespoonful of water. In France continuous inhalations of Peppermint oil combined with creasote and glycerine, have become used most successfully, even when cavities exist in the lungs, with copious bacillary expectoration. The cough, the night sweats, and the heavy phlegm have been arrested, whilst the nutrition and the weight have steadily increased."

"Peppermint," says Dr. Hughes (Brighton), "should be used more often for coughs, especially dry ones, regardless of the cause, because it seems to work effectively as a remedy, just like arnica does for injuries or aconite for fever-related inflammation. It can even soothe the irritating cough of patients with tuberculosis. You should take eight to ten drops of the essence mixed with a tablespoon of water for this purpose. In France, continuous inhalation of peppermint oil combined with creosote and glycerin has been used very successfully, even in cases with cavities in the lungs and heavy bacterial mucus. The cough, night sweats, and thick phlegm have improved, while nutrition and weight have consistently increased."

[342] A solution of menthol one grain, spirit of wine fifty drops, and oil of cloves ten drops, if painted over the seat of pain, will relieve neuralgia of the face, or sciatica promptly. Unhealthy sores may be cleansed, and their healing promoted, by being dressed with strips of soft rag dipped in sweet oil, to each ounce of which one or two drops of the oil of Peppermint has been added. For diphtheria, Peppermint oil has been of marked use when applied freely twice or three times in the day to the ulcerated parts of the throat. This oil, or the essence, can be used of any strength, in any quantity, without the least harm to the patient. It checks suppuration when applied to a sore or wound, whilst exercising an independent antiseptic influence. "Altogether," says Dr. Braddon, "the oil of Peppermint forms the best, safest, and most agreeable of known antiseptics." Pliny tells that the Greeks and Romans crowned themselves with the Peppermint at their feasts, and adorned their al fresco tables with its sprays. The "chefs" introduced this herb into all their sauces, and scented their wines with its essence. The Roman housewives made a paste of the Peppermint with honey, which they esteemed highly, partaking of it to sweeten their breath, and to conceal their passion for wine at a time when the law punished with death every woman convicted of quaffing the ruby seductive liquor. Seneca perished in a bath scented with woolly mint.

[342] A solution of one grain of menthol, fifty drops of spirits of wine, and ten drops of clove oil, when applied over the painful area, will quickly relieve facial neuralgia or sciatica. Unhealthy sores can be cleaned and their healing supported by covering them with strips of soft cloth soaked in sweet oil, to which one or two drops of peppermint oil have been added for each ounce. For diphtheria, peppermint oil has been particularly useful when applied generously two or three times a day to the ulcerated areas of the throat. This oil or essence can be used in any strength and quantity without causing harm to the patient. It helps stop pus formation when applied to a sore or wound while also providing an independent antiseptic effect. "Overall," says Dr. Braddon, "peppermint oil is the best, safest, and most pleasant of all known antiseptics." Pliny recounts that the Greeks and Romans adorned themselves with peppermint at their feasts and decorated their outdoor tables with its sprigs. The chefs included this herb in all their sauces and flavored their wines with its essence. Roman housewives made a paste of peppermint mixed with honey, which they valued highly, using it to freshen their breath and to hide their fondness for wine at a time when the law condemned any woman caught drinking the enticing red drink to death. Seneca died in a bath with a fragrance of woolly mint.

The Spearmint (Mentha viridis) is found growing apparently wild in England, but is probably not an indigenous herb. It occurs in watery places, and on the banks of rivers, such as the Thames, and the Exe. If used externally, its strong decoction will heal chaps and indolent eruptions.

The Spearmint (Mentha viridis) is commonly found growing wild in England, but it's likely not a native plant. It grows in wet areas and along riverbanks, like the Thames and the Exe. When used externally, its strong infusion can heal cracks and slow-healing skin issues.

It possesses a warm, aromatic odour and taste, much [343] resembling those of Peppermint, but not so pungent. Its volatile oil, and its essence, made with spirit of wine, contain a similar stimulating principle, but are less intense, and therefore better adapted for children's maladies.

It has a warm, fragrant smell and taste, similar to Peppermint, but not as strong. Its essential oil and the essence made with alcohol have a similar stimulating property, but they're milder, making them more suitable for children's ailments.

The Spearmint is called "Mackerel Mint," and in Germany "Lady's Mint," with a pun on the word munze. Its name, Spear, or Spire, indicates the spiry form of its floral blossoming. When the leaves of the herb are macerated in milk, this curdles much less quickly than it otherwise would; and therefore the essence is to be commended for use with milk diets by delicate persons, or for young children of feeble digestive powers, though not when feverishness is present. "Spearmint," says John Evelyn, "is friendly to the weak stomach, and powerful against all nervous crudities." "This is the Spearmint that steadies giddiness," writes Alfred Austin, Poet Laureate.

The Spearmint is known as "Mackerel Mint," and in Germany, it's called "Lady's Mint," playing on the word "Münze." Its name, Spear or Spire, reflects the pointed shape of its flowers. When the leaves of this herb are soaked in milk, it curdles much more slowly than usual; so, it's recommended for people on milk diets, especially those who are delicate or young children with weak digestion, though not when they have a fever. "Spearmint," according to John Evelyn, "is good for a weak stomach and is effective against nervous issues." "This is the Spearmint that calms dizziness," writes Alfred Austin, Poet Laureate.

Our cooks employ it with vinegar for making the mint sauce which we eat with roast lamb, because of its condimentary virtues as a spice to the immature meat, whilst the acetic acid of the vinegar serves to help dissolve the crude albuminous fibre.

Our cooks use it with vinegar to make the mint sauce we have with roast lamb, due to its flavorful properties as a spice for the tender meat, while the acetic acid in the vinegar helps break down the raw protein fibers.

The oil is less used than that of Peppermint. From two to five drops may be given on sugar; or from half to one teaspoonful of the spirit of Spearmint with two tablespoonfuls of water. Also a distilled water of Spearmint is made, which will relieve hiccough, and flatulence, as well as the giddiness of indigestion. The tincture prepared from the dried herb looks of a bright dark green by day, but of a deep red colour by night. Martial called the Spearmint Rutctatrix mentha. "Nec deest ructatrix mentha."

The oil is used less frequently than peppermint oil. You can take two to five drops on sugar, or half to one teaspoon of spearmint spirit mixed with two tablespoons of water. There's also a distilled water made from spearmint that helps with hiccups and bloating, as well as the dizziness that comes with indigestion. The tincture made from the dried herb appears bright dark green during the day but turns a deep red at night. Martial referred to spearmint as Rutctatrix mentha. "Nec deest ructatrix mentha."

The Calamint, or Basil Thyme, grows frequently in [344] our waysides and hedges, a labiate plant, with downy stems and leaves, whilst bearing light purple flowers. The whole herb has a sweet, aromatic odour, and makes a pleasant cordial tea. It is named from the Greek kalos, "excellent," because thought useful against serpents; "There is made hereof," said Galen, "An antidote marvellous good for young women that want their courses."

The Calamint, or Basil Thyme, often grows along our roadsides and hedges. It's a mint family plant with soft, fuzzy stems and leaves, and it has light purple flowers. The entire herb has a sweet, aromatic smell and makes a nice herbal tea. It's named from the Greek kalos, meaning "excellent," because it was believed to be effective against snakes. "From this, there is made," said Galen, "a wonderful antidote for young women who need their menstrual cycle."

The stem of this pretty slender herb is seldom more than five or six inches high, and its blossoms are so inconspicuous as to be often overlooked. The flowers droop gracefully before expansion. In country places it is often called Mill Mountain, and its infusion is an old remedy for rheumatism. If bruised, and applied externally, it reddens the skin, and will sometimes even blister it. In this way it acts well when judiciously used for lumbago, and rheumatic pains. The Calamint contains a camphoraceous, volatile, stimulating oil, in common with the other mints; this is distilled by water, but its virtues are better extracted by rectified spirit. The lesser Calamint is a variety of the herb possessing almost superior virtues, with a stronger odour resembling that of Pennyroyal. "Apple Mint" is the "Mentha rotundifolia."

The stem of this pretty, slender herb is rarely more than five or six inches tall, and its flowers are so small that they’re often missed. The blooms hang down gracefully before opening up. In rural areas, it’s often referred to as Mill Mountain, and its tea is an old remedy for rheumatism. When crushed and applied to the skin, it can cause redness and sometimes even blisters. Used wisely, it works well for lower back pain and rheumatic aches. The Calamint contains a camphor-like, volatile, stimulating oil, similar to other mints; this oil can be distilled with water, but its benefits are better extracted with refined alcohol. The lesser Calamint is a variety of this herb that has almost superior qualities and a stronger scent reminiscent of Pennyroyal. "Apple Mint" is the "Mentha rotundifolia."

"Many robust men and women among our peasantry," says Dr. George Moore, "from notions of their own, use infusions of Balm, Sage, or even a little Rue, or wild Thyme, as a common drink, with satisfaction to their stomachs, and advantage to their health, instead of infusing the Chinese herb." The Calamint is a favourite herb with such persons. About the Cat mint there is an old saying, "If you set it the cats will eat it: if you sow it the cats won't know it." This, the Nepeta cataria, or herbe aux chats, is as much beloved by cats as Valerian, [345] and the common Marum, for which herbs they have a frenzied passion. They roll themselves over the plants, which they lick, tear with their teeth, and bathe with their urine. But the Cat mint is the detestation of rats, insomuch that with its leaves a small barricade may be constructed which the vermin will never pass however hungry they may be. It is sometimes called "Nep," as contracted from Nepeta. Hoffman said, "The root of the Cat mint, if chewed, will make the most gentle person fierce and quarrelsome"; and there is a legend of a certain hangman who could never find courage to exercise his gruesome task until he had masticated some of this aromatic root.

"Many strong men and women among our peasantry," says Dr. George Moore, "have their own ideas and use infusions of Balm, Sage, or even a bit of Rue or wild Thyme as a common drink, which they find satisfying for their stomachs and beneficial for their health, instead of using the Chinese herb." Calamint is a favorite herb for such people. There’s an old saying about Cat mint: "If you plant it, the cats will eat it; if you sow it, the cats won’t notice it." This, the Nepeta cataria, or herbe aux chats, is just as loved by cats as Valerian and common Marum, which they are crazily passionate about. They roll around in the plants, lick them, tear at them with their teeth, and mark them with their urine. However, Cat mint is hated by rats; in fact, you can build a small barrier with its leaves that the vermin will never cross, no matter how hungry they are. It’s sometimes called "Nep," as a shorthand for Nepeta. Hoffman said, "Chewing the root of Cat mint can turn the kindest person fierce and quarrelsome," and there’s a legend about a hangman who could never find the courage to carry out his gruesome work until he chewed some of this aromatic root.

MISTLETOE.

The Mistletoe, which we all associate so happily with the festivities of Christmas, is an evergreen parasite, growing on the branches of deciduous trees, and penetrating with simple roots through the bark into the wood. It belongs to the Loranthaceoe, and has the botanical name of Viscum, or "sticky," because of its glutinous juices. The Mistletoe contains mucilage, sugar, a fixed oil, resin, an odorous principle, some tannin, and various salts. Its most interesting constituent is the "viscin," or bird glue, which is mainly developed by fermentation, and becomes a yellowish, sticky, resinous mass, such as can be used with success as a bird-lime.

The mistletoe, which we all happily associate with Christmas festivities, is an evergreen parasite that grows on the branches of deciduous trees, penetrating the bark and reaching into the wood with simple roots. It belongs to the Loranthaceae family and is botanically named Viscum, meaning "sticky," due to its glutinous juices. Mistletoe contains mucilage, sugar, a fixed oil, resin, an aromatic principle, some tannin, and various salts. Its most interesting component is "viscin," or bird glue, which mainly develops through fermentation and becomes a yellowish, sticky, resinous mass that can be effectively used as bird-lime.

The dried young twigs, and the leaves, are chiefly the medicinal parts, though young children have been attacked with convulsions after eating freely of the berries.

The dried young twigs and leaves are mainly the medicinal parts, but young children have experienced convulsions after eating too many of the berries.

The name (in Anglo-Saxon, Mistiltan) is derived, says Dr. Prior, from mistil, "different," and tan, "a twig," [346] because so unlike the tree it grows upon; or, perhaps, mist may refer to excrement, and the adjective, viscum, bear some collateral reference to viscera, "entrails." Probably our viscum plant differs from that of the Latin writers in their accounts of the Druids, which would be the Loranthus growing on the Quercus pubescens (an oak indigenous to the south of France). They knew it by a name answering to "all-heal." It is of a larger and thicker sort than our common Mistletoe, which, however, possesses the same virtues in a lesser degree. The Germans call the plant Vogellein, and the French Gui, which is probably Celtic.

The name (in Anglo-Saxon, Mistiltan) comes from Dr. Prior, who notes that it combines mistil, meaning "different," and tan, meaning "a twig," [346] because it looks so different from the tree it grows on; or maybe mist refers to excrement, and the word viscum has a connection to viscera, meaning "entrails." It's likely our viscum plant differs from the one described by Latin writers regarding the Druids, which would be Loranthus that grows on the Quercus pubescens (an oak native to southern France). They called it by a name that translates to "all-heal." It is larger and thicker than our common mistletoe, although the common type still has similar qualities, just to a lesser extent. The Germans refer to the plant as Vogellein, and the French call it Gui, which likely has Celtic origins.

The plant is given powdered, or as an infusion, or made into a tincture (H.) with spirit of wine. From ten to sixty grains of the powder may be taken for a dose, or a decoction may be made by boiling two ounces of the bruised plant with half-a-pint of water, and giving one tablespoonful for a dose several times in the day; or from five to ten drops of the tincture (which is prepared almost exclusively by the homoeopathic chemists) are a dose, with one or two tablespoonfuls of cold water.

The plant can be taken as a powder, in an infusion, or as a tincture (H.) with alcohol. A dose can range from ten to sixty grains of the powder, or you can prepare a decoction by boiling two ounces of the crushed plant in half a pint of water, administering one tablespoonful several times a day. Alternatively, five to ten drops of the tincture (which is mainly prepared by homeopathic chemists) can be taken, mixed with one or two tablespoonfuls of cold water.

Sir John Colebatch published in 1720 a pamphlet, on The Treatment of Epilepsy by Mistletoe, regarding it, and with much justice, as a specific. He procured the parasite from the lime trees at Hampton Court. The powdered leaves were ordered to be given (in black cherry water), as much of these as will lie on a sixpence every morning.

Sir John Colebatch published a pamphlet in 1720 titled The Treatment of Epilepsy by Mistletoe, considering it, quite rightly, a cure. He collected the mistletoe from the lime trees at Hampton Court. The powdered leaves were to be taken (in black cherry water), as much as could fit on a sixpence each morning.

Sir John says, "This beautiful plant must have been designed by the Almighty for further and more noble purposes than barely to feed thrushes, or to be hung up superstitiously in houses to drive away evil spirits." His treatise was entitled, A Dissertation concerning the Misseltoe—A most wonderful Specifick Remedy for the Cure of Convulsive Distempers. The physiological effect of the [347] plant is that of lessening, and temporarily benumbing such nervous action as is reflected to distant organs of the body from some central organ which is the actual seat of trouble. In this way the spasms of epilepsy and of other convulsive distempers, are allayed. Large doses of the plant, or of its berries, would, on the contrary, aggravate these convulsive disorders.

Sir John says, "This beautiful plant must have been created by the Almighty for greater and more noble purposes than just to feed thrushes or to be hung in homes superstitiously to ward off evil spirits." His treatise was titled, A Dissertation concerning the Misseltoe—A most wonderful Specifick Remedy for the Cure of Convulsive Distempers. The physiological effect of the [347] plant is to reduce and temporarily numb the nervous actions that are reflected to distant organs from a central organ which is the actual source of the issue. In this way, the spasms of epilepsy and other convulsive disorders are lessened. However, large doses of the plant or its berries would, in fact, worsen these convulsive conditions.

In a French "Recueil de Remedes domestiques," 1682, Avec privilege du Roy, we read, de l'epilepsie: "Il est certain que contre ce deplorable mal le veritable Guy de Chêne (Mistletoe) est un remede excellent, curatif, preservatif, et qui soulage beaucoup dans l'accident. Il le faut secher au four apres qu'on aura tiré le pain: le mettre en poudre fort subtile; passer cette poudre par un tamis de foye, et la conserver pour le besoin. Il faut prendre les poids dun ecu d'or de cette poudre chaque matin dans vin blanc tous les trois derniers jours de la lune vieille. Il est encore bon que la personne affligée de ce mal porte toujours un morceau de Guy de Chêne pendu à son col; mais ce morceau doit etre toujours frais, et sans avoir ete mis au four." The active part of the plant is its resin (viscin), which is yielded to spirit of wine in making a tincture. This is prepared (H.) with proof spirit from the leaves and ripe berries of our Mistletoe in equal quantities, but it is difficult of manufacture owing to the viscidity of the sap. A special process is employed of passing the material twice through a sausage machine, and then mixing the mass with powdered glass before its percolation with the spirit. A trituration made from the leaves, berries, and tender twigs, is given for epilepsy, in doses of twenty grains, twice or three times a day.

In a French "Recueil de Remedes domestiques" from 1682, Avec privilege du Roy, we read about epilepsy: "It is certain that against this deplorable illness, true Guy de Chêne (Mistletoe) is an excellent remedy, both curative and preventive, and it provides significant relief during an incident. It should be dried in the oven after the bread is taken out; then it must be ground into a very fine powder, sifted through a fine sieve, and stored for use. You should take the weight of a gold ecu of this powder every morning in white wine for the last three days of the waning moon. It is also good for the person suffering from this ailment to always carry a piece of Guy de Chêne around their neck; however, this piece must always be fresh and not baked." The active part of the plant is its resin (viscin), which is extracted with spirit of wine to make a tincture. This is prepared (H.) using proof spirit from equal amounts of the leaves and ripe berries of our Mistletoe, but it's challenging to manufacture due to the stickiness of the sap. A special process involves passing the material through a sausage machine twice, then mixing the mass with powdered glass before percolating it with the spirit. A trituration made from the leaves, berries, and tender twigs is administered for epilepsy in doses of twenty grains, two or three times a day.

Nowadays the berries are taken by country people when finding themselves troubled with severe stitches, [348] and they obtain almost instantaneous relief. In accordance with which experience Johnson says it was creditably reported to him, "That a few of the berries of the Misseltoe, bruised and strained into oyle and drunken, hath presently and forthwith rid a grievous and sore stitch." The tincture, moreover, is put to a modern use as a heart tonic in place of the foxglove. It lessens reflex irritability, and strengthens the heart's beat, whilst raising the frequency of a slow pulse. Dr. J. Wilde has shown that the Mistletoe possesses a high repute in rural Hampshire for the cure of St. Vitus's dance, and similar spasmodic nervous complaints. In the United States the leaves have been successfully employed as an infusion to check female fluxes, and haemorrhages, also to hasten childbirth by stimulating the womb when labour is protracted to the exhaustion of the mother. In Scotland the plant is almost unknown, and is restricted to one locality only.

Nowadays, people in the countryside pick berries when they experience severe cramps, and they find almost instant relief. Based on this experience, Johnson reported that "a few of the berries of the Mistletoe, bruised and strained into oil and drunk, have immediately relieved a painful and serious stitch." The tincture is also used today as a heart tonic instead of foxglove. It reduces reflex irritability and strengthens the heartbeat while increasing the frequency of a slow pulse. Dr. J. Wilde highlighted that Mistletoe has a strong reputation in rural Hampshire for treating St. Vitus's dance and similar spasmodic nervous disorders. In the United States, the leaves have been effectively used as an infusion to control women's bleeding and hemorrhages, as well as to speed up childbirth by stimulating the uterus when labor is prolonged to the point of exhausting the mother. In Scotland, the plant is largely unknown and is found only in one specific area.

The Druids regarded the Mistletoe as the soul of their sacred tree— the oak; and they taught the people to believe that oaks on which it was seen growing were to be respected, because of the wonderful cures which the priests were then able to effect with it, particularly of the falling sickness. The parasite was cut from the tree with a golden sickle at a high and solemn festival, using much ceremonial display, it being then credited with a special power of "giving fertility to all animals." Ovid said, "Ad viscum cantare Druidoe solebant."

The Druids viewed Mistletoe as the essence of their sacred tree—the oak. They taught people to honor oaks that had it growing on them because of the amazing cures the priests could perform with it, especially for epilepsy. During a significant festival, the Mistletoe was cut from the tree with a golden sickle, accompanied by elaborate ceremonies, as it was believed to have special power to "bring fertility to all animals." Ovid said, "Ad viscum cantare Druidoe solebant."

Shakespeare calls it "The baleful Mistletoe," in allusion to the Scandinavian legend, that Balder, the god of peace, was slain with an arrow made of Mistletoe. He was restored to life at the request of the other gods and goddesses. The mistletoe was afterwards given to [349] be kept by the goddess of love; and it was ordained in Olympus that everyone who passed under it should receive a kiss, to show that the branch was the emblem of love, and not of death.

Shakespeare refers to it as "The harmful Mistletoe," referencing the Scandinavian legend that Balder, the god of peace, was killed by an arrow made of mistletoe. He was brought back to life at the request of the other gods and goddesses. The mistletoe was then entrusted to the goddess of love, and it was decided in Olympus that anyone who walked underneath it should receive a kiss, symbolizing that the branch represented love, not death.

Persons in Sweden afflicted with epilepsy carry with them a knife having a handle of oak mistletoe, which plant they call Thunder-besom, connecting it with lightning and fire. The thrush is the great disseminator of the parasite. He devours the berries eagerly, and soils, or "missels" his feet with their viscid seeds, conveying them thus from tree to tree, and getting thence the name of missel thrush.

People in Sweden who have epilepsy carry a knife with a handle made of oak mistletoe, a plant they refer to as Thunder-besom, linking it to lightning and fire. The thrush is the main spreader of the parasite. It eagerly eats the berries and gets its feet covered in their sticky seeds, transferring them from tree to tree, which is how it gets the name missel thrush.

In Brittany the plant is named Herbe de la croix, and, because the crucifix was made from its wood when a tree, it is thought to have become degraded to a parasite.

In Brittany, the plant is called Herbe de la croix, and because the crucifix was made from its wood when it was a tree, people believe it has now degraded into a parasite.

When Norwood, in Surrey, was really a forest the Mistletoe grew there on the oak, and, being held as medicinal, it was abstracted for apothecaries in London. But the men who meddled with it were said to become lame, or to fall blind with an eye, and a rash fellow who ventured to cut down the oak itself broke his leg very shortly afterwards. One teaspoonful of the dried leaves, in powder, from the appletree Mistletoe, taken in acidulated water twice a day, will cure chronic giddiness. Sculptured sprays and berries, with leaves of Mistletoe, fill the spandrils of the tomb of one of the Berkeleys in Bristol Cathedral—a very rare adornment, because for some unknown reason the parasite has been always excluded from the decorations of churches. In some districts it is called Devil's-fuge, also the Spectre's Wand, from a belief that with due incantations a branch held in the hand will compel the appearance of a spectre, and require it to speak.

When Norwood, in Surrey, used to be a forest, Mistletoe grew on the oak trees and was collected for medicinal purposes by apothecaries in London. However, those who handled it were said to become lame or go blind in one eye, and a reckless person who dared to cut down the oak tree ended up breaking his leg shortly after. Taking one teaspoon of dried, powdered leaves from the apple tree Mistletoe in acidulated water twice a day can cure chronic dizziness. Sculpted sprays and berries, along with Mistletoe leaves, adorn the spandrils of the tomb of one of the Berkeleys in Bristol Cathedral—a very unusual decoration, as the parasite has been strangely left out of church decorations for some reason. In some areas, it's called Devil's-fuge or the Spectre's Wand, based on the belief that with the right spells, holding a branch in hand can summon a spectre and make it speak.

[350] MOUNTAIN ASH.

A somewhat common, and handsomely conspicuous tree in many parts of England, especially about high lands, is the Rowan, or Mountain Ash. In May and June it attracts attention by its bright green feathery foliage set off by cream-coloured bloom, whilst in September it bears a brilliant fruitage of berries, richly orange in colour at first, but presently of a clear ripe vermilion. Popularly this abundant fruit is supposed to be poisonous, but such is far from being the case. A most excellent and wholesome jelly may be prepared therefrom, which is slightly tonic by its salutary bitterness, and is an admirable antiseptic accompaniment to certain roast meats, such as venison and mutton. To make this jelly, boil the berries in water (cold at first) in an enamelled preserving pan; when the fruit has become sufficiently soft, run the contents of the pan through a flannel bag without pressure; tie the bag between two chairs, with a basin below, and let the juice strain leisurely through so as to come out clear. Then to each pint of the juice add a pound of sugar, and boil this from ten to twenty minutes; pour off into warm dry jars, and cover them securely when cool. After the juice has dripped off the fruit a pleasant refreshing drink may be made for children by pouring a kettleful of boiling water through the flannel bag. Some persons mix with the fruit an equal quantity of green apples when making the jelly. Birds, especially field fares, eat the berries with avidity; and a botanical designation of the tree is aucuparia, as signifying fruit used by the auceps, or bird catcher, with which to bait his snares.

A fairly common and strikingly noticeable tree in many parts of England, especially in highland areas, is the Rowan, or Mountain Ash. In May and June, it grabs attention with its bright green, feathery leaves accented by cream-colored flowers. By September, it produces vibrant berries that start off a rich orange color but soon turn a clear, ripe red. Many people mistakenly believe this abundant fruit is poisonous, but that's far from true. You can make a delicious and healthy jelly from it, which has a slightly tonic quality due to its pleasant bitterness, making it a great antiseptic complement to certain roasted meats like venison and mutton. To prepare this jelly, boil the berries in cold water in an enamel preserving pan. Once the fruit is soft enough, strain the mixture through a flannel bag without pressing it. Tie the bag between two chairs with a basin underneath to let the juice drip through slowly for a clear result. Then, for every pint of juice, add one pound of sugar and boil it for ten to twenty minutes. Pour it into warm, dry jars and seal them once they've cooled down. After the juice has dripped off the fruit, you can create a refreshing drink for kids by pouring a kettle of boiling water through the flannel bag. Some people also add an equal amount of green apples when making the jelly. Birds, especially fieldfares, eagerly eat the berries, and the botanical name for the tree is aucuparia, which means fruit used by the auceps, or bird catcher, for baiting traps.

"There is," says an old writer, "in every berry the exhilaration of wine, and the satisfying of old mead; and whosoever shall eat three berries of them, if he has [351] completed a hundred years, he will return to the age of thirty years."

"There is," says an old writer, "in every berry the thrill of wine, and the gratification of ancient mead; and whoever eats three of them, if they've lived to a hundred years, will revert to the age of thirty."

At the same time it must be noted that the leaves of the Mountain Ash are of a poisonous quality, and contain prussic acid like those of the laurel. But, as already shown, the berries, when ripe, may be eaten freely without fear. Chemically they contain tartaric acid when unripe, and both malic and citric acids when ripe. They also furnish sorbin, and parasorbic acid. The unripe fruit and the bark are extremely astringent, being useful in decoction, or infusion, to check diarrhoea; and externally in poultices or lotions, to constringe such relaxed parts as the throat, and lower bowel.

At the same time, it's important to note that the leaves of the Mountain Ash are toxic and contain prussic acid, similar to laurel leaves. However, as mentioned earlier, the berries are safe to eat when fully ripe. Chemically, they have tartaric acid when unripe and both malic and citric acids when ripe. They also provide sorbin and parasorbic acid. The unripe fruit and bark are very astringent and can be used in decoctions or infusions to help with diarrhea. Externally, they can be applied in poultices or lotions to tighten up relaxed areas like the throat and lower intestine.

The title Rowan tree has affixed itself to the Mountain Ash, as derived from the Norse, Runa (a charm), because it is supposed to have the power of averting the evil eye.

The name Rowan tree has stuck to the Mountain Ash, coming from the Norse word, Runa (a charm), because it's believed to have the ability to ward off the evil eye.

"Rowan tree and red thread
Hold the witches a' in dread."

"Rowan tree and red thread
Keep the witches in fear."

"Ruma" was really a magician, or whisperer, from ru, to murmur, and in olden times runes, or mystical secrets, were carved exclusively on the Mountain Ash tree in Scandinavia and the British Isles.

"Ruma" was actually a magician, or whisperer, from ru, meaning to murmur, and back in the day, runes, or mystical secrets, were only carved on the Mountain Ash tree in Scandinavia and the British Isles.

Crosses made of the twigs, and tied with red thread were sewn by Highlandmen into their clothes. Dame Sludge fastened a piece of the wood into Flibbertigibbet's collar as a protection against Wayland Smith's sorceries.—(Kenilworth). Other folk-names of the tree are Quicken tree, Quick Beam, Wiggen, and Witcher.

Crosses made of twigs, tied with red thread, were sewn by Highlanders into their clothing. Dame Sludge attached a piece of wood to Flibbertigibbet's collar for protection against Wayland Smith's magic.—(Kenilworth). Other names for the tree include Quicken tree, Quick Beam, Wiggen, and Witcher.

The Mountain Ash is botanically a connecting link between the dog rose of our hedges and the apple tree of our orchards. Its flowers exactly resemble apple blossoms, and its thickly-clustered red berries are only small crabs dwarfed by the love of the tree for mountain [352] heights and bleak windy situations. In the harsh cold regions of the north it is only a stunted shrub with leaves split up into many small leaflets, so as to suffer less by any breadth of resistance to the sharp driving blasts of icy winds.

The Mountain Ash is botanically a bridge between the dog rose found in our hedges and the apple tree in our orchards. Its flowers look just like apple blossoms, and its dense clusters of red berries are just tiny crabs that are shrunk by the tree's preference for mountain heights and exposed windy areas. In the harsh cold regions of the north, it only grows as a stunted shrub with leaves divided into many small leaflets, allowing it to endure the fierce resistance of sharp, icy winds.

Confusion has been often made between this tree and the Service tree (Sorbus, or Pyrus domestica), which is quite distinct, being more correctly called Servise tree, from Cerevisia, fermented beer. Formerly this Servise, or Checker-tree, was employed for making an intoxicating drink. Virgil says:—

Confusion has often arisen between this tree and the Service tree (Sorbus, or Pyrus domestica), which is actually different, being more accurately known as the Servise tree, named after Cerevisia, meaning fermented beer. In the past, this Servise, or Checker-tree, was used to make an alcoholic drink. Virgil says:—

"Et pocula lae
Fermento atque acidis imitantur vitea sorbis."

"His cups
Mimic the wines with fermentation and acidity of berries."

"With acid juices from the Service Ash,
And humming ale, they make their Lemon Squash."

"With acidic juices from the Service Ash,
And buzzing ale, they create their Lemon Squash."

The fruit of the Service tree (or Witten Pear-tree) resembles a small pear, and is considered in France very useful for dysentery because of its tannin; but this Pyrus domestica is a rare tree in England. Sometimes mistaken for it is the wild Service tree (the Pyrus torminalis), much more common in our south country hedges. Its fruit is threaded on long strings, and carried in procession at village feasts in Northamptonshire, but is worthless. Evelyn says, "Ale and beer brewed from the berries, when ripe, of the true Service tree is an incomparable drink."

The fruit of the Service tree (or Witten Pear-tree) looks like a small pear and is considered very helpful for dysentery in France because of its tannin content; however, this Pyrus domestica is a rare tree in England. Often confused with it is the wild Service tree (the Pyrus torminalis), which is much more common in our southern hedges. Its fruit is strung together on long threads and paraded during village festivals in Northamptonshire, but it’s not valuable. Evelyn states, "Ale and beer made from the ripe berries of the true Service tree is an unmatched drink."

MUGWORT and WORMWOOD.

Mugwort and wormwood.

The herb Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), a Composite plant, is frequent about hedgerows and waste ground throughout Britain; and it chiefly merits a place among Herbal Simples because of a special medicinal use in certain female derangements. Its name Mugwort has [353] been attributed to "moughte," a moth, or maggot, this title being given to the plant because Dioscorides commended it for keeping off moths. Its Anglo-Saxon synonym is Wyrmwyrt. Mugwort is named from Artemis the Greek goddess of the moon, and is also called Maidenwort or Motherwort (womb wort), being a plant beneficial to the womb.

The herb Mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris), a Composite plant, is commonly found along hedgerows and in junk areas throughout Britain. It deserves a spot among Herbal Simples mainly for its specific medicinal use in certain women's health issues. The name Mugwort is thought to come from "moughte," which means moth or maggot, as Dioscorides praised it for keeping moths away. Its Anglo-Saxon name is Wyrmwyrt. Mugwort is named after Artemis, the Greek goddess of the moon, and is also referred to as Maidenwort or Motherwort (womb wort), as it is a plant that benefits the womb.

Macer says, terming it by mistake "Mother of Worts":

Macer says, mistakenly calling it "Mother of Worts":

"Herbarum matrem justum puto ponere primo
Praepue morbis mulieribus illa medetur."

"Herbs, I think, should be placed first
For they heal women's ailments."

A decoction of the fresh tops acts famously to correct female irregularities when employed as a bath. Uterina est, adeoque usus est creberrimus mulierculis quoe eam adhibent externe, atque interne ut vix balnea et lotiones parent in quibus artemisia non contineatur. Thus writes Ray, quoting from Schroder. Or it may be that the term Mugwort became popularly applied because this herb was in demand for helping to preserve ale. The plant was formerly known as Cingulum Sancti Johannis, since a crown made from its sprays was worn on St. John's Eve, to gain security from evil possession; also as Zona divi Johannis, it being believed that John the Baptist bore a girdle of it in the wilderness. In Germany and Holland it has received the name of St. John's Plant, because, if gathered on St. John's Eve, it is thought protective against diseases and misfortunes. The Mugwort is also styled "Felon wort," or "Felon herb." If placed in the shoes, it will prevent weariness. A dram of the powdered leaves taken four times a day has cured chronic hysterical fits, which were otherwise intractable. "Mugwort," says Gerard, "cureth the shakings of the joynts inclining to the palsie."

A decoction of the fresh tops works wonders to correct female irregularities when used as a bath. Uterina est, adeoque usus est creberrimus mulierculis quoe eam adhibent externe, atque interne ut vix balnea et lotiones parent in quibus artemisia non contineatur. This is what Ray writes, quoting Schroder. It might be that the name Mugwort became popular because this herb was sought after for helping to preserve ale. The plant was previously known as Cingulum Sancti Johannis, since a crown made from its sprigs was worn on St. John's Eve to gain protection from evil spirits; also as Zona divi Johannis, as it was believed that John the Baptist wore a girdle made from it in the wilderness. In Germany and Holland, it’s called St. John's Plant, because if picked on St. John's Eve, it is thought to protect against illnesses and bad luck. Mugwort is also called "Felon wort" or "Felon herb." If placed in shoes, it will prevent fatigue. A small amount of the powdered leaves taken four times a day has cured chronic hysterical fits that were otherwise difficult to treat. "Mugwort," says Gerard, "cures the shaking of the joints that lean towards paralysis."

The mermaid of the Clyde is said to have exclaimed, [354] when she beheld the funeral of a young maiden who had died from consumption and decline:—

The mermaid of the Clyde is said to have exclaimed, [354] when she saw the funeral of a young woman who had died from tuberculosis and illness:—

    "If they wad drink nettles in March,
    And eat muggins [Mugwort] in May,
    Sae mony braw young maidens
    Wad na' be gang to clay."

"If they would drink nettles in March,
    And eat mugwort in May,
    So many lovely young women
    Would not be going to grave."

Portions of old dead roots are found at the base of the herb, which go by the name of "coals," and are thought to be preventive of epilepsy when taken internally, or worn around the neck as an amulet. Parkinson says: "Mugwort is of wonderful help to women in risings of the mother, or hysteria." It is also useful against gout by boiling the tender parts of the roots in weak broth, and taking this frequently; whilst at the same time the affected limbs should be bathed and fomented with a hot decoction of the herb. The plant, without doubt, is decidedly anti-epileptic, its remedial effects being straightway followed by profuse and fetid perspirations. It is similarly useful against the convulsions of children in teething. For preventing disorders, as well as for curing rheumatism, the Japanese, young and old, rich and poor, indiscriminately, are said to be singed with a "moxa" made from the Mugwort. Its dried leaves are rubbed in the hands until the downy part becomes separated, and can be moulded into little cones. One of these having been placed over the site of the disease, is ignited and burnt down to the skin surface, which it blackens and scorches in a dark circular patch. This process is repeated until a small ulcer is formed when treating chronic diseases of the joints, which sore is kept open by issue peas retained within it so that they may constantly exercise a derivative effect.

At the base of the herb, you can find parts of old dead roots called "coals," which are believed to help prevent epilepsy when taken internally or worn as an amulet around the neck. Parkinson mentions, "Mugwort is incredibly helpful to women experiencing uterine issues or hysteria." It’s also beneficial for gout; you can boil the tender roots in a weak broth and consume it regularly, while simultaneously bathing and treating the affected limbs with a hot infusion of the herb. The plant is definitely anti-epileptic, as its healing effects are often followed by heavy, unpleasant sweating. It's also effective against convulsions in teething children. In Japan, people of all ages and social statuses are said to use a "moxa" made from Mugwort to prevent ailments and treat rheumatism. The dried leaves are rubbed in the hands until the fluffy part separates, allowing it to be shaped into small cones. One of these cones is placed over the area of concern, lit, and burned down to the skin, leaving a dark, scorched circular mark. This process is repeated until a small ulcer forms while treating chronic joint conditions; the sore is kept open with issue peas placed inside to ensure a continuous draining effect.

The flesh of geese is declared to be more savoury when [355] stuffed with this herb, which contains "absinthin" as its active principle, and other chemical constituents in common with Wormwood; but the odour of Mugwort is not fragrant or aromatic, because it does not possess a volatile essential oil like that of the Artemisia absinthium (Wormwood).

The meat of geese is said to taste better when stuffed with this herb, which has "absinthin" as its active ingredient, along with other chemical compounds similar to Wormwood. However, the smell of Mugwort is not pleasant or aromatic, as it doesn’t contain a volatile essential oil like that of Artemisia absinthium (Wormwood).

This Wormwood is also a Composite plant of the same tribe and character, but with an intensely bitter taste; and hence its name, Absinthium, has been derived from the Greek privative, a, and psinthos, "delight," because the flavour is so bitterly distasteful. It is a bushy plant, which abounds in our rural districts, having silky stems and leaves, with small heads of dull yellow flowers, the whole plant being amara et aromatica.

This Wormwood is also a Composite plant of the same type and nature, but it has a very bitter taste; that's why its name, Absinthium, comes from the Greek prefix a meaning "not" and psinthos meaning "delight," indicating that the flavor is extremely unpleasant. It is a bushy plant found in our rural areas, featuring silky stems and leaves, along with small clusters of dull yellow flowers, making the entire plant amara et aromatica.

The Mugwort, as an allied Wormwood of the same genus, is taller and more slender than the Absinthium, and is distinguished by being scentless, its leaves being green above, and white below. The bitter taste of the true Wormwood is also due to "absinthin," and each kind contains nitrate of potash, tannin, and resin, with succinic, malic, and acetic acids.

The Mugwort, a related type of Wormwood in the same family, is taller and thinner than the Absinthium, and is noted for being scentless, with green leaves on top and white underneath. The bitterness of true Wormwood comes from "absinthin," and each variety has potassium nitrate, tannin, and resin, along with succinic, malic, and acetic acids.

Old Tusser says:—

"Where chamber is swept, and wormwood is strown,
No flea for his life dare abide to be known."

"Where the room is cleaned and wormwood is spread,
No flea would dare to be seen for its life."

And again:—

"What savour is better, if physic be true,
For places infected, than wormwood and rue."

"What taste is better, if medicine is accurate,
For infected places, than wormwood and rue."

The infusion of Wormwood makes a useful fomentation for inflammatory pains, and, combined with chamomile flowers and bay leaves, it formed the anodyne fomentation of the earlier dispensatories. This infusion, with a few drops of the essential oil of Wormwood, will serve [356] as an astringent wash to prevent the hair from falling off when it is weak and thin.

The infusion of Wormwood creates a useful compress for inflammatory pain, and when combined with chamomile flowers and bay leaves, it was the pain-relieving compress used in earlier pharmacies. This infusion, along with a few drops of Wormwood essential oil, will act as an astringent wash to stop hair from falling out when it is weak and thin.

Both Mugwort and Wormwood have been highly esteemed for overcoming epilepsy in persons of a feeble constitution, and of a sensitive nervous temperament, especially in young females. Mugwort tea, and a decoction of Wormwood, may be confidently given for the purposes just named, also to correct female irregularities.

Both Mugwort and Wormwood have been highly valued for helping with epilepsy in people with a weak constitution and a sensitive nervous system, especially in young women. Mugwort tea and a decoction of Wormwood can be confidently recommended for these purposes, as well as to address female irregularities.

For promoting the monthly flow, Chinese women make a confection of the leaves of Mugwort mixed with rice and sugar, which, when needed to overcome arrested monthly fluxes, or hysteria, they instar bellaria ingerunt, "eat as a sweetmeat."

For encouraging the monthly flow, Chinese women prepare a treat made from Mugwort leaves mixed with rice and sugar, which they instar bellaria ingerunt, "eat as a sweet snack," when they need to address blocked monthly cycles or hysteria.

A drachm of the powdered leaves of the Mugwort, taken four times a day, has cured chronic hysterical fits otherwise irrepressible. The true Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) is used for preparing absinthe, a seductive liqueur, which, when taken to excess, induces epileptic attacks. Any habitual use of alcohol flavoured with this herb singularly impairs the mental and physical powers.

A drachm of the powdered leaves of Mugwort, taken four times a day, has cured chronic hysterical fits that were otherwise uncontrollable. The true Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) is used to make absinthe, a tempting liqueur that can lead to epileptic seizures when consumed in excess. Habitually drinking alcohol flavored with this herb significantly weakens mental and physical abilities.

"An ointment," says Meyrick, "made of the juice of Mugwort with hogs' lard, disperses hard knots and kernels about the neck and throat."

"An ointment," says Meyrick, "made from the juice of Mugwort mixed with pig fat, breaks up hard lumps and nodules around the neck and throat."

MULBERRY.

The Mulberry tree (Morus nigra) has been cultivated in England since the middle of the sixteenth century, being first planted at Sion house in 1548. It is now grown commonly in the garden, orchard, or paddock, where its well-known rich syrupy fruit ripens in September. This fruit, abounding with a luscious juice of regal hue, is used in some districts, particularly in Devonshire, for mixing with cider during [357] fermentation, giving to the beverage a pleasant taste, and a deep red colour. The juice, made into syrup, is curative of sore throats, especially of the putrid sort, if it be used in gargles; also of thrush in the mouth, if applied thereto; and the ripe fruit is gently laxative.

The mulberry tree (Morus nigra) has been grown in England since the mid-1500s, with its first planting at Sion House in 1548. It's now commonly found in gardens, orchards, or paddocks, where its famous rich, syrupy fruit ripens in September. This fruit, full of luscious juice with a royal color, is used in some areas, especially Devonshire, for mixing with cider during fermentation, which gives the drink a nice flavor and a deep red color. The juice, made into syrup, helps soothe sore throats, particularly the severe kind, when used as a gargle; it also aids in treating thrush in the mouth if applied there, and the ripe fruit has a gentle laxative effect.

Horace recommends that Mulberries be gathered before sunset:—

Horace suggests that mulberries should be picked before sunset:—

"AEstatis peraget qui nigris prandia moris
Finiet ante gravem quae legerit arbore solem."

"Aestatis will conclude who ends meals in black customs
It will finish before the heavy sun he has read under the tree."

The generic name, Morus, is derived from the Celtic mor, "black." In Germany (at Iserlohn), mothers, in order to deter their children from eating Mulberries, tell them the devil requires the juicy berries for the purpose of blacking his boots. This fruit was fabled to have become changed from white to a deep red through absorbing the blood of Pyramus and Thisbe, who were slain beneath its shade.

The generic name, Morus, comes from the Celtic word mor, meaning "black." In Germany (at Iserlohn), mothers tell their kids that the devil needs the juicy berries to shine his boots, hoping to stop them from eating mulberries. It was said that this fruit turned from white to a deep red after soaking up the blood of Pyramus and Thisbe, who were killed under its shade.

It is thought by some that "morus" has been derived from the Latin word mora, delay, as shown in a tardy expansion of the buds. Because cautious not to burst into leaf until the last frost of spring is over, the Mulberry tree, as the wisest of its fellows, was dedicated by the ancients to Minerva, and the story of Pyramus and Thisbe owed its origin to the white and black fruited varieties:—

It is believed by some that "morus" comes from the Latin word mora, which means delay, as indicated by the slow growth of the buds. Being careful not to leaf out until after the last spring frost, the Mulberry tree, known for its wisdom among trees, was dedicated by the ancients to Minerva. The tale of Pyramus and Thisbe was inspired by its white and black fruit varieties:—

"The Mulberry found its former whiteness fled,
And, ripening, saddened into dusky red."

"The mulberry lost its bright white color,
And as it ripened, it turned into a dull red."

Shakespeare's famous Mulberry tree, planted in 1609, was of the black species. It was recklessly cut down at New Place, Stratford-on-Avon, in 1759. Ten years afterwards, when the freedom of the city was presented to Garrick, the document was enclosed in a casket made from the wood of this tree. Likewise a cup was [358] wrought therefrom, and at the Shakespeare Jubilee, Garrick, holding the cup aloft, recited the following lines, composed by himself for the occasion:—

Shakespeare's famous mulberry tree, planted in 1609, was of the black variety. It was carelessly cut down at New Place, Stratford-on-Avon, in 1759. Ten years later, when the city honored Garrick with the freedom of the city, the document was placed in a casket made from the wood of this tree. A cup was also made from it, and at the Shakespeare Jubilee, Garrick raised the cup high and recited the following lines he wrote for the occasion:—

    "Behold this fair goblet: 'twas carved from the tree
    Which, oh, my sweet Shakespeare, was planted by thee!
    As a relic I kiss it, and bow at thy shrine,
    What comes from thy hand must be ever divine."

"Look at this beautiful goblet: it was carved from the tree
    Which, oh, my dear Shakespeare, you planted!
    As a keepsake, I kiss it and bow at your shrine,
    Whatever comes from your hand must always be divine."

    "All shall yield to the Mulberry tree;
    Bend to the blest Mulberry:
    Matchless was he who planted thee,
    And thou, like him, immortal shall be."

"Everyone will bow to the Mulberry tree;
    Submit to the blessed Mulberry:
    Incomparable was the one who planted you,
    And you, like him, will be eternal."

A slip of it was grown by Garrick in his garden at Hampton Court. The leaves of the Mulberry tree are known to furnish excellent food for silk worms.

A slip of it was grown by Garrick in his garden at Hampton Court. The leaves of the Mulberry tree are known to provide excellent food for silk worms.

Botanically, each fruit is a collection of berries on a common pulpy receptacle, being, like the Strawberry, especially wholesome for those who are liable to heartburn, because it does not undergo acetous fermentation in the stomach. In France Mulberries are served at the beginning of a meal. Among the Romans the fruit was famous for maladies of the throat and windpipe.

Botanically, each fruit is a bunch of berries on a shared pulpy base, just like the Strawberry, which is particularly good for those prone to heartburn since it doesn’t ferment into vinegar in the stomach. In France, Mulberries are served at the start of a meal. Among the Romans, the fruit was well-known for treating throat and windpipe issues.

The tree does not bear until it is somewhat advanced in age. It contains in every part a milky juice, which will coagulate into a sort of Indian rubber, and this has been thought to give tenacity to the filament spun by the silkworm.

The tree doesn't produce fruit until it gets a bit older. Every part contains a milky sap that can thicken into something like Indian rubber, and this has been believed to give strength to the thread spun by the silkworm.

The juice of Mulberries contains malic and citric acids, with glucose, pectin, and gum. The bark of the root has been given to expel tapeworm; and the fruit is remarkable for its large quantity of sugar, being excelled in this respect only by the fig, the grape, and the cherry.

The juice of mulberries has malic and citric acids, along with glucose, pectin, and gum. The bark of the root has been used to eliminate tapeworms; and the fruit is notable for its high sugar content, surpassed only by figs, grapes, and cherries.

We are told in Ivanhoe that the Saxons made a favourite drink, "Morat," from the juice of Mulberries [359] with honey. During the thirteenth century these berries were sometimes called "pynes."

We learn in Ivanhoe that the Saxons enjoyed a popular drink, "Morat," made from mulberry juice mixed with honey. In the thirteenth century, these berries were occasionally referred to as "pynes."

In the memorable narrative of the Old Testament, 2 Samuel, v., 24, "When thou hearest the sound of a going in the tops of the Mulberry trees," the word used (bekhaim) has been mistranslated, really intending the Aspen (Populus tremula).

In the memorable story from the Old Testament, 2 Samuel, v., 24, "When you hear the sound of movement in the tops of the Mulberry trees," the word used (bekhaim) has been mistranslated; it actually refers to the Aspen (Populus tremula).

MULLEIN.

The great Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) grows freely in England on dry banks and waste places, but somewhat sparingly in Scotland. It belongs to the scrofula-curing order of plants, having a thick stalk, from eighteen inches to four feet high, with large woolly mucilaginous leaves, and with a long flower-spike bearing plain yellow flowers, which are nearly sessile on the stem. The name "Molayne" is derived from the Latin, mollis, soft.

The great Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) grows abundantly in England on dry banks and in neglected areas, but it's found more sparingly in Scotland. It belongs to the group of plants known for curing scrofula, featuring a thick stalk that ranges from eighteen inches to four feet tall, along with large, woolly, mucilaginous leaves, and a long flower spike that produces simple yellow flowers, which are almost directly attached to the stem. The name "Molayne" comes from the Latin word mollis, meaning soft.

In most parts of Ireland, besides growing wild, it is carefully cultivated in gardens, because of a steady demand for the plant by sufferers from pulmonary consumption. Constantly in Irish newspapers there are advertisements offering it for sale, and it can be had from all the leading local druggists. The leaves are best when gathered in the late summer, just before the plant flowers. The old Irish method of administering Mullein is to put an ounce of the dried leaves, or a corresponding quantity of the fresh ones, in a pint of milk, which is boiled for ten minutes, and then strained. This is afterwards given warm to the patient twice a day, with or without sugar. The taste of the decoction is bland, mucilaginous, and cordial. Dr. Quinlan, of Dublin, treated many cases of tubercular lung disease, even when some were far advanced in pulmonary consumption, with the Mullein, [360] and with signal success as regards palliating the cough, staying the expectoration, and increasing the weight.

In most parts of Ireland, Mullein grows wild but is also carefully cultivated in gardens due to the consistent demand from people suffering from lung diseases. Irish newspapers frequently have ads selling it, and it’s available at all major local pharmacies. The leaves are best collected in late summer, just before the plant flowers. The traditional Irish way of using Mullein involves taking an ounce of dried leaves, or a similar amount of fresh ones, and boiling them in a pint of milk for ten minutes, then straining it. This warm decoction is given to the patient twice a day, with or without sugar. The taste of the mixture is smooth, soothing, and comforting. Dr. Quinlan, from Dublin, treated many cases of lung disease, even when they were quite advanced, using Mullein, and had notable success in easing coughs, reducing mucus production, and helping patients gain weight.

Mullein leaves have a weak, sleepy sort of smell, and rather a bitter taste. In Queen Elizabeth's time they were carried about the person to prevent the falling sickness; and distilled water from the flowers was said to be curative of gout.

Mullein leaves have a faint, drowsy smell and a somewhat bitter taste. In Queen Elizabeth's era, they were kept close to the body to prevent seizures, and distilled water from the flowers was believed to cure gout.

The leaves and flowers contain mucilage, with a yellowish volatile oil, a fatty substance, and sugar, together with some colouring matter. Fish will become stupefied by eating the seeds. Gerard says "Figs do not putrifie at all that are wrapped in the leaves of Mullein. If worn under the feet day and night in the manner of a sock they bring down in young maidens their desired sicknesse."

The leaves and flowers have a sticky substance, a yellowish essential oil, a fatty component, and sugar, along with some coloring agents. Fish become dazed after eating the seeds. Gerard states, "Figs don’t rot at all when wrapped in Mullein leaves. If worn under the feet day and night like a sock, they induce the desired sickness in young women."

The plant bears also the name of Hedge Taper, and used to be called Torch, because the stalks were dipped in suet, and burnt for giving light at funerals and other gatherings. "It is a plant," says the Grete Herball, "whereof is made a manner of lynke if it be tallowed."

The plant is also known as Hedge Taper and was previously called Torch because the stalks were dipped in suet and burned for light at funerals and other events. "It is a plant," says the Grete Herball, "from which a type of wick can be made if it is coated in tallow."

According to Dodoeus the Mullein was called "Candela." Folia siquidem habet mollia hirsuta ad lucernarum funiculos apta. "It was named of the Latines, Candela Regia and Candelaria." The modern Romans style it the "Plant of the Lord," Other popular English names of the plant are "Adam's flannel," "Blanket," "Shepherd's club," "Aaron's rod," "Cuddie's lungs"; and in Anglo-Saxon, "Feldwode." Gower says of Medea:—

According to Dodoeus, the Mullein was called "Candela." It has soft, hairy leaves that are suitable for the wicks of lamps. "The Latins named it Candela Regia and Candelaria." Modern Romans refer to it as the "Plant of the Lord." Other popular English names for the plant include "Adam's flannel," "Blanket," "Shepherd's club," "Aaron's rod," and "Cuddie's lungs"; in Anglo-Saxon, it's called "Feldwode." Gower says of Medea:—

"Tho' toke she feldwode, and verveine,
Of herbes ben nought better tweine."

"Though she took fieldwood and vervain,
Of herbs, there are no better two."

The name Verbascum is an altered form of the Latin barbascum, from barba, "a beard," in allusion to the dense woolly hairs on both sides of the leaves; and the [361] appellation, Mullein, is got from the French molène, signifying the "scab" in cattle, and for curing which disease the plant is famous. It has also been termed Cow's Lung Wort, Hare's Beard, Jupiter's Staff, Ladies' Foxglove, and Velvet Dock from its large soft leaves. The Mullein bears the title "Bullock's lung wort," because of its supposed curative powers in lung diseases of this animal, on the doctrine of signatures, because its leaf resembles a dewlap; and the term "Malandre" was formerly applied to the lung maladies of cattle. Also the "Malanders" meant leprosy, whence it came about that the epithet "Malandrin" was attached to a brigand, who, like the leper, was driven from society and forced to lead a lawless life.

The name Verbascum is a modified version of the Latin barbascum, derived from barba, meaning "beard," which refers to the dense, woolly hairs on both sides of the leaves. The name Mullein comes from the French molène, meaning "scab" in cattle, for which this plant is well-known for treating. It has also been called Cow's Lung Wort, Hare's Beard, Jupiter's Staff, Ladies' Foxglove, and Velvet Dock because of its large, soft leaves. Mullein is referred to as "Bullock's lung wort" due to its believed healing properties for lung diseases in cattle, based on the doctrine of signatures, since its leaf looks like a dewlap. The term "Malandre" was previously used for lung diseases in cattle. Additionally, "Malanders" referred to leprosy, which is how the term "Malandrin" came to be associated with a brigand, who, like a leper, was cast out from society and forced to lead a life outside the law.

An infusion of the flowers was used by the Roman ladies to tinge their tresses of the golden colour once so much admired in Italy; and now in Germany, a hair wash made from the Mullein is valued as highly restorative. A decoction of the root is good for cramps and against the megrims of bilious subjects, which especially beset them in the dark winter months. The dried leaves of the Mullein plant, if smoked in an ordinary tobacco pipe, will completely control the hacking cough of consumption; and they can be employed with equal benefit, when made into cigarettes, for asthma, and for spasmodic coughs in general.

An infusion of the flowers was used by Roman women to dye their hair the golden color that was once so admired in Italy; and now in Germany, a hair wash made from Mullein is highly valued for its restorative properties. A decoction of the root is effective for cramps and helps with the headaches of those with a sensitive stomach, especially during the dark winter months. The dried leaves of the Mullein plant, when smoked in a regular tobacco pipe, can completely ease the persistent cough associated with tuberculosis; they can also be used just as effectively in cigarettes for asthma and general spasmodic coughs.

By our leading English druggists are now dispensed a succus verbasci (Mullein juice), of which the dose is from half to one teaspoonful; a tincture of Verbascum (Mullein), the dose of which is from half-a-teaspoonful to two teaspoonfuls; and an infusion of Mullein, in doses of from one to four tablespoonfuls. Also a tincture (H.) is made from the fresh herb with spirit of wine, which has been proved beneficial for migraine (sick head-ache) of long [362] standing, with oppression of the ears. From eight to ten drops of this tincture are to be given as a dose, with cold water, and repeated pretty frequently whilst needed.

By leading English pharmacists, a succus verbasci (Mullein juice) is now available, with a recommended dose of half to one teaspoonful; a tincture of Verbascum (Mullein), which has a dose ranging from half a teaspoonful to two teaspoonfuls; and an infusion of Mullein, with doses from one to four tablespoonfuls. There is also a tincture (H.) made from the fresh herb with alcohol, which has been found helpful for long-term migraines (severe headaches) accompanied by ear pressure. The dosage is eight to ten drops of this tincture, taken with cold water, and can be repeated fairly often as needed.

Mullein oil is a most valuable destroyer of disease germs. If fresh flowers of the plant be steeped for twenty-one days in olive oil whilst exposed to the sunlight, this makes an admirable bactericide; also by simply instilling a few drops two or three times a day into the ear, all pain therein, or discharges therefrom, and consequent deafness, will be effectually cured, as well as any itching eczema of the external ear and its canal. A conserve of the flowers is employed on the Continent against ringworm. Some of the most brilliant results have been obtained in suppurative inflammation of the inner ear by a single application of Mullein oil. In acute or chronic cases of this otorrhoea, two or three drops of the oil should be made fall into the ear twice or thrice in the day. And the same oil is an admirable remedy for children who "wet the bed" at night. Five drops should be put into a small tumblerful of cold water; and a teaspoonful of the mixture, first stirred, should be taken four times in the day.

Mullein oil is a highly effective killer of disease germs. If you steep fresh flowers of the plant in olive oil for twenty-one days while exposing it to sunlight, it becomes an excellent bactericide. By simply putting a few drops into the ear two or three times a day, you can effectively relieve all pain, any discharge, and resulting deafness, as well as itching eczema of the outer ear and its canal. A conserve made from the flowers is used in Europe to treat ringworm. Some of the most impressive results have been achieved in cases of pus-forming inflammation of the inner ear with just one application of Mullein oil. For both acute and chronic cases of ear discharge, two or three drops of the oil should be placed in the ear two to three times a day. Additionally, this oil is an excellent remedy for children who wet the bed at night. Five drops should be mixed into a small glass of cold water, and a teaspoon of the mixture should be taken, after stirring, four times a day.

Flowers of Mullein in olive oil, when kept near the fire for several days in a corked bottle, form a remedy popular in Germany for frost-bites, bruises, and piles. Also a poultice made with the leaves is a good application to these last named troublesome evils. For the cure of piles, sit for five minutes on a chamber vessel containing live coals, with crisp dry Mullein leaves over them, and some finely powdered resin.

Flowers of Mullein in olive oil, when kept near the fire for several days in a sealed bottle, create a remedy that is popular in Germany for frostbite, bruises, and hemorrhoids. Additionally, a poultice made with the leaves is an effective treatment for the latter issues. To treat hemorrhoids, sit for five minutes on a chamber pot with live coals inside, covered with crisp dry Mullein leaves and some finely powdered resin.

MUSHROOMS.

Without giving descriptive attention to those Mushrooms (Agarics, Boleti, and others) which are edible, and [363] of which over a hundred may be enumerated, as beyond our purpose when treating of curative Herbal Simples, notice will be bestowed here on two productions of the Mushroom nature—the Puff Ball and the Fly Agaric,—because of their medicinal qualities.

Without going into detail about those mushrooms (Agarics, Boleti, and others) that are edible, of which there are over a hundred, since that's not the focus when discussing healing herbal simples, we will highlight two types of mushrooms—the Puff Ball and the Fly Agaric—due to their medicinal properties.

It may be first briefly stated that the Agaricus campestris, or field Mushroom, is the kind most commonly eaten in England, being highly nitrogenous, and containing much fat. This may be readily distinguished from any harmful fungus by the pink colour of its gills, the solidity of its stem, the fragrant anise-like odour which it possesses, and the separability of its outer skin. Other edible Mushrooms which grow with us, and are even of a better quality than the above, are the Agaricus augustus and the Agaricus elvensis, not to mention the Chanatrelle, said to be unapproachable for excellence.

It can be briefly stated that the Agaricus campestris, or field mushroom, is the most commonly eaten type in England. It's high in nitrogen and contains a lot of fat. You can easily tell it apart from any poisonous fungi by its pink gills, firm stem, fragrant anise-like smell, and the ability to peel off its outer skin. Other edible mushrooms that grow in our area, which are even better quality than the above, include the Agaricus augustus and the Agaricus elvensis, not to mention the Chanterelle, which is said to be unbeatable in taste.

The Greeks were aware of edible fungi, and knew of injurious sorts which produced a sense of choking, whilst subsequent wasting of the body occurred. Athenaeus quotes an author who said: "You will be choked like those who waste after eating mushrooms." The Romans also esteemed some fungi as of so exquisite a flavour that these would be stolen sooner than silver or gold by anyone entrusted with their delivery:—

The Greeks recognized edible mushrooms and were aware of harmful types that caused a choking sensation and led to a gradual decline in health. Athenaeus cites an author who noted, "You’ll be choked like those who waste away after eating mushrooms." The Romans also valued certain fungi for their delicious taste, so much so that they would be stolen more often than silver or gold by anyone responsible for delivering them:—

"Argentum, atque aurum facile est laenamque togamque.
Mittere, boletos mittere difficile est."

"Silver and gold are easy to handle and to wear.
To send, sending mushrooms is difficult."

Mushrooms were styled by Porphry deorum filii, and "without seed, as produced by the midwifery of autumnal thunderstorms, and portending the mischief which these cause." "They are generally reported to have something noxious in them, and not without reason; but they were exalted to the second course of the Caesarean tables with the noble title 'bromatheon,' [364] a dainty fit for the gods, to whom they sent the Emperor Claudius, as they have many since to the other world." "So true it is he who eats Mushrooms many times, nil amplius edit, eats no more of anything."

Mushrooms were described by Porphyry as "being without seed, produced by the midwifery of autumn storms, and signaling the mischief they bring." "It's commonly believed they have something harmful in them, and there’s good reason for that; yet they were served as the second course in the Caesarean banquets under the grand name 'bromatheon,' a delicacy worthy of the gods, to whom they sent Emperor Claudius, just as they have sent many others to the next world." "It’s so true that one who eats mushrooms frequently, nil amplius edit, consumes nothing else."

The poisonous kinds may be commonly recognised by their possessing permanently white gills which do not touch the stem; and a thin ring, or frill, is borne by the stem at some distance from the top, whilst the bottom of the stem is surrounded by a loose sheath, or volva. If "phalline" is the active poisonous principle, this is not rendered inert by heat in cooking; but the helvellic acid of other sorts disappears during the process, and its fungi are thus made non-poisonous. There is a popular belief that Mushrooms which grow near iron, copper, or other metals, are deadly; the same idea obtaining in the custom of putting a coin in the water used for boiling Mushrooms in order that it may attract and detach any poison, and so serve to make them wholesome.

The poisonous types can usually be identified by their permanently white gills that don’t touch the stem; they have a thin ring or frill on the stem a bit below the cap, and the bottom of the stem is surrounded by a loose sheath, or volva. If "phalline" is the active poisonous compound, it isn’t neutralized by heat when cooking; however, the helvellic acid from other types breaks down during cooking, making those mushrooms safe to eat. There’s a common belief that mushrooms growing near iron, copper, or other metals are toxic; the same idea leads to the practice of placing a coin in the water used for boiling mushrooms to supposedly attract and remove any poison, making them safe to eat.

In Essex there is an old saying:—

In Essex, there's an old saying:—

    "When the moon is at the full,
    Mushrooms you may freely pull;
    But when the moon is on the wane,
    Wait till you think to pluck again."

"When the moon is full,
    You can pick mushrooms without a care;
    But when the moon is fading,
    Wait until you're sure it's time to pick again."

Even the most poisonous species may be eaten with impunity after repeated maceration in salt and water, or vinegar and water—which custom is generally adopted in the South of Europe, where the diet of the poorer classes largely includes the fungi which they gather; but when so treated the several Mushrooms lose much of their soluble nutritive qualities as well as their flavour. For the most part, Agarics with salmon-coloured spores are injurious, likewise fungi having a rancid or fetid odour, and an acrid, pungent, peppery taste. Celsus said: "If anyone shall have eaten [365] noxious fungi, let him take radishes with vinegar and water, or with salt and vinegar."

Even the most poisonous mushrooms can be safely eaten after being soaked multiple times in saltwater or vinegar and water, a practice commonly followed in Southern Europe, where many poorer people rely on wild mushrooms for food. However, this method also causes the mushrooms to lose a lot of their nutrients and flavor. Generally, mushrooms with salmon-colored spores are harmful, as well as those that have a rancid or foul smell and a sharp, peppery taste. Celsus said: "If anyone has eaten poisonous mushrooms, they should eat radishes with vinegar and water, or with salt and vinegar."

Wholesome Mushrooms afford nourishment which is a capital substitute for butchers' meat, and almost equally sustaining. If a poisonous fungus has been eaten, its ill-effects may nowadays be promptly met by antidotes injected beneath the skin, and by taking small doses of strychnia in coffee.

Wholesome mushrooms provide nutrition that is a great alternative to meat and nearly as sustaining. If someone eats a poisonous mushroom, its harmful effects can now be quickly addressed with antidotes injected under the skin, along with small doses of strychnine mixed in coffee.

Gerard says: "I give my advice to those that love such strange and new fangled meats to beware of licking honey among thorns, lest the sweetness of the one do not countervail the sharpness and pricking of the other." With regard to Mushrooms generally, Horace said:—

Gerard says: "I advise anyone who loves these bizarre and trendy foods to be cautious about enjoying sweetness when surrounded by thorns, as the pleasure of one might not make up for the pain of the other." Regarding mushrooms in general, Horace said:—

"Pratensibus optima fungis
Natura est; aliis male creditur."

"Nature is best at producing mushrooms
It’s poorly credited by others."

"The meadow Mushrooms are in kind the best;
'Tis ill to trust in any of the rest."

"The meadow mushrooms are definitely the best;
It's unwise to trust any of the others."

The St. George's Mushroom, an early one, takes, perhaps, the highest place as an agaric for the table. Blewits (formerly sold in Covent Garden market for Catsup), and Blue Caps, each all autumnal species, are savoury fungi to be fried. They may be served with bacon on toast.

The St. George's Mushroom, an early variety, probably ranks as one of the best edible mushrooms. Blewits (formerly sold in Covent Garden market for ketchup) and Blue Caps, both of which are autumnal species, are flavorful mushrooms that can be fried. They can be served with bacon on toast.

A very old test as to the safety of Mushrooms is to stew with them in the saucepan a small carefully-peeled onion. If after boiling for a few minutes this comes out White, and clean-looking, the Mushrooms may all be confidently eaten: but if it has turned blue, or black, there are dangerous ones among them, and all should be rejected.

A very old test for the safety of mushrooms is to cook a small, carefully peeled onion in the saucepan with them. If, after boiling for a few minutes, the onion comes out white and looking clean, the mushrooms can be safely eaten. However, if the onion has turned blue or black, that means there are dangerous mushrooms among them, and all should be discarded.

The Puff Ball (Lycoperdon giganteum bovista) grows usually on the borders of fields, in orchards, or meadows, also on dry downs, and occasionally in gardens. It [366] should be collected as a Simple in August and September. This Puff Ball is smooth, globose, and yellowish-white when young, becoming afterwards brown. It contains, when ripe, a large quantity of extremely fine brown black powder, which is a capital application for stopping bleeding from slight wounds and cuts. This also makes a good drying powder for dusting on weeping eruptive sores between parts which approximate to one another, as the fingers, toes, and armpits. The powder is very inflammable, and when propelled in a hollow cone against lighted spirit of wine on tow at the other end by a sudden jerk, its flash serves to imitate lightning for stage purposes. It was formerly used as tinder for lighting fires with the flint and steel.

The Puff Ball (Lycoperdon giganteum bovista) typically grows on the edges of fields, in orchards, or meadows, as well as on dry hills, and occasionally in gardens. It [366] should be harvested as a Simple in August and September. This Puff Ball is smooth, round, and yellowish-white when young, turning brown later. When ripe, it contains a large amount of very fine brown-black powder, which is excellent for stopping bleeding from minor cuts and wounds. This powder also works well as a drying agent for dusting on oozing sores between areas that are close together, like fingers, toes, and armpits. The powder is highly flammable, and when shot in a hollow cone against lit spirits of wine on a cloth at the other end with a quick jerk, its flash can mimic lightning for theater effects. It was previously used as tinder for starting fires with flint and steel.

When the fungus is burnt, its fumes exercise a narcotic property, and will stupify bees, so that their honey may be removed. It has been suggested that these fumes may take the place of chloroform for minor surgical operations. The gas given off during combustion is carbonic oxide.

When the fungus is burned, its fumes have a narcotic effect and can daze bees, making it easier to collect their honey. Some have proposed that these fumes could be used instead of chloroform for minor surgeries. The gas released during burning is carbon monoxide.

Puff Balls vary in size from that of a moderately large turnip to the bigness of a man's head. Their form is oval, depressed a little at the top, and the colour is a pure white both without and within. The surface is smooth at first, but at length cracking, and as the fungus ripens it becomes discoloured and dry; then the interior is resolved into a yellow mass of delicate threads, mixed with a powder of minute spores, about the month of September.

Puff Balls come in sizes ranging from a moderately large turnip to the size of a person's head. They have an oval shape, slightly flattened on top, and their color is a pure white both outside and inside. The surface is smooth at first, but eventually it cracks, and as the fungus matures, it becomes discolored and dry; by around September, the inside breaks down into a yellow mass of delicate threads mixed with a powder of tiny spores.

When young and pulpy the Puff Ball is excellent to be eaten, and is especially esteemed in Italy; but it deteriorates very rapidly after being gathered, and should not be used at table if it has become stained with yellow marks. When purely white it may be cut into thick [367] slices of a quarter-of-an-inch, and fried in fresh butter, with pepper, salt; and pounded herbs, and each slice should be first dipped in the yolk of an egg; the Puff Ball will also make an excellent omelette. Small Puff Balls are common on lawns, heaths, and pastures. These are harmless, and eatable as long as their flesh remains quite white. The Society of Amateur Botanists, 1863, had its origin (as described by the president, Mr. M. C. Cooke), "over a cup of tea and fried Puff Balls," in Great Turnstile.

When young and soft, the Puff Ball is great to eat and is especially popular in Italy. However, it spoils quickly after being picked, so it shouldn't be served if it has yellow stains. When it’s completely white, you can cut it into thick slices about a quarter-inch thick and fry them in fresh butter with pepper, salt, and crushed herbs. Each slice should be dipped in egg yolk first. The Puff Ball also makes a delicious omelette. Small Puff Balls are often found on lawns, heaths, and pastures. They are safe to eat as long as their flesh stays completely white. The Society of Amateur Botanists, 1863, originated (as the president, Mr. M. C. Cooke, described) "over a cup of tea and fried Puff Balls," in Great Turnstile.

Pieces of its dried inner woolly substance, with a profusion of minute snuff-coloured spores, have been long kept by the wise old women of villages for use to staunch wounds and incisions; whilst a ready surgical appliance to a deep cut is to bind a piece of Puff Ball over it, and leave it until healing has taken place. In Norfolk large Puff Balls found at the margins of cornfields are known as Bulfers, or Bulfists, and are regarded with aversion.

Chunks of its dried, fluffy inner material, filled with countless tiny brown spores, have been kept for ages by the wise old women in villages to help stop bleeding from wounds and cuts. For a serious cut, a common practice is to press a piece of Puff Ball over it and leave it there until it heals. In Norfolk, large Puff Balls found at the edges of cornfields are called Bulfers or Bulfists, and people generally dislike them.

In medicine a trituration (H.) is made of this fungus, and its spores, rubbed up with inert sugar of milk powdered, and it proves an effective remedy against dull, stupid, sleepy headache, with passive itchy pimples about the skin. From five to ten grains of the trituration, diluted to the third decimal strength, should be given twice a day, with a little water, for two or three weeks.

In medicine, a trituration (H.) is created from this fungus and its spores, mixed with inert powdered milk sugar. It has been shown to be an effective remedy for dull, sluggish, sleepy headaches, accompanied by passive itchy pimples on the skin. A dose of five to ten grains of the trituration, diluted to the third decimal strength, should be taken twice a day with a bit of water for two to three weeks.

Sir B. Richardson found that even by smelling at a strong tincture of the fungus great heaviness of the head was produced; and he has successfully employed the same tincture for relieving an analogous condition when coming on of its own accord. But the Puff Ball, whether in tincture (H.) or in trituration, is chiefly of service for curing the itchy pimply skin of "tettery" subjects, especially if this is aggravated by washing. Likewise the remedy is of essential use in some forms [368] of eczema, especially in what is known as bakers', or grocers' itch. Five drops of the diluted tincture may be given with a spoonful of water three times in the day; and the affected parts should be sponged equally often with a lotion made of one part of the stronger tincture to four parts of water, or thin strained gruel. Sometimes when a full meal of the Puff Ball fried in butter, or stewed in milk, has been taken, undoubted evidences of its narcotic effects have shown themselves.

Sir B. Richardson discovered that just by inhaling a strong tincture of the fungus, it caused significant heaviness in the head. He has also effectively used the same tincture to relieve similar conditions that arise on their own. However, the Puff Ball, whether in tincture (H.) or in trituration, is primarily beneficial for treating the itchy, pimply skin of "tettery" individuals, especially when aggravated by washing. Additionally, this remedy is crucial for some types of eczema, particularly what is commonly referred to as bakers' or grocers' itch. Five drops of the diluted tincture can be taken with a spoonful of water three times a day, and the affected areas should be sponged as often with a lotion made of one part of the stronger tincture to four parts of water, or thin strained gruel. Sometimes, after consuming a full meal of Puff Ball fried in butter or stewed in milk, clear signs of its narcotic effects have been observed.

Gerard said: "In divers parts of England, where people dwell far from neighbours, they carry the Puff Balls kindled with fire, which lasteth long." In Latin they were named Lupi crepitum, or Wolfs' Fists. "The powder of them is fitly applied to merigals, kibed heels, and such like; the dust or powder thereof is very dangerous for the eyes, for it bath been observed that divers have been poreblind even after when some small quantity thereof hath been blown into their eyes." This fungus has been called Molly Puff, from its resemblance to a powder puff; also Devil's Snuff Box, Fuss Balls, and Puck Fists (from feist, crepitus ani, and Puck, the impish king of the fairies). In Scotland the Puff Ball is the blind man's e'en, because it has been believed that its dust will cause blindness; and in Wales it is the "bag of smoke."

Gerard said: "In various parts of England, where people live far from others, they carry Puff Balls that are lit with fire, which lasts a long time." In Latin, they were called Lupi crepitum, or Wolfs' Fists. "The powder from them is appropriately used for ailments like chilblains and similar issues; the dust or powder can be very harmful to the eyes, as it has been noticed that several people have become partially blind after even a small amount has been blown into their eyes." This fungus is known as Molly Puff, due to its resemblance to a powder puff; it is also called Devil's Snuff Box, Fuss Balls, and Puck Fists (from feist, crepitus ani, and Puck, the mischievous king of the fairies). In Scotland, the Puff Ball is referred to as the blind man's eye, because it has been believed that its dust can cause blindness; and in Wales, it is called the "bag of smoke."

The Fly Agaric, or Bug Agaric (Agaricus muscarius) gives the name of Mushroom to all the tribe of Fungi as used for the destruction of flies (mousches). Albertus Magnus describes it as Vocatus fungus muscarum eo quidem lacte pulverisatus interficit muscas: and this seems to be the real source of the word, which has by caprice become transmitted from a poisonous sort to the wholesome kinds exclusively. The pileus of the Fly Agaric is broad, convex, and of a rich orange scarlet [369] colour, with a striate margin and white gills. It gets its name, as also that of Flybane, from being used in milk to kill flies; and it is called Bug Agaric from having been formerly employed to smear over bedsteads so as to destroy bugs. It inhabits dry places, especially birchwoods, and pinewoods, having a bright red upper surface studded with brown warts; and when taken as a poisonous agent it causes intoxication, delirium, and death through narcotism. It is more common in Scotland than in England. This Mushroom is highly poisonous, and therefore the remedial preparations are only to be given in a diluted form. For medicinal purposes a tincture is made (H.) from the fresh fungus: and a trituration of the dried fungus powdered and mixed with inert sugar of milk also powdered. These preparations are kept specially by the homoeopathic chemists: and the use of the Fly Agaric has been adopted by the school which they represent for curatively treating an irritable spinal cord, with soreness, twitching of the limbs, dragging of the legs, unsteadiness of the head, neuralgic pains in the arms and legs (as if caused by sharp ice), some giddiness, a coating of yellow fur on the lining mucous membranes, together with a crawling, or burning, and eruptive skin. In fact for a lamentably depraved condition of all the bodily health, such as characterises advanced locomotor ataxy, and allied spinal degradations leading to general physical failure. Just such a totality of symptoms has been recorded by provers after taking the fungus for some length of time in toxical quantities. The tincture should be used of the third decimal strength, five drops for a dose twice or three times a day with a spoonful of water; or the trituration of the third decimal strength, for each dose as much of the powder as will lie on the flat surface of [370] a sixpence. Chilblains may be mitigated by taking the tincture of this Agaric, and by applying some of the stronger tincture on cotton wool over the swollen and itching parts alt night.

The Fly Agaric, or Bug Agaric (Agaricus muscarius), gives the name "Mushroom" to all fungi used for killing flies (mousches). Albertus Magnus describes it as Vocatus fungus muscarum eo quidem lacte pulverisatus interficit muscas: and this seems to be the true source of the word, which has whimsically shifted from a poisonous variety to the safe types exclusively. The cap of the Fly Agaric is wide, convex, and has a vibrant orange-red color, with a striped edge and white gills. It gets its name, as well as the name Flybane, from its use in milk to kill flies, and it’s called Bug Agaric because it was previously used to coat beds to eliminate bedbugs. It grows in dry areas, especially in birch and pine forests, featuring a bright red top covered with brown warts. When ingested as a poison, it causes intoxication, delirium, and death due to narcotic effects. It is more common in Scotland than in England. This mushroom is very toxic, so the medicinal preparations should only be taken in a diluted form. For medical purposes, a tincture (H.) is made from the fresh fungus, and a trituration is made from the dried fungus that is powdered and mixed with powdered inert sugar of milk. These preparations are available from homeopathic chemists, and they are used by this school to treat an irritated spinal cord, with symptoms such as tenderness, limb twitching, leg dragging, balance issues, neuralgic pains in the arms and legs (as if caused by sharp ice), some dizziness, a yellow fur-like coating on the mucous membranes, along with crawling, burning, and itchy skin. In fact, for a severely impaired state of overall health, typical of advanced locomotor ataxia and related spinal issues leading to general physical decline, this full range of symptoms has been reported by those who took the fungus over an extended period in toxic amounts. The tincture should be taken at a third decimal strength, five drops per dose, two to three times a day with a spoonful of water; or the trituration at a third decimal strength, using as much powder as will fit on the flat surface of [370] a sixpence for each dose. Chilblains can be alleviated by taking the tincture of this agaric and applying some of the stronger tincture on cotton wool over the swollen and itchy areas overnight.

"Muscarin" is the leading active principle of the Fly Agaric, in conjunction with agaricin, mycose, and mannite. It stimulates, when swallowed in strong doses, certain nerves which tend to retard the action of the heart. Both our Fly Agaric and the White Agaric of the United States serve to relieve the night sweats of advanced pulmonary consumption, and they have severally proved of supreme palliative use against the cough, the sleeplessness, and the other worst symptoms of this, wasting disease, as also for drying up the milk in weaning. Each of these fungi when taken by mistake will salivate profusely, and provoke both immoderate, and untimely laughter. When the action of the heart is laboured and feeble through lack of nervous power, muscarin, or the tincture of Fly Agaric, in a much diluted potency will relieve this trouble. The dose of Muscarin, or Agaricin, is from a sixth to half a grain in a pill. These medicines increase the secretion of tears, saliva, bile, and sweating, but they materially lessen the quantity of urine. Belladonna is found to be the best antidote. From the Oak Agaric, "touchwood," or "spunk,"—when cut into thin slices and beaten with a hammer until soft,—is made "Amadou," or German tinder. This is then soaked in a solution of nitre and dried; it afterwards forms an excellent elastic astringent application for staying bleedings and for bed sores. The Larch Agaric is powdered, and given in Germany as a purgative, its dose being from twenty to sixty grains.

"Muscarin" is the main active ingredient in the Fly Agaric, along with agaricin, mycose, and mannite. When taken in large doses, it stimulates certain nerves that slow down the heart. Both the Fly Agaric and the White Agaric from the United States help relieve night sweats in advanced lung disease, and they have both been extremely useful for easing cough, sleeplessness, and the other severe symptoms of this debilitating illness, as well as for drying up milk during weaning. Each of these fungi, if consumed accidentally, can cause excessive salivation and uncontrollable laughter. When heart function is weak and strained due to a lack of nerve power, muscarin or the tincture of Fly Agaric, when diluted, can help alleviate this issue. The dose for Muscarin or Agaricin ranges from one-sixth to half a grain in a pill. These substances increase the production of tears, saliva, bile, and sweat, but significantly reduce urine output. Belladonna is considered the best antidote. The Oak Agaric, known as "touchwood" or "spunk," can be sliced thin and pounded until soft to make "Amadou," or German tinder. This is soaked in a nitre solution and dried, turning into an excellent elastic astringent for stopping bleeding and treating bedsores. The Larch Agaric is ground into powder and used in Germany as a laxative, with a dosage ranging from twenty to sixty grains.

In Belgium the Polyporus Officinalis is used medicinally [371] as an aperient, and to check profuse sweating. By the Malays the Polyporus Sanguineus is used outwardly for leprosy.

In Belgium, the Polyporus Officinalis is used for its medicinal properties [371] as a laxative and to reduce excessive sweating. The Malays use the Polyporus Sanguineus externally to treat leprosy.

Truffles (Tuber cibarium) may receive a passing notice whilst treating of fungi, though they are really subterranean tubers of an edible sort found in the earth, especially beneath beech trees, and uprooted by dogs trained for the purpose. They somewhat resemble our English "earth nuts," which swine discover by their scent. The ancients called the Truffle lycoperdon, because supposing it to spring from the dung of wolves. In Athens the children of Cherips had the rights of citizenship granted them because their father had invented a choice ragout concocted of Truffles. But delicate and weak stomachs find them difficult to digest. Pliny said, "Those kinds which remain hard after cooking are injurious; whilst others, naturally harmful if they admit of being cooked thoroughly well, and if eaten with saltpetre, or, still better, dressed with meat, or with pear stalks, are safe and innocent."

Truffles (Tuber cibarium) might get a brief mention when talking about fungi, but they're actually edible tubers found underground, especially under beech trees, and dug up by specially trained dogs. They somewhat resemble our English "earth nuts," which pigs can sniff out. The ancients referred to the Truffle as lycoperdon, believing it grew from wolf dung. In Athens, the children of Cherips were granted citizenship rights because their father created a famous dish made with Truffles. However, people with delicate stomachs find them hard to digest. Pliny noted, "The kinds that stay hard after cooking can be harmful; while others, which can be safe if cooked thoroughly and eaten with saltpeter, or even better, seasoned with meat or pear stalks, are harmless."

In Italy these tubers are fried in oil and dusted with pepper. For epicures they are mixed with the liver of fattened geese in paté de foie gras. Also, greedy swine are taught to discover and root them out, "being of a chestnut colour and heavy rank hercline smell, and found not seldom in England." Black Truffles are chiefly used: but there are also red and white varieties, the best tubers being light of weight in proportion to their size, with an agreeable odour, and elastic to the touch.

In Italy, these tubers are fried in oil and sprinkled with pepper. For food lovers, they are combined with the liver of fattened geese in paté de foie gras. Additionally, hungry pigs are trained to find and dig them up, "being chestnut-colored and having a strong, earthy smell, and often found in England." Black truffles are mainly used, but there are also red and white varieties. The best tubers are light for their size, have a pleasant smell, and feel elastic to the touch.

They are stimulating and heating, insomuch, that for delicate children who are atrophied, and require a multum in parvo of fatty and nitrogenous food in a compact but light form, which is fairly easy of digestion, [372] the paté de foie gras on bread is a capital prescription. Truffles grow in clusters several inches below the soil, being found commonly on the downs of Wiltshire, Hampshire and Kent; also in oak and chestnut forests. Dogs have been trained to discriminate their scent below the surface of the soil, and to assist in digging them out. There is a Garlic Truffle of a small inferior sort which is put into stews; and the best Truffles are frequently found full of perforations. The presence of the tubers beneath the ground is denoted by the appearance above of a beautiful little fly having a violet colour—this insect being never seen except in the neighbourhood of Truffles. They are subject to the depredations of certain animalcules, which excavate the tubers so that they soon become riddled with worms. These, after passing through a chrysalis state, develop into the violet flies. Gerard called Truffles "Spanish fussebals." They were not known to English epicures in Queen Elizabeth's day. Another appellation borne by them formerly was "Swines' bread," and they were supposed to be engendered by thunderbolts. In Northern France they were first popularised four hundred and fifty years ago, by John, Duke of Berry, a reprobate gambler, third son of John the Good. The Perigord Truffle has a dark skin, and smells of violets. Piedmontese truffles suggest garlic: those of Burgundy are a little resinous: the Neapolitan specimens are redolent of sulphur: and in the Gard Department (France) they have an odour of musk. The English truffle is white, and best used in salads. Dr. Warton, Poet Laureate, 1750, said "Happy the grotto'ed hermit with his pulse, who wants no truffles." A Girton girl under examination described the tuber as a "sort of sea-anemone on land." When once dug up truffles soon [373] lose their perfume and aroma, so they are imported bedded in the very earth which produced them.

They are stimulating and warming, especially for delicate children who are undernourished and need a concentrated but light mix of fatty and protein-rich foods that's easy to digest. For them, paté de foie gras on bread is a great suggestion. Truffles grow in clusters a few inches underground, commonly found on the hills of Wiltshire, Hampshire, and Kent, as well as in oak and chestnut forests. Dogs have been trained to detect their scent underground and help dig them out. There's a type of Garlic Truffle that’s smaller and of lower quality, used in stews, while the best truffles are often full of holes. You can tell there are tubers underground by the appearance of a beautiful little violet fly that is only seen near truffles. They are vulnerable to certain tiny creatures that burrow into the tubers, causing them to become riddled with worms, which later turn into these violet flies after going through a chrysalis stage. Gerard referred to truffles as "Spanish fussebals." They were not known to English food lovers in the time of Queen Elizabeth. Another old name for them was "Swines' bread," and they were believed to be created by lightning. In Northern France, they were popularized about four hundred and fifty years ago by John, Duke of Berry, a wayward gambler and the third son of John the Good. The Perigord Truffle has a dark skin and smells like violets. Piedmontese truffles have a garlic scent; those from Burgundy are slightly resinous; the Neapolitan ones smell of sulfur; and those from the Gard Department in France have a musk scent. The English truffle is white and is best used in salads. Dr. Warton, Poet Laureate in 1750, said, "Happy the grottoed hermit with his pulse, who wants no truffles." A Girton woman under examination described the tuber as a "sort of sea-anemone on land." Once dug up, truffles quickly lose their scent and aroma, so they are imported still in the soil that produced them.

The Earth Nut (Bunium flexuosum) is also catted Hog Nut, Pig
Nut, Jur Nut, St. Anthony's Nut, Earth Chesnut, and Kipper Nut.
Caliban says, in the Tempest, "I with my long nails-will dig thee Pig
Nuts." They are an excellent diuretic, serving to stimulate the
kidneys.

The Earth Nut (Bunium flexuosum) is also called Hog Nut, Pig
Nut, Jur Nut, St. Anthony's Nut, Earth Chestnut, and Kipper Nut.
Caliban says in *The Tempest*, "I with my long nails will dig you Pig
Nuts." They are a great diuretic, helping to stimulate the
kidneys.

Pliny talked of fungi in general as a great delicacy to be eaten with amber knives and a service of silver. But Seneca called them voluptuaria venena. The Russians take some which we think to be deleterious; but they first soak these in vinegar, which (adds Pliny), "being contrary to them neutralizes their dangerous qualities; also they are rendered still more safe if cooked with pear stalks; indeed it is good to eat pears immediately after all fungi." Almost every species except the common Mushroom is characterized by the majority of our countrymen as a toadstool; but this title really appertains to the large group bearing the subgeneric name of Tricholoma, which probably does not contain a single unwholesome species. Other rustic names given to this group are "Puckstools" and "Puckfists." They are further known as "Toad skeps" (toad's cap) in the Eastern counties.

Pliny mentioned that fungi are a real delicacy, enjoyed with amber knives and silver tableware. However, Seneca referred to them as voluptuaria venena. The Russians consume some types that we consider toxic, but they soak them in vinegar first, which, as Pliny noted, "neutralizes their harmful qualities; cooking them with pear stalks makes them even safer; in fact, it's good to eat pears right after having any fungi." Most people in our country identify all types of fungi, except for the common mushroom, as toadstools; however, this term specifically applies to the larger group called Tricholoma, which likely includes no unwholesome species. Other local names for this group are "Puckstools" and "Puckfists." They are also known as "Toad skeps" (toad's cap) in the Eastern counties.

Puck, the mischievous king of the fairies, has been commonly identified with pogge, the toad, which was believed to sit upon most of the unwholesome fungi; and the Champignon (or Paddock Stool) was said to owe its growth to "those wanton elves whose pastime is to make midnight mushrooms." One of the "toad stoo's" (the Clathrus cancellatus) is said to produce cancerous sores if handled too freely. It has an abominably disgusting odour, and is therefore named the "lattice stinkhorn." The toad was popularly thought to [374] impersonate the devil; and the toad-stool, pixie stool, or paddock stool was believed to spring from the devil's droppings.

Puck, the playful fairy king, is often linked with pogge, the toad, which was thought to sit on most of the unhealthy mushrooms; and the Champignon (or Paddock Stool) was said to grow from "those playful elves who like to make midnight mushrooms." One of the "toad stools" (the Clathrus cancellatus) is said to cause cancerous sores if touched too much. It has a really unpleasant smell, which is why it's called the "lattice stinkhorn." The toad was commonly believed to [374] be a stand-in for the devil; and the toadstool, pixie stool, or paddock stool was thought to come from the devil's droppings.

The word Mushroom may have been derived from the French Moucheron, or Mousseron, because of its growing among moss. The chief chemical constituents of wholesome Mushrooms are albuminoids, carbo-hydrates, fat, mineral matters, and water. When salted they yield what is known as catsup, or ketchup (from the Japanese kitchap). The second most edible fungus of this nature is the Parasol Mushroom (Lepcota procera).

The word "Mushroom" might come from the French Moucheron or Mousseron, due to its growth among moss. The main chemical components of healthy Mushrooms are proteins, carbohydrates, fats, minerals, and water. When salted, they produce what’s called catsup or ketchup (from the Japanese kitchap). The second most edible fungus of this kind is the Parasol Mushroom (Lepcota procera).

Edible Mushrooms, if kept uncooked, become dangerous: they cannot be sent to table too soon. In Rome our favourite Pratiola is held in very small esteem, and the worst wish an Italian can express against his foe is "that he may die of a Pratiola." If this species were exposed for sale in the Roman markets it would be certainly condemned by the inspector of fungi.

Edible mushrooms, if left uncooked, can be dangerous: they shouldn’t be served too quickly. In Rome, our favorite Pratiola is not valued at all, and the worst thing an Italian can wish upon an enemy is "that he may die from a Pratiola." If this type were put up for sale in the Roman markets, it would definitely be rejected by the mushroom inspector.

Fairy rings are produced by the spawn, or mycelium, beginning to germinate where dropped by a bird or a beast, and exhausting the soil of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and potash, from the centre continuously outwards; whilst immediately within the enlarging ring there is constantly a band of coarse rank grass fed by the manure of the penultimate dead spawn. The innermost starved ground remains poor and barren. In this duplicate way the rings grow larger and larger.

Fairy rings are formed when the spawn, or mycelium, starts to sprout where it’s been dropped by a bird or animal, using up the soil's carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potash from the center outward. Just inside the expanding ring, there's always a band of coarse, lush grass that gets its nutrients from the decaying spawn. The very center of the ring stays poor and barren. In this way, the rings continue to grow larger and larger.

Our edible Mushroom is a Pratella of the subgenus Psalliota, and the Agaricus campestris of English botanists. In common with the esculent Mushrooms of France it contains phosphate of potassium—a cell salt essentially reparative of exhausted nerve tissue and energy.

Our edible mushroom is a Pratella from the subgenus Psalliota, and it's known as Agaricus campestris among English botanists. Similar to the edible mushrooms found in France, it contains potassium phosphate—a cell salt that helps repair depleted nerve tissue and energy.

The old practice of testing Mushrooms with a silver [375] spoon, which is supposed to become tarnished only when the juices are of an injurious quality (i.e., when sulphur is developed therein under decomposition) is not to be trusted. In cases of poisoning by injurious fungi after the most violent symptoms may have been relieved, and the patient rescued from immediate danger, yet great emaciation will often follow from the subsequent effects of the poison: and the skin may exhibit an abundant outbreak of a vesicular eruption, whilst the health will remain perhaps permanently injured. Strong alcoholic drinks should never be taken together with, or immediately after eating Mushrooms, or other innocent fungi. Experienced fungus eaters (mycophagists) have found themselves suffering from severe pains, and some swellings through taking whiskey and water shortly after the meal: whereas precisely the same fungus, minus the whiskey, could be eaten with impunity by these identical experimentalists.

The old practice of testing mushrooms with a silver spoon, which is said to tarnish only when the juices are harmful (i.e., when sulfur develops during decomposition), should not be trusted. In cases of poisoning from harmful fungi, even after the most severe symptoms have been treated and the patient saved from immediate danger, significant weight loss can still follow due to the lasting effects of the poison. The skin may show a widespread vesicular rash, and overall health may remain permanently affected. Strong alcoholic drinks should never be consumed with or right after eating mushrooms or other safe fungi. Experienced mushroom eaters (mycophagists) have experienced severe pain and swelling after drinking whiskey and water shortly after their meal; however, they could eat the exact same fungus without issue if they skipped the whiskey.

MUSTARD.

The wild Mustard (Brassica Sinapistrum), a Cruciferous herb commonly called Chedlock, from leac, a weed, and kiede, to annoy, grows abundantly as a product of waste places, and in newly disturbed ground.

The wild Mustard (Brassica Sinapistrum), a cruciferous herb commonly known as Chedlock, from leac, meaning weed, and kiede, meaning to annoy, grows abundantly in neglected areas and freshly disturbed soil.

The Field Mustard (Arvensis) is Charlock, or Brassock; its botanical term, Sinapis, being referable to the Celtic nap, as a general name for plants of the rape kind. Mustard was formerly known as "senvie" in English. It has been long cultivated and improved, especially in Darham.

The Field Mustard (Arvensis) is also known as Charlock or Brassock; its botanical name, Sinapis, is linked to the Celtic word nap, which is a general term for plants in the rape family. Mustard used to be called "senvie" in English. It has been cultivated and refined for a long time, especially in Darham.

Now we have for commercial and officinal purposes two varieties of the cultivated plant, the black Mustard (Sinapis nigra), and the white Mustard (Brassica, or Sinapis alba). There is also a plain plant of the hedges, [376] Hedge Mustard (Sisymbrium officinale) which is a mere rustic Simple. It is the black Mustard which yields by its seeds the condiment of our tables, and the pungent yellow flour which we employ for the familiar stimulating poultice, or sinapism. This black Mustard is a tall smooth plant, having entire leaves, and smooth seed pods, being now grown for the market on rich alluvial soil chiefly in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire. In common with its kindred plants it gets its name from mustum, the "must," or newly fermented grape juice, and ardens, burning, because as a condiment, Mustard flour was formerly mixed with home-made wine and sugar. The virtues of black Mustard depend on the acrid volatile oil contained in its seeds. These when unbruised and macerated in boiling water yield only a tasteless mucilage which resides in their skin. But when bruised they develop a very active, pungent, and highly stimulative principle with a powerful penetrating odour which makes the eyes water. From thence is perhaps derived the generic name of the herb Sinapis (Para tou sinesthai tous hopous, "because it irritates the eyes"). This active principle contains sulphur abundantly, as is proved by the discoloration of a silver spoon when left in the mustard-pot, the black sulphuret of silver being formed. The chemical basis of black Mustard is "sinnigrin" and its acid myronic. The acridity of its oil is modified in the seeds by combination with another fixed oil of a bland nature which can be readily separated by pressure, then the cake left after the expression of this fixed oil is far more pungent than the seeds. The bland oil expressed from the hulls of the black seeds after the flour has been sifted away, promotes the growth of the hair, and may be used with benefit externally for [377] rheumatism. Whitehead's noted Essence of Mustard is made with spirits of turpentine and rosemary, with which camphor and the farina of black Mustard seed are mixed. This oil is very little affected by frost or the atmosphere; and it is therefore specially prized by clock makers, and for instruments of precision.

Now, for commercial and medicinal purposes, we have two types of cultivated plants: black mustard (Sinapis nigra) and white mustard (Brassica or Sinapis alba). There's also a wild plant found in hedges, hedge mustard (Sisymbrium officinale), which is just a simple wild herb. It's the black mustard that provides the condiment we use at our tables and the sharp yellow powder we use for the well-known stimulating poultice or sinapism. Black mustard is a tall, smooth plant with whole leaves and smooth seed pods, and it's primarily grown for market purposes in the rich alluvial soil of Lincolnshire and Yorkshire. Like its related plants, it gets its name from mustum, meaning "must" or newly fermented grape juice, and ardens, meaning burning, because mustard powder was once mixed with homemade wine and sugar as a condiment. The benefits of black mustard come from the pungent volatile oil in its seeds. When left whole and soaked in boiling water, they only produce a tasteless mucilage found in their skin. However, when crushed, they release a very active, sharp, and highly stimulating principle with a strong penetrating scent that can make your eyes water. This might be where the herb's generic name, Sinapis (Para tou sinesthai tous hopous, meaning "because it irritates the eyes"), comes from. This active ingredient has a lot of sulfur, as shown by the discoloration of a silver spoon left in the mustard pot, forming black silver sulfide. The chemical components of black mustard include "sinnigrin" and its acid, myronic. The sharpness of its oil is balanced by another fixed oil that is mild and can be easily separated by pressure; the residue left after pressing this fixed oil is much more pungent than the seeds. The mild oil extracted from the hulls of the black seeds after the flour is sifted out helps promote hair growth and can be beneficially used externally for rheumatism. Whitehead's famous essence of mustard is made with spirits of turpentine and rosemary, mixed with camphor and the ground black mustard seed. This oil is minimally affected by cold or the atmosphere, making it especially valuable for clock makers and precision instruments.

A Mustard poultice from the farina of black Mustard made into a paste with, or without wheaten flour commingled, constitutes one of the most powerful external stimulating applications we can employ. It quickly induces a sharp burning pain, and it excites a destructive outward inflammation which enters much more into the true skin than that which is caused by an old fashioned blister of Spanish fly. This has therefore superseded the latter as more promptly and reliably effective for the speedy relief of all active internal congestions. If the application of Mustard has caused sores, these may be best soothed and healed by lime-water liniment.

A mustard poultice made from ground black mustard mixed into a paste with or without wheat flour is one of the most powerful external stimulants we can use. It quickly causes a sharp burning pain and triggers a strong inflammatory reaction that penetrates deeper into the skin than an old-fashioned blister from Spanish fly. As a result, this has replaced the latter as it is more effective and reliable for quickly relieving all active internal congestion. If the mustard application leads to sores, these can be best soothed and healed with a lime-water liniment.

Mustard flour is an infallible antiseptic and sterilising agent. It is a capital deodoriser; and if rubbed thoroughly into the bands and nails will take away all offensive stink when corrupt or dead tissues have been manipulated.

Mustard flour is a powerful antiseptic and sterilizing agent. It works great as a deodorizer; if rubbed thoroughly into the hands and nails, it will eliminate any unpleasant odors when dealing with corrupt or dead tissues.

If a tablespoonful of Mustard flour is added to a pint of tepid water, and taken at a draught it operates briskly as a stimulating and sure emetic. Hot water poured on bruised seeds of black Mustard makes a good stimulating footbath for helping to throw off a cold, or to dispel a headache; and meantime the volatile oil given out as an aroma, if not too strong, proves soporific. This oil contains erucic, and sinapoleic acids. When properly mixed with spirit of wine, twenty-four drops of the oil to an ounce of spirit, the essential oil forms, [378] by reason of its stimulating properties and its contained sulphur, a capital liniment for use in rheumatism, or for determining blood to the surface from deeper parts. Caution should be used not to apply a plaster made altogether of Mustard flour to the delicate skin of young children, or females, because ulcers difficult to heal may be the result, or even gangrenous destruction of the deeper skin may follow. The effects of a Mustard bath, at about ninety degrees, are singular; decided chills are felt at first throughout the whole body, with some twitchings at times of the limbs; and later on, even after the skin surface has become generally red, this sense of coldness persists, until the person leaves the water, when reaction becomes quickly established, with a glowing heat and redness of the whole skin.

If you add a tablespoon of mustard flour to a pint of warm water and drink it all at once, it works quickly as a stimulating and effective way to induce vomiting. Pouring hot water over crushed black mustard seeds creates a good stimulating footbath that can help relieve a cold or ease a headache; meanwhile, the oil released as an aroma, if not too strong, can make you sleepy. This oil contains erucic and sinapoleic acids. When mixed properly with alcohol, using twenty-four drops of the oil for every ounce of alcohol, the essential oil becomes a great liniment for treating rheumatism, or for drawing blood to the surface from deeper areas, thanks to its stimulating properties and the sulfur it contains. Be careful not to use a plaster made entirely of mustard flour on the sensitive skin of young children or women, as it may lead to difficult-to-heal ulcers or even cause gangrene of the deeper skin layers. The effects of a mustard bath around ninety degrees are unique; you initially feel strong chills all over your body, with occasional twitching in your limbs. Later, even after your skin has turned red, that cold sensation can continue until you get out of the water, at which point you quickly experience a warm, glowing heat and redness throughout your skin.

For obstinate hiccough a teacupful of boiling water should be poured on a teaspoonful of Mustard flour, and taken when sufficiently cool, half at first, and the other half in ten minutes if still needed. For congestive headache a small roll of Mustard paper or Mustard leaf may be introduced into one or both nostrils, and left there for a minute or more. It will relieve the headache promptly, and may perhaps induce some nose bleeding.

For stubborn hiccups, pour a cup of boiling water over a teaspoon of mustard flour, and take it when it's cool enough—first half, and the other half in ten minutes if you still need it. For a congestive headache, you can put a small piece of mustard paper or mustard leaf in one or both nostrils and leave it there for a minute or more. It will quickly relieve the headache and might even cause a little nosebleed.

Admixture with vinegar checks the development of the pungent principles of Mustard. This used to be practised for the table in England, but is now discontinued, though some housewives add a little salt to their made Mustard.

Mixing in vinegar prevents the strong flavors of mustard from developing. This used to be done in England for meals, but it's not commonly practiced anymore, although some cooks still add a bit of salt to their prepared mustard.

Claims for the introduction of Mustard at Durham in 1720, have been raised in favour of a Mrs. Clements, but they cannot be substantiated. Shakespeare in the Taming of the Shrew makes Grumio ask Katherine "What say you to a piece of beef and Mustard?" and speaks, in Henry IV., of Poins' wit being "as thick [379] as Tewkesbury Mustard"; whilst Fuller in his Worthies of England, written only a very few years after Shakespeare's death, says "the best Mustard in England is made at Tewkesbury in the county of Gloucester." Coles observes (1657), "in Gloucestershire about Teuxbury they grind Mustard seed and make it up into balls, which are brought to London and other remote places as being the best that the world affords." George the First restored the popularity of Mustard by his approval of it. Prior to 1720 no such condiment as Mustard in its present form was used at table in this country. It is not improbable that the Romans, who were great eaters of Mustard-seed pounded and steeped in new wine, brought the condiment with them to our shores, and taught the ancient Britons how to prepare it. At Dijon in France where the best mixed continental Mustard is made, the condiment is seasoned with various spices and savouries, such as Anchovies, Capers, Tarragon, Catsup of Walnuts, or Mushrooms, and the liquors of other pickles. Philip the Bold granted armorial ensigns (1382) to Dijon, with the motto moult me tarde (I wish for ardently). The merchants of Sinapi copied this on their wares, the middle word of the motto being accidentally effaced. A well-known couplet of lines supposed to occur in Hudibras (but not to be found there), has long baffled the research of quotation hunters:

Claims that Mrs. Clements introduced mustard in Durham in 1720 have been made, but they can't be proven. In Taming of the Shrew, Shakespeare has Grumio ask Katherine, "What do you think of a piece of beef and mustard?" and he refers in Henry IV to Poins' wit being "as thick as Tewkesbury mustard"; while Fuller, in his Worthies of England, written just a few years after Shakespeare's death, states, "the best mustard in England is made at Tewkesbury in the county of Gloucester." Coles noted in 1657, "in Gloucestershire around Tewkesbury, they grind mustard seed and form it into balls, which are sent to London and other distant places as the best in the world." George I helped revive mustard's popularity by endorsing it. Before 1720, no condiment like mustard in its current form was served at tables in this country. It’s possible that the Romans, who loved eating mustard seed ground and soaked in new wine, brought it to our shores and taught the ancient Britons how to prepare it. In Dijon, France, where the finest mixed continental mustard is made, it is flavored with various spices and seasonings, such as anchovies, capers, tarragon, walnut ketchup, or mushrooms, and the liquids from other pickles. Philip the Bold granted armorial insignia to Dijon in 1382, with the motto moult me tarde (I wish for ardently). The merchants of Sinapi copied this on their products, with the middle word of the motto accidentally erased. A well-known couplet that is thought to appear in Hudibras (but doesn’t actually exist there) has long puzzled those searching for the quote.

"Sympathy without relief
Is like to Mustard without beef."

"Sympathy without relief
Is like mustard without beef."

Mustard flour moistened with a little water into a paste has the singular property of dispelling the odours of musk, camphor, and the fetid gum resins. For deodorising vessels which have contained the essences of turpentine, creasote, assafetida, or other such drugs, it [380] will answer to introduce some bruised Mustard-seed, and then a little water, shaking the vessel well for a minute or more, and afterwards rinsing it out with plenty of water.

Mustard flour mixed with a bit of water into a paste has a unique ability to eliminate the smells of musk, camphor, and foul gum resins. To deodorize containers that have held substances like turpentine, creosote, asafoetida, or similar chemicals, you can add some crushed mustard seeds, then add a little water, shake the container well for a minute or more, and finally rinse it out thoroughly with plenty of water.

The white Mustard grows when uncultivated on waste ground with large yellow flowers, and does not yield under any circumstances a pungent oil like the black Mustard. It is a hirsute plant, with stalked leaves and hairy seed pods; and when produced in our gardens its young leaves are eaten as a salad, or as "Mustard, with Cress."

The white mustard grows wild on neglected land with big yellow flowers, and it never produces a strong oil like black mustard. It's a hairy plant with stalked leaves and fuzzy seed pods; when grown in our gardens, its young leaves are eaten as a salad or as "mustard with cress."

"When in the leaf," says John Evelyn in his Acetaria, "Mustard, especially in young seedling plants, is of incomparable effect to quicken and revive the spirits, strengthening the memory, expelling heaviness, preventing the vertiginous palsy, and a laudable cephalic, besides being an approved antiscorbutic." He tells further that the Italians, in making Mustard as a condiment, mingle lemon and orange peel with the (black) seeds. "In the composition of a sallet the Mustard (a noble ingredient) should be of the best Tewkesbury or else of the soundest and weightiest Yorkshire seed, tempered a little by the fire to the consistence of a pap with vinegar, in which some shavings of the horseradish have been steeped. Then, cutting an onion, and putting it into a small earthen gally-pot, pour the Mustard over it and close it very well with a cork. Note.—The seeds should have been pounded in a mortar, or bruised with a polished cannon bullet in a large wooden bowl dish."

"When it's in leaf," says John Evelyn in his Acetaria, "mustard, especially in young seedlings, is incredibly effective for boosting and revitalizing the spirits, enhancing memory, relieving heaviness, preventing dizziness, and serves as a beneficial tonic for the head, in addition to being a well-known remedy for scurvy." He further explains that Italians, when making mustard as a condiment, mix in lemon and orange peel with the (black) seeds. "In preparing a salad, the mustard (a noble ingredient) should be the finest Tewkesbury or the best quality and heaviest Yorkshire seeds, slightly tempered by heating it to a paste-like consistency with vinegar, in which some shavings of horseradish have been soaked. Then, chop an onion and put it into a small earthenware jar, pour the mustard over it, and seal it tightly with a cork. Note.—The seeds should be crushed in a mortar, or ground with a polished cannonball in a large wooden bowl."

The active principle of white Mustard is "Sinapin," and the seed germinates so rapidly that it has been said a salad of this may be grown while the joint of meat is being roasted for dinner. Seeds of the white Mustard have been employed medicinally from early times. [381] Hippocrates advised their use both internally, and as a counter-irritating poultice made with vinegar. When swallowed whole in teaspoonful doses three or four times a day, they exercise a laxative effect mechanically, and are voided without undergoing any perceptible change, only the outer skin being a little softened and mucilaginous. An infusion of the seed taken medicinally will relieve chronic bronchitis, and confirmed rheumatism: also for a relaxed sore throat a gargle of Mustard seed tea will be found of service.

The main active ingredient in white mustard is "Sinapin," and the seeds sprout so quickly that it's said you can grow a salad while a roast is cooking for dinner. People have used white mustard seeds for medicinal purposes since ancient times. [381] Hippocrates recommended using them both internally and as a poultice mixed with vinegar for irritation. When taken whole in teaspoon-sized doses three or four times a day, they act as a mechanical laxative and pass through the body without significant change, with only the outer skin becoming a bit soft and slimy. An infusion of the seeds can help relieve chronic bronchitis and persistent rheumatism; also, a mustard seed tea gargle can be beneficial for a sore throat.

A French expression for trifling one's time away is s'amuser à la moutarde. The essential oil is an admirable deodorant and disinfectant, especially on an emergency.

A French expression for wasting time is s'amuser à la moutarde. The essential oil is an excellent deodorant and disinfectant, especially in an emergency.

But the "grain of Mustard seed, the smallest of all seeds" (_Mark _iv., 31), "which when it is grown up is the greatest among herbs," was a tree of the East, very different from our Mustard, and bearing branches of real wood.

But the "grain of mustard seed, the smallest of all seeds" (_Mark iv., 31), "which when it is grown up is the greatest among herbs," was a tree from the East, very different from our mustard, and it had branches of real wood.

The Hedge Mustard (Sisymbrium, or Erisymum) grows by our roadsides, and on waste grounds, where it seems to possess a peculiar aptitude for collecting and retaining dust. The pods are downy, close pressed to the stem, and the leaves hairy with their points turned backwards. It is named by the French "St. Barbara's Hedge Mustard," and the Singer's Plant, "herbe au chantre," or "herbe au chanteur." Up to the time of Louis XIV, it was considered an infallible remedy for loss of the voice. Racine writing to Boileau recommended the syrup of Erysimum to him when visiting the waters of Bourbonne in order to be cured of voicelessness. "Si les eaux de Bourbonne ne vous guerissent pas de votre extinction de voix, le sirop d'Erysimum vous guerirait infalliblement. Ne l'oubliez pas, et à l'occasion vingt grammes par litre d'eau en tisane [382] matin et soir." It used to be called Flix, or Flux weed from being given with benefit in dysentery, a disease formerly known as the Flix. This herb has been commended for chronic coughs and hoarseness, using the juice mixed with an equal quantity of honey, or sugar. It has been designated "the most excellent of all remedies for diseases of the throat, especially in ulcerated sore throats, which it will serve to cure when all the advice of physicians and surgeons has proved ineffectual." A strong infusion of the herb is excellent in asthmas, and it may be made with sugar into a syrup which will keep all the year round. The Hedge Mustard contains chemically a soft resin, and a sulphuretted volatile oil. This herb with the vervain is supposed to form Count Mattaei's noted nostrum Febrifugo.

The Hedge Mustard (Sisymbrium, or Erisymum) grows along our roadsides and in wastelands, where it seems particularly good at collecting and holding dust. The pods are downy, tightly pressed against the stem, and the leaves are hairy with their tips turned backward. The French call it "St. Barbara's Hedge Mustard," and the Singer's Plant, "herbe au chantre," or "herbe au chanteur." Up until the time of Louis XIV, it was regarded as a sure remedy for voice loss. Racine, writing to Boileau, recommended the syrup of Erysimum to him while visiting the waters of Bourbonne to be treated for voicelessness. "If the waters of Bourbonne don't cure your voice loss, the syrup of Erysimum will definitely cure you. Don't forget it, and when you have the chance, take twenty grams per liter of water in a tea [382] morning and evening." It was once called Flix, or Flux weed, because it was beneficial for dysentery, a condition previously known as Flix. This herb has been praised for treating chronic coughs and hoarseness, using the juice mixed with an equal amount of honey or sugar. It has been described as "the best remedy for throat diseases, especially for ulcerated sore throats, which it can cure when all medical advice and treatments have failed." A strong infusion of the herb is excellent for asthma, and it can be made with sugar into a syrup that lasts all year. The Hedge Mustard contains a soft resin and a volatile sulphuric oil. This herb, along with vervain, is believed to make up Count Mattaei's famous remedy Febrifugo.

NETTLE.

No plant is more commonplace and plentiful in our fields and hedges throughout an English summer than the familiar stinging Nettle. And yet most persons unknowingly include under this single appellation several distinct herbs. Actually as Nettles are to be found: the annual Urtica dioica, or true Stinging Nettle; the perennial Urtica urens (burning); the White Dead Nettle; the Archangel, or Yellow Weasel Snout, and the Purple Hedge Nettle. This title "Urtica" comes ab urendo, "from burning."

No plant is more common and abundant in our fields and hedges during an English summer than the familiar stinging Nettle. Yet most people unknowingly refer to several different herbs under this single name. In fact, the Nettles include the annual Urtica dioica, or true Stinging Nettle; the perennial Urtica urens (burning); the White Dead Nettle; the Archangel, or Yellow Weasel Snout; and the Purple Hedge Nettle. The name "Urtica" comes from ab urendo, meaning "from burning."

The plant which stings has a round hairy stalk, and carries only a dull colourless bloom, whereas the others are labiate herbs with square stems, and conspicuous lipped flowers. As Simples only the great Stinging Nettle, the lesser Stinging Nettle, and the white Dead Nettle call for observation. Also another variety of our Stinging Nettle is the Urtica pilulifera, called by [383] corruption the Roman Nettle, really because found abundantly at Romney in Kent. But a legend obtains belief with some that Roman soldiers first brought with them to England the seeds of this plant, and sowed it about for their personal uses. They heard before coming that the climate here was so cold that it might not be endured without some friction to warm the blood, and to stir up the natural heat; and they therefore bethought them to provide Nettles wherewith to chafe their limbs when "stiffe and much benummed." Or, again, Lyte says, "They do call al such strange herbes as be unknown of the common people Romish, or Romayne herbes, although the same be brought direct from Sweden or Norweigh." The cure for Nettle stings has been from early times to rub the part with a dock leaf. The dead Nettles are so named as having no sting, but possessing nettle-like leaves. The stinging effect of the true Nettle is caused by an acrid secretion contained in minute vesicles at the base of each of the stiff hairs; and urtication, or flogging, with Nettles, is an old external remedy, which was long practised for chronic rheumatism, and loss of muscular power. Tacta quod exurat digitos urtica tenentis. —Macer. Tea made from the young tops is a Devonshire cure for Nettle-rash. Gerard says, "the Nettle is a good medicine for them that cannot breathe unless they hold their necks upright: and being eaten boiled with periwinkles it makes the body soluble."

The plant that stings has a round, hairy stalk and only has a dull, colorless flower, while others are lip-shaped herbs with square stems and noticeable lipped flowers. Among the simple herbs, only the great Stinging Nettle, the lesser Stinging Nettle, and the white Dead Nettle are noteworthy. There's also another type of Stinging Nettle called Urtica pilulifera, which is misleadingly referred to as the Roman Nettle because it's commonly found in Romney, Kent. A legend suggests that Roman soldiers brought the seeds of this plant to England and planted them for their own use. They had heard that the climate here was so cold that it couldn't be tolerated without some friction to warm the blood and boost natural heat; so, they thought to grow Nettles to rub on their limbs when they felt "stiff and numb." Additionally, Lyte mentions, "They call all such unusual herbs, which are unknown to common people, Romish or Roman herbs, even if they were brought directly from Sweden or Norway." The traditional remedy for Nettle stings has long been to rub the affected area with a dock leaf. The Dead Nettles are named for not having a sting but having similar leaves to nettles. The stinging sensation of the true Nettle comes from a harsh substance found in tiny sacs at the base of each stiff hair; urtication, or whipping with Nettles, is an old external treatment that was commonly used for chronic rheumatism and muscle weakness. Tacta quod exurat digitos urtica tenentis. —Macer. Tea made from the young tops is a Devonshire remedy for Nettle rash. Gerard says, "the Nettle is a good remedy for those who can’t breathe unless they keep their necks straight: and when boiled with periwinkles, it helps the body to digest."

The word Nettle is derived from net, meaning something spun, or sewn; and it indicates the thread made from the hairs of the plant, and formerly used among Scandinavian nations. This was likewise employed by Scotch weavers in the seventeenth century. Westmacott, the historian, says, "Scotch cloth is only the [384] housewifery of the Nettle." And the poet Campbell writes in one of his letters, "I have slept in Nettle sheets, and dined off a Nettle table cloth: and I have heard my mother say she thought Nettle cloth more durable than any other linen." Goldsmith has recorded the "rubbing of a cock's heart with stinging Nettles to make it hatch hen's eggs." Some think the word "Nettle" an alteration of the Anglo-Saxon "Needl," with reference to the needle-like stings. Spun silk is now made in England from "Ramie" the decorticated fibre of Nettles after washing away the glutinous juice from under their bark.

The word Nettle comes from net, which means something that has been spun or sewn; it refers to the thread made from the plant's hairs, historically used by Scandinavian countries. This was also used by Scottish weavers in the seventeenth century. Historian Westmacott states, "Scottish cloth is just the [384] home craft of the Nettle." Additionally, the poet Campbell mentions in one of his letters, "I have slept on Nettle sheets and dined off a Nettle tablecloth: and I remember my mother saying she thought Nettle cloth was more durable than any other linen." Goldsmith has noted the "rubbing of a rooster's heart with stinging Nettles to hatch hen's eggs." Some believe the term "Nettle" is a variation of the Anglo-Saxon "Needl," referring to the needle-like stings. Nowadays, spun silk is produced in England from "Ramie," which is the processed fiber of Nettles after washing away the sticky juice from their bark.

The seeds (dioica) contain a fine oil, and powerfully stimulate the sexual functions.

The seeds (dioica) contain a high-quality oil and strongly enhance sexual functions.

In Russia, as a recent mode of treatment, urtication is now enthusiastically commended, that is, slapping, or pricking with a bundle of fresh Nettle twigs for one or more minutes, once, or several times in the day. It is a superlative method of cure because harmless (neither irritating the kidneys nor disfiguring the skin), cleanly, simple in application, rapid in its effects, and cheap, though perhaps somewhat rude. For sciatica, for incipient wasting, for the difficult breathing of some heart troubles (where such stimulation along the backbone affords more prompt and complete relief than any other treatment), for some coughs palsy, suppression of the monthly flow in women, rheumatism, and for lack of muscular energy, this urtication is said to be an invaluable resuscitating measure which has been successfully resorted to by the peasantry of Russia from time immemorial. It will sometimes produce a crop of small harmless blisters.

In Russia, a new treatment method called urtication is now being highly recommended. This involves slapping or pricking with a bunch of fresh Nettle twigs for a minute or more, either once or multiple times a day. It’s considered an excellent way to treat various conditions because it’s harmless (not irritating to the kidneys or damaging to the skin), clean, easy to apply, quick in showing results, and inexpensive, although it might seem a bit crude. It's said to be effective for sciatica, early muscle wasting, certain heart-related breathing difficulties (where this stimulation along the spine provides quicker and more complete relief than other treatments), some coughs, paralysis, missed menstrual cycles in women, rheumatism, and lack of muscle energy. This urtication has been a valuable restorative method used by Russian peasants for ages. It may occasionally cause a few small harmless blisters.

The analysis of the fresh Nettle shows a presence of formic acid (the irritating principle of the stinging hairs), with mucilage, salts, ammonia, carbonic acid, and [385] water. A strong decoction of Nettles drunk too freely by mistake has produced severe burning over the whole body, with general redness, and a sense of being stung. The features became swollen, and minute vesicles appeared on the skin, which burst, and discharged a limpid fluid. No fever accompanied the attack, and after five or six days the eruption dried up. A medicinal tincture (H.) is made from the entire plant with spirit of wine: and this, as taught by the principle of similars, may be confidently given in small diluted doses to mitigate such a totality of symptoms as now described, whether coming on as an attack of severe Nettle rash, or assuming some more pronounced eruptive aspect, such as chicken pox. The same tincture also acts admirably in cases of burns, when the deep skin is not destructively involved. And again for relieving the itching of the fundament caused by the presence of threadworms.

The analysis of fresh Nettle shows it contains formic acid (the irritating compound in the stinging hairs), along with mucilage, salts, ammonia, carbonic acid, and water. Drinking a strong decoction of Nettles too freely by mistake has led to severe burning all over the body, along with general redness and a feeling of being stung. The facial features became swollen, and tiny blisters appeared on the skin, which burst and released a clear fluid. There was no fever with this reaction, and after five or six days, the rash dried up. A medicinal tincture (H.) is made from the whole plant with alcohol: and this, following the principle of similars, can reliably be given in small diluted doses to ease the complete set of symptoms just described, whether it appears as an acute Nettle rash or takes on a more pronounced eruptive form like chickenpox. The same tincture also works well for burns, as long as the deeper skin layers aren't severely damaged. Additionally, it helps relieve itching in the anal area caused by threadworms.

"Burns," says Lucomsky, "may be rapidly cured by applying over them linen cloths well wetted with an alcoholic tincture of the Stinging Nettle prepared from the fresh plant, this being diluted with an equal, or a double quantity of cold water. The cloths should be frequently re-wetted, but without removing them, so as to prevent pain from exposure." Dr. Burnett has shown conclusively that Nettle tea, and Nettle tincture (ten drops for a dose in water), are curative of feverish gout, as well as of intermittent fever and ague. Either remedy will promote a speedy extrication of gravel through the kidneys. Again the Nettle was a favourite old English remedy for consumption, as already mentioned (see Mugwort), with reference to the mermaid of the Clyde, when she beheld with regret the untimely funeral of a young Glasgow maiden.

"Burns," says Lucomsky, "can be quickly treated by placing linen cloths soaked in an alcoholic tincture of Stinging Nettle made from fresh plants, diluted with an equal or double amount of cold water. The cloths should be re-wetted frequently without removing them to avoid pain from exposure." Dr. Burnett has definitively shown that Nettle tea and Nettle tincture (ten drops per dose in water) are effective for treating feverish gout, as well as intermittent fever and chills. Either remedy will help clear gravel out of the kidneys quickly. Furthermore, Nettle was a popular traditional English remedy for tuberculosis, as mentioned earlier (see Mugwort), in the story of the mermaid of the Clyde, who sadly witnessed the premature funeral of a young woman from Glasgow.

[386] Fresh Nettle juice given in doses of from one to two tablespoonfuls is a most serviceable remedy for all sorts of bleeding, whether from the nose, the lungs, or some internal organ. Also the decoction of the leaves and stalks taken in moderate quantities is capital for many of the minor skin maladies.

[386] Fresh nettle juice taken in doses of one to two tablespoons is a very effective remedy for all kinds of bleeding, whether it's from the nose, lungs, or an internal organ. Additionally, a decoction made from the leaves and stems, when consumed in moderation, is excellent for treating various minor skin conditions.

An alcoholic extract is made officinally from the entire young plant gathered in the spring, and some of this if applied on cotton wool will arrest bleeding from the nose, or after the extraction of a tooth, when persistent. If a leaf of the plant be put upon the tongue and pressed against the roof of the mouth, it will stop a bleeding from the nose. Taken as a fresh young vegetable in the spring, or early summer, Nettle tops make a very wholesome and succulent dish of greens, which is slightly laxative; but during Autumn they are hurtful. In Italy where herb soups are in high favour, "herb knodel" (or round balls made like a dumpling in size and consistency) of Nettles are esteemed as nourishing and medicinal. The greater Nettle (Urtica dioica), and the lesser Nettle (Urtica urens) possess stinging properties in common.

An alcoholic extract is officially made from the whole young plant collected in the spring. If you apply some of this extract on cotton wool, it can stop nosebleeds, or bleeding after a tooth extraction, when it's ongoing. If a leaf from the plant is placed on the tongue and pressed against the roof of the mouth, it will also stop a nosebleed. Fresh young nettle tops, gathered in spring or early summer, make a very healthy and tasty green dish that has a mild laxative effect, but in the autumn, they can be harmful. In Italy, where herb soups are popular, "herb knodel" (which are round balls similar to dumplings in size and texture) made from nettles are considered both nourishing and medicinal. Both the greater nettle (*Urtica dioica*) and the lesser nettle (*Urtica urens*) have stinging properties in common.

A crystalline alkaloid which is fatal to frogs in a dose of one centigramme, has been isolated from the common Stinging Nettle. The watery extract has but little effect on mammals: but in the frog it causes paralysis, beginning in the great nervous centres and finally stopping the action of the heart. If planted in the neighbourhood of beehives, the Nettle will serve to drive away frogs.

A clear alkaloid that is deadly to frogs in a dose of one hundredth of a gram has been extracted from the common Stinging Nettle. The watery extract has minimal impact on mammals, but in frogs, it leads to paralysis that starts in the major nerve centers and ultimately halts the heart's action. If grown near beehives, the Nettle will help keep frogs away.

The expressed seeds yield an oil which may be used for burning in lamps. Nettle leaves, rubbed into wooden vessels, such as tubs, &c., will prevent their leaking. The juice of the leaves coagulates, and fills up the [387] interstices of the wood. When dried the leaves will often relieve asthma and similar bronchial troubles by inhalation, although other means have failed. Eight or ten grains should be burnt, and the fumes inspired at bedtime.

The pressed seeds produce an oil that can be used for fuel in lamps. Rubbing nettle leaves onto wooden containers, like tubs, prevents them from leaking. The juice from the leaves thickens and fills in the gaps in the wood. When dried, the leaves can often help with asthma and other breathing issues through inhalation, even when other remedies haven't worked. About eight to ten grains should be burned, and the fumes inhaled before bedtime.

The Lamium album (white dead Nettle), a labiate plant, though not of the stinging Nettle order, is likewise of special use for arresting haemorrhage, as in spitting of blood, dysentery, and female fluxes. Its name Lamium is got from the Greek laimos, the throat, because of the shape of its corollae. If the plant be macerated in alcohol for a week, then cotton wool dipped in the liquid is as efficacious for staying bleeding, when applied to the spot, as the strongly astringent muriate of iron. Also, a tincture of the flowers is made (H.) for internal use in similar cases. From five to ten drops of this tincture should be given for a dose with a tablespoonful of cold water. The Red Nettle, another Lamium, is also called Archangel, because it blossoms on St. Michael's day, May 8th. If made into a tea and sweetened with honey, it promotes perspiration, and acts on the kidneys. The white dead Nettle is a degenerate form of this purple herb as shown by still possessing on its petals the same brown markings. Nevertheless, having disobeyed the laws of its growth, it has lost its original colour, and, like the Lady of Shalott, it is fain to complain "the curse has come upon me." Count Mattaei's nostrum Pettorale is thought to be got from the Galeopsis (hemp Nettle), another of the labiate herbs, with Nettle-like leaves, but no stinging hairs, named from galee, a cat, or weazel, and opsis, a countenance, because supposed to have a blossom resembling the face of the animal specified.

The Lamium album (white dead Nettle), a member of the mint family, while not a stinging Nettle, is particularly useful for stopping bleeding, such as in cases of coughing up blood, dysentery, and women's health issues. Its name Lamium comes from the Greek word laimos, meaning throat, due to the shape of its flowers. If you soak the plant in alcohol for a week, then cotton wool soaked in this liquid is just as effective in stopping bleeding when applied to the area as the strong astringent muriate of iron. Additionally, a tincture made from the flowers can be used internally for similar issues. You should take five to ten drops of this tincture mixed with a tablespoon of cold water. The Red Nettle, another type of Lamium, is also known as Archangel because it blooms on St. Michael's Day, May 8th. When brewed into a tea and sweetened with honey, it encourages sweating and affects the kidneys. The white dead Nettle is a less developed version of this purple herb, still showing the same brown markings on its petals. However, by straying from its natural growth, it has lost its original color, and like the Lady of Shalott, it laments, "the curse has come upon me." Count Mattaei's remedy Pettorale is believed to be derived from the Galeopsis (hemp Nettle), another labiate herb with Nettle-like leaves but no stinging hairs, named from galee, meaning cat or weasel, and opsis, meaning appearance, because it is thought to have a flower resembling the face of that animal.

[388] NIGHT SHADE, DEADLY (Belladonna).

[388] Deadly Nightshade (Belladonna).

This is a Solanaceous plant found native in Great Britain, and growing generally on chalky soil under hedges, or about waste grounds. It bears the botanical name of Atropa, being so called from one of the classic Fates,—she who held the shears to cut the thread of human life:—

This is a nightshade plant native to Great Britain, commonly found in chalky soil under hedges or in abandoned areas. Its botanical name is Atropa, named after one of the ancient Fates—she who held the scissors to cut the thread of human life:

"Clotho velum retinet, Lachesis net, et atropos occit."

"Clotho holds the thread, Lachesis measures it, and Atropos cuts it."

Its second title, Belladonna, was bestowed because the Spanish ladies made use of the plant to dilate the pupils of their brilliant black eyes. In this way their orbs appeared more attractively lustrous: and the donna became bella (beautiful). The plant is distinguished by a large leaf growing beside a small one about its stems, whilst the solitary flowers, which droop, have a dark full purple border, being paler downwards, and without scent. The berries (in size like small cherries) are of a rich purplish black hue, and possess most dangerously narcotic properties. They are medicinally useful, but so deadly that only the skilled hands of the apothecary should attempt to manipulate them; and they should not be prescribed for a patient except by the competent physician. When taken by accident their mischievous effects may be prevented by swallowing as soon as possible a large glass of warm vinegar.

Its second title, Belladonna, comes from the fact that Spanish women used the plant to enlarge the pupils of their striking black eyes. This made their eyes appear more beautifully bright: and the donna became bella (beautiful). The plant is recognizable by a large leaf growing next to a smaller one along its stems, while the drooping solitary flowers have a deep purple edge, fading to a lighter shade below, and they are scentless. The berries, about the size of small cherries, are a rich dark purple color and have dangerously narcotic properties. They can be medicinally beneficial, but are so toxic that only trained professionals should handle them; they should only be prescribed for a patient by a qualified doctor. If ingested accidentally, the harmful effects can be countered by quickly drinking a large glass of warm vinegar.

A tincture of allied berries was used of old by ladies of fashion in the land of the Pharaohs, as discovered among the mummy graves by Professor Baeyer, of Munich. This had the property of imparting a verdant sheen to the human iris; and, perhaps by the quaint colour-effect it produced on the transparent cornea of some wily Egyptian belle, it gave rise to the saying, "Do you see any green in the white of my eye?"

A blend of berries was used long ago by fashionable women in the land of the Pharaohs, as found among the mummy graves by Professor Baeyer of Munich. This had the ability to give a greenish tint to the human iris; and, perhaps because of the unique color effect it created on the clear cornea of some clever Egyptian beauty, it led to the saying, "Do you see any green in the white of my eye?"

[389] At one time Belladonna leaves were held to be curative of cancer when applied externally as a poultice, either fresh, or dried, and powdered. It is remarkable that sheep, rabbits, goats, and swine can eat these leaves with impunity, though (as Boerhaave tells) a single berry has been known to prove fatal to the human subject; and a gardener was once hanged for neglecting to remove plants of the deadly Night Shade from certain grounds which he knew. A peculiar symptom in those poisoned by Belladonna berries is the complete loss of voice, together with frequent bending forward of the trunk, and continual movements of the hands and fingers. The Scotch under Macbeth sent bread and wine treacherously impregnated with this poison to the troops of Sweno.

[389] At one time, Belladonna leaves were believed to cure cancer when used externally as a poultice, whether fresh or dried and powdered. It's striking that sheep, rabbits, goats, and pigs can eat these leaves without any harm, even though, as Boerhaave noted, a single berry can be fatal to humans. A gardener was once hanged for failing to remove deadly Nightshade plants from areas he was aware of. A unique symptom in those poisoned by Belladonna berries is the complete loss of voice, along with frequent bending of the torso forward and constant movement of the hands and fingers. The Scots under Macbeth sent bread and wine secretly laced with this poison to Sweno's troops.

The plant bears other titles, as "Dwale" (death's herb), "Great Morel," and "Naughty Man's Cherry." The term "Morel" is applied to the plant as a diminutive of mora, a Moor, on account of the black-skinned berries. The Belladonna grows especially near the ruins of monasteries, and is so abundant around Furness Abbey that this locality has been styled the "Vale of Night Shade."

The plant has other names, like "Dwale" (death's herb), "Great Morel," and "Naughty Man's Cherry." The name "Morel" comes from a smaller form of mora, meaning Moor, because of the black berries. The Belladonna often grows near old monasteries, and it’s so plentiful around Furness Abbey that this area is called the "Vale of Night Shade."

Hahnemann taught that, acting on the law of similars, Belladonna given in very small doses of its tincture will protect from the infection of scarlet fever. He confirmed this fact by experiments on one hundred and sixty children. When taken by provers in actual toxic doses the tincture, or the fresh juice, has induced sore throat, feverishness, and a dry, red, hot skin, just as if symptomatic of scarlet fever. The plant yields atropine and hyoscyamine from all its parts. As a drug it specially affects the brain and the bladder. The berries are known in Buckinghamshire as "Devil's cherries."

Hahnemann taught that, following the law of similars, Belladonna given in very small doses of its tincture can protect against scarlet fever infection. He confirmed this through experiments on one hundred and sixty children. When taken by test subjects in actual toxic doses, the tincture or fresh juice caused sore throat, fever, and a dry, red, hot skin, similar to symptoms of scarlet fever. The plant produces atropine and hyoscyamine from all its parts. As a drug, it mainly affects the brain and bladder. The berries are known in Buckinghamshire as "Devil's cherries."

[390] NUTMEG, CINNAMON, GINGER, and CLOVES.

[390] Nutmeg, cinnamon, ginger, and cloves.

The spice box is such a constant source of ready domestic comforts of a medicinal sort in every household that the more important, and best known of its contents may well receive some consideration when treating of Herbal Simples; though it will, of course, be understood these spices are of foreign growth, and not indigenous products.

The spice box is a reliable source of comforting home remedies in every household, so it makes sense to look at the more important and better-known contents when discussing herbal remedies. However, it’s important to note that these spices are imported and not local products.

Cinnamon, Nutmeg, Ginger, and Cloves, claim particular notice in this respect.

Cinnamon, nutmeg, ginger, and cloves deserve special attention in this regard.

    "Sinament, Ginger, Nutmeg, and Cloves,
    And that gave me my jolly red nose."
        Beaumont and Fletcher.

"Sinament, Ginger, Nutmeg, and Cloves,
And that gave me my cheerful red nose."
Beaumont and Fletcher.

Cinnamon possesses positive medicinal as well as aromatic virtues. What we employ as this spice consists of the inner bark of shoots from the stocks of a Ceylon tree, first cultivated here in 1768.

Cinnamon has helpful medicinal and aromatic qualities. The spice we use is made from the inner bark of young shoots from the Ceylon tree, which was first cultivated here in 1768.

Such bark chemically contains cinnamic acid, tannin, a resin, and sugar, so that its continued use will induce constipation. The aromatic and stimulating effects of Cinnamon have been long known. It was freely given in England during the epidemic scourges of the early and middle centuries, nearly every monastery keeping a store of the cordial for ready use. The monks administered it in fever, dysentery, and contagious diseases. And recent discovery in the laboratory of M. Pasteur, the noted French bacteriologist, has shown that Cinnamon possesses the power of absolutely destroying all disease germs. Our ancestors, it would appear, had hit upon a valuable preservative against microbes, when they infused Cinnamon with other spices in their mulled drinks. Mr. Chamberland says, "no disease germ can long resist the antiseptic powder of essence of Cinnamon, [391] which is as effective to destroy microbes as corrosive sublimate."

The bark contains cinnamic acid, tannin, resin, and sugar, so using it regularly can lead to constipation. The aromatic and stimulating effects of cinnamon have been known for a long time. It was commonly given in England during the epidemic outbreaks of the early and middle centuries, with nearly every monastery keeping a supply of this remedy on hand. The monks used it to treat fever, dysentery, and contagious diseases. Recent discoveries in the lab of M. Pasteur, the famous French bacteriologist, have shown that cinnamon can completely eliminate all disease germs. It seems our ancestors discovered a valuable way to fight microbes when they combined cinnamon with other spices in their mulled drinks. Mr. Chamberland states, "No disease germ can long resist the antiseptic powder of essence of cinnamon, [391] which is as effective at destroying microbes as corrosive sublimate."

By its warming astringency, it exercises cordial properties which are most useful in arresting passive diarrhoea, and in relieving flatulent indigestion.

By its warming astringency, it has friendly properties that are very helpful in stopping mild diarrhea and relieving bloating and indigestion.

Its volatile oil is procured from the bark, and likewise a tincture, as well as an aromatic water of Cinnamon. For a sick qualmish stomach either preparation is an excellent remedy, as the virtue of the bark rests in this essential volatile oil. When obtained from the fruit it is extremely fragrant, of thick consistence, and sometimes made into candles at Ceylon, for the sole use of the king. The doses are of the powdered bark from ten to twenty grains; of the oil from one to five drops; of the tincture from half to one teaspoonful, and of the distilled water from one to two tablespoonfuls. Our Queen is known to be partial to the use of Cinnamon. Keats, the poet, wrote of "lucent syrups tinct. with Cinnamon." And Saint Francis of Sales says in his Devout Life: "With respect to the labour of teaching, it refreshes and revives the heart by the sweetness it brings to those who are engaged in it, as the Cinnamon does in Arabia Felix to them who are laden with it." In toxic quantities of an injurious amount, Cinnamon bark has produced haemorrhage from the bowels, and nose bleeding. Therefore small doses of the diluted tincture are well calculated to obviate these symptoms when presenting themselves through illness.

Its essential oil comes from the bark, along with a tincture and aromatic water of Cinnamon. Either preparation is a great remedy for an upset stomach since the healing properties of the bark are found in this essential oil. When taken from the fruit, it has a strong fragrance, a thick consistency, and is sometimes made into candles in Ceylon, exclusively for the king. The recommended doses are powdered bark from ten to twenty grains; oil from one to five drops; tincture from half to one teaspoonful; and distilled water from one to two tablespoonfuls. Our Queen is known to favor Cinnamon. Keats, the poet, wrote about "lucent syrups tinct. with Cinnamon." And Saint Francis of Sales states in his Devout Life: "Regarding the work of teaching, it refreshes and revives the heart by the sweetness it brings to those who engage in it, just like the Cinnamon does in Arabia Felix for those who carry it." In toxic amounts, Cinnamon bark can cause bleeding from the bowels and nosebleeds. Therefore, small doses of the diluted tincture are effective in preventing these symptoms when they arise from illness.

The bark was formerly thought to stimulate the functions of the womb, and of late it has come again into medical use for this purpose. To check fluxes from that organ a teaspoonful of the bruised bark should be infused in half a pint of boiling water, and a tablespoonful given frequently when cool. Lozenges made [392] with the essential oil are also medicinally available for the speedy relief of sickness, and as highly useful against influenza. It is well known that persons who live in Cinnamon districts have an immunity from malaria.

The bark used to be believed to boost the functions of the womb, and recently, it has made a comeback in medical use for this reason. To control discharges from that organ, a teaspoon of the crushed bark should be steeped in half a pint of boiling water, and a tablespoon should be taken frequently once it cools. Lozenges made with the essential oil are also available for fast relief from sickness and are highly effective against influenza. It's well-known that people living in cinnamon-growing regions tend to have immunity from malaria.

Ginger (Zingiberis radix) is the root-stock of a plant grown in the East and West Indies, and is scraped before importation. Its odour is due to an essential oil, and its pungent hot taste to a resin. It was known in Queen Elizabeth's reign, having been introduced by the Dutch about 1566. "Grene Gynger of almondes" is mentioned in the Paston Letters, 1444. "When condited," says Gerard, "it provoketh venerie."

Ginger (Zingiberis radix) is the root of a plant grown in the East and West Indies, and it's scraped before being imported. Its smell comes from an essential oil, and its spicy hot flavor comes from a resin. It was known during Queen Elizabeth's reign, having been brought in by the Dutch around 1566. "Green ginger of almonds" is mentioned in the Paston Letters from 1444. "When candied," says Gerard, "it stimulates desire."

This Green Ginger, which consists of the young shoots of the rhizome, when boiled in syrup makes an excellent preserve. Officinally from the dried and scraped rhizome are prepared a tincture, and a syrup. If a piece of the root is chewed it causes a considerable flow of saliva, and an application of powdered Ginger, made with water into paste, against the skin will produce intense tingling and heat. To which end it may be spread on paper and applied to the forehead as a means for relieving a headache from passive fulness. In India, Europeans who suffer from languid indigestion drink an infusion of Ginger as a substitute for tea. For gouty dyspepsia the root may be powdered in a mortar: and a heaped teaspoonful of it should be then infused in boiling milk; to be taken when sufficiently cool, for supper or at breakfast.

This Green Ginger, which consists of the young shoots of the rhizome, when boiled in syrup makes a great preserve. Medicinally, dried and scraped rhizome is used to make a tincture and a syrup. If you chew a piece of the root, it causes a significant flow of saliva, and applying powdered Ginger mixed with water into a paste on the skin will create intense tingling and heat. You can spread it on paper and apply it to your forehead as a way to relieve a headache caused by passive fullness. In India, Europeans who have sluggish digestion drink an infusion of Ginger instead of tea. For gout-related indigestion, the root can be powdered in a mortar, and a heaped teaspoonful should be infused in boiling milk, to be consumed when it's cool enough, either for supper or breakfast.

The dose of the powder is from ten to twenty grains; of the tincture from a third of a teaspoonful to a teaspoonful, in water hot or cold; of the syrup from one to two teaspoonfuls in water. Either preparation is of service to correct diarrhoea, and to relieve weakly chronic bronchitis. Also as admirably corrective of [393] chronic constipation through general intestinal sluggishness, a vespertine slice of good, old-fashioned Gingerbread made with brown treacle and grated ginger may be eaten with zest, and reliance. There is a street in Hull called "The land of Ginger."

The dose of the powder is between ten to twenty grains; for the tincture, it's about a third of a teaspoon to a teaspoon, mixed in hot or cold water; for the syrup, one to two teaspoons in water. Any of these options can help with diarrhea and provide relief for chronic bronchitis. Additionally, a slice of traditional Gingerbread made with brown molasses and grated ginger can effectively relieve chronic constipation caused by sluggish intestines, and it can be enjoyed with pleasure and trust. There’s a street in Hull known as “The Land of Ginger.”

The habitat of the tree from which our Nutmeg comes is the Molucca Islands, and the part of the nut which constitutes the Spice is the kernel. This is called generically Nux moschata, or Mugget (French Musqué) a diminutive of musk, from its aromatic odour, and properties. The Nutmeg is oval, or nearly round, of a brown wrinkled aspect, with an aromatic smell, and a bitter fragrant taste. Officinally the tree is named Myristica officinalis, and the oil distilled from the Nutmeg in Britain is much superior to foreign oil.

The habitat of the tree that produces our Nutmeg is the Molucca Islands, and the part of the nut that makes up the Spice is the kernel. This is generically called Nux moschata, or Mugget (French Musqué), a smaller form of musk, due to its aromatic scent and qualities. The Nutmeg is oval or almost round, with a brown wrinkled appearance, a fragrant aroma, and a bitter, fragrant taste. In terms of its official name, the tree is known as Myristica officinalis, and the oil distilled from Nutmeg in Britain is far superior to imported oil.

Ordinarily as a condiment of a warming character the Nutmeg is employed to correct cold indigestible food, or as a cordial addition to negus: and medicinally for languid digestion, with giddiness and flatulence, causing oppressed breathing. Its activity depends on the volatile oil, contained in the proportion of six per cent. in the nut. This when given at all largely is essentially narcotic. Four Nutmegs have been known to completely paralyse all nervous sensibility, and have produced a sort of wakeful unconsciousness for three entire days, with loss of memory afterwards, and with more or less paralysis until after eight days.

Typically, Nutmeg is used as a warm condiment to improve the digestion of cold, hard-to-digest foods, or as a flavorful addition to drinks like negus. Medicinally, it helps with sluggish digestion, dizziness, and bloating, which can lead to difficulty breathing. Its effectiveness comes from the volatile oil found in about six percent concentration in the nut. When taken in large amounts, it can be quite narcotic. There have been reports of four Nutmegs completely disabling all nerve sensation, leading to a state of wakeful unconsciousness for three full days, after which there was loss of memory and varying degrees of paralysis that lasted for up to eight days.

The Banda, or Nutmeg Islands in the Indian Ocean, are twelve in number, and the strength of the Nutmeg in its season is said to overcome birds of Paradise so that they fall helplessly intoxicated.

The Banda, or Nutmeg Islands in the Indian Ocean, consist of twelve islands, and it's said that the strength of the nutmeg during its season is so potent that it causes birds of paradise to fall to the ground, completely intoxicated.

When taken to any excess, whether as a spice, or as a medicine, the Nutmeg and its preparations are apt to cause giddiness, oppression of the chest, stupor, and [394] delirium. A moderate dose of the powdered Nutmeg is from five to twenty grains, but persons with a tendency to apoplexy should abstain from any free use of this spice. From two to six drops of the essential oil may be taken on sugar to relieve flatulent oppression and dyspepsia, or from half to one teaspoonful of the spirit of Nutmeg made by mixing one part of the oil with forty parts of spirit of wine; this dose being had with one or two tablespoonfuls of hot water, sweetened if desired.

When used excessively, whether as a seasoning or a medication, nutmeg and its preparations can lead to dizziness, chest tightness, stupor, and delirium. A moderate dose of powdered nutmeg ranges from five to twenty grains, but individuals prone to stroke should avoid using this spice freely. For relief from gas and indigestion, you can take two to six drops of the essential oil on sugar, or half to one teaspoon of nutmeg spirit made by mixing one part oil with forty parts alcohol; this should be taken with one or two tablespoons of hot water, sweetened if preferred.

A medicinal tincture is prepared (H.) from the kernel with spirit of wine (not using the oil, nor the essence). This in small diluted doses is highly useful for drowsiness connected with flatulent indigestion, and a disposition to faintness: also for gout retrocedent to the stomach. The dose is from five to ten drops with a spoonful of water every half hour, or every hour until the symptoms are adequately relieved. Against diarrhoea Nutmeg grated into warm water is very helpful, and will prove an efficient substitute for opium in mild cases. Externally the spirit of Nutmeg is a capital application to be rubbed in for chronic rheumatism, and for paralysed limbs. The "butter of Nutmegs," or their concrete oil, is used in making plasters of a warming, and stimulating kind. A drink that was concocted by our grandmothers was Nutmeg tea. One Nutmeg would make a pint of this tea, two or three cupfuls of which would produce a sleep of many hours' duration. The worthy old ladies were wont to carry a silver grater and Nutmeg case suspended from the waist on their chatelaines. But in any large quantity the Nutmeg may produce sleep of such a profundity as to prove really dangerous. Two drachms of the powder have brought on a comatose sleep with some delirium.

A medicinal tincture is made from the nut with alcohol (not using the oil or essence). In small diluted doses, it's very helpful for drowsiness related to gas and stomach issues, as well as for fainting spells. It’s also effective for gout that has moved to the stomach. The recommended dose is five to ten drops mixed with a spoonful of water every half hour or every hour until the symptoms improve. For diarrhea, grated nutmeg mixed with warm water is very beneficial, serving as a good alternative to opium in mild cases. When applied externally, nutmeg oil is great for rubbing into areas affected by chronic rheumatism and paralyzed limbs. The "butter of nutmeg," or its concentrated oil, is used to make warming and stimulating plasters. A drink our grandmothers used to make was nutmeg tea. One nutmeg would make a pint of this tea, and consuming two or three cups could lead to hours of sleep. Those wise old ladies would carry a silver grater and nutmeg case attached to their waists on their chatelaines. However, in large amounts, nutmeg can cause such deep sleep that it could be dangerous. Two drachms of the powder have led to a comatose state with some delirium.

[395] The Nutmeg contains starch, protein, and other simple constituents, in addition to its stimulating principles. Mace is the aromatic envelope of the Nutmeg, and possesses the same qualities in a minor degree. Its infusion is a good warming medicine against chronic cough, and moist bronchial asthma in an old person. Mace is a membranaceous structure enveloping the Nutmeg, having a fleshy texture, and being of a light yellowish-brown colour. It supplies an allied essential volatile principle, which is fragrant and cordial. If given three or four times during the twenty-four hours, in a dose of from eight to twelve grains, crushed, or powdered Mace will prove serviceable against long-continued looseness of the bowels; but this dose should not be exceeded for fear of inducing narcotism.

[395] Nutmeg has starch, protein, and other basic components, along with its stimulating properties. Mace is the aromatic covering of Nutmeg and has similar qualities but to a lesser extent. Its infusion is a good warming remedy for chronic cough and moist bronchial asthma in older adults. Mace is a membranous structure surrounding Nutmeg, has a fleshy texture, and is a light yellowish-brown color. It provides a closely related essential volatile substance that is fragrant and uplifting. If taken three or four times within twenty-four hours, in doses of eight to twelve grains, crushed or powdered Mace can be helpful for persistent diarrhea; however, this dose should not be exceeded to avoid inducing narcotic effects.

Cloves (from clavus, a nail), also found in the kitchen spice box, and owning certain medicinal resources of a cordial sort, which are quickly available, belong to the Myrtle family of plants, and are the unexpanded flower buds of an aromatic tree (Caryophyllus), cultivated at Penang and elsewhere. They contain a volatile oil which, like that of Chamomile, although cordial, lowers nervous sensibility, or irritability: also tannin, a gum resin, and woody fibre. This volatile oil consists principally of "eugenin" with a camphor, "caryophyllin." The "eugenic acid," with a strong odour of cloves, is powerfully antiseptic and anti-putrescent. It reduces the sensibility of the skin: and therefore the oil with lanolin is a useful application for eczema.

Cloves (from clavus, meaning nail), also found in the kitchen spice cabinet, have certain medicinal properties that are readily available. They belong to the Myrtle family of plants and are the unexpanded flower buds of an aromatic tree (Caryophyllus), which is grown in Penang and other places. Cloves contain a volatile oil that, like Chamomile oil, has a warming effect but also reduces nervous sensitivity or irritability. Additionally, they contain tannin, a gum resin, and woody fiber. This volatile oil is mainly composed of "eugenin" along with a camphor called "caryophyllin." The "eugenic acid," which has a strong clove scent, is highly antiseptic and prevents decay. It also decreases skin sensitivity, making the oil mixed with lanolin a beneficial treatment for eczema.

Dr Burnett has lately taught (1895) that a too free use of Cloves will bring on albuminuria; and that when this disease has supervened from other causes, the dilute tincture of Cloves, third decimal strength, will frequently do much to lessen the quantity of albumen [396] excreted by the kidneys. From five to ten drops of this tincture should be given with water three times a day.

Dr. Burnett recently taught (1895) that using Cloves too liberally can lead to albuminuria; and that when this condition arises from other causes, a diluted tincture of Cloves, at a third decimal strength, can often significantly reduce the amount of albumen excreted by the kidneys. Five to ten drops of this tincture should be taken with water three times a day.

Used in small quantities as a spice the Clove stimulates digestion, but when taken more freely it deadens the susceptibility of the stomach, lessens the appetite, and induces constipation. An infusion of Cloves, made with half an ounce to a pint of water, and drank in doses of a small wineglassful, will relieve the nausea and coldness of flatulent indigestion. The oil put on cotton wool into the hollow of a decayed tooth is a useful means for giving ease to toothache. The dose of the oil is from one to five drops, on sugar, or in a spoonful of milk. The odour of Cloves is aromatic, and the taste pleasantly hot, but acrid. Half a tumbler of quite hot water poured over half a dozen Cloves (which are to brew for a few minutes on the hob, and then to be taken out), will often secure a good night to a restless dyspeptic patient, if taken just before getting into bed. Or if given cold before breakfast this dose will obviate constipation. In Holland the oil of Cloves is prescribed with cinchona bark for ague. Arthur Cecil's German medico in the Play advises his patient to "rub your pelly mit a Clove."

Used in small amounts as a spice, cloves stimulate digestion, but when consumed in larger quantities, they can numb the stomach's sensitivity, reduce appetite, and cause constipation. Making an infusion of cloves with half an ounce in a pint of water and drinking it in small wineglass-sized portions can help relieve nausea and the cold feeling associated with gas-related indigestion. Placing clove oil on cotton wool in a decayed tooth can effectively ease toothache. The recommended dose of the oil is one to five drops, either on sugar or in a spoonful of milk. Cloves have an aromatic scent and a pleasantly spicy, yet somewhat harsh, taste. Pouring half a tumbler of very hot water over six cloves (to steep for a few minutes on the stove before removing) can often help a restless dyspeptic patient get a good night's sleep if taken just before bed. Alternatively, taking it cold before breakfast can help prevent constipation. In Holland, clove oil is prescribed with cinchona bark for treating fevers. Arthur Cecil's German doctor in the play advises his patient to "rub your belly with a clove."

All-Spice (Pimento) is another common occupant of the domestic spice box. It is popular as a warming cordial, of a sweet odour, and a grateful aromatic taste; but being a native of South America, grows with us only as a stove plant. The leaves and bark are full of inflammable particles, whilst walks between Pimento trees are odorous with a delicious scent. The name All-Spice is given because the berries afford in smell and taste a combination of Cloves, Juniper berries, Cinnamon and Pepper. The special qualities of the Pimento reside in the rind of these berries; and this tree is the Bromelia ananas, [397] named in Brazil Nana. An extract made from the crushed berries by boiling them down to a thick liquor, is, when spread on linen, a capital stimulating plaster for neuralgic or rheumatic parts. About the physician in "les Francais" it was said admiringly "c'est lui qui a inventé la salade d'Ananas." The essential oil, as well as the spirit and the distilled water of Pimento, are useful against flatulent indigestion and for hysterical paroxysms. This Spice was formerly added to our syrup of buckthorn to prevent it from griping. The berries are put into curry powder, and added to mulled wines.

All-Spice (Pimento) is another common ingredient in the home spice cabinet. It’s popular as a warming drink, with a sweet scent and a pleasant, aromatic flavor; however, since it’s native to South America, it only grows with us as a houseplant. The leaves and bark contain flammable particles, and walking among Pimento trees is filled with a delightful fragrance. It's called All-Spice because the berries have a scent and flavor that combines notes of Cloves, Juniper berries, Cinnamon, and Pepper. The key qualities of Pimento are found in the skin of these berries, and this tree is the Bromelia ananas, known as Nana in Brazil. An extract made by boiling down the crushed berries into a thick liquid can be spread on cloth to create an effective stimulating plaster for neuralgic or rheumatic areas. It was said admiringly about the doctor in "les Francais," "c'est lui qui a inventé la salade d'Ananas." The essential oil, along with the spirit and distilled water from Pimento, are helpful for gas-related indigestion and hysterical fits. This spice was previously added to our syrup of buckthorn to prevent it from causing cramps. The berries are used in curry powder and added to mulled wines.

OAT.

The Oat is a native of Britain in its wild and uncultivated form, and is distinguished by the spikelets of its ears hanging on slender pedicels. This is the Avena fatua, found in our cornfields, but not indigenous in Scotland. When cultivated it is named Avena sativa. As it needs less sunshine and solar warmth to ripen the grain than wheat, it furnishes the principal grain food of cold Northern Europe. With the addition of some fat this grain is capable of supporting life for an indefinite period. Physicians formerly recommended highly a diet-drink made from Oats, about which Hoffman wrote a treatise at the end of the seventeenth century; and Johannis de St. Catherine, who introduced the drink, lived by its use to a hundred years free from any disease. Nevertheless the Oat did not enjoy a good reputation among the old Romans; and Pliny said "Primum omnis frumenti vitium avena est."

The oat is originally from Britain in its wild, uncultivated state and is recognized by the spikelets of its ears that hang on thin stems. This is the Avena fatua, found in our cornfields but not native to Scotland. When cultivated, it’s called Avena sativa. It requires less sunlight and warmth to ripen its grain than wheat, making it the main grain food for cold Northern Europe. With some fat added, this grain can sustain life for an indefinite time. Doctors used to highly recommend a diet drink made from oats, about which Hoffman wrote a treatise at the end of the seventeenth century; and Johannis de St. Catherine, who introduced the drink, lived to be a hundred years old without any illness. However, the oat didn't have a good reputation among the ancient Romans; Pliny stated, "Primum omnis frumenti vitium avena est."

American doctors have taken of late to extol the Oat (Avena sativa) when made into a strong medicinal tincture with spirit of wine, as a remarkable nervine stimulant and restorative: this being "especially valuable in [398] all cases where there is a deficiency of nervous power, for instance, among over-worked lawyers, public speakers, and writers."

American doctors have recently begun to praise oats (Avena sativa) when made into a strong medicinal tincture with alcohol, as a remarkable nerve stimulant and restorative. This is "especially valuable in [398] all cases where there is a lack of nervous energy, for example, among overworked lawyers, public speakers, and writers."

The tincture is ordered to be given in a dose of from ten to twenty drops, once or twice during the day, in hot water to act speedily; and a somewhat increased dose in cold water at bedtime so as to produce its beneficial effects more slowly then. It proves an admirable remedy for sleeplessness from nervous exhaustion, and as prepared in New York may be procured from any good druggist in England. Oatmeal contains two per cent. of protein compounds, the largest portion of which is avenin. A yeast poultice made by stirring Oatmeal into the grounds of strong beer is a capital cleansing and healing application to languid sloughing sores.

The tincture is to be taken in a dose of ten to twenty drops, once or twice a day, in hot water for quick action; and a slightly higher dose in cold water at bedtime to produce its benefits more gradually. It's an excellent remedy for sleeplessness caused by nervous exhaustion, and as prepared in New York, it can be found at any good pharmacy in England. Oatmeal contains two percent protein compounds, the majority of which is avenin. A yeast poultice made by mixing oatmeal with the dregs of strong beer is a great cleansing and healing treatment for sluggish, sloughing sores.

Oatmeal supplies very little saccharine matter ready formed. It cannot be made into light bread, and is therefore prepared when baked in cakes; or, its more popular form for eating is that of porridge, where the ground meal becomes thoroughly soft by boiling, and is improved in taste by the addition of milk and salt. "The halesome parritch, chief of Scotia's food," said Burns, with fervid eloquence. Scotch people actually revel in their parritch and bannocks. "We defy your wheaten bread," says one of their favourite writers, "your home-made bread, your bakers' bread, your baps, rolls, scones, muffins, crumpets, and cookies, your bath buns, and your sally luns, your tea cakes, and slim cakes, your saffron cakes, and girdle cakes, your shortbread, and singing hinnies: we swear by the Oat cake, and the parritch, the bannock, and the brose." Scotch beef brose is made by boiling Oatmeal in meat liquor, and kail brose by cooking Oatmeal in cabbage-water. [399] Crushed Oatmeal, from which the husk has been removed, is known as "groats," and is employed for making gruel. At the latter end of the seventeenth century this was a drink asked-for eagerly by the public at London taverns. "Grantham gruel," says quaint old Fuller, in his History of the Worthies of England, "consists of nine grits and a gallon of water." When "thus made, it is wash rather, which one will have little heart to eat, and yet as little heart by eating." But the better gruel concocted elsewhere was "a wholesome Spoon meat, though homely; physic for the sick, and food for persons in health; grits the form thereof: and giving the being thereunto." In the border forays of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries all the provision carried by the Scotch was simply a bag of Oatmeal. But as a food it is apt to undergo some fermentation in the stomach, and to provoke sour eructations. Furthermore, it is somewhat laxative, because containing a certain proportion of bran which mechanically stimulates the intestinal membranes: and this insoluble bran is rather apt to accumulate. Oatmeal gruel may be made by boiling from one to two ounces of the meal with three pints of water down to two pints, then straining the decoction, and pouring off the supernatant liquid when cool. Its flavour may be improved by adding raisins towards the end of boiling, or by means of sugar and nutmeg. Because animals of speed use up, by the lungs, much heat-forming material, Oats (which abound in carbonaceous constituents) are specially suitable as food for the horse.

Oatmeal has very little sugar already made. It can't be turned into light bread, so it's usually baked into cakes; the more common way to eat it is as porridge, where the ground meal becomes really soft from boiling, and its taste gets better with the addition of milk and salt. "The healthy porridge, the best of Scotland's food," said Burns with passionate flair. Scottish people genuinely enjoy their porridge and bannocks. "We challenge your wheat bread," says one of their favorite writers, "your homemade bread, your bakery bread, your rolls, scones, muffins, crumpets, and cookies, your bath buns and sally luns, your tea cakes and thin cakes, your saffron cakes and girdle cakes, your shortbread and singing hinnies: we swear by the oatcake, porridge, bannock, and broth." Scottish beef broth is made by boiling oatmeal in meat broth, and cabbage broth by cooking oatmeal in cabbage water. Crushed oatmeal, with the husk removed, is called "groats" and is used for making gruel. At the end of the seventeenth century, this was a drink highly sought after by the public at London taverns. "Grantham gruel," says the quirky old Fuller in his History of the Worthies of England, "consists of nine grits and a gallon of water." When "made this way, it is more like washing, which one will have little desire to eat, yet as little desire by eating." But the better gruel made elsewhere was "a wholesome spoon food, though simple; medicine for the sick and food for healthy people; with grits as its main component." In the border raids of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, all the Scottish had for supplies was a bag of oatmeal. However, as a food, oatmeal can ferment in the stomach and cause sour burps. Additionally, it can be somewhat laxative, since it contains a certain amount of bran that mechanically stimulates the intestines; this insoluble bran can build up. You can make oatmeal gruel by boiling one to two ounces of the meal with three pints of water down to two pints, then straining the mixture and pouring off the liquid when it cools. Its flavor can be enhanced by adding raisins towards the end of boiling or by using sugar and nutmeg. Because fast animals lose a lot of heat-producing nutrients through their lungs, oats (which are high in carbon-based content) are especially good for feeding horses.

ONION (see Garlic, page 209).

ONION (see Garlic, p. 209).

ORANGE.

Though not of native British growth, except by way of a luxury in the gardens of the wealthy, yet the Orange [400] is of such common use amongst all classes of our people as a dietetic fruit, when of the sweet China sort, and for tonic medicinal purposes when of the bitter Seville kind, that some consideration may be fairly accorded to it as a Curative Simple in these pages.

Though it’s not originally from Britain, except as a luxury in the gardens of the rich, the orange [400] is widely used by people of all classes as a food fruit, especially the sweet China variety, and for medicinal purposes in its bitter Seville form. Therefore, it deserves some attention as a healing remedy in this context.

The Citrus aurantium, or popular Orange, came originally from India, and got its distinctive title of Aurantium, either (ab aureo colore corticis) from the golden colour of its peel, or (ab oppido Achoeioe Arantium) from Arantium, a town of Achaia. It now comes to us chiefly from Portugal and Spain. This fruit is essentially a product of cultivation extending over many years. It began in Hindustan as a small bitter berry with seeds; then about the eighth century it was imported into Persia, though held somewhat accursed. During the tenth century it bore the name "Bigarade," and became better known. But not until the sixteenth century was it freely grown by the Spaniards, and brought into Mexico. Even at that time the legend still prevailed that whoever partook of the luscious juice was compelled to embrace the faith of the prophet. Spenser and Milton tell of the orange as the veritable golden apple presented by Jupiter to Juno on the day of their nuptials: and hence perhaps arose its more modern association with marriage rites.

The Citrus aurantium, commonly known as the Orange, originally came from India and got its unique name Aurantium either from its golden peel (ab aureo colore corticis) or from a town in Achaia called Arantium (ab oppido Achoeioe Arantium). Today, it mainly comes from Portugal and Spain. This fruit is primarily a result of many years of cultivation. It started in Hindustan as a small bitter berry with seeds; then around the eighth century, it was imported into Persia, although it was somewhat frowned upon. During the tenth century, it was known as "Bigarade" and became more recognized. However, it wasn't until the sixteenth century that it was widely cultivated by the Spaniards and brought to Mexico. Even at that time, there was a belief that anyone who enjoyed its delicious juice was compelled to adopt the prophet's faith. Spenser and Milton describe the orange as the true golden apple given by Jupiter to Juno on their wedding day, which may explain its more modern connection to marriage ceremonies.

Of the varieties the China Orange is the most juicy, being now grown in the South of Europe; whilst the St. Michael Orange (a descendant of the China sort, first produced in Syria), is now got abundantly from the Azores, whence it derives its name.

Of the different types, the China Orange is the juiciest, and it is currently grown in Southern Europe. Meanwhile, the St. Michael Orange, which is a descendant of the China variety first cultivated in Syria, is now plentiful from the Azores, from which it gets its name.

John Evelyn says the first China Orange which appeared in Europe, was sent as a present to the old Condé Mellor; then Prime Minister to the King of Portugal, when only one plant escaped sound and useful [401] of the whole case which reached Lisbon, and this became the parent of all the Orange trees cultivated by our gardeners, though not without greatly degenerating.

John Evelyn says the first China Orange that showed up in Europe was given as a gift to the old Condé Mellor, who was then the Prime Minister to the King of Portugal. Only one healthy and useful plant survived from the entire shipment that arrived in Lisbon, and this became the ancestor of all the Orange trees grown by our gardeners, although they have significantly declined in quality since then.

The Seville Orange is that which contains the medicinal properties, more especially in its leaves, flowers, and fruit, though the China sort possesses the same virtues in a minor degree. The leaves and the flowers have been esteemed as beneficial against epilepsy, and other convulsive disorders; and a tea is infused from the former for hysterical sufferers.

The Seville Orange is the one that has medicinal properties, especially in its leaves, flowers, and fruit, although the China variety has similar benefits but to a lesser extent. The leaves and flowers are valued for their effectiveness against epilepsy and other convulsive disorders; a tea is made from the leaves for those suffering from hysteria.

Two delicious perfumes are distilled from the flowers—oil of neroli, and napha water,—of which the chemical hydro-carbon "hesperidin," is mainly the active principle. This is secreted also as an aromatic attribute of the leaves through their minute glands, causing them to emit a fragrant odour when bruised. A scented water is largely prepared in France from the flowers, l'eau de fleur d'oranger, which is frequently taken by ladies as a gentle sedative at night, when sufficiently diluted with sugared water. Thousands of gallons are drunk in this way every year. As a pleasant and safely effective help towards wooing sleep, from one to two teaspoonfuls of the French Eau de fleur d'oranger, if taken at bedtime in a teacupful of hot water, are to be highly commended for a nervous, or excitably wakeful person.

Two delicious perfumes are made from the flowers—neroli oil and orange blossom water—with the chemical compound "hesperidin" being the main active ingredient. This chemical is also released as a fragrant quality of the leaves through tiny glands, which makes them emit a pleasant smell when crushed. A fragrant water is widely produced in France from the flowers, called l'eau de fleur d'oranger, which is often consumed by women as a mild sedative at night when mixed with sugared water. Thousands of gallons are enjoyed this way every year. As a nice and safe way to help you sleep, one to two teaspoons of the French Eau de fleur d'oranger, taken at bedtime in a cup of hot water, are highly recommended for anyone who is nervous or easily keeps awake.

Orange buds are picked green from the trees in the gardens of the Riviera, and when dried they retain the sweet smell of the flowers. A teaspoonful of these buds is ordered to be infused in a teacupful of quite hot water, and the liquid to be drunk shortly, before going to bed. The effect is to induce a refreshing sleep, without any subsequent headache or nausea. The dried berries may be had from an English druggist.

Orange buds are picked green from the trees in the gardens of the Riviera, and when dried, they keep the sweet scent of the flowers. A teaspoon of these buds is meant to be steeped in a cup of hot water, and the tea should be drunk shortly before going to bed. This helps to promote a refreshing sleep, without any morning headaches or nausea. You can get the dried berries from an English pharmacist.

[402] A peeled Orange contains, some citric acid, with citrate of potash; also albumen, cellulose, water, and about eight per cent. of sugar. The white lining pith of the peel possesses likewise the crystalline principle "hesperidin." Dr. Cullen showed that the acid juice of oranges, by uniting with the bile, diminishes the bitterness of that secretion; and hence it is that this fruit is of particular service in illnesses which arise from a redundancy of bile, chiefly in dark persons of a fibrous, or bilious temperament. But if the acids of the Orange are greater in quantity than can be properly corrected by the bile (as in persons with a small liver, and feeble digestive powers), they seem, by some prejudicial union with that liquid, to acquire a purgative quality, and to provoke diarrhoea, with colicky pains.

[402] A peeled orange contains some citric acid, along with potassium citrate; it also has proteins, fiber, water, and about eight percent sugar. The white pith of the peel contains a crystalline substance called "hesperidin." Dr. Cullen demonstrated that the acidic juice of oranges combines with bile, reducing the bitterness of that secretion; that’s why this fruit is particularly helpful for illnesses caused by excess bile, especially in people who have a dark complexion or a bilious temperament. However, if the acids in the orange are present in larger quantities than the bile can effectively handle (as found in people with a small liver and weak digestion), they appear to interact negatively with the bile, resulting in a laxative effect and causing diarrhea along with cramping pains.

The rind or peel of the Seville Orange is darker in colour, and more bitter of taste than that of the sweet China fruit. It affords a considerable quantity of fragrant, aromatic oil, which partakes of the characters exercised by the leaves and the flowers as affecting the nervous system. Pereira records the death of a child which resulted from eating the rind of a sweet China Orange.

The peel of the Seville Orange is darker and more bitter than that of the sweet China fruit. It provides a significant amount of fragrant, aromatic oil, which has similar effects on the nervous system as the leaves and flowers. Pereira notes the death of a child caused by eating the peel of a sweet China Orange.

The small green fruits (windfalls) from the Orange trees of each sort, which become blown off, or shaken down during the heats of the summer, are collected and dried, forming the "orange berries" of the shops. They are used for flavouring curacoa, and for making issue peas. These berries furnish a fragrant oil, the essence de petit grain, and contain citrates, and malates of lime and potash, with "hesperidin," sulphur, and mineral salts. The Orange flowers yield a volatile, odorous oil, acetic acid, and acetate of lime. The juice of the Orange consists of citric and malic acids, with sugar; [403] citrate of lime, and water. The peel furnishes hesperidin, a volatile oil, gallic acid, and a bitter principle.

The small green fruits (windfalls) from the orange trees of each variety, which get blown off or shaken down during the heat of summer, are collected and dried, creating the "orange berries" sold in stores. They're used for flavoring curaçao and making issue peas. These berries provide a fragrant oil, known as essence de petit grain, and contain citrates and malates of lime and potash, along with "hesperidin," sulfur, and mineral salts. The orange flowers produce a volatile, fragrant oil, acetic acid, and acetate of lime. The juice of the orange is made up of citric and malic acids and sugar; [403] citrate of lime, and water. The peel provides hesperidin, a volatile oil, gallic acid, and a bitter compound.

By druggists, a confection of bitter orange peel is sold; also a syrup of this orange peel, and a tincture of the same, made with spirit of wine, to be given in doses of from one to two teaspoonfuls with water, as an agreeable stomachic bitter. Eau de Cologne contains oil of neroli, oil of citron, and oil of orange.

By pharmacists, a candy made from bitter orange peel is sold; there's also a syrup and a tincture of the same, made with alcohol, to be taken in doses of one to two teaspoons with water, as a pleasant stomach remedy. Eau de Cologne contains neroli oil, citron oil, and orange oil.

The fresh juice of Oranges is antiseptic, and will prevent scurvy if taken in moderation daily. Common Oranges cut through the middle while green, and dried in the air, being afterwards steeped for forty days in oil, are used by the Arabs for preparing an essence famous among their old women because it will restore a fresh dark, or black colour to grey hair. The custom of a bride wearing Orange blossoms, is probably due to the fact that flowers and fruit appear together on the tree, in token of a wish that the bride may retain the graces of maidenhood amid the cares of married life. This custom has been derived from the Saracens, and was originally suggested also by the fertility of the Orange tree.

The fresh juice of oranges is antiseptic and can help prevent scurvy if consumed in moderation every day. Regular oranges are cut in half when they're green, dried in the air, and then soaked in oil for forty days; the Arabs use this method to create an essence known among their older women for restoring a fresh dark or black color to gray hair. The tradition of a bride wearing orange blossoms likely comes from the fact that flowers and fruit grow together on the tree, symbolizing a wish for the bride to keep the qualities of her youth while navigating the responsibilities of married life. This custom originates from the Saracens and was also inspired by the fertility of the orange tree.

The rind of the Seville Orange has proved curative of ague, and powerfully remedial to restrain the monthly flux of women when in excess. Its infusion is of service also against flatulency. A drachm of the powdered leaves may be given for a dose in nervous and hysterical ailments. Finally, "the Orange," adds John Evelyn, "sharpens appetite, exceedingly refreshes, and resists putrefaction."

The peel of the Seville Orange has been shown to help with fevers and is very effective in controlling heavy menstrual flow. Its infusion is also useful for relieving gas. A dose of a gram of the powdered leaves can be taken for nervous and hysterical issues. Lastly, "the Orange," as John Evelyn notes, "boosts appetite, refreshes greatly, and fights decay."

With respect to the fruit, it is said that workpeople engaged in the orange trade enjoy a special immunity from influenza, whilst a free partaking of the juice given largely, has been found preventive of [404] pneumonia as complicating this epidemic. The benefit is said to occur through lessening the fibrin of the blood.

Regarding the fruit, it’s noted that people working in the orange industry have a unique resistance to influenza, and consuming the juice in generous amounts has been found to help prevent pneumonia as a complication of this epidemic. It’s said that the benefit comes from reducing the fibrin in the blood.

In the time of Shakespeare, it was the fashion to carry "pomanders," these being oranges from which all the pulp had been scooped out, whilst a circular hole was made at the top. Then after the peel had become dry, the fruit was filled with spices, so as to make a sort of scent-box. Orange lilies, Orangemen, and William of Orange, are all more or less associated with this fruit. The Dutch Government had no love for the House of Orange: and many a grave burgomaster went so far as to banish from his garden the Orange lily, and Marigold; also the sale of Oranges and Carrots was prohibited in the markets on account of their aristocratic colour.

In Shakespeare's time, it was trendy to carry "pomanders," which were oranges with all the pulp scooped out and a circular hole made at the top. Once the peel dried, the fruit was filled with spices to create a kind of scent box. Orange lilies, Orangemen, and William of Orange are all linked to this fruit in some way. The Dutch Government had no fondness for the House of Orange, and many serious burgomasters even went so far as to ban orange lilies and marigolds from their gardens. The sale of oranges and carrots was also banned in the markets because of their aristocratic color.

There exists at Brighton a curious custom of bowling or throwing Oranges along the high road on Boxing day. He whose Orange is hit by that of another, forfeits the fruit to the successful hitter.

There’s a strange tradition in Brighton where people bowl or throw oranges on Boxing Day. If your orange gets hit by someone else's, you lose your orange to the person who hit it.

In Henry the Eighth's reign Oranges were made into pies, or the juice was squeezed out, and mixed with wine. This fruit when peeled, and torn into sections, after removing the white pith, and the pips, and sprinkling over it two or three spoonfuls of powdered loaf sugar, makes a most wholesome salad. A few candied orange-flower petals will impart a fine flavour to tea when infused with it.

In Henry the Eighth's reign, oranges were turned into pies, or their juice was squeezed out and mixed with wine. This fruit, when peeled and divided into sections after removing the white pith and seeds, and sprinkled with two or three spoonfuls of powdered sugar, creates a really tasty salad. A few candied orange flower petals will give a nice flavor to tea when brewed with it.

ORCHIDS.

Our common English Orchids are the "Early Purple," which is
abundant in our woods and pastures; the "Meadow Orchis"; and the
"Spotted Orchis" of our heaths and commons. Less frequent are the
"Bee Orchis," the "Butterfly Orchis," "Lady's Tresses," and the
"Tway blade."

Our local English orchids include the "Early Purple," which is
common in our woods and fields; the "Meadow Orchis"; and the
"Spotted Orchis" found in our heathlands and common areas. The
"Bee Orchis," the "Butterfly Orchis," "Lady's Tresses," and the
"Tway blade" are less common.

[405] Two roundish tubers form the root of an Orchid, and give its name to the plant from the Greek orchis, testicle. A nutritive starchy product named Salep, or Saloop, is prepared from the roots of the common Male Orchis, and its infusion or decoction was taken generally in this country as a beverage before the introduction of tea and coffee. Sassafras chips were sometimes added for giving the drink a flavour. Salep obtained from the tubers of foreign Orchids was specially esteemed; and even now that sold in Indian bazaars is so highly valued for its fine qualities that most extravagant prices are paid for it by wealthy Orientals. Also in Persia and Turkey it is in great repute for recruiting the exhausted vitality of aged, and enervated persons. In this country it may be purchased as a powder, but not readily miscible with water, so that many persons fail in making the decoction. The powder should be first stirred with a little spirit of wine: then the water should be added suddenly, and the mixture boiled. One dram by weight of the salep powder in a fluid dram and a half of the spirit, to half-a-pint of water, are the proper proportions. Sometimes amber, cloves, cinnamon, and ginger are added.

[405] Two roundish tubers make up the root of an Orchid, which gives the plant its name from the Greek orchis, meaning testicle. A nutritious starchy product called Salep, or Saloop, is made from the roots of the common Male Orchis, and its infusion or decoction was widely consumed in this country as a beverage before tea and coffee became popular. Sassafras chips were sometimes added to give the drink flavor. Salep sourced from foreign Orchids was especially prized; even today, the kind sold in Indian bazaars is so highly esteemed for its quality that wealthy Orientals pay exorbitant prices for it. In Persia and Turkey, it is also well-regarded for revitalizing the weary and weakened. In this country, it can be bought as a powder, but it doesn’t mix easily with water, causing many people to struggle with making the decoction. The powder should first be stirred with a bit of spirits; then add water suddenly and boil the mixture. The right proportions are one dram by weight of salep powder in one and a half fluid drams of spirits, to half a pint of water. Sometimes additions like amber, cloves, cinnamon, and ginger are included.

Dr. Lind, in the middle of the last century, strongly advised that ships, and soldiers on long marches, should be provided with Salep made into a paste or cake. This (with a little portable soup added) will allay hunger and thirst if made liquid. An ounce in two quarts of boiling water will sufficiently sustain a man for one day, being a combination of animal and vegetable foods. Among the early Romans the Orchis was often called "Satyrion," because it was thought to be the food of the Satyrs, exciting them to their sexual orgies. Hence the Orchis root became famous as all aphrodisiac [406] medicine, and has been so described by all herbalists from the time of Dioscorides.

Dr. Lind, in the mid-20th century, strongly recommended that ships and soldiers on long marches should be given Salep in the form of a paste or cake. This, when mixed with a little portable soup, can quench hunger and thirst if prepared as a liquid. An ounce in two quarts of boiling water can provide adequate sustenance for a man for one day, combining both animal and plant-based foods. Among the early Romans, the Orchis was often called "Satyrion" because it was believed to be the food of the Satyrs, stimulating them for their sexual revelries. As a result, the Orchis root became well-known as an aphrodisiac and has been described as such by herbalists since the time of Dioscorides.

A tradition is ascribed to the English Orchis Mascula (early Purple), of which the leaves are usually marked with purple spots. It is said that these are stains of the precious blood which flowed from our Lord's body on the cross at Calvary, where this species of Orchis is reputed to have grown. Similarly in Cheshire, the plant bears the name of Gethsemane. This early Orchis is the "long Purples," mentioned by Shakespeare in Hamlet: and it is sometimes named "Dead men's fingers," from the pale colour, and the hand-like shape of its tubers.

A tradition is linked to the English Orchis Mascula (early Purple), which typically has leaves marked with purple spots. It's said that these are stains of the precious blood from our Lord's body on the cross at Calvary, where this type of Orchis is believed to have grown. Similarly, in Cheshire, the plant is called Gethsemane. This early Orchis is the "long Purples" mentioned by Shakespeare in Hamlet, and it is sometimes referred to as "Dead men's fingers," due to its pale color and the hand-like shape of its tubers.

"That liberal shepherds give a grosser name,
But our cold maids do 'dead men's fingers' call them."

"That open-minded shepherds use a coarser term,
But our unfeeling girls refer to them as 'dead men's fingers.'"

It is further styled "Cain and Abel" and "Rams' horns," the odour being offensive, especially in the evening. It thrives wherever the wild hyacinth flourishes, and is believed by some to grow best where the earth below is rich in metal. Country people in Yorkshire call it "Crake feet," and in Kent "Keat legs," or "Neat legs." The roots of this Orchis abound with a glutinous sweetish juice, of which a Salep may be made which is quite equal to any brought from the Levant. The new root should be washed in hot water, and its thin brown skin rubbed off with a linen cloth. Having thus prepared a sufficient number of roots, the operator should spread them on a tin plate in a hot oven for eight or ten minutes, until they get to look horny, but without shrinking in size: and being then withdrawn, they may be dried with more gentle heat, or by exposure to the air. Their concocted juice can be employed with the same intentions and in the same complaints as gum arabic,—about which we read that [407] not only has it served to sustain whole negro towns during a scarcity of other provisions, but the Arabs who collect it by the river Niger have nothing else to live upon for months together.

It is also known as "Cain and Abel" and "Rams' horns," with a smell that can be quite unpleasant, especially in the evening. It grows wherever wild hyacinths thrive and is thought by some to do best where the ground is rich in minerals. In Yorkshire, locals refer to it as "Crake feet," while in Kent, it's called "Keat legs" or "Neat legs." The roots of this orchid contain a sweet, sticky juice that can be made into a Salep comparable to any from the Levant. The fresh roots should be washed in hot water, and their thin brown skin should be rubbed off with a cloth. Once a sufficient number of roots are prepared, they should be spread on a tin plate and placed in a hot oven for eight to ten minutes until they look horny but don’t shrink in size. Afterward, they can be dried with gentler heat or left to dry in the air. The juice can be used similarly to gum arabic, which has historically sustained entire African communities during food shortages; the Arabs who gather it by the Niger River rely on it for months at a time.

Salep is a most useful article of diet for those who suffer from chronic diarrhoea.

Salep is a very helpful food for those who suffer from chronic diarrhea.

PARSLEY.

Parsely is found in this country only as a cultivated plant, having been introduced into England from Sardinia in the sixteenth century. It is an umbelliferous herb, which has been long of garden growth for kitchen uses. The name was formerly spelt "Percely," and the herb was known as March, or Merich (in Anglo-Saxon, Merici). Its adjective title, Petroselinum, signifies "growing on a rock." The Greeks held Parsley in high esteem, making therewith the victor's crown of dried and withered Parsley, at their Isthmian games, and the wreath for adorning the tombs of their dead. Hence the proverb, Deeisthai selinon (to need only Parsley) was applied to persons dangerously ill, and not expected to live. The herb was never brought to table of old, being held sacred to oblivion and the defunct.

Parsley is only found in this country as a cultivated plant, having been introduced to England from Sardinia in the sixteenth century. It’s a herb from the umbellifer family that has long been grown in gardens for cooking. The name was previously spelled "Percely," and the herb was known as March or Merich (in Anglo-Saxon, Merici). Its scientific name, Petroselinum, means "growing on a rock." The Greeks valued parsley highly, using it to create the victor's crown of dried and withered parsley at their Isthmian games, as well as wreaths for decorating the graves of the dead. This led to the saying, Deeisthai selinon (to need only parsley), which referred to people who were critically ill and unlikely to survive. The herb was never served at meals in the past, as it was considered sacred to forgetfulness and the deceased.

It is reputed to have sprung from the blood of a Greek hero, Archemorus, the fore-runner of death; and Homer relates that chariot horses were fed by warriors with this herb. Greek gardens were often bordered with Parsley and Rue: and hence arose the saying when an undertaking was in contemplation but not yet commenced, "Oh! we are only at the Parsley and Rue."

It is said to have come from the blood of a Greek hero, Archemorus, the forerunner of death; and Homer tells that warriors fed their chariot horses with this herb. Greek gardens were often lined with parsley and rue: and that's where the saying originated when a project was being planned but hadn’t started yet, "Oh! we are only at the parsley and rue."

Garden Parsley was not cultivated in England until the second year of Edward the Sixth's reign, 1548. In our modern times the domestic herb is associated rather with those who come into the world than with those [408] who go out of it. Proverbially the Parsley-bed is propounded to our little people who ask awkward questions, as the fruitful source of new-born brothers and sisters when suddenly appearing within the limits of the family circle. In Suffolk there is an old belief that to ensure the herb coming up "double," Parsley seed must be sown on Good Friday.

Garden Parsley wasn't grown in England until the second year of Edward the Sixth's reign, 1548. Nowadays, this common herb is more linked to new arrivals in the world than to farewells. It's often joked that the Parsley-bed is where little kids go when they ask those tough questions about where new siblings come from. In Suffolk, there's an old belief that to make sure the herb grows "double," Parsley seeds should be planted on Good Friday.

The root is faintly aromatic, and has a sweetish taste. It contains a chemical principle, "apiin," sugar, starch, and a volatile oil. Likewise the fruit furnishes the same volatile oil in larger abundance, this oil comprising parsley-camphor, and "apiol," the true essential oil of parsley, which may be now had from all leading druggists. Apiol exercises all the virtues of the entire plant, and is especially beneficial for women who are irregular as to their monthly courses because of ovarian debility. From three to six drops should be given on sugar, or in milk (or as a prepared capsule) twice or three times in the day for some days together, at the times indicated, beginning early at the expected date of each period. If too large a dose of apiol be taken it will cause headache, giddiness, staggering, and deafness; and if going still further, it will induce epileptiform convulsions. For which reason, in small diluted doses, the same medicament will curatively meet this train of symptoms when occurring as a morbid state. And it is most likely on such account Parsley has been popularly said to be "poison to men, and salvation to women." Apiol was first obtained in 1849, by Drs. Joret and Homolle, of Brittany, and proved an excellent remedy there for a prevailing ague. It exercises a singular influence on the great nervous centres within the head and spine. Bruised Parsley seeds make a decoction which is likewise beneficial against [409] ague and intermittent fever. They have gained a reputation in America as having a special tendency to regulate the reproductive functions in either sex. Country folk in many places think it unlucky to sow Parsley, or to move its roots; and a rustic adage runs thus: "Fried parsley brings a man to his saddle, and a Woman to her grave." Taking Parsley in excess at table will impair the eyesight, especially the tall Parsley; for which reason it was forbidden by Chrysippus and Dionysius.

The root has a faint aroma and a slightly sweet taste. It contains a chemical compound called "apiin," along with sugar, starch, and a volatile oil. The fruit also contains this volatile oil in larger amounts, which includes parsley camphor and "apiol," the true essential oil of parsley, available from most major pharmacies. Apiol has all the benefits of the whole plant and is particularly helpful for women who have irregular periods due to ovarian weakness. Three to six drops should be taken on sugar, in milk, or as a prepared capsule two to three times a day for several days, starting at the expected time of each period. Taking too much apiol can cause headaches, dizziness, unsteadiness, and hearing loss; in extreme cases, it can lead to seizures. For this reason, in small diluted doses, it can effectively treat these symptoms when they occur as a medical condition. This might explain why parsley is often said to be "poison to men and salvation to women." Apiol was first isolated in 1849 by Drs. Joret and Homolle from Brittany and proved to be an effective treatment for a common fever there. It has a unique effect on the major nerve centers in the head and spine. Bruised parsley seeds can be boiled to create a decoction that is also helpful against fevers and intermittent chills. They have earned a reputation in America for helping to regulate reproductive functions in both sexes. Many rural communities believe it’s bad luck to plant parsley or move its roots, and there’s a saying: "Fried parsley brings a man to his saddle, and a woman to her grave." Eating too much parsley at meals can impair eyesight, particularly the tall variety; that's why it was prohibited by Chrysippus and Dionysius.

The root acts more readily on the kidneys than other parts of the herb; therefore its decoction is useful when the urine becomes difficult through a chill, or because of gravel. The bruised leaves applied externally will serve to soften hard breasts early in lactation, and to resolve the glands in nursing, when they become knotty and painful, with a threatened abscess. Sheep are fond of the plant, which protects them from foot-rot; but it acts as a deadly poison to parrots.

The root works more effectively on the kidneys than other parts of the herb; so, its brew is helpful when urine is hard to pass due to a chill or because of kidney stones. The crushed leaves used externally can help soften hard breasts early in breastfeeding and can relieve swollen glands in nursing when they become hard and painful, with the risk of an abscess. Sheep like the plant, which protects them from foot rot; however, it is a lethal poison to parrots.

In France a rustic application to scrofulous swellings is successfully used, which consists of Parsley and snails pounded together in a mortar to the thickness of an ointment. This is spread on coarse linen and applied freely every day. Also on the Continent, and in some parts of England, snails as well as slugs are thought to be efficacious medicinally in consumption of the lungs, even more so than cod-liver oil. The Helix pomatia (or Apple Snail) is specially used in France, being kept for the purpose in a snaillery, or boarded-in space of which the floor is covered half-a-foot deep with herbs.

In France, a traditional remedy for swollen glands is effectively used, which involves pounding parsley and snails together in a mortar until it has the consistency of an ointment. This mixture is spread on rough linen and applied generously every day. Additionally, in various parts of Europe and some areas of England, both snails and slugs are believed to be effective for treating lung issues, even more so than cod liver oil. The Helix pomatia (or Apple Snail) is particularly used in France and is kept for this purpose in a special area, known as a snaillery, which has a floor covered half a foot deep with herbs.

The Romans were very partial to these Apple Snails, and fattened them for the table with bran soaked in wine until the creatures attained almost a fabulous size. Even in this country shells of Apple Snails have been [410] found which would hold a pound's worth of silver. The large Snail was brought to England in the sixteenth century, to the South downs of Surrey, and Sussex, and to Box Hill by an Earl of Arundel for his Countess, who had them dressed, and ate them because of her consumptive disease. Likewise in Pliny's time Snails beaten up with warm water were commended for the cure of coughs. Gipsies are great Snail eaters, but they first starve the creatures, which are given to devour the deadly Night Shade, and other poisonous plants. It is certain, that Snails retain the flavour and odour of the vegetables which they consume.

The Romans really liked these Apple Snails and fattened them up for dinner with bran soaked in wine until they reached an almost unbelievable size. Even in this country, shells of Apple Snails have been found that could hold a pound's worth of silver. The large Snail was brought to England in the sixteenth century to the South Downs of Surrey and Sussex, and to Box Hill by an Earl of Arundel for his Countess, who had them prepared and ate them because of her lung disease. Similarly, in Pliny's time, Snails mixed with warm water were praised for treating coughs. Gypsies are big fans of eating Snails, but they first starve the creatures, which tend to eat poisonous plants like deadly Nightshade. It's certain that Snails retain the flavor and smell of the plants they consume.

The chalky downs of the South of England are literally covered with small snails, and many persons suppose that the superior flavour of South Down mutton is due to the thousands of these snails which the sheep consume together with the pasture on which they feed. In 1854 a medical writer set forth the curative virtues of Helicin, a glutinous constituent principle derived from the Snail, and to be given in broth as a remedy for pulmonary consumption. In France the Apple Snail is known as the "great Escargot"; and the Snail gardens in which the gasteropods are fattened, and reared, go by the name of "Escargotoires." Throughout the winter the creatures hybernate, shutting themselves up by their operculum whilst lying among dead leaves, or having fixed themselves by their glutinous secretion to a wall or tree. They are only taken for use whilst in this state. According to a gipsy, the common English Snail is quite as good to be eaten, and quite as beneficial as an Apple Snail, but there is less of him. In Wiltshire, when collected whilst hybernating, snails are soaked in salted water, and then grilled on the bars of the grate. About France the Escargots are dried, and prepared as a lozenge [411] for coughs. Our common garden Snail is the Helix aspersa. On the Continent for many years past the large Apple Snail, together with a reddish-brown slug, the Arion Rufus, has been employed in medicine for colds, sore throats, and a tendency to consumption of the lungs. These contain "limacine," and eight per cent. of emollient mucilage, together with "helicin," and uric acid just under the shell. Many quarts of cooked garden snails are sold every week to the labouring classes in Bristol; and an annual Feast of Snails is held in the neighbourhood of Newcastle. Mrs. Delaney in 1708, recommended that "two or three snails should be boiled in the barley-water which Mary takes who coughs at night. She must know nothing of it; they give no manner of taste. Six or eight boiled in water, and strained off, and put in a bottle would be a good way of adding a spoonful of the same to every liquid thing she takes. They must be fresh done every two or three days, otherwise they grow too thick." The London Gazette, of March 23rd, 1739, tells that Mrs. Joanna Stephens received from the Government five thousand pounds for revealing the secret of her famous cure against stone in the bladder, and gravel. This consisted chiefly of eggshells, and snails, mixed with soap, honey and herbs. It was given in powders, decoctions, and pills. To help weak eyes in South Hampshire, snails and bread crust are made into a poultice.

The chalky hills of Southern England are literally covered with small snails, and many people believe that the superior taste of South Down mutton comes from the thousands of these snails that the sheep eat along with the grass. In 1854, a medical writer highlighted the healing properties of Helicin, a sticky substance derived from snails, which was to be used in broth as a treatment for lung disease. In France, the Apple Snail is known as the "great Escargot," and the snail farms where these gastropods are fattened and raised are called "Escargotoires." Throughout the winter, these creatures hibernate, sealing themselves with their operculum while lying among dead leaves or sticking themselves with their sticky secretion to a wall or tree. They are harvested for use while in this state. According to a gypsy, the common English Snail is just as good to eat and just as beneficial as the Apple Snail, but there are fewer of them. In Wiltshire, when collected during hibernation, snails are soaked in salted water and then grilled on the grate. In France, Escargots are dried and prepared as lozenges for coughs. Our common garden snail is the Helix aspersa. On the Continent, for many years, the large Apple Snail, along with a reddish-brown slug, the Arion Rufus, has been used in medicine for colds, sore throats, and a tendency to lung consumption. These contain "limacine" and eight percent of soothing mucilage, along with "helicin" and uric acid just under the shell. Many quarts of cooked garden snails are sold every week to the working class in Bristol, and an annual Feast of Snails takes place near Newcastle. Mrs. Delaney, in 1708, recommended that "two or three snails should be boiled in the barley-water that Mary drinks for her nighttime cough. She must not know about it; they don't add any flavor. Six or eight boiled in water, strained, and put in a bottle would be a good way to add a spoonful to every liquid she consumes. They must be freshly made every two or three days, or they get too thick." The London Gazette from March 23rd, 1739, reports that Mrs. Joanna Stephens received five thousand pounds from the Government for revealing her famous cure for bladder stones and gravel, which mainly consisted of eggshells and snails mixed with soap, honey, and herbs. It was given in powders, decoctions, and pills. To help weak eyes in South Hampshire, snails and bread crust are made into a poultice.

A moderate dose of Parsley oil when taken in health, induces a sense of warmth at the pit of the stomach, and of general well-being. The powdered seeds may be taken in doses of from ten to fifteen grains. The bruised leaves have successfully resolved tumours of hard (scirrhous) cancer when cicuta, and mercury had failed.

A moderate dose of parsley oil taken while healthy creates a feeling of warmth in the stomach and promotes a general sense of well-being. The powdered seeds can be taken in doses of ten to fifteen grains. The crushed leaves have effectively reduced hard tumors (scirrhous cancer) when cicuta and mercury treatments have not worked.

Though used so commonly at table, facts have proved [412] that the herb, especially when uncooked, may bring on epilepsy in certain constitutions, or at least aggravate the fits in those who are subject to them. Alston says: "I have observed after eating plentifully of raw Parsley, a fulness of the vessels about the head, and a tenderness of the eyes (somewhat inflamed) and face, as if the cravat were too tight."

Though it's often used at the table, evidence has shown that the herb, particularly when raw, can trigger epilepsy in some people or at least worsen the seizures in those who are prone to them. Alston states: "I've noticed after eating a lot of raw parsley, a fullness of the blood vessels around the head, and a sensitivity in the eyes (somewhat inflamed) and face, as if the collar were too tight."

The victors at the old Grecian games were crowned with chaplets of Parsley leaves; and it is more than probable our present custom of encircling a joint, and garnishing a dish with the herb had its origin in this practice. The Romans named Parsley Apium, either because their bee (apis) was specially fond of the herb, or from apex, the head of a conqueror, who was crowned with it. The tincture has a decided action on the lining membrane of the urinary passages, and may be given usefully when this is inflamed, or congested through catarrh, in doses of from five to ten drops three times in the day with a spoonful or two of cold water.

The winners of the ancient Greek games were crowned with parsley leaf wreaths, and it’s likely that our current practice of garnishing a dish with this herb comes from that tradition. The Romans called parsley Apium, either because their bees (apis) particularly liked the plant, or from apex, meaning the top or head of a conqueror who was crowned with it. The extract has a clear effect on the lining of the urinary tract and can be beneficial when it is inflamed or congested due to a cold, in doses of five to ten drops three times a day mixed with a spoonful or two of cold water.

Wild Parsley is probably identical with our garden herb. It is called in the Western counties Eltrot, perhaps because associated with the gambols of the elves.

Wild Parsley is likely the same as our garden herb. In the Western counties, it’s called Eltrot, possibly because it's linked to the antics of elves.

The Fool's Parsley (oethusa cynapium) is a very common wayside weed, and grows wild in our gardens. It differs botanically from all other parsleys in having no bracts, but three narrow leaves at the base of each umbel. This is a more or less poisonous herb, producing, when eaten in a harmful quantity, convulsive and epileptic symptoms; also an inflamed state of the eyelids, just such as is seen in the scrofulous ophthalmia of children, the condition being accompanied with swelling of glands and eruptions on the skin. Therefore the tincture which is made (H.) of Fool's Parsley, when given in small doses, and diluted, proves [413] very useful for such ophthalmia, and for obviating the convulsive attacks of young children, especially if connected with derangement of the digestive organs. Also as a medicine it has done much good in some cases of mental imbecility. And this tincture will correct the Summer diarrhoea of infants, when the stools are watery, greenish, and without smell. From three to ten drops of the tincture diluted to the third decimal strength, should be given as a dose, and repeated at intervals, for the symptoms just recited.

The Fool's Parsley (oethusa cynapium) is a very common roadside weed that also grows wild in our gardens. It’s botanically different from other types of parsley because it has no bracts, just three narrow leaves at the base of each umbel. This herb is somewhat poisonous and can cause convulsions and epileptic symptoms if eaten in large amounts. It can also lead to inflammation of the eyelids, similar to what is seen in scrofulous ophthalmia in children, and is often accompanied by swollen glands and skin rashes. Because of this, the tincture made from Fool's Parsley, when given in small, diluted doses, is very helpful for treating such ophthalmia and for preventing convulsive episodes in young children, especially those related to digestive issues. Additionally, it has been beneficial in some instances of mental immaturity. This tincture is also effective for treating summer diarrhea in infants when the stools are watery, greenish, and odorless. A dose of three to ten drops of the tincture diluted to the third decimal strength should be administered at intervals for the symptoms mentioned.

This variety is named oethusa, because of its acridity, from the Greek verb aitho (to burn). "It has faculties," says Gerard, "answerable to the common Hemlock," the poisonous effects being inflamed stomach and bowels, giddiness, delirium, convulsions, and insensibility. It is called also "Dog's Parsley" and "Kicks."

This variety is called oethusa because of its bitterness, derived from the Greek verb aitho (to burn). "It has properties," says Gerard, "similar to common Hemlock," with poisonous effects including an irritated stomach and intestines, dizziness, confusion, convulsions, and loss of consciousness. It's also known as "Dog's Parsley" and "Kicks."

The leaves of the Fool's Parsley are glossy beneath, with lanceolate lobes, whereas the leaflets of other parsleys are woolly below. Gerard calls it Dog's Parsley, and says: "The whole plant is of a naughty smell." It contains a peculiar alkaloid "cynapina." The tincture, third decimal strength, in half-drop doses, with a teaspoonful of water, will prevent an infant from vomiting the breast milk in thick curds.

The leaves of Fool's Parsley are shiny underneath, with long, narrow lobes, while the leaflets of other types of parsley are fuzzy on the underside. Gerard refers to it as Dog's Parsley and states: "The whole plant has an unpleasant smell." It contains a unique alkaloid called "cynapina." A tincture at third decimal strength, in half-drop doses mixed with a teaspoon of water, can stop an infant from throwing up breast milk in thick clumps.

Another variety which grows in chalky districts, the Stone Parsley, Sison, or breakstone, was formerly known as the "Hone-wort," from curing a "hone," or boil, on the cheek. It was believed at one time to break a glass goblet or tumbler if rubbed against this article.

Another type that grows in chalky areas, the Stone Parsley, Sison, or breakstone, was once called "Hone-wort," because it was thought to heal a "hone," or boil, on the cheek. People once believed that if you rubbed a glass goblet or tumbler against this plant, it would break.

PARSNIP.

The Wild Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) grows on the borders of ploughed fields and about hedgerows, being generally hairy, whilst the Garden Parsnip is smooth, [414] with taller stems, and leaves of a yellowish-green colour. This cultivated Parsnip has been produced as a vegetable since Roman times. The roots furnish a good deal of starch, and are very nutritious for warming and fattening, but when long in the ground they are called in some places "Madnip," and are said to cause insanity.

The Wild Parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) grows at the edges of plowed fields and around hedgerows, usually with hairy stems, while the Garden Parsnip is smooth, has taller stems, and features yellowish-green leaves. This cultivated Parsnip has been grown as a vegetable since Roman times. The roots are rich in starch and are very nutritious for warming and fattening, but if they stay in the ground too long, they are sometimes referred to as "Madnip," and are believed to cause insanity.

Chemically, they contain also albumen, sugar, pectose, dextrin, fat, cellulose, mineral matters, and water, but less sugar than turnips or carrots. The volatile oil with which the cultivated root is furnished causes it to disagree with persons of delicate stomach; otherwise it is highly nutritive, and makes a capital supplement to salt fish, in Lent. The seeds of the wild Parsnip (quite a common plant) are aromatic, and are kept by druggists. They have been found curative in ague, and for intermittent fever, by their volatile oil, or by its essence given as a medicine. But the seeds of the garden Parsnip, which are easier to get, though not nearly so efficacious, are often substituted at the shops. A decoction of the wild root is good for a sluggish liver, and in passive jaundice.

Chemically, they also contain albumen, sugar, pectose, dextrin, fat, cellulose, minerals, and water, but have less sugar than turnips or carrots. The volatile oil in the cultivated root can upset people with sensitive stomachs; otherwise, it's very nutritious and makes a great addition to salt fish during Lent. The seeds of the wild parsnip (a fairly common plant) are aromatic and are sold by pharmacists. They have been found to help with ague and intermittent fever, thanks to their volatile oil or its essence given as medicine. However, the seeds of the garden parsnip, which are easier to obtain but not nearly as effective, are often used in shops as a substitute. A decoction of the wild root is good for a sluggish liver and in cases of passive jaundice.

In Gerard's time, Parsnips were known as Mypes. Marmalade made with the roots, and a small quantity of sugar, will improve the appetite, and serve as a restorative to invalids.

In Gerard's time, parsnips were called mypes. Marmalade made from the roots, along with a little sugar, will boost the appetite and act as a restorative for people who are unwell.

From the mashed roots of the wild Parsnip in some parts of Ireland, when boiled with hops, the peasants brew a beer. In Scotland a good dish is prepared from Parsnips and potatoes, cooked and beaten together, with butter. Parsnip wine, when properly concocted, is particularly exhilarating and refreshing.

From the mashed roots of wild parsnip in some areas of Ireland, when boiled with hops, people make beer. In Scotland, a tasty dish is made from parsnips and potatoes, cooked and mashed together with butter. Parsnip wine, when made correctly, is especially uplifting and refreshing.

The Water Parsnip (spelt also in old Herbals, Pasnep, and Pastnip, and called Sium) is an umbelliferous plant, [415] common by the sides of rivers, lakes, and ditches, with tender leaves which are "a sovereign remedy against gravel in the kidney, and stone in the bladder." It is known also as Apium nodiflorum, from apon, water, and contains "pastinacina," in common with the wild Parsnip. This is a volatile alkaloid which is not poisonous, and is thought to be almost identical with ammonia. The fresh juice, in doses of one, two, or three tablespoonfuls, twice a day, is of curative effect for scrofulous eruptions on the face, neck, and other parts of children. Dr. Withering tells of a child, aged six years, who was thus cured of an obstinate and otherwise intractable skin disease. The juice may be readily mixed with milk, and does not disagree in any way.

The Water Parsnip (also spelled in old Herbals, Pasnep, and Pastnip, and called Sium) is a plant with umbrella-shaped flowers, [415] commonly found by the sides of rivers, lakes, and ditches. It has tender leaves that are "a powerful remedy for kidney gravel and bladder stones." It’s also called Apium nodiflorum, from apon, meaning water, and contains "pastinacina," similar to wild Parsnip. This is a non-toxic volatile alkaloid that's thought to be almost the same as ammonia. Fresh juice, in doses of one, two, or three tablespoons, taken twice a day, can effectively treat scrofulous skin eruptions on the face, neck, and other areas in children. Dr. Withering recounts the case of a six-year-old child who was cured of a stubborn and otherwise untreatable skin condition this way. The juice can be easily mixed with milk and doesn’t cause any adverse effects.

PEA AND BEAN.

Typical of leguminous plants (so called because they furnish legumin, or vegetable cheese), whilst furthermore possessing certain medicinal properties, the Bean and the Pea have a claim to be classed with Herbal Simples.

Typical of leguminous plants (named for providing legumin, or vegetable cheese), and also having some medicinal properties, the Bean and the Pea deserve to be categorized with Herbal Simples.

The common Kidney Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) is a native of the Indies, but widely cultivated all over Europe, and so well known as not to need any detailed description as a plant. Because of the seed's close resemblance to the kidney, as well as to the male testis, the Egyptians made it an object of sacred worship, and would not partake of it as food. They feared lest by so doing they should eat what was human remaining after death in the Bean, or should consume a soul. The Romans celebrated feasts (Lemuria) in honour of their departed, when Beans were cast into the fire on the altar; and the people threw black Beans on the graves of the deceased, because the smell was thought disagreeable to any hostile Manes. In Italy at the present day it is [416] customary to eat Beans, and to distribute them among the poor, on the anniversary of a death. Because of its decided tendency to cause sleepiness the Jewish High Priest was forbidden to partake of Beans on the day of Atonement; and there is now a common saying in Leicestershire that for bad dreams, or to be driven crazy, one has only to sleep all night in a Bean field. The philosopher, Pythagoras, warned his pupils against eating Beans, the black spot thereon being typical of death; and the disciples were ever mindful: "Jurare in verba magistri." When bruised and boiled with garlic, Beans have been known to cure coughs which were past other remedies. But the roots of the Kidney Bean have proved themselves dangerously narcotic.

The common kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) originates from the Indies but is widely grown all over Europe and is so well known that it doesn't require a detailed description as a plant. Because the seed closely resembles a kidney and also the male testis, the Egyptians revered it as sacred and wouldn’t eat it. They feared that by consuming it, they might ingest something human left after death in the bean or even consume a soul. The Romans held feasts (Lemuria) in honor of their deceased, during which beans were thrown into the fire on the altar; people would also toss black beans onto graves because the smell was believed to ward off any hostile spirits. In Italy today, it’s customary to eat beans and share them with the poor on the anniversary of a death. Due to its strong tendency to induce sleepiness, the Jewish High Priest was prohibited from eating beans on the Day of Atonement; there’s a popular saying in Leicestershire that to have bad dreams or to go insane, one just needs to sleep all night in a bean field. The philosopher Pythagoras warned his students against eating beans, as the black spot on them was seen as a symbol of death, and the students were always conscious of "Jurare in verba magistri." When mashed and cooked with garlic, beans have been known to cure coughs that didn’t respond to other remedies. However, the roots of the kidney bean have proven to be dangerously narcotic.

The Pea (Pisum sativum) is a native of England, first taking its botanical name from Pisa, a town of Elis, where Peas grew in plenty. The English appellation was formerly Peason, or Pease, and the plant has been cultivated in this country from time immemorial; though not commonly, even in Elizabeth's day, when (as Fuller informs us) "Peas were brought from Holland, and were fit dainties for ladies, they came so far, and cost so dear." In Germany Peas are thought good for many complaints, especially for wounds and bruises; children affected with measles are washed there systematically with water in which peas have been boiled. These, together with Beans and lentils, etc., are included under the general name of pulse, about which Cowper wrote thus:—

The Pea (Pisum sativum) originally comes from England, with its botanical name derived from Pisa, a town in Elis, where peas flourished. The English name used to be Peason or Pease, and this plant has been grown in the country since ancient times; however, it wasn't very popular even in Elizabethan times, when (as Fuller tells us) "Peas were brought from Holland and were considered fancy treats for ladies because they traveled so far and cost so much." In Germany, peas are believed to be good for various ailments, especially wounds and bruises; children with measles are routinely bathed in water that has had peas boiled in it. These, along with beans, lentils, and others, are categorized under the general term pulse, which Cowper wrote about like this:—

"Daniel ate pulse by choice: example rare!
Heaven blest the youth, and made him fresh and fair."

"Daniel chose to eat vegetables: a rare example!
Heaven blessed the young man, making him fresh and attractive."

Grey Peas were provided in the pits of the Greek and Roman theatres, as we supply oranges and a bill of the Play.

Grey peas were offered in the pits of Greek and Roman theaters, just like we provide oranges and a program for the show.

[417] "Hot Grey Pease and a suck of bacon" (tied to a string of which the stall-keeper held the other end), was a popular street cry in the London of James the First.

[417] "Hot Grey Peas and a piece of bacon" (tied to a string that the vendor held on to), was a popular street shout in the London of James the First.

Peas and Beans contain sulphur, and are richer in mineral salts, such as potash and lime, than wheat, barley, or oats; but their constituents are apt to provoke indigestion, whilst engendering flatulence through sulphuretted hydrogen. They best suit persons who take plenty of out-door exercise, but not those of sedentary habits. The skins of parched Peas remain undigested when eaten cooked, and are found in the excrements. These leguminous plants are less easily assimilated than light animal food by persons who are not robust, or laboriously employed, though vegetarians assert to the contrary. Lord Tennyson wrote to such effect as the result of his personal experience (in his dedication of Tiresias to E. Fitzgerald):—

Peas and beans have sulfur in them and are richer in mineral salts like potash and lime than wheat, barley, or oats. However, their components can lead to indigestion and cause gas due to sulfur-containing hydrogen. They are best for people who get plenty of outdoor exercise, but not for those who are inactive. The skins of cooked peas often go undigested and show up in waste. These leguminous plants are harder to digest than lighter animal foods for those who aren't strong or engaged in heavy work, even though vegetarians claim otherwise. Lord Tennyson mentioned something similar based on his own experience in his dedication of Tiresias to E. Fitzgerald:—

    "Who live on meal, and milk, and grass:—
        And once for ten long weeks I tried
    Your table of Pythagoras,
        And seem'd at first 'a thing enskied'
    (As Shakespeare has it)—airylight,
        To float above the ways of men:
    Then fell from that half spiritual height,
        Until I tasted flesh again.
    One night when earth was winter black,
        And all the heavens were flashed in frost,
    And on me—half asleep—came back
        That wholesome heat the blood had lost."

"Who live on meals, milk, and grass:—
        And once for ten long weeks I tried
    Your table of Pythagoras,
        And at first seemed like a celestial being
    (As Shakespeare puts it)—light as air,
        Floating above the lives of men:
    Then I fell from that almost spiritual height,
        Until I tasted meat again.
    One night when the earth was dark with winter,
        And all the skies sparkled with frost,
    That warm feeling the blood had lost
        Returned to me—half asleep—.

But none the less does a simple diet foster spirituality of mind. "In milk"—says one of the oldest Vedas—"the finer part of the curds, when shaken, rises and becomes butter. Just so, my child, the finer part of food rises when it is eaten, and becomes mind."

But still, a simple diet encourages spiritual growth. "In milk"—says one of the oldest Vedas—"the finer part of the curds, when stirred, rises and turns into butter. Just like that, my child, the finer part of food rises when it is consumed and becomes mind."

Old Fuller relates "In a general dearth all over [418] England (1555), plenty of Pease did grow on the seashore, near Dunwich (Suffolk), never set or sown by human industry; which being gathered in full ripeness much abated the high prices in the markets, and preserved many hungry families from famishing." "They do not grow", says he, "among the bare stones, neither did they owe their original to shipwrecks, or Pease cast out of ships." The Sea-side Pea (pisum maritimum) is a rare plant.

Old Fuller recounts, "During a widespread famine across [418] England in 1555, plenty of peas grew along the seashore near Dunwich (Suffolk), completely untouched by human effort. When harvested at full ripeness, they significantly lowered the high prices in the markets and saved many hungry families from starvation." He adds, "They don't grow among the bare stones, nor did they come from shipwrecks or peas tossed out of ships." The seaside pea (pisum maritimum) is a rare plant.

PEACH.

The Peach (Amygdabus Persica), the apple of Persia, began to be cultivated in England about 1562, or perhaps before then. Columella tells of this fatal gift conveyed treacherously to Egypt in the first century:—

The Peach (Amygdabus Persica), known as the apple of Persia, started being grown in England around 1562, or maybe even earlier. Columella talks about this disastrous gift that was deceitfully brought to Egypt in the first century:—

"Apples, which most barbarous Persia sent,
With native poison armed."

"Apples, which the savage Persia sent,
Loaded with native poison."

The Peach tree is so well known by its general characteristics as not to need any particular description. Its young branches, flowers, and seeds, after maceration in water, yield a volatile oil which is chemically identical with that of the bitter almond. The flowers are laxative, and have been used instead of manna. When distilled, they furnish a white liquor which communicates a flavour resembling the kernels of fruits. An infusion made from one drachm of the dried flowers, or from half an ounce of the fresh flowers, has a purgative effect. The fruit is wholesome, and seldom disagrees if eaten when ripe and sound. Its quantity of sugar is only small, but the skin is indigestible.

The peach tree is so well-known for its general characteristics that it doesn't need a special description. Its young branches, flowers, and seeds, after soaking in water, produce a volatile oil that's chemically the same as that of bitter almonds. The flowers act as a laxative and have been used as a substitute for manna. When distilled, they create a clear liquid that has a flavor similar to fruit kernels. An infusion made from one drachm of dried flowers or half an ounce of fresh flowers has a purgative effect. The fruit is healthy and usually doesn't cause problems if eaten when it's ripe and in good condition. It has a small amount of sugar, but the skin is hard to digest.

The leaves possess the power of expelling worms if applied outside a child's belly as a poultice, but in any medicinal form they must be used with caution, as they contain some of the properties of prussic acid, as found [419] also in the leaves of the laurel. A syrup of Peach flowers was formerly a preparation recognised by apothecaries. The leaves infused in white brandy, sweetened with barley sugar, make a fine cordial similar to noyeau. Soyer says the old Romans gave as much for their peaches as eighteen or nineteen shillings each.

The leaves can help get rid of worms when used as a poultice on a child's belly, but if they're used in any medicinal way, they should be handled carefully because they have some properties similar to prussic acid, which is also found in laurel leaves. A syrup made from peach flowers used to be a recognized remedy by pharmacists. Leaves infused in white brandy and sweetened with barley sugar create a delightful cordial similar to noyeau. Soyer mentions that the ancient Romans paid as much as eighteen or nineteen shillings each for their peaches.

Peach pie, owing to the abundance of the fruit, is as common fare in an American farm-house, as apple pie in an English homestead. Our English King John died at Swinestead Abbey from a surfeit of peaches, and new ale.

Peach pie, thanks to the plentiful fruit, is just as common in an American farmhouse as apple pie is in an English home. Our English King John died at Swinestead Abbey from having too many peaches and new ale.

A tincture made from the flowers will allay the pain of colic caused by gravel; but the kernels of the fruit, which yield an oil identical with that of bitter almonds, have produced poisonous effects with children.

A tincture made from the flowers will relieve the pain of colic caused by gravel, but the kernels of the fruit, which produce an oil that's the same as that of bitter almonds, have caused poisonous effects in children.

Gerard teaches "that a syrup or strong infusion of Peach flowers doth singularly well purge the belly, and yet without grief or trouble." Two tablespoonfuls of the infusion for a dose.

Gerard teaches that "a syrup or strong infusion of peach flowers does an excellent job of cleansing the stomach, and it does so without causing pain or discomfort." The recommended dosage is two tablespoons of the infusion.

In Sicily there is a belief that anyone afflicted with goitre, who eats a Peach on the night of St. John, or the Ascension, will be cured, provided only that the Peach tree dies at the same time. In Italy Peach leaves are applied to a wart, and then buried, so that they and the wart may perish simultaneously.

In Sicily, people believe that anyone suffering from goitre who eats a peach on the night of St. John or the Ascension will be cured, but only if the peach tree also dies at that time. In Italy, peach leaves are placed on a wart and then buried, so that both the leaves and the wart can die together.

Thackeray one day at dessert was taken to task by his colleague on the Punch staff, Angus B. Reach, whom he addressed as Mr. Reach, instead of as Mr. (Scotticé) Reach. With ready promptitude, Thackeray replied: "Be good enough Mr. Re-ack to pass me a pe-ack."

Thackeray, one day during dessert, was called out by his coworker on the Punch staff, Angus B. Reach, whom he referred to as Mr. Reach instead of Mr. (Scotticé) Reach. Without missing a beat, Thackeray responded, "Could you please pass me a pe-ack, Mr. Re-ack?"

PEAR.

The Pear, also called Pyrrie, belongs to the same natural order of plants (the Rosacoe) as the Apple. It is [420] sometimes called the Pyerie, and when wild is so hard and austere as to bear the name of Choke-pear. It grows wild in Britain, and abundantly in France and Germany. The Barland Pear, which was chiefly cultivated in the seventeenth century, still retains its health and vigour, "the identical trees in Herefordshire which then supplied excellent liquor, continuing to do so in this, the nineteenth century."

The Pear, also known as Pyrrie, is part of the same plant family (the Rosacoe) as the Apple. It is sometimes referred to as the Pyerie, and when it grows wild, it is so tough and bitter that it's called Choke-pear. It grows naturally in Britain and is quite common in France and Germany. The Barland Pear, mostly grown in the seventeenth century, still remains healthy and strong, with "the same trees in Herefordshire that provided excellent liquor then continuing to do so in this, the nineteenth century."

This fruit caused the death of Drusus, a son of the Roman Emperor Claudius, who caught in his mouth a Pear thrown into the air, and by mischance attempted to swallow it, but the Pear was so extremely hard that it stuck in his throat, and choked him.

This fruit caused the death of Drusus, a son of the Roman Emperor Claudius, who caught a pear thrown into the air in his mouth, and by accident tried to swallow it, but the pear was so hard that it got stuck in his throat and choked him.

Pears gathered from gardens near old monasteries were formerly held in the highest repute for flavour, and it was noted that the trees which bore them continued fruitful for a great number of years. The secret cause seems to have been, not the holy water with which the trees were formally christened, but the fact that the sagacious monks had planted them upon a layer of stones so as to prevent the roots from penetrating deep into the ground, and so as thus to ensure their proper drainage.

Pears picked from gardens near ancient monasteries were once highly regarded for their flavor, and it was observed that the trees producing them remained fruitful for many years. The real reason seems to be not the holy water used to bless the trees, but rather that the wise monks planted them on a layer of stones to stop the roots from digging too deep into the ground, which ensured proper drainage.

The cellular tissue of which a Pear is composed differs from that of the apple in containing minute stony concretions which make it, in many varieties of the fruit, bite short and crisp; and its specific gravity is therefore greater than that of the apple, so much so that by taking a cube of each of equal size, that of the Pear will sink when thrown into a vessel of water, while that of the apple will float. The wood of the wild Pear is strong, and readily stained black, so as to look like ebony. It is much employed by wood-engravers. Gerard says "it serveth to be cut [421] up into many kinds of moulds; not only such fruits as those seen in my Herbal are made of, but also many sorts of pretty toies for coifes, breast plates, and such like; used among our English gentlewomen."

The cellular structure of a pear is different from that of an apple because it contains tiny stone-like particles that make it, in many varieties, crisp and crunchy. As a result, its specific gravity is higher than that of the apple, meaning that a cube of pear will sink when placed in water, while a cube of apple will float. The wood of the wild pear is strong and can be easily stained black to resemble ebony, making it popular among wood engravers. Gerard states, "it can be cut into many types of molds; not only are the fruits shown in my Herbal made from it, but also various decorative items for hairstyles, breastplates, and similar things used by our English gentlewomen."

The good old black Pear of Worcester is represented in the civic arms, or rather in the second of the two shields belonging to the faithful city; Argent, a fesse between three Pears, sable. The date of this shield coincides with that of the visit of Queen Elizabeth to Worcester.

The classic black Pear of Worcester is featured in the city’s coat of arms, specifically on the second of the two shields belonging to the loyal city; Silver, a band between three black Pears. The date of this shield matches the date of Queen Elizabeth's visit to Worcester.

Virgil names three kinds of Pears which he received as a present from Cato:—

Virgil mentions three types of pears that he got as a gift from Cato:—

"Nec surculus idem,
Crustaneis, Syriisque pyris, gravibusque volemis."

"Neither is the little shoot,
With crusty pears from Syria, nor with heavy desires."

The two first of these were Bergamots and Pounder Pears, whilst the last-named was called a volemus, because large enough to fill the hollow of the hand, (vola).

The first two were Bergamots and Pounder Pears, while the last one was called a volemus, because it was large enough to fit in the palm of the hand, (vola).

Mural paintings which have been disclosed at Pompeii represent the Pear tree and its fruit. In Pliny's time there were "proud" Pears, so called because they ripened early, and would not keep; and "winter" pears for baking, etc. Again, in the time of Henry the Eighth, a "warden" Pear, so named (Anglo-Saxon "wearden") from its property of long keeping, was commonly cultivated.

Mural paintings uncovered at Pompeii show the Pear tree and its fruit. In Pliny's time, there were "proud" Pears, called that because they ripened early and didn't last long, as well as "winter" pears used for baking, etc. Then, during the time of Henry the Eighth, a "warden" Pear, named (from the Anglo-Saxon "wearden") for its ability to be stored for a long time, was commonly grown.

"Her cheek was like the Catherine Pear,
The side that's next the sun,"

"Her cheek was like the Catherine Pear,
The side that's facing the sun,"

says one of our old poets concerning a small fruit seen often now-a-days in our London streets, handsome, but hard, and ill-flavoured.

says one of our old poets about a small fruit commonly seen in our London streets nowadays, attractive but tough and lacking flavor.

The special taste of Pears is chemically due for the most part to their containing amylacetate; and a [422] solution of this substance in spirit is artificially prepared for making essence of Jargonelle Pears, as used for flavouring Pear drops and other sweetmeats. The acetate amyl is a compound ether got from vinegar and potato oil. Pears contain also malic acid, pectose, gum, sugar, and albumen, with mineral matter, cellulose, and water. Gerard says wine made of the juice of Pears, called in English, Perry, "purgeth those that are not accustomed to drinke thereof, especially when it is new; notwithstanding, it is as wholesome a drink (being taken in small quantity) as wine; it comforteth and warmeth the stomacke, and causeth good digestion."

The unique flavor of pears is mostly due to the presence of amyl acetate. A solution of this substance in alcohol is artificially created to make essence of Jargonelle pears, which is used to flavor pear drops and other sweets. Amyl acetate is an ether compound derived from vinegar and potato oil. Pears also contain malic acid, pectose, gum, sugar, albumen, along with minerals, cellulose, and water. Gerard notes that wine made from pear juice, known in English as Perry, "purges those who are not used to drinking it, especially when it is new; however, it is as healthy a drink (when consumed in small amounts) as wine; it comforts and warms the stomach, and promotes good digestion."

Perry contains about one per cent. alcohol over cider, and a slightly larger proportion of malic acid, so that it is rather more stimulating, and somewhat better calculated to produce the healthful effects of vegetable acids in the economy. How eminently beneficial fruits of such sort are when ripe and sound, even to persons out of health, is but little understood, though happily the British public is growing wiser to-day in this respect. For instance, it has been lately discovered that there is present in the juice of the Pine-apple a vegetable digestive ferment, which, in its action, imitates almost identically the gastric juices of the stomach; and a demand for Bananas is developing rapidly in London since their wholesome virtues have become generally recognised. It is a remarkable fact that the epidemics of yellow fever in New Orleans have declined in virulence almost incredibly since the Banana began to be eaten there in considerable quantities. If a paste of its ripe pulp dried in the sun be made with spice, and sugar, this will keep well for years.

Perry has about one percent more alcohol than cider and a slightly higher amount of malic acid, making it a bit more stimulating and better for producing the health benefits of vegetable acids in the body. The numerous health benefits of ripe and fresh fruits like these are not very well recognized, although thankfully the British public is becoming more aware of this today. For example, it's recently been found that pineapple juice contains a vegetable digestive enzyme that closely mimics the stomach's gastric juices; as a result, the demand for bananas is rapidly increasing in London now that their health benefits are widely acknowledged. It's quite remarkable that the outbreaks of yellow fever in New Orleans have significantly decreased since bananas started being consumed there in large amounts. If you make a paste from its ripe pulp, dried in the sun with spices and sugar, it can last for years.

At Godstone, as is related in Bray's Survey, the water [423] from a well sunk close to a wild Pear tree (which bore fruit as hard as iron) proved so curative of gout, that large quantities of it were sent to London and sold there at the rate of sixpence a quart. Pears were deemed by the Romans an antidote to poisonous fungi; and for this reason, which subsequent experience has confirmed, Perry is still reckoned the best thing to be taken after eating freely of mushrooms, as also Pear stalks cooked therewith.

At Godstone, as mentioned in Bray's Survey, the water [423] from a well near a wild pear tree (which produced fruit as hard as iron) was so effective at treating gout that large amounts of it were sent to London and sold for sixpence a quart. The Romans considered pears an antidote to poisonous fungi; due to this reason, which has been supported by later experience, Perry is still regarded as the best remedy to consume after indulging in mushrooms, along with cooked pear stalks.

There is an old Continental saying: Pome, pere, ed noce guastano la voce—"Apples, pears, and nuts spoil the voice," And an ancient rhymed distich says:—

There’s an old Continental saying: Pome, pere, ed noce guastano la voce—"Apples, pears, and nuts spoil the voice." And an old rhymed couplet says:—

    "For the cough take Judas eare,
    With the parynge of a pear;
    And drynke them without feare,
        If ye will have remedy."

"For the cough, take Judas ear,
    With the paring of a pear;
    And drink them without fear,
        If you want a remedy."

All Pears are cold, and have a binding quality, with an earthy substance in their composition.

All pears are cool and have a binding quality, with an earthy substance in their make-up.

It should be noted that Pears dried in the oven, and kept without syrup, will remain quite good, and eatable for a year or more.

It’s worth mentioning that pears dried in the oven and stored without syrup will stay good and edible for a year or even longer.

Most Pears depend on birds for the dispersion of their seeds, but one striking variety prefers to attract bees, and the larger insects for cross-fertilization, and it has therefore assumed brilliant crimson petals of a broadly expanded sort, instead of bearing a succulent edible fruit, This is the highly ornamental Pyrus Japonica, which may so often be seen trained on the sunny walls of cottages.

Most pears rely on birds to spread their seeds, but one standout variety attracts bees and larger insects for cross-fertilization. As a result, it has developed bright crimson petals that are wide and expansive instead of producing a juicy, edible fruit. This is the highly decorative Pyrus Japonica, which can often be seen trained against the sunny walls of cottages.

PELLITORY.

A plant belonging to the order of Nettles, the Pellitory of the Wall, or Paritory—Parietaria, from the Latin parietes, walls—is a favourite Herbal Simple in many [424] rural districts. It grows commonly on dry walls, and is in flower all the summer. The leaves are narrow, hairy, and reddish; the stems are brittle, and the small blossoms hairy, in clusters. Their filaments are so elastic that if touched before the flower has expanded, they suddenly spring from their in curved position, and scatter the pollen broadcast.

A plant from the order of Nettles, the Pellitory of the Wall, or Paritory—Parietaria, from the Latin parietes, meaning walls—is a popular herb in many rural areas. It typically grows on dry walls and blooms all summer long. The leaves are narrow, hairy, and reddish; the stems are brittle, and the small flowers are hairy and clustered. Their filaments are so flexible that if touched before the flower has opened, they suddenly spring from their curved position, scattering the pollen everywhere.

An infusion of the plant is a popular medicine to stimulate the kidneys, and promote a large flow of watery urine. The juice of the herb acts in the same way when made into a thin syrup with sugar, and given in doses of two tablespoonfuls three times in the day. Dropsical effusions caused by an obstructed liver, or by a weak dilated heart, may be thus carried off with marked relief. The decoction of Parietaria, says Gerard, "helpeth such as are troubled with an old cough." All parts of the plant contain nitre abundantly. The leaves may be usefully applied as poultices.

An infusion of the plant is a common remedy to stimulate the kidneys and promote a significant flow of watery urine. The juice of the herb works similarly when mixed into a thin syrup with sugar and taken in doses of two tablespoons three times a day. Swelling caused by a blocked liver or a weak, enlarged heart can be reduced in this way, providing substantial relief. The decoction of Parietaria, as Gerard mentioned, "helps those who suffer from a chronic cough." All parts of the plant contain a lot of nitre. The leaves can also be effectively used as poultices.

But another Pellitory, which is more widely used because of its pungent efficacy in relieving toothache, and in provoking a free flow of saliva, is a distinct plant, the Pyrethrum, or Spanish Chamomile of the shops, and not a native of Great Britain, though sometimes cultivated in our gardens. The title "Purethron" is from pur, fire, because of its burning ardent taste. Its root is scentless, but when chewed causes a pricking sensation (with heat, and some numbness) in the mouth and tongue. Then an abundant flow of saliva, and of mucus within the cheeks quickly ensues. These effects are due to "pyrethrin" contained in the plant, which is an acid fixed resin; also there are present a second resin, and a yellow, acrid oil, whilst the root contains inulin, tannin, and other substances. When sliced and applied to the skin it induces heat, [425] tingling, and redness. A patient seeking relief from rheumatic or neuralgic affections of the head and face, or for palsy of the tongue, should chew the root of this Pyrethrum for several minutes.

But another Pellitory, which is more commonly used because of its strong ability to relieve toothache and stimulate saliva production, is a different plant, the Pyrethrum, or Spanish Chamomile found in stores. It's not native to Great Britain, although it's sometimes grown in our gardens. The name "Purethron" comes from pur, meaning fire, due to its intensely burning taste. Its root has no smell, but when chewed, it creates a prickling sensation (along with heat and some numbness) in the mouth and tongue. Soon after, there’s a significant flow of saliva and mucus in the cheeks. These effects are caused by "pyrethrin," which is an acid fixed resin found in the plant; it also contains another resin and a yellow, bitter oil, while the root has inulin, tannin, and other compounds. When sliced and applied to the skin, it causes warmth, tingling, and redness. A person looking for relief from rheumatic or neuralgic issues in the head and face, or for tongue paralysis, should chew the root of this Pyrethrum for several minutes.

The "Pelleter of Spain" (Pyrethrum Anacyclus), was so styled, not because of being brought from Spain; but because it is grown there.

The "Pelleter of Spain" (Pyrethrum Anacyclus) got its name not because it originated from Spain, but because it is cultivated there.

A gargle of Pyrethrum infusion is prescribed for relaxed uvula, and for a partial paralysis of the tongue and lips. The tincture made from the dried root may be most helpfully applied on cotton wool to the interior of a decayed tooth which is aching, or the milder tincture of the wall Pellitory may be employed for the same purpose. To make a gargle, two or three teaspoonfuls of the tincture of Pyrethrum, which can be had from any druggist, should be mixed with a pint of cold water, and sweetened with honey, if desired. The powdered root forms a good snuff to cure chronic catarrh of the head and nostrils, and to clear the brain by exciting a free flow of nasal mucus and tears—Purgatur cerebrum mansâ radice Pyrethri.

A gargle of Pyrethrum infusion is recommended for a relaxed uvula and for partial paralysis of the tongue and lips. The tincture made from the dried root can be very effectively applied on cotton wool to the inside of a decayed tooth that is hurting, or a milder tincture of wall Pellitory can be used for the same reason. To prepare a gargle, mix two or three teaspoons of Pyrethrum tincture, available from any pharmacist, with a pint of cold water, and sweeten with honey if you like. The powdered root makes a good snuff to treat chronic nasal congestion and help clear the mind by stimulating a free flow of nasal mucus and tears—Purgatur cerebrum mansâ radice Pyrethri.

Incidentally, as a quaint but effective remedy for carious toothache, may be mentioned the common lady bird insect, Coccinella, which when captured secretes from its legs a yellow acrid fluid having a disagreeable odour. This fluid will serve to ease the most violent toothache, if the creature be placed alive in the cavity of the hollow tooth.

Incidentally, a unique but effective remedy for cavity-related toothaches is the common ladybug, Coccinella. When captured, it secretes a yellow, bitter fluid from its legs that has an unpleasant smell. This fluid can help relieve severe tooth pain if the ladybug is placed alive in the hole of the affected tooth.

Gerard says this Pyrethrurn (Pellitory of Spain, or Pelletor) "is most singular for the surgeons of the hospitals to put into their unctions contra Neapolitanum morbum, and such other diseases that are cousin germanes thereunto." The Parietaria, or Pellitory of the wall, is named Lichwort, from growing on stones.

Gerard says this Pyrethrurn (Pellitory of Spain, or Pelletor) "is particularly notable for hospital surgeons to include in their ointments against Neapolitan disease, and other related ailments." The Parietaria, or Pellitory of the wall, is called Lichwort because it grows on stones.

[426] Sir William Roberts, of Manchester, has advised jujubes, made of gum arabic and pyrethrum, to be slowly masticated by persons who suffer from acid fermentation in the stomach, a copious flow of alkaline saliva being stimulated thereby in the mouth, which is repeatedly swallowed during the sucking of one or more of the jujubes, and which serves to neutralise the acid generated within the stomach. Distressing heartburn is thus effectively relieved without taking injurious alkalies, such as potash and soda.

[426] Sir William Roberts from Manchester recommends that people who experience acid fermentation in the stomach should slowly chew jujubes made from gum arabic and pyrethrum. This process stimulates a significant flow of alkaline saliva in the mouth, which is then swallowed while sucking on the jujubes. This saliva helps neutralize the acid produced in the stomach. This method effectively relieves uncomfortable heartburn without the need for harmful alkalies like potash and soda.

PENNYROYAL, see MINT.

Pennyroyal, see Mint.

PERIWINKLE.

There are two British Periwinkles growing wild; the one Vinca major, or greater, a doubtful native, and found only in the neighbourhood of dwelling-houses; the other Vinca minor lesser, abounding in English woods, particularly in the Western counties, and often entirely covering the ground with its prostrate evergreen leaves. The common name of each is derived from vincio, to bind, as it were by its stems resembling cord; or because bound in olden times into festive garlands and funeral chaplets. Their title used also to be Pervinca, and Pervinkle, Pervenkle, and Pucellage (or virgin flower).

There are two types of British Periwinkles growing wild; the first, Vinca major, or greater, is a questionable native and is found only around homes; the second, Vinca minor, or lesser, thrives in English woods, especially in the Western counties, often completely covering the ground with its sprawling evergreen leaves. The common name for each comes from vincio, which means to bind, as their stems resemble cord; or because they were once woven into festive garlands and funeral wreaths. They used to be called Pervinca, along with variations like Pervinkle, Pervenkle, and Pucellage (or virgin flower).

This generic name has been derived either from pervincire, to bind closely, or from pervincere, to overcome. Lord Bacon observes that it was common in his time for persons to wear bands of green Periwinkle about the calf of the leg to prevent cramp. Now-a-days we use for the same purpose a garter of small new corks strung on worsted. In Germany this plant is the emblem of immortality. It bears the name [427] "Pennywinkles" in Hampshire, probably by an inland confusion with the shell fish "winkles."

This generic name comes from either pervincire, which means to bind closely, or pervincere, meaning to overcome. Lord Bacon notes that during his time, people often wore bands of green Periwinkle around their calves to prevent cramps. Nowadays, we use a garter made of small new corks strung on wool. In Germany, this plant symbolizes immortality. In Hampshire, it's called "Pennywinkles," likely due to a mix-up with the shellfish "winkles."

Each of the two kinds possesses acrid astringent properties, but the lesser Periwinkle, Vinca minor or Winter-green, is the Herbal Simple best known of the pair, for its medicinal virtues in domestic use. The Periwinkle order is called Apocynaceoe, from the Greek apo, against, and kunos, a dog; or dog's bane.

Each of the two types has sharp astringent qualities, but the lesser Periwinkle, Vinca minor, or Winter-green, is the herbal remedy most recognized of the two for its medicinal benefits in home use. The Periwinkle family is called Apocynaceae, derived from the Greek apo, meaning against, and kunos, meaning dog; or dog's bane.

The flowers of the greater Periwinkle are gently purgative, but lose their effect by drying. If gathered in the Spring, and made into a syrup, they will impart all their virtues, and this is excellent to keep the bowels of children gently open, as well as to overcome habitual constipation in grown persons. But the leaves are astringent, contracting and strengthening the genitals if applied thereto either as a decoction, or as the bruised leaves themselves. An infusion of the greater Periwinkle, one part of the fresh plant to ten of water, may be used for staying female fluxes, by giving a wine-glassful thereof when cool, frequently; or of the liquid extract, half a teaspoonful for a dose in water. On account of its striking colour, and its use for magical purposes, the plant, when in bloom, has been named the Sorcerer's Violet, and in some parts of Devon the flowers are known as Cut Finger or Blue Buttons. The Italians use it in making garlands for their dead infants, and so call it Death's flower.

The flowers of the greater Periwinkle have a mild laxative effect, but this is lost when they are dried. If picked in the spring and made into a syrup, they will retain all their benefits, making it great for keeping children's bowels gently moving and helping adults with chronic constipation. However, the leaves are astringent, tightening and strengthening the genitals when applied either as a decoction or as crushed leaves. An infusion of the greater Periwinkle, using one part of the fresh plant to ten parts of water, can be used to stop excessive menstrual bleeding; a wine glassful should be taken when cool, frequently, or half a teaspoon of the liquid extract in water as a dose. Because of its striking color and its use in magical practices, the plant in bloom is referred to as the Sorcerer's Violet, and in some areas of Devon, the flowers are known as Cut Finger or Blue Buttons. Italians use it to create garlands for their deceased infants, calling it Death's flower.

Simon Fraser, whose father was a faithful adherent of Sir William Wallace, when on his way to be executed (in 1306) was crowned in mockery with the Periwinkle, as he passed through the City of London, with his legs tied under the horse's belly. In Gloucestershire, the flowers of the greater Periwinkle are called Cockles.

Simon Fraser, whose father was a loyal follower of Sir William Wallace, was mocked with a Periwinkle crown as he was taken to his execution in 1306, while his legs were tied beneath the horse's belly. In Gloucestershire, the larger Periwinkle flowers are known as Cockles.

The lesser Periwinkle is perennial, and is sometimes [428] cultivated in gardens, where it has acquired variegated leaves. It has no odour, but gives a bitterish taste which lasts in the mouth. Its leaves are strongly astringent, and therefore very useful to be applied for staying bleedings. If bruised and put into the nostrils, they will arrest fluxes from the nose, and a decoction made from them is of service for the diarrhoea of a weak subject, as well as for chronic looseness of the bowels; likewise for bleeding piles, by being applied externally, and by being taken internally. Again, the decoction makes a capital gargle for relaxed sore throat, and for sponginess of the mouth, of the tonsils, and the gums.

The lesser Periwinkle is a perennial plant, and is sometimes [428] grown in gardens, where it has developed variegated leaves. It has no smell, but has a bitter taste that lingers in the mouth. Its leaves are very astringent, making them quite effective for stopping bleeding. If you crush the leaves and put them in the nostrils, they can stop nasal bleeding, and a tea made from them can help with diarrhea in weak individuals, as well as chronic bowel looseness; it’s also good for bleeding hemorrhoids when applied externally and taken internally. Additionally, the tea serves as a great gargle for a sore throat, and for issues with sponginess in the mouth, tonsils, and gums.

This plant was also a noted Simple for increasing the milk of wet nurses, and was advised for such purpose by physicians of repute. Culpeper gravely says: "The leaves of the lesser Periwinkle, if eaten by man and wife together, will cause love between them."

This plant was also well-known for boosting the milk supply of breastfeeding mothers, and respected doctors recommended it for that purpose. Culpeper seriously states: "If a husband and wife eat the leaves of the lesser Periwinkle together, it will create love between them."

A tincture is made (H.) from the said plant, the Vinca minor, with spirit of wine. It is given medicinally for the milk-crust of infants, as well as for internal haemorrhages, the dose being from two to ten drops three or four times in the day, with a spoonful of water.

A tincture is made (H.) from the plant known as Vinca minor, using alcohol. It's used medicinally for infants with milk crusts, as well as for internal bleeding, with the dose being two to ten drops three or four times a day, mixed with a spoonful of water.

PIMPERNEL.

The "Poor Man's Weather Glass" or "Shepherd's Dial," is a very well-known and favourite little flower, of brilliant scarlet hue, expanding only in bright weather, and closing its petals at two o'clock in the day. It occurs quite commonly in gardens and open fields, being the scarlet Pimpernel, or Anagallis arvensis, and belonging to the Primrose tribe of plants. Old authors called it Burnet; which is quite a distinct herb, cultivated now for kitchen use, the Pimpinella Saxifraga, of so cheery and exhilarating a quality, and so generally commended, [429] that its excellence has passed into a proverb, "l'insolata non buon, ne betta ove non é Pimpinella." But this Burnet Pimpinella is of a different (Umbelliferous) order, though similarly styled because its leaves are likewise bipennate.

The "Poor Man's Weather Glass" or "Shepherd's Dial" is a well-known and beloved little flower with a bright scarlet color. It only opens on sunny days and closes its petals at two o'clock in the afternoon. You'll often find it in gardens and open fields; it's the scarlet Pimpernel, or Anagallis arvensis, part of the Primrose family. Older texts referred to it as Burnet, which is a different herb that's now grown for culinary purposes, known as Pimpinella Saxifraga. This herb is cheerful and uplifting, so well-regarded that its quality has become a saying: "l'insolata non buon, ne betta ove non é Pimpinella." However, this Burnet Pimpinella belongs to a different (Umbelliferous) family, even though it's called that because its leaves are also bipinnate.

The Scarlet Pimpernel is named Anagallis, from the Greek anagelao, to laugh; either because, as Pliny says, the plant removes obstructions of the liver, and spleen, which would engender sadness, or because of the graceful beauty of its flowers:—

The Scarlet Pimpernel is called Anagallis, from the Greek anagelao, meaning to laugh; either because, as Pliny mentions, the plant helps clear blockages in the liver and spleen, which could cause sadness, or because of the lovely beauty of its flowers:—

"No ear hath heard, no tongue can tell
The virtues of the Pimpernell."

"No ear has heard, no tongue can tell
The qualities of the Pimpernell."

The little plant has no odour, but possesses a bitter taste, which is rather astringent. Doctors used to consider the herb remedial in melancholy, and in the allied forms of mental disease, the decoction, or a tincture being employed. It was also prescribed for hydrophobia, and linen cloths saturated with a decoction were kept applied to the bitten part.

The small plant has no scent, but it has a bitter taste that’s somewhat astringent. Doctors used to view the herb as helpful for depression and related mental health issues, using either a decoction or a tincture. It was also given for rabies, and cloths soaked in a decoction were applied to the bitten area.

Narcotic effects were certainly produced in animals by giving considerable doses of an extract made from the herb. The flowers have been found useful in epilepsy, twenty grains dried being given four times a day. A medicinal tincture (H.) is prepared with spirit of wine. It is of approved utility for irritability of the main urinary passage, with genital congestion, erotism, and dragging of the loins, this tincture being then ordered of the third decimal strength, in doses of from five to ten drops every three or four hours, with a spoonful of water.

Narcotic effects were definitely observed in animals when large doses of an extract from the herb were given. The flowers have been found helpful in treating epilepsy, with twenty grains of dried flowers administered four times a day. A medicinal tincture (H.) is made with spirits of wine. It has proven effective for irritability of the main urinary tract, along with genital congestion, heightened sexual desire, and discomfort in the lower back. This tincture is typically prescribed at a third decimal strength, in doses of five to ten drops every three to four hours, mixed with a spoonful of water.

A decoction of the plant is held in esteem by countryfolk as checking pulmonary consumption in its early stages. Hill says there are many authenticated cases of this dire disease being absolutely cured by the herb, [430] The infusion is best made by pouring boiling water on the fresh plant. It contains "saponin," such as the Soapwort also specially furnishes.

A decoction of the plant is highly regarded by locals for stopping early-stage lung illness. Hill mentions that there are many verified cases of this serious disease being completely cured by the herb. The best way to make the infusion is by pouring boiling water over the fresh plant. It contains "saponin," which is also notably provided by Soapwort.

In France the Pimpernel (Anagallis) is thought to be a noxious plant of drastic narcotico-acrid properties, and called Mouron—qui tue les petits oiseaux, et est un violent drastique pour l'homme, et les grands animaux; à dose tres elevée le mouron peut meme leur donner la mort. In California a fluid extract of the herb is given for rheumatism, in doses of one teaspoonful with water three times a day.

In France, the Pimpernel (Anagallis) is considered a harmful plant with strong narcotic and acrid properties, and it’s referred to as Mouron—qui tue les petits oiseaux, et est un violent drastique pour l'homme, et les grands animaux; à dose tres elevée le mouron peut meme leur donner la mort. In California, a liquid extract of the herb is used for rheumatism, taken in doses of one teaspoon with water three times a day.

The Burnet Pimpinella is more correctly the Burnet Saxifrage, getting its first name because the leaves are brown, and the second because supposed to break up stone in the bladder. It grows abundantly in our dry chalky pastures, bearing terminal umbels of white flowers. It contains an essential oil and a bitter resin, which are useful as warmly carminative to relieve flatulent indigestion, and to promote the monthly flow in women. An infusion of the herb is made, and given in two tablespoonfuls for a dose. Cows which feed on this plant have their flow of milk increased thereby. Small bunches of the leaves and shoots when tied together and suspended in a cask of beer impart to it an agreeable aromatic flavour, and are thought to correct tart, or spoiled wines. The root, when fresh, has a hot pungent bitterish taste, and may be usefully chewed for tooth-ache, or to obviate paralysis of the tongue. In Germany a variety of this Burnet yields a blue essential oil which is used for colouring brandy. Again the herb is allied to the Anise (Pimpinella Anisum). The term Burnet was formerly applied to a brown cloth. Smaller than this Common Burnet is the Salad Burnet, Poterium sanguisorba, quod sanguineos fluxus sistat, a useful [431] styptic, which is also cordial, and promotes perspiration. It has the smell of cucumber, and is, therefore, an ingredient of the salad bowl, or often put into a cool tankard, whereto, says Gerard, "it gives a grace in the drynkynge." Another larger sort of the Burnet Pimpinella (Magna), which has broad upper leaves less divided, grows in our woods and shady places.

The Burnet Pimpinella is more accurately known as Burnet Saxifrage. It gets its first name because the leaves are brown, and its second name because it was believed to help break up stones in the bladder. It grows abundantly in our dry, chalky pastures, producing clusters of white flowers. It contains essential oil and a bitter resin, which are effective as warming carminatives to relieve gas and bloating, and to promote menstrual flow in women. An infusion of the herb is made and given in two tablespoons as a dose. Cows that eat this plant have an increase in milk production. Small bunches of the leaves and shoots, when tied together and hung in a cask of beer, add a pleasant aromatic flavor and are thought to improve tart or spoiled wines. The fresh root has a hot, pungent, slightly bitter taste, and can be chewed to help with toothache or to prevent paralysis of the tongue. In Germany, a variety of this Burnet produces a blue essential oil used for coloring brandy. The herb is also related to Anise (Pimpinella Anisum). The term Burnet was previously used to refer to a type of brown cloth. Smaller than the Common Burnet is the Salad Burnet, Poterium sanguisorba, quod sanguineos fluxus sistat, which is a useful styptic that is also soothing and promotes sweating. It has a cucumber smell, making it a great addition to salads or often added to a cool tankard, where, according to Gerard, "it adds grace to the drinking." Another larger type of Burnet Pimpinella (Magna), which has broader upper leaves that are less divided, grows in our woods and shady areas.

A bright blue variety of the true Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis) is less frequent, and is thought by many to be a distinct species. Gerard says, "the Pimpernel with the blue flower helpeth the fundament that is fallen down: and, contrariwise, red Pimpernel being applied bringeth it down."

A bright blue version of the true Scarlet Pimpernel (Anagallis) is rarer and is believed by many to be a separate species. Gerard states, "the blue-flowered Pimpernel helps with a fallen fundament, while the red Pimpernel, when applied, causes it to fall."

The Water Pimpernel (Anagallis aquatica) is more commonly known as Brooklime, or Beccabunga, and belongs to a different order of plants, the Scrophulariaceoe (healers of scrofula).

The Water Pimpernel (Anagallis aquatica) is more commonly known as Brooklime or Beccabunga, and it belongs to a different group of plants, the Scrophulariaceoe (healers of scrofula).

It grows quite commonly in brooks and ditches, as a succulent plant with smooth leaves, and small flowers of bright blue, being found in situations favourable to the growth of the watercress. It is the brok lempe of old writers, Veronica beccabunga, the syllable bec signifying a beck or brook; or perhaps the whole title comes from the Flemish beck pungen, mouth-smart, in allusion to the pungent taste of the plant.

It commonly grows in streams and ditches, as a juicy plant with smooth leaves and small bright blue flowers, found in places that are good for watercress to thrive. It’s the brok lempe mentioned by older writers, Veronica beccabunga, where the syllable bec means a stream or brook; or maybe the whole name comes from the Flemish beck pungen, meaning mouth-smart, referring to the strong taste of the plant.

"It is eaten," says Gerard, "in salads, as watercresses are, and is good against that malum of such as dwell near the German seas, which we term the scurvie, or skirby, being used after the same manner that watercress and scurvy-grass is used, yet is it not of so great operation and virtue." The leaves and stem are slightly acid and astringent, with a somewhat bitter taste, and frequently the former are mixed by sellers of water-cresses with their stock-in-trade.

"It is eaten," says Gerard, "in salads, just like watercress, and it's good for that malum suffered by those living near the German seas, which we call scurvy, or skirby. It's used in the same way as watercress and scurvy-grass, but it's not as effective or potent." The leaves and stem are slightly sour and astringent, with a somewhat bitter flavor, and often, the leaves are mixed in by sellers of watercress with their products.

[432] A full dose of the juice of fresh Brooklime is an easy purge; and the plant has always been a popular Simple for scrofulous affections, especially of the skin. Chemically, this Water Pimpernel contains some tannin, and a special bitter principle; whilst, in common with most of the Cruciferous plants, it is endowed with a pungent volatile oil, and some sulphur. The bruised plant has been applied externally for healing ulcers, burns, whitlows, and for the mitigation of swollen piles.

[432] A full dose of fresh Brooklime juice is an easy laxative; and this plant has always been a popular remedy for scrofulous conditions, especially skin issues. Chemically, this Water Pimpernel contains some tannin and a unique bitter compound; while, like most Cruciferous plants, it has a sharp volatile oil and some sulfur. The crushed plant has been used externally to heal ulcers, burns, whitlows, and to relieve swollen hemorrhoids.

The Bog Pimpernel (Anagallis tenella), is common in boggy ground, having erect rose-coloured leaves larger than those of the Poor Man's Weather Glass.

The Bog Pimpernel (Anagallis tenella) is commonly found in wet, boggy areas, featuring upright rose-colored leaves that are larger than those of the Poor Man's Weather Glass.

PINK.

The Clove Pink, or Carnation of our gardens, though found apparently wild on old castle walls in England, is a naturalised flower in this country. It is, botanically, the Dianthus Caryophyllus, being so named as anthos, the flower, dios, of Jupiter: whilst redolent of Caryophylli, Cloves. The term Carnation has been assigned to the Pink, either because the blossom has the colour, carnis, of flesh: or, as more correctly spelt by our older writers, Coronation, from the flowers being employed in making chaplets, coronoe. Thus Spenser says:—

The Clove Pink, or Carnation of our gardens, while seemingly found growing wild on old castle walls in England, is actually a naturalized flower in this country. Botanically, it is called Dianthus Caryophyllus, named from anthos, meaning flower, and dios, which refers to Jupiter; while it also evokes Caryophylli, Cloves. The name Carnation has been given to the Pink, either because the flower has the color carnis, meaning flesh, or, as spelled in older texts, Coronation, because the flowers are used to make garlands, coronoe. Thus Spenser says:—

"Bring Coronations, and Sops in Wine,
Worn of paramours."—Shepherd's Kalendar.

"Bring coronations and wine-soaked treats,
Worn by lovers."—Shepherd's Kalendar.

This second title, Sops in Wine, was given to the plant because the flowers were infused in wine for the sake of their spicy flavour; especially in that presented to brides after the marriage ceremony. Further, this Pink is the Clove Gilly (or July) flower, and gives its specific name to the natural order Caryophyllaceoe. The word Pink is a corruption of the Greek Pentecost [433] (fiftieth), which has now come to signify a festival of the Church. In former days the blossoms were commended as highly cordial: their odour is sweet and aromatic, so that an agreeable syrup may be made therefrom. The dried petals, if powdered, and kept in a stoppered bottle, are of service against heartburn and flatulence, being given in a dose of from twenty to sixty grains. Gerard says, "a conserve made of the flowers with sugar is exceeding cordiall, and wonderfully above measure doth comfort the heart, being eaten now and then. A water distilled from Pinks has been commended as excellent for curing epilepsy, and if a conserve be composed of them, this is the life and delight of the human race." The flower was at one time called ocellus, from the eye-shaped markings of its corolla. It is nervine and antispasmodic. By a mistake Turner designated the Pink Incarnation.

This second title, Sops in Wine, was given to the plant because the flowers were infused in wine for their spicy flavor, especially in the drink presented to brides after the marriage ceremony. Additionally, this Pink is the Clove Gilly (or July) flower, which lends its specific name to the natural order Caryophyllaceae. The word Pink is a variation of the Greek Pentecost [433] (fiftieth), which has now come to mean a festival of the Church. In earlier times, the blossoms were praised as having strong restorative properties: their scent is sweet and aromatic, allowing for a pleasant syrup to be made from them. The dried petals, when powdered and kept in a sealed bottle, can help with heartburn and gas, with a recommended dose of twenty to sixty grains. Gerard wrote, "a conserve made from the flowers with sugar is very restorative and greatly comforts the heart when eaten occasionally. A water distilled from Pinks has been praised as excellent for treating epilepsy, and if a conserve is made from them, it's the joy and delight of humanity." The flower was once referred to as ocellus, because of the eye-shaped patterns on its corolla. It has calming and anti-spasmodic properties. By mistake, Turner called the Pink Incarnation.

PLANTAIN.

The Plantains (Plantaginacecoe), from planta, the sole of the foot, are humble plants, well known as weeds in fields and by roadsides, having ribbed leaves and spikes of flowers conspicuous by their long stamens. As Herbal Simples, the Greater Plantain, the Ribwort Plantain, and the Water Plantain, are to be specially considered.

The Plantains (Plantaginacecoe), from planta, meaning the sole of the foot, are unassuming plants, commonly recognized as weeds in fields and along roadsides, featuring ribbed leaves and flower spikes that stand out due to their long stamens. The Greater Plantain, Ribwort Plantain, and Water Plantain should be given special attention as Herbal Simples.

The Greater Plantain of the waysides affords spikes of seeds which are a favourite food of Canaries, and which, in common with the seeds of other sorts, yield a tasteless mucilage, answering well as a substitute for linseed. The leaves of the Plantains have a bitter taste, and are somewhat astringent.

The Greater Plantain that grows along the roadsides produces seed spikes that are a favorite food for Canaries. Like the seeds of other plants, they produce a tasteless mucilage that works well as a substitute for linseed. The leaves of the Plantains have a bitter taste and are somewhat astringent.

The generic name Plantago is probably derived from the Latin planta, the sole of the foot, in allusion to the [434] broad, flat leaves lying close on the ground, and ago, the old synonym for wort, a cultivated plant.

The generic name Plantago likely comes from the Latin planta, meaning the sole of the foot, referring to the [434] broad, flat leaves that lie close to the ground, and ago, the old term for wort, a cultivated plant.

This greater Plantain (Plantago major) is also termed Waybred, Waybread, or Waybroad, "spread on the way," and has followed our colonists to all parts of the globe, being therefore styled "The Englishman's Foot" and "Whiteman's Foot." The shape of the leaf in the larger species resembles a footprint. The root has a sweet taste, and gives the saliva a reddish tinge.

This larger Plantain (Plantago major) is also called Waybred, Waybread, or Waybroad, meaning "spread on the way," and has accompanied our settlers to all corners of the world, leading to it being known as "The Englishman's Foot" and "Whiteman's Foot." The shape of the leaf in the bigger species looks like a footprint. The root has a sweet flavor and gives saliva a reddish tint.

Dioscorides advised that it should be applied externally for sores of every kind, and taken internally against haemorrhages. In the Romeo and Juliet of Shakespeare, Romeo says, "Your Plantain leaf is excellent for broken shin." Country persons apply these leaves to open sores and wounds, or make a poultice of them, or give fomentations with a hot decoction of the same, or prepare a gargle from the decoction when cold.

Dioscorides recommended that it should be used externally for all types of sores and taken internally for bleeding. In Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, Romeo mentions, "Your Plantain leaf is great for a broken shin." People in rural areas use these leaves on open sores and wounds, make a poultice from them, or apply hot infusions to the affected area, or create a mouthwash with the cooled infusion.

The expressed juice of the greater Plantain has proved of curative effect in tubercular consumption, with spitting of blood. This herb is said to furnish a cure for the venomous bite of the rattlesnake, as discovered by the negro Caesar in South Carolina.

The juice from the larger Plantain has been shown to help heal tuberculous diseases and coughing up blood. This plant is also said to provide a remedy for the poisonous bite of a rattlesnake, as discovered by a man named Caesar in South Carolina.

It is of excellent curative use against the intermittent fevers of Spring, but for counteracting autumnal (septic) fevers it is of no avail.

It is very effective for treating the intermittent fevers of spring, but it doesn’t help with autumn fevers (septic).

The virtues of the greater Plantain as an application to wounds and sores were known of old. It possesses a widespread repute in Switzerland as a local remedy for toothache, the root or leaves being applied against the ear of the affected side. Those persons who proved the plant by taking it experimentally in various doses, suffered much pain in the teeth and jaws. Accordingly, Dr. Hale found that, of all his remedies [435] for the toothache, none could compare with the Plantago major.

The benefits of greater Plantain for treating wounds and sores have been recognized for a long time. It is well-known in Switzerland as a local treatment for toothaches, with the root or leaves applied to the ear on the affected side. People who tried the plant in different doses experienced a lot of pain in their teeth and jaws. As a result, Dr. Hale discovered that, among all his remedies [435] for toothaches, none was as effective as the Plantago major.

It gives rise to an active flow of urine when taken in considerable doses, and when administered in small doses of the diluted tincture, it has proved curative of bed wetting in young children. Gerard tells that "Plantain leaves stuped stayeth the inordinate flux of the terms, though it hath continued many years." For inflamed protruding piles, a broad-leaved Plantain reduced to a pulp, and kept bound to the parts by a compress, will give sure and speedy relief. Highlanders call it Slanlus, the healing plant.

It causes an active flow of urine when taken in large doses, and when given in small doses of the diluted tincture, it has been effective in treating bedwetting in young children. Gerard says that "Plantain leaves, when used as a poultice, stop excessive menstrual flow, even if it has lasted many years." For inflamed and protruding hemorrhoids, a broad-leaved Plantain turned into a pulp and held against the area with a compress will provide quick and effective relief. Highlanders refer to it as Slanlus, the healing plant.

The Ribwort Plantain (Plantago lanceolata), Ribgrass, Soldiers, or Cocks and Hens, is named from the strong parallel veins in its leaves. The flower stalks are termed Kemps, from campa, a warrior. The leaves are astringent, and useful for healing sores when applied thereto, and for dressing wounds. This Plantain is also named Hardheads, Fighting Cocks, and in Germany, Devil's Head, being used in divination. Children challenge one another to a game of striking off the heads.

The Ribwort Plantain (Plantago lanceolata), also known as Ribgrass, Soldiers, or Cocks and Hens, gets its name from the strong, parallel veins in its leaves. The flower stalks are called Kemps, derived from campa, meaning warrior. The leaves have astringent properties and are helpful for healing sores when applied directly, as well as for dressing wounds. This plant is also referred to as Hardheads and Fighting Cocks, and in Germany, it's called Devil's Head, associated with divination. Kids often challenge each other to a game where they try to knock off the heads.

Toads are thought to cure themselves of their ailments by eating its leaves. In Sussex, it is known as Lamb's Tongue. The powdered root of the Ribwort Plantain is of use for curing vernal ague, a dessertspoonful being given for a dose, two or three times in a day.

Toads are believed to heal themselves by eating its leaves. In Sussex, it's known as Lamb's Tongue. The powdered root of the Ribwort Plantain is helpful for treating spring fever, with a dessert spoonful given as a dose, two or three times a day.

The Water Plantain (Alisma Plantago), belonging to a different natural order, is common on the margins of our rivers and ditches, getting its name from the Celtic alos, water, and being called also the greater Thrumwort, from thrum, the warp end of a weaver's web. The root and leaves contain an acrid juice, dispersed by heat, which is of service for irritability of the bladder. After [436] the root is boiled so as to dissipate this medicinal juice it makes an edible starchy vegetable.

The Water Plantain (Alisma Plantago), which belongs to a different natural order, is commonly found on the edges of our rivers and ditches. Its name comes from the Celtic word alos, meaning water, and it’s also known as the greater Thrumwort, derived from "thrum," the loose end of a weaver's web. The root and leaves contain a bitter juice that is released with heat and can help with bladder irritation. Once the root is boiled to remove this medicinal juice, it becomes a starchy vegetable that is safe to eat.

This plant is commonly classed with the Plantains because its leaves resemble theirs; but in general characteristics and qualities it more properly belongs to the Ranunculaceoe.

This plant is usually grouped with the Plantains because its leaves look similar; however, in terms of general traits and qualities, it actually fits better with the Ranunculaceoe.

Its fresh leaves applied to the skin will raise a blister, and may be used for such a purpose, especially to relieve the swollen legs of dropsical subjects when the vesicles should be punctured and the serum drawn off. They contain a pungent butyraceous volatile oil. The seeds dislodged from the dry, ripe plant, by striking it smartly on a table, are good in decoction against bleedings, and are employed by country people for curing piles. About the Russian Empire the Water Plantain is still regarded as efficacious against hydrophobia. Dr. George Johnston says: "In the Government of Isola it has never failed of a cure for the last twenty-five years." Reduced to powder it is spread over bread and butter, and is eaten. Likewise, cures of rabid dogs by this plant are reported; and in America it is renowned as a remedy against the bite of the rattlesnake. The tubers contain a nutritious substance, and are eaten by the Tartars.

Its fresh leaves applied to the skin will cause a blister and can be used for this purpose, especially to relieve swollen legs in people with dropsy when the blisters are punctured and the fluid is drained. They contain a sharp, oily volatile compound. The seeds, which can be knocked loose from the dry, ripe plant by striking it on a table, are good in a decoction for stopping bleeding and are used by rural people to treat hemorrhoids. Throughout the Russian Empire, Water Plantain is still seen as effective against rabies. Dr. George Johnston states: "In the Government of Isola, it has never failed as a cure for the last twenty-five years." Ground into powder, it is spread on bread and butter and eaten. There are also reports of cures of rabid dogs using this plant, and it is well-known in America as a remedy for rattlesnake bites. The tubers have a nutritious substance and are eaten by the Tartars.

Apropos of this "Water Plantain" a Teesdale proverb says: "He's nar a good weaver that leaves lang thrums."

Apropos of this "Water Plantain," a Teesdale saying goes: "He's not a good weaver if he leaves long thrums."

The small seeds of a Plantain grass which grows commonly in Southern Europe, the Fleawort, or Plantago Psyllium, have been known from time immemorial as an easy and popular aperient. In France these Psyllium seeds, given in a dessertspoonful dose, are widely prescribed as a laxative in lieu of mineral aperient waters, or the morning Seidlitz. They act after being soaked for some hours in cold water, by their mucilage, and [437] when swallowed, by virtue of a laxative oil set free within the intestines. The grass is well known in some parts as "Clammy Plantain," and it has leafless heads with toothed leaves. These seeds are dispensed by the London druggists who supply French medicines.

The small seeds of a Plantain grass that commonly grows in Southern Europe, known as Fleawort or Plantago Psyllium, have been recognized for ages as an effective and popular laxative. In France, these Psyllium seeds are often prescribed in a dessert spoonful dose as a laxative instead of mineral laxative waters or the morning Seidlitz. They work after being soaked for a few hours in cold water, thanks to their mucilage, and when swallowed, they release a laxative oil within the intestines. This grass is also known in some regions as "Clammy Plantain," featuring leafless heads and toothed leaves. These seeds are available from London druggists who provide French medicines.

POPPY.

The Scarlet Poppy of our cornfields (Papaver Rhoeas) is one of the most brilliant and familiar of English wild flowers, being strikingly conspicuous as a weed by its blossoms rich in scarlet petals, which are black at the base. The title Papaver has been derived from pap, a soft food given to young infants, in which it was at one time customary to boil Poppy seeds for the purpose of inducing sleep. Provincially this plant bears the titles of "Cop Rose" (from its rose-like flowers, and the button-like form of its cop, or capsule) and "Canker Rose," from its detriment to wheat crops.

The Scarlet Poppy of our cornfields (Papaver Rhoeas) is one of the most vibrant and well-known wildflowers in England. Its bright scarlet petals, which have a black base, make it stand out as a weed. The name Papaver comes from the word "pap," a soft food that was once commonly prepared with Poppy seeds to help babies sleep. Locally, this plant is known as "Cop Rose" because of its rose-like flowers and the button shape of its capsule, and "Canker Rose" due to its harmful effects on wheat crops.

The generic term Rhoeas comes from reo, to fall, because the scarlet petals have so fragile a hold on their receptacles; and the plant has been endowed with the sobriquet, "John Silver Pin, fair without and foul within." In the Eastern counties of England any article of finery brought out only occasionally, and worn with ostentation by a person otherwise a slattern, is called "Joan Silver Pin." After this sense the appellation has been applied to the Scarlet Poppy. Its showy flower is so attractive to the eye, whilst its inner juice is noxious, and stains the hands of those who thoughtlessly crush it with their fingers.

The term Rhoeas comes from reo, meaning to fall, because the red petals are so delicately attached to their stems. The plant is nicknamed "John Silver Pin, beautiful on the outside but unpleasant within." In the Eastern counties of England, any piece of fancy jewelry worn occasionally and flaunted by someone who is otherwise messy is called "Joan Silver Pin." This name has also been given to the Scarlet Poppy. Its bright flower is very eye-catching, but its inner sap is toxic and leaves stains on the hands of those who carelessly crush it.

"And Poppies a sanguine mantle spread,
For the blood of the dragon St. Margaret shed."

"And poppies spread a blood-red blanket,
For the blood of the dragon St. Margaret spilled."

Robert Turner naively says, "The Red Poppy Flower (Papaver erraticum) resembleth at its bottom the settling [438] of the 'Blood in pleurisie'"; and, he adds, "how excellent is that flower in diseases of the pleurisie with similar surfeits hath been sufficiently experienced."

Robert Turner naively says, "The Red Poppy Flower (Papaver erraticum) looks at its base like the pooling of 'Blood in pleurisy'"; and he adds, "how excellent is that flower for diseases of pleurisy with similar excesses has been well established."

It is further called Blindy Buff, Blind Eyes, Headwarke, and Headache, from the stupefying effects of smelling it. Apothecaries make a syrup of a splendid deep colour from its vividly red petals; but this does not exercise any soporific action like that concocted from the white Poppy, which is a sort of modified opiate, suitable for infants under certain conditions, when sanctioned by a doctor. Otherwise, all sedatives of a narcotic sort are to be strongly condemned for use by mothers, or nurses:—

It’s also known as Blindy Buff, Blind Eyes, Headwarke, and Headache because of the dizzying effects of its scent. Pharmacists create a syrup with a beautiful deep color from its bright red petals; however, this doesn’t have the sedative effects like that made from the white poppy, which is a type of modified opiate, suitable for infants under specific conditions when approved by a doctor. Otherwise, all narcotic sedatives should be strongly discouraged for use by mothers or nurses:—

    "But a child that bids the world 'Good-night'
    In downright earnest, and cuts it quite,
        (A cherub no art can copy),
    'Tis a perfect picture to see him lie,
    As if he had supped on dormouse pie,
    An ancient classical dish, by-the-bye,
    With a sauce of syrup of Poppy."

"But a child who says 'Goodnight' to the world
    Seriously, and really means it,
        (A cherub no artist can replicate),
    It’s a perfect sight to watch him sleep,
    As if he had just feasted on dormouse pie,
    An old classic dish, by the way,
    With a drizzle of poppy syrup."

Petronius, in the time of Nero, A.D. 80, "delivered an odd receipt for dressing dormouse sausages, and serving them up with Poppies and honey, which must have been a very soporiferous dainty, and as good as owl pye to such as want a nap after dinner."

Petronius, during Nero's reign in A.D. 80, "shared a strange recipe for preparing dormouse sausages and serving them with poppies and honey, which must have been a very sleep-inducing delicacy, and just as good as owl pie for those looking to take a nap after dinner."

The white Poppy is specially cultivated in Britain for the sake of its seed capsules, which possess attributes similar to opium, but of a weaker strength. These capsules are commonly known as Poppyheads, obtained from the druggist for use in domestic fomentations to allay pain. Also from the capsules, without their seeds, is made the customary syrup of White Poppies, which is so familiar as a sedative for childhood; but it should be always remembered that infants of tender years are highly susceptible to the influence even of this mild form [439] of opium. The true gum opium, and laudanum, which is its tincture, are derived from Eastern Poppies (Papaver somniferum) by incisions made in the capsules at a proper season of the year. The cultivated Poppy of the garden will afford English opium in a like manner, but it is seldom used for this purpose. A milky juice exudes when the capsules of these cultivated flowers are cut, or bruised. They are familiar to most children as drumsticks, plucked in the garden after the gaudy petals of the flowers have fallen off. The leaves and stems likewise afford some of the same juice, which, when inspissated, is known as English opium. The seeds of the white Poppy yield by expression a bland nutritive oil, which may be substituted for that of olives, or sweet almonds, in cooking, and for similar uses. Dried Poppy-heads, formerly in constant request for making hot soothing stupes, or for application directly to a part in pain, are now superseded for the most part by the many modern liquid preparations of opium handy for the purpose, to be mixed with hot water, or applied in poultices.

The white poppy is specifically grown in Britain for its seed capsules, which have effects similar to opium, but are weaker. These capsules, commonly known as poppyheads, are obtained from pharmacies for use in home remedies to relieve pain. The capsules, without their seeds, are also used to make the well-known syrup of white poppies, which is often used as a sedative for children; however, it's important to remember that young infants are very sensitive to even this mild form of opium. True gum opium and laudanum, which is a tincture of it, are sourced from Eastern poppies (Papaver somniferum) by making incisions in the capsules at the right time of year. The cultivated poppies in gardens can produce English opium in a similar way, but this is rarely done. When the capsules of these cultivated flowers are cut or bruised, a milky juice flows out. Most children recognize them as drumsticks, picked from the garden after the bright petals of the flowers have fallen. The leaves and stems can also produce some of the same juice, which, when thickened, is known as English opium. The seeds of the white poppy yield a mild, nutritious oil, which can be used in place of olive oil or sweet almond oil in cooking and other uses. Dried poppyheads, once commonly sought after for making hot soothing poultices or for direct application to painful areas, have now largely been replaced by various modern liquid opium preparations that are convenient to mix with hot water or use in poultices.

For outward use laudanum may be safely added to stupes, hot or cold, a teaspoonful being usually sufficient for the purpose, or perhaps two, if the pain is severe; and powdered opium may be incorporated with one or another ointment for a similar object. If a decoction of Poppy capsules is still preferred, it should be made by adding to a quarter-of-a-pound of white Poppy heads (free from seeds, and broken up in a mortar) three pints of boiling water; then boil for ten or fifteen minutes, and strain off the decoction, which should measure about two pints.

For external use, laudanum can be safely added to hot or cold compresses, usually a teaspoon is enough, or maybe two if the pain is really bad; powdered opium can also be mixed with different ointments for the same purpose. If you still prefer to use a decoction of poppy capsules, make it by adding three pints of boiling water to a quarter-pound of white poppy heads (make sure they’re seed-free and broken up in a mortar). Then boil it for ten to fifteen minutes and strain the mixture, which should yield about two pints of decoction.

Dr. Herbert Snow, resident physician at the Brompton Cancer Hospital, says (1895) he has found: "after a [440] long experience, Opium exhibits a strong inhibitive influence on the cancer elements, retarding and checking the cell growth, which is a main feature of the disease. Even when no surgical operation has been performed, Opium is the only drug which markedly checks cancer growth: and the early employment of this medicine will usually add years of comfortable life to the otherwise shortened space of the sufferer's existence." Opium gets its name from the Greek apos, juice.

Dr. Herbert Snow, a physician at the Brompton Cancer Hospital, stated in 1895 that, "after extensive experience, Opium shows a strong inhibitory effect on cancer cells, slowing down and limiting their growth, which is a key aspect of the disease. Even in cases where no surgery is done, Opium is the only medication that significantly slows cancer growth: using this medicine early can often add years of comfortable life to what would otherwise be a shorter life for the patient." Opium gets its name from the Greek apos, meaning juice.

The seeds of the white Poppy are known us mawseed, or balewort, and are given as food to singing birds. In old Egypt these seeds were mixed with flour and honey, and made into cakes.

The seeds of the white poppy are known as mawseed or balewort, and are fed to singing birds. In ancient Egypt, these seeds were mixed with flour and honey to make cakes.

Pliny says: "The rustical peasants of Greece glazed the upper crust of their loaves with yolks of eggs, and then bestrewed them with Poppy seeds," thus showing that the seeds were then considered free from narcotic properties. And in Queen Elizabeth's time these seeds were strewn over confectionery, whilst the oil expressed from them was "delightful to be eaten when taken with bread."

Pliny says: "The rural farmers of Greece brushed the tops of their loaves with egg yolks and then sprinkled them with poppy seeds," indicating that the seeds were then thought to have no narcotic effects. During Queen Elizabeth's reign, these seeds were used as a topping for sweets, while the oil pressed from them was "enjoyable to eat when paired with bread."

White Poppy capsules, when dried, furnish papaverine and narcotine, with some mucilage, and a little waxy matter. The seeds contained within the capsules yield Poppy seed oil, with a fixed oil, and a very small quantity of morphia—about five grains in a pound of white Poppy seeds. In some parts of Russia the seeds are put into soups.

White poppy capsules, when dried, provide papaverine and narcotine, along with some mucilage and a bit of waxy substance. The seeds found inside the capsules produce poppy seed oil, a fixed oil, and a very small amount of morphine—about five grains in a pound of white poppy seeds. In certain regions of Russia, the seeds are added to soups.

The Poppy was cultivated by the Greeks before the time of Hippocrates. It has long been a symbol of death, because sending persons to sleep. Ovid says, concerning the Cave of Somnus:—

The poppy was grown by the Greeks long before Hippocrates. It has always been a symbol of death because it puts people to sleep. Ovid speaks about the Cave of Somnus:—

"Around whose entry nodding Poppies grow,
And all cool Simples that sweet rest bestow."

"Around whose entrance nodding Poppies grow,
And all cool herbs that offer sweet rest."

[441] The common scarlet Poppy was called by the Anglo-Saxons "Chesebolle," "Chebole," or "Chybolle," from the ripe capsule resembling a round cheese.

[441] The common scarlet Poppy was referred to by the Anglo-Saxons as "Chesebolle," "Chebole," or "Chybolle," because the ripe capsule looks like a round cheese.

There is a Welsh Poppy, with yellow flowers; and a horned Poppy, named after Glaucus, common on our sea coasts, with sea-green leaves, and large blossoms of golden yellow. Glaucus, a fisherman of Boeotia, observed that all the fishes which he caught received fresh vigour when laid on the ground, and were immediately able to leap back into the sea. He attributed these effects to some herb growing in the grass, and upon tasting the leaves of the Sea Poppy he found himself suddenly moved with an intense desire to live in the sea; wherefore he was made a sea-god by Oceanus and Tethys. Borlase says: "That in the Scilly Islands the root of the Sea Poppy is so much valued for removing all pains in the breast, stomach, and intestines, as well as so good for disordered lungs, whilst so much better there than in other places, that the apothecaries of Cornwall send thither for it; and some persons plant these roots in their gardens in Cornwall, and will not part with them under sixpence a root." The scarlet petals of the wild Poppy, very abundant in English cornfields, when treated with sulphuric acid make a splendid red dye. With gorgeous tapestry cut from these crimson petals, the clever "drapery bee" (Apis papaveris) upholsters the walls of her solitary cell. Bruised leaves of the wild, or the garden Poppy, if applied to a part which has been stung by a bee or a wasp, will give prompt relief.

There’s a Welsh Poppy with yellow flowers and a horned Poppy, named after Glaucus, which is common along our coastlines. It has sea-green leaves and large golden yellow blooms. Glaucus, a fisherman from Boeotia, noticed that all the fish he caught seemed to regain strength when laid on the ground and could quickly leap back into the sea. He thought this was due to some herb growing in the grass, and after tasting the leaves of the Sea Poppy, he suddenly felt a strong urge to live in the ocean. Because of this, Oceanus and Tethys made him a sea-god. Borlase mentions: “In the Scilly Islands, the root of the Sea Poppy is highly valued for relieving pains in the chest, stomach, and intestines, and is also good for lung issues. It’s considered much better there than elsewhere, which is why apothecaries in Cornwall order it from there; some people even plant these roots in their gardens in Cornwall and won’t sell them for less than sixpence each.” The scarlet petals of the wild Poppy, which are very common in English cornfields, create a brilliant red dye when treated with sulfuric acid. The clever “drapery bee” (Apis papaveris) uses these crimson petals to line the walls of its solitary cell. If you apply crushed leaves from either the wild or garden Poppy to a bee or wasp sting, it will provide quick relief.

POTATO.

Our invaluable Potato, which enters so largely into the dietary of all classes, belongs to the Nightshade tribe of [442] dangerous plants, though termed "solanaceous" as a natural order because of the sedative properties which its several genera exercise to lull pain.

Our valuable Potato, which is a major part of the diet for all classes, belongs to the Nightshade family of dangerous plants, though it's called "solanaceous" as a natural order due to the calming properties that its various species have to ease pain.

This Potato, the Solanum tuberosum, is so universally known as a plant that it needs no particular description. It is a native of Peru, and was imported in 1586 by Thomas Heriot, mathematician and colonist, being afterwards taken to Ireland from Virginia by Sir Walter Raleigh, and passing from thence over into Lancashire. He knew so little of its use that he tried to eat the fruit, or poisonous berries, of the plant. These of course proved noxious, and he ordered the new comers to be rooted out. The gardener obeyed, and in doing so first learnt the value of their underground wholesome tubers. But not until the middle of the eighteenth century, were they common in this country as an edible vegetable. "During 1629," says Parkinson, "the Potato from Virginia was roasted under the embers, peeled and sliced: the tubers were put into sack with a little sugar, or were baked with cream, marrow, sugar, spice, etc., in pies, or preserved and candied by the comfit makers." But he most probably refers here to the Batatas, or sweet Potato, a Convolvulus, which was a popular esculent vegetable at that date, of tropical origin, and to which our Potato has since been thought to bear a resemblance.

This potato, the Solanum tuberosum, is so well-known that it doesn’t need much introduction. It originally comes from Peru and was brought to England in 1586 by Thomas Heriot, a mathematician and colonist. Later, it was taken to Ireland from Virginia by Sir Walter Raleigh and then spread to Lancashire. He didn’t know much about it and tried to eat the fruit, or poisonous berries, of the plant. Naturally, these were toxic, so he ordered the newcomers to be pulled up. The gardener followed his orders and, in the process, discovered the value of their nutritious underground tubers. However, it wasn't until the mid-eighteenth century that they became common in this country as a food source. "During 1629," says Parkinson, "the potato from Virginia was roasted in the ashes, peeled, and sliced: the tubers were placed in a sack with a little sugar, or were baked with cream, fat, sugar, spices, etc., in pies, or preserved and candied by the sweet makers." But he is most likely referring to the batatas, or sweet potato, a type of Convolvulus which was a popular edible vegetable at that time and is thought to have some resemblance to our potato.

This Batatas, or sweet Potato, had the reputation, like Eringo root, of being able to restore decayed vigour, and so Falstaff is made by Shakespeare to say: "Let the sky rain potatoes, hail kissing comfits, and snow eringoes." For a considerable while after their introduction the Potato tubers were grown only by men of fortune as a delicacy; and the general cultivation of this vegetable was strongly opposed by the public, [443] chiefly by the Puritans, because no mention of it could be found in the Bible.

This Batatas, or sweet potato, was known, like Eringo root, for its ability to revive lost strength, which is why Shakespeare has Falstaff say: "Let the sky rain potatoes, hail kissing treats, and snow eringoes." For many years after they were introduced, potato tubers were only cultivated by wealthy individuals as a delicacy; the widespread farming of this vegetable faced strong opposition from the public, mainly from the Puritans, because there was no reference to it in the Bible.

Also in France great opposition was offered to the recognised use of Potatoes: and it is said that Louis the Fifteenth, in order to bring the plant into favour, wore a bunch of its flowers in the button hole of his coat on a high festival. Later on during the Revolution quite a mania prevailed for Potatoes. Crowds perambulated the streets of Paris shouting for "la liberté, et des Batatas"; and when Louis the Sixteenth had been dethroned the gardens of the Tuileries were planted with Potatoes. Cobbett, in this country, exclaimed virulently against the tuber as "hogs' food," and hated it as fiercely as he hated tea. The stalks, leaves, and green berries of the plant share the narcotic and poisonous attributes of the nightshades to which it belongs; and the part which we eat, though often thought to be a root, is really only an underground stem, which has not been acted on by light so as to develop any poisonous tendencies, and in which starch is stored up for the future use of the plant.

Also in France, there was a lot of resistance to the accepted use of potatoes. It's said that Louis the Fifteenth, to popularize the plant, wore a bunch of its flowers in the buttonhole of his coat at a grand festival. Later, during the Revolution, there was a craze for potatoes. Crowds wandered the streets of Paris chanting for "liberty and potatoes"; and after Louis the Sixteenth was dethroned, the gardens of the Tuileries were planted with potatoes. Cobbett, in this country, vehemently criticized the tuber as "hog food," and despised it as much as he despised tea. The stalks, leaves, and green berries of the plant have the narcotic and poisonous properties of the nightshades to which it belongs; and the part we eat, often mistaken for a root, is actually just an underground stem that hasn't been exposed to light enough to develop any poisonous traits, and in which starch is stored for the plant's future use.

The stalks, leaves, and unripe fruit yield an active principle
apparently very powerful, which has not yet been fully investigated.
There are two sorts of tubers, the red and the white. A roasted
Potato takes two hours to digest; a boiled one three hours and a half.
"After the Potato," says an old proverb, "cheese."

The stems, leaves, and unripe fruit contain a potent active ingredient
that hasn’t been thoroughly studied yet.
There are two types of tubers: red and white. A roasted
potato takes two hours to digest, while a boiled one takes three and a half.
"After the potato," says an old saying, "comes cheese."

Chemically the Potato contains citric acid, like that of the lemon, which is admirable against scurvy: also potash, which is equally antiscorbutic, and phosphoric acid, yielding phosphorus in a quantity less only than that afforded by the apple, and by wheat. It is of the first importance that the potash salts should be retained by the potato during cooking: and the [444] tubers should therefore be steamed with their coats on; else if peeled, and then steamed, they lose respectively seven and five per cent. of potash, and phosphoric acid.

Chemically, the potato contains citric acid, similar to that found in lemons, which is effective against scurvy. It also has potash, which is equally beneficial for preventing scurvy, and phosphoric acid, which provides phosphorus in a quantity only slightly less than that found in apples and wheat. It's crucial for the potash salts to be preserved by the potato during cooking, so the tubers should be steamed with their skins on. If they are peeled and then steamed, they lose seven and five percent of potash and phosphoric acid, respectively.

If boiled after peeling they lose as much as thirty-three per cent. of potash, and twenty-three per cent. of phosphoric acid. "The roots," says Gerard, "were forbidden in Burgundy, for that they were persuaded the too frequent use of them causeth the leprosie." Nevertheless it is now believed that the Potato has had much to do with expelling leprosy from England. The affliction has become confined to countries where the Potato is not grown.

If you boil them after peeling, they can lose up to thirty-three percent of potash and twenty-three percent of phosphoric acid. "The roots," Gerard says, "were banned in Burgundy because they believed that using them too often caused leprosy." However, it’s now thought that the potato has played a significant role in reducing leprosy in England. The disease has mostly been limited to regions where the potato isn’t grown.

Boiled or steamed Potatoes should turn out floury, or mealy, by reason of the starch granules swelling up and filling the cellular tissue, whilst absorbing the albuminous contents of its cells. Then the albumen coagulates, and forms irregular fibres between the starch grains. The most active part of the tuber lies just beneath the skin, as may be shown by pouring some tincture of guaiacum over the cut surface of a Potato, when a ring of blue forms close to the skin, and is darkest there while extending over the whole cut surface. Abroad there is a belief the Potato thrives best if planted on Maundy Thursday. Rustic names for it are: Taiders, Taities, Leather Coats, Leather Jackets, Lapstones, Pinks, No Eyes, Flukes, Blue Eyes, Red Eyes, and Murphies; in Lancashire Potatoes are called Spruds, and small Potatoes, Sprots.

Boiled or steamed potatoes should be fluffy or mealy because the starch granules swell up and fill the cells while absorbing the protein inside. Then, the protein solidifies and forms irregular fibers between the starch grains. The most active part of the potato is just under the skin, which can be demonstrated by pouring some tincture of guaiacum over the cut surface of a potato. This causes a blue ring to form close to the skin, which is the darkest there but spreads across the entire cut surface. In some places, there’s a belief that potatoes grow best if planted on Maundy Thursday. Local names for them include: Taiders, Taities, Leather Coats, Leather Jackets, Lapstones, Pinks, No Eyes, Flukes, Blue Eyes, Red Eyes, and Murphies; in Lancashire, potatoes are called Spruds, and small potatoes are known as Sprots.

The peel or rind of the tuber contains a poisonous substance called "solanin," which is dissipated and rendered inert when the whole Potato is boiled, or steamed. Stupes of hot Potato water are very serviceable in some forms of rheumatism. To make the [445] decoction for this purpose, boil one pound of Potatoes (not peeled, and divided into quarters.) in two pints of water slowly down to one pint; then foment the swollen and painful parts with this as hot as it can be borne. Similarly some of the fresh stalks of the plant, and its unripe berries, as well as the unpeeled tubers cut up as described, if infused for some hours in cold water, will make a liquor in which the folded linen of a compress may be loosely rung out, and applied most serviceably under waterproof tissue, or a double layer of dry flannel. The carriage of a small raw Potato in the trousers' pocket has been often found preventive of rheumatism in a person predisposed thereto, probably by reason of the sulphur, and the narcotic principles contained in the peel. Ladies in former times had their dresses supplied with special bags, or pockets, in which to carry one or more small raw Potatoes about their person for avoiding rheumatism.

The peel or skin of the potato contains a toxic substance called "solanin," which is broken down and made harmless when the whole potato is boiled or steamed. Hot potato water is really helpful for certain types of rheumatism. To prepare this remedy, boil one pound of potatoes (with the skin on and cut into quarters) in two pints of water until it reduces to one pint; then apply this as hot as can be tolerated to the swollen and painful areas. Similarly, some fresh stalks of the plant, its unripe berries, and the unpeeled tubers cut as mentioned, when steeped in cold water for several hours, will create a solution. You can soak a folded linen compress in this liquid, wring it out loosely, and apply it effectively under waterproof material or a double layer of dry flannel. Carrying a small raw potato in your pants pocket has often been found to help prevent rheumatism for those prone to it, likely due to the sulfur and narcotic substances in the peel. In the past, women often had special bags or pockets in their dresses to carry one or more small raw potatoes to avoid rheumatism.

If peeled and pounded in a mortar, uncooked Potatoes applied cold make a very soothing cataplasm to parts that have been scalded, or burnt. In Derbyshire a hot boiled Potato is used against corns; and for frost-bites the mealy flour of baked potatoes, when mixed with sweet oil and applied, is very healing.

If you peel and pound uncooked potatoes in a mortar, they can be used cold as a soothing paste for scalded or burned skin. In Derbyshire, people use a hot boiled potato to treat corns; for frostbite, mixing the soft flour of baked potatoes with sweet oil and applying it can be very healing.

The skin of the tuber contains corky wood which swells in boiling with the jackets on, and which thus serves to keep in all the juices so that the digestibility of the Potato is increased; at the same time water is prevented from entering and spoiling the flavour of the vegetable. The proportion of muscle-forming food (nitrogen) in the Potato is very small, and it takes ten and a half pounds of the tubers to equal one pound of butcher's meat in nutritive value.

The skin of the potato has a cork-like layer that expands when boiled with the skins on, helping to retain the juices and making the potato easier to digest. At the same time, it prevents water from getting in and ruining the flavor of the vegetable. The amount of muscle-building nutrients (nitrogen) in the potato is quite low, and it takes about ten and a half pounds of potatoes to match the nutritional value of one pound of meat.

The Potato is composed mainly of starch, which [446] affords animal heat and promotes fatness, The Irish think that these tubers foster fertility; they prefer them with the jackets on, and somewhat hard in the middle—"with the bones in." A potato pie is believed to invigorate the sexual functions.

The potato is mostly made up of starch, which provides warmth and encourages weight gain. The Irish believe these tubers boost fertility; they like them with the skins on and a bit firm in the center—“with the bones in.” A potato pie is thought to enhance sexual functions.

New Potatoes contain as yet no citric acid, and are hard of digestion, like sour crude apples; their nutriment, as Gerard says, "is sadly windy," the starch being immature, and not readily acted on by the saliva during mastication. "The longer I live," said shrewd Sidney Smith, "the more I am convinced that half the unhappiness in the world proceeds from a vexed stomach, or vicious bile: from small stoppages, or from food pressing in the wrong place. Old friendships may be destroyed by toasted cheese; and tough salted meat has led a man not infrequently to suicide."

New potatoes don't have any citric acid yet and are hard to digest, like sour, unripe apples; their nutrition, as Gerard puts it, "is unfortunately gassy," since the starch is still immature and isn’t easily broken down by saliva while chewing. "The longer I live," said the insightful Sidney Smith, "the more I believe that a lot of the unhappiness in the world comes from an upset stomach or bad bile: from minor blockages, or from food sitting uncomfortably. Old friendships can be ruined by toasted cheese; and tough salted meat has often driven a man to suicide."

A mature Potato yields enough citric acid even for commercial purposes; and there is no better cleaner of silks, cottons, and woollens, than ripe Potato juice. But even of ripe Potatoes those that break into a watery meal in the boiling are always found to prove greatly diuretic, and to much increase the quantity of urine.

A mature potato produces enough citric acid for even commercial use; and there’s no better cleaner for silks, cottons, and wool than ripe potato juice. However, even among ripe potatoes, those that turn into a watery mush while boiling are known to be very diuretic, significantly increasing urine output.

By fermentation mature Potatoes, through their starch and sugar, yield a wine from which may be distilled a Potato spirit, and from it a volatile oil can be extracted, called by the Germans, Fuselöl. This is nauseous, and causes a heavy headache, with indigestion, and biliary disorders together with nervous tremors. Chemically it is amylic ether.

By fermenting mature potatoes, their starch and sugar produce a wine that can be distilled into potato spirit, from which a volatile oil can be extracted, known in German as Fuselöl. This oil is unpleasant and can lead to severe headaches, indigestion, and biliary issues, along with nervous tremors. Chemically, it is amyl ether.

Also when boiled with weak sulphuric acid, the Potato starch is changed into glucose, or grape sugar, which by fermentation yields alcohol: and this spirit is often sold under the name of British brandy.

Also, when boiled with weak sulfuric acid, potato starch is converted into glucose, or grape sugar, which through fermentation produces alcohol; and this spirit is often sold under the name of British brandy.

A luminosity strong enough to enable a bystander to [447] read by its light issues from the common Potato when in a state of putrefaction. In Cumberland, to have "taities and point to dinner," is a figurative expression which implies scanty fare. At a time when the duty on salt made the condiment so dear that it was scarce in a household, the persons at table were fain to point their Potatoes at the salt cellar, and thus to cheat their imaginations. Carlyle asks in Sartor Resartus about "an unknown condiment named 'point,' into the meaning of which I have vainly enquired; the victuals potato and point not appearing in any European cookery book whatever."

A strong enough light that allows someone nearby to read by it comes from the common potato when it starts to rot. In Cumberland, saying you have "potatoes and point for dinner" is a figurative way of indicating a meager meal. Back when the salt tax made it so expensive that households barely had any, people at the table would often point their potatoes at the salt shaker to trick their minds into thinking they had seasoning. Carlyle asks in Sartor Resartus about "an unknown condiment named 'point,' the meaning of which I have tried in vain to discover; the foods potato and point don’t appear in any European cookbook."

German ladies, at their five o'clock tea, indulge in Potato talk (Kartoffel gesprach) about table dainties, and the methods of cooking them. Men likewise, from the four quarters of the globe, in the days of our childhood, were given to hold similar domestic conclaves, when:—

German ladies, during their five o'clock tea, engage in Potato chat (Kartoffel gesprach) about fancy dishes and how to prepare them. Men too, from all over the world, back in our childhood days, would have similar domestic gatherings, when:—

    "Mr. East made a feast,
    Mr. North laid the cloth,
    Mr. West brought his best,
    Mr. South burnt his mouth
        Eating a cold Potato."

"Mr. East threw a party,
    Mr. North set the table,
    Mr. West brought his finest,
    Mr. South burned his mouth
        Eating a cold potato."

With pleasant skill of poetic alliteration, Sidney Smith wrote in ordering how to mix a sallet:—

With the charming skill of poetic alliteration, Sidney Smith wrote about how to mix a salad:—

"Two large Potatoes passed through kitchen sieve,
Unwonted softness to a salad give."

"Two large potatoes went through a kitchen sieve,
Giving an unexpected softness to the salad."

And Sir Thomas Overbury wittily said about a dolt who took credit for the merits of his ancestors: "Like the Potato, all that was good about him was underground."

And Sir Thomas Overbury cleverly said about a fool who took credit for his ancestors' achievements: "Like the potato, everything good about him was buried beneath the surface."

PRIMROSE.

The Common Primrose (Primula veris) is the most widely known of our English wild flowers, and appears in the Spring as its earliest herald.

The Common Primrose (Primula veris) is the most recognized of our English wildflowers and shows up in the spring as its first sign.

[448] It gets its name from the Latin primus, first, being named in old books and M.S. Pryme rolles, and in the Grete Herball, Primet, as shortened from Primprint.

[448] It gets its name from the Latin primus, meaning first, as mentioned in old books and manuscripts like Pryme rolles and in the Grete Herball, where it’s referred to as Primet, shortened from Primprint.

In North Devon it is styled the Butter Rose, and in the Eastern counties it is named (in common with the Cowslip) Paigle, Peagle, Pegyll, and Palsy plant.

In North Devon, it’s called the Butter Rose, and in the Eastern counties, it goes by names like Paigle, Peagle, Pegyll, and Palsy plant, just like the Cowslip.

Medicinally also it possesses similar curative attributes, though in a lesser degree, to those of the Cowslip. Both the root and the flowers contain a volatile oil, and "primulin" which is identical with mannite: whilst the acrid principle is "saponin." Alfred Austin, Poet Laureate, teaches to "make healing salve with early Primroses."

Medicinally, it also has similar healing properties, though to a lesser extent, as the Cowslip. Both the root and the flowers contain a volatile oil and "primulin," which is the same as mannitol; meanwhile, the bitter component is "saponin." Alfred Austin, Poet Laureate, advises to "make healing salve with early Primroses."

Pliny speaks of the Primrose as almost a panacea: In aquâ potam omnibus morbis mederi tradunt. An infusion of the flowers has been always thought excellent against nervous disorders of the hysterical sort. It should be made with from five to ten parts of the petals to one hundred of water. "Primrose tea" says Gerard, "drunk in the month of May, is famous for curing the phrensie."

Pliny talks about the Primrose as almost a cure-all: In aquâ potam omnibus morbis mederi tradunt. A tea made from the flowers has always been considered great for treating nervous disorders, especially of a hysterical nature. It should be prepared using five to ten parts of the petals with one hundred parts of water. "Primrose tea," Gerard says, "when drunk in May, is well-known for treating madness."

The whole plant is sedative and antispasmodic, being of service by its preparations to relieve sleeplessness, nervous headache, and muscular rheumatism. The juice if sniffed up into the nostrils will provoke violent sneezing, and will induce a free flow of water from the lining membranes of the nostrils for the mitigation of passive headaches: though this should not be tried by a person of full habit with a determination of blood to the head. A teaspoonful of powdered dry Primrose root will act as an emetic. The whole herb is somewhat expectorant.

The entire plant has calming and muscle-relaxing effects, and its preparations can help with insomnia, tension headaches, and muscle rheumatism. Sniffing the juice can cause intense sneezing and stimulate a clear nasal discharge, which can help alleviate dull headaches; however, this should be avoided by anyone with a robust build and increased blood flow to the head. A teaspoon of powdered dried primrose root can induce vomiting. The whole herb has some expectorant properties.

When the petals are collected and dried they become of a greenish colour: whilst fresh they have a honey-like odour, and a sweetish taste.

When the petals are picked and dried, they take on a greenish color; while fresh, they have a honey-like smell and a slightly sweet taste.

[449] Within the last few years a political significance and popularity have attached themselves to the Primrose beyond every other British wild flower. It arouses the patriotism of the large Conservative party, and enlists the favour of many others who thoughtlessly follow an attractive fashion, and who love the first fruits of early Spring. Botanically the Primrose has two varieties of floral structure: one "pin-eyed," with a tall pistil, and short stamens; the other "thrum-eyed," showing a rosette of tall stamens, whilst the short pistil must be looked for, like the great Panjandrum himself, "with a little round button at the top," half way down the tube. Darwin was the first to explain that this diversity of structure ensures cross fertilisation by bees and allied insects. Through advanced cultivation at the hands of the horticulturist the Primula acquires in some instances a noxious character. For instance, the Primula biconica, which is often grown in dwelling rooms as a window plant, and commonly sold as such, will provoke an crysipelatous vesicular eruption of a very troublesome and inflamed character on the hands and face of some persons who come in contact with the plant by manipulating it to take cuttings, or in other ways. A knowledge of this fact should suggest the probable usefulness of the said Primula, when made into a tincture, and given in small diluted doses thereof, to act curatively for such an eruption if attacking the sufferer from idiopathic causes.

[449] In recent years, the Primrose has gained political significance and popularity, standing out among all other British wildflowers. It stirs the patriotism of the large Conservative party and captures the interest of many others who mindlessly follow a trendy fashion and enjoy the first signs of early Spring. Botanically, the Primrose has two varieties of floral structure: one is "pin-eyed," with a tall pistil and short stamens; the other is "thrum-eyed," featuring a rosette of tall stamens, while the short pistil can be found, like the great Panjandrum himself, "with a little round button at the top," halfway down the tube. Darwin was the first to explain that this variation in structure helps ensure cross-fertilization by bees and other related insects. Due to advanced cultivation by horticulturists, the Primula can sometimes have a harmful nature. For example, the Primula biconica, often grown indoors as a window plant and commonly sold as such, can cause a vesicular eruption that is very irritating and inflamed on the hands and face of some people who handle the plant, whether they're taking cuttings or doing something else. Knowing this, one might consider the potential usefulness of the Primula when made into a tincture and taken in small, diluted doses to help treat such an eruption if it affects someone for unknown reasons.

The Latins named the Ligustrum (our Privet) Primrose. Coles says concerning it (17th century): "This herbe is called Primrose; it is good to 'Potage.'" They also applied the epithet, "Prime rose" to a lady.

The Latins called the Ligustrum (our Privet) Primrose. Coles mentions it (17th century): "This herb is called Primrose; it is good for 'Potage.'" They also used the term "Prime rose" to refer to a lady.

The Evening Primrose (OEnothera biennis, or odorata) is found in this country on sand banks in the West of England and Cornwall; but it is then most probably a [450] garden scape, and an alien, its native habitat being in Canada and the United States of America. We cultivate it freely in our parterres as a brilliant, yellow, showy flower. It belongs to the natural order, Onagraceoe, so called because the food of wild asses; and was the "vini venator" of Theophrastus, 350 B.C. The name signifies having the odour of wine, oinos and theera. Pliny said: "It is an herbe good as wine to make the heart merrie. It groweth with leaves resembling those of the almond tree, and beareth flowers like unto roses. Of such virtue is this herbe that if it be given to drink to the wildest beast that is, it will tame the same and make it gentle." The best variety of this plant is the OEnothera macrocarpa.

The Evening Primrose (OEnothera biennis or odorata) can be found in this country on sandbanks in the West of England and Cornwall; however, it is likely a garden escape and not native, as its original habitat is in Canada and the United States. We grow it extensively in our flower beds because of its vibrant yellow blooms. It belongs to the natural family Onagraceoe, named for the food of wild donkeys, and was referred to as "vini venator" by Theophrastus in 350 B.C. The name means having the scent of wine, from oinos and theera. Pliny stated: "It is an herb as good as wine to make the heart merry. It grows with leaves that look like those of the almond tree and has flowers similar to roses. This herb has such power that if given to the wildest beast, it will tame it and make it gentle." The best variety of this plant is OEnothera macrocarpa.

The bark of the Evening Primrose is mucilaginous, and a decoction made therefrom is of service for bathing the skin eruptions of infants and young children. To answer such purpose a decoction should be made from the small twigs, and from the bark of the larger branches, retaining the leaves. This has been found further of use for diarrhoea associated with an irritable stomach, and asthma. The infusion, or the liquid extract, acts as a mild but efficient sedative in nervous indigestion, from twenty to thirty drops of the latter being given for a dose. The ascertained chemical principle of the plant, OEnotherin, is a compound body. Its flowers open in the evening, and last only until the next noon; therefore this plant is called the "Evening Primrose," or "Evening Star."

The bark of the Evening Primrose is slimy, and a brew made from it is useful for treating skin rashes in infants and young children. For this purpose, you should make a brew from the small twigs and the bark of the larger branches, keeping the leaves intact. This has also proven helpful for diarrhea linked to an upset stomach and asthma. The infusion or the liquid extract works as a mild but effective sedative for nervous indigestion, with a dose of twenty to thirty drops recommended. The known chemical component of the plant, OEnotherin, is a complex substance. Its flowers bloom in the evening and only last until the next noon; that’s why this plant is called the "Evening Primrose" or "Evening Star."

Another of the Primrose tribe, the Cyclamen, or Sow-bread (Panis porcinus), is often grown in our gardens, and for ornamenting our rooms as a pot plant. Its name means (Greek) "a circle," and refers to the reflected corolla, or to the spiral fruit-stalks; and again, [451] from the tuber being the food of wild swine. Gerard said it was reported in his day to grow wild on the Welsh mountains, and on the Lincolnshire hills: but he failed to find it. Nevertheless it is now almost naturalised in some parts of the South, and East of England. As the petals die, the stalks roll up and carry the capsular berries down to the surface of the ground. A medicinal tincture is made (H.) from the fresh root when flowering. The ivy-leaved variety is found in England, with nodding fresh-coloured blossoms, and a brown intensely acrid root. Besides starch, gum, and pectin, it yields chemically, "cyclamin," or "arthanatin," with an action like "saponin," whilst the juice is poisonous to fish. When applied externally as a liniment over the bowels, it causes them to be purged. Gerard quaintly and suggestively declares "It is not good for women with childe to touch, or take this herbe, or to come neere unto it, or to stride over the same where it groweth: for the natural attractive vertue therein contained is such that, without controversie, they that attempt it in manner above said, shall be delivered before their time; which danger and inconvenience to avoid, I have fastened sticks in the ground about the place in my garden where it groweth, and some other sticks also crosswaies over them, lest any woman should by lamentable experiment find my words to be true by stepping over the same. Again, the root hanged about women in their extreme travail with childe, causeth them to be delivered incontinent: and the leaves put into the place hath the like effect." Inferentially a tincture of the plant should be good for falling and displacement of the womb. "Furthermore, Sowbread, being beaten, and made into little flat cakes, is reputed to be a good amorous medicine, to make one in love."

Another member of the Primrose family, the Cyclamen, or Sow-bread (Panis porcinus), is often grown in our gardens and used as a decorative pot plant. Its name means "a circle" in Greek, which refers to the rounded petals or the spiral flower stalks, and also to the tuber being food for wild pigs. Gerard noted that it was said to grow wild on the Welsh mountains and Lincolnshire hills during his time, but he couldn’t find it. However, it has since become almost naturalized in some areas of Southern and Eastern England. As the petals fade, the stalks curl up and bring the seed pods down to the ground. A medicinal tincture is made from the fresh root when it’s in bloom. The ivy-leaved variety can be found in England, featuring nodding, brightly colored flowers and a highly acrid brown root. In addition to starch, gum, and pectin, it contains a chemical called "cyclamin," or "arthanatin," which has effects similar to "saponin," while the juice is toxic to fish. When applied externally as a liniment on the abdomen, it induces purging. Gerard humorously and suggestively states, "It is not good for pregnant women to touch or consume this herb, or to come near it, or to step over it where it grows. The natural attraction contained within it is such that there is no doubt that those who do so will give birth before their time; to prevent this danger, I have put sticks in the ground around the place in my garden where it grows, with some others crossing over them, so that no woman may tragically find my words to be true by stepping over it. Furthermore, hanging the root around women in labor causes them to deliver immediately, and placing the leaves in the area has the same effect." It can be inferred that a tincture of the plant could help with falling or displacement of the womb. "Also, when Sowbread is crushed and made into small flat cakes, it is said to be a good love potion, making someone fall in love."

[452] In France, another Primula, the wild Pimpernel, occurs as a noxious herb, and is therefore named Mouron.

[452] In France, another Primula, the wild Pimpernel, is found as a harmful weed, so it’s called Mouron.

QUINCE.

The Quince (Cydonia) is cultivated sparingly in our orchards for the sake of its highly fragrant, and strong-smelling fruit, which as an adjunct to apples is much esteemed for table uses.

The quince (Cydonia) is grown sparingly in our orchards for its highly fragrant and strong-smelling fruit, which is greatly valued for table use when paired with apples.

It may well be included among remedial Herbal Simples because of the virtues possessed by the seeds within the fruit. The tree is a native of Persia and Crete; bearing a pear-shaped fruit, golden yellow when gathered, and with five cells in it, each containing twelve closely packed seeds. These are mucilaginous when unbroken, and afford the taste of bitter almonds.

It can definitely be included among helpful herbal remedies because of the benefits of the seeds inside the fruit. The tree is originally from Persia and Crete; it produces pear-shaped fruit that is golden yellow when harvested and has five compartments, each filled with twelve tightly packed seeds. These seeds are gelatinous when intact and have a flavor similar to bitter almonds.

When immersed in water they swell up considerably, and the mucilage will yield salts of lime with albumen.

When submerged in water, they expand significantly, and the mucilage releases calcium salts along with albumen.

Bandoline is the mucilage of Quince seeds to which some Eau de Cologne is added: and this mixture is employed for keeping the hair fixed when dressed by the Coiffeur.

Bandoline is the sticky substance made from quince seeds mixed with some cologne. This blend is used to keep hair styled when done by the Coiffeur.

The mucilage of Quince seeds is soothing and protective to an irritated or inflamed skin; it may also be given internally for soreness of the lining mucous membranes of the stomach and bowels, as in gastric catarrh, and for cough with a dry sore throat. One dram of the seeds boiled slowly in half-a-pint of fresh water until the liquor becomes thick, makes an excellent mucilage as a basis for gargles and injections; or, one part of the seeds to fifty parts of rosewater, shaken together for half-an-hour.

The mucilage from quince seeds is soothing and protective for irritated or inflamed skin. It can also be taken internally for soreness of the mucous membranes in the stomach and intestines, such as in gastric catarrh, and for a cough with a dry, sore throat. One dram of the seeds should be boiled slowly in half a pint of fresh water until the liquid thickens, creating an excellent mucilage for gargles and injections; alternatively, mix one part of the seeds with fifty parts of rosewater and shake them together for half an hour.

From growing at first in Cydon, now Candia, the tree got its name Cydonia: its old English title was Melicotone; and in ancient Rome it was regarded as a sacred fruit, [453] being hung upon statues in the houses of the great. Now we banish the tree, because of its strong penetrating odour, to a corner of the garden. Lord Bacon commended "quiddemy," a preserve of Quinces, for strengthening the stomach; and old Fuller said of this fruit, "being not more pleasant to the palate than restorative to the health, they are accounted a great cordiall." Jam made from the Quince (Malmelo) first took the name of Marmalade, which has since passed on to other fruit conserves, particularly to that of the Seville Orange. In France the Quince is made into a compôte which is highly praised for increasing the digestive powers of weakly persons. According to Plutarch Solon made a law that the Quince should form the invariable feast of the bridegroom (and some add likewise of the bride) before retiring to the nuptial couch. Columella said: "Quinces yield not only pleasure but health." The Greeks named the Quince "Chrysomelon," or the Golden Apple; so it is asserted that the golden fruit of the Hesperides were Quinces, and that these tempted Hercules to attack their guardian dragon. Shakespeare makes Lady Capulet when ordering the wedding feast,

From its origins in Cydon, now called Candia, the tree got its name Cydonia: its old English name was Melicotone; and in ancient Rome, it was seen as a sacred fruit, [453] displayed on statues in the homes of the wealthy. Now we push the tree to a corner of the garden because of its strong, penetrating smell. Lord Bacon praised "quiddemy," a preserve made from Quinces, for helping with digestion; and old Fuller mentioned that this fruit, "not being more enjoyable to eat than beneficial to health, is considered a great tonic." Jam made from the Quince (Malmelo) was the first to be called Marmalade, a name that has since been used for other fruit preserves, especially that of the Seville Orange. In France, the Quince is made into a compôte, which is highly regarded for boosting the digestive health of people with weak stomachs. According to Plutarch, Solon established a law that the Quince should be an essential part of the bridegroom's feast (and some say the bride's as well) before the couple retires to the wedding chamber. Columella remarked: "Quinces provide not just pleasure but health." The Greeks referred to the Quince as "Chrysomelon," or the Golden Apple; there are claims that the golden fruit of the Hesperides were Quinces, and that they led Hercules to confront their guardian dragon. Shakespeare has Lady Capulet ordering the wedding feast,

"Call for dates, and Quinces in the pastry."

"Call for dates and quinces in the pastry."

In Persia the fruit ripens, and is eaten there as a dessert delicacy which is much prized. If there be but a single Quince in a caravan, no one who accompanies it can remain unconscious of its presence. In Sussex at one time a popular wine was made of Quinces. They are astringent to stay diarrhoea; and a syrup may be concocted from their juice to answer this purpose. For thrush and for excoriations within the mouth and upper throat, one drachm of the seeds should [459] be boiled in eight fluid ounces of water until it acquires a proper demulcent mucilaginous consistence. "Simon Sethi writeth," says Gerard: "that the woman with child that eateth many Quinces during the time of her breeding, shall bring forth wise children, and of good understanding." Gerard says again: "The marmalad, or Cotiniat made of Quinces and sugar is good and profitable to strengthen the stomach that it may retain and keep the meat therein until it be perfectly digested. It also stayeth all kinds of fluxes both of the belly, and of other parts, and also of blood. Which cotiniat is made in this manner. Take four Quinces, pare them, cut them in pieces, and cast away the core: then put into every pound of Quinces a pound of sugar, and to every pound of sugar a pint of water. These must be boiled together over a still fire till they be very soft: next let it be strained, or rather rubbed through a strainer, or a hairy sieve, which is better. And then set it over the fire to boil again until it be stiff: and so box it up: and as it cooleth, put thereto a little rose water, and a few grains of musk mingled together, which will give a goodly taste to the cotiniat. This is the way to make marmalad."

In Persia, the fruit ripens and is enjoyed as a highly valued dessert. If there’s even one Quince in a caravan, everyone traveling with it will notice its presence. At one time in Sussex, a popular wine was made from Quinces. They help with diarrhea, and a syrup can be made from their juice for this purpose. For thrush and sores in the mouth and upper throat, one drachm of the seeds should be boiled in eight fluid ounces of water until it reaches a smooth, soothing consistency. "Simon Sethi writes," says Gerard, "that a pregnant woman who eats many Quinces during her pregnancy will have wise and understanding children." Gerard also notes: "The marmalade, or Cotiniat, made from Quinces and sugar is beneficial for strengthening the stomach, helping it retain food until it’s fully digested. It also stops various kinds of fluxes, both in the belly and other parts of the body, including blood loss. To make this cotiniat, take four Quinces, peel them, cut them into pieces, and discard the core. Then add a pound of sugar for every pound of Quinces, and a pint of water for every pound of sugar. Boil these together over a gentle heat until they become very soft. Next, strain it or rub it through a strainer, or a fine sieve, which works better. Then set it back over the fire to boil again until it thickens, and store it in a container. As it cools, add a little rose water and a few grains of musk mixed together to give the cotiniat a nice flavor. This is how to make marmalade."

"The seed of Quinces tempered with water doth make a mucilage, or a thing like jelly which, being held in the mouth is marvellous good to take away the roughness of the tongue in hot burning fevers." Lady Lisle sent some cotiniat of Quinces to Henry the Eighth by her daughter Katharine. They were reputed a sexual stimulant. After being boiled and preserved in syrup, Quinces give a well known pleasant flavour to apple pie. As the fruit is free from acid, or almost so; its marmalade may be eaten by the goutily disposed with more impunity than that made with the Seville orange. An after taste suggestive of [455] garlic is left on the palate by masticating Quince marmalade.

"The seed of quinces mixed with water creates a gel-like substance, which, when held in the mouth, is really effective at soothing the roughness of the tongue during hot, burning fevers." Lady Lisle sent some quince preserve to Henry the Eighth through her daughter Katharine. They were thought to be an aphrodisiac. After being cooked and preserved in syrup, quinces add a well-known pleasant flavor to apple pie. Since the fruit is low in acid, its marmalade can be enjoyed by those prone to gout with less risk than that made from Seville oranges. Chewing quince marmalade leaves a lingering aftertaste similar to garlic on the palate.

In the modern treatment of chronic dysentery the value of certain kinds of fresh fruit has come to be medically recognised. Of these may be specified strawberries, grapes, fresh figs, and tomatoes, all of which are seed fruits as distinguished from stone fruit. It is essential that they shall be absolutely sound, and in good condition. Dr. Saumaurez Lacy, of Guernsey, has successfully practised this treatment for many years, and it has been recently employed by others for chronic dysentery, and diarrhoea, with most happy results.

In today's treatment of chronic dysentery, the importance of certain types of fresh fruit is now recognized in medicine. Notable mentions include strawberries, grapes, fresh figs, and tomatoes, all of which are seed fruits, unlike stone fruits. It's crucial that they are completely fresh and in good condition. Dr. Saumaurez Lacy from Guernsey has effectively used this treatment for many years, and recently, others have started using it for chronic dysentery and diarrhea, with very positive outcomes.

RADISH.

The common garden Radish (Raphanus sativus) is a Cruciferous plant, and a cultivated variety of the Horse Radish. It came originally from China, but has been grown allover Europe from time immemorial. Radishes were celebrated by Dioscorides and Pliny as above all roots whatsoever, insomuch, that in the Delphic temple there was a Radish of solid gold, raphanus ex auro dicatus: and Moschinus wrote a whole volume in their praise; but Hippocrates condemned them as vitiosas, innatantes, acoegre concoctiles.

The common garden Radish (Raphanus sativus) is a cruciferous plant and a cultivated variety of Horse Radish. It originally came from China but has been grown all over Europe since ancient times. Radishes were praised by Dioscorides and Pliny as the best of all roots, so much so that there was a solid gold Radish in the Delphic temple, raphanus ex auro dicatus; and Moschinus wrote an entire volume in their honor, but Hippocrates criticized them as vitiosas, innatantes, acoegre concoctiles.

Among the oblations offered to Apollo in his temple at Delphi, turnips were dedicated in lead, beet in silver, and radishes in wrought gold. The wild Radish is Raphanus raphanistrum. The garden Radish was not grown in England before 1548.

Among the offerings made to Apollo in his temple at Delphi, turnips were given in lead, beets in silver, and radishes in crafted gold. The wild radish is Raphanus raphanistrum. The garden radish wasn't grown in England before 1548.

Later on John Evelyn wrote in his Acetaria: "And indeed (besides that they decay the teeth) experience tells us that, as the Prince of Physicians writes, it is hard of digestion, inimicous to the stomach, causing nauseous eructations, and sometimes vomiting, though [456] otherwise diuretic, and thought to repel the vapours of wine when the wits were at their genial club." "The Radish," says Gerard, "provoketh urine, and dissolveth cluttered sand."

Later on, John Evelyn wrote in his Acetaria: "And really (besides the fact that they damage the teeth) experience shows us that, as the greatest physician writes, they are hard to digest, harmful to the stomach, causing unpleasant belching and sometimes vomiting, even though [456] they have a diuretic effect and are thought to counteract the effects of wine when people were enjoying themselves at their social gatherings." "The Radish," says Gerard, "promotes urination and breaks up gravel."

The roots, which are the edible part, consist of a watery fibrous pulp, which is comparatively bland, and of an external skin furnished with a pungent volatile aromatic oil which acts as a condiment to the phlegmatic pulp. "Radishes are eaten with salt alone as carrying their pepper in them." The oil contained in the roots, and likewise in the seeds, is sulphuretted, and disagrees with persons of weak digestion. A young Radish, which is quickly grown and tender, will suit most stomachs, especially if some of the leaves are masticated together with the root; but a Radish which is tough, strong, and hollow, "fait penser à l'ile d'Elbe: il revient."

The roots, which are the edible part, are made up of a watery, fibrous pulp that is fairly bland, and a skin that has a strong, fragrant oil that acts as a seasoning for the mild pulp. "Radishes are eaten with just salt because they have their own spice in them." The oil found in the roots, as well as in the seeds, contains sulfur and can upset the stomachs of people with weak digestion. A young radish, which grows quickly and is tender, will be suitable for most people, especially if some of the leaves are chewed along with the root; however, a radish that is tough, strong, and hollow, "fait penser à l'ile d'Elbe: il revient."

The pulp is chemically composed chiefly of nitrogenous substance, being fibrous and tough unless when the roots are young and quickly grown. On this account they should not be eaten when at all old and hard by persons of slow digestion, because apt to lodge in the intestines, and to become entangled in their caecal pouch, or in its appendix. But boiled Radishes are almost equal to asparagus when served at table, provided they have been cooked long enough to become tender, that is, for almost an hour. The syrup of radishes is excellent for hoarseness, bronchial difficulty of breathing, whooping cough, and other complaints of the chest.

The pulp is mainly made up of nitrogenous substances, and it’s fibrous and tough unless the roots are young and grow quickly. Because of this, people with slow digestion shouldn’t eat them when they’re old and hard, as they can get stuck in the intestines and cause issues in the cecal pouch or appendix. However, boiled radishes are almost as good as asparagus when served, as long as they have been cooked long enough to be tender, which is about an hour. Radish syrup is great for hoarseness, bronchial breathing problems, whooping cough, and other chest issues.

For the cure of corns, if after the feet have been bathed, and the corns cut, a drop or two of juice be squeezed over the corn from the fresh pulp of a radish on several consecutive days, this will wither and [457] disappear. Also Radish roots sliced when fresh, and applied to a carbuncle will promote its healing. An old Saxon remedy against a woman's chatter was to "taste at night a root of Radish when fasting, and the chatter will not be able to harm him." In some places the Radish is called Rabone.

For treating corns, if you bathe your feet and then cut the corns, squeezing a drop or two of juice from fresh radish pulp onto the corn for several days in a row will make it shrink and disappear. Also, fresh sliced radish roots applied to a carbuncle will help it heal. An old Saxon remedy for a woman’s gossip was to "taste a radish root while fasting at night, and the gossip won’t be able to harm him." In some regions, the radish is called Rabone.

From the fresh plant, choosing a large Spanish Radish, with a turnip-shaped root, and a black outer skin, and collected in the autumn, a medicinal tincture (H.) is made with spirit of wine. This tincture has proved beneficial in cases of bilious diarrhoea, with eructations, and mental depression, when a chronic cough is also liable to be present. Four or five drops should be given with a tablespoonful of cold water, twice or three times in the day. The Black Radish is found useful against whooping cough, and is employed for this purpose in Germany, by cutting off the top, and then making a hole in the root. This is filled with treacle, or honey, and allowed to stand for a day or two; then a teaspoonful of the medicinal liquid is given two or three times in the day. Roman physicians advised that Radishes should be eaten raw, with bread and salt in the morning before any other food. And our poet Thomson describes as an evening repast:—

From the fresh plant, choose a large Spanish Radish with a turnip-shaped root and a black outer skin, harvested in the autumn, to make a medicinal tincture (H.) with alcohol. This tincture has been helpful in cases of bilious diarrhea accompanied by belching and mental depression, especially when a chronic cough may also be present. Four or five drops should be mixed with a tablespoon of cold water and taken two to three times a day. The Black Radish is useful for whooping cough and is used for this in Germany by cutting off the top and creating a hole in the root. This hole is filled with treacle or honey and left to sit for a day or two; then a teaspoon of the medicinal liquid is taken two or three times a day. Roman doctors recommended eating Radishes raw, with bread and salt in the morning before any other food. And our poet Thomson describes it as an evening meal:—

                    "A Roman meal
    Such as the mistress of the world once found
    Delicious, when her patriots of high note,
    Perhaps by moonlight at their humble doors,
    Under an ancient Oak's domestic shade,
    Enjoy'd spare feast, a RADISH AND AN EGG."

"A Roman meal
    Like what the mistress of the world once enjoyed
    Deliciously, when her notable patriots,
    Maybe by moonlight at their simple homes,
    Under the familiar shade of an ancient oak,
    Shared a modest feast, a RADISH AND AN EGG."

RAGWORT.

The Ragwort (Senecio Jacoboea) is a very common plant in our meadows, and moist places, closely allied to the [458] Groundsel, and well known by its daisy-like flowers, but of a golden yellow colour, with rays in a circle surrounding the central receptacle, and with a strong smell of honey. This plant goes popularly by the name of St. James's wort, or Canker wort, or (near Liverpool) Fleawort, and in Yorkshire, Seggrum; also Jacoby and Yellow Top. The term Ragwort, or Ragweed, is a corruption of Ragewort, as expressing its supposed stimulating effects on the sexual organs. For the same reason the pommes d'amour (Love Apples, or Tomatoes) are sometimes caned Rage apples. The Ragwort was formerly thought to cure the staggers in horses, and was hence named Stagger wort, or because, says Dr. Prior, it was applied to heal freshly cut young bulls, known as Seggs, or Staggs. So also it was called St. James's wort, either because that great warrior and saint was the patron of horses, or because it blossoms on his day, July 25th: sometimes also the plant has been styled Stammer wort. Furthermore it possesses a distinct reputation for the cure of cancer, and is known as Cankerwort, being applied when bruised, either by itself, or combined with Goosegrass.

The Ragwort (Senecio Jacoboea) is a very common plant found in our meadows and damp areas, closely related to the [458] Groundsel, and easily recognizable by its daisy-like flowers that are a bright golden yellow, with rays arranged in a circle around the central part, and a strong honey-like smell. This plant is commonly referred to as St. James's wort, Canker wort, or, near Liverpool, Fleawort, and in Yorkshire, Seggrum; it is also called Jacoby and Yellow Top. The name Ragwort, or Ragweed, comes from Ragewort, reflecting its supposed stimulating effects on the sexual organs. For the same reason, pommes d'amour (Love Apples, or Tomatoes) are sometimes called Rage apples. Ragwort was previously believed to cure staggers in horses and was hence referred to as Stagger wort, or because, as Dr. Prior notes, it was used to heal freshly cut young bulls, known as Seggs or Staggs. It was also called St. James's wort, either because that great warrior and saint is the patron of horses, or because it blooms on his feast day, July 25th; at times, the plant has also been called Stammer wort. Furthermore, it has a specific reputation for treating cancer and is known as Cankerwort, as it is used when bruised, either on its own or mixed with Goosegrass.

Probably the lime which the whole plant contains in a highly elaborated state of subdivision has fairly credited it with anti-cancerous powers. For just such a reason Sir Spencer Wens commended powdered egg shells and powdered oyster shells as efficacious in curing certain cases under his immediate observation of long-standing cancer, when steadily given for some considerable time.

Probably the lime contained in the whole plant, being highly broken down, has led to its reputation for anti-cancer properties. For this reason, Sir Spencer Wens recommended powdered eggshells and powdered oyster shells as effective in treating certain long-standing cancer cases he observed, when taken consistently over a significant period.

A poultice made of the fresh leaves, and applied externally two or three times in succession "will cure, if ever so violent, the old ache in the hucklebone known as sciatica." Chemically the active principle of the [459] Ragwort is "senecin," a dark resinous substance, of which two grains may be given twice or three times in the day.

A poultice made from fresh leaves, applied externally two or three times in a row, "will cure, no matter how severe, the persistent pain in the hucklebone known as sciatica." The active ingredient in Ragwort is "senecin," a dark resinous substance, of which two grains can be taken two to three times a day.

Also the tincture, made with one part of the plant to ten parts of spirit of wine (tenuior), may be taken in doses of from five to fifteen drops, with a spoonful of water three times in the day.

Also, the tincture, made with one part of the plant to ten parts of alcohol, can be taken in doses of five to fifteen drops, mixed with a spoonful of water, three times a day.

Either form of medicine will correct monthly irregularities of women where the period is delayed, or difficult, or arrested by cold. It must be given steadily three times a day for ten days or a fortnight before the period becomes re-established. In suitable cases the Senecio not only anticipates the period, but also increases the quantity: and where the monthly time has never been established the Ragwort is generally found useful.

Either form of medicine will fix monthly irregularities in women where their period is delayed, difficult, or stopped due to cold. It should be taken consistently three times a day for ten days or two weeks before the period becomes regular again. In suitable cases, Senecio not only brings on the period sooner but also increases the flow; and when the monthly cycle has never been established, Ragwort is generally helpful.

This herb—like its congener, the common Groundsel—has lancinated, juicy leaves, which possess a bitter saline taste, and yield earthy potash salts abundantly. Each plant is named "Senecio" because of the grey woolly pappus of its seeds, which resemble the silvered hair of old age. In Ireland the Ragwort is dedicated to the fairies, and is known as the Fairies' Horse, on the golden blossoms of which the good little people are thought to gallop about at midnight.

This herb—similar to its relative, the common Groundsel—has pointed, juicy leaves that have a bitter, salty taste and produce plenty of earthy potash salts. Each plant is called "Senecio" because of the grey, fluffy covering of its seeds, which looks like the silver hair of old age. In Ireland, Ragwort is associated with fairies and is referred to as the Fairies' Horse, with the golden flowers thought to be where the little people gallop around at midnight.

RASPBERRY.

The Raspberry (Rubus Idoeus) occurs wild plentifully in the woods of Scotland, where children gather the fruit early in summer. It is also found growing freely in some parts of England—as in the Sussex woods—and bearing berries of as good a quality as that of the cultivated Raspberry, though not so large in size.

The raspberry (Rubus idaeus) grows abundantly in the woods of Scotland, where children pick the fruit in early summer. It's also found growing freely in some areas of England, like the Sussex woods, producing berries that are just as flavorful as those of cultivated raspberries, though not as large.

Another name for the fruit is Framboise, which is [460] a French corruption of the Dutch word brambezie, or brambleberry.

Another name for the fruit is Framboise, which is [460] a French variation of the Dutch word brambezie, or brambleberry.

Again, the Respis, or Raspberry, was at one time commonly known in this country as Hindberry, or the gentler berry, as distinguished from one of a harsher and coarser sort, the Hartberry. "Respberry" signifies in the Eastern Counties of England a shoot, or sucker, this name being probably applied because the fruit grows on the young shoots of the previous year. Raspberry fruit is fragrant and cooling, but sugar improves its flavour. Like the strawberry, if eaten without sugar and cream, it does not undergo any acetous fermentation in the stomach, even with gouty or strumous persons. When combined with vinegar and sugar it makes a liqueur which, if diluted with water, is most useful in febrile disorders, and which is all excellent addition to sea stores as preventive of scurvy.

Again, the raspberry was once commonly known in this country as hindberry or the gentler berry, in contrast to the harsher and coarser sort, the hartberry. "Respberry" means a shoot or sucker in the Eastern Counties of England; this name was likely given because the fruit grows on the young shoots from the previous year. Raspberry fruit is fragrant and refreshing, but sugar enhances its flavor. Like strawberries, if eaten without sugar and cream, they don’t cause any sour fermentation in the stomach, even in people with gout or other health issues. When mixed with vinegar and sugar, it creates a liqueur that, when diluted with water, is very helpful for fever-related illnesses and is also a great addition to sea provisions to prevent scurvy.

The Latins named this shrub "the bramble of Ida," because it grew in abundance on that classic mountain where the shepherd Paris adjudged to Venus the prize for beauty—a golden apple—on which was divinely inscribed the words, Detur pulchriori—"Let this be awarded to the fairest of womankind."

The Latins called this shrub "the bramble of Ida" because it thrived abundantly on that legendary mountain where the shepherd Paris awarded Venus the prize for beauty—a golden apple—inscribed with the words, Detur pulchriori—"Let this be given to the fairest of women."

The fresh leaves of the Raspberry are the favourite food of kids. There are red, white, yellow, and purple varieties of this fruit. Heat develops the richness of its flavour; and Raspberry jam is the prince of preserves.

The fresh leaves of the raspberry are the favorite food of kids. There are red, white, yellow, and purple varieties of this fruit. Heat enhances its rich flavor, and raspberry jam is the king of preserves.

Again, a wine can be brewed from the fermented juice, which is excellent against scurvy because of its salts of potash—the citrate and malate.

Again, wine can be made from the fermented juice, which is great for preventing scurvy because of its potassium salts—the citrate and malate.

Raspberry vinegar, made by pouring vinegar repeatedly over successive quantities of the fresh fruit, is a capital remedy for sore throat from cold, or of the [461] relaxed kind; and when mixed with water it furnishes a most refreshing drink in fevers. But the berries should be used immediately after being gathered, as they quickly spoil, and their fine flavour is very evanescent. The vinegar can be extemporised by diluting Raspberry jelly with hot vinegar, or by mixing syrup of the fruit with vinegar.

Raspberry vinegar, created by pouring vinegar over fresh berries multiple times, is a great remedy for sore throats caused by colds, or for a mild throat irritation. When diluted with water, it makes a very refreshing drink during fevers. However, the berries should be used right after picking, as they spoil quickly and lose their delicious flavor. You can quickly make the vinegar by mixing raspberry jelly with hot vinegar or combining fruit syrup with vinegar.

In Germany a conserve of Raspberries which has astringent effects is concocted with two parts of sugar to one of juice expressed from the fruit. Besides containing citric and malic acids, the Raspberry affords a volatile oil of aromatic flavour, with crystallisable sugar, pectin, colouring matter, mucus, some mineral salts, and water.

In Germany, a raspberry preserve with astringent effects is made with two parts sugar to one part juice extracted from the fruit. In addition to citric and malic acids, raspberries contain a fragrant volatile oil, crystallizable sugar, pectin, coloring agents, mucus, some minerals, and water.

Gerard says: "The fruit is good to be given to them that have weake, and queasie stomackes."

Gerard says: "The fruit is good for those who have weak and upset stomachs."

A playful example of the declension of a Latin substantive is given thus:—

A fun example of how a Latin noun declines is given like this:—

Musa, Musoe, The Gods were at tea: Musoe, Musam, Eating Raspberry jam: Musa, Musah, Made by Cupid's mamma.

Musa, Musoe, The Gods were having tea: Musoe, Musam, Eating raspberry jam: Musa, Musah, Made by Cupid's mom.

RHUBARB (Garden). see Dock, page 159.

RICE.

Rice, or Ryse, the grain of Oryza sativa, a native cereal of India, is considered here scarcely as a Herbal Simple, but rather as a common article of some medicinal resource in the store cupboard of every English house-hold, and therefore always at band as a vegetable remedy.

Rice, or Ryse, the grain of Oryza sativa, which originates from India, is not just seen as a simple herb here but more as a common item with medicinal properties found in the pantry of every English household, making it readily available as a vegetable remedy.

Among the Arabs Rice is considered a sacred food: [462] and their tradition runs that it first sprang from a drop of Mahomet's perspiration in Paradise.

Among the Arabs, rice is seen as a sacred food: [462] and their tradition says it first originated from a drop of Muhammad's sweat in Paradise.

Being composed almost exclusively of starch, and poorer in nitrogen, as well as in phosphoric acid, than other cereals, it is less laxative, and is of value as a demulcent to palliate irritative diarrhoea, and to allay intestinal distress.

Being made up mostly of starch and having less nitrogen and phosphoric acid than other grains, it is less laxative and serves as a soothing agent to relieve irritating diarrhea and reduce intestinal discomfort.

A mucilage of Rice made by boiling the well-washed grain for some time in water, and straining, contains starch and phosphate of lime in solution, and is therefore a serviceable emollient. But when needed for food the grain should be steamed, because in boiling it loses the little nitrogen, and the greater part of the lime phosphate which it has scantily contained.

A rice mucilage is created by boiling well-washed grains in water for a while and then straining it. This process produces a liquid that contains starch and calcium phosphate, making it a useful emollient. However, when the rice is intended for food, it should be steamed instead. Boiling causes it to lose most of its nitrogen and the majority of the calcium phosphate it has in limited amounts.

Rice bread and Rice cakes, simply made, are very light and easy of digestion. The gluten confers the property of rising on dough or paste made of Rice flour. But as an article of sustenance Rice is not well suited for persons of fermentative tendencies during the digestion of their food, because its starch is liable to undergo this chemical change in the stomach.

Rice bread and rice cakes, which are easy to make, are very light and easy to digest. The gluten gives dough or paste made from rice flour the ability to rise. However, rice is not the best food choice for people with fermentative tendencies when digesting their food, because its starch can undergo this chemical change in the stomach.

Dr. Tytler reported in the Lancet (1833), cases resembling malignant cholera from what he termed the morbus oryzoeus, as provoked by the free and continued use of Rice as food. And Boutins, in 1769, published an account of the diseases common to the East Indies, in which he stated that when Rice is eaten more or less exclusively, the vision becomes impaired. But neither of these allegations seems to have been afterwards authoritatively confirmed.

Dr. Tytler reported in the Lancet (1833) cases that looked like malignant cholera, which he called morbus oryzoeus, caused by the excessive and ongoing consumption of rice as food. Additionally, Boutins published an account in 1769 about the diseases common to the East Indies, stating that when rice is eaten mostly or exclusively, vision can become impaired. However, neither of these claims has been definitively confirmed since then.

Chemically, Rice consists of starch, fat, fibrin, mineral matter such as phosphate of lime, cellulose, and water.

Chemically, rice is made up of starch, fat, protein, minerals like calcium phosphate, fiber, and water.

A spirituous liquor is made in China from the grain of Rice, and bears the name "arrack."

A type of alcoholic drink is made in China from rice grains and is called "arrack."

[463] Rice cannot be properly substituted in place of succulent green vegetables dietetically for any length of time, or it would induce scurvy. The Indians take stewed Rice to cure dysentery, and a decoction of the grain for the purpose of subduing inflammatory disorders.

[463] Rice can't be properly substituted for fresh green vegetables in a diet for a long time, or it could lead to scurvy. The Indians use stewed rice to treat dysentery and a broth made from the grain to reduce inflammatory conditions.

Paddy, or Paddee, is Rice from which the husk has not been removed before crushing. It has been said by some that the cultivation of Rice lowers vitality, and shortens life.

Paddy, or Paddee, is Rice that still has its husk on before it gets crushed. Some people say that growing Rice decreases vitality and shortens lifespan.

In Java a special Rice-pudding is made by first putting some raw Rice in a conical earthen pot wide at the top, and perforated in its body with holes. This is placed inside another earthen pot of a similar shape but not perforated, and containing boiling water. The swollen Rice soon stops up the holes of the inner pot, and the Rice within becomes of a firm consistence, like pudding, and is eaten with butter, sugar, and spices.

In Java, a special rice pudding is made by first putting some raw rice in a wide-top, conical earthen pot that has holes in its sides. This pot is then placed inside another earthen pot of the same shape but without holes, which contains boiling water. The rice expands and quickly blocks the holes of the inner pot, resulting in a firm pudding-like consistency, and it is served with butter, sugar, and spices.

An ordinary Rice-pudding is much improved by adding some rosewater to it before it is baked.

An ordinary rice pudding is greatly enhanced by adding a little rosewater to it before baking.

This grain has been long considered of a pectoral nature, and useful for persons troubled with lung disease, and spitting of blood, as in pulmonary consumption. The custom of throwing a shower of Rice after and over a newly married couple is very old, though wheat was at first the chosen grain as an augury of plenty. The bride wore a garland of ears of corn in the time of Henry the Eighth.

This grain has long been seen as beneficial for people with lung issues and for those coughing up blood, like in pulmonary tuberculosis. The tradition of showering rice on a newly married couple is old, although wheat was initially the chosen grain as a sign of abundance. The bride wore a garland of corn husks during the time of Henry the Eighth.

ROSES.

Certain curative properties are possessed both by the Briar, or wild Dog Rose of our country hedges, and by the cultivated varieties of this queen of flowers in our Roseries. The word Rose means red, from the Greek [464] rodon, connected also with rota, a wheel, which resembles the outline of a Rose. The name Briar is from the Latin bruarium, the waste land on which it grows. The first Rose of a dark red colour, is held to have sprung from the blood of Adonis. The fruit of the wild Rose, which is so familiar to every admirer of our hedgerows in the summer, and which is the common progenitor of all Roses, is named Hips. "Heps maketh," says Gerard, "most pleasant meats or banquetting dishes, as tarts and such like, the concoction whereof I commit to the cunning cook, and teeth to eat them in the rich man's mouth."

Certain healing properties are found in both the Briar, or wild Dog Rose from our country hedges, and the cultivated varieties of this queen of flowers in our gardens. The word Rose comes from the Greek rodon, which means red and is also related to rota, a wheel, resembling the shape of a Rose. The name Briar is derived from the Latin bruarium, which refers to the wasteland where it grows. The first Rose of a dark red color is thought to have come from the blood of Adonis. The fruit of the wild Rose, which is well-known to everyone who loves our hedgerows in the summer and is the common ancestor of all Roses, is called Hips. "Hips make," says Gerard, "the most delightful dishes or treats, like tarts and such, the preparation of which I leave to the skilled cook, and the enjoyment of them to those in a rich man's mouth."

Hips, derived from the old Saxon, hiupa, jupe, signifies the Briar rather than its fruit. They are called in some parts, "choops," or "hoops." The woolly down which surrounds the seeds within the Hips serves admirably for dispelling round worms, on which it acts mechanically without irritating the mucous membrane which lines the bowels.

Hips, originating from the old Saxon, hiupa, jupe, refers to the Briar rather than its fruit. In some regions, they are called "choops" or "hoops." The woolly down that surrounds the seeds inside the Hips is great for getting rid of roundworms, as it works mechanically without irritating the mucous membrane lining the intestines.

When fully ripe and softened by frost, the Hips, after removal of their hard seeds, and when plenty of sugar is added, make a very nice confection, which the Swiss and Germans eat at dessert, and which forms an agreeable substitute for tomato sauce. Apothecaries employ this conserve in the preparing of electuaries, and as a basis for pills. They also officinally use the petals of the Cabbage Rose (Centifolia) for making Rose water, and the petals of the Red Rose (Gallica) for a cooling infusion, the brilliant colour of which is much improved by adding some diluted sulphuric acid; and of these petals they further direct a syrup to be concocted.

When fully ripe and softened by frost, the hips, after the hard seeds are removed and enough sugar is added, create a delicious treat that the Swiss and Germans enjoy for dessert, and it also serves as a pleasant alternative to tomato sauce. Pharmacists use this conserve to prepare electuaries and as a base for pills. They also officially use the petals of the Cabbage Rose (Centifolia) to make rose water, and the petals of the Red Rose (Gallica) for a refreshing infusion, the vibrant color of which is enhanced by adding a bit of diluted sulfuric acid; from these petals, they also recommend making a syrup.

Next in development to the Dog Rose, or Hound's Rose, comes the Sweetbriar (Eglantine), with a delicate perfume contained under its glandular leaves. [465] "Fragrantia ejus olei omnia alia odoramenta superest." This (Rosa rubiginosa) grows chiefly on chalk as a bushy shrub. Its poetic title, Eglantine, is a corruption of the Latin aculeius, prickly. A legend tells that Christ's crown of thorns was made from the Rose-briar, about which it has been beautifully said:—

Next in development after the Dog Rose, or Hound's Rose, comes the Sweetbriar (Eglantine), which has a delicate fragrance hidden under its glandular leaves. [465] "Fragrantia ejus olei omnia alia odoramenta superest." This (Rosa rubiginosa) mainly grows on chalky soil as a bushy shrub. Its poetic name, Eglantine, is derived from the Latin aculeius, meaning prickly. According to a legend, Christ's crown of thorns was made from the Rose-briar, and it has been beautifully said:—

"Men sow the thorns on Jesus' brow,
But Angels saw the Roses."

"Men place thorns on Jesus' brow,
But Angels see the Roses."

Pliny tells a remarkable story of a soldier of the Praetorian guard, who was cured of hydrophobia, against all hope, by taking an extract of the root of the Kunoroddon, Dog Rose, in obedience to the prayer of his mother, to whom the remedy was revealed in a dream; and he says further, that it likewise restored whoever tried it afterwards. Hence came the title Canina. "Parceque elle a longtemps été en vogue pour guerir de la rage."

Pliny shares an incredible story about a soldier from the Praetorian guard, who was unexpectedly cured of hydrophobia by taking an extract from the root of the Kunoroddon, Dog Rose, following his mother's request, as the remedy was shown to her in a dream. He also mentions that it healed anyone else who tried it afterward. This is where the name Canina comes from. "Parceque elle a longtemps été en vogue pour guerir de la rage."

But the term, Dog Rose, is generally thought to merely signify a flower of lower quality than the nobler Roses of garden culture.

But the term "Dog Rose" is generally seen as just referring to a flower that isn’t as high quality as the more refined garden roses.

The five graceful fringed leaflets which form the special beauty of the Eglantine flower and bud, have given rise to the following Latin enigma (translated):—

The five elegant, fringed leaflets that contribute to the unique beauty of the Eglantine flower and bud have inspired the following Latin riddle (translated):—

    "Of us five brothers at the same time born,
    Two from our birthday always beards have worn:
    On other two none ever have appeared,
    While our fifth brother wears but half a beard."

"Of us five brothers who were born at the same time,
    Two have always had beards since our birthday:
    The other two have never had any at all,
    While our fifth brother only has half a beard."

From Roses the Romans prepared wine and confections, also subtle scents, sweet-smelling oil, and medicines. The petals of the crimson French Rose, which is grown freely in our gardens, have been esteemed of signal efficacy in consumption of the lungs [466] since the time of Avicenna, A.D. 1020, who states that he cured many patients by prescribing as much of the conserve as they could manage to swallow daily. It was combined with milk, or with some other light nutriment; and generally from thirty to forty pounds of this medicine had to be consumed before the cure was complete. Julius Caesar hid his baldness at the age of thirty with Roman Roses.

From roses, the Romans made wine, sweets, fragrant oils, and medicines. The petals of the deep red French Rose, which grow abundantly in our gardens, have been highly regarded for their effectiveness in treating lung issues since the time of Avicenna, A.D. 1020. He reported that he cured many patients by having them take as much of the conserve as they could swallow each day. It was mixed with milk or some other light food; typically, patients needed to consume between thirty to forty pounds of this remedy before seeing a full recovery. Julius Caesar concealed his baldness at age thirty using Roman Roses.

"Take," says an old MS. recipe of Lady Somerset's, "Red Rose buds, and clyp of the tops, and put them in a mortar with ye waight of double refined sugar; beat them very small together, then put it up; must rest three full months, stirring onces a day. This is good against the falling sickness."

"Take," says an old manuscript recipe from Lady Somerset, "red rose buds, trim the tops, and put them in a mortar with the same weight of double refined sugar; grind them together until very fine, then store it. It must rest for three full months, stirring once a day. This is good for the falling sickness."

It is remarkable that while the blossoms of the Rose Order present various shades of yellow, white, and red, blue is altogether foreign to them, and unknown among them.

It’s impressive that while the flowers of the Rose Order show different shades of yellow, white, and red, blue is completely absent and unknown to them.

As the Thistle is symbolical of Scotland, the Leek of Wales, and the Shamrock of Ireland: so the sweet, pure, simple, honest Rose of our woods is the apt-chosen emblem of Saint George, and the frank, bonny, blushing badge of Merrie England.

As the Thistle represents Scotland, the Leek stands for Wales, and the Shamrock symbolizes Ireland, the sweet, pure, simple, and honest Rose of our woods is the perfect symbol for Saint George and the cheerful, lovely badge of Merry England.

The petals of the Cabbage Rose (Centifolia), which are closely folded over each other like the leaves of a cabbage, have a slight laxative action, and are used for making Rose-water by distillation, whether when fresh, or after being preserved by admixture with common salt. This perfumed water has long enjoyed a reputation for the cure of inflamed eyes, more commonly when combined with zinc, or with sugar of lead. Hahnemann quotes the same established practice as a tacit avowal that there exists in the leaves of the Rose some healing power for certain diseased conditions of [567] the eyes, which virtue is really founded on the homoeopathic property possessed by the Rose, of exciting a species of ophthalmia in healthy persons; as was observed by Echtius, Ledelius, and Rau.

The petals of the Cabbage Rose (Centifolia), which are tightly layered like cabbage leaves, have a mild laxative effect and are used to make rose water through distillation, whether fresh or preserved with common salt. This scented water has long been known to help treat inflamed eyes, especially when mixed with zinc or lead acetate. Hahnemann mentions this established practice as a quiet acknowledgment that the leaves of the Rose have some healing power for specific eye ailments, a benefit that stems from the Rose's homeopathic ability to trigger a type of eye inflammation in healthy individuals, as noted by Echtius, Ledelius, and Rau.

It is recorded also in his Organon of Medicine, that persons are sometimes found to faint at the smell of Roses (or, as Pope puts it, to "die of a rose in aromatic pain"); whereas the Princess Maria, cured her brother, the Emperor Alexius, who suffered from faintings, by sprinkling him with Rose-water, in the presence of his aunt Eudoxia.

It is noted in his Organon of Medicine that some people faint at the smell of roses (or, as Pope puts it, to "die of a rose in aromatic pain"); meanwhile, Princess Maria cured her brother, Emperor Alexius, who experienced fainting spells, by sprinkling him with rose water while their aunt Eudoxia was present.

The wealthy Greeks and Romans strewed Roses on the tombs of departed friends, whilst poorer persona could only afford a tablet at the grave bearing the prayer:

The wealthy Greeks and Romans scattered roses on the graves of loved ones, while poorer people could only afford a stone at the grave with the prayer:

"Sparge, precor, rosas super mea busta, viator."

"Sparge, I ask, sprinkle roses over my grave, traveler."

"Scatter Roses, I beseech you, over my ashes, O pitiful passer-by."

"Please scatter roses over my ashes, oh sad stranger."

But nowadays many persons have an aversion to throwing a Rose into a grave, or even letting one fall in.

But these days, many people dislike the idea of tossing a rose into a grave, or even letting one fall in.

Roses and reticence of speech have been linked together since the time of Harpocrates, whom Cupid bribed to silence by the gift of a golden Rose-bud; and therefore it became customary at Roman feasts to suspend over the table a flower of this kind as a hint that the convivial sayings which were then interchanged wore not to be talked of outside. What was spoken "sub vino" was not to be published "sub divo":

Roses and silence have been connected since the time of Harpocrates, whom Cupid silenced with a golden rosebud. Because of this, it became a custom at Roman feasts to hang a rose above the table as a reminder that the casual conversations shared there should not be discussed outside. What was said "under the influence" was not to be shared "in the light of day."

    "Est rosa flos veneris, cujus quo facta laterent
    Harpocrati, matris dona, dicavit amor:
    Inde rosam mensis hospes suspendid amicis,
    Conviva ut sub eâ dicta tacenda sciat."

"She is the rose, the flower of love, whose deeds remain hidden from Harpocrates, a gift dedicated by love to his mother: From there, the rose is hung on the tables for friends, so that the guest may know what should be kept silent beneath it."

[468] For the same reason the Rose is found sculptured on the ceilings of banqueting rooms; and in 1526 it began to be placed over Confessionals. Thus it has come about that the Rose is held to be the symbol of secrecy, as well as the flower of love, and the emblem of beauty: so that the significant phrase "sub rosa,"—under the Rose,— conveys a recognised meaning, understood, and respected by everyone. The bed of Roses is not altogether a poetic fiction. In old days the Sybarites slept upon mattresses which were stuffed with Rose petals: and the like are now made for persons of rank on the Nile.

[468] For the same reason, the Rose is often carved on the ceilings of dining halls; and starting in 1526, it began to be placed above Confessionals. This has led to the Rose being seen as a symbol of secrecy, as well as a flower of love and an emblem of beauty: hence the well-known phrase "sub rosa,"—under the Rose,—which carries a recognized meaning that is understood and respected by everyone. The bed of Roses isn't just a poetic idea. In ancient times, the Sybarites slept on mattresses filled with Rose petals, and similar ones are now made for nobles along the Nile.

A memorial brass over the tomb of Abbot Kirton, in Westminster
Abbey, bears testimony to the high value he attached during life to
Roses curatively:—

A memorial brass over the tomb of Abbot Kirton, in Westminster
Abbey, shows the great importance he placed on
Roses for healing purposes:—

"Sis, Rosa, flos florum, morbis medicina meoium."

"Sis, Rosa, flower of flowers, medicine for my ailments."

Many country persons believe, that if Roses and Violets are plentiful in the autumn, some epidemic may be expected presently. But this conclusion must be founded like that which says, "a green winter makes a fat churchyard," on the fact that humid warmth continued on late in the year tends to engender putrid ferments, and to weaken the bodily vigour.

Many people in the countryside believe that if roses and violets are abundant in the fall, an epidemic might be coming soon. But this idea is based on the same reasoning as the saying, "a green winter leads to a crowded graveyard," which suggests that persistent warm and moist conditions late in the year can promote decay and weaken the body’s health.

Attar of Roses is a costly product, because consisting of the comparatively few oil globules found floating on the surface of a considerable volume of Rose water thrice distilled. It takes five hundredweight of Rose petals to produce one drachm by weight of the finest Attar, which is preserved in small bottles made of rock crystal. The scent of the minutest particle of the genuine essence is very powerful and enduring:—

Attar of Roses is an expensive product because it consists of the relatively few oil droplets found on the surface of a large amount of rose water that has been distilled three times. It takes 500 pounds of rose petals to produce just one drachm of the finest attar, which is stored in small bottles made of rock crystal. The scent of even the smallest particle of the genuine essence is very strong and long-lasting:—

"You may break, you may ruin, the vase if you will,
But the scent of the Roses will hang round it still."

"You can break or destroy the vase if you want,
But the smell of the roses will still linger around it."

The inscription, Rosamundi, non Rosa munda, was graven on the tomb of fair Rosamund, the inamorata of Henry the Seventh:—

The inscription, Rosamundi, non Rosa munda, was carved on the tomb of beautiful Rosamund, the lover of Henry the Seventh:—

"Hic jacet in tombâ Rosa Mundi, non Rosa munda;
Non redolet, sed olet quae redolere solet."

"Here Rose the graced, not Rose the chaste, reposes;
The smell that rises is no smell of Roses."

"Here lies Rose the graceful, not Rose the pure;
The scent that lingers is not the scent of roses."

In Sussex, the peculiar excrescence which is often found on the Briar, as caused by the puncture of an insect, and which is known as the canker, or "robin redbreast's cushion," is frequently worn round the neck as a protective amulet against whooping cough. This was called in the old Pharmacopeias "Bedeguar," and was famous for its astringent properties. Hans Andersen names it the "Rose King's beard."

In Sussex, the strange growth often seen on the Briar, caused by an insect's puncture, known as the canker or "robin redbreast's cushion," is often worn around the neck as a protective charm against whooping cough. In the old Pharmacopeias, it was referred to as "Bedeguar" and was well-known for its astringent properties. Hans Andersen calls it the "Rose King's beard."

The Rosary was introduced by St. Dominick to commemorate his having been shown a chaplet of Roses by the Blessed Virgin. It consisted formerly of a string of beads made of Rose leaves tightly pressed into round moulds and strung together, when real Roses could not be had. The use of a chaplet of beads for recording the number of prayers recited is of Eastern origin from the time of the Egyptian Anchorites.

The Rosary was introduced by St. Dominic to celebrate the moment he was shown a chaplet of roses by the Blessed Virgin. In the past, it was made from a string of beads created from tightly pressed rose leaves formed into round shapes and strung together when real roses weren't available. The practice of using a bead chaplet to keep track of the number of prayers said comes from Eastern traditions dating back to the time of the Egyptian Anchorites.

The Rock Rose (a Cistus), grows commonly in our hilly pastures on a soil of chalk, or gravel, bearing clusters of large, bright, yellow flowers, from a small branching shrub. These flowers expand only in the sunshine, and have stamens which, if lightly touched, spread out, and lie down on the petals. The plant proves medicinally useful, particularly if grown in a soil containing magnesia. A tincture is prepared (H.) from the whole plant, English or Canadian, which is useful for curing shingles, on the principle of its producing, when taken by healthy provers in doses of various [470] potencies, a cutaneous outbreak on the trunk of the body closely resembling the characteristic symptoms of shingles, whilst attended with nervous distress, and with much burning of the affected skin. The plant has likewise a popular reputation for healing scrofula, and its tincture is beneficial for reducing enlarged glands, as of the neck and throat; also for strumous swelling of the knee joint, as well as of other joints. It is a "helianthemum" of the Sunflower tribe.

The Rock Rose (a Cistus) is commonly found in our hilly pastures on chalky or gravelly soil, producing clusters of large, bright yellow flowers from a small branching shrub. These flowers only open in the sunshine and have stamens that, when lightly touched, spread out and lie down on the petals. The plant is known for its medicinal benefits, especially when grown in magnesium-rich soil. A tincture is made (H.) from the whole plant, whether English or Canadian, which is effective for treating shingles. When taken by healthy individuals in different potencies, it can cause a skin rash on the trunk that closely resembles the typical symptoms of shingles, accompanied by nervous distress and intense burning in the affected skin. The plant also has a well-known reputation for healing scrofula, and its tincture helps to reduce swollen glands, especially in the neck and throat; it’s also effective for strumous swelling of the knee and other joints. It belongs to the "helianthemum" of the Sunflower family.

The Canadian Rock Rose is called Frostwort and Frostweed, because crystals of ice shoot from the cracked bark below the stem during freezing weather in the autumn.

The Canadian Rock Rose is known as Frostwort and Frostweed because ice crystals shoot out from the cracked bark below the stem during freezing weather in the fall.

A decoction of our plant has proved useful in prurigo (itching), and as a gargle for the sore throat of scarlet fever. For shingles, from five to ten drops of the tincture, third decimal strength, should be given with a spoonful of water three times a day.

A decoction of our plant has been found helpful for itching and as a gargle for the sore throat caused by scarlet fever. For shingles, take five to ten drops of the tincture at a third decimal strength mixed with a spoonful of water three times a day.

ROSEMARY.

The Rosemary is a well-known, sweet-scented shrub, cultivated in our gardens, and herb beds on account of its fragrancy and its aromatic virtues. It came originally from the South of Europe and the Levant, and was introduced into England before the Norman Conquest. The shrub (Rosmarinus) takes its compound name from ros, dew, marinus, belonging to the sea; in allusion to the grey, glistening appearance of the plant, and its natural locality, as well as its odour, like that of the sea. It is ever green, and bears small, pale, blue flowers.

The rosemary is a well-known, sweet-smelling shrub, grown in our gardens and herb beds because of its fragrance and aromatic qualities. It originally comes from Southern Europe and the Levant, and was brought to England before the Norman Conquest. The shrub (Rosmarinus) gets its name from ros, meaning dew, and marinus, meaning belonging to the sea; this references the plant's grey, shiny appearance, its natural habitat, and its scent, which is reminiscent of the sea. It’s evergreen and produces small, pale blue flowers.

Rosemary was thought by the ancients to refresh the memory and comfort the brain. Being a cordial herb it was often mentioned in the lays, or amorous ballads, of the Troubadours; and was called "Coronaria" [471] because women were accustomed to make crowns and garlands thereof.

Rosemary was believed by ancient people to boost memory and soothe the mind. As a comforting herb, it was frequently referenced in the songs or romantic ballads of the Troubadours, and it was called "Coronaria" [471] because women would make crowns and garlands from it.

"What flower is that which regal honour craves?
Adjoin the Virgin: and 'tis strewn o'er graves."

"What flower is that which royal honor desires?
Join it with the Virgin: and it's scattered over graves."

In some parts of England Rosemary is put with the corpse into the coffin, and sprigs of it are distributed among the mourners at a funeral, to be thrown into the grave, Gay alludes to this practice when describing the burial of a country lass who had met with an untimely death:—

In some areas of England, rosemary is placed with the body in the coffin, and branches of it are given to the mourners at a funeral, who then throw them into the grave. Gay mentions this custom when talking about the burial of a young woman from the countryside who died unexpectedly:—

    "To show their love, the neighbours far and near
    Followed, with wistful looks, the damsel's bier;
    Sprigged Rosemary the lads and lasses bore,
    While dismally the Parson walked before;
    Upon her grave the Rosemary they threw,
    The Daisy, Butter flower, and Endive blue,"

"To show their love, the neighbors near and far
    Followed, with longing looks, the young woman's coffin;
    The guys and girls carried sprigs of rosemary,
    While sadly the minister walked in front;
    They threw the rosemary on her grave,
    Along with daisies, buttercups, and blue endive,"

In Romeo and Juliet, Father Lawrence says:—

"Dry up your tears, and stick your Rosemary
On this fair corse."

"Dry your tears, and place your rosemary
On this beautiful body."

The herb has a pleasant scent and a bitter, pungent taste, whilst much of its volatile, active principle resides in the calices of the flowers; therefore, in storing or using the plant these parts must be retained. It yields its virtues partially to water, and entirely to rectified spirit of wine.

The herb has a nice smell and a bitter, strong taste, and most of its active ingredients are found in the flower petals. So, when storing or using the plant, these parts should be kept. It releases some of its properties when mixed with water, but completely with purified alcohol.

In early times Rosemary was grown largely in kitchen gardens, and it came to signify the strong influence of the matron who dwelt there:—

In the past, rosemary was mainly grown in kitchen gardens, and it came to symbolize the strong influence of the woman who lived there:—

"Where Rosemary flourishes the woman rules,"

"Where Rosemary thrives, the woman leads,"

The leaves and tops afford an essential volatile oil, but not so much as the flowers.

The leaves and tops provide an important essential oil, but not as much as the flowers do.

A spirit made from this essential oil with spirit of wine will help to renovate the vitality of paralyzed limbs, if rubbed in with brisk friction. The volatile oil [472] includes a special camphor similar to that possessed by the myrtle. The plant also contains some tannin, with a resin and a bitter principle. By old writers it was said to increase the flow of milk.

A spirit made from this essential oil and wine will help improve the vitality of paralyzed limbs if applied with vigorous rubbing. The volatile oil [472] contains a unique camphor similar to that found in myrtle. The plant also has some tannin, along with a resin and a bitter substance. Older writers claimed it could increase milk production.

The oil is used officinally for making a spirit of Rosemary, and is added to the compound tincture of Lavender, as well as to Soap liniment. By common consent it is agreed that the volatile oil (or the spirit) when mixed in washes will specially stimulate growth of the hair. The famous Hungary water, first concocted for a Queen of Hungary who, by its continual use, became effectually cured of paralysis, was prepared by putting a pound and a half of the fresh tops of Rosemary, when in full flower, into a gallon of proof spirit, which had to stand for four days, and was then distilled.

The oil is used in medicine to make rosemary spirit and is added to the compound tincture of lavender, as well as soap liniment. It's widely accepted that the volatile oil (or spirit) mixed into washes especially promotes hair growth. The well-known Hungary water, originally created for a Queen of Hungary who, through its regular use, was effectively cured of paralysis, was made by placing a pound and a half of fresh rosemary tops in full bloom into a gallon of high-proof spirit, letting it steep for four days, and then distilling it.

Hungary water (l'eau de la reine d'Hongrie) was formerly very famous for gout in the hands and feet. Hoyes says, the formula for composing this water, written by Queen Elizabeth's own hand in golden characters, is still preserved in the Imperial Library at Vienna.

Hungary water (l'eau de la reine d'Hongrie) used to be well-known for treating gout in the hands and feet. Hoyes mentions that the recipe for making this water, written in Queen Elizabeth's own handwriting in golden letters, is still kept in the Imperial Library in Vienna.

An ounce of the dried leaves and flowers treated with a pint of boiling water, and allowed to stand until cold, makes one of the best hair washes known. It has the singular power of preventing the hair from uncurling when exposed to a damp atmosphere. The herb is used in the preparation of Eau de Cologne.

An ounce of dried leaves and flowers brewed with a pint of boiling water, then left to cool, creates one of the best hair washes available. It has the unique ability to keep hair from losing its curl in a damp environment. The herb is also used in making Eau de Cologne.

Rosemary wine, taken in small quantities, acts as a quieting cordial to a heart of which the action is excitable or palpitating, and it relieves ally accompanying dropsy by stimulating the kidneys. This wine may be made by chopping up sprigs of Rosemary, and pouring on them some sound white wine, which after two or [473] three days, may be strained off and used. By stimulating the nervous system it proves useful against the headaches of weak circulation and of languid health. "If a garlande of the tree be put around the heade it is a remedy for the stuffing of the head that cometh from coldness."

Rosemary wine, consumed in small amounts, serves as a calming tonic for a heart that is excitable or racing, and it helps relieve any swelling by boosting kidney function. You can make this wine by chopping up sprigs of rosemary and pouring some good white wine over them, which can be strained and used after two or three days. By stimulating the nervous system, it is helpful for headaches caused by poor circulation and general tiredness. "If a garland of the tree is placed around the head, it is a remedy for the congestion that comes from cold."

The green-leaved variety of Rosemary is the sort to be used medicinally. There are also silver and gold-leaved diversities. Sprigs of the herb were formerly stuck into beef whilst roasting as an excellent relish. A writer of 1707 tells of "Rosemary-preserve to dress your beef."

The green-leaved type of rosemary is the one used for medicinal purposes. There are also varieties with silver and gold leaves. Sprigs of the herb used to be placed in beef while it was roasting as a great flavoring. A writer from 1707 mentions "rosemary preserve to dress your beef."

The toilet of the Ancients was never considered complete without an infusion, or spirit of Rosemary; and in olden times Rosemary was entwined in the wreath worn by the bride at the altar, being first dipped in scented water. Anne of Cleves, one of Henry the Eighth's wives, wore such a wreath at her wedding; and when people could afford it, the Rosemary branch presented to each guest was richly gilded.

The toilets of ancient times were never seen as complete without an infusion or essence of rosemary; back then, rosemary was woven into the wreath worn by brides at the altar, after being dipped in fragrant water. Anne of Cleves, one of Henry the Eighth's wives, wore such a wreath at her wedding; and when people could afford it, the rosemary branch given to each guest was lavishly gilded.

The custom which prevailed in olden times of carrying a sprig of Rosemary in the hand at a funeral, took its rise from the notion of an alexipharmick or preservative powder in this herb against pestilential disorders; and hence it was thought that the smelling thereof was a powerful defence against any morbid effluvia from the corpse.

The tradition from ancient times of holding a sprig of rosemary at a funeral originated from the belief that this herb worked as a protective powder against deadly diseases; therefore, it was believed that smelling it could provide strong defense against any harmful odors from the body.

For the same reason it was usual to burn Rosemary in the chambers of the sick, just as was formerly done with frankincense, which gave the Greeks occasion to call the Rosemary Libanotis. In the French language of flowers this herb represents the power of rekindling lost energy. "The flowers of Rosemary," says an old author, "made up into plates (lozenges), with sugar, [474] and eaten, comfort the heart, and make it merry, quicken the spirits, and make them more lively." "There's Rosemary for you—that's for remembrance! Pray you, love, remember!" says Ophelia in Hamlet. The spirit of Rosemary is kept by all druggists, and may be safely taken in doses of from twenty to thirty drops with a spoonful or two of water. Rosemary tea will soon relieve hysterical depression. Some persons drink it as a restorative at breakfast. It will help to regulate the monthly flow of women. An infusion of the herb mixed with poplar bark, and used every night, will make the hair soft, glossy, and strong.

For the same reason, it was common to burn rosemary in the rooms of the sick, just like they used to do with frankincense, which led the Greeks to call rosemary Libanotis. In the language of flowers in France, this herb symbolizes the ability to revive lost energy. "The flowers of rosemary," says an old author, "made into lozenges with sugar, [474] and eaten, comfort the heart, cheer it up, lift the spirits, and make them more lively." "There's rosemary for you—that's for remembrance! Please, my love, remember!" says Ophelia in Hamlet. The essence of rosemary is kept by all pharmacists, and it can be safely taken in doses of twenty to thirty drops mixed with a spoonful or two of water. Rosemary tea can quickly relieve hysterical depression. Some people drink it as a restorative at breakfast. It helps regulate women's monthly cycles. An infusion of the herb mixed with poplar bark, used every night, will make the hair soft, shiny, and strong.

In Northern Ireland is found the Wild Rosemary, or Marsh Tea (Ledum palustre), which has admirable curative uses, and from which, therefore, though it is not a common plant in England, a medicinal tincture (H.) is made with spirit of wine.

In Northern Ireland, you'll find Wild Rosemary, also known as Marsh Tea (Ledum palustre), which has excellent healing properties. Although it's not a common plant in England, a medicinal tincture (H.) is made from it using spirits.

The herb belongs to the Rock Rose tribe, and contains citric acid, leditannic acid, resin, wax, and a volatile principle called "ericinol."

The herb is part of the Rock Rose family and contains citric acid, leditannic acid, resin, wax, and a volatile component known as "ericinol."

This plant is of singular use as a remedy for chilblains, as well as to subdue the painful effects of a sting from a wasp or bee; also to relieve gouty pains, which attack severely, but do not cause swelling of the part, especially as regards the fingers and toes. Four or five drops of the tincture should be taken for a dose with a tablespoonful of cold water, three or four times in the day; and linen rags soaked in a lotion made with a teaspoonful of the tincture added to half a tumblerful of cold water, should be kept applied over the affected part.

This plant is uniquely useful as a treatment for chilblains, and it also helps relieve the painful effects of stings from wasps or bees, as well as easing gout pain that hits hard but doesn't cause swelling in the area, particularly in the fingers and toes. For a dose, take four or five drops of the tincture mixed with a tablespoon of cold water, three or four times a day. Additionally, keep linen rags soaked in a lotion made with a teaspoon of the tincture added to half a glass of cold water applied to the affected area.

It equally relieves whitlows; and will heal punctured wounds, if arnica, or the Marigold, or St. John's Wort is not indicated, or of use. When tested by provers in large doses, it has caused a widespread eruption of [475] eczema, with itching and tingling of the whole skin, extending into the mouth and air passages, and occasioning a violent spasmodic cough. Hence, one may fairly assume (and this has been found to hold good), that a gouty, spasmodic cough of the bronchial tubes, attended with gouty eczema, and with pains in the smaller joints, will be generally cured by tincture or infusion of the Wild Rosemary in small doses of a diluted strength, given several times a day, the diet at the same time being properly regulated. Formerly this herb was used in Germany for making beer heady; but it is now forbidden by law.

It also helps with whitlows and can heal puncture wounds if arnica, marigold, or St. John's Wort aren't suitable or helpful. When tested on people in large doses, it caused a widespread eczema rash with itching and tingling all over the skin, reaching the mouth and airways, and leading to a severe spasmodic cough. Therefore, it's reasonable to assume (and this has been proven) that a gouty, spasmodic cough in the bronchial tubes, accompanied by gouty eczema and pain in the smaller joints, can generally be cured by using tincture or infusion of Wild Rosemary in small doses of diluted strength, taken several times a day, while also maintaining a proper diet. This herb was once used in Germany to make beer stronger, but it is now prohibited by law.

RUE.

The wild Rue is found on the hills of Lancashire and Yorkshire, being more vehement in smell and in operation than the garden Rue. This latter, Ruta graveolens, (powerfully redolent), the common cultivated Rue of our kitchen gardens, is a shrub with a pungent aromatic odour, and a bitter, hot, penetrating taste, having leaves of a bluish-green colour, and remaining verdant all the year round. It is first mentioned as cultivated in England by Turner, in his Herbal, 1562, and has since become one of the best known and most widely grown Simples for medicinal and homely uses. The name Ruta is from the Greek reuo, to set free, because this herb is so efficacious in various diseases. The Greeks regarded Rue as an anti-magical herb, since it served to remedy the nervous indigestion and flatulence from which they suffered when eating before strangers: which infirmity they attributed to witchcraft. This herb was further termed of old "Serving men's joy," because of the multiplicity of common ailments which it was warranted to cure. It constituted a chief ingredient of the famous antidote of Mithridates to poisons, the formula of which [476] was found by Pompey in the satchel of the conquered King. The leaves are so acrid, that if they be much handled they inflame the skin; and the wild plant possesses this acridity still more strongly.

The wild Rue is found on the hills of Lancashire and Yorkshire, and it has a stronger smell and effects than the garden Rue. The garden Rue, Ruta graveolens, known for its strong odor, is the common cultivated Rue in our kitchen gardens. It is a shrub with a sharp, aromatic scent and a bitter, hot, penetrating taste, featuring bluish-green leaves and staying green all year round. It was first noted as cultivated in England by Turner in his Herbal in 1562, and has since become one of the best-known and most widely grown herbs for medicinal and household uses. The name Ruta comes from the Greek reuo, meaning to set free, because this herb is effective for treating various illnesses. The Greeks viewed Rue as an anti-magical herb, as it helped alleviate the nervous indigestion and flatulence they experienced when eating in front of strangers, which they believed was caused by witchcraft. This herb was historically known as "Serving men's joy" due to the wide range of common ailments it was said to cure. It was a key ingredient in the famous antidote to poisons created by Mithridates, which was discovered by Pompey in the satchel of the defeated King. The leaves are so potent that if they are handled too much, they can irritate the skin; the wild version is even more intense in this regard.

Water serves to extract the virtues of the cultivated shrub better than spirit of wine is able to do. The juice of Rue is of great efficacy in some forms of epilepsy, operating for the most part insensibly, though sometimes causing vomiting or purging.

Water is better at extracting the benefits of the cultivated shrub than alcohol is. Rue juice is very effective for some types of epilepsy, mostly working without noticeable effects, though it can occasionally cause vomiting or diarrhea.

Piperno, a Neapolitan physician, in 1625, commended Rue as a specific against epilepsy and vertigo. For the former malady at one time some of this herb was suspended round the neck of the sufferer, whilst "forsaking the devil with all his works, and invoking the Lord Jesus." Goat's Rue, Galega, is likewise of service in epilepsy and convulsions.

Piperno, a doctor from Naples, in 1625, praised Rue as a treatment for epilepsy and dizziness. For epilepsy, at one point, some of this herb was hung around the neck of the person affected while "renouncing the devil and all his actions, and calling on the Lord Jesus." Goat's Rue, Galega, is also helpful for epilepsy and seizures.

If a leaf or two of Rue be chewed, a refreshing aromatic flavour will pervade the mouth, and any nervous headache, giddiness, hysterical spasm, or palpitation, will be quickly relieved. Two drachms of powdered Rue, if taken every day regularly as a dose for a long while together, will often do wonders. It was much used by the ancients, and Hippocrates commended it. The herb is strongly stimulating and anti-spasmodic; its most important constituent being the volatile oil, which contains caprinic, pelargonic, caprylic, and oenanthylic acids. The oxygenated portion is caprinic aldehyde. In too full doses the oil causes aching of the loins, frequent urination, dulness and weight of mind, flushes of heat, unsteadiness of gait, and increased frequency of the pulse, but with diminished force. Similar symptoms are produced during an attack of the modern epidemical influenza; as like-wise by oil of wormwood, and some other essential oils.

If you chew a leaf or two of Rue, you'll get a refreshing aromatic flavor in your mouth, and it can quickly relieve any nervous headache, dizziness, anxiety, or rapid heartbeat. Taking two drachms of powdered Rue every day for a long time can work wonders. It was widely used by ancient people, and Hippocrates praised it. The herb is very stimulating and can help with spasms; its most important ingredient is the volatile oil, which includes caprinic, pelargonic, caprylic, and oenanthylic acids. The oxygenated part is caprinic aldehyde. In large doses, the oil can cause back pain, frequent urination, mental dullness and heaviness, hot flashes, unsteady walking, and a faster but weaker pulse. Similar symptoms can occur during an outbreak of modern influenza, as well as with oil of wormwood and some other essential oils.

[477] Externally, Rue is an active irritant to the skin, the bruised leaves blistering the hands, and causing a pustular eruption. Gerard says, "The wild Rue venometh the hands that touch it, and will also infect the face; therefore it is not to be admitted to meat, or medicine." It stimulates the monthly function in women, but must be used with caution.

[477] On the outside, Rue is an irritant to the skin, causing blistering of the hands and leading to a pustular rash. Gerard says, "The wild Rue poisons the hands that touch it, and can also affect the face; therefore, it should not be used in food or medicine." It stimulates menstrual cycles in women, but should be used carefully.

The decoction and infusion are to be made from the fresh plant, or (when this plant cannot be got), the oil may be given in a dose of from one to five drops. Externally, compresses saturated with a strong decoction of the plant when applied to the chest, have been used beneficially for chronic bronchitis.

The decoction and infusion should be made from the fresh plant, or if the plant isn't available, the oil can be used in doses ranging from one to five drops. For external use, compresses soaked in a strong decoction of the plant, when applied to the chest, have been beneficial for chronic bronchitis.

Rue is best adapted to those of phlegmatic habit, and of languid constitutional energies. It is often employed in the form of tea. The Schola Salernitana says about this plant:—

Rue is best suited for people with a calm temperament and low energy levels. It's often used as a tea. The Schola Salernitana says about this plant:—

    "Ruta viris minuit venerem, mulieribus addit
    Ruta facit castum, dat lumen, et ingerit astum
    Coctaque ruta facit de pulicibus loca tuta."

"Rue weakens men's desire and increases women's
Rue keeps you pure, brings light, and adds cleverness
Cooked rue keeps you safe from fleas."

"Rue maketh chaste: and eke preserveth sight;
Infuseth wit, and putteth fleas to flight."

"Rue keeps one pure: and also preserves sight;
It fills the mind with wisdom, and drives away fleas."

The leaves promote the menses, being given in doses of from fifteen to twenty grains. "Pliny," says John Evelyn, "reports Rue to be of such effect for the preservation of sight that the painters of his time used to devour a great quantity of it; and the herb is still eaten by the Italians frequently mingled amongst their salads." With respect to its use in epilepsy, Julius Caesar Baricellus said: "I gave to my own children two scruples of the juice of Rue, and a small matter of gold; and, by the blessing of God, they were freed from their fits." The essential oil of Rue may be used for the same purpose, and in like manner.

The leaves encourage menstruation, usually taken in doses of fifteen to twenty grains. "Pliny," as noted by John Evelyn, "reported that Rue was so effective for preserving eyesight that the painters of his time would eat large amounts of it; and the herb is still commonly eaten by Italians, often mixed into their salads." Regarding its use in epilepsy, Julius Caesar Baricellus stated: "I gave my own children two scruples of Rue juice and a small amount of gold; and, with God's blessing, they were cured of their seizures." The essential oil of Rue can be used for the same purpose and in a similar way.

[478] Formerly this plant was thought to bestow second sight; and so sacred a regard was at one time felt for it in our islands, that the missionaries sprinkled their holy water from brushes made of the Rue; for which cause it was named "Herb of Grace."

[478] In the past, this plant was believed to grant second sight; and it was so highly valued in our islands that missionaries used brushes made from Rue to sprinkle their holy water. Because of this, it was called "Herb of Grace."

Gerard tells us: "The garden Rue, which is better than the wild Rue for physic's use, grows most profitably (as Dioscorides said) under a fig tree." Country people boil its leaves with treacle, thus making a conserve of them. These leaves are curative of croup in poultry.

Gerard tells us: "The garden Rue, which is better than wild Rue for medicinal use, grows most effectively (as Dioscorides said) under a fig tree." People in the countryside boil its leaves with treacle, making a preserve from them. These leaves can cure croup in chickens.

In the early part of the present century it was customary for judges, sitting at Assize, to have sprigs of Rue placed on the bench of the dock, as defensive against the pestilential infection brought into court from gaol by the prisoners. The herb was supposed to afford powerful protection from contagion.

In the early part of this century, it was common for judges sitting at Assize to have sprigs of Rue placed on the bench of the dock as a defense against the harmful infection brought into court by the prisoners from jail. The herb was believed to provide strong protection from contagion.

At the present time the medicinal tincture (H.) is used for the treatment of rheumatism when developed in the membranes which invest the bones. If bruised and applied, the leaves will ease the severe pain of sciatica. The expressed juice taken in small quantities is a noted remedy for nervous nightmare. A quaint old rhyme says of the plant:—

At this time, the medicinal tincture (H.) is used to treat rheumatism when it occurs in the membranes around the bones. If the leaves are crushed and applied, they can relieve the severe pain of sciatica. The juice, when taken in small amounts, is a well-known remedy for nervous nightmares. An old rhyme says about the plant:—

"Nobilis est ruta quia lumina reddit acuta."

"Noble is the rue because it sharpens the senses."

    "Noble is Rue! it makes the sight of eyes both sharp and clear;
    With help of Rue, oh! blear-eyed man I thou shalt see far and
    near."

"Noble is Rue! It sharpens your vision and clarifies your sight;
With the help of Rue, oh! bleary-eyed man, you will see both far and
near."

This is essentially the case when the vision has become dim through over exertion of the eyes. It was with "Euphrasy and Rue" the visual nerve of Adam was purged by Milton's Angel.

This is basically what happens when your vision gets blurry from straining your eyes too much. It was with "Euphrasy and Rue" that Milton's Angel helped clear Adam's eyesight.

As a preserver of chastity Ophelia was made by Shakespeare to give
Rue to Hamlet's mother, the Queen of Denmark.

As a symbol of purity, Ophelia was created by Shakespeare to give
Rue to Hamlet's mother, the Queen of Denmark.

[479] RUSHES.

The true Rushes (Juncaceoe) include the Soft Rush (effusus); the Hard Rush (glaucus); and the Common Rush (conglomeratus). The Bulrush (Pool Rush) is a Sedge; the Club Rush is a Typha; and the flowering Rush, a Butomus. "Rish" was the old method of spelling the name.

The true Rushes (Juncaceoe) include the Soft Rush (effusus), the Hard Rush (glaucus), and the Common Rush (conglomeratus). The Bulrush (Pool Rush) is a Sedge; the Club Rush is a Typha; and the flowering Rush is a Butomus. "Rish" was the old way of spelling the name.

A medicinal tincture is made (H.) from the fresh root of the juncus effusus. It will be found helpful against spinal irritability, with some crampy tightness felt in the arms and legs, together with headache and flatulent indigestion. Four or five drops should be given for a dose, with a spoonful of water, three or four times in the day.

A medicinal tincture is made (H.) from the fresh root of the juncus effusus. It is helpful for spinal irritability, crampy tightness in the arms and legs, as well as headache and bloating. Four or five drops should be taken per dose, mixed with a spoonful of water, three or four times a day.

This, the Soft Rush, is commonly used for tying the bines of hops to the poles; and, as these bines grow larger in size, the rushes wither, setting the bines free in a timely fashion. To find a green-topped Seave, or Rush, and a four-leaved Clover, is, in rural estimation, equally lucky.

This, the Soft Rush, is often used to tie hop bines to poles; as these bines grow larger, the rushes wilt, releasing the bines at just the right time. Finding a green-topped Seave or Rush and a four-leaf Clover is considered equally lucky in rural areas.

The generic title, Juncus, has been applied because Rushes are in conjunction when planted together for making cordage.

The general name, Juncus, has been used because rushes are in conjunction when grouped together to make cordage.

The common Rush is found by roadsides in damp pastures, and is readily known by its long, slender, round, naked stem, containing pith, and showing about the middle of July a dense globular bead of brown flowers. Rushes of this sort were employed by our remote ancestors for strewing, when fresh and green, about the floor of the hall after discontinuing its big fire at Eastertide. Shakespeare says in Romeo and Juliet:—

The common rush grows along roadsides in wet fields and is easily identified by its long, thin, round, bare stem, which has pith inside and produces a dense ball of brown flowers around mid-July. Our distant ancestors used these rushes when fresh and green to scatter on the hall floor after putting out the big fire during Easter. Shakespeare mentions it in Romeo and Juliet:—

"Wantons, light of heart,
Tickle the senseless rushes with their heels."

"Carefree souls, full of joy,
Stomp on the mindless grass with their heels."

[480] In obedience to a bequest (1494); Rushes are still strewn about the pavement of Redcliff Church at Bristol every Whit-Sunday. The common phrase, "not worth a Rush," took its origin from this general practice. Distinguished guests were honoured in mediaeval times with clean fresh Rushes; but those of inferior rank had either the Rushes left by their superiors, or none at all.

[480] In accordance with a gift (1494); Rushes are still spread across the pavement of Redcliff Church in Bristol every Whit-Sunday. The common saying, "not worth a Rush," comes from this tradition. In medieval times, distinguished guests were honored with clean, fresh Rushes; however, those of lower status either received the Rushes left by their superiors or none at all.

The sweet-scented "Flag," or Rush (Acorus calamus), was always used by preference where it could be procured. It is a native of this country, growing on watery banks, and very plentiful in the river's of Norfolk, from whence the London market is supplied. The roots have a warm, bitter taste, and the essential oil is highly aromatic, this being used for preparing aromatic vinegar. In Norfolk the powdered dry rhizome is given for ague. With sugar it makes an agreeable cordial conserve. (See Flag (Sweet), page 201 ). For preserving the aromatic qualities within the dried rhizome; or root, it should be kept in stock unpeeled. This contains "oleum calami," and the bitter principle "acorin." Some of the root may be habitually chewed for the relief of chronic indigestion. The odorous delights of a pastoral time passed near these sweetly-fragrant plants have been happily alluded to in the well-known lines of idyllic verse:—

The sweet-scented "Flag," or Rush (Acorus calamus), was always preferred when it was available. It's a native plant that grows along watery banks and is quite common in the rivers of Norfolk, which supply the London market. The roots have a warm, bitter taste, and the essential oil is very aromatic, used for making aromatic vinegar. In Norfolk, the powdered dry rhizome is used to treat ague. Mixed with sugar, it creates a pleasant cordial conserve. (See Flag (Sweet), page 201). To preserve the aromatic qualities of the dried rhizome or root, it should be stored unpeeled. This contains "oleum calami" and the bitter component "acorin." Chewing some of the root regularly can help with chronic indigestion. The fragrant joys of a rural time spent near these sweet-smelling plants have been nicely referenced in the famous lines of idyllic poetry:—

    "Green grow the Rushes, oh!
    Green grow the Rushes, oh!
    The sweetest hours that e'er I spent
    Were spent among the lasses, oh!"

"Green grow the rushes, oh!
    Green grow the rushes, oh!
    The best times I've ever had
    Were with the girls, oh!"

    "Virent junci fluviales,
    Junci prope lymphas:
    Ah! quain ridet quoe me videt
    Hora inter Nymphas!"

"Green river rushes,
    Rushes near the waters:
    Ah! how she smiles who sees me
    In the company of the Nymphs!"

[481] The old saying, "As fit as Tib's Rush for Tom's fore-finger," alludes to an ancient custom of making spurious marriages with a ring constructed from a Rush. Tom and Tib were vulgar epithets applied in Shakespeare's time to the rogue, and the wanton.

[481] The old saying, "As fit as Tib's Rush for Tom's fore-finger," refers to an old custom of having fake marriages using a ring made from a rush plant. Tom and Tib were common insult names used during Shakespeare's time for a scoundrel and a promiscuous person.

The Bulrush (Scirpus lacustris) is a tall, aquatic plant, which belongs to the Sedge tribe. It name was formerly spelt "Pole Rush," and was given because this grows in pools of water, and not like other Rushes, in mire. Bottoms of chairs are frequently made with its stems. Its seed is prepared medicinally, being astringent and somewhat sedative; "So soporiferous," says Gerard, "that care must be had in the administration thereof, lest in provoking sleep you induce a drowsiness, or dead sleep." Street hawkers, in Autumn, offer as Bulrushes the tall, round spikes of the Great Reed Mace, which is not a true Rush. Artists are responsible in the first instance for the mistake—notably Paul De la Roche, in his famous picture of "The Finding of Moses." The future great leader of the Israelites is there depicted in an ark amid a forest of Great Cat's-tail Reeds.

The Bulrush (Scirpus lacustris) is a tall, aquatic plant that belongs to the Sedge family. It was previously spelled "Pole Rush" because it grows in pools of water, unlike other Rushes that thrive in muddy areas. The stems are often used to make the bottoms of chairs. Its seeds are used for medicinal purposes, as they are astringent and have a mild sedative effect; "So soporific," says Gerard, "that you need to be careful in administering it, lest you induce drowsiness or a deep sleep." In Autumn, street vendors sell what they call Bulrushes, which are actually the tall, round spikes of the Great Reed Mace, not a true Rush. Artists are primarily to blame for this mix-up, especially Paul De la Roche in his famous painting "The Finding of Moses," where the future leader of the Israelites is shown in an ark surrounded by a forest of Great Cat's-tail Reeds.

The flowering Rush, or water gladiole, which grows by the banks of rivers is called botanically "butomus," from the Greek, bous, an ox, and temno, to cut, because the sharp edges of the erect three-cornered leaf-blades wound the cattle which come in contact with them, or try to eat them. Its root is highly esteemed in Russia for the cure of hydrophobia, being regarded by the doctors as a specific for that disease. Its flowers are large, and of a splendid rose colour. The seeds promote the monthly flow in women, act on disordered kidneys, prove astringent against fluxes, and serve to woo sleep in nervous wakefulness. Gerard tells that "the seed [482] of Rushes drieth the overmuch flowing of women's termes."

The flowering Rush, or water gladiolus, which grows along riverbanks, is scientifically known as "butomus," derived from the Greek words bous, meaning ox, and temno, meaning to cut, because the sharp edges of its upright three-cornered leaf blades can injure cattle that come into contact with them or try to eat them. Its root is highly valued in Russia for treating hydrophobia, as doctors consider it an effective remedy for that condition. The flowers are large and a striking rose color. The seeds encourage menstruation in women, help with kidney issues, act as an astringent for excessive bleeding, and promote sleep in cases of nervous insomnia. Gerard mentions that "the seed [482] of Rushes dries up the excess flow of women's terms."

The Reed Mace, or Cat's-tail, is often incorrectly called Bulrush, though it is a typha (tuphos, marsh) plant.

The Reed Mace, or Cat's-tail, is often mistakenly referred to as Bulrush, even though it is a typha (tuphos, marsh) plant.

The Bog Asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum) grows in bogs, and bears a spike of yellow, star-like flowers. Its second nominative was given to signify its causing the bones of cattle which feed thereon to become soft; but probably this morbid state is incurred rather through the exhalations arising from the bogs where the cattle are pastured. To the same plant has been given also the name "Mayden heere," because young damsels formerly used it for making their hair yellow.

The Bog Asphodel (Narthecium ossifragum) grows in bogs and has a spike of yellow, star-shaped flowers. Its second name was given to indicate that it causes the bones of cattle that eat it to become soft; however, this condition is likely caused more by the gases emitted from the bogs where the cattle graze. The plant is also called "Mayden heere," as young women used to use it to dye their hair yellow.

The Great Cat's-tail (Typha palustris), or Great Reed Mace, a perennial reed common in Great Britain, affords by the tender white part of its stalks when peeled near the root, a crisp, cooling, pleasant article of food. This is eaten raw with avidity by the Cossacks. Aristophanes makes mention of the Mace in his comedy of frogs who were glad to have spent their day skipping about inter Cyperum et Phleum, among Galingale and Cat's-tail. Sacred pictures which represent our Saviour wearing the crown of thorns, place this reed in His hands as given Him in mockery for a kingly Mace. The same Typha has been further called "Dunse-down," from making persons "dunch," or deaf, if its soft spikes accidentally run into the ears. "Ejus enim paniculoe flos si aures intraverit, exsurdat." It is reasonable to suppose that, on the principle of similars, a preparation of this plant, if applied topically within the ear, as well as taken medicinally, will be curative of a like deafness. Most probably the injury to the hearing caused by the spikes at first is toxic as well as of the nature of an injury. The Poet Laureate sings of "Sleepy breath made sweet [483] with Galingale" (Cyperus longus). Other names again are, "Chimney-sweeper's brush"; "Blackheads" until ripe, then "Whiteheads"; and "Water torch," because its panicles, if soaked in oil, will burn like a torch.

The Great Cat's-tail (Typha palustris), also known as Great Reed Mace, is a perennial reed commonly found in Great Britain. The tender white part of its stalks, when peeled near the root, is a crisp, refreshing, and enjoyable food item. The Cossacks eat this raw with great enthusiasm. Aristophanes references the Mace in his comedy about frogs who were pleased to spend their day hopping around inter Cyperum et Phleum, in the company of Galingale and Cat's-tail. Sacred artworks depicting our Savior wearing the crown of thorns show this reed in His hands, given to Him in mockery as a royal Mace. This same Typha has also been called "Dunse-down," because its soft spikes can accidentally get into people's ears, making them "dunch," or deaf. "Ejus enim paniculoe flos si aures intraverit, exsurdat." It's reasonable to think that, based on the principle of similars, a preparation of this plant, if applied topically in the ear or taken medicinally, could help cure similar deafness. Likely, the hearing damage caused by the spikes initially has both toxic effects and the nature of an injury. The Poet Laureate sings of "Sleepy breath made sweet [483] with Galingale" (Cyperus longus). Other names include "Chimney-sweeper's brush"; "Blackheads" before they ripen, then "Whiteheads"; and "Water torch," because its panicles, when soaked in oil, can burn like a torch.

SAFFRON (Meadow and Cultivated).

SAFFRON (Wild and Farmed).

The Meadow Saffron (Colchicum autumnale) is a common wild Crocus found in English meadows, especially about the Midland districts. The flower appears in the autumn before the leaves and fruit, which are not produced until the following spring. Its corollae resemble those of the true Saffron, a native of the East, but long cultivated in Great Britain, where it is sometimes found apparently wild. They are plants of the Iris order.

The Meadow Saffron (Colchicum autumnale) is a common wild Crocus found in English meadows, especially in the Midlands. The flower blooms in the autumn before the leaves and fruit, which don't appear until the following spring. Its petals look similar to those of true Saffron, which is originally from the East but has been cultivated in Great Britain for a long time, where it can sometimes be found growing wild. They belong to the Iris family.

From the Meadow Saffron is obtained a corm or bulb, dug up in the spring, of which the well-known tincture of colchicum, a specific for rheumatism, is made; and from the true Saffron flowers are taken the familiar orange red stigmata, which furnish the fragrant colouring matter used by confectioners in cakes, and by the apothecary for his syrup of Saffron, etc.

From the Meadow Saffron, a corm or bulb is harvested in the spring, from which the well-known tincture of colchicum, a remedy for rheumatism, is made; and from the true Saffron, the familiar orange-red stigmas are collected, providing the fragrant coloring used by bakers in cakes and by pharmacists for their saffron syrup, among other things.

The flower of the Meadow Saffron rises bare from the earth, and is, therefore, called "Upstart" and "Naked Lady." This plant owes its botanical name Colchicum, to Colchis, in Natalia, which abounded in poisonous vegetables, and gave rise to the fiction about the enchantress Medea. She renewed the vitality of her aged father, AEneas, by drawing blood out of his veins and refilling them with the juices of certain herbs. The fabled origin of the Saffron plant ran thus. A certain young man named Crocus went to play at quoits in a field with Mercurie, when the quoit of his companion happened by misfortune to hit him on the head, whereby, before long, he died, to the great sorrow of [484] his friends. Finally, in the place where he had bled, Saffron was found to be growing: whereupon, the people, seeing the colour of the chine as it stood, adjusted it to come of the blood of Crocus, and therefore they gave it his name. The medicinal properties of Colchicum have been known from a very early period. In the reign of James the First (1615), Sir Theodore Mayerne administered the bulb to his majesty together with the powder of unburied skulls. In France, it has always been a favourite specific for gout; and during the reign of Louis the Fifteenth, it became very fashionable under the name of Eau Medicinale; but the remedy is somewhat dangerous, and should never be incautiously used. Instances are on record where fatal results have followed too large a medicinal dose, even on the following day, after taking sixty drops of the wine of Colchicum overnight; and when given in much smaller doses it sometimes acts as a powerfully irritating purgative, or as an emetic. The medicine should not be employed except by a doctor; its habitual use is very harmful.

The Meadow Saffron flower rises straight from the ground, earning it the nicknames "Upstart" and "Naked Lady." This plant gets its botanical name Colchicum from Colchis in Natalia, a place known for its poisonous plants, which inspired the story of the enchantress Medea. She restored her aging father, AEneas, by drawing blood from his veins and replacing it with the juices of certain herbs. The myth of the Saffron plant goes like this: a young man named Crocus was playing quoits in a field with Mercury when his friend's quoit accidentally struck him on the head, leading to his untimely death, much to the heartbreak of his friends. Eventually, Saffron grew from the spot where he bled, and the locals, noting the color of the flower, claimed it came from Crocus's blood, which is why they named it after him. The medicinal uses of Colchicum have been known for a long time. During the reign of James the First (1615), Sir Theodore Mayerne gave the bulb to the king along with powder from unburied skulls. In France, it has always been a popular remedy for gout; during Louis the Fifteenth's reign, it became quite fashionable under the name Eau Medicinale. However, this remedy can be quite dangerous and should never be used carelessly. There are recorded cases where taking too large a dose resulted in fatal outcomes, even the next day after consuming sixty drops of Colchicum wine overnight. When given in much smaller doses, it can sometimes act as a powerful irritant or as an emetic. This medicine should only be used under the supervision of a doctor; regular use can be very harmful.

The acrimony of the bulb may be modified in a measure if it, or its seeds, are steeped in vinegar before being taken as a medicine.

The bitterness of the bulb can be somewhat changed if it, or its seeds, are soaked in vinegar before being used as a remedy.

The French designate the roots of the Meadow Saffron (Colchicum) as "Tue-chien"; "morte aux chiens," "death to dogs."

The French call the roots of the Meadow Saffron (Colchicum) "Tue-chien"; "morte aux chiens," which means "death to dogs."

Alexander of Tralles, a Greek physician of the sixth century, was the first to advise Colchicum (Hermodactylon) for gout, with the effect that patients, immediately after its exhibition, found themselves able to walk. "But," said he, and with shrewd truth, "it has this bad property, that it disposes those who take it curatively for gout or rheumatism, to be afterwards more frequently attacked with the disease than before."

Alexander of Tralles, a Greek doctor from the sixth century, was the first to recommend Colchicum (Hermodactylon) for gout, and patients found that they could walk again soon after taking it. "However," he wisely noted, "it has this drawback: those who use it as a treatment for gout or rheumatism often find themselves experiencing the disease more frequently afterward."

[485] Our druggists supply an officinal tincture of Colchicum (Meadow Saffron) made from the seeds, the dose of which is from ten to thirty drops, with a spoonful of water; also a wine infused from the bulb, of which the dose is the same as that of the tincture, twice or three times a day; and an acetous extract prepared from the thickened juice of the crushed bulbs, of which from half to two grains may be given in a pilule, or dissolved in water, twice or three times a day, until the active symptoms are subdued, and then less often for another day or two afterwards. The most important chemical constituent of the bulb, flowers, and seeds, is "Colchicin." Besides this there are contained starch, gum, sugar, tannin, and some fatty resinous matter. There is also a fixed oil in the seeds.

[485] Our pharmacists provide an official tincture of Colchicum (Meadow Saffron) made from the seeds, with a dosage of ten to thirty drops mixed with a spoonful of water; they also offer a wine infused from the bulb, with the same dosage as the tincture, taken two or three times a day; and an acetous extract made from the thickened juice of crushed bulbs, with a dosage of half to two grains given in a pill or dissolved in water, taken two or three times a day until the active symptoms subside, and then less frequently for another day or two afterwards. The most important chemical component of the bulb, flowers, and seeds is "Colchicin." In addition, they also contain starch, gum, sugar, tannin, and some fatty resinous substances. There is also a fixed oil in the seeds.

Crocus vernus, the True Saffron, grows wild about Halifax, and in the neighbourhood of Derby; but for commercial uses the supply of stigmata is had from Greece, and Asia Minor. This plant was cultivated in England as far back as during the reign of Edward the Third. It is said that a pilgrim then brought from the Levant to England the first root of Saffron, concealed in a hollow staff, doing the same thing at the peril of his life, and planting such root at Saffron Walden, in Essex, whence the place has derived its name.

Crocus vernus, the True Saffron, grows wild around Halifax and near Derby; however, for commercial purposes, the supply of stigmata comes from Greece and Asia Minor. This plant has been cultivated in England since the reign of Edward the Third. It's said that a pilgrim brought the first Saffron root from the Levant to England, hidden in a hollow staff, risking his life to do so, and planted that root in Saffron Walden, Essex, which is how the place got its name.

The stigmata are picked out, then dried in a kiln, over a hair cloth, and pressed afterwards into cakes, of which the aromatic quality is very volatile. The plant was formerly cultivated at Saffron Walden, where it was presented in silver cups by the Corporation to some of our sovereigns, who visited Walden for the ceremony. Five guineas were paid by the Corporation for the pound of Saffron which they purchased for Queen Elizabeth; and to constitute this quantity forty [486] thousand flowers were required. The City Arms of Walden bears three Saffron plants, as given by a Charter of Edward the Sixth. Saffron Hill, in Holborn, London, belonged formerly to Ely House, and got its name from the crops of saffron which were grown there: "Occult? Spolia hi Croceo de colle ferebant" (Comic Latin Grammar).

The stigmata are picked, dried in a kiln over a hair cloth, and then pressed into cakes, which have a very volatile aromatic quality. The plant used to be grown in Saffron Walden, where it was served in silver cups by the Corporation to some of our monarchs who visited Walden for the ceremony. The Corporation paid five guineas for a pound of saffron purchased for Queen Elizabeth, which required forty thousand flowers to make. The City Arms of Walden features three saffron plants, as granted by a Charter from Edward the Sixth. Saffron Hill in Holborn, London, used to belong to Ely House and got its name from the saffron crops that were grown there: "Occult? Spolia hi Croceo de colle ferebant" (Comic Latin Grammar).

In our rural districts there is a popular custom of giving Saffron tea in measles, on the doctrine of colour analogy; to which notion may likewise be referred the practice of adding Saffron to the drinking water of canaries when they are moulting.

In our rural areas, there's a common tradition of giving Saffron tea to people with measles, based on the idea of color similarity. This belief also explains why Saffron is added to the drinking water of canaries while they're molting.

In England, it was fashionable during the seventh century to make use of starch stained yellow with Saffron; and in an old cookery book of that period, it is directed that "Saffron must be put into all Lenten soups, sauces, and dishes; also that without Saffron we cannot have well-cooled peas." Confectioners were wont to make their pastry attractive with Saffron. So the Clown says in Shakespeare's Winter's Tale, "I must have Saffron to colour the warden pies." We read of a Saffron-tub in the kitchen of Bishop Swinfield, 1296. During the fourteenth century Saffron was cultivated in the herbarium of the manor-house, and the castle. Throughout Devonshire this product is quoted to signify anything costly.

In England, during the 7th century, it was trendy to use starch dyed yellow with saffron. An old cookbook from that time instructs that "saffron must be added to all Lenten soups, sauces, and dishes; also, without saffron, we can't have well-cooked peas." Bakers often used saffron to make their pastries appealing. As the Clown says in Shakespeare's Winter's Tale, "I need saffron to color the warden pies." There’s mention of a saffron tub in the kitchen of Bishop Swinfield from 1296. In the 14th century, saffron was grown in the manor house's herb garden and at the castle. Throughout Devonshire, this ingredient is referred to as anything expensive.

Henry the Eighth forbade persons to colour with Saffron the long locks of hair worn then, and called Glibbes. Lord Bacon said, "the English are rendered sprightly by a liberal use of Saffron in sweetmeats and broth": also, "Saffron conveys medicine to the heart, cures its palpitation, removes melancholy and uneasiness, revives the brain, renders the mind cheerful, and generates boldness." The restorative plant has been termed "Cor hominis;" "Anima [487] pulmonum," "the Heart of Man"; and there is an old saying alluding to one of a merry temper, "Dormivit in sacco Croci," "he has slept in a sack of Saffron." It was called by the ancients "Aurum philosophorum," contracted to "Aroph." Also, Sanguis Herculis, and Rex Vegetabilium, "being given with good success to procure bodily lust." The English word Saffron comes from the Arabian—Zahafram—whilst the name Crocus of this golden plant is taken from the Greek_ krokee_—a thread— signifying the dry thin stigmata of the flower. Old Fuller wrote "the Crocodile's tears are never true save when he is forced where Saffron groweth (whence he hath his name of Croco-deilos, or the Saffron-fearer), knowing himself to be all poison, and it all antidote." Frequently Marigold stigmata are cheaply used for adulterating the true Saffron.

Henry the Eighth banned people from coloring their long hair, known as Glibbes, with saffron. Lord Bacon said, "the English are lively thanks to the generous use of saffron in sweets and broth": he also noted, "Saffron helps the heart, eases its racing, lifts sadness and discomfort, boosts the brain, makes the mind bright, and inspires courage." This healing plant has been called "Cor hominis;" "Anima [487] pulmonum," "the Heart of Man"; and there's an old saying about someone who is cheerful, "Dormivit in sacco Croci," "he has slept in a sack of saffron." The ancients referred to it as "Aurum philosophorum," shortened to "Aroph." It was also known as Sanguis Herculis, and Rex Vegetabilium, "successfully used to encourage physical desire." The English word saffron comes from the Arabic Zahafram, while the name Crocus for this golden plant is derived from the Greek krokee—a thread—referring to the dry thin stigmas of the flower. Old Fuller wrote, "the crocodile's tears are never genuine unless he's forced where saffron grows (from which he gets the name Croco-deilos, or the saffron-fearer), knowing he's all poison, and that it's all an antidote." Often, marigold stigmas are used cheaply to adulterate true saffron.

Homer introduces Saffron as one of the flowers which formed the nuptial couch of Jupiter: and Solomon mentioned it as growing in his garden: "Spikenard and saffron: calamus, and cinnamon" (Canticles iv., 14). Pliny states that wine in which Saffron was macerated gave a fragrant odour to theatres about which it was sprinkled. The Cilician doctors advised Cleopatra to take Saffron for clearing her complexion.

Homer mentions Saffron as one of the flowers that made the wedding bed of Jupiter, and Solomon referred to it as growing in his garden: "Spikenard and saffron: calamus, and cinnamon" (Canticles iv., 14). Pliny noted that wine infused with Saffron created a pleasant scent in theaters where it was sprinkled. The Cilician doctors recommended Saffron to Cleopatra for improving her complexion.

The medicinal use of Saffron has always obtained amongst the Orientals. According to a treatise, Croco-logia (1670), by Hartodt, it was then employed as a medicine, as a pigment, and for seasoning various kinds of food. The colouring matter of Saffron is a substance called polychroite, or crocin; and its slightly stimulating properties depend upon a volatile oil.

The medicinal use of saffron has always been prevalent among Eastern cultures. According to a treatise, Croco-logia (1670), by Hartodt, it was used as medicine, a dye, and to flavor different types of food. The coloring agent in saffron is a substance called polychroite, or crocin; its mildly stimulating effects come from a volatile oil.

Boerhaave said that Saffron possesses the power of liquefying the blood; hence, "Women who use it too freely suffer from immoderate menses." A tincture is [488] made (H.) from the Saffron of commerce, which is of essential use for controlling female haemorrhages. Four or five drops of the tincture may be given with a spoonful of water every three or four hours for this purpose. The same tincture is good for impaired vision, when there is a sense of gauze before the eyes, which the person tries to wink, or wipe away. Smelling strongly and frequently at the Hay Saffron of commerce (obtained from Spain and France), will cause headache, stupor, and heavy sleep; whilst, during its internal use, the urine becomes of a deep yellow colour.

Boerhaave noted that Saffron has the ability to thin the blood; therefore, "Women who use it excessively experience heavy periods." A tincture is [488] made (H.) from commercially available Saffron, which is essential for managing female bleeding. Four or five drops of the tincture can be taken with a spoonful of water every three or four hours for this purpose. The same tincture is also effective for poor vision, especially when there is a feeling of a veil in front of the eyes that the person tries to blink away. Inhaling the scent of commercial Hay Saffron (sourced from Spain and France) too strongly and frequently can lead to headaches, drowsiness, and deep sleep; meanwhile, during its internal use, the urine turns a deep yellow color.

Of the syrup of Saffron, which is a slightly stimulating exhilarant, and which possesses a rich colour, from one to two teaspoonfuls may be given for a dose, with two tablespoonfuls of cold water. It serves to energise the organs within the middle trunk of both males and females; also to recruit an exhausted brain.

Of the saffron syrup, which is a mildly stimulating pick-me-up and has a vibrant color, you can take one to two teaspoons mixed with two tablespoons of cold water. It helps to energize the organs in the torso of both men and women and also revitalizes a tired brain.

In Devonshire, Saffron used to be regarded as a most valuable remedy to restore consumptive patients, even when far advanced in the disease, and it was, therefore, esteemed of great worth:—

In Devonshire, Saffron was once seen as a highly valued treatment for recovering patients with consumption, even in the later stages of the disease, and was thus considered to be very valuable:—

"Nec poteris croci dotes numerare, nec usus."

"Neither can you count the gifts of the crocus, nor its use."

Saffron is such a special remedy for those that have consumption of the lungs, and are—as we term it—at death's door, and almost past breathing, "that it bringeth breath again, and prolongeth life for certain days, if ten, or twenty grains at most, be given in new, or sweet wine. It presently, and in a moment, removeth away difficulty of breathing, which most dangerously and suddenly happeneth."

Saffron is a unique treatment for those suffering from lung disease and are, as we say, close to death and barely able to breathe. "It restores breath and extends life for a few days, usually when ten or twenty grains are given in fresh or sweet wine. It quickly and instantly alleviates breathing difficulties, which can occur most dangerously and suddenly."

In Westphalia, an apple mixed with Saffron, on the doctrine of signatures, is given on Easter Monday, against jaundice. Evelyn tells us: "The German [489] housewives have a way of forming Saffron into balls; by mingling it with a little honey, which, when thoroughly dried, they reduce to powder, and sprinkle it over their sallets for a noble cordial." Those of Spain and Italy, we know, generally make use of this flower, mingling its golden tincture with almost everything they eat. But, an excessive use of Saffron proves harmful. It will produce an intense pain in the head, and imperil the reason. Half-a-scruple, i.e., ten grains, should be the largest dose. In fuller doses this tincture will provoke a determination of blood to the head, with bleeding from the nose, and sometimes with a disposition to immoderate laughter. Small doses, therefore, of the diluted tincture, ought to relieve these symptoms when they occur as spontaneous illness. The inhabitants of Eastern countries regard Saffron as a fine restorative, and nuptial invitations are often powdered by them with this medicament.

In Westphalia, an apple mixed with saffron is given on Easter Monday to combat jaundice. Evelyn tells us: "German housewives have a method of forming saffron into balls; they mix it with a little honey, and once it's thoroughly dried, they grind it into powder and sprinkle it over their salads for a fancy touch." In Spain and Italy, they commonly use this flower, mixing its golden color with almost everything they eat. However, using too much saffron can be harmful. It can cause severe headaches and even affect your sanity. Half a scruple, which is about ten grains, should be the maximum amount. Higher doses can lead to increased blood flow to the head, nosebleeds, and sometimes an uncontrollable urge to laugh. Therefore, small doses of the diluted tincture should help relieve these symptoms when they happen as an illness. People in Eastern countries see saffron as a great restorative, and they often dust wedding invitations with this spice.

In Ireland women dye their sheets with Saffron to preserve them from vermin, and to strengthen their own limbs.

In Ireland, women dye their sheets with saffron to protect them from pests and to strengthen their bodies.

    "Green herbs, red pepper, mussels, Saffron,
        Soles, onions, garlic, roach and dace;
    All these you eat at Ferre's tavern
        In that one dish of bouillabaisse."
                            —Thackeray.

"Green herbs, red pepper, mussels, Saffron,
        Soles, onions, garlic, roach and dace;
    All these you enjoy at Ferre's tavern
        In that one dish of bouillabaisse."
                            —Thackeray.

SAGE.

Our garden Sage, a familiar occupant of the English herb bed, was formerly celebrated as a medicine of great virtue. This was the Elalisphakos of the Greeks, so called from its dry and withered looking leaves. It grows wild in the South of Europe, but is a cultivated Simple in England, France, and Germany. Like other labiate herbs [490] it is aromatic and fragrant, because containing a volatile, camphoraceous, essential oil.

Our garden sage, a common plant in the English herb garden, used to be well-known for its medicinal benefits. This was the Elalisphakos of the Greeks, named for its dry and withered-looking leaves. It grows wild in Southern Europe but is cultivated as a simple herb in England, France, and Germany. Like other mint family herbs [490], it is aromatic and fragrant due to its content of a volatile, camphor-like essential oil.

All parts of the plant have a strong-scented odour, and a warm, bitter, astringent taste. The Latin name, Salvia, has become corrupted through Sauja, sauge, to Sage, and is derived from salvere, "to be sound," in reference to the medicinally curative properties of the plant.

All parts of the plant have a strong smell and a warm, bitter, astringent taste. The Latin name, Salvia, has evolved into Sauja, sauge, and finally Sage, and comes from salvere, which means "to be sound," referring to the plant's healing properties.

A well-known monkish line about it ran to this effect: Cur moriatur homo cui Salvia crescit in horto? "Why should a man die whilst Sage grows in his garden?" And even at this time, in many parts of England, the following piece of advice is carefully adopted every year:—

A well-known saying among monks goes like this: Cur moriatur homo cui Salvia crescit in horto? "Why should a man die while Sage is growing in his garden?" Even today, in many parts of England, these words of advice are followed every year:—

"He that would live for aye
Must eat Sage in May."

"He who wants to live forever
Must eat sage in May."

During the time of Charlemagne, the school of Salerno thought so highly of Sage that they originated the dictum quoted above of Saracenic old pharmacy, but they wisely added a second line:—

During Charlemagne's era, the school of Salerno held Sage in such high regard that they came up with the saying mentioned above about the ancient Saracenic pharmacy, but they sensibly added a second line:—

"Contra vim mortis non est medicamen in hortis."

"Against the power of death, there is no remedy in the garden."

The essential oil of the herb may be more readily dissolved in a spirituous than in a watery vehicle. Of this, the active principle is "salviol," which confers the power of resisting putrefaction on animal substances; whilst the bitterness and condimentary pungency of the herb enable the stomach to digest rich, luscious meats and gravies, if it be eaten therewith.

The essential oil of the herb is more easily dissolved in alcohol than in water. The active ingredient is "salviol," which gives it the ability to prevent decay in animal substances. Additionally, the bitterness and spicy flavor of the herb help the stomach digest rich, fatty meats and sauces if it's eaten with them.

Hence has arisen the custom of stuffing ducks for the table, and geese, with the conventional Sage and onions. Or there is no better way of taking Sage as a stomachic wholesome herb than by eating it with bread and butter. In Buckinghamshire a tradition maintains [491] that the wife rules where Sage grows vigorously in the garden: and it is believed that this plant will thrive or wither, just as the owner's business prospers or fails. George Whitfield, when at Oxford (1733), took only Sage-tea, with sugar, and coarse bread.

This is why we have the tradition of stuffing ducks and geese with the usual sage and onions. There's no better way to enjoy sage, which is a healthy herb, than by eating it with bread and butter. In Buckinghamshire, there's a belief that the wife is in charge where sage grows well in the garden, and it's thought that this plant will either flourish or die depending on how well the owner's business is doing. George Whitfield, when he was at Oxford in 1733, only had sage tea with sugar and coarse bread.

Old sayings tell of the herb, as Salvia salvatrix; naturoe conciliatrix; and the line runs:—

Old sayings talk about the herb, as Salvia salvatrix; naturoe conciliatrix; and the line goes:—

"Salvia cum rutâ faciunt tibi pocula tuta."

"With sage and rue, they make for you safe drinks."

recommending to plant Rue among the Sage so as to keep away noxious toads.

recommending planting Rue among the Sage to keep away harmful toads.

The Chinese are as fond of Sage as we are of their fragrant teas; and the Dutch once carried on a profitable trade with them, by exchanging a pound of Sage leaves for each three-pound parcel of tea.

The Chinese love Sage just like we love their fragrant teas; and the Dutch once made a good profit by trading with them, giving one pound of Sage leaves for every three-pound package of tea.

It was formerly thought that Sage, if used in the making of cheese, improved its flavour.

It was once believed that Sage, when used in cheese making, enhanced its flavor.

"Marbled with Sage the hardening cheese she pressed."
—Gay.

"Swirled with sage, the cheese she pressed became firmer."
—Gay.

"Sage," says Gerard, "is singular good for the head and brain; it quickeneth the senses and memory; strengtheneth the sinews; restoreth health to those that hath the palsy; and takes away shaky trembling of the members." Agrippa called it "the holy herb," because women with child, if they be likely to come before their time, "do eat thereof to their great good."

"Sage," says Gerard, "is particularly good for the head and brain; it enhances the senses and memory; strengthens the muscles; restores health to those with paralysis; and alleviates shaky trembling in the limbs." Agrippa referred to it as "the holy herb," because pregnant women, if they are likely to give birth early, "eat it to great benefit."

Pepys, in his well-known Diary says, "between Gosport and Southampton we observed a little churchyard where it is customary to sow all the graves with Sage." In Franche Comte the herb is supposed to mitigate grief, mental and bodily.

Pepys, in his famous Diary, says, "between Gosport and Southampton, we noticed a small churchyard where it's customary to cover all the graves with sage." In Franche Comte, the herb is believed to ease both grief and physical ailments.

"Salvia comfortat nervos, manuumque tremorem
Tollit; et ejus ope febris acuta fugit."

"Salvia soothes the nerves and calms trembling hands
And with its help, acute fever flees."

"Sage helps the nerves, and by its powerful might
Palsy is cured, and fever put to flight."

"Sage soothes the nerves, and with its strong power
It cures paralysis and chases away fever."

[492] But if Sage be smelt for some time it will cause a sort of intoxication, and giddiness. The leaves, when dried and smoked in a pipe as tobacco, will lighten the brain.

[492] But if sage is inhaled for a while, it can create a kind of intoxication and dizziness. The leaves, when dried and smoked in a pipe like tobacco, can lift the mood.

In Sussex, a peasant will munch Sage leaves on nine consecutive mornings, whilst fasting, to cure ague.

In Sussex, a peasant will eat sage leaves for nine straight mornings while fasting to cure a fever.

A strong infusion of the herb has been used with success to dry up the breast milk for weaning; and as a gargle Sage leaf tea, when sweetened with honey, serves admirably. This decoction, when made strong, is an excellent lotion for ulcers, and to heal raw abrasions of the skin. The herb may be applied externally ill bags as a hot fomentation. Some persons value the Wormwood Sage more highly than either of the other varieties.

A strong brew of the herb has been successfully used to stop breast milk during weaning; and as a mouthwash, sage leaf tea, when sweetened with honey, works great. This strong infusion is an excellent lotion for ulcers and healing raw skin abrasions. The herb can also be applied externally in bags as a hot compress. Some people consider Wormwood Sage more valuable than the other varieties.

In the Sage flower the stamens swing round their loosely-connected anther cells against the back of any blundering bee who is in search of honey, just as in olden days the bag of sand caught the shoulders of a clumsy youth when tilting at the Quintin.

In the Sage flower, the stamens sway around their loosely connected anther cells, bumping into any careless bee looking for honey, just like in the past when a bag of sand would hit the shoulders of a clumsy young man during a tilt at the Quintin.

Wild Meadow Sage (Salvia verbenaca), or Meadow Clary, grows in our dry pastures, but somewhat rarely, though it is better known as a cultivated herb in our kitchen gardens. The leaves and flowers afford a volatile oil, which is fragrant and aromatic.

Wild Meadow Sage (Salvia verbenaca), also known as Meadow Clary, grows in our dry pastures, but it's a bit rare. It’s more commonly recognized as a cultivated herb in our kitchen gardens. The leaves and flowers provide a fragrant and aromatic essential oil.

Some have attributed the name Salvia sclarea, Clary (Clear eye) to the fact of the seeds being so mucilaginous, that when the eye is invaded by any small foreign body, their decoction will remove the same by acting as an emulsion to lubricate it away. The leaves and flowers may be usefully given in an infusion for hysterical colic and similar troubles connected with nervous weakness. Also they make a pleasant fermented wine. The Wood Sage is the Wood Germander, [493] Teucrium scorodinia, a woodland plant with sage-like leaves, containing a volatile oil, some tannin, and a bitter principle. This plant has been used as a substitute for hops. It was called "hind heal" from curing the hind when sick, or wounded, and was probably the same herb as Elaphoboscum, the Dittany, taken by harts in Crete. A snuff has been made from its powder to cure nasal polypi: also the infusion (freshly prepared), should be given medicinally, two tablespoonfuls for a dose: or, of the powder, from thirty to forty grains. The name "Germander" is a corruption from Chamoedrys, chamai, ground, and drus, oak, because the leaves are like those of the oak.

Some have linked the name Salvia sclarea, Clary (Clear eye) to the seeds being so slimy that when something small gets in the eye, their brew will help wash it out by acting as a lubricant. The leaves and flowers can be beneficial when used in an infusion for hysterical colic and other issues related to nervous weakness. They can also be made into a nice fermented wine. The Wood Sage is the Wood Germander, [493] Teucrium scorodinia, a forest plant with sage-like leaves that contains a volatile oil, some tannins, and a bitter compound. This plant has been used as a substitute for hops. It was called "hind heal" because it helped heal deer when they were sick or injured, and it was probably the same herb as Elaphoboscum, Dittany, which harts in Crete consume. A snuff has been made from its powder to treat nasal polyps, and the freshly prepared infusion should be used medicinally, with two tablespoons as a dose or, from thirty to forty grains of the powder. The name "Germander" is derived from Chamoedrys, chamai meaning ground, and drus meaning oak, because its leaves resemble those of an oak tree.

SAINT JOHN'S WORT (see page 287)

SAVIN.

Savin, the Juniper Savin (Sabina), or Saffern, is a herb which grows freely in our bed of garden Simples, if properly cared for, and which possesses medicinal virtues of a potential nature. The shrub is a native of southern Europe, being a small evergreen plant, the twigs of which are densely covered with little leaves in four rows, having a strong, peculiar, unpleasant odour of turpentine, with a bitter, acrid, resinous taste. The young branchlets are collected for medicinal use. They contain tannin, resin, a special volatile oil, and extractive matters.

Savin, the Juniper Savin (Sabina), or Saffern, is an herb that grows well in our garden of simple plants, provided it’s taken care of, and it has potential medicinal properties. This shrub is native to southern Europe and is a small evergreen plant with twigs that are thickly covered in small leaves arranged in four rows. It has a strong, distinctive, unpleasant smell similar to turpentine, along with a bitter, sharp, resinous taste. The young branchlets are harvested for medicinal purposes. They contain tannin, resin, a unique volatile oil, and extractive substances.

A medicinal tincture (H.) is made from the fresh leaves, and the points of the shoots of the cultivated Savin. But this is a powerful medicine, and must be used with caution. In small doses of two or three drops with a tablespoonful of cold water it is of singular efficacy for arresting an active florid flux from the [494] womb at the monthly times of women when occurring too profusely, the remedy being given every two, three, or four hours. Or from one to four grains of powdered Savin may be taken instead of each dose of the tincture.

A medicinal tincture (H.) is made from the fresh leaves and tips of the cultivated Savin plant. However, this is a potent medicine and should be used carefully. In small doses of two or three drops mixed with a tablespoon of cold water, it is highly effective for stopping excessive bleeding from the womb during a woman's monthly period, especially when it’s too heavy, with the remedy being taken every two, three, or four hours. Alternatively, one to four grains of powdered Savin can be taken instead of each dose of the tincture.

The stimulating virtues of Savin befit it for cleansing carbuncles, and for benefiting baldness. When mixed with honey it has removed freckles with success; the leaves, dried and powdered, serve, when applied, to dispel obstinate warty excrescences about the genitals.

The beneficial qualities of Savin make it good for treating carbuncles and helping with baldness. When combined with honey, it effectively removes freckles; the dried and powdered leaves can be applied to get rid of stubborn warts around the genitals.

Rubbed together with cerate, or lard, powdered Savin is used for maintaining the sores of blisters, and of issues, open when it is desired to keep up their derivative action.

Rubbed together with cerate or lard, powdered Savin is used to treat the sores from blisters and issues, remaining open when it's necessary to maintain their draining action.

The essential oil will stimulate the womb to functional activity when it is passively congested and torpid. As to its elementary composition this oil closely resembles the spirit of turpentine; and when given in small well diluted doses as a tincture (made of the oil mixed with spirit of wine), such medicine does good service in relieving rheumatic pains and swellings connected with impaired health of the womb. For these purposes the ordinary tincture (H.) of Savin should be mixed, one part thereof with nine parts of spirit of wine, and given in doses of from six to ten drops with a tablespoonful of water. Dr. Pereira says about the herb: "According to my own observation, Savin is the most certain and powerful stimulator of the monthly courses in the whole of our Materia Medica; and I never saw any ill effects result from its administration." The essential oil may be preferred in a dose of from one to four drops on sugar, or in milk, when this functional activity is sought.

The essential oil will stimulate the uterus to function when it is sluggish and congested. In terms of its basic composition, this oil is quite similar to turpentine; and when given in small, well-diluted doses as a tincture (made from the oil mixed with alcohol), it effectively helps relieve rheumatic pain and swelling related to poor health of the uterus. For these purposes, the regular tincture (H.) of Savin should be mixed, one part with nine parts of alcohol, and administered in doses of six to ten drops in a tablespoon of water. Dr. Pereira states about the herb: "Based on my own observations, Savin is the most reliable and powerful promoter of menstrual flow in our Materia Medica; and I have never seen any negative effects from its use." The essential oil may be preferred in doses ranging from one to four drops on sugar or in milk when this functional activity is desired.

Savin was known of old as the "Devil's Tree," and the "Magician's Cypress," because much affected by witches and sorcerers when working their spells.

Savin was traditionally called the "Devil's Tree" and the "Magician's Cypress" because it was often favored by witches and sorcerers while they performed their spells.

[495] SCURVY GRASS.

One of the roost useful, but not best known, of the Cruciferous wild plants which are specifics against Scrofula is our English Scurvy Grass.

One of the most useful, but lesser-known, Cruciferous wild plants that is specific against Scrofula is our English Scurvy Grass.

It grows by choice near the sea shore, or in mountainous places; and even when found many miles from the sea its taste is Salt. It occurs along the muddy banks of the Avon; also in Wales, and in Cumberland, more commonly near the coast, and likewise on the mountains of Scotland; again it may be readily cultivated in the garden for medicinal uses. If eaten as a salad in its fresh state it is the most effectual of all the antiscorbutic plants.

It grows by choice near the seashore or in mountainous areas; and even when found miles away from the sea, it still has a salty taste. It appears along the muddy banks of the Avon; also in Wales and in Cumberland, more commonly near the coast, and on the mountains of Scotland as well; it can also be easily grown in gardens for medicinal purposes. When eaten fresh as a salad, it is the most effective of all the plants that help prevent scurvy.

The herb is produced with an angular smooth shilling stem, twelve or fourteen inches high, having narrow green leaves, and terminating in thick clusters of white flowers. Its leaves are good and wholesome when eaten in spring with bread and butter. The juice, when diluted with water, makes a good mouth-wash for spongy gums.

The herb has a straight, smooth stem about twelve to fourteen inches tall, with narrow green leaves and thick clusters of white flowers at the top. Its leaves are tasty and healthy when eaten in spring with bread and butter. The juice, when mixed with water, makes an excellent mouthwash for sore gums.

The whole plant contains tannin, and a bitter principle, which is butyl-mustard oil, and on which the medicinal properties depend. This oil is of great volatility and penetrating power; one drop instilled on sugar, or dissolved in spirit, communicates to a quart of wine the taste and smell of Scurvy Grass.

The entire plant has tannin and a bitter substance known as butyl-mustard oil, which is the basis for its medicinal properties. This oil is highly volatile and has strong penetrating ability; just one drop dropped on sugar, or mixed in alcohol, gives a quart of wine the flavor and aroma of Scurvy Grass.

The fresh plant taken as such, or the expressed fresh juice, confers the benefits of the herb in by far the most effectual way. A distilled water, and a conserve prepared with the leaves, were formerly dispensed by druggists; and the fresh juice mixed with that of Seville oranges went by the name of "spring drinks," or "juices."

The fresh plant used as is, or its freshly squeezed juice, provides the benefits of the herb in the most effective way. Drugstores used to sell distilled water and a conserve made from the leaves; the fresh juice mixed with Seville orange juice was called "spring drinks" or "juices."

The plant is found in large quantities at Lymington [496] (Hants), on low banks almost dipping into the sea. Its expressed juice was formerly taken in beer, or boiled in milk as a decoction, flavoured with pepper, aniseed, etc.

The plant is found in large quantities at Lymington [496] (Hants), on low banks almost touching the sea. Its juice was once mixed into beer or boiled in milk as a decoction, flavored with pepper, aniseed, and so on.

This Scurvy Grass has the botanical name Cochlearia, or, in English, Spoonwort, so named from its leaves resembling in shape the bowl of an old-fashioned spoon. It is supposed to be the famous Herba Britannica of the ancients. Our great navigators have borne unanimous testimony to its never-failing value in scurvy; and it has been justly noticed that the plant grows most plentifully in altitudes where scurvy is specially troublesome and frequent. The green herb bruised may be applied as a poultice.

This Scurvy Grass is called Cochlearia in botanical terms, or Spoonwort in English, named because its leaves look like the bowl of an old-fashioned spoon. It’s believed to be the well-known Herba Britannica from ancient times. Our great explorers have all agreed on its reliable effectiveness against scurvy, and it’s been noted that the plant flourishes abundantly in areas where scurvy is especially common and problematic. The bruised green herb can be used as a poultice.

For making a decoction of the plant as a blood purifier, and against scurvy, put two ounces of the whole plant and its roots into a quart jug, and fill up with boiling water, taking care to keep this well covered. When it is cold take a wineglassful thereof three, or four times in the day.

For making a decoction of the plant as a blood purifier and for treating scurvy, put two ounces of the whole plant and its roots into a quart jar and fill it up with boiling water, making sure to keep it well covered. When it cools, take a wineglass full of it three or four times a day.

Another name for the plant is Scruby grass. The fresh herb has a strong pungent odour when bruised, and a warm bitter taste. Its beneficial uses in scurvy, are due to the potash salts which it contains. Externally, the juice will cleanse and heal foul ulcers, and ill-favoured eruptions.

Another name for the plant is Scruby grass. The fresh herb has a strong, sharp smell when bruised, and a warm, bitter taste. Its helpful uses for scurvy are because of the potash salts it contains. Externally, the juice will clean and heal bad ulcers and unpleasant skin eruptions.

SEA PLANTS and SEA WEEDS.

Sea plants and seaweeds.

Of marine plants commonly found, the Samphire and the Sea Holly have certain domestic and medicinal uses which give them a position as Simples; and of the more ordinary Sea Weeds (cryptogamous, or flowerless plants) some few are edible, though sparingly nutritious, whilst curative and medicinal virtues are attributed to several others, as Irish Moss, Scotch Dulse, Sea Tang, and the [497] Bladderwrack. It may be stated broadly that the Sea Weeds employed as remedial Simples owe their powers to the bromine, iodine, and sulphate of soda which they contain. Pliny and Dioscorides in their days extolled the qualities of various Sea Weeds; and practitioners of medicine on our sea coasts are now unanimous in pronouncing Sea Weed liniments, and poultices, as of undoubted value in reducing glandular swellings, and in curing obstinate sprains; whilst they administer the Bladderwrack, etc., internally for alterative purposes with no little success. Bits of Sea Weed, called Ladies' trees, are still to be seen as chimney ornaments in many a Cornish cottage, being fixed on small stands, and supposed to protect the dwelling from fire, or other mishaps.

Of the marine plants commonly found, Samphire and Sea Holly have various domestic and medicinal uses that give them a place as Simple remedies. Among the more common Sea Weeds (cryptogamous, or flowerless plants), a few are edible, although they provide limited nutrition, while several others, like Irish Moss, Scotch Dulse, Sea Tang, and Bladderwrack, are believed to have healing and medicinal properties. Generally speaking, the Sea Weeds used as medicinal Simples owe their benefits to the bromine, iodine, and sodium sulfate they contain. Pliny and Dioscorides praised the qualities of various Sea Weeds in their time, and modern coastal medicine practitioners agree that Sea Weed liniments and poultices are definitely effective for reducing glandular swelling and treating stubborn sprains; they also use Bladderwrack and others internally for restorative purposes with considerable success. Small pieces of Sea Weed, known as Ladies' trees, can still be seen as chimney decorations in many Cornish cottages, mounted on small stands, believed to protect the home from fire or other misfortunes.

Samphire, of the true sort, is a herb difficult to be gathered, because it grows only out of the crevices of lofty perpendicular rocks which cannot be easily scaled. This genuine Samphire (Crithmum maritimum) is a small plant, bearing yellow flowers in circular umbels on the tops of the stalks, which flowers are followed by seeds like those of the Fennel, but larger.

Samphire, the real kind, is a herb that's hard to collect because it only grows in the cracks of steep, vertical rocks that are tough to climb. This authentic Samphire (Crithmum maritimum) is a small plant that produces yellow flowers in round clusters at the tops of the stems. These flowers are followed by seeds similar to those of fennel, but bigger.

The leaves are juicy, with a warm aromatic taste, and may be put into sauce; or they make a good appetising condimentary pickle, which is wholesome for scrofulous subjects. Persons living by the coast cook this plant as a pot herb. Formerly, it was regularly cried in the London streets, and was then called Crest Marine.

The leaves are juicy, with a warm, aromatic flavor, and can be added to sauces; they also make a tasty condiment pickle, which is healthy for people with scrofula. Those living by the coast cook this plant as a pot herb. In the past, it was commonly sold in the streets of London and was then known as Crest Marine.

Shakespeare alludes in well-known lines to the hazardous proceedings of the Samphire gatherer's "dreadful trade":—

Shakespeare refers in famous lines to the risky activities of the Samphire gatherer's "terrible trade":—

    "How fearful
    And dizzy 'tis to cast one's eyes so low!
    The crows and choughs that wing the midway air
    Show scarce so gross as beetles: half-way down
    Hangs one that gathers Samphire: dreadful trade!
    Methinks he seems to bigger than his head."—King Lear.

"How scary
    And dizzying it is to look down so far!
    The crows and choughs that fly in the middle of the air
    Seem hardly as gross as beetles: halfway down
    Hangs one that collects Samphire: terrifying job!
    I think he looks bigger than his head."—King Lear.

[498] And Evelyn has praised the plant for excellence of flavour, as well as for aromatic virtues against the spleen. Pliny says Samphire is the very herb that the good country wife Hecate prepared for Theseus when going against the Bull of Marathon.

[498] And Evelyn has praised the plant for its great flavor and for its aromatic benefits for the spleen. Pliny says Samphire is the very herb that the good country wife Hecate prepared for Theseus when he went to face the Bull of Marathon.

Its botanic name is from the Greek crithe, "barley," because the seeds are thought to resemble that grain. The title Samphire is derived from the French Herbe de St. Pierre, because the roots strike deep in the crevices of rocks. St. Peter's Wort has become corrupted to Sampetre, Sampier, and Samphire.

Its botanical name comes from the Greek crithe, meaning "barley," because the seeds resemble that grain. The name Samphire is derived from the French Herbe de St. Pierre, due to the roots penetrating deeply into the cracks of rocks. St. Peter's Wort has evolved into variants like Sampetre, Sampier, and Samphire.

A spurious Samphire, the Inula crithmoides, or Golden Samphire, is often supplied in lieu of the real plant, though it has a different flavour, and few of the proper virtues. This grows more abundantly on low rocks, and on ground washed by salt water. Also a Salicornia, or jointed Glasswort, or Saltwort, or Crabgrass, is sold as Samphire for a pickle, in the Italian oil shops.

A fake Samphire, the Inula crithmoides, or Golden Samphire, is often sold instead of the real plant, even though it has a different taste and lacks many of the genuine benefits. This grows more commonly on low rocks and on land soaked by salt water. Also, a Salicornia, which is known as jointed Glasswort, Saltwort, or Crabgrass, is sold as Samphire for pickling in Italian grocery stores.

Gerard says of Samphire: "It is the pleasantest sauce, most familiar, and best agreeing with man's body." "Preferable," adds Evelyn, "for cleansing the passages, and sharpening appetite, to most of our hotter herbs, and salad ingredients."

Gerard says of Samphire: "It is the most enjoyable sauce, very familiar, and best suited for the human body." "Better," adds Evelyn, "for cleaning out the system and boosting appetite, than most of our spicier herbs and salad ingredients."

The Sea Holly (Eryngium maritimum), or Sea Hulver, is a well-known prickly sea-green plant, growing in the sand on many parts of our coasts, or on stony ground, with stiff leaves, and roots which run to a great length among the sand, whilst charged with a sweetish juice.

The Sea Holly (Eryngium maritimum), or Sea Hulver, is a familiar prickly sea-green plant that grows in the sand along many parts of our coasts or on rocky ground. It has stiff leaves and roots that extend deep into the sand, carrying a slightly sweet juice.

A manufactory for making candied roots of the Sea Holly was established at Colchester, by Robert Burton, an apothecary, in the seventeenth century, as they were considered both antiscorbutic, and excellent for health.

A factory for making candied Sea Holly roots was set up in Colchester by Robert Burton, a pharmacist, in the seventeenth century, as they were seen as both good for preventing scurvy and beneficial for health.

[499] Gerard says: "The roots, if eaten, are good for those that be liver sick; and they ease cramps, convulsions, and the falling sickness. If condited, or preserved with sugar, they are exceeding good to be given to old and aged people that are consumed and withered with age, and which want natural moisture." He goes on to give an elaborate receipt how to condite the roots of Sea Holly, or Eringos (which title is, according to Liddell and Scott, the diminutive of eerungos, "the beard of a goat." Or, Eryngo has been derived from the Greek eruggarein, to eructate, because the plant is, according to herbalists, a specific against belching). With healthy provers, who have taken the Sea Holly experimentally in toxical doses of varying strength the sexual energies and instincts became always depressed. This accounts for the fact that during the Elizabethan era, the roots of the plant used in moderation were highly valued for renovating masculine vigour, such as Falstaff invoked, and which classic writers have extolled:—

[499] Gerard says: "The roots, when eaten, are beneficial for those with liver issues; they help relieve cramps, convulsions, and epilepsy. When candied or preserved with sugar, they are especially good for elderly people who are weak and dried out from age and who lack natural moisture." He proceeds to provide a detailed recipe for how to candy the roots of Sea Holly, or Eringos (which name, according to Liddell and Scott, is a diminutive of eerungos, meaning "the beard of a goat." Alternatively, Eryngo may have come from the Greek eruggarein, which means to belch, because herbalists claim the plant helps against belching). In healthy individuals, those who have tried Sea Holly in toxic doses of varying strengths found their sexual energy and instincts became consistently diminished. This explains why during the Elizabethan era, the roots of the plant used in moderation were highly valued for restoring masculine vigor, as Falstaff mentioned, and as classic writers have praised:—

    "Non male turn graiis florens eryngus in hortis
    Quaeritur; hunc gremio portet si nupta virentem
    Nunquam inconcessos conjux meditabitur ignes."
                            —Rapinus.

"Not bad, flowering eryngium grows in gardens
The question is; if this green one is carried in a bride's embrace
The spouse will never contemplate forbidden fires."
—Rapinus.

These Eryngo roots, prepared with sugar, were then called "Kissing Comfits." Lord Bacon when recommending the yolks of eggs for giving strength if taken with Malmsey, or sweet wine, says: "You shall doe well to put in some few slices of Eringium roots, and a little Ambergrice: for by this means, besides the immediate facultie of nourishment, such drinke will strengthen the back."

These Eryngo roots, made with sugar, were referred to as "Kissing Comfits." Lord Bacon, when suggesting yolks of eggs for strength when mixed with Malmsey or sweet wine, states: "It’s a good idea to add a few slices of Eryngo roots and a bit of Ambergrice: this way, in addition to the immediate nutritional benefits, the drink will strengthen the back."

Plutarch writes: "They report of the Sea Holly, if one goat taketh it into her mouth, it causeth her first to stand still, and afterwards the whole flock, until such [500] time as the shepherd takes it from her." Boerhaave thought the root "a principal aperient."

Plutarch writes: "They say that when a goat eats Sea Holly, it causes her to stop moving, and then the entire flock does the same, until the shepherd takes it away from her." Boerhaave believed the root was "a key laxative."

Irish Moss, or Carraigeen, is abundant on our rocky coasts, and is collected on the north western shores of Ireland, while some of it comes to us from Hamburg. Its chief constituent is a kind of mucilage, which dissolves to a stiff paste in boiling water, this containing some iodine, and much sulphur. But before being boiled in water or milk, the Moss should be soaked for an hour or more in cold water. Officinally, a decoction is ordered to be made with an ounce of the Moss to a pint of water: of which from one to four fluid ounces may be taken for a dose.

Irish Moss, or Carraigeen, is plentiful along our rocky coastlines and is gathered on the northwestern shores of Ireland, with some also arriving from Hamburg. Its main ingredient is a type of mucilage that turns into a thick paste when boiled in water; this contains some iodine and a lot of sulfur. However, before being boiled in water or milk, the moss should be soaked in cold water for an hour or more. Typically, a decoction is made using an ounce of the moss for every pint of water, and a dosage can range from one to four fluid ounces.

This Lichen contains starchy, heat-giving nourishment, about six parts of the same to one of flesh-forming food; therefore its jelly is found to be specially sustaining to persons suffering from pulmonary consumption, with an excessive waste of the bodily heat. At one time the Irish Moss fetched as high a price as half-a-crown for the pound. It bears the botanical name of Chondrus crispus, and varies much in size and colour. When growing in small pools, it is shallow, pale, and stunted; whilst when found at the bottom of a deep pool, or in the shadow of a great rock, it occurs in dense masses of rich ruddy purple, with reddish green thick fronds.

This lichen contains starchy, energy-giving nutrients, roughly six times more than flesh-forming food; therefore, its jelly is particularly beneficial for people with pulmonary issues and an excessive loss of body heat. At one point, Irish Moss was sold for as much as half-a-crown per pound. It is botanically known as Chondrus crispus and varies significantly in size and color. When it grows in small pools, it appears shallow, pale, and stunted; whereas, when found at the bottom of a deep pool or in the shade of a large rock, it grows in thick clusters of rich reddish-purple, with reddish-green, dense fronds.

Iceland Moss contains the form of starch called "lichenin." It is a British lichen found especially in Wales and Scotland. Most probably the Icelanders were the first to learn its helpful properties. In two kinds of pulmonary consumption this lichen best promotes a cure-that with active bleeding from the lungs, and that with profuse purulent expectoration. The Icelanders boil the Moss in broth, or dry it in cakes used as bread. They likewise make gruel of it mixed [501] with milk: but the first decoction of it in water, being purgative, is always thrown away. An ounce of the Iceland Moss boiled for a quarter-of-an-hour in a pint of milk, or water, will yield seven ounces of thick mucilage. This has been found particularly useful in dysentery. Also contained in the Moss are cetrarin, uncrystallizable sugar, gum, and green wax; with potash, and phosphate of lime. It affords help in diabetes, and for general atrophy; being given also in powder, or syrup, or mixed with chocolate. Francatelli directs for making Iceland Moss Jelly. Boil four ounces of the Moss in one quart of water: then add the juice of two lemons, and a bit of the rind, with four ounces of sugar (and perhaps a gill of sherry?). Boil up and remove the scum from the surface. Strain the jelly through a muslin bag into a basin, and set it aside to become cold. It may be eaten thus, but it is more efficacious when taken warm. A Sea-Moss, the Lichen marinum, is "a singular remedy to strengthen the weakness of the back." It is called "Oister-green."

Iceland Moss contains a type of starch called "lichenin." It's a British lichen that mainly grows in Wales and Scotland. It's likely that the Icelanders were the first to discover its beneficial properties. This lichen is particularly effective for two types of lung conditions: one with active bleeding from the lungs and the other with severe pus-filled coughing. The Icelanders boil the moss in broth or dry it into cakes to use as bread. They also make a gruel by mixing it with milk, but the first decoction in water, which acts as a laxative, is always discarded. Boiling an ounce of Iceland Moss for fifteen minutes in a pint of milk or water produces seven ounces of thick mucilage, which has been found especially helpful for dysentery. The moss also contains cetrarin, uncrystallizable sugar, gum, and green wax, along with potash and calcium phosphate. It helps with diabetes and general weakness and can be taken in powder, syrup form, or mixed with chocolate. Francatelli provides a recipe for making Iceland Moss Jelly. Boil four ounces of the moss in one quart of water, then add the juice of two lemons, a bit of the rind, and four ounces of sugar (and possibly a gill of sherry). Boil it again and remove any scum that appears on the surface. Strain the jelly through a muslin bag into a bowl and set it aside to cool. It can be eaten as is, but it's more effective when taken warm. Another variety, the Lichen marinum, is "a unique remedy to strengthen the weakness of the back" and is known as "Oister-green."

In New England the generic term "Moss" is a cant word signifying money: perhaps as a contraction of Mopuses, or as a play on the proverb, "a rolling stone gathers no moss."

In New England, the general term "Moss" is slang for money: possibly a short form of Mopuses, or a twist on the saying, "a rolling stone gathers no moss."

The Dulse is used in Scotland and Ireland both as food and medicine. Botanically it bears the name of Iridea edulis, or Rhodymenia palmata (the sugar Fucus of Iceland).

The Dulse is used in Scotland and Ireland as both food and medicine. Botanically, it is called Iridea edulis or Rhodymenia palmata (the sugar Fucus of Iceland).

There is a saying in Scotland: "He who eats of the Dulse of Guerdie, and drinks of the wells Kindingie, will escape all maladies except black death." This marine weed contains within its cellular structure much iodine, which makes it a specific remedy for scrofulous glandular enlargements, or morbid deposits.

There’s a saying in Scotland: "He who eats Dulse from Guerdie and drinks from the wells of Kindingie will escape all illnesses except the black death." This seaweed is rich in iodine, making it an effective treatment for swollen glands or unhealthy deposits.

[502] In Ireland the Dulse is first well washed in fresh water, and exposed in the air to dry, when it gives out a white powdery substance, which is sweet and palatable, covering the whole plant. The weed is presently packed in cases, and protected from the air, so that being thus preserved, it may either be eaten as it is, or boiled in milk, and mixed with flour of rye. The powdery substance is "mannite," which is abundant likewise on many of our Sea Weeds.

[502] In Ireland, Dulse is first thoroughly washed in fresh water and then left out to dry in the air. This process results in a white powdery substance that is sweet and tasty, covering the entire plant. The seaweed is then packed into containers and kept protected from the air, so it can be preserved and either eaten as is or boiled in milk and mixed with rye flour. The powdery substance is "mannite," which is also found in many of our seaweeds.

Cattle and sheep are very fond of Dulse, for which reason in Norway it is known as Soudsell, or Sheep's Weed. This Iridea edulis is pinched with hot irons by the fishermen in the south west of England, So as to make it taste like an oyster. In Scotland it is roasted in the frying-pan.

Cattle and sheep really like Dulse, which is why it's called Soudsell, or Sheep's Weed, in Norway. This Iridea edulis is heated with hot irons by fishermen in the southwest of England to make it taste like an oyster. In Scotland, it's cooked in a frying pan.

The Maritime Sea Tang (Laminaria digitata) was belauded in the Proverbial Philosophy of Martin Tupper:—

The Maritime Sea Tang (Laminaria digitata) was praised in the Proverbial Philosophy of Martin Tupper:—

    "Health is in the freshness of its savour; and it cumbereth the
    beach with wealth;
    Comforting the tossings of pain with its violet tinctured Essence."

"Health is in the freshness of its flavor; and it burdens the
beach with riches;
Soothing the struggles of pain with its violet-tinted Essence."

Tang signifies Anglo-Saxon "thatch," from Sea Weed having been formerly used instead of straw to cover the roofs of houses. When bruised and applied by way of a poultice to scrofulous swellings and glandular tumours, the Sea Tang has been found very valuable. The famous John Hunter was accustomed to employ a poultice of sea-water and oatmeal.

Tang refers to the Anglo-Saxon word for "thatch," as seaweed was once used instead of straw to cover rooftops. When crushed and applied as a poultice to scrofulous swellings and glandular tumors, sea tang has proven to be very useful. The well-known John Hunter used to make a poultice from seawater and oatmeal.

This weed is of common marine growth, consisting of a wide smooth-brown frond, with a thick round stem, and broad brown ribbons like a flag at the end of it. It is familiarly known as Seagirdles, Tangle, Sea Staff, Sea Wand, and Cows' Tails. Fisher boys cut up the stems as handles for knives, or hooks, because, after the haft of [503] the blade is inserted within the stem, this dries, and contracts on the iron staple, becoming densely hard and firm.

This seaweed is a common marine plant, featuring a wide smooth brown frond, a thick round stem, and broad brown ribbons like flags at the end. It's commonly called Seagirdles, Tangle, Sea Staff, Sea Wand, and Cows' Tails. Fisher kids cut the stems to use as handles for knives or hooks because once the blade's shaft is inserted into the stem, it dries and tightens around the metal part, becoming really hard and sturdy.

The absorbent stem power of the Laminaria for taking up iodine is very large; and this element is afterwards brought out by fire in the kelp kilns of Ireland and Scotland. Sea Tang acts most beneficially against the various forms of scrofulous disease; and signally relieves some rheumatic affections. It is also used largely in the making of glass.

The absorbent stem power of the Laminaria for absorbing iodine is very high; and this element is later extracted by burning in the kelp kilns of Ireland and Scotland. Sea Tang is very effective against different types of scrofulous diseases and significantly alleviates some rheumatic conditions. It's also widely used in glassmaking.

Likewise for scrofula, seawater, being rich in chlorides and iodides, has proved both curative and preventive. Dr. Sena, of Valencia, gave bread made with sea-water in the Misericordia Hospital for cases of scrofulous disease, and other states of defective nutrition, with singular success.

Similarly, for scrofula, seawater, which contains a lot of chlorides and iodides, has been shown to be both healing and preventative. Dr. Sena from Valencia provided bread made with seawater at the Misericordia Hospital for patients with scrofulous disease and other conditions related to poor nutrition, achieving notable success.

Another Laminaria (Saccharina), with a single olive yellow semi-transparent frond, yields an abundance of sweet "mannit" when boiled and evaporated.

Another Laminaria (Saccharina), with a single olive-yellow, semi-transparent frond, produces a lot of sweet "mannit" when boiled and evaporated.

The Bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus), Kelpware, or Our Lady's Wrack, is found on most of our sea coasts in heavy brown masses of coarse-looking Sea Weed, which cover, and shelter many small algae. Kelp is an impure carbonate of soda containing sulphate, and chloride of sodium, with a little charcoal.

The Bladderwrack (Fucus vesiculosus), Kelpware, or Our Lady's Wrack, is found along most of our coastlines in large brown clumps of coarse Seaweed, which provide cover and shelter for many small algae. Kelp is an impure form of soda ash that contains sulfate and sodium chloride, along with some charcoal.

By its characteristic bladders, or vesicles studded about the blades of the branched narrowish fronds, this Sea Weed may be easily known.

By its distinctive bladders or vesicles scattered along the blades of the branched narrow fronds, this seaweed can be easily recognized.

These bladders are full of a glutinous substance, which makes the weed valuable both as a remedy for the glandular troubles of scrofula, and, when bottled in rum, as an embrocation, such as is specially useful for strengthening the limbs of rickety, or bandy-legged children. Against glandular swellings also the weed is [504] taken internally as a medicine, when burnt to a black powder. An analysis of the Bladderwrack has shown it to contain an empyreumatic oil, sulphur, earthy salts, some iron, and iodine freely. Thus it is very rich in anti-scrofulous elements.

These bladders are filled with a sticky substance, making the seaweed valuable both as a treatment for glandular issues like scrofula and, when mixed with rum, as a rub that is particularly helpful for strengthening the limbs of weak or bow-legged children. The seaweed is also taken internally as a medicine for glandular swelling when it's burned to a black powder. An analysis of Bladderwrack has revealed that it contains pyroligneous oil, sulfur, mineral salts, some iron, and iodine in abundance. Therefore, it is very rich in elements that fight scrofula.

The fluid extract of this Sea Weed has the long standing reputation of safely diminishing an excess of personal fat. It is given for such a purpose three times a day, shortly after meals, in doses of from one to four teaspoonfuls. The remedy should be continued perseveringly, whilst cutting down the supplies of fat, starchy foods, sugar, and malt liquors. When thus taken (as likewise in the concentrated form of a pill, if preferred) the Bladderwrack will especially relieve rheumatic pains; and the sea pod liniment dispensed by many druggists at our chief marine health resorts, proves signally efficacious towards the same end. Furthermore, they prepare a sea-pod essence for applying on a wet compress beneath waterproof tissue to strumous tumours, goitre, and bronchocele; also for old strains and bruises.

The liquid extract of this seaweed has a long-standing reputation for safely reducing excess body fat. It's taken three times a day, shortly after meals, in doses of one to four teaspoons. You should keep using this remedy consistently while cutting back on fats, starchy foods, sugar, and alcoholic beverages. When taken this way (or in pill form, if you prefer), Bladderwrack can help relieve rheumatic pain, and the sea pod liniment offered by many pharmacies in popular coastal health resorts is particularly effective for the same issues. Additionally, they prepare a sea pod essence for use on a wet compress under waterproof material to treat scrofula tumors, goiter, and bronchocele, as well as for old strains and bruises.

This Sea Weed should not be obtained when too fully matured, as it quickly undergoes decomposition.

This seaweed shouldn't be gathered when it's too mature, as it deteriorates quickly.

Wrack is Sea Weed thrown ashore, from Vrage, to reject. Wrack Grass (Zostera Marina), is a marine plant with long grass-like leaves.

Wrack is seaweed that gets washed ashore, from Vrage, meaning to discard. Wrack grass (Zostera Marina) is a marine plant with long, grass-like leaves.

There are four common Fuci on our coasts—the Nodosus (Knobbed
Wrack), the Vesiculosus (Bladder Wrack), the Serratus
(Saw-edged Sea Weed), and the Caniculatus (Channeled Sea Weed).

There are four common types of Fucus found along our shores—the Nodosus (Knobbed
Wrack), the Vesiculosus (Bladder Wrack), the Serratus
(Saw-edged Sea Weed), and the Caniculatus (Channeled Sea Weed).

It is by reason of its contained bromine and iodine as safe medicinal elements, the Fucus vesiculosus acts in reducing fatness; these elements stimulating all the absorbent glands of the body to increased activity. [505] In common with the other Fuci it furnishes mannite, an odorous oil, a bitter principle, mucilage, and ash, this last constituent abounding in the bromine and iodine.

Due to its bromine and iodine content, which are safe medicinal elements, Fucus vesiculosus helps reduce fat. These elements stimulate all the absorbent glands in the body to become more active. [505] Like other types of Fucus, it provides mannitol, a fragrant oil, a bitter compound, mucilage, and ash, with the ash being rich in bromine and iodine.

For internal use, a decoction may be made with from two to four drachms of the weed to a pint of water, boiled together for a few minutes; and for external application to enlarged or hardened glands, the bruised weed may be applied as a cold poultice.

For internal use, a decoction can be made with two to four grams of the weed in a pint of water, boiled together for a few minutes. For external application to swollen or hardened glands, the crushed weed can be used as a cold poultice.

This Bladder Wrack is reputed to be the Anti-polyscarcique nostrum of Count Mattaei.

This Bladder Wrack is said to be the Anti-polyscarcique remedy of Count Mattaei.

Although diminishing fat it does no harm by inducing any atrophied wasting of the breast glands, or of the testicles.

Although reducing fat, it does no harm by causing any wasting of the breast glands or the testicles.

The Bladderwrack yields a rich produce to the seaside agriculturist highly useful as manure for the potato field and for other crops: and it is gathered for this purpose all along the British coast. In Jersey and Guernsey it is called vraic. Among the Hebrides, cheeses, whilst drying, are covered with the ashes of this weed which abounds in salt. Patients who have previously suffered much from rheumatism about the body and limbs have found themselves entirely free from any such pains or trouble whilst taking the extract of Fucus Vesiculosus (Bladderwrack). This Sea Weed is in perfection only during early and middle summer. For fresh sprains and bruises a hot decoction of the Bladderwrack should be used at first as a fomentation; and, afterwards, a cold essence of the weed should be rubbed in, or applied on wet lint beneath light thin waterproof tissue, or oiled silk, as a compress: this to be changed as often as hot or dry.

The Bladderwrack provides a valuable resource for coastal farmers, serving as effective fertilizer for potato fields and other crops, and it is collected for this purpose all along the British coast. In Jersey and Guernsey, it is known as vraic. In the Hebrides, cheeses are covered with the ashes of this salt-rich seaweed while they dry. Patients who have previously suffered significantly from rheumatism in their bodies and limbs have found complete relief from pain while using the extract of Fucus Vesiculosus (Bladderwrack). This seaweed is at its best during early and mid-summer. For fresh sprains and bruises, a hot decoction of Bladderwrack should initially be used as a compress, followed by a cold infusion of the seaweed, which can be rubbed in or applied on wet lint under a lightweight waterproof covering or oiled silk as a compress; this should be changed as often as needed when warm or dry.

Laver is the popular name given to some edible Sea Weeds—the Porphyra lanciniata, and the Ulva latissima. The same title was formerly bestowed by Pliny on an [506] aquatic plant now unknown, and called also Sloke, or Sloken.

Laver is the common name for certain edible seaweeds—the Porphyra lanciniata and the Ulva latissima. This name was also used by Pliny for an aquatic plant that is now unknown, which was also referred to as Sloke or Sloken.

Porphyra, from a Greek word meaning "purple," is the true Laver, or Sloke. It is slimy, or semi-gelatinous of consistence when served at table, having been stewed for several hours until quite tender, and then being eaten with butter, vinegar, and pepper. At the London Reform Club Laver is provided every day in a silver saucepan at dinner, garnished with lemons, to flank the roast leg of mutton. Others prefer it cooked with leeks and onions, or pickled, and eaten with oil and lemon juice. The Englishman calls this Sea Weed, Laver; the Irishman, Sloke; the Scotchman, Slack; and the student, Porphyra. It varies in size and colour between tidemarks, being sometimes long and ribbon-like, of a violet or purple hue; sometimes long and broad, whilst changing to a reddish purple, or yellow.

Porphyra, from the Greek word meaning "purple," is the real Laver, or Sloke. It has a slimy, semi-gelatinous texture when served, having been cooked for several hours until very tender, and is then eaten with butter, vinegar, and pepper. At the London Reform Club, Laver is served daily in a silver saucepan at dinner, garnished with lemons, alongside the roast leg of mutton. Others like it cooked with leeks and onions, or pickled and served with oil and lemon juice. The English call this Sea Weed Laver, the Irish call it Sloke, the Scots refer to it as Slack, and the student knows it as Porphyra. It varies in size and color between tidemarks, sometimes being long and ribbon-like, with a violet or purple hue; other times it appears long and broad, shifting to a reddish purple or yellow.

It is very wholesome, and preventive of scurvy, being therefore valuable on sea voyages, as it will keep good for a long time in closed tin vessels.

It is very nutritious and helps prevent scurvy, making it valuable for sea trips since it can be stored for a long time in sealed tin containers.

The Ulva latissima is a deep-green Sea Weed, called by the fishermen Oyster Green, because employed to cover over oysters. This is likewise known as Laver, because sometimes substituted by epicures for the true Laver (Porphyra) when the latter cannot be got; but it is not by any means as good. The name Ulva is from ul, meaning "water."

The Ulva latissima is a deep-green seaweed, known by fishermen as Oyster Green because it's used to cover oysters. It's also called Laver, as some food enthusiasts use it as a substitute for true Laver (Porphyra) when the real thing isn't available; however, it's definitely not as good. The name Ulva comes from ul, which means "water."

Sea Spinach (Satsolacea—Spirolobea) is a Saltwort found growing on the shore in Hampshire and other parts of England, the best of all wild vegetables for the table, having succulent leaves shaped like worms, and being esteemed as an excellent antiscorbutic.

Sea Spinach (Satsolacea—Spirolobea) is a Saltwort that grows along the coast in Hampshire and other areas of England. It's considered the best wild vegetable for eating, with juicy, worm-shaped leaves, and is highly valued as a great remedy for scurvy.

The Sea Beet—a Chenopod—which grows plentifully on our shores, gave origin to the cultivated Beetroot of [507] our gardens. Its name was derived from a fancied resemblance borne by its seed vessels when swollen with seed to the Greek letter B (beta).

The Sea Beet—a type of Chenopod—grows abundantly on our shores and is the ancestor of the cultivated Beetroot found in our gardens. Its name comes from a supposed similarity between its seed pods, when they're filled with seeds, and the Greek letter B (beta).

"Nomine cum Graio cui litera proxima primoe
Pangitur in cerâ doeti mucrone magistri."

"By the name of the Greek, whose letter is closest to the first
It is marked in wax with the teacher's sharp point."

    "The Greeks gave its name to the Beet from their alphabet's
    second letter,
    As an Attic teacher wrote it on wax with a sharp stiletto."

"The Greeks named the Beet after the second letter of their alphabet,
As an Attic teacher carved it onto wax with a sharp stiletto."

By the Grecians the Beet was offered on silver to Apollo in his temple at Delphi. A pleasant wine may be made from its roots, and its juice when applied with a brush is an excellent cosmetic. The Mangel Wurzel, also a variety of Beet, means literally, "scarcity root."

By the Greeks, the Beet was presented on silver to Apollo in his temple at Delphi. A nice wine can be made from its roots, and when its juice is applied with a brush, it serves as a great cosmetic. The Mangel Wurzel, which is also a type of Beet, literally means "scarcity root."

Another Sea Weed, the Bladderlocks (Alaria esculenta), "henware," "honeyware," "murlins," is edible, the thick rib which runs through the frond being the part chosen. This abounds on the Northern coasts of England and Scotland, being of a clear olive yellow colour, with a stem as thick as a small goosequill, varying in length, with its fronds, from three to twenty feet. The fruit appears as if partially covered with a brown crust consisting of transparent spore cases set on a stalk in a cruciform manner.

Another seaweed, the Bladderlocks (Alaria esculenta), known as "henware," "honeyware," and "murlins," is edible, particularly the thick rib that runs through the frond. This seaweed is abundant along the northern coasts of England and Scotland, sporting a clear olive yellow color, with a stem as thick as a small goose quill, and its fronds can range from three to twenty feet in length. The fruit looks like it has a brown crust, which consists of transparent spore cases arranged in a cross shape on a stalk.

Common Coraline (Corallina Anglica), a Sea Weed of a whitish colour, tinged with purple and green, and of a firm substance, is famous for curing Worms.

Common Coraline (Corallina Anglica), a seaweed that is whitish with hints of purple and green, and has a firm texture, is well-known for treating worms.

The presence of gold in sea water, even as surrounding our own islands, has been sufficiently proved; though, as yet, its extraction is a costly and uncertain process. One analyst has estimated that the amount of gold contained in the oceans of the globe must be ten million tons, without counting the possible quantity locked up in floating icebergs about the Poles.

The existence of gold in seawater, even around our own islands, has been clearly demonstrated; however, extracting it is still an expensive and unpredictable process. One analyst has estimated that the total amount of gold in the world's oceans could be ten million tons, not including the potential amount trapped in floating icebergs near the poles.

Professor Liveredge, of the Sydney University, [508] examined sea water collected off the Australian coast, as also some from Northern shores, and obtained gold, from five-tenths to eight-tenths of a grain per ton of the sea water. It occurs as the chloride, and the bromide of gold; which salts, as recently shown by Dr. Compton Burnett, when administered in doses almost infinitesimally small, are of supreme value for the cure of epilepsy, secondary syphilis, sexual debility, and some disorders of the heart.

Professor Liveredge from Sydney University examined seawater collected from the Australian coast and some from the Northern shores, finding between 0.5 to 0.8 grains of gold per ton of seawater. It appears as gold chloride and gold bromide; these salts, as recently demonstrated by Dr. Compton Burnett, are extremely valuable in tiny doses for treating epilepsy, secondary syphilis, sexual weakness, and certain heart disorders.

Dr. Russell wrote on the uses of sea water in diseases of the glands. He found the soapy mucus within the vesicles of the Bladderwrack an excellent resolvent, and most useful in dispersing scrofulous swellings. He advises rubbing the tumour with these vesicles bruised in the hand, and afterwards washing the part with sea water.

Dr. Russell wrote about the benefits of seawater for gland diseases. He discovered that the soapy mucus found in the vesicles of Bladderwrack works great as a remedy and is very effective in reducing scrofulous swellings. He recommends massaging the tumor with these crushed vesicles and then rinsing the area with seawater.

SELFHEAL.

Several Herbal Simples go by the name of Selfheal among our wild hedge plants, more especially the Sanicle, the common Prunella, and the Bugle.

Several herbal remedies are known as Selfheal among our wild hedge plants, especially Sanicle, common Prunella, and Bugle.

The first of these is an umbelliferous herb, growing frequently in woods, having dull white flowers, in panicled heads, which are succeeded by roundish seeds covered with hooked prickles: the Wood Sanicle (Europoea).

The first of these is a flowering herb, often found in woods, with dull white flowers arranged in clusters, followed by round seeds covered in hooked prickles: the Wood Sanicle (Europoea).

It gets its name Sanicle, perhaps, from the Latin verb sanare, "to heal, or make sound;" or, possibly, as a corruption of St. Nicholas, called in German St. Nickel, who, in the Tale of a Tub, is said to have interceded with God in favour of two children whom an innkeeper had murdered and pickled in a pork tub; and he obtained their restoration to life.

It gets its name Sanicle, possibly from the Latin verb sanare, meaning "to heal or make sound;" or maybe as a variation of St. Nicholas, referred to in German as St. Nickel, who, in the Tale of a Tub, is said to have intervened with God on behalf of two children that an innkeeper had killed and pickled in a pork tub; and he managed to bring them back to life.

Anyhow, the name Sanicle was supposed in the middle ages to mean "curative," whatever its origin: [509] thus, Qui a la Bugle, et la Sanicle fait aux chirurgiens la nicle—"He who uses Sanicle and Bugle need have no dealings with the doctor." Lyte and other herbalists say concerning the Sanicle: "It makes whole and sound all wounds and hurts, both inward and outward."

Anyhow, the name Sanicle was believed in the Middle Ages to mean "healing," regardless of its origin: [509] thus, Whoever has Bugle and Sanicle needs no doctor. Lyte and other herbalists state about the Sanicle: "It heals and restores all wounds and injuries, both internal and external."

"Celui qui Sanicle a
De plaie affaire il n'a."

"Whoever has Sanicle
Has not a problem with wounds."

"Who the Sanicle hath
At the surgeon may laugh."

"Who the Sanicle has
At the surgeon can laugh."

The name Prunella (which belongs more rightly to another herb) has been given to the Sanicle, perhaps, through its having been originally known as Brunella, Brownwort, both because of the brown colour of its spikes, and from its being supposed to cure the disease called in Germany die braune, a kind of quinsy; on the doctrine of signatures, because the corolla resembles a throat with swollen glands.

The name Prunella (which actually belongs more appropriately to another herb) has been given to the Sanicle, possibly because it was originally called Brunella or Brownwort, both due to the brown color of its spikes and its supposed ability to cure a condition known in Germany as die braune, a type of quinsy. This is based on the doctrine of signatures, as the flower's shape resembles a throat with swollen glands.

The Sanicle is popularly employed in Germany and France as a remedy for profuse bleeding from the lungs, bowels, womb, and urinary organs; also for the staying of dysenteric diarrhoea. The fresh juice of the herb may be given in tablespoonful doses.

The Sanicle is commonly used in Germany and France as a treatment for heavy bleeding from the lungs, bowels, uterus, and urinary organs; it is also used to stop dysenteric diarrhea. The fresh juice of the herb can be taken in tablespoon doses.

As yet no analysis has been made of this plant; but evidence of tannin in its several parts is afforded by the effects produced when these are remedially applied.

As of now, no analysis has been done on this plant; however, the presence of tannin in its various parts is shown by the effects produced when these are used for treatment.

The Prunella vulgaris is a distinct plant from the Self Heal, or Sanicle, and belongs to the labiate order of herbs. It grows commonly in waste places about England, and bears pink flowers, being sometimes called Slough heal. This is incorrect, as the surgical term "slough" was not used until long after the Prunella and the Sanicle became named Self-heal. Each of these was applied as a vulnerary, not to sloughing sores, but to fresh cut wounds.

The Prunella vulgaris is a different plant from Self Heal, or Sanicle, and it belongs to the mint family of herbs. It usually grows in neglected areas across England and has pink flowers, sometimes being referred to as Slough heal. This is a mistake since the medical term "slough" wasn’t used until long after Prunella and Sanicle were named Self-heal. Both were used as remedies for wounds, not for sloughing sores, but for fresh cuts.

[510] The Prunella Vulgaris has a flattened calyx, and whorls of purplish blue flowers, which are collected in a head. It is also known as Carpenter's Herb, perhaps, from its corolla, when seen in profile, being shaped like a bill hook; and therefore, on the doctrine of signatures, it was supposed to heal wounds inflicted by edge tools; whence it was likewise termed Hook-heal and Sicklewort, arid in Yorkshire, Black man.

[510] The Prunella Vulgaris has a flattened calyx and clusters of purplish-blue flowers that grow together in a head. It's also called Carpenter's Herb because its corolla, when viewed from the side, resembles a billhook; this led to the belief that it could heal wounds caused by cutting tools, which is why it was also named Hook-heal and Sicklewort, and in Yorkshire, it was referred to as Black man.

By virtue of its properties as a vulnerary it has also been called Consolida; but the daisy is the true Consolida minor.

Due to its healing properties, it's also been referred to as Consolida; however, the daisy is the actual Consolida minor.

"The decoction of Prunell," says Gerard, "made with wine and water, doth join together and make whole and sound all wounds, both inward and outward, even as Bugle doth. To be short, it serveth for the same that the Bugle serveth; and in the world there are not two better wound herbs, as bath been often proved."

"The decoction of Prunell," says Gerard, "made with wine and water, brings together and heals all wounds, both internal and external, just like Bugle does. In short, it serves the same purpose as Bugle; and in the world, there aren't two better herbs for wounds, as has often been proven."

The Bugle, or middle Comfrey, is also a Sanicle, because of its excellence for healing wounds, in common with the Prunella and the true Sanicle. It grows in almost every wood, and copse, and moist shadowy place, being constantly reckoned among the Consounds.

The Bugle, or middle Comfrey, is also known as a Sanicle because of its effectiveness in healing wounds, similar to Prunella and true Sanicle. It can be found in almost every forest, thicket, and damp, shady area, and is consistently classified among the Consounds.

This herb (Ajuga reptans) is of the labiate order, bearing dark blue or purple flowers, whorled, and crowded into a spike. Its decoction, "when drunk, healeth and maketh sound all wounds of the body." "It is so singular good for all sorts of hurts that none who know its usefulness will be ever without it. If the virtues of it make you fall in love with it (as they will if you be wise), keep a syrup of it, to take inwardly, and an ointment and plaister of it to use outwardly, always by you."

This herb (Ajuga reptans) belongs to the mint family and has dark blue or purple flowers that grow in whorls, clustered together on a spike. Its infusion, "when consumed, heals and cures all wounds of the body." "It is so exceptionally effective for all kinds of injuries that anyone who understands its benefits will always have it on hand. If its properties make you appreciate it (and they will if you're smart), keep some syrup to take internally, along with an ointment and a poultice for external use, always available to you."

The chemical principles of the Prunella and the Bugle [511] resemble those of other Labiate herbs, comprising a volatile oil, some bitter principle, tannin, sugar, and cellulose. The Ladies' Mantle, Alchemilla—a common inconspicuous weed, found everywhere—is called Great Sanicle, also Parsley-breakstone, or Piercestone, because supposed to be of great use against stone in the bladder. It contains tannin abundantly, and is said to promote quiet sleep if placed under the pillow at night. "Endymionis somnum dormire."

The chemical properties of Prunella and Bugle [511] are similar to those of other mint family herbs, including a volatile oil, a bitter compound, tannin, sugar, and cellulose. Ladies' Mantle, Alchemilla—a common and unassuming weed found everywhere—is also known as Great Sanicle, Parsley-breakstone, or Piercestone because it's believed to be very effective against bladder stones. It contains a lot of tannin and is said to help promote peaceful sleep if placed under the pillow at night. "Endymionis somnum dormire."

SHEPHERD'S PURSE.

The small Shepherd's Purse (Bursa Capsella Pastoris) is one of the most common of wayside English weeds. The name Capsella signifies a little box, in allusion to the seed pods. It is a Cruciferous plant, made familiar by the diminutive pouches, or flattened pods at the end of its branching stems. This herb is of natural growth in most parts of the world, but varies in luxuriance according to soil and situation, whilst thickly strewn over the whole surface of the earth, facing alike the heat of the tropics, and the rigours of the arctic regions; even, if trodden underfoot, it rises again and again with ever enduring vitality, as if designed to fulfil some special purpose in the far-seeing economy of nature. It lacks the winged valves of the Thlaspi.

The small Shepherd's Purse (Bursa Capsella Pastoris) is one of the most common roadside weeds in England. The name Capsella means a little box, referencing the seed pods. It's a Cruciferous plant, known for its tiny pouches or flattened pods at the ends of its branching stems. This herb grows naturally in most parts of the world but varies in how lush it is depending on the soil and location. It’s found everywhere, thriving in both the heat of the tropics and the harsh conditions of the Arctic. Even when stepped on, it comes back again and again with remarkable resilience, as if it's meant to play a specific role in the broad balance of nature. It doesn't have the winged valves that Thlaspi has.

Our old herbalists called it St. James's Wort, as a gift from that Saint to the people for the cure of various diseases, St. Anthony's Fire, and several skin eruptions. In France, too, the plant goes by the title of Fleur de Saint Jacques. It flowers from early in Spring until Autumn, and has, particularly in Summer, an acrid bitter taste. Other names for the herb are, "Case weed," "Pick pocket," and "Mother's heart," as called so by [512] children. If a pod is picked they raise the cry, "You've plucked out your mother's heart." Small birds are fond of the seeds.

Our old herbalists referred to it as St. James's Wort, a gift from the saint to help heal various ailments, including St. Anthony's Fire and several skin issues. In France, the plant is known as Fleur de Saint Jacques. It blooms from early spring to autumn and has a strong, bitter taste, especially in summer. Other names for the herb include "Case weed," "Pick pocket," and "Mother's heart," the last one being used by children. When a pod is picked, they shout, "You've plucked out your mother's heart." Small birds like the seeds.

Bombelon, a French chemist, has reported most favourably about this herb as of prompt use to arrest bleedings and floodings, when given in the form of a fluid extract, one or two teaspoonfuls for a dose. He explains that our hedge-row Simple contains a tannate, an alkaloid "bursine," (which resembles sulphocyansinapine), and bursinic acid, this last constituent being the active medicinal principle. English chemists now prepare and dispense the fluid extract of the herb. This is given for dropsy in the U. S. America as a diuretic; from half to one teaspoonful in water for a dose.

Bombelon, a French chemist, has spoken highly of this herb for its quick effectiveness in stopping bleeding and heavy flow when taken as a fluid extract, at a dose of one or two teaspoons. He notes that our common hedge-row plant contains a tannate, an alkaloid called "bursine" (which is similar to sulphocyansinapine), and bursinic acid, with the latter being the key active ingredient. English chemists now produce and distribute the fluid extract of the herb. It's used in the U.S. for dropsy as a diuretic, with a dose of half to one teaspoonful mixed with water.

Dr. Von Ehrenwall relates a recent case of female flooding, which had defied all the ordinary remedies, and for which, at the suggestion of a neighbour, he tried an infusion of the Shepherd's Purse weed, with the result that the bleeding stopped after the first teacupful of the infusion had been taken a few minutes. Since then he has used the plant in various forms of haemorrhage with such success that he considers it the most reliable of our medicines for staying fluxes of blood. "Shepherd's Purse stayeth bleeding in any part of the body, whether the juice thereof be drunk, or whether it be used poultice-like, or in bath, or any way else."

Dr. Von Ehrenwall shares a recent case of heavy menstrual bleeding that didn’t respond to typical treatments. On the recommendation of a neighbor, he tried an infusion of Shepherd's Purse weed, and remarkably, the bleeding stopped after the first cup of the infusion was consumed within a few minutes. Since then, he has used the plant for various types of bleeding with such success that he believes it is the most reliable remedy for stopping blood flow. "Shepherd's Purse stops bleeding anywhere in the body, whether the juice is consumed, applied as a poultice, used in a bath, or in any other way."

Besides the ordinary constituents of herbs, it is found to contain six per cent. of soft resin, together with a sulphuretted volatile oil, which is identical with that of Mustard, as obtained likewise from the bitter Candytuft, Iberis amara.

Besides the usual components of herbs, it has been found to contain six percent of soft resin, along with a sulfurous volatile oil that is the same as that found in mustard, as also extracted from the bitter candytuft, Iberis amara.

Its medicinal infusion should be made with an ounce of the plant to twelve ounces of water, reduced by [513] boiling to half-a-pint; then a wineglassful may be given for a dose.

Its medicinal infusion should be made with one ounce of the plant to twelve ounces of water, boiled down to half a pint; then a wineglassful can be given as a dose.

The herb and its seeds were employed in former times to promote the regular monthly flow in women.

The herb and its seeds were used in the past to support regular monthly cycles in women.

It bears, further, the name of Poor Man's Permacetty (or Spermaceti), "the sovereignst remedy for bruises;"—"perhaps," says Dr. Prior, "as a joke on the Latin name Bursa pastoris, or 'Purse,' because to the poor man this is always his best remedy." And in some parts of England the Shepherd's Purse is known as Clapper Pouch, in allusion to the licensed begging of lepers at our crossways in olden times with a bell and a clapper. They would call the attention of passers-by with the bell, or with the clapper, and would receive their alms in a cup, or a basin, at the end of a long pole. The clapper was an instrument made of two or three boards, by rattling which the wretched lepers incited people to relieve them. Thus they obtained the name of Rattle Pouches, which appellation has been extended to this small plant, in allusion to the little purses which it hangs out by the wayside. Because of these miniature pockets the herb is also named Toy Wort; and Pick Purse, through being supposed to steal the goodness of the land from the farmer. In Queen Elizabeth's time leper hospitals were common throughout England; and many of the sufferers were banished to the Lizard, in Cornwall.

It is also called Poor Man's Permacetty (or Spermaceti), "the best remedy for bruises;"—"maybe," says Dr. Prior, "as a joke on the Latin name Bursa pastoris, or 'Purse,' because to the poor man this is always his go-to remedy." In some areas of England, Shepherd's Purse is referred to as Clapper Pouch, referencing the licensed begging of lepers at our crossroads in ancient times, using a bell and a clapper. They would attract the attention of passers-by with the bell or clapper and receive their donations in a cup or basin at the end of a long pole. The clapper was a device made from two or three boards, which the unfortunate lepers would rattle to encourage people to help them. This led to them being called Rattle Pouches, a name that has now been associated with this small plant due to the little purses it displays by the roadside. Because of these tiny pockets, the herb is also known as Toy Wort; and Pick Purse, since it was thought to rob the goodness of the land from farmers. During Queen Elizabeth's reign, leper hospitals were common throughout England, and many of the affected individuals were sent to the Lizard in Cornwall.

The Shepherd's Purse is now announced as the chief remedy of the seven "marvellous medicines" prepared by Count Mattaei, of Bologna, which are believed by his disciples to be curative of diseases otherwise intractable, such as cancer, internal aneurism, and destructive leprosy.

The Shepherd's Purse is now highlighted as the main remedy among the seven "amazing medicines" created by Count Mattaei from Bologna, which his followers believe can cure diseases that are otherwise difficult to treat, like cancer, internal aneurysms, and severe leprosy.

Count Mattaei professed to extract certain vegetable [514] electricities found stored up in this, and some other plants, and to utilize them for curative purposes with almost miraculous success. His other herbs, as revealed by a colleague, Count Manzetti, are the Knotgrass, the Water Betony, the Cabbage, the Stonecrop, the Houseleek, the Feverfew, and the Watercress. Lady Paget, when interviewing Count Mattaei, gathered that Shepherd's Purse is the herb which furnishes the so-called "blue electricity," of extraordinary efficacy in controlling haemorrhages. Small birds are fond of the seeds: and the young radical leaves are sold in Philadelphia as greens in the Spring.

Count Mattaei claimed to extract certain plant-derived electricities found in this and other plants and to use them for healing purposes with almost miraculous results. His other herbs, as noted by a colleague, Count Manzetti, include Knotgrass, Water Betony, Cabbage, Stonecrop, Houseleek, Feverfew, and Watercress. During an interview with Count Mattaei, Lady Paget learned that Shepherd's Purse is the herb that provides the so-called "blue electricity," which is highly effective in controlling hemorrhages. Small birds like the seeds, and the young leaves are sold in Philadelphia as greens in the spring.

SILVERWEED.

Two Potentillas occur among our common native plants, and possess certain curative virtues (as popularly supposed), the Silverweed and the Cinquefoil. They belong to the Rose tribe, and grow abundantly on our roadsides, being useful as mild astringents.

Two Potentillas are among our common native plants and are thought to have some healing properties, the Silverweed and the Cinquefoil. They belong to the Rose family and grow plentifully along our roadsides, serving as gentle astringents.

The Potentilla anserina (Silverweed) is found, as its adjective suggests, where geese are put to feed.

The Potentilla anserina (Silverweed) is found, as its name suggests, where geese are grazed.

Country folk often call it Cramp Weed: but it is more generally known as Goose Tansy, or Goose Gray, because it is a spurious Tansy, fit only for a goose; or, perhaps, because eaten by geese. Other names for the herb are Silvery Cinquefoil, and Moorgrass. It occurs especially on clay soils, being recognised by its pinnate white silvery leaves, and its conspicuous golden flowers.

Country folks often refer to it as Cramp Weed, but it’s more commonly known as Goose Tansy or Goose Gray because it’s a fake Tansy, suitable only for geese, or maybe because geese eat it. Other names for the herb include Silvery Cinquefoil and Moorgrass. It typically grows in clay soils and is recognized by its pinnate, white-silver leaves and its noticeable golden flowers.

In Yorkshire the roots are known as "moors," which boys dig up and eat in the winter; whilst swine will also devour them greedily. They have then a sweet taste like parsnips. In Scotland, also, they are eaten roasted, or boiled; and sometimes, in hard seasons, [515] when other provisions were scanty, these roots have been known to support the inhabitants of certain islands for months together.

In Yorkshire, the roots are called "moors," and boys dig them up to eat in the winter while pigs devour them eagerly. They have a sweet flavor, similar to parsnips. In Scotland, they are also eaten roasted or boiled, and sometimes, during tough seasons, when other food is in short supply, these roots have provided sustenance for the residents of certain islands for months at a time.

Both the roots and the leaves are mildly astringent; so that their infusion helps to stay diarrhoea, and the fluxes of women; making also with honey a useful gargle. The leaf is of an exquisitely beautiful shape, and may be seen carved on the head of many an old stall in Church, or Cathedral. By reason of its five leaflets, this gives to the plant the title "five leaf," or five fingered grass, Pentedaktulon. Potentilla comes from the Latin potens, as alluding to the medicinal virtues of the species.

Both the roots and the leaves are mildly astringent, so their infusion helps to control diarrhea and women's fluxes. When mixed with honey, it also makes a useful gargle. The leaf has an exquisitely beautiful shape and can be seen carved on the head of many old stalls in churches or cathedrals. Due to its five leaflets, this plant is called "five leaf" or five-fingered grass, Pentedaktulon. Potentilla comes from the Latin potens, referring to the medicinal properties of the species.

In former days the Cinquefoil was much affected as a heraldic device through the number of the leaflets answering to the five senses of man; whilst the right to bear Cinquefoil was considered an honourable distinction to him who had worthily mastered his senses, and conquered his passions.

In the past, the Cinquefoil was highly regarded as a heraldic symbol because the five leaflets represented the five senses of humanity. The privilege of displaying the Cinquefoil was seen as an honorable distinction for those who had successfully mastered their senses and controlled their passions.

Silverweed tea is excellent to relieve cramps of the belly; and compresses, wrung out of a hot decoction of the herb, may at the same time be helpfully applied over the seat of the cramps. A potent Anglo-Saxon charm against crampy bellyache was to wear a gold ring with a Dolphin engraved on it, and bearing in Greek the mystic words:—"Theos keleuei mee keneoon ponois," "God forbids the pains of colic." This acted doubtless by mental suggestion, as in the cure of warts. The knee-cap bone, or patella, of a sheep, known locally as the "cramp-bone," is worn in Northamptonshire for a like purpose; also the application of a gold wedding ring (first wetted with saliva, an ingredient in the holy salve of the Saxons), to a stye threatened in an eyelid is often found to disperse the swelling; but in this case [516] it may be, that a sulphocyanide of gold is formed with the spittle, which promotes the cure by absorption.

Silverweed tea is great for relieving belly cramps, and compresses soaked in a hot brew of the herb can be applied directly to the area of discomfort. An old Anglo-Saxon remedy for crampy stomach pain was to wear a gold ring engraved with a Dolphin, which had the Greek phrase: “Theos keleuei mee keneoon ponois,” "God forbids the pains of colic." This likely worked through mental suggestion, similar to the treatment of warts. In Northamptonshire, people wear the knee-cap bone, or patella, of a sheep—locally called the "cramp-bone"—for the same reason. Similarly, applying a gold wedding ring (first moistened with saliva, which was part of the Saxon's sacred ointment) to an eyelid threatened by a stye often helps reduce the swelling. In this instance, it’s possible that a gold compound forms with the saliva, aiding the healing process through absorption.

A strong infusion, if used as a lotion, will check the bleeding of piles, the ordinary infusion being meantime taken as a medicine.

A strong infusion, when used as a lotion, will stop the bleeding from hemorrhoids, while the regular infusion can be taken as medicine in the meantime.

The good people of Leicestershire were accustomed in bygone days to prevent pitting by small-pox with the use of Silverweed fomentations. A distilled water of the herb takes away freckles, spots, pimples in the face, and sunburnings; whilst all parts of the plant are found to contain tannin.

The good people of Leicestershire used to prevent smallpox by using Silverweed poultices. A distilled water made from the herb can remove freckles, blemishes, pimples on the face, and sunburn; while all parts of the plant contain tannin.

The Creeping Cinquefoil (Potentilla replans) grows also abundantly on meadow banks, having astringent roots, which have been used medicinally since the times of Hippocrates and Dioscorides.

The Creeping Cinquefoil (Potentilla replans) also grows abundantly on meadow banks, with astringent roots that have been used for medicinal purposes since the times of Hippocrates and Dioscorides.

They were found to cure intermittent fevers, such as used to prevail in marshy or ill-drained lands much more commonly than now in Great Britain; though country folk still use the infusion or decoction for the same purpose in some districts; also for jaundice.

They were discovered to treat intermittent fevers, which used to be more common in marshy or poorly drained areas in Great Britain than they are now; although rural people still use the infusion or decoction for the same reason in some regions, as well as for jaundice.

Likewise, because of the tannin contained in the outer bark of the roots, their decoction is useful against diarrhoea; and their infusion as a gargle for relaxed sore throats. But, except in mild cases, other more positively astringent herbs are to be preferred. The roots afford a useful red dye.

Similarly, due to the tannins in the outer bark of the roots, their decoction helps treat diarrhea, and their infusion can be used as a gargle for sore throats. However, in more serious cases, it's better to choose other more effective astringent herbs. The roots can also provide a useful red dye.

SKULLCAP.

A useful medicinal tincture (H.) is made from the Skullcap (Scutellaria), which is a Labiate plant of frequent growth on the banks of our rivers and ponds, having bright blue flowers, with a tube longer than the calyx. This is the greater variety (Galericulata). There is a lesser variety (Scutellaria minor), which is [517] infrequent, and grows in bogs about the West of England, with flowers of a dull purple colour. Each kind gets its name from the Latin scutella, "a little cap," which the calyx resembles, and is therefore called Hood Wort, or Helmet flower. The upper lip of the calyx bulges outward about its middle, and finally closes down like a lid over the fruit. When the seed is ripe it opens again.

A helpful medicinal tincture (H.) is made from Skullcap (Scutellaria), a plant in the mint family that commonly grows along the banks of our rivers and ponds, featuring bright blue flowers with a tube longer than the calyx. This is the larger variety (Galericulata). There is a smaller variety (Scutellaria minor), which is rare and found in bogs in the West of England, with flowers that are a dull purple color. Each type gets its name from the Latin scutella, meaning "a little cap," which the calyx resembles, leading to its common names, Hood Wort or Helmet flower. The upper lip of the calyx bulges outward in the middle and eventually closes down like a lid over the fruit. When the seed is ripe, it opens again.

Provers of the tincture (H.) in toxic doses experienced giddiness, stupor, and confusion of mind, twitchings of the limbs, intermission of the pulse, and other symptoms indicative of the epileptiform "petit mal"; for which morbid affection, and the disposition thereto, the said tincture, of a diluted strength, in small doses, has been successfully given.

People who took the tincture (H.) in toxic amounts experienced dizziness, stupor, confusion, limb twitching, irregular pulse, and other signs similar to "petit mal" epilepsy. For this condition and the tendency towards it, a diluted version of the tincture in small doses has been effectively used.

The greater Skullcap contains, in common with most other plants of the same order, a volatile oil, tannin, fat, some bitter principle, sugar, and cellulose.

The greater Skullcap, like many other plants in the same group, has a volatile oil, tannin, fat, a bitter compound, sugar, and cellulose.

If a decoction of the plant is made with two ounces of the herb to eight ounces of water, and is taken for some weeks continuously in recent epilepsy, or when the disease has only functional causes, it will often prove very beneficial. Likewise, this decoction, in common with an extract of the herb, has been given curatively for intermittent fever and ague, as well as for some depressed, and disordered states of the nervous system.

If you make a tea from the plant using two ounces of the herb and eight ounces of water, and take it continuously for several weeks for recent epilepsy or when the condition has only functional causes, it can often be very helpful. Similarly, this tea, along with an extract of the herb, has been used to treat intermittent fever and chills, as well as for some depressed and unsettled states of the nervous system.

A dried extract of the lesser Skullcap (Lateriflora) is made by chemists, and given in doses of from one to three grains as a pill to relieve severe hiccough, and as a nervine stimulant; also for the sleeplessness of an exhausted brain.

A dried extract of the lesser Skullcap (Lateriflora) is prepared by chemists and provided in doses of one to three grains as a pill to help relieve severe hiccups, as well as to act as a nerve stimulant; it's also used for insomnia caused by a fatigued mind.

SLOE.

The parent tree which produces the Sloe is the Blackthorn, our hardy, thorny hedgerow shrub (Prunus [518] spinosa), Greek Prounee, common everywhere, and starting into blossom of a pinky white about the middle of March before a leaf appears, each branchlet ending in a long thorn projecting beyond the flowers at right angles to the stem. From the conspicuous blackness of its rind at the time of flowering, the tree is named Blackthorn, and the spell of harsh unkindly cold weather which prevails about then goes by the name of "blackthorn winter."

The parent tree that produces the sloe is the Blackthorn, our tough, thorny hedgerow shrub (Prunus [518] spinosa), called "Prounee" in Greek, found everywhere. It starts to bloom with pinkish-white flowers around mid-March, before any leaves appear, with each branch ending in a long thorn that sticks out at right angles to the stem. Because of the noticeable blackness of its bark during flowering, it’s called Blackthorn, and the harsh, chilly weather that often occurs at that time is referred to as "blackthorn winter."

The term Sloe, or Sla, means not the fruit but the hard trunk, being connected with a verb signifying to slay, or strike, probably because the wood of this tree was used as a flail, and nowadays makes a bludgeon.

The term Sloe, or Sla, refers not to the fruit but to the hard trunk, linked to a verb meaning to slay or strike, likely because the wood from this tree was used as a flail and now is used to make a bludgeon.

In the Autumn every branch becomes clustered with the oval blue-black fruit presently covered with a fine purple bloom; and until mellowed by the early frosts, this fruit is very harsh and sour.

In the fall, every branch gets filled with oval blue-black fruit that's currently coated with a fine purple bloom; and until it softens from the early frosts, this fruit is quite bitter and sour.

The leaves, when they unfold late in the spring, are small and narrow. If dried, they make a very fair substitute for tea, and when high duties were placed on imported tea, it was usual to find the sloe trees stripped of their marketable foliage.

The leaves, when they open up late in the spring, are small and narrow. If dried, they make a pretty good substitute for tea, and when high taxes were put on imported tea, it was common to see the sloe trees stripped of their sellable leaves.

Furthermore, the dark ruby juice of Sloes enters largely into the manufacture of British port wine, to which it communicates a beautiful deep red colour, and a pleasant sub-acid roughness. Letters marked upon linen fabric with this juice, when used fresh, will not wash out.

Furthermore, the dark ruby juice of sloe berries is a key ingredient in making British port wine, giving it a rich deep red color and a nice tartness. Letters marked on linen fabric with this fresh juice won’t wash out.

If obtained by expression from the unripe fruit, it is very useful as an astringent medicine, and is a popular remedy for stopping a flow of blood from the nose. It may be gently boiled to a thick consistence, and will then keep throughout the year without losing its virtues. Winter-picks is a provincial name for the Sloe fruit, [519] and winter-pick wine takes the place of port in the rustic cellar. The French call them Prunelles.

If it's extracted from the unripe fruit, it serves as a very effective astringent and is a popular remedy for nosebleeds. It can be gently boiled down to a thick consistency and will last throughout the year without losing its benefits. "Winter-picks" is a local name for the sloe fruit, and winter-pick wine is used in place of port in traditional cellars. The French refer to them as Prunelles.

Sloe-blossoms make a safe, harmless, laxative medicine. To use these, "Boil them up, and drink a cup of the tea daily for three or four days; it will act gently, painlessly, but thoroughly." The syrup is especially useful for children.

Sloe blossoms provide a safe and gentle laxative. To use them, "Boil them up and drink a cup of the tea daily for three or four days; it will work gently, painlessly, but effectively." The syrup is particularly helpful for kids.

Country people bury the Sloes in jars to preserve them for winter use; and the bush which bears this fruit is sometimes called, provincially, Scroggs.

Country folks bury the sloe fruits in jars to keep them for winter use; and the bush that produces this fruit is sometimes referred to, regionally, as Scroggs.

Sloes may be gathered when ripe on a dry day, picked clean, and put into jars or bottles, without any boiling or other process, and then covered with loaf sugar; a tablespoonful of brandy should presently be added, and the jar sealed. By Christmas, the syrup formed from the juice, the sugar, and the spirit, will have covered and saturated the fruit, and then a couple of tablespoonfuls will not only make an agreeable dessert liqueur, but will act as an astringent cordial of a very pleasant sort.

Sloes can be picked when they're ripe on a dry day, cleaned, and placed in jars or bottles without any boiling or additional processes, then topped with loaf sugar. A tablespoon of brandy should be added shortly afterward, and the jar sealed. By Christmas, the syrup made from the juice, sugar, and spirit will have covered and soaked the fruit. A couple of tablespoons will not only create a tasty dessert liqueur but also serve as a pleasantly astringent cordial.

In Somersetshire the Sloe is named Snag (as corrupted from "Slag," i.e., Sloe). The juice is viscid, and when thickened to dryness, is the German Gum Acacia.

In Somersetshire, the Sloe is called Snag (a variant of "Slag," meaning Sloe). The juice is sticky, and when it thickens to a dry state, it is known as German Gum Acacia.

Those provers who have taken experimentally a tincture made from the wood and bark and leaves of the Blackthorn, all had to complain of sharp pains in the right eyeball and accordingly the diluted tincture is found, when administered in small quantities, to give signal relief for ciliary neuralgia, arising from a functional disorder of the structures within the eyeball. Dr. Hughes says: "It not only relieves such pains, but also checks the inflammation, and clears the vision." The medicinal tincture is made (H.) with proof spirit of wine from the flower buds collected in early spring [520] before they expand. The Sloe has been employed as a styptic ever since the time of Dioscorides. "From the effects," says Withering, "which I have repeatedly observed to follow a wound from the thorns, I find reason for believing that there is something poisonous in their nature, particularly in the autumn."

Those testers who have tried a tincture made from the wood, bark, and leaves of the Blackthorn all reported sharp pains in the right eyeball. As a result, the diluted tincture, when given in small doses, provides significant relief for ciliary neuralgia, which comes from a functional issue within the eyeball. Dr. Hughes says: "It not only eases such pains, but also reduces inflammation and improves vision." The medicinal tincture is made (H.) with high-proof spirit from the flower buds picked in early spring [520] before they bloom. The Sloe has been used as a styptic since the time of Dioscorides. "From the effects," says Withering, "which I have repeatedly observed following a wound from the thorns, I believe there is something poisonous about them, especially in the autumn."

Next to the Sloe in order of development comes the Bullace (Prunus insititia), a shrub with fewer thorns, and bearing its flowers after the leaves have begun to unfold.

Next to the Sloe in terms of development is the Bullace (Prunus insititia), a shrub with fewer thorns that produces its flowers after the leaves start to unfurl.

The fruit is five times as big as the Sloe, but likewise of a delicate bluish colour. It is named from the Latin plural bullas, meaning the round bosses which the Romans put on their bridles. Lydgate (1440) used the phrase, "As bright as Bullaces," in one of his poems. In Lincolnshire the blossom is known as "Bully bloom," and the fruit are "Bullies." After harvest the women and children go out gathering them for Bullace-wine. Boys in France call Slot's "Sibarelles," because it is impossible to whistle immediately after eating them. Some writers say the signification of "Sloe" is "that which sets the teeth on edge."

The fruit is five times bigger than the sloe, but it also has a delicate bluish color. It's named after the Latin plural "bullas," which means the round knobs that the Romans used on their bridles. Lydgate (1440) used the expression, "As bright as Bullaces," in one of his poems. In Lincolnshire, the blossom is called "Bully bloom," and the fruit is known as "Bullies." After the harvest, women and children go out to gather them for Bullace wine. Boys in France call sloe "Sibarelles" because it's impossible to whistle right after eating them. Some writers say the meaning of "sloe" is "that which sets the teeth on edge."

Finally comes the true Wild Plum (Prunus domestica), which is far less common than the two preceding sorts. Its flowers are large, and in small clusters, whilst the leaves unfold with the blossom. The fruit is a small brownish plum, intensely sharp and acrid to the taste, and the tree is thorny. Only in this latter respect does it differ from an inferior kind of garden plum of which the cultivation has been neglected.

Finally, we have the true Wild Plum (Prunus domestica), which is much rarer than the two types mentioned earlier. Its flowers are large and grow in small clusters, while the leaves emerge alongside the blossoms. The fruit is a small brownish plum that has a very sharp and sour taste, and the tree has thorns. This is the only way it differs from a lower-quality garden plum that hasn’t been well cared for.

The cultivated Plum has been developed from the Wild Plum, and has been made to exhibit some fifty varieties of form and character. The fruit of Damascus was formerly much valued, being now known as Damascenes, (damsons), Damasin, or Damask prune.

The cultivated Plum has evolved from the Wild Plum and now comes in about fifty different varieties. The fruit from Damascus was once highly prized; it is now referred to as Damascenes (damsons), Damasin, or Damask prune.

[521] All the Wild Plums develop thorns; but the cultivated kinds have entirely cast them off. The Plum, as a fruit, was known to the Romans in Cato's time, but not the tree.

[521] All the wild plums develop thorns, but the cultivated varieties have completely gotten rid of them. The plum as a fruit was recognized by the Romans during Cato's time, but they were unaware of the tree.

"Little Jack Horner," says the familiar nursery rhyme, "sat in a corner, eating a Christmas pie; he put in his thumb, and he pulled out a plum, and said 'What a good boy am I.'"

"Little Jack Horner," says the familiar nursery rhyme, "sat in a corner, eating a Christmas pie; he stuck in his thumb, pulled out a plum, and said, 'What a good boy am I.'"

    "Inquit, et unum extraheus prunum,
    Horner, quam fueris nobile pueris
            Exemplar imitabile"!

"Inquit, et unum extraheus prunum,
Horner, quam fueris nobile pueris
Exemplar imitabile"!

When ripe, cultivated Plums are cooling and slightly laxative, especially the French fruit, which is dried and bottled for dessert. They are useful for costive habits, and may be made into an electuary; but, when unripe, Plums provoke choleraic diarrhoea. The garden fruit contains less sugar than cherries, but a large amount of gelatinising pectose. Dr. Johnson was specially fond of veal pie with plums and sugar. He taunted Boswell about the need of gardeners to produce in Scotland what grows wild in England. "Pray, Sir," said he, "are you ever able to bring the Sloe to perfection there?" On Change a hundred thousand pounds are whimsically known as "a plum," and a million of money is "a marigold." Lately a Chicago physician whilst officiating at a Reformatory found that the boys behaved themselves much better when taking prunes in their diet than at any other time. These act, he supposes, on certain organs which are the seats, and centres of the passions.

When they're ripe, cultivated plums are refreshing and slightly laxative, especially the French ones, which are dried and packaged for desserts. They're helpful for constipation and can be made into a medicinal powder; however, when unripe, plums can cause severe diarrhea. Garden plums have less sugar than cherries but a lot of gelatinizing pectose. Dr. Johnson particularly enjoyed veal pie with plums and sugar. He teased Boswell about the necessity for gardeners to grow in Scotland what naturally grows in England. "Tell me, Sir," he asked, "are you ever able to get the sloe to thrive there?" On the stock exchange, a hundred thousand pounds is humorously referred to as "a plum," and a million pounds is called "a marigold." Recently, a physician from Chicago discovered that the boys at a reformatory behaved much better when prunes were included in their diet than at any other time. He believes they affect certain organs that are centers of emotional activity.

From France comes the Greengage, named in that country (out of compliment to the Queen of Francis the First) La Reine Claude. It was brought to England from [522] the Monastery of La Grande Chartreuse, about the middle of the eighteenth century, by the Rev. John Gage, brother to the owner of Hengrave Hall, near Coldham, Suffolk; and taking his name this fruit soon became diffused throughout England.

From France comes the Greengage, named in that country (in honor of the Queen of Francis the First) La Reine Claude. It was brought to England from [522] the Monastery of La Grande Chartreuse around the middle of the eighteenth century by Rev. John Gage, brother of the owner of Hengrave Hall, near Coldham, Suffolk; and taking his name, this fruit quickly spread throughout England.

French Prunes are conveyed to England in their dried state from Marseilles. With their pulp, figs, tamarinds, and senna, the officinal "lenitive electuary" is made; and apothecaries prepare a medicinal tincture from the fresh flower-buds of the Blackthorn.

French prunes are brought to England dried from Marseilles. Combined with their pulp, figs, tamarinds, and senna, the medicinal "lenitive electuary" is created; and pharmacists make a medicinal tincture from the fresh flower buds of the Blackthorn.

Culpeper says: "All Plumbs are under Venus, and are like women— some better, some worse."

Culpeper says: "All plums are under Venus, and are like women—some better, some worse."

In Sussex and some other counties, a superstitious fear attaches itself to the Blackthorn in bloom, because of the apparent union of life and death when the tree is clothed in early Spring with white flowers, but is destitute of leaves; so that to carry, or wear a piece of Blackthorn in blossom, is thought to signify bringing a death token.

In Sussex and a few other counties, there's a superstitious fear surrounding the blooming Blackthorn. This is because, in early spring, the tree is covered in white flowers but has no leaves, creating a strange mix of life and death. As a result, carrying or wearing a piece of blooming Blackthorn is believed to symbolize bringing a message of death.

SOAPWORT.

The Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis) grows commonly in England near villages, on roadsides, and by the margins of woods, in moist situations. It belongs to the Caryophyllaceoe, or Clove and Pink tribe of plants; and a double flowered variety of it is met with in gardens. This is Miss Mitford's "Spicer" in Our Village. It is sometimes named "Bouncing Bet," and "Fuller's herb."

The Soapwort (Saponaria officinalis) is commonly found in England near villages, along roadsides, and at the edges of woods, usually in damp areas. It belongs to the Caryophyllaceoe family, which includes Clove and Pink plants; there is also a double-flowered variety seen in gardens. This is Miss Mitford's "Spicer" in Our Village. It is sometimes referred to as "Bouncing Bet" or "Fuller's herb."

The root has a sweetish bitter taste, but no odour. It contains resin and mucilage, in addition to saponin, which is its leading principle, and by virtue of which decoctions of the root produce a soapy froth. Saponin is likewise found in the nuts of the Horse-chestnut tree, and in the Scarlet Pimpernel.

The root has a slightly bitter-sweet taste but no smell. It contains resin and mucilage, as well as saponin, which is its main component, and for this reason, brews made from the root create a foamy lather. Saponin is also present in the nuts of the Horse-chestnut tree and in the Scarlet Pimpernel.

[523] A similar soapy quality is also observed in the leaves, so much so that they have been used by mendicant monks as a substitute for soap in washing their clothes. This "saponin" has considerable medicinal efficacy, being especially useful for the cure of inveterate syphilis without giving mercury. Several writers of note aver that such cases have been cured by a decoction of the plant; though perhaps the conclusion has been arrived at through the resemblance between the roots of Soapwort and those of Sarsaparilla.

[523] A similar soapy quality is also seen in the leaves, so much so that mendicant monks have used them as a substitute for soap when washing their clothes. This "saponin" has significant medicinal benefits, especially for treating chronic syphilis without using mercury. Several notable writers claim that such cases have been treated effectively with a decoction of the plant; however, the conclusion may stem from the resemblance between the roots of Soapwort and those of Sarsaparilla.

Gerard says: "Ludovicus Septalius, when treating of decoctions in use against the French poxes, mentions the singular effect of the Soapwort against that filthy disease"; but, he adds, "it is somewhat of an ungrateful taste, and therefore must be reserved for the poorer sort of patients." He employed it soepe et soepius.

Gerard says: "Ludovicus Septalius, when discussing remedies for the French pox, mentions the unique effect of Soapwort against that nasty disease"; but, he adds, "it has a bit of an unpleasant taste, and thus should be kept for the lower-income patients." He used it soepe et soepius.

The Pharmacopoeia Chirurgica of 1794, teaches: "A decoction of this plant has been found useful for scrofulous, impetiginous, and syphilitic affections. Boil down half a pound of the bruised fresh herb in a gallon of distilled water to two quarts, and give from one to three pints in the twenty-four hours."

The Pharmacopoeia Chirurgica of 1794 teaches: "A decoction of this plant has proven helpful for scrofulous, impetiginous, and syphilitic conditions. Boil half a pound of the crushed fresh herb in a gallon of distilled water until it reduces to two quarts, and administer from one to three pints within a twenty-four hour period."

Formerly the herb was called Bruisewort, and was thought of service for contusions. It will remove stains, or grease almost as well as soap, but contains no starch.

Formerly, the herb was called Bruisewort and was believed to be helpful for bruises. It can remove stains or grease almost as effectively as soap, but it doesn’t contain any starch.

Saponin, when smelt, excites long-continued sneezing; if injected or administered, it reduces the frequency and force of the heart's pulsations, paralyzing the cardiac nerves, and acting speedily on the vaso-motor centres, so as to arrest the movements of the heart, on which principle, when given in a diluted form, and in doses short of all toxic effects, it has proved of signal use in low typhoid inflammation of the lungs, where restorative stimulation of the heart is to be aimed at.

Saponin, when inhaled, causes prolonged sneezing; if injected or given, it decreases the frequency and strength of the heart's beats, paralyzing the cardiac nerves and quickly affecting the vaso-motor centers, which can stop the heart's movement. On this principle, when administered in a diluted form and in doses below toxic levels, it has been notably effective in treating low typhoid inflammation of the lungs, where the goal is to provide restorative stimulation to the heart.

[524] Also, likewise for passive suppression of the female monthly flow, it will act beneficially as a stimulant of the womb to incite its periodical function.

[524] Also, for the passive suppression of the female monthly flow, it will help as a stimulant for the womb to encourage its regular function.

In a patient who took a poisonous quantity of Saponin at Saint Petersburg all the muscular contractile sensitiveness was completely abolished; whilst, nevertheless, all the bodily functions were normally performed. Per contra, this effect should be a curative guide in the use of Soapwort as a Simple.

In a patient who ingested a toxic amount of Saponin in Saint Petersburg, all muscle contractile sensitivity was completely eliminated; however, all bodily functions still operated normally. On the other hand, this effect should serve as a helpful indication for using Soapwort as a remedy.

Saponin is found again in the root and unripe seeds of the Corn Cockle, and in all parts of the Nottingham Catch-fly except the seeds; also in the wild Lychnis, and some others of the Pink tribe.

Saponin is present again in the root and unripe seeds of the Corn Cockle, and in all parts of the Nottingham Catch-fly except for the seeds; it's also found in the wild Lychnis and some other members of the Pink family.

SOLOMON'S SEAL.

The Solomon's Seal (Convallaria polygonatum) is a handsome woodland plant by no means uncommon throughout England, particularly in Berkshire, Bucks, Rants, Kent, and Suffolk.

The Solomon's Seal (Convallaria polygonatum) is a beautiful woodland plant that is quite common across England, especially in Berkshire, Bucks, Rants, Kent, and Suffolk.

It grows to the height of about two feet, bearing along its curved drooping branches handsome bells of pure white, which hang down all along the lower side of the gracefully weeping flower stalks.

It grows to about two feet tall, with its curved drooping branches displaying beautiful bells of pure white that hang down along the lower side of the gracefully weeping flower stalks.

The oval leaves are ribbed, and grow alternately from the stem, for which reason the plant is called Ladder-to-heaven; or, "more probably," says Dr. Prior, "from a confusion of Seal de notre Dame (our Lady's Seal), with Echelle de notre Dame (our Lady's Ladder)." The round depressions resembling seal marks, which are found on the root, or the characters which appear when it is cut transversely, gave rise to the notion that Solomon, "who knew the diversities of plants, and the virtues of roots," had set his seal upon this in testimony of its value to man as a medicinal root. The rhizome and [525] herb contain convallarin, asparagin, gum, sugar, starch, and pectin.

The oval leaves are ribbed and grow alternately from the stem, which is why the plant is called Ladder-to-Heaven. Or, as Dr. Prior suggests, it’s "more likely" due to a mix-up between Seal de notre Dame (our Lady's Seal) and Echelle de notre Dame (our Lady's Ladder). The round indentations that look like seal marks found on the root, or the patterns that show up when it’s cut crosswise, led to the belief that Solomon, "who understood different plants and the properties of roots," had marked this one to confirm its value to humans as a medicinal root. The rhizome and [525] herb contain convallarin, asparagin, gum, sugar, starch, and pectin.

In Galen's time the distilled water was used by ladies as a cosmetic for removing pimples and freckles from the skin, "leaving the place fresh, fair, and lovely." During the reign of Elizabeth it had great medical celebrity, so that, as we learn from a contemporary writer, "The roots of Solomon's Seal, stamped whilst fresh and green, and applied, taketh away, in one night, or two at the most, any bruise, black or blue spots gotten by falls, or woman's wilfulness in stumbling upon their hasty husband's fists, or such like," and "that which might be trewly written of this herb as touching the knitting of bones, would seem to some well nigh incredible; yea, although they be but slenderly, and unhandsomely wrapped-up; but common experience teacheth that in the worlde there is not to be found another herbe comparable for the purpose aforesaid. It was given to the patients in ale to drink—as well unto themselves as to their cattle—and applied outwardly in the manner of a pultis."

In Galen's time, women used distilled water as a beauty treatment to get rid of pimples and freckles, "leaving the skin fresh, fair, and lovely." During Elizabeth's reign, it gained a lot of medical fame, as noted by a contemporary writer who said, "The roots of Solomon's Seal, stamped while fresh and green, applied, can remove any bruise or black and blue spots caused by falls or a woman tripping over her husband's hasty fists, in just one night or two at most." They also said, "What can truly be said about this herb regarding bone healing might seem incredible to some; indeed, even when they're wrapped up poorly and unattractively, common experience teaches that there isn't another herb in the world that compares for this purpose." It was given to patients to drink in ale—both for themselves and their livestock—and applied externally like a poultice.

The name Lady's Seal was conferred on this plant by old writers, as also St. Mary's Seal, Sigillum sanctoe Marioe.

The name Lady's Seal was given to this plant by early authors, as well as St. Mary's Seal, Sigillum sanctoe Marioe.

The Arabs understand by Solomon's Seal the figure of a six-pointed star, formed by two equilateral triangles intersecting each other, as frequently mentioned in Oriental tales. Gerard maintains that the name, Sigillum Solomunis, was given to the root "partly because it bears marks something like the stamp of a seal, but still more because of the virtue the root hath in sealing or healing up green wounds, broken bones, and such like, being stamp't and laid thereon."

The Arabs refer to Solomon's Seal as a six-pointed star made by the overlap of two equilateral triangles, a common theme in Oriental stories. Gerard argues that the name, Sigillum Solomunis, was given to the root not only because it has markings similar to a seal's stamp but also due to the root's ability to seal or heal green wounds, broken bones, and similar issues when stamped and applied.

The bottle of brass told of in the Arabian Nights as fished up was closed with a stopper of lead bearing the [526] "Seal of our Lord Suleyman." This was a wonderful talisman which was said to have come down from heaven with the great name of God engraved upon it, being composed of brass for the good genii, and iron for the evil jinn.

The brass bottle mentioned in the Arabian Nights, which was pulled from the water, was sealed with a lead stopper that had the [526] "Seal of our Lord Suleyman." This was an incredible talisman believed to have descended from heaven, engraved with the great name of God. It was made of brass to favor the good genies and iron for the evil jinn.

The names Convallaria polygonatum signify "growth in a valley," and "many jointed." Other titles of the plant are Many Knees, Jacob's Ladder, Lily of the Mountain, White wort, and Seal wort.

The names Convallaria polygonatum mean "growth in a valley" and "many jointed." Other names for the plant include Many Knees, Jacob's Ladder, Lily of the Mountain, White wort, and Seal wort.

The Turks eat the young shoots of this plant just as we eat
Asparagus.

The Turks eat the young shoots of this plant just like we eat
asparagus.

SORREL. (See "Dock," page 157.)

SOUTHERNWOOD.

Southernwood, or Southern Wormwood, though it does not flower in this country, is well known as grown in every cottage garden for its aromatic fragrance. It is the Artemisia Abrotanum, a Composite plant of the Wormwood tribe, commonly known as "Old Man." Pliny explains that this title is borne because of the plant being a sexual restorative to those in advanced years, as explained by Macer:—

Southernwood, or Southern Wormwood, even though it doesn’t flower in this country, is widely recognized in every cottage garden for its fragrant aroma. It's the Artemisia Abrotanum, a Composite plant from the Wormwood family, often referred to as "Old Man." Pliny explains that this nickname comes from the plant being a sexual restorative for people in their later years, as noted by Macer:—

"Hoec etiam venerem pulvino subdita tantum Incitat."

"She also excites desire only when she’s resting on a cushion."

Pliny says further that this herb is potent against syphilis, and veneficia quibus coitus inhibeatur. Its odour is lemon-like, and depends on a volatile essential oil which consists chiefly of absinthol, and is common to the other Wormwoods. "Abrotanum" is a Greek term. Another appellation of this plant is "Lad's love," and "Boy's love," from the making of an ointment with its [527] ashes, to be used by youngsters for promoting the growth of the beard. "Cinis Abrotani barbam segnius tardiusque enascentem cum aliquo dictorum oleorum elicit." The plant is found in Spain and Italy as an indigenous herb. Its leaves and tops have a strong aromatic odour, and a penetrating warms bitterish taste which is rather nauseous. An infusion, or tea, of the herb is agreeable: but a decoction is distasteful, having lost much of the aroma. The plant was formerly in great repute as a cordial against hysterics, and to strengthen the stomach of a weakly person. It will expel both round worms and thread worms, whilst its presence is hostile to moths; and hence has been got one of its French names, "Garde robe." Externally it will promote the growth of the hair. In Lincolnshire it is known as "Motherwood."

Pliny also states that this herb is effective against syphilis and veneficia quibus coitus inhibeatur. It has a lemon-like smell due to a volatile essential oil primarily made up of absinthol, which is also found in other Wormwoods. "Abrotanum" is a Greek word. Another name for this plant is "Lad's love" or "Boy's love," referring to a lotion made with its ashes that young men would use to encourage beard growth. "Cinis Abrotani barbam segnius tardiusque enascentem cum aliquo dictorum oleorum elicit." This plant grows naturally in Spain and Italy. Its leaves and stems are highly aromatic with a strong, warm, bitter taste that can be quite unpleasant. An infusion or tea made from the herb is enjoyable, but a decoction tastes bad, having lost much of its aroma. Historically, it was well-regarded as a remedy for hysteria and to strengthen the stomach of weak individuals. It can help eliminate both roundworms and threadworms, and it repels moths, which is how it got one of its French names, "Garde robe." Externally, it promotes hair growth. In Lincolnshire, it is called "Motherwood."

SOWBREAD, or CYCLAMEN. (See page 450, "Primrose.")

SPEEDWELL.

This little plant, with its exquisite flowers of celestial blue, grows most familiarly in our hedgerows throughout the Spring, and early Summer. Its brilliant, gemlike blossoms show a border of pale purple, or delicate violet, marked with deeper veins or streaks. But the lovely circlet of petals is most fragile, and falls off at a touch; whence are derived the names Speedwell, Farewell, Good-bye, and Forget-me-not.

This small plant, with its beautiful celestial blue flowers, commonly grows in our hedgerows during Spring and early Summer. Its vibrant, gem-like blossoms feature a pale purple or delicate violet border, marked with darker veins or streaks. However, the lovely ring of petals is very delicate and falls off with a touch, which is why it has the names Speedwell, Farewell, Goodbye, and Forget-me-not.

Speedwell is a Veronica (fero, "I bring," nikee, "victory"), which tribe was believed to belong especially to birds. So the plant bears the name "Birds' Eyes," as well as "Blue Eyes," "Strike Fires," and "Mammy Die" (because of the belief that if the herb were brought [528] into a family the mother would die within the year). Turner calls the plant "Fluellin," or "Lluellin," a name "the shentleman of Wales have given it because it saved her nose, which a disease had almost gotten from her." Further, it is the Paul's Betony, called after Paulus OEgineta. The plant belongs to the Scroflua-curing order.

Speedwell is a Veronica (fero, "I bring," nikee, "victory"), which is believed to be particularly associated with birds. That's why the plant is known as "Birds' Eyes," as well as "Blue Eyes," "Strike Fires," and "Mammy Die" (due to the belief that if the herb is brought into a household, the mother will die within the year). Turner refers to the plant as "Fluellin," or "Lluellin," a name given by the gentlemen of Wales because it helped save a woman's nose, which was nearly lost to a disease. Additionally, it is known as Paul's Betony, named after Paulus OEgineta. The plant is part of the order known for curing scrofula.

It is related that a shepherd observed how a stag, whose hind-quarters were covered with a scabby eruption brought about through the bite of a wolf, cured itself by rolling on plants of the Speedwell, and by eating its leaves. Thereupon he commended the plant to his king, and thus promoted his majesty's restoration to health.

It is said that a shepherd noticed a stag, whose hindquarters were covered in a scabby rash from a wolf's bite, healed itself by rolling in Speedwell plants and eating their leaves. Then he recommended the plant to his king, which helped restore the king's health.

In Germany it bears the title Grundheele, from having cured a king of France who suffered from a leprosy for eight years, which disease is named grund in German. At one time the herb was held in high esteem as a specific for gout in this country, but it became adulterated, and its fame suffered a downfall.

In Germany, it's called Grundheele, after curing a king of France who had leprosy for eight years, a disease called grund in German. Once, this herb was highly regarded as a cure for gout in this country, but it got mixed with other substances, and its reputation declined.

The only sensible quality of the Speedwell is the powerful astringency of its leaves, and this property serves to protect it from herbivorous foes.

The only practical feature of the Speedwell is the strong astringency of its leaves, which helps protect it from herbivorous enemies.

It has been long held famous among countryfolk as an excellent plant for coughs, asthma, and pulmonary consumption. The leaves are bitter, with a rough taste; and a decoction of the whole plant stimulates the kidneys. The infusion promotes perspiration, and reduces feverishness. The juice may be boiled into a syrup with honey, for asthma and catarrhs.

It has long been known among country folks as a great plant for coughs, asthma, and lung issues. The leaves are bitter and have a rough taste; brewing the whole plant makes a tea that helps the kidneys. The infusion encourages sweating and lowers fevers. The juice can be cooked into a syrup with honey for asthma and colds.

When applied outwardly, it is said to cure the itch; and by some it has been asserted that a continued use of the infusion will overcome sterility, if taken daily as a tea. The French still distinguish the plant as the [529] Thé d'Europe; and a century ago it was used commonly in Germany in substitution for tea. As a medicine, by reason of its astringency, it became called Polychresta herba veronica.

When used externally, it’s said to cure itching; some even claim that regular use of the infusion can help with sterility if consumed daily as a tea. The French still refer to the plant as the [529] Thé d'Europe; a century ago, it was commonly used in Germany as a replacement for tea. As a medicine, because of its astringent properties, it became known as Polychresta herba veronica.

"My freckles with the Speedwell's juices washed," says Alfred
Austin, our Poet Laureate.

"My freckles washed with the Speedwell's juices," says Alfred
Austin, our Poet Laureate.

The Germans also name this plant Ehren-preis, or Prize of Honour; which fact favours the supposition of its being the true "Forget-me-not," or souveigne vous de moy, as legendary on knightly collars of yore to commemorate a famous joust fought in 1465 between the most accomplished champions of England and France.

The Germans also call this plant Ehren-preis, or Prize of Honor; this supports the idea that it is the real "Forget-me-not," or souveigne vous de moy, as famously noted on knightly collars back in the day to commemorate a well-known joust that took place in 1465 between the most skilled champions of England and France.

The present Forget-me-not is a Myosotis, or Mouse Ear, or
Scorpion Grass.

The current Forget-me-not is a Myosotis, also known as Mouse Ear, or
Scorpion Grass.

In Somersetshire, the pretty little Germander Speedwell is known as Cat's Eye: and because seeming to reflect by its azure colour the beautiful blue firmament above, this pure-tinted blossom has got its name of veron eikon, the "true image" (Veronica); just as the napkin with which a compassionate maiden wiped the face of Christ on the morning of His crucifixion, held imprinted for ever on its fabric a miraculous portrait, which led to her being afterwards canonised on this account as Saint Veronica.

In Somersetshire, the charming little Germander Speedwell is called Cat's Eye; and because it seems to reflect the beautiful blue sky above with its azure color, this pure-colored flower got its name veron eikon, meaning "true image" (Veronica); similar to the cloth that a kind woman used to wipe Christ's face on the morning of His crucifixion, which forever held an imprint of His face, leading to her being canonized later as Saint Veronica.

The Emperor Charles the Fifth of Spain is said to have derived much relief to his gout from the use of this herb. It contains tannin, and a particular bitter principle.

The Emperor Charles the Fifth of Spain is said to have found a lot of relief from his gout thanks to this herb. It contains tannin and a specific bitter compound.

SPINACH.

Spinach (Lapathum hortense) is a Persian plant which has been cultivated in our gardens for about two hundred years; and considerably longer on the Continent. Some say the Spinach was originally brought [530] from Spain. It was produced by monks in France at the middle of the 14th century.

Spinach (Lapathum hortense) is a Persian plant that has been grown in our gardens for about two hundred years, and even longer in Europe. Some believe that Spinach was originally brought over from Spain. It was cultivated by monks in France in the mid-14th century.

This is a light vegetable, easily digested, and rather laxative, besides having some wonderful properties ascribed to its use. Its sub-order, the Saltworts (Salsolaceoe), are found growing in marshes by the seashore, and as weeds by waste places, serving some of them to expel worms.

This is a light vegetable that's easy to digest and has a mild laxative effect, in addition to some amazing benefits associated with its use. Its sub-order, the Saltworts (Salsolaceoe), grows in marshes near the coast and as weeds in neglected areas, with some varieties helping to expel worms.

"Spinach," says John Evelyn, "if crude, the oft'ner kept out of Sallets the better; but being boiled to a pulp; and without other water than its own moisture, is a most excellent condiment with butter, vinegar, or lemon, for almost all sorts of boiled flesh, and may accompany a sick man's diet. 'Tis laxative and emollient, and therefore profitable for the aged." Spinach is richer in iron than the yolk of the egg, which contains more than beef. Its juice produced in cooking the leaves without adding any water is a wholesome drink, and improves the complexion.

"Spinach," says John Evelyn, "if raw, is better left out of salads; but when boiled down to a soft paste and only using its own moisture, it makes a really great side dish with butter, vinegar, or lemon for pretty much any type of boiled meat, and it can be included in a sick person's diet. It’s gentle on the stomach and soothing, making it beneficial for older people." Spinach has more iron than egg yolk, which has more than beef. The juice that comes from cooking the leaves without adding water is a healthy drink and can enhance your skin's appearance.

It was with a delicate offering of "gammon and spinach" in his hands, Mr. Anthony Roley, of nursery fame, went so sadly a wooing:—

It was with a delicate offering of "gammon and spinach" in his hands that Mr. Anthony Roley, famous for his nursery, sadly went a-wooing:—

    "Ranula furtivos statuebat quaoerere amores:
        Me miserum! tristi Rolius ore gemit.
    Ranula furtivos statuebat quoerere amores,
        Mater sive daret, sive negaret iter."

"Ranula was secretly contemplating love:
        Poor me! Rolius groans with a sad face.
    Ranula was secretly contemplating love,
        Whether his mother would grant or deny him the way."

A wild species of Spinach, the "Good King Henry," grows in
England, and is popular as a pot herb in Lincolnshire.

A wild species of spinach, known as "Good King Henry," grows in
England and is popular as a cooking herb in Lincolnshire.

SPINDLE TREE (Celastracoe).

SPINDLE TREE (Celastraceae).

During the autumn, in our woody hedgerows a shrub becomes very conspicuous by bearing numerous rose-coloured floral capsules, strikingly brilliant, each with a [531] scarlet and orange-coloured centre. This is the Spindle Tree (Euonymus), so called because it furnishes wood for spindles, or skewers, whence it is also named Prickwood, Skewerwood, and Gadrise, or Gad Rouge. The word "gad" is used in our western counties for a stick pointed at both ends to fasten down thatch. The Spindle Tree has a green bark, and glossy leaves, producing only small greenish flowers: whilst the pendulous ornaments so brilliantly borne in autumn are four-lobed capsules of a pale red hue, which open out and disclose ruddy orange-coloured seeds wrapped in a scarlet arillus. It is further known as the Louseberry Tree, from the fruit being applied to destroy lice in children's heads, whilst its powdered bark will kill nits, and serve to remove scurf. Other popular titles owned by this shrub are "gatter," "gatten," and "gatteridge." The ripe fruit, from which a medicinal tincture is prepared, furnishes euonymin, a golden resin, which is purgative and emetic. This acts specially on the liver, and promotes a free flow of bile. The plant also yields asparagin, and euonic acid. An ointment is made with the fruits: and the powdered resin is given in doses of from half-a-grain to two grains.

During autumn, in our wooded hedgerows, a shrub stands out with its numerous rose-colored floral capsules, strikingly bright, each with a scarlet and orange center. This is the Spindle Tree (Euonymus), named because it provides wood for spindles or skewers, and is also known as Prickwood, Skewerwood, and Gadrise or Gad Rouge. In our western counties, the word "gad" refers to a stick pointed at both ends used to secure thatch. The Spindle Tree has green bark and glossy leaves, producing only small greenish flowers, while the pendulous ornaments displayed so brilliantly in autumn are four-lobed capsules of a pale red color that open up to reveal ruddy orange seeds wrapped in a scarlet arillus. It is also called the Louseberry Tree because the fruit is used to get rid of lice in children's hair, and its powdered bark can kill nits and help remove dandruff. Other common names for this shrub include "gatter," "gatten," and "gatteridge." The ripe fruit, which is used to make a medicinal tincture, contains euonymin, a golden resin that acts as a purgative and emetic. This substance specifically targets the liver and helps promote a free flow of bile. The plant also produces asparagin and euonic acid. An ointment is made with the fruits, and the powdered resin is administered in doses ranging from half a grain to two grains.

In the United States of America, this tree is the Wahoo, or Burning Bush. The green leaves of one species are eaten by the Arabs to induce watchfulness. In allusion to the actively irritating properties of the shrub, its name, Euonymus, is associated with that of Euonyme, the Mother of the Furies. The bark is mildly aperient and causes no nausea, whilst at the same time stimulating the liver somewhat freely. To make its decoction add an ounce to a pint of water, and boil together slowly. A small wineglassful may be given, when cool, for a dose two or three times in the day. Of the medicinal tincture made from the bark with spirit [532] of wine, a dose of from five to ten drops may be taken with water in the same way. French doctors call the shrub Fusain, or bonnet de prètre (birretta). They give the fruit, three or four for a dose, as a purgative in rural districts: and employ the decoction, whilst adding some vinegar, as a lotion against mange in horses and cattle. Also, they make from the wood when slightly charred a delicate crayon for artists.

In the United States, this tree is known as the Wahoo or Burning Bush. Arabs consume the green leaves of one species to enhance alertness. The name of the shrub, Euonymus, refers to its irritating properties and is linked to Euonyme, the Mother of the Furies. The bark has a mild laxative effect and doesn't cause nausea while also stimulating the liver moderately. To prepare its decoction, add an ounce to a pint of water and simmer slowly. Once cooled, a small wineglassful can be taken two or three times a day. For the medicinal tincture made from the bark with spirit [532] of wine, a dose of five to ten drops can be mixed with water in the same manner. French doctors refer to the shrub as Fusain or bonnet de prètre (birretta). They use the fruit, taking three or four for a dose, as a laxative in rural areas, and employ the decoction mixed with vinegar as a lotion for mange in horses and cattle. Additionally, they create a fine crayon for artists from the slightly charred wood.

SPURGE.

Conspicuous in Summer by their golden green leaves, and their striking epergnes of bright emerald blossoms, the Wood Spurge, and the Petty Spurge, adorn our woodlands and gardens commonly and very remarkably. Together with many other allied plants, foreign and indigenous, they yield from their severed stems a milky juice of medicinal properties. The name _Euphorbioe _has been given to this order from Euphorbus, the favourite physician of Juba, King of Mauritania. All the Spurges possess the same poisonous principle, which may, however, be readily dissipated by heat; and then, in many instances, the root becomes a nourishing and palatable food. For example, the Manioc, a South American Spurge, furnishes a juice which has been known to kill in a few minutes. Nevertheless, its root baked, after first draining away the juice, makes a wholesome bread: and by washing the fresh pulp a starch is produced which we know as Tapioca for our table. This is so sustaining that half-a-pound a day is said to be sufficient of itself to support a healthy man. The Indian rubber and Castor oil plants belong also to this order of Euphorbioe.

In the summer, the Wood Spurge and the Petty Spurge stand out with their golden green leaves and vibrant emerald flowers, beautifully enhancing our woodlands and gardens. Along with many other related plants, both native and foreign, they release a milky sap from their cut stems that has medicinal qualities. The order _Euphorbioe_ is named after Euphorbus, the physician favored by Juba, the King of Mauritania. All Spurges share a toxic component, which can be easily neutralized by heat; in many cases, the root can transform into a nutritious and tasty food. For instance, the Manioc, a South American Spurge, produces a sap that can be deadly within minutes. However, when the root is baked after the sap is removed, it becomes a healthy bread. By rinsing the fresh pulp, we obtain a starch known as Tapioca, which is so filling that it's said that half a pound daily is enough to sustain a healthy person. The Indian rubber and Castor oil plants are also part of this order of Euphorbioe.

The Wood Spurge, seen so frequently during our country rambles, suggests by its spreading aspect a [533] clever juggler balancing on his upturned chin a widely-branched series of delicate green saucers on fragile stems, which ramify below from a single rod. Each saucer is the bearer again of sub-divided pedicels which stretch out to support other brightly verdant little leafy dishes; so that the whole system of well poised flowering perianths forms a specially handsome candelabrum of emerald (cup-like) bloom. The botanical title Spurge is derived from expurgare, to act as a purgative, because of the acrid juice possessing this property. Gerard says "the juice of the Wood Spurge, if given as physic, must be ministered with discretion, and prepared with correctories by some honest apothecary." Furthermore, this juice, "if mixed with honey causeth hair to fall from that part which is anointed therewith, if it be done in the sun." Therefore, what better place may there be than a wooded English meadow on a sunny day for a clean and convenient natural shave by those of the fair sex who, unhappily, own hirsute facial appendages of which they would gladly be rid? Euphorbia Peplus, the Petty Spurge, is equally common, and often called "wart weed." It signifies, "Welcome to our house," and turns its flowers towards the sun. The Irish Spurge (Hiberna), is so powerful that a small bundle of its bruised plant will kill the fish for several miles down a river. Yet another Spurge (Lathyris), a twin brother, bears caper-like seeds which are sometimes dishonestly pickled and sold as a (dangerous) substitute for the toothsome flowerbuds taken in sauce with our boiled mutton. The whole tribe of Spurges contains two hundred genera, and forms, what we call now-a-days, "a large order." The roots of several common kinds are used in making quack medicines, which are unsafe, [534] and violent in action. Because of its milk-white sap the Wood Spurge bears the name in Somersetshire of Virgin Mary's Nipple: and yet in other parts, for the like reason, this plant is known as Devil's Milk. Chemically, most of the Spurges contain caoutchouc, resin, gallic acid, and their particular acrid principle which has not been fully defined. In France the rustics sometimes purge themselves with a dose of from six to twelve grains of the dried Wood Spurge: and its juice is used in this country as an application to destroy warts; also, to be rubbed in behind the ear for ear-ache, or face-ache. The famous surgeon, Cheselden, employed a noted plaster made with the resin of Spurge for relieving disease of the hip joint by counterstimulation. But, to sum up, I would say with wise Gerard, "these herbes by mine advice should not be received into the body, considering there be so many other good and wholesome potions to be made with other herbes that may be taken without peril." Nevertheless, a tincture prepared (H.) from the Wood Spurge, with spirit of wine, may be given admirably in much diluted doses for curing the same severe symptoms which the plant produces when taken to a toxical degree. Offensive diarrhoea, with prolapse of the lowest bowel, will be certainly remedied by four or five drops of this tincture, first decimal strength, with water, every two or three hours: especially if, at the same time, there be a burning and stinging soreness of the throat. Said young Rosamond Berew (1460), in Malvern Chase, concerning "a tall gaunt figure," noted for her knowledge of herbs, sometimes called the Witch, but worshipped by the hinds and their children:—"There is Mary, of Eldersfield; I expect she has been on Berthill after Nettles to make a capon sit, or to gather Spurges for ointments." [535]

The Wood Spurge, often seen during our countryside walks, looks like a skilled juggler balancing a wide array of delicate green saucers on fragile stems that branch out from a single stalk below. Each saucer holds smaller stalks that extend to support more bright green little leafy dishes, creating a beautiful, well-balanced candelabrum of emerald blooms. The name Spurge comes from expurgare, meaning to act as a purgative, because of the acrid sap that has this effect. Gerard states, "the juice of the Wood Spurge, if used for medicinal purposes, must be given carefully and prepared correctly by a trustworthy apothecary." Additionally, this juice, "if mixed with honey, can cause hair to fall off that area when applied in the sun." So, where better to have a clean and natural shave than in a sunny English meadow for those women who want to get rid of unwanted facial hair? Euphorbia Peplus, or Petty Spurge, is also common and is often called "wart weed." It symbolizes, "Welcome to our house," as it turns its flowers toward the sun. The Irish Spurge (Hiberna) is potent enough that just a small bundle of its crushed plant can kill fish for miles downstream. Another Spurge (Lathyris) has caper-like seeds that are sometimes fraudulently pickled and sold as a (dangerous) substitute for the tasty flower buds usually served with boiled mutton. The entire family of Spurges includes two hundred genera and forms what we now refer to as "a large order." The roots of several common types are used in making unregulated medicines that can be unsafe and harmful. Due to its milky sap, the Wood Spurge is referred to in Somersetshire as Virgin Mary's Nipple, while in other areas it’s known as Devil's Milk. Chemically, most Spurges contain caoutchouc, resin, gallic acid, and a specific acrid component that hasn’t been fully identified. In France, some locals use a dried dose of six to twelve grains of the Wood Spurge to cleanse themselves; its juice is also used here to remove warts and applied behind the ear for earaches or face aches. The renowned surgeon Cheselden used a famous plaster made with the resin of Spurge to alleviate hip joint disease through counterstimulation. However, to sum up, I would echo wise Gerard, "these herbs should not be taken into the body, considering there are so many other good and safe potions made from other herbs that can be consumed without risk." Nonetheless, a tincture prepared from the Wood Spurge, with alcohol, can be effectively given in diluted doses to treat the severe symptoms the plant can cause if taken in toxic amounts. Severe diarrhea with prolapse of the lowest bowel can be effectively treated with four or five drops of this tincture at a first decimal strength, mixed with water, every two to three hours, especially if burning and stinging soreness in the throat is present. Young Rosamond Berew (1460), in Malvern Chase, mentioned "a tall, gaunt figure" known for her herbal knowledge, sometimes called the Witch, yet revered by the workers and their kids:—"There’s Mary, of Eldersfield; I expect she’s been gathering Nettles for capon preparation, or gathering Spurges for ointments."

STITCHWORT.

The Stitchworts, greater and less (Stellaria holostea), grow very abundantly as herbal weeds in all our dry hedges and woods, having tough stems which run closely together, and small white star-like (stellaria) blossoms.

The Stitchworts, greater and lesser (Stellaria holostea), grow in abundance as herbal weeds in all our dry hedges and woods, featuring tough stems that run closely together and small, star-like white blossoms (stellaria).

These plants are of the same order (Chickweed) as the Alsine and the small Chickweed. Their second name, Holostea, signifies "all bones," because the whole plant is very brittle from the flinty elements which its structures contain.

These plants belong to the same order (Chickweed) as Alsine and small Chickweed. Their second name, Holostea, means "all bones," because the entire plant is very brittle due to the flinty elements in its structure.

As its title declares, the great Stitchwort has a widespread reputation for curing the stitch, or sharp muscular pain, which often attacks one or other side of the body about the lower ribs.

As its title suggests, the great Stitchwort is well-known for treating the stitch, or sharp muscle pain, that often strikes one side of the body around the lower ribs.

In the days of the old Saxon leechdoms it was customary against a stitch to make the sign of the cross, and to sing three times over the part:—

In the days of the old Saxon healing practices, it was common to make the sign of the cross against a stitch and to sing over the area three times:—

"Longinus miles lanceâ pinxit dominum:
Restet sanguis, et recedat dolor!"

"Longinus, the soldier, pierced the Lord with a spear:
Let the blood remain, and let the pain depart!"

"The spear of Longinus, the soldier, pierced our Saviour's side:
May the blood, therefore, quicken: and the pain no longer abide!"

"The spear of Longinus, the soldier, pierced our Savior's side:
May the blood, therefore, bring life: and the pain no longer stay!"

Or some similar form of charm.

Or some other kind of charm.

Gerard said of folk, in his day: "They are wont to drink it in wine (with the powder of acorns) against the pain in the side, stitches, and such like." But according to Dr. Prior, the herb is named rather because curing the sting (in German stich) of venomous reptiles. In country places the Stitchwort is known as Adder's meat, and the Satin Flower: also Miller's Star, Shirtbutton, and Milk Maid, in Yorkshire: the early English name was Bird's Tongue.

Gerard talked about people in his time: "They usually drink it in wine (with acorn powder) to relieve side pain, stitches, and similar issues." However, Dr. Prior suggests the herb is named more for curing the sting (in German stich) from venomous snakes. In rural areas, Stitchwort is called Adder's meat, and the Satin Flower; it’s also known as Miller's Star, Shirtbutton, and Milk Maid in Yorkshire. The old English name was Bird's Tongue.

[536] About, Plymouth, it is dedicated to the Pixies; whilst the lesser variety is called White Sunday, because of its delicate white blossoms, with golden-dusted stamens. These were associated with the new converts baptised in white garments on Low Sunday—the first Sunday after Easter—named, therefore, White Sunday.

[536] In Plymouth, it's dedicated to the Pixies; the smaller type is called White Sunday, because of its delicate white flowers with golden-tipped stamens. These were linked to the new converts baptized in white garments on Low Sunday—the first Sunday after Easter—which is why it's named White Sunday.

But in some parts of Wales the Stitchwort bears the names of Devil's-eyes and Devil's-corn. Boys in Devonshire nickname the herb Snapjack, Snapcrackers, and Snappers.

But in some areas of Wales, Stitchwort is called Devil's-eyes and Devil's-corn. Boys in Devonshire refer to the plant as Snapjack, Snapcrackers, and Snappers.

Parkinson tells us that in former days it was much commended by some to clear the eyes of dimness by dropping the fresh juice into them. Again, Galen said: "The seed is sharp and biting to him that tastes it."

Parkinson tells us that in the past, many praised the practice of clearing cloudy eyes by putting fresh juice in them. Additionally, Galen mentioned, "The seed is sharp and biting to anyone who tastes it."

As a modern curative Simple, the Stitchworts, greater and less, stand related to silica, a powerfully remedial preparation of highly pulverised flint. This is because of the exquisitely subdivided flint found abundantly dispersed throughout the structures of Stitchwort plants; which curative principle is eminently useful in chronic diseases, such as cancer, rickets, and scrofula. It exercises a deep and slow action, such as is remedially brought to bear by the Bethesda waters of America, and the powdered oyster shells of Sir Spencer Wells.

As a modern healing remedy, the Stitchworts, both greater and lesser, are connected to silica, a highly effective treatment made from finely ground flint. This is due to the finely divided flint that is plentifully spread throughout the Stitchwort plants, which is particularly helpful for chronic illnesses like cancer, rickets, and scrofula. It works slowly and deeply, similar to the therapeutic effects of the Bethesda waters in America and the powdered oyster shells used by Sir Spencer Wells.

The fresh infusion should be steadily taken, a tea-cupful three times daily, for weeks or months together. It may be made with a pint of boiling water to an ounce of the fresh herb. Likewise, the fresh plant should be boiled and eaten as "greens," so as to secure medicinally the insoluble parts of the silica. This further serves against albumen, and sugar in the urine.

The fresh infusion should be taken regularly, a cup three times a day, for weeks or months at a time. It can be made with a pint of boiling water to an ounce of the fresh herb. Also, the fresh plant should be cooked and eaten as "greens" to obtain the medicinal benefits of the insoluble silica parts. This also helps with albumin and sugar in the urine.

[537] STONE CROP (See House Leek, page 273).

STRAWBERRY.

Properly, our familiar Strawberry plant is a native of cold climates, and so hardy that it bears fruit freely in Lapland. When mixed with reindeer cream, and dried in the form of a sausage, this constitutes Kappatialmas, the plum pudding of the Polar regions.

Properly, our familiar Strawberry plant is a native of cold climates, and so tough that it produces fruit abundantly in Lapland. When combined with reindeer cream and dried into a sausage shape, this becomes Kappatialmas, the plum pudding of the Polar regions.

"Strawberry" is from the Anglo-Saxon Strowberige, of which the first syllable refers to anything strewn. The wild woodland Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) is the progenitor of our highly cultivated and delicious fruit. This little hedgerow and sylvan plant has a root which is very astringent, so that when held in the mouth it will stay any flow of blood from the nostrils. Its berries are more acid than the garden Strawberry, and make an excellent cleanser of the teeth, the acid juice dissolving incrustations of tartar without injuring the enamel.

"Strawberry" comes from the Old English Strowberige, where the first part means anything scattered. The wild woodland Strawberry (Fragaria vesca) is the ancestor of our well-loved and tasty fruit. This small plant found in hedgerows and woods has roots that are very astringent, so when chewed, they can stop bleeding from the nose. Its berries are more tart than garden Strawberries and are great for cleaning teeth, as the acidic juice breaks down tartar buildup without harming the enamel.

A medicinal tincture is ordered (H.) from the berries of this Woodland Strawberry, which is of excellent service for nettle rash, or allied erysipelas: also for a suffocative swelling of the swallowing throat. "Ipsa tuis manibus sylvestri nata sub umbrâa: mollia fraga leges," says Ovid. An infusion of the leaves is of excellent service in Dysentery.

A medicinal tincture is made from the berries of this Woodland Strawberry, which is very effective for nettle rash or related conditions like erysipelas; it's also good for a suffocating swelling in the throat. "You will gather the soft berries born in the woods beneath the shade with your own hands," says Ovid. An infusion of the leaves is very helpful for dysentery.

It is incorrect to call the fruit a berry, because the edible, succulent pulp is really a juicy cushion over which numerous small seeds are plentifully dotted; whilst the name Strawberry is a corruption of Strayberry, in allusion to the trailing runners, which stray in all directions from the parent stock.

It’s wrong to call the fruit a berry because the soft, juicy flesh is actually a thick layer that is covered in a lot of tiny seeds. The name Strawberry comes from Strayberry, referring to the way the runners spread out in all directions from the main plant.

Being of very ancient date, the Strawberry is found widely diffused throughout most parts of the world. [538] Among the Greeks its name Komaros, "a mouthful," indicated the compact size of the fruit. By the Latins it was termed Fragaria, because of its delicate perfume.

Being very old, the strawberry is found in many parts of the world. [538] Among the Greeks, its name Komaros, meaning "a mouthful," referred to the compact size of the fruit. The Romans called it Fragaria, due to its sweet fragrance.

Virgil ranked it with sweet-smelling flowers; Ovid gave it a tender epithet; Pliny mentions the Strawberry as one of the native fruits of Italy; Linnaeus declared he kept himself free from gout by eating plentifully of the fruit; and Hoffman says he has known consumption cured by the same means.

Virgil compared it to fragrant flowers; Ovid described it with a gentle term; Pliny noted the strawberry as one of Italy's native fruits; Linnaeus claimed he avoided gout by eating a lot of the fruit; and Hoffman said he had seen consumption treated with the same method.

From Shakespeare we learn that in his day the fruit was grown in Holborn, now the centre of London. Gloster, when contemplating the death of Hastings, wishes to get the Bishop of Ely temporarily out of the way, and thus addresses him:—

From Shakespeare, we learn that in his time, the fruit was grown in Holborn, which is now the center of London. Gloster, while considering Hastings's death, wants to temporarily get the Bishop of Ely out of the way, and he addresses him like this:—

    "My Lord of Ely—when I was last in Holborn
    I saw good Strawberries in your garden there;
    I do beseech you send for some of them."

"My Lord of Ely—when I was last in Holborn
I saw some nice strawberries in your garden there;
I kindly ask you to send for some of them."

In Elizabeth's time doctors made a tea from the leaves to act on the kidneys, and used the roots as astringent.

In Elizabeth's time, doctors brewed tea from the leaves to support kidney function and used the roots for their astringent properties.

All former Herbalists agreed in pronouncing strawberries wholesome and beneficial beyond every other English fruit. Their smell is refreshing to the spirits; they abate fever, promote urine, and are gently laxative. The leaves may be used in gargles for quinsies and sore mouths, but, "if anyone suffering from a wound in the head should partake of this fruit, it would certainly prove fatal," in accordance with a widespread superstition.

All past Herbalists agreed that strawberries are healthier and more beneficial than any other English fruit. Their aroma is uplifting, they reduce fever, encourage urination, and have a mild laxative effect. The leaves can be used in mouth rinses for tonsillitis and sore throats, but, "if anyone with a head injury eats this fruit, it could definitely be fatal," according to a common superstition.

So wholesome are Strawberries, that if laid in a heap and left by themselves to decompose, they will decay without undergoing any acetous fermentation; nor can their kindly temperature be soured even by exposure to the acids of the stomach. They are constituted entirely of soluble matter, and leave no residuum to [539] hinder digestion. It is probably for this reason, and because the fruit does not contain any actual nutriment as food, that a custom has arisen of combining rich clotted cream with it at table, whilst at the same time the sharp juices are thus agreeably modified.

Strawberries are so wholesome that if you pile them up and leave them to rot, they will break down without turning sour; their gentle nature isn’t affected even by stomach acids. They are made up completely of soluble substances and leave no leftover matter to interfere with digestion. This is likely why there’s a tradition of serving them with rich clotted cream, which balances the fruit’s tart juices nicely.

"Mella que erunt epulis, et lacte fluentia fraga":—

"Then sit on a cushion, and sew up a seam;
And thou shalt have Strawberries, sugar, and cream."

"Then sit on a cushion and sew up a seam;
And you'll have strawberries, sugar, and cream."

Cardinal Wolsey regaled off this delicate confection with the Lords of the Star Chamber; and Charles Lamb is reported to have said, "Doubtless, God Almighty could have made a better berry, but He never did."

Cardinal Wolsey showed off this delicate treat with the Lords of the Star Chamber; and Charles Lamb is said to have remarked, "Surely, God Almighty could have made a better berry, but He never did."

Parkinson advised that water distilled from strawberries is good for perturbation of the spirits, and maketh the heart merry.

Parkinson suggested that water distilled from strawberries is good for lifting one's spirits and makes the heart feel happy.

The fruit especially suits persons of a bilious temperament, being "a surprising remedy for the jaundice of children, and particularly helping the liver of pot companions, wetters, and drammers." "Some also do use thereof to make a water for hot inflammations in the eyes, and to take away any film that beginneth to grow over them. Into a closed glass vessel they put so many strawberries as they think meet for their purpose, and let this be set in a bed of hot horse manure for twelve or fourteen days, being afterwards distilled carefully, and the water kept for use."

The fruit is especially good for people with a bilious temperament, serving as "an amazing remedy for children's jaundice and particularly benefiting the livers of drinkers and heavy drinkers." "Some also use it to create a solution for treating hot eye inflammations and to remove any film that starts to form over them. They place a sufficient amount of strawberries in a sealed glass container and leave it in a bed of hot horse manure for twelve to fourteen days, then distill it carefully and keep the water for use."

The chemical constituents of the Strawberry are—a peculiar volatile aroma, sugar, mucilage, pectin, citric and malic acids in equal parts, woody fibre, and water.

The chemical components of the strawberry are a unique volatile aroma, sugar, mucilage, pectin, equal parts citric and malic acids, woody fiber, and water.

The fruit is mucilaginous, somewhat tart and saccharine. It stimulates perspiration, and imparts a violet scent to the urine. When fermented for the purpose it yields an ardent spirit. If beaten into a pulp [540] when ripe, and with water poured thereupon, it makes a capital cooling drink which is purifying, and somewhat laxative.

The fruit is slimy, a bit tart, and sweet. It makes you sweat and gives urine a violet smell. When fermented, it produces a strong alcoholic drink. If you mash it into a pulp when it's ripe and mix it with water, it creates a great cooling drink that cleanses and has a mild laxative effect.

Strawberries are especially suitable in inflammatory and putrid fevers, and for catarrhal sore throats. French herbalists direct that when fresh, and recently crushed, the fruit shall be applied on the face at night for heat spots and freckles by the sun. From the juice, with lemon, sugar, and water, they concoct a most agreeable drink, Bavaroise à la grecque; also they employ the roots and leaves against passive hemorrhages, and in chronic diarrhoea.

Strawberries are particularly effective for inflammatory and putrid fevers, as well as for catarrhal sore throats. French herbalists recommend applying fresh, crushed strawberries to the face at night to treat hot spots and sun freckles. They also mix the juice with lemon, sugar, and water to create a very pleasant drink, Bavaroise à la grecque; additionally, they use the roots and leaves to address passive bleeding and chronic diarrhea.

In Germany, stewed strawberries, and strawberry jam are taken at dinner with roasted meats, or with chicken. This jam promotes a free flow of urine.

In Germany, stewed strawberries and strawberry jam are served at dinner with roasted meats or chicken. This jam encourages a healthy flow of urine.

It is to be noticed that though most commonly wholesome and refreshing, yet with some persons, particularly those of a strumous bodily habit, Strawberries will often disagree. The late Dr. Armstrong held a very strong opinion that the seed grains which lie sprinkled allover the outer surface of each pulpy berry are prone to excite much intestinal irritation, and he advised his patients to suck their Strawberries through muslin, in order to prevent these diminutive seeds from being swallowed.

It’s important to note that while strawberries are usually healthy and refreshing, some people, especially those with certain health issues, often have trouble with them. The late Dr. Armstrong strongly believed that the tiny seeds scattered on the outer surface of each juicy berry can cause a lot of intestinal irritation. He recommended that his patients suck the strawberries through muslin to avoid swallowing these little seeds.

German legends dedicate Strawberries to the Virgin, with whom they are reputed to have been a favourite fruit. She went a berrying with the children on St. John's morning; and therefore no mother who has lost a young child, will taste the delicacy then. The Strawberries symbolise little children who have died when young, and the mothers suppose they ascend to heaven concealed in the fragrant pulp.

German legends dedicate strawberries to the Virgin, who is said to have favored them as a fruit. She went berry picking with the children on St. John's morning; because of this, no mother who has lost a young child will enjoy the treat then. The strawberries symbolize little children who have died young, and mothers believe they ascend to heaven hidden in the sweet pulp.

From the French, fraise, signifying the Strawberry [541] leaves borne on the family shield, is derived in Scotland the name of the Frazers. And eight of these (so called) leaves wrought in ornamental gold form a part of the coronet which our English dukes claim as one of their proud insignia, conferred by Henry the Fourth. Being desirous of adding fresh splendour to the Coronation of a Lancastrian Prince he introduced these leaves into the regal Crown. An earl's coronet has eight leaves: that of a marquis four.

From the French, fraise, meaning strawberry [541] leaves featured on the family crest, comes the name Frazers in Scotland. Eight of these so-called leaves, crafted in ornamental gold, are part of the coronet that English dukes proudly wear, given to them by Henry the Fourth. Wanting to add more splendor to the Coronation of a Lancastrian Prince, he incorporated these leaves into the royal Crown. An earl's coronet has eight leaves, while a marquis's has four.

SUCCORY.

The Wild Succory (Cichorium intybus) is a common roadside English plant, white or blue, belonging to the Composite order, and called also Turnsole, because it always turns its flowers towards the sun.

The Wild Succory (Cichorium intybus) is a common roadside plant in England, featuring white or blue flowers. It belongs to the Composite family and is also known as Turnsole, because it always turns its flowers toward the sun.

It blows with a blue blossom somewhat paler than the Cornflower, but "bearing a golden heart."

It blooms with a blue flower that's slightly lighter than the cornflower, but "with a golden heart."

Its fresh root is bitter, and a milky juice flows from the rind, which is somewhat aperient and slightly sedative, so that this specially suits persons troubled with bilious torpor, and jaundice combined with melancholy. An infusion of the herb is useful for skin eruptions connected with gout. If the root and leaves are taken freely, they will produce a gentle diarrhoea, their virtue lying chiefly in the milky juice; and on good authority the plant has been pronounced useful against pulmonary consumption. In Germany it is called Wegwort, or "waiting on the way." The Syrup of Succory is an excellent laxative for children.

Its fresh root is bitter, and a milky juice flows from the rind, which is somewhat laxative and slightly sedative, making it particularly suitable for people dealing with sluggish digestion and jaundice combined with sadness. An infusion of the herb is helpful for skin rashes related to gout. If the root and leaves are consumed freely, they will cause a mild diarrhea, with their effectiveness mainly in the milky juice; and it is well-regarded that the plant is beneficial against lung diseases. In Germany, it is called Wegwort, or "waiting on the way." The Syrup of Succory is an excellent laxative for children.

The Succory or Cichorium was known to the Romans, and was eaten by them as a vegetable, or in salads. Horace writes (Ode 31):

The Succory or Cichorium was known to the Romans, and they ate it as a vegetable or in salads. Horace writes (Ode 31):

"Me pascunt olivae,
Me chicorea, levesque malvae."

"Olives feed me,
Chicory and tender mallow."

[542] And Virgil, in his first Georgic, speaks of Amaris intuba fibris. When cultivated it becomes large, and constitutes Chicory, of which the taproot is used extensively in France for blending with coffee, being closely allied to the Endive and the Dandelion.

[542] And Virgil, in his first Georgic, talks about Amaris intuba fibris. When it's grown, it gets big and becomes Chicory, whose taproot is widely used in France for mixing with coffee, and it’s closely related to Endive and Dandelion.

This is the Chicorée frisée when bleached, or the Barbe de Capucin. The cortical part of the root yields a milky saponaceous juice which is very bitter and slightly sedative. Some writers suppose the Succory to be the Horehound of the Bible. In the German story, The Watcher of the Road, a lovely princess, abandoned for a rival, pines away, and asking only to die where she can be constantly on the watch, becomes transformed into the wayside Succory.

This is the Chicorée frisée when bleached, or the Barbe de Capucin. The outer part of the root produces a milky, soapy juice that is very bitter and has a slight calming effect. Some authors believe that Succory might be the Horehound mentioned in the Bible. In the German story, The Watcher of the Road, a beautiful princess, who is abandoned for a rival, slowly withers away, and asking only to die where she can always keep watch, is transformed into the roadside Succory.

This Succory plant bears also the name of Rostrum porcinum. Its leaves, when bruised, make a good poultice for inflamed eyes, being outwardly applied to the grieved place. Also the leaves when boiled in pottage or broths for sick and feeble persons that have hot, weak, and feeble stomachs, do strengthen the same.

This Succory plant is also called Rostrum porcinum. Its leaves, when crushed, make a good poultice for inflamed eyes when applied externally to the affected area. Additionally, the leaves, when cooked in soups or broths for sick and weak individuals with hot, weak stomachs, help strengthen them.

It is said that the roots, if put into heaps and dried, are liable to spontaneous combustion. The taproot of the cultivated plant is roasted in France, and mixed with coffee, to which, when infused, it gives a bitterish taste and a dark colour.

It’s said that if the roots are piled up and dried, they could catch fire on their own. The taproot of the cultivated plant is roasted in France and blended with coffee, giving the drink a slightly bitter taste and a dark color when brewed.

The chemical constituents of Succory and Chicory are—in addition to those ordinarily appertaining to vegetables—inulin, and a special bitter principle not named.

The chemical components of Succory and Chicory include—in addition to the usual elements found in vegetables—inulin and a specific bitter compound that isn't named.

Chicory, when taken too habitually or too freely, causes venous passive congestion in the digestive organs within the abdomen, and a fulness of blood in the head. Both it and Succory, if used in excess as a medicine, will bring about amaurosis, or loss of visual power in [543] the retina of the eyes. Therefore, when given in a much diluted form they are remedial for these affections.

Chicory, when consumed too regularly or excessively, leads to passive congestion in the veins of the digestive organs in the abdomen and can cause a feeling of fullness in the head. Both chicory and succory, if used in large amounts as a medicine, can result in amaurosis, or loss of vision due to issues in the retina of the eyes. Thus, when administered in a significantly diluted form, they can help treat these conditions.

The only benefit of quality which Chicory gives to coffee is by increase of colour and body, with some bitterness, but not by possessing any aroma, or fragrant oil, or stimulating virtue. French writers say it is contra-stimulante, and serving to correct the excitation caused by the active principles of coffee, and therefore it suits sanguineo-bilious subjects who suffer from habitual tonic constipation. But it is ill adapted for persons whose vital energy soon flags; and for lymphatic, or bloodless people its use should be altogether forbidden.

The only advantage that chicory adds to coffee is its ability to enhance the color and body, along with some bitterness, but it lacks any aroma, fragrant oil, or stimulating properties. French writers describe it as contra-stimulante, indicating that it helps to counteract the stimulation caused by the active components of coffee, making it suitable for people with a sanguine-bilious constitution who experience regular tonic constipation. However, it is not suitable for those whose energy tends to wane quickly; for lymphatic or anemic individuals, its use should be completely avoided.

The flowers of Succory used to rank among the four cordial flowers, and a water was distilled from them to allay inflammation of the eyes. The seeds contain abundantly a demulcent oil, whilst the petals furnish a glucoside which is colourless unless treated with alkalies, when it becomes of a golden yellow.

The flowers of Succory used to be considered one of the four soothing flowers, and a liquid was made from them to ease eye inflammation. The seeds are rich in a soothing oil, while the petals provide a colorless glucoside that turns golden yellow when treated with alkalis.

SUNDEW.

The Sundew (Ros solis, or Drosera rotundifolia) is a little plant always eagerly recognised in marshy and heathy grounds by ardent young botanists. In the sun its leaves seem tipped with dew (drosos). It grows plentifully in Hampshire and the New Forest, bearing a cluster of hairy leaves in a stellate form, at the top of a slender stem. These leaves either from lack of other sustenance in so barren a soil, or more probably as an advance in plant evolution to a higher grade of development, excrete a sticky moisture or dew, which entangles unwary flies settling on the plant, and which serves to digest these victims therewith. Each of the long red [544] hairs on the leaves is viscid, and possesses a small secreting gland at its top.

The Sundew (Ros solis, or Drosera rotundifolia) is a small plant that's easily identified in wet and heath-like environments by enthusiastic young botanists. In the sunlight, its leaves appear to be covered in dew (drosos). It grows abundantly in Hampshire and the New Forest, featuring a cluster of hairy leaves arranged star-like at the top of a slender stem. These leaves, either due to a lack of nutrients in such poor soil or more likely as an advancement in plant evolution, secrete a sticky moisture or dew that traps unsuspecting flies landing on the plant and aids in digesting these prey. Each long red hair on the leaves is sticky and has a tiny gland at its tip that produces the secretion.

Some writers say the word Sundew means "sin" ever, moist (dew). The plant is also called Redrot, and Moor Grass, because the soil in which it grows is unwholesome for sheep.

Some writers say the word Sundew means "sin" ever, moist (dew). The plant is also called Redrot and Moor Grass because the soil it grows in is unhealthy for sheep.

It goes further by the additional names of Youthwort, and Lustwort—quia acrimonia sua sopitum veneris desiderium excitat (Dodoeus). The fresh juice of the herb contains malic acid in a free state, various salts, and a red colouring matter; also glucose, and a peculiar crystallisable acid. Cattle of the female gender are said to have their copulative instincts excited by eating even a small quantity of the plant. Throughout Europe it has long been esteemed a remedy of repute for chronic bronchitis and asthma; and more recently, in the hands of homoeopathic practitioners, it has acquired a fame for specifically curing whooping cough in its spasmodic stages, after the first feverishness of this malady has become subdued. It signally lessens the frequency and force of the spasmodic attacks, besides diminishing the sickness.

It is also known by the names Youthwort and Lustwort—because its bitterness excites the desire of love (Dodoeus). The fresh juice of the herb contains malic acid in its free form, various salts, and a red dye; it also has glucose and a unique crystallizable acid. Female cattle are said to have their mating instincts stimulated by eating even a small amount of the plant. Throughout Europe, it has long been regarded as a well-known remedy for chronic bronchitis and asthma; more recently, homeopathic practitioners have recognized its effectiveness in specifically treating whooping cough during its spasmodic stages, after the initial fever of the illness has subsided. It significantly reduces the frequency and intensity of the spasmodic attacks and lessens the associated nausea.

Provers who have pushed on themselves the administration of the Sundew in toxical quantities, developed hoarseness, with expectoration of yellow mucus from the throat and upper lungs, as well as a hacking cough, and loss of flesh, this combination of symptoms closely resembling the form of tubercular consumption which begins in the throat, and extends mischievously to the lungs. Regarded from such point the Sundew may be justly pronounced a homoeopathic antidote to consumptive disease of the nature here indicated, when attacking spontaneously from constitutional causes.

Those who have taken large amounts of Sundew have experienced hoarseness, coughing up yellow mucus from their throat and upper lungs, along with a persistent cough and weight loss. This set of symptoms closely resembles the early stages of tuberculosis that starts in the throat and spreads to the lungs. From this perspective, Sundew can be fairly considered a homeopathic remedy for the type of consumption described when it occurs on its own due to underlying health issues.

[545] Moreover, country folk notice that sheep who eat the Sundew in their pasturage have often a violent cough, and waste away. Dr. Curie, of Paris, fed cats with this plant, and they died subsequently with all the symptoms of lung consumption, their chest organs being afterwards found studded with tubercular deposit though cats are not ordinarily liable to tubercle.

[545] Furthermore, people in rural areas notice that sheep that eat Sundew in their pastures often develop a severe cough and lose weight. Dr. Curie from Paris fed cats this plant, and they later died showing all the signs of lung disease, with their lungs found to have tubercular deposits, even though cats typically aren’t prone to tuberculosis.

So the Sundew may fairly be accepted as a medicinal Simple for laryngeal and pulmonary consumption in its early stages, as well as for whooping-cough, after the manner already explained. A tincture is made (H.) from the entire fresh plant, with spirit of wine, of which a couple of drops may be given in water several times a day, to a child of from four to eight years old, for confirmed whooping-cough; and if this dose seems to aggravate the paroxysms, or to provoke sickness, it must be reduced in strength, and dilution.

So, the Sundew can be considered a medicinal herb for early-stage laryngeal and pulmonary issues, as well as for whooping cough, as previously explained. A tincture is prepared (H.) from the whole fresh plant using alcohol, and a few drops can be given in water multiple times a day to a child aged four to eight years old who has severe whooping cough. If this dose seems to worsen the coughing fits or cause nausea, it should be weakened and diluted.

Also from four to ten drops of the tincture may be administered with a tablespoonful of cold water, two or three times a day, for several consecutive weeks, to a consumptive adult, in the early stages of this disease. Dr. Hughes (Brighton) has employed a diluted tincture of the Sundew (one part of this tincture admixed with nine parts of spirit of wine) in doses of from three to five drops with water, to a child of from three to eight years of age, for spasmodic whooping-cough, several times in the day, with marked success; whilst a larger dose or the stronger tincture served only to increase the cough in violence and frequency. The same results may perhaps follow too strong or full a dose to a consumptive patient, so that it must be regulated by the effects produced. Externally, the juice [546] of the fresh Sundew has been used for destroying warts.

Also, four to ten drops of the tincture can be mixed with a tablespoon of cold water and given two or three times a day for several weeks to an adult with early-stage tuberculosis. Dr. Hughes (Brighton) has used a diluted tincture of Sundew (one part tincture mixed with nine parts alcohol) in doses of three to five drops with water for children aged three to eight with spasmodic whooping cough several times a day, achieving notable success; however, a larger dose or the stronger tincture only made the cough worse. The same outcomes may occur from giving too high a dose to a tuberculosis patient, so it should be adjusted based on the effects produced. Externally, the juice of fresh Sundew has been used to remove warts.

SUNFLOWER.

The Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) which is so popular and brilliant an ornament of cottage gardens throughout England in summer and autumn, is an importation of long standing, and has been called the Marigold of Peru.

The Sunflower (Helianthus annuus), a vibrant and beloved addition to cottage gardens across England during the summer and fall, has a long history of being imported and has been referred to as the Marigold of Peru.

Its general nature and appearance are so well known as scarcely to need any description. The plant is of the Composite order, indigenous to tropical America, but flourishing well in this country, whilst bearing the name of Heli-anthus (Sunflower), and smelling of turpentine when the disc of the flower is broken across.

Its general nature and appearance are so well known that they hardly need any description. The plant belongs to the Composite order, is native to tropical America, but grows well in this country, and is known as Heli-anthus (Sunflower), giving off a smell of turpentine when the flower's disc is broken.

The growing herb is highly useful for drying damp soils, because of its remarkable power of absorbing water; for which reason several acres of Sunflowers are now planted in the Thames Valley. Swampy districts in Holland have been made habitable by an extensive culture of the Sunflower, the malarial miasmata being absorbed and nullified, whilst pure oxygen is emitted abundantly.

The growing herb is incredibly helpful for drying out wet soils because of its amazing ability to absorb water. That's why several acres of sunflowers are now planted in the Thames Valley. Swampy areas in Holland have become livable thanks to a large-scale cultivation of sunflowers, which absorb and neutralize malaria-causing miasma while releasing plenty of pure oxygen.

An old rhyme declares, for some unknown reason:—

An old rhyme says, for some unknown reason:—

"The full Sunflower blew
And became a starre of Bartholomew."

"The full Sunflower bloomed
And became a star of Bartholomew."

The name Sunflower has been given as most persons think because the flowers follow the sun by day turning always towards its shining face. But Gerard says, about this alleged fact, he never could observe it to happen, though he spared no pains to observe the matter; he rather thought the flower to have got its title because resembling the radiant beams of the sun. Likewise, [547] some have called it Corona Solis, and Sol Indianus, the Indian Sunne-floure: by others it is termed Chrysanthemum Peruvianum. In Peru this flower was much reverenced because of its resemblance to the radiant sun, which luminary was worshipped there. In their Temples of the Sun the priestesses were crowned with Sunflowers, and wore them in their bosoms, and carried them in their hands. The early Spanish invaders found in these temples numerous representations of the Sunflower wrought in pure virgin gold, the workmanship of which was so exquisite that it far out-valued the precious metal whereof they were made. Some country folk call it "Lady eleven o'clock."

The name Sunflower is commonly used because many people believe the flowers follow the sun during the day, always turning toward its bright face. However, Gerard mentions that he could never actually see this happening, despite his efforts to observe it. He thought the flower got its name because it looks like the sun's radiant rays. Similarly, some have called it Corona Solis and Sol Indianus, translating to the Indian Sunflower; others know it as Chrysanthemum Peruvianum. In Peru, this flower was highly revered for its resemblance to the radiant sun, which was worshiped there. In their Temples of the Sun, the priestesses wore Sunflowers as crowns, held them in their hands, and kept them close to their hearts. When the early Spanish invaders arrived, they found many representations of the Sunflower made from pure virgin gold in these temples, with craftsmanship so exquisite that it was worth much more than the gold itself. Some rural people refer to it as "Lady eleven o'clock."

If the buds of the Sunflower before expanding be boiled, and eaten with butter, vinegar and pepper, after the manner of serving the Jerusalem Artichoke, they are exceeding pleasant meat, surpassing the artichoke moreover in provoking the desiderium veneris. The Chinese make their finest yellow dye from the Sunflower, which they worship because resembling the sun.

If the buds of the sunflower are boiled before they expand and eaten with butter, vinegar, and pepper, like how you serve Jerusalem artichokes, they taste really good and are even better than artichokes when it comes to increasing libido. The Chinese create their best yellow dye from sunflowers, which they revere because they resemble the sun.

All parts of the plant contain much carbonate of potash; and the fruit, or seed, furnishes a fixed oil in abundance. The kernels of the seeds contain helianthic acid, and the pith of the plant will yield nine per cent. of carbonate of potash. The oil of the Sunflower may be used as olive oil, and the cake after expressing away this oil makes a good food for cattle. A medicinal tincture (H.) is prepared from the seed with rectified spirit of wine; also from the fresh juice with diluted spirit. Each of these serves admirably against intermittent fever and ague, instead of quinine. The Sunflower is adored by the Chinese as the most useful of all vegetables. From its seeds the best oil is [548] extracted, and an excellent soap is made. This oil burns longer than any other vegetable oil, and Sunflower cake is more fattening to cattle than linseed cake.

All parts of the plant contain a lot of potash carbonate, and the fruit or seeds provide plenty of fixed oil. The seeds' kernels have helianthic acid, and the plant's pith can yield nine percent potash carbonate. Sunflower oil can be used like olive oil, and the cake left after the oil is extracted makes good feed for cattle. A medicinal tincture (H.) is made from the seeds with purified alcohol, and also from the fresh juice with diluted alcohol. Both are very effective against intermittent fever and chills, as an alternative to quinine. The Chinese highly value the Sunflower as the most useful vegetable. The best oil is extracted from its seeds, and it’s also used to make an excellent soap. This oil burns longer than any other vegetable oil, and Sunflower cake is more fattening for cattle than linseed cake.

The flowers furnish capital food for bees, and the leaves are of use for blending with tobacco. The stalk yields a fine fibre employed in weaving Chinese silk, and Evelyn tells of "The large Sunflower, ere it comes to expand and show its golden face, being dressed as an artichoke, and eaten as a dainty."

The flowers provide great food for bees, and the leaves are used for mixing with tobacco. The stalk produces a fine fiber used in weaving Chinese silk, and Evelyn mentions "The large Sunflower, before it opens and shows its golden face, is prepared like an artichoke and eaten as a delicacy."

The plant is closely allied in its species to the Globe Artichoke, and the Jerusalom Artichoke (girasole), so named from turning vers le soleil, or au soleil, this being corrupted to "Jerusalem," and its soup by further perversion to "Palestine" soup. The original Moorish name was Archichocke, or Earththorn.

The plant is closely related to the Globe Artichoke and the Jerusalem Artichoke (girasole), named for turning towards the sun, which was mispronounced as "Jerusalem," and its soup further twisted into "Palestine" soup. The original Moorish name was Archichocke, or Earththorn.

The Globe Artichoke (Cinara maxima anglicana) of our kitchen gardens, when boiled and brought to table, has a middle pulp which is eaten as well as the soft delicate pulp at the base of each prickly floret. "This middle pulp," says Gerard, "when boiled with the broth of fat flesh, and with pepper added, makes a dainty dish being pleasant to the taste, and accounted good to procure bodily desire. (It stayeth the involuntary course of the natural seed)." Evelyn tells us: "This noble thistle brought from Italy was at first so rare in England that they were commonly sold for crowns apiece." Pliny says: "Carthage spent three thousand pounds sterling a year in them." The plant is named Cinara, from cinis, "ashes," because land should be manured with these. It contains phosphoric acid, and is, therefore, stimulating.

The Globe Artichoke (Cynara scolymus) from our kitchen gardens, when boiled and served, has a central flesh that is eaten along with the soft, tender pulp at the base of each prickly floret. "This central flesh," says Gerard, "when boiled with rich broth and seasoned with pepper, makes a delicious dish that is pleasing to the palate and thought to enhance desire. (It stops the involuntary flow of natural seed)." Evelyn notes, "This noble thistle, brought from Italy, was initially so rare in England that it was often sold for a crown each." Pliny mentions, "Carthage spent three thousand pounds sterling a year on them." The plant is named Cynara, from cinis, meaning "ashes," because land should be fertilized with these. It contains phosphoric acid, making it stimulating.

The leaves of the Globe Artichoke afford somewhat freely on expression a juice which is bitter, and acts as [549] a brisk diuretic in many dropsies. Such a constituent in the plant was known to the Arabians for curdling milk.

The leaves of the Globe Artichoke release a bitter juice that acts as a strong diuretic in various cases of dropsy. The Arabs were aware that this ingredient in the plant could curdle milk.

The Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) is of the Sunflower genus, having been brought at first from Brazil, and being now commonly cultivated in England for its edible tubers. These are red outside, and white within; they contain sugar, and albumen, with all aromatic volatile principle, and water. The tuber is the Topinambour, and Pois de terre of the French; having been brought to Europe in 1617. It furnishes more sugar and less starch than the Potato.

The Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) is part of the Sunflower family. It was originally brought from Brazil and is now widely grown in England for its edible tubers. These tubers are red on the outside and white on the inside; they contain sugar, protein, aromatic compounds, and water. The tuber is known as Topinambour and Pois de terre in French, and it was introduced to Europe in 1617. It produces more sugar and less starch than the potato.

In 1620 the Jerusalem Artichoke was quite common as a vegetable in London: though, says Parkinson, when first introduced, it was "a dainty for a queen." Formerly, it was baked in pies with beef marrow, dates, ginger, raisins, and sack. The juice pressed out before the plant blossoms was used by the ancients for restoring the hair of the head, even when the person was quite bald.

In 1620, the Jerusalem Artichoke was a popular vegetable in London; however, Parkinson notes that when it was first introduced, it was considered "a delicacy for a queen." Back then, it was baked in pies with beef marrow, dates, ginger, raisins, and sherry. The juice extracted before the plant bloomed was used by ancient people to restore hair, even for those who were completely bald.

The Sunflower has been from time immemorial a popular remedy for malarial fevers in Russia, Turkey, and Persia, being employed as a tincture made by steeping the stems and leaves in brandy. It is considered even preferable to quinine, sometimes succeeding when this has failed, and being free from any of the inconveniences which often arise from giving large doses of the drug: whilst the pleasant taste of the plant is of no small advantage in the case of children.

The sunflower has long been a well-known remedy for malaria in Russia, Turkey, and Persia. It's used as a tincture made by soaking the stems and leaves in brandy. It's even thought to be better than quinine, sometimes working when quinine doesn’t, and it doesn’t have the side effects that can come from taking large doses of the drug. Plus, the pleasant taste of the plant is a great benefit when treating children.

Cases in which both quinine and arsenic proved useless have been completely cured by the tincture of Sunflower in a week or ten days.

Cases where both quinine and arsenic were ineffective have been completely cured by sunflower tincture in a week or ten days.

Golden Sunflowers are introduced at Rheims into the stained glass of an Apse window in the church of St. Remi, with the Virgin and St. John on either side of [550] the Cross, the head of each being encircled with an aureole having a Sunflower inserted in its outer circle. The flowers are turned towards the Saviour on the Cross as towards their true Sun.

Golden Sunflowers are featured in the stained glass of an apse window in the church of St. Remi in Rheims, with the Virgin and St. John on either side of the Cross. Each figure has a halo that includes a sunflower in its outer ring. The flowers face the Savior on the Cross as if toward their true Sun.

TAMARIND.

The Tamarind pod, though of foreign growth, has been much valued by our immediate ancestors as a household medicinal Simple; and a well stocked jar of its useful curative pulp was always found in the store cupboard of a prudent housewife. But of late years this serviceable fruit has fallen into the background of remedial resources, from which it may be now brought forward again with advantage. The natives of India have a prejudice against sleeping under the Tamarind; and the acid damp from the trees is known to affect the cloth of tents pitched under them for any length of time. So strong is this prejudice of the natives against the Tamarind tree that it is difficult to prevent them from destroying it, as they believe it hurtful to vegetation. The parent tree, Tamar Hindee, "Indian date," is of East, or West Indian growth; but the sweet pulpy jam containing shining stony seeds, and connected together by tough stringy fibres, may be readily obtained at the present time from the leading druggists, or the general provision merchant. It fulfils medicinal purposes which entitle it to high esteem as a Simple for use in the sick-room. Large quantities of this luscious date are brought to our shores from the Levant and Persia, but before importation the shell of the pod is removed; and the pulp ought not to exhibit any presence of copper, as shown on a clean steel knife-blade held within the same, though the fruit by nature possesses traces of gold in its composition. Chemically, this pulp contains citric, tartaric, [551] and malic acids, as compounds of potassium; with gum, pectin and starch. Boiled syrup has been poured over it as a preliminary. The fruit is sharply acid, and may be made into an excellent cooling drink by infusion with boiling water, being allowed to become cold, and then strained off as an agreeable tea, which proves highly grateful to a fevered patient.

The tamarind pod, although not native, has long been appreciated by our recent ancestors as a household remedy. A well-stocked jar of its beneficial pulp was always found in the pantry of a wise housewife. However, in recent years, this useful fruit has taken a back seat in medicinal resources, but it can now be reintroduced with benefits. The people of India have a belief against sleeping under the tamarind tree, and the acidic moisture from the trees is known to damage the fabric of tents set up underneath them for long periods. The locals' strong prejudice against the tamarind tree makes it hard to stop them from destroying it, as they think it harms other plants. The parent tree, Tamar Hindee, or "Indian date," comes from the East or West Indies; however, the sweet, pulpy jam with shiny stone seeds connected by tough stringy fibers can easily be found today at leading drugstores or general grocery stores. It serves medicinal purposes that give it high value as a remedy for use in sickrooms. Large amounts of this delicious date are brought to our shores from the Levant and Persia, but before import, the shell of the pod is removed. The pulp should not show any signs of copper when tested with a clean steel knife-blade inserted into it, although the fruit naturally contains traces of gold. Chemically, this pulp includes citric, tartaric, and malic acids, along with potassium compounds, gum, pectin, and starch. A boiled syrup is often poured over it first. The fruit is quite sour and can be made into a refreshing drink by infusing it with boiling water, letting it cool, and then straining it off as a pleasant tea, which is very soothing for a fevered patient.

The Arabians first taught the use of Tamarinds, which contain an unusual proportion of acids to the sweet constituents. They are anti-putrescent, and exert a laxative action corrective of bilious sluggishness. A capital whey may be made by boiling two ounces of the fruit with two pints of milk, and then straining. Gerard tells that "travellers carry with them the pulp mixed with sugar throughout the desert places of Africa."

The Arabs were the first to teach people how to use tamarinds, which have a unique balance of acids and sweetness. They prevent decay and have a laxative effect that helps with sluggish digestion. You can make a great whey by boiling two ounces of the fruit with two pints of milk and then straining it. Gerard mentions that "travelers carry the pulp mixed with sugar as they journey through the deserts of Africa."

Tamarinds are an efficient laxative if enough (from one to two ounces) can be taken at a time: but this quantity is inconvenient, and apt to clog by its excess of sweetness. Therefore a compressed form of the pulp is now in the market, known as Tamar Indien lozenges, coated with chocolate. These are combined, however, with a purgative of greater activity, most probably jalap.

Tamarinds are an effective laxative if you can take enough (about one to two ounces) at once: but this amount can be a bit much and tends to be overly sweet. Because of this, there's now a compressed version of the pulp available, called Tamar Indien lozenges, which are coated in chocolate. However, these also contain a more potent laxative, likely jalap.

The fruit of the Tamarind is certainly antibilious, and by the virtue of its potash salts it tends to heal any sore places within the mouth. In India it is added as an ingredient to punch; but the tree is superstitiously regarded as the messenger of the God of death.

The tamarind fruit is definitely good for digestion, and thanks to its potash salts, it helps heal any sores in the mouth. In India, it's used as an ingredient in punch, but the tree is superstitiously seen as the messenger of the God of death.

When acids are indicated, to counteract septic fever, and to cool the blood, whilst in natural harmony with the digestive functions, the Tamarind will be found exceptionally helpful; and towards obviating [552] constipation a dessertspoonful, or more, of the pulp may be taken with benefit as a compôte at table, together with boiled rice, or sago. The name Tamarind is derived from tamar, the date palm; and indus, of Indian origin. Formerly this fruit was known as Oxyphoenica (sour date). Officinally apothecaries mix the pulp with senna as an aperient confection. It is further used in flavouring curries on account of its acid.

When acids are needed to fight septic fever and cool the blood while still supporting digestion, Tamarind can be extremely helpful. To help with constipation, a tablespoon or more of the pulp can be enjoyed as a compôte with boiled rice or sago. The name Tamarind comes from tamar, meaning date palm, and indus, indicating Indian origin. This fruit used to be known as Oxyphoenica (sour date). In pharmacies, the pulp is mixed with senna to create a laxative confection. It's also used to add flavor to curries because of its acidity.

TANSY.

The Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare—"buttons,"—bed of Tansy), a Composite plant very familiar in our hedgerows and waste places, being conspicuous by its heads of brilliant yellow flowers, is often naturalized in our gardens for ornamental cultivation. Its leaves smell like camphor, and possess a bitter aromatic taste; whilst young they were commonly used in times past, and are still employed, when shredded, for flavouring cakes, puddings, and omelets. The roots when preserved with honey, or sugar, are reputed to be of special service against the gout, if a reasonable quantity thereof be eaten fasting every day for a certain space. The fruit is destructive to round worms.

The Tansy (Tanacetum vulgare—"buttons,"—bed of Tansy), a common plant found in our hedgerows and overgrown areas, stands out with its bright yellow flower heads. It's often grown in our gardens for ornamental reasons. Its leaves have a camphor-like scent and a bitter, aromatic taste; when they are young, they were frequently used in the past and are still used today, when chopped, to flavor cakes, puddings, and omelets. The roots, when preserved with honey or sugar, are said to be particularly helpful for gout if a reasonable amount is consumed on an empty stomach every day for a certain period. The fruit is effective against roundworms.

The seed also of the Tansy is a singular and appropriate medicine against worms: for "in whatsoever sort taken it killeth and driveth them forth." In Sussex a peasant will put Tansy leaves in his shoes to cure ague; and the plant has a rural celebrity for correcting female irregularities of the functional health. The name Tansy is probably derived from the Greek word athanasia which signifies immortality, either, as, says Dodoeus, quia non cito flos inflorescit, "because it lasts so long in flower," or, quia ejus succus, vel oleum extractum cadavera a putredine conservat (as Ambrosius writes), "because it is so capital [558] for preserving dead bodies from corruption." It was said to have been given to Ganymede to make him immortal. The whole herb contains resin, mucilage, sugar, a fixed oil, tannin, a colouring matter, malic or tanacetic acid, and water. When the camphoraceous bitter oil is taken in any excess it induces venous congestion of the abdominal organs, and increases the flow of urine.

The seed of Tansy is a unique and effective remedy against worms, as it "kills and expels them in whatever form it's taken." In Sussex, a farmer might place Tansy leaves in his shoes to relieve fever, and the plant is well-known in rural areas for helping with women's health issues. The name Tansy likely comes from the Greek word athanasia, meaning immortality, either because, as Dodoeus says, quia non cito flos inflorescit, "because it stays in bloom for a long time," or quia ejus succus, vel oleum extractum cadavera a putredine conservat (as Ambrosius writes), "because it is excellent for preserving dead bodies from decay." It was said to have been given to Ganymede to grant him immortality. The entire herb contains resin, mucilage, sugar, a fixed oil, tannin, a coloring agent, malic or tanacetic acid, and water. If the camphor-like bitter oil is taken in excess, it can lead to blood congestion in the abdominal organs and increase urine production.

If given in moderate doses the plant and its essential oil are stomachic and cordial, whether the leaves, flowers, or seeds be administered, serving to allay spasm, and helping to promote the monthly flow of women; the seeds being also of particular use against worms, and relieving the flatulent colic of hysteria. This herb will drive away bugs from a bed in which it is placed. Meat rubbed with the bitter Tansy will be protected from the visits of carrion flies.

If taken in moderate amounts, the plant and its essential oil are good for the stomach and heart, whether you use the leaves, flowers, or seeds. They can help reduce spasms and promote women’s monthly cycles; the seeds are especially effective against worms and alleviating gas pains associated with hysteria. This herb can also repel bugs when placed in a bed. Rubbing meat with bitter Tansy will keep it safe from visiting flies.

Ten drops of the essential oil will produce much flushing of the head and face, with giddiness, and with beat of stomach; whilst half a drachm of the oil has been followed by a serious result. But from one to four drops may be safely given for a dose according to the symptoms it is desired to relieve. Cases of epilepsy (not inherited) have been successfully treated with the liquid extract of Tansy in doses of a drop with water four times in the day. The essential oil will toxically produce epileptic seizures.

Ten drops of the essential oil will cause significant flushing of the head and face, along with dizziness and stomach contractions; meanwhile, half a drachm of the oil has led to serious effects. However, one to four drops can be safely administered as a dose, depending on the symptoms that need relief. Cases of non-hereditary epilepsy have been effectively treated with the liquid extract of Tansy, using a drop mixed with water four times a day. The essential oil can dangerously induce epileptic seizures.

The plant has been used externally with benefit for some eruptive diseases of the skin; and a hot infusion of it to sprained, or rheumatic parts will give relief from pain by way of a fomentation. In Scotland the dried flowers are given for gout, from half to one teaspoonful for a dose two or three times in the day; or an infusion is drank prepared from the flowers and seeds. This has kept inveterate gout at bay for years.

The plant has been used externally to help with certain skin conditions; and a hot infusion applied to sprains or painful areas due to rheumatism can provide pain relief through a hot compress. In Scotland, dried flowers are taken for gout, usually half to one teaspoon per dose, two or three times a day; or an infusion made from the flowers and seeds is consumed. This has kept chronic gout in check for years.

[554] A medicinal tincture is made (H.) from the fresh plant with spirit of wine. From eight to ten drops of the same may be given with a tablespoonful of cold water to an adult twice or three times in the day.

[554] A medicinal tincture is made (H.) from the fresh plant with alcohol. Eight to ten drops can be taken by an adult mixed with a tablespoon of cold water two to three times a day.

Formerly this was one of the native plants dedicated to the Virgin
Mary; and the "good wives" used to take a syrup of Tansy for
preventing miscarriage. "The Laplanders," says Linnoeus, "use
Tansy in their baths to facilitate parturition."

Originally, this plant was one of the native species associated with the Virgin
Mary; and "good wives" would take a Tansy syrup to prevent miscarriage. "The Laplanders," says Linnaeus, "use
Tansy in their baths to help with childbirth."

At Easter also it was the custom, even, by the Archbishops, the Bishops, and the clergy of some churches, to play at handball (so say the old chroniclers), with men of their congregations, whilst a Tansy cake was the reward of the victors, this being a confection with which the bitter herb Tansy was mixed. Some such a corrective was supposed to be of benefit after having eaten much fish during Lent.

At Easter, it was also a tradition among Archbishops, Bishops, and clergy from some churches to play handball with the men from their congregations, according to old chroniclers. The victors received a Tansy cake as a reward, which was a treat made with the bitter herb Tansy mixed in. This was thought to be beneficial after eating a lot of fish during Lent.

The Tansy cake was made from the young leaves of the plant mixed with eggs, and was thought to purify the humours of the body. "This Balsamic plant" said Boerhaave, "will supply the place of nutmegs and cinnamon." In Lyte's time the Tansy was sold in the shops under the name of Athanasia.

The Tansy cake was made from the young leaves of the plant mixed with eggs and was believed to cleanse the body's humors. "This Balsamic plant," said Boerhaave, "will take the place of nutmeg and cinnamon." In Lyte's time, Tansy was sold in shops under the name Athanasia.

TARRAGON.

The kitchen herb Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) is cultivated in England, and more commonly in France, for uses in salads, and other condimentary purposes. It is the "little Dragon Mugwort: in French, Herbe au Dragon"; to which, as to other Dragon herbs, was ascribed the faculty of curing the bites and stings of venomous beasts, and of mad dogs. The plant does not fructify in France.

The kitchen herb Tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus) is grown in England and more often in France for use in salads and other cooking purposes. It's called the "little Dragon Mugwort," or in French, Herbe au Dragon. Like other Dragon herbs, it was believed to have the ability to heal bites and stings from poisonous creatures and rabid dogs. The plant doesn't produce seeds in France.

It is of the Composite order, and closely related to [555] our common Wormwood, and Southernwood, but its leaves are not divided. This herb is a native of Siberia, but has been long grown largely by French gardeners, and has since become widespread in this country as a popular fruit, also for making a vinegar, and for adding to salads. The word Tarragon is by corruption "a little dragon." French cooks commonly mix their table mustard with the vinegar of the herb.

It belongs to the Composite family and is closely related to our common wormwood and southernwood, but its leaves aren't divided. This herb originates from Siberia but has been cultivated extensively by French gardeners for a long time and has since become popular in this country, both as a fruit and for making vinegar, and for adding to salads. The word tarragon is a corruption of "a little dragon." French cooks often mix their table mustard with the herb's vinegar.

Many strange tales have been told about the origin of the plant, one of which, scarce worth the noting, runs that the seed of flax put into a radish root, or a sea onion, and being thus set doth bring forth this herb Tarragon (so says Gerard).

Many strange stories have been told about the origin of the plant; one of them, not worth much mention, goes that if you plant flax seeds in a radish root or a sea onion, it will grow into this herb, Tarragon (according to Gerard).

In Continental cookery the use of Tarragon is advised to temper the coldness of other herbs in salads, like as a Rocket doth. "Neither," say the authorities, "do we know what other use this herb hath."

In Continental cooking, using tarragon is recommended to balance the coolness of other herbs in salads, just like arugula does. "Moreover," say the experts, "we are not aware of any other uses for this herb."

The volatile essential oil of Tarragon is chemically identical with that of Anise, and it is found to be sexually stimulating. Probably by virtue of its finely elaborated camphor it exercises its specific effects, the fact being established that too much camphor acts in the opposite direction.

The essential oil of Tarragon is chemically the same as that of Anise and is known to be sexually stimulating. Likely due to its finely developed camphor content, it has specific effects; however, it's been established that too much camphor has the opposite effect.

John Evelyn says of the plant "'Tis highly cordial and friendly to the head, heart, and liver."

John Evelyn says of the plant, "It’s very soothing and beneficial for the head, heart, and liver."

THISTLES.

Thistles are comprised in a large mixed genus of our English weeds, and wild plants, several of them possessing attributed medicinal virtues. Some of these are Thistles proper, as the Carduus, the Cnicus, and the Carlina: others are Teasels, Eryngiums, and Globe Thistles, etc. Consideration should be given here to the Carduus marianus, or Lady's Thistle, the common [556] Carline Thistle, the Carduus benedictus (Blessed Thistle), the wild Teasel (Dipsacus), and the Fuller's Teasel, as Herbal Simples; whilst others of minor curative usefulness are to be incidentally mentioned.

Thistles belong to a large, mixed group of English weeds and wild plants, many of which are believed to have medicinal properties. Some of these are true thistles, like Carduus, Cnicus, and Carlina; others include teasels, eryngiums, and globe thistles. Special attention should be given to Carduus marianus, or Lady's Thistle, the common Carline Thistle, Carduus benedictus (Blessed Thistle), wild teasel (Dipsacus), and Fuller's teasel, as important herbal remedies; while others of lesser medicinal value will be mentioned as well.

As a class Thistles have been held sacred to Thor, because, say the old authors, receiving their bright colours from the lightning, and because protecting those who cultivate them from its destructive effects.

As a group, thistles have been considered sacred to Thor because, according to the old writers, they get their bright colors from lightning and protect those who grow them from its harmful effects.

In Devon and Cornwall Thistles are commonly known as Dazzels, or Dashel flowers. As a rule they flourish best in hot dry climates.

In Devon and Cornwall, thistles are often called Dazzels or Dashel flowers. Generally, they thrive best in hot, dry climates.

The Carduus marianus (Lady's Thistle), Milk Thistle, or Holy Thistle, grows abundantly in waste places, and near gardens throughout the British Isles, but it is not a native plant. The term Carduus, or Cardinal, refers to its spring leaves, and the adjectives "Marianus," "Milk," and "Holy," have been assigned through a tradition that some drops of the Virgin Mary's milk fell on the herb, and became exhibited in the white veins of its leaves. By some persons this Thistle is taken as the emblem of Scotland.

The Carduus marianus (Lady's Thistle), Milk Thistle, or Holy Thistle, grows plentifully in neglected areas and near gardens across the British Isles, but it’s not a native plant. The term Carduus, or Cardinal, refers to its spring leaves, and the terms "Marianus," "Milk," and "Holy" have come from a legend that some drops of the Virgin Mary's milk fell on the plant, which appear as the white veins in its leaves. Some people consider this Thistle to be a symbol of Scotland.

Dioscorides told of the Milk Thistle, "the seeds being drunk are a remedy for infants that have their sinews drawn together." He further said: "The root if borne about one doth expel melancholy, and remove all diseases connected therewith." Modern writers do laugh at this: "Let them laugh that win! My opinion is that this is the best remedy that grows against all melancholy diseases."

Dioscorides mentioned Milk Thistle, saying, "drinking the seeds is a cure for infants with tight muscles." He added, "Carrying the root helps to get rid of sadness and all related illnesses." Modern authors might scoff at this: "Let them laugh who can! I believe this is the best treatment available for all types of melancholy."

The fruit of the Carduus marianus contains an oily bitter seed: the tender leaves in spring may be eaten as a salad; and the young peeled stalks, after being soaked, are excellent boiled, or baked in pies. The heads of this Thistle before the flowers open may be [557] cooked like artichokes. The seeds were formerly thought to cure hydrophobia. They act as a demulcent in catarrh and pleurisy, being also a favourite food of Goldfinches. A decoction of the seeds when applied externally is said to have proved beneficial in cases of cancer.

The fruit of the Carduus marianus has oily, bitter seeds. The tender leaves in spring can be eaten as a salad, and the young, peeled stalks are great when soaked, boiled, or baked in pies. The heads of this thistle can be cooked like artichokes before the flowers bloom. People used to believe that the seeds could cure hydrophobia. They act as a soothing remedy for catarrh and pleurisy and are also a favorite food for goldfinches. A decoction of the seeds, when used externally, is said to have been helpful in cases of cancer.

Thistle down was at one time gathered by poor persons and sold for stuffing pillows. It is very prolific in germination, and an old saying runs on this score:—

Thistle down used to be collected by poor people and sold for stuffing pillows. It grows abundantly, and there's an old saying about this:—

"Cut your Thistles before St. John,
Or you'll have two instead of one."

"Trim your thistles before St. John,
Or you'll end up with two instead of one."

This Milk Thistle (Carduus marianus) is said to be the empirical nostrum, anti-glaireux, of Count Mattaei.

This Milk Thistle (Carduus marianus) is known to be the empirical remedy, anti-glaireux, of Count Mattaei.

"Disarmed of its prickles," writes John Evelyn, "and boiled, it is worth esteem, and thought to be a great breeder of milk, and proper diet for women who are nurses."

"Without its prickles," writes John Evelyn, "and boiled, it's considered valuable and believed to greatly support milk production, making it a suitable food for nursing women."

In Germany it is very popular for curing jaundice and kindred biliary derangements. When taken by healthy provers in varying quantities to test its toxic effects the plant has caused distension of the whole abdomen, especially on the right side, with tenderness on pressure over the liver, and with a deficiency of bile in hard knotty stools, the colouring matter of the faeces being found by chemical tests present in the urine: so that a preparation of this Thistle modified in strength, and considerably diluted in its doses proves truly homoeopathic to simple obstructive jaundice through inaction of the liver, and readily cures the disorder. A tincture is prepared (H.) for medicinal use from equal parts of the root, and the seeds (with the hull on) together with spirit of wine.

In Germany, this plant is very popular for treating jaundice and related bile issues. When healthy individuals took it in various amounts to check for toxic effects, it caused swelling in the entire abdomen, especially on the right side, along with tenderness when pressure was applied over the liver, and a lack of bile in hard, knotty stools, with the coloring matter of the feces found in the urine through chemical tests. Therefore, a preparation of this thistle, adjusted in strength and significantly diluted in dosage, effectively acts in a homoeopathic manner for simple obstructive jaundice due to liver inactivity, and it easily cures the condition. A tincture is made (H.) for medicinal use from equal parts of the root and the seeds (hull included), combined with alcohol.

The Carduus benedictus (Blessed Thistle) was first [558] cultivated by Gerard in 1597, and has since become a common medicinal Simple. It was at one time considered to be almost a panacea, and capable of curing even the plague by its antiseptic virtues.

The Carduus benedictus (Blessed Thistle) was first [558] cultivated by Gerard in 1597 and has since become a common medicinal herb. It was once thought to be almost a cure-all, capable of treating even the plague due to its antiseptic properties.

This Thistle was a herb of Mars, and, as Gerard says: "It helpeth giddiness of the head: also it is an excellent remedy against the yellow jaundice. It strengthens the memory, cures deafness, and helps the bitings of mad dogs and venomous beasts." It contains a bitter principle "cnicin," resembling the similar tonic constituent of the Dandelion, this being likewise useful for stimulating a sluggish liver to more healthy action.

This thistle was a plant associated with Mars, and as Gerard states: "It helps with dizziness: it is also an excellent remedy for jaundice. It boosts memory, treats deafness, and aids in the bites of rabid dogs and poisonous animals." It contains a bitter substance called "cnicin," which is similar to the tonic element found in dandelions, making it effective for stimulating a sluggish liver into healthier function.

The infusion should be made with cold water: when kept it forms a salt on its surface like nitre. The herb does not yield its virtues to spirit of wine as a tincture. Its taste is intensely bitter.

The infusion should be made with cold water: when stored, it forms a salt on its surface like nitrate. The herb doesn’t release its properties into alcohol as a tincture. Its taste is extremely bitter.

The Carline Thistle (Carlina vulgaris) was formerly used in magical incantations. It possesses medicinal qualities very like those of Elecampane, being diaphoretic, and in larger doses purgative. The herb contains some resin, and a volatile essential oil of a camphoraceous nature, like that of Elecampane, and useful for similar purposes, as cordial and antiseptic. This Thistle grows on dry heaths especially near the sea, and is easily distinguished from other Thistles by the straw-coloured glossy radiate long inner scales of its outer floral cup. They rise up over the florets in wet weather. The whole plant is very durable, like that of the "everlasting flowers:" Cudweed (Antennaria).

The Carline Thistle (Carlina vulgaris) was once used in magical spells. It has medicinal properties similar to those of Elecampane, acting as a diaphoretic and, in larger quantities, as a purgative. The herb contains some resin and a volatile essential oil with a camphor-like quality, similar to that of Elecampane, and is useful for similar reasons, as a tonic and antiseptic. This Thistle thrives on dry heaths, especially near the sea, and is easily recognized from other Thistles by the straw-colored, shiny, long inner scales of its outer floral cup. These scales rise above the florets in wet weather. The entire plant is very resilient, much like the "everlasting flowers": Cudweed (Antennaria).

The name Carlina was given because the Thistle was used by Charles the Great as a remedy against the plague. It was revealed to him when praying for some means to stay this pestilence which was destroying his army. In his sleep there appeared to him an angel who shot [559] an arrow from a cross bow, telling him to mark the plant upon which it fell: for that with such plant he might cure his soldiers of the dire epidemic: which event really happened, the herb thus indicated being the said thistle. In Anglo-Saxon it was the ever-throat, or boar-throat.

The name Carlina was given because the thistle was used by Charlemagne as a remedy against the plague. It was revealed to him while he was praying for a way to stop the disease that was decimating his army. In his dreams, an angel appeared to him and shot an arrow from a crossbow, telling him to mark the plant where it landed: with that plant, he could heal his soldiers from the devastating epidemic. This event actually happened, and the herb pointed out was the thistle. In Anglo-Saxon, it was called the ever-throat or boar-throat.

On the Continent a large white blossom of this species is nailed upon cottage doors by way of a barometer to indicate the weather if remaining open or closing.

On the continent, a big white flower from this species is nailed to cottage doors as a way to show the weather, whether it stays open or closes.

The wild Teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris) grows commonly in waste places, having tall stems or stalks, at the bottom of which are leaves (like bracts) united at their sides so as to form a cup, open upwards, around the base of the stalk, and hence the term "Dipsacus," thirsty. This cup serves to retain rain water, which is thought to acquire curative properties, being used, for one purpose, to remove warts. The cup is called Venus' basin, and its contents, says Ray, are of service ad verrucas abigendas; also it is named Barber's Brush, and Church Broom.

The wild Teasel (Dipsacus sylvestris) commonly grows in neglected areas, featuring tall stems or stalks. At the bottom of these stalks, leaves (similar to bracts) come together at their sides to form a cup, which opens upwards around the base of the stalk—hence the name "Dipsacus," meaning thirsty. This cup holds rainwater, which is believed to have healing properties and is used, among other things, to get rid of warts. The cup is referred to as Venus' basin, and according to Ray, its contents are useful ad verrucas abigendas; it is also known as Barber's Brush and Church Broom.

The Fuller's Teasel, or Thistle (Dipsacus fullonum) is so termed from its use in combing and dressing cloth,—teasan, to tease,— three Teaselheads being the arms of the Cloth Weavers' Company. This is found in the neighbourhood of the cloth districts, but is not considered to be a British plant. It is probably a cultivated variety of the wild Teasel, but differs by having the bristles of its receptacles hooked.

The Fuller's Teasel, or Thistle (Dipsacus fullonum), gets its name from its use in combing and finishing cloth—teasan, to tease—with three Teasel heads representing the arms of the Cloth Weavers' Company. It's found near cloth-making regions, but it's not regarded as a native British plant. It’s likely a cultivated version of the wild Teasel, but it differs by having hooked bristles on its receptacles.

The Sow Thistle (Sonchus oleraceus), named sonchus because of its soft spikes instead of prickles, grows commonly as a weed in gardens, and having milky stalks which are reputed good for wheezy and short-winded folk, whilst the milk may be used as a wash for the face. It is named also "turn sole" because always facing the sun, and Hare's Thistle (the hare's panacea, [560] says an old writer, is the Sow Thistle), or Hare's Lettuce because "when fainting with the heat she recruits her strength with the herb; or if a hare eat of this herb in the summer when he is mad he shall become whole." Another similar title of the herb is Hare's palace, since the creature was thought to get shelter and courage from it. Some suppose that the botanical term Sonchus signifies apo ton soon ekein, from its yielding a salubrious juice.

The Sow Thistle (Sonchus oleraceus), named sonchus because of its soft spikes instead of prickles, commonly grows as a weed in gardens. It has milky stalks that are said to be good for people who are wheezy or short of breath, and its milk can be used as a face wash. It's also called "turn sole" because it always faces the sun, and Hare's Thistle (an old writer claims that the hare's remedy is the Sow Thistle) or Hare's Lettuce because "when fainting from the heat, it replenishes its strength with the herb; or if a hare eats this herb in the summer when feeling mad, it will become healthy." Another similar name for the herb is Hare's palace, as it's believed to provide shelter and courage for the creature. Some think the botanical term Sonchus means apo ton soon ekein, because it produces a beneficial juice.

The Sow thistle has been named also Milkweed. According to tradition it sometimes conceals marvels, or treasures; and in Italian stories the words, "Open Sow Thistle" are used as of like significance with the magical invocation "Open sesame." Another name is "Du Tistel" or Sprout Thistle; because the plant may be used for its edible sprouts, which Evelyn says, were eaten by Galen as a lettuce. And Matthiolus told of the Tuscans in his day "Soncho nostri utuntur hyeme in acetariis."

The Sow thistle is also known as Milkweed. According to tradition, it sometimes hides wonders or treasures; in Italian tales, the phrase "Open Sow Thistle" is used similarly to the magical phrase "Open sesame." Another name for it is "Du Tistel" or Sprout Thistle, because the plant can be used for its edible sprouts, which Evelyn mentions were eaten by Galen like lettuce. Matthiolus noted that the Tuscans in his time "Soncho nostri utuntur hyeme in acetariis."

The Melancholy Thistle (Carduus heterophyllus) has been held curative of melancholy. It grows most frequently in Scotland and the North of England, and is a non-prickly plant.

The Melancholy Thistle (Carduus heterophyllus) has been considered a remedy for sadness. It mostly grows in Scotland and the North of England, and it's a non-prickly plant.

THYME.

The Wild English thyme (Thymus serpyllum) belongs to the Labiate plants, and takes its second title from a Greek verb signifying "to creep," which has reference to the procumbent habit of the plant. It bears the appellation "Brotherwort."

The Wild English thyme (Thymus serpyllum) is part of the Labiate family and gets its second name from a Greek verb meaning "to creep," which refers to the plant's spreading growth. It's also called "Brotherwort."

Typically the Thymus serpyllum flourishes abundantly on hills, heaths, and grassy places, having woody stems, small fringed leaves, and heads of purple flowers which diffuse a sweet perfume into the surrounding air, [561] especially in hot weather. Shakespeare's well known line alludes to this pleasant fact: "I know a bank where the wild Thyme grows."

Typically, Thymus serpyllum thrives abundantly on hills, heaths, and grassy areas, featuring woody stems, small fringed leaves, and clusters of purple flowers that release a sweet fragrance into the surrounding air, [561] especially during warm weather. Shakespeare's famous line refers to this delightful fact: "I know a bank where the wild Thyme grows."

The name Thyme is derived from the Greek thumos, as identical with the Latin fumus, smoke, having reference to the ancient use of Thyme in sacrifices, because of its fragrant odour; or, it may be, as signifying courage (thumos), which its cordial qualities inspire. With the Greeks Thyme was an emblem of bravery, and activity; also the ladies of chivalrous days embroidered on the scarves which they presented to their knights the device of a bee hovering about a spray of Thyme, as teaching the union of the amiable and the active.

The name Thyme comes from the Greek thumos, which is similar to the Latin fumus, meaning smoke, relating to the ancient use of Thyme in sacrifices because of its pleasant scent; it may also symbolize courage (thumos), inspired by its uplifting qualities. For the Greeks, Thyme represented bravery and action. Additionally, during the chivalric era, women embroidered images of a bee hovering over a sprig of Thyme on the scarves they gave to their knights, symbolizing the blend of being kind and being active.

Horace has said concerning Wild Thyme:—

Horace commented on Wild Thyme:—

    "Impune tutum per nemus arbutos
    Quaerunt latentes, et thyma deviae
            Olentis uxores mariti."

"Without fear, they wander through the thickets
Searching for hidden things, and the wild thyme
Of fragrant wives of their husbands."

Wild Thyme is subject to variations in the size and colour of its flowers, as well as in the habits of the varieties.

Wild Thyme can vary in the size and color of its flowers, as well as in the characteristics of the different types.

This wild Thyme bears also the appellation, "Mother of Thyme," which should be "Mother Thyme," in allusion to its medicinal influence on the womb, an organ which the older writers always termed the "Mother." Isidore tells that the wild Thyme was called in Latin, Matris animula, quod menstrua movet. Platearius says of it: Serpyllum matricem comfortat et mundificat. Mulieres Saliternitanoe hoc fomento multum utuntur.

This wild Thyme is also known as "Mother of Thyme," which should really be "Mother Thyme," referring to its medicinal effects on the womb, an organ that older writers often called the "Mother." Isidore mentions that wild Thyme was called in Latin, Matris animula, quod menstrua movet. Platearius says: Serpyllum matricem comfortat et mundificat. Mulieres Saliternitanoe hoc fomento multum utuntur.

Dr. Neovius writes enthusiastically in a Finnish Journal on the virtues of common Thyme in combating whooping cough. He has found that if given fresh, from an ounce and a half to six ounces a day, mixed [562] with a little syrup, regularly for some weeks, it is practically a specific. If taken from the first, the symptoms vanish in two or three days, and in a fortnight the disease is expelled. The simplicity, harmlessness, and cheapness of this remedy are great supporters of its claims.

Dr. Neovius writes enthusiastically in a Finnish journal about the benefits of common thyme in treating whooping cough. He has discovered that if given fresh, between one and a half to six ounces a day, mixed [562] with a bit of syrup, consistently for a few weeks, it acts almost as a cure. If taken from the onset, the symptoms disappear in two to three days, and in two weeks, the illness is gone. The simplicity, safety, and affordability of this remedy strongly support its effectiveness.

Other titles of the herb are Pulial mountain, and creeping Thyme. It is anti-spasmodic, and good for nervous or hysterical headaches, for flatulence, and the headache which follows inebriation. The infusion may be profitably applied for healing skin eruptions of various characters.

Other names for the herb include Pulial mountain and creeping Thyme. It works to relieve spasms and is effective for nervous or hysterical headaches, flatulence, and headaches that occur after drinking. The infusion can be beneficial for treating various types of skin eruptions.

Virgil mentions (in Eclogue xi., lines 10, 11) the restorative value of Thyme against fatigue:—

Virgil mentions (in Eclogue xi., lines 10, 11) the healing benefits of Thyme for relieving fatigue:—

"Thestylis et rapido fessis messoribus oestu
Allia, Serpyllumque herbas contundit olentes."

"Thestylis and the quick, tired harvesters in the heat
crush the fragrant herbs of Allia and Serpyllum."

Or,

Alternatively,

"Thestlis for mowers tired with parching heat
Garlic and Thyme, strong smelling herbs, doth beat."

"Styles for mowers tired from the scorching heat
Garlic and Thyme, strong-smelling herbs, do prevail."

Tournefort writes: "A conserve made from the flowers and leaves of wild Thyme (Serpyllum) relieves those troubled with the falling sickness, whilst the distilled oil promotes the monthly flow in women."

Tournefort writes: "A preserve made from the flowers and leaves of wild Thyme (Serpyllum) helps those suffering from epilepsy, while the distilled oil encourages menstrual flow in women."

The delicious flavour of the noted honey of Hymettus was said to be derived from the wild Thyme there visited by the bees. Likewise the flesh of sheep fed on pasturage where the wild Thyme grows freely has been said to gain a delicate flavour and taste from this source: but herein a mistake is committed, because sheep are really averse to such pasturage, and refuse it if they can get other food.

The tasty flavor of the famous honey from Hymettus is said to come from the wild thyme that the bees visit there. Similarly, the meat of sheep that graze on land where wild thyme grows is believed to take on a delicate flavor from this source. However, this is a misunderstanding, because sheep actually dislike this kind of pasture and will avoid it if they have access to other food.

An infusion of the leaves of Thyme, whether wild, or cultivated, makes an excellent aromatic tea, the odour of which is sweet and fragrant, whilst the taste of the [563] plant is bitter and camphoraceous. There is in some districts an old superstition that to bring wild Thyme into the house conveys severe illness, or death to some member of the family.

An infusion of Thyme leaves, whether wild or cultivated, makes a great aromatic tea with a sweet and fragrant smell, while the taste of the plant is bitter and camphor-like. In some areas, there's an old superstition that bringing wild Thyme into the house will bring serious illness or death to a family member.

In Grecian days the Attic elegance of style was said to show an odour of Thyme. Shenstone's schoolmistress had a garden:—

In ancient Greece, the refined style of the Attics was noted for its hint of thyme. Shenstone’s schoolmistress had a garden:—

    "Where herbs for use and physic not a few
    Of grey renown within those borders grew,
    The tufted Basil,—pun provoking Thyme,
    The lordly Gill that never dares to climb."

"Where herbs for cooking and medicine, not a few
Of gray renown, grew within those borders,
The tufted Basil,—pun provoking Thyme,
The regal Gill that never dares to climb."

Bacon in his Essay on Gardens recommends to set whole alleys of Thyme for the pleasure of its perfume when treading on the plant. And Dioscorides said Thyme used in food helps dimness of sight.

Bacon in his Essay on Gardens suggests planting entire rows of Thyme for the enjoyment of its scent when stepping on the plant. Dioscorides mentioned that using Thyme in food can improve blurred vision.

Gerard adds: "Wild Thyme boiled in wine and drunk is good against the wamblings and gripings of the belly": whilst Culpeper describes it as "a strengthener of the lungs, as notable a one as grows." "The Thyme of Candy, Musk Thyme, or Garden Thyme is good against the sciatica, and to be given to those that have the falling sickness, to smell to."

Gerard adds: "Wild Thyme boiled in wine and drunk is good for stomach cramps and pains," while Culpeper describes it as "a great strengthener of the lungs, as notable as any that grows." "Candy Thyme, Musk Thyme, or Garden Thyme is effective against sciatica and should be given to those with epilepsy to smell."

The volatile essential oil of Wild Thyme (as well as of Garden Thyme) consists of two hydrocarbons, with thymol as the fatty base, this thymol being readily soluble in fats and oils when heated, and taking high modern rank as an antiseptic. It will arrest gastric fermentation when given judiciously as a medicine, though an overdose will bring on somnolence, with a ringing in the ears. Officinally Thymol, the stearoptene obtained from the volatile oil of Thymus vulgaris, is directed to be given in a dose of from half to two grains.

The volatile essential oil of Wild Thyme (and Garden Thyme) is made up of two hydrocarbons, with thymol as the main component. Thymol easily dissolves in fats and oils when heated, and it's considered a top-tier antiseptic today. When taken carefully as a medicine, it can stop gastric fermentation, but taking too much can cause drowsiness and ringing in the ears. Pharmacologically, thymol, which is the stearoptene derived from the volatile oil of Thymus vulgaris, is recommended in doses ranging from half a grain to two grains.

[564] Thymol is valued by some authorities more highly even than carbolic acid for destroying the germs of disease, or for disinfecting them. It is of equal service with tar for treating such skin affections as psoriasis, and eczema. When inhaled thymol is most useful against septic sore throat, especially during scarlet fever. At the hospital for throat diseases the following formula is ordered: Thymol twenty grains to rectified spirit of wine three drachms, and carbonate of magnesia ten grains, with water to three ounces; a teaspoonful to be used in a pint of water at 150° Fahrenheit for each inhalation.

[564] Thymol is considered by some experts to be more effective than carbolic acid for killing disease germs or disinfecting them. It works just as well as tar for treating skin conditions like psoriasis and eczema. When inhaled, thymol is particularly helpful for septic sore throat, especially during scarlet fever. At the throat disease hospital, the following formula is used: Thymol twenty grains, rectified spirit of wine three drachms, carbonate of magnesia ten grains, with enough water to make three ounces; a teaspoonful of this mixture should be added to a pint of water heated to 150° Fahrenheit for each inhalation.

Against ringworm an ointment made with one drachm of thymol to an ounce of soft paraffin is found to be a sure specific.

Against ringworm, an ointment made with one teaspoon of thymol to an ounce of soft paraffin is considered a reliable treatment.

The spirit of thymol should consist of one part of thymol to ten parts of spirit of wine; and this is a convenient form for use to medicate the wool of antiseptic respirators. As a purifying and cleansing lotion for wounds and sores, thymol should be mixed in the proportion of five grains thereof to an ounce of spirit of wine, an ounce of glycerine, and six ounces of water.

The thymol solution should have one part thymol to ten parts alcohol, and this is a convenient way to prepare it for treating the wool in antiseptic masks. For a purifying and cleansing lotion for wounds and sores, thymol should be mixed in the ratio of five grains to one ounce of alcohol, one ounce of glycerin, and six ounces of water.

The common Garden Thyme is an imported sort from the South of Europe. Its odour and taste depend on an essential oil known commercially as oil of origanum.

The common Garden Thyme is an imported variety from Southern Europe. Its aroma and flavor come from an essential oil that's commercially known as oil of oregano.

Another variety of the Wild Thyme is Lemon Thyme (Thymus citriodorus), distinguished by its parti-coloured leaves, and by its lilac flowers. Small beds of this Thyme, together with mint, are cultivated at Penzance, in which to rear millepedes, or hoglice, administered as pills for several forms of scrofulous disease. The woodlouse, sowpig, or hoglouse abounds with a nitrous salt which has long found favour for curing scrofulous [565] disease, and inveterate struma, as also against some kinds of stone in the bladder.

Another type of Wild Thyme is Lemon Thyme (Thymus citriodorus), which has two-tone leaves and lilac flowers. Small patches of this Thyme, along with mint, are grown in Penzance to raise millipedes or woodlice, which are used as pills for various types of scrofulous diseases. The woodlouse, also known as sowbug or pillbug, is rich in a nitrate salt that has been used for a long time to treat scrofulous diseases and chronic struma, as well as some types of bladder stones.

The Hoglouse, or Millepede was the primitive medicinal pill. It is found in dry gardens under stones, etc., and rolls itself up into a ball when touched. These are also called Chiselbobs, and Cudworms. From three to twelve were formerly given in Rhenish wine for a hundred days together to cure all kinds of cancers; or they were sometimes worn round the neck in a small bag (which was absurd!). In the Eastern counties they are known as "Old Sows," or "St. Anthony's Hogs." Their Latin name is Porcellus Scaber. The Welsh call this small creature the "withered old woman of the wood," "the little pig of the wood," and "the little grey hog," also "Grammar Sows." Their word "gurach" like "grammar" means a dried up old dame.

The Hoglouse, or Millipede, was the original medicinal pill. It can be found in dry gardens under stones, etc., and rolls into a ball when touched. They are also known as Chiselbobs and Cudworms. Historically, three to twelve were given in Rhenish wine for a hundred days straight to treat all sorts of cancers; alternatively, they were sometimes worn around the neck in a small bag (which was ridiculous!). In the Eastern counties, they are referred to as "Old Sows" or "St. Anthony's Hogs." Their Latin name is Porcellus Scaber. The Welsh call this small creature the "withered old woman of the wood," "the little pig of the wood," and "the little grey hog," also "Grammar Sows." Their word "gurach," similar to "grammar," means a dried-up old dame.

Cat Thyme (Teucrium marum verum) was imported from Spain, and is cultivated in our gardens as a cordial aromatic herb, useful in nervous disorders. Its flowers are crimson, and its bark is astringent. The dried leaves may be given in powder or used in snuff. A tincture (H.) is made from the whole herb which is effectual against small thread worms. Provers of the herb in material toxic quantities have experienced troublesome itching and irritation of the fundament. For similar conditions, and to expel thread worms, two or three drops of the tincture diluted to its first decimal strength should be given with a spoonful of water three or four times in the day to a child of from four to six years.

Cat Thyme (Teucrium marum verum) was brought in from Spain and is grown in our gardens as a pleasant aromatic herb that's helpful for nervous disorders. Its flowers are crimson, and its bark has astringent properties. The dried leaves can be taken in powder form or used in snuff. A tincture (H.) is made from the entire herb and is effective against small threadworms. People who have used the herb in large toxic amounts have experienced annoying itching and irritation in the anal area. For similar issues and to get rid of threadworms, two or three drops of the tincture diluted to its first decimal strength should be mixed with a spoonful of water and given three or four times a day to a child aged four to six years.

TOADFLAX.

The Toadflax, or Flaxweed (Linaria vulgaris) belongs to the scrofula-curing order of plants, getting its name from linum, flax, and being termed "toad" by a [566] mistaken translation of its Latin title Bubonio, this having been wrongly read bufonio,— belonging to a toad,—or because having a flower (as the Snapdragon) like a toad's mouth: whereas "bubonio" means "useful for the groins."

The Toadflax, or Flaxweed (Linaria vulgaris), is part of the group of plants known for curing scrofula. Its name comes from linum, meaning flax, and it got the nickname "toad" from a misunderstanding of its Latin name Bubonio, which was incorrectly read as bufonio—which refers to a toad—or because its flower resembles a toad’s mouth, similar to the Snapdragon. However, "bubonio" actually means "useful for the groins."

It is an upright herbaceous plant most common in hedges, having leaves like grass of a dull sea green aspect, and bearing dense clusters of yellow flowers shaped like those of the garden Snapdragon, with spurs at their base. It continues in flower until the late autumn. The Russians cultivate the Snapdragon for the oil yielded by its seeds.

It’s an upright herbaceous plant commonly found in hedges, with grass-like leaves that have a dull sea green appearance. It produces dense clusters of yellow flowers shaped like garden Snapdragons, featuring spurs at the base. It keeps blooming until late autumn. Russians grow the Snapdragon for the oil extracted from its seeds.

The Toadflax has a faint disagreeable smell, and a bitter saline taste. It acts medicinally as a powerful purge, and promoter of urine, and therefore it is employed for carrying off the water of dropsies, being in this respect a well known rural Simple. Waller says: "Country people boil the whole plant in ale, and drink the decoction; but the expressed juice of the fresh plant acts still more powerfully."

The Toadflax has a subtle unpleasant smell and a bitter, salty taste. It works as a strong laxative and diuretic, making it useful for treating fluid retention, and is therefore a well-known herbal remedy in rural areas. Waller mentions: "People in the countryside boil the whole plant in ale and drink the mixture; however, the juice from the fresh plant is even more effective."

In many districts the herb is familiarly known as "butter and eggs;" and in Germany though dedicated to the Virgin it is called "devil's band."

In many areas, the herb is commonly called "butter and eggs," and in Germany, despite being named after the Virgin, it's referred to as "devil's band."

Again in Devonshire it goes by the names of "Rambling," or "Wandering Sailor," "Pedler's Basket," "Mother of Millions" (the ivy-leaved sort), "Lion's Mouth" and "Flaxweed."

Again in Devonshire, it’s known as "Rambling," or "Wandering Sailor," "Pedler's Basket," "Mother of Millions" (the ivy-leaved type), "Lion's Mouth," and "Flaxweed."

When used externally an infusion of the herb acts as an anodyne to subdue irritation of the skin, and it may be taken as a medicine to modify skin diseases. The fresh juice is attractive to flies, but at the same time it serves to poison them: so if it be mixed with milk, and placed where flies resort they will drink it and perish at the first sip.

When used externally, an infusion of the herb acts as a pain reliever to calm skin irritation, and it can also be taken as a treatment for skin conditions. The fresh juice attracts flies, but it also poisons them: if it's mixed with milk and left in areas where flies gather, they'll drink it and die after the first sip.

[567] As promoting a free flow of urine, the herb has been named "Urinalis," or sometimes "Ramsted." The flowers contain a yellow colouring matter, mucilage, and sugar. In Germany they are given with the rest of the plant for dropsy, jaundice, piles, and some diseases of the skin. Gerard says: "The decoction openeth the stoppings of the liver, and spleen: and is singular good against the jaundice which is of long continuance." He advises an ointment made from the plant stampt with lard for certain skin eruptions, and a decoction made with four drachms of the herb in eight ounces of boiling water. The bruised leaves are useful externally for curing blotches on the face, and for piles.

[567] This herb promotes a free flow of urine and is known as "Urinalis," or sometimes "Ramsted." The flowers contain a yellow pigment, mucilage, and sugar. In Germany, they are used along with the rest of the plant to treat dropsy, jaundice, hemorrhoids, and certain skin diseases. Gerard states, "The decoction alleviates blockages in the liver and spleen and is particularly effective against long-lasting jaundice." He recommends making an ointment from the plant mixed with lard for specific skin eruptions, and a decoction using four drachms of the herb in eight ounces of boiling water. The crushed leaves are also effective externally for treating blemishes on the face and hemorrhoids.

An old distich says of the Toadflax as compared with the
Larkspur:—

An old saying compares Toadflax to the
Larkspur:—

"Esula lactescit: sine lacte Linaria crescit;"

"Esula lactescit: senza latte Linaria cresce;"

or,

"Larkspur with milk doth flow:
Toadflax without milk doth grow,"

"Larkspur flows with milk:
Toadflax grows without milk,"

(alluding to the dry nature of the toadflax). To which the Hereditary Marshal of Hesse added the following line:—

"Esoula nil nobis, sed dat linaria taurum,"

implying that the herb was of old valued for its good effects when applied externally to piles as an ointment, a fomentation, or a poultice, each being made from the leaves and the flowers. The originator of this ointment was a Dr. Wolph, physician to the Landgrave of Hesse, who only divulged its formula on the prince promising to give him a fat ox annually for the discovery.

implying that the herb was historically valued for its benefits when used externally for hemorrhoids as an ointment, a compress, or a poultice, all made from the leaves and flowers. The creator of this ointment was Dr. Wolph, a physician to the Landgrave of Hesse, who only revealed its recipe after the prince promised to provide him with a fat ox each year in exchange for the discovery.

TOMATO (or LOVE APPLE).

Though only of recent introduction as a common vegetable in this country, and though grown chiefly [568] under glass for the table in England, yet the Tomato is so abundantly imported, and so extensively used by all classes now-a-days throughout the British Isles that it may fairly take consideration for whatever claims it can advance as a curative Simple. Imported early in the present century from South America it remained for a while an exclusive luxury produced for the rich like pine apples and melons. But gradually since then the Tomato has steadily acquired an increasing popularity, and now large crops of the profitable fruit are brought from Bordeaux and the Channel Islands, to meet the demands of our English markets. Much of the favour which has become attached to this ruddy, polished, attractive-looking fruit is due to a widespread impression that it is good for the liver, and a preventive of biliousness. Nevertheless, rumours have also gone abroad that habitual Tomato-eaters are especially liable to cancerous disease in this, or that organ.

Though it’s only recently become a common vegetable in this country, and mainly grown under glass for dining in England, the Tomato is now so widely imported and used by people of all classes throughout the British Isles that it deserves serious consideration for whatever health benefits it can claim. Imported early in this century from South America, it was initially a luxury item produced for the wealthy, like pineapples and melons. However, since then, the Tomato has steadily gained popularity, and now large crops of this profitable fruit are brought in from Bordeaux and the Channel Islands to meet the demands of our markets in England. Much of the charm surrounding this vibrant, shiny, appealing fruit comes from the common belief that it’s good for the liver and helps prevent digestive issues. Still, there are also rumors that regular Tomato consumers are particularly prone to cancer in one organ or another.

Belonging to the Solanums the Tomato (Lycopersicum) is a plant of Mexican origin. Its brilliant fruit was first known as Mala oethiopica, or the Apples of the Moors, and bearing the Italian designation Pomi dei Mori. This name was presently corrupted in the French to Pommes d'amour; and thence in English to the epithet Love Apples, a perversion which shows by what curious methods primary names may become incongruously changed. They are also called Gold Apples from their bright yellow colour before getting ripe. The term Lycopersicum signifies a "wolf's peach," because some parts of the plant are thought to excite animal passions.

Belonging to the Solanum family, the tomato (Lycopersicum) is a plant that originated in Mexico. Its vibrant fruit was initially known as Mala oethiopica, or the Apples of the Moors, and has the Italian name Pomi dei Mori. This name was later altered in French to Pommes d'amour, and then in English to the term Love Apples, which illustrates how original names can become strangely misinterpreted over time. They are also referred to as Gold Apples because of their bright yellow color before they ripen. The name Lycopersicum means "wolf's peach," as certain parts of the plant are thought to provoke animal desires.

The best fruit is supposed to grow within sight, or smell of the sea. It needs plenty of sunlight and heat. The quicker it is produced the fewer will be the seeds discoverable in its pulp.

The best fruit is said to grow within sight or smell of the sea. It needs a lot of sunlight and warmth. The faster it’s grown, the fewer seeds you’ll find in its flesh.

[568] Green when young, Tomatoes acquire a bright yellow hue before reaching maturity, and when ripe they are smooth, shining, furrowed, and of a handsome red.

[568] Green when young, tomatoes turn a bright yellow before they mature, and when they are ripe, they are smooth, shiny, ridged, and a beautiful red.

Chemically this Love Apple contains citric and malic acids: and it further possesses oxalic acid, or oxalate of potash, in common with the Sorrel of our fields, and the Rhubarb of our kitchen gardens. On which account each of this vegetable triad is ill suited for gouty constitutions disposed to the formation of irritating oxalate of lime in the blood. With such persons a single indulgence in Tomatoes, particularly when eaten raw, may provoke a sharp attack of gout.

Chemically, this love apple contains citric and malic acids, and it also has oxalic acid, or potassium oxalate, similar to the sorrel found in our fields and the rhubarb from our kitchen gardens. Because of this, each of these three vegetables is not good for people with gout, who are prone to developing irritating oxalate of lime in their blood. For such individuals, even a single serving of tomatoes, especially when eaten raw, can trigger a severe gout attack.

Otherwise there are special reasons for supposing the Tomato to be a wholesome fruit of remarkable purifying value.

Otherwise, there are good reasons to believe that the tomato is a healthy fruit with notable cleansing properties.

Dr. King Chambers classifies it among remedies against scurvy, telling us that Tomatoes mixed with brown bread make a capital sauce for costive persons. And the fruit owns a singular property in connection with diseases of plants, suggesting its probable worth as protective against bacterial germs, and microbes of disease in our bodies when it is taken as food, or medicinally. If a Tomato shrub be uprooted at the end of the summer, and allowed to wither on the bough of a fruit tree, or if it be burnt beneath the fruit tree, it will not only kill any blight which may be present, but will also preserve the tree against any future invasion by blight. The hostility thus evinced by the plant to low organisms is due to the presence of sulphur, which the Tomato shrub largely contains, and which is rendered up in an active state by decay, or by burning. Now remembering that digestion likewise splits up the Tomato into its chemical constituents, and releases its sulphur within us, we may fairly assume that persons [570] who eat Tomatoes habitually are likely to have a particular immunity from bacterial and putrefactive diseases.

Dr. King Chambers categorizes it as a remedy for scurvy, noting that tomatoes mixed with brown bread create a great sauce for people with constipation. The fruit has a unique property related to plant diseases, hinting at its potential value as a protective agent against bacteria and disease-causing microbes in our bodies when consumed as food or used medicinally. If a tomato plant is pulled up at the end of summer and left to dry on the branch of a fruit tree, or if it is burned under the fruit tree, it will not only eliminate any existing blight but also protect the tree from future blight attacks. This plant's aggression toward lowly organisms is due to the presence of sulfur, which the tomato plant has in abundance, and which is released in an active form through decay or burning. Keeping in mind that digestion also breaks down the tomato into its chemical components and unleashes its sulfur within us, we can reasonably conclude that people who regularly eat tomatoes are likely to have a special resistance to bacterial and putrefactive diseases.

Wherefore it is altogether improbable that Tomatoes will engender cancer, which is essentially a disease of vitiated blood, and of degenerate cell tissue. Possibly the old exploded doctrine of signatures may have suggested, or started this accusation against the maligned, though unguarded Tomato: for it cannot be denied the guileless fruit bears a nodulated tumour-like appearance, whilst showing, when cut, an aspect of red raw morbid fleshy structure strangely resembling cancerous disease.

It's highly unlikely that tomatoes will cause cancer, which is fundamentally a disease related to unhealthy blood and degenerated cell tissue. Perhaps the outdated theory of signatures sparked this unfair accusation against the innocent, yet vulnerable tomato: it can't be denied that the simple fruit has a lumpy, tumor-like look, and when sliced open, it displays a raw, fleshy appearance that oddly resembles cancerous tissue.

Vegetarians who eat Tomatoes constantly and freely claim that cancer is a disease almost unknown among their ranks; but an Italian doctor writing from Rome gives it as the experience of himself and his medical brethren that cancer is as common in Italy and Sicily among vegetarians as with mixed eaters. Most of our American cousins, who are the enterprising fathers of this medicinal fruit, persuade themselves that they are never in perfect health except during the Tomato season. And with us the ruddy Solanum has obtained a wide popularity not simply at table as a tasty cooling sallet, or an appetising stew, but essentially as a supposed antibilious purifier of the blood. When uncooked it contains a notable quantity of Solanin, and it would be dangerous to let animals drink water in which the plant had been boiled. The Staff of the Cancer Hospital at Brompton have emphatically declared "they see no ground whatever for supposing that the eating of Tomatoes predisposes to cancer."

Vegetarians who eat tomatoes regularly and without hesitation claim that cancer is almost nonexistent among them; however, an Italian doctor writing from Rome shares that he and his fellow doctors find cancer is just as common in Italy and Sicily among vegetarians as it is among those who eat a mixed diet. Many of our American relatives, who are the enthusiastic pioneers of this fruit, convince themselves that they are never truly healthy except during tomato season. Here, the vibrant solanum has become very popular not just as a tasty salad or a delicious stew, but primarily as a supposed blood purifier. When raw, it contains a significant amount of solanin, and it would be risky to let animals drink water that the plant had been boiled in. The staff at the Cancer Hospital in Brompton have strongly stated that "they see no ground whatever for supposing that the eating of tomatoes predisposes to cancer."

Nevertheless some country people in the remote American States attribute cancer to an excessively free use of the wild uncultivated tomato as food.

Nevertheless, some rural folks in the remote American states believe that cancer is caused by eating too many wild, uncultivated tomatoes.

[571] The first mention of this fruit by the London Horticultural Society occurred in 1818.

[571] The first mention of this fruit by the London Horticultural Society happened in 1818.

Chemically in addition to the acids already named the Tomato contains a volatile oil, a brown resinous extractive matter very fragrant, a vegeto-mineral matter, muco-saccharin, some salts, and in all probability an alkaloid. The whole plant smells unpleasantly, and its juices when subjected to heat by the action of fire emit a vapour so powerful as to provoke vertigo and vomiting.

Chemically, besides the acids already mentioned, the tomato contains a volatile oil, a fragrant brown resinous extract, a vegeto-mineral substance, muco-saccharin, some salts, and probably an alkaloid. The entire plant has an unpleasant smell, and its juices, when heated by fire, release a vapor strong enough to cause dizziness and vomiting.

The specific principles furnished by the Tomato will, when concentrated, produce, if taken medicinally, effects very similar to those brought about by taking mercurial salts, viz., an ulcerative-state of the mouth, with a profuse flow of saliva, and with excessive stimulation of the liver: peevishness also on the following day, with a depressing backache in men, suggesting paralysis, and with a profuse fluor albus in women. When given in moderation as food, or as physic, the fruit will remedy this chain of symptoms.

The specific principles provided by the Tomato, when concentrated, will produce effects similar to those of mercurial salts when taken medicinally, such as ulcers in the mouth, excessive salivation, and increased stimulation of the liver. There may also be irritability the next day, along with a severe backache in men that suggests paralysis, and a heavy discharge in women. When consumed in moderation as food or medicine, the fruit can alleviate this series of symptoms.

By reason of its efficacy in promoting an increased flow of bile if judiciously taken, the Tomato bears the name in America of Vegetable Mercury, and it has almost superseded calomel there as a biliary medicinal provocative. Dr. Bennett declares the Tomato to be the most useful and the least harmful of all known medicines for correcting derangements of the liver. He prepares a chemical extract of the fruit and plant which will, he feels assured, depose calomel for the future.

Because it effectively boosts bile production when used wisely, the Tomato is known in America as Vegetable Mercury, and it has nearly replaced calomel as a liver stimulant there. Dr. Bennett claims that the Tomato is the most beneficial and least harmful medicine for fixing liver issues. He makes a chemical extract from the fruit and plant which he believes will take the place of calomel in the future.

Across the Atlantic an officinal tincture is made from the Tomato for curative purposes by treating the apples, and the bruised fresh plant with alcohol, and letting this stand for eight days before it is filtered and strained.

Across the Atlantic, a medicinal tincture is made from the tomato for healing purposes by soaking the apples and the crushed fresh plant in alcohol and allowing it to sit for eight days before it is filtered and strained.

A teaspoonful of the tincture is a sufficient dose with one or two tablespoonfuls of cold water, three times in the day.

A teaspoon of the tincture is a enough dose mixed with one or two tablespoons of cold water, three times a day.

[572] The fluid extract made from the plant is curative of any ulcerative soreness within the mouth, such as nurses' sore mouth, or canker. It should be given internally, and applied locally to the sore parts.

[572] The liquid extract made from the plant heals any ulcer-related soreness in the mouth, like sore mouth from nursing or canker sores. It should be taken internally and applied directly to the affected areas.

Spaniards and Italians eat Tomatoes with pepper and oil. We take them as a salad, or stewed with butter, after slicing and stuffing them with bread crumb, and a spice of garlic.

Spaniards and Italians eat tomatoes with pepper and oil. We enjoy them as a salad or stewed with butter, after slicing and stuffing them with breadcrumbs and a hint of garlic.

The green Tomato makes a good pickle, and in its unripe state is esteemed an excellent sauce with rich roast pork, or goose. The fruit when cooked no longer exercises active medicinal effects, as its volatile principles have now become dispelled through heat.

The green tomato makes a great pickle, and when it’s unripe, it's considered an excellent sauce for rich roast pork or goose. Once cooked, the fruit no longer has strong medicinal effects, as its active compounds have been dissipated by the heat.

By the late Mr. Shirley Hibberd, who was a good naturalist, it was asserted with seeming veracity that the cannibal inhabitants of the Fiji Islands hold in high repute a native Tomato which is named by them the Solanum anthropophagorutm, and which they eat, par excellence, with "Cold Missionary." Nearer home a worthy dame has been known with pious aspirations to enquire at the stationer's for "Foxe's book of To-Martyrs."

By the late Mr. Shirley Hibberd, a knowledgeable naturalist, it was claimed quite convincingly that the cannibal residents of the Fiji Islands highly value a local Tomato they call Solanum anthropophagorutm, and they eat it, par excellence, with "Cold Missionary." Closer to home, a well-meaning woman has been known to ask at the stationery store for "Foxe's book of To-Martyrs."

"Chops and Tomato sauce" were ordered from Mrs. Bardell, in Pickwick's famous letter. "Gentlemen!" says Serjeant Buzfuz, in his address to the jury, "What does this mean?" But he missed a point in not going on to add—"I need not tell you, gentlemen, the popular name for the Tomato is love apple! Is it not manifest, therefore, what the base deceiver intended?"

"Chops and tomato sauce" were ordered from Mrs. Bardell in Pickwick's famous letter. "Gentlemen!" says Serjeant Buzfuz in his address to the jury, "What does this mean?" But he overlooked one thing by not adding—"I don't need to tell you, gentlemen, that the popular name for the tomato is love apple! Isn't it clear, then, what the dishonest trickster intended?"

    "A cucumber in early spring
        Might please a sated Caesar,
    Rapture asparagus can bring,
        And dearer still green peas are:
    Oh! far and wide, where mushrooms hide,
        I'll search, as wide and far too
    For watercress; but all their pride
        Must stoop to thee,—Tomato!"

"A cucumber in early spring
        Might please a satisfied Caesar,
    The joy that asparagus can bring,
        And even more beloved are green peas:
    Oh! far and wide, where mushrooms hide,
        I'll search, as wide and far as well
    For watercress; but all their pride
        Must bow to you,—Tomato!"

[573] TORMENTIL.

The Tormentil (Potentilla Tormentilla) belongs to the tribe of wild Roses, and is a common plant on our heaths, banks, and dry pastures. It is closely allied to the Potentilla, but bears only four petals on its flowers, which are of bright yellow. The woody roots are medicinally useful because of their astringent properties. Sometimes the stem is trailing, making this the Tormentilla Reptans, but more commonly it ascends. The name comes from tormina, which signifies such griping of the intestines as the herb will serve to relieve, as likewise the twinges of toothache. The root is employed both for tanning leather, and for dyeing it by the thickened red juice. Furthermore through its astringency this root is admirable for arresting bleedings. Vesalius considered it to be as useful against syphilis as Guiacum, and Sarsaparilla. A decoction of Tormentil makes a capital gargle, and will heal ulcers of the mouth if used as a wash. If a piece of lint soaked therein be kept applied to warts, they will wither and disappear. Chemically the herb contains "Tormentilla Red," identical with that of the Horse Chestnut, also tannic, and kinoric acids. The decoction should be made with four drams to half-a-pint of water boiled together for ten minutes, adding half a dram of Cinnamon stick at the end of boiling; one or two tablespoonfuls will be the dose, or of the powdered root (dried) the dose will be from five to thirty grains.

The Tormentil (Potentilla Tormentilla) is part of the wild Roses family and is commonly found on our heaths, banks, and dry pastures. It’s closely related to Potentilla, but has only four bright yellow petals on its flowers. The woody roots have medicinal benefits due to their astringent properties. Sometimes the stem trails along the ground, which is referred to as Tormentilla Reptans, but more often it grows upright. The name comes from tormina, which refers to the intestinal cramps that this herb helps relieve, as well as toothaches. The root is used for tanning leather and dyeing it with a thick red juice. Additionally, because of its astringency, this root is excellent for stopping bleeding. Vesalius regarded it as effective against syphilis, similar to Guiacum and Sarsaparilla. A decoction of Tormentil makes a great gargle and will heal mouth ulcers if used as a rinse. If you apply a piece of lint soaked in it to warts, they will shrink and disappear. Chemically, the herb contains "Tormentilla Red," which is the same as that found in Horse Chestnut, as well as tannic and kinoric acids. To make the decoction, boil four drams of the root in half a pint of water for ten minutes, adding half a dram of Cinnamon stick at the end. The dosage is one or two tablespoons, or if using the powdered root (dried), the dose ranges from five to thirty grains.

"In fluxu sanguinis, fluore albo, et mictu involuntario Tormentilla valet." Dr. Thornton (1810) tells of a labouring botanist who learnt the powers of this root, and by its decoction, sweetened with honey, cured intractable agues, severe diarrhoeas, and scorbutic ulcers (which had been turned out of hospitals as inveterate), [578] also many fluxes. Lord William Russell heard about this, and allowed the poor man a piece of his park in which to cultivate the herb, "Non est vegetabile quod in fluxionibus alvi efficacius est." The root is so rich in tannin that it may be used instead of oak bark.

"In blood flow, white discharge, and involuntary urination, Tormentilla is effective." Dr. Thornton (1810) tells of a hardworking botanist who discovered the properties of this root, and by brewing it into a decoction sweetened with honey, he treated stubborn fevers, severe diarrhea, and scorbutic ulcers (which had been dismissed from hospitals as hopeless), [578] as well as many discharge issues. Lord William Russell learned of this and allowed the man to use a section of his park to grow the herb, "There is no plant more effective for bowel fluxes." The root is so high in tannin that it can be used as a substitute for oak bark.

TURNIP.

The Turnip (Brassica Rapa) belongs to the Cruciferous Cabbage tribe, being often found growing in waste places, though not truly wild. In this state it is worth nothing to man or beast; but, by cultivation, it becomes a most valuable food for cattle in the winter, and a good vegetable for our domestic uses. It exercises some aperient action, and the liquid in which turnips are boiled will increase the flow of urine. It is called also "bagie," and was the "gongyle" of the Greeks, so named from the roundness of the root.

The Turnip (Brassica Rapa) is part of the Cruciferous Cabbage family and is often found growing in neglected areas, although it's not truly wild. In its natural state, it’s of no value to humans or animals, but when cultivated, it becomes a highly valuable food source for cattle in the winter and a good vegetable for our cooking. It has a mild laxative effect, and the water used to boil turnips can increase urine production. It’s also known as "bagie," and the Greeks referred to it as "gongyle," named for the round shape of the root.

When mashed, and mixed with bread and milk, the Turnip makes an excellent cleansing and stimulating poultice for indolent abscesses or sores.

When mashed and combined with bread and milk, turnips create an excellent cleansing and stimulating poultice for lazy abscesses or sores.

The Scotch eat small, yellow-rooted Turnips as we do radishes. "Tastes and Turnips proverbially differ." At Plymouth, and some other places, when a girl rejects a suitor, she is said to "give him turnips," probably with reference to his sickly pallor of disappointment.

The Scots eat small, yellow-rooted turnips like we eat radishes. "Tastes and turnips proverbially differ." In Plymouth and a few other places, when a girl rejects a suitor, people say she "gives him turnips," likely referring to his sickly look of disappointment.

The seventeenth of June—as the day of St. Botolph, the old turnip man,—is distinguished by various uses of a Turnip, because in the Saga, which figuratively represents the seasons, the seeds were sown on that day.

The seventeenth of June, known as St. Botolph's Day, is marked by different uses of a turnip. In the Saga, which symbolically illustrates the seasons, the seeds were planted on this day.

It is told that the King of Bithynia in some expedition against the Scythians during the winter, and when at a great distance from the sea, had a violent [575] longing for a small fish known as aphy—a pilchard, or anchovy. His cook cut a Turnip to a perfect imitation of its shape, which, when fried in oil, well salted, and powdered with the seeds of a dozen black poppies, so deceived the king that he praised the root at table as an excellent fish.

It’s said that the King of Bithynia, during a winter campaign against the Scythians and while far from the sea, developed a strong craving for a small fish called aphy—basically a pilchard or anchovy. His cook carved a turnip to perfectly resemble the shape of the fish, and after frying it in oil, adding plenty of salt, and seasoning it with the seeds from a dozen black poppies, the dish was so convincing that the king praised the root at the table as if it were an exceptional fish.

Being likely to provoke flatulent distension of the bowels, Turnips are not a proper vegetable for hysterical persons, or for pregnant women. The rind is acrimonious, but the tops, when young and tender, may be boiled for the table as a succulent source of potash, and other mineral salts in the Spring.

Being likely to cause bloating, turnips aren't a suitable vegetable for nervous individuals or pregnant women. The skin is harsh, but the young, tender tops can be boiled for a tasty source of potash and other mineral salts in the spring.

The fermented juice of Turnips will yield an ardent spirit. When properly cooked they serve to sweeten the blood. An essential volatile oil contained in the root, chiefly in the rind, disagrees, by provoking flatulent distension. This root is sometimes cut up and partly substituted for the peel and pulp of oranges in marmalade.

The fermented juice of turnips produces a strong alcoholic drink. When cooked properly, they help to purify the blood. An important volatile oil found in the root, mainly in the skin, can cause digestive issues by leading to gas and bloating. This root is sometimes chopped up and used in place of some of the peel and pulp of oranges in marmalade.

If Turnips are properly grown in dry, lean, sandy earth, a wholesome, agreeable sort of bread can be made from them, "of which we have eaten at the greatest persons' tables, and which is hardly to be distinguished from the best of wheat." Some persons roast Turnips in paper under the embers, and serve them with butter and sugar. The juice made into syrup is an old domestic remedy for coughs and hoarseness.

If turnips are grown well in dry, thin, sandy soil, you can make a healthy, tasty type of bread from them, "which we have eaten at the tables of important people, and which is hard to tell apart from the best wheat." Some people roast turnips in paper under the coals and serve them with butter and sugar. The juice turned into syrup is an old home remedy for coughs and sore throats.

A nice wholesome dish of Piedmontese Turnips is thus prepared: Half boil your Turnip, and cut it in slices like half-crowns; butter a pie dish, and put in the slices, moisten them with a little milk and weak broth, sprinkle over lightly with bread crumbs, adding pepper and salt; then bake in the oven until the Turnips become of a light golden colour.

A nice wholesome dish of Piedmontese Turnips is prepared like this: Half boil your Turnip and slice it into half-crown shapes; butter a pie dish and arrange the slices inside, moisten them with a little milk and weak broth, lightly sprinkle with bread crumbs, and add some pepper and salt; then bake in the oven until the Turnips turn a light golden color.

[576] The Turnip, a navew, or variety of Rape (navus), should never be sown in a rich soil, wherein it would become degenerate and lose its shape as well as its dry agreeable relish. Horace advised field-grown Turnips as preferable at a banquet to those of garden culture. They may be safely eaten when raw, having been at one time much consumed in Russia by the upper classes.

[576] The turnip, a type of rutabaga, should never be planted in rich soil, as it would become inferior and lose its shape along with its pleasant taste. Horace recommended field-grown turnips as better for a banquet compared to those grown in gardens. They can be safely eaten raw, having once been widely consumed by the upper classes in Russia.

Turnips have been introduced into armorial bearings to represent a person of liberal disposition who relieves the poor.

Turnips have been included in coats of arms to symbolize a generous person who helps those in need.

Dr. Johnson's famous illustration of false logic ran thus:—

Dr. Johnson's famous example of flawed reasoning went like this:—

    "If a man fresh Turnips cries:
    But cries not when his father dies,
    Is this a proof the man would rather
    Possess fresh Turnips than a father?"

"If a guy shouts about fresh Turnips:
    But doesn’t shout when his dad dies,
    Is this proof that the guy would prefer
    To have fresh Turnips over a dad?"

TURPENTINE.

From our English Pines, if their stems be wounded, the oleo-resin known as Turpentine, can be procured. This is so truly a vegetable product, and so readily available for medical uses in every household, being withal so valuable for its remedial and curative virtues that no apology is needed for giving it notice as a Herbal Simple. The said oleo-resin which exudes on incising the bark furnishes our oil, or so-called spirit of Turpentine. But larger quantities, and of a richer resin, can be had from abroad than it is practicable for England to provide, so that our Turpentine of commerce is mainly got from American and French sources.

From our English pines, if their trunks are cut, we can extract the oleo-resin known as turpentine. This is truly a plant-based product, and it's easily available for medical use in every home. It's also incredibly valuable for its healing properties, so there's no need for an apology when mentioning it as a herbal remedy. The oleo-resin that seeps out when we cut the bark gives us our oil, or what we call the spirit of turpentine. However, larger quantities and richer resin can be sourced from abroad, making it so that our commercial turpentine primarily comes from American and French suppliers.

The oleo-resin consists of a resinous base and a volatile essential oil, which is usually termed the spirit.

The oleo-resin is made up of a resin base and a volatile essential oil, often referred to as the spirit.

The Pinus Picra, or Silver Fir-tree, yields common [577] Turpentine; and to sleep on a pillow made from its yellow shavings is a capital American device for relieving asthma. Fir cones are called "buntins," and "oysters."

The Pinus Picra, or Silver Fir tree, produces regular [577] Turpentine; and sleeping on a pillow made from its yellow shavings is a great American trick for easing asthma. Fir cones are referred to as "buntins" and "oysters."

"Tears," or resin drops, which trickle out on the stems of the Pine, if taken, five or six of these tears in a day, will benefit chronic bronchitis, and will prove useful to lessen the cough of consumption.

"Tears," or resin drops, that come out on the stems of the Pine, if taken, five or six of these tears in a day, will help with chronic bronchitis and will be useful in reducing the cough associated with tuberculosis.

When swallowed in a full dose, Turpentine gives a sensation of warmth, and excites the secretion of urine, to which it imparts a violet hue. It also promotes perspiration, and stimulates the bronchial mucous membrane. From eight to twenty drops may be given as a dose to produce these effects; but an immoderate dose will purge, or intoxicate, and stupefy, causing strangury, and congestion of the kidneys.

When taken in a full dose, turpentine creates a feeling of warmth and increases urine production, which may turn a violet color. It also encourages sweating and stimulates the bronchial mucous membranes. Generally, eight to twenty drops can be taken to achieve these effects; however, taking too much can cause purging or intoxication and lead to confusion, painful urination, and kidney congestion.

For bleeding from the lungs, five drops may be given, and repeated at intervals of not less than half-an-hour, whilst needed. The dose may be taken in milk, or on sugar, or bread.

For bleeding from the lungs, five drops can be taken and repeated every half-hour as needed. The dose can be taken in milk, on sugar, or on bread.

With the object of meeting for a curative purpose such symptoms occurring as disease which large doses of this particular drug will produce, as if by poisoning, in a healthy person, quite small doses of Turpentine oil will promptly relieve simple congestion of the kidneys, when occurring as illness, it may be from exposure to cold, and accompanied by some feverishness, with frequent urination, as well as a dragging of the loins. On which principle three or four drops of a diluted tincture of Turpentine (made with one part of Turpentine to nine parts of spirit of wine), given in a spoonful of milk every four hours, will speedily dispel the congestion, thus acting as an infallible specific, and a similar dose of the same tincture will quickly subdue rheumatic inflammation of the eyes.

To address certain symptoms caused by illnesses that large doses of this specific drug could induce in a healthy person, small doses of Turpentine oil can effectively relieve simple kidney congestion that may arise from exposure to cold. This condition often includes some fever and frequent urination, along with a dragging sensation in the lower back. Based on this principle, taking three or four drops of a diluted tincture of Turpentine (prepared with one part Turpentine to nine parts alcohol), mixed in a spoonful of milk every four hours, will quickly alleviate the congestion, acting as a reliable remedy. A similar dose of the same tincture can also rapidly relieve rheumatic inflammation of the eyes.

[578] A pleasant form in which to administer Turpentine, whether for chronic bronchitis or for kidney congestion from cold, is a confection. This may be made by rubbing up one part of oil of turpentine, with one part of liquorice powder, and with two parts of clarified honey. Combine the first two together, then add the honey. If the Turpentine separates, pour it off, and add it again with plenty of rubbing until it unites. From half to one teaspoonful of this confection, when mixed with two tablespoonfuls of peppermint-water, will be found palatable, and may be repeated two or three times in the day.

[578] A nice way to give Turpentine, whether for chronic bronchitis or kidney congestion from a cold, is in a sweet treat. You can make this by mixing one part oil of turpentine with one part liquorice powder and two parts clarified honey. First, combine the oil of turpentine and liquorice powder, and then add the honey. If the Turpentine separates, pour it off and mix it back in with plenty of stirring until it combines. Taking half to one teaspoon of this mixture, when mixed with two tablespoons of peppermint water, will be quite tasty and can be repeated two or three times a day.

What is called Terebene, a most useful medicine for winter cough, is produced by the action of sulphuric acid on Turpentine. From five to ten drops may be taken on sugar three or four times in the day, and its vapour acts by inhalation as a very useful antiseptic sedative in consumptive disease of the lungs.

What we call Terebene, a really effective medicine for winter cough, is created when sulfuric acid reacts with turpentine. You can take five to ten drops on sugar three or four times a day, and its vapor serves as a very helpful antiseptic sedative when inhaled for lung diseases like consumption.

Externally, Turpentine is stimulating and counter-irritating, and derivative. When applied to the skin, unless properly diluted, Turpentine will cause redness and smarting to a painful degree, with an outbreak of small blisters. As an embrocation, the oil of turpentine mixed with spirit of wine and camphor, together with soap liniment, proves very efficacious for the relief of sciatica, and for the chronic rheumatism of joints. Also, when compounded with wax and resin, it makes an excellent healing ointment for indolent, and unhealthy sores.

Externally, turpentine is stimulating and irritant, and can cause a reaction. When applied to the skin without proper dilution, turpentine can lead to redness and intense discomfort, along with small blisters. As a rub, a mixture of turpentine oil with alcohol and camphor, combined with soap liniment, is very effective for relieving sciatica and chronic joint rheumatism. Additionally, when mixed with wax and resin, it creates a great healing ointment for slow-healing and unhealthy sores.

In Dublin, Turpentine is commingled with peppermint water, and used as an external stimulant for chronic bronchitis.

In Dublin, turpentine is mixed with peppermint water and used as an external stimulant for chronic bronchitis.

The famous liniment of St. John Long consisted of oil of turpentine one part, acetic acid one part, and liniment of camphor one part. This was of admirable [579] service for rubbing along the spine to relieve the irritability of the spinal nerves, and it has proved effectual to modify or prevent epileptic attacks, by being thus applied. In cases of colic attending obstinate constipation, with strengthless distension of the bowels, Turpentine mixed with starch or thin gruel, an ounce to the pint, and administered as a clyster, makes one of the most reliable and safe evacuants. Also as a remedy for round worms, six or eight drops (more or less according to age) may be safely and effectively given to a child on one or more nights in milk.

The well-known liniment of St. John Long was made with one part turpentine oil, one part acetic acid, and one part camphor liniment. It was very effective when rubbed along the spine to ease the irritation of the spinal nerves and has been shown to help reduce or prevent epileptic seizures when applied this way. For cases of colic caused by severe constipation and weak bloating of the bowels, mixing turpentine with starch or thin gruel, one ounce to the pint, and using it as an enema serves as one of the most reliable and safest ways to induce a bowel movement. Additionally, for treating roundworms, giving a child six to eight drops (more or less depending on their age) in milk on one or more nights can be done safely and effectively.

Pills made from Chian Turpentine, which is got from Cyprus, were extolled by Dr. Clay of Manchester, in 1880, as a cure for cancer of the womb, and for some other forms of cancerous disease. From five to ten grains were to be given in a pill, or mixed with mucilage as an emulsion, so that in all daily, after food, and in divided doses, one hundred and eighty grains of this Turpentine were swallowed; and the quantity was gradually increased until five hundred grains a day were taken. In many cases this method of treatment proved undoubtedly useful.

Pills made from Chian Turpentine, sourced from Cyprus, were praised by Dr. Clay of Manchester in 1880 as a treatment for cervical cancer and other types of cancer. Between five to ten grains were to be administered in a pill or mixed with mucilage as an emulsion, so that a total of one hundred and eighty grains of this Turpentine were taken daily after meals in divided doses. The dosage was gradually increased until five hundred grains a day were consumed. In many instances, this treatment method proved to be undeniably beneficial.

A small quantity of powdered sulphur was also incorporated by Dr. Clay in his Chian pills. About the fourth day the pain was relieved, and the cancerous growth would melt away in a period of from four to thirteen weeks. The arrest of bleeding and the continued freedom from glandular infection after a prolonged use of this Chian Turpentine were highly important points in the improvement produced.

A small amount of powdered sulfur was also added by Dr. Clay in his Chian pills. Around the fourth day, the pain eased up, and the cancerous growth would disappear within a period of four to thirteen weeks. The stopping of bleeding and the ongoing lack of glandular infection after using this Chian Turpentine for an extended time were significant factors in the improvement achieved.

From the Pinus Sylvestris an oil is distilled by steam, and of this from ten drops to a teaspoonful may be given for a dose, in milk, for chronic rheumatism or chronic bronchitis.

From the Pinus Sylvestris, an oil is extracted through steam distillation, and a dose of ten drops to a teaspoonful can be taken in milk for chronic rheumatism or chronic bronchitis.

[580] It is most useful in the treatment of diphtheria to burn in the room, near the patient, a mixture of turpentine and tar in a pan or deep dish. The fumes serve to dissolve the false membrane, and have helped to effect a cure in desperate cases.

[580] It's very helpful in treating diphtheria to burn a mixture of turpentine and tar in a pan or deep dish near the patient. The fumes help dissolve the false membrane and have been effective in curing severe cases.

This tree had the Anglo-Saxon name Pimm, from pen, or pin, a sharp rock,—"ab acumine foliorum," or perhaps as a contraction of picinus—pitchy. It furnishes from its leaves an extract, and the volatile oil. Wool is saturated with the latter, and dried, being then made into blankets, jackets, spencers, and stockings, for the use of rheumatic sufferers. There are establishments in Germany where the Pine Cure is pursued by the above means, together with medicated baths. Pine cones were regarded of old by the Assyrians as sacred symbols, and were employed as such in the decoration of their temples. From the tops of the Norway Spruce fir a favourite invigorating drink is brewed which is known in the north as spruce beer. This has an excellent reputation for curing scurvy, chronic rheumatism, and cutaneous maladies. Laplanders make a bread from the inner bark of the Pine.

This tree had the Anglo-Saxon name Pimm, derived from pen or pin, meaning a sharp rock,—"ab acumine foliorum," or maybe a shortened form of picinus—pitchy. Its leaves yield an extract and volatile oil. Wool is soaked in the oil, dried, and then made into blankets, jackets, spencers, and stockings for people with rheumatic issues. There are places in Germany where the Pine Cure is practiced using these methods, along with medicated baths. Pine cones were considered sacred symbols by the Assyrians and were used in decorating their temples. A popular invigorating drink is brewed from the tops of the Norway Spruce fir, known in the north as spruce beer. It has a great reputation for treating scurvy, chronic rheumatism, and skin diseases. Laplanders make bread from the inner bark of the Pine.

Tar (pix liquida) is furnished abundantly by the Pinus Sylvestris, or Scotch Fir, and is extracted by heat. The tree is cut into pieces, which are enclosed in a large oven constructed for the purpose: fire is applied, and the liquid tar runs out through an opening at the bottom. It is properly an empyreumatic oil of turpentine, and has been much used in medicine both externally and internally. Tar water was extolled in 1744, by Bishop Berkley, almost as a panacea. He gave it for scurvy, skin eruptions, ulcers, asthma, and rheumatism. It evidently promotes the secretions, especially the urine.

Tar (pix liquida) is abundantly produced by the Pinus Sylvestris, or Scotch Fir, and is extracted using heat. The tree is chopped into pieces, which are placed in a large oven built for this purpose: a fire is started, and the liquid tar flows out through a hole at the bottom. It is essentially an empyreumatic oil of turpentine and has been widely used in medicine both externally and internally. In 1744, Bishop Berkeley praised tar water almost as a cure-all. He recommended it for scurvy, skin breakouts, ulcers, asthma, and rheumatism. It clearly encourages secretions, especially urine.

[581] Tar yields pyroligneous acid, oil of tar, and pitch: as well as guiacol and creasote.

[581] Tar produces pyroligneous acid, tar oil, and pitch, along with guaiacol and creosote.

Syrup of tar is an officinal medicine in the United States of America for chronic bronchitis, and winter cough. By this the expectoration is made easier, and the sleep at night improved. From one to two teaspoonfuls are given as a dose, with or without water. Also tar pills are prepared of pitch and liquorice powder in equal parts, five grains in the whole pill. Two or three of these may be taken twice or three times in the day.

Syrup of tar is an official medicine in the United States for chronic bronchitis and winter cough. It helps make it easier to cough up mucus and improves sleep at night. A dose of one to two teaspoonfuls is given, with or without water. Tar pills are also made from pitch and licorice powder in equal parts, with each pill containing five grains total. You can take two or three of these pills two to three times a day.

Tar ointment is highly efficacious against some forms of skin disease; but in eczema and allied maladies of the skin, no preparation of tar should be employed as long as the skin is actively inflamed, or any exudation of moisture is secreted by it.

Tar ointment is very effective against certain skin diseases; however, in cases of eczema and similar skin conditions, no tar products should be used while the skin is actively inflamed or producing any moisture.

Dr. Cullen met with a singular practice respecting Tar. A leg of mutton was put to roast, being basted during the whole process with tar instead of butter. Whilst roasting, a sharp skewer was frequently thrust into the substance of the meat to let the juices escape, and with the mixture of tar and gravy found in the dripping pan, the body of the patient was anointed all over for three or four nights consecutively, throughout all this time the same body linen being worn. The plan proved quite successful in curing obstinate lepra.

Dr. Cullen had a unique method for treating Tar. A leg of mutton was prepared for roasting, basted with tar instead of butter throughout the cooking process. While it roasted, a sharp skewer was regularly poked into the meat to let the juices flow out, and the mix of tar and gravy that collected in the dripping pan was used to rub down the patient's body every night for three or four nights in a row, all while wearing the same body linen. This approach turned out to be quite effective in curing stubborn leprosy.

A famous liquor called "mum" was concocted by the House of Brunswick, some of which was sent to General Monk. It was chiefly brewed from the rind and tops of firs, and was esteemed very powerful against the formation of stone, and to cure all scorbutick distempers. Various herbs, as best approved by the maker, were infused with the mum in concocting it, such as betony, birch, burnet, brooklime, elder-flowers, horse-radish, [582] marjoram, thyme, water-cress, pennyroyal, etc., together with several eggs, "the shells not cracked or broken"! The Germans, especially in Saxony, have so great a veneration for mum that they fancy their bodies can never decay as long as they are lined, and embalmed with so powerful a preserver. The Swedes call the fir "the scorbutick tree" to this day.

A well-known drink called "mum" was created by the House of Brunswick, and some of it was sent to General Monk. It was mainly brewed from the bark and tops of fir trees and was considered very effective against kidney stones and various scurvy-related illnesses. Different herbs, as chosen by the maker, were mixed with the mum during its preparation, including betony, birch, burnet, brooklime, elderflowers, horseradish, marjoram, thyme, watercress, pennyroyal, and others, along with several eggs—"the shells not cracked or broken!" The Germans, especially in Saxony, hold mum in such high regard that they believe their bodies can never decompose as long as they are lined and preserved with such a potent substance. The Swedes still refer to the fir as "the scurvy tree" today.

Tar is soluble in its own bulk of spirit of wine, rectified, but separates when water is added. Inhaled, its vapour is very useful in chronic bronchitis.

Tar dissolves in its own volume of rectified alcohol but separates when water is added. Inhaled, its vapors are very helpful for chronic bronchitis.

Tar water should be made by stirring a pint of tar with half a gallon of water for fifteen minutes, and then decanting it. From half-a-pint to a pint may be taken daily, and it may be used as a wash. Or from twenty to sixty drops of tar are to be swallowed for a dose several times in the day, whether for chronic catarrhal affections, or for irritable urinary passages. Tar ointment is prepared with five parts of tar to two pounds of yellow wax. It is an excellent application for scald head in a child.

Tar water should be made by mixing a pint of tar with half a gallon of water for fifteen minutes, then pouring it off. You can take between half a pint to a pint daily, and it can also be used as a wash. Alternatively, you can swallow twenty to sixty drops of tar several times a day, whether for chronic nasal issues or for irritated urinary passages. Tar ointment is made with five parts of tar and two pounds of yellow wax. It’s a great treatment for scalded scalp in a child.

Juniper tar oil is known as "oil of Cade," and Birch tar is got from the Butcher's Broom. A recognised plaster and an ointment are made with Burgundy pitch (from the Picus Picea) and yellow wax.

Juniper tar oil is referred to as "oil of Cade," while Birch tar is obtained from the Butcher's Broom. A well-known plaster and ointment are made using Burgundy pitch (from the Picus Picea) and yellow wax.

Probably the modern employment of carbolic acid, and its various combinations—all derived from tar—for neutralising the septic elements of disease, and for acting as germicides, was unknowingly forestalled by the sagacious Right Reverend Lord Bishop of Cloyne, in his Philosophical Reflections and Inquiries concerning the virtues of Tar Water, two centuries ago, when the cup which "cheers but not inebriates" was first told of by him, long before Cowper. Bishop Berkley said, "I do, verily, think there is not any other medicine whatsoever [583] so effectual to restore a crazy constitution and to cheer a dreary mind: or so likely to subvert that gloomy empire of the spleen which tyranniseth over the better sort."

Probably the modern use of carbolic acid and its various combinations—all derived from tar—to neutralize the harmful elements of disease and act as germicides, was unknowingly anticipated by the insightful Right Reverend Lord Bishop of Cloyne in his Philosophical Reflections and Inquiries concerning the virtues of Tar Water two centuries ago, when he first mentioned the cup that "cheers but not inebriates," long before Cowper. Bishop Berkeley said, "I truly believe there is no other medicine at all [583] so effective at restoring a weak constitution and uplifting a bleak mind: or so likely to conquer the dismal reign of the spleen that dominates over the better kind."

In Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, the wife of Joe Gargery is described as possessed of great faith in the curative virtues of Tar water.

In Great Expectations, by Charles Dickens, Joe Gargery's wife is portrayed as having strong belief in the healing properties of Tar water.

VALERIAN.

The great Wild Valerian, or Heal-all (from valere, to be well), grows abundantly throughout this country in moist woods, and on the banks of streams. It is a Benedicta, or blessed herb, being dedicated to the Virgin Mary, as preservative against poisons; and it bears the name of Capon's tail, from its spreading flowers.

The great Wild Valerian, or Heal-all (from valere, to be well), grows plentifully across this country in damp woods and along stream banks. It is a blessed herb, dedicated to the Virgin Mary, known for its protective properties against poisons; it’s also called Capon's tail because of its spreading flowers.

When found among bushes, in high pastures, and on dry heaths, it is smaller, with the leaves narrower, but the roots more aromatic, and less nauseous.

When found among bushes, in high pastures, and on dry heaths, it is smaller, with narrower leaves, but the roots are more fragrant and less unpleasant.

The Valerian family of plants is remarkable for producing aromatic and scented genera, which are known as "Nards" (the Spikenard of Scripture), and which are much favoured in Asiatic harems under several varieties, according to the situation of growth. Judas valued the box of ointment made from the Spikenard (Valeriana Jatamansi), with which Mary anointed the feet of our Saviour at two hundred denarii (£6: 9s: 2d.).

The Valerian family of plants is impressive for producing aromatic and fragrant types known as "Nards" (the Spikenard mentioned in the Bible), which are highly prized in Asian harems in various forms depending on where they grow. Judas appreciated the box of ointment made from the Spikenard (Valeriana Jatamansi), with which Mary anointed Jesus' feet, valued at two hundred denarii (£6: 9s: 2d.).

We have also the small Marsh Valerian, which is wild, and the cultivated Red Valerian, of our cottage gardens.

We also have the small wild Marsh Valerian and the cultivated Red Valerian found in our cottage gardens.

The roots of our Wild Valerian exercise a strange fascination over cats, causing an ecstasy of delight in these animals, who become almost intoxicated when brought into contact with the Simple. And rats strangely exhibit the same fondness for these roots [584] which they grub up. It has been suggested that the Pied Piper of Hamelin may have carried one of such roots in his wallet.

The roots of our Wild Valerian really attract cats, making them ecstatic and almost intoxicated when they come into contact with it. Interestingly, rats also seem to love these roots, which they dig up. It has been suggested that the Pied Piper of Hamelin might have carried one of these roots in his bag.

They have been given from an early period with much success for hysterical affections, and for epileptic attacks induced by strong emotional excitement, as anger or fear: likewise, they serve as a safe and effectual remedy against habitual constipation when active purgatives have failed to overcome this difficulty.

They have been used successfully from an early age for hysteria and for seizures triggered by intense emotions like anger or fear. They also work as a safe and effective solution for chronic constipation when strong laxatives haven't resolved the issue.

The plant is largely cultivated for the apothecary's uses about the villages near Chesterfield, in Derbyshire. It is named Setwall in the North of England; and, says Gerard, "No broths, pottage, or physicall meats be worth anything if Setwall (a corruption from Zedoar), be not there":—

The plant is mainly grown for medicinal purposes in the villages around Chesterfield, in Derbyshire. It's called Setwall in the North of England; and, according to Gerard, "No broths, pottage, or medicinal foods are worth anything if Setwall (a variation of Zedoar) isn't included":—

"They that will have their heale,
Must put Setwall in their keale."

"They who want to be healed,
Must put Setwall in their keale."

The Greeks employed one kind of Valerian named Phu for hanging on doors and windows as a protective charm. But some suppose this to have been a title of aversion, like our English "faugh" against any thing which stinks. Dr. Uvedale introduced the Valerian into his garden, at Eltham Palace, before 1722; and Uvedale House still exists in Church Street, at Chelsea. The herb is sometimes called Cut-heal, not because, as Gerard thought, it is "useful for slight cuts and wounds," but from its attributed efficacy in disorders of the womb (kutte cowth). Joined with Manna, Valerian has proved most useful in epilepsy; and when combined with Guiacum it has resolved scrofulous tumours. In Germany imps are thought to be afraid of it.

The Greeks used a type of Valerian called Phu to hang on doors and windows as a protective charm. However, some believe this was a term of disgust, similar to our English "faugh," used against anything that smells bad. Dr. Uvedale brought Valerian to his garden at Eltham Palace before 1722, and Uvedale House still stands on Church Street in Chelsea. The herb is sometimes referred to as Cut-heal, not because, as Gerard thought, it's "helpful for minor cuts and wounds," but due to its believed effectiveness for uterine issues (kutte cowth). When mixed with Manna, Valerian has been very helpful for epilepsy; and when combined with Guiacum, it has been effective in treating scrofulous tumors. In Germany, it's believed that imps are afraid of it.

At Plymouth, the broad-leaved Red Valerian goes by the name of Drunken Sailor, and Bovisand soldier, the [585] larger sort being distinguished as Bouncing Bess, whilst the smaller, paler kind is known as Delicate Bess throughout the West of Devon.

At Plymouth, the wide-leaved Red Valerian is called Drunken Sailor, and Bovisand Soldier, with the bigger variety referred to as Bouncing Bess, while the smaller, lighter version is known as Delicate Bess across West Devon.

An officinal tincture is made from the rhizome of Valerian with spirit of wine, of which from one to two teaspoonfuls may be given for a dose, with a little water. Also a tincture (ammoniated) is prepared with aromatic spirit of ammonia on the rhizome, and this is considerably stronger; from twenty to forty drops is a sufficient dose with a spoonful or two of water.

An official tincture is made from the Valerian root mixed with alcohol, and a dose is one to two teaspoonfuls with a bit of water. There's also an ammoniated tincture made with aromatic spirit of ammonia and the root, which is much stronger; a dose of twenty to forty drops is enough, mixed with one or two spoonfuls of water.

The essential oil of Valerian lessens the sensibility of the spinal cord after primary stimulation of its nervous substance. A drop of this oil in a spoonful of milk will be a proper dose: especially in some forms of constipation.

The essential oil of Valerian reduces the sensitivity of the spinal cord after it has been initially stimulated. A drop of this oil in a spoonful of milk is an appropriate dose, especially for certain types of constipation.

Used externally, by friction, the volatile oil of Valerian has proved beneficial as a liniment for paralyzed limbs. The powdered root mixed in snuff is of efficacy for weak eyes.

Used externally, by rubbing it in, the essential oil of Valerian has been shown to be effective as a liniment for paralyzed limbs. The powdered root, mixed in snuff, works well for weak eyes.

The cultivated plant is less rich in the volatile oil than the wild herb. On exposure to the air Valerian oil becomes oxidised, and forms valerianic acid, which together with an alcohol, "borneol," constitutes the active medicinal part of the plant.

The cultivated plant has less volatile oil than the wild herb. When exposed to air, Valerian oil oxidizes and turns into valerianic acid, which along with an alcohol called "borneol," makes up the active medicinal component of the plant.

The root also contains malic, acetic, and formic acids, with a resin, tannin, starch, and mucilage. It is by first arousing and then blunting the reflex nervous activities of the spinal cord, that the oil of Valerian overcomes chronic constipation.

The root also has malic, acetic, and formic acids, along with resin, tannin, starch, and mucilage. The oil of Valerian works by stimulating and then calming the reflex nervous activities of the spinal cord, which helps relieve chronic constipation.

Preparations of Valerian act admirably for the relief of nervous headache associated with flatulence, and in a person of sensitive temperament. They likewise do good for infantine colic, and they diminish the urea; when the urine contains it in excess.

Preparations of Valerian work great for relieving nervous headaches linked to gas, especially in sensitive individuals. They are also helpful for baby colic and reduce excess urea in the urine.

[586] The Greek Valerian is another British species, found growing occasionally in the North of England and in Scotland, being known as the blue Jacob's Ladder. It is also named "Make bate," because said to set a married couple quarrelling if put in their bed. This must be a play on its botanical name Polemonium, from the Greek polemos, war. It is called Jacob's Ladder from its successive pairs of leaflets.

[586] The Greek Valerian is another British species, occasionally found in the North of England and Scotland, known as the blue Jacob's Ladder. It's also called "Make bate" because it’s said to cause a married couple to argue if it’s placed in their bed. This must be a reference to its botanical name Polemonium, which comes from the Greek polemos, meaning war. It’s called Jacob's Ladder because of its successive pairs of leaflets.

VERBENA.

The Verbena, or Common Vervain, is a very familiar herb on waste ground throughout England, limited to no soil, and growing at the entrance into towns and villages, always within a quarter of a mile of a house, and hence called formerly the Simpler's joy. Of old, much credit for curative virtues attached itself to this plant, though it is without odour, and has no taste other than that of slight astringency. But a reputation clings to the vervain because it used to be held sacred, as "Holy Herb," and was employed in sacrificial rites, being worn also around the neck as an amulet. It was called "Tears of Isis" "Tears of Juno" "Persephonion" and "Demetria." The juice was given as a remedy for the plague. Vervain grew on Calvary: and Gerard says "the devil did reveal it as a secret, and divine medicine."

The Verbena, or Common Vervain, is a well-known herb found in abandoned areas across England, thriving in poor soil and growing at the entrances of towns and villages, usually within a quarter of a mile from a house, which is why it was once referred to as the Simpler's joy. In the past, this plant was highly regarded for its healing properties, even though it has no scent and only a slightly astringent taste. However, it gained a reputation because it was considered sacred, known as "Holy Herb," and was used in sacrifices, often worn around the neck as a charm. It was called "Tears of Isis," "Tears of Juno," "Persephonion," and "Demetria." The juice was used as a remedy for the plague. Vervain grew on Calvary, and Gerard claimed "the devil revealed it as a secret, and divine medicine."

It is a slender plant with but few leaves, and spikes of small lilac flowers, when wild; but its cultivated varieties, developed by the gardener, are showy plants, remarkable for their brilliant colours.

It is a slender plant with only a few leaves and spikes of small lilac flowers when grown wild; but its cultivated varieties, developed by gardeners, are striking plants known for their vibrant colors.

The name Frogfoot has been applied to the Vervain because its leaf somewhat resembles in outline the foot of that creature. Old writers called the plant Verbinaca and Peristerium:—

The name Frogfoot has been used for the Vervain because its leaf somewhat resembles the shape of that creature's foot. Old writers referred to the plant as Verbinaca and Peristerium:—

"Frossis fot men call it,
For his levys are like the frossy's fet."

"Frost for men call it,
For his leaves are like the frost's feet."

[587] The practice of wearing it round the neck became changed from a religious observance to a medicinal proceeding, for which reason it was ordered that the plant should be bruised before being appended to the person; and thus it gained a name for curing inveterate headaches. Presently also it was applied to other parts as a cataplasm.

[587] The custom of wearing it around the neck shifted from a religious ritual to a medical practice, which is why it was instructed that the plant should be crushed before being worn by someone; as a result, it became known for treating stubborn headaches. Soon after, it was also used on other areas of the body as a poultice.

Nevertheless, the Vervain has fallen of late years into disfavour as a British Herbal Simple, though a pamphlet has recently appeared, written by a Mr. Morley, who strongly advises the revived use of the herb for benefiting scrofulous disease. Therein it is ordered that the root of Vervain shall be tied with a yard of white satin ribband round the neck of the patient until he recovers. Also an infusion and an ointment are to be prepared from the leaves of the plant.

Nevertheless, Vervain has recently fallen out of favor as a British herbal remedy, although a pamphlet has just been published by Mr. Morley, who strongly recommends bringing back the use of the herb for treating scrofulous diseases. It states that the root of Vervain should be tied with a yard of white satin ribbon around the patient's neck until they recover. Additionally, an infusion and an ointment should be made from the leaves of the plant.

The expressed juice of Verbena will act as a febrifuge; and the infusion by its astringency makes a good lotion for weak and inflamed eyes, also for indolent ulcers, and as a gargle for a relaxed sore throat. The Druids gathered it with as much reverence as they paid to the Mistletoe. It was dedicated to Isis, the goddess of birth, and formed a famous ingredient in love philtres. Pliny saith: "They report that if the dining chamber be sprinkled with water in which the herb Verbena has been steeped, the guests will be the merrier."

The juice extracted from Verbena works as a fever reducer; its infusion, due to its astringent properties, makes a great lotion for weak and inflamed eyes, as well as for persistent ulcers, and can be used as a gargle for a sore throat. The Druids collected it with the same reverence they showed to Mistletoe. It was dedicated to Isis, the goddess of childbirth, and was a well-known ingredient in love potions. Pliny states: "They say that if you sprinkle the dining room with water infused with Verbena, the guests will be much happier."

Geoffrey St. Hilaire and Pasteur praise the Vervain highly as beneficial against ailments of the hair, the fresh juice being especially used.

Geoffrey St. Hilaire and Pasteur highly praise the Vervain for its benefits against hair issues, with the fresh juice being especially utilized.

Other names of the plant are Juno's tears, Mercury's moist blood, Pigeons' grass, and Columbine—the two latter being assigned because pigeons show a partiality for the herb.

Other names for the plant include Juno's tears, Mercury's moist blood, pigeons' grass, and Columbine, with the last two names given because pigeons are fond of the herb.

Verbena plants were named Sagmina of old, because [588] cut up by the Praetor in the Capitol. When borne by an Ambassador Verbena rendered his person inviolable. All herbs used in sacred rites were probably known as Verbena. They were reported as of singular force against the tertian and quartan agues; "but one must observe Mother Bombie's rules—to take just so many knots, or sprigs, and no more, lest it fallout that it do you no good, if you catch no harm by it."

Verbena plants were once called Sagmina because they were cut up by the Praetor in the Capitol. When carried by an Ambassador, Verbena made him untouchable. All herbs used in religious ceremonies were likely referred to as Verbena. They were said to be particularly effective against certain fevers; "but one should follow Mother Bombie's guidelines—take only a specific number of knots or sprigs, and no more, or else it may turn out to be useless, even if it doesn't harm you."

VINE.

The fruit of the Vine (Vitis vinifera) has already been treated of here under the heading "Grapes," as employed medicinally whether for the purgation of the bilious—being then taken crude, and scarcely ripe,—or for imparting fat and bodily warmth in wasting disease by eating the luscious and richly-saccharine berries.

The fruit of the vine (Vitis vinifera) has already been discussed here under the section "Grapes," as it's used for medicinal purposes, either for cleansing the bile—when consumed raw and barely ripe—or for providing nourishment and warmth in cases of wasting diseases by eating the sweet and sugary berries.

It should be added that the fumes exhaled from the wine-presses whilst the juice is fermenting, prove highly beneficial as a restorative for weakly and delicate young persons (an example which might be followed perhaps at our home breweries).

It should be noted that the fumes released from the wine presses while the juice is fermenting are very beneficial as a restorative for weak and delicate young people (an example that could perhaps be adopted at our local breweries).

Consumptive patients are sent with this view to the Gironde, where the vapour from the wine vats is more stimulating and curative than in Burgundy. Young girls who suffer from atrophy are first made to stand for some hours daily in the sheds when the wine pressing is going forward. After a while, as they become less weak, they are directed to jump into the wine press, where, with the vintagers and labourers they skip about and inhale the fumes of the fermenting juice, until they sometimes become intoxicated, and even senseless. This effect passes off after one or two trials, and the girls return to their labour with renewed strength and heightened colour, hopeful, joyous, and robust. The [589] vats of the famous Chateau d'yquem are the most celebrated of all for the wondrous cures they have effected even in cases considered past human aid.

Patients with tuberculosis are sent to the Gironde because the vapor from the wine vats is more invigorating and healing than in Burgundy. Young girls suffering from atrophy are first required to stand for several hours each day in the sheds during the wine pressing. After some time, as they gain strength, they are encouraged to jump into the wine press, where, alongside the winemakers and workers, they skip around and inhale the fumes of the fermenting juice, sometimes becoming lightheaded or even faint. This effect wears off after one or two sessions, and the girls return to their work with renewed strength and a healthier complexion, feeling hopeful, cheerful, and strong. The vats of the famous Chateau d'Yquem are the most renowned for the amazing recoveries they have facilitated, even in cases deemed beyond human assistance.

VIOLET.

The Wild violet or Pansy (Viola tricolor) is found commonly throughout Great Britain on banks and in hilly pastures, from whence it has come to be cultivated in our gardens.

The wild violet or pansy (Viola tricolor) is commonly found throughout Great Britain on slopes and in hilly fields, and it has been brought into our gardens for cultivation.

Viola, a corruption of "Ion," is a name extended by old writers to several other different plants. But the true indigenous representative of the Violet tribe is our Wild Pansy, or Paunce, or Pance, or Heart's ease; called also "John of my Pink," "Gentleman John," "Meet her i' th' entry; kiss her i' th' buttery" (the longest plant name in the English language), and "Love in idleness."

Viola, a variation of "Ion," is a name that old writers assigned to several different plants. However, the true native representative of the Violet family is our Wild Pansy, also known as Paunce, Pance, or Heart's ease. It is also called "John of my Pink," "Gentleman John," "Meet her in the entry; kiss her in the buttery" (the longest plant name in the English language), and "Love in idleness."

                "A little Western flower,
    Before milk-white, now purple with love's wound,
    And maidens call it—'Love in idleness.'"

"A small Western flower,
Once milk-white, now purple from love's pain,
And girls call it—'Love in idleness.'"

From its coquettishly half hiding its face, as well as from some fancied picture in the throat of the corolla it has received various other amatory designations, such as "cuddle me to you," "tittle my fancy," "jump up and kiss me," and "garden gate": also it is called "Flamy," because its colours are seen in the flame of burning wood, and Flame Flower.

From its playfully covering part of its face, and from some imagined image in the throat of the flower, it has been given various romantic names like "cuddle me to you," "tittle my fancy," "jump up and kiss me," and "garden gate." It's also referred to as "Flamy" because its colors resemble the flames of burning wood, and it’s called Flame Flower.

The term "heart's ease" has signified a cordial which is comforting to the heart. But the fact is that Pansies, "pretty little Puritans," produce anything but heart's ease if eaten, and their roots provoke sickness so speedily that these are sometimes employed as an emetic.

The term "heart's ease" has referred to a drink that comforts the heart. However, the truth is that Pansies, "pretty little Puritans," cause anything but heart's ease if consumed, and their roots can make you sick so quickly that they are sometimes used as an emetic.

Dr. Johnson derived the word Pansy from Panacea, [590] as curing
all diseases; but this was a mistake, The true derivation is from the
French pensée, "thoughts," as Shakespeare knew, when making
Ophelia say: "There is pansies—that's for thoughts."

Dr. Johnson got the word "Pansy" from "Panacea," [590] meaning it cures
all diseases; but that was a mistake. The real origin is from the
French pensée, meaning "thoughts," as Shakespeare knew when he had
Ophelia say: "There are pansies—that's for thoughts."

From its three colours it has been called the herb Trinity. A medicinal tincture is made (H.) from the Viola tricolor with spirit of wine, using the entire plant. Hahnemann found that the Pansy violet, when taken by provers, served to induce cutaneous eruptions, or to aggravate them, and he reasoned out the curative action of the plant in small diluted doses for the cure of these symptoms, when occurring as disease.

From its three colors, it's called the herb Trinity. A medicinal tincture is made (H.) from the Viola tricolor using the whole plant and spirit of wine. Hahnemann discovered that when provers took the Pansy violet, it caused skin eruptions or made them worse. He concluded that the plant could help treat these symptoms when given in small diluted doses when they appeared as a disease.

"For milk crust and scald head," says Dr. Hughes (Brighton)—the plague of children, "I have rarely needed any other medicine than this Viola tricolor; and I have more than once given it in recent impetigo (pustular eczema) for adults, with very satisfactory effects." For the first of these maladies the tincture should be given in doses of from three to six drops, to a child of from two to six or eight years, three times a day in water.

"For milk crust and scald head," says Dr. Hughes (Brighton)—the bane of children, "I have often found that this Viola tricolor is all I need; and I have also used it for recent impetigo (pustular eczema) in adults, with very good results." For the first of these conditions, the tincture should be given in doses of three to six drops to a child aged two to six or eight years, three times a day in water.

Again, "for curing scalled (from scall, a shell) head in children, a small handful of the fresh plant, or half a drachm of the dried herb, boiled for two hours in milk, is to be taken each night and morning; also a bread poultice made with this decoction should be applied to the affected part.

Again, "to treat scalled (from scall, a shell) heads in kids, take a small handful of the fresh plant, or half a drachm of the dried herb, boiled for two hours in milk, and consume it every night and morning; also, a bread poultice made with this decoction should be applied to the affected area.

"During the first eight days the eruption increases, and the urine, when the medicine succeeds, has a nauseous odour like that of the cat, which presently passes off; then, as the use of the plant is continued, the scabs disappear, and the skin recovers its natural clean condition."

"During the first eight days, the eruption gets worse, and the urine, when the treatment is effective, has a disgusting smell similar to that of a cat, which eventually goes away; then, as the use of the plant continues, the scabs fade, and the skin returns to its normal, clean state."

The root of the Viola tricolor has similar properties [591] to that of Ipecacuanha, and is often used beneficially as a substitute by country doctors. An infusion thereof is admirable for the dysentery of young children. It loves a mixture of chalk in the soil where it grows.

The root of the Viola tricolor has similar properties [591] to that of Ipecacuanha and is frequently used effectively as a substitute by rural doctors. An infusion of it is excellent for treating dysentery in young children. It thrives in soil with a mixture of chalk.

The Pansy contains an active chemical principle, "violin," resin, mucilage, sugar, and the other ordinary constituents of plants. When bruised the plant, and especially its root, smells like peach kernels, or prussic acid. It acts as a slight laxative: and "the distilled water of the flowers" says Gerard—"cureth the French disease."

The Pansy has an active chemical compound, "violin," along with resin, mucilage, sugar, and the usual components found in plants. When crushed, the plant, especially the root, smells like peach pits or prussic acid. It works as a mild laxative; and "the distilled water of the flowers," according to Gerard, "cures the French disease."

The Germans style the Pansy Stief-mutter, because figuratively the mother-in-law appears in the flower predominant in purple velvet, and her own two daughters gay in purple and yellow, whilst the two poor little Cinderellas, more soberly and scantily attired, are squeezed in between. Again, another fable says, with respect to the five petals and the five sepals of the Pansy, two of which petals are plain in colour, whilst each has a single sepal, the three other petals being gay of hue, one of these (the largest of all) having two sepals; that the Pansy represents a family of husband, wife, and four daughters, two of the latter being step-children of the wife.

The Germans call the Pansy Stief-mutter because, symbolically, the mother-in-law is depicted in the flower’s dominant purple velvet, with her two daughters bright in purple and yellow, while the two unfortunate Cinderellas, dressed more modestly, are squeezed in between. Another story explains the significance of the five petals and five sepals of the Pansy, where two of the petals are solid in color and each has a single sepal, while the other three petals are colorful, one of which (the largest) has two sepals. This tale suggests that the Pansy represents a family consisting of a husband, wife, and four daughters, two of whom are the wife’s step-daughters.

The plain petals are the step-children, with only one chair; the two small gay petals are the daughters, with a chair each; and the large gay petal is the wife, with two chairs. To find the father, one must strip away the petals until the stamens and pistils are bare. These then bear a fanciful resemblance to an old man with a flannel wrapper about his neck, having his shoulders upraised, and his feet in a bath tub. The French also call the Pansy "The Step-mother."

The plain petals are the step-children, with only one chair; the two small vibrant petals are the daughters, each with their own chair; and the large vibrant petal is the wife, with two chairs. To find the father, you have to peel away the petals until the stamens and pistils are exposed. They then resemble an old man with a flannel wrap around his neck, with his shoulders raised and his feet in a bathtub. The French also refer to the Pansy as "The Step-mother."

The chemical principle, "violin," contained in the [592] flowering Wild Pansy resembles emetin in action. If the dried plant is given medicinally, from ten to sixty grains may be taken as a dose, in infusion.

The chemical principle, "violin," found in the [592] flowering Wild Pansy works similarly to emetin. When used medicinally, a dose of ten to sixty grains of the dried plant can be taken in infusion.

The Sweet Violet (Viola odorata) is well known for its delicious fragrance of perfume when growing in our woods, pastures, and hedge banks. The odour of its petals is lost in drying, but a pleasant syrup is made from the flowers which is a suitable laxative for children.

The Sweet Violet (Viola odorata) is famous for its lovely scent when it grows in our woods, fields, and along hedgerows. The smell of its petals fades when dried, but a tasty syrup can be made from the flowers that works well as a gentle laxative for kids.

A conserve, called "violet sugar," prepared from the flowers, has proved of excellent use in consumption. This conserve was made in the time of Charles the Second, being named "Violet plate." Also, the Sweet Violet is thought to possess admirable virtues as a cosmetic. Lightfoot gives a translation from a Highland recipe in Gaelic, for its use in this capacity, rendered thus: "Anoint thy face with goat's milk in which violets have been infused, and there is not a young prince upon earth who will not be charmed with thy beauty."

A preserve, known as "violet sugar," made from the flowers, has been really effective for treating tuberculosis. This preserve was created during the time of Charles the Second and was called "Violet plate." Additionally, the Sweet Violet is believed to have great qualities as a cosmetic. Lightfoot provides a translation of a Highland recipe in Gaelic for this use, which goes: "Put goat's milk infused with violets on your face, and there won't be a young prince on earth who won't be captivated by your beauty."

There is a legend that Mahomet once compared the excellence of Violet perfume above all other sweet odours to himself above all the rest of creation: it refreshes in summer by its coolness, and revives in winter by its warmth.

There’s a legend that Muhammad once said that the quality of violet perfume is greater than all other fragrances, just like he is greater than all of creation: it cools you down in the summer and warms you up in the winter.

The Syrup of Sweet Violets should be made as follows: To one pound of sweet violet flowers freshly picked, add two-and-a-half pints of boiling water: infuse these for twenty-four hours in a glazed china vessel, then pour off the liquid, and strain it gently through muslin; afterwards add double its weight of the finest loaf sugar, and make it into a syrup, but without letting it boil.

The Syrup of Sweet Violets should be made like this: Take one pound of freshly picked sweet violet flowers and add two-and-a-half pints of boiling water. Let them steep for twenty-four hours in a glazed ceramic container, then pour off the liquid and strain it carefully through muslin. Next, add double the weight of the finest granulated sugar and turn it into syrup, but don’t let it boil.

Violets are cultivated largely at Stratford-on-Avon for the purpose of making the syrup, which when mixed with almond oil, is a capital laxative for children, [593] and will help to soothe irritative coughs, or to relieve a sore throat.

Violets are mostly grown in Stratford-on-Avon to make syrup, which when combined with almond oil, is a great laxative for kids, [593] and can help soothe annoying coughs or relieve a sore throat.

The flowers have been commended for the cure of epilepsy and nervous disorders; they are laxative when eaten in a salad. The seeds are diuretic, and will correct gravel. The Sweet Violet contains the chemical principle "violin" in all its parts. A medicinal tincture (H.) is made from the entire fresh plant with proof spirit. It acts usefully for a spasmodic cough, with hard breathing; also for rheumatism of the wrists especially the right one.

The flowers have been praised for treating epilepsy and nervous disorders; they're laxative when eaten in a salad. The seeds are diuretic and can help with gravel. The Sweet Violet contains the chemical component "violin" in all its parts. A medicinal tincture (H.) is made from the entire fresh plant with high-proof alcohol. It’s beneficial for a spasmodic cough and difficulty breathing; it also helps with rheumatism in the wrists, especially the right one.

This Violet is highly esteemed likewise in Syria, chiefly because of its being chosen for making the violet sugar used in sherbet. That which is drunk by the Grand Signior himself is compounded of sweet violets, and sugar.

This violet is highly valued in Syria, mainly because it's used to make the violet sugar for sherbet. The drink enjoyed by the Grand Signior himself is made from sweet violets and sugar.

From the flower may be pleasantly contrived a pretty miniature bird, by carefully removing the calyx and corolla, leaving only the stamens and pistil attached to the receptacle; then the stigma forms the bead and neck, whilst the anthers make a golden breast, and their tongues appear like a pair of green wings.

From the flower, you can create a delightful little bird by carefully taking off the calyx and petals, leaving just the stamens and pistil connected to the base. The stigma becomes the bead and neck, while the anthers form a golden chest, and their filaments look like a pair of green wings.

Mademoiselle Clarion, a noted French actress, had a nosegay of violets sent her every morning of the season for thirty years; and to enhance the value of the gift, she stripped off the petals every evening, being passionately devoted to the flower, and took them in an infusion as tea.

Mademoiselle Clarion, a famous French actress, received a bouquet of violets every morning of the season for thirty years. To make the gift even more special, she removed the petals every evening, as she was deeply devoted to the flower, and brewed them in an infusion like tea.

Pliny recommended a garland of sweet violets as a cure for headache. The Romans made wine of the flowers; and Napoleon the Great claimed the Violet as par excellence his own, for which reason he was often styled, Le père du violette. This floral association took date from the time of his exile to Elba. The Emperor's return was alluded to among his adherents by a pass [594] word, "Aimez vous la Violette? Eh, bien! reparaitra au printemps."

Pliny suggested using a garland of sweet violets to relieve headaches. The Romans made wine from the flowers; and Napoleon the Great claimed the violet as par excellence his, which is why he was often called Le père du violette. This connection to the flower started during his exile to Elba. His followers referred to his return with the phrase, "Aimez vous la Violette? Eh, bien! reparaitra au printemps."

The scentless Dog Violet (Viola canina) is likewise mildly laxative, and possesses the virtues of the Viola odorata in a lesser degree.

The scentless Dog Violet (Viola canina) is also mildly laxative and has some of the benefits of the Viola odorata, though to a lesser extent.

The Water Violet is "feather foil" (Hottonia palustris).

VIPER'S BUGLOSS.

The Simpler's passing consideration should be given to this tall handsome English herb which grows frequently in gravel pits, and on walls. It belongs to the Borage tribe (see page 60), and, in common with the Lungwort (Pulmonaria), the Comfrey, and the ordinary Bugloss, abounds in a soft mucilaginous saline juice. This is demulcent to the chest, or to the urinary passages, being also slightly laxative. Bees favour the said plants, which are rich in honey. Each herb goes by the rustic name of "Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob," because bearing spires of tricoloured flowers, blue, purple, and red. The Viper's Bugloss is called botanically Echium, having been formerly considered antidotal to the bite of (Echis) a viper: and its seed was thought to resemble the reptile's head: wherefore such a curative virtue became attributed to it after the doctrine of signatures. "In Echio, herba contra viperarum morsus celeberrima, natura semen viperinis capitibus simile procreavit." Similarly the Lungwort (or Jerusalem Cowslip), because of its spotted leaves, was held to be a remedy for diseased lungs. This rarely grows wild, but it is of frequent cultivation in cottage gardens, bearing also the rustic name, "Soldiers and Sailors," "To-day and to-morrow," and "Virgin Mary." From either of these herbs a fomentation of the flowers, or a decoction of the whole bruised plant, may be employed with benefit locally to sore or raw surfaces: [595] whilst an infusion made with three drams of the dried herb to a pint of boiling water will be good in feverish pulmonary catarrh. By our ancestors viper broth was thought to be highly invigorating: and vipers cooked like eels were given to patients suffering from ulcers. The Sardinians still take them in soup. Marvellous powers were supposed to be acquired by the Druids through their possession of a viper's egg, laid in the air, and caught before reaching the earth. All herbs of the Borage order are indifferently "of force and virtue to drive away sorrow and pensiveness of the mind: also to comfort and strengthen the heart." With respect to the Comfrey (see page 120), quite recently the President of the Irish College of Surgeons has reported the gradual disappearance of a growth ("malignant, sarcomatous, twice recurrent, and of a bad type"), since steadily applying poultices of this root to the tumour. "I know nothing," says Professor Thomson, "of the effects of Comfrey root: but the fact that this growth has simply disappeared is one of the greatest surprises and puzzles I have met with."

The Simpler should take note of this tall, attractive English herb that often grows in gravel pits and on walls. It belongs to the Borage family (see page 60) and, like Lungwort (Pulmonaria), Comfrey, and regular Bugloss, has a soft, slippery, salty juice. This is soothing to the chest and urinary tract, and it is also slightly laxative. Bees are attracted to these plants, which are abundant in nectar. Each herb is commonly called "Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob" because they have spikes of tri-colored flowers: blue, purple, and red. The Viper's Bugloss is scientifically known as Echium, and it was once thought to counteract the bite of a viper (Echis); its seeds were believed to look like a snake's head, which led to its reputation for healing based on the doctrine of signatures. "In Echio, herba contra viperarum morsus celeberrima, natura semen viperinis capitibus simile procreavit." Similarly, Lungwort (or Jerusalem Cowslip), recognized for its spotted leaves, was believed to be a treatment for diseased lungs. This herb doesn't often grow wild, but it's commonly found in cottage gardens and goes by rustic names like "Soldiers and Sailors," "To-day and to-morrow," and "Virgin Mary." A poultice made from the flowers or a decoction of the whole bruised plant can be beneficial for sore or raw areas: [595] while an infusion prepared with three drams of dried herb in a pint of boiling water will help with feverish pulmonary catarrh. Our ancestors believed viper broth was very invigorating, and cooked vipers, like eels, were given to patients with ulcers. Sardinians still consume them in soup. Druids were thought to gain amazing powers from a viper's egg, which was laid in the air and caught before it hit the ground. All herbs from the Borage family are said to "have the power and virtue to dispel sorrow and melancholia, and to comfort and strengthen the heart." Regarding Comfrey (see page 120), the President of the Irish College of Surgeons recently reported the gradual disappearance of a growth ("malignant, sarcomatous, twice recurrent, and of a bad type") since he started using poultices of this root on the tumor. "I know nothing," says Professor Thomson, "about the effects of Comfrey root: but the fact that this growth has simply disappeared is one of the greatest surprises and puzzles I have encountered."

WALLFLOWER.

The Wallflower, or Handfiower (Cheiranthus cheiri), or Wall-gilliflower, has been cultivated in this country almost from time immemorial, for its fragrance and bright colouring. It is found wild in France, Switzerland, and Spain, as the Keiri or Wallstock. Formerly this flower was carried in the hand at classic festivals. Herrick, in 1647, gave a more romantic origin to the name Wallflower:—

The Wallflower, or Handflower (Cheiranthus cheiri), also known as Wall-gilliflower, has been grown in this country for a really long time because of its lovely scent and bright colors. It grows wild in France, Switzerland, and Spain, where it's called Keiri or Wallstock. In the past, this flower was held in hand during classic festivals. Herrick, in 1647, provided a more romantic origin for the name Wallflower:—

    "Why this flower is now called so
    List, sweet maids, and you shall know:
    Understand this wilding was
    Once a bright and bonny lad
    [596] Who a sprightly springal loved,
    And to have it fully proved
    Up she got upon a wall
    Tempting to slide down withal:
    But the silken twist untied,
    So she fell: and, bruised, she died.
    Love, in pity of the deed,
    And such luckless eager speed,
    Turned her to this plant we call
    Now the 'Floweret of the Wall.'"

"Why this flower is called what it is now
    Listen, sweet girls, and you’ll find out:
    Know that this wild flower
    Used to be a lively young man
    [596] Who loved a spirited girl,
    And to prove that love was real
    She climbed up on a wall
    Tempting fate to slide down:
    But the silk ribbon came undone,
    So she fell: and, hurt, she died.
    Love, feeling sorry for what happened,
    And her reckless eager rush,
    Turned her into this plant we now call
    The 'Floweret of the Wall.'"

It is the only British species belonging to the Cruciferous order of plants, and flourishes best on the walls of old buildings, flowering nearly all the summer, though scantily supplied with moisture. We may presume it was one of the earliest cultivated flowers in English gardens, as it is discovered on the most ancient houses.

It is the only British species in the Cruciferous order of plants and grows best on the walls of old buildings, blooming nearly all summer, even with very little moisture. We can assume it was one of the first flowers cultivated in English gardens, as it is found on the oldest houses.

Turner, an early writer on Plants, calls it Wallgelouer, or "Hartisease;" and by Spencer it was termed Cherisaunce, as meaning a cordial to the heart, this being really the herb to which the name Heart's-ease was originally given. By rustics it is known also as the "Beeflower."

Turner, an early writer on plants, refers to it as Wallgelouer or "Hartisease;" Spencer called it Cherisaunce, meaning a tonic for the heart, which is actually the herb that originally got the name Heart's-ease. Locally, it's also known as the "Beeflower."

But the common Stock likewise bore the appellation, "Gilliflower": and the probability is, there was in old days, as Cotgrave suggests, a popular medicine or food "for the passions of the heart," called "gariofile," from the cloves which it contained, the Latin for a clove being caryophyllum. Hence it came about that the Wallflower, the Pansy, and the Stock, by virtue of their cordial qualities, were alike called Gilliflowers, or Heart's-ease.

But the common Stock was also known as "Gilliflower": and it's likely that back in the day, as Cotgrave suggests, there was a popular medicine or food "for matters of the heart," called "gariofile," because of the cloves it contained, with the Latin word for clove being caryophyllum. This is how the Wallflower, the Pansy, and the Stock, because of their comforting qualities, all came to be called Gilliflowers or Heart's-ease.

There are two varieties of the cultivated Wallflower, the Yellow and the Red; those of a deep colour growing on old rockeries and similar places, are often termed [597] Bloody Warriors, and Bleeding Heart. The double Wallflower has been produced for more than two centuries. If the flowers are steeped in oil for some weeks, they contribute thereto a stimulating warming property useful for friction to limbs which are rheumatic, or neuralgic. Gerard suggests that the "oyle of Wallflowers is good for use to annoint a paralyticke." An infusion of the flowers, made with boiling water, will relieve the headache of debility, and is cordial in nervous disorders, by taking a small wine-glassful immediately, and repeating it every half-hour whilst required. The aromatic volatile principles of the flowers are caryophyllin and eugenol. "This Wallflower," adds Gerard, "and the Stock Gilliflower are used by certain empiricks and quack salvers about love and lust,—matters which for modesty I omit."

There are two types of cultivated Wallflower: the Yellow and the Red. The ones with a deep color, often found on old rockeries and similar spots, are commonly called Bloody Warriors and Bleeding Heart. The double Wallflower has been around for over two centuries. If the flowers are soaked in oil for several weeks, they add a stimulating warming property, which is useful for massaging limbs affected by rheumatism or neuralgia. Gerard mentions that the "oil of Wallflowers is good for anointing someone who is paralyzed." An infusion made by pouring boiling water over the flowers can relieve headaches from fatigue and is beneficial for nervous disorders—take a small wine glass full right away and repeat it every half hour as needed. The key aromatic compounds in the flowers are caryophyllin and eugenol. "This Wallflower," Gerard notes, "and the Stock Gilliflower are used by certain charlatans and quacks for matters of love and desire—topics I will leave out for modesty’s sake."

WALNUT.

The Walnut tree is known of aspect to most persons throughout Great Britain as of stately handsome culture, having many spreading branches covered with a silvery grey bark, which is smooth when young, though thick and cracked when old.

The walnut tree is recognized by most people throughout Great Britain for its impressive appearance, featuring many wide branches covered with silvery grey bark that is smooth when young but thick and cracked as it ages.

The flowers occur in long, hanging, inconspicuous spikes or catkins, of a brownish green colour.

The flowers appear in long, drooping, subtle spikes or catkins, that are a brownish-green color.

This tree is a native of Asia Minor, but is largely grown in England. The Greeks called it "Karuon," and the Latins "Nux." Its botanical title is Juglans regia, a corruption of glans, the acorn, jovis, of Jupiter, or the "royal nut of Jupiter," food fit for the Gods! Its fruit is also named Ban nut, or Ball nut, and Welsh nut, or Walnut— the word Wal, or Welsh, being Teutonic for "stranger." "As for the timber," said Fuller, "it may be termed the English Shittim Wood."

This tree originates from Asia Minor, but is mostly grown in England. The Greeks referred to it as "Karuon," while the Romans called it "Nux." Its scientific name is Juglans regia, derived from glans, meaning acorn, and jovis, relating to Jupiter, which translates to "Jupiter's royal nut," a food worthy of the Gods! Its fruit is also known as Ban nut, Ball nut, or Welsh nut, with the term Wal, or Welsh, being Teutonic for "stranger." "As for the timber," said Fuller, "it may be called the English Shittim Wood."

[598] The London Society of Apothecaries has directed that the unripe fruit of the Walnut should be used pharmaceutically on account of its worm-destroying virtues.

[598] The London Society of Apothecaries has specified that the unripe fruit of the walnut should be used for medicinal purposes because of its ability to kill worms.

It is remarkable that no insects will prey on the leaves of this tree. In good seasons the produce of nuts is weighty enough to pay the rent of the land occupied by the trees.

It’s impressive that no insects feed on the leaves of this tree. In good seasons, the yield of nuts is heavy enough to cover the cost of the land where the trees are located.

The vinegar of the pickled fruit makes a very useful gargle for sore throats, even when slightly ulcerated: and the green husks, or early buds of the blossom, being dried to powder, serve in some places for pepper.

The vinegar from pickled fruit is a great gargle for sore throats, even when they're a bit ulcerated. The green husks or early flower buds, when dried and ground to a powder, are used in some areas as a substitute for pepper.

The kernel of the nut (or the part of the inside taken at dessert) affords an oil which does not congeal by cold, and which painters find very useful on such account.

The nut's kernel (or the part served as dessert) provides an oil that doesn't solidify in the cold, making it very useful for painters.

This oil has proved useful when applied externally for troublesome skin diseases of the leprous type. Indeed, the Walnut has been justly termed vegetable arsenic, because of its curative virtues in eczema, and other obstinately diseased conditions of the skin.

This oil has shown to be helpful when used externally for difficult skin issues related to leprosy. In fact, the Walnut has been rightly called vegetable arsenic because of its healing properties in eczema and other stubborn skin conditions.

The tincture when made (H.) from the rind of the green fruit and the fresh leaves, with spirit of wine, and given in material doses, will determine in a sound person a burning itching eruption of the skin, of an eczematous character, lasting a long time, and leaving the parts which have been affected afterwards blue and swollen. Reasoning from which it has been found that the tincture, in a reduced form, and of a diminished strength, proves admirably curative of eczema, impetigo, and ecthyma.

The tincture made from the rind of the green fruit and fresh leaves, using wine spirits, when taken in sufficient doses, can cause a healthy person to experience a burning, itchy skin eruption that resembles eczema. This reaction lasts a long time and leaves the affected areas blue and swollen afterward. Based on this, it has been observed that a diluted and weaker form of the tincture works effectively to treat eczema, impetigo, and ecthyma.

The unripe fruit is laxative, and of beneficial use in thrush, and in ulcerative sore throat. The leaves are said to be anti-syphilitic: likewise the green husk, and unripe shell. Obstinate ulcers may be cured with sugar well moistened in a strong decoction of the leaves.

The unripe fruit has a laxative effect and is useful for treating thrush and ulcers in the throat. The leaves are believed to help with syphilis, as are the green husk and unripe shell. Persistent ulcers can be treated with sugar that's dampened in a strong tea made from the leaves.

[599] Well kept, kiln-dried Walnuts, of some age, are better digested than newer fruit; in contrast to old gherkins, about which it has been humorously said, "avoid stale Q-cumbers: they will W-up." In many parts of Germany the peasants literally subsist on Walnuts for several months together; and a young farmer before he marries has to own a certain number of flourishing Walnut trees.

[599] Well-preserved, kiln-dried walnuts that are a bit older are easier to digest than newer ones; unlike old gherkins, which it has been jokingly said, "avoid stale cucumbers: they will mess you up." In many areas of Germany, peasants actually survive on walnuts for several months at a time; and a young farmer has to own a certain number of healthy walnut trees before he can get married.

The bark or yellow skin which clothes the inner nut is a notable remedy for colic, being given when dried and powdered, in a dose of thirty or forty grains mixed with some carminative water; and the same powder will help to expel worms.

The bark or yellow skin covering the inner nut is an effective remedy for colic. It's taken when dried and ground into a powder, in a dose of thirty or forty grains mixed with some carminative water; the same powder can also help eliminate worms.

According to the Salernitan maxim, if the fruit of the Walnut be eaten after fish, the digestion of the latter is promoted:—

According to the Salernitan saying, eating walnuts after fish helps with the digestion of the fish:—

Post pisces nux sit: post carnes case us esto.

Or,

"Take Welsh nuts after fish: take cheese after flesh meat."

"Eat Welsh nuts after fish: eat cheese after meat."

But with some persons coughing is excited by eating Walnuts.

But for some people, eating walnuts triggers coughing.

The roots, leaves, and rind yield a brown dye which is supposed to contain iodine, and which gipsies employ for staining their skins. It also serves to turn the hair black. A custom prevails (says a Latin sentence) among certain country folk to thrash the nuts out of their husks while still on the trees, so that they may grow more abundantly the following year. In allusion to which practice the lines run thus:—

The roots, leaves, and rind produce a brown dye that is believed to contain iodine, which gypsies use to stain their skin. It also works to turn hair black. There’s a custom among some rural folks, as a Latin saying goes, to knock the nuts out of their husks while they're still on the trees, so they can grow more abundantly the next year. This practice is referenced in the following lines:—

"Nux, asinus, mulier, simili sunt lege ligata;
Haec trieo nil fructûs faciunt si verbera cessant."

"Nux, donkey, woman, are bound by the same law;
They all produce no benefit if the beatings stop."

"A woman, a donkey, a walnut tree—
The more you beat them, the better they be."

"A woman, a donkey, a walnut tree—
The more you hit them, the better they get."

[600] It is a fact, that by acting in this way, the barren ends of the branches are knocked off, and fresh fruit-bearing twigs spring out at each side in their stead.

[600] It’s a fact that by doing this, the dry tips of the branches get chopped off, and new fruit-bearing twigs grow out on each side to take their place.

Walnut cake, after expressing out the oil from the kernels, is a good food for cattle, these kernels being the crumpled cotyledons or seed leaves. They contain oil, mucilage, albumen, mineral matter, cellulose, and water.

Walnut cake, after extracting the oil from the nuts, is a great food for cattle, these nuts being the crumpled seed leaves. They have oil, mucilage, protein, minerals, fiber, and water.

The rook has a most abiding affection for Walnuts. As soon as there is any fruit on the trees worth eating, this bird finds it out, and brings it to the ground, choosing only those nuts which are soft enough for him to penetrate.

The rook has a strong love for walnuts. As soon as there's any fruit on the trees that's worth eating, this bird sniffs it out and drops it to the ground, picking only those nuts that are soft enough for him to get into.

Ovid has left a charming little poem, Nucis Elegia—the plaint of the Walnut tree—because beaten with sticks and pelted with stones, in return for the generosity with which it bestows on mankind its fair produce.

Ovid has written a lovely short poem, Nucis Elegia—the lament of the Walnut tree—because it's beaten with sticks and hit with stones, in exchange for the kindness with which it offers its beautiful produce to humanity.

A valuable medicinal Spirit is distilled by druggists from the fruit of the Walnut. It is an admirable remedy for spasmodic indigestion, and to relieve the morning sickness of pregnancy. A teaspoonful of the spirit (Spiritus nucis juglandis) may be given with half a wine-glassful of water every hour or two, for most forms of sickness, and the dose may be increased if necessary.

A valuable medicinal spirit is made by pharmacists from walnut fruit. It's an excellent remedy for spasmodic indigestion and can help relieve morning sickness during pregnancy. A teaspoon of the spirit (Spiritus nucis juglandis) can be mixed with half a wine glass of water and taken every hour or two for most types of sickness, and the dose can be increased if needed.

"Nucin," or "juglon," is the active chemical principle of the several parts of the tree and its fruit.

"Nucin," or "juglon," is the active chemical component found in various parts of the tree and its fruit.

The leaves, when slightly rubbed, emit a rich aromatic odour, which renders them proof against the attacks of insects. Qualities of this odoriferous sort commended the tree to King Solomon, whose "garden of nuts" was clearly one of Walnuts, according to the Hebrew word eghoz. The longevity of the tree is very great. There is at Balaclava, in the Crimea, a Walnut tree believed to be a thousand years old.

The leaves, when gently rubbed, release a strong, pleasant smell that protects them from insects. This fragrant quality made the tree appealing to King Solomon, whose "garden of nuts" was clearly a Walnut garden, based on the Hebrew word eghoz. The tree is known for its long lifespan. In Balaclava, Crimea, there is a Walnut tree thought to be a thousand years old.

[601] The shade of the Walnut tree was held by the Romans to be baneful, but the nuts were thought propitious, and favourable to marriage as a symbol of fecundity. The ceremony of throwing nuts, for which boys scrambled at a wedding, was of Athenian origin:—

[601] The Romans believed that the shade of the Walnut tree was harmful, but they thought the nuts were lucky and good for marriage as a symbol of fertility. The tradition of throwing nuts, which boys would scramble for at a wedding, originated in Athens:—

    "Let the air with Hymen ring
    Hymen! Io! Hymen sing!
    Soon the nuts will now be flung:
    Soon the wanton verses sung."
                —Catullus.

"Let the air ring with Hymen
    Hymen! Yo! Let's sing for Hymen!
    Soon the nuts will be thrown:
    Soon the playful verses will be sung."
                —Catullus.

In Italy this is known as the "Witches tree." It is hostile to the oak.

In Italy, this is called the "Witches tree." It is unfriendly to the oak.

The leaves of the American Black Walnut tree, which grows naturally in Virginia, are of the highest curative value for scrofulous diseases and for strumous eruptions. Chronic, indolent sores have been healed by these after every other remedy has failed. The parts should be washed several times a day with a strong decoction of the leaves, and an infusion of the same should be taken internally; also of the extract made from the leaves, four grains in a pill each night and morning. For such purposes the leaves of our English Walnut are almost equally efficacious. To make an infusion one ounce should be used to twelve ounces of boiling water. For a syrup mix eight grains of the extract with an ounce of simple syrup: and give one teaspoonful of this twice a day with water. Also apply to any sore some of the powdered leaves on lint soaked in the decoction. For scrofulous joints, or glands, this treatment is invaluable. A green English Walnut, boiled in syrup and preserved in the same, is an excellent homely remedy for constipation. It will be noticed that the fruit becomes black by boiling. The Chinese put the raw kernels into their tea to give it a flavour.

The leaves of the American Black Walnut tree, which grows naturally in Virginia, have the highest healing properties for scrofulous diseases and for strep-related skin issues. Chronic, stubborn sores have been healed by these leaves after every other remedy has failed. The affected areas should be washed several times a day with a strong brew of the leaves, and an infusion of the same should be taken internally; also, take four grains of the leaf extract in a pill every night and morning. The leaves of our English Walnut are nearly as effective for these purposes. To make an infusion, use one ounce of leaves for twelve ounces of boiling water. For a syrup, mix eight grains of the extract with an ounce of simple syrup, and take one teaspoon twice a day with water. Additionally, apply some powdered leaves on a piece of lint soaked in the decoction to any sore. For scrofulous joints or glands, this treatment is invaluable. A green English Walnut, boiled in syrup and preserved the same way, is an excellent home remedy for constipation. You'll notice that the fruit turns black when boiled. The Chinese add the raw kernels to their tea for flavor.

[602] By the Romans Walnuts were scattered among the people when a marriage was celebrated, as an intimation that the wedded couple henceforth abandoned the frivolities of youth.

[602] The Romans scattered walnuts among the people when a marriage was celebrated, as a signal that the newlyweds were leaving behind the frivolities of youth.

The "titmouse" walnut produces very delicate fruit, rich in oil, and with thin shells, so that the little creatures can pierce the husks and shells while the fruit is still on the bough.

The "titmouse" walnut produces very delicate fruit, rich in oil, and with thin shells, so small birds can break through the husks and shells while the fruit is still on the branch.

Nuts of various kinds, being charged with carbon and oil, are highly nutritious, but on account of this oil abounding, they are not readily digested by some persons. In Southern Europe, the Chestnut is a staple article of food, The title "nut" signifies a hard round lump, from nodus, a knot.

Nuts of different types are packed with carbon and oil, making them very nutritious, but because of their high oil content, some people find them difficult to digest. In Southern Europe, the chestnut is a common food staple. The term "nut" refers to a hard, round lump, derived from nodus, meaning a knot.

Leigh Hunt wrote meaningly of the "inexorably hard cocoa nut— milky at heart." In Devonshire a plentiful crop of hazel nuts is believed to portend an unhealthy year:—

Leigh Hunt wrote powerfully about the "inexorably hard cocoa nut — milky at heart." In Devonshire, a large harvest of hazelnuts is thought to signal an unhealthy year:—

"Many nits (nuts)
Many pits (graves)."

"Many nits (bugs)
Many pits (graves)."

When eating almonds and raisins at dessert we get the nitrogenous food of the nuts with the saccharine nourishment of the grapes.

When we eat almonds and raisins for dessert, we combine the protein from the nuts with the sweetness from the grapes.

WART-WORT, OR WART-WEED.

This name has been commonly applied to the Petty Spurge, or to the Sun Spurge, a familiar little weed growing abundantly in English gardens, with umbels of a golden green colour which "turn towards the sun." Its stem and leaves yield, when wounded, an acrid milky juice which is popularly applied for destroying warts, and corns. But our Greater Celandine (see page 92) or Swallow-wort is better known abroad as the Wart-wort: and its sap is widely given in Russia for the cure, not only of [603] warts, but likewise of cancerous outgrowths, whether occurring on the skin surface, or assailing membranes inside the body. Conclusive evidence has been adduced of cancerous disease within the gullet and the stomach—as well as on the external skin—being healed by this herb. Its sap, or juice, contains chemically, "chelidonine," and "sanguinarine," which latter principle (obtained heretofore from the Canadian "blood root"), is of long established repute for repressing fungoid granulations of indolent ulcers, when powdered over them, and of quickly advancing their cure. Each principle exercises a narcotic influence on the nervous system, and will, thereby, relieve spasmodic coughs. Healthy provers have taken the fresh juice of the Greater Celandine in doses of from twenty to two hundred drops, at repeated intervals; the results of the larger portions being drastic purgation, with persistent nervous torpor, and with an outbreak on the skin of irritating, sore, itching eruptions. In some of the provers active inflammatory congestion of the right lung ensued, with turgidity of the liver. The root beaten into a conserve with sugar will operate by stool, and by urine. For cancerous excrescences from five to ten drops of the fresh juice, or of the mother tincture (H.) should be given steadily three times a day, this quantity being reduced if it should move the bowels too freely. Some of the sap, or tincture, should be also used outwardly as a lotion, either by itself, or diluted with an equal quantity of cold water.

This name is often used for the Petty Spurge or the Sun Spurge, a common little weed that grows abundantly in English gardens. It has clusters of a golden-green color that "turn toward the sun." Its stem and leaves produce an acrid milky juice when damaged, which people commonly use to remove warts and corns. However, our Greater Celandine (see page 92) or Swallow-wort is better known internationally as Wart-wort, and its sap is widely used in Russia to treat not only warts but also cancerous growths, whether they appear on the skin or affect internal membranes. There is strong evidence showing that this herb can heal cancerous conditions in the esophagus and stomach, as well as on the skin's surface. Its sap contains chemicals like "chelidonine" and "sanguinarine," the latter having been previously obtained from the Canadian "blood root," and is well-known for suppressing fungal growth in chronic ulcers when applied as a powder, speeding up their healing. Each of these compounds has a narcotic effect on the nervous system, which can help relieve spasmodic coughs. Healthy individuals have taken the fresh juice of Greater Celandine in doses ranging from twenty to two hundred drops at regular intervals, with higher doses leading to severe purging, persistent drowsiness, and irritating, itchy rashes on the skin. Some people experienced active inflammatory congestion in the right lung and swelling of the liver. The root, when mixed with sugar to make a conserve, will lead to bowel movements and urination. For cancerous growths, five to ten drops of the fresh juice or mother tincture (H.) should be taken three times a day, with the amount reduced if it causes excessive bowel movements. Some of the sap or tincture should also be used as a lotion, either on its own or diluted with an equal amount of cold water.

WATER PLANTS (Other).

WATER PLANTS (Miscellaneous).

(Water Dropwort, Water Lily, Water Pepper.)

The Water Dropwort—Hemlock (oenanthe crocata) is an umbelliferous plant, frequent in our marshes and ditches. [604] It is named from oinos, wine, and anthos, a flower, because its blossoms have a vinous smell. A medicinal tincture is made (H.) from the ripe fruit.

The Water Dropwort—Hemlock (oenanthe crocata) is a plant with umbrella-like flowers, often found in our marshes and ditches. [604] Its name comes from oinos, meaning wine, and anthos, meaning flower, because its flowers have a wine-like smell. A medicinal tincture is made (H.) from the ripe fruit.

The leaves look like Celery, and the roots like parsnips. A country name of this plant is Dead-tongue, from its paralyzing effects on the organs of the voice. Of eight lads who were poisoned by eating the root, says Mr. Vaughan, five died before morning, not one of them having spoken a word. Other names are Horsebane, from its being thought in Sweden to cause in horses a kind of palsy; (due, as Linnaeus thought, to an insect, curculio paraplecticus, which breeds in the stem); and Five-fingered-root, from its five leaflets. The roots contain a poisonous, milky juice, which becomes yellow on exposure to the air, and which exudes from all parts of the plant when wounded. It will be readily seen that because of so virulent a nature the plant is too dangerous for use as a Herbal Simple, though the juice has been known to cure obstinate and severe skin disease. It yields an acrid emetic principle. The root is sometimes applied by country folk to whitlows, but this has proved an unsafe proceeding. The plant has a pleasant odour. Its leaves have been mistaken for Parsley, and its root for the Skirret.

The leaves look like celery, and the roots resemble parsnips. One common name for this plant is Dead-tongue due to its paralyzing effects on the vocal cords. According to Mr. Vaughan, out of eight young men who were poisoned by eating the root, five died by morning, and none of them spoke a word. Other names include Horsebane, as it’s believed in Sweden to cause a type of paralysis in horses (which Linnaeus attributed to an insect, curculio paraplecticus, that lives in the stem); and Five-fingered-root, owing to its five leaflets. The roots have a toxic, milky sap that turns yellow when exposed to air and oozes from all parts of the plant when it's damaged. It's clear that because of its highly toxic nature, the plant is too dangerous to use as a Herbal Simple, although the sap has been known to treat stubborn and severe skin diseases. It produces an irritating emetic compound. Country folks sometimes apply the root to whitlows, but this practice has proven unsafe. The plant has a pleasant scent. Its leaves have been confused with parsley, and its root with skirret.

The OEnanthe Phellandrium (Water Fennel) is a variety of the same species, but with finer leaves. Pliny gave the seeds, twenty grains for a dose, against stone, and disorders of the bladder. Also they have been commended for cancer.

The OEnanthe Phellandrium (Water Fennel) is a type of the same species, but with thinner leaves. Pliny recommended the seeds, twenty grains per dose, for treating stones and bladder issues. They have also been praised for their potential against cancer.

In this country Water Lilies, or Pond Lilies, comprise the White Water Lily—a large native flower inhabiting clear pools and slow rivers—and the Yellow Water Lily, frequent in rivers and ditches, with a yellow, globose flower smelling like brandy, so that it is called "Brandy [605] bottle" in Norfolk and other parts. Its root and stalks contain much tannin.

In this country, Water Lilies, or Pond Lilies, include the White Water Lily— a large native flower found in clear pools and slow rivers—and the Yellow Water Lily, which is common in rivers and ditches, featuring a yellow, bulbous flower that smells like brandy, earning it the nickname "Brandy bottle" in Norfolk and other areas. Its root and stalks have a high tannin content.

This latter Yellow Lily (Nuphar lutea) possesses medicinal virtues against diarrhoea, such as is aggravated in the morning, and against sexual weakness. A tincture is made (H.) from the whole plant with spirit of wine. The second title, lutea, signifies growing in the mud; whilst the large white Water Lily is called Nymphoea, from occurring in the supposed haunts of the nymphs: and Flatter-dock.

This Yellow Lily (Nuphar lutea) has healing properties for diarrhea, especially when it's worse in the morning, and also for sexual weakness. A tincture is made from the whole plant with alcohol. The name lutea means it grows in the mud; meanwhile, the large white Water Lily is called Nymphoea because it’s thought to grow in the homes of nymphs, and it's also known as Flatter-dock.

The root stocks of the Yellow Water Lily, when bruised, and infused in milk, will destroy beetles and cockroaches. The smoke of the same when burnt will get rid of crickets.

The roots of the Yellow Water Lily, when crushed and steeped in milk, will eliminate beetles and cockroaches. The smoke produced when burned will drive away crickets.

The small Yellow Pond Lily bears the name of Candock, from the shape of its seed vessel, like that of a silver can or flagon, and this perhaps has likewise to do with the appellations, "Brandy bottle" and "Water can:" which latter may be given because of the half unfolded leaves floating on the water like cans.

The small Yellow Pond Lily is called Candock because its seed vessel looks like a silver can or flask, which might also explain the names "Brandy bottle" and "Water can." The latter name could be due to the partially unfolded leaves floating on the water, resembling cans.

The root of the larger white Water Lily is acrid, and will redden the skill if the juice is applied thereto.

The root of the larger white water lily is bitter, and it will cause the skin to turn red if the juice is applied to it.

An Ointment may be made with this juice to stimulate the scalp so as to prevent falling out of the hair. The root contains tannin and mucilage, it is therefore astringent and demulcent. Also the expressed juice from the fresh leaves of this white Water Lily, the "one sinless flower," if used as a head wash, will preserve the hair.

An ointment can be made with this juice to stimulate the scalp and help prevent hair loss. The root has tannin and mucilage, making it astringent and soothing. Additionally, the fresh juice from the leaves of this white Water Lily, known as the "one sinless flower," can be used as a hair wash to keep the hair healthy.

"Oh, destinée des choses d'ici bas! Descendre des austeritiés du
Cloitre dans l'officine Cancanière du perruquier!"

"Oh, fate of things down here! Coming down from the austerities of the
Monastery into the wig maker's shop!"

Dutch boys are said to be extremely careful about plucking or handling the Water Lily, for, if a boy fall [606] with the flowers in his possession, he is thought to immediately become subject to fits.

Dutch boys are said to be very cautious when picking or handling the Water Lily, because if a boy falls while having the flowers with him, he is believed to immediately suffer from seizures.

The Water Pepper (Polygonum Hydropiper) or Arsmart, Grows abundantly by the sides of lakes and ditches in Great Britain. It bears a vulgar English name signifying the irritation which it causes when applied to the fundament; and its French sobriquet, Culrage, conveys the same meaning:—

The Water Pepper (Polygonum Hydropiper), also known as Arsmart, grows in abundance along the edges of lakes and ditches in Great Britain. It has a common English name that reflects the irritation it causes when applied to the skin; its French nickname, Culrage, conveys the same idea:—

"An erbe is the cause of all this rage,
In our tongue called Culrage."

"An erbe is the reason for all this anger,
In our language called Culrage."

The plant is further known to rustics as Cyderach, or Ciderage, and as Red-knees, from its red angular points. It possesses an acrid, biting taste, somewhat like that of the Peppermint, which resides in the glandular dots sprinkled about its surface, and which is lost in drying. Fleas will not come into rooms where this herb is kept. It is called also "lake weed." A tradition says that the plant when placed under the saddle will enable a horse to travel for some long time without becoming hungry or thirsty. The Scythians knew this herb (Hippice) to be useful for such a purpose.

The plant is also known to locals as Cyderach or Ciderage, and as Red-knees because of its red, angular points. It has a sharp, biting taste, similar to that of Peppermint, which comes from the glandular dots scattered across its surface and is lost when it dries. Fleas won't enter rooms where this herb is kept. It's also referred to as "lake weed." There's a tradition that says if this plant is placed under a saddle, it will allow a horse to travel for a long time without needing food or water. The Scythians recognized this herb (Hippice) as useful for that purpose.

The Water Pepper has its virtues first taught by a beggar of Savoy. It is admirable against syphilis, and to arrest sexual losses: being long adored because "healing the original sin."

The Water Pepper has its benefits first introduced by a beggar from Savoy. It is excellent for treating syphilis and stopping sexual losses, having long been revered for "healing the original sin."

Farriers use it for curing proud flesh in the sores of animals, and when applied to the human skin, the leaves will serve the purpose of a mustard poultice. Also, a piece of the plant may be chewed to relieve toothache, as well as to cure small ulcers of thrush in the mouth, and pimples on the tongue.

Farriers use it to treat proud flesh in animals' sores, and when applied to human skin, the leaves act like a mustard poultice. Additionally, a piece of the plant can be chewed to help with toothaches, as well as to heal small mouth ulcers and pimples on the tongue.

The expressed juice of the freshly-gathered plant has been found very useful in jaundice. From one to three [607] tablespoonfuls may be taken for a dose. A hot decoction made from the whole herb (Water Persicaria) has a sheet soaked in it as an American remedy for cholera, the patient being wrapped therein immediately when seized. This herb, together with the Thuja Occidentalis (Arbor vitoe) makes the Anti-venereo of Count Mattaei.

The juice from the freshly harvested plant has proven to be very helpful for jaundice. You can take one to three tablespoonfuls as a dose. A hot decoction made from the whole herb (Water Persicaria) is used in America as a remedy for cholera, with the patient being wrapped in a sheet soaked in it right when symptoms appear. This herb, along with the Thuja Occidentalis (Arbor vitae), is part of Count Mattaei's Anti-venereo.

Another Polygonum, the great Bistort, or Snakeweed, and
Adderswort, is a common wild plant in the northern parts of Great
Britain, having bent or crooked roots, which are difficult to be
extirpated, and are strongly astringent.

Another Polygonum, the great Bistort, or Snakeweed, and
Adderswort, is a common wild plant in the northern parts of Great
Britain, having bent or crooked roots, which are hard to remove, and are strongly astringent.

This Bistort, "twice twisted," on account of its snake-like root, was at one time called Serpentaria, Columbrina, and Dracunculus.

This Bistort, "twice twisted," because of its snake-like root, was once referred to as Serpentaria, Columbrina, and Dracunculus.

It has been thought to be the Oxylapathum Britannicum and Limonium of the ancients.

It was believed to be the Oxylapathum Britannicum and Limonium of ancient times.

The dose of the root in substance is from twenty to sixty grains. In the North of England the plant is known as Easter Giant, and its young shoots are eaten in herb pudding. About Manchester they are substituted for greens, under the name of Passion's dock. The root may be employed both externally as a poultice, and inwardly as a decoction, when an astringent is needed. It is most useful for a spongy state of the gums, attended with looseness of the teeth.

The dosage of the root in its raw form is between twenty and sixty grains. In Northern England, the plant is called Easter Giant, and its young shoots are used in herb pudding. Around Manchester, they are used instead of greens, referred to as Passion's dock. The root can be used both externally as a poultice and internally as a decoction when astringent properties are required. It is especially helpful for spongy gums accompanied by loose teeth.

This plant grows in moist meadows, but is not common. Its roots are reddish of colour inside.

This plant grows in wet meadows, but it's not very common. Its roots are reddish on the inside.

The Bistort contains starch, and much tannin; likewise its rhizome (crooked root) furnishes gallic acid. The decoction is to be made with an ounce of the bruised root boiled in a pint of water; one tablespoonful of this may be given every two hours in passive bleedings, and for simple diarrhoea. Other names for the [608] plant are Osterick, and Twice writhen (bis tort), Red legs, and Man giant, from the French mangeant, eatable.

The Bistort has starch and a lot of tannin; its rhizome (curved root) also provides gallic acid. To make the decoction, boil an ounce of the crushed root in a pint of water. One tablespoon of this can be given every two hours for mild bleeding and for simple diarrhea. Other names for the plant are Osterick, Twice writhen (bis tort), Red legs, and Man giant, from the French mangeant, which means edible.

WHITETHORN. (See "Hawthorn," page 245.)

WHORTLEBERRY. (See "Bilberry," page 52.)

WHORTLEBERRY. (See "Bilberry," p. 52.)

WOODRUFF.

Concerning the Sweet Woodruff (Asperula odorata), it is a favourite little plant growing commonly in our woods and gardens, with a pleasant smell which, like the good deeds of the worthiest persons, delights by its fragrance most after death. This herb is of the Rubiaceous order, and gets its botanical name from the Latin asper, rough, in allusion to the rough leaves possessed by its species.

Concerning Sweet Woodruff (Asperula odorata), it’s a popular little plant that commonly grows in our woods and gardens. It has a pleasant fragrance that, much like the good deeds of the most virtuous people, is most delightful after it’s gone. This herb belongs to the Rubiaceous family and gets its botanical name from the Latin word asper, meaning rough, referring to the coarse leaves of its species.

It may be readily recognised by its small white flowers set on a slender stalk, with narrow leaves growing round it in successive whorls, just as in the Cleaver (Goosegrass), which belongs to the same order.

It can easily be identified by its small white flowers on a thin stem, with narrow leaves growing around it in whorls, similar to the Cleaver (Goosegrass), which is part of the same family.

The name Woodruffe has been whimsically spelt Woodderowffe, thus:—

The name Woodruffe has been playfully spelled Woodderowffe, like this:—

Double U, double O, double D, E
R, O, double U, double F, E.

Its terminal syllable, "ruff," is derived from rofe, a wheel,—with the diminutive rouelle, a little wheel or rowel, like that of an ancient spur,—which the verticillate leaves of this herb closely resemble. They serve to remind us also of good Queen Bess, and of the high, starched, old-fashioned ruff which she is shown to wear [609] in her portraits. Therefore, the plant is known as Woodrowel.

Its last syllable, "ruff," comes from rofe, meaning a wheel,—combined with the diminutive rouelle, which means a little wheel or rowel, similar to the one on an old spur,—as the whorled leaves of this herb look quite similar. They also bring to mind good Queen Bess and the tall, stiff, old-style ruff that she is depicted wearing [609] in her portraits. That's why the plant is called Woodrowel.

When freshly gathered, it has but little odour, but when dried it exhales a delightful and lasting aroma, like the scent of meadow grass, or of peach blossoms.

When freshly picked, it has a faint smell, but when dried, it releases a lovely and long-lasting fragrance, similar to the scent of grass in a meadow or peach blossoms.

A fragrant and exhilarating tea may be made from the leaves and blossoms of the sweet Woodruffe, and this is found to be of service in correcting sluggishness of the liver. "When it is desired," says Mr. Johns, "to preserve the leaves merely for their scent, the stem should be cut through just below and above a joint, and the leaves pressed in such a way as not to destroy their star-like arrangement."

A fragrant and refreshing tea can be made from the leaves and flowers of sweet Woodruffe, and it helps with liver sluggishness. "When you want to keep the leaves just for their fragrance," says Mr. Johns, "the stem should be cut just below and above a joint, and the leaves should be pressed in a way that doesn't ruin their star-like pattern."

Gerard tells us: "The flowers are of a very sweet smell, as is the rest of the herb, which, being made up into garlands or bundles, and hanged up in houses, in the heat of summer, doth very well attemper the air, cool and make fresh the place, to the delight and comfort of such as are therein."

Gerard tells us: "The flowers smell really sweet, just like the rest of the plant, which, when made into garlands or bundles and hung up in homes during the hot summer, really helps to cool and freshen the air, bringing joy and comfort to those inside."

The agreeable odour of this sweet Woodruffe is due to a chemical principle named "coumarin," which powerfully affects the brain; and the plant further contains citric, malic, and rubichloric acids, together with some tannic acid.

The pleasant scent of this sweet Woodruff comes from a chemical compound called "coumarin," which strongly influences the brain; the plant also has citric, malic, and rubichloric acids, along with some tannic acid.

Another species of the same genus is the Squinancy Woodruff (Asperula cynanchica), so called from the Greek cynanche, which means quinsy, because an excellent gargle may be made from this herb for the troublesome throat affection here specified, and for any severe sore throat. Quinsy is called cynanche, from the Greek words, kuon, a dog, and ancho, to strangle, because the distressed patient is compelled by the swollen state of his highly inflamed throat, to gasp with his mouth open like a choking dog.

Another species from the same genus is Squinancy Woodruff (Asperula cynanchica), named after the Greek word cynanche, which means quinsy. This herb can be made into an excellent gargle for the troublesome throat condition mentioned here, as well as for any severe sore throat. Quinsy is called cynanche, deriving from the Greek words kuon, meaning dog, and ancho, meaning to strangle, because a patient suffering from this swollen and highly inflamed throat is forced to gasp with their mouth open, much like a choking dog.

[610] This plant is found growing in dry pastures, especially on a chalky or limestone soil, but it is not common; it has very narrow leaves, and tufts of lilac flowers.

[610] This plant grows in dry pastures, particularly in chalky or limestone soil, but it's not very common; it has very narrow leaves and clusters of lilac flowers.

Reverting to the Sweet Woodruff, the dried herb may be kept amongst linen, like lavender, to preserve it from insects.

Reverting to the Sweet Woodruff, the dried herb can be stored with linen, like lavender, to keep it safe from insects.

                    She—"Fresh Woodruff soaks
    To brew cool drink, and keep away the moth."
      —A. Austin, Poet Laureate.

She—"Fresh Woodruff soaks
To make a refreshing drink and repel moths."
—A. Austin, Poet Laureate.

It was formerly employed for strewing churches, littering chambers, and stuffing beds. Withering declares that its strongly aromatic flowers make an infusion which far exceeds even the choice teas of China. The powdered leaves are mixed with fancy snuffs, because of their enduring fragrance.

It was once used to scent churches, decorate rooms, and fill mattresses. Withering states that its highly fragrant flowers create an infusion that surpasses even the best teas from China. The powdered leaves are blended with premium snuffs because of their lasting aroma.

WOODSORRELL (See also "Docks.")

This elegant little herb, called also French Sorrel, Rabbits' food, Shamrock, and Wood Sour (Oxalis acetosella), is abundant throughout our woods, and in other moist, shady places. It belongs to the natural order of Geraniums, and bears the provincial names of Sour trefoil, Cuckoo's bread, or Gowk's-meat, and Stubwort (from growing about the stubs of hewn trees). Its botanical title is got from the Greek word oxus, sharp, or acid, because of its penetrating sour taste. This is due to the acid oxalate of potash which it contains abundantly, in common with the Dock Sorrel, and the Garden Rhubarb.

This elegant little herb, also known as French Sorrel, Rabbit's food, Shamrock, and Wood Sour (Oxalis acetosella), is plentiful in our woods and other moist, shady spots. It belongs to the natural order of Geraniums and has local names like Sour trefoil, Cuckoo's bread, Gowk's-meat, and Stubwort (because it grows around the stumps of cut trees). Its botanical name comes from the Greek word oxus, which means sharp or acid, due to its strong sour taste. This sourness is a result of the high amount of acid oxalate of potash it contains, similar to Dock Sorrel and Garden Rhubarb.

By reason of this chemical salt being present in combination with less leafy matter than in the other plants which are akin to it, the Wood Sorrel makes a lighter and more palatable salad.

Due to this chemical salt being combined with less leafy matter than in other related plants, Wood Sorrel creates a lighter and tastier salad.

In olden days the Monks named this pretty little [611] woodland plant Alleluia, because it blossoms between Easter and Whitsuntide, when the Psalms—from the 113th to the 117th, inclusive—which end with the aspiration, "Hallelujah!" were sung.

In the past, the monks called this lovely little [611] woodland plant Alleluia because it blooms between Easter and Whitsuntide, during the time when the Psalms—from the 113th to the 117th, inclusive—which conclude with the word "Hallelujah!" were sung.

St. Patrick is said to have shown on the ternate leaf of the Wood
Sorrel to his rude audience the possibility of a Trinity in Unity.

St. Patrick is said to have used the three-leaf clover of the Wood
Sorrel to explain to his simple audience the idea of a Trinity in Unity.

The herb has been long popular as a Simple for making a fever drink, which is thought to be somewhat sedative to the heart, and for helping to cure scurvy. Also, it has proved useful against intermittent fever.

The herb has long been popular as a remedy for making a fever drink, which is believed to be somewhat calming to the heart, and for helping to treat scurvy. Additionally, it has been found helpful against intermittent fever.

Towards assisting to digest, by their free acid, the immature fibre of young flesh meats, the Wood Sorrel leaves are commonly eaten as a dressing with veal, and lamb. But too habitual use of such a salad or sauce has led to the formation of gouty crystals (oxalate of lime) in the urine, with considerable irritation of the kidneys. Externally, the bruised leaves are of excellent service for cleansing and stimulating foul sores and ulcers, being first macerated in a Cabbage leaf with warmth.

To help break down the immature fibers in young meats, people often eat Wood Sorrel leaves as a dressing with veal and lamb. However, eating this salad or sauce too frequently can cause gout crystals (oxalate of lime) to form in urine, leading to significant kidney irritation. Externally, crushed leaves are very effective for cleaning and stimulating infected sores and ulcers, especially when first soaked in a cabbage leaf and warmed.

This familiar harbinger of Spring, with its three delicate leaflets on a long stalk, and its tiny white flowers, having purple veins like those of the Wood Anemone, bears the fanciful name of Fairy-bells in Welsh districts.

This well-known sign of spring, with its three delicate leaflets on a long stalk and its tiny white flowers that have purple veins like those of the Wood Anemone, is playfully called Fairy-bells in Welsh areas.

Fra Angelico placed the claret-stained flowers in the foreground of his pictures representing the Crucifixion. After the doctrine of signatures, because of its shape like a heart, the leaf of the Wood Sorrel was formerly esteemed as a cordial medicine. It was called in Latin Panis Cuculi, meaning the "Cuckoo's bread and cheese." The leaves, when bruised, make with sugar a capital conserve which is refreshing to a fevered stomach, or, if boiled in milk, they form an agreeable sub-acid whey. [612] Twenty pounds of the fresh plant will yield four ounces of the oxalate of potash, commonly known as salt of lemons or salt of sorrel, which is often used for taking ink stains out of linen. Francus, an old classical author, concluded by experiment that the herb is of value (cordis vires reparare) to recruit the energies of the heart, and (anginum abigere) to dispel the quinsy. Its infusion makes an excellent anti-putrescent gargle. There is also a yellow variety of the Wood Sorrel.

Fra Angelico placed the claret-stained flowers in the foreground of his paintings depicting the Crucifixion. According to the doctrine of signatures, because it resembles a heart, the leaf of the Wood Sorrel was once considered a soothing remedy. It was called in Latin Panis Cuculi, meaning "Cuckoo's bread and cheese." When the leaves are crushed and mixed with sugar, they create a great conserve that's refreshing for an upset stomach, or if boiled in milk, they produce a pleasant, slightly sour whey. [612] Twenty pounds of the fresh plant yields four ounces of the oxalate of potash, commonly known as salt of lemons or salt of sorrel, which is often used to remove ink stains from linen. Francus, an ancient author, concluded from experiments that the herb is beneficial (cordis vires reparare) for restoring heart energy and (anginum abigere) for alleviating quinsy. Its infusion is an excellent anti-putrescent gargle. There is also a yellow variety of the Wood Sorrel.

WORMWOOD.

The common Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) has been partly considered here together with Mugwort, to which it is closely allied. It is a Composite herb of frequent growth on waste ground, being a bushy plant with silky stems, and collections of numerous small heads of dull yellow flowers. The name Wormwood is from wehren, to keep off—mought, a maggot or moth; and absinthium, from-a-negative—psinthos, delight, in allusion to the very bitter taste.

The common Wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) has been partially discussed here along with Mugwort, which is closely related to it. It's a composite herb that often grows in waste areas, characterized by its bushy appearance and silky stems, along with clusters of numerous small dull yellow flowers. The name Wormwood comes from the words wehren, meaning to repel, and mought, meaning a maggot or moth; while absinthium derives from a negation of psinthos, meaning delight, referring to its very bitter taste.

The whole plant is of an aromatic smell and bitter flavour. The flowers, when dried and powdered, destroy worms more effectually than worm seed, whilst the leaves resist putrefaction and help to make capital antiseptic fomentations.

The entire plant has a fragrant aroma and a bitter taste. The flowers, when dried and ground, eliminate worms more effectively than worm seed, while the leaves prevent decay and are great for making strong antiseptic poultices.

Wormwood tea, or the powdered herb in small doses, mixed in a little soup, will serve to relieve bilious melancholia, and will help to disperse the yellow hue of jaundice from the skin.

Wormwood tea, or a small amount of the powdered herb mixed into some soup, can help relieve bitter melancholy and can assist in reducing the yellow tint of jaundice from the skin.

This herb was formerly thought to possess the power of dispelling demons, and was thus associated with the ceremonials of St. John's Eve, owning the name, on the Continent, of St. John's Herb, or St. John's Girdle. Both it, and the Mugwort were dedicated to Diana: [613] and Venus gave thereof (Ambrose) to AEneas. It bears the provincial name "old woman." The smell of common Wormwood is very refreshing, and its reviving qualities in heated Courts are almost equal to a change of air.

This herb used to be believed to have the power to chase away demons, so it was connected to the rituals of St. John's Eve and was known on the Continent as St. John's Herb or St. John's Girdle. Both this herb and Mugwort were dedicated to Diana: [613] and Venus gave some of it (Ambrose) to Aeneas. It has a local nickname, "old woman." The scent of common Wormwood is very refreshing, and its revitalizing effects in hot courts are almost like a breath of fresh air.

Dioscorides declared it a preventive of intoxication, and a remedy for the ill-effects of any such excess; for which reason the poculum absinthiacum was a favourite beverage.

Dioscorides claimed it prevented intoxication and helped with the negative effects of overindulgence; for this reason, the poculum absinthiacum was a popular drink.

Gerard says: "The plant voideth away the worms, not only taken inwardly, but applied outwardly; it withstandeth all putrefactions, and is good against the stinking breath." It keepeth garments also from the moths—A tineis tutam reddit quá conditur arcam (Macer); and Dr. W. Bulleyne says "it keepeth clothes from moths and wormes." This is the great preventive used by cloth manufacturers. "Furthermore," adds Gerard, "taken in wine it is good against the biting of the shrew mouse, and of the sea dragon. It may be applied against the Squincie, or inflammation of the throat, with honey and water: likewise, after the same manner, to dim eyes, and mattery ears."

Gerard says: "The plant drives away worms, not just when taken internally, but also when applied externally; it resists all forms of decay and is effective against bad breath." It also protects clothing from moths—A tineis tutam reddit quá conditur arcam (Macer); and Dr. W. Bulleyne says "it keeps clothes safe from moths and worms." This is the main preventive measure used by fabric manufacturers. "Additionally," Gerard adds, "when taken in wine, it helps against bites from shrew mice and sea dragons. It can be applied for throat inflammation, or squincies, with honey and water: similarly, it can be used for dim eyes and weeping ears."

The characteristic odour of the plant is due to a volatile oil which consists mainly of absinthol; and the intensely bitter taste resides in "absinthin."

The distinctive smell of the plant comes from a volatile oil that's mainly made up of absinthol, while the intensely bitter flavor comes from "absinthin."

The plant also contains tannin, resin, starch, succinic, malic, and acetic acids, with nitrate of potash, and other salts. In some districts it is popularly called "green ginger."

The plant also has tannin, resin, starch, succinic acid, malic acid, acetic acid, potash nitrate, and other salts. In some areas, it's commonly known as "green ginger."

Wormwood is of benefit for strengthless flatulent indigestion. An infusion may be made of an ounce of the dried plant to a pint of boiling water, and given in doses of from one to two tablespoonfuls three times during the day.

Wormwood helps with weak and gassy indigestion. You can make an infusion by steeping an ounce of the dried plant in a pint of boiling water, and take one to two tablespoons of it three times a day.

[614] This infusion with a few drops of the essential oil will prevent the hair from falling off.

[614] Adding a few drops of essential oil to this infusion will stop your hair from falling out.

Absinthe, a liqueur concocted from Wormwood, is used largely in France, and the medical verdict pronounced there about its effects shows that it exercises through the pneumogastric nerve a painful sensation, which has been taken for that of extreme hunger. This feeling goes off quickly if a little alcohol is given, though it is aggravated by coffee, whilst an excessive use of absinthe from day to day is not slow in producing serious symptoms: the stomach ceases to perform its duty, there is an irritative reaction in the brain, and the effects of blind drunkenness come on after each debauch. The French Military call absinthe un perroquet. The daily taking even for a short while only of a watery infusion of Wormwood shows its bad effects by a general languor, with obscurities of the sight, giddiness, want of appetite, and painful indigestion.

Absinthe, a liqueur made from Wormwood, is mainly used in France, and the medical opinions there about its effects indicate that it creates a painful sensation through the pneumogastric nerve, which has been mistaken for extreme hunger. This feeling fades quickly when a little alcohol is consumed, but it can worsen with coffee. Frequent excessive use of absinthe can swiftly lead to serious symptoms: the stomach stops working properly, there’s an irritating reaction in the brain, and the effects of severe drunkenness occur after each binge. The French Military nicknames absinthe un perroquet. Even drinking a diluted Wormwood infusion daily for a short time shows negative effects, resulting in general fatigue, blurred vision, dizziness, loss of appetite, and painful indigestion.

When indulged-in as an appetiser by connoisseurs, absinthe, the "fairy with the green eyes," is modified by admixture with anisette, noted as an "agreeable and bronchitis-palliating" liqueur.

When enjoyed as an appetizer by enthusiasts, absinthe, the "fairy with the green eyes," is mixed with anisette, recognized as a "pleasant and cough-relieving" liqueur.

As a result of his experiments on animals, Dr. Maignan has come to the conclusion that absinthe (Wormwood) determines tremblings, dulness of thought, and epileptiform convulsions,—symptoms which alcohol alone will not produce. Hence it may be inferred that absinthe contains really a narcotic poison which should prevent its being employed as a liqueur, or as a homely medicament, to any excess.

As a result of his experiments on animals, Dr. Maignan has concluded that absinthe (Wormwood) causes tremors, dullness of thought, and seizures that resemble epilepsy—symptoms that alcohol alone doesn’t produce. Therefore, it can be inferred that absinthe actually contains a narcotic poison, which should prevent it from being used as a liqueur or as a common medicine in excess.

Dogs are given to eat the Wormwood as a remedy for their ailments. Its medicinal and curative uses have been already partly discussed, together with those of Mugwort.

Dogs are allowed to eat Wormwood as a remedy for their health issues. Its medicinal and healing uses have already been partly discussed, along with those of Mugwort.

[615] WOUNDWORT.

The Hedge Woundwort (Stachys sylvatica) is a common Labiate plant in our hedges and woods, branched and hairy, with whorls of small dull purple flowers on a spike two feet high or more. There are other varieties of the herb, such as the Marsh (March) Woundwort, the Corn Woundwort, and the Downy Woundwort.

The Hedge Woundwort (Stachys sylvatica) is a common mint family plant found in our hedges and woods. It's branched and hairy, featuring clusters of small, dull purple flowers on a spike that can be two feet tall or more. There are other varieties of this herb, like the Marsh Woundwort, Corn Woundwort, and Downy Woundwort.

The Hedge Woundwort was named by Gerard, Clown's all heal, or the Husbandman's Woundwort, because a countryman who had cut his hand to the bone with a scythe, healed the wound in seven days with this plant.

The Hedge Woundwort was named by Gerard, Clown's all heal, or the Farmer's Woundwort, because a villager who had cut his hand to the bone with a scythe healed the wound in seven days using this plant.

It is called by some the Hedge Dead Nettle, from its nettle-like leaves, and the place of its growth.

It is referred to by some as the Hedge Dead Nettle, due to its nettle-like leaves and the area where it grows.

"The leaves," says Gerard, "stampt (pounded) with hog's grease, and applied unto green wounds in the manner of a poultice, heal them in such short time and such absolute manner, that it is hard for anyone that hath not had the experience thereof to believe. For instance, a deep and grievous wound in the breast with a dagger, and two others in the abdomen (or nether belly), so that the fat commonly named the caul, issued forth, the which mortal wounds, by God's permission, and the virtues of this herb, I perfectly cured within twenty days—for the which the name of God be praised."

"The leaves," says Gerard, "mashed with hog's grease and used like a poultice on fresh wounds, heal them so quickly and completely that it's hard for anyone who hasn't experienced it to believe. For example, I cured a deep, serious dagger wound in the chest, along with two others in the abdomen, causing the fat known as the caul to spill out. These mortal wounds, through God's permission and the healing properties of this herb, were completely healed within twenty days—for which I praise the name of God."

The name Stachys given to this herb, is from the Greek stakos, a bunch, because of the arrangement of the flowers. It contains a volatile oil, and a bitter principle undetermined.

The name Stachys given to this herb comes from the Greek word stakos, meaning a bunch, due to how the flowers are arranged. It has a volatile oil and an undetermined bitter principle.

The Stachys Germanica (Downy Woundwort) is so called from its soft, downy leaves having been employed instead of lint as a surgical dressing to wounds. The plant grows on a chalky soil in Bedfordshire, [616] Berkshire, and Oxfordshire: being named also "Lamb's Ear."

The Stachys Germanica (Downy Woundwort) gets its name from its soft, fuzzy leaves that have been used as a substitute for lint in dressing wounds. This plant grows in chalky soil in Bedfordshire, [616] Berkshire, and Oxfordshire, and it's also known as "Lamb's Ear."

This Stachys lanata (Woolly Woundwort) is known as Saviour's blanket, in Sussex; also in Devonshire and Somersetshire, as Mouse's ear, Donkey's ear, and Lamb's tongue.

This Stachys lanata (Woolly Woundwort) is known as Saviour's blanket in Sussex; it's also referred to in Devon and Somerset as Mouse's ear, Donkey's ear, and Lamb's tongue.

The Knights' Water Woundwort (Statiotes aloides) was supposed from its blade-like leaves, acting on the doctrine of signatures, to heal sword wounds.

The Knights' Water Woundwort (Statiotes aloides) was believed, based on its blade-like leaves and the doctrine of signatures, to heal sword wounds.

YARROW.

The Yarrow, from hiera, holy herb (Achillea millefolium), or Milfoil, is so called from the very numerous fine segments of its leaves. It is a Composite plant very common on waysides and in pastures throughout Britain.

The Yarrow, from hiera, holy herb (Achillea millefolium), or Milfoil, gets its name from the many fine segments of its leaves. It's a Composite plant that's very common along roadsides and in pastures all over Britain.

The name Achillea has been bestowed thereupon because the Greek warrior, Achilles, is said to have disclosed its virtues which he had been taught by Chiron, the Centaur. This herb is the _Stratiotes chiliophullos _of the Greek botanists, by whom it was valued as an excellent astringent and vulnerary. But Gerard supposes it may have been the Achillea millefolium nobile, which grows with a thick root and longer leaves, on a fat and fruitful soil, a stranger in England, "and the very same with which Achilles cured the wounds of his soldiers." But, he adds, "the virtues of each sort of Milfoil are set to be both alike."

The name Achillea comes from the Greek warrior, Achilles, who is said to have shared its benefits, which he learned from Chiron, the Centaur. This herb is known as _Stratiotes chiliophullos_ among Greek botanists, who regarded it as a great astringent and wound healer. However, Gerard believes it might be the Achillea millefolium nobile, which has a thick root and longer leaves, thriving in rich, fertile soil, and is not native to England; "the very same with which Achilles treated the wounds of his soldiers." He adds, "the benefits of each type of Milfoil are said to be quite similar."

The flowers of the Common Yarrow or Nosebleed are white or pink; those of the Nobile are yellow.

The popular name of Nosebleed has been given to the Yarrow because the hairy filaments of the leaves, when put up the nose, provoke an exudation of blood, and will thus afford relief to headache, caused by a passive fulness of the vessels. Parkinson says "if it be [617] pat into the nose, assuredly it will stay the bleeding of it," which mast be the' effect of action according to similars. Or if using Yarrow in the same way as a love charm, the following lines were repeated:—

The Yarrow plant is commonly referred to as Nosebleed because the hairy strands of its leaves, when inserted into the nose, can cause bleeding and provide relief for headaches caused by congested blood vessels. Parkinson notes that "if it is put into the nose, it will definitely stop the bleeding," which might be due to the principle of treating like with like. Alternatively, if Yarrow is used as a love charm, the following lines should be recited:—

    "Green arrow! green arrow!
        You bear a white blow;
    If my love love me
        My nose will bleed now."

"Green arrow! green arrow!
        You bring a strong hit;
    If my love loves me
        My nose will bleed now."

The leaves have a somewhat fragrant smell, and a bitterish taste. The odour of the flowers, when rubbed between the fingers, is aromatic. In consequence of this pungent, volatile principle, the herb has proved useful in hysteria, flatulence, heartburn, colic, and epilepsy; also, it is employed in Norway for the cure of rheumatism, and sometimes chewed for toothache.

The leaves have a mildly fragrant smell and a slightly bitter taste. The scent of the flowers, when rubbed between your fingers, is aromatic. Because of this strong, volatile property, the herb has been helpful for hysteria, gas, heartburn, colic, and epilepsy; it is also used in Norway to treat rheumatism and is sometimes chewed for toothaches.

Yarrow is one of the few aboriginal English plants, having held the primitive title, Gearwe. Greek botanists seem to have known the identical species which we now possess, and to have used it against haemorrhagic losses. It yields, chemically, a dark-green volatile oil, and achilleic acid, which is said to be identical with aconitic acid; also resin, tannin, gum; and earthy ash consisting of nitrates, phosphates, and chlorides of potash and lime.

Yarrow is one of the few native English plants, historically known as Gearwe. Greek botanists appear to have been familiar with the same species we have today, using it to treat bleeding. Chemically, it produces a dark-green volatile oil and achilleic acid, which is claimed to be the same as aconitic acid; it also contains resin, tannin, gum, and earthy ash made up of nitrates, phosphates, and chlorides of potash and lime.

For preparing an infusion of the plant, half an ounce should be boiled down in half a pint of water to six ounces; one tablespoonful for a dose.

For making an infusion of the plant, boil half an ounce in half a pint of water until it reduces to six ounces; take one tablespoon for a dose.

Sir John Hill says the best way of giving Yarrow is in a strong decoction of the whole plant. A hot infusion of the herb taken freely on going to bed at night seldom fails to make short work of a cold.

Sir John Hill says the best way to take Yarrow is in a strong decoction of the whole plant. A hot infusion of the herb, taken freely before bedtime, usually does the trick for a cold.

A medicinal tincture (H.) is prepared from the whole plant with spirit of wine. This, when employed in a diluted form of the first or third decimal strength, and [618] in small doses of from five to ten drops in a tablespoonful of cold water, will act admirably in arresting nocturnal losses in the male; likewise bleeding from the lungs, the kidneys, or the nose, especially in florid, hectic subjects. It has been found by healthy provers that stronger, and larger doses of any preparation of the herb will induce or aggravate one or another of these bleedings.

A medicinal tincture (H.) is made from the entire plant using alcohol. When used in a diluted form of the first or third decimal strength, and in small doses of about five to ten drops mixed in a tablespoon of cold water, it works effectively to stop nighttime losses in males. It can also help with bleeding from the lungs, kidneys, or nose, particularly in those who are pale and feverish. Healthy testers have discovered that larger or stronger doses of any preparation of the herb can trigger or worsen these types of bleeding.

The fresh juice of the plant may be had, a dessert-spoonful three times in the day; or of the volatile essential oil, from three to five drops for a dose. These medicines greatly stimulate and promote the appetite. "For ague," says Parkinson, "drink a decoction of the herb warm before the fit, and so for two or three fits together."

The fresh juice from the plant can be taken in a dessert spoonful three times a day, or you can use the volatile essential oil, with a dose of three to five drops. These remedies really boost your appetite. "For fever," says Parkinson, "drink a warm decoction of the herb before the onset, and do this for two or three fits in a row."

Externally, a strong decoction of the leaves has been used as an injection into the nostrils to stay bleeding from the nose. It is similarly of service for piles, and for female floodings, because exerting a special local action on the organs within the middle trunk. The bruised herb, or an ointment made from it, is applied by rustics to heal fresh cuts and contusions.

Externally, a strong brew of the leaves has been used as an injection into the nostrils to stop nosebleeds. It's also helpful for hemorrhoids and excessive menstrual bleeding, as it has a specific local effect on the organs in the abdomen. The crushed herb, or an ointment made from it, is applied by country folk to heal fresh cuts and bruises.

Even in ancient times it was famous as a topical remedy for piles. It is further of benefit for sore nipples as a lotion, and for a relaxed sore throat as a gargle: also as a hair wash.

Even in ancient times, it was well-known as a treatment for hemorrhoids. It’s also useful for sore nipples when used as a lotion, for a relaxed sore throat as a gargle, and as a hair wash.

The leaves were applied in former days as a poultice to wounds; and because of its healing and astringent virtues when so used, the plant gained the names Sanguinary, Thousand leaf, Old Man's pepper, Soldiers' Woundwort. Other local names for it are Staunch grass, Carpenters' weed, and Bloodwort: also, "Old Man's Mustard," "Bad Man's Plaything," and "Devil's Plaything." In Gloucestershire and some other parts, the double-flowered Yarrow is brought to a wedding by [619] bridesmaids as "seven years' love." In Cheshire, children draw the herb across the face to produce a tingling sensation, and they call it "Devil's nettle."

The leaves were used in the past as a poultice for wounds, and because of their healing and tightening properties, the plant earned names like Sanguinary, Thousand-leaf, Old Man's pepper, and Soldiers' Woundwort. Other local names include Staunch grass, Carpenters' weed, and Bloodwort, as well as "Old Man's Mustard," "Bad Man's Plaything," and "Devil's Plaything." In Gloucestershire and some other areas, bridesmaids bring the double-flowered Yarrow to weddings as a symbol of "seven years' love." In Cheshire, kids drag the herb across their faces to create a tingling sensation, and they refer to it as "Devil's nettle."

Culpeper spoke of the same as a profitable herb in cramps, and therefore called Militaris.

Culpeper referred to it as a useful herb for cramps, which is why it's called Militaris.

Yarrow, worn in a little bag over the stomach, was the secret (confided to Boyle) of a great lord against ague. A famous physician had used it with strange efficacy.

Yarrow, carried in a small bag over the stomach, was the secret (shared with Boyle) of a powerful lord for combating ague. A renowned doctor had used it with remarkable success.

Similarly a charmed packet containing dried Yarrow has been credited with bringing success to its bearer, if at the same time he were admitted to the knowledge of a traditional secret (only whispered to the initiated) that this was the first herb our Saviour had put into His hand when a child.

Similarly, a special packet filled with dried Yarrow has been said to bring good luck to the person who carries it, especially if that person knows a traditional secret (only shared with those who are initiated) that this was the first herb our Savior held as a child.

Again, Elspeth Reoch, in 1616, when tried for witchcraft, acknowledged to having employed the Yarrow in her incantations. She "plucked one herbe called Meleflower, sitting on her right knee, and pulling it betwixt the mid-finger and thumbe, and saying: In nominee Patris, Filii, et Spiritus Sancti." The Meleflower is the Achilloea Ptarmica or Sneezewort.

Again, Elspeth Reoch, in 1616, when tried for witchcraft, admitted to using Yarrow in her spells. She "picked one herb called Meleflower, sitting on her right knee, and pulling it between her middle finger and thumb, while saying: In nomine Patris, Filii, et Spiritus Sancti." The Meleflower is the Achilloea Ptarmica or Sneezewort.

By the plant so gathered, she was enabled to cure distempers, and to impart the faculty of prediction.

By using the plants she collected, she was able to heal ailments and give the ability to predict the future.

YEW.

Although the Yew—a Conifer—which is so thoroughly English a tree, is known to be highly poisonous as regards its leaves to the humans subject, and as concerning its loppings or half-dead branches, to oxen, horses, and asses, yet a medicinal tincture (H.) is made from the young shoots, which has distinct and curative uses. Both the Yew and the Ivy were called abiga, because [620] causing abortion. From which word when corrupted was formed iua; and under this latter name, says Dr. Prior, the Ivy and the Yew became inextricably mixed up.

Although the Yew—a conifer that is so distinctly English—is known to be highly poisonous due to its leaves for humans and its prunings or half-dead branches for cattle like oxen, horses, and donkeys, a medicinal tincture (H.) is made from the young shoots, which has specific and healing uses. Both the Yew and the Ivy were called abiga because they could cause abortion. From this word, when altered, iua was formed; and under this latter name, Dr. Prior notes, the Ivy and the Yew became inextricably intertwined.

Moreover, the red berries, or their coloured fleshy cups, are not poisonous when taken in moderation, but rejecting the seeds.

Moreover, the red berries, or their colorful fleshy cups, are not toxic when eaten in moderation, as long as the seeds are discarded.

Gerard says: "When I was yong, and went to schoole, divers of my school-fellows and likewise myself, did eat our fils of the berries of this tree, and have not only slept under the shadow thereof, but among the branches also, without any hurt at all, and that not one time, but many times."

Gerard says: "When I was young and went to school, several of my classmates and I ate the berries from this tree, and we've not only slept in its shade but also among its branches, without any harm at all, and not just once, but many times."

Yet Leo Grindon says, much more recently: "Though the juice and pulp of the sweet and viscid berries are not harmful, still the seeds of the Yew, and the leaves are deadly poison."

Yet Leo Grindon says, much more recently: "Although the juice and pulp of the sweet and thick berries are not harmful, the seeds of the Yew and the leaves are deadly poison."

In the Herbal of 1578, Lyte tells us the Yew is altogether venomous, and against man's nature. "Such as do but only sleep under the shadow thereof become sick, and sometimes they die;" and, "the extract of yew is used by ignorant apothecaries to the great peril and danger of the poor diseased people."

In the Herbal of 1578, Lyte tells us that the Yew is completely poisonous and contrary to human nature. "Anyone who merely sleeps under its shade becomes ill, and sometimes they die;" and, "the extract of yew is used by uneducated pharmacists, posing great risk and danger to the unfortunate sick people."

The Yew tree (Taxus baccata) occurs in mountainous woods and rocky glens about Britain, but is rare as of native growth. Its name, Taxus, is a corruption of toxos, an arrow, since arrows in the old time were poisoned with the juice of yew.

The Yew tree (Taxus baccata) grows in mountainous forests and rocky valleys throughout Britain, but it is uncommon as a native species. Its name, Taxus, comes from a corrupted form of toxos, which means arrow, because in ancient times, arrows were poisoned with the juice of the yew.

The tree was planted frequently by our forefathers in churchyards, because of its value in the manufacture of bows. It is exceedingly long lived, and often attains great magnitude of girth.

The tree was often planted by our ancestors in churchyards because it was valuable for making bows. It lives for a very long time and can grow to a large thickness.

A ghastly superstition was attached to the Yew when thus growing in a churchyard, that it would prey upon [621] the dead bodies lying beneath its sombre shade. So Tennyson writes (In Memoriam):—

A horrifying superstition was linked to the Yew when it grew in a graveyard, that it would feed on the dead bodies resting under its dark shade. So Tennyson writes (In Memoriam):—

    "Old Yew! which graspest at the stones
      That name the underlying dead,
    Thy fibres net the dreamless head,
      Thy roots are wrapped about the bones."

"Old Yew! who reaches for the stones
      That mark the graves below,
    Your fibers trap the lifeless head,
      Your roots are wrapped around the bones."

The juice of the tree and of its leaves is a rapidly fatal poison, the symptoms corresponding in a very remarkable way with those which follow the bites of venomous snakes.

The juice from the tree and its leaves is a quickly lethal poison, and the symptoms closely resemble those that occur after being bitten by venomous snakes.

No known poison but the Yew produces the lazar-like ulcerations upon the body, on which Marlowe lays such stress—(Jew of Malta):—

No known poison except for the Yew causes the lazar-like sores on the body that Marlowe emphasizes—(Jew of Malta):—

    "In few, the blood of Hydra—Herne's bane,
    The juice of Hebron, and Cocytus' breath,
    And all the poisons of the Stygian pool."

"In short, the blood of Hydra—Herne's curse,
The essence of Hebron, and the breath of Cocytus,
And all the toxins from the Stygian swamp."

The witches in Macbeth include it in their accursed brew:—

The witches in Macbeth add it to their cursed potion:—

"Liver of blaspheming Jew,
Gall of goat, and Slips of Yew."

"Liver of cursing Jew,
Gall of goat, and Slips of Yew."

The Yew tree is called "Hebon" by Spencer, and "Jew of Malta" by other writers of Shakespeare's time. The leaves are bitter, nauseous, and acrid. The succulent covering of the fruit is soft and slimy, mawkishly sweet, and mucilaginous. The leaves have a dangerous effect on the circulation of the heart, and when taken with any freedom are as fatal as the Foxglove.

The Yew tree is referred to as "Hebon" by Spencer and "Jew of Malta" by other writers from Shakespeare's era. The leaves are bitter, unpleasant, and sharp. The soft and slimy covering of the fruit is sickly sweet and gooey. The leaves have a harmful impact on heart circulation, and consuming them freely can be as deadly as Foxglove.

Before the new Shakespeare Society, 1882, it was contended and proved to the satisfaction of the Society, that "the cursed Hebena," the "leperous distilment poured into the chambers of mine ears," told of, so pathetically, by the sad ghost of Hamlet's father, was the [622] poison of the Yew, and identical with Marlow[e]'s juice of Hebron.

Before the new Shakespeare Society, 1882, it was argued and shown to the Society's satisfaction that "the cursed Hebena," the "leperous distilment poured into the chambers of mine ears," referred to, so poignantly, by the sorrowful ghost of Hamlet's father, was the [622] poison from the Yew, and the same as Marlow[e]'s juice of Hebron.

Ray mentions that a gardener employed in clipping a Yew tree at Pisa, could not proceed with his work for more than half-an-hour at a time without being seized with a violent pain in the head. Nevertheless, deer, sheep, and goats can eat the foliage with impunity.

Ray notes that a gardener working on pruning a Yew tree in Pisa could only continue for about half an hour before being overwhelmed by a severe headache. However, deer, sheep, and goats can eat the leaves without any problem.

The fresh leaves were administered to three children near
Manchester for worms. Yawning and listlessness came on, and the
eldest vomited a little, but neither of them complained of any pain.
They all died within a few hours of each other.

The fresh leaves were given to three kids near
Manchester for worms. They started yawning and seemed lethargic, and the
oldest one vomited a bit, but none of them said they were in any pain.
They all died a few hours apart from each other.

Because being then green, on the Sunday next before Easter, the branches of the Yew tree have been used as a substitute for the Palms which symbolise the entry of Jesus into Jerusalem.

Because it was green at that time, on the Sunday before Easter, the branches of the Yew tree have been used as a substitute for the Palms that symbolize Jesus' entry into Jerusalem.

The symptoms induced by provings of the leaves and juice in toxic quantities, have been sick headache, with giddiness, feeble, faltering pulse, coldness of the extremities, diarrhoea, and general prostration. So that for this combination of symptoms, as in severe biliousness, or as in the auditory vertigo of Menière's disease, small doses of the diluted tincture are found to give prompt and effectual relief. The leaves contain a volatile oil, tannin, and a bitter principle "taxina," which is also furnished by the seeds. An extract of Yew has been pronounced a useful narcotic by more than one physician of repute: and in some parts of Germany a decoction of the wood is a well-known remedy against hydrophobia.

The symptoms caused by taking large amounts of the leaves and juice include severe headaches, dizziness, a weak and unsteady pulse, cold hands and feet, diarrhea, and overall weakness. For this combination of symptoms, such as in serious cases of biliousness or in the vertigo associated with Menière's disease, small doses of the diluted tincture provide quick and effective relief. The leaves contain a volatile oil, tannin, and a bitter substance called "taxina," which is also found in the seeds. An extract of Yew has been recognized as a helpful narcotic by several reputable physicians, and in some parts of Germany, a brew made from the wood is a well-known treatment for hydrophobia.

A jelly prepared from the berries has been given for chronic bronchitis, and the leaves have been used for epilepsy; likewise they have been taken by ignorant persons to induce abortion, but with serious injury to the experimenter. In some rural districts the berries [623] are known as "Snots"; whilst the wood and roots are "Wire thorn."

A jelly made from the berries has been used for chronic bronchitis, and the leaves have been utilized for epilepsy; similarly, people without proper knowledge have taken them to try to cause abortion, but this has led to serious harm for the person attempting it. In some rural areas, the berries are referred to as "Snots," while the wood and roots are called "Wire thorn."

By an old statute of Edward the First, trees were required to be placed in churchyards to defend the church from high winds, the clergy being allowed to cut them down for repairing the chancel when necessary. Perhaps, partly for this reason, the Yew was commonly planted by the side of a newly-built church. That its wood was certainly employed for making bows, we learn from Shakespeare:—

By an old law from Edward the First, trees had to be planted in churchyards to protect the church from strong winds, and the clergy were permitted to cut them down to repair the chancel when needed. Maybe, partly for this reason, the Yew tree was often planted next to a newly-built church. We know that its wood was definitely used to make bows, as mentioned by Shakespeare:—

"Thy very beadsmen learn to bend their bows
Of double-fatal Yew against thy state."

"Your own beggars learn to bend their bows
Of deadly Yew against your rule."

It was "double-fatal," because the leaves and fruit seeds are poisonous, and the bows made from its branches, as well as arrows armed with its deadly juice, were instruments of death.

It was "double-fatal" because the leaves and fruit seeds are toxic, and the bows made from its branches, along with arrows tipped with its deadly sap, were tools of death.

Against the maladies which have been specified as indicating the tincture of Yew for their cure, from five to ten drops of the third decimal tincture should be given, with a spoonful of water, every two, three, or four hours, whilst required. In Switzerland the Yew is known as William's tree, in memory of Tell. Formerly the name was spelt "Eugh," "Yeugh," and "Ewgh."

Against the illnesses that have been identified as requiring the tincture of Yew for treatment, five to ten drops of the third decimal tincture should be taken with a spoonful of water every two, three, or four hours as needed. In Switzerland, the Yew is called William's tree, honoring Tell. Previously, the name was spelled "Eugh," "Yeugh," and "Ewgh."

Spenser says:—

Spenser states:—

"The Eugh—obedient to the bender's will."

"The Eugh—obedient to the bender's command."

In olden times the Olitory, or Herb-garden, formed an important annex to all demesnes having any pretensions to completeness, and was under "My Lady's" [624] special charge. In fact, the culture and preparing of Simples formed a part of every lady's education. "My Lord's" retainers and tenants, when out of sorts, were treated with these wholesome remedies, and were directed to find in Simples the cure for all ordinary ailments.

In ancient times, the Olitory, or Herb-garden, was a vital part of any estate that wanted to be considered complete, and it was overseen by "My Lady" [624]. In fact, growing and preparing herbs was part of every lady's education. "My Lord's" servants and tenants, when feeling unwell, were given these healthy remedies and were encouraged to seek out herbs for treatment of everyday complaints.

Good George Herbert, of Country Parson celebrity, taught, 1620:— "In the knowledge of Simples, wherein the manifold wisdom of God is wonderfully to be seen, one thing should be carefully observed, which is, to know what herbs may be used instead of drugs of the same nature, and to make the garden the shop; for, home-bred medicines are both more easy for the Parson's purse, and more familiar for all men's bodies. So where the Apothecary useth either for loosing, Rhubarb, or for binding, Bole Armena; the Parson useth Damask, or White Roses for the one, and Plantain, Shepherd's Purse, or Knotgrass for the other: and that with better success. As for Spices, he doth not only prefer home-bred things before them, but condemns them for vanities, and so shuts them out of his family, esteeming that there is no spice comparable of herbs to Rosemary, Thyme, Savory, Mints: and of seeds to Fennel and Carraway. Accordingly for salves his wife seeks not the city, but prefers her garden and fields, before all outlandish gums. And, surely, Hyssop, Valerian, Mercury, Adder's tongue, Yarrow, Melilot, and St. John's Wort, made into a salve, and Elder, Camomile, Mallows, Comphrey, and Smallage, made into a poultice have done great, and rare cures!"

Good George Herbert, famous for his writings on country parson life, taught in 1620:— "In understanding simple herbs, which reveal God's incredible wisdom, one important thing to remember is knowing which herbs can replace the same types of drugs, and to turn the garden into the pharmacy; because homegrown remedies are easier on the Parson's wallet and more familiar to everyone’s bodies. So, where the Apothecary uses Rhubarb for laxatives or Bole Armena for constipation, the Parson uses Damask or White Roses for the former, and Plantain, Shepherd's Purse, or Knotgrass for the latter: and with better results. As for spices, he doesn’t just prefer local options over imported ones, but actually condemns spices as unnecessary and avoids them at home, believing that nothing compares to herbs like Rosemary, Thyme, Savory, and Mints; and for seeds, to Fennel and Carraway. Accordingly, for salves, his wife doesn’t go to the city but chooses her garden and fields over all foreign gums. Truly, Hyssop, Valerian, Mercury, Adder's tongue, Yarrow, Melilot, and St. John's Wort made into a salve, and Elder, Camomile, Mallows, Comfrey, and Smallage turned into a poultice have provided amazing and rare cures!"

[625] INDEX.

AGE, Old, to Promote.
Agrimony, Hemp . . . 19
Apples . . . 27-31
Chamomile . . . 86
Chervil . . . 101
Cider . . . 81
Elder . . . 168
Fennel . . . 182
Fig . . . 196
Honey . . . 258
Lemon . . . 303
Mountain Ash . . . 350
Oat drink . . . 397
Orchis Salep . . . 405
Sage . . . 490
Sago . . . 155
Sea Holly (Eryngo) . . . 499
Sugar . . . 257

AGUE, and Intermittent Fever.
Agrimony, Hemp . . . 19
Chestnut, Horse . . . 102
Cinquefoil, Creeping . . . 515
Cloves oil . . . 396
Feverfew . . . 193
Flag, Sweet . . . 202
Lemon . . . 302
Mercury, Dog's . . . 332
Nettle . . . 385
Parsley seed . . . 409
Parsnip, Wild . . . 414
Plantain, Ribwort . . . 435
Rush, sweet-scented . . . 480
Sage . . . 492
Skullcap, Greater . . . 517
Sunflower . . . 547-549
Verbena-vervain . . . 588
Woodsorrel . . . 611
Yarrow . . . 618

AGUE, and Intermittent Fever.
Agrimony, Hemp . . . 19
Chestnut, Horse . . . 102
Cinquefoil, Creeping . . . 515
Clove oil . . . 396
Feverfew . . . 193
Sweet Flag . . . 202
Lemon . . . 302
Dog's Mercury . . . 332
Nettle . . . 385
Parsley seed . . . 409
Wild Parsnip . . . 414
Ribwort Plantain . . . 435
Sweet-scented Rush . . . 480
Sage . . . 492
Greater Skullcap . . . 517
Sunflower . . . 547-549
Verbena-vervain . . . 588
Wood Sorrel . . . 611
Yarrow . . . 618

ALBUMINURIA, see URINE.

ANEURISM of Heart.
Club moss . . . 115

ANTISEPTIC and Germ Destroying.
Agrimony . . . 19
Angelica . . . 24
Camphor . . . 338
Carrot . . . 88
Centaury . . . 97
Cinnamon bark . . . 390
Clove . . . 395
Currant, Red, juice . . . 138
Elecampane . . . 173
Garlic . . . 215
Hop . . . 266
Juniper . . . 294
Mountain Ash jelly . . . 350
Mustard flour . . . 377
Onion tribe . . . 211
Orange . . . 403
Peppermint . . . 340
Rosemary . . . 473
Rue . . . 478
Sage . . . 490
Sorrel . . . 161
Tamarind . . . 551
Tansy . . . 554
Tar . . . 582
Thistle, Sow . . . 558
—Carline . . . 558
Thymol . . . 563
Tomato . . . 569
Wormwood . . . 355,612

ANTISEPTIC and Germ Destroying.
Agrimony . . . 19
Angelica . . . 24
Camphor . . . 338
Carrot . . . 88
Centaury . . . 97
Cinnamon bark . . . 390
Clove . . . 395
Red currant juice . . . 138
Elecampane . . . 173
Garlic . . . 215
Hop . . . 266
Juniper . . . 294
Mountain Ash jelly . . . 350
Mustard flour . . . 377
Onion family . . . 211
Orange . . . 403
Peppermint . . . 340
Rosemary . . . 473
Rue . . . 478
Sage . . . 490
Sorrel . . . 161
Tamarind . . . 551
Tansy . . . 554
Tar . . . 582
Sow thistle . . . 558
—Carline . . . 558
Thymol . . . 563
Tomato . . . 569
Wormwood . . . 355,612

[626] APPETITE, to Improve.
Asafetida (Garlic) . . . 220
Lettuce . . . 309
Orange . . . 403
Parsnip . . . 414
Samphire . . . 497
Sorrel . . . 161
Yarrow . . . 618

ASTHMA.
Anise . . . 26
Bee propolis . . . 260
Cabbage, Red . . . 75
Coltsfoot (to smoke) . . . 118
Elder . . . 166
Elecampane candy . . . 173
Garlic . . . 215
Horehound, white . . . 267
Hyssop . . . 278
Mace . . . 395
Mullein . . . 361
Mustard, Hedge . . . 382
Nettle . . . 387
Onion tincture . . . 212
Pine, yellow (pillow) . . . 577
Primrose, Evening (with diarrhoea) . . . 450
Rosemary, wild (gouty) . . . 475
Sow Thistle . . . 559
Speedwell . . . 528
Vernal grass (Hay) . . . 241

ASTHMA.
Anise . . . 26
Bee propolis . . . 260
Red Cabbage . . . 75
Coltsfoot (for smoking) . . . 118
Elderberry . . . 166
Elecampane candy . . . 173
Garlic . . . 215
White Horehound . . . 267
Hyssop . . . 278
Mace . . . 395
Mullein . . . 361
Hedge Mustard . . . 382
Nettle . . . 387
Onion tincture . . . 212
Yellow Pine (pillow) . . . 577
Evening Primrose (for diarrhea) . . . 450
Wild Rosemary (for gout) . . . 475
Sow Thistle . . . 559
Speedwell . . . 528
Vernal Grass (Hay) . . . 241

ATROPHY and Wasting.
Acorn (of children) . . . 16
Daisy (from youthful indiscretions) . . . 144
Dandelion . . . 151
Iceland Moss . . . 501
Truffle . . . 371
Vine (of young women) . . . 588

ATROPHY and Wasting.
Acorn (of children) . . . 16
Daisy (from youthful mistakes) . . . 144
Dandelion . . . 151
Iceland Moss . . . 501
Truffle . . . 371
Vine (of young women) . . . 588

BACK, Injury to Spine.
Saint John's Wort . . . 289

BILIOUS Disorders, and Jaundice.
Agrimony . . . 18
Apple (sluggish liver) . . . 27
Asparagus . . . 37
Barberry . . . 42
Carrot . . . 89
Celandine, Greater . . . 99, 603
Chickweed . . . 106
Cinquefoil, Creeping . . . 516
Dandelion . . . 149
Egg . . . 150
Flag, blue (bilious sickness) . . . 199
Gooseberry, red . . . 225
Grape cure . . . 239, 588
Hemp Agrimony . . . 20
Hop . . . 264
Hyssop, Hedge . . . 280
Ivy cup (spleen congested) . . . 282
Knapweed . . . 296
Lemon juice . . . 301
Lime . . . 317
Marigold . . . 327
Mullein (with megrims) . . . 361
Orach . . . 229
Orange . . . 402
Parsnip, wild . . . 414
Radish tincture . . . 487
Samphire (spleen congested) . . . 498
Spindle . . . 531
Spleenwort fern . . . 190
Strawberry . . . 539
Succory (melancholy) . . . 541
Tamarind . . . 551
Thistle, Blessed . . . 558
—Milk . . . 557
Toadflax . . . 567
Tomato . . . 571
Water Pepper (with sore fundament) . . . 606
Woodruff . . . 609
Wormwood (with melancholy) . . . 612
Yew (severe) . . . 622

BILIOUS Disorders and Jaundice.
Agrimony . . . 18
Apple (sluggish liver) . . . 27
Asparagus . . . 37
Barberry . . . 42
Carrot . . . 89
Greater Celandine . . . 99, 603
Chickweed . . . 106
Creeping Cinquefoil . . . 516
Dandelion . . . 149
Egg . . . 150
Blue Flag (bilious sickness) . . . 199
Red Gooseberry . . . 225
Grape Cure . . . 239, 588
Hemp Agrimony . . . 20
Hop . . . 264
Hedge Hyssop . . . 280
Ivy Cup (spleen congested) . . . 282
Knapweed . . . 296
Lemon Juice . . . 301
Lime . . . 317
Marigold . . . 327
Mullein (with megrims) . . . 361
Wild Orach . . . 229
Orange . . . 402
Wild Parsnip . . . 414
Radish Tincture . . . 487
Samphire (spleen congested) . . . 498
Spindle . . . 531
Spleenwort Fern . . . 190
Strawberry . . . 539
Succory (melancholy) . . . 541
Tamarind . . . 551
Blessed Thistle . . . 558
—Milk . . . 557
Toadflax . . . 567
Tomato . . . 571
Water Pepper (with sore fundament) . . . 606
Woodruff . . . 609
Wormwood (with melancholy) . . . 612
Yew (severe) . . . 622

BLADDER, see Urine.

BLEEDING.
Acorn . . . 17
Agaric, Oak (amadou) . . . 370
[627] Bistort, great . . . 607
Bramble . . . 54
Burnet Saxifrage . . . 431
Cinnamon (from bowels) . . . 392
Comfrey . . . 120
Fern, Hart's tongue . . . 187
Goosegrass . . . 233
John's Wort, Saint . . . 288
Lavender, Sea (from kidney) . . . 300
Lemon . . . 303
Mistletoe (from womb) . . . 348
Moss, Iceland (from lungs) . . . 500
Nettle, White . . . 386
Periwinkle, Lesser . . . 428
Plantain, Water . . . 436
Puff-ball . . . 366
Quince . . . 454
Saffron (from nose) . . . 489
Sanicle . . . 509
Shepherd's Purse . . . 514
Sloe . . . 518
Strawberry (root and leaf) . . . 537
Tormentil . . . 573
Turpentine (from lungs, or kidneys) . . . 577
Yarrow (from nose) . . . 618

BLOODLESSNESS.
Marigold, Marsh . . . 330

BOILS.
Daisy . . . 144
Dock . . . 159
Fig . . . 196
Groundsel . . . 245
Honey . . . 259
Parsley, Stone . . . 413
Radish (carbuncle) . . . 457

BOWELS and Stomach.
CATARRH—
Grape . . . 239
Quince seed . . . 452

BRAIN.
TO STRENGTHEN—
Apple . . . 27
Balm . . . 41
Cress . . . 127
Oat . . . 154
Rosemary . . . 470
Sage . . . 491

CONGESTION OF—
Darnel (active) . . . 243
Lettuce, wild . . . 311
Saffron . . . 488

CONGESTION OF—
Darnel (active) . . . 243
Wild lettuce . . . 311
Saffron . . . 488

ANGRY EXCITABILITY—
Cat Mint . . . 345

BREAST.
CANCER OF—
Goosegrass . . . 233
Marjoram . . . 332
Parsley . . . 411

SWOLLEN WITH MILK—
Parsley leaves . . . 409
Yarrow (sore nipples) . . . 618

BRONCHITIS.
RECENT CATARRH—
Daffodil (children) . . . 143
Eyebright . . . 176
Fig . . . 197
Flax, Linseed . . . 263
Yarrow . . . 617

BRONCHITIS.
RECENT COLD—
Daffodil (children) . . . 143
Eyebright . . . 176
Fig . . . 197
Flax, Linseed . . . 263
Yarrow . . . 617

CHRONIC—
Angelica . . . 24
Anise (of children) . . . 25
Coltsfoot . . . 119
Elecampane . . . 174
Garlic . . . 215
Ginger . . . 392
Horehound, white . . . 267
Hyssop . . . 278
Ivy, Ground . . . 284
Mace . . . 395
Moon Daisy . . . 147
Mustard, white . . . 381
Onion . . . 210
Radish . . . 456
Rue compress . . . 477
[628] Sow Thistle (wheezy) . . . 559
Sundew . . . 544
Tar . . . 581
Turpentine . . . 577
Yew . . . 622

CHRONIC—
Angelica . . . 24
Anise (for children) . . . 25
Coltsfoot . . . 119
Elecampane . . . 174
Garlic . . . 215
Ginger . . . 392
White Horehound . . . 267
Hyssop . . . 278
Ground Ivy . . . 284
Mace . . . 395
Moon Daisy . . . 147
White Mustard . . . 381
Onion . . . 210
Radish . . . 456
Compressed Rue . . . 477
[628] Sow Thistle (for wheezing) . . . 559
Sundew . . . 544
Tar . . . 581
Turpentine . . . 577
Yew . . . 622

BRUISES.
Agrimony . . . 19
Bryony, white (black eye) . . . 66
Caraway poultice . . . 83
Chervil . . . 101
Comfrey . . . 120
Daisy . . . 145
Elder, Dwarf . . . 172
Fern, Royal . . . 186
Hyssop (black eye) . . . 279
Mullein oil . . . 362
Pea . . . 416
Shepherd's Purse . . . 513
Solomon's Seal (broken bones) . . . 525
Verjuice . . . 238
Vinegar poultice . . . 240
Yarrow . . . 618

BRUISES.
Agrimony . . . 19
White Bryony (black eye) . . . 66
Caraway poultice . . . 83
Chervil . . . 101
Comfrey . . . 120
Daisy . . . 145
Dwarf Elder . . . 172
Royal Fern . . . 186
Hyssop (black eye) . . . 279
Mullein oil . . . 362
Pea . . . 416
Shepherd's Purse . . . 513
Solomon's Seal (broken bones) . . . 525
Verjuice . . . 238
Vinegar poultice . . . 240
Yarrow . . . 618

BUGS, to Expel.
Agaric . . . 369
Lavender . . . 297
Tansy . . . 553

BUNION.
Vinegar poultice . . . 240

BURRS and SCALDS.
Bilberry . . . 53
Blackberry . . . 54
Brooklime . . . 431
Dock, Wayside . . . 158
Elder . . . 168
Fern, Hart's tongue . . . 187
House Leek . . . 275
Lettuce leaf . . . 311
Lime, sweet . . . 317
Linseed Flax . . . 203
Marigold . . . 329
Marsh Mallow . . . 324
Nettle . . . 385
Potato, raw . . . 445

CANCER.
Belladonna (external) . . . 389
Clover, red . . . 110
Comfrey root . . . 595
Crowfoot, Ranunculus . . . 73
Egg shells . . . 150, 458
Goosegrass . . . 232
Hemlock juice (external) . . . 251
Hoglouse . . . 565
Lemon juice (of tongue) . . . 301
Livelong Sedum . . . 276
Marjoram (of breast) . . . 332
Marigold . . . 328
Opium . . . 440
Parsley leaves (tumours) . . . 411
Ragwort . . . 458
Shepherd's Purse . . . 513
Stitchwort . . . 536
Stone crop . . . 277
Thistle, Milk . . . 557
Tomato (for, or against) . . . 570
Turpentine Chian (of womb) . . . 579
Wartwort (Celandine, greater) . . . 603
Water Fennel . . . 604
Water Hemlock . . . 251

CANCER.
Belladonna (external) . . . 389
Red clover . . . 110
Comfrey root . . . 595
Crowfoot, Ranunculus . . . 73
Eggshells . . . 150, 458
Goosegrass . . . 232
Hemlock juice (external) . . . 251
Hoglouse . . . 565
Lemon juice (of tongue) . . . 301
Livelong Sedum . . . 276
Marjoram (of breast) . . . 332
Marigold . . . 328
Opium . . . 440
Parsley leaves (tumors) . . . 411
Ragwort . . . 458
Shepherd's Purse . . . 513
Stitchwort . . . 536
Stone crop . . . 277
Milk thistle . . . 557
Tomato (for, or against) . . . 570
Chian turpentine (of womb) . . . 579
Wartwort (greater celandine) . . . 603
Water fennel . . . 604
Water hemlock . . . 251

CARBUNCLE.
Radish juice . . . 457
Savin . . . 494

CHAPPED HANDS.
Fern, Polypody . . . 190
Groundsel . . . 245
Juniper gum . . . 294
Leek . . . 220
Spearmint . . . 342

CHICKEN POCK.
Nettle . . . 885

CHILBLAINS.
Agaric, Fly mushroom . . . 870
Bryony, black . . . 68
Butcher's Broom . . . 65
Capsicum friction . . . 80
[629] Leek . . . 220
Onion (to unbroken) . . . 211
Potato (frost bite) . . . 445
Rosemary, wild . . . 474

CHILBLAINS.
Agaric, Fly mushroom . . . 870
Black Bryony . . . 68
Butcher's Broom . . . 65
Capsicum friction . . . 80
[629] Leek . . . 220
Onion (unbroken) . . . 211
Potato (frostbite) . . . 445
Wild Rosemary . . . 474

CHOLERA.
Camphor . . . 338
Elecampane . . . 174
Water pepper . . . 607

COLD and CATARRH.
FOR FRESH COLD—
Anemone, Wood . . . 21
Balm tea . . . 41
Barley water . . . 48
Borage . . . 61
Camphor . . . 337
Herb Bennet . . . 48
Ivy, ground . . . 285
Lime, sweet tea . . . 317
Linseed Flax . . . 203
Yarrow . . . 617

COLD and COLD SYMPTOMS.
FOR A FRESH COLD—
Anemone, Wood . . . 21
Balm tea . . . 41
Barley water . . . 48
Borage . . . 61
Camphor . . . 337
Herb Bennet . . . 48
Ground Ivy . . . 285
Sweet Lime tea . . . 317
Flaxseed . . . 203
Yarrow . . . 617

FOR CONTINUED CATARRH—
Anise (of infants) . . . 25
Borage (feverish) . . . 61
Dog's Mercury . . . 333
Elder . . . 167
Eyebright . . . 176
Fig pulp . . . 197
Hemp Agrimony . . . 20
Honey . . . 260
Lemon . . . 303
Maiden-hair fern . . . 189
Mustard (apply) . . . 377
Onion (tincture and broth) . . . 212
Pellitory, Spanish (of head) . . . 425
Peppermint spray . . . 339
Poppy, red (pleurisy) . . . 438
Quince . . . 452
Saint John's Wort . . . 288
Soapwort (inflamed lungs) . . . 523
Thistle, Milk . . . 557
Turnip (with hoarseness) . . . 575
Viper's Bugloss . . . 595

FOR CONTINUED CATARRH—
Anise (for infants) . . . 25
Borage (for fever) . . . 61
Dog's Mercury . . . 333
Elder . . . 167
Eyebright . . . 176
Fig pulp . . . 197
Hemp Agrimony . . . 20
Honey . . . 260
Lemon . . . 303
Maiden-hair fern . . . 189
Mustard (apply) . . . 377
Onion (tincture and broth) . . . 212
Pellitory, Spanish (for head) . . . 425
Peppermint spray . . . 339
Red poppy (for pleurisy) . . . 438
Quince . . . 452
Saint John's Wort . . . 288
Soapwort (for inflamed lungs) . . . 523
Milk Thistle . . . 557
Turnip (for hoarseness) . . . 575
Viper's Bugloss . . . 595

COLIC of Bowels.
Chamomile . . . 85
Fennel (of infants) . . . 181
Ground Ivy (lead colic) . . . 286
Marjoram . . . 332
Peppermint . . . 339
Poppy (foment) . . . 439
Rice . . . 462
Silver-weed . . . 515
Tormentil . . . 573
Turpentine . . . 579
Walnut (inner skin) . . . 599

COLIC of Bowels.
Chamomile . . . 85
Fennel (for infants) . . . 181
Ground Ivy (lead colic) . . . 286
Marjoram . . . 332
Peppermint . . . 339
Poppy (fomentation) . . . 439
Rice . . . 462
Silver-weed . . . 515
Tormentil . . . 573
Turpentine . . . 579
Walnut (inner skin) . . . 599

CONSTIPATION of Bowels.
Apple . . . 28
Barberry . . . 42
Brooklime . . . 431
Bryony, white . . . 66
Buckthorn (black alder) . . . 70
Bugloss . . . 594
Clove . . . 396
Dill seed . . . 157
Dock, Herb Patience . . . 159
—Water, great . . . 164
Dodder . . . 112
Dwarf, Elder . . . 171
Elder . . . 167
Fig . . . 197
Flag, Stinking . . . 201
Flax seed . . . 203
Flax, Purging . . . 204
Gingerbread . . . 393
Grape . . . 237
Groundsel . . . 244
Honey . . . 262
Horse Chestnut . . . 102
Hyssop, Hedge . . . 280
Ivy, Gum . . . 282
Lettuce, Wild . . . 308
Liquorice . . . 319
Maidenhair fern . . . 188
Mallow . . . 323
Marigold . . . 328
Mulberry . . . 357
Mustard, white seeds . . . 381
Oatmeal . . . 398
Peach flowers . . . 418
[630] Periwinkle, greater (children) . . . 427
Perry . . . 422
Plantain . . . 436
Plum, electuary . . . 521
Polypody fern . . . 190
Prune . . . 521
Psyllium seeds . . . 430
Sea Cabbage . . . 76
Sea Holly . . . 500
Sloe (gently laxative) . . . 519
Sowbread . . . 451
Spinach (for aged) . . . 530
Spindle . . . 532
Spurge, Wood . . . 533
Strawberry . . . 538
Succory (children) . . . 541
Tamarind . . . 551
Thistle, Carline . . . 558
Toadflax . . . 566
Tomato sauce . . . 569
Turpentine (with colic) . . . 579
Valerian (chronic) . . . 584
Violet, Dog . . . 594
Violet, Sweet . . . 591
Walnut, green . . . 601

CONSTIPATION of Bowels.
Apple . . . 28
Barberry . . . 42
Brooklime . . . 431
White Bryony . . . 66
Black Alder (Buckthorn) . . . 70
Bugloss . . . 594
Clove . . . 396
Dill Seed . . . 157
Patience Dock . . . 159
—Great Water . . . 164
Dodder . . . 112
Dwarf Elder . . . 171
Elder . . . 167
Fig . . . 197
Stinking Flag . . . 201
Flax Seed . . . 203
Purging Flax . . . 204
Gingerbread . . . 393
Grape . . . 237
Groundsel . . . 244
Honey . . . 262
Horse Chestnut . . . 102
Hedge Hyssop . . . 280
Gum Ivy . . . 282
Wild Lettuce . . . 308
Liquorice . . . 319
Maidenhair Fern . . . 188
Mallow . . . 323
Marigold . . . 328
Mulberry . . . 357
White Mustard Seeds . . . 381
Oatmeal . . . 398
Peach Flowers . . . 418
[630] Greater Periwinkle (for children) . . . 427
Perry . . . 422
Plantain . . . 436
Electuary Plum . . . 521
Polypody Fern . . . 190
Prune . . . 521
Psyllium Seeds . . . 430
Sea Cabbage . . . 76
Sea Holly . . . 500
Sloe (gently laxative) . . . 519
Sowbread . . . 451
Spinach (for the elderly) . . . 530
Spindle . . . 532
Wood Spurge . . . 533
Strawberry . . . 538
Succory (for children) . . . 541
Tamarind . . . 551
Carline Thistle . . . 558
Toadflax . . . 566
Tomato Sauce . . . 569
Turpentine (for colic) . . . 579
Valerian (chronic) . . . 584
Dog Violet . . . 594
Sweet Violet . . . 591
Green Walnut . . . 601

CONSUMPTION of Lungs.
Acorn, oak bark . . . 17
Agaric, Fly (night sweats) . . . 370
Balm . . . 41
Carraigeen Moss . . . 500
Carrot (children) . . . 89
Cow . . . 126
Cresses . . . 131
Dandelion . . . 151
Date . . . 152
Elecampane . . . 175
Grape cure . . . 239, 588
Ground Ivy . . . 286
Horehound . . . 268
Iceland Moss . . . 500
Marigold, Corn (night sweats) . . . 326
Mugwort . . . 354
Mullein milk . . . 359
Nettle . . . 385
Ox eye Daisy . . . 147
Peppermint oil (inhale) . . . 341
Pimpernel . . . 429
Plantain, Greater (blood spitting) . . . 434
Poppy, Sea . . . 441
Rice . . . 463
Rose, French crimson . . . 465
Saffron . . . 488
Snails . . . 118, 409
Speedwell . . . 528
Strawberry . . . 538
Succory . . . 541
Sundew (of wind pipe) . . . 544
Terebene . . . 578
Thyme . . . 564
Vine . . . 588
Violet sugar . . . 591
Watercress . . . 131

CONSUMPTION of Lungs.
Acorn, oak bark . . . 17
Fly Agaric (night sweats) . . . 370
Balm . . . 41
Carrageen Moss . . . 500
Carrot (children) . . . 89
Cow . . . 126
Cresses . . . 131
Dandelion . . . 151
Date . . . 152
Elecampane . . . 175
Grape cure . . . 239, 588
Ground Ivy . . . 286
Horehound . . . 268
Iceland Moss . . . 500
Corn Marigold (night sweats) . . . 326
Mugwort . . . 354
Mullein milk . . . 359
Nettle . . . 385
Oxeye Daisy . . . 147
Peppermint oil (inhale) . . . 341
Pimpernel . . . 429
Greater Plantain (blood spitting) . . . 434
Sea Poppy . . . 441
Rice . . . 463
French Crimson Rose . . . 465
Saffron . . . 488
Snails . . . 118, 409
Speedwell . . . 528
Strawberry . . . 538
Chicory . . . 541
Sundew (of windpipe) . . . 544
Terebene . . . 578
Thyme . . . 564
Vine . . . 588
Violet sugar . . . 591
Watercress . . . 131

CONVULSIONS.
Chickweed (of children) . . . 106
Henbane necklace . . . 253
Mistletoe . . . 345
Mugwort (children) . . . 354
Orange . . . 401
Parsley, Fool's . . . 413

CONVULSIONS.
Chickweed (for children) . . . 106
Henbane necklace . . . 253
Mistletoe . . . 345
Mugwort (for children) . . . 354
Orange . . . 401
Fool's Parsley . . . 413

CORDIAL.
Allspice . . . 396
Asafetida . . . 219
Balm . . . 39
Blackberry . . . 55
Borage . . . 60, 595
Burnet Saxifrage . . . 431
Calamint . . . 344
Caraway . . . 82
Cat-thyme . . . 565
Chervil . . . 101
Cinnamon . . . 390
Citron (restorative) . . . 301
Coriander . . . 123
Cumin . . . 135
Elecampane . . . 173
Fennel . . . 179
Flag, Sweet . . . 201
Grapes . . . 238
[631] Horse Radish . . . 270
Hyssop . . . 278
Juniper berries . . . 291
Lavender . . . 296
Lime . . . 317
Lupine . . . 306
Marigold broth . . . 327
Marjoram . . . 331
Mead (honey) . . . 259
Mint, Garden . . . 334
Mustard . . . 380
Nutmeg . . . 393
Pansy . . . 589
Parsnip . . . 414
Peach . . . 419
Pear, perry . . . 422
Pennyroyal . . . 335
Peppermint . . . 339
Pink . . . 433
Primrose, Evening . . . 450
Quince . . . 453
Rosemary . . . 470
Saffron (noble) . . . 486
Sage (for indigestion) . . . 490
Sloe . . . 519
Spearmint . . . 343
Strawberry . . . 538
Tansy . . . 553
Tarragon . . . 555
Thistle, Carline . . . 558
Thyme, Wild . . . 562
Verbena . . . 587
Viper's Bugloss . . . 595
Wallflower . . . 596
Woodruff . . . 609
Woodsorrel . . . 612

CORDIAL.
Allspice . . . 396
Asafetida . . . 219
Balm . . . 39
Blackberry . . . 55
Borage . . . 60, 595
Burnet Saxifrage . . . 431
Calamint . . . 344
Caraway . . . 82
Cat-thyme . . . 565
Chervil . . . 101
Cinnamon . . . 390
Citron (restorative) . . . 301
Coriander . . . 123
Cumin . . . 135
Elecampane . . . 173
Fennel . . . 179
Flag, Sweet . . . 201
Grapes . . . 238
[631] Horseradish . . . 270
Hyssop . . . 278
Juniper berries . . . 291
Lavender . . . 296
Lime . . . 317
Lupine . . . 306
Marigold broth . . . 327
Marjoram . . . 331
Mead (honey) . . . 259
Garden Mint . . . 334
Mustard . . . 380
Nutmeg . . . 393
Pansy . . . 589
Parsnip . . . 414
Peach . . . 419
Perry Pear . . . 422
Pennyroyal . . . 335
Peppermint . . . 339
Pink . . . 433
Evening Primrose . . . 450
Quince . . . 453
Rosemary . . . 470
Noble Saffron . . . 486
Sage (for indigestion) . . . 490
Sloe . . . 519
Spearmint . . . 343
Strawberry . . . 538
Tansy . . . 553
Tarragon . . . 555
Carline Thistle . . . 558
Wild Thyme . . . 562
Verbena . . . 587
Viper's Bugloss . . . 595
Wallflower . . . 596
Woodruff . . . 609
Wood Sorrel . . . 612

CORNS.
Celandine, greater . . . 94
House leek . . . 275
Ivy leaf . . . 282
Potato, boiled . . . 445
Radish juice . . . 456

CORNS.
Greater celandine . . . 94
House leek . . . 275
Ivy leaf . . . 282
Boiled potato . . . 445
Radish juice . . . 456

COUGH.
Bean . . . 416
Bryony, white (bronchial) . . . 67
Cabbage . . . 75
Chamomile (nervous) . . . 85
Cherry, Wild . . . 99
Coltsfoot . . . 117
Dock, yellow curled (bronchial) . . . 163
Elder (croupy) . . . 166
Elecampane . . . 174
Fennel (chronic) . . . 181
Fern, Maidenhair . . . 189
Fig . . . 197
Hedge mustard . . . 381
Hemlock vapour . . . 250
Honey . . . 259
Horehound, Water . . . 269
Horehound, White . . . 267
Lime, Sweet (hard cough) . . . 317
Linseed Flax . . . 203
Liquorice (if hoarse) . . . 319
Marsh Mallow . . . 323
Moon Daisy . . . 147
Mullein (smoke) . . . 361
Mustard, Hedge . . . 382
Nutmeg (chronic) . . . 395
Parietary (old cough) . . . 424
Pear . . . 423
Peppermint . . . 341
Radish (chronic and bilious) . . . 457
Rosemary, wild . . . 474
Speedwell . . . 528
Sundew . . . 544
Turnip syrup . . . 575
Turpentine (bronchial) . . . 578
Violet (spasmodic) . . . 593
Wall Rue (bronchial) . . . 191
Wart-wort (spasmodic) . . . 603

COUGH.
Bean . . . 416
Bryony, white (bronchial) . . . 67
Cabbage . . . 75
Chamomile (nervous) . . . 85
Wild Cherry . . . 99
Coltsfoot . . . 117
Yellow Curled Dock (bronchial) . . . 163
Elder (croupy) . . . 166
Elecampane . . . 174
Fennel (chronic) . . . 181
Maidenhair Fern . . . 189
Fig . . . 197
Hedge Mustard . . . 381
Hemlock Vapor . . . 250
Honey . . . 259
Water Horehound . . . 269
White Horehound . . . 267
Sweet Lime (hard cough) . . . 317
Flaxseed . . . 203
Liquorice (if hoarse) . . . 319
Marsh Mallow . . . 323
Moon Daisy . . . 147
Mullein (smoke) . . . 361
Hedge Mustard . . . 382
Nutmeg (chronic) . . . 395
Parietary (old cough) . . . 424
Pear . . . 423
Peppermint . . . 341
Radish (chronic and bilious) . . . 457
Wild Rosemary . . . 474
Speedwell . . . 528
Sundew . . . 544
Turnip Syrup . . . 575
Turpentine (bronchial) . . . 578
Violet (spasmodic) . . . 593
Wall Rue (bronchial) . . . 191
Wart-Wort (spasmodic) . . . 603

CRAMP.
Cork . . . 426
Mullein root . . . 361
Periwinkle, lesser (legs) . . . 426
Silverweed (belly) . . . 515
Yarrow . . . 619

CRAMP.
Cork . . . 426
Mullein root . . . 361
Lesser periwinkle (legs) . . . 426
Silverweed (belly) . . . 515
Yarrow . . . 619

CROUP.
Elder . . . 166

[632] DEAFNESS, see EAR.

DEBILITY, General.
Chestnut, sweet . . . 105
Fig . . . 196
Hop . . . 264
Lentil . . . 305
Lily of the Valley (nervous) . . . 315
Lupine . . . 306
Mushroom, French . . . 374
Nettle-urtication . . . 384
Orange, bitter . . . 403
Potato, sweet . . . 442
Sage . . . 491
Salep . . . 405
Sea Holly . . . 499
Spinach . . . 530
Truffles (children) . . . 371

DEBILITY, General.
Sweet Chestnut . . . 105
Fig . . . 196
Hops . . . 264
Lentils . . . 305
Lily of the Valley (nervous) . . . 315
Lupins . . . 306
French Mushrooms . . . 374
Nettle Stings . . . 384
Bitter Orange . . . 403
Sweet Potatoes . . . 442
Sage . . . 491
Salep . . . 405
Sea Holly . . . 499
Spinach . . . 530
Truffles (for children) . . . 371

DELIRIUM TREMENS.
Capsicum . . . 79
Chamomile . . . 87

DIABETES.
Apple bark . . . 29
Asparagus . . . 36
Fern, Hart's-tongue . . . 188
Iceland Moss . . . 501
Knapweed . . . 296
Stitchwort, greater . . . 536

DIARRHOEA.
ACTIVE LOOSENESS—
Barberry (bilious) . . . 42
Camphor (choleraic) . . . 338
Cinnamon . . . 391
Fool's Parsley . . . 413
Radish . . . 457
Spurge, Wood . . . 534

DIARRHEA.
ACTIVE LOOSENESS—
Barberry (bilious) . . . 42
Camphor (choleraic) . . . 338
Cinnamon . . . 391
Fool's Parsley . . . 413
Radish . . . 457
Spurge, Wood . . . 534

CHRONIC LOOSENESS—
Fruit, fresh . . . 455
Hart's-tongue Fern . . . 187
House Leek . . . 276
Orchis (Salep) . . . 407
Periwinkle, lesser . . . 428
Quince . . . 453
Sloe . . . 519
Strawberry . . . 540
Water Lily, yellow (for morning looseness) . . . 605

SIMPLE LOOSENESS—
Agrimony . . . 19
Bilberry . . . 52
Bistort, great . . . 607
Blackberry . . . 54
Chamomile (children) . . . 85
Cinquefoil . . . 515
Flag, Sweet . . . 200
Flag, Yellow . . . 202
Flax Purging . . . 204
Ginger . . . 392
Lime Blossom . . . 317
Mace . . . 395
Marsh Mallow . . . 323
Mountain Ash . . . 351
Nutmeg . . . 394
Peppermint . . . 339
Pulsatilla (catarrhal) . . . 21
Rice . . . 462
Service tree . . . 352
Silverweed . . . 515
Tormentil . . . 573

SIMPLE LOOSENESS—
Agrimony . . . 19
Bilberry . . . 52
Great Bistort . . . 607
Blackberry . . . 54
Chamomile (for kids) . . . 85
Cinquefoil . . . 515
Sweet Flag . . . 200
Yellow Flag . . . 202
Flax for Purging . . . 204
Ginger . . . 392
Lime Blossom . . . 317
Mace . . . 395
Marshmallow . . . 323
Mountain Ash . . . 351
Nutmeg . . . 394
Peppermint . . . 339
Pulsatilla (for colds) . . . 21
Rice . . . 462
Service Tree . . . 352
Silverweed . . . 515
Tormentil . . . 573

DIPHTHERIA.
Betony, Stone-crop . . . 276
Peppermint oil . . . 342
Tar . . . 580
Turpentine . . . 580

DISINFECTANTS, see ANTI-SEPTICS.

DISINFECTANTS, see ANTISEPTICS.

DIZZINESS, see GIDDINESS.

DIZZINESS, see LIGHTHEADEDNESS.

DRINK, Alcoholic.
EFFECTS TO DISPEL—
Acorn spirit . . . 16
Angelica . . . 24
Cabbage . . . 77
Capsicum . . . 79
Chamomile . . . 87
Darnel . . . 243
Ivy . . . 283
Sorrel . . . 161
Strawberry . . . 539
Watercress . . . 133
Wormwood . . . 613

[633] DROPSY.
Artichoke, Globe . . . 549
Asparagus (heart) . . . 36
Bee sting . . . 261
Blackberry . . . 55
Broom (heart) . . . 62
Butcher's broom . . . 65
Cabbage . . . 77
Christmas Rose . . . 108
Currant, Black, leaves . . . 140
Fennel . . . 181
Hyssop, hedge . . . 279
Juniper berries (kidney) . . . 292
Lily of the Valley (heart) . . . 315
Onion . . . 210
Pellitory of Wall (heart) . . . 424
Plantain, Water . . . 436
Rosemary (heart) . . . 472
Shepherd's Purse (kidney) . . . 512
Toadflax . . . 566

DROWSINESS.
Nutmeg . . . 894

DYSENTERY.
Bilberry . . . 52
Daffodil . . . 143
Fruit, fresh . . . 455
Hart's-tongue Fern . . . 187
House Leek . . . 275
Hyssop, Hedge . . . 280
Iceland Moss . . . 501
Marsh Mallow . . . 323
Mustard, Hedge . . . 382
Quince . . . 454
Rice . . . 463
Sanicle . . . 509
Service Tree . . . 352
Strawberry, wild . . . 537
Violet, sweet (infants) . . . 591

DYSENTERY.
Bilberry . . . 52
Daffodil . . . 143
Fresh Fruit . . . 455
Hart's-tongue Fern . . . 187
House Leek . . . 275
Hedge Hyssop . . . 280
Iceland Moss . . . 501
Marsh Mallow . . . 323
Hedge Mustard . . . 382
Quince . . . 454
Rice . . . 463
Sanicle . . . 509
Service Tree . . . 352
Wild Strawberry . . . 537
Sweet Violet (infants) . . . 591

EARS.
EAR-ACHE, OR DEAFNESS—
Cabbage . . . 75
Capsicum . . . 80
Caraway poultice . . . 82
Cat's tail . . . 482
Chamomile . . . 86
Christmas Rose . . . 108
Fennel . . . 182
Feverfew (with headache) . . . 194
Garlic . . . 216
Ground Ivy . . . 286
Marigold . . . 328
Mullein (with eczema, or abscess) . . . 362
Onion poultice . . . 211
Plaintain, greater . . . 434
Pulsatilla (catarrhal) . . . 21
Spurge, Wood . . . 534
Yew tincture (giddiness from ear) . . . 622

EARS.
EARACHE, OR HEARING LOSS—
Cabbage . . . 75
Capsicum . . . 80
Caraway poultice . . . 82
Cat's tail . . . 482
Chamomile . . . 86
Christmas Rose . . . 108
Fennel . . . 182
Feverfew (with headache) . . . 194
Garlic . . . 216
Ground Ivy . . . 286
Marigold . . . 328
Mullein (with eczema, or abscess) . . . 362
Onion poultice . . . 211
Greater Plantain . . . 434
Pulsatilla (catarrhal) . . . 21
Wood Spurge . . . 534
Yew tincture (dizziness from ear) . . . 622

ECZEMA, see SKIN.

EPILEPSY, Falling Sickness.
Bryony, white . . . 66
Carrot flower . . . 88
Clover, sweet . . . 113
Club Moss . . . 116
Cuckoo flower . . . 134
Daffodil . . . 143
Elder flower . . . 171
Fool's Parsley . . . 412
Goose Grass . . . 234
Juniper berries . . . 293
Lime, sweet . . . 317
Marsh Marigold . . . 331
Mistletoe . . . 346
Mugwort coals . . . 354
Mullein . . . 360
Orange flower . . . 401
Parsley . . . 408, 412
—Fool's . . . 412
Pimpernel . . . 429
Pink . . . 433
Rose, red . . . 466
Rue . . . 476
Skullcap, greater . . . 517
Sea Holly . . . 499
Sea water (gold) . . . 508
Thyme, wild . . . 562
Turpentine . . . 579
Valerian . . . 584
[634] Violet, sweet . . . 593
Wormwood . . . 614
Yarrow . . . 617
Yew . . . 622

EPILEPSY, Falling Sickness.
Bryony, white . . . 66
Carrot flower . . . 88
Sweet clover . . . 113
Club Moss . . . 116
Cuckoo flower . . . 134
Daffodil . . . 143
Elder flower . . . 171
Fool's Parsley . . . 412
Goose Grass . . . 234
Juniper berries . . . 293
Sweet lime . . . 317
Marsh Marigold . . . 331
Mistletoe . . . 346
Mugwort coals . . . 354
Mullein . . . 360
Orange flower . . . 401
Parsley . . . 408, 412
—Fool's . . . 412
Pimpernel . . . 429
Pink . . . 433
Red rose . . . 466
Rue . . . 476
Greater Skullcap . . . 517
Sea Holly . . . 499
Sea water (gold) . . . 508
Wild thyme . . . 562
Turpentine . . . 579
Valerian . . . 584
[634] Sweet violet . . . 593
Wormwood . . . 614
Yarrow . . . 617
Yew . . . 622

ERYSIPELAS.
Bee sting . . . 260
House Leek . . . 275
Primula . . . 449
Strawberry, wild . . . 537

EYES.
FOR WEAK OR INFLAMED—
Apple poultice . . . 28
Cabbage (scrofulous) . . . 78
Capsicum . . . 80
Clary . . . 492
Eyebright . . . 177
Fennel . . . 180
Fool's Parsley (scrofulous) . . . 412
House Leek . . . 275
Ivy . . . 282
Marsh Mallow . . . 324
Parsley . . . 409
Rose water . . . 466
Saint John's Wort . . . 288
Saliva . . . 178
Sloe . . . 519
Snail poultice . . . 411
Strawberry . . . 539
Succory (amaurosis) . . . 541
Turpentine (rheumatic) . . . 577
Valerian . . . 585
Verbena . . . 587

TO STRENGTHEN VISION—
Asafetida . . . 219
Blackthorn . . . 519
Bogbean (amaurosis) . . . 59
Caraway . . . 83
Darnel . . . 243
Fennel (for cataract) . . . 180
Fumitory . . . 208
Parsley . . . 409
Puffball . . . 368
Rice . . . 477
Saffron . . . 488
Stitchwort . . . 536
Thyme, wild . . . 563
Vine sap . . . 238

TO REDUCE A BLACK EYE—
Bryony, white . . . 66
Hyssop . . . 273

TO REMOVE SPECKS—
Celandine, greater . . . 94
Meadow sage . . . 492

TO REMOVE SPECKS—
Greater celandine . . . 94
Meadow sage . . . 492

SIGHT IMPAIRED BY THE USE OF—
Chicory . . . 542
Parsley . . . 409
Rice (in excess) . . . 477
Stye in eye (gold ring) . . . 515

FAINTING, For.
Dodder . . . 112
Nutmeg . . . 394
Rosewater, sprinkle . . . 467

FAT, to Reduce.
Bladderwrack . . . 504
Fennel seed . . . 181
Goose Grass . . . 233

FATIGUE, to Lessen.
Grapes . . . 239
Honey . . . 257
Hop . . . 264
Sorrel soup . . . 160

FERTILITY, to Promote.
Leek . . . 220
Potato . . . 446

FEVER, to Allay.
Apple tea . . . 30
Barley water . . . 45
Currant, Red, juice . . . 138
Fumitory (malarious) . . . 208
Grapes . . . 236
Lemon (intermittent) . . . 302
Lettuce, garden 310
[635] Marigold (low fever) . . . 328
Quince . . . 454
Raspberry vinegar . . . 460
Rice . . . 463
Rose, French crimson . . . 464
Soapwort (low fever) . . . 523
Sorrel, Wood . . . 162-611
Strawberry (putrid) . . . 540
Tamarind . . . 551
Vernal Grass (hay fever) . . . 241

FEVER, to Allay.
Apple tea . . . 30
Barley water . . . 45
Red currant juice . . . 138
Fumitory (malarious) . . . 208
Grapes . . . 236
Lemon (intermittent) . . . 302
Garden lettuce . . . 310
[635] Marigold (low fever) . . . 328
Quince . . . 454
Raspberry vinegar . . . 460
Rice . . . 463
French crimson rose . . . 464
Soapwort (low fever) . . . 523
Wood sorrel . . . 162-611
Strawberry (putrid) . . . 540
Tamarind . . . 551
Vernal grass (hay fever) . . . 241

FLATULENCE.
Angelica . . . 23
Aniseed . . . 25
Burnet Saxifrage . . . 430
Capsicum . . . 81
Caraway . . . 82
Cinnamon . . . 391
Clove . . . 396
Club Moss . . . 114
Coriander . . . 123
Cumin . . . 136
Dill (Infants) . . . 156
Fennel seed . . . 181
Flag, Sweet . . . 201
Ginger . . . 392
Juniper berries . . . 293
Lavender . . . 297
Nutmeg . . . 393
Orange, Seville . . . 403
Peppermint . . . 339
Pink . . . 438
Rice (to avoid) . . . 462
Rue . . . 475
Spearmint . . . 343
Tansy . . . 553
Thyme, wild . . . 562
Turnips (to avoid) . . . 575
Valerian . . . 585
Wormwood . . . 613
Yarrow . . . 617

FLEAS, and other Insects, to destroy.
Lavender oil . . . 296
Pennyroyal . . . 334
Walnut . . . 600
Water-lily, yellow . . . 605
Water Pepper . . . 606
Wormwood . . . 355

FLEAS and other insects to eliminate.
Lavender oil . . . 296
Pennyroyal . . . 334
Walnut . . . 600
Yellow water lily . . . 605
Water pepper . . . 606
Wormwood . . . 355

FLIES, to destroy, or prevent.
Chamomile . . . 85
Elder . . . 165
Feverfew . . . 193
Horehound . . . 268
Toadflax . . . 566

FLIES, to eliminate or prevent.
Chamomile . . . 85
Elder . . . 165
Feverfew . . . 193
Horehound . . . 268
Toadflax . . . 566

FRECKLES, to Remove.
Anise . . . 26
Cowslip . . . 125
Fumitory . . . 208
Savin . . . 494
Silverweed . . . 515
Solomon's Seal . . . 525
Speedwell . . . 529
Strawberry . . . 540

FROST-BITES, for
Potato flour . . . 445

FRUITS which do not turn Acid in Stomach.
Apple . . . 29
Mulberry . . . 358
Quince . . . 454
Raspberry . . . 460
Strawberry . . . 538

FRUITS that don't turn acidic in the stomach.
Apple . . . 29
Mulberry . . . 358
Quince . . . 454
Raspberry . . . 460
Strawberry . . . 538

FUNDAMENT, SORE, and see PILES.
Fig . . . 197
Figwort water . . . 198
Hemlock, apply . . . 249
Nettle, (for itching of) . . . 385
Thyme, Cat . . . 565
Water Pepper . . . 606

FUNDAMENT, SORE, and see PILES.
Fig . . . 197
Figwort water . . . 198
Hemlock, apply . . . 249
Nettle, (for itching of) . . . 385
Cat Thyme . . . 565
Water Pepper . . . 606

GIDDINESS.
Chestnut, Horse . . . 103
Cowslip . . . 125
Lily of the Valley . . . 314
Mistletoe (epileptiform) . . . 349
Nutmeg . . . 393
[636] Parsley . . . 408
Rue . . . 476
Spearmint . . . 343
Tansy . . . 553
Thistle, Blessed . . . 558
Yew, (connected with ear) . . . 622

GIDDINESS.
Horse Chestnut . . . 103
Cowslip . . . 125
Lily of the Valley . . . 314
Mistletoe (related to seizures) . . . 349
Nutmeg . . . 393
[636] Parsley . . . 408
Rue . . . 476
Spearmint . . . 343
Tansy . . . 553
Blessed Thistle . . . 558
Yew (associated with hearing) . . . 622

GLANDS, Scrofulous, Enlarged to Reduce.
Bladderwrack (goitre) . . . 503
Burdock . . . 163
Clover, sweet . . . 113
Cresses . . . 130
Cumin, plaster . . . 136
Dock, yellow curled . . . 163
Dodder . . . 112
Dulse . . . 501
Fennel . . . 182
Foxglove ointment . . . 206
Garlic . . . 215
Goosegrass . . . 232
Hemlock . . . 251
House Leek . . . 275
Linseed oil . . . 203
Marjoram (of breast) . . . 332
Mugwort . . . 356
Parsley (and snails) . . . 409
Peach (goitre) . . . 419
Rose Rock . . . 470
Sea Tang . . . 502
Sea Weeds . . . 497
Valerian . . . 584
Walnut . . . 601
Watercress . . . 131
Water Figwort (of neck) . . . 198

GLANDS, Scrofulous, Enlarged to Reduce.
Bladderwrack (goitre) . . . 503
Burdock . . . 163
Sweet clover . . . 113
Cresses . . . 130
Cumin, plaster . . . 136
Yellow curled dock . . . 163
Dodder . . . 112
Dulse . . . 501
Fennel . . . 182
Foxglove ointment . . . 206
Garlic . . . 215
Goosegrass . . . 232
Hemlock . . . 251
House leek . . . 275
Linseed oil . . . 203
Breast marjoram . . . 332
Mugwort . . . 356
Parsley (and snails) . . . 409
Peach (goitre) . . . 419
Rose rock . . . 470
Sea tang . . . 502
Seaweeds . . . 497
Valerian . . . 584
Walnut . . . 601
Watercress . . . 131
Water figwort (of neck) . . . 198

GOLD.
In sea water . . . 507

GOLD.
In seawater . . . 507

GOUT.
Apple . . . 28
Asparagus . . . 36
Blackberry . . . 55
Carrot (with gravel) . . . 88
Currant, black . . . 139
Daisy . . . 144
Ginger . . . 392
Goutweed . . . 236
Grape cure . . . 239
Hemlock, apply . . . 249
Horehound, Black . . . 269
Hungary water . . . 472
Lily of the Valley . . . 316
Meadow Saffron . . . 484
Mugwort . . . 354
Mullein . . . 360
Nettle . . . 385
Nutmeg . . . 394
Pear, wild . . . 423
Rosemary, wild (with eczema) . . . 474
Speedwell . . . 529
Strawberry . . . 538
Succory . . . 541
Tansy . . . 552

GOUT.
Apple . . . 28
Asparagus . . . 36
Blackberry . . . 55
Carrot (with gravel) . . . 88
Black currant . . . 139
Daisy . . . 144
Ginger . . . 392
Goutweed . . . 236
Grape remedy . . . 239
Hemlock, apply . . . 249
Black horehound . . . 269
Hungary water . . . 472
Lily of the Valley . . . 316
Meadow saffron . . . 484
Mugwort . . . 354
Mullein . . . 360
Nettle . . . 385
Nutmeg . . . 394
Wild pear . . . 423
Wild rosemary (for eczema) . . . 474
Speedwell . . . 529
Strawberry . . . 538
Succory . . . 541
Tansy . . . 552

FRUIT PROPER FOR GOUTY PERSONS—
Apple . . . 29
Mulberry . . . 358
Quince . . . 454
Raspberry . . . 460
Strawberry . . . 538

FRUIT SUITABLE FOR PEOPLE WITH GOUT—
Apple . . . 29
Mulberry . . . 358
Quince . . . 454
Raspberry . . . 460
Strawberry . . . 538

FRUITS IMPROPER FOR THE GOUTY—
Grapes, sweet . . . 236
Rhubarb, garden . . . 160
Sorrel . . . 160
Tomato, uncooked . . . 569
Wood Sorrel . . . 160, 611

FRUITS NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PEOPLE WITH GOUT—
Grapes, sweet . . . 236
Rhubarb, garden . . . 160
Sorrel . . . 160
Tomato, uncooked . . . 569
Wood Sorrel . . . 160, 611

GRAPE CURE.
Grape cure . . . 239

GRAVEL, see URINE.

GRAVEL, see PEE.

GUM BOIL.
Fig, split . . . 196

HAIR.
TO PROMOTE THE GROWTH OF—
Artichoke, Jerusalem . . . 549
Daffodil . . . 143
[637] Honey water . . . 260
Lavender oil . . . 297
Lemon juice (to remove dandriff) . . . 304
Maidenhair Fern . . . 188
Mullein . . . 361
Mustard oil . . . 376
Rosemary spirit . . . 472
Saint John's Wort . . . 289
Savin . . . 494
Southernwood . . . 527
Spindle (remove scurf) . . . 531
Verbena . . . 587
Wall Rue . . . 191
Water Lily, yellow . . . 605
Wormwood . . . 356, 614

HAIR.
TO PROMOTE GROWTH OF—
Artichoke, Jerusalem . . . 549
Daffodil . . . 143
[637] Honey water . . . 260
Lavender oil . . . 297
Lemon juice (to get rid of dandruff) . . . 304
Maidenhair Fern . . . 188
Mullein . . . 361
Mustard oil . . . 376
Rosemary spirit . . . 472
Saint John's Wort . . . 289
Savin . . . 494
Southernwood . . . 527
Spindle (to remove flakes) . . . 531
Verbena . . . 587
Wall Rue . . . 191
Water Lily, yellow . . . 605
Wormwood . . . 356, 614

TO DYE DARK—
Bramble . . . 56
Elder juice . . . 168
Oranges, green . . . 403
Walnut juice . . . 599

TO REMOVE SUPERFLUOUS HAIR—
Fern Oak . . . 190
Fumitory . . . 207
Spurge, Wood . . . 533

TO REMOVE UNWANTED HAIR—
Fern Oak . . . 190
Fumitory . . . 207
Wood Spurge . . . 533

FOR FIXING THE HAIR—
Quince Bandoline . . . 452

HEADACHE.
FROM ACTIVE FULNESS, WITH HOT SKIN, AND FLUSHED FACE—
Basil . . . 46
Elder . . . 188
Mustard paper . . . 378
Parsley . . . 408
Tansy . . . 553

PASSIVE FULNESS OF HEAD, WITH GENERAL COLDNESS AND PALLOR—
Betony . . . 49
Buttercup . . . 73
Clover, sweet . . . 112
Cowslip . . . 125
Elecampane (costive) . . . 175
Flag, yellow . . . 200
Ginger . . . 392
Groundsel . . . 245
Lettuce, Wild (dull and striped) . . . 311
Mustard . . . 377
Primrose . . . 448
Puffball powder . . . 367
Tansy . . . 553
Yarrow (for making nose bleed) . . . 616

PASSIVE FULNESS OF HEAD, WITH GENERAL COLDNESS AND PALLOR—
Betony . . . 49
Buttercup . . . 73
Sweet Clover . . . 112
Cowslip . . . 125
Elecampane (for constipation) . . . 175
Yellow Flag . . . 200
Ginger . . . 392
Groundsel . . . 245
Wild Lettuce (dull and striped) . . . 311
Mustard . . . 377
Primrose . . . 448
Puffball Powder . . . 367
Tansy . . . 553
Yarrow (for stopping nosebleeds) . . . 616

NERVOUS HEADACHE AND HYSTERICAL—
Asafetida . . . 218
Balm . . . 41
Basil . . . 46
Betony . . . 48
Camphor . . . 337
Celery . . . 96
Clover, sweet . . . 113
Flag, blue (bilious) . . . 199
Garlic . . . 218
Ground Ivy (inveterate) . . . 285
Ivy leaves (after hard drinking) . . . 283
Lavender . . . 299
Lily of the Valley . . . 315
Lime, sweet . . . 317
Marjoram . . . 331
Mullein (in the bilious) . . . 361
Pennyroyal . . . 335
Peppermint . . . 339
Primrose . . . 448
Rosemary . . . 473
Rue (giddiness) . . . 476
Saffron . . . 489
Thyme, wild . . . 562
Valerian . . . 585
Verbena (inveterate) . . . 587
Violet, sweet . . . 593
Wallflower . . . 597
Water Hemlock . . . 251

HEART.
TO STRENGTHEN A WEAK HEART—
Fly, Agaric Mushroom . . . 370
Lily of the Valley . . . 814
[638] Mistletoe . . . 348
Saffron . . . 486
Sea water, gold in . . . 508
Soapwort (in fever) . . . 523

HEART.
TO STRENGTHEN A WEAK HEART—
Fly, Agaric Mushroom . . . 370
Lily of the Valley . . . 814
[638] Mistletoe . . . 348
Saffron . . . 486
Sea water, gold in . . . 508
Soapwort (for fever) . . . 523

FOR IRRITABLE HEART, WITH NERVOUS PALPITATIONS—
Asparagus . . . 36
Cherry, wild . . . 99
Hart's-tongue Fern . . . 188
Hemlock plaster . . . 249
Lavender . . . 297
Lemon juice . . . 301
Lily of the Valley . . . 314
Nettle, Stinging . . . 384

FOR IRRITABLE HEART, WITH NERVOUS PALPITATIONS—
Asparagus . . . 36
Wild Cherry . . . 99
Hart's-tongue Fern . . . 188
Hemlock plaster . . . 249
Lavender . . . 297
Lemon juice . . . 301
Lily of the Valley . . . 314
Stinging Nettle . . . 384

HEARTBURN, see INDIGESTION.

HICCOUGH.
Aniseed . . . 25
Dill . . . 156
Hart's-tongue Fern . . . 188
Mustard . . . 378
Skullcap, lesser . . . 517
Spearmint . . . 343

HICCOUGH.
Aniseed . . . 25
Dill . . . 156
Hart's-tongue Fern . . . 188
Mustard . . . 378
Lesser Skullcap . . . 517
Spearmint . . . 343

HYDROPHOBIA.
Club Moss . . . 116
Cress, garden . . . 128
Figwort . . . 51
Horehound, black . . . 268
Pimpernel . . . 429
Plantain, Water . . . 436
Rose, Dog root . . . 465
Rush, flowering . . . 481
Thistle, Milk . . . 557
Yew . . . 622

HYDROPHOBIA.
Club Moss . . . 116
Garden Cress . . . 128
Figwort . . . 51
Black Horehound . . . 268
Pimpernel . . . 429
Water Plantain . . . 436
Dog Rose root . . . 465
Flowering Rush . . . 481
Milk Thistle . . . 557
Yew . . . 622

HYSTERIA.
Allspice . . . 397
Caraway . . . 83
Cowslip . . . 124
Daffodil . . . 143
Feverfew . . . 193
Garlic . . . 215
Goosefoot, Stinking . . . 229
Horehound, Black . . . 269
Lavender . . . 297
Mistletoe (St. Vitus's dance) . . . 348
Mugwort . . . 353
Orange blossoms . . . 401
Pennyroyal . . . 335
Primrose . . . 448
Rosemary . . . 474
Rue . . . 476
Sage, meadow (colic) . . . 492
Southernwood . . . 527
Tansy . . . 553
Thyme, wild . . . 562
Turnip (injurious) . . . 575
Valerian . . . 584
Yarrow . . . 617

INDIGESTION.
Allspice (flatulent) . . . 397
Anemone Pulsatilla . . . 21
Capsicum . . . 81
Centaury (tonic) . . . 97
Cinnamon . . . 391
Clove . . . 396
Club Moss (water brash) . . . 114
Cumin . . . 136
Currant, Red (torpor) . . . 138
Feverfew . . . 193
Flag, sweet . . . 201
Ginger (gouty) . . . 392
Good King Henry . . . 228
Gooseberry (after rich food) . . . 224
Hop . . . 264
Horse Radish . . . 272
Lavender . . . 299
Lemon juice (heartburn) . . . 303
Lettuce . . . 308
Lupine . . . 306
Nutmeg (drowsy) . . . 394
Onion (if cold-blooded) . . . 210
Primrose, Evening . . . 450
Pyrethrum lozenges, (heartburn) . . . 426
Quince . . . 455
Raspberries . . . 461
Sage (after rich meats) . . . 490
[689] Sago . . . 155
Samphire . . . 498
Spearmint (infants after milk) . . . 343
Walnut (after fish, and for colic) . . . 600
Wood Sorrel (prevents) . . . 611
Wormwood . . . 613

INDIGESTION.
Allspice (gas) . . . 397
Anemone Pulsatilla . . . 21
Capsicum . . . 81
Centaury (tonic) . . . 97
Cinnamon . . . 391
Clove . . . 396
Club Moss (acid reflux) . . . 114
Cumin . . . 136
Red Currant (sluggishness) . . . 138
Feverfew . . . 193
Sweet Flag . . . 201
Ginger (gout) . . . 392
Good King Henry . . . 228
Gooseberry (after heavy meals) . . . 224
Hop . . . 264
Horseradish . . . 272
Lavender . . . 299
Lemon juice (heartburn) . . . 303
Lettuce . . . 308
Lupine . . . 306
Nutmeg (drowsiness) . . . 394
Onion (if you're sensitive) . . . 210
Evening Primrose . . . 450
Pyrethrum lozenges (heartburn) . . . 426
Quince . . . 455
Raspberries . . . 461
Sage (after rich meals) . . . 490
[689] Sago . . . 155
Samphire . . . 498
Spearmint (for infants after milk) . . . 343
Walnut (after fish, for colic) . . . 600
Wood Sorrel (prevents) . . . 611
Wormwood . . . 613

INFLUENZA.
Agrimony, Hemp . . . 20
Capsicum . . . 80
Cinnamon . . . 392
Orange . . . 403
Rue oil . . . 476

INSANITY.
ACTIVE—
Rest Harrow . . . 321
St. John's Wort . . . 287

MELANCHOLY—
Borage . . . 61, 595
Chervil . . . 101
Elecampane . . . 173
Fool's Parsley (imbecility) . . . 413
Hop . . . 264
Horehound, Black . . . 269
Lavender . . . 299
Maidenhair Fern (idiocy) . . . 188
Mercury, Dog's . . . 332
Pimpernel . . . 429
Polypody Fern . . . 189
Radish (with cough) . . . 457
Rose, Christmas (Hellebore) . . . 107
Saffron . . . 486
Saint John's Wort . . . 287
Succory (bilious) . . . 541
Tar water . . . 583
Thistle, Melancholy . . . 560
Thistle, Milk . . . 556
Tutsan . . . 290
Wormwood (bilious) . . . 612

INVISIBILITY, Supposed to Confer.
Fern Seed . . . 184

INVISIBILITY, Thought to Bestow.
Fern Seed . . . 184

ITCHING, and the Itch.
Anise . . . 26
Cat Thyme (fundament) . . . 565
Dock, Yellow Curled . . . 163
Henbane (of fundament) . . . 249
Lemon juice (of genitals) . . . 303
Nettle (of fundament) . . . 385
Puffball . . . 368
Rock Rose . . . 470
Speedwell . . . 528

ITCHING, and the Itch.
Anise . . . 26
Cat Thyme (butt) . . . 565
Yellow Curled Dock . . . 163
Henbane (of butt) . . . 249
Lemon juice (of genitals) . . . 303
Nettle (of butt) . . . 385
Puffball . . . 368
Rock Rose . . . 470
Speedwell . . . 528

JAUNDICE, see BILIOUS INDIGESTION.

JOINTS, Affections of, see SCROFULA.
Vinegar poultice . . . 240

KIDNEYS, see also URINE.
ACTIVE CONGESTION—
Marsh Mallow . . . 324
Turpentine . . . 577

PASSIVE CONJESTION TO REMOVE—
Asparagus . . . 36
Capsicum . . . 80
Dandelion . . . 151
Gooseberry (gravel) . . . 225
Honey and Bee Sting . . . 260
Parsley . . . 409
Peach flowers (and Colic) . . . 419

PASSIVE CONGESTION TO REMOVE—
Asparagus . . . 36
Capsicum . . . 80
Dandelion . . . 151
Gooseberry (gravel) . . . 225
Honey and Bee Sting . . . 260
Parsley . . . 409
Peach flowers (and Colic) . . . 419

LEPROSY and LEPROUS ERUPTIONS, see SKIN.

LIFE, To Prolong, see AGE.

LIVER, Disorders of, see BILIOUS INDIGESTION.

LOCK JAW.
St. John's Wort . . . 289

LUMBAGO, see RHEUMATISM.

LUMBAGO, see ARTHRITIS.

LUNGS, Diseases of, see COLDS and CONSUMPTION.

LUNG diseases, see COLDS and CONSUMPTION.

[640] MEASLES.
Marigold tea . . . 327
Pea . . . 416
Saffron tea . . . 486

MELANCHOLY, see INSANITY.

MELANCHOLY, see MADNESS.

MEMORY, To Strengthen.
Eyebright . . . 177

MILK, BREAST.
TO PROMOTE FLOW—
Borage . . . 61
Caraway . . . 83
Dill . . . 157
Fennel seed . . . 179
Lettuce . . . 312
Periwinkle, lesser . . . 428
Rosemary . . . 472
Thistle, Milk . . . 557

TO STAY FLOW—
Hemlock . . . 249
Sage . . . 492

MILK CRUST of Children, see SKIN.

MONTHLY FLOW OF WOMEN.
TO PROMOTE—
Anemone Pulsatilla . . . 21
Angelica . . . 24
Balm . . . 41
Basil . . . 96
Burnet Saxifrage . . . 430
Calamint . . . 344
Christmas Rose . . . 107
Cumin . . . 136
Dill . . . 156
Elecampane . . . 174
Fennel . . . 181
Feverfew . . . 193
Goosefoot, Stinking . . . 229
Hyssop . . . 279
Ivy gum . . . 282
Marigold . . . 328
Mugwort . . . 353
Mullein . . . 360
Nettle (urtication) . . . 384
Parsley oil . . . 408
Pennyroyal . . . 336
Ragwort . . . 459
Rosemary . . . 474
Rue . . . 477
Rush, flowering . . . 481
Savin . . . 494
Saxifrage, Burnet . . . 430
Shepherd's Purse . . . 513
Soapwort . . . 524
Tansy . . . 553
Thyme, Wild . . . 561
Valerian (with hysteria) . . . 584
Wormwood . . . 356

TO ARREST WHEN EXCESSIVE—
Cinnamon bark . . . 391
Lemon juice . . . 303
Lentil . . . 305
Mistletoe . . . 348
Orange, Seville . . . 403
Periwinkle, greater . . . 427
Plantain, greater . . . 435
Saffron (with liquidity) . . . 488
Savin . . . 494
Shepherd's Purse . . . 512
Silverweed . . . 515
Yarrow . . . 618

TO EASE PAIN AT PERIODS—
Peppermint (colic) . . . 339
Savin . . . 494

TO EASE PAIN DURING PERIODS—
Peppermint (for cramps) . . . 339
Savin . . . 494

MOTHS, to Drive Away.
Camphor . . . 338
Mugwort . . . 353
Sedum Livelong . . . 276
Southernwood . . . 527
Woodruff . . . 610
Wormwood . . . 613

MOUTH, SORE, see THRUSH.

Mouth sore, see thrush.

MUSHROOMS.
Not to take Alcohol with . . . 375
To eat Pears after . . . 373, 423

MUSHROOMS.
Avoid drinking alcohol with . . . 375
Do not eat pears after . . . 373, 423

[641] NERVES, to Strengthen.
Citron of Law . . . 304
Hedge Hyssop . . . 279
Oat . . . 397
Saffron . . . 488
Skullcap, greater . . . 517
Valerian . . . 585
Violet, sweet . . . 503

TO STIMULATE REFLEX NERVOUS ACTIVITY—
Cumin . . . 137

TO QUIET REFLEX NERVOUS IRRITABILITY—
Camphor . . . 338
Chamomile . . . 85
Clove . . . 395
Lime flowers . . . 318
Valerian . . . 347

TO CALM NERVOUS IRRITABILITY—
Camphor . . . 338
Chamomile . . . 85
Clove . . . 395
Lime flowers . . . 318
Valerian . . . 347

NETTLE RASH, see SKIN.

NEURALGIA, to Relieve.
Allspice plaster . . . 397
Arum . . . 35
Buttercup (stitch) . . . 73
Celandine, greater (face right side) . . . 93
Chamomile (face and teeth) . . . 85
Coltsfoot (back and loins) . . . 120
Cuckoopint . . . 35
Feverfew . . . 194
Henbane poultice . . . 253
Horse Radish (face) . . . 271
Juniper berries . . . 292
Lemon, cut . . . 303
Pyrethrum (head and face) . . . 425
Pennyroyal . . . 336
Peppermint oil . . . 339
Sloe tincture (right eyeball) . . . 519
Wallflower oil (limbs) . . . 597
Yarn (tic douloureux) . . . 204

NEURALGIA, to Relieve.
Allspice plaster . . . 397
Arum . . . 35
Buttercup (stitch) . . . 73
Greater Celandine (right side of face) . . . 93
Chamomile (face and teeth) . . . 85
Coltsfoot (back and lower back) . . . 120
Cuckoopint . . . 35
Feverfew . . . 194
Henbane poultice . . . 253
Horseradish (face) . . . 271
Juniper berries . . . 292
Lemon, cut . . . 303
Pyrethrum (head and face) . . . 425
Pennyroyal . . . 336
Peppermint oil . . . 339
Sloe tincture (right eyeball) . . . 519
Wallflower oil (limbs) . . . 597
Yarn (tic douloureux) . . . 204

NIPPLES, Chapped, or Sore.
Carrot . . . 89
Comfrey . . . 121
Yarrow . . . 618

NOSE, Ulceration inside.
Elecampane . . . 174

PAIN, Local, for.
Buttercup (stitch) . . . 73
Chamomile fomentation . . . 86
Elecampane (in elbow) . . . 175
Hemlock, apply . . . 249
Henbane poultice . . . 253
Lavender . . . 291
Marsh Mallow . . . 324
Mistletoe (stitch) . . . 347
Mugwort . . . 355
Peach (colic from gravel) . . . 419
Poppy, White, fomentation . . . 439
Stitch Wort . . . 535
Wormwood . . . 355

PAIN, Local, for.
Buttercup (stitch) . . . 73
Chamomile compress . . . 86
Elecampane (in elbow) . . . 175
Hemlock, apply . . . 249
Henbane poultice . . . 253
Lavender . . . 291
Marsh Mallow . . . 324
Mistletoe (stitch) . . . 347
Mugwort . . . 355
Peach (colic from gravel) . . . 419
White Poppy, compress . . . 439
Stitchwort . . . 535
Wormwood . . . 355

PALPITATION, see HEART.

PARALYSIS.
Burnet Saxifrage (of tongue) . . . 430
Cowslip . . . 124
Daffodil (limbs) 141
Horse Radish, scraped . . . 271
Hungary water . . . 472
Lavender oil . . . 296
Mustard liniment . . . 378
Nettle, Stinging . . . 384
Nutmeg spirit (of limbs) . . . 394
Pellitory of Spain (tongue and lips) . . . 425
Primrose . . . 448
Rosemary spirit (limbs) . . . 471
Sage . . . 491
Tomato (of back) . . . 571
Valerian oil . . . 585
Wallflower oil . . . 597
Water Dropwort (voice) . . . 604

PARALYSIS.
Burnet Saxifrage (for the tongue) . . . 430
Cowslip . . . 124
Daffodil (for limbs) 141
Horse Radish, grated . . . 271
Hungarian water . . . 472
Lavender oil . . . 296
Mustard liniment . . . 378
Stinging Nettle . . . 384
Nutmeg spirit (for limbs) . . . 394
Pellitory of Spain (for the tongue and lips) . . . 425
Primrose . . . 448
Rosemary spirit (for limbs) . . . 471
Sage . . . 491
Tomato (for the back) . . . 571
Valerian oil . . . 585
Wallflower oil . . . 597
Water Dropwort (for the voice) . . . 604

PERSPIRATION, to Promote.
Camphor . . . 338
Ivy . . . 282
Strawberry . . . 539
Turpentine . . . 577

[642] PILES.
Blackberry . . . 55
Brook lime . . . 431
Celandine, lesser . . . 91
Chestnut, Horse . . . 102
Elderberry . . . 169
Figwort . . . 51
Mountain Ash (lower bowel relaxed) . . . 351
Mullein . . . 362
Oak Bark (prolapse of bowel) . . . 18
Onion, raw (inflamed) . . . 214
Periwinkle, lesser . . . 428
Pimpernel, blue (descent of bowel) . . . 431
Plantain, Greater . . . 435
Silverweed . . . 515
Toadflax . . . 567
Water Betony . . . 50
Water Pepper (sore fundament) . . . 606
Yarrow . . . 618

[642] PILES.
Blackberry . . . 55
Brook lime . . . 431
Lesser Celandine . . . 91
Horse Chestnut . . . 102
Elderberry . . . 169
Figwort . . . 51
Mountain Ash (lower bowel relaxed) . . . 351
Mullein . . . 362
Oak Bark (prolapse of bowel) . . . 18
Raw Onion (inflamed) . . . 214
Lesser Periwinkle . . . 428
Blue Pimpernel (descent of bowel) . . . 431
Greater Plantain . . . 435
Silverweed . . . 515
Toadflax . . . 567
Water Betony . . . 50
Water Pepper (sore fundament) . . . 606
Yarrow . . . 618

PLEURITIC PAIN IN SIDE.
Bryony, White (with inflammation) . . . 66
Buttercup (neuralgic) . . . 72
Stitchwort . . . 535

POLYPUS of Nose.
Polypody Fern . . . 190
Sage, Wood . . . 498

POULTICES.
Carrot . . . 89
Flax-linseed . . . 203
Goosefoot . . . 229
Hemlock . . . 250
Marsh Mallow . . . 328
Mustard . . . 377
Turnip . . . 574
Vinegar . . . 240
Water Pepper . . . 606
Yeast (oat) . . . 398

POULTICES.
Carrot . . . 89
Flaxseed . . . 203
Goosefoot . . . 229
Hemlock . . . 250
Marshmallow . . . 328
Mustard . . . 377
Turnip . . . 574
Vinegar . . . 240
Water Pepper . . . 606
Yeast (oat) . . . 398

PREGNANCY, and see WOMB.
Gooseberry, green (longings to abate) . . . 226
Quince (wise children to procreate) . . . 454
Turnip (injurious during) . . . 575

PREGNANCY, and see WOMB.
Gooseberry, green (desires wanting to lessen) . . . 226
Quince (wise kids to raise) . . . 454
Turnip (harmful during) . . . 575

PSORIASIS, see SKIN.

QUINSY, see also SORE THROAT.
Currant, black . . . 139
Prunella . . . 509
Strawberry leaves . . . 537
Woodruff Squinancy . . . 609
Woodsorrel . . . 612
Wormwood . . . 613

QUINSY, see also SORE THROAT.
Black currant . . . 139
Prunella . . . 509
Strawberry leaves . . . 537
Woodruff Squinancy . . . 609
Wood sorrel . . . 612
Wormwood . . . 613

RHEUMATISM and LUMBAGO.
Allspice Plaster . . . 397
Bee sting . . . 261
Bryony, White 66
Calamint (lumbago) . . . 344
Chickweed (bilious) . . . 106
Fern Royal (lumbago) . . . 87
Meadow Saffron (Colchicum) . . . 483
Nutmeg spirit . . . 394
Yarn, hank of . . . 204

RHEUMATISM and LOWER BACK PAIN.
Allspice Plaster . . . 397
Bee sting . . . 261
White Bryony . . . 66
Calamint (lower back pain) . . . 344
Chickweed (bile-related) . . . 106
Royal Fern (lower back pain) . . . 87
Meadow Saffron (Colchicum) . . . 483
Nutmeg spirit . . . 394
Skein of yarn . . . 204

CHRONIC RHEUMATISM—
Angelica . . . 24
Asparagus . . . 36
Bladderwrack, embrocation . . . 505
Bryony, White . . . 66
Buttercup . . . 72
Capsicum . . . 80
Celery . . . 95
Centaury (muscular) . . . 97
Cress, Garden . . . 129
Garlic . . . 217
Henbane liniment . . . 224
Hop . . . 265
Horse Radish . . . 271
Hyssop . . . 278
Ivy berries . . . 282
Juniper berries . . . 292
Lily of the Valley . . . 315
Marjoram . . . 332
Mugwort (moxa) . . . 354
[643] Mustard . . . 376-8
Nettle, Stinging . . . 383
Nutmeg spirit . . . 394
Pellitory (head and face) . . . 425
Peppermint . . . 340
Pimpernel . . . 430
Pine . . . 580
Polypody Fern . . . 189
Potato, raw . . . 444
Primrose . . . 448
Rue (periosteal) . . . 478
Savin (of womb) . . . 494
Sea Tang . . . 503
Spruce beer . . . 580
Tansy . . . 553
Turpentine liniment . . . 578
Violet, sweet (wrists) . . . 593
Wallflower . . . 597
Yarrow . . . 617

CHRONIC RHEUMATISM—
Angelica . . . 24
Asparagus . . . 36
Bladderwrack, ointment . . . 505
White Bryony . . . 66
Buttercup . . . 72
Capsicum . . . 80
Celery . . . 95
Centaury (muscular) . . . 97
Garden Cress . . . 129
Garlic . . . 217
Henbane liniment . . . 224
Hop . . . 265
Horseradish . . . 271
Hyssop . . . 278
Ivy berries . . . 282
Juniper berries . . . 292
Lily of the Valley . . . 315
Marjoram . . . 332
Mugwort (moxa) . . . 354
[643] Mustard . . . 376-8
Stinging Nettle . . . 383
Nutmeg spirit . . . 394
Pellitory (head and face) . . . 425
Peppermint . . . 340
Pimpernel . . . 430
Pine . . . 580
Polypody Fern . . . 189
Raw Potato . . . 444
Primrose . . . 448
Rue (periosteal) . . . 478
Savin (for womb) . . . 494
Sea Tang . . . 503
Spruce beer . . . 580
Tansy . . . 553
Turpentine liniment . . . 578
Sweet Violet (wrists) . . . 593
Wallflower . . . 597
Yarrow . . . 617

RICKETS, see SCROFULA.

RICKETS, see SCROFULA.

RINGWORM, see SKIN.

RUPTURE of Children.
Wall Rue Fern . . . 191

SAINT VITUS'S DANCE (CHOREA).
Mistletoe berries . . . 348

SALIVATION, see MOUTH, SORE.

SCALDS, see BURNS.

SCALDS, see BURNS.

SCALD HEAD, see SKIN.

SCARLET FEVER.
Belladonna (to prevent) . . . 389
Rock Rose (sore throat of) . . . 470

SCIATICA.
Bracken (to smoke legs) . . . 185
Elecampane . . . 174
Goutweed . . . 235
Horse Radish . . . 278
Nettle (urtication) . . . 884
Peppermint . . . 842
Ragwort . . . 458
Rue leaves, bruised . . . 478
Thyme, Wild . . . 568
Turpentine . . . 578
Tutsan . . . 290

SCIATICA.
Bracken (to smoke legs) . . . 185
Elecampane . . . 174
Goutweed . . . 235
Horse Radish . . . 278
Nettle (urtication) . . . 884
Peppermint . . . 842
Ragwort . . . 458
Bruised Rue leaves . . . 478
Wild Thyme . . . 568
Turpentine . . . 578
Tutsan . . . 290

SCROFULA, see also GLANDULAR SWELLINGS
Acorn . . . 10
Agrimony . . . 19
Bladderwrack in rum . . . 503
Brooklime . . . 431
Chickweed . . . 106
Clover, Red . . . 111
Coltsfoot . . . 118
Cresses . . . 130
Dock . . . 163
Dodder (tumours) . . . 112
Dulse . . . 501
Fern, Royal (rickets) . . . 187
Fig . . . 196
Figwort, water . . . 198
Garlic . . . 215
Goosegrass . . . 233
Hoglouse . . . 564
Lavender oil . . . 296
Marigold . . . 328
Mugwort (moxa to joint) . . . 384
Parsley . . . 411
Poor Man's Garlic . . . 223
Rock Rose (joints) . . . 469
Samphire . . . 497
Scurvy Grass. …496
Seapod Essence . . . 504
Sea Tang . . . 503
Sea Water in Bread . . . 503
Spurge plaster . . . 534
Stitchwort . . . 536
Thyme (for Hoglice) . . . 564
Verbena . . . 587
Walnut, Black . . . 601
Wall Rue Fern (Rickets) . . . 191
Watercress . . . 168

SCROFULA, see also GLANDULAR SWELLINGS
Acorn . . . 10
Agrimony . . . 19
Bladderwrack in rum . . . 503
Brooklime . . . 431
Chickweed . . . 106
Clover, Red . . . 111
Coltsfoot . . . 118
Cresses . . . 130
Dock . . . 163
Dodder (tumors) . . . 112
Dulse . . . 501
Fern, Royal (rickets) . . . 187
Fig . . . 196
Figwort, water . . . 198
Garlic . . . 215
Goosegrass . . . 233
Hoglouse . . . 564
Lavender oil . . . 296
Marigold . . . 328
Mugwort (moxa to joint) . . . 384
Parsley . . . 411
Poor Man's Garlic . . . 223
Rock Rose (joints) . . . 469
Samphire . . . 497
Scurvy Grass. …496
Seapod Essence . . . 504
Sea Tang . . . 503
Sea Water in Bread . . . 503
Spurge plaster . . . 534
Stitchwort . . . 536
Thyme (for Hoglice) . . . 564
Verbena . . . 587
Walnut, Black . . . 601
Wall Rue Fern (Rickets) . . . 191
Watercress . . . 168

[644] SCURVY.
Bogbean . . . 59
Brooklime . . . 431
Cabbage, Red . . . 76
Chickweed . . . 106
Cresses . . . 130
Elder . . . 168
Goosegrass . . . 233
Horse Radish . . . 271
Lamb's Lettuce . . . 312
Laver . . . 506
Lemon juice . . . 301
Mum . . . 581
Mustard, White . . . 380
Nasturtium . . . 133
Orange . . . 408
Parsnip water . . . 415
Potato . . . 443
Raspberry liqueur . . . 460
Saucealone . . . 228
Scurvy Grass . . . 495
Sea Holy (Candy) . . . 498
Sea Spinach . . . 506
Sorrel . . . 161
Spruce beer . . . 580
Stone Crop. Sedum . . . 277
Watercress . . . 130
Woodsorrel . . . 611

[644] SCURVY.
Bogbean . . . 59
Brooklime . . . 431
Red Cabbage . . . 76
Chickweed . . . 106
Cresses . . . 130
Elder . . . 168
Goosegrass . . . 233
Horseradish . . . 271
Lamb's Lettuce . . . 312
Laver . . . 506
Lemon Juice . . . 301
Mum . . . 581
White Mustard . . . 380
Nasturtium . . . 133
Orange . . . 408
Parsnip Water . . . 415
Potato . . . 443
Raspberry Liqueur . . . 460
Saucealone . . . 228
Scurvy Grass . . . 495
Sea Holy (Candy) . . . 498
Sea Spinach . . . 506
Sorrel . . . 161
Spruce Beer . . . 580
Stone Crop. Sedum . . . 277
Watercress . . . 130
Wood Sorrel . . . 611

SEXUAL DISORDERS.
FUNCTIONS, TO STRENGTHEN—
Artichoke, Globe . . . 548
Asafetida . . . 219
Bedstraw, Yellow . . . 234
Camphor . . . 337
Daisy (after excesses) . . . 144
Lily of the Valley . . . 315
Lords and Ladies . . . 84
Nettle (urtication) . . . 684
Orchis . . . 405
Periwinkle, greater . . . 427
Potato . . . 446
Potato, sweet . . . 442
Quince . . . 454
Rosemary (to renew energy) . . . 473
Ragwort . . . 458
Sea Holly (eryngo) . . . 499
Sea Water (gold) . . . 508
Southernwood . . . 526
Sowbread . . . 451
Sundew . . . 544
Sunflower . . . 547
Tarragon . . . 555
Tomato (to stimulate) . . . 568
Water Lily, Yellow . . . 605

EXCITEMENT, TO CONTROL—
Camphor, full doses . . . 337
Coriander . . . 123
Hemlock . . . 251
Hop . . . 264
Lettuce . . . 308
Parsley . . . 409
Rue . . . 476

LOSSES, AND DISCHARGES, TO STAY—
Artichoke, Globe . . . 548
Hop-lupulin . . . 264
Periwinkle, greater . . . 427
Water Pepper . . . 606
Yarrow . . . 618

SHINGLES, see SKIN.

SICKNESS, to Relieve.
Cinnamon . . . 392
Fool's Parsley (Infants) . . . 413
Marigold (chronic) . . . 328
Marjoram . . . 332
Pansy . . . 589
Peppermint . . . 339
Walnut, spirit (of pregnancy) . . . 600

TO INDUCE—
Mustard . . . 377
Violet . . . 591

SIGHT, see EYES.

SIGHT, view EYES.

SKIN, Affections of.
FOR GENERAL CURE OF WHEN UNHEALTHY—
Brooklime . . . 432
Docks . . . 160-164
Elder . . . 168
[645] Horehound, Black . . . 269
Lemon . . . 308
Mushroom, Edible (vesicular outbreak) . . . 375
Nettle . . . 385
Parsnip water . . . 415
Primula . . . 449
Quince . . . 452
Shepherd's Purse . . . 511
Tansy . . . 553
Thyme, Wild . . . 562
Toadflax . . . 566
Turnip juice . . . 575
Walnut, Black . . . 601
Water Dropwort (chronic) . . . 604

FOR ECZEMA—
Bilberry . . . 53
Clove . . . 395
Goosegrass . . . 234
Juniper Cade oil . . . 295
Mullein (of ear) . . . 362
Primula Biconica . . . 440
Puffball powder . . . 367
Rosemary, Wild (gouty) . . . 475
Rue . . . 477
Tar (if eruption dry) . . . 581
Thymol . . . 564
Violet (pustular) . . . 590
Walnut . . . 598

FOR ECZEMA—
Bilberry . . . 53
Clove . . . 395
Goosegrass . . . 234
Juniper Cade oil . . . 295
Mullein (for ear) . . . 362
Primula Biconica . . . 440
Puffball powder . . . 367
Wild Rosemary (for gout) . . . 475
Rue . . . 477
Tar (if the rash is dry) . . . 581
Thymol . . . 564
Violet (for pustules) . . . 590
Walnut . . . 598

FOR LEPROUS ERUPTIONS, SCALY—
Fumitory . . . 208
Garlic . . . 217
Goosegrass . . . 234
Potato . . . 444
Soapwort (venereal) . . . 523
Speedwell . . . 528
Tar gravy and ointment . . . 581
Walnut oil . . . 598

FOR LEPROUS ERUPTIONS, SCALY—
Fumitory . . . 208
Garlic . . . 217
Goosegrass . . . 234
Potato . . . 444
Soapwort (for venereal issues) . . . 523
Speedwell . . . 528
Tar gravy and ointment . . . 581
Walnut oil . . . 598

FOR MILK CRUST OF CHILDREN—
Fumitory . . . 208
Periwinkle, lesser . . . 428
Violet, Pansy . . . 590

FOR NETTLE RASH—
Dandelion (bilious) . . . 149
Nettle, stinging . . . 385
Strawberry, wild . . . 537

FOR NETTLE RASH—
Dandelion (for bile issues) . . . 149
Nettle, stinging . . . 385
Wild strawberry . . . 537

FOR PIMPLES AND "ACNE"—
Horse Radish . . . 273
Puffball powder . . . 367

FOR BRAN-LIKE PSORIASlS—
Burdock . . . 162
Goosegrass . . . 234
Juniper Cade oil . . . 295

FOR BRAN-LIKE PSORIASIS—
Burdock . . . 162
Goosegrass . . . 234
Juniper Cade oil . . . 295

FOR RINGWORM—
Arum . . . 34
Horehound, Black . . . 269
Mullein . . . 362
Thymol . . . 564

FOR RINGWORM—
Arum . . . 34
Black Horehound . . . 269
Mullein . . . 362
Thymol . . . 564

FOR SCALD HEAD—
Blackberry . . . 54
Tar . . . 582
Violet, Pansy . . . 590

FOR SHINGLES—
Buttercup . . . 72
House Leek . . . 275
Rock Rose . . . 469

COSMETICS—
Beet juice . . . 507
Cowslip (freckles) . . . 125
Cumin (for pallor) . . . 136
Flag, Blue . . . 200
Fumitory . . . 207
Horse radish in milk . . . 271
Lemon juice (for hands) . . . 304
Pulse . . . 416
Savin . . . 494
Solomon's Seal . . . 525
Speedwell (freckles) . . . 528
Spinach water . . . 530
Thistle, Sow . . . 559
Toadflax . . . 566
Violet, Sweet . . . 591

COSMETICS—
Beet juice . . . 507
Cowslip (freckles) . . . 125
Cumin (for pallor) . . . 136
Blue Flag . . . 200
Fumitory . . . 207
Horseradish in milk . . . 271
Lemon juice (for hands) . . . 304
Pulse . . . 416
Savin . . . 494
Solomon's Seal . . . 525
Speedwell (freckles) . . . 528
Spinach water . . . 530
Sow Thistle . . . 559
Toadflax . . . 566
Sweet Violet . . . 591

TO RAISE A BLISTER—
Water Plantain . . . 436

[646] SLEEP
FOR SLEEPLESSNESS—
Anise . . . 26
Bean . . . 416
Bulrush . . . 481
Chamomile (nightmare) . . . 87
Clove . . . 396
Cowslip . . . 124
Dill (of infants) . . . 156
Fennel . . . 180
Henbane (foot bath) . . . 253
Hop (tea, and pillow) . . . 265
House leek (with head-ache) . . . 275
Lady's mantle . . . 511
Lemon squash . . . 304
Lettuce, Garden, gum (infants) . . . 307
Lettuce, Wild, gum . . . 307
Mushroom (in consumption) . . . 370
Mustard foot-bath . . . 378
Nutmeg . . . 394
Oat . . . 398
Onion . . . 211
Orange buds . . . 401
Orange flower water . . . 401
Poppy, white . . . 438
Primrose . . . 448
Rue (nightmare) . . . 478
Sea Tang essence . . . 502
Skullcap, lesser (exhausted brain) . . . 517
Water Figwort (nightmare) . . . 50

[646] SLEEP
FOR SLEEPLESSNESS—
Anise . . . 26
Bean . . . 416
Bulrush . . . 481
Chamomile (nightmare) . . . 87
Clove . . . 396
Cowslip . . . 124
Dill (for infants) . . . 156
Fennel . . . 180
Henbane (foot bath) . . . 253
Hop (tea and pillow) . . . 265
House leek (for headache) . . . 275
Lady's mantle . . . 511
Lemon squash . . . 304
Garden lettuce, gum (for infants) . . . 307
Wild lettuce, gum . . . 307
Mushroom (for consumption) . . . 370
Mustard foot bath . . . 378
Nutmeg . . . 394
Oat . . . 398
Onion . . . 211
Orange buds . . . 401
Orange flower water . . . 401
White poppy . . . 438
Primrose . . . 448
Rue (nightmare) . . . 478
Sea Tang essence . . . 502
Lesser skullcap (for exhausted brain) . . . 517
Water Figwort (nightmare) . . . 50

SORES, see also ULCERS.
Agrimony . . . 19
Amadou mushroom (bedsore) . . . 370
Carrot (fetid and indolent) . . . 89
Chickweed (on legs) . . . 107
Cleavers . . . 232
Clover, red . . . 111
Club Moss powder (raw sores) . . . 15
Fig . . . 206
Foxglove ointment . . . 206
Groundsel (sore legs) . . . 245
Hemlock (cancerous) . . . 252
House Leek . . . 275
Marigold . . . 328
Marsh Mallow . . . 328
Peppermint oil . . . 342
Plantain . . . 434
Puff ball powder (weeping sore) . . . 366
Resin ointment (Pine) . . . 578
Saint John's Wort (bedsore) . . . 289
Savin ointment (to keep sore open) . . . 494
Thymol . . . 564
Turnip poultice . . . 574
Viper's Bugloss . . . 594
Walnut, black, the leaves . . . 601
Yeast poultice (oat) . . . 398

SORES, see also ULCERS.
Agrimony . . . 19
Amadou mushroom (bedsore) . . . 370
Carrot (fetid and indolent) . . . 89
Chickweed (on legs) . . . 107
Cleavers . . . 232
Red clover . . . 111
Club Moss powder (raw sores) . . . 15
Fig . . . 206
Foxglove ointment . . . 206
Groundsel (sore legs) . . . 245
Hemlock (cancerous) . . . 252
House Leek . . . 275
Marigold . . . 328
Marsh Mallow . . . 328
Peppermint oil . . . 342
Plantain . . . 434
Puff ball powder (weeping sore) . . . 366
Resin ointment (Pine) . . . 578
Saint John's Wort (bedsore) . . . 289
Savin ointment (to keep sore open) . . . 494
Thymol . . . 564
Turnip poultice . . . 574
Viper's Bugloss . . . 594
Black walnut leaves . . . 601
Yeast poultice (oat) . . . 398

SPASMS, see PAIN.

SPINE, Irritable or Weak.
Agaric, Fly (locomotor ataxy) . . . 369
Chamomile . . . 85
Eryngo (to strengthen) . . . 499
Garlic . . . 215
Rush, Soft . . . 479
Saint John's Wort oil (after injury) . . . 288
Turpentine . . . 579
Valerian . . . 585
Water Hemlock . . . .252

SPINE, Irritable or Weak.
Fly Agaric (locomotor ataxia) . . . 369
Chamomile . . . 85
Eryngo (to strengthen) . . . 499
Garlic . . . 215
Soft Rush . . . 479
Saint John's Wort oil (after injury) . . . 288
Turpentine . . . 579
Valerian . . . 585
Water Hemlock . . . .252

SPLEEN, see BILIOUS DISORDERS.

SPLEEN, see BILE DISORDERS.

SPRAINS.
Agrimony . . . 19
Bladderwrack (old sprain) . . . 504
Lavender Spike . . . 296
Linseed oil . . . 203
Rosemary . . . 472
Sea weeds . . . 497
[647] Verjuice of apple, pear, and vine . . . 29, 288
Vinegar poultice . . . 240

SPRAINS.
Agrimony . . . 19
Bladderwrack (old sprain) . . . 504
Lavender Spike . . . 296
Linseed oil . . . 203
Rosemary . . . 472
Seaweeds . . . 497
[647] Verjuice of apple, pear, and grape . . . 29, 288
Vinegar poultice . . . 240

STINGS and BITES.
PAIN AND SWELLING FROM—
Dock, Wayside (nettle sting) . . . 158
Feverfew . . . 193
House Leek . . . 275
Marigold . . . 328
Plantain, greater (snake bite) . . . 434
Onion, raw . . . 212
Poppy leaf . . . 441
Rosemary, wild . . . 474
Stitchwort . . . 535

STINGS and BITES.
PAIN AND SWELLING FROM—
Dock, Wayside (nettle sting) . . . 158
Feverfew . . . 193
House Leek . . . 275
Marigold . . . 328
Plantain, greater (snake bite) . . . 434
Raw Onion . . . 212
Poppy leaf . . . 441
Wild Rosemary . . . 474
Stitchwort . . . 535

STITCH OF SIDE, see PAIN.

SIDE STITCH, see PAIN.

STONE IN BLADDER.
Apple cider . . . 31
Carrot . . . 89
Currant, White . . . 140
Gorse seed . . . 64
Juniper berries . . . 293
Ladies' Mantle . . . 511
Leek (phosphatic stone) . . . 220
Parsnip water . . . 415
Rest Harrow . . . 321
Stephens', Joanna, remedy . . . 411
Thyme, for Woodlouse . . . 565
Water Fennel . . . 604

STONE IN BLADDER.
Apple cider . . . 31
Carrot . . . 89
White currant . . . 140
Gorse seed . . . 64
Juniper berries . . . 293
Lady's Mantle . . . 511
Leek (phosphatic stone) . . . 220
Parsnip water . . . 415
Rest Harrow . . . 321
Joanna Stephens' remedy . . . 411
Thyme, for woodlice . . . 565
Water fennel . . . 604

STYE, see EYE.

SWEATS, NIGHT, to Check, see CONSUMPTION.

SWEATS, NIGHT, to Check, see USAGE.

SYPHILIS, VENEREAL DISEASE.
Burdock . . . 162
Gold (in Sea Water) . . . 508
Hemlock . . . 252
Pellitory of Spain . . . 425
Soapwort (inveterate) . . . 523
Southernwood . . . 526
Speedwell . . . 528
Stonecrop, Sedum . . . 277
Tormentil . . . 573
Walnut leaves . . . 598
Water Pepper . . . 606

TEETH.
FOR TOOTH-ACHE AND FACE-ACHE—
Burnet Saxifrage . . . 430
Cabbage . . . 75
Capsicum . . . 80
Celandine, greater . . . 92
Chamomile (of children) . . . 86
Clove oil . . . 396
Fennel . . . 182
Groundsel . . . 245
Henbane seeds, smoke . . . 254
Ivy gum . . . 282
Ladybird . . . 425
Pellitory of Spain . . . 424
Peppermint . . . 339
Plantain, greater . . . 434
Tormentil . . . 573
Water Pepper . . . 606
Yarrow . . . 617

TEETH.
FOR TOOTHACHE AND FACEACHE—
Burnet Saxifrage . . . 430
Cabbage . . . 75
Capsicum . . . 80
Greater Celandine . . . 92
Chamomile (for children) . . . 86
Clove Oil . . . 396
Fennel . . . 182
Groundsel . . . 245
Smoke from Henbane Seeds . . . 254
Ivy Gum . . . 282
Ladybird . . . 425
Pellitory of Spain . . . 424
Peppermint . . . 339
Greater Plantain . . . 434
Tormentil . . . 573
Water Pepper . . . 606
Yarrow . . . 617

LOOSE TEETH, TO TIGHTEN—
Blackberry . . . 54
Dock, Great Water . . . 164
Great Bistort (with spongy gums) . . . 607
Strawberry, wild . . . 537

FOR CHILDREN TO CUT TEETH ON—
Marsh Mallow root . . . 325

TEMPER, Irritable, for.
Cat mint . . . 345
Chamomile (of children) . . . 86
Feverfew . . . 194

TEMPER, Irritable, for.
Cat mint . . . 345
Chamomile (for kids) . . . 86
Feverfew . . . 194

TESTICLE, Swollen, for.
Anemone Pulsatilla . . . 20

[648] THROAT, Sore.
Agrimony . . . 18
Arum (Lords and Ladies) . . . 34
Barberry (relaxed) . . . 43
Blackberry . . . 55
Capsicum . . . 81
Chestnut, Horse (with piles) . . . 102
Cinquefoil, Creeping . . . 515
Currant, Black (quinsy) . . . 139
Dock, Great Water . . . 164
Elder . . . 169
Fig . . . 198
Flax, Linseed . . . 203
Groundsel . . . 244
Hart's-tongue Fern . . . 188
Hawthorn flowers . . . 246
Honey . . . 259
Horse Radish (with hoarseness) . . . 271
Leek (loss of voice) . . . 221
Lemon juice . . . 303
Lime, sweet . . . 317
Mountain Ash (relaxed) . . . 351
Mulberry . . . 357
Mustard, Hedge (ulcerated) . . . 381
Mustard, White, seed . . . 381
Pellitory . . . 425
Peppermint, Menthol . . . 339
Periwinkle, lesser . . . 428
Quince . . . 452
Raspberry vinegar . . . 460
Rock Rose (of scarlet fever) . . . 470
Sage . . . 492
Sanicle . . . 509
Sea Lavender . . . 300
Sea Pod Essence (goitre) . . . 504
Selfheal, Brownwort (quinsy) . . . 509
Strawberry leaves (quinsy) . . . 537
Thymol . . . 564
Tormentil . . . 573
Verbena . . . 587
Walnut vinegar . . . 598
Water Dock . . . 164
Woodruff, Squinancy (quinsy) . . . 609
Woodsorrel . . . 612
Wormwood (quinsy) . . . 613
Yarrow . . . 618

[648] THROAT, Sore.
Agrimony . . . 18
Arum (Lords and Ladies) . . . 34
Barberry (relaxed) . . . 43
Blackberry . . . 55
Capsicum . . . 81
Horse Chestnut (with piles) . . . 102
Creeping Cinquefoil . . . 515
Black Currant (quinsy) . . . 139
Great Water Dock . . . 164
Elder . . . 169
Fig . . . 198
Flax, Linseed . . . 203
Groundsel . . . 244
Hart's-tongue Fern . . . 188
Hawthorn flowers . . . 246
Honey . . . 259
Horseradish (with hoarseness) . . . 271
Leek (loss of voice) . . . 221
Lemon juice . . . 303
Sweet Lime . . . 317
Mountain Ash (relaxed) . . . 351
Mulberry . . . 357
Hedge Mustard (ulcerated) . . . 381
White Mustard, seed . . . 381
Pellitory . . . 425
Peppermint, Menthol . . . 339
Lesser Periwinkle . . . 428
Quince . . . 452
Raspberry vinegar . . . 460
Rock Rose (of scarlet fever) . . . 470
Sage . . . 492
Sanicle . . . 509
Sea Lavender . . . 300
Sea Pod Essence (goitre) . . . 504
Selfheal, Brownwort (quinsy) . . . 509
Strawberry leaves (quinsy) . . . 537
Thymol . . . 564
Tormentil . . . 573
Verbena . . . 587
Walnut vinegar . . . 598
Water Dock . . . 164
Squinancy Woodruff (quinsy) . . . 609
Wood Sorrel . . . 612
Wormwood (quinsy) . . . 613
Yarrow . . . 618

THRUSH and SORE MOUTH.
Currant, Black . . . 140
Grapes . . . 241
Honey . . . 261
House Leek . . . 275
Mercury, Dog's . . . 333
Mulberry . . . 357
Quince . . . 453
Tomato (salivation) . . . 572
Tormentil . . . 573
Water Pepper . . . 606

THRUSH and SORE MOUTH.
Black Currant . . . 140
Grapes . . . 241
Honey . . . 261
House Leek . . . 275
Dog's Mercury . . . 333
Mulberry . . . 357
Quince . . . 453
Tomato (salivation) . . . 572
Tormentil . . . 573
Water Pepper . . . 606

TIC DOULOUREUX.
Flax Yarn . . . 204

TOOTHACHE, see TEETH.

TUMOURS, see GLANDULAR SWELLINGS.

TUMORS, see GLANDULAR SWELLINGS.

ULCERS, to Heal.
Blackberry leaves . . . 55
Brooklime . . . 431
Dock, Water . . . 164
Good King Henry . . . 228
Goosegrass . . . 232
Hemlock, apply . . . 251
House Leek . . . 275
Juniper Gum (deep ulcers) . . . 294
Marigold . . . 328
Sage (strong) . . . 492
Saint John's Wort . . . 289
Savin juice . . . 494
Scurvy Grass . . . 496
Sorrel (scrofulous) . . . 161
Tormentil . . . 578
Turpentine Resin . . . 578
Tutsan (sore legs) . . . 290
Verbena (indolent) . . . 587
Walnut leaves . . . 598
Wartwort . . . 603
[649] Watercress leaves . . . 131
Woodsorrel . . . 611
Yew . . . 621

ULCERS, to Heal.
Blackberry leaves . . . 55
Brooklime . . . 431
Water Dock . . . 164
Good King Henry . . . 228
Goosegrass . . . 232
Apply Hemlock . . . 251
House Leek . . . 275
Juniper Gum (for deep ulcers) . . . 294
Marigold . . . 328
Strong Sage . . . 492
Saint John's Wort . . . 289
Savin juice . . . 494
Scurvy Grass . . . 496
Sorrel (for scrofulous conditions) . . . 161
Tormentil . . . 578
Turpentine Resin . . . 578
Tutsan (for sore legs) . . . 290
Indolent Verbena . . . 587
Walnut leaves . . . 598
Wartwort . . . 603
[649] Watercress leaves . . . 131
Wood Sorrel . . . 611
Yew . . . 621

URINE, and KIDNEY DISORDERS.
TO PROMOTE FLOW OF URINE—
Bee Tea . . . 261
Broom . . . 62
Butcher's Broom . . . 65
Celery . . . 95
Daffodil . . . 142
Earth Nut . . . 373
Grapes . . . 289
Juniper . . . 291
Lily of the Valley . . . 315
Nettle tea . . . 387
Onion . . . 210
Parsley . . . 409
Pellitory of Wall . . . 424
Potato, watery . . . 446
Radish . . . 456
Speedwell . . . 528
Strawberry . . . 538
Tar . . . 580
Toadflax . . . 567
Violet seeds . . . 591

URINE, and KIDNEY DISORDERS.
TO INCREASE URINE FLOW—
Bee Tea . . . 261
Broom . . . 62
Butcher's Broom . . . 65
Celery . . . 95
Daffodil . . . 142
Earth Nut . . . 373
Grapes . . . 289
Juniper . . . 291
Lily of the Valley . . . 315
Nettle tea . . . 387
Onion . . . 210
Parsley . . . 409
Pellitory of Wall . . . 424
Watery Potato . . . 446
Radish . . . 456
Speedwell . . . 528
Strawberry . . . 538
Tar . . . 580
Toadflax . . . 567
Violet seeds . . . 591

TO SOOTHE IRRITABLE BLADDER AND URINARY PASSAGES—
Asparagus . . . 36
Barley . . . 45
Camphor . . . 338
Chervil . . . 101
Couch Grass . . . 242
Henbane . . . 253
Horehound . . . 267
Marsh Mallow . . . 324
Parsley tea . . . 412
Pimpernel . . . 429
Plantain, Water . . . 435
Pulsatilla Anemone . . . 21
Rest Harrow . . . 321
Turpentine . . . 577
Viper's Bugloss . . . 594

TO CORRECT DEPOSITS IN URINE—
Barberry (gravel) . . . 43
Carrot (gravel) . . . 88
Couch Grass . . . 242
Flag, Sweet . . . 202
Gooseberry leaves . . . 225
Valerian (urea) . . . 585
Violet, Sweet . . . 593
Water Parsnip . . . 415

OF MILKY PHOSPHATES—
Burdock . . . 162
Leek . . . 220

ALBUMINURIA—
Barberry . . . 43
Clove . . . 395
Hart's tongue Fern . . . 187
Stitchwort, greater . . . 536

BED-WETTING, TO PREVENT—
Daffodil . . . 142
Dandelion . . . 167
Mullein Oil . . . 362
Plantain, greater . . . 435
Saint John's Wort . . . 287

VENEREAL DISEASE, see SYPHILIS.

STI, see SYPHILIS.

VERMIN, to Destroy.
Agaric, Fly, mushroom . . . 36
Aniseed (lice) . . . 24
Cat mint (rats, keep away) . . . 345
Ivy Leaf (lice) . . . . 282
Spindletree . . . 531
Tansy . . . 553
Water Lily, Yellow . . . 605

VERMIN, to Destroy.
Agaric, Fly, mushroom . . . 36
Aniseed (lice) . . . 24
Cat mint (keeps rats away) . . . 345
Ivy Leaf (lice) . . . . 282
Spindletree . . . 531
Tansy . . . 553
Water Lily, Yellow . . . 605

WARTS, to Remove.
Apple juice . . . 29
Cabbage, White . . . 76
Celandine, greater . . . 94
Chickweed . . . 106
Dandelion . . . 151
Elder . . . 170
(Epsom Salts) . . . 80
[650] Fig juice . . . 197
Gooseberry Thorn . . . 226
House Leek . . . 275
Marsh Marigold . . . 331
Peach leaf . . . 419
Savin . . . 494
Spurge Wood . . . 534
Sundew . . . 546
Teasel water . . . 559
Tormentil . . . 573
Watercress juice . . . 131

WARTS, to Remove.
Apple juice . . . 29
White Cabbage . . . 76
Greater Celandine . . . 94
Chickweed . . . 106
Dandelion . . . 151
Elder . . . 170
(Epsom Salts) . . . 80
[650] Fig juice . . . 197
Gooseberry Thorn . . . 226
House Leek . . . 275
Marsh Marigold . . . 331
Peach leaf . . . 419
Savin . . . 494
Spurge Wood . . . 534
Sundew . . . 546
Teasel water . . . 559
Tormentil . . . 573
Watercress juice . . . 131

WATER BRASH, see INDIGESTION.

WHITES, see WOMB.

WHITLOW.
Brooklime . . . 431
Rosemary, Wild . . . 474
Water Dropwort . . . 604

WHITLOW.
Brooklime . . . 431
Wild Rosemary . . . 474
Water Dropwort . . . 604

WHOOPING COUGH.
Blackberry . . . 54
Bog Bean . . . 59
Celandine, greater . . . 94
Chestnut, sweet . . . 104
Clover, Red . . . 111
Garlic . . . 215
Hemlock vapour . . . 250
Horse Radish . . . 273
Ivy Cup . . . 282
Pennyroyal . . . 336
Radish, Black . . . 457
Rose Canker . . . 469
Sundew . . . 544
Thyme, Wild . . . 561

WHOOPING COUGH.
Blackberry . . . 54
Bog Bean . . . 59
Greater Celandine . . . 94
Sweet Chestnut . . . 104
Red Clover . . . 111
Garlic . . . 215
Hemlock Vapor . . . 250
Horse Radish . . . 273
Ivy Cup . . . 282
Pennyroyal . . . 336
Black Radish . . . 457
Rose Canker . . . 469
Sundew . . . 544
Wild Thyme . . . 561

WOMB, Disorders of, and see MONTHLY FLOW.
FOR IRRITABLE WOMB—
Anemone Pulsatilla . . . 21
Groundsel bath . . . 215
Parsley . . . 408
Savin . . . 494
Sowbread (falling womb) . . . 451
Thyme, Wild . . . 561
Valerian . . . 584

MONTHLY ILLNESSES, see MENSTRUATION—

Monthly issues, see menstruation—

WHITES—LEUCORRHOEA—TO CURE—
Burdock . . . 163
Hyacinth, Wild (Blue Bell) . . . 57
Tomato . . . 571

WHITES—LEUCORRHEA—TO CURE—
Burdock . . . 163
Wild Hyacinth (Blue Bell) . . . 57
Tomato . . . 571

CANCER OF WOMB—
Turpentine Chian . . . 579

TO PREVENT BARRENNESS—
Leeks . . . 220
Potato . . . 446
Speedwell . . . 528
Tansy (to prevent miscarriage) . . . 554

WORMS, to Expel.
Carrot, raw . . . 90
Cat Thyme (thread worms) . . . 565
Chamomile . . . 87
Christmas Rose (round worms) . . . 108
Coraline Sea Weed . . . 507
Fern, Male, oil and root (tape worm) . . . 183
Garlic, Clove . . . 216
Goosefoot (round worms) . . . 223
Groundsel (bot worms) . . . 244
Hedge Hyssop . . . 280
Lemon pips . . . 302
Lettuce, unwashed (to guard against eating) . . . 381
Mulberry root (tape worms) . . . 358
Nettle . . . 385
Peach leaves . . . 418
Rose, Dog, hips (round worms) . . . 464
Salt Worts . . . 506
Sedum . . . 277
Southernwood . . . 527
Stinking Hellebore . . . 109
Tansy seeds . . . 552
[651] Turpentine (round worms) . . . 579
Walnut, unripe fruit . . . 598
Wormwood . . . 612

WORMS, to Expel.
Raw Carrot . . . 90
Cat Thyme (thread worms) . . . 565
Chamomile . . . 87
Christmas Rose (round worms) . . . 108
Coraline Seaweed . . . 507
Male Fern, oil and root (tape worm) . . . 183
Garlic, Clove . . . 216
Goosefoot (round worms) . . . 223
Groundsel (bot worms) . . . 244
Hedge Hyssop . . . 280
Lemon seeds . . . 302
Unwashed Lettuce (to guard against eating) . . . 381
Mulberry root (tape worms) . . . 358
Nettle . . . 385
Peach leaves . . . 418
Dog Rose, hips (round worms) . . . 464
Saltworts . . . 506
Sedum . . . 277
Southernwood . . . 527
Stinking Hellebore . . . 109
Tansy seeds . . . 552
[651] Turpentine (round worms) . . . 579
Unripe Walnut fruit . . . 598
Wormwood . . . 612

WOUNDS, to Heal.
Adder's-tongue Fern . . . 188
Agrimony . . . 19
Anemone, Wood . . . 21
Balm . . . 40
Bugle . . . 510
Comfrey . . . 120
Cow-dung poultice . . . 126
Daisy . . . 145
Fern, Royal . . . 186
Figwort (gangrenous) . . . 51
Good King Henry . . . 228
Goosegrass . . . 238
Hemlock, Water . . . 252
House Leek . . . 275
Hyssop, green . . . 279
Marigold . . . 328
Marsh Mallow . . . 328
Pea . . . 416
Peppermint, apply . . . 342
Plantain, greater . . . 434
Potato flour . . . 445
Primrose salve . . . 418
Prunella, Selfheal . . . 510
Puff Ball powder (to stay bleeding) . . . 366
Resin (Honey) . . . 260
Rosemary, Wild . . . 474
Saint John's Wort oil (deep wounds) . . . 288
Sanicle . . . 509
Solomon's Seal . . . 525
Thymol . . . 564
Turnip poultice . . . 574
Tutsan . . . 290
Valerian . . . 584
Watercress poultice . . . 131
Woundwort, Hedge . . . 615
" Water . . . 616
Yarrow . . . 618

WOUNDS, to Heal.
Adder's-tongue Fern . . . 188
Agrimony . . . 19
Anemone, Wood . . . 21
Balm . . . 40
Bugle . . . 510
Comfrey . . . 120
Cow-dung poultice . . . 126
Daisy . . . 145
Fern, Royal . . . 186
Figwort (gangrenous) . . . 51
Good King Henry . . . 228
Goosegrass . . . 238
Hemlock, Water . . . 252
House Leek . . . 275
Hyssop, green . . . 279
Marigold . . . 328
Marsh Mallow . . . 328
Pea . . . 416
Peppermint, apply . . . 342
Plantain, greater . . . 434
Potato flour . . . 445
Primrose salve . . . 418
Prunella, Selfheal . . . 510
Puff Ball powder (to stop bleeding) . . . 366
Resin (Honey) . . . 260
Rosemary, Wild . . . 474
Saint John's Wort oil (for deep wounds) . . . 288
Sanicle . . . 509
Solomon's Seal . . . 525
Thymol . . . 564
Turnip poultice . . . 574
Tutsan . . . 290
Valerian . . . 584
Watercress poultice . . . 131
Woundwort, Hedge . . . 615
" Water . . . 616
Yarrow . . . 618

[652]

    "Farewell, sweet flowers!—whose time is fitly spent
    For all delights of colour, and of scent:
        And after death for cures!
    May I my days with equal uses fill,
    Living to work some benefits: and still
        Having an end like yours!"
            Robert Herrick, 1650

"Goodbye, lovely flowers!—your time is well spent
    For all the joys of color and scent:
        And even after death, you provide healing!
    May I fill my days with equal purpose,
    Living to create some good: and always
        Having an end like yours!"
            Robert Herrick, 1650

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