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ā ē ī ō ū (long vowels, printed with macron/overline)
ẹ (e with dot under, used in reading passages
ȥ (z with hook)

ā ē ī ō ū (long vowels, printed with macron/overline)
ẹ (e with dot underneath, used in reading passages)
ȥ (z with hook)

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ƀ, ʒ, χ, ŋ (b with line through stem; ezh; chi; eng)

ƀ, ʒ, χ, ŋ (b with a line through the stem; ezh; chi; eng)

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A

MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN
PRIMER

WITH

GRAMMAR, NOTES, AND GLOSSARY

BY

JOSEPH WRIGHT

M.A., PH.D., D.C.L., LL.D., LITT.D.

FELLOW OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY
CORPUS CHRISTI PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY
IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

THIRD EDITION

RE-WRITTEN AND ENLARGED

OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1917

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORK
TORONTO MELBOURNE BOMBAY

HUMPHREY MILFORD

PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY

iii

EXTRACTS FROM THE PREFACES
TO THE FIRST AND SECOND EDITIONS

The present book has been written in the hope that it will serve as an elementary introduction to the larger German works on the subject from which I have appropriated whatever seemed necessary for the purpose. In the grammar much aid has been derived from Paul’s Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik, second edition, Halle, 1884, and Weinhold’s Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik, second edition, Paderborn, 1883. The former work, besides containing by far the most complete syntax, is also the only Middle High German Grammar which is based on the present state of German Philology.... I believe that the day is not far distant when English students will take a much more lively interest in the study of their own and the other Germanic languages (especially German and Old Norse) than has hitherto been the case. And if this little book should contribute anything towards furthering the cause, it will have amply fulfilled its purpose.

The current book is written with the hope that it will act as a basic introduction to the more extensive German works on the topic, from which I have taken whatever seemed necessary for this purpose. The grammar section has greatly benefited from Paul’s Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik, second edition, Halle, 1884, and Weinhold’s Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik, second edition, Paderborn, 1883. The former is not only the most comprehensive in terms of syntax but also the only Middle High German Grammar grounded in the current state of German Philology.... I believe the time is coming soon when English students will show a much stronger interest in studying their own and other Germanic languages (especially German and Old Norse) than they have in the past. And if this little book helps in any way to advance that goal, it will have more than achieved its purpose.

London: January, 1888.

London: January 1888.

When I wrote the preface to the first edition of this primer in 1888, I ventured to predict that the interest of English students in the subject would grow and develop as time went on, but I hardly expected that it would grow so much that a second edition of the book would be required within iv so short a period. It has been revised throughout, and several changes have been made in the phonology, but I have not thought it advisable to alter the general plan and scope of the former edition. After many years of personal experience as a teacher and examiner in the older periods of the German language, I have become firmly convinced that the larger books on the subject contain too many details for beginners. I feel sure that the easiest and best way to acquire a thorough knowledge of Middle High German is to start with an elementary book like the present, and then to learn the details of the grammar, especially the phonology of the various dialects, from a more advanced work.

When I wrote the preface to the first edition of this primer in 1888, I took a risk by predicting that English students' interest in the subject would grow and develop over time, but I hardly expected it to expand so much that a second edition of the book would be needed within such a short period. It has been completely revised, and several changes have been made in the phonology, but I didn't think it was necessary to change the overall plan and scope of the previous edition. After many years of teaching and examining in the earlier periods of the German language, I have become convinced that the larger books on the subject contain too many details for beginners. I am confident that the easiest and best way to gain a thorough understanding of Middle High German is to begin with a basic book like this one, and then to learn the details of the grammar, especially the phonology of the various dialects, from a more advanced text.

Oxford: December, 1898.

Oxford: December 1898.

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION

In the preparation of the new edition, I have steadily kept in view the class of students for whom the book was originally written. When the first edition appeared twenty-eight years ago, there were very few students in this country who took up the serious study of the older periods of the various Germanic languages at the Universities. In late years, however, the interest in the study of these languages has grown so much that Honour Courses and Examinations in them have been established at all our Universities. The result is that a book even intended for beginners can now reasonably be expected to be of a higher standard than the previous editions of this Primer. The grammatical introduction has accordingly been entirely rewritten and expanded to more than twice its original size. The texts have also been nearly doubled by the addition of eighteen poems from Walther von der Vogelweide, and selections from Reinmar, Ulrich von Lichtenstein, and Wolfram von Eschenbach.

In preparing this new edition, I have kept in mind the type of students for whom the book was originally written. When the first edition came out twenty-eight years ago, there were very few students in this country who seriously studied the older periods of the various Germanic languages at the universities. However, in recent years, interest in studying these languages has increased so much that honor courses and exams in them have been set up at all our universities. As a result, a book aimed at beginners can now be reasonably expected to be of a higher standard than previous editions of this primer. The grammatical introduction has been completely rewritten and expanded to more than double its original size. The texts have also nearly doubled with the addition of eighteen poems from Walther von der Vogelweide, along with selections from Reinmar, Ulrich von Lichtenstein, and Wolfram von Eschenbach.

The greater part of Middle High German literature is so excellent and interesting that most students, who have mastered the grammatical introduction and read the texts in the Primer, will doubtless desire to continue the subject. Such students should procure a copy of either the Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik by Hermann Paul, eighth edition, Halle, 1911, or the Mittelhochdeutsches Elementarbuch by Victor Michels, second edition, Heidelberg, 1912, where the vi Grammar, especially the phonology and syntax, can be studied in greater detail. They should also procure a copy of the Mittelhochdeutsches Taschenwörterbuch by Matthias Lexer, tenth edition, Leipzig, 1910, and also have access to the two standard Middle High German dictionaries— Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch mit Benutzung des Nachlasses von Georg Friedrich Benecke, ausgearbeitet von Wilhelm Müller und Friedrich Zarncke, drei Bände, Leipzig, 1854-61, and Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch, von Matthias Lexer, zugleich als Supplement und alphabetischer Index zum Mittelhochdeutschen Wörterbuch von Benecke-Müller-Zarncke, drei Bände, Leipzig, 1872-78. An excellent bibliography of the best editions of the Middle High German texts— classified according to the dialects in which they were written— will be found on pp. 20-35 of Michels’ Elementarbuch.

The majority of Middle High German literature is so remarkable and captivating that most students who have learned the basics of grammar and read the texts in the Primer will likely want to delve deeper into the subject. These students should get a copy of either the Mittelhochdeutsche Grammatik by Hermann Paul, eighth edition, Halle, 1911, or the Mittelhochdeutsches Elementarbuch by Victor Michels, second edition, Heidelberg, 1912, where they can study grammar, particularly phonology and syntax, in more depth. They should also obtain a copy of the Mittelhochdeutsches Taschenwörterbuch by Matthias Lexer, tenth edition, Leipzig, 1910, and have access to the two main Middle High German dictionaries— Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch mit Benutzung des Nachlasses von Georg Friedrich Benecke, edited by Wilhelm Müller and Friedrich Zarncke, three volumes, Leipzig, 1854-61, and Mittelhochdeutsches Wörterbuch, by Matthias Lexer, which serves as a supplement and alphabetical index to the Mittelhochdeutschen Wörterbuch by Benecke-Müller-Zarncke, three volumes, Leipzig, 1872-78. An excellent bibliography of the best editions of Middle High German texts— sorted by the dialects in which they were written— can be found on pages 20-35 of Michels’ Elementarbuch.

May the new edition of the Primer continue to further the study of the subject in the future to the same extent as it has done in the past!

May the new edition of the Primer keep promoting the study of the subject in the future just as effectively as it has in the past!

JOSEPH WRIGHT.

Oxford,
October, 1916.

Oxford,
October 1916.

vii

		PAGES
INTRODUCTION		1
The classification of the MHG. dialects (§ 1).
	CHAPTER I
The Vowels		2-22
The MHG. alphabet (§ 2). Pronunciation of the MHG. vowels (§ 3). Phonetic survey of the MHG. vowel-system (§ 4). The OHG. equivalents of the MHG. vowels (§ 5). The characteristic differences between OHG. and MHG. (§ 6). The weakening of unaccented vowels (§§ 7-8). The loss of unaccented vowels (§ 9). Umlaut (§ 10). The MHG. equivalents of the OHG. vowels (§ 11). Ablaut (§ 12). Other vowel changes (§§ 13-18). The MHG alphabet (§ 2). Pronunciation of the MHG vowels (§ 3). Phonetic overview of the MHG vowel system (§ 4). The OHG equivalents of the MHG vowels (§ 5). The key differences between OHG and MHG (§ 6). The weakening of unstressed vowels (§§ 7-8). The loss of unstressed vowels (§ 9). Umlaut (§ 10). The MHG equivalents of the OHG vowels (§ 11). Ablaut (§ 12). Other vowel changes (§§ 13-18).
	CHAPTER II
The Consonants		22-35
Pronunciation of the consonants (§§ 19-20). Phonetic survey of the MHG. consonants (§ 21). Characteristic differences between High German and the other West Germanic languages (§ 22). The High German sound-shifting (§§ 23-7). The interchange between pf, b and f; k, g and h; ȥȥ, ȥ and ss, s (§ 28). The loss of the guttural nasal ŋ (§ 29). Verner’s Law (§ 30). The doubling of consonants (§ 31). The simplification of double consonants (§ 32). The interchange between the lenes and the fortes (§ 33). Interchange between medial h and final ch (§ 34). Initial and medial j (§ 35). Medial and final w (§ 36). The loss of intervocalic b, d, g (§ 37). The loss of intervocalic h (§ 38). The loss of final r (§ 39). The change of medial t to d after nasals and l (§ 40). Pronunciation of the consonants (§§ 19-20). Phonetic overview of the MHG consonants (§ 21). Key differences between High German and other West Germanic languages (§ 22). The High German consonant shift (§§ 23-7). The interchange between pf, b, and f; k, g, and h; ȥȥ, ȥ, and ss, s (§ 28). The loss of the guttural nasal ŋ (§ 29). Verner’s Law (§ 30). The doubling of consonants (§ 31). The simplification of double consonants (§ 32). The interchange between lenis and fortis consonants (§ 33). Interchange between medial h and final ch (§ 34). Initial and medial j (§ 35). Medial and final w (§ 36). The loss of intervocalic b, d, g (§ 37). The loss of intervocalic h (§ 38). The loss of final r (§ 39). The change of medial t to d after nasals and l (§ 40).
viii	CHAPTER III
Declension of Nouns		36-46
Introductory remarks (§ 41). Intro remarks (__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__). A. The vocalic or strong declension:— Masculine nouns (§§ 42-5); Neuter nouns (§§ 46-7); Feminine nouns (§§ 48-9). A. The vocalic or strong declension:— Masculine nouns (§§ 42-5); Neuter nouns (§§ 46-7); Feminine nouns (§§ 48-9). B. The weak declension (§§ 50-3). B. The weak declension (__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__). C. Declension of proper names (§ 54). C. Declension of proper names (§ 54).
	CHAPTER IV
Adjectives		46-52
A. The declension of adjectives (§§ 55-6). A. The declension of adjectives (§§ 55-6). B. The comparison of adjectives (§§ 57-9). B. The comparison of adjectives (§§ 57-9). C. The formation of adverbs from adjectives (§§ 60-1). C. The creation of adverbs from adjectives (§§ 60-1). D. Numerals (§§ 62-4). D. Numbers (__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__).
	CHAPTER V
Pronouns		53-57
Personal (§ 65). Reflexive (§ 66). Possessive (§ 67). Demonstrative (§ 68). Relative (§ 69). Interrogative (§ 70). Indefinite (§ 71). Personal (§ 65). Reflexive (§ 66). Possessive (§ 67). Demonstrative (§ 68). Relative (§ 69). Interrogative (§ 70). Indefinite (§ 71).
	CHAPTER VI
Verbs		57-75
Classification of MHG. verbs (§ 72). Classification of MHG verbs (__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__). A. Strong verbs:— The conjugation of the model strong verb nëmen (§§ 73-4). Class I (§§ 76-7). Class II (§§ 78-80). Class III (§ 81). Class IV (§ 82). Class V (§§ 83-4). Class VI (§§ 85-6). Class VII (§ 87). A. Strong Verbs:— The conjugation of the model strong verb nëmen (§§ 73-4). Class I (§§ 76-7). Class II (§§ 78-80). Class III (§ 81). Class IV (§ 82). Class V (§§ 83-4). Class VI (§§ 85-6). Class VII (§ 87). B. Weak Verbs:—Classification of MHG. weak verbs (§§ 88-9). Class I (§ 90). Class II (§ 92). B. Weak Verbs:—Classification of MHG. weak verbs (§§ 88-9). Class I (§ 90). Class II (§ 92). C. Minor groups.— Preterite-presents (§ 93). Anomalous verbs (§§ 94-8). Contracted verbs (§ 99). C. Minor groups.— Preterite-presents (§ 93). Anomalous verbs (§§ 94-8). Contracted verbs (§ 99).
ix	CHAPTER VII
Syntax		75-78
Cases (§§ 100-2). Adjectives (§ 103). Pronouns (§ 104). Verbs (§§ 105-7). Negation (§ 108). Cases (§§ 100-2). Adjectives (§ 103). Pronouns (§ 104). Verbs (§§ 105-7). Negation (§ 108).
TEXTS:—
I.	Berthold von Regensburg	79-83
II.	The Swabian Lantrehtbuoch	83-85
III.	Hartman von Ouwe	86-116
IV.	Walther von der Vogelweide	116-133
V.	Reinmar	133-139
VI.	Ulrich von Lichtenstein	140-148
VII.	Das Nibelungen-Lied	149-158
VIII.	Wolfram von Eschenbach	158-168
NOTES		169-171
GLOSSARY		172-213

ABBREVIATIONS, ETC.

Goth.	= Gothic
Gr.	= Greek
HG.	= High German
Lat.	= Latin
MHG.	= Middle High German
NHG.	= New High German
OE.	= Old English
OHG.	= Old High German
OS.	= Old Saxon
P. Germ.	= Primitive Germanic
UF.	= Upper Franconian
UG.	= Upper German

The asterisk * prefixed to a word denotes a theoretical form, as MHG. wärmen from *warmjan, to warm.

The asterisk * in front of a word indicates a theoretical form, like MHG. wärmen from *warmjan, meaning to warm.

In representing prehistoric forms the following signs are used:— þ (= th in Engl. thin), ð (= th in Engl. then), ƀ (= a bilabial spirant, which may be pronounced like the v in Engl. vine), ʒ (= g often heard in German sagen), χ (= NHG. ch and the ch in Scotch loch), ŋ (= n in Engl. sunk).

In showing prehistoric forms, the following symbols are used:— þ (= th in English thin), ð (= th in English then), ƀ (= a bilabial fricative, which may sound like the v in English vine), ʒ (= g often heard in German sagen), χ (= Standard High German ch and the ch in Scottish loch), ŋ (= n in English sunk).

GRAMMAR

INTRODUCTION

§ 1.

MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN

Middle High German (MHG.) embraces the High German language from about the year 1100 to 1500. It is divided into three great dialect-groups: Upper German, Franconian, and East Middle German.

Middle High German (MHG.) refers to the High German language spoken from around 1100 to 1500. It is divided into three main dialect groups: Upper German, Franconian, and East Middle German.

1. Upper German is divided into: (a) Alemanic, embracing High Alemanic (Switzerland), and Low Alemanic (South Baden, Swabia, and Alsace). (b) Bavarian, extending over Bavaria and those parts of Austria where German is spoken.

1. Upper German is divided into: (a) Alemanic, which includes High Alemanic (Switzerland) and Low Alemanic (South Baden, Swabia, and Alsace). (b) Bavarian, covering Bavaria and regions of Austria where German is spoken.

2. Franconian (West Middle German), which is subdivided into Upper Franconian and Middle Franconian. Upper Franconian consists of East Franconian (the old duchy of Francia Orientalis) and Rhenish Franconian (the old province of Francia Rhinensis), Middle Franconian extending over the district along the banks of the Moselle and of the Rhine from Coblence to Düsseldorf.

2. Franconian (West Middle German) is divided into Upper Franconian and Middle Franconian. Upper Franconian includes East Franconian (the historical duchy of Francia Orientalis) and Rhenish Franconian (the historical province of Francia Rhinensis). Middle Franconian covers the area along the banks of the Moselle and the Rhine from Coblence to Düsseldorf.

3. East Middle German, extending over: Thuringia, Upper Saxony, and Silesia.

3. East Middle German, covering: Thuringia, Upper Saxony, and Silesia.

Since it is impossible to deal with all these dialects in an elementary book like the present, we shall confine ourselves almost exclusively to Upper German, and shall only deal with that period of Middle High German which extends from about 1200 to 1300.

Since it's impossible to cover all these dialects in a basic book like this one, we will focus almost entirely on Upper German and will only discuss that period of Middle High German that spans from around 1200 to 1300.

PHONOLOGY

CHAPTER I

THE VOWELS

§ 2. MHG. had the following simple vowels and diphthongs:—

§ 2. MHG. had the following basic vowels and diphthongs:—

Short vowels	a, ä, ë,	e, i, o, u, ö, ü.
Long vowels	ā, æ,	ē, ī, ō, ū, œ, iu.
Diphthongs		ei, ie, ou, uo, öu (eu), üe.

Note.— ë represents primitive Germanic e (= Gr. ε, Lat. e, as in Gr. δέκα, Lat. decem, MHG. zëhen, ten) and is generally written ë in Old and Middle High German grammars, in order to distinguish it from the OHG. umlaut-e (§ 10). The former was an open sound like the e in English bed, whereas the latter was a close sound like the é in French été. ä was a very open sound nearly like the a in English hat, and arose in MHG. from the i-umlaut of a (§ 10). Good MHG. poets do not rhyme Germanic ë with the umlaut-e, and the distinction between the two sounds is still preserved in many NHG. dialects. In like manner the modern Bavarian and Austrian dialects still distinguish between ä and ë. In the MHG. period ä, ë, and e were kept apart in Bavarian, but in Alemanic and Middle German ä and ë seem to have fallen together in ë or possibly ä, as the two sounds frequently rhyme with each other in good poets. MHG. texts do not always preserve in writing the distinction between the old umlaut-e and the MHG. umlaut-ä, both being often written e in the same text.

Note.— ë represents the original Germanic e (= Gr. ε, Lat. e, as in Gr. ten, Lat. decem, MHG. zëhen, ten) and is typically written as ë in Old and Middle High German grammars to differentiate it from the OHG. umlaut -e (§ 10). The former was an open sound like the e in English bed, while the latter was a close sound like the é in French été. ä was a very open sound, almost like the a in English hat, and developed in MHG. from the i-umlaut of a (§ 10). Good MHG. poets do not rhyme Germanic ë with the umlaut -e, and the distinction between the two sounds is still maintained in many NHG. dialects. Similarly, the modern Bavarian and Austrian dialects still differentiate between ä and ë. During the MHG. period, ä, ë, and e were kept distinct in Bavarian, but in Alemanic and Middle German, ä and ë seem to have merged into either ë or possibly ä, as the two sounds often rhyme with each other in good poetry. MHG. texts do not always maintain the distinction in writing between the old umlaut-e and the MHG. umlaut -ä, with both often written as e in the same text.

Pronunciation of the Vowels.

§ 3. The approximate pronunciation of the above vowels and diphthongs was as follows:—

§ 3. The rough pronunciation of the vowels and diphthongs mentioned above was as follows:—

a as in	NHG. mann	man, man.
ā„„	Engl. father	hāt, has.
ä„„	„man	mähte, powers.
æ„„	"„"air	lære, empty.
ë„„	„men	hëlfen, to help.
e„„	Fr. été	geste, guests.
ē„„	NHG. reh	sē, sea.
i„„	Engl. bit	biten, to beg.
ī„„	„ween	wīn, wine.
o„„	„pot	golt, gold.
ō„„	NHG. tot	tōt, dead.
u„„	Engl. put	guldīn, golden.
ū„„	„fool	hūs, house.
ö„„	NHG. löcher	löcher, holes.
œ„„	„schön	schœne, beautiful.
ü„„	„füllen	vüllen, to fill.
iu„„	„müde	hiuser, houses.
ei	= e + i	stein, stone.
ie	= i + e	knie, knee.
ou	= o + u	ouge, eye.
öu (eu)	= ö or e + ü	dröuwen, to threaten.
üe	= ü + e	grüeȥen, to greet.
uo	= u + o	bruoder, brother.

To the above list should be added the MHG. e in unaccented syllables, which mostly arose from the weakening of the OHG. full vowels, as OHG. zunga, tongue, hirti, shepherd, namo, name, fridu, peace = MHG. zunge, hirte, name, fride; OHG. habēn, to have, scōnī, beauty, salbōn, to anoint, zungūn, tongues = MHG. haben, schœne, salben, zungen. The e in this position was pronounced like the -e in NHG. zunge, name, friede, &c.

To the above list should be added the MHG. e in unaccented syllables, which mostly came from the weakening of the OHG. full vowels, such as OHG. zunga, tongue, hirti, shepherd, namo, name, fridu, peace = MHG. zunge, hirte, name, fride; OHG. habēn, to have, scōnī, beauty, salbōn, to anoint, zungūn, tongues = MHG. haben, schœne, salben, zungen. The e in this position was pronounced like the -e in NHG. zunge, name, friede, &c.

Phonetic Survey of the MHG. Vowel-system.

§ 4.

Palatal	Short ä, ë, e, i, ö, ü. Short ä, ë, e, i, ö, ü. Long æ, ē, ī, œ, iu (= ü). Long æ, ē, ī, œ, iu (= ü).
Guttural	Short a, o, u. Short A, O, U. Long ā, ō, ū. Long vowels ā, ō, ū.

The OHG. Equivalents of the MHG. Vowels.

§ 5. The following are the OHG. equivalents of the MHG. short vowels, long vowels and diphthongs of accented syllables:—

§ 5. Here are the OHG equivalents of the MHG short vowels, long vowels, and diphthongs for accented syllables:—

1. The short vowels a, ë, e, i, o, u = the corresponding OHG. short vowels, as tac, day, gast, guest, bant, he bound, gap, he gave = OHG. tag, gast, bant, gab.

1. The short vowels a, ë, e, i, o, u correspond to the short vowels in OHG, like tac, day, gast, guest, bant, he bound, gap, he gave = OHG. tag, gast, bant, gab.

wëc, way, nëmen, to take, zëhen, ten = OHG. wëg, nëman, zëhan.

geste, guests, lember, lambs, vert, he goes = OHG. gesti, lembir, ferit.

gesture, guests, number, lambs, green, he goes = OHG. gesti, lembir, ferit.

wiȥȥen, to know, hilfe, I help, visch, fish = OHG. wiȥȥan, hilfu, fisk.

got, God, wol, well, geholfen, helped = OHG. got, wola, giholfan.

got, God, wol, well, geholfen, helped = OHG. got, wola, giholfan.

sun, son, wurm, worm, gebunden, bound = OHG. sunu, wurm, gibuntan.

sun, son, wurm, worm, bound, bound = OHG. sunu, wurm, gibuntan.

ä is the umlaut of a before certain consonant combinations which prevented umlaut from taking place in OHG., as mähte, powers, hältet, he holds, wärmen, to warm = OHG. mahti, haltit, warmen from *warmjan (§ 10). It also occurs in derivatives ending in -līch and -līn, as mänlīch, manly, tägelīch, daily, väterlīn, dim. of vater, father; and in words which originally had an i in the third syllable, the vowel of the second syllable having become i by assimilation, as mägede, maids, zäher(e), tears = OHG. magadi, zahari.

ä is the umlaut of a before certain consonant combinations that prevented umlaut from occurring in Old High German, as in mähte, powers, hältet, he holds, wärmen, to warm = OHG. mahti, haltit, warmen from *warmjan (§ 10). It also appears in derivatives ending in -līch and -līn, such as mänlīch, manly, tägelīch, daily, väterlīn, a diminutive of vater, father; and in words that originally had an i in the third syllable, where the vowel of the second syllable shifted to i through assimilation, like mägede, maids, zäher(e), tears = OHG. magadi, zahari.

ö is the umlaut of OHG. o, as löcher, holes, möhte, I might = OHG. lohhir, mohti; götinne, goddess, beside got, God.

ö is the umlaut of Old High German (OHG). o, as in löcher, holes, möhte, I might = OHG. lohhir, mohti; götinne, goddess, next to got, God.

ü is the umlaut of OHG. u, as dünne, thin, süne, sons, züge, I might draw = OHG. dunni, suni, zugi.

ü is the umlaut of OHG. u, as in dünne, thin, süne, sons, züge, I might draw = OHG. dunni, suni, zugi.

2. The long vowels ā, ē, ī, ō, ū = the corresponding OHG. long vowels, as sāt, seed, slāfen, to sleep, nāmen, we took, dāhte, he thought = OHG. sāt, slāfan, nāmum, dāhta.

2. The long vowels ā, ē, ī, ō, ū = the equivalent long vowels in Old High German, as in sāt, seed, slāfen, to sleep, nāmen, we took, dāhte, he thought = OHG. sāt, slāfan, nāmum, dāhta.

sēle, soul, mēre, more, lēren, to teach = OHG. sēla, mēro, lēren.

wīp, wife, sīn, his, bīȥen, to bite = OHG. wīb, sīn, bīȥan.

ōre, ear, tōt, death, kōs, I chose = OHG. ōra, tōd, kōs.

ore, ear, tote, death, kose, I chose = OHG. ora, tod, kose.

hūs, house, tūsent, thousand, dūhte, it seemed = OHG. hūs, dūsunt, dūhta.

, house, tūsent, thousand, dūhte, it seemed = OHG. hūs, dūsunt, dūhta.

æ is the umlaut of OHG. ā, as lære, empty, næme, thou tookest = OHG. lāri, nāmi.

æ is the umlaut of OHG. ā, as lære, empty, næme, you took = OHG. lāri, nāmi.

œ is the umlaut of OHG. ō, as schœne, beautiful, hœher, higher, hœren, to hear = OHG. scōni, hōhiro, hōren from *hōrjan older *hausjan.

œ is the umlaut of Old High German (OHG). ō, as in schœne, beautiful, hœher, higher, hœren, to hear = OHG. scōni, hōhiro, hōren from *hōrjan older *hausjan.

iu = (1) OHG. iu (diphthong), as liute, people, kiuset, he chooses = OHG. liuti, kiusit.

iu = (2) the umlaut of OHG. ū, as hiuser, houses, briute, brides = OHG. hūsir, brūti.

iu = (2) the umlaut of Old High German. ū, as in hiuser, houses, briute, brides = Old High German hūsir, brūti.

3. The diphthongs ei, ou, uo = the corresponding OHG. diphthongs, as bein, bone, leiten, to lead, schreip, I wrote = OHG. bein, leiten, screib.

3. The diphthongs ei, ou, uo correspond to the OHG diphthongs, like bein, bone, leiten, to lead, schreip, I wrote = OHG. bein, leiten, screib.

ouge, eye, houbet, head, bouc, I bent = OHG. ouga, houbit, boug.

rouge, eye, head, head, goat, I bent = OHG. ouga, head, bent.

bruoder, brother, stuont, I stood, vuor, I went = OHG. bruoder, stuont, fuor.

brother, I stood, went, I went = OHG. brother, stood, went.

ie = (1) OHG. ie (diphthong) older ia, ea, ē (Germanic ē), as hier, here, miete, pay, reward, gienc, I went = OHG. hier, mieta, gieng.

ie = (1) OHG. ie (diphthong) older ia, ea, ē (Germanic ē), as in hier, here, miete, pay, reward, gienc, I went = OHG. hier, mieta, gieng.

ie = (2) OHG. io (Germanic eu), as bieten, to offer, liep, dear = OHG. biotan, liob.

that is = (2) OHG. io (Germanic eu), as bieten, to offer, liep, dear = OHG. biotan, liob.

ie = (3) the OHG. io which occurs in the preterite of the old reduplicated verbs whose presents have ou, ō, uo (§ 87), as inf. loufen, to run, stōȥen, to push, ruofen, to call, preterite lief, stieȥ, rief = OHG. liof, stioȥ, riof.

for example = (3) the OHG. io found in the past tense of old reduplicated verbs whose present forms have ou, ō, uo (§ 87), such as loufen, to run, stōȥen, to push, ruofen, to call, past tense lief, stieȥ, rief = OHG. liof, stioȥ, riof.

ie = (4) Upper German iu (OHG. io) before labials and gutturals, as liup, dear, tiuf, deep, siuch, sick, liugen, to tell a lie = liep, tief, siech, liegen.

i.e. = (4) Upper German iu (OHG. io) before labials and gutturals, as in liup, dear, tiuf, deep, siuch, sick, liugen, to tell a lie = liep, tief, siech, liegen.

öu (eu) is the umlaut of OHG. ou, as löuber, leaves, löufel, runner = OHG. loubir, loufil.

üe is the umlaut of OHG. uo, as grüene, green, güete, goodness, vüere, thou didst go = OHG. gruoni, guotī, fuori.

üe is the umlaut of OHG. uo, as grüene, green, güete, goodness, vüere, you went = OHG. gruoni, guotī, fuori.

Unaccented Vowels and Umlaut.

§ 6. The two most characteristic differences between OHG. and MHG. are: (1) the spread of umlaut (§ 10); (2) the weakening and partial loss of vowels in unaccented syllables.

§ 6. The two main differences between Old High German (OHG) and Middle High German (MHG) are: (1) the increase of umlaut (§ 10); (2) the weakening and partial loss of vowels in unstressed syllables.

1. The Weakening of Unaccented Vowels.

§ 7. The short vowels a, i, o, u, and the long vowels ē, ī, ō, ū were weakened to e. This e was pronounced like the final -e in NHG. leute, see § 3. Examples are:—

§ 7. The short vowels a, i, o, u, and the long vowels ē, ī, ō, ū were softened to e. This e was pronounced like the final -e in modern German. leute, see § 3. Examples are:—

gëba, gift, hërza, heart, zunga, tongue, taga, days = MHG. gëbe, hërze, zunge, tage; heilag, holy, neut. blindaȥ, blind, nëman, to take = MHG. heilec, blindeȥ, nëmen.

kunni, race, generation, gesti, guests = MHG. künne, geste; kuning, king, beȥȥisto, best, dat. pl. gestim, to 7 guests, gen. pl. lembiro, of lambs, nimit, he takes = MHG. künec, beȥȥest (beste), gesten, lember(e), nimet.

haso, hare, nom. acc. pl. fem. blinto, blind, gen. pl. tago, of days = MHG. hase, blinde, tage; acc. sing. hason, hare = MHG. hasen.

haso, hare, nominative accusative plural feminine blinto, blind, genitive plural tago, of days = Middle High German hase, blinde, tage; accusative singular hason, hare = Middle High German hasen.

fridu, peace, dat. sing. gëbu, to a gift, nimu, I take = MHG. fride, gëbe, nime; dat. pl. tagum, to days, nāmum, we took = MHG. tagen, nāmen.

Nom. sing. masc. blintēr, blind, unsēr, our, habēn, to have, nëmēm, we may take = MHG. blinder, unser, haben, nëmen.

scōnī, beauty = MHG. schœne; sālīg, blessed, nāmīm, we might take = MHG. sælec, næmen.

salbōn, to anoint, suohtōs(t), thou soughtest, dat. pl. gëbōm, hërzōm = MHG. salben, suohtes(t), gëben, hërzen.

salbōn, to anoint, suohtōs(t), you sought, dat. pl. gëbōm, hërzōm = MHG. salben, suohtes(t), gëben, hërzen.

Gen. dat. acc. sing., nom. acc. pl. zungūn = MHG. zungen.

§ 8. The vowel in suffixal and derivative syllables was generally weakened to e just as in the inflexional syllables, but in some suffixal and derivative syllables which had a secondary accent the vowel was not weakened to e. This was especially the case with derivatives in -ære (denoting nomina agentis), -inne, -inc (-ing), linc (-ling), diminutives in -īn and -līn, abstract nouns in -nisse (-nusse, -nüsse), -unge. In others the vowel fluctuated between the full vowel and e, as in -isch beside -esch; -ic (= OHG. -ag, and -ī̆g) beside -ec; superlative of adjectives -ist (= OHG. -ist) beside -est (= OHG. -ōst); -sal beside -sel. Beside the full forms -līch, -rīch occurred the shortened forms -lich, -rich.

§ 8. The vowel in suffix and derivative syllables was usually reduced to e, similar to what happened in inflectional syllables, but in some suffix and derivative syllables that had a secondary stress, the vowel was not reduced to e. This was particularly true for derivatives ending in -ære (indicating agent nouns), -inne, -inc (-ing), linc (-ling), diminutives in -īn and -līn, and abstract nouns in -nisse (-nusse, -nüsse), -unge. In other cases, the vowel varied between the full vowel and e, like in -isch contrasted with -esch; -ic (= OHG. -ag, and -ī̆g) compared to -ec; the superlative forms of adjectives -ist (= OHG. -ist) opposed to -est (= OHG. -ōst); and -sal compared to -sel. Alongside the full forms -līch, -rīch appeared the shortened forms -lich, -rich.

The OHG. endings of the present participle -anti, -enti, -ōnti, ēnti regularly became -ende, but -ant occurs in a few old participles which had become nouns, as heilant, Saviour, wīgant, warrior, vīant beside vīent (vīnt), fiend, 8 enemy. Examples are: gartenære, gardener, schepfære, creator, schrībære, scribe.

The OHG endings of the present participle -anti, -enti, -ōnti, ēnti usually became -ende, but -ant appears in a few old participles that turned into nouns, like heilant, Saviour, wīgant, warrior, vīant alongside vīent (vīnt), fiend, 8 enemy. Examples include: gartenære, gardener, schepfære, creator, schrībære, scribe.

küneginne, queen, vriundinne, female friend, wirtinne, mistress.

küneginne, queen, vriundinne, girlfriend, wirtinne, mistress.

edelinc, son of a nobleman, hendelinc, glove, vingerlinc, ring; müedinc, unhappy man.

edelinc, nobleman's son, hendelinc, glove, vingerlinc, ring; müedinc, unhappy man.

magedīn, little girl, vingerīn, ring; kindelīn, little child, vogelīn, little bird.

magedīn, girl, vingerīn, ring; kindelīn, child, vogelīn, bird.

hindernisse, hindrance, verdërbnisse, destruction, vinsternisse, darkness, vancnüsse, captivity.

obstacles, hindrance, destructive forces, destruction, dark forces, darkness, vanquished, captivity.

beȥȥerunge, improvement, handelunge, action, mëldunge, announcement.

buzz, improvement, actions, action, updates, announcement.

himelisch, heavenly, irdisch, earthly, kindisch, childish, beside -esch.

, heavenly, irdisch, earthly, kindisch, childish, beside -esch.

heilic (OHG. heilag), holy, honic (OHG. honag, honig), honey, künic (OHG. cuning, cunig), king, manic (OHG. manag), many a, sælic (OHG. sālīg), blessed, beside -ec.

heilic (OHG. heilag), holy, honic (OHG. honag, honig), honey, künic (OHG. cuning, cunig), king, manic (OHG. manag), many, sælic (OHG. sālīg), blessed, beside -ec.

oberist beside oberest, highest.

oberist next to oberest, highest.

kumbersal, distress, trüebsal, gloom, wëhsal beside wëhsel, change.

bitterlīch, bitterly, sicherlīch, surely, wīslīch, wisely, beside -lich.

bitterly, bitterly, surely, surely, wisely, wisely, beside -ly.

Dietrīch, Heinrīch, beside -rich.

Dietrich, Heinrich, next to -rich.

The OHG. pronominal ending of the nom. sing. fem. and the nom. acc. pl. neuter remained unweakened, as OHG. blintiu = MHG. blindiu (§ 55).

The OHG pronominal ending of the nominative singular feminine and the nominative accusative plural neuter stayed strong, as OHG blintiu = MHG blindiu (§ 55).

2. The Loss of Unaccented Vowels.

§ 9. The weakened e regularly disappeared:—

The weakened e often disappeared:—

1. After l and r in dissyllables with short stems, as ar, older are (OHG. aro), eagle, acc. gen. dat. arn, beside name, name, namen; wol, older wole (OHG. wola), well; gar (OHG. garo), ready, milch (OHG. milih), milk, zal (OHG. zala), number; kil, quill, gen. kil(e)s, dat. kil, 9 pl. nom. acc. kil, dat. kil(e)n, beside tac, day, gen. tages, dat. tage, pl. nom. acc. tage, dat. tagen; bërn, to bear, stëln, to steal, nern, to rescue, pres. sing. stil, stils(t), stilt; ner, ners(t), nert, beside hœren, to hear, pres. sing. hœre, hœres(t), hœret.

1. After l and r in two-syllable words with short stems, like ar, older are (OHG. aro), eagle, accusative genitive arn, next to name, name, namen; wol, older wole (OHG. wola), well; gar (OHG. garo), ready, milch (OHG. milih), milk, zal (OHG. zala), number; kil, quill, genitive kil(e)s, dat. kil, 9 plural nom. acc. kil, dat. kil(e)n, next to tac, day, genitive tages, dat. tage, plural nom. acc. tage, dat. tagen; bërn, to bear, stëln, to steal, nern, to rescue, present singular stil, stils(t), stilt; ner, ners(t), nert, next to hœren, to hear, present singular hœre, hœres(t), hœret.

2. After liquids and nasals in trisyllabic and polysyllabic forms with long stems, as sælde (OHG. sālida), blessedness, hērsen, hërsen (OHG. hērisōn), to rule, zierde (OHG. ziarida), adornment, wandelte (OHG. wantalōta), I wandered, zwīfeln (OHG. zwīfalōn), to doubt, wundern (OHG. wuntarōn), to wonder, schœnste (OHG. scōnisto), most beautiful, diente, diende (OHG. dionōta), I served; dienest, service, gen. dienstes; engel, angel, gen. engel(e)s, dat. engel(e), pl. nom. acc. gen. engel(e), dat. engel(e)n, and similarly with words like acker, acre, lūter, clear, buosem, bosom, heiden, heathen; grœȥer (OHG. grōȥiro), greater, fem. dat. sing. grœȥer (OHG. grōȥiru); dat. sing. blindem(e), blind, guotem(e), good = OHG. blintemu, guotemu; gen. pl. blinder(e) = OHG. blintero. After the analogy of forms with long stems it was also dropped in forms with short stems, as pl. nagel, nails, vogel, birds, beside nagele, vogele; wider beside widere (OHG. widaro), wether, dat. sing. disem(e), this, vadem(e), thread, gen. vadem(e)s.

2. After liquids and nasals in three-syllable and multi-syllable forms with long stems, like sælde (OHG. sālida), blessedness, hērsen, hërsen (OHG. hērisōn), to rule, zierde (OHG. ziarida), adornment, wandelte (OHG. wantalōta), I wandered, zwīfeln (OHG. zwīfalōn), to doubt, wundern (OHG. wuntarōn), to wonder, schœnste (OHG. scōnisto), most beautiful, diente, diende (OHG. dionōta), I served; dienest, service, gen. dienstes; engel, angel, gen. engel(e)s, dat. engel(e), pl. nom. acc. gen. engel(e), dat. engel(e)n, and similarly with words like acker, acre, lūter, clear, buosem, bosom, heiden, heathen; grœȥer (OHG. grōȥiro), greater, fem. dat. sing. grœȥer (OHG. grōȥiru); dat. sing. blindem(e), blind, guotem(e), good = OHG. blintemu, guotemu; gen. pl. blinder(e) = OHG. blintero. Following the pattern of forms with long stems, it was also removed in forms with short stems, like pl. nagel, nails, vogel, birds, alongside nagele, vogele; wider next to widere (OHG. widaro), wether, dat. sing. disem(e), this, vadem(e), thread, gen. vadem(e)s.

There was however a strong tendency in MHG. for the medial vowel to disappear in trisyllabic forms with long stems irrespectively as to whether they contained a liquid or a nasal, as market, market, gen. marktes; rīchsen (OHG. rīchisōn), to rule, ahte (OHG. ahtōta), he observed, wartte, warte (OHG. wartēta), he waited, vrāgte beside vrāgete (OHG. frāgēta), he asked, dancte beside dankete (OHG. dankōta), he thanked. See § 92.

There was, however, a strong tendency in MHG for the medial vowel to disappear in trisyllabic forms with long stems, regardless of whether they contained a liquid or a nasal, as market, market, gen. marktes; rīchsen (OHG. rīchisōn), to rule, ahte (OHG. ahtōta), he observed, wartte, warte (OHG. wartēta), he waited, vrāgte beside vrāgete (OHG. frāgēta), he asked, dancte beside dankete (OHG. dankōta), he thanked. See § 92.

3. In the medial syllable of trisyllabic forms with long stems having liquids or nasals in successive syllables, as dīme beside dīneme (OHG. dīnemu), dat. of dīn, thy; 10 eime beside ein(e)me (OHG. einemu), dat. of ein, one; hērre, hërre (OHG. hēriro), master; minre beside minner(e) (OHG. minniro), less; tiurre (OHG. tiuriro), dearer.

3. In the middle syllable of three-syllable forms with long stems that have liquids or nasals in consecutive syllables, like dīme next to dīneme (OHG. dīnemu), the dative of dīn, thy; eime next to ein(e)me (OHG. einemu), the dative of ein, one; hērre, hërre (OHG. hēriro), master; minre next to minner(e) (OHG. minniro), less; tiurre (OHG. tiuriro), dearer. 10

4. Finally after a nasal, and medially after a nasal before a following t, in forms with short stems, as han(e), cock, nam(e), name, sun (OHG. sun, sunu), son, won(e), I dwell; man(e)t, he admonishes, won(e)t, he dwells, scham(e)t, he shames, nim(e)t, he takes, nëm(e)t, ye take; pret. won(e)te, scham(e)te. In these and similar forms the e was often restored through the influence of forms which regularly preserved the e.

4. Finally, after a nasal sound, and specifically after a nasal sound followed by a t, in forms with short stems, such as han(e), cock, nam(e), name, sun (OHG. sun, sunu), son, won(e), I dwell; man(e)t, he admonishes, won(e)t, he dwells, scham(e)t, he shames, nim(e)t, he takes, nëm(e)t, you take; past tense won(e)te, scham(e)te. In these and similar forms, the e was often reintroduced due to the influence of forms that regularly preserved the e.

Note.— The e, when not preceded by a nasal, was sometimes dropped in verbal forms ending in t. This was especially the case in wirst, wirt older wirdes(t), wirdet; siht, he sees, sëht, ye see, older sihet, sëhet; and often in forms like gilt, vint, spricht, sticht beside giltet, vindet, sprichet, stichet.

Note.— The e, when not followed by a nasal sound, was sometimes dropped in verb forms ending in t. This was especially common in wirst, wirt, older wirdes(t), wirdet; siht, he sees, sëht, you see, older sihet, sëhet; and often in forms like gilt, vint, spricht, sticht compared to giltet, vindet, sprichet, stichet.

5. The superlative of adjectives often has double forms, the one with the loss of the medial e, and the other with the loss of the final e, as beste, best, ērste, first, grœste, greatest, leste, last, min(ne)ste, least, wir(se)ste, worst, beside beȥȥest(e), ērest(e), grœȥest(e), leȥȥest(e), minnest(e), wirsest(e), OHG. beȥȥisto, ēristo, grōȥisto, leȥȥisto, minnisto, wirsisto.

5. The superlative form of adjectives often has two versions: one where the middle e is dropped, and the other where the final e is dropped, such as beste, best, ērste, first, grœste, greatest, leste, last, min(ne)ste, least, wir(se)ste, worst, alongside beȥȥest(e), ērest(e), grœȥest(e), leȥȥest(e), minnest(e), wirsest(e), OHG. beȥȥisto, ēristo, grōȥisto, leȥȥisto, minnisto, wirsisto.

6. In the unstressed forms of dissyllables, as adv. ane, abe, mite, obe beside the prepositions an, on, ab, of, mit, with, ob, over; dat. sing. dëme, wëme, ime, beside dëm, wëm, im; unde, and, wande, for, because, beside und (unt), wan(d); hërre, vrouwe, beside hër, vrou before proper names and titles.

6. In the unstressed forms of two-syllable words, such as ane, abe, mite, obe, next to the prepositions an, on, ab, of, mit, with, ob, over; dative singular dëme, wëme, ime, next to dëm, wëm, im; unde, and, wande, for, because, next to und (unt), wan(d); hërre, vrouwe, next to hër, vrou before proper names and titles.

7. The e in the unaccented verbal prefixes be-, ge- often disappeared before l, n, r, as blīben, to remain, glīch, like, glit, member, glouben, to believe, gnāde, favour, gnanne, namesake, gnuoge, many, grade, quick, grëch, straight, 11 beside belīben, gelīch, gelit, gelouben, genāde, genanne, genuoge, gerade, gerëch; it disappeared before vowels during the OHG. period, as bange, anxious: ange, anxiously, gëȥȥan p.p. of ëȥȥan, to eat, gunnan, MHG. gunnen, günnen, to grant.

7. The e in the unstressed verbal prefixes be-, ge- often disappeared before l, n, r, as in blīben, to remain, glīch, like, glit, member, glouben, to believe, gnāde, favor, gnanne, namesake, gnuoge, many, grade, quick, grëch, straight, 11 beside belīben, gelīch, gelit, gelouben, genāde, genanne, genuoge, gerade, gerëch; it also disappeared before vowels during the OHG period, as in bange, anxious: ange, anxiously, gëȥȥan past participle of ëȥȥan, to eat, gunnan, MHG. gunnen, günnen, to grant.

3. Umlaut.

§ 10. By umlaut is meant the modification (palatalization) of an accented vowel through the influence of an ī̆ or j which originally stood in the following syllable. The only vowel which underwent this change in OHG. was a, which became close e (§ 2, note).

§ 10. Umlaut refers to the change (palatalization) of an accented vowel influenced by an ī̆ or j that originally came from the next syllable. The only vowel that experienced this change in Old High German was a, which turned into a close e (§ 2, note).

The change is first met with in OHG. monuments about the middle of the eighth century. In the ninth century the process was practically complete except when the a was followed by certain consonant combinations which prevented umlaut from taking place. These consonant combinations were:—

The change is first seen in OHG monuments around the middle of the eighth century. By the ninth century, the process was almost complete, except when the a was followed by certain consonant combinations that stopped umlaut from occurring. These consonant combinations were:—

1. ht, hs, or consonant + w, as maht, power, pl. mahti; wahsit, he grows, inf. wahsan; bi-scatwen from *-scatwjan, to shade.

2. In Upper German before l + consonant, before hh, ch (= Germanic k), and often before r + consonant, and before h (= Germanic h), as Upper German haltit beside Upper Franconian heltit, he holds, inf. haltan; UG. altiro beside UF. eltiro, older; UG. sachit beside UF. sehhit, he quarrels, inf. sachan, Goth. sakan; UG. warmen beside wermen, Goth. warmjan, to warm; UG. slahit beside slehit, he strikes, inf. OHG. slahan, Goth. slahan.

2. In Upper German before l + consonant, before hh, ch (= Germanic k), and often before r + consonant, and before h (= Germanic h), as in Upper German haltit next to Upper Franconian heltit, he holds, inf. haltan; UG. altiro next to UF. eltiro, older; UG. sachit next to UF. sehhit, he quarrels, inf. sachan, Goth. sakan; UG. warmen next to wermen, Goth. warmjan, to warm; UG. slahit next to slehit, he strikes, inf. OHG. slahan, Goth. slahan.

3. In words ending in -nissi, -nissa, or -līh, as firstantnissi, understanding; infancnissa, assumption; kraftlīh, strong; tagalīh, daily.

3. In words that end with -nissi, -nissa, or -līh, such as firstantnissi, understanding; infancnissa, assumption; kraftlīh, strong; tagalīh, daily.

Umlaut must have taken place earlier in the spoken language than it is expressed in late OHG. and early 12 MHG. manuscripts, because the ī̆ which caused the umlaut was weakened to e in MHG. (§ 7) and j had disappeared except between vowels. The vowels and diphthongs which underwent umlaut in MHG. are a, o, u, ā, ō, ū, ou, uo. The umlaut of all these sounds was completed by about the year 1200.

Umlaut must have occurred earlier in the spoken language than what is shown in late Old High German (OHG) and early Middle High German (MHG) manuscripts, because the ī̆ that caused the umlaut weakened to e in MHG. (§ 7) and j had disappeared except between vowels. The vowels and diphthongs that underwent umlaut in MHG are a, o, u, ā, ō, ū, ou, uo. The umlaut of all these sounds was completed by around the year 1200.

a > e: gast, guest, pl. geste (OHG. gesti); lamp, lamb, pl. lember (OHG. lembir); inf. graben, to dig, pres. second and third pers. sing. grebes(t), grebet (OHG. grebis, grebit); lanc, long, beside lenge (OHG. lengī), length; brennen, Goth. brannjan, to burn; bette (OHG. betti), bed.

a > ä: From the twelfth century onwards the umlaut of a also occurs—often beside forms without umlaut—in words containing the consonant combinations which prevented umlaut from taking place in OHG., as pl. mähte (OHG. mahti), powers; geslähte (OHG. gislahti), race, generation; wähset (OHG. wahsit), he grows; wärmen (OHG. warmen, older *warmjan), to warm; Upper German älter (OHG. altiro), older; kälte (OHG. kaltī), coldness; hältet (OHG. haltit), he holds; äher (OHG. ahir), ear of corn; slähet (OHG. slahit), he strikes. It also occurs in derivatives ending in -līch, -līn, as mänlīch, manly, schämelīch, shameful, tägelīch, daily, väterlīch, fatherly, väterlīn, dim. of vater, father. It is likewise met with in MHG. words which originally had an i in the third syllable, the vowel of the second syllable having become i by assimilation, as frävele (OHG. frafali), bold, pl. mägede (OHG. magadi), maids, pl. zäher(e) (OHG. zahari), tears. See § 2, Note.

a > ä: From the twelfth century onward, the umlaut of a also appears—often alongside forms without umlaut—in words that contained consonant combinations which prevented umlaut from occurring in Old High German (OHG), such as mähte (OHG. mahti), powers; geslähte (OHG. gislahti), race, generation; wähset (OHG. wahsit), he grows; wärmen (OHG. warmen, older *warmjan), to warm; Upper German älter (OHG. altiro), older; kälte (OHG. kaltī), coldness; hältet (OHG. haltit), he holds; äher (OHG. ahir), ear of corn; slähet (OHG. slahit), he strikes. It also appears in derivatives ending in -līch, -līn, such as mänlīch, manly, schämelīch, shameful, tägelīch, daily, väterlīch, fatherly, väterlīn, diminutive of vater, father. It is also found in Middle High German (MHG) words that originally had an i in the third syllable, where the vowel of the second syllable became i through assimilation, such as frävele (OHG. frafali), bold, plural mägede (OHG. magadi), maids, plural zäher(e) (OHG. zahari), tears. See § 2, Note.

o > ö: Although ö, the umlaut of o, is common in MHG. and still commoner in NHG., yet all words containing this umlaut are really new formations due to levelling or analogy, because primitive Germanic u (§ 15) did not become o in OHG. when followed by an ī̆ or j in 13 the next syllable. Examples are: boc, he-goat, beside dim. böcklīn (OHG. pochilī); dorf, village, beside pl. dörfer; got, God, beside götinne, goddess; hof, court, beside hövesch, courtly; loch (OHG. loh), hole, beside pl. löcher (OHG. lohhir); tohter, daughter, beside dim. töhterlīn; pret. subj. möhte (OHG. mohti), I might; törste (OHG. torsti), I might dare.

o > ö: Although ö, the umlaut of o, is common in Middle High German (MHG) and even more so in New High German (NHG), all words containing this umlaut are actually new formations due to leveling or analogy. This is because primitive Germanic u (§ 15) did not change to o in Old High German (OHG) when followed by an ī̆ or j in the next syllable. Examples include: boc, he-goat, alongside diminutive böcklīn (OHG. pochilī); dorf, village, with plural dörfer; got, God, next to götinne, goddess; hof, court, next to hövesch, courtly; loch (OHG. loh), hole, alongside plural löcher (OHG. lohhir); tohter, daughter, with diminutive töhterlīn; past subjunctive möhte (OHG. mohti), I might; törste (OHG. torsti), I might dare.

u > ü: dünne (OHG. dunni), thin; künne (OHG. kunni), race, generation; pl. süne (OHG. suni), sons; tür (OHG. turi), door; pret. subj. züge (OHG. zugi), inf. ziehen, to draw.

Note.— In Upper German certain consonant combinations often prevented umlaut from taking place where it might be expected. Of these the principal are:—

Note.— In Upper German, some consonant combinations often stopped umlaut from occurring where it would normally be expected. The main ones are:—

1. Before a liquid + consonant, as hulde (OHG. huldī), favour; schuldec (OHG. sculdīg), guilty; gedultec (OHG. gidultīg), indulgent; burge (OHG. burgi), dat. of burc, city; sturbe (OHG. sturbi), pret. subj. of stërben, to die; wurfe (OHG. wurfi), pret. subj. of wërfen, to throw, cp. 2 above.

1. Before a liquid + consonant, as hulde (OHG. huldī), favor; schuldec (OHG. sculdīg), guilty; gedultec (OHG. gidultīg), indulgent; burge (OHG. burgi), dat. of burc, city; sturbe (OHG. sturbi), pret. subj. of stërben, to die; wurfe (OHG. wurfi), pret. subj. of wërfen, to throw, cp. 2 above.

2. u fluctuates with ü when followed by a nasal + consonant, as dunken, to seem, umbe, about, wunne, joy, beside dünken, ümbe (OHG. umbi), wünne. This fluctuation is especially common in the pret. subjunctive, as bunde, sunge, beside bünde, sünge, inf. binden, to bind, singen, to sing.

2. u changes to ü when it’s followed by a nasal sound and a consonant, like in dunken, to seem, umbe, about, wunne, joy, alongside dünken, ümbe (OHG. umbi), wünne. This change is particularly common in the past subjunctive, as seen in bunde, sunge, paired with bünde, sünge, infinitives binden, to bind, singen, to sing.

3. u fluctuates with ü when followed by gg, ck, pf, tz, ȥȥ, st, ch, and g, as brugge, brügge, brucke, brücke, bridge; mugge, mügge, mucke, mücke, midge; drucken, drücken, to press; hupfen, hüpfen, to hop; schupfen, schüpfen, to push; nutzen, nützen, to use; pret. subj. fluȥȥe, flüȥȥe; schuȥȥe, schüȥȥe, inf. flieȥen, to flow, schieȥen, to shoot; pl. bruste, brüste, breasts; kuchen, küchen, kitchen; pret. subj. fluge, flüge, inf. fliegen, to fly.

3. u changes to ü when followed by gg, ck, pf, tz, ȥȥ, st, ch, and g, like in brugge, brügge, brucke, brücke, bridge; mugge, mügge, mucke, mücke, midge; drucken, drücken, to press; hupfen, hüpfen, to hop; schupfen, schüpfen, to push; nutzen, nützen, to use; pret. subj. fluȥȥe, flüȥȥe; schuȥȥe, schüȥȥe, inf. flieȥen, to flow, schieȥen, to shoot; pl. bruste, brüste, breasts; kuchen, küchen, kitchen; pret. subj. fluge, flüge, inf. fliegen, to fly.

ā > æ: lære (OHG. lāri), empty; mære (OHG. māri), renowned; sæjen (OHG. sājan), to sow; pret. subj. næme (OHG. nāmi), pl. næmen (OHG. nāmīm), inf. nëmen, to take.

ō > œ: hœher (OHG. hōhiro), higher; hœhest (OHG. hōhisto), highest; hœren (OHG. hōren, from older *hōrjan), to hear; schœne (OHG. scōni), beautiful.

ū > iu: pl. briute (OHG. brūti), brides; hiuser (OHG. hūsir), houses.

Traces of the umlaut of ū, written iu (= ǖ), occur in late OHG. monuments of the tenth century. It is common in the writings of Notker († 1022), as hiute older hūti, skins; chriuter older chrūtir, herbs. In other writings of the tenth to the twelfth century the umlaut of ū is seldom found. Umlaut did not take place in Upper German before a following m, as rūmen from *rūmjan, to make room; sūmen from *sūmjan, to tarry.

Traces of the umlaut of ū, written as iu (= ǖ), appear in late Old High German monuments from the tenth century. It is commonly found in the writings of Notker († 1022), as hiute from the older hūti, skins; chriuter from the older chrūtir, herbs. In other writings from the tenth to the twelfth century, the umlaut of ū is rarely seen. Umlaut did not occur in Upper German before a following m, as in rūmen from *rūmjan, to make room; sūmen from *sūmjan, to tarry.

ou > öu, often written eu, rarely oi, öi: löufel (OHG. loufil), runner; löuber (OHG. loubir), leaves.

Umlaut of ou did not take place in the combination ouw = OHG. ouw, auw, West Germanic aww, primitive Germanic awj, as frouwe (OHG. frouwa, prim. Germanic *frawjō-), woman; ouwe (OHG. ouwa, auwia, prim. Germanic *a(ʒ)wjō-), meadow; frouwen (OHG. frouwen, prim. Germanic *frawjan), to rejoice, and similarly douwen, to digest, drouwen, to threaten, strouwen, to strew. Forms like fröuwen, döuwen, dröuwen, ströuwen were analogical formations due to the influence of the pres. second and third pers. singular and the preterite which regularly had umlaut; see the Author’s Historical German Grammar, § 232.

Umlaut of ou didn’t occur in the combination ouw = OHG. ouw, auw, West Germanic aww, primitive Germanic awj, as frouwe (OHG. frouwa, prim. Germanic *frawjō-), woman; ouwe (OHG. ouwa, auwia, prim. Germanic *a(ʒ)wjō-), meadow; frouwen (OHG. frouwen, prim. Germanic *frawjan), to rejoice, and similarly douwen, to digest, drouwen, to threaten, strouwen, to strew. Forms like fröuwen, döuwen, dröuwen, ströuwen were analogical creations influenced by the present second and third person singular and the preterite which regularly had umlaut; see the Author’s Historical German Grammar, § 232.

Umlaut of ou did not take place in Upper German before labials and g, as erlouben, to allow, gelouben, to believe, houbet, head, koufen, to buy, troumen, to dream, toufen, to baptize, bougen, to bend, ougen, to show, beside Middle German erlöuben, gelöuben, höubet, köufen, tröumen, töufen, böugen, öugen.

Umlaut of ou didn’t happen in Upper German before labials and g, as in erlouben, to allow, gelouben, to believe, houbet, head, koufen, to buy, troumen, to dream, toufen, to baptize, bougen, to bend, ougen, to show, compared to Middle German erlöuben, gelöuben, höubet, köufen, tröumen, töufen, böugen, öugen.

uo > üe: grüene (OHG. gruoni), green; güete (OHG. guotī), goodness; vüeȥe (OHG. fuoȥi), feet; pret. pl. subj. 15 vüeren (OHG. fuorīm), we might go, inf. varn, to fare, go; buoch, book, dim. büechlīn; muoter, mother, dim. müeterlīn.

The MHG. Equivalents of the OHG. Vowels.

§ 11. OHG. had the following short vowels, long vowels, and diphthongs:—

§ 11. OHG had these short vowels, long vowels, and diphthongs:—

Short Vowels	a, e, ë,	i,	o,	u.
Long Vowels	ā, ē,	ī,	ō,	ū.
Diphthongs	ei,	ie (ia, ea), io (eo), iu.	ou (au),	uo.

The following are the MHG. equivalents of the above simple vowels and diphthongs in accented syllables:—

The following are the MHG equivalents of the simple vowels and diphthongs in accented syllables mentioned above:—

1. The short vowels: Apart from the changes caused by umlaut, viz. a to ä, o to ö, u to ü (§ 10), and of ë to e before certain consonants, the OHG. short vowels remained in MHG., as

1. The short vowels: Besides the changes brought about by umlaut, like a to ä, o to ö, u to ü (§ 10), and ë to e before certain consonants, the OHG short vowels stayed the same in MHG., as

a = (1) MHG. a, as OHG. fater, father, tag, day, faran, to go = MHG. vater, tac, varn.

a = (2) MHG. ä, in words containing the consonant combinations which prevented umlaut from taking place in OHG., as OHG. mahti, powers, kaltī, coldness, ahir, ear of corn, warmen, to warm = MHG. mähte, kälte, äher, wärmen, see § 10.

a = (2) MHG. ä, in words with consonant combinations that stopped umlaut from occurring in OHG., like OHG. mahti, powers, kaltī, coldness, ahir, ear of corn, warmen, to warm = MHG. mähte, kälte, äher, wärmen, see § 10.

e = MHG. e, as OHG. gesti, guests, lembir, lambs, brennen, to burn = MHG. geste, lember, brennen.

ë = (1) MHG. ë, as OHG. wëg, way, hëlfan, to help, stëlan, to steal = MHG. wëc, hëlfen, stëln.

ë = (2) MHG. e, before st, sch, and palatal g, as OHG. nëst, nest, swëster, sister = MHG. nest, 16 swester; and similarly, gestern, yesterday, deste, all the more, weste, I knew, dreschen, to thrash, leschen, to go out, degen, warrior; and also in a few words before a following l, as helm, helmet, vels, rock, welch, which, &c.

ë = (2) MHG. e, before st, sch, and palatal g, like OHG. nëst, nest, swëster, sister = MHG. nest, 16 swester; and similarly, gestern, yesterday, deste, all the more, weste, I knew, dreschen, to thrash, leschen, to go out, degen, warrior; and also in a few words before a following l, like helm, helmet, vels, rock, welch, which, etc.

i = MHG. i, as OHG. fisk, fish, nimu, I take, wiȥȥan, to know = MHG. visch, nime, wiȥȥen.

o = (1) MHG. o, as OHG. got, God, p.p. giholfan, helped, tohter, daughter = MHG. got, geholfen, tohter.

o = (1) MHG. o, as OHG. got, God, past participle. giholfan, helped, tohter, daughter = MHG. got, geholfen, tohter.

o = (2) MHG. ö, as OHG. lohhir, holes, mohti, I might = MHG. löcher, möhte.

u = (1) MHG. u, as OHG. sunu, sun, son, butum, we offered, buntum, we bound = MHG. sun, buten, bunden.

u = (2) MHG. ü, as OHG. dunni, thin, suni, sons = MHG. dünne, süne.

u = (2) MHG. ü, like OHG. dunni, thin, suni, sons = MHG. dünne, süne.

2. The long vowels: Apart from the changes caused by umlaut, viz. ā to æ, ō to œ, and ū to iu (§ 10), the OHG. long vowels remained in MHG., as

2. The long vowels: Besides the changes brought on by umlaut, such as ā changing to æ, ō to œ, and ū to iu (§ 10), the OHG long vowels stayed the same in MHG.

ā = (1) MHG. ā, as OHG. sāt, seed, slāfan, to sleep, dāhta, I thought = MHG. sāt, slāfen, dāhte.

ā = (1) MHG. ā, like OHG. sāt, seed, slāfan, to sleep, dāhta, I thought = MHG. sāt, slāfen, dāhte.

ā = (2) MHG. æ, as OHG lāri, empty, nāmi, I might take = MHG. lære, næme.

ā = (2) MHG. æ, like OHG lāri, empty, nāmi, I might take = MHG. lære, næme.

ē = MHG. ē, as OHG. ēra, honour, lēren, to teach, sēla, soul = MHG. ēre, lēren, sēle.

ē = MHG. ē, as OHG. ēra, honor, lēren, to teach, sēla, soul = MHG. ēre, lēren, sēle.

ī = MHG. ī, as OHG. sīn, his, wīb, woman, snīdan, to cut = MHG. sīn, wīp, snīden.

ō = (1) MHG. ō, as OHG. ōra, ear, tōd, death, kōs, I chose = MHG. ōre, tōt, kōs.

ō = (2) MHG. œ, as OHG. hōhiro, higher, hōren, to hear, scōni, beautiful = MHG. hœher, hœren, schœne.

ō = (2) MHG. œ, like OHG. hōhiro, higher, hōren, to hear, scōni, beautiful = MHG. hœher, hœren, schœne.

ū = (1) MHG. ū, as OHG. hūs, house, rūm, room, dūhta, it seemed = MHG. hūs, rūm, dūhte.

ū = (1) MHG. ū, like OHG. hūs, house, rūm, room, dūhta, it seemed = MHG. hūs, rūm, dūhte.

ū = (2) MHG. iu, as OHG. hūsir, houses, brūti, brides = MHG. hiuser, briute.

ū = (2) MHG. iu, like OHG. hūsir, houses, brūti, brides = MHG. hiuser, briute.

3. The diphthongs:

The diphthongs:

ei = MHG. ei, as OHG. bein, bone, leiten, to lead, sneid, I cut = MHG. bein, leiten, sneit.

ie (older ia, ea = Germanic ē) = MHG. ie, as OHG. hier, here, mieta, reward, hielt, I held, hieȥ, I called, slief, I slept = MHG. hier, miete, hielt, hieȥ, slief.

ie (formerly ia, ea = Germanic ē) = MHG. ie, as in OHG. hier, here, mieta, reward, hielt, I held, hieȥ, I called, slief, I slept = MHG. hier, miete, hielt, hieȥ, slief.

io (eo) = Germanic eu (§ 16), and the io (eo) in the preterites of the old reduplicated verbs whose presents have ou, ō, uo (§ 87).

io (eo) = Germanic eu (§ 16), and the io (eo) in the preterites of the old reduplicated verbs whose present forms have ou, ō, uo (§ 87).

io (eo) = MHG. ie, as OHG. liob, dear, biotan, to offer = MHG. liep, bieten; OHG. liof, I ran, stioȥ, I pushed, riof, I called = MHG. lief, stieȥ, rief.

iu = MHG. ǖ written iu, as OHG. liuti, people, kiusit, he chooses = MHG. liute, kiuset.

ou (older au) = (1) MHG. ou, as OHG. ouga, eye, boug, I bent, loufan, to run = MHG. ouge, bouc, loufen.

ou (older au) = (2) MHG. öu (eu), as OHG. loubir, leaves, loufil, runner = MHG. löuber, löufel.

uo = (1) MHG. uo, as OHG. bruoder, brother, muoter, mother, stuont, I stood = MHG. bruoder, muoter, stuont.

uo = (1) MHG. uo, like OHG. bruoder, brother, muoter, mother, stuont, I stood = MHG. bruoder, muoter, stuont.

uo = (2) MHG. üe, as OHG. gruoni, green, fuoȥi, feet, = MHG. grüene, vüeȥe.

uo = (2) MHG. üe, like OHG. gruoni, green, fuoȥi, feet, = MHG. grüene, vüeȥe.

Ablaut (Vowel Gradation).

§ 12. By ablaut is meant the gradation of vowels both in stem and suffix, which was chiefly caused by the primitive Indo-Germanic system of accentuation. See the Author’s Historical German Grammar, § 23.

§ 12. By ablaut, we refer to the variation of vowels in both the root and suffix, largely influenced by the early Indo-European system of stress. See the Author’s Historical German Grammar, § 23.

The vowels vary within certain series of related vowels, called ablaut-series. In MHG. there are six such series, which appear most clearly in the stem-forms of strong verbs. Four stem-forms are to be distinguished in a MHG. strong verb which has vowel gradation as the characteristic mark of its different stems:—(1) the present stem, to which belong all the forms of the present, (2) the stem of the first or third person of the preterite singular, (3) the stem of the preterite plural, to which belong the second person of the preterite singular and the whole of the preterite subjunctive, (4) the stem of the past participle.

The vowels vary across certain groups of related vowels, known as ablaut series. In Middle High German (MHG), there are six of these series, which are most clearly seen in the stem forms of strong verbs. There are four stem forms to identify in a MHG strong verb that features vowel gradation as the distinguishing trait of its different stems: (1) the present stem, which includes all the forms of the present tense, (2) the stem for the first or third person of the simple past singular, (3) the stem for the simple past plural, which covers the second person of the simple past singular and the entire simple past subjunctive, and (4) the stem of the past participle.

By arranging the vowels according to these four stems we arrive at the following system:—

By organizing the vowels based on these four roots, we get the following system:—

	i.	ii.	iii.	iv.
I.	ī	ei, ē	i	i
II.	ie	ou, ō	u	o
III.	i, ë	a	u	u, o
IV.	ë	a	ā	o
V.	ë	a	ā	ë
VI.	a	uo	uo	a

Note.—1. On the difference between ei and ē, see § 17; ou and ō, § 18; and in Series III i and ë, § 14; u and o, § 15.

Note.—1. For the differences between ei and ē, refer to § 17; ou and ō, § 18; and in Series III i and ë, § 14; u and o, § 15.

2. Strong verbs belonging to Series II have iu in the indicative pres. singular; and strong verbs belonging to Series III-V with ë in the infinitive have i in the indicative pres. singular (§§ 14, 16).

2. Strong verbs in Series II have iu in the present indicative singular, and strong verbs in Series III-V that have ë in the infinitive use i in the present indicative singular (§§ 14, 16).

Examples.

I.	snīden, to cut	snīde	sneit	sniten	gesniten;
	līhen, to lend lend, to lend	līhe	lēch	lihen	gelihen.
II.	biegen, to bend bend, to bend	biuge	bouc	bugen	gebogen;
	sieden, to seethe sieden, to bubble	siude	sōt	suten	gesoten.
III.	binden, to bind binden, to tie	binde	bant	bunden	gebunden;
	hëlfen, to help help	hilfe	half	hulfen	geholfen.
19 IV.	nëmen, to take nëmen, to grab	nime	nam	nāmen	genomen.
V.	gëben, to give gëben, give	gibe	gap	gāben	gegëben.
VI.	graben, to dig graben, to excavate	grabe	gruop	gruoben	gegraben.

For further examples see the various classes of strong verbs §§ 76-86. Class VII of strong verbs embracing the old reduplicated verbs (§ 87) has been omitted from the ablaut-series, because the exact relation in which the vowel of the present stands to that of the preterite has not yet been satisfactorily explained.

For more examples, check out the different classes of strong verbs §§ 76-86. Class VII of strong verbs, which includes the old reduplicated verbs (§ 87), has been left out of the ablaut series because the exact relationship between the present vowel and the preterite vowel hasn't been clearly explained yet.

Other Vowel Changes.

§ 13. Most of the following vowel changes took place in prehistoric times; but as they play an important part in the verbs and word-formation, &c., we shall give them here.

§ 13. Most of the vowel changes that follow happened in prehistoric times; however, since they play a significant role in verbs and word formation, etc., we will mention them here.

§ 14. ë (= Indo-Germanic e) became i in the prehistoric period of all the Germanic languages:—

§ 14. ë (= Indo-Germanic e) changed to i during the early history of all the Germanic languages:—

1. Before a nasal + consonant, as OE. wind, OHG. MHG. wint, Lat. ventus, wind; OHG. fimf, finf, Gr. πέντε, five. This explains why verbs like MHG. binden, to bind, rinnen, to run, singen, to sing, belong to the same ablaut-series as hëlfen, to help, wërden, to become.

1. Before a nasal + consonant, like Old English wind, Old High German and Middle High German wint, and Latin ventus, wind; Old High German fimf, finf, Greek five, five. This explains why verbs like Middle High German binden, to bind, rinnen, to run, singen, to sing, belong to the same ablaut series as hëlfen, to help, wërden, to become.

2. Before other consonants when followed by an ī̆ or j in the next syllable, and further in OHG. when followed by an u in the next syllable, as OHG. MHG. ist, Gr. ἐστί, is; OHG. fihu, Lat. pecu, cattle; ërde (OHG. ërda), earth, but irdīn, earthen; ligen (OHG. liggen from *ligjan), to lie down, sitzen (OHG. sitzen from *sitjan), to sit, but p.p. gelëgen (OHG. gilëgan), gesëȥȥen (OHG. gisëȥȥan). This explains why strong verbs belonging to the fourth (§§ 12, 82) and fifth (§§ 12, 83) ablaut-series have i throughout the present singular, and similarly in verbs belonging to the third (§§ 12, 81) series with ë in the infinitive, as

2. Before other consonants followed by an ī̆ or j in the next syllable, and also in OHG. when followed by an u in the next syllable, as seen in OHG. MHG. ist, Gr. is, is; OHG. fihu, Lat. pecu, cattle; ërde (OHG. ërda), earth, but irdīn, earthen; ligen (OHG. liggen from *ligjan), to lie down, sitzen (OHG. sitzen from *sitjan), to sit, but p.p. gelëgen (OHG. gilëgan), gesëȥȥen (OHG. gisëȥȥan). This explains why strong verbs belonging to the fourth (§§ 12, 82) and fifth (§§ 12, 83) ablaut-series have i throughout the present singular, and similarly in verbs from the third (§§ 12, 81) series with ë in the infinitive, as

OHG. nëman, to take,	three persons sing.	nimu, nimis(t), nimit.
MHG. nëmen,„	Please provide the text you'd like me to modernize.	nime, nimes(t), nimet.
OHG. gëban, to give,	I'm sorry, but there is no text provided for me to modernize. Please provide a phrase, and I'll be happy to assist!	gibu, gibis(t), gibit.
MHG. gëben,„	I'm sorry, but it seems that you've provided empty quotes. Please provide a short piece of text for me to modernize.	gibe, gibes(t), gibet.
OHG. hëlfan, to help,	The text appears to be missing. Please provide a short piece of text for modernization.	hilfu, hilfis(t), hilfit.
MHG. hëlfen,„	Please provide the text you'd like me to modernize.	hilfe, hilfes(t), hilfet.

§ 15. u, followed originally by an ā̆, ō̆, or ē in the next syllable, became o when not protected by a nasal + consonant or an intervening ī̆ or j; hence the interchange between u and o in the preterite plural and past participle of verbs belonging to the second ablaut-series (§§ 12, 78), as bugen (OHG. bugum), we bent, p.p. gebogen (OHG. gibogan); in the p.p. of verbs belonging to the third ablaut-series (§§ 12, 81), as gebunden (OHG. gibuntan), but geholfen (OHG. giholfan); in weak verbs as fürhten (OHG. furhten from *furhtjan), to fear, beside pret. vorhte (OHG. forhta); hügen (OHG. huggen from *hugjan) beside hogen (OHG. hogēn), to think; in preterite presents like durfen (OHG. durfum), we dare, beside pret. dorfte (OHG. dorfta); in many nouns and adjectives, as wolle (OHG. wolla), wool, beside wüllīn, wullīn, woollen; wolf (stem *wulfo-), wolf, beside wülpinne, she-wolf; vol, full, beside vülle (OHG. fullī), fulness; golt, gold, beside guldīn, golden.

§ 15. u, originally followed by an ā̆, ō̆, or ē in the next syllable, changed to o when not followed by a nasal consonant or an intervening ī̆ or j; this is why there is an interchange between u and o in the preterite plural and past participle of verbs from the second ablaut series (§§ 12, 78), like bugen (OHG. bugum), we bent, p.p. gebogen (OHG. gibogan); in the p.p. of verbs in the third ablaut series (§§ 12, 81), such as gebunden (OHG. gibuntan), but geholfen (OHG. giholfan); in weak verbs like fürhten (OHG. furhten from *furhtjan), to fear, next to pret. vorhte (OHG. forhta); hügen (OHG. huggen from *hugjan) next to hogen (OHG. hogēn), to think; in preterite presents like durfen (OHG. durfum), we dare, alongside pret. dorfte (OHG. dorfta); in many nouns and adjectives, such as wolle (OHG. wolla), wool, compared to wüllīn, wullīn, woollen; wolf (stem *wulfo-), wolf, compared to wülpinne, she-wolf; vol, full, compared to vülle (OHG. fullī), fulness; golt, gold, compared to guldīn, golden.

§ 16. From primitive Germanic eu were developed two different diphthongs in OHG., viz. eu became eo (cp. § 15), later io, when originally followed by an ā̆, ō̆, or ē in the next syllable, and this io was regularly developed to ie 21 in MHG.; whereas eu became iu in OHG. when originally followed by an ī̆, j or u in the next syllable, and this iu became ǖ (written iu) in MHG., even after the ī̆, j or u had been weakened to e. This law explains the difference between the diphthong ie in the infinitive and the simple vowel iu (= ǖ) in the three persons singular of the present indicative of verbs belonging to the second ablaut-series (§§ 12, 78), as

§ 16. From primitive Germanic eu, two distinct diphthongs developed in Old High German (OHG). Specifically, eu evolved into eo (see § 15) and later into io when it was originally followed by ā̆, ō̆, or ē in the next syllable. This io then regularly changed to ie 21 in Middle High German (MHG); in contrast, eu turned into iu in OHG when it was originally succeeded by ī̆, j, or u in the following syllable, and this iu transformed into ǖ (written as iu) in MHG, even after the ī̆, j, or u had weakened to e. This pattern clarifies the distinction between the diphthong ie in the infinitive and the simple vowel iu (= ǖ) in the three singular present indicative forms of verbs from the second ablaut series (§§ 12, 78), as

OHG. biogan, to bend,	pres. sing.	biugu, biugis(t), biugit;
MHG. biegen,„	„„	biuge, biuges(t), biuget.

Cp. further tief (OHG. tiof), deep, beside OHG. tiufī, depth; lieht (OHG. lioht), a light, beside liuhten (OHG. liuhten from *liuhtjan), to light.

Cp. further tief (Old High German tiof), deep, alongside Old High German tiufī, depth; lieht (Old High German lioht), a light, alongside liuhten (Old High German liuhten from *liuhtjan), to light.

Note.— The iu in the above and similar examples must not be confounded with the iu in the OHG. and MHG. combination iuw which arose from prim. Germanic eww (= euw), and ewj, as triuwe (OHG. triuwi, Goth. triggws), true; triuwen, trūwen, to trust, pret. triuete, triute, trūte; riuwe (OHG. riuwa), regret, bliuwen (OHG. bliuwan, Goth. bliggwan), to strike, and similarly, briuwen, to brew, kiuwen, to chew, riuwen, to regret; niuwe (OHG. niuwi, Goth. niujis, prim. Germanic stem-form *newja-), new. This iu before w never interchanged with MHG. ie from prim. Germanic eu, and explains why the strong verbs bliuwen, &c. have iu in all forms of the present.

Note.— The iu in the examples above and similar ones should not be confused with the iu found in the OHG and MHG combination iuw, which came from the early Germanic eww (= euw) and ewj, as in triuwe (OHG. triuwi, Goth. triggws), true; triuwen, trūwen, to trust, past tense triuete, triute, trūte; riuwe (OHG. riuwa), regret, bliuwen (OHG. bliuwan, Goth. bliggwan), to strike, and similarly, briuwen, to brew, kiuwen, to chew, riuwen, to regret; niuwe (OHG. niuwi, Goth. niujis, early Germanic stem-form *newja-), new. This iu before w never changed to MHG. ie from early Germanic eu, which explains why the strong verbs bliuwen, etc., have iu in all forms of the present.

§ 17. Accented primitive Germanic ai (= Goth. ái) became ē in OHG. before r, w, Germanic h (cp. § 23, 1), and finally; in MHG. it appears also as ē before the same consonants and finally, as mēre, mēr (OHG. mēro, Goth. máiza), more, lēren (OHG. lēren, Goth. láisjan), to teach; sēle (OHG. sēla, older sēula, Goth. sáiwala), soul; snē (OHG. snēo, Goth. snáiws), snow, gen. OHG. and MHG. snēwes; spīwen, to spit, pret. spē (OHG. spēo, Goth. spáiw); dīhen, to thrive, pret. dēch (OHG. dēh, Goth. dáih); wē (OHG. wē, Goth. wái), woe!; in all other cases ai became ei in both OHG. and MHG., as stein 22 (Goth. stáins), stone, heiȥen (OHG. heiȥan, Goth. háitan), to call; snīden, to cut, pret. sneit (OHG. sneid, Goth. snáiþ). This accounts for the difference between the ei and ē in the preterite singular of strong verbs belonging to the first ablaut-series (§§ 12, 76).

§ 17. The accented primitive Germanic ai (= Goth. ái) changed to ē in Old High German (OHG) before r, w, and Germanic h (see § 23, 1), and in Middle High German (MHG) it also appears as ē before the same consonants and finally, as mēre, mēr (OHG. mēro, Goth. máiza), more, lēren (OHG. lēren, Goth. láisjan), to teach; sēle (OHG. sēla, older sēula, Goth. sáiwala), soul; snē (OHG. snēo, Goth. snáiws), snow, genitive in OHG and MHG snēwes; spīwen, to spit, past tense spē (OHG. spēo, Goth. spáiw); dīhen, to thrive, past tense dēch (OHG. dēh, Goth. dáih); wē (OHG. wē, Goth. wái), woe!; in all other cases ai became ei in both OHG and MHG, as in stein 22 (Goth. stáins), stone, heiȥen (OHG. heiȥan, Goth. háitan), to call; snīden, to cut, past tense sneit (OHG. sneid, Goth. snáiþ). This explains the difference between ei and ē in the simple past tense of strong verbs from the first ablaut series (§§ 12, 76).

§ 18. Primitive Germanic au became ō in OHG. before the consonants d, t, ȥ, s, n, r, l, and Germanic h (cp. 23, 1). Before other consonants and finally au became ou in the ninth century. Hence the difference between ō and ou in the preterite singular of strong verbs belonging to the second ablaut-series (§§ 12, 78), as:—

§ 18. Primitive Germanic au became ō in Old High German before the consonants d, t, ȥ, s, n, r, l, and Germanic h (cp. 23, 1). Before other consonants and at the end of words, au became ou in the ninth century. This explains the difference between ō and ou in the preterite singular of strong verbs that are part of the second ablaut series (§§ 12, 78), as:—

Infinitive	bieten, to offer,	pret. sing.	bōt
“	sieden, to seethe,	„„	sōt
„	kiesen, to choose,	„„	kōs
„	dieȥen, to roar,	„„	dōȥ
„	vliehen, to flee,	The text provided is empty. Please provide a short phrase for modernization.	vlōch (OHG. flōh);
but„	biegen, to bend,	„„	bouc
„	klieben, to cleave	„„	kloup.

CHAPTER II

THE CONSONANTS

1. Pronunciation of the Consonants.

§ 19. The MHG. consonant-system was represented by the following letters: b, c, ch, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, sch, t, v, w, (x), z, ȥ.

§ 19. The MHG consonant system was represented by the following letters: b, c, ch, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, sch, t, v, w, (x), z, ȥ.

The letters k, l, m, n, p, t, w, (x) had nearly the same sound-values as in English. The remaining letters require special attention.

The letters k, l, m, n, p, t, w, (x) had almost the same sound values as they do in English. The other letters need extra focus.

When the pronunciation of consonants merely differs in the intensity or force with which they are produced, 23 they are called fortes or lenes according as they are produced with more or less intensity or force. In MHG. the consonants b, d, g were not voiced explosives like English b, d, g, but were voiceless lenes, and only differed from the fortes p, t, k in being produced with less intensity or force, see § 33. A similar difference in pronunciation existed between antevocalic and intervocalic v, s and final f, s, see § 33.

When the way consonants are pronounced only changes in the strength or force used to say them, 23 they are referred to as fortes or lenes based on whether they are pronounced with more or less strength. In Middle High German (MHG), the consonants b, d, and g were not voiced stops like the English b, d, and g, but were voiceless lenes, differing only from the fortes p, t, and k in terms of being produced with less strength. For more information, see § 33. A similar difference in pronunciation was present between the sounds of v, s before vowels and the final sounds f, s, see § 33.

c and k represented the same sound. The latter was generally used at the beginning, and the former at the end of a syllable, as kunst, art; trinken, to drink, senken, to sink (trans.), pret. tranc, sancte.

c and k represented the same sound. The latter was usually used at the beginning, while the former was used at the end of a syllable, as in kunst, art; trinken, to drink, senken, to sink (trans.), pret. tranc, sancte.

ch had the same sound as in NHG. nacht, noch, as sprechen, to speak, pret. sprach; hōch, high.

f had a twofold pronunciation in the oldest HG. It was a labiodental when it arose from Germanic f (cp. OHG. fater, English father), and bilabial when it arose from Germanic p (cp. inf. OHG. slāfan, English sleep), but during the OHG. period the bilabial f became labiodental. The two kinds of f did not however completely fall together in pronunciation. f = Germanic f became a lenis initially before and medially between vowels, and was often written v in the former and generally v in the latter position, but remained a fortis—written f—when final. In MHG. it was also often written f initially before l, r, u, as fliehen, to flee, fride, peace, fünf, five, beside vliehen, vride, vünf. On the other hand f = Germanic p (§ 23, 1), which only occurred medially and finally, was a fortis and was always written f (ff), as slāfen, to sleep, pret. slief; tief, deep, schif (gen. schiffes), ship, offen, open. The two f sounds thus fell together when final, but the distinction between the two sounds was still preserved in MHG. in the intervocalic position, as hof, court, schif, ship, but gen. hoves, schiffes.

f had two pronunciations in the oldest High German. It was pronounced as a labiodental when it came from Germanic f (e.g., OHG. fater, English father), and as a bilabial when it came from Germanic p (e.g., OHG. slāfan, English sleep). However, during the OHG period, the bilabial f changed to labiodental. The two types of f didn’t completely merge in pronunciation. f from Germanic f became softer initially and in the middle between vowels, often written as v in the former and usually v in the latter position, but remained a strong sound—written f—when it was at the end. In Middle High German, it was also frequently written as f at the start before l, r, u, such as fliehen, to flee, fride, peace, fünf, five, alongside vliehen, vride, vünf. On the other hand, f from Germanic p (§ 23, 1) only occurred in the middle and at the end, was pronounced strongly, and was always written as f (ff), as in slāfen, to sleep, past slief; tief, deep, schif (gen. schiffes), ship, offen, open. Therefore, the two f sounds merged when at the end, but the distinction between the two sounds was still maintained in Middle High German in the intervocalic position, as in hof, court, schif, ship, but gen. hoves, schiffes.

h before and after consonants was pronounced like ch, 24 as fuhs, fox, naht, night, bevëlhen, to confide. In other cases it had the same sound as the h in English hat.

h before and after consonants was pronounced like ch, 24 as fuhs, fox, naht, night, bevëlhen, to confide. In other cases, it had the same sound as the h in English hat.

j had nearly the same sound as the y in English yet, as jār, year, junc, young; blüejen, to blossom.

j sounds almost like the y in English yet, as in jār, year, junc, young; blüejen, to blossom.

q occurred only in combination with u as in English, as quëc, quick, alive, quëden, to say.

q only appeared when paired with u, like in English, as in quëc, quick, alive, quëden, to say.

r was a trilled sound in all positions like Scotch r, as rōt, red, hart, hard, bërn, to bear, vater, father.

r was pronounced as a rolled sound everywhere, similar to the Scottish r, as in rōt, red, hart, hard, bërn, to bear, vater, father.

s was a lenis medially between vowels and probably also initially before vowels, but a fortis in other positions, as sun, son, wësen, to be, pret. was, bresten, to burst. It may be pronounced like the s in English sit.

s was a soft sound between vowels and probably also at the start of words before vowels, but it was a hard sound in other positions, like in sun, son, wësen, to be, pret. was, bresten, to burst. It might be pronounced like the s in English sit.

sch was like the sh in English ship, as schif, ship, geschëhen, to happen, visch, fish.

v was a voiceless lenis, and may be pronounced like the v in NHG. voll. See f.

v was a voiceless lenis and can be pronounced like the v in NHG. voll. See f.

w was pronounced like the w in English wet, as wīn, wine, bliuwen, to strike.

z and ȥ were not distinguished in MHG. manuscripts, both being written z. Both z and ȥ (but ȥȥ medially between vowels when the first vowel was short) arose from Germanic t (see § 23). z had the sound-value of ts (= NHG. z): (a) always initially, as zīt, time; (b) medially and finally after consonants (l, m, n, r), as holz (gen. holzes), wood, hërze, heart, smërze, pain, ganz, whole; (c) finally after vowels (= Germanic tt) in those words which change final z to tz when it becomes medial, as schaz (gen. schatzes), OE. sceatt, money, treasure. MHG. intervocalic tz always arose from older tt, as setzen = OE. settan, to set. ȥ was a kind of lisped s and only occurred medially between and finally after vowels, as bīȥen, to bite, ëȥȥen, to eat, haȥ, hatred. It should be noted that good MHG. poets never rhymed pairs of words like was, was, and waȥ, what; missen, to miss, and wiȥȥen, to know.

z and ȥ were not differentiated in Middle High German manuscripts, both being written as z. Both z and ȥ (but ȥȥ medially between vowels when the first vowel was short) came from the Germanic t (see § 23). z had the sound value of ts (equivalent to Modern High German z): (a) always at the beginning, as in zīt, time; (b) in the middle and at the end after consonants (l, m, n, r), as in holz (gen. holzes), wood, hërze, heart, smërze, pain, ganz, whole; (c) finally after vowels (= Germanic tt) in those words that change final z to tz when it becomes medial, as in schaz (gen. schatzes), Old English sceatt, money, treasure. In Middle High German, the intervocalic tz always came from older tt, as in setzen = Old English settan, to set. ȥ was a version of a lisped s and only appeared medially between and finally after vowels, as in bīȥen, to bite, ëȥȥen, to eat, haȥ, hatred. It's important to note that skilled Middle High German poets never rhymed pairs of words like was, was, and waȥ, what; missen, to miss, and wiȥȥen, to know.

ph and pf represent the same sound, viz. the pf in NHG. pfund, pound.

ph and pf represent the same sound, specifically the pf in NHG. pfund, pound.

§ 20. MHG. has the following double consonants medially between vowels: bb, gg; pp, tt, ck; ff, ss, ȥȥ; mm, nn; ll, rr. They were always pronounced long as in Italian and Swedish, as bit-ter, bitter, ëȥ-ȥen, to eat, küs-sen, to kiss, müg-ge, midge, rin-nen, to run. In NHG. double consonants are never long, they merely indicate that the preceding vowel is short.

§ 20. MHG has the following double consonants in the middle of words between vowels: bb, gg; pp, tt, ck; ff, ss, ȥȥ; mm, nn; ll, rr. They were always pronounced long like in Italian and Swedish, as in bit-ter, bitter, ëȥ-ȥen, to eat, küs-sen, to kiss, müg-ge, midge, rin-nen, to run. In NHG, double consonants are never long; they just indicate that the preceding vowel is short.

§ 21. Phonetic Survey of the MHG. Consonants.

	Labial.	Dental.	Guttural.
Voiceless explosives Silent explosives	fortis p, pp lenis b, bb	t, tt d	k, ck g, gg
Spirants	fortis f, ff lenis v	s, ss, sch, ȥ, ȥȥ s	h, (ch)
Nasals	m, mm	n, nn	n (= ŋ)
Liquids		l, ll; r, rr
Semi-vowels	w, j (palatal)

To the above must be added the aspirate h and the affricatae (i.e. an explosive + a homorganic spirant) z (i.e. ts) and pf (ph).

To the above, you also need to include the aspirate h and the affricates (meaning an explosive + a related spirant) z (which is ts) and pf (ph).

2. Consonant Changes.

§ 22. The most characteristic difference between High German and the other West Germanic languages is the shifting which the consonants p, t, k, þ; pp, tt, kk, þþ; b (ƀ), d, g (ʒ); bb, dd, gg underwent partly in the prehistoric and partly in the historic period of Old High German. In the following treatment of what is generally called the High German sound-shifting only such points are considered as are of importance for the purposes of this book. See Old High German Primer, §§ 82-6.

§ 22. The most distinctive difference between High German and the other West Germanic languages is the change that the consonants p, t, k, þ; pp, tt, kk, þþ; b (ƀ), d, g (ʒ); bb, dd, gg underwent, both in prehistoric times and during the historic period of Old High German. In the following discussion of what is generally referred to as High German sound-shifting, only the aspects that are relevant to this book will be addressed. See Old High German Primer, §§ 82-6.

§ 23. The voiceless explosives p, t, k underwent a two-fold treatment according to their position in the word: (1) Medially or finally after vowels; (2) Initially, medially and finally after consonants (l, m, n, r), and when doubled.

§ 23. The voiceless explosives p, t, k went through a two-part treatment based on their position in the word: (1) Medially or finally after vowels; (2) Initially, medially and finally after consonants (l, m, n, r), and when doubled.

Note.— p, t, k remained unshifted in the combinations sp, st, sk as also t in the combinations tr, ht, ft.

Note.— p, t, k stayed the same in the combinations sp, st, sk, as did t in the combinations tr, ht, ft.

1. Single p, t, k were shifted to the voiceless double spirants ff, ȥȥ, hh (also written ch) = MHG. ff (f), ȥȥ (ȥ), ch.

1. Single p, t, k were changed to the voiceless double fricatives ff, ȥȥ, hh (also written ch) = MHG. ff (f), ȥȥ (ȥ), ch.

p > ff. OE. open, OHG. offan, MHG. offen, open; OE. slǣpan, OHG. slāffan, MHG. slāfen, to sleep; OE. ūp, OHG. MHG. ūf, up.

t > ȥȥ. OE. etan, OHG. ëȥȥan, MHG. ëȥȥen, to eat; OE. hātan, OHG. heiȥȥan, MHG. heiȥen, to call; OE. hwæt, OHG. hwaȥ, MHG. waȥ, what. In a few cases the ȥ, ȥȥ became s in MHG. before t or st, as pret. saste from saȥte: setzen, to set; beste, best, leste, last = OHG. beȥȥisto, leȥȥisto.

t > ss. OE. etan, OHG. ëȥȥan, MHG. ëȥȥen, to eat; OE. hātan, OHG. heiȥȥan, MHG. heiȥen, to call; OE. hwæt, OHG. hwaȥ, MHG. waȥ, what. In a few cases the ȥ, ȥȥ became s in MHG. before t or st, as pret. saste from saȥte: setzen, to set; beste, best, leste, last = OHG. beȥȥisto, leȥȥisto.

k > hh. OE. ic, OHG. ih, MHG. ich, I; OE. sprecan (specan), OHG. sprëhhan, MHG. sprëchen, to speak; OE. tācen, OHG. zeihhan, MHG. zeichen, token. This ch must not be confused with the MHG. h, ch which corresponded to Indo-Germanic k (= Germanic h), as ziehen, to draw, lead, pret. zōch, cp. Lat. dūcō, I lead, see § 34.

k > hh. OE. ic, OHG. ih, MHG. ich, I; OE. sprecan (specan), OHG. sprëhhan, MHG. sprëchen, to speak; OE. tācen, OHG. zeihhan, MHG. zeichnen, token. This ch shouldn’t be confused with the MHG. h, ch which corresponded to Indo-Germanic k (= Germanic h), as ziehen, to draw, lead, pret. zōch, cp. Lat. dūcō, I lead, see § 34.

The double consonants were simplified in OHG. and MHG. according to § 32.

The double consonants were simplified in OHG and MHG according to § 32.

2. p, t initially, medially and finally after consonants (l, m, n, r), and when doubled, were shifted to the affricatae pf (also written ph), tz (generally written zz and z) = MHG. pf (ph), tz (z).

2. p, t at the beginning, middle, and end after consonants (l, m, n, r), and when doubled, were changed to the affricates pf (also written ph), tz (generally written zz and z) = MHG. pf (ph), tz (z).

p > pf. OE. pund, OHG. MHG. pfunt, pound; OE. gelimpan, OHG. gilimpfan, MHG. gelimpfen, to be meet; 27 OE. scieppan, OHG. skepfen, MHG. schepfen, to create. The pf became f after l and r already in OHG., as hëlfan, MHG. hëlfen, OE. helpan, to help; wërfan, MHG. wërfen, OE. weorpan, to throw.

p > pf. OE. pund, OHG. MHG. pfunt, pound; OE. gelimpan, OHG. gilimpfan, MHG. gelimpfen, to be appropriate; 27 OE. scieppan, OHG. skepfen, MHG. schepfen, to create. The pf became f after l and r already in OHG., as hëlfan, MHG. hëlfen, OE. helpan, to help; wërfan, MHG. wërfen, OE. weorpan, to throw.

t > z. OE. tunge, OHG. zunga, MHG. zunge, tongue; OE. heorte, OHG. hërza, MHG. hërze, heart; OE. sealt, OHG. MHG. salz, salt; OE. sittan, OHG. sizzen, sitzen, MHG. sitzen, to sit; OE. sceatt, OHG. scaz (gen. scazzes, scatzes), MHG. schaz (gen. schatzes), money, treasure.

k, kk (written ck) remained unshifted (except in High Alemanic), as OE. corn, OHG. MHG. korn, corn; OE. cnēo, OHG. kneo, MHG. knie, knee; OE. sincan, OHG. sinkan, MHG. sinken, to sink, pret. sanc; OE. þeccan, OHG. MHG. decken, to cover.

k, kk (written ck) stayed the same (except in High Alemanic), like OE. corn, OHG. MHG. korn, corn; OE. cnēo, OHG. kneo, MHG. knie, knee; OE. sincan, OHG. sinkan, MHG. sinken, to sink, pret. sanc; OE. þeccan, OHG. MHG. decken, to cover.

§ 24. þ became d, and þþ became tt, as OE. þorn, OHG. MHG. dorn, thorn; OE. brōþor, OHG. MHG. bruoder, brother. OE. smiþþe, OHG. smitta, MHG. smitte, smithy; OE. moþþe, late MHG. motte, moth.

§ 24. þ became d, and þþ became tt, as in Old English. þorn, Old High German. Middle High German. dorn, thorn; Old English brōþor, Old High German. Middle High German. bruoder, brother. Old English smiþþe, Old High German. smitta, Middle High German. smitte, smithy; Old English moþþe, late Middle High German. motte, moth.

§ 25. The voiced explosives b, d, g, and the voiced spirants ƀ, ʒ did not undergo the same universal shifting as the voiceless explosives. ƀ, ʒ became b, g. b, g remained, and d became t, as OE. brōþor, OHG. MHG. bruoder, brother; OE. bēodan, OHG. biotan, MHG. bieten, to offer; Goth. giban (= giƀan), OHG. gëban, MHG. gëben, to give. OE. dohtor, OHG. MHG. tohter, daughter; OE. bēodan, OHG. biotan, MHG. bieten, to offer; OE. dēad, OHG. MHG. tōt, dead. OE. gōd, OHG. MHG. guot, good; OE. flēogan, OHG. fliogan, MHG. fliegen, to fly.

§ 25. The voiced stops b, d, g, and the voiced fricatives ƀ, ʒ didn’t go through the same changes as the voiceless stops. ƀ, ʒ became b, g. b, g stayed the same, and d became t, as seen in OE. brōþor, OHG. MHG. bruoder, brother; OE. bēodan, OHG. biotan, MHG. bieten, to offer; Goth. giban (= giƀan), OHG. gëban, MHG. gëben, to give. OE. dohtor, OHG. MHG. tohter, daughter; OE. bēodan, OHG. biotan, MHG. bieten, to offer; OE. dēad, OHG. MHG. tōt, dead. OE. gōd, OHG. MHG. guot, good; OE. flēogan, OHG. fliogan, MHG. fliegen, to fly.

§ 26. The double consonants bb, dd, gg = OHG. pp (bb), tt, cc (gg), and MHG. pp (bb), tt, ck (gg), as OE. sibb, OHG. sippa (sibba), MHG. sippe (sibbe), relationship; OE. cribb, OHG. krippa (kribba), MHG. krippe (kribbe), crib. OE. biddan, OHG. bitten, MHG. bitten, 28 later biten, to request; OE. þridda, OHG. dritto, MHG. dritte, later drite, third. OE. brycg, OHG. brucca (brugga), MHG. brücke (brügge), bridge. The fluctuation in the writing of pp and bb, ck and gg is merely orthographical, and does not represent a difference in pronunciation. Both pairs were used to express the lenes medially between vowels. For other examples see § 31.

§ 26. The double consonants bb, dd, gg = OHG. pp (bb), tt, cc (gg), and MHG. pp (bb), tt, ck (gg), as OE. sibb, OHG. sippa (sibba), MHG. sippe (sibbe), relationship; OE. cribb, OHG. krippa (kribba), MHG. krippe (kribbe), crib. OE. biddan, OHG. bitten, MHG. bitten, 28 later biten, to request; OE. þridda, OHG. dritto, MHG. dritte, later drite, third. OE. brycg, OHG. brucca (brugga), MHG. brücke (brügge), bridge. The variation in spelling between pp and bb, ck and gg is just a matter of writing style, and does not indicate a difference in pronunciation. Both pairs were used to represent the lenes medially between vowels. For other examples see § 31.

§ 27. The summary of the consonantal changes in §§ 23-6 may be expressed as follows:—

§ 27. The summary of the consonant changes in §§ 23-6 can be stated like this:—

West Germanic.	MHG.
p; t; k; þ	= ff (f), pf;	ȥȥ (ȥ), z;	ch; d.
pp; tt; kk; þþ	= pf;	tz (z);	ck; tt.
b (ƀ); d; g (ʒ)	= b;	t;	g.
bb; dd; gg	= pp (bb);	tt;	ck (gg).

§ 28. The following sound-changes took place in primitive Germanic:—Every labial + t became ft; every guttural + t became ht; every dental + t became ss, which was simplified to s after long vowels. This explains the frequent interchange in MHG. between pf, b and f; between k, g and h; and between ȥȥ, ȥ and ss, s in forms which are etymologically related.

§ 28. The following sound changes occurred in early Germanic:—Every labial + t became ft; every guttural + t became ht; and every dental + t became ss, which simplified to s after long vowels. This explains the frequent interchange in MHG between pf, b, and f; between k, g, and h; and between ȥȥ, ȥ, ss, and s in forms that are etymologically related.

pf, b—f. schepfen, to create: geschaft, creature; gëben, to give: gift, gift; wëben, to weave: English weft.

k, g—h. würken, to work: pret. worhte; denken, to think: pret. dāhte; mugen (mügen), to be able: pret. mohte; bringen, to bring: pret. brāhte.

k, g—h. work: past tense worked; think: past tense thought; can: past tense could; bring: past tense brought.

ȥȥ, ȥ—ss, s. gieȥen, to pour: güsse, inundation; wiȥȥen, to know: pret. wisse (wiste): wīs, wise; muoȥ, must: pret. muose (muoste); ëȥȥen, to eat: ās, carrion. Preterites like wiste, muoste were formed after the analogy of preterites like worhte, dāhte, where the t was regular.

§ 29. The guttural nasal ŋ (written n) only occurred in 29 the combinations nk (nc) and ng. It disappeared before h (= prim. Germanic χ) in primitive Germanic with lengthening of a preceding short vowel, as vāhen from prim. Germanic *faŋχanan, to seize, catch, beside p.p. gevangen; and similarly hāhen, to hang, p.p. gehangen; pret. brāhte, dāhte, dūhte, beside bringen, to bring, denken, to think, dunken, to seem.

§ 29. The guttural nasal ŋ (written n) only appeared in 29 the combinations nk (nc) and ng. It vanished before h (= prim. Germanic χ) in primitive Germanic with the lengthening of a preceding short vowel, as in vāhen from prim. Germanic *faŋχanan, to seize, catch, alongside the past participle gevangen; and similarly hāhen, to hang, past participle gehangen; past tense brāhte, dāhte, dūhte, alongside bringen, to bring, denken, to think, dunken, to seem.

The guttural nasal disappeared in an unstressed syllable when preceded by an n in a stressed syllable in the course of the OHG. and MHG. period, as OHG. honag, MHG. honec, beside OHG. honang, honey; OHG. kunig, MHG. künec, beside OHG. kuning, king; OHG. pfennig, MHG. pfennic, beside OHG. pfenning, MHG. pfenninc, penny. And similarly with dental n, as senede beside senende, longing, yearning.

The guttural nasal vanished in an unstressed syllable when it was preceded by an n in a stressed syllable during the OHG and MHG periods, as seen in OHG honag, MHG honec, next to OHG honang, honey; OHG kunig, MHG künec, next to OHG kuning, king; OHG pfennig, MHG pfennic, next to OHG pfenning, MHG pfenninc, penny. The same goes for the dental n, as in senede alongside senende, longing, yearning.

§ 30. Strong verbs, which have a medial v (f), d, h, s in the present, have respectively b, t, g (ng), r in the second person sing. pret. indicative, the preterite plural indicative, the pret. subjunctive and the past participle. This interchange of consonants is called Verner’s Law, see OHG. Primer, §§ 72, 87:—

§ 30. Strong verbs, which have a medial v (f), d, h, s in the present tense, have b, t, g (ng), r in the second person singular past indicative, the preterite plural indicative, the past subjunctive, and the past participle. This switch of consonants is known as Verner’s Law, see OHG. Primer, §§ 72, 87:—

	Inf.	Pret. Pl.	P.P.
v(f)—b.	heven, to raise heaven, to elevate	huoben	gehaben.
d—t.	mīden, to avoid mīden, to dodge	miten	gemiten.
	snīden, to cut snīden, to slice	sniten	gesniten.
h—g.	dīhen, to thrive dīhen, to flourish	digen	gedigen.
	ziehen, to draw draw, to draw	zugen	gezogen.
	slahen, to strike slahen, to hit	sluogen	geslagen.
h—ng (§ 29). h—ng (__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__).	hāhen, to hang , to hang	hiengen	gehangen.
	vāhen, to catch vāhen, to capture	viengen	gevangen.
s—r.	rīsen, to fall rīsen, to drop	rirn	gerirn.
	kiesen, to choose choose	kurn	gekorn.

This law has, however, many exceptions in MHG. owing to levelling having taken place with the infinitive, 30 present indicative and preterite singular, as risen, gerisen beside rirn, gerirn.

This law has, however, many exceptions in MHG, due to leveling that has occurred with the infinitive, 30 present indicative, and preterite singular, like risen, gerisen alongside rirn, gerirn.

The same interchange of consonants exists between strong verbs and their corresponding causative weak verbs, as līden, to go: leiten, to lead; hāhen, to hang: hengen, to hang (trans.); ge-nësen, to be saved: nern, to save; and in nouns, &c., as hof (gen. hoves), court: hübesch, courtly; tōt (gen. tōdes), death: tōt (gen. tōtes), dead; swëher, father-in-law: swiger, mother-in-law; hase: English hare.

The same interchange of consonants exists between strong verbs and their corresponding causative weak verbs, as līden, to go: leiten, to lead; hāhen, to hang: hengen, to hang (transitive); ge-nësen, to be saved: nern, to save; and in nouns, etc., as hof (gen. hoves), court: hübesch, courtly; tōt (gen. tōdes), death: tōt (gen. tōtes), dead; swëher, father-in-law: swiger, mother-in-law; hase: English hare.

§ 31. The doubling of consonants took place under certain well-defined rules partly in prim. Germanic and partly in prim. West Germanic, see the Author’s Hist. Germ. Grammar, §§ 202, 213-14. Examples of words which had double consonants in prim. Germanic are: kopf, head; napf (OE. hnæp, gen. hnæppes), basin; boc (OE. bucca), buck, gen. bockes; rinnen, to run; swimmen, to swim; vol (gen. volles), full; vërre, far; gewisser, certain.

§ 31. The doubling of consonants happened according to specific rules, both in early Germanic and early West Germanic. See the Author’s Hist. Germ. Grammar, §§ 202, 213-14. Examples of words that had double consonants in early Germanic include: kopf, head; napf (OE. hnæp, gen. hnæppes), basin; boc (OE. bucca), buck, gen. bockes; rinnen, to run; swimmen, to swim; vol (gen. volles), full; vërre, far; gewisser, certain.

The chief cases in which double consonants arose in prim. West Germanic were:—

The main situations where double consonants appeared in early West Germanic were:—

1. The assimilation of ƀn, ʒn, pn to bb, gg, pp = MHG. pp, ck (gg), pf, as knappe: knabe, boy; rappe: rabe, raven; rocke: rogge, rye; tropfe, drop: triefen, to drip.

1. The blending of ƀn, ʒn, pn to bb, gg, pp = MHG. pp, ck (gg), pf, as knappe: knabe, boy; rappe: rabe, raven; rocke: rogge, rye; tropfe, drop: triefen, to drip.

2. p, t, k were doubled before a following r or l. The doubling regularly took place in the inflected forms, and was then extended to the uninflected forms by levelling, as apfel (OE. æppel), apple; kupfer (Lat. cuprum), copper; bitter (Goth. báitrs), bitter, see § 23 note; lützel (OS. luttil), little; acker (Goth. akrs), field; wacker (OE. wæccer), watchful. See § 23, 2.

2. p, t, k were doubled before a following r or l. This doubling usually occurred in the inflected forms and was then applied to the uninflected forms through leveling, like apfel (OE. æppel), apple; kupfer (Lat. cuprum), copper; bitter (Goth. báitrs), bitter, see § 23 note; lützel (OS. luttil), little; acker (Goth. akrs), field; wacker (OE. wæccer), watchful. See § 23, 2.

3. All single consonants, except r, were doubled after a short vowel when there was originally a j in the next syllable. The bb, dd, gg; pp, tt, kk, which thus arose, became pp (bb), tt, ck (gg); pf, tz, ck in MHG. (§§ 23, 2, 31 26), as sippe (sibbe), Goth. sibja, relationship; bitten, later biten, Goth. bidjan, to request; tretten (wv.): trëten (sv.), to tread; brücke (brügge), bridge; ecke (egge), edge; mücke (mügge), midge; rücke (rügge), ridge, back. schepfen, Goth. skapjan, to create; hitze, heat: heiȥ, hot; netzen, to wet: naȥ, wet; setzen, Goth. satjan, to set; sitzen, to sit: pret. saȥ, p.p. gesëȥȥen; decken, to cover: dach, cover; lücke, gap: loch, hole. zellen, later zeln, to count: zal, number. vremmen, later vremen (OE. fremman), to perform. henne, hen: hane, cock.

3. All single consonants, except r, were doubled after a short vowel when there was originally a j in the next syllable. The bb, dd, gg; pp, tt, kk, that resulted from this became pp (bb), tt, ck (gg); pf, tz, ck in MHG. (§§ 23, 2, 31 26), as sippe (sibbe), Goth. sibja, relationship; bitten, later biten, Goth. bidjan, to request; tretten (wv.): trëten (sv.), to tread; brücke (brügge), bridge; ecke (egge), edge; mücke (mügge), midge; rücke (rügge), ridge, back. schepfen, Goth. skapjan, to create; hitze, heat: heiȥ, hot; netzen, to wet: naȥ, wet; setzen, Goth. satjan, to set; sitzen, to sit: pret. saȥ, p.p. gesëȥȥen; decken, to cover: dach, cover; lücke, gap: loch, hole. zellen, later zeln, to count: zal, number. vremmen, later vremen (OE. fremman), to perform. henne, hen: hane, cock.

In MHG. the double consonants in verbs were often simplified through the levelling out of forms which regularly had a single consonant, e.g. regular forms were: vremmen, to perform, sing. vremme, vremes(t), vremet, pl. vremmen, vremmet, vremment, pret. vremete, p.p. gevremet, then the stem-form with single m was levelled out into all the forms, and similarly with many other verbs, as denen, to stretch; seln, to hand over; weln, to choose; wenen, to accustom; legen beside lecken (leggen), to lay; and the strong verbs biten, to beg; ligen beside licken (liggen), to lie down.

In MHG, the double consonants in verbs were often simplified by standardizing the forms to just one consonant. For example, regular forms were: vremmen, to perform, singular vremme, vremes(t), vremet, plural vremmen, vremmet, vremment, past vremete, and past participle gevremet. Then, the stem-form with a single m was used across all forms, similar to many other verbs like denen, to stretch; seln, to hand over; weln, to choose; wenen, to accustom; legen alongside lecken (leggen), to lay; and the strong verbs biten, to beg; ligen beside licken (liggen), to lie down.

§ 32. Double consonants were simplified:—

Double consonants were simplified:—

1. When they became final, as boc, buck, kus, kiss, man, man, schif, ship, stum, dumb, vël, hide, beside gen. bockes, kusses, mannes, schiffes, stummes, vëlles; pret. maȥ, ran, traf, beside mëȥȥen, to measure, rinnen, to run, trëffen, to hit.

2. Before other consonants, as pret. dacte (dahte), nante (nande), kuste, beside decken, to cover, nennen, to name, küssen, to kiss.

2. Before other consonants, as pret. dacte (dahte), nante (nande), kuste, next to decken, to cover, nennen, to name, küssen, to kiss.

3. After consonants, as pret. sante (sande) from *santte, wante (wande) from *wantte, beside senden, to send, wenden, to turn.

3. After consonants, as pret. sante (sande) from *santte, wante (wande) from *wantte, next to senden, to send, wenden, to turn.

4. After long vowels and diphthongs, as pret. sing. leite from *leitte, pret. pl. māȥen, trāfen, vielen, beside leiten, 32 to lead, mëȥȥen, to measure, trëffen, to hit, vallen, to fall. This simplification of double consonants took place during the OHG. period, as slāfan, to sleep, heiȥan, to call, loufan, to run, zeichan, token, beside older OHG. slāffan, heiȥȥan, louffan, zeihhan.

4. After long vowels and diphthongs, as in the past tense singular leite from *leitte, past tense plural māȥen, trāfen, vielen, alongside leiten, 32 to lead, mëȥȥen, to measure, trëffen, to hit, vallen, to fall. This simplification of double consonants happened during the Old High German period, as seen in slāfan, to sleep, heiȥan, to call, loufan, to run, zeichan, to take, alongside older OHG forms slāffan, heiȥȥan, louffan, zeihhan.

§ 33. In MHG. the lenes b, d, g became the fortes p, t, c (k) when they ended a syllable, that is when they came to stand finally, or medially before a voiceless consonant. Traces of this law existed already in OHG. The interchange between the lenes and fortes includes two independent processes, viz. the change of the medial lenes b, d, g to the final fortes p, t, k, and the change of the final f, s to the medial intervocalic lenes v and to what is written s (cp. also NHG. lesen, las). It must be noted that in MHG. the interchanging pairs of consonants were all voiceless and that the difference merely consisted in the intensity or force with which the sounds were produced. This is quite different from NHG. where the interchange is between voiced and voiceless sounds except in the case of f which is voiceless in all positions in native words. Examples are: gëben, to give, gelouben, to believe, wërben, to turn, beside pret. gap, geloupte, warp; gen. lībes, lambes, beside nom. līp, life, lamp, lamb. binden, to bind, wërden, to become, beside pret. bant, wart; gen. kindes, tōdes, beside nom. kint, child, tōt, death. biegen, to bend, singen, to sing, zeigen, to show, beside pret. bouc, sanc, zeicte; gen. tages, bërges, beside nom. tac, day, bërc, mountain. nëve, nephew, beside niftel, niece; gen. hoves, brieves, beside nom. hof, court, brief, letter. kiesen, to choose, lësen, to gather, lœsen, to loose, beside pret. kōs, las, lōste; pl. hiuser, beside sing. hūs, house.

§ 33. In Middle High German, the voiced consonants b, d, g became the voiceless ones p, t, k when they ended a syllable, meaning they appeared at the end or in the middle before a voiceless consonant. Evidence of this rule was already present in Old High German. The interchange between voiced and voiceless consonants involves two separate processes: the change of the medial voiced consonants b, d, g to the final voiceless consonants p, t, k, and the change of the final f, s to the medial intervocalic voiced v and the letter s (see also New High German lesen, las). It should be noted that in Middle High German, the pairs of consonants that were interchanged were all voiceless, and the difference lay only in the intensity or force used in producing the sounds. This is quite different from New High German, where the interchange is between voiced and voiceless sounds, except for f, which is voiceless in all positions in native words. Examples include: gëben, to give, gelouben, to believe, wërben, to turn, alongside the past tense forms gap, geloupte, warp; genitive lībes, lambes, alongside nominative līp, life, lamp, lamb. binden, to bind, wërden, to become, alongside past tense bant, wart; genitive kindes, tōdes, alongside nominative kint, child, tōt, death. biegen, to bend, singen, to sing, zeigen, to show, alongside past tense bouc, sanc, zeicte; genitive tages, bërges, alongside nominative tac, day, bërc, mountain. nëve, nephew, alongside niftel, niece; genitive hoves, brieves, alongside nominative hof, court, brief, letter. kiesen, to choose, lësen, to gather, lœsen, to loose, alongside past tense kōs, las, lōste; plural hiuser, alongside singular hūs, house.

§ 34. Final ch after vowels interchanged with medial h, as schuoch, shoe, gen. schuohes; hōch, high, gen. hōhes; nāch, near, adv. nāhe; pret. geschach, sach, beside geschëhen, to happen, sëhen, to see.

§ 34. Final ch after vowels has been swapped with a medial h, as in schuoch, shoe, gen. schuohes; hōch, high, gen. hōhes; nāch, near, adv. nāhe; pret. geschach, sach, along with geschëhen, to happen, sëhen, to see.

The medial combinations lh, rh were written lch, rch when they came to stand finally, as bevëlhen, to confide, pret. bevalch; gen. schëlhes, twërhes, beside nom. schëlch, twërch, askew, see § 19. h (= ch) and ch often disappeared in unstressed syllables and particles, as ē̆t, only, hīnte, hīnt, to-night, niet, not, dur, through, beside ëht, hīnaht, niht, nieht, durch.

The medial combinations lh and rh were written as lch and rch when they appeared at the end, such as in bevëlhen, to confide, past tense bevalch; genitive schëlhes, twërhes, next to nominative schëlch, twërch, askew, see § 19. The h (which is the same as ch) and ch often dropped out in unstressed syllables and particles, as in ē̆t, only, hīnte, hīnt, to-night, niet, not, dur, through, alongside ëht, hīnaht, niht, nieht, durch.

§ 35. Initial j became or was written g before a following i, as gihet, he assures, beside inf. jëhen, pret. jach, and similarly jësen, to ferment, jëten, to weed. In the verba pura forms with and without the intervocalic glide j existed side by side in OHG. and MHG., as blüejen (OHG. bluojen) beside blüen (OHG. bluoen), to bloom; and similarly dræjen, to twist, müejen, to trouble, sæjen, to sow, beside dræn, müen, sæn. In a few words forms with and without intervocalic j (g) existed side by side, as gen. blīges beside nom. blī, lead; eijer, eiger beside eier, eggs; frījen, frīgen beside frīen, to free; meige, meie, May; nerigen, nerjen beside nern, to save, rescue; swerigen, swerjen beside swern, to swear; gen. zwīges, zwīes, nom. zwī, twig; gen. zweiger, zweier, of two.

§ 35. The initial j became or was written as g before the following i, like in gihet, he assures, alongside the infinitive jëhen, past tense jach, and similarly jësen, to ferment, jëten, to weed. In the pure verb forms, with and without the intervening glide j, they coexisted in Old High German (OHG) and Middle High German (MHG), such as blüejen (OHG bluojen) alongside blüen (OHG bluoen), to bloom; and similarly dræjen, to twist, müejen, to trouble, sæjen, to sow, next to dræn, müen, sæn. In a few words, forms with and without the intervening j (g) existed side by side, such as genitive blīges alongside nominative blī, lead; eijer, eiger next to eier, eggs; frījen, frīgen beside frīen, to free; meige, meie, May; nerigen, nerjen alongside nern, to save, rescue; swerigen, swerjen next to swern, to swear; genitive zwīges, zwīes, nominative zwī, twig; genitive zweiger, zweier, of two.

§ 36. In OHG. w became vocalized to o when it came to stand at the end of a word or syllable, and then generally disappeared after long vowels, but the medial w regularly remained in OHG. and MHG. when it was at the beginning of a syllable, as blā (OHG. blāo, blā), blue, gen. blāwes; snē (OHG. snēo, snē), snow, gen. snēwes; strō (OHG. strao, strō by contraction), straw, gen. strōwes; knie (OHG. kneo), knee, gen. kniewes, OHG. knëwes; schate (OHG. scato), shadow, gen. schat(e)wes; pret. blou, hiu, kou, beside bliuwen, to strike, houwen, to hew, kiuwen, to chew; fal (OHG. falo), fallow, gen. falwes; gar (OHG. garo), ready, gen. garwes; mël (OHG. mëlo), meal, gen. mëlwes; smër (OHG. smëro), 34 fat; pret. smirte, ströute, beside smirwen, to smear, ströuwen, to strew. See § 9, r.

§ 36. In Old High German, w turned into o when it appeared at the end of a word or syllable, and then usually disappeared after long vowels, but the w in the middle of a word consistently stayed in Old High German and Middle High German when it was at the beginning of a syllable, such as blā (OHG. blāo, blā), blue, gen. blāwes; snē (OHG. snēo, snē), snow, gen. snēwes; strō (OHG. strao, strō by contraction), straw, gen. strōwes; knie (OHG. kneo), knee, gen. kniewes, OHG. knëwes; schate (OHG. scato), shadow, gen. schat(e)wes; pret. blou, hiu, kou, alongside bliuwen, to strike, houwen, to hew, kiuwen, to chew; fal (OHG. falo), fallow, gen. falwes; gar (OHG. garo), ready, gen. garwes; mël (OHG. mëlo), meal, gen. mëlwes; smër (OHG. smëro), 34 fat; pret. smirte, ströute, beside smirwen, to smear, ströuwen, to strew. See § 9, r.

The w element sometimes disappeared in the initial combinations qua-, quā-, quë-, qui-, quī- partly with and partly without influencing the quality of the following vowel, as pret. sing. kam, kom beside quam, he came, pret. pl. kōmen, kāmen beside quāmen; kāle beside quāle, torture; këc beside quec, alive; korder, körder beside quërder, bait; komen, kömen, kumen beside quëmen, to come; pres. sing. kume, küm(e)s(t), kum(e)s(t), küm(e)t, kum(e)t = OHG. quimu, quimis, quimit; kücken beside quicken, to enliven; kīt beside quīt = quidet, he says.

The w element sometimes disappeared in the initial combinations qua-, quā-, quë-, qui-, quī-, partly influencing and partly not affecting the quality of the following vowel, like in the past tense singular kam, kom alongside quam, he came, past tense plural kōmen, kāmen alongside quāmen; kāle alongside quāle, torture; këc alongside quec, alive; korder, körder alongside quërder, bait; komen, kömen, kumen alongside quëmen, to come; present tense singular kume, küm(e)s(t), kum(e)s(t), küm(e)t, kum(e)t = OHG. quimu, quimis, quimit; kücken alongside quicken, to enliven; kīt alongside quīt = quidet, he says.

§ 37. Medial -ibe-, -ide-, -ige- were sometimes contracted to ī; and medial -age-, -ege- to ei, as gīst, thou givest, gīt, he gives, beside gibes(t), gibet; quīst, thou sayest, quīt, he says, beside quides(t), quidet; līst, thou liest down, līt, he lies down, beside liges(t), liget. meit beside maget, maid; seist, thou sayest, seit, he says, beside sages(t), saget; leist, thou layest, leit, he lays, beside leges(t), leget; eislīch beside egeslīch, terrible; gein beside gegen, against.

§ 37. Medial -ibe-, -ide-, -ige- were sometimes contracted to ī; and medial -age-, -ege- to ei, like gīst, you give, gīt, he gives, alongside gibes(t), gibet; quīst, you say, quīt, he says, alongside quides(t), quidet; līst, you lie down, līt, he lies down, alongside liges(t), liget. meit alongside maget, maid; seist, you say, seit, he says, alongside sages(t), saget; leist, you lay, leit, he lays, alongside leges(t), leget; eislīch alongside egeslīch, terrible; gein alongside gegen, against.

§ 38. Intervocalic h often disappeared when the first vowel was long, and then the two vowels underwent contraction, as hān, to hang, vān, to catch, vlēn, to implore, hō (adv.), high, beside hāhen, vāhen, vlēhen, hōhe. Other contracted forms will be found in the Glossary.

§ 38. The inter-vocalic h often disappeared when the first vowel was long, and then the two vowels combined, as in hān, to hang, vān, to catch, vlēn, to implore, hō (adv.), high, along with hāhen, vāhen, vlēhen, hōhe. Other contracted forms can be found in the Glossary.

§ 39. The final r disappeared after long vowels in monosyllables when the next word began with a consonant, but was often restored analogically, as dā (OHG. dār), there: dārinne, therein; wā (OHG. wār), where: wārinne, wherein; hie (OHG. hiar): hierunder, hereunder; adv. mē (OHG. mēr), more; ē (OHG. ēr), formerly; sā (OHG. sār), at once.

§ 39. The final r disappeared after long vowels in monosyllables when the next word started with a consonant, but it was often added back based on analogy, as in dā (OHG. dār), there: dārinne, therein; wā (OHG. wār), where: wārinne, wherein; hie (OHG. hiar): hierunder, hereunder; adv. mē (OHG. mēr), more; ē (OHG. ēr), formerly; sā (OHG. sār), at once.

§ 40. Medial t (§ 25) became d after nasals in late OHG. and early MHG., as senden, to send, gen. blindes (nom. blint, blind), pret. nande, he named, rūmde, he left, beside early MHG. senten, blintes, nante, rūmte. It also occasionally became d after l, as halden beside halten, to hold, solde beside solte, pret. of suln, shall.

§ 40. Medial t (§ 25) became d after nasal sounds in late Old High German and early Middle High German, as in senden, to send, gen. blindes (nom. blint, blind), pret. nande, he named, rūmde, he left, alongside early Middle High German senten, blintes, nante, rūmte. It also sometimes became d after l, as in halden next to halten, to hold, solde next to solte, pret. of suln, shall.

ACCIDENCE

CHAPTER III

DECLENSION OF NOUNS

§ 41. MHG. nouns have two numbers: singular and plural; three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter, as in OHG. and NHG., from which the gender of nouns in MHG. does not materially differ; four cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, and dative. Traces of an old locative occur in what is called the uninflected dative singular of hūs, house, beside hūse, and in proper names like Engellant beside Engellande. The vocative is like the nominative.

§ 41. MHG nouns come in two numbers: singular and plural; three genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter, similar to OHG and NHG, from which the gender of nouns in MHG does not significantly differ; and four cases: nominative, accusative, genitive, and dative. Remnants of an old locative can be seen in what's referred to as the uninflected dative singular of hūs, house, alongside hūse, and in proper names like Engellant next to Engellande. The vocative is the same as the nominative.

In MHG., as in the older periods of the other Germanic languages, nouns are divided into two great classes, according as the stem originally ended in a vowel or a consonant, cp. the similar division of nouns in Latin and Greek. Nouns whose stems originally ended in a vowel belong to the vocalic or so-called strong declension. Those whose stems originally ended in -n belong to the so-called weak or n-declension. All other consonantal stems are generally put together under the general heading, ‘Minor Declensions’. In OHG. nouns whose stems originally ended in a vowel are subdivided into the a-declension including pure a-stems, ja-stems, and wa-stems; the ō-declension including pure ō-stems, jō-stems, and wō-stems; the ī̆-declension, and the u-declension. All the nouns belonging to the u-declension went over into other 37 declensions in MHG. (cp. §§ 43, 44, 49). But as all final vowels either disappeared (some of them already in OHG.) or were weakened to e in MHG. (see §§ 7, 8), it is no longer practicable to retain the OHG. subdivision fully without entering into the oldest and in many cases into the prehistoric period of the language, which would be quite out of place in a MHG. grammar. The old ‘Minor Declensions’ had begun to pass over into the vocalic, especially into the i- and a-, declensions in the oldest OHG. The remnants of the old inflexions preserved in MHG. will be noted in the following paragraphs. The neuter nouns whose stems originally ended in -os, -es (cp. § 47) are in this Primer included in the strong declension.

In MHG., like in earlier periods of other Germanic languages, nouns are divided into two main categories based on whether the stem originally ended in a vowel or a consonant, similar to the classification of nouns in Latin and Greek. Nouns with stems that originally ended in a vowel are part of the vocalic or strong declension. Nouns whose stems originally ended in -n fall under the weak or n- declension. Other consonantal stems are generally grouped together as ‘Minor Declensions’. In OHG., nouns with stems that originally ended in a vowel are further divided into the a- declension, which includes pure a- stems, ja- stems, and wa- stems; the ō- declension, which includes pure ō- stems, jō- stems, and wō- stems; the ī̆- declension; and the u- declension. All nouns in the u- declension transitioned to other declensions in MHG. (see §§ 43, 44, 49). However, since all final vowels either disappeared (some as early as in OHG.) or were weakened to e in MHG. (see §§ 7, 8), it is no longer feasible to fully retain the OHG. subdivision without delving into the earliest and often prehistoric periods of the language, which would be inappropriate in an MHG. grammar. The old ‘Minor Declensions’ began transitioning into the vocalic, especially into the i- and a- declensions in the earliest OHG. The remnants of the old inflections preserved in MHG. will be discussed in the following paragraphs. The neuter nouns whose stems originally ended in -os, -es (see § 47) are included in the strong declension in this Primer.

A. The Vocalic or Strong Declension.

1. Masculine Nouns.

Male Nouns.

§ 42. First declension.—To this declension belong all masculine nouns which form their plural in -e only. It includes: (a) the old masculine a-stems; (b) the old masculine wa-stems which lost their final -w after long vowels in OHG., as sē, sea, gen. sēwes, pl. sēwe, and similarly bū, dwelling, rē (also neuter), corpse, snē, snow, see § 36; and (c) the old masculine i-stems which could not have umlaut in the plural (§ 44).

§ 42. First declension.—This declension includes all masculine nouns that form their plural with -e only. It covers: (a) the old masculine a-stems; (b) the old masculine wa-stems that lost their final -w after long vowels in Old High German, like sē, sea, gen. sēwes, pl. sēwe, and similarly bū, dwelling, rē (also neuter), corpse, snē, snow, see § 36; and (c) the old masculine i-stems that couldn’t have umlaut in the plural (§ 44).

	Sing.
Nom. Acc.	tac, day	kil, quill	engel, angel
Gen.	tages	kil(e)s	engel(e)s
Dat.	tage	kil(e)	engel(e)
	Plur.
Nom. Acc. Gen.	tage	kil(e)	engel(e)
Dat.	tagen	kil(e)n	engel(e)n

On the interchange between fortis and lenis, as in tac, day, lop, praise, sant, sand, hof, court, gen. tages, lobes, sandes, hoves, see § 33.

On the connection between strong and weak sounds, as in tac, day, lop, praise, sant, sand, hof, court, gen. tages, lobes, sandes, hoves, see § 33.

Like tac are also declined the old consonantal stems vīent, enemy, and vriunt, friend, but pl. vriunde beside the old plural vriunt.

Like tac, the old consonantal stems vīent, enemy, and vriunt, friend, are also declined, but the plural is vriunde alongside the old plural vriunt.

Like kil are declined all monosyllabic masculine nouns having a short stem-vowel and ending in -l or -r (§ 9, 1).

Like kil are declined all monosyllabic masculine nouns that have a short stem vowel and end in -l or -r (§ 9, 1).

Like engel are declined masculine polysyllabic nouns ending in -el, -em, -en, -er, when their stem-syllable is long, as mantel, mantle, ātem, breath, morgen, morning, acker, field. Those in -em, -en generally retain the e in the dative plural. Polysyllabic nouns with short stem-syllables fluctuate between the retention or loss of the e, as gen. sing. vogeles or vogels, dat. sing, and nom. acc. pl. vogele or vogel, and similarly vadem, thread, rëgen, rain, sumer, summer, see § 9, 2.

Like engel, masculine polysyllabic nouns ending in -el, -em, -en, and -er are declined when their stem-syllable is long, such as mantel, mantle, ātem, breath, morgen, morning, acker, field. Those ending in -em and -en usually keep the e in the dative plural. Polysyllabic nouns with short stem-syllables change between keeping or losing the e, like gen. sing. vogeles or vogels, dat. sing. and nom. acc. pl. vogele or vogel, and similarly vadem, thread, rëgen, rain, sumer, summer, see § 9, 2.

§ 43. Second declension.—To this declension belong all masculine nouns whose nom. and acc. singular end in -e, which is the only difference between this and the first declension. It includes: (a) the old masculine ja-stems; (b) many old u-stems with short stem-syllable, as fride (OHG. fridu), peace, site (OHG. situ), custom, and similarly huge, thought, mëte, mead, sige beside sic, victory, wite, wood (see § 36); (c) the old short i-stem wine, friend; and (d) the old masculine wa-stem schate (gen. schat(e)wes beside schates), shadow.

§ 43. Second declension.—This declension includes all masculine nouns whose nominative and accusative singular forms end in -e, which is the only difference between this and the first declension. It consists of: (a) the old masculine ja-stems; (b) many old u-stems with short stem syllables, such as fride (OHG. fridu), peace, site (OHG. situ), custom, and similarly huge, thought, mëte, mead, sige alongside sic, victory, wite, wood (see § 36); (c) the old short i-stem wine, friend; and (d) the old masculine wa-stem schate (gen. schat(e)wes alongside schates), shadow.

	Sing.	Plur.
Nom. Acc.	hirte, shepherd	hirte
Gen.	hirtes	hirte
Dat.	hirte	hirten

§ 44. Third declension.—To this declension belong all masculine nouns which form their plural in -e and with 39 umlaut of the stem-vowel. It includes: (a) the old masculine i-stems; (b) the old masculine u-stem sun (OHG. sunu, sun), son; and (c) the two old consonant stems fuoȥ, foot, zant (gen. zandes), zan, tooth.

§ 44. Third declension.—This declension includes all masculine nouns that form their plural in -e and have an umlaut on the stem vowel. It consists of: (a) the old masculine i-stems; (b) the old masculine u-stem sun (OHG. sunu, sun), son; and (c) the two old consonant stems fuoȥ, foot, zant (gen. zandes), zan, tooth.

	Sing.		Plur.
	MHG.	OHG.	MHG.	OHG.
Nom. Acc.	gast	gast, guest	geste	gesti
Gen.	gastes	gastes	geste	gesteo, -io
Dat.	gaste	gaste	gesten	gestim

The singular of nouns of this declension was inflected like the a-stems (§ 42) already in OHG. And owing to the weakening of the case-endings of the plural in passing from OHG. to MHG. (§ 7), the only difference in the two declensions is the presence or absence of umlaut in the plural. The old masculine i-stems which could not have umlaut in the plural accordingly came to be inflected entirely like the old masculine a-stems, as schrit, step, snit, cut, biȥ, bite, pl. schrite, snite, biȥȥe. A further consequence of the singular being inflected alike in both declensions is that the old a-stems began to have umlaut in the plural after the analogy of the i-stems, as gedenke, thoughts, nägele, nails, wägene, wagons, beside gedanke, nagele, wagene.

The singular form of nouns in this declension was inflected like the a- stems (§ 42) even in Old High German (OHG). Due to the weakening of the case endings in the plural when transitioning from OHG to Middle High German (MHG) (§ 7), the only difference between the two declensions is whether the plural has umlaut or not. The old masculine i- stems, which couldn't have umlaut in the plural, ended up being inflected just like the old masculine a- stems, such as schrit, step, snit, cut, biȥ, bite, plural schrite, snite, biȥȥe. Another result of the singular being inflected the same way in both declensions is that the old a- stems started to feature umlaut in the plural by analogy to the i- stems, like gedenke, thoughts, nägele, nails, wägene, wagons, alongside gedanke, nagele, wagene.

Nouns ending in the fortis p, t, c, or f (= Germanic f) regularly change the fortis to lenis in the inflected forms, as korp, basket, walt, wood, slac, blow, brief, letter, gen. korbes, waldes, stages, brieves.

Nouns that end with the strong consonants p, t, c, or f (which is the same as Germanic f) typically change from a strong to a soft sound in their inflected forms, such as korp, basket, walt, wood, slac, blow, brief, letter, gen. korbes, waldes, stages, brieves.

§ 45. The old consonant stems vater, father, bruoder, brother, often remain uninflected in the singular, as gen. vater, bruoder beside vaters, bruoders (cp. § 9, 2). In the plural they take umlaut, as veter, brüeder. The old consonant stem man, man, is either declined like tac (§ 42) or remains uninflected throughout, as

§ 45. The old consonant stems vater, father, bruoder, brother, often stay the same in the singular, like gen. vater, bruoder next to vaters, bruoders (cp. § 9, 2). In the plural, they take umlaut, becoming veter, brüeder. The old consonant stem man, man, is either declined like tac (§ 42) or stays unchanged throughout, as

	Sing.	Plur.
Nom. Acc.	man	manne, man
Gen.	mannes, man	manne, man
Dat.	manne, man	mannen, man

The nom. plural man, now written mann, is still preserved in counting, as hundert mann, a hundred men.

The plural form man, now spelled mann, is still used in counting, as in hundert mann, a hundred men.

2. Neuter Nouns.

Neuter Nouns.

§ 46. First Declension.—To this declension belong all neuter nouns which have their nominative case singular and plural alike. It includes three different types of nouns: (a) The old neuter a-stems like wort, word, venster, window. (b) The old neuter ja-stems like künne, race, generation, bette, bed, netze, net. The characteristic of this type of noun is that it has umlaut in all forms of the singular and plural when the stem-vowel is capable of it (cp. § 31, 3). And (c) the old neuter wa-stems (cp. § 36) like knie, knee, gen. kniewes.

§ 46. First Declension.—This declension includes all neuter nouns that have the same form for their nominative case in both singular and plural. It consists of three different types of nouns: (a) The old neuter a-stems like wort, word, venster, window. (b) The old neuter ja-stems like künne, race, generation, bette, bed, netze, net. The defining feature of this type of noun is that it undergoes umlaut in all forms of both singular and plural when the stem vowel allows for it (see § 31, 3). And (c) the old neuter wa-stems (see § 36) like knie, knee, gen. kniewes.

	Sing.
Nom. Acc.	wort	venster	künne	knie
Gen.	wortes	vensters	künnes	kniewes (knies)
Dat.	worte	venster	künne	kniewe (knie)
	Plur.
Nom. Acc.	wort	venster	künne	knie
Gen.	worte	venster	künne	kniewe (knie)
Dat.	worten	venstern	künnen	kniewen (knien)

(a) On the interchange between the fortes p, t, c and the lenes b, d, g, as in grap, grave, gëlt, money, dinc, thing, gen. grabes, gëldes, dinges, see § 33.

(a) On the interchange between the strong sounds p, t, c and the weak sounds b, d, g, as in grap, grave, gëlt, money, dinc, thing, gen. grabes, gëldes, dinges, see § 33.

Like venster are declined the neuter polysyllabic nouns ending in -el, -em, -en, -er, as luoder, bait, wāfen, wāpen, weapon; schapel, garland, gadem, house, wëter, weather. On the endings, see §§ 9, 42.

Like venster, neuter polysyllabic nouns that end in -el, -em, -en, and -er are declined, such as luoder, bait, wāfen, wāpen, weapon; schapel, garland, gadem, house, wëter, weather. For the endings, see §§ 9, 42.

(b) Like künne is also declined the old neuter u-stem vihe (OHG. fihu), cattle.

(b) Just like künne, the old neuter u-stem vihe (OHG. fihu), cattle, is also declined.

(c) Like knie are declined mël, meal, rē (also masc.), corpse, smër, fat, strō, straw, tou, dew, wē, woe, gen. mëlwes, rēwes, smërwes, strōwes, touwes, wēwes, see § 36.

(c) Just like knee is declined, so are mël, meal, rē (also masculine), corpse, smër, fat, strō, straw, tou, dew, wē, woe, gen. mëlwes, rēwes, smërwes, strōwes, touwes, wēwes, see § 36.

§ 47. Second declension.—To this declension belong all neuter nouns which form their plural in -er and by umlaut of the stem-vowel when it is capable of it. This class of nouns corresponds to the Latin neuters in -us, as genus, gen. generis, pl. genera. The -er (OHG. -ir) was originally a stem-forming suffix which came to be regarded as a plural ending. In the oldest period of the language only about half-a-dozen nouns belonged to this class, but during the MHG. period nearly twenty neuter a-stems passed into this declension, and in NHG. the number has increased to about a hundred.

§ 47. Second declension.—This declension includes all neuter nouns that form their plural with -er and through umlaut of the stem vowel when possible. This category of nouns is equivalent to the Latin neuters in -us, like genus, gen. generis, pl. genera. The -er (OHG. -ir) was initially a stem-forming suffix that became seen as a plural ending. In the earliest period of the language, only about half a dozen nouns were part of this class, but during the MHG. period, nearly twenty neuter a- stems transitioned into this declension, and in NHG., the number has grown to about a hundred.

	Sing.		Plur.
	MHG.	OHG.	MHG.	OHG.
Nom. Acc.	lamp	lamb, lamb	lember	lembir
Gen.	lambes	lambes	lember	lembiro
Dat.	lambe	lambe	lembern	lembirum

On the loss of the e in the gen. and dat. plural, see § 9, 2.

Other examples are: ei (pl. eiger, eijer, eier, § 35), 42 egg, huon, hen, kalp, calf, rat, wheel, rint, bullock, tal, dale.

3. Feminine Nouns.

3. Women's Nouns.

§ 48. First declension.—To this declension belong all feminine nouns having their nominative case singular and plural alike. It includes: (a) the old feminine ō-stems, as gëbe, gift, sēle, soul, zal, number; (b) the old feminine jō-stems, as küneginne, künegin, künegīn, queen, and similarly vriundinne, friend, gütinne, goddess; (c) the old feminine wō-stems with and without w, as brāwe, brā, brow, pl. brā beside weak pl. brāwen; diuwe, diu, servant; (d) the old feminine abstract nouns in -ī, as vinster (OHG. finstrī), darkness, schœne (OHG. scōnī), beauty; and (e) the old consonant stem, swester, swëster, sister.

§ 48. First declension.—This declension includes all feminine nouns that have the same nominative case in the singular and plural. It includes: (a) the old feminine ō-stems, such as gëbe, gift, sēle, soul, zal, number; (b) the old feminine jō-stems, like küneginne, künegin, künegīn, queen, and similarly vriundinne, friend, gütinne, goddess; (c) the old feminine wō-stems, with and without w, like brāwe, brā, brow, pl. brā alongside the weak pl. brāwen; diuwe, diu, servant; (d) the old feminine abstract nouns in -ī, such as vinster (OHG. finstrī), darkness, schœne (OHG. scōnī), beauty; and (e) the old consonant stem, swester, swëster, sister.

	Sing.
Nom. Acc.	gëbe	zal	vinster
Gen.	gëbe	zal	vinster
Dat.	gëbe	zal	vinster
	Plur.
Nom. Acc.	gëbe	zal	vinster
Gen.	gëben	zaln	vinstern
Dat.	gëben	zaln	vinstern

On the endings in nouns declined like zal, number, dol, pain, wal, choice, nar, food, schar, flock, and vinster, see § 9, 1, 2.

On the endings in nouns that decline like zal, number, dol, pain, wal, choice, nar, food, schar, flock, and vinster, see § 9, 1, 2.

The gen. plural had the ending of the weak declension already in the oldest period of the language. Through the nom. singular and the gen. and dat. plural having the same endings as the feminine weak declension (§ 53), ō-stems began in OHG. to be inflected after the analogy 43 of the weak declension, especially in the plural. This process spread considerably in MHG. with concrete nouns, but not often with abstract nouns.

The general plural had the ending of the weak declension as early as the oldest period of the language. Because the nominative singular and the genitive and dative plural had the same endings as the feminine weak declension (§ 53), ō-stems started in Old High German to be inflected based on the weak declension pattern, particularly in the plural. This trend expanded significantly in Middle High German with concrete nouns, but not very often with abstract nouns. 43

§ 49. Second declension.—To this declension belong all feminine nouns which form their plural in -e and have umlaut in the stem-vowel. It includes: (a) the old feminine i-stems; (b) the old u-stem hant, hand; and (c) several old consonantal stems, see below.

§ 49. Second declension.—This declension includes all feminine nouns that form their plural with -e and have an umlaut in the stem vowel. It comprises: (a) the old feminine i-stems; (b) the old u-stem hant, hand; and (c) several old consonantal stems, see below.

	Sing.		Plur.
	MHG.	OHG.	MHG.	OHG.
Nom. Acc.	anst	anst, favour	enste	ensti
Gen.	enste or anst enste or anst	ensti	enste	ensteo, -io
Dat.	enste or anst enste or anst	ensti	ensten	enstim

In jugent (OHG. jugund, pl. jugundi), youth, gen. dat. jugende beside jugent, pl. jugende, the original -i being in the third syllable did not cause umlaut in the stem-syllable; and similarly tugent, valour.

In jugent (Old High German jugund, plural jugundi), youth, genitive dative jugende alongside jugent, plural jugende, the original -i in the third syllable didn't create umlaut in the stem syllable; and similarly tugent, valour.

hant, hand, originally belonged to the u-declension, which explains forms like gen. sing, and plural hande beside hende, dat. pl. handen beside henden. The old gen. plural has been preserved in NHG. allerhand, and the dat. plural in abhanden, beihanden, vorhanden, zuhanden.

hant, hand, originally belonged to the u-declension, which explains forms like gen. sing. and plural hande alongside hende, dat. pl. handen next to henden. The old gen. plural has been preserved in NHG. allerhand, and the dat. plural in abhanden, beihanden, vorhanden, zuhanden.

Several old consonant stems went over partly or entirely into this declension, viz. maget, meit (§ 37), maid, pl. mägede or meide; kuo, cow, pl. küeje or küewe (OHG. kuoi), sū, sow, pl. siuwe (OHG. sūi); both these nouns generally remained uninflected in the gen. and dat. singular. naht, night, has gen. and dat. singular naht beside nähte; pl. nom. acc. gen. naht beside nähte, dat. nahten beside nähten, cp. also NHG. weihnachten, MHG. zën wīhen nahten. The MHG. adverbial gen. nahts, dës nahtes 44 was formed after the analogy of dës tages. Like naht were also inflected brust, breast, and burc, citadel.

Several old consonant stems partially or completely transitioned into this declension, such as maget, meit (§ 37), maid, plural mägede or meide; kuo, cow, plural küeje or küewe (OHG. kuoi), sū, sow, plural siuwe (OHG. sūi); both of these nouns usually remained uninflected in the genitive and dative singular. naht, night, has genitive and dative singular naht alongside nähte; plural nominative, accusative, genitive naht alongside nähte, dative nahten alongside nähten, see also NHG. weihnachten, MHG. zën wīhen nahten. The MHG. adverbial genitive nahts, dës nahtes 44 was formed based on the analogy of dës tages. Like naht, the words brust, breast, and burc, citadel, were also inflected.

muoter, mother, and tohter, daughter, remain uninflected in the singular. In the plural they have umlaut: müeter, töhter.

muoter, mother, and tohter, daughter, remain unchanged in the singular. In the plural, they have umlaut: müeter, töhter.

B. The Weak Declension (N-Stems).

§ 50. The weak declension contains a large number of masculine and feminine nouns, but only four neuter nouns, viz. hërze, heart, ōre, ear, ouge, eye, and wange, cheek; these nouns, especially hërze, sometimes form their nom. acc. plural after the analogy of nouns like künne (§ 46). The original case endings of the weak declension had disappeared in the oldest period of the language except in the nom. singular (masc. -o, fem., and neut. -a), the gen. pl. (ōno) and dat. pl. (-ōm). Owing to the weakening of the -o, -a to -e in MHG. the nom. singular became alike in all genders. And similarly the endings -ōno, -ōm and the endings of the other oblique forms were all weakened to -en in MHG. (§ 7), so that the element which originally formed part of the stem came to be regarded as a case ending.

§ 50. The weak declension includes many masculine and feminine nouns, but only four neuter nouns: hërze, heart, ōre, ear, ouge, eye, and wange, cheek. These nouns, especially hërze, sometimes form their nominative accusative plural like nouns such as künne (§ 46). The original case endings of the weak declension disappeared in the earliest period of the language, except for the nominative singular (masculine -o, feminine and neuter -a), the genitive plural (ōno), and dative plural (-ōm). Due to the weakening of -o and -a to -e in Middle High German (MHG), the nominative singular became the same across all genders. Similarly, the endings -ōno, -ōm, and the endings of the other oblique forms were all weakened to -en in MHG (§ 7), causing the element that originally was part of the stem to be seen as a case ending.

On the loss of the final and medial e in nouns like ar, eagle, bir (fem.), pear, gevangen(e), prisoner, beside the inflected forms arn, birn, gevangen from *gevangen-en through the intermediate stage *gevangenn, see § 9, 1, 2.

On the loss of the final and medial e in nouns like ar, eagle, bir (fem.), pear, gevangen(e), prisoner, along with the inflected forms arn, birn, gevangen from *gevangen-en through the intermediate stage *gevangenn, see § 9, 1, 2.

§ 51.

1. Masculine Nouns.

Male Nouns.

	Sing.
	MHG.	OHG.
Nom.	bote	boto, messenger
Acc.	boten	boton, -un
Gen.	boten	boten, -in
Dat.	boten	boten, -in
45	Plur.
Nom. Acc.	boten	boton, -un
Gen.	boten	botōno
Dat.	boten	botōm

§ 52.

2. Neuter Nouns.

2. Neutral Nouns.

	Sing.
	MHG.	OHG.
Nom. Acc.	hërze	hërza, heart
Gen.	hërzen	hërzen, -in
Dat.	hërzen	hërzen, -in
	Plur.
Nom. Acc.	hërzen	hërzun, -on
Gen.	hërzen	hërzōno
Dat.	hërzen	hërzōm

§ 53.

3. Feminine Nouns.

3. Female Nouns.

	Sing.
	MHG.	OHG.
Nom.	zunge	zunga, tongue
Acc.	zungen	zungūn
Gen.	zungen	zungūn
Dat.	zungen	zungūn
	Plur.
Nom. Acc.	zungen	zungūn
Gen.	zungen	zungōno
Dat.	zunge	zungōm

C. Declension of Proper Names.

§ 54. Names of persons ending in e in the nominative follow the weak declension. Masculine names of persons take -es in the genitive, -e in the dative, and -en in the accusative after the analogy of the strong adjectives. The accusative ending -en was sometimes extended to the 46 dative, and the dative ending -e to the accusative. And sometimes both these cases were without endings. Names of countries ending in -lant often have no ending in the dative, as Engellant beside Engellande, see § 41. Feminine names of persons ending in a consonant take -e in the genitive, dative and accusative, but occasionally remain uninflected throughout.

§ 54. Names of people that end in e in the nominative follow the weak declension. Masculine names of people take -es in the genitive, -e in the dative, and -en in the accusative, similar to strong adjectives. The accusative ending -en was sometimes used in the dative, and the dative ending -e was used in the accusative as well. Occasionally, both of these cases were without endings. Names of countries ending in -lant often have no ending in the dative, such as Engellant alongside Engellande, see § 41. Feminine names of people ending in a consonant take -e in the genitive, dative, and accusative, but can also remain uninflected throughout.

	Masculine.
Nom.	Sīfrit	Hagene
Gen.	Sīfrides	Hagenen
Dat. Acc.	Sīfrit, Sīfride(n)	Hagenen
	Feminine.
Nom.	Kriemhilt	Uote
Gen. Dat. Acc.	Kriemhilde, Kriemhilt	Uoten

CHAPTER IV

ADJECTIVES

A. The Declension of Adjectives.

1. The Strong Declension.

The Strong Declension.

§ 55. The MHG. adjectives are declined as strong or weak. They have three genders, and the same cases as nouns. The endings of the strong declension are partly nominal and partly pronominal. The nominal endings are: the accusative feminine singular, as blinde like gëbe (§ 48); and the genitive singular masculine and neuter, as blindes like tages, wortes (§§ 43, 46). All the other endings are pronominal. The so-called uninflected form of adjectives in the nom. singular masculine and feminine 47 and the nom. acc. neuter is a remnant of the time when adjectives and nouns were declined alike, see the Author’s Hist. Germ. Grammar, §§ 399-400. The strong declension includes three different types of adjectives, all of which are declined alike: (a) The old a-stems, as blint, infl. form blinter, blind; bar, bare, guot, good, heilec, holy, hol, hollow, michel, great, vinster, dark, and similarly with a very large number of adjectives, including the past participles of strong and weak verbs. (b) The old ja-stems, as lære (OHG. lāri), infl. lærer, empty; dünne, thin, enge, narrow, grüene, green, niuwe, new, reine, pure, schœne, beautiful, senfte, soft, wilde, wild, and many others, including the present participles of strong and weak verbs. The ja-stems only differ from the a-stems in having -e in the uninflected form and umlaut in the stem-syllable when it is capable of it. (c) The old wa-stems, as blā (OHG. blāo, blā), infl. form blāwer, blue; gar (OHG. garo), infl. form garwer (see §§ 9, 1, 36), ready; grā, grey, val, fallow, gël, yellow, kal, bald, &c., all of which have w in the inflected forms.

§ 55. The MHG adjectives are declined as strong or weak. They have three genders and the same cases as nouns. The endings of the strong declension are partly nominal and partly pronominal. The nominal endings are: the accusative feminine singular, such as blinde like gëbe (§ 48); and the genitive singular masculine and neuter, like blindes like tages, wortes (§§ 43, 46). All the other endings are pronominal. The so-called uninflected form of adjectives in the nominative singular masculine and feminine and the nominative accusative neuter is a remnant from the time when adjectives and nouns were declined in the same way, see the Author’s Hist. Germ. Grammar, §§ 399-400. The strong declension includes three different types of adjectives, all of which are declined in the same way: (a) The old a-stems, such as blint, infl. form blinter, blind; bar, bare, guot, good, heilec, holy, hol, hollow, michel, great, vinster, dark, and similar with a very large number of adjectives, including the past participles of strong and weak verbs. (b) The old ja-stems, such as lære (OHG. lāri), infl. lærer, empty; dünne, thin, enge, narrow, grüene, green, niuwe, new, reine, pure, schœne, beautiful, senfte, soft, wilde, wild, and many others, including the present participles of strong and weak verbs. The ja-stems only differ from the a-stems in having -e in the uninflected form and umlaut in the stem syllable when applicable. (c) The old wa-stems, such as blā (OHG. blāo, blā), infl. form blāwer, blue; gar (OHG. garo), infl. form garwer (see §§ 9, 1, 36), ready; grā, grey, val, fallow, gël, yellow, kal, bald, etc., all have w in the inflected forms.

The adjectival i- and u-stems had come to be declined like the ja-stems in the prehistoric period of the language, but a few remnants of such adjectives have survived in MHG. in forms without the final -e beside those with it, as bereit, bereite, ready, dic, dicke, thick, gāch, gæhe, quick, grīs, grīse, old, grey, hēr, hēre, high, noble, rasch, resche, quick, rīch, rīche, noble, swā, swære, heavy, was, wasse, sharp.

The adjectival i- and u- stems started to be declined like the ja- stems during the prehistoric period of the language, but a few traces of these adjectives have survived in MHG, in forms without the final -e next to those with it, such as bereit, bereite, ready, dic, dicke, thick, gāch, gæhe, quick, grīs, grīse, old, grey, hēr, hēre, high, noble, rasch, resche, quick, rīch, rīche, noble, swā, swære, heavy, was, wasse, sharp.

		Sing.
	Masc.	Neut.	Fem.
Nom.	blinder, blind	blindeȥ	blindiu
Acc.	blinden	blindeȥ	blinde
Gen.	blindes	blindes	blinder(e)
Dat.	blindem(e)	blindem(e)	blinder(e)
48		Plur.
Nom.	blinde	blindiu	blinde
Acc.	blinde	blindiu	blinde
Gen.	blinder(e)	blinder(e)	blinder(e)
Dat.	blinden	blinden	blinden

On the loss of the -e in blindem(e), blinder(e), see § 9, 2. Umlaut caused by the -iu occurs in the nom. sing. feminine and nom. acc. pl. neuter of al, all, and ander, other, second, as älliu, ändriu. This rarely happens in other words.

On the loss of the -e in blindem(e), blinder(e), see § 9, 2. Umlaut caused by the -iu appears in the nominative singular feminine and nominative accusative plural neuter of al, all, and ander, other, second, as älliu, ändriu. This rarely occurs in other words.

		Sing.
	Masc.	Neut.	Fem.
Nom.	micheler, great	michel(e)ȥ	micheliu
Acc.	michel(e)n	michel(e)ȥ	michel(e)
Gen.	michel(e)s	michel(e)s	michelre, micheler
Dat.	michelme, michel(e)m	michelme, michel(e)m	michelre, micheler
		Plur.
Nom.	michel(e)	micheliu	michel(e)
Acc.	michel(e)	micheliu	michel(e)
Gen.	michelre, micheler	michelre, micheler	michelre, micheler
Dat.	michel(e)n	michel(e)n	michel(e)n

Like michel are inflected monosyllabic adjectives ending in -l, -r with a short stem-vowel, and polysyllabic adjectives ending in -el, -en, -er, as bar, bare, hol, hollow; zwīvel, doubtful, eigen, own, tougen, secret, ander, other, second, bitter, bitter, vinster, dark; ëben, even, übel, evil, bad, &c. See § 9, 1, 2.

Like michel, there are inflected monosyllabic adjectives ending in -l, -r with a short stem vowel, and polysyllabic adjectives ending in -el, -en, -er, such as bar, bare, hol, hollow; zwīvel, doubtful, eigen, own, tougen, secret, ander, other, second, bitter, bitter, vinster, dark; ëben, even, übel, evil, bad, etc. See § 9, 1, 2.

2. The Weak Declension.

§ 56. The weak declension of adjectives agrees exactly with that of the nouns.

§ 56. The weak declension of adjectives matches exactly with that of the nouns.

		Sing.
	Masc.	Neut.	Fem.
Nom.	blinde, blind	blinde	blinde
Acc.	blinden	blinde	blinden
Gen.	blinden	blinden	blinden
Dat.	blinden	blinden	blinden

Plural blinden for all cases and genders.

B. The Comparison Of Adjectives.

§ 57. The comparative was formed by means of the suffix -er(e) = OHG. -iro, -ōro, and the superlative by means of the suffix -est(e) = OHG. -isto, -ōsto. On the loss of the medial or final e in such forms as tiurre, dearer, tiurste; minner, minre, less, minnest, min(ne)ste, see § 9, 3. Most monosyllables have umlaut in the comparative and superlative either exclusively or have mutated beside unmutated forms. The cause of these double forms is in a great measure due to the two OHG. double suffixes: comp. -iro, -ōro and superl. -isto, -ōsto having fallen together in -er(e) and -est(e) in MHG., as elter, older, ermer, poorer, jünger, younger, grœȥer, greater, hœher, higher, beside alter, armer, junger, grōȥer, hōher; superl. eltest, ermest, jüngest, grœȥest, hœhest, beside altest, armest, jungest, grōȥest, hōhest. Adjectives which have umlaut in the positive regularly preserve it in the comparative and superlative.

§ 57. The comparative form was created using the suffix -er(e) = OHG. -iro, -ōro, and the superlative was created with the suffix -est(e) = OHG. -isto, -ōsto. When the medial or final e was dropped in forms like tiurre, dearer, tiurste; minner, minre, less, minnest, min(ne)ste, see § 9, 3. Most monosyllables show umlaut in the comparative and superlative either exclusively or have both mutated and unmutated forms. The reason for these dual forms is largely due to the two OHG double suffixes: the comparative -iro, -ōro and the superlative -isto, -ōsto, which merged into -er(e) and -est(e) in MHG., such as elter, older, ermer, poorer, jünger, younger, grœȥer, greater, hœher, higher, alongside alter, armer, junger, grōȥer, hōher; superlative eltest, ermest, jüngest, grœȥest, hœhest, alongside altest, armest, jungest, grōȥest, hōhest. Adjectives that have umlaut in the positive typically maintain it in the comparative and superlative forms.

The comparative is declined weak, but the superlative is declined strong and weak.

The comparative is declined weakly, but the superlative is declined strongly and weakly.

§ 58. The following adjectives form their comparative and superlative from a different root than the positive:—

§ 58. The following adjectives create their comparative and superlative forms from a different root than the positive:—

guot, good,	beȥȥer, beȥȥest, beste (§ 23). better, best, best (__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__).
übel, bad,	wirser, wirsest, wir(se)ste. wirser, wirsest, wir(se)ste.
lützel, little,	minner, minre (§ 9, 3), minnest, min(ne)ste. miner, mine (__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__), minest, least.
michel, great,	mērer, mēr(r)e, meiste. mērer, mēr(r)e, meiste.

§ 59. The following adjectives are defective:—

The following adjectives are unfinished:—

ērer, ērre, ërre, former, error, to err, err, former,	ērest, ērste, first. first.
hinder, hinder,	hinderste, hindmost.
ober, upper,	oberste, uppermost.
	leȥȥeste, leste (§ 23), last. laziest, least (__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__), last.
vorder, former,	vorderste, foremost.

C. Formation of Adverbs from Adjectives.

§ 60. 1. By adding -e (= OHG. -o) to the adjective when this does not already end in -e, as ëben, even, hōch, high, lanc, long: adv. ëbene, hōhe, lange; edele (OHG. edili), noble, übel (OHG. ubil), evil: adv. edele (OHG. edilo), übele (OHG. ubilo).

§ 60. 1. By adding -e (= OHG. -o) to the adjective when it doesn't already end in -e, like ëben, even, hōch, high, lanc, long: adv. ëbene, hōhe, lange; edele (OHG. edili), noble, übel (OHG. ubil), evil: adv. edele (OHG. edilo), übele (OHG. ubilo).

2. Dissyllabic adjectives ending in -e and containing a mutated stem-vowel change it to the corresponding unmutated vowel, when used as adverbs, as schœne (OHG. scōni), beautiful, herte, hard, senfte, soft, süeȥe, sweet, swære, heavy: adv. schōne, harte, sanfte, suoȥe, swāre.

2. Dissyllabic adjectives that end in -e and have a changed vowel in the stem switch it to the correct unchanged vowel when used as adverbs, like schœne (OHG. scōni), beautiful, herte, hard, senfte, soft, süeȥe, sweet, swære, heavy: adv. schōne, harte, sanfte, suoȥe, swāre.

3. By adding -līche or -līchen to the adjective, as ganz, whole, vlīȥec, diligent: adv. ganzlīche(n), vlīȥeclīche(n).

3. By adding -līche or -līchen to the adjective, such as ganz, whole, vlīȥec, diligent: adv. ganzlīche(n), vlīȥeclīche(n).

4. The comparative and superlative degrees of adverbs are the same as the corresponding uninflected forms of the adjectives without umlaut:—

4. The comparative and superlative forms of adverbs are the same as the corresponding uninflected forms of the adjectives without umlaut:—

Adjective	lanc, long	lenger	lengest.
Adverb	lange	langer (OHG. langōr) langer	langest (OHG. langōst). longest (OHG. langōst).

§ 61. The following are irregular:—

The following are irregular items:—

wol, well	baȥ, better	best(e), best.
	wirs, worse	wirsest, wirste, worst. wisest, worst, worst.
	min, minner, minre, less min, minner, minre, less	minnest, minste, least. smallest, least, least.
	mē, mēr, mēre, more me, my, mine, more	meist, meiste, most. most
	ē, formerly	ēr(e)st, ērste, first. first.

§ 62.

D. Numerals.

D. Numbers.

Cardinal.	Ordinal.
ein, -er, -eȥ, -iu, one		ērste
zwei, two		ander
drī, three		dritte
vier, four		vierde
fünf (finf), five		fünfte, finfte
sëhs, six		sëhste
siben, seven		sibende, -te
ahte, eight		ahtede, ahte
niun, nine		niunde, -te
zëhen, ten		zëhende, -te
einlif (eilif), eleven		ei(n)lifte, eilfte
zwelf, twelve		zwelfte
drīzëhen, thirteen		drīzëhende
vierzëhen, fourteen		vierzëhende
fünfzëhen, fifteen		fünfzëhende
sëh(s)zëhen, sixteen		së(h)szëhende
sibenzëhen, seventeen		sibenzëhende
ah(t)zëhen, eighteen		ah(t)zëhende
niunzëhen, nineteen		niunzëhende
zweinzic (or -zec),	twenty	zweinzigeste
drīȥic„	thirty	drīȥigeste
vierzic„	forty	vierzigeste
fünfzic„	fifty	fünfzigeste
52 sëhszic“	sixty	sëhszigeste
sibenzic„	seventy	sibenzigeste
ah(t)zic“	eighty	ah(t)zigeste
niunzic„	ninety	niunzigeste
zëhenzic or hundert	hundred	zëhenzigeste or hundertste
zwei hunt or hundert	two hundred	zweihundertste
tūsent	thousand	tūsenste
zwei tūsent	two thousand	zweitūsentste

§ 63. Ein follows the strong declension, when used as a numeral. The dat. einme is generally contracted to eime (§ 9, 3). When ein is used in the sense of alone, it follows the weak declension. On the inflexion of ander, second, see § 55. Zwei and drī are declined as follows:—

§ 63. Ein follows the strong declension when used as a numeral. The dative einme is usually shortened to eime (§ 9, 3). When ein is used to mean alone, it takes the weak declension. For the inflection of ander, second, see § 55. Zwei and drī are declined as follows:—

	Masc.	Neut.	Fem.
Nom. Acc.	zwēne	zwei	zwō, zwuo, zwā
Gen.	zwei(g)er (§ 35)	zwei(g)er	zwei(g)er
Dat.	zwein, zweien	zwein, zweien	zwein, zweien
Nom. Acc.	drī, dr[i]e	driu	drī, drīe
Gen.	drī(g)er (§ 35)	drī(g)er	drī(g)er
Dat.	drī̆n, drīen	drī̆n, drī̆en	drī̆n, drīen

§ 64. The other cardinals up to twelve are sometimes inflected; when such is the case the endings are:—

§ 64. The other cardinals up to twelve can sometimes change; when that happens, the endings are:—

Masc. and Fem.		Neut.
Nom. Acc.	-e	-iu
Gen.	-er	-er
Dat.	-en	-en

hundert and tūsent are neuter nouns.

hundert and tūsent are neutral nouns.

CHAPTER V

PRONOUNS

§ 65.

1. Personal.

	Sing.
Nom.	ich, I	du, dū, thou
Acc.	mich	dich
Gen.	mīn	dīn
Dat.	mir	dir
	Plur.
Nom.	wir	ir
Acc.	unsich, uns	iuch
Gen.	unser	iuwer
Dat.	uns	iu

		Sing.
	Masc.	Neut.	Fem.
Nom.	ër, he	ëȥ, it, there	si, sī, siu, sie, she si, sī, siu, sie, she
Acc.	in	ëȥ	sie, si, sī she, he, they
Gen.	(ës)	ës	ir(e)
Dat.	im(e)	im(e)	ir(e)
		Plur.
Nom. Acc.		si, sī, sie (Neut. also siu), they
Gen.		ir(e)
Dat.		in

Note.—1. The gen. ir is often used as a possessive pronoun. For ëȥ the form iȥ sometimes appears.

2. For the acc. pl. unsich the dat. uns is mostly used. iu is often used for iuch, and vice versa. im, ir are more usual than ime, ire.

2. For the acc. pl. unsich the dat. uns is mostly used. iu is often used for iuch, and vice versa. im, ir are more common than ime, ire.

3. The unstressed forms of personal pronouns are often 54 attached to other words, as ichȥ, iȥ = ich ëȥ; ichne, ine, ichn = ich ne (not); tuostu = tuost du; dune, dun = du ne (not); tuoȥ = tuo ëȥ; eist, ēst = ëȥ ist; deiȥ = daȥ ëȥ; mohter = mohte ër; baten = bat in; wirȥ = wir ëȥ, &c.

§ 66.

2. Reflexive.

	Sing.	Plur.
Acc.	sich	sich
Gen.	sīn (fem. ir) sin (fem. is)	ir
Dat.	im, ir	in

§ 67.

3. Possessive.

mīn, my; dīn, thy; sīn, his; ir, her; unser, our; iuwer, your; ir, their.

mine, my; thine, thy; his, his; her, her; our, our; yours, your; their, their.

They are declined like the strong adjective michel, great (§ 55). The dat. sing. forms dīnme, sīnme are generally contracted to dīme, sīme, see § 9, 3.

They are declined like the strong adjective michel, great (§ 55). The dative singular forms dīnme, sīnme are usually shortened to dīme, sīme, see § 9, 3.

§ 68.

4. Demonstrative.

		Sing.
	Masc.	Neut.	Fem.
Nom.	dër, the	daȥ	diu
Acc.	dën	daȥ	die
Gen.	dës	dës	dër(e)
Dat.	dëm(e)	dëm(e)	dër(e)
Instr.		diu
		Plur.
	Masc.	Neut.	Fem.
Nom.	die	diu	die
Acc.	die	diu	die
Gen.	dër(e)	dër(e)	dër(e)
Dat.	dën	dën	dën

Like dër is also declined jener, that, except that the Nom., Acc. sg. neut. ends in -eȥ. dër, &c., is used both as definite article and relative pronoun.

Like dër, jener is also declined, that, except that the nominative and accusative singular neuter ends in -eȥ. dër, &c., is used as both a definite article and a relative pronoun.

Note.—1. For the fem. nom. sing. and the neut. nom. acc. pl. diu, the form die was sometimes used; and conversely diu for die in the fem. acc. singular. diu and die were sometimes weakened to de, and to d’ before words beginning with a vowel. daȥ was sometimes weakened to deȥ, and still further to ȥ which was then attached to a preceding word, as lātȥ kind = lāt daȥ kint; anȥ, inȥ = an, in daȥ. dēst, deis, dēs = daȥ ist.

Note.—1. For the feminine nominative singular and the neuter nominative accusative plural, diu was sometimes used; conversely, diu was used for die in the feminine accusative singular. diu and die were sometimes shortened to de and d’ before words starting with a vowel. daȥ was sometimes shortened to deȥ, and even further to ȥ, which was then attached to a preceding word, as in lātȥ kind = lāt daȥ kint; anȥ, inȥ = an, in daȥ. dēst, deis, dēs = daȥ ist.

2. The various cases were often fused into one word with prepositions, as anme, ame, am = an dëme; zëme, zëm = ze dëme; ūfme = ūf dëme; zër = ze dër (fem.); übern = über dën; ūfën = ūf dën; zën = ze dën.

2. The different cases were often combined into a single word with prepositions, like anme, ame, am = an dëme; zëme, zëm = ze dëme; ūfme = ūf dëme; zër = ze dër (fem.); übern = über dën; ūfën = ūf dën; zën = ze dën.

		Sing.
	Masc.	Neut.	Fem.
Nom.	dirre (diser, dise), this dirre (diser, dise), this	ditze, diz, diȥ ditze, diz, diȥ	disiu
Acc.	disen	ditze, diz, diȥ ditze, diz, diȥ	dise
Gen.	dises	dises	dirre
Dat.	disem(e)	disem(e)	dirre
		Plur.
Nom.	dise	disiu	dise
Acc.	dise	disiu	dise
Gen.	dirre	dirre	dirre
Dat.	disen	disen	disen

5. Relative.

§ 69. A relative pronoun proper did not exist in the oldest periods of the Germanic languages, and accordingly the separate languages expressed it in various ways. In MHG. the following pronouns and adverbial particles were used to express it:—

§ 69. In the earliest days of the Germanic languages, there was no specific relative pronoun, so different languages expressed it in various ways. In Middle High German (MHG), the following pronouns and adverbial particles were used to convey it:—

1. dër, daȥ (also used as a conjunction), diu, also in combination with the particles dar der dā. 2. sō, alsō (alse, als), as; sam (alsam), as. 3. dā(r), where, dar, thither, whither, darinne, therein, dannen, wherefrom, darumbe, therefore, dō, when, as. 4. Indefinite relatives, as swër (from sō wër), whoever, swelch, each who, swëder, who of two; swā, swar, wherever, swannen, swanne (swenne), whenever, swie, however, howsoever. 5. The conjunction unde, and.

1. there, that (also used as a conjunction), which, also in combination with the phrases that there. 2. so, also (as, like), as; like (likewise), as. 3. there, where, to there, to there, whither, in there, in there, from there, wherefrom, therefore, when, when, as. 4. Indefinite relatives, like whoever (from so whoever), whoever, each one, each who, which of two, who of two; wherever, wherever, whenever, however, however, howsoever. 5. The conjunction and, and.

6. Interrogative.

§ 70. The MHG. simple interrogative pronoun has no independent form for the feminine, and is declined in the singular only.

§ 70. The MHG simple question word doesn't have a separate form for the feminine and is only declined in the singular.

	Masc. Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	wër, who	waȥ
Acc.	wën	waȥ
Gen.	wës	wës
Dat.	wëm(e)	wëm(e)
Instr.		wiu

In the same manner are declined the compounds:

In the same way, the compounds are declined:

swër (from sō wër), whoever, etewër, eteswër, anyone, neiȥwër (= ne weiȥ wër, I do not know who), anyone.

swër (from sō wër), whoever, etewër, eteswër, anyone, neiȥwër (= ne weiȥ wër, I don’t know who), anyone.

wëder, who of two, is declined like a strong adjective; welīch (welch), which, is also declined like a strong adjective, but the nom. singular remains uninflected.

wëder, who of two, declines like a strong adjective; welīch (welch), which, also declines like a strong adjective, but the nominative singular stays uninflected.

7. Indefinite.

§ 71. ander, other; dechein, dehein, dekein, no, none; dewëder, neither; ein, one, some one: when ein is used with the meaning alone it follows the weak declension; etelīch, etlīch, eteslīch, etslīch, anyone, many a, pl. = some; etewër, eteswër, anyone; etewaȥ, anything; 57 iegelīch, ieslīch, iegeslīch, each; ieman, iemen, someone, somebody; iewëder, ietwëder, each; iewelīch, iewelich, each; iewiht, iht, anything; kein, no; man, one; manec, many a, declined maneger, manegeȥ, manegiu, &c.; nehein, no, none; niht, nothing; solch, such, declined like manec; sum, any one at all, pl. some; sumelīch, sumlīch, many a; swelch, each who; swër, whoever; wëder, which of two; welīch (welch), which, declined like manec.

§ 71. ander, other; dechein, dehein, dekein, no, none; dewëder, neither; ein, one, someone: when ein is used with the meaning alone, it follows the weak declension; etelīch, etlīch, eteslīch, etslīch, anyone, many a, pl. = some; etewër, eteswër, anyone; etewaȥ, anything; 57 iegelīch, ieslīch, iegeslīch, each; ieman, iemen, someone, somebody; iewëder, ietwëder, each; iewelīch, iewelich, each; iewiht, iht, anything; kein, no; man, one; manec, many a, declined maneger, manegeȥ, manegiu, & c.; nehein, no, none; niht, nothing; solch, such, declined like manec; sum, anyone at all, pl. some; sumelīch, sumlīch, many a; swelch, each who; swër, whoever; wëder, which of two; welīch (welch), which, declined like manec.

CHAPTER VI

VERBS

§ 72. The MHG. verb has the following independent forms:—one voice (active), two numbers, three persons, two tenses (present and preterite), two complete moods (indicative and subjunctive, the latter originally the optative), besides an imperative which is only used in the present tense; two verbal nouns (the present infinitive, and the gerund, generally called the inflected infinitive), a present participle with active meaning, and one verbal adjective (the past participle).

§ 72. The MHG verb has the following independent forms: one voice (active), two numbers, three persons, two tenses (present and past), two complete moods (indicative and subjunctive, the latter originally the optative), plus an imperative that's only used in the present tense; two verbal nouns (the present infinitive and the gerund, usually called the inflected infinitive), a present participle with active meaning, and one verbal adjective (the past participle).

The MHG. verbs are divided into two great classes:—Strong and Weak. The strong verbs form their preterite (originally the perfect) and past participle by means of ablaut (§ 12). The weak verbs form their preterite by the addition of the syllable -te, and their past participle by means of a t-suffix. The strong verbs were originally further sub-divided into reduplicated and non-reduplicated verbs. The reduplication had, however, entirely disappeared in the oldest period of the language. The non-reduplicated verbs are divided into six classes according to the six ablaut-series (§ 12). The originally reduplicated verbs are put together here and called Class VII. Besides 58 these two great classes of strong and weak verbs, there are a few others which will be treated under the general heading Minor Groups.

The MHG verbs are divided into two main categories: Strong and Weak. Strong verbs create their past tense (originally the perfect) and past participle through ablaut (§ 12). Weak verbs form their past tense by adding the suffix -te, and their past participle by using a t-suffix. Strong verbs were originally further classified into reduplicated and non-reduplicated verbs. However, reduplication had completely vanished during the oldest period of the language. Non-reduplicated verbs are grouped into six classes based on the six ablaut series (§ 12). The originally reduplicated verbs are collected here and labeled as Class VII. In addition to these two major classes of strong and weak verbs, there are a few others that will be discussed under the general title Minor Groups.

A. Strong Verbs.

§ 73. We are able to conjugate a MHG. strong verb when we know the four stems, as seen in (1) the infinitive or first pers. sing. of the present indicative, (2) the first or third pers. sing. of the preterite indicative, (3) the first pers. plural of the preterite indicative, (4) the past participle. The pret. subjunctive and the second pers. pret. indicative have the same stem-vowel as the pret. plural indicative.

§ 73. We can conjugate a Middle High German strong verb when we know the four stems, which are (1) the infinitive or first person singular of the present indicative, (2) the first or third person singular of the preterite indicative, (3) the first person plural of the preterite indicative, and (4) the past participle. The preterite subjunctive and the second person preterite indicative have the same stem vowel as the preterite plural indicative.

§ 74. The conjugation of nëmen, OHG. nëman, to take, will serve as a model for all strong verbs.

Present.
	Indic.		Subj.
	MHG.	OHG.	MHG.	OHG.
Sing.	1. nime	nimu	nëme	nëme
	2. nimes(t)	nimis(t)	nëmes(t)	nëmēs(t)
	3. nimet	nimit	nëme	nëme
Plur.	1. nëmen	nëmemēs, -ēm	nëmen	nëmēm
	2. nëmet	nëmet	nëmet	nëmēt
	3. nëment	nëmant	nëmen	nëmēn
	Imper.		Infin.
	MHG.	OHG.	MHG.	OHG.
Sing.	2. nim	nim	nëmen	nëman
Plur.	1. nëmen	nëmemēs, -ēm
	2. nëmet, (-ent)	nëmet
			Gerund.
			MHG.	OHG.
		Gen.	nëmen(n)es	nëmannes
		Dat.	nëmen(n)e	nëmanne
			Present Participle.
			nëmende	nëmanti

Preterite.
	Indic.		Subj.
	MHG.	OHG.	MHG.	OHG.
Sing.	1. nam	nam	næme	nāmi
	2. næme	nāmi	næmes(t)	nāmīst
	3. nam	nam	næme	nāmi
Plur.	1. nāmen	nāmum	næmen	nāmīm
	2. nāmet	nāmut	næmet	nāmīt
	3. nāmen	nāmun	næmen	nāmīn
	Past Participle.
	MHG.		OHG.
	genomen		ginoman

Note.— The e in the endings is regularly lost according to the rule given in § 9, 1, as sing. stil, stilst, stilt, inf. stëln, to steal; sing. var, verst, vert, inf. varn, to go. It was also frequently lost in the third pers. sing. pres. indicative of other verbs, as vint = vindet, siht = sihet, see § 9, 4 note. The n in the first pers. plural was sometimes dropped when the pronoun came after the verb, as nëme wir = nëmen wir.

Note.— The e at the end is usually dropped according to the rule in § 9, 1, like sing. stil, stilst, stilt, inf. stëln, to steal; sing. var, verst, vert, inf. varn, to go. It was also often lost in the third person singular present indicative of other verbs, like vint = vindet, siht = sihet, see § 9, 4 note. The n in the first person plural was sometimes dropped when the pronoun followed the verb, as nëme wir = nëmen wir.

The imperative singular sometimes has -e after the analogy of weak verbs (§ 90).

The singular command form sometimes ends with -e, similar to weak verbs (§ 90).

The OHG. forms given above show in what forms umlaut regularly took place, viz. in the second and third pers. singular of the pres. indicative, when possible, in the second pers. singular of the pret. indicative, and in the pret. subjunctive. The second pers. singular of the pret. indicative always has the same stem-vowel as the pret. subjunctive. On the absence of umlaut in the pret. subjunctive of certain types of verbs, see § 10, note. Forms without and with umlaut are found in the second and third pers. singular of the present in verbs belonging to Class VII, as slāfes(t), slāfet beside slæfes(t), slæfet.

The OHG forms mentioned above demonstrate the patterns of umlaut, which typically occurred in the second and third person singular of the present indicative when possible, in the second person singular of the past indicative, and in the past subjunctive. The second person singular of the past indicative always shares the same stem vowel as the past subjunctive. For more on the lack of umlaut in the past subjunctive of certain verb types, see § 10, note. Forms with and without umlaut appear in the second and third person singular of the present tense for verbs in Class VII, such as slāfes(t), slāfet alongside slæfes(t), slæfet.

Concerning the changes between i, ë; u, o; iu, ie; ei, ē; ou, ō in the various classes of strong verbs, see §§ 14-17.

The Classification of the Strong Verbs.

§ 75. We shall only give in each class a few verbs to illustrate the gradation of vowels and consonant changes. All other verbs occurring in the texts will be found in the Glossary referred to their proper class.

§ 75. We will only provide a few verbs in each class to show how the vowels and consonants change. All the other verbs found in the texts can be located in the Glossary linked to their appropriate class.

Class I.

§ 76. The verbs of this class belong to the first ablaut-series (§ 12) and therefore have ī in all forms of the present; ei in the first and third pers. sing. of the preterite, but ē before ch (= Germanic h, § 23), and finally (§ 17); and i in the preterite plural and past participle, thus:—

§ 76. The verbs in this group are part of the first ablaut series (§ 12) and therefore have ī in all forms of the present tense; ei in the first and third person singular of the past tense, but ē before ch (which corresponds to the Germanic h, § 23), and finally (§ 17); and i in the past tense plural and past participle, as follows:—

bīten, to wait bīten, wait	beit	biten	gebiten
swīgen, to be silent swīgen, to stay quiet	sweic	swigen	geswigen
trīben, to drive trīben, to drive	treip	triben	getriben

And similarly belīben, to remain, bīȥen, to bite, rīben, to rub, rīten, to ride, schīnen, to shine, schrīben, to write, sīgen, to sink, strīten, to quarrel.

snīden, to cut snīden, to slice	sneit	sniten	gesniten
dīhen, to thrive dīhen, to flourish	dēch	digen	gedigen
rīsen, to fall rīsen, to drop	reis	rirn (risen)	gerirn (gerisen)

And similarly līden, to suffer, mīden, to avoid, nīden, to envy, līhen, to lend, zīhen, to accuse. See § 30.

§ 77. The following two verbs which are also used as weak verbs have mixed forms in the preterite and past participle:—

§ 77. The following two verbs, which are also used as weak verbs, have mixed forms in the past tense and past participle:—

schrīen, to scream schrīen, to shout	schrē	schriuwen	geschriuwen
	schrei	schrūwen	geschrūwen
		schrirn	geschrirn
spīwen, to vomit spīwen, to throw up	spē	spiwen	gespiwen
	spei	spiuwen	gespiuwen
		spūwen	gespūwen
		spirn	gespirn

Class II.

§ 78. The verbs of this class belong to the second ablaut-series (§ 12) and therefore have ie in the present, but iu in the present singular (§ 16); ou in the first and third pers. sing. of the preterite, but ō before t, ȥ, s and ch (= Germanic h), § 18; u in the pret. plural; and o in the past participle, thus:—

§ 78. The verbs in this group belong to the second ablaut series (§ 12) and therefore have ie in the present tense, but iu in the present singular (§ 16); ou in the first and third person singular of the past tense, but ō before t, ȥ, s, and ch (= Germanic h), § 18; u in the past plural; and o in the past participle, thus:—

biegen, to bend bend	biuge	bouc	bugen	gebogen
triefen, to drop triefen, to let fall	triufe	trouf	truffen	getroffen
bieten, to offer offer, to offer	biute	bōt	buten	geboten
schieȥen, to shoot shoot, to shoot	schiuȥe	schōȥ	schuȥȥen	geschoȥȥen

And similarly klieben, to cleave, kriechen, to creep, liegen, to lie, riechen, to smell, schieben, to shove, vliegen, to fly; dieȥen, to roar, gieȥen, to pour, vlieȥen, to flow.

sieden, to seethe sieden, to boil over	siude	sōt	suten gesoten
ziehen, to draw draw, to draw	ziuhe	zōch	zugen gezogen
kiesen, to choose kiesen, to pick	kius	kōs	kurn	gekorn

And similarly vliehen, to flee, niesen, to sneeze, verliesen, to lose, vriesen, to freeze. See § 30.

§ 79. On the stem-vowels in the following verbs, see § 16, note and § 36:—

§ 79. For the stem-vowels in the following verbs, refer to § 16, note and § 36:—

bliuwen, to strike bliuwen, to hit	bliuwe	blou	blūwen
			bliuwen	gebliuwen
			blouwen	geblouwen

And similarly briuwen, to brew, kiuwen, to chew, riuwen, to pain.

And similarly briuwen, to brew, kiuwen, to chew, riuwen, to hurt.

§ 80. To this class also belong the three aorist presents:—

§ 80. This class also includes the three aorist presents:—

lūchen, to shut lūchen, to close	liuche (lūche) (lūche)	louch	luchen	gelochen
sūfen, to gulp down sūfen, to chug	sūfe	souf	suffen	gesoffen
sūgen, to suck sūgen, to sip	sūge	souc	sugen	gesogen

Class III.

§ 81. The verbs of this class belong to the third ablaut-series (§ 12), and include the strong verbs having a medial nasal or a liquid + consonant. Those with nasal + consonant have i throughout the present tense and u in the past participle; the others have i in the present singular, ë in the plural, and o in the past participle (see §§ 14, 15), thus:—

§ 81. The verbs in this group belong to the third ablaut series (§ 12) and include strong verbs that have a nasal or a liquid followed by a consonant. Those that have a nasal followed by a consonant use i throughout the present tense and u in the past participle; the others use i in the present singular, ë in the plural, and o in the past participle (see §§ 14, 15), thus:—

binden, to bind bind, to bind	binde	bant	bunden	gebunden
rinnen, to run rinnen, to run	rinne	ran	runnen	gerunnen
singen, to sing sing, to sing	singe	sanc	sungen	gesungen

And similarly brinnen, to burn, dringen, to press, entrinnen, to escape, gelingen, to succeed, gewinnen, to gain, schrinden, to split, sinken, to sink, sinnen, to reflect, spinnen, to spin, swimmen, to swim, trinken, to drink, vinden (p.p. vunden), to find, winden, to wind. beginnen, to begin, pret. sing. began beside begunde, begonde, pl. begunden, p.p. begunnen.

bërgen, to hide bërgen, to conceal	birge	bare	burgen	geborgen
hëlfen, to help help, to assist	hilfe	half	hulfen	geholfen
stërben, to die stërben, to pass away	stirbe	starp	sturben	gestorben

And similarly bevëlhen, to order, emphëlhen, enphëlhen, to recommend, gëlten, to pay, mëlken, to milk, schëlten, to revile, swëllen, to swell, verdërben, to destroy, wërfen, to throw, wërren, to confuse, wërden, to become, pret. pl. wurten, wurden, p.p. worten, (ge)worden, see § 30.

Class IV.

§ 82. The verbs of this class belong to the fourth ablaut-series (§ 12). They include those strong verbs which have a liquid or a nasal before or after the stem-vowel, and a few others, thus:—

§ 82. The verbs in this group belong to the fourth ablaut series (§ 12). They consist of strong verbs that have a liquid or nasal sound either before or after the stem vowel, along with a few others, as follows:—

ë	i	a	ā	o
nëmen, to take nëmen, to grab	nime	nam	nāmen	genomen
bërn, to bear bërn, to bear	bir (§ 9, 1)	bar	bāren	geborn
stëln, to steal steal, to take	stil (§ 9, 1)	stal	stālen	gestoln
brëchen, to break break, to break	briche	brach	brāchen	gebrochen
vëhten, to fight vëhten, to battle	vihte	vaht	vāhten	gevohten

And similarly schërn, to shear, schrëcken, to frighten, sprëchen, to speak, vlëhten, to plait, zëmen (p.p. also gezëmen), to be befitting, stëchen, to prick, trëffen (p.p. troffen), to hit; dreschen, to thrash, leschen, to be extinguished, see § 11, 1. komen (OHG. quëman), to come, kume, quam, quāmen, komen; on other forms of this verb, see § 36.

Class V.

§ 83. The verbs of this class belong to the fifth ablaut-series (§ 12). They include the strong verbs containing a medial consonant other than a nasal or liquid, thus:—

§ 83. The verbs in this category are part of the fifth ablaut series (§ 12). They include strong verbs that have a middle consonant that is neither a nasal nor a liquid, as follows:—

ë	i	a	ā	ë
gëben, to give gëben, to give	gibe	gap	gāben	gegëben
jëhen, to say jëhen, to say	gihe (§ 35)	jach	jāhen	gejëhen
sëhen, to see see, to see	sihe	sach	sāhen	gesëhen
wëgen, to move wegen, to move	wige	wac	wāgen	gewëgen

And similarly geschëhen, to happen, knëten, to knead, mëȥȥen, to measure, pflëgen, to be accustomed, trëten, to tread, vergëȥȥen, to forget, wëben, to weave.

wësen, to be

wësen, exist

wise

was

wāren

gewësen

And similarly genësen (pret. pl. also genāsen), to recover, jësen, to ferment, lësen (pret. pl. also lāsen), to gather, read. See § 30.

And similarly genësen (past tense also genāsen), to recover, jësen, to ferment, lësen (past tense also lāsen), to gather, read. See § 30.

ëȥȥen, to eat	iȥȥe	āȥ(aȥ)	āȥen	gëȥȥen (§ 9, 7)
vrëȥȥen, to devour	vriȥȥe	vrāȥ	vrāȥen	vrëȥȥen

These verbs had a long vowel in the pret. singular in the oldest period of all the Germanic languages, cp. also Lat. ēdī.

These verbs had a long vowel in the past singular in the earliest period of all the Germanic languages, see also Latin ēdī.

§ 84. To this class also belong the three verbs:—

§ 84. This class also includes the three verbs:—

bit(t)en, to beg bitten, to beg	bite	bat	bāten	gebëten
ligen, to lie down lie down	lige	lac	lāgen	gelëgen
sitzen, to sit sit, to sit	sitze	saȥ	sāȥen	gesëȥȥen

bit(t)en, OHG. bitten from *bidjan; ligen, OHG. liggen from *ligjan; sitzen, OHG. sitzen from *sitjan, see §§ 14, 31, 3. The inf. ligen is sometimes contracted to līn, see § 37.

Class VI.

§ 85. The verbs of this class belong to the sixth ablaut-series (§ 12), and accordingly have a in the present; uo in the pret. singular and plural; and a in the past participle. They have umlaut in the second and third pers. singular, as grebes(t), grebet; verst, vert. See § 10.

§ 85. The verbs in this group follow the sixth ablaut series (§ 12), so they have a in the present tense; uo in the past tense for both singular and plural; and a in the past participle. They show umlaut in the second and third person singular, as in grebes(t), grebet; verst, vert. See § 10.

graben, to dig trench, to excavate	gruop	gruoben	gegraben
tragen, to carry carry	truoc	truogen	getragen
maln, to grind maln, to grind	muol	muolen	gemaln
varn, to go varn, to leave	vuor	vuoren	gevarn

And similarly laden, to load, nagen, to gnaw, schaffen, to create, spanen, to entice, waschen, to wash, wahsen, to grow, waten, to wade.

slahen, to strike slahen, to hit	sluoc	sluogen	geslagen
twahen, to wash twahen, wash	twuoc	twuogen	getwagen

See § 30. The pret. sing. sluoc, twuoc for *sluoch, *twuoch were formed after the analogy of the pret. plural.

See § 30. The past tense singular sluoc, twuoc for *sluoch, *twuoch were created based on the pattern of the past tense plural.

§ 86. To this class also belong:—

This class also includes:—

stān, stēn (§ 96), to stand stān, stēn (__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__), to stand	stuont	stuonden	gestanden
entseben (older entseven), to perceive entseben (older entseven), to sense	entsuop	entsuoben	entsaben
gewähenen, to mention mention, to mention	gewuoc	gewuogen	gewagen
heben (older heven), to raise heben (older heven), to lift	huop	huoben	gehaben
swern (see § 35), to swear swern (see __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__), to curse	swuor	swuoren	geswarn gesworn

The pret. singular stuont, entsuop, gewuoc, huop for *stuot (cp. Engl. stood), *entsuof, *gewuoch, *huof were formed after the analogy of the pret. plural. On the b, g in the pret. plural, see § 30. The last four verbs in the list originally had a j in the present, which accounts for the umlaut, cp. OHG. heffen, Goth. hafjan, to raise. heben had its b from forms where it was regular.

The past tense singular forms stuont, entsuop, gewuoc, huop for *stuot (compare with English stood), *entsuof, *gewuoch, *huof were created based on the model of the past tense plural. For the b and g in the past tense plural, see § 30. The last four verbs in this list originally had a j in the present tense, which explains the umlaut, compare with OHG heffen, Goth. hafjan, to raise. heben retained its b from forms where it was regular.

Class VII.

§ 87. To this class belong the verbs which originally had reduplicated preterites. The present and past participle have the same stem-vowel; and the preterite singular and plural have ie. In OHG. the verbs which had a, ā or ei in the present had ia (older ea, ē) in the preterite; and those which had ou (ō), uo in the present had io (older eo) in the preterite. But in MHG. the ia and io regularly fell together in ie (§ 11, 3), so that all the preterites had ie.

§ 87. This category includes verbs that originally featured reduplicated past forms. The present and past participles have the same stem vowel, and the singular and plural past forms both use ie. In Old High German (OHG), verbs with a, ā, or ei in the present used ia (formerly ea, ē) in the past; verbs with ou (ō) or uo in the present used io (formerly eo) in the past. However, in Middle High German (MHG), ia and io consistently merged into ie (§ 11, 3), resulting in all past forms having ie.

bannen, to banish	bien	bienen	gebannen
halten, to hold	hielt	hielten	gehalten
slāfen, to sleep	slief	sliefen	geslāfen
heiȥen, to call	hieȥ	hieȥen	geheiȥn
loufen, to run	lief	liefen	geloufen
ruofen, to call	rief	riefen	geruofen

And similarly halsen, to embrace, salzen, to salt, spalten, to split, spannen, to span, vallen, to fall, valten, to fold, wallen, to bubble; bāgen, to quarrel, blāsen, to blow, brāten, to roast, lāȥen (see also § 99), to let, leave, rāten, to advise; meiȥen, to cut, scheiden, to separate, sweifen, to rove; bōȥen, to strike, stōȥen, to push, houwen (pret. hiu and hie, pl. hiuwen, hiewen), to hew, wuofen, to bewail.

gān, gēn, to go gān, gēn, to go		gienc (gie)	giengen	(ge)gangen
hāhen (§ 29) hān (§ 38)	, to hang	hienc (hie)	hiengen	gehangen
vāhen (§ 29) vān (§ 38)	, to catch	vienc (vie)	viengen	gevangen
erren, ern, to plough erren, ern, to plow		ier	ieren	gearn

On the interchange between h and ng, see § 30; erren, ern from older *arjan.

B. Weak Verbs.

§ 88. The OHG. weak verbs were divided into three great classes according as the infinitive ended in -en from older *-jan, -on, or -ēn.

§ 88. The OHG weak verbs were classified into three main groups based on the infinitive ending in -en, which came from older *-jan, -on, or -ēn.

Inflectional tables in this section have been reformatted for greater readability. A representative screen shot of the original format is shown at the end of the text.

Inflectional tables in this section have been updated for better readability. A sample screenshot of the original format is shown at the end of the text.

The characteristic endings of the three OHG. classes were:—

The typical endings of the three OHG. classes were:—

	Present.
	Class I.	Class II.	Class III.
Indic. sing.	-u	-ōn	-ēn
	-is(t)	-ōs(t)	-ēs(t)
	-it	-ōt	-ēt
„plur.	-ēn	-ōn	-ēn
	-et	-ōt	-ēt
	-ent	-ōnt	-ēnt
Subj. sing.	-e	-o	-e
	-ēs(t)	-ōs(t)	-ēs(t)
	-e	-o	-e
„plur.	-ēn	-ōn	-ēn
	-ēt	-ōt	-ēt
	-ēn	-ōn	-ēn
Imper. sing.	-i	-o	-e
„plur.	-ēn	-ōn	-ēn
„plur.	-et	-ōt	-ēt

67	Preterite.
	Class I.	Class II.	Class III.
Indic. sing.	-ta, -ita	-ōta	-ēta
	-tōs(t), -itōs(t)	-ōtōs(t)	-ētōs(t)
	-ta, -ita	-ōta	-ēta
„plur.	-tun, -itun	-ōtun	-ētun
	-tut, -itut	-ōtut	-ētut
	-tun, -itun	-ōtun	-ētun
Subj. sing.	-ti, -iti	-ōti	-ēti
	-tīs(t), -itīs(t)	-ōtīs(t)	-ētīs(t)
	-ti, -iti	-ōti	-ēti
„plur.	-tīn, -itīn	-ōtīn	-ētīn
	-tīt, -itīt	-ōtīt	-ētīt
	-tīn, -itīn	-ōtīn	-ētīn

	Past Participle.
Uninfl. form	-it	-ōt	-ēt
Infl.„	-tēr, -itēr	-ōtēr	-ētēr

	Infinitive.
	-en	-ōn	-ēn

In OHG. the verbs of Class I were divided into two sub-divisions: (a) polysyllabic verbs and those containing an old long stem-syllable; (b) those which originally had a short stem-syllable (cp. § 31, 3). The former formed their preterite in -ta, and the latter in -ita; and similarly in the inflected form of the past participle. In MHG. all the unaccented vowels i, e, a, o, u, ī, ē, ō regularly fell together in e (§ 7), so that the old distinction between the endings of the three classes of verbs was to a great extent obliterated. The OHG. verbs with a short stem-syllable belonging to Classes II and III came in MHG. to be inflected entirely like sub-division (b) of Class I; and those with a long stem-syllable mostly came to be inflected like sub-division (a) of Class I, see §§ 9, 2, 92.

In Old High German (OHG), Class I verbs were split into two sub-groups: (a) polysyllabic verbs and those with an old long stem-syllable; (b) those that originally had a short stem-syllable (see § 31, 3). The former formed their past tense in -ta, while the latter used -ita; the same pattern applied to the inflected form of the past participle. In Middle High German (MHG), all the unaccented vowels i, e, a, o, u, ī, ē, ō regularly merged into e (see § 7), which largely erased the old distinctions between the endings of the three verb classes. The OHG verbs with a short stem-syllable that belonged to Classes II and III were inflected in MHG completely like sub-division (b) of Class I; while those with a long stem-syllable mostly followed the inflection of sub-division (a) of Class I, see §§ 9, 2, 92.

Owing to all the OHG. unaccented vowels being weakened to e the MHG. endings are:—

Owing to all the OHG unaccented vowels being weakened to e, the MHG endings are:—

	Sing.	Plur.
Pres. Indic.:	-e	-en
	-es(t)	-et
	-et	-ent
„Subj.:	-e	-en
	-es(t)	-et
	-e	-en
Pret. Indic. and Subj.: Pret. Indic. and Subj.:	-te, -ete	-ten, -eten
	-tes(t), -etes(t)	-tet, -etet
	-te, -ete	-ten, -eten
Imper.		-en
Imper.	-e	-et
P.P. Uninfl. form	-et
P.S. Infl.„	-ter, -eter
Infin.	-en.

Final -n in the first pers. sing. of the pres. indicative of the old Classes II and III remained in early MHG., but during the MHG. period the first person was remodelled after the analogy of Class I.

Final -n in the first person singular of the present indicative of the old Classes II and III stayed in early Middle High German, but during the Middle High German period, the first person was restructured based on the example of Class I.

Note.— Old forms with ō̆ (u) for later e occasionally occur in verbs originally belonging to the OHG. Class II; and in like manner ī̆ for e in the pret. subjunctive.

Note.— Old forms with ō̆ (u) for later e sometimes appear in verbs that originally belonged to the OHG. Class II; similarly, ī̆ replaces e in the past subjunctive.

§ 89. The MHG. weak verbs are divided into two classes, according as the preterite is formed in -te or -ete (see however § 40). The inflexion of the present is the same in both classes.

§ 89. The MHG weak verbs are classified into two groups based on how the past tense is formed: either with -te or -ete (see also § 40). The present tense inflection is the same in both groups.

Class I.

§ 90. To this class belong (1) verbs which have old long stem-syllables. Those having a mutated vowel in the present have the corresponding unmutated vowel in the preterite. The i which would have caused umlaut in the preterite disappeared in the prehistoric period of the language. The past participle generally has two forms: one with a mutated vowel, and the other without it, properly from the old inflected form which did not have umlaut. (2) Verbs having a short stem-vowel followed by a single 69 consonant (l, r), and trisyllabic verbs containing an l, n, or r in the second syllable, as zeln, older zellen (§ 31, 3), to count, pret. zelte beside zalte, p.p. gezelt beside gezalt; nern, to rescue, pret. nerte (OHG. nerita), p.p. genert; and similarly doln (OHG. dolōn), to tolerate, seln, to hand over, spiln, to play, weln, to choose; wern, to defend; wandeln (OHG. wantalōn), to change, pret. wandelte; vordern (OHG. fordarōn), to further, pret. vorderte; sëgenen (OHG. sëganōn), to bless, pret. sëgente. See §§ 9, 1, 2, 92.

§ 90. This category includes (1) verbs that have long stem syllables from the old language. Those that have a changed vowel in the present tense will have the corresponding unchanged vowel in the past tense. The i that would have caused a vowel change in the past tense disappeared in the early development of the language. The past participle usually has two forms: one with a changed vowel and the other without, derived from the older inflected form that did not undergo a vowel change. (2) Verbs with a short stem vowel followed by one consonant (l, r), and three-syllable verbs containing an l, n, or r in the second syllable, like zeln, older zellen (§ 31, 3), to count, past tense zelte alongside zalte, past participle gezelt next to gezalt; nern, to rescue, past tense nerte (OHG. nerita), past participle genert; and similarly doln (OHG. dolōn), to tolerate, seln, to hand over, spiln, to play, weln, to choose; wern, to defend; wandeln (OHG. wantalōn), to change, past tense wandelte; vordern (OHG. fordarōn), to further, past tense vorderte; sëgenen (OHG. sëganōn), to bless, past tense sëgente. See §§ 9, 1, 2, 92.

Present.
	Indic.	Subj.	Imper.
Sing.	1. kenne	kenne
	2. kennes(t)	kennes(t)	kenne
	3. kennet	kenne
Plur.	1. kennen	kennen	kennen
	2. kennet	kennet	kennet, (-ent)
	3. kennent	kennen
Preterite.
Sing.	1. kante	kante
	2. kantes(t)	kantes(t)
	3. kante	kante
Plur.	1. kanten	kanten
	2. kantet	kantet
	3. kanten	kanten

Infin. kennen, to know; Pres. Part. kennende; Past Part. gekennet, gekant.

And similarly with a large number of verbs, as blüemen, to bloom, brennen, to burn, füllen, to fill, grüeȥen, to greet, hœren, to hear, küssen, to kiss, lœsen, to loose, nennen, to name, rennen, to run, senden (pret. sante), to send, senken, to sink, setzen (pret. satte, sazte, p.p. gesat, gesazt, 70 gesetzt), to set, stellen, to place, süeȥen, to sweeten, vellen, to fell, wǣnen, to fancy, wünschen, to wish; gelouben, to believe, kēren, to turn, koufen, to buy, leiten (pret. leite), to lead, ougen, to show, suochen, to seek. The verba pura have double forms in the present and preterite, as dræjen, dræn (§ 35), to turn, pret. drāte beside the new formation dræjete, dræte, and similarly blüejen, to bloom, müejen, to trouble, rüejen, to row, sæjen, to sow, wæjen, to blow. Verbs with medial ck have double preterites, as decken, to cover, pret. dacte beside dahte, and similarly drücken, drucken, to press, smecken, to taste, wecken, to awake. See also § 92.

And similarly with a large number of verbs, like blüemen, to bloom, brennen, to burn, füllen, to fill, grüeȥen, to greet, hœren, to hear, küssen, to kiss, lœsen, to loose, nennen, to name, rennen, to run, senden (pret. sante), to send, senken, to sink, setzen (pret. satte, sazte, p.p. gesat, gesazt, 70 gesetzt), to set, stellen, to place, süeȥen, to sweeten, vellen, to fell, wǣnen, to fancy, wünschen, to wish; gelouben, to believe, kēren, to turn, koufen, to buy, leiten (pret. leite), to lead, ougen, to show, suochen, to seek. The verba pura have double forms in the present and preterite, like dræjen, dræn (§ 35), to turn, pret. drāte beside the new formation dræjete, dræte, and similarly blüejen, to bloom, müejen, to trouble, rüejen, to row, sæjen, to sow, wæjen, to blow. Verbs with medial ck have double preterites, such as decken, to cover, pret. dacte beside dahte, and similarly drücken, drucken, to press, smecken, to taste, wecken, to awake. See also § 92.

§ 91. The following are irregular:—

The following are irregular:—

Infin.	Pret.	P.P.
denken, to think	dāhte	gedāht (§§ 28, 29)
dunken, dünken, to seem	dūhte	gedūh (§§ 28, 29)
furhten, fürhten, to fear	vorhte	gevorht
wurken, würken, to work	worhte	geworht
bringen, to bring	brāhte	gebrāht (§§ 28, 29)

Note.— The second pers. sing. of brāhte is bræhte or brāhtes(t), pret. subj. bræhte; and similarly with dāhte; the subj. of dūhte is dūhte or diuhte.

Note.— The second person singular of brāhte is bræhte or brāhtes(t), past subjunctive bræhte; and similarly with dāhte; the subjunctive of dūhte is dūhte or diuhte.

Class II.

§ 92. The verbs belonging to this class form their preterite in -ete and their past participle in -et. In other respects Class II has the same endings as Class I.

§ 92. The verbs in this group form their past tense with -ete and their past participle with -et. Otherwise, Class II has the same endings as Class I.

It includes: (a) The dissyllabic verbs, having a short stem-vowel followed by a single consonant other than l, r, which in OHG. belonged to Classes II and III, as loben (OHG. lobōn), to praise, pret. lobete, p.p. gelobet; lëben (OHG. lëbēn), to live, pret. lëbete, p.p. gelëbet (see § 88). (b) The dissyllabic verbs of OHG. Class I with a short 71 stem-vowel followed by double consonants other than ll (see § 31, 3), as legen, older leggen (OHG. leggen), to lay, pret. legete or leite (§ 37), p.p. geleget or geleit; denen, older dennen (OHG. dennen), to stretch, pret. denete, p.p. gedenet.

It includes: (a) The two-syllable verbs with a short stem vowel followed by a single consonant other than l, r, which in Old High German belonged to Classes II and III, like loben (OHG. lobōn), to praise, past tense lobete, past participle gelobet; lëben (OHG. lëbēn), to live, past tense lëbete, past participle gelëbet (see § 88). (b) The two-syllable verbs of OHG Class I with a short stem vowel followed by double consonants other than ll (see § 31, 3), like legen, older leggen (OHG. leggen), to lay, past tense legete or leite (§ 37), past participle geleget or geleit; denen, older dennen (OHG. dennen), to stretch, past tense denete, past participle gedenet.

Other examples belonging to Class II are: bëten, to pray, dagen, to be silent, klagen, to complain, klëben, to stick, laden, to invite, namen, to name, sagen, to say, pret. sagete and seite (§ 37).

Other examples in Class II are: bëten, to pray, dagen, to be silent, klagen, to complain, klëben, to stick, laden, to invite, namen, to name, sagen, to say, pret. sagete and seite (§ 37).

The verbs with a long stem-syllable, which belonged to OHG. Classes II and III, went over in MHG. either into Class I (1), see § 90, or had preterites in -te beside -ete, as danken, to thank, pret. dancte beside dankete, p.p. gedanct beside gedanket; vrāgen, to ask, pret. vrāgte beside vrāgete, p.p. gevrāgt beside gevrāget, and similarly ahten, to observe, minnen, to love, trahten, to strive, &c., see §§ 9, 2, 90; dienen, to serve, pret. diende (§ 40), &c.

The verbs with a long stem-syllable, which belonged to Old High German Classes II and III, evolved in Middle High German either into Class I (1), see § 90, or had past tenses in -te alongside -ete, such as danken, to thank, past tense dancte next to dankete, past participle gedanct next to gedanket; vrāgen, to ask, past tense vrāgte next to vrāgete, past participle gevrāgt next to gevrāget, and similarly ahten, to observe, minnen, to love, trahten, to strive, etc., see §§ 9, 2, 90; dienen, to serve, past tense diende (§ 40), etc.

C. Minor Groups.

1. Preterite-Presents.

Past Tense-Presents.

§ 93. These have strong preterites with a present meaning, from which new weak preterites have been formed. The 2nd pers. sg. ends in -t, and has the same stem-vowel as the 1st and 3rd pers. sg. The following verbs belong to this class:—

§ 93. These have strong past forms with a present meaning, from which new weak past forms have developed. The 2nd person singular ends in -t and has the same stem vowel as the 1st and 3rd person singular. The following verbs belong to this class:—

weiȥ, I know, 2nd pers. sg. weist; pl. wiȥȥen; inf. wiȥȥen; pres. p. wiȥȥende; pret. wisse, wesse, wiste or weste; p.p. gewist or gewest.

weiȥ, I know, 2nd person singular weist; plural wiȥȥen; infinitive wiȥȥen; present participle wiȥȥende; past wisse, wesse, wiste or weste; past participle gewist or gewest.

touc, I am of use, inf. and pl. tugen or tügen; pret. tohte; subj. töhte.

gan, I grant, 2nd pers. sg. ganst; inf. and pl. gunnen or günnen; pret. gunde; subj. gunde or günde; p.p. gegunnen, gegunnet, or gegunst.

gan, I grant, 2nd person singular ganst; infinitive and plural gunnen or günnen; past tense gunde; subjunctive gunde or günde; past participle gegunnen, gegunnet, or gegunst.

kan, I know, 2nd pers. sg. kanst; inf. and pl. kunnen or künnen; pret. kunde (konde); subj. kunde or künde.

can, I know, 2nd person singular canst; infinitive and plural can or künn; past could (konde); subjunctive could or künde.

darf, I need, 2nd pers. sg. darft; pl. durfen or dürfen; pret. dorfte; subj. dörfte; infin. and p.p. only in bedürfen, bedorft.

darf, I need, 2nd person singular darft; plural durfen or dürfen; past tense dorfte; subjunctive dörfte; infinitive and past participle only in bedürfen, bedorft.

tar, I dare, venture, 2nd pers. sg. tarst; inf. and pl. turren or türren; pret. torste; subj. törste.

tar, I dare, venture, 2nd person singular. tarst; infinitive and plural turren or türren; past tense torste; subjunctive törste.

sol, I shall, 2nd pers. sg. solt; inf. and pl. suln or süln; pret. solde or solte.

sol, I will, 2nd person singular solt; infinitive and plural suln or süln; past tense solde or solte.

mac, I can, 2nd pers. sg. maht; pl. magen, megen, mugen, or mügen; pret. mahte or mohte; subj. mehte (mahte) or möhte.

mac, I can, 2nd person singular maht; plural magen, megen, mugen, or mügen; past tense mahte or mohte; subjunctive mehte (mahte) or möhte.

muoȥ, I must, 2nd pers. sg. muost; pl. müeȥen; pret. muoste or muose; subj. müeste or müese.

must, I must, 2nd person singular you must; plural we must; past had to or must have; subjunctive might have to or should have to.

2. Anomalous Verbs.

2. Irregular Verbs.

§ 94.

(1) tuon, to do.

tuon, to perform.

Present.
	Indic.		Subj.
Sing.	tuon (tuo)		tuo
	tuos(t)		tuos(t)
	tuot		tuo
Plur.	tuon		tuon
	tuot (tuont)		tuot
	tuont		tuon

	Infin.	tuon
	Imper.	tuo
	Pres. P.	tuonde

Preterite.
Sing.	tëte (tët)		tæte (tëte)
	tæte		tætes(t)
	tëte (tët)		tæte
Plur.	tāten, (tæten, tëten)		tæten
P.P. getān

§ 95.

(2) gān, to go.

(2) gān, to leave.

Present.
	Indic.		Subj.
Sing.	gān, gēn		gē (gā, gange)
	gās(t), gēs(t)		gēs(t) (gās(t), ganges(t))
	gāt, gēt		gē (gā, gange)
Plur.	gān, gēn		gēn (gān, gangen)

	Infin.	gān, gēn
	Imper.	ganc, genc, ginc (gā, gē)
	Pres. P.	gānde, gēnde

Preterite.
	Sing.	gienc or gie
	Plur.	giengen
	P.P.	(ge)gangen or gegān

§ 96.

(3) stān, to stand.

(3) stand, to stand.

Present.
	Indic.		Subj.
Sing.	stān, stēn, stā, stē		stā, stē (stande), &c.
	stās(t), stēs(t)
	stāt, stēt
Plur.	stān, stēn

	Infin.	stān, stēn
	Imper.	stā, stē, stant

Preterite.
		stuont
	P.P.	gestanden or gestān

§ 97.

(4) sīn, wësen, to be.

(4) sin, being, to be.

Present.
	Indic.		Subj.
Sing.	bin		sī (sīge, sīe)
	bis(t)		sīs(t) (sīges(t), sīes(t))
	ist		sī (sīge, sīe)
Plur.	birn, sīn		sīn (sīgen, sīen)
	birt, sīt		sīt (sīget, sīet)
	sint		sīn (sīgen, sīen)

	Infin.	sīn, wësen.
Indic. Pret. Sing.		was;	pl. wāren (§ 30)
Subj.„„		wære;	pl. wæren
	P.P.	gewësen (gewëset)

§ 98.

(5) wellen, to will.

(5) waves, to want.

Present.
	Indic.	Subj.
Sing.	1. wil	welle
	2. wil, wilt	welles(t)
	3. wil	welle
Plur.	1. wellen, weln	wellen
	2. wellet, welt	wellet
	3. wellen, weln	wellen
Pret.	wolte or wolde (§ 40)	wolte or wölte
Infin.	wellen.

3. Contracted Verbs.

3. Contractions.

§ 99.

(1) lān = lāȥen, to let, leave.

lān = lāȥen, to allow, to leave.

	Sing.	Plur.
Pres.	lān	lān
	lās(t), læs(t)	lāt
	lāt (læt)	lān
Pret.	lie or lieȥ (§ 87).
Imper.	lā	lāt
Infin.	lān.
P.P.	(ge)lān

(2) hān = haben, to have.

hān = haben, to have.

	Sing.	Plur.
Pres.	hān	hān
	hās(t)	hāt
	hāt	hān
Pret.	hāte (hëte, hēt(e), hiet(e), hæte)
	hātes(t)
	&c.
Subj. pres.	habe
	habes(t)
	&c.
„pret.	hæte, hete, hēte, hiete, hatte, &c.
Infin.	hān.
P.P.	gehabet, gehapt, gehāt.

The contracted form hān, &c., is mostly used as an auxiliary.

The contracted form hān, etc., is mainly used as an auxiliary.

CHAPTER VII

SYNTAX

Cases.

§ 100. Accusative. The accusative has much the same function as in NHG. It is sometimes used, however, where the dat. or a preposition would be required in NHG.:—ër vuor waȥȥer unde wëge, he went by water and land. The acc. is used after wol, well, when used as an interjection, as wol mich. A double accusative is required not only after lēren, to teach, but also after hëln, verhëln, to conceal, verdagen, verswīgen, to keep secret.

§ 100. Accusative. The accusative works similarly to how it does in modern German. However, it can be used in situations where the dative or a preposition would be needed in modern German: —ër vuor waȥȥer unde wëge, he went by water and land. The accusative is used after wol, well, when it's used as an interjection, as in wol mich. A double accusative is required not only after lēren, to teach, but also after hëln, verhëln, to conceal, verdagen, verswīgen, to keep secret.

§ 101. Dative. ruofen, to call, and schirmen, to protect, take the dative. The dative is often used adverbially: allenthalben, on all sides, wīlen(t), formerly, &c.

§ 102. Genitive. The genitives hande, slahte, leie = manner are used adverbially: maneger hande, slahte, or leie, in many ways, manifoldly.

§ 102. Genitive. The genitives hande, slahte, leie = manner are used as adverbs: maneger hande, slahte, or leie, in many ways, manifoldly.

The gen. is used in combination with the comparative of adjectives, as dicker eines dūmes, thicker by the breadth of a thumb. Indefinite and interrogative pronouns, used 76 substantively, take the genitive: iemen armer liute, any poor people; niht schœneres, nothing more beautiful; dës enmac niht sīn, that cannot be; waȥ mannes ër wære, what kind of man he was. In the same manner the rel. swaȥ may take the genitive: swaȥ man vant dër armen, whatever poor people one found.

The genitive is used with the comparative form of adjectives, like dicker eines dūmes, thicker by the width of a thumb. Indefinite and interrogative pronouns, when used as nouns, take the genitive: iemen armer liute, any poor people; niht schœneres, nothing more beautiful; dës enmac niht sīn, that cannot be; waȥ mannes ër wære, what kind of man he was. Similarly, the relative swaȥ can also take the genitive: swaȥ man vant dër armen, whatever poor people one found.

The genitive may be used predicatively:—sīt sī dës goteshūses sint, since they belong to the house of God; diu sorge ist mīn eines niht, I am not the only one who has sorrow.

The genitive can be used in a predicative way:—sīt sī dës goteshūses sint, because they belong to the house of God; diu sorge ist mīn eines niht, I am not the only one who feels sorrow.

Impersonal verbs often take the genitive: mich genüeget dës, that is enough for me; mich gezimt dës, that pleases me.

Impersonal verbs often take the genitive: this is enough for me, that is enough for me; this pleases me, that pleases me.

The genitives dës and wës may be used adverbially in the sense of therefore, wherefore; and likewise many nouns: tages, by day; dës sëlben tages, the same day; nahtes, by night.

The genitives dës and wës can be used adverbially to mean therefore or wherefore; similarly, many nouns can be used this way: tages, by day; dës sëlben tages, the same day; nahtes, by night.

Interjections usually take the genitive: owē mir mīnes leides! alas! for my grief. vil, much, many; mē(re), more; wēnic, lützel, little; minner, minre, less; and genuoc, enough, used as indeclinable substantives, are followed by the genitive. Cardinal numerals, used substantively, are also followed by the genitive: zweinzec starker man, twenty strong men.

Interjections usually take the genitive: owē mir mīnes leides! alas! for my grief. vil, much, many; mē(re), more; wēnic, lützel, little; minner, minre, less; and genuoc, enough, used as indeclinable nouns, are followed by the genitive. Cardinal numbers, used as nouns, are also followed by the genitive: zweinzec starker man, twenty strong men.

Adjectives.

§ 103. The weak and strong forms are used in the same manner as in Mod. HG. dirre, this, is followed by the weak or strong form; aller, all, usually by the strong. The strong or weak form can be used after pronouns, as ich armer or ich arme, I poor ... In the vocative the weak form without the article is used, as guoten liute, (ye) good people. When the same adjective refers to nouns of different gender, it is put in the neuter plural.

§ 103. The weak and strong forms are used the same way as in Modern High German. dirre, this, is followed by either the weak or strong form; aller, all, is usually followed by the strong form. The strong or weak form can be used after pronouns, like ich armer or ich arme, I poor ... In the vocative, the weak form without the article is used, as in guoten liute, (ye) good people. When the same adjective refers to nouns of different genders, it is expressed in the neuter plural.

ein and the possessive pronouns are followed by the 77 strong form in the Nom. and Acc. singular; by the strong or weak form in the pl. and Gen. and Dative singular.

ein and the possessive pronouns are followed by the 77 strong form in the nominative and accusative singular; by the strong or weak form in the plural and genitive and dative singular.

The possessive pronouns are declined strong.

The possessive pronouns are strongly declined.

The uninflected form of the adjective is used side by side with the inflected in the Nom. singular, all genders, and Acc. singular neuter, when the adjective comes before the noun: ein guot man, a good man. When the adjective stands after the noun the uninflected form may be used without reference to number, gender, or case, ein, dehein, and the possessive pronouns have the uninflected form in the Nom. for all genders, and Acc. neuter. The uninflected form of al, all, can be used before all forms of the definite article: in al dër wërlte, in all the world. See § 55.

The uninflected form of the adjective is used alongside the inflected in the nominative singular, all genders, and accusative singular neuter, when the adjective precedes the noun: ein guot man, a good man. When the adjective follows the noun, the uninflected form can be used regardless of number, gender, or case, ein, dehein, and the possessive pronouns have the uninflected form in the nominative for all genders and accusative neuter. The uninflected form of al, all, can be used before all forms of the definite article: in al dër wërlte, in all the world. See § 55.

Pronouns.

§ 104. im, ir, pl. in, are used to express the dative of the reflexive pronoun. dër is sometimes used pleonastically, as dër brunne, dër was küele, the spring was cool. man used as an indefinite pronoun can take the definite article along with it.

§ 104. im, ir, pl. in, are used to express the dative case of the reflexive pronoun. dër is sometimes used redundantly, as in dër brunne, dër was küele, the spring was cool. man, when used as an indefinite pronoun, can take the definite article along with it.

Verbs.

§ 105. Number. The verb can be used in the singular after a compound subject, as Volkēr und Hagene sō sēre wüeten began, ... began to rage so furiously.

§ 105. Number. The verb can be used in the singular after a compound subject, as Volkēr and Hagene started to rage so furiously, ... began to rage so furiously.

§ 106. Tenses. The fut. simple is expressed by sol, muoȥ, wil and the infin., or simply by the pres., as in OE.: ich sol gān, I shall go; bin ich gnislīch, sō genise ich, if I am curable, I shall recover. For the fut. pf. the pf. is used: daȥ ist schiere getān, that will soon have been done. The pf. is expressed either by the simple pret. or the p.p. and the verbs hān, sīn; in subordinate sentences the pret. often has the meaning of the pluperfect: dō du 78 von ir schiede, zehant sie starp, she died immediately after thou hadst taken leave of her.

§ 106. Tenses. The future simple is expressed by shall, will, or the infinitive, or simply by the present, as in Old English: I shall go, I shall go; if I am curable, I shall recover. For the future perfect, the perfect is used: that will soon have been done, that will soon have been done. The perfect is expressed either by the simple past or the past participle and the verbs have and be; in subordinate sentences, the past often has the meaning of the past perfect: she died immediately after you had taken leave of her, she died immediately after you had taken leave of her.

The preterite acquires a pluperfect, and the present a future perfect meaning when the prefix ge is added to them: swenne iuwer sun gewahset, when your son (shall have) has grown up; dō ich in gesach, when I had seen him. The present participle with sīn is sometimes used as in English, see ‘Arme Heinrich,’ l. 24.

The preterite turns into a pluperfect, and the present into a future perfect meaning when you add the prefix ge: swenne iuwer sun gewahset, when your son (shall have) has grown up; dō ich in gesach, when I had seen him. The present participle with sīn is sometimes used like in English, see ‘Arme Heinrich,’ l. 24.

§ 107. Voice. The present and preterite passive are expressed by wërden and the p.p., and the corresponding perfect tenses by sīn and the p.p.

§ 107. Voice. The present and past passive are expressed by wërden and the past participle, and the corresponding perfect tenses by sīn and the past participle.

Pres.	ich wirde gelobet.
Pret.	ich wart„
Perf.	ich bin„
Plupf.	ich was„
Inf.	gelobet sīn.

§ 108. Negation. Negation in sentences is expressed by ne (en, n) before the verb, and niht after it: ër enist guot, he is not good. niht is frequently omitted, especially after the preterite presents, the verbs wellen, lān, sentences containing negative pronouns or adverbs, and in subordinate sentences.

§ 108. Negation. In sentences, negation is expressed by ne (en, n) before the verb, and niht after it: ër enist guot, he is not good. niht is often dropped, especially after past tenses, with the verbs wellen, lān, in sentences with negative pronouns or adverbs, and in subordinate clauses.

en without niht is used with the subjunctive in subordinate sentences in the sense of unless, if not, except that, when that, that not, &c.: dën līp wil ich verliesen, si enwërde mīn wīp, I will die if she will not become my wife; ich wæne nieman in dër wërlte lëbe, ërn habe ein leit, I believe no one lives in the world who has not his trouble.

en without niht is used with the subjunctive in subordinate clauses to mean unless, if not, except that, when that, that not, etc.: dën līp wil ich verliesen, si enwërde mīn wīp, I will die if she doesn't become my wife; ich wæne nieman in dër wërlte lëbe, ërn habe ein leit, I believe no one lives in the world who doesn't have their troubles.

en is further also used in the sense of Latin ‘quin’: ich mac daȥ niht bevarn, mirn wërde mīn ritterschaft benomen, I cannot prevent my knighthood being taken away from me.

en is also used in the sense of the Latin 'quin': I can't stop my knighthood from being taken away from me, I cannot prevent my knighthood being taken away from me.

TEXTS

Line numbers have been removed from the prose passages. In the verse passages, some unstressed e’s, and a few i’s, were printed with an under-dot: ẹ ị. This usage is not explained. Some under-dots may be flyspecks, and a few umlauts were uncertain.

Line numbers have been removed from the prose sections. In the verse sections, some unstressed e’s and a few i’s were printed with an under-dot: ẹ ị. This usage isn't explained. Some under-dots might be flyspecks, and a few umlauts were unsure.

I
BERTHOLD VON REGENSBURG.

His name was properly Berthold Lech. He was the most celebrated preacher of the thirteenth century. He died in Regensburg in 1272. The following extract is from a sermon on Matt. v. 8.

His name was actually Berthold Lech. He was the most famous preacher of the thirteenth century. He passed away in Regensburg in 1272. The following excerpt is from a sermon on Matt. v. 8.

‘Sælic sint die armen: wan daȥ himelrīch ist ir,’ etc. Mit disen aht tugenden sint alle die ze himelrīche komen, die dā sint, und mit den selben aht tugenden müeȥent noch alle die dar komen, die iemer mēr dar komen süln. Nū wil ich die siben under wegen lān und wil niuwen von ir einer sagen, wan alse vil guoter dinge an ir ieglīcher ist; und von ir ieglīcher wære gar vil und gar lanc sunderlīchen ze sagenne; und wie manigiu untugent uns an disen ahte tugenden irret, daȥ würde eht von ieglīcher gar lanc ze sagenne. Wan man eȥ alleȥ in einer predigen niht verenden mac, noch in vieren, noch in zehenen, sō wil ich iu hiute niuwen sagen von den, die ein reine herze habent, und von den man hiute dā liset in dem heiligen ewangelio ‘sælic sint, die reines herzen sint: die werdent got sehende.’A Die sint wol von rehte sælic, die dā got sehent. Ein übergülde ist eȥ aller der sælikeit, diu ie wart oder iemer mēr eht werden mac, swer got ansehende eht wirt, alsō süeȥe und alsō wünneclich ist diu gesiht, die man an got siht. Sō wart nie deheiner muoter ir kint nie sō liep, ān unser frouwen, und solte si eȥ drīe tage ane sehen ān underlāȥ, daȥ si anders niht enpflæge, wan eht si ir liebeȥ kint solte an sehen: si æȥe an dem vierden tage vil gerner ein stücke brōtes. Und wolte ich vil gerner, daȥ 80 ich alsō ein guot mensche wære, als daȥ wār ist, daȥ ich iezuo reden wil. Ob daȥ alsō wære, daȥ man zuo einem menschen spræche, der iezuo bī gote ist, ‘du hāst zehen kint ūf ertrīche, und du solt in koufen allen samt, daȥ sie ēre und guot haben unz an ir tōt, dā mit, daȥ du einigen ougenblic von gotes angesiht tuost, niuwen als lange als einȥ sīn hant möht umbe kēren, und sich danne wider zuo gote, und du solt dīn ougen niemer mēr von im kēren’: der mensche entæte sīn niht. Alse wār, herre, dīn wārheit ist, alse wār ist disiu rede, daȥ er disiu zehen kint unze an ir tōt ē nāch dem almuosen lieȥe gēn, ē danne er sich die kleine wīle von gote wolte wenden. In habent die engel wol sehzic hundert jār an gesehen, und sehent in hiute als gerne als des ērsten tages. Und sie sint ouch alle samt sam des ērsten tages, dō sie got an sehende wurden. Dō wart ir deheiner sīt nie eltlīcher danne des ērsten tages, und sint doch sider wol sehzic hundert jār alt. Swelher hundert jār alt würde under uns, der wære den liuten alse smæhe an ze sehenne von ungestaltheit und von dem gebresten, den daȥ alter an im hæte gemaht: sō mālet man die engele—dā sehet ir wol, swā man sie mālt, daȥ man sie eht anders niht enmālt wan als ein kint von fünf jāren, als junclich, oder von sehsen. Wan alle, die got sehent, die werdent niemer eltlīcher, die in in himelrīche sehent in sīnen freuden und in sīnen ēren. Ūf ertrīche sehen wir in alle tage in sīnem gewalte. Dehein irdenischer muot noch irdenisch līp möhte daȥ niht erlīden, daȥ in dehein irdenisch ouge iemer an gesehen möhte in sīnen freuden und in sīnen ēren, als er ze himelrīche ist. Wir sagen iu ettewenne ein glīchnisse, wie schœne got sī. Seht, alleȥ daȥ wir iemer gesagen künnen oder mügen, daȥ ist rehte dem glīche, als obe ein kint uns solte sagen, ob eȥ müglich wære, von aller der wirde und von aller der gezierde, die diu werlt hāt, von der liehten sunnen, von den liehten sternen, von edelre gesteine craft und von ir maniger slahte varwe, von der edelen würze craft und von dem edelen gesmacke, und von der rīchen gezierde, die man ūȥer sīden und ūȥer golde machet in dirre werlte, und von maniger hande 81 süeȥen stimme, die diu werlt hāt, von vögelīn sange und von seitenspil, und von maniger hande bluomen varwe, und von aller der gezierde, die disiu werlt hāt. Alse unmügelich unde alse unkuntlīchen eime kinde dā von ze redenne ist, als unkunt ist ouch uns dā von ze redenne, von der unsegelīchen wünne, diu dā ze himel ist, und von dem wünneclīchen antlütze des lebendigen gotes. Wan alliu diu freude, diu dā ze himele ist, der ist niht wan von dem schīne, der von unsers herren antlütze gēt. Und rehte als alle sternen ir lieht von der sunnen nement, alsō habent alle heiligen ir gezierde und ir schōnheit von gote, und engele und alleȥ himelische her. Reht als alle die sternen des himeles, der māne und die planēten, grōȥ und kleine, die habent alle samt ir lieht von der sunnen, diu uns dā liuhtet: und alsō hāt alleȥ himelischeȥ her, engel und heiligen, die hœhsten und die minnesten, die habent alle samt ir freude und ir wünne und ir gezierde und die ēre und die wirde und ouch die schœnde, daȥ habent sie alle samt von der angesihte gotes, daȥ sie got an sehent. Die engele, die dā unser hüetent, die sehent in ze aller zīt an, als ob sie bī im wæren. Wan alliu diu freude, diu in himelrīche ist, diu diuhte sie ze nihte, solten sie got niht an sehen. Und dā von ‘sælic sint, die reines herzen sint; wan sie werdent got sehende.’ Nu sehent, wie sælic die sint, die dā reineȥ herze tragent. Ir, junge werlt, die noch unbewollen sint mit sünden, behaltent iuwer herze vor allen tœtlīchen sünden, sō werdent ir got sehende in solīchen freuden und in sō grōȥen ēren, die ouge nie gesach oder ōre nie gehōrte, alse sant Paulus dā sprichet; und alse sant Johannes sprichet: ‘wær eȥ mügelich, daȥ man eȥ alleȥ samt geschrīben möhte, sō möhte diu werlt diu buoch in ir niht behalten, dā eȥ an gestüende, daȥ ich gesach. Und alleȥ, daȥ ich gesach, daȥ was niht wan got alleine.’ Und dar umbe möhten wir doch gerne ze dem himelrīche komen und drumbe arbeiten. Ob uns niht diu minne und diu liebe dar twünge, der wir gote schuldic sīn, seht, sō möhten wir dar umbe dar komen, durch daȥ wunder, daȥ dā ist. Eȥ ist maniger vor mir: der im von sō getāner freude seite, daȥ si jenhalp meres wære, er füere gar gerinclīchen 82 dar von hinnen über mer, niuwen daȥ erȥ gesæhe. Sō möhtent ir hundertstunt gerner dar umb arbeiten, daȥ irȥ iemer mēre ēwiclīchen nieȥen soltet. Die vil wünneclīchen angesiht des almehtigen gotes und der himelischen küniginne ze der zeswen sīner sīten in guldīner wæte, die möhtet ir gerne an sehen. Wan würde iu einiger anblic, sō wære in alliu diu freude und diu ēre und aller der wollust, den diu werlt ie gewan, daȥ wær iu hinne für als widerzæme und ouch alse unmære, reht als sant Paulus dā sprach. Nu hœret wie er sprach; er sprach: ‘alliu diu ēre und diu freude und daȥ gemach, diu disiu werlt ie gewan von keisern und von künigen, wider der freude, diu in himelrīch ist; als widerzæme einem wære ein diep an einem galgen, als kurz einem diu wīle dā mite wære, daȥ er einen erhangen man triuten solte, wider aller der freude, die diu werlt hāt: alse widerzæme ist mir diu freude aller der werlte wider der ēwigen freude.’ Ei wol iuch wart, daȥ iuch iuwer muoter ie getruoc, die sō getāne freude süln besitzen. Der ist, ob got wil, vil maniger vor mīnen ougen. Ouch ist maniger, der vil kleine freude dar für nimt hie ūf ertrīche, und daȥ dem guoten sante Paulen gar versmāhte, des wirt im der tūsentste teil niht. Und die habent übel kouft, die sō übergrōȥe freude gebent umb ein sō kurzeȥ freudelīn in dirre werlte. Die habent übel gevarn; wan sie habent weder hie noch dort niht. Als ich iezuo sprach, rehte in glīcher wīse, rehte alse alle sternen des himeles ir lieht von der sunnen habent, alsō hāt alleȥ himelisch her ir lieht von dem wāren sunnen, sīt danne unser herre der wāre sunne und daȥ wāre lieht ist, alse der guote sant Johannes dā sprichet. Der hei et in daȥ wāre lieht; als ouch daȥ vil wār ist: wan er ist daȥ wāre lieht, daȥ niemer mēr verlischet. Und alle, die von sīme gotvarwen liehte enzündet werdent, die erleschent ouch niemer mēre von der schōnheit, die sie von dem wāren sunnen hānt. Und als vil diu sunne liehter und gelpfer ist, danne wir dā sehen, rehte als vil diu liehtes und glastes über alle sterne hāt, die an dem himel stēnt: als vil hāt der wāre sunne in himelrīche schīnes und glastes mēr über alle engele und ist geschœnet 83 und gewirdet an allen ēren, alse billich ist. Und dā von sint sie sælic, die ein reineȥ herze habent; wan si werdent got sehende.

‘Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom of heaven,’ etc. With these eight virtues, all who come to the heavenly realm are present, and with the same eight virtues must all who are to come hereafter abide. Now I want to discuss the seven along the way and will say something new about each one, for as many good things as are similar to them; and regarding their similarities, there would be a lot to say, indeed, a very long discourse. And how many faults lead us away from these eight virtues, that would also take a long time to discuss. For it cannot all be addressed in one sermon, nor in two, nor in three, so today I will say something new about those who have a pure heart, and from whom we read today in the holy gospel, ‘Blessed are the pure in heart: for they shall see God.’ Truly, they are indeed blessed who behold God. It is a wonderful thing of all blessings, which can ever become or always become, whoever is to behold God, for sweet and delightful is the sight one sees in God. No mother ever loved her child so dearly as our Lady did, and if she saw her dearest child for three days without seeing them, then on the fourth day, she would gladly take a piece of bread. And I would much rather be a good person, as is true, than that I should be speaking of it. If it were, then it would be as if someone were to speak to a person who is dear to God, ‘You have ten children to care for, and you shall provide for them all, so that they may be honorable and good until their death, in such a way that you give a glance towards God's face, no longer than one hand's length, and after that turn back to God, and you shall never again turn your gaze from Him’: that person would not neglect it. Just as, Lord, your truth is, so is this saying: that he leads those ten children until their death to the almsgiving, until he momentarily turns away from God. The angels have surely seen Him for six hundred years, and they see Him today as gladly as on the very first day. And they are all as they were on the first day, when they first beheld God. At that time, none of them has ever aged since that first day, and yet they have certainly been around for six hundred years. Whoever has been alive for six hundred years among us would appear to people as though they were greatly aged in terms of deformity and the weaknesses which old age brings upon them: thus one depicts the angels — then they see as they are depicted, that they are indeed no different than children of five years, as youthful, or of six. For all who see God never grow older; those who behold Him in His joys and His honors. We see on earth every day in His greatness. No earthly heart or earthly life could bear the fact that in no earthly eye ever could see Him in His joys and His honors, as He is in the heavenly realm. We can scarcely find a comparison, how beautiful God is. Look, everything we can ever say, or wish to say, is really akin to what a child might say, if it were possible, about all the worth and all the beauty the world has, of the bright sun, of the shining stars, of precious stones and their many colors, of the noble fragrance and noble taste, and of the rich adornment that can be woven from silk and gold in this world, and of many sweet sounds that the world has, of birds’ songs and of spring festivities, and of diverse colors of flowers, and of all the adornments this world offers. Just as impossible and as unfathomable it is for a child to speak about it, so is it also unfathomable for us to speak of the unimaginable joy that is in heaven, and of the delightful countenance of the living God. For all the joy that is in heaven is indeed from the radiance that comes from our Lord's face. And just as all the stars receive their light from the sun, so do all the saints receive their beauty and splendor from God, and angels and all heavenly beings. Just like all the stars in the sky, the moon, and the planets, great and small, all derive their light from the sun that shines upon us: and thus all heavenly beings, angels, and saints, the greatest and the smallest, all have their joy and bliss, their beauty, their honor, and their worth, and also their splendor; they all have from the countenance of God, as they behold Him. The angels who guard us see at all times, as if they are by Him. For all the joy that is in heaven is such that they do not think it is worth anything unless they behold God. And hence ‘blessed are the pure in heart; for they shall see God.’ Now see how blessed they are who carry pure hearts. You, young world, who are still unblemished by sin, keep your hearts free from all mortal sins; so you will see God in such joys and in such great honors, which eye has never seen or ear ever heard, as St. Paul speaks; and as St. John speaks: ‘If it were possible that someone could write it all down, the world would not have room for the books that would be written about what I saw. And all that I saw was nothing but God alone.’ And therefore we would gladly come to heaven and strive towards it. If love and affection did not compel us to do so, to whom we are indebted to God, look, so we would still seek to come there for the wonder that is present. There are many before me: for him on the other side of the sea, who would come back to see once again across the sea. So you might work hard, a hundredfold, for that which you should never possess eternally. The delightful countenance of Almighty God and the heavenly queen at His right hand in golden attire, you would gladly desire to see. For if you could glimpse even for a moment, in all the joy and honor and all the pleasure that the world ever gained, it would be for you a great waste and also fleeting, just as St. Paul spoke. Now hear how he spoke; he said: ‘All the honor and joy and pleasures that this world ever gained from emperors and kings, in comparison to the joy that is in heaven: it would be like comparing a deep well to someone who is hung upon a gallows, as short as a moment that would be for him to be a tree in a forest: in contrast to all the joy that the world has’. Just as the joy of all the world contrasts with the eternal joy. O well do I hope that you your mother now remember, who possess such eternal joy. He, if God wills, is much smaller before my eyes. There is also many who take very little joy from this world, and that does not take away from good St. Paul; he receives not even a thousandth portion of joy. And they have made a poor bargain, who give such great joy for a fleeting little joy in this world. They have come in vain, for they have neither here nor there. As I say, just as in like manner, just as all the stars in the heavens have their light from the sun, so does all heavenly beings have their light from the true sun, as our Lord is the true sun and that true light is, as the good St. John says. He was the true light; also is that very true: for he is that true light, which never disappears. And all who are illuminated by Him will never fade away from the beauty that they have from the true sun. And as much as the sun is brighter and more splendid than we see, just so much the true sun shines in heaven, more glistening and splendid beyond all angels and is adorned and glorified in all honor, just as it is fitting. And therefore blessed are those who have pure hearts; for they shall see God.

II
THE SWABIAN LANTREHTBUOCH.

This work was compiled by David von Augsburg, about 1280 A.D.

This work was put together by David von Augsburg around 1280 CE

Hie hebet sich an daȥ Lantrehtbuoch.

Hie hebt sich an das Lantrehtbuch.

Herre got, himelischer vater, durch dīne milte güete geschüefe du den menschen in drīvaltiger werdikeit. Diu ērste, daȥ er nāch dir gebildet ist. Daȥ ist ouch ein alsō hōhiu werdikeit, der dir alleȥ menschlich künne sunderlīchen immer danken sol. Wan des haben wir gar michel reht, vil lieber herre, himelischer vater, sīt du uns zuo dīner hōhen gotheit alsō werdiclīchen geedelt hāst. Diu ander werdikeit, dā du, herre got, almähtic schepfer, den menschen zuo geschaffen hāst, daȥ ist diu, daȥ du alle dise werelt, die sunnen unde den mānen, die sterne unde diu vier element, viur, waȥȥer, luft unde die erden, die vogel in den lüften, die vische in dem wāge, diu tier in dem walde, die würme in der erden, golt unde edel gesteine, der edeln würze süeȥen smac, der bluomen liehte varwe, der boume fruht unde ēt alle crēatūre: daȥ hāst du, herre, alleȥ dem menschen ze nutze unde ze dienste geschaffen durch die triuwe unde durch die minne, die du ze dem menschen hetest. Diu dritte werdikeit, dā du, herre, den menschen mit gewirdet unde geedelt hāst, daȥ ist diu, daȥ der mensche die wirde unde die ēre, die vreude unde die wünne immer mit dir ēwiclīchen nieȥen sol. Der werelde dienst unde nuz hāst du, herre, dem menschen umbe sust gegeben ze einer manunge unde ze einem vorbilde. Sīt des sō vil ist, des du, herre, dem menschen umbe sust gegeben hāst, dā bī sol der mensche nu trahten, sō mege des wol gar übermæȥiclīchen vil sīn, des du dem menschen umbe sīnen 84 dienst geben wilt. Unde dar umbe sol ein iegelīch mensche got dienen mit ganzen triuwen; wan der lōn ist alsō übermæȥiclīchen grōȥ, daȥ in herzen sin nie betrahten möhte noch menschen zunge nie gesprechen möhte, noch ougen sehen künde in nie beliuhten, noch ōre nie gehœren. Daȥ wir nu got der hōhen werdikeit gedanken unde den grōȥen lōn verdienen, des helfe uns der almähtige got. āmen.

Got it, heavenly Father, through Your kindness You created humans in a threefold dignity. The first, that they are formed in Your image. This is also a high dignity, for which all humanity should always thank You. For we have great reason, dear Lord, heavenly Father, since You have graced us with such dignity before Your greatness. The second dignity, that You, Lord God, Almighty Creator, have made humans, is that You have created all this world, the sun and the moon, the stars and the four elements: fire, water, air, and earth, the birds in the air, the fish in the water, the animals in the forest, the worms in the earth, gold and precious stones, the sweet taste of fine spices, the bright colors of flowers, the fruit of trees, and all creatures: You, Lord, have made all of this for the benefit and service of humans through the love and affection You have for them. The third dignity, where You, Lord, have honored and praised humans, is that humans should eternally enjoy dignity and honor, joy and delight with You. You, Lord, have provided the world’s service and utility to humans as a model and an example. Since it is so, that You, Lord, have given so much to humans, how much more should humans aspire to be exceedingly grateful for what You wish to provide them. And therefore, every individual should serve God with complete devotion; for the reward is so incredibly great that neither a heart could comprehend it, nor a tongue could ever speak of it, nor eyes could ever see, nor ears could ever hear. May we now, God, deserving of the high dignity and great reward, be helped by the Almighty God. Amen.

Sīt uns got in sō hōher werdikeit geschaffen hāt, sō wil er ouch, daȥ wir werdeȥ leben haben, unde daȥ wir einander wirde unde ēre erbieten, triuwe unde wārheit, niht haȥ unde nīt einander tragen. Wir sullen mit fride unde mit suone under einander leben. Fridlich leben hāt unser herre got liep. Wan er kom von himelrīche ūf erderīche durch anders niht wan durch den rehten fride, daȥ er uns einen rehten fride schüefe vor der ēwigen marter, ob wir selben wellen. Unde dā von sungen die engel ob der krippen: ‘Gloria in excelsis deo et in terra pax hominibus bonae voluntatis’—‘Gots ēre in dem himel unde guot fride ūf der erden allen den, die guoten willen habent ūf erderīche!’ Dō unser herre got hie ūf erderīche gie, sō was daȥ ie sīn ellich wort: ‘Pax vobis!’ daȥ sprichet: ‘der fride sī mit iu!’ unde alsō sprach er alle zīt zuo sīnen jungern unde zuo andern liuten. Unde dā bī suln wir merken, wie rehte liep der almehtige got den rehten vride hāt. Wan dō er von erderīche wider ūf zuo himel fuor, dō sprach er aber zuo sīnen jungern: ‘der vride sī mit iu!’ unde enphalh dem guoten Sant Pēter, daȥ er phleger wære über den rehten fride, unde gap im den gewalt, daȥ er den himel ūf slüȥȥe allen den, die den fride hielten, unde swer den fride bræche, daȥ er dem den himel vor beslüȥȥe. Daȥ ist alsō gesprochen: ēt alle, die diu gebot unsers herren zebrechent, die habent ouch den rehten fride gebrochen. Daȥ ist ouch von gote reht, swer diu gebot unsers herren zebrichet, daȥ man dem den himel vor besliuȥet, sīt uns got nu geholfen hāt, daȥ wir mit rehtem leben unde mit fridlīchem leben daȥ himelrīch verdienen mügen. Wan daȥ was niht vor gotes geburt, swie wol der mensche tæt in aller der werelde, sō mohte er doch 85 ze dem himelrīch niht komen. Got geschuof des ērsten himel unde erden, dar nāch den menschen unde sazte in in daȥ paradys. Der zebrach die gehōrsam uns allen ze schaden; dar umbe gienge wir irre sam diu hirtelōsen schāf, daȥ wir in daȥ himelrīch niht mohten, unz an die zīt, daȥ uns got den wec dar wīste mit sīner marter, unde dar umbe solde wir got immer loben unde ēren von allem unserm herzen unde von aller unserre sēle unde von aller unserre maht, daȥ wir nu sō wol ze den ēwigen freuden kæmen, ob wir wolden; daȥ hie vor manigen heiligen patriarken unde prophēten tiure was. Diu genāde unde diu sælikeit ist uns kristen liuten nu widervaren, daȥ wir nu wol daȥ himelrīch mugen verdienen. Unde swer des niht entuot unde diu gebot unsers herren zebrichet, daȥ richet er billīchen an im.

Sīt uns got in so much higher worth created has, so will he also, that we will have life, and that we may offer each other dignity and honor, loyalty and truth, not hate and envy toward one another. We shall live together in peace and harmony. Living peacefully has our Lord God in mind. For he came from the heavenly realm to the earthly one not through anything but true peace, that he might grant us a true peace against eternal torment, if we choose it. And from that, the angels sang above the manger: ‘Gloria in excelsis deo et in terra pax hominibus bonae voluntatis’—‘God's glory in heaven and good peace on earth to all who have good will on earth!’ When our Lord God came down to earth, his greeting was always: ‘Pax vobis!’ which means: ‘Peace be with you!’ and he spoke thus to his disciples and to other people all the time. And there we can see how truly the Almighty God cherishes true peace. For when he departed from the earth back to heaven, he again spoke to his disciples: ‘Peace be with you!’ and entrusted good Saint Peter, that he be the keeper of true peace, and gave him the authority to close heaven to all who kept peace, and whoever breaks the peace, that heaven be closed to them. Thus it is said: all who break our Lord’s commandments have also broken true peace. It is also just from God, that whoever breaks our Lord’s commandments, the door to heaven be closed to them, since God has now helped us so that we may live rightly and earn the heavenly kingdom through peaceful living. For before God's birth, however well people behaved in all the world, they still could not enter the heavenly kingdom. God created the first heaven and earth, afterwards for humanity and placed them in paradise. Disobedience has harmed us all; because of this, we wandered like lost sheep, so that we could not enter the heavenly kingdom, until the time when God showed us the way with his suffering, and for this reason, we ought to always praise and honor God with all our hearts, with all our souls, and with all our might, so that we may come to eternal joy if we wish; for this was dear to many holy patriarchs and prophets. The grace and salvation are now returned to us Christians, so that we can now earn the heavenly kingdom. And whoever does not heed this and breaks our Lord's commandment, will justly be judged for it.

Von vrīen liuten.

Vow for truth, people.

Wir zelen drīer hande vrīen. Der heiȥent eine sempervrīen: daȥ sint die vrīen herren, als fürsten unde die ander frīen ze man hānt. Sō heiȥent die andern miter vrīen: daȥ sint die, die der hōhen vrīen man sint. Die driten vrīen daȥ sint die vrīen lantsæȥen, die gebūren, die dā vrī sint. Der hāt ieglīcher sīn sunder reht, als wir her nāch wol bescheiden.

Wir heißen drei Arten von Freiheit. Die erste nennt sich sempervrīen: das sind die freien Herren, also Fürsten und die anderen freien Menschen, die man antrifft. So heißen die anderen miter Freiheit: das sind diejenigen, die von hohem Stand sind. Die dritte Freiheit sind die freien Landeseinwohner, die geboren sind, wo die Freiheit herrscht. Der hat gleichermaßen sein eigenes Recht, wie wir hier nachher wohl feststellen werden.

Von tiutscher liute ēren.

From German people honor.

Die tiutschen kiesent den künic: daȥ erwarb in der künic Karl. Swenne er gewīhet wirt unt ūf den stuol ze Ache gesetzet wirt mit der willen, die in erwelt hānt, sō hāt er küniclīchen gewalt unde namen.—Den künic kiuset man ze rihter umbe eigen unde umbe lēhen unde über ieglīches menschen līp unde umbe alleȥ, daȥ vür in ze klagen kumet. Der keiser mac in allen landen niht gesīn, unde mac alleȥ ungerihte niht verrihten. Dā von līhet er den fürsten unde andern herren wereltlīch gerihte. An die vierten hant mac dehein gerihte nimmer komen mit rehte, dā man umbe menschenbluot rihten sol ode umbe alle vrevel.

Die deutschen wählen den König: das erwarb sich König Karl. Wenn er gekrönt wird und auf den Thron gesetzt wird mit dem Willen, den er in der Welt hat, dann hat er königliche Macht und Namen. — Den König wählt man gerecht um Eigentum und um Lehen und über jegliches Menschenleben und um alles, das für ihn zur Klage kommt. Der Kaiser kann in allen Ländern nichts sehen und kann alles Unrecht nicht richten. Davon leitet er die Fürsten und anderen Herren weltliche Rechte. An die vierte Hand kann kein Recht jemals mit Recht kommen, wenn es darum geht, über Menschenblut zu richten oder um alle Vergehen.

III
HARTMAN VON OUWE.

He was born somewhere between 1160-1170, in the neighbourhood of Rottenburg in Swabia, and died about 1220.

He was born sometime between 1160 and 1170, in the area of Rottenburg in Swabia, and died around 1220.

The following extract is taken from Paul’s edition: Der Arme Heinrich, Halle, 1882.

Ein ritter sō gelēret was

A knight was then learned

daȥ er an den buochen las

swaȥ er dar an geschriben vant.

der was Hartman genant,

der was Hartman genannt,

dienstman was er ze Ouwe.

dienstman was er de Ouwe.

er nam im mange schouwe

er nam __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ mange schouwe

an mislīchen buochen:

an misleading books:

dar an begunde er suochen

ob er iht des funde

dā mite er swære stunde

the difficult hour

möhte senfter machen,

möchte sanfter machen,

und von sō gewanten sachen

and from such gained things

daȥ gotes ēren töhte

that God's honor taught

und dā mite er sich möhte

gelieben den liuten.

geliebt von den Leuten.

nu beginnet er in diuten

now it begins in German

ein rede die er geschriben vant.

dar umbe hāt er sich genant,

daȥ er sīner arbeit

his/her work

die er dar an hāt geleit

iht āne lōn belībe,

und swer nāch sīnem lībe

and swore by his love

sī hœre sagen oder lese,

sag or read it,

daȥ er im bittende wese

der sēle heiles hin ze gote.

man seit, er sī sīn selbes bote

unde erlœse sich dā mite,

swer über des andern schulde bite.

Er las ditze mære,

He read the news,

wie ein herre wære

wie ein Herr wäre

ze Swāben geseȥȥen:

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ seen:

an dem enwas vergeȥȥen

deheiner der tugende

deheiner of virtues

die ein ritter in sīner jugende

die ein ritter in seiner jugend

ze vollem lobe haben sol.

man sprach dō niemen alsō wol

in allen den landen.

in all the countries.

er hete ze sīnen handen

geburt und dar zuo rīcheit:

Birth and wealth:

ouch was sīn tugent vil breit.

swie ganz sīn habe wære,

swie ganz sein habe wäre,

sīn geburt unwandelbære

your birth unchangeable

und wol den fürsten gelīch,

and the prince as well,

doch was er unnāch alsō rīch

der gebürte und des guotes

the birth and the quote

sō der ēren und des muotes.

Sīn name der was erkennelich,

Sīn name was recognizable,

und hieȥ der herre Heinrich,

and called the lord Heinrich,

und was von Ouwe geborn.

and what was born of Ouwe.

sīn herze hāte versworn

sīn heart hate __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

valsch und alle törperheit,

valsch and all nonsense,

und behielt ouch vaste den eit

stæte unz an sīn ende.

stay until the end.

ān alle missewende

all missing

stuont sī ēre und sīn leben.

im was der rehte wunsch gegeben

ze werltlīchen ēren:

the real honors:

die kunde er wol gemēren

the customer is probably pleased

mit aller hande reiner tugent.

with all pure virtues.

er was ein bluome der jugent,

er war ein blume der jugend,

der werlte fröude ein spiegelglas.

the world's joy a mirror.

stæter triuwe ein adamas,

state true a diamond,

ein ganziu krōne der zuht.

a whole crown of youth.

er was der nōthaften fluht,

er was der häufige Fluch,

ein schilt sīner māge,

a shield of his relatives,

der milte ein glīchiu wāge:

the gentle equal way:

im enwart über noch gebrast.

I'm still worried about it.

er truoc den arbeitsamen last

der ēren über rücke.

the honor overcomes.

er was des rātes brücke,

er was des Rates Brücke,

und sanc vil wol von minnen.

alsus kund er gewinnen

der werlte lop unde prīs.

the world is crazy and wild.

er was hübesch und dar zuo wīs.

Dō der herre Heinrich

Dō der Herr Heinrich

alsō geniete sich

also enjoy yourself

ēren unde guotes

ēren and quotes

und frœlīches muotes

and joyful spirit

und werltlīcher wünne

and worldly joy

(er was für al sīn künne

geprīset unde geēret),

geprīset and geēret),

sīn hōher muot wart verkēret

sīn higer muot wird verändert

in ein leben gar geneiget.

in a life quite inclined.

an im wart erzeiget,

also ouch an Absolōne,

ouch an Absolōne,

daȥ diu üppige krōne

the lavish crown

werltlīcher süeȥe

worldly sweetness

vellet under füeȥe

ab ir besten werdekeit,

als uns diu schrift hāt geseit.

als uns die schrift hat gesagt.

eȥ spricht an einer stete dā,

‘mēdiā vītā

media life

in morte sumus’:

in death we are:

daȥ bediutet sich alsus,

daȥ wir in dem tōde sweben

sō wir aller beste wænen leben.

sō wir alle am besten leben.

Dirre werlte veste,

Dire world vest,

ir stæte, unde ir beste

your state, where your best

unde ir grœste magenkraft,

under their greatest stomach strength,

100

diu stāt āne meisterschaft.

Diu stāt āne meisterschaft.

des muge wir an der kerzen sehen

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ at the candles see

ein wāreȥ bilde geschehen,

a true image has happened,

daȥ sī zeiner aschen wirt

daȥ sī seiner asche wird

enmitten dō sī lieht birt.

105

wir sīn von brœden sachen.

wir sind von schlechten Sachen.

nū sehent wie unser lachen

now __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ like our laughter

mit weinen erlischet.

with tears extinguished.

unser süeȥe ist vermischet

our sweet is mixed

mit bitterre gallen.

with bitter gall.

110

unser bluome der muoȥ vallen

unser Blumen der muss fallen

so er allergrüenest wænet sīn.

so he is the greenest.

an hern Heinrīche wart wol schīn,

an hern Heinrīche was really bright,

der in dem hœhsten werde

der in dem höchsten werde

lebet ūf dirre erde,

lebet auf dieser Erde,

115

derst der versmæhete vor gote.

er viel von sīme gebote

he knew a lot about his rules

ab sīner besten werdekeit

in ein versmæhelīcheȥ leit:

in a rhyming way:

in ergreif diu miselsuht.

in a bad mood.

120

dō man die swæren gotes zuht

Gottes schwere Sucht dō man.

gesach an sīnem lībe,

to his love,

manne unde wībe

man and woman

wart er dō widerzæme.

nū sehent wie genæme

now say how to name

125

er ē der werlte wære,

und wart nū alse unmære

and was now so immense

daȥ in niemen gerne an sach:

alse ouch Jōbe geschach,

dem edeln und dem rīchen,

to the noble and the wealthy,

130

der ouch vil jæmerlīchen

the ouch will lamentably

dem miste wart ze teile

mitten in sīme heile.

mitten in some healing.

Und dō der arme Heinrich

Und __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

alrēst verstuont sich

alright, understood

135

daȥ er der werlte widerstuont,

that the world resists,

als alle sīne gelīchen tuont,

if all act alike,

dō schiet in sīn bitter leit

von Jōbes gedultikeit.

Job's patience.

wan eȥ leit Jōb der guote

140

mit gedultigem muote,

with patient spirit,

do eȥ ime ze līdenne geschach,

durch der sēle gemach.

through the soul made.

den siechtuom und die smācheit

die er von der werlte leit,

145

des lobet er got und fröute sich.

dō tet der arme Heinrich

do take the poor Heinrich

leider niender alsō:

wan er was trūrec unde unfrō.

sīn swebendeȥ herze daȥ verswanc,

sīn swerving heart that vanished,

150

sīn swimmendiu fröude ertranc,

joy of swimming drowned,

sīn hōchvart muoste vallen,

sīn hōchvart muoste fall,

sīn honic wart ze gallen,

sīn honic is going to be gone,

ein swinde vinster donreslac

zerbrach im sīnen mitten tac,

zerbrach im seinen mitten Tag,

155

ein trüebeȥ wolken unde dic

a gloomy cloud and thick

bedaht’ im sīner sunnen blic.

bedarf im seiner sonnenblick.

er sente sich vil sēre

er felt very sad

daȥ er sō manege ēre

that there are so many era

hinder im müeste lāȥen.

hinder in my most let.

160

verfluochet und verwāȥen

wart vil ofte der tac

wart will often there take

dā sīn geburt ane lac.

day sin birth without gift.

Ein wēnic fröuwet er sich doch

von eime trōste dannoch:

von __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ tröstet dennoch:

165

wan im wart dicke geseit

daȥ disiu selbe siecheit

das gleiche Gefühl

wære vil mislich

were will mishap

und etelīchiu gnislich.

des wart vil maneger slahte

170

sīn gedinge und sīn ahte.

his deeds and his ownership.

er gedāhte daȥ er wære

he thought that he was

vil līhte genisbære,

vil lite genisbære,

und fuor alsō drāte

nāch der arzāte rāte

175

gegen Munpasiliere.

against Munpasiliere.

dā vant er vil schiere

the van is going fast

niht wan den untrōst

no one wants to be sad

daȥ er niemer würde erlōst.

das er niemals würde erlöst.

Daȥ hōrte er vil ungerne,

Daʒ hørte han vil ungerne,

180

und fuor gegen Sālerne

und suochte ouch dā durch genist

und suochte auch da durch geniest

der wīsen arzāte list.

the wise mentor list.

den besten meister er dā vant.

der seite ime zehant

the page in time

185

ein seltsæne mære,

a strange mare,

daȥ er genislich wære

that it would be great

und wære doch iemer ungenesen.

und wäre doch immer ungenesen.

dō sprach er ‘wie mac daȥ wesen?

dō sprach er ‘wie macht das Wesen?

diu rede ist harte unmügelich.

Diu rede is hard to believe.

190

bin ich gnislich, sō genise ich:

if I am __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, I enjoy:

und swaȥ mir für wirt geleit

von guote oder von arbeit,

of quote or of work,

daȥ trūwe ich vollebringen.’

daȥ trūwe ich vollbringe.’

‘nū lāt daȥ gedingen’

‘now let's get going’

195

sprach der meister aber dō:

said the master but thus:

‘iuwẹrre sühte ist alsō

'iuwẹrre sühte is also

(waȥ frumet daȥ ichȥ iu kunt tuo?):

dā hœret arzenīe zuo:

des wæret ir genislīch.

they were very generous.

200

nu enist ab nieman sō rīch

noch von sō starken sinnen

still of such strong senses

der sī müge gewinnen.

may the best win.

des sint ir iemer ungenesen,

got enwellẹ der arzāt wesen.’

got enlightened about existence.’

205

Dō sprach der arme Heinrich

Thus spoke poor Heinrich

‘war umbe untrœstent ir mich?

‘What is bothering me?

jā hān ich guotes wol die kraft:

ir enwellent iuwer meisterschaft

und iuwer reht ouch brechen

und your right to break

210

und dar zuo versprechen

and then to promise

beidiu mīn silber und mīn golt,

beidiu mein Silber und mein Gold,

ich mache iuch mir alsō holt

daȥ ir mich harte gerne ernert.’

‘mir wærẹ der wille unrewert’

‘We want to be free’

215

sprach der meister aber dō:

said the master but dō:

‘und wærẹ der arzenīe alsō

‘and were the arsenic also

daȥ man sī veile funde

that man is very clever

oder daȥ man sī kunde

or that one could

mit deheinen dingẹn erwerben,

220

ich enlieȥe iuch niht verderben.

I won't let you down.

nu enmac des leider niht sīn:

dā von muoȥ iu diu helfe mīn

durch alle nōt sīn versaget.

through all hardships, he endured.

ir müesent haben eine maget

ir müesent haben eine Maget

225

diu vollen ērbære

diu vollen örbare

und ouch des willen wære

daȥ sī den tōt durch iuch lite.

nu enist eȥ niht der liute site

daȥ eȥ iemen gerne tuo.

230

sō hœrt ouch anders niht dar zuo

niwan der megede herzen bluot:

niwan der megede herzen blut:

daȥ wærẹ für iuwer suht guot.’

Nu erkantẹ der arme Heinrich

Now the poor Heinrich recognizes

daȥ daȥ wære unmügelich

that that was impossible

235

daȥ iemen den erwürbe

daȥ iemen den erwirbt

der gerne für in stürbe.

alsus was im der trōst benomen

ūf den er dar was komen,

und dar nāch für die selben frist

und danach __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

240

hāt er ze sīner genist

dehein gedinge mēre.

des wart sīn herzesēre

the heart's sorrow

alsō kreftic unde grōȥ

also cryptic and gross

daȥ in des aller meist verdrōȥ,

245

ob er langer solte leben.

ob er länger leben sollte.

nū fuor er heim und begunde geben

sīn erbe und ouch sīn varnde guot,

als in dō sīn selbes muot

und wīser rāt lērte,

and wise advice taught,

250

da erȥ aller bestẹ bekērte.

er begundẹ bescheidenlīchen

er begundẹ bescheidenen

sīn armen friunde rīchen

sīn armen Freunde reiche

und trōste ouch frömde armen,

und tröste auch fremde Arme,

daȥ sich got erbarmen

daȥ sich Gott erbarmen

255

geruochte über der sēle heil:

__________

gotes hiusern viel daȥ ander teil.

alsus sō tet er sich abe

alsus sō __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

bescheidenlīchen sīner habe

humble beginnings

unz an ein geriute:

260

dar flōch er die liute.

dar flōch er die Leute.

disiu jæmerlīchẹ geschiht

diu was sīn eines klage niht:

in klageten elliu diu lant

dā er inne was erkant,

dā er inne was recognized,

265

und ouch von vrömden landen

und ouch von fremden Ländern

die in nāch sage erkanden.

die in nach sage erkanden.

Der ē ditz geriute

und der eȥ dannoch biute,

und der eś dannoch bitte,

daȥ was ein frīer būman

that was a former human

270

der vil selten ie gewan

dehein grōȥ ungemach,

dehein gross discomfort,

daȥ andẹrn gebūren doch geschach,

daȥ andẹrn gebūren doch geschach

die wirs geherret wāren,

die wir geheiratet hätten,

und sī die niht verbāren

and they do not speak

275

beidiu mit stiure und mit bete.

swaȥ dirrẹ gebūre gerne tete,

des dūhte sīnen herren gnuoc:

dar zuo er in übertruoc

daȥ er dehein arbeit

daß er dahin arbeitet

280

von frömdem gewalte leit.

from foreign power leaders.

des was deheiner sīn gelīch

in dem lande alsō rīch.

in a country so rich.

zuo deme zōch sich

sīn herrẹ, der arme Heinrich.

poor Heinrich.

285

swaȥ er in het ē gespart,

wie wol daȥ nū gedienet wart

und wie schōne er sīn genōȥ!

und wie schön er sein genoß!

wan in vil lützel des verdrōȥ

swaȥ im geschach durch in.

290

er hete die triuwe und ouch den sin

daȥ er vil willeclīche leit

that he will willingly lead

den kumber und die arbeit

the lumber and the work

diu ime ze līdenne geschach.

This event happened in the past.

er schuof ime rīch gemach.

er schuf ihm reich gemacht.

295

Got hete dem meiger gegeben

Got here dem meiger gegeben

nāch sīner ahte ein reineȥ leben.

er hete ein wol erbeiten līp

und ein wol werbendeȥ wīp,

and a woman who advertises,

dar zuo het er schœniu kint,

300

diu gar des mannes fröude sint,

unde hete, sō man saget,

undẹr den kinden eine maget,

ein kint von ahte jāren:

a child of eight years:

daȥ kunde wol gebāren

that could well behave

305

sō rehte güetlīchen:

sō rehte guetlīchen:

sī wolte nie entwīchen

sī would never escape

von ir herren einen fuoȥ:

von ir herren einen Fuß:

umb sīne hulde und sīnen gruoȥ

sō diente si ime alle wege

310

mit ir güetlīchen pflege.

with loving care.

sī was ouch sō genæme

sī was also so common

daȥ sī wol gezæme

that is well done

ze kinde deme rīche

the kind of rich

an ir wætlīche.

an ir watly.

315

Die andern heten den sin

Die anderen haben den Sinn.

daȥ sī ze rehter māȥe in

wol gemīden kunden:

wol gemīden customers:

sō flōch sī zallen stunden

so many hours to wait

zuo ime und niender anders war.

320

sī was sīn kurzewīle gar.

sī was sīn downtime fun.

sī hete gar ir gemüete

sī hete gar ir stimmung

mit reiner kindes güete

with pure childlike goodness

an ir herren gewant,

daȥ man sī zallen zīten vant

325

undẹr ir herren fuoȥe.

under her husband's foot.

mit süeȥer unmuoȥe

with sweet annoyance

wonte sī ir herren bī.

wonte is her men be.

dar zuo sō liebte er ouch sī

dar zuo sō liebte er auch sie

swā mite sō er mohte,

swā might so er might,

330

und daȥ der meide tohte

und das der Mädchentochte

zuo ir kintlīchen spil,

des gab der herre ir vil.

ouch half in sēre daȥ diu kint

sō līhte ze gewenenne sint.

so light to be won.

335

er gewan ir swaȥ er veile vant,

spiegel unde hārbant,

spiegel und haarband,

gürtel unde vingerlīn

girdle and fingerling

und swaȥ kinden liep solte sīn.

mit dienste brāhte er s’ ūf die vart

340

daȥ sī im alsō heimlich wart

daȥ er sī sīn gemahele hieȥ.

diu guote maget in lieȥ

diu quote maget in lieȥ

belīben selten eine:

believe rarely one:

er dūhte sī vil reine.

er dachte sie vile rein.

345

swie starke ir daȥ geriete

how strong you are there

diu kindische miete,

silly rent,

iedoch geliebte irȥ aller meist

Forlorn love of all.

von gotes gebe ein süeȥer geist.

Ir dienst war sō güetlich.

Your service was so good.

350

dō dō der arme Heinrich

dō dō the poor Heinrich

driu jār dā getwelte

driu jār dā __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

unde im got gequelte

mit grōȥem jāmer den līp,

with great sorrow the lip,

nū saȥ der meier und sīn wīp

355

unde ir tohter, diu maget

under your thumb, the girl

von der ich iu ē hān gesaget,

bī im in ir unmüeȥekeit

bī im in ir unmute

und begunden klagen ir herren leit.

diu klage tet in michel nōt:

360°

wan sī vorhten daȥ sīn tot

sī sēre solte letzen

sī sēre solte lessen

und vil gar entsetzen

and will utterly terrify

ēren unde guotes

eren and quotes

und daȥ herters muotes

und das Herters Muotes

365

würde ein ander herre.

wäre ein anderer Herr.

si gedāhten alsō verre

so thought far away

unz dirre selbe būman

alsus frāgen began.

alsus frāgen started.

Er sprach ‘lieber herre mīn,

He said, "Dear lord mine,"

370

möht eȥ mit iuwern hulden sīn,

ich frāgte vil gerne,

I asked very kindly,

sō vil ze Sālerne

von arzenīen meister ist,

master of potions is,

wie kumet daȥ ir deheines list

375

ze iuwerme ungesunde

the unhealthy choices

niht gerāten kunde?

niht gerāten __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__?

herre, des wundert mich.’

here, that surprises me.

dō holtẹ der arme Heinrich

do hold the poor Heinrich

tiefen sūft von herzen

tiefen süß von Herzen

380

mit bitterlīchem smerzen:

with bitter pain:

mit solher riuwe er dō sprach

daȥ ime der sūft daȥ wort zerbrach.

‘Ich hān disen schemelīchen spot

I have this nice spot

vil wol gedienet umbe got.

will work for God.

385

wan dū sæhe wol hie vor

daȥ hōh offen stuont mīn tor

nāch werltlīcher wünne

nach weltlicher Wonne

und daȥ niemen in sīnem künne

sīnen willen baȥ hete dan ich:

390

und was daȥ doch unmügelich,

und was das doch unmöglich,

wan ich enhete niht gar.

dō nam ich sīn vil kleine war

der mir daȥ selbe wunschleben

der mir das selbe Wunschleben

von sīnen gnāden hete gegeben.

of his grace had given.

395

daȥ herze mir dō alsō stuont

als alle werlttōren tuont,

when all the world doors open,

den daȥ saget ir muot

then they say you feel

daȥ sī ēre unde guot

this is your and good

āne got mügen hān.

400

sus troug ouch mich mīn tumber wān,

wan ich in lützel ane sach

von des genāden mir geschach

That happened to me.

vil ēren unde guotes.

dō dō des hōhen muotes

405

den hōhen portenærẹ bedrōȥ,

den høye portneren,

die sælden porte er mir beslōȥ.

dane kum ich leider niemer in:

daȥ verworhte mir mīn tumber sin.

got hāt durch rāche an mich geleit

got hāt durch rache an mich geleit

410

ein sus gewante siecheit

a nice-looking outfit

die niemen mag erlœsen,

no one may redeem him,

nū versmæhent mich die bœsen,

now I will avenge me against the wicked,

die biderben ruochent mīn niht.

the birds don't sing my night.

swie bœse er ist der mich gesiht,

swie böse er ist, der mich sieht,

415

des boeser muoȥ ich dannoch sīn.

sīn unwert tuot er mir schīn:

er wirfẹt diu ougen abe mir.

er wirfið diu ougen abe mir.

nū schīnet ērste an dir

now it first shines on you

dīn triuwe die dū hāst,

dīn triuwe die dū hast,

420

daȥ dū mich siechen bī dir lāst

und von mir niht enfliuhest.

and not influenced by me.

swie dū mich niht enschiuhest,

swie du mich nicht enttäuschst,

swie ich niemen liep sī danne dir,

swie vil dīns heiles stē an mir,

425

du vertrüegest doch wol mīnen tōt.

du verträgst doch wohl meinen Tod.

nū wes unwert und wes nōt

nū was unworthy and was not

wart ie zer werlte merre?

hie vor was ich dīn herre

und bin dīn dürftige nū.

und bin dein dürftiger nun.

430

mīn lieber friunt, nu koufest dū

und mīn gemahele und dīn wīp

und mein Gatte und dein Weib

an mir den ēwigen līp

an mir den ewigen lieb

daȥ dū mich siechen bī dir lāst.

des dū mich gefrāget hāst,

des dū mich gefragt hast,

435

daȥ sage ich dir vil gerne.

ichn kunde ze Sālerne

your customer at the salon

einen meister niender vinden

einen Meister niemand finden

der sich mīn underwinden

der sich mīn unterwinden

getörste oder wolte.

getörste or wanted.

440

wan dā mite ich solte

wan dā mite ich sollte

mīner sühte genesen,

mīner sühte heeled,

daȥ müeste ein solhiu sache wesen

die in der werlte nieman

mit nihte gewinnen kan.

mit nichts gewinnen kann.

445

mir wart niht anders dā gesaget

wan ich müeste haben eine maget

diu vollen manbære

und ouch des willen wære

and ouch the will be

daȥ sī den tōt durch mich lite

450

und man sī zuo dem herzen snite,

und mir wærẹ niht anders guot

und mir wäre nicht anders gut

wan von ir herzen daȥ bluot.

wan von ihr Herzen das Blut.

nū ist genuoc unmügelich

now it is really impossible

daȥ ir deheiniu durch mich

455

gerne līde den tōt.

love the dead.

des muoȥ, ich schemelīche nōt

tragen unz an mīn ende.

tragen unz an mein Ende.

daȥ mirȥ got schiere sende!’

Daȥ er dem vater hete gesagt,

460

daȥ erhōrte ouch diu reine magt:

wan eȥ hete diu vil süeȥe

ir lieben herren füeȥe

stānde in ir schōȥen,

stand in your shoes,

man möhte wol genōȥen

man might well enjoy

465

ir kintlīch gemüete

hin ze der engel güete.

sīner rede nam sī war

unde marhte sī ouch gar:

under market she also goes:

sī enkam von ir herzen nie

470

unz man des nahtes slāfen gie.

unz man des nahtes schlafen gie.

dō sī zir vater füeȥen lac

und ouch ir muoter, sō sī pflac,

und sī beide entsliefen,

und beide schliefen ein,

manegen sūft tiefen

475

holte sī von herzen.

hold you from the heart.

umbe ir herren smerzen

ache in the men’s torso

wart ir riuwe alsō grōȥ

wart is also gross

daȥ ir ougen regen begōȥ

daȥ ir outgen reign begōȥ

der slāfenden füeȥe,

the sleeping feet,

480

sus erwahte sī diu süeȥe.

sus erwartete sie die süße.

Dō sī der trehene enpfunden,

Dō sī der Treḥēne entdeckt,

100

si erwachten und begunden

They awoke and began.

sī frāgen waȥ ir wære

si fragen was ir were

und welher hande swære

and which hand heavy

485

sī alsō stille möhte klagen.

could also quietly complain.

nu enwolte sī es in niht sagen,

nu enwolte sī __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ in niht sagen,

wan daȥ ir vater aber tete

vil manege drō unde bete

vil manage drop under bet

daȥ sī eȥ ime wolte sagen.

490

sī sprach ‘ir möhtent mit mir klagen.

sī said, "You might want to complain to me."

waȥ möhte uns mē gewerren

what might we become

danne umb unsern herren,

danne um unseren Herren,

daȥ wir den suln verliesen

daß wir den Stuhl verlassen

und mit ime verkiesen

und mit ime wählen

495

beide guot und ēre?

both good and honor?

wir gewinnen niemer mēre

wir gewinnen niemals mehr

deheinen herren alsō guot

deheinen herren also good

der uns tuo daȥ er uns tuot.’

Sī sprāchen ‘tohter, dū hāst wār.

500

nū frumet uns leider niht ein hār

unser riuwe und dīn klage:

unser Reue und dein Klage:

liebeȥ kint, dā von gedage.

love your children, there from words.

eȥ ist uns alsō leit sō dir.

leider nū enmuge wir

505

ime ze keinen staten komen.

got der hāt in uns benomen:

het eȥ iemen anders getān,

der müese unsern fluoch hān.’

Alsus gesweigẹten sī sī dō.

They said nothing and left.

510

die naht beleip sī unfrō

die nahte bleibt sie unfru

und morne allen den tac.

and every morning the day.

swes iemen anders pflac,

diz enkam von ir herzen nie

unz man des andern nahtes gie

515

slāfen nāch gewonheit.

sleep as a habit.

dō sī sich hete geleit

do you see it here

101

an ir alte bettestat,

sī bereite aber ein bat

sī prepare a boat

mit weinenden ougen:

with teary eyes:

520

wan sī truoc tougen

nāhe in ir gemüete

nāhe in ir gmeinte

die aller meisten güete

the vast majority of goodness

die ich von kinde ie vernam.

welch kint getete ouch ie alsam?

525

des einen sī sich gar verwac,

gelebetẹ sī morne den tac,

daȥ sī benamen ir leben

das sie benamen ihr Leben

umbe ir herren wolte geben.

umbe ir herren wollte geben.

Von dem gedanke wart sī dō

530

vil ringes muotes unde frō,

und hete deheine sorge mē,

und hat derheine Sorge meine,

wan ein vorhtẹ diu tete ir wē,

sō sīȥ ir herren sagte,

só se dice el señor,

daȥ er dar an verzagte,

daȥ er dar an verzagte

535

und swenne sīȥ in allen drin

und swenne sie in allen drin

getæte kunt, daȥ sī an in

der gehenge niht enfunde

daȥ mans ir iht gunde.

Des wart sō grōȥ ir ungehabe

540

daȥ ir muoter dar abe

daž ir mūter dar abe

unde ir vater wart erwaht

unde ir vater wart erwartet

als ouch an der vordern naht.

sī rihten sich ūf zuo ir

sī richten sich auf zu ihr

und sprāchen ‘sich, waȥ wirret dir?

und sprāchen ‘sich, was ist los mit dir?

545

dū bist vil alwære

du bist viel alwäre

daȥ du dich sō manege swære

von solher klage hāst an genomen

der niemen mac zeim ende komen.

war umbẹ lāstu uns niht slāfen?’

550

sus begunden sī sī strāfen.

waȥ ir diu klage töhte,

waȥ is the problem,

102

die niemen doch enmöhte

verenden noch gebüeȥen?

sus wānden sī die süeȥen

sus wanden sie die süßen

555

gesweigen an der selben stunt:

dō was ir wille in vil unkunt.

Sus antwurte in diu maget.

Her answer in the maiden.

‘als uns mīn herre hāt gesaget,

sō mac man in vil wol ernern.

560

zewāre, ir welt mirȥ danne wern,

sō bin ich ze der arzenīe guot.

ich bin ein maget und hān den muot,

ē ich in sihe verderben,

I see it going wrong.

ich wil ē für in sterben.’

565

Von dirre rede wurden dō

Your words were spoken.

trūric unde unfrō

trūric under unfrō

beide muoter unde vater.

both mother and father.

sīne tohter die bat er

daȥ sī die rede lieȥe

das ist die Rede lesen

570

und ir herren gehieȥe

und die Herren heißen

daȥ sī geleisten möhte,

That could be accomplished,

wand ir diz niht entöhte.

wand or die tonight.

Er sprach ‘tohter, du bist ein kint

und dīne triuwe die sint

and your true ones that are

575

ze grōȥ an disen dingen.

the growth in these things.

du enmaht es niht für bringen

als dū uns hie hāst verjehen.

als dū uns hier hast verraten.

dū hāst des tōdes niht gesehen.

dū hast des Todes nicht gesehen.

swenn eȥ dir kumet ūf die frist

580

daȥ des dehein rāt ist,

the real deal is,

dū enmüeȥest sterben,

und möhtest dūȥ erwerben,

und möchtest du das erwerben,

dū lebetest gerner dannoch:

wan dun kæme nie in leider loch.

585

dā von tuo zuo dīnen munt:

und wirstū für dise stunt

und wirst du für diese Stunt

103

der rede iemer mēre lūt,

eȥ gāt dir ūf dīne hūt.’

Alsus sō wānde er sī dō

590

bēdiu mit bete und mit drō

gesweigen: dō enmohter.

gesweigen: don't __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sus antwurt ime sīn tohter.

sus antwurt ime sīn tōhter.

‘Vater mīn, swie tump ich sī,

mir wonet iedoch diu witze bī

595

daȥ ich von sage wol die nōt

erkenne daȥ des lībes tōt

recognize that love is dead

ist starc unde strenge.

is harsh and strict.

swer ouch dannẹ die lenge

mit arbeiten leben sol,

mit arbeiten leben soll,

600

dem ist iedoch niht ze wol.

wan swenne er hie geringet

und ūf sīn alter bringet

and on his old brings

den līp mit michelre nōt,

sō muoȥ er līden doch den tōt.

605

ist ime diu sēle dannẹ verlorn,

sō wære er beȥȥer ungeborn.

so would be better unborn.

eȥ ist mir komen ūf daȥ zil,

eȥ ist mir kommen auf das Ziel,

des ich got iemer loben wil,

daȥ ich den jungen līp mac geben

610

umbẹ daȥ ēwige leben.

nū sult ir mirȥ niht leiden.

ich wil mir unde iu beiden

vil harte wol mite varn.

ich mag iuch eine wol bewarn

615

vor schaden und vor leide,

from harm and from suffering,

als ich iu nū bescheide.

als ich dir nun Bescheid gebe.

ir hānt ēre unde guot:

daȥ meinet mīnes herren muot;

the mood of my lord;

wan er iu leit nie gesprach

620

und ouch daȥ guot nie abe gebrach.

die wīle daȥ er leben sol

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ lives.

104

sō stēt iuwer sache wol:

so stay your sack well:

und lāȥe wir den sterben,

and let us die,

sō müeȥen wir verderben.

so we must perish.

625

den wil ich uns fristen

then they want to put us on hold

mit alsō schœnen listen

with such beautiful lists

dā mite wir alle sīn genesen.

dā mite wir alle sind genesen.

nū gunnet mirs, wan eȥ muoȥ wesen.’

Diu muoter weinende sprach,

Dying mother spoke weeping,

630

dō sī der tohter ernst ersach,

‘gedenke, tohter, liebeȥ kint,

Remember, daughter, beloved child,

wie grōȥ die arbeite sint

how big the jobs are

die ich durch dich erliten hān,

die ich durch dich erlitten habe,

und lā mich beȥȥern lōn enpfān

635

dan ich dich hœre sprechen.

when I hear you speaking.

dū wilt mīn herze brechen.

you will break my heart.

senfte mir der rede ein teil.

jā wiltū alleȥ dīn heil

ja, ich wünsche dir alles Gute

an uns verwürken wider got.

an uns verwürken against God.

640

wan gedenkest dū an sīn gebot?

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ do you remember his order?

jā gebōt er unde bat er

daȥ man muoter unde vater

the man, mother, and father

minne und ēre biete,

minne and ēre offer,

und geheiȥet daȥ ze miete

und geheiȥet daȥ zur Miete

645

daȥ der sēle rāt werde

that the soul rate becomes

und lanclīp ūf der erde.

and landslip off the ground.

dū gihst, dū wellest dīn leben

umb unser beider fröude geben:

give joy to both of us:

dū wilt uns beiden

you want us both

650

daȥ leben vaste leiden.

the life you must lead.

daȥ dīn vater unde ich

that your father and I

gerne leben, daȥ ist durch dich.

waȥ solte uns līp unde guot,

waȥ solte uns werltlich muot,

waȥ solte uns weltlich mut,

swenne wir dīn enbæren?

swenne wir dein Ende?

dune. . . . . .

duneI'm sorry, but there is no text provided for me to modernize. Please provide the text you would like me to work on.

105

jā soltū, liebiu tohter mīn,

jā, see you later, love

unser beider fröude sīn,

our mutual joy be,

655

gar unsers lībes wünne,

gar our life's joys,

ein bluome in dīme künne,

a flower in your kin,

unsers alters ein stap.

unseres wird ein Stapel.

und lāstū uns über dīn grap

und lasst uns über dein Grap

gestēn von dīnen schulden,

settle your debts,

660

dū muost von gotes hulden

you must have God's grace

iemer sīn gescheiden:

him her separated:

daȥ koufest an uns beiden.’

daȥ koufest an us both.’

‘wiltu uns tohter wesen guot,

sō soltū rede und den muot

durch unsers herren hulde lān,

through our Lord's grace,

die ich von dir vernomen hān.’

die ich von dir vernomen hān.

Si sprach ‘muoter, ich getrūwe dir

und mīnem vater her ze mir

665

aller der genāden wol

all the gracious ones

der vater unde muoter sol

the father and mother shall

leisten ir kinde,

leisten ir kinder,

als ich eȥ wol bevinde

as I may find myself

an iu allertegelich.

670

von iuwern gnāden hān ich

By our grace, I have

die sēle und einen schœnen līp.

mich lobet man unde wīp,

man and woman love,

und alle die mich sehende sint,

und alle die mich sehen, sind,

ich sī daȥ schœneste kint

ich sī daȥ schœnste kint

675

daȥ sī zir lebene haben gesehen.

wem soll ich der genāden jehen

niuwan iu zwein nāch gote?

des sol ich ze iuwerm gebote

iemer vil gerne stān:

iemer wants to stand:

680

wie michel reht ich des hān!

muoter, sæligeȥ wīp,

mother, special wife,

sīt ich nū sēle unde līp

sīt ich nū selle und lip

von iuwern genāden hān,

by your gracious favor,

106

sō lāntȥ an iuwern hulden stān

685

daȥ ich ouch die beide

daȥ ich auch die beiden

von dem tiuvel scheide

from the devil's side

und mich gote müeȥe geben.

and give me strength.

jā ist dirre werlte leben

ja, in dieser Welt leben

niuwan der sēle verlust.

niuwan der sele verlust.

690

ouch hāt mich werltlīch gelust

ouch hāt mich wirklich gelust

unz her noch niht berüeret,

unz her noch nicht berührt,

der hin zer helle füeret.

nū wil ich gote genāde sagen

daȥ er in mīnen jungen tagen

695

mir die sinne hāt gegeben

mir die Sinne hat gegeben

daȥ ich ūf diz brœde leben

ahte harte kleine.

ich wil mich alsus reine

ich wil mich also rein

antwürtẹn in gotes gewalt.

antwerp in God's power.

700

ich fürhte, solt ich werden alt,

daȥ mich der werlte süeȥe

zuhte under füeȥe,

als sī vil manegen hāt gezogen

den ouch ir süeȥe hāt betrogen:

705

sō würde ich līhte gote entsaget.

sō would I lightly give up hope.

gote müeȥe eȥ sīn geklaget

gotta complain about it

daȥ ich unz morne leben sol:

mir behaget diu werlt niht sō wol.

ir meiste liep ist herzeleit

710

(daȥ sī iu für wār geseit),

ir süeȥer lōn ein bitter nōt,

ir lancleben ein gæher tōt.

Your life is like a game.

wir hān niht gewisses mē

we have nothing certain now

wan hiute wol und morne wē

715

und ie ze jungest der tōt.

daȥ ist ein jæmerlīchiu nōt.

das ist ein trauriger Not.

eȥ enschirmet geburt noch guot,

The encircled birth is still good,

schœne, sterke, hōher muot,

beautiful, strong, higher spirit,

107

eȥ enfrumt tugent noch ēre

720

für den tōt niht mēre

for the dead no more

dann ungeburt und untugent.

then unbirth and untalented.

unser leben und unser jugent

our life and our youth

ist ein nebel unde ein stoup,

unser stæte bibent als ein loup.

725

er ist ein vil verschaffen gouch

der gerne in sich vaȥȥt den rouch,

eȥ sī wīp oder man,

der diz niht wol bedenken kan

und ouch der werlt nāch volgende ist.

730

wan uns ist über den fūlen mist

der pfeller hie gespreitet:

the pillar is spreading out:

swen nū der blic verleitet,

swen now the light misleads,

der ist zuo der hellẹ geborn

unde enhāt niht mē verlorn

under night me lost

735

wan beidiu sēle unde līp.

wan beidiu selee and leap.

nu gedenkent, sæligeȥ wīp,

nu gedenkent, blessed woman,

müeterlīcher triuwe

marital fidelity

und senftent iuwer riuwe

und sweeten your mood

die ir dā habent umbe mich:

740

so bedenket ouch der vater sich.

ich weiȥ wol daȥ er mir heiles gan.

er ist ein alsō biderber man

daȥ er erkennet wol daȥ ir

unlange doch mit mir

unlange doch with me

745

iuwer fröude mügent hān,

iwer joy can happen,

ob ich joch lebende bestān.

ob ich noch lebende Bestände.

belībe ich āne man bī iu

zwei jār oder driu,

zwei Jahre oder drei,

sō ist mīn herre līhte tōt,

750

und kument in sō grōȥe nōt

vil līhte von armuot

will light from sorrow

daȥ ir mir alsolheȥ guot

zeinem man niht mugent geben,

nicht deinem Mann geben,

108

ich enmüeȥe alse swache leben

I can’t live like this.

755

daȥ ich iu lieber wære tōt.

nu verswīgẹ wir aber der nōt,

nu __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ but the need,

daȥ uns niht enwerre

that we didn't occur

und uns mīn lieber herre

and my dear lord

were und alsō lange lebe

were and also long live

760

unz daȥ man mich zeim manne gebe

der rīche sī unde wert:

the rich are valuable:

sō ist geschehen des ir dā gert

und wænent mir sī wol geschehen.

und denken mir, dass es gut so ist.

anders hāt mir mīn muot verjehen.

anders hāt mir mein Mut vergessen.

765

wirt er mir liep, daȥ ist ein nōt:

wirt er mir lieb, das ist ein Not:

wirt er mir leit, daȥ ist der tōt.

wirt er mir leid, dass ist der tot.

wan sō hān ich iemer leit

und bin mit ganzer arbeit

und bin mit vollem Einsatz

gescheiden von gemache

separated from pretense

770

mit maneger hande sache

with manager handle issue

diu den wīben wirret

the long woman wanders

und sī ze fröuden irret.

and she was misled by joys.

nū setzt mich in den vollen rāt

nū setzt mich in den vollen Rat

der dā niemer zergāt.

775

mīn gert ein frīer būman

my cool earlier builders

dem ich wol mīnes lībes gan.

zwāre, dem sult ir mich geben,

sō ist geschaffet wol mīn leben.

sō is well made my life.

im gēt sīn pfluoc harte wol,

780

sīn hof ist alles rātes vol,

da enstirbet ros noch daȥ rint,

da enmüent diu weinenden kint,

da enist ze heiȥ noch ze kalt,

dā wirt von jāren niemen alt,

dā wirt von jahren niemand alt,

785

der alte wirt junger,

the old innkeeper younger,

da enist frost noch hunger,

da enist deheiner slahte leit,

da ist ganziu fröude ān arbeit.

109

ze dem wil ich mich ziehen

790

und solhen bū fliehen

and so shall we flee

den daȥ fiur und der hagel sleht

und der wāc abe tweht,

und die Welle abdreht,

mit dem man ringet unde ie ranc.

swaȥ man daȥ jār alse lanc

795

dar ūf gearbeiten mac,

dar ūs worked mac,

daȥ verliuset schiere ein halber tac.

den bū den wil ich lāȥen:

er sī von mir verwāȥen.

er soll von mir wissen.

ir minnent mich: deist billich.

800

nū sihe ich gerne daȥ mich

iuwer minne iht unminne.

ob ir iuch rehter sinne

an mir verstān kunnent

an mir verstehen konnten

und ob ir mir gunnent

and if you grant me

805

beide guotes unde ēren,

both quotes and honor,

sō lāȥet mich kēren

soul latches me closer

ze unserm herren Jēsū Krist,

ze unserm herren Jesus Christ,

des gnāde alsō stæte ist

daȥ sī niemer zergāt,

810

unde ouch zuo mir armen hāt

alsō grōȥe minne

also gross me

als zeiner küniginne.

as her queen.

ich sol von mīnen schulden

I shall pay my debts

ūȥ iuwern hulden

815

niemer komen, wil eȥ got.

eȥ ist gewisse sīn gebot

it is certain his command

daȥ ich iu sī undertān,

since I understand you,

wan ich den līp von iu hān:

daȥ leist ich āne riuwe.

das leist ich ohne Ruhe.

820

ouch sol ich māne triuwe

an mir selber niht brechen.

an mir selbst nicht brechen.

ich hōrte ie daȥ sprechen,

I heard them talking,

swer den andern fröuwet sō

be the other woman like this

110

daȥ er selbe wirt unfrō,

825

und swer den andern krœnet

and crowned the others

und sich selben hœnet,

und sich selbst erhöhen,

der triuwen sī ze vil.

their love is too much.

wie gerne ich iu des volgen wil

daȥ ich iu triuwe leiste,

daȥ ich iu triuwe liste,

830

mir selber doch die meiste.

welt ir mir wenden mīn heil,

sō lāȥ ich iuch ein teil

ē nāch mir geweinen,

we cry for you,

ich enwelle mir erscheinen

I want to appear.

835

wes ich mir selber schuldic bin.

ich wil iemer dā hin

I want to go there.

da ich volle fröude vinde.

da ich volle Freude finde.

ir hānt doch mē kinde:

diu lānt iuwer fröude sīn

diu lässt eure Freude sein

840

und getrœstent ir iuch mīn.

wan mir mac daȥ nieman erwern,

zwāre, ich enwelle ernern

n/a

mīnen herren unde mich.

mine lords and me.

muoter, jā hōrte ich dich

muoter, ja, ich höre dich

845

klagen unde sprechen ē,

klagen und sprechen,

eȥ tæte dīme herzen wē,

eȥ tæte __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ herzen way,

soltest dū ob mīme grabe stān.

des wirst du harte wol erlān:

dū stāst ob mīme grabe niht.

850

wan dā der tōt geschiht,

wander through history,

daȥ enlāt dich niemen sehen:

eȥ sol ze Sālerne geschehen.

eȥ sol ze Sālerne happen.

dā sol uns viere der tōt

lœsẹen von aller slahte nōt.

læs den von aller slahte nød.

des tōdes des genese wir,

und ich doch verre baȥ dan ir.’

und ich doch verre baȥ dan ir.

855

Dō sī daȥ kint dō sāhen

ze dem tōde sō gāhen,

they go to death,

111

und eȥ sō wīslīchen sprach

and he spoke so wisely

unde menschlich reht zerbrach,

human rights broke down,

si begunden ahten under in

860

daȥ die wīsheit und den sin

niemer erzeigen kunde

niemals zeigen kunde

dehein zunge in kindes munde.

dehein tongue in child's mouth.

sī jāhen daȥ der heiliggeist

sī jāhen daȥ der heilige Geist

der rede wære ir volleist,

der rede wäre ihr volljährig,

865

der ouch sante Niklauses pflac

dō er in der wagen lac

und in die wīsheit lērte

and taught in wisdom

daȥ er ze gote kērte

sīne kintlīche güete:

sine good quality:

870

und bedāhtẹn sich in ir gemüete

daȥ sī niht enwolden

that is not appropriate

sī wenden noch ensolden

des sī sich hete an genomen:

der willẹ sī ir von gote komen.

der willẹ sī ir von gote kommen.

875

von jāmẹr erkalte in der līp,

dō der meiger und sīn wīp

an dem bette sāȥen

im Bett sitzen

und vil gar vergāȥen

and will totally forget

durch des kindes minne

through the child's love

880

der zungen und der sinne

of tongues and senses

sā ze der selben stunde.

same hour.

ir enwederȥ enkunde

einic wort gesprechen.

einic wort gesprochen.

daȥ gegihtẹ begunde brechen

885

die muoter von leide.

die Mutter von Leide.

sus gesāȥen sī beide

riuwic unde unfrō

friendship under freedom

unz sī sich bedāhten dō

take care of yourself

waȥ in ir trūren töhte:

was in her true nature:

890

sō man ir doch niht enmöhte

benemen ir willen unde ir muot,

112

sō enwære in niht alsō guot

sō enwære in night also good

sō daȥ sī irs wol gunden,

wan sī doch niht enkunden

wan sī doch nicht entdecken

895

ir niemer werden āne baȥ;

ir niemer werden ohne baȥ;

enpfiengen sī der rede haȥ,

eȥ möhte in umbe ir herren

vil harte wol gewerren,

will hard will hinder,

und verviengen anders niht dā mite.

900

mit vil willeclīchem site

with great intention site

sprāchen sī beide dō

they both spoke

daȥ sī der rede wæren frō.

Des fröute sich diu reine maget.

dō eȥ vil kūme was getaget

905

dō gie sī dā ir herre slief.

sīn trūtgemahele ime rief,

sīn trūtgemahele ime rief

sī sprach ‘herre, slāfent ir?’

sī said, "Lord, are you asleep?"

‘nein ich, gemahele, sage mir,

‘no I, gemahal, tell me,

wie bistū hiute alsō fruo?’

how are you doing today?

910

‘herrẹ, dā twinget mich derzuo

'here, da twinget mich dazu

der jāmer iuwerr siecheit.’

er sprach ‘gemahelẹ, daȥ ist dir leit:

daȥ erzeigest du an mir wol,

als eȥ dir got vergelten sol.

als eż dir Gott vergelten soll.

915

nune mag es dehein rāt sīn.’

‘entriuwen, lieber herre mīn,

‘entrances, dear lord mine,

iuwer wirt vil guot rāt.

I want to get right.

sīt eȥ alsus umbe iuch stāt

daȥ man iu gehelfen mac,

daȥ man dir geholfen hat,

920

ichn gesūme iuch niemer tac.

herre, ir hānt uns doch gesaget,

here, you've really told us,

ob ir hetent eine maget

diu gernẹ den tōt durch iuch lite,

dā soltent ir genesen mite.

925

diu wil ich weiȥgot selbe sīn:

diu wil ich weiß Gott selbe sein:

iuwer leben ist nützer dan daȥ mīn.’

iuwer leben ist nützer dan daȥ mīn.

113

Dō gnādẹte ir der herre

des willen harte verre.

und ervollẹten im diu ougen

und verwölken in den Augen

930

von jāmer alsō tougen.

er sprach ‘gemahelẹ, ja ist der tōt

iedoch niht ein senftiu nōt,

als dū dir līhte hāst gedāht.

du hāst mich des wol innen brāht,

du hast mich des wohl innen bracht,

935

möhtestū, dū hülfest mir.

möhtestū, dū hilfst mir.

des genüegẹt mich wol von dir.

ich erkenne dīnen süeȥen muot:

I recognize your sweet spirit:

dīn wille ist reine unde guot.

dīn wille ist reine und gut.

ichn sol ouch niht mē von dir gern.

940

dū maht mich des niht wol gewern

dū maht mich des nicht wohl gewähren

daȥ dū dā gesprochen hāst.

daß du da gesprochen hast.

die triuwe die du an mir begāst,

die sol dir vergelten got.

God will repay you.

ditz wærẹ der lantliute spot,

ditz were the favorite spot,

945

swaȥ ich mich für dise stunde

arzenīen underwunde,

und mich doch niht vervienge

und mich doch nicht verwirren

wan als eȥ doch ergienge.

gemahele, dū tuost als diu kint

950

diu dā gæhes muotes sint:

swaȥ den kumet in den muot,

eȥ sī übel oder guot,

es ist schlecht oder gut,

dar zuo ist in allen gāch,

und geriuwẹt sī sēre dar nāch.

955

gemahele, alsō tuost ouch dū.

Gemahele, also take care too.

der rede ist dir ze muote nū:

der d e von dir nemen wolte,

der d e von dir nehmen wollte,

sō manȥ danne enden solte,

so many days until summer,

so geriuweȥ dich vil līhte doch.’

so geriuweȥ dich vil līhte doch.

960

und daȥ sī sich ein teil noch

baȥ bedæhte des bat er.

114

er sprach ‘dīn muoter und dīn vater

die enmugen dīn niht wol enbern.

ich sol ouch niht ir leides gern

965

die mir ie gnāde tāten.

die mir die Gnade taten.

swaȥ sī dir beide rāten,

swaȥ sī dir beide raten,

liebẹ gemahele, daȥ tuo.’

love is a chore, right?

hie mite lachete er dar zuo,

wan er lützel sich versach

970

daȥ doch sider dō geschach.

that’s how it happened.

Sus sprach er zuo der guoter.

der vater und diu muoter

der Vater und die Mutter

sprāchen ‘lieber herre,

speak, 'dear sir,

ir hānt uns vil verre

ir hānt uns viel wert

975

geliebet und geēret:

geliebt und geehret:

daȥ enwærẹ niht wol bekēret,

that awful night will return,

wir engültenȥ iu mit guote.

We engage you with goodness.

unser tohter ist ze muote

unser Tochter ist zu müde

daȥ sī den tōt durch iuch dol:

980

des gunne wir ir harte wol.

eȥ ist hiutẹ der dritte tac

eȥ ist heute der dritte Tag

daȥ sī uns alleȥ ane lac

daȥ wir ir sīn gunden:

dat wir ir sīn gunden:

nū hāt sīȥ an uns funden.

985

nū lāȥe iuch got mit ir genesen:

wir wellen ir durch iuch entwesen.’

Do im sīn gemahele dō bōt

für sīnen siechtuom ir tōt

for his sickness your death

und man ir ernest ersach,

990

dō wart dō michel ungemach

und jæmerlīch gebærde.

and sadly behaved.

manc mislīchiu beswærde

manc mischief beguile

huop sich dō under in,

huop sich down in,

zwischẹn dem herren unde in drin.

995

ir vater unde ir muoter die

erhuoben michel weinen hie:

erhuoben michel crying here:

115

des weinens tet in michel nōt

umb ir vil lieben kindes tōt.

nū begunde ouch der herre

now begins also the lord

1000

gedenken alsō verre

gedenken also verre

an des kindes triuwe,

the child's loyalty,

und begreif in ein riuwe,

daȥ er sēre weinen began,

that he started to cry,

und zwīvelte vaste dran

and doubted strongly about it

1005

weder eȥ beȥȥer getān

weder es besser getan

möhte sīn oder verlān.

möchte sein oder verloren.

von vorhten weinte ouch diu maget:

von vorhten weinte auch die Maid:

sī wānde er wære dran verzaget.

sus wārens alle unfrō.

all goods are unfree.

1010

sī gerten keines dankes dō.

no thanks needed here.

Ze jungest dō bedāhte sich

The youngest did not agree

ir herrẹ, der arme Heinrich,

poor Henry

und begunde sagen in

and began to say in

grōȥe gnāde allen drin

grocery store all drinks

1015

der triuwen und des guotes

the trust and the good

(diu maget wart rīches muotes

daȥ ers gevolgẹte gerne),

daȥ ers vervolgẹte gerne),

und bereitẹ sich ze Sālerne

und bereite dich zu Salernum

sō er schiereste mohte.

sō er schiereste mochte.

1020

swaȥ ouch der megede tohte,

daȥ wart vil schiere bereit:

das wird bald erledigt:

schœniu pfert und rīchiu kleit,

schöne Pferd und reiche Kleid,

diu sī getruoc nie vor der zīt:

hermin unde samīt,

herman under summit,

1025

den besten zobel den man vant,

daȥ was der megede gewarit.

daȥ was the megede gewarit.

Nū wer möhte volgesagen

Nū would like to say

die herzeriuwe und daȥ klagen,

die herzerweichende und das klagen,

der muoter grimmigeȥ leit

the mother grimly leads

1030

und ouch des vater arbeit?

and ouch the father's work?

eȥ wærẹ wol undẹr in beiden

116

ein jæmerliīcheȥ scheiden,

a miserable separation,

dō sī ir liebeȥ kint von in

gefrumten sō gesundeȥ hin

gefrumten so gesund hin

1035

niemer mē ze sehenne in den tōt,

wan daȥ in senftet ir nōt

diu reine gotes güete,

God's blessing be with you,

von der doch daȥ gemüete

of the fact that the mind

ouch dem jungen kinde quam

ouch the young kids came

1040

daȥ eȥ den tōt gerne nam.

eȥ was āne ir rāt kōmen:

dā von wart von ir herzẹn genomen

dā von wart von ir herzen genommen

alliu klage und swære,

alliu complaints and troubles,

wan eȥ anders wunder wære

wan eȥ anders wonder were

1045

daȥ in ir herze niht zerbrach.

ze liebe wart ir ungemach,

the love was a nuisance,

daȥ sī dar nāch deheine nōt

liten umbe ir kindes tōt.

little umbe is child's death.

IV
WALTHER VON DER VOGELWEIDE.

The exact dates of his birth and death are unknown. His chief poems were written between the years 1187 and 1230.

The exact dates of his birth and death are unknown. His main poems were written between the years 1187 and 1230.

The best edition of his works is: Walther von der Vogelweide, herausgegeben und erklärt von W. Wilmanns, Halle, 1883 (2nd edit.).

The best edition of his works is: Walther von der Vogelweide, edited and explained by W. Wilmanns, Halle, 1883 (2nd ed.).

1.

Ir sult sprechen: ‘willekomen!’

Ir sult sprechen: ‘willkommen!’

der iu mære bringet, daȥ bin ich.

Alleȥ daȥ ir habt vernomen,

All that you have heard,

daȥ ist gar ein wint: nū frāget mich.

Ich wil aber miete:

I want rent:

wirt mīn lōn iht guot,

wrote my letter well,

sō sage ich iu vil līhte, daȥ in sanfte tuot.

sō I say it very lightly, that in gentle deed.

seht, waȥ man mir ēren biete.

seht, was man mir Ehre bietet.

117

Ich wil tiuschen frouwen sagen

Ich will Frauen sagen

solhiu mære, daȥ si deste baȥ

Al der werlte suln behagen:

āne grōȥe miete tuon ich daȥ.

Waȥ wold’ ich ze lōne?

What would I do alone?

si sint mir ze hēr;

sō bin ich gefüege und bite si nihtes mēr

wan daȥ si mich grüeȥen schōne.

Ich hān lande vil gesehen

Ich habe viele Länder gesehen

unde nam der besten gerne war:

Übel müeȥe mir geschehen,

Bad things happen to me,

künde ich ie mīn herze bringen dar,

künde ich ie mein herz bringen dar,

Daȥ im wol gevallen

wolde fremeder site.

wilde friendly site.

nū waȥ hülfe mich, ob ich unrehte strite?

tiuschiu zuht gāt vor in allen.

Von der Elbe unz an den Rīn

Von der Elbe bis an den Rhein

und her wider unz an Ungerlant

Mügen wol die besten sīn,

Mügen are the best, then,

die ich in der werlte hān erkant.

Kan ich rehte schouwen

Kan ich wirklich schauen

guot gelāȥ und līp,

gut gelat und leben,

sam mir got, sō swüere ich wol, daȥ hie diu wīp

sam mir got, so schwöre ich wohl, dass hier die Frau

beȥȥer sint danne ander frouwen.

besser sind dann andere Frauen.

Tiusche man sint wol gezogen,

Tiusche man sounds great,

rehte als engel sint diu wīp getān.

Swer si schiltet, derst betrogen:

ich enkan sīn anders niht verstān.

Tugent und reine minne,

Tugend und reine Liebe,

swer die suochen wil,

swer die suchen will,

der sol komen in unser lant: da ist wünne vil:

lange müeȥe ich leben dar inne!

118

2.

Owē war sint verswunden alliu mīniu jār!

Owē, the war is gone, all my years!

ist mir mīn leben getroumet oder ist eȥ wār?

daȥ ich ie wānde, daȥ iht wære, was daȥ iht?

dar nāch hān ich geslāfen und enweiȥ es niht.

Nū bin ich erwachet, und ist mir unbekant,

daȥ mir hie vor was kündic als mīn ander hant.

liut unde lant, dā ich von kinde bin erzogen,

die sint mir fremde worden, reht’ als eȥ sī gelogen:

die sint mir fremde worden, reht’ als eȥ sī

Die mīne gespilen wāren, die sint træge und alt;

bereitet ist daȥ velt, verhouwen ist der walt:

bereitet ist das welt, verhauen ist der wald:

wan daȥ daȥ waȥȥer fliuȥet, als eȥ wīlent flōȥ,

für wār ich wāndẹ mīn ungelücke würde grōȥ.

mich grüeȥet maneger trāge, der mich bekande ē wol.

mich grüßt mancherlei Personen, die mich gut kennen.

diu werlt ist allenthalben ungenāden vol.

als ich gedenke an manegen wünneclīchen tac,

die sint mir enpfallen gar als in daȥ mer ein slac,

iemer mēre owē!

I’m more awake!

Owē wie jæmerlīche junge liute tuont!

Owē how pitiful young people are!

den vil unriuweclīche ir gemüete stuont,

die kunnen niuwan sorgen: owē wie tuont si sō?

swar ich zer werlte kēre, dā ist nieman frō:

Tanzen unde singen zergāt mit sorgen gar.

Tanzen and singing take away worries completely.

nie kristenman gesach sō jæmerlīchiu jār.

nū merket, wie den frouwen ir gebende stāt;

nū vermerkt, wie den Frauen ihr gebendes Stand;

die stolzen ritter tragent dörperlīche wāt.

Uns sint unsenfte brieve her von Rōme komen,

uns ist erloubet trūren und fröude gar benomen.

daȥ müet mich inneclīchen (wir lebten ē vil wol),

daȥ ich nū für mīn lachen weinen kiesen sol.

diu wilden vogellīn betrüebet unser klage:

diu wilden Vogeln betrüben unser Klage:

waȥ wunders ist, ob ich dā von vil gar verzage?

waȥ wunders is, if I should totally give up on that?

119

waȥ spriche ich tumber man durch mīnen bœsen zorn?

waȥ spriche ich, a foolish man, through my bad anger?

swer dirre wünne volget, der hāt jene dort verlorn

iemer mēre, owē!

Hey there, wow!

Owē wie uns mit süeȥen dingen ist vergeben!

Owē how we are forgiven with sweet things!

ich sihe die gallen mitten in dem honege sweben.

diu werlt ist ūȥen schœne, wīȥ, grüen’ unde rōt

und innen swarzer varwe, vinster sam der tōt.

und innen schwarzer Farbe, vinster samt der Tod.

Swen si nū habe verleitet, der schouwe sīnen trōst:

Swen no has been tempted, to show his comfort:

er wirt mit swacher buoȥe grōȥer sünde erlōst.

er wirt mit schwacher buoȥe grōȥer sünde erlōst.

dar an gedenket, ritter! eȥ ist iuwer dinc;

ir traget die liehten helme und manegen herten rinc,

Dar zuo die vesten schilte und diu gewīhten swert.

Dar zuo die besten Schild und das geweihte Schwert.

wolte got, wær ich der sigenünfte wert,

sō wolte ich nōtic man verdienen rīchen solt.

joch meine ich niht die huoben noch der hērren golt:

joch meine ich nicht die hüben noch der herren gold:

ich wolte selbe krōne ēweclīchen tragen;

ich wollte selber krone ewiglich tragen;

die möhte ein soldenære mit sīme sper bejagen.

möht ich die lieben reise gevaren über sē,

möht ich die lieben reise gefahren über sē,

sō wolte ich denne singen ‘wol’ und niemer mēre ‘owē,’

sō I wanted to sing then 'yes' and never more 'oh no,'

niemer mēre ‘owē!’

niemer māre ‘owē!’

3.

Dō der sumer komen was

When will summer arrive?

und die bluomen durch daȥ gras

und die Blumen durch das Gras

wünneclīche ensprungen,

wonderfully arisen,

aldā die vogele sungen,

the birds sang yesterday,

dār kom ich gegangen

där komm ich gegangen

an einen anger langen,

an einen langen Streit,

dā ein lūter brunne entspranc;

the clear spring burst forth;

vor dem walde was sīn ganc,

100

dā diu nahtegale sanc.

Bī dem brunnen stuont ein boum,

Beneath the well stood a tree,

dā gesach ich einen troum.

Ich hatte einen Traum.

ich was zuo dem brunnen

ich war zu dem Brunnen

gegangen von der sunnen,

gone from the sun,

120 105

daȥ diu linde mære

den küelen schaten bære.

den kühlen Schatten tragen.

bī dem brunnen ich gesaȥ:

by the well I sat:

mīner swære ich gar vergaȥ,

schiere entslief ich umbe daȥ.

schier entslief ich umbe daȥ.

110

Dō bedūhte mich zehant,

I can't help you.

wie mir dienten elliu lant,

wie mīn sēle wære

how my soul was

ze himel āne swære

the sky without difficulty

und der līp hie solte

and the life here should

115

gebāren swie er wolte.

do whatever he wanted.

dā enwas mir niht ze wē.

got der waldes, swie’ȥ ergē:

got the forest, sweet earth:

schœner troum enwart nie mē.

schöner Traum wird nie mehr.

Gerne sliefe ich iemer dā,

I would love to sleep there.

120

wan ein unsæligiu krā,

diu begonde schrīen.

daȥ alle krā gedīen

that all are tired

alse ich in des günne!

False ich in des Grünen!

si nam mir michel wunne.

125

von ir schrīenne ich erschrac:

I was frightened by her writing:

wan daȥ dā niht steines lac,

sō wær’ eȥ ir suontac.

so where is your suitcase.

Wan ein wunderalteȥ wīp

Once a wonderful wife

diu getrōste mir den līp.

die gets mir den Leib.

130

die begonde ich eiden.

nū hāt si mir bescheiden

now hat is my modest

waȥ der troum bediute.

was der Traum bedeutet.

daȥ merken wīse liute;

the way to notice people;

zwēne und einer daȥ sint drī;

135

dannoch seitẹ si mir dā bī,

daȥ mīn dūme ein vinger sī.

121

4.

Ich saȥ ūf eime steine

I sat on a stone

und dahte bein mit beine;

und dachte bein mit bein;

dar ūf satzt ich den ellenbogen;

140

ich hete in mīne hant gesmogen

daȥ kinne und ein mīn wange:

dō dāhte ich mir vil ange,

wie man zer werlte solte leben.

deheinen rāt kond ich gegeben,

deheinen rāt __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ I gave,

145

wie man driu dinc erwürbe,

wie man drei Dinge erwirbt,

der keineȥ niht verdürbe.

diu zwei sint ēre und varnde guot,

daȥ dicke einander schaden tuot;

the thick harm each other;

daȥ dritte ist gotes hulde,

the third is God's grace,

150

der zweier übergulde.

the pair of overlaid.

die wolte ich gerne in einen schrīn;

jā leider des enmac niht sīn,

daȥ guot und werltlīch ēre

the good and worldly honor

und gotes hulde mēre

and God's glory more

155

zesamene in ein herze komen.

zesamene in ein herze kommen.

stīg’ unde wege sint in benomen:

untriuwe is in der sāȥe,

untriuwe is in the saga,

gewalt vert ūf der strāȥe,

violence on the street,

fride unde reht sint sēre wunt.

160

diu driu enhabent geleites niht,

diu zwei enwerden ē gesunt.

diu zwei werden gesund.

5.

Ich hōrte ein waȥȥer dieȥen

I heard water flow.

und sach die vische flieȥen;

and let the fish fly;

ich sach swaȥ in der werlte was,

165

velt unde walt, loup rōr und gras;

swaȥ kriuchet unde fliuget

swaȥ creature and fly

und bein zer erden biuget,

und bein zer erden budget,

122

daȥ sach ich unde sage iu daȥ:

der keineȥ lebet āne haȥ.

der keineȥ lebet ohne haȥ.

170

daȥ wilt und daȥ gewürme

the will and the worm

die strītent starke stürme,

die streitenden starken Stürme,

sam tuont die vogel under in;

wan daȥ sie habent einen sin:

sie diuhten sich ze nihte,

175

sie enschüefen starc gerihte:

sie erschufen starke Geschichten:

sie kiesent künege unde reht,

sie wählen Zukunft und Recht,

sie setzent hērren unde kneht.

she sets lords and knights.

sō wē dir, tiuschiu zunge,

so we say, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__,

wie stēt dīn ordenunge,

wie steht dein Ordnung,

180

daȥ nū diu mucke ir künic hāt

und daȥ dīn ēre alsō zergāt!

bekērā dich, bekēre!

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ you, get ready!

die zirken sint ze hēre,

die zirken sind die herren,

die armen künege dringent dich:

die armen künege brauchen dich dringend:

Philippe setze en weisen ūf und heiȥ sie treten hinder sich!

Philippe stood up and said, "Get out of the way and step back!"

6.

Ich sach mit mīnen ougen

I see with my eyes

man unde wībe tougen,

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ toughen,

dā ich gehōrte und gesach

I heard and saw.

swaȥ iemen tet, swaȥ iemen sprach.

190

ze Rōme hōrte ich liegen

ze Rōme horst ich liegen

und zwēne künege triegen.

and two kings carry.

dā von huop sich der meiste strīt,

der ē was oder iemer sīt,

daȥ sich begonden zweien

195

die pfaffen unde leien.

the clergy and the laity.

daȥ was ein nōt vor aller nōt:

līp unde sēle lac dā tōt,

die pfaffen striten sēre:

the priests are arguing fiercely:

doch wart der leien mēre.

but waited for the leisure.

123 200

diu swert sie legeten dernider

und griffen zuo der stōle wider:

und griffen zu der Schale wieder:

sie bienen die sie wolten

die Bienen, die sie wollten

und niuwet den sie solten.

dō stōrte man diu goteshūs.

do store the godhouses.

205

ich hōrte verre in einer klūs

vil michel ungebære:

Vil Michel ungebære:

dā weinde ein klōsenære,

er klagete gote sīniu leit:

er klagte über seine Leiden:

‘ōwē, der bābest ist ze junc: hilf, hērre, dīner Kristenheit!’

‘Oh no, the beast is too young: help, Lord, your Christian faith!’

7.

210

Diu krōne ist elter dan der künec Philippes sī:

dā muget ir alle schouwen wol ein wunder bī,

wie s’ ime der smit sō ebene habe gemachet.

wie s’ ime der smit sō ebene habe gemachtet.

sīn keiserlicheȥ houbet zimt ir alsō wol,

daȥ sie ze rehte nieman guoter scheiden sol.

215

ir dwedereȥ daȥ ander niht enswachet.

sie liuhtent beide ein ander an,

daȥ edele gesteine wider den jungen man:

die ougenweide sehent die fürsten gerne.

swer nū des rīches irre gē,

220

der schouwe, wem der weise ob sīme nacke stē:

der stein ist aller fürsten leitesterne.

der stein ist aller fürsten leitsterne.

8.

Mir ist verspart der sælden tor:

dā stēn ich als ein weise vor,

mich hilfet niht swaȥ ich dar an geklopfe.

mich hilft nicht, was ich daran klopfe.

225

wie möhte ein wunder grœȥer sīn?

eȥ regent beidenthalben mīn,

the regent in my favor,

daȥ mir des alles niht enwirt ein tropfe.

des fürsten milte ūȥ Ōsterrīche

the prince's mildness of Austria

freut dem süeȥen regen gelīche

Loves the sweet rain equally

124 230

beidiu liute und ouch daȥ lant.

beidiu liute und auch das Land.

er ist ein schœne wol gezieret heide,

dar abe man bluomen brichet wunder:

dar abe man __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ breaks wonders:

und bræche mir ein blat dar under

und bræche mir ein blat dar unter

diu sīn vil milte rīchiu hant,

235

sō möhte ich loben die süeȥen ougenweide.

hie bī sī er an mich gemant.

9.

Ich hān mīn lēhen, al die werlt! ich hān mīn lēhen!

nū enfürhte ich niht den hornunc an die zēhen

nū fürchte ich nicht den hornunc an die zähne

und wil alle bœse hērren deste minre vlēhen.

und wil alle bösen Herren deste minre vlēhen.

240

der edel künec, der milte künec hāt mich berāten,

daȥ ich den sumer luft und in dem winter hitze hān.

mīn’ nāhgebūren dunke ich verre baȥ getān:

sie sehent mich niht mēr an in butzen wīs, alsō sie tāten.

ich bin ze lange arm gewesen ān’ mīnen danc.

245

ich was sō volle scheltens, daȥ mīn ātem stanc.

daȥ hāt der künec gemachet reine und dar zuo mīnen sanc.

10.

Ōwē hovelīcheȥ singen,

Sing happy songs,

daȥ dich ungefüege dœne

Don't be difficult.

solten ie ze hove verdringen!

250

daȥ sie schiere got gehœne!

ōwē, daȥ dīn wirde alsō geliget,

des sint alle dīne friunde unfrō.

daȥ muoȥ eht sō sīn, nū sī alsō:

frō Unfuoge, ir habt gesiget.

from Unfuoge, you have won.

255

Der uns freude wider bræhte,

Der uns freude wider bræhte

diu reht und gefüege wære,

diu reht und gefüge wäre,

hei wie wol man des gedæhte,

swā man von im seite mære!

125

eȥ wær’ ein vil hovelīcher muot,

260

des ich iemer gerne wünschen sol.

frouwen unde hērren zæme eȥ wol:

ōwē daȥ eȥ nieman tuot!

Don't worry about anyone else!

Die daȥ rehte singen stœrent,

The right singers are stürdent,

der ist ungelīche mēre

der ist ungleiche mehr

265

danne die eȥ gerne hœrent.

danne die es gerne hören.

des volg’ ich der alten lēre:

ich enwil niht werben ze der mül;

dā der stein sō riuschend’ umbe gāt

dā der stein so rauschend um die Gärten

und daȥ rat sō manegẹ unwīse hāt,

270

merket wer dā harpfen sül!

merket wer dā harfen sül!

Die sō frevellīchen schallent,

The sounds are so joyful,

der muoȥ ich vor zorne lachen,

daȥ s’ in selben wol gevallent

mit als ungefüegen sachen.

275

die tuont sam die frösche in eime sē,

den ir schrīen alsō wol behaget,

daȥ diu nahtegal dā von verzaget,

sō si gerne sunge mē.

so I really love singing me.

Der unfuoge swīgen hieȥe,

280

waȥ man noch von freuden sunge,

und sie abe den bürgen stieȥe,

und sie ab den bürger stieß.

daȥ si dā die frōn iht twunge!

wurden ir die grōȥen höve benomen,

wurden ir die großen Höfe benommen,

daȥ wær’ alleȥ nāch dem willen mīn:

285

bien gebūren lieȥe ich sie wol sīn,

bien I might be born like them,

dannen ist s’ ouch here komen.

dannen ist s’ ouch hier kommen.

11.

Der rīfe tet den kleinen vogelen wē,

daȥ sie niht ensungen.

nū hōrte ich s’aber wünneclīche als ē:

290

nū ist diu heide entsprungen.

now is the heath arisen.

126

dā sach ich bluomen strīten wider den klē,

dā sach ich blumen streiten wider den klē,

weder ir lenger wære.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ longer be.

mīner frouwen seite ich disiu mære.

mīner frouwen, listen to this tale.

Uns hāt der winter kalt und ander nōt

Uns hât der winter kalt und ander nōt

295

vil getān ze leide.

ich wānde, daȥ ich iemer bluomen rōt

sæhe an grüener heide.

saw a green heath.

joch schāte eȥ guoten liuten, wære ich tōt,

die nāch freuden rungen

the night joy rings

300

und ie gerne tanzten unde sprungen.

und die gerne tanzten und sprangen.

Versūmde ich disen wünneclīchen tac,

I longed for this wonderful day,

sō wær’ ich verwāȥen

so were I lost

und wære an freude ein angestlīcher slac:

und wäre an Freude ein angestellter Schlag:

dennoch müese ich lāȥen

dennoch muss ich lassen

305

al mīne freude, der ich wīlent pflac.

got gesegen’ iuch alle:

wünschet noch, daȥ mir ein heil gevalle.

wünscht noch, dass mir ein Heil gefällt.

12.

Wīp muoȥ ēt iemer sīn der wībe hōhste name

und tiuret baȥ dan frouwe, als ich’ȥ erkenne.

310

swā nū deheiniu sī, diu sich ir wīpheit schame,

diu merke disen sanc und kiese denne.

under frouwen sint unwīp,

under women are unwise,

under wīben sint sie tiure:

under women they are dear:

wībes name und wībes līp

women's name and women's life

315

die sint beide vil gehiure.

die sind beide sehr gehüriert.

swie’ȥ umb’ alle frouwen var,

swie’ȥ um alle Frauen var,

wīp sint alle frouwen gar.

we're all women now.

zwīvellop daȥ hœnet,

develop the network,

als under wīlen frouwe: wīp dēst ein name der s’alle krœnet.

127

13.

320

Sō die bluomen ūȥ dem grase dringent,

Sō die Blumen aus dem Grase dringen,

same sie lachen gegen der spileden sunnen,

in einem meien an dem morgen fruo,

in einem meinen an dem Morgen früh,

und diu kleinen vogellīn wol singent

und die kleinen Vögelchen wohl singen

in ir besten wīse die sie kunnen,

in ihrer besten Weise, die sie können,

325

waȥ wünne mac sich dā genōȥen zuo?

eȥ ist wol halb ein himelrīche.

suln wir sprechen, waȥ sich deme gelīche,

solln wir sprechen, was sich dem Gleiche,

sō sage ich, waȥ mir dicke baȥ

in mīnen ougen hāt getān,

in my eyes has gotten,

330

und tæte ouch noch, gesæhe ich daȥ.

Swā ein edeliu schœne frouwe reine

Swā ein edel schöne Frau reine

wol gekleidet unde wol gebunden

well dressed and well groomed

durch kurzewīle zuo vil liuten gāt,

hovelīchen hōchgemuot, niht eine,

hovelīchen high spirits, not one,

335

umbe sehendẹ ein wēnic under stunden:

alsam der sunne gegen den sternen stāt:

der meie bringe uns al sīn wunder,

waȥ ist dā sō wünneclīches under

als ir vil minneclīcher līp?

all your favorite songs?

340

wir lāȥen alle bluomen stān,

we let all flowers stand,

und kapfen an daȥ werde wīp.

Nū wol dan, welt ir die wārheit schouwen,

gēn wir zuo des meien hōchgezīte!

der ist mit aller sīner krefte komen.

345

seht an in und seht an werde frouwen,

wedereȥ daȥ ander überstrīte,

wederez das ander überstreite,

daȥ beȥȥer spil ob ich daȥ habe genomen.

daȥ beȥȥer spil ob ich daȥ habe nemen.

ōwē der mich dā welen hieȥe,

deich daȥ eine durch daȥ ander lieȥe,

deich dass eine durch das andere ließe,

350

wie rehte schiere ich danne küre!

hēr Meie, ir müeset merze sīn,

ē ich mīne frouwen dā verlüre.

128

14.

Swie wol der heide ir manicvaltiu varwe stāt,

sō wil ich doch dem walde jehen,

sō will I go into the woods,

355

daȥ er vil mēre wünneclīcher dinge hāt.

noch ist dem velde baȥ geschehen.

sō wol dir, sumer, sus getāner emȥekeit!

sō wol dir, summer, such a great time!

sumer, daȥ ich iemer lobe dīne tage,

sumer, that I always praise your days,

mīn trōst, sō trœste ouch mīne klage:

mīn trōst, so trœste also my complaint:

360

ich sage dir, waȥ mir wirret:

diu mir ist liep, der bin ich leit.

diu mir ist lieb, der bin ich leid.

Ich mac der guoten niht vergeȥȥen noch ensol,

Ich mac der guoten niht vergeßen noch ensol,

diu mir sō vil gedanke nimet.

die wīle ich singe, wil ich vinden iemer wol

365 days

ein niuwe lop, daȥ ir gezimet.

nū habe ir diȥ für guot (sō lobe ich danne mē):

nū habe ich dies für gut (so lobe ich dann mich):

eȥ tuot in den ougen wol, daȥ man sie siht,

und daȥ man ir vil tugende giht,

daȥ tuot wol in den ōren.

370

sō wol ir des! sō wē mir, wē!

15.

In einen zwīvellīchen wān

In a dubious manner

was ich geseȥȥen und gedāhte,

was ich gesehen und dachte,

ich wolte von ir dienste gān,

wan daȥ ein trōst mich wider brāhte.

375

trōst mag eȥ rehte niht geheiȥen, ouwē des!

eȥ ist vil kūme ein kleineȥ trœstelīn,

sō kleine, swenne ich’ȥ iu gesage, ir spottet mīn;

sō klein, wenn ich euch sage, ihr verspottet mich;

doch fröwet sich lützel ieman, er enwiȥȥe wes.

Mich hāt ein halm gemachet frō:

380

er giht, ich süle genāde vinden.

ich maȥ daȥ selbe kleine strō,

als ich hie vore sach von kinden.

als ich hier vorher sah von Kindern.

129

nū hœret unde merket, ob si’ȥ denne tuo:

‘si tuot, si entuot, si tuot, si entuot, si tuot.’

385

swie dicke ich’ȥ tete, sō was ie daȥ ende guot.

daȥ trœstet mich: dā hœret ouch geloube zuo.

16.

Nieman kan beherten

Nieman can behave

kindes zuht mit gerten:

kind discipline with rods:

den man z’ēren bringen mac,

den man z'ēren bringen kann,

390

dem ist ein wort als ein slac.

dem ist ein wort als ein slac,

den man z’ēren bringen mac:

bring the man to life:

kindes zuht mit gerten

kind's discipline with rods

nieman kan beherten.

395

Hüetet iuwer zungen,

Mind your language,

daȥ zimt wol den jungen;

stōȥ den rigel für die tür,

lā kein bœse wort dar für.

lā kein bœse wort dar für,

400

stōȥ den rigel für die tür:

daȥ zimt wol den jungen,

hüetet iuwer zungen.

Hüetet eure Zungen.

Hüetet iuwer ougen

Watch your eyes

offenbāre und tougen:

offenbare und tougen:

405

lāt sie guote site spehen

late see good site speak

und die bœsen übersehen;

and overlook the bad;

und die bœsen übersehen

and the evil overlook

lāt sie, guote site spehen:

late see, good site speak:

offenbāre und tougen

offenbare und taugen

410

hüetet iuwer ougen.

guard your eyes.

Hüetet iuwer ōren,

Keep your ears open,

oder ir sīt tōren:

130

lāt ir bœsiu wort dar in,

daȥ gunēret iu den sin.

415

daȥ gunēret in den sin,

daȥ generated in the scene,

lāt ir bœsiu wort dar in,

oder ir sīt tōren:

or let us talk:

hüetet iuwer ōren.

hütet eure Ohren.

Hüetet wol der drīer

420

leider alze frīer:

sadly before I die

zungen ougen ōren sint

zungen, augen, ohren sind

dicke schalchaft, z’ēren blint.

dicke schalhaft, z’ēren blint.

dicke schalchaft, z’ēren blint

dickes Schaf, z’ēren blint

zungen ougen ōren sint:

zungen, augen, ohren sind:

425

leider alze frīer

hüetet wol der drīer.

17.

Junc man, in swelher aht dū bist,

ich wil dich lēren einen list:

dū lā dir niht ze wē sīn nāch dem guote:

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__:

430

lā dir’ȥ ouch niht z’unmære sīn.

und volges dū der lēre mīn,

sō wis gewis, eȥ frumt dir an dem muote.

die rede wil ich dir baȥ bescheiden.

lāst dū dir’ȥ ze sēre leiden,

435

zergāt eȥ so ist dīn freude tōt:

zergāt is so this joy is dead:

wilt aber dū daȥ guot ze sēre minnen,

wilt aber du daß gut zu sehr minnen,

dū maht verliesen sēle und ēre.

dā von sō volge mīner lēre:

dā von so volge meiner lehre:

leg’ ūf die wāge ein rehteȥ lōt

440

und wig ouch dar mit allen dīnen sinnen,

als eȥ diu māȥe eht ie gebōt.

131

18.

Die väter hānt ir kint erzogen,

dar an sie beide sint betrogen:

sie brechent dicke Salomōnes lēre:

sie brechen dicke Salomōnes Lehren:

445

der sprichet, swer den besmen spar,

daȥ der den sun versūme gar:

des sint die ungebatten gar ān’ ēre.

hie vor dō was diu werlt sō schœne,

hie vor dō was die Welt so schön,

nū ịst sie worden alsō hœne.

nū ihr seid umso mehr geworden wie Heu.

450

des enwas niht wīlent ē:

die jungen hānt die alten sō verdrungen.

nū spottet alse dar der alten!

nū spottet also da der alten!

eȥ wirt iu selben noch behalten.

beitet unz iuwer jugent zergē:

bites until your young turns:

455

swaȥ ir nū tuot, daȥ rechent iuwer jungen,

daȥ weiȥ ich wol und weiȥ noch mē.

19.

Wer zieret nū der ēren sal?

Wer schmückt nun den hohen Saal?

der jungen ritter zuht ist smal,

sō pflegent die knehte gar unhövescher dinge

460

mit worten und mit werken ouch.

swer zühte hāt, der ist ir gouch.

nemt war, wie gar unfuoge für sich dringe!

hie vor dō berte man die jungen,

die dā pflāgen frecher zungen;

465

nū ist eȥ ir werdekeit:

now is your reality:

sie schallent unde scheltent reine frouwen.

sie schallent unde scheltent reine frauen.

wē ir hiuten unde ir hāren,

wē are here and you are there,

die niht kunnen frō gebāren

die nicht können froh gebären

sunder wībe herzeleit!

sunder wise heartpeople!

470

dā mac man sünde bī der schande schouwen,

dā mac man sünde bei der schande schauen,

die maneger ūf sich selben leit.

132

20.

Swer āne vorhte, hērre got,

Swer an enemy, here God,

wil sprechen dīniu zehen gebot

will talk about your ten commandments

und brichet diu, daȥ ist niht rehtiu minne.

und brichet diu, dass es nicht rechte meine.

475

dich heiȥet vater maneger vil:

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__:

swer mīn ze bruoder niht enwil,

der sprichet starkiu wort ūȥ krankem sinne.

wir wahsen ūȥ gelīchem dinge:

wir wachsen aus gleichen Dingen:

spīse frumet uns, diu wirt ringe,

spice from us, that we may ring,

480

sō si durch den munt gevert.

wer kan den hērren von dem knehte scheiden

wer kann den Herrn von dem Knechte scheiden

swa ẹr ir gebeine blōȥeȥ fünde,

und hæte er ir joch lebender künde,

sō gewürme daȥ fleisch verzert?

so do worms twist the meat?

485

im dienent kristen, juden unde heiden,

der elliu lebendiu wunder nert.

21.

Ōwē daȥ wīsheit unde tugent,

Ōwē daȥ wisdom and courage,

des mannes schœne noch sīn jugent

niht erben sol, sō ie der līp erstirbet!

niht erben soll, so wie der Leib erstirbt!

490

daȥ mac wol klagen ein wīser man,

der sich des schaden versinnen kan.

Reinmār, waȥ guoter kunst an dir verdirbet!

Reinmār, what good art is wasted on you!

dū solt von schulden iemer des genieȥen,

dū solt von schulden immer des genießen,

daȥ dich des tages wolte nie verdrieȥen,

495

du’n spræches ie den frouwen wol und guoten wībes siten.

des suln sie iemer danken dīner zungen.

und hætest niht wan eine rede gesungen:

‘sō wol dir, wīp, wie reine ein nam!’, dū hætest an gestriten

‘__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__’, you have challenged and fought

ir lobe, daȥ elliu wīp dir iemer gnāden solten biten.

133

22.

500

Dēswār, Reinmār, dū riuwes mich

Dēswār, Reinmār, don’t mess with me

michels harter denne ich dich,

michels loves you,

obe dū lebtes unde ich wære erstorben

obe dū lebtest und ich wäre erstorben

ich wil’ȥ bī mīnen triuwen sagen:

dich selben wil ich lützel klagen,

dich selbst will ich ein wenig beklagen,

505

ich klage dīn edelen kunst, daȥ s’ist verdorben.

dū kundest al der werlte freude mēren,

dū könntest all der welt Freude mehren,

sō du’ȥ ze guoten dingen woltest kēren.

sō du’ȥ ze guten dingen woltest kēren.

mich riuwet dīn wol redender munt und dīn vil süeȥer sanc,

mich ruiniert dein wohl redender Mund und dein viel süßer Sang,

daȥ der verdorben ist bī mīnen zīten.

510

daȥ dū niht eine wīle mohtest bīten!

sō leiste ich dir geselleschaft: mīn singen ist niht lanc.

dīn sēle müeȥe wol gevarn und habe dīn zunge danc.

V
REINMAR.

Reinmar, often called Reinmar der Alte, was by birth an Alsatian. He spent many years of his active life as Court poet at Vienna, where he was extremely popular. Next to his rival Walther von der Vogelweide he was the most prolific and important lyrical poet of his period, cp. ll. 487-512, pp. 132-3. He died some time during the first decade of the thirteenth century. See Burdach, Reinmar der Alte und Walther von der Vogelweide, Leipzig, 1880, and Bartsch, Deutsche Liederdichter des zwölften his vierzehnten Jahrhunderts, Stuttgart, 1879.

Reinmar, often referred to as Reinmar the Elder, was born in Alsace. He spent many years of his career as a court poet in Vienna, where he was very popular. After his rival Walther von der Vogelweide, he was the most prolific and significant lyrical poet of his time, cp. ll. 487-512, pp. 132-3. He died sometime in the early 1200s. See Burdach, Reinmar der Alte und Walther von der Vogelweide, Leipzig, 1880, and Bartsch, Deutsche Liederdichter des zwölften bis vierzehnten Jahrhunderts, Stuttgart, 1879.

1

‘Sī koment underwīlen her

die baȥ dā heime möhten sīn.

Ein ritter des ich lange ger,

bedæhte er baȥ den willen mīn,

sō wære er z’allen zīten hie,

sō wære er zu allen Zeiten hier,

als ich in gerne sæhe.

als ich gerne sah.

owē des, waȥ suochent die

owe this, what does that mean

die nīdent daȥ ob iemen guot geschæhe?’

134

Mir ist geschehen daȥ ich niht bin

langer vrō wan unz ich lebe.

sī wundert wer mir schœnen sin

sī wundert wer mir schönen sind

und daȥ hōhgemüete gebe

and grant that high courage

daȥ ich zer werlte niht getar

ze rehte alsō gebāren,

ze rehte also gebaren,

nie genam ich vrowen war,

ich wære in holt die mir ze māȥe wāren.

2

Ein rede der liute tuot mir wē:

da enkan ich niht gedulteclīchen zuo gebāren.

nu tuont si’ȥ alle deste mē:

sī frāgent mich ze vil von mīner frouwen jāren

sī frāgent mich zu viel von meinen Frauenjahren

und sprechent welher tage sī sī,

dur daȥ ich ir sō lange bin gewesen mit triuwen bī;

sī jehent daȥ es möhte mich verdrieȥen.

nu lā daȥ aller beste wīp

ir zühtelōser vrāge mich genieȥen.

3

Sī jehent, der sumer der sī hie,

diu wunne diu sī komen

und daȥ ich mich wol gehabe als ē.

nu rātet unde sprechet wie:

now everyone talks like:

der tōt hāt mir benomen

der tot hat mir benomen

daȥ ich niemer überwinde mē.

da ich niemand überwinde.

waȥ bedarf ich wunneclīcher zīt,

what do I need for a wonderful time,

sīt aller vröuden hērre Liutpolt in der erde līt,

den ich nie tac getrūren sach?

eȥ hāt diu werlt an ime verlorn

daȥ ir an manne nie

das ist ein Mann nie

sō jæmerlīcher schade geschach.

so terribly sad.

135

‘Mir armen wībe was ze wol,

dō ich gedāhte an in

dō ich gedacht an in

wie mīn heil an sīnem lībe lac.

wie mein heil an seinem liebe liegt.

daȥ ich des nū niht haben sol,

des gāt mit sorgen hin

the cat worries about

swaȥ ich iemer mē geleben mac.

mīner wunnen spiegel derst verlorn

mīner wunnen spiegel dir verloren

den ich mir hete ze sumerlīcher ougen weide erkorn,

des muoȥ ich leider ænic sīn.

dō man mir seite er wære tōt,

zehant wiel mir daȥ bluot

zehant will make my blood

von herzen ūf die sēle mīn.

Die fröide mir verboten hāt

The joy has been forbidden to me.

mīns lieben hērren tōt

my dear lord dead

alsō deich ir mēr enberen sol.

sīt des nu niht mac werden rāt,

in ringe mit der nōt,

in a bind,

daȥ mīn klagedeȥ herze ist jāmers vol,

diu in iemer weinet, daȥ bin ich,

wan er vil sælic man, jā trōste er wol ze lebenne mich.

der ist nu hin: waȥ töhte ich hie?

wis ime genædic, hērre got,

wan tugenthafter gast

kam in dīn ingesinde nie.’

kam in dīn ingenesinde nie.

4

Ich welte ūf guoter liute sage

und ouch durch mīnes herzen rāt

ein wīp von der ich dicke trage

vil manige nōt diu nāhe gāt.

die swære ich z’allen zīten klage,

wand eȥ mir kumberlīche stāt.

ich tet ir schīn den dienst mīn:

wie möhte ein grœȥer wunder sīn,

wie möchte ein großes Wunder sein,

daȥ sī mich des engelten lāt?

136

Ze rehter māȥe sol ein man

beidiu daȥ herze und al den sin

ze stæte wenden, ob er kan:

daȥ wirt im līhte ein guot gewin.

swem dā von ie kein leit bekan,

der weiȥ wol wie’ch gebunden bin.

ich gloube im wol, als er mir sol.

von schulden ich den kumber dol:

ich brāhte selbe mich dar in.

5

‘Er hāt ze lange mich gemiten

den ich mit triuwen nie gemeit.

den ich mit treuen nie gemeit.

von sīner schulde ich hān erliten

daȥ ich nie grœȥer nōt erleit.

sō lebt mīn līp nāch sīnem lībe.

sō lives my life after his love.

ich bin ein wīp, daȥ im von wībe

nie liebes mē geschach, swie mir von im geschæhe.

mīn ouge in gerner nie gesach dann ich in hiute sæhe.’

mīn ouge in gerner nie gesach dann ich in heute sehe.’

Mir ist vil liebe nu geschehen,

daȥ mir sō liebe nie geschach.

sō gerne hān ich sī gesehen

daȥ ich sī gerner nie gesach.

ich scheide ir muot von schwachem muote:

sī ist sō guot, ich wil mit guote

sī is so good, I will with good

ir lōnen, ob ich kan, als ich doch gerne kunde.

ir lōnen, ob ich kann, als ich doch gerne könnte.

vil mēre fröiden ich ir gan dann ich mir selben gunde.

6

Wol mich lieber mære,

Wol would rather hear more,

diu ich hān vernomen,

since I have heard,

daȥ der winter swære

that the winter is hard

welle ze ende komen.

welle to the end come.

137 100

kūme ich des erbeiten mac,

want ich fröide niht enpflac

want ich fröide niht empflac

sīt der kalte rīfe lac.

sit the cold rime lake.

Mich enhaȥȥet niemen,

Mich enhanced the name,

ob ich bin gemeit.

105

Weiȥ got, tuot eȥ iemen,

deist unsælekeit,

deist unluck,

wande ich schaden niht enkan.

wande ich schaden nicht erkennen.

swes ot sī mir wole gan,

waȥ wil des ein ander man?

110

Solte ich mīne liebe

Solte ich meine Liebe

bergen unde heln,

sō müest ich ze diebe

so must I to thieves

werden unde steln.

sinneclīch ich daȥ bewar.

sinneclīch ich dās bewar.

115

mīn gewerbe ist anderswar,

my business is different,

ich gē dannen oder dar.

Sō sī mit dem balle

So is it with the ball

trībet kindes spot,

tribe kids spot,

daȥ’s iht sēre valle,

daž’s it’s a serious matter,

120

daȥ verbiete got.

God forbid.

megde, lāt iur dringen sīn:

megde, let your destiny shine:

stōȥet ir mīn frouwelīn,

stōȥet ir mīn wif,

so’st der schade halber mīn.

so's der schade halber mein.

7

Ich sach vil wunneclīche stān

I say many wonderful stones

125

die heide mit den bluomen rōt,

die heide mit den blumen rot,

der vīol der ist wol getān:

des hāt diu nahtegal ir nōt

wol überwunden diu sī twanc.

wolf overcome your twink.

zergangen ist der winter lanc.

winter is gone now.

130

ich hōrte ir sanc.

I heard their song.

138

Dō ich daȥ grüene loup ersach,

dō lieȥ ich vil der swære mīn.

dō liez ich viel der schwere mein.

von einem wībe mir geschach

von einer Frau mir geschach

daȥ ich muoȥ iemer mēre sīn

135

vil wunneclīchen wol gemuot.

will wonderfully well mood.

eȥ sol mich alleȥ dunken guot

swaȥ sī mir tuot.

swaȥ sī mir tuat.

Sī schiet von sorgen mīnen līp,

Sī free me from the worries of my life,

daȥ ich dekeine swære hān.

Since I don't have a heavy hand.

140

wan āne sī vier tūsent wīp

dien heten’s alle niht getān.

dien heten's all-night party.

ir güete wendet mīniu leit.

my people are in trouble.

ich hān sī mir ze friunt bereit,

swaȥ iemen seit.

145

Mir’n mac niht leides widerstān:

des wil ich gar ān angest sīn.

ergienge eȥ als ich willen hān,

sō læge’s an dem arme mīn.

daȥ mir der schœnen wurde ein teil,

150

daȥ diuhte mich ein michel heil,

und wære ouch geil.

and that would be great.

Deich ir sō holdeȥ herze trage,

Deich ir so holdes herze trage,

daȥ ist in sumelīchen leit.

das ist in ähnlichen Situationen.

dar umbe ich niemer sō verzage:

155

sī vliesent alle ir arebeit.

so they can avoid all their work.

waȥ hilfet sī ir arger list?

si’n wiȥȥen wie’ȥ ergangen ist

in kurzer frist.

in a short time.

8

Mīn ougen wurden liebes alsō vol,

160

dō ich die minneclīchen ērst gesach,

dō ich die lieblichen erst sah,

daȥ eȥ mir hiute und iemer mē tuot wol.

ein minneclīcheȥ wunder dō geschach:

a lovely miracle happened:

139

sī gie mir alse sanfte dur mīn ougen

sī gie mir also sanfte durch meine Augen

daȥ sī sich in der enge niene stieȥ.

165

in mīnem herzen sī sich nider lieȥ:

in meinem Herzen ließen sie sich nieder:

dā trage ich noch die werden inne tougen.

Lā stān, lā stān! waȥ tuost du, sælic wīp,

Lā stān, lā stān! What do you want, blessed woman,

daȥ du mich heimesuochest an der stat,

dar sō gewalteclīche wībes līp

give the powerful women's body

170

mit starker heimesuoche nie getrat?

never strong home visit attended?

genāde, frowe! ich mac dir niht gestrīten.

genāde, lady! I will not argue with you.

mīn herze ist dir baȥ veile danne mir:

eȥ solde sīn bī mir, nu’st eȥ bī dir:

eas sold his by me, now it’s by you:

des muoȥ ich ūf genāde lōnes bīten.

9

175

Ze fröiden nāhet alle tage

The joys come every day

der werlte ein wunneclīchiu zīt,

ze senfte maniges herzen klage

the soft lament of many hearts

die nu der swære winter gīt.

von sorge ich dicke sō verzage,

180

swenn alsō jæmerlīche līt

swen also jamernliche lit

diu heide breit. daȥ ist mir leit.

diu nahtegal uns schiere seit

daȥ sich gescheiden hāt der strīt.

10

Sō wol dir, wīp, wie reine ein nam!

185

wie sanfte er doch z’erkennen und ze nennen ist!

eȥ wart nie niht sō lobesam,

swā du’ȥ an rehte güete kērest, sō dū bist.

dīn lop mit rede nieman wol volenden kan.

swes dū mit triuwen pfligest wol, der ist ein sælic man

swes du mit treuen pflegst wohl, der ist ein seliger mann

190

und mac vil gerne leben.

and mac wants to live.

dū gīst al der werlte hohen muot:

maht dū ouch mir ein wēnic freude geben?

maht dū ouch mir ein wenig Freude geben?

140

VI
ULRICH VON LICHTENSTEIN.

Ulrich von Lichtenstein came of a better-class Styrian family, and was born about the year 1200 and died in 1275 or 1276. He was one of the best representatives of the later Court lyrical poets. For editions of his works, see Lachmann, Ausgabe der Dichtungen Ulrichs von Lichtenstein, Berlin, 1841; Bechstein, Ulrichs von Lichtenstein Frauendienst, Leipzig, 1887. The following extracts are taken from Bartsch, Deutsche Liederdichter des zwölften bis vierzehnten Jahrhunderts, Stuttgart, 1889.

Ulrich von Lichtenstein was born into an upper-class family in Styria around the year 1200 and passed away in 1275 or 1276. He was one of the finest representatives of the later court lyrical poets. For editions of his works, see Lachmann, Ausgabe der Dichtungen Ulrichs von Lichtenstein, Berlin, 1841; Bechstein, Ulrichs von Lichtenstein Frauendienst, Leipzig, 1887. The following extracts are taken from Bartsch, Deutsche Liederdichter des zwölften bis vierzehnten Jahrhunderts, Stuttgart, 1889.

1
Ein tanzwīse, und ist diu vierde wīse.

In dem walde süeȥe dœne

In the sweet woods

singent kleiniu vogellīn.

an der heide bluomen schœne

at the heath beautiful flowers

blüejent gegen des meien schīn.

blüejent against my shine.

alsō blüet mīn hōher muot

also bloom my higher spirit

mit gedanken gegen ir güete,

With thoughts against their goodness,

diu mir rīchet mīn gemüete

diu mir rīchet my feelings

sam der troum den armen tuot.

Eȥ ist ein vil hōch gedinge

den ich gegen ir tugenden trage,

den ich gegen ihr Tugenden trage,

daȥ mir noch an ir gelinge,

daȥ ich sælde an ir bejage.

des gedingen bin ich vrō.

I'm good at this.

god geb’ daȥ ich’ȥ wol verende,

daȥ sie mir den wān iht wende

der mich freut sō rehte hō.

Sie vil süeȥe, valsches āne,

Sie will süße, falsches åne,

vrī vor allem wandel gar,

vri especially change completely,

lāȥe mich in liebem wāne

Laze with me in a loving way

die wīl eȥ niht baȥ envar;

daȥ diu vreude lange wer,

the joy lasts long,

daȥ ich weinens iht erwache,

daß ich weinen nicht erwache,

daȥ ich gegen dem trōste lache

des ich von ir hulden ger.

141 25

Wünschen unde wol gedenken

Wishes and good thoughts

dēst diu meiste vreude mīn.

My deepest joy lasts long.

des sol mir ir trōst niht wenken,

sie enlāȥe mich ir sīn

mit den beiden nāhen bī,

with both nearby,

sō daȥ sie mit willen gunne

mir von ir sō werder wunne

daȥ sie sælic immer sī.

that she is always happy.

Sælic meie, du aleine

Blessed are you, alone

trœstest al die welde gar.

trœstest all the well done.

du und al diu werlt gemeine

vreut mich min dann umb ein hār.

wie möht’ ir mir vreude geben

āne die vil lieben guoten?

Loving good food?

von der sol ich trōstes muoten;

wan ir trōstes muoȥ ich leben.

2
Ein sincwīse, und ist diu sibende wīse.

Wē war umbe sul wir sorgen?

vreude ist guot.

Joy is good.

von den wīben sol man borgen

hōhen muot.

wol im der in kan gewinnen

von in! der’st ein sælic man.

freude sol man durch sie minnen,

freude soll man durch sie genießen,

wan dā līt vil ēren an.

Wir suln tanzen singen lachen

We're supposed to dance, sing, laugh.

durch diu wīp.

by the woman.

dā mit mac ein man gemachen

daȥ sīn līp

that’s your lip

142

wirdet wert, ob er mit triuwen

dienet guoter wībe gruoȥ.

swen sīn dienest wil geriuwen,

swen's service will be rewarded,

dem wirt selten kumbers buoȥ.

Mit dem waȥȥer man daȥ, fiuwer

laschet gar:

laschet gear

vinster ist der sunnen tiuwer.

Vinster is the sun tower.

beidiu wār

beidiu war

sint diu mære: ir hœret mēre.

habet für wār ūf minen līp:

rehten man von herzen sēre

rehten man von herzen sehr

scheidet nieman wan diu wīp.

no one separates from the wife.

Owē owē, frowe Minne,

Owē owē, Lady Minne,

mir ist wē.

I'm feeling unwell.

nu grīf her wie sēre ich brinne.

kalder snē

calder snow

müeste von der hitze brinnen

diu mir an dem herzen līt.

kanstu, Minne, triuwe minnen,

no, love, true friends,

sō hilfestu mir enzīt.

so help me God.

3
Daȥ ist ein ūȥreise.

Wil iemen nāch ēren die zīt wol vertrīben,

ze sælden sich kēren, bī freuden belīben,

der diene ze flīȥe mit triuwen vil schōne

nāch der minne lōne: der ist süeȥe, reine,

vil guot und aleine den guoten gemeine.

Swer volget dem schilde, der sol eȥ enblanden

Swer follows the shield, there shall he be granted.

dem lībe, dem guote, dem herzen, den handen.

des lōnet vil hōhe mit guotem gewinne

diu vil werde Minne: diu gīt freud’ und ēre.

wol ir süeȥen lēre! sie kan trœsten sēre.

143

Der schilt wil mit zühten vil baltlīcheȥ ellen:

er haȥȥet, er schiuhet Schand’ und ir gesellen.

got des niht enwelle daȥ man bī im vinde

sō swachlīch gesinde, er wil daȥ die sīnen

ūf ēre sich pīnen, in tugenden erschīnen.

Erg’ unde unfuoge und unfuore diu wilde

gezimt niht dem helme und touc niht dem schilde,

der schilt ist ein dach daȥ niht schande kan decken.

sīn blic tæt’ enblecken an ēren die weichen,

sīn blic tæt' enblecken an æren die weichen,

von vorhten erbleichen: diu varwe ist ir zeichen.

von vorhten erbleichen: die Farbe ist ihr Zeichen.

Hōchgemuote frouwen, ir sült wol gedenken:

Hochgemute Frauen, ihr sollt wohl gedenken:

getriuwen gesellen vil stæte āne wenken

den minnet, den meinet, mit herzen, mit muote,

daȥ in iwer huote behalte, behüete

mit liebe, mit güete, vrī vor ungemüete.

Sie ist āne schulde mir haȥlīch erbolgen

Sie ist eine Schuld, mir herzlich erworben.

der ich ze dienste dem schilde wil volgen.

der ich ze dienste dem schilde wil folgen.

100

nu hān ich für zürnen noch für herzen sēre

niht ander schilt mēre wan den trōst aleine,

niht ander schilt mir mehr als der Trost allein,

daȥ ich sie baȥ meine dann ie wīp deheine.

Gein ir langen kriege setz’ ich mīn gedulde:

Gein ir langen Kriege setz' ich mīn Geduld:

sō stē gein ir haȥȥe ze wer mīn unschulde.

105

mīn wer gein den valschen daȥ sol sīn mīn triuwe

vil süeȥe āne riuwe: mīn kampflīch gewæte

für ir nīdetæte daȥ sol sīn mīn stæte.

4
Ditz ist der leich.

Got füege mir’ȥ ze guote:

ich bin noch in dem muote

110

daȥ ich wil guoten wīben

mit dienest āne valschen muot immer bī belīben.

dā von rāt’ ich einen rāt

der allen wol gemuoten mannen tugentlīchen stāt.

144

Ich rāt’ iu, ēre gerende man,

115

mit triuwen, als ich beste kan:

ob ir welt werende freude hān,

sō sīt den wīben undertān

so sit down women understand

mit triwen āne valschen muot.

with brave hearts and strength.

ir güete ist alsō rehte guot,

120

swer in mit triwen dienest tuot,

den kunnen sie wol machen frō.

den können sie wohl machen froh.

der werlde heil gar an in līt:

ir güete ist freuden hōchgezīt,

Your joy is the height of happiness,

ir schœne sō vil freuden gīt,

125

dā von diu herze stīgent hō.

dā von die herzen steigen hoch.

Werdekeit

Werdiness

sunder leit

sunder lead

kunnen sie wol friunden geben.

können Sie wohl Freunde geben.

swem sō sī

swim so see

130

witze bī,

jokes are,

der sol nāch ir hulden streben

unde zinsen in sīn leben:

where interest is in life:

daȥ rāte ich ūf die triwe mīn.

swer ēren sælic welle sīn

swer earr any happy well sein

135

und rīche an hōhem muote,

and rich in high spirits,

der sol mit triwen guotiu wīp

reht minnen als sīn selbes līp.

vil guot vor allem guote

ist der wībe güete, unde ir schœne schœne ob aller schœne.

140

ir schœne ir güete ir werdikeit ich immer gerne krœne.

an ir schœne und an ir güete stāt mīn heil und ouch mīn wunne.

an ir schöne und an ir güete stāt mīn heil und ouch mīn wunne.

wær’ guoter wībe schœne niht, wie selten ich gewunne

deheinen ēren gernden muot.

wol mich daȥ sie sint alsō guot,

145

daȥ man hāt von ir güete

sō hōhen trōst für senediu leit.

145

ir schœne, ir güete, ir werdikeit

gīt mir vil hōch gemüete.

get me high spirits.

Mīn muot von wīben hōhe stāt.

150

waȥ danne ob mir ir einiu hāt

erzeiget hōhe missetāt?

zeigt hohe Mietzahlen?

dēswār des mac wol werden rāt.

Waȥ sie gegen mir hāt getān,

daȥ wil ich gerne wiȥȥen lān

155

mit zühten, als ich beste kan,

ūf genāde guotiu wīp.

ich hān ir driu und zehen jār

gedienet sunder wenken gar,

bī mīnen triwen, daȥ ist wār,

160

daȥ in der zīt mīn seneder līp

nie gewan

didn't win

sölhen wān,

sölhen wan,

des mīn stæte wurde kranc.

des meine Stadt wurde krank.

al mīn gir

165

was gein ir

was getting it

sleht mit triwen āne wanc.

nu vert entwer ir habedanc

reht als ein rat daȥ umbe gāt

reht als ein rat dass umbe geht

und als ein marder den man hāt

170

in eine lin gebunden.

in a line bound.

kund’ ich als sie unstæte sīn,

sō hæt’ ich nāch dem willen mīn

sō hæt’ ich nach dem willen mein

ān sie ein frowen funden.

You find a woman.

Ē daz ich mīn ritterlīche stæte bræch’ an guoten wīben

Ē daz ich meine ritterlichen Städte breche an guten Frauen.

175

ich wold’ ē immer valscher wībe hulde vrī belīben.

ich muoȥ in der stæten wībe dienest sunder lōn verderben

oder ich muoȥ ir stæten herzen liebe alsus erwerben

daȥ ich gewenke nimmer wanc

von in. ir hōhen habedanc,

146 180

und mag ich den erringen,

and I like to win it,

sō hān ich alleȥ daȥ ich wil,

sō hān ich alles daß ich will,

süeȥ’ ougen wunne, herzen spil,

südlich Augen Wunsch, Herzen Spiel,

vil wunne an allen dingen.

will be happy in all things.

Nu waȥ bedarf mīn seneder līp

185

genāden mēr, ob ich ein wīp

ze frowen vinde alsō gemuot,

the frozen wind also howls,

diu sich vor wandel hāt behuot

und niht wan daȥ beste tuot?

der sol mīn dienest sīn bereit

190

immer mē,

immer me,

swie’ȥ ergē,

sunder valsch mit stætikeit.

sunder valsh with stability.

dā von gewinne ich werdikeit

dā von gewinne ich wirklichkeit

und alsō freuderīchen sin,

and also joyful moments,

195

des ich getiuret immer bin

des ich getäuscht immer bin

an aller hande dingen.

various things.

Vind’ ich sie, ich sol sō ritterlīchen nāch ir hulden ringen.

Vind’ ich sie, ich soll so ritterlich nach ihrer Gunst ringen.

daȥ mir von ir stætikeit muoȥ hō an ir gelingen.

sie muoȥ abr ūf die triwe mīn

200

gar vrī vor allem wandel sīn,

diech mēr mich lāȥe twingen

und ouch in kumber bringen.

jā gehœret man mich nimmer mē

deheines valschen wībes lop gesprechen noch gesingen.

5

205

In dem lufte süeȥem meien,

In the sweet spring air,

sō der walt gekleidet stāt,

so the world is dressed,

sō siht man sich schōne zweien

sō siht man sich schöne zweien

alleȥ daȥ iht liebes hāt,

alles das ich liebe, hat,

unde ist mit ein ander vrō.

210

daȥ ist reht: diu zīt wil sō.

147

Swā sich liep ze liebe zweiet,

hōhen muot diu liebe gīt.

Hohen Mut die Liebe gibt.

in der beider herzen meiet

in both hearts merge

eȥ mit vreuden alle zīt.

Enjoy every moment.

215

trūrens wil diu liebe niht,

trūrens will not love you,

swā man liep bī liebe siht.

Swā zwei liep ein ander meinent

herzenlīchen āne wanc

herzenlichen ohne Wank

und sich beidiu sō vereinent

und sich beide so vereinen

220

daȥ ir liebe ist āne kranc,

die hāt got zesamne geben

Die hat sich zusammengenommen.

ūf ein wunneclīcheȥ leben.

Enjoy a wonderful life.

Stætiu liebe heiȥet minne.

Stätiu love means love.

liebe, minne, ist al ein:

love, affection, is all:

225

die kan ich in mīnem sinne

niht gemachen wol zuo zwein.

liebe muoȥ mir minne sīn

love must be my passion

immer in dem herzen mīn.

always in my heart.

Swā ein stæteȥ herze vindet

This heart finds its place.

230

stæte liebe, stæten muot,

state love, state spirit,

dā von al sīn trūren swindet.

stætiu liebe ist alsō guot

Stätiu love is also good.

daȥ sie stæte freude gīt

that their joy is given

stætem herzen alle zīt.

state hearts all time.

235

Möhte ich stæte liebe vinden,

Möchte ich echte Liebe finden,

der wold’ ich sō stæte sīn

daȥ ich dā mit überwinden

daȥ ich damit überwinde

wolde gar die sorge mīn.

would take away my sorrow.

stæter liebe wil ich gern

I would like stable love.

240

unde unstæte gar verbern.

148

6

Disiu liet diu heiȥent vrowen tanz:

diu sol niemen singen, er’n sī vrō.

swer mit zühten treit der freuden kranz,

und dem sīn muot stāt von wīben hō,

und dem sīn Gemüt steht von weichen Höhe,

245

dem erloube ich sie ze singen wol:

blīdeclīchen man sie tanzen sol.

bizarre man should dance.

Trūren ist ze wāre niemen guot

Trūren is truly no good for anyone.

wan dem einen der sīn sünde klaget,

hōhen lop erwirbet hōher muot.

250

guoten wīben hōchmuot wol behaget:

good vibes high key:

dā von wil ich immer mēre sīn

dā von wil ich immer mehr sein

hōchgemuot durch dich, guot vrowe mīn.

happiness through you, good lady mine.

Vreude gibt mir dīn wol redender munt,

Vreude gibt mir dīng gut redender Mund,

hōhen muot dīn reine senfte sit’:

255

vreuden tou mir ūȥ des herzen grunt

kumt von dir in elliu mīniu lit.

got hāt sīnen vlīȥ an dich geleit,

got hāt schöne vliß an dich geleit,

dā von dī lop ēren krōne treit.

Liehtiu ougen, dā bī brūne brā,

260

hāstu und zwei rōtiu wängelīn.

hāstu and two roti pancakes.

schœne bistu hie und schœne dā.

schöne bist du hier und schöne da.

brūn rōt wīȥ, der drīer varwe schīn

treit dīn hōchgeborner schœner līp.

treit dīn hochgeborener schöner Leib.

tugende hāstu vil, guot wīplīch wīp.

265

Daȥ du alsō manege tugende hāst,

dā von bin ich alles trūrens vrī.

sō du alsō schœniu vor mir gāst,

sō ist mir als ich in dem himel sī.

sō it is to me as I am in heaven.

got sō schœnen engel nie gewan

270

den ich für dich wolde sehen an.

149

VII
DAS NIBELUNGEN-LIED.

B. Text.

ĀVENTIURE XVII.

Wie Kriemhilt ir man klagte und wie er begraben wart.

The following extract is from Bartsch’s edition, Leipzig, 1879.

Dō erbiten si der nahte und fuoren über Rīn.

Dō erbiten si der nahte and fuoren über Rīn.

von heleden kunde nimmer wirs gejaget sīn.

von heleden konnte niemand mehr ihn jagen.

ein tier daȥ si dā sluogen, daȥ weinden edeliu kint.

jā muosen sīn engelten vil guote wīgande sint.

Von grōȥer übermüete muget ir hœren sagen,

und von eislīcher rāche. dō hieȥ Hagene tragen

und von eiskalter Rache. Da ließ Hagen tragen

Sīfriden alsō tōten von Nibelunge lant

Sīfriden also died from the land of the Nibelungs

für eine kemenāten dā man Kriemhilde vant.

Er hieȥ in tougenlīchen legen an die türe,

Er hieȥ in tougenlīchen lege an die türe,

daȥ sin dā solde vinden so si gienge derfüre

him zer mettīne ē daȥ eȥ wurde tac,

der diu vrouwe Kriemhilt vil selten keine verlac.

Man lūte dā zem münster nāch gewoneheit.

vrou Kriemhilt diu schœne wahte manige meit:

vrou Kriemhilt the beautiful often looked after many maidens:

ein lieht bat si ir bringen und ouch ir gewant.

dō kom ein kamerære dā er Sīfriden vant.

Er sah in bluotes rōten: sīn wāt was elliu naȥ.

Er sah in blutrotem: sīn wāt war elliu naȥ.

daȥ eȥ sīn herre wære, nine wesse er daȥ.

hin zer kemenāten daȥ lieht truog an der hant

von dem vil leider mære diu vrouwe Kriemhilt ervant.

Dō si mit ir vrouwen zem münster wolde gān,

dō sprach der kamerære ‘jā sult ir stille stān:

dō said the chamberlain ‘yes, you should stay quiet:

eȥ līt vor dem gademe ein ritter tōt erslagen.’

eȥ līt vor dem gademe ein ritter tot erschlagen.

dō begonde Kriemhilt vil harte unmæȥlīche klagen.

dō began Kriemhilt to cry out in deep distress.

150

Ē daȥ si rehte erfunde daȥ iȥ wære ir man,

an die Hagenen vrāge denken si began,

wie er in solde vristen: dō wart ir ērste leit.

von ir was allen vreuden mit sīme tōde widerseit.

von ir was allen vreuden mit sīme tod wiederseit.

Dō seic si zuo der erden, daȥ si niht ensprach:

die schœnen vreudelōsen ligen man dō sach.

Kriemhilde jāmer wart unmāȥen grōȥ:

Kriemhilde's distress was overwhelming:

do ẹrschrē si nāch unkrefte daȥ al diu kemenāte erdōȥ.

Dō sprach daȥ gesinde: ‘waȥ ob eȥ ist ein gast?’

Dō said to the servants: "What if there is a guest?"

daȥ bluot ir ūȥ dem munde von herzen jāmer brast.

dō sprach si ‘eȥ ist Sīfrit, der mīn vil lieber man:

dō said she, "It's Siegfried, my beloved man."

eȥ hāt gerāten Prünhilt, daȥ eȥ hat Hagene getān.’

Diu vrouwe bat sich wīsen dā si den helt vant.

Diu vrouwe bat sich wīsen da si den helt vant.

si huop sīn schœne houbet mit ir vil wīȥen hant.

si huop sīn schöne houbet mit ihr viel wissen Hand.

swie rōt eȥ was von bluote, si het in schiere erkant.

swie rōt eȥ was von bluote, si het in schiere

dō lac vil jæmerlīche der helt von Nibelunge lant.

Dō rief vil trūreclīche diu küneginne milt:

‘owē mir mīnes leides! nu ist dir dīn schilt

mit swerten niht verhouwen: du līst ermorderōt.

unt wesse ich wer iȥ het getān, ich riete im immer sīnen tōt.’

Alleȥ ir gesinde klagete und scrē

mit ir lieben vrouwen, wand’ in was harte wē

umb’ ir vil edelen herren, den si dā heten verlorn.

dō het gerochen Hagene harte Prünhilde zorn.

dō het gerochen Hagene hard Prünhilde's anger.

Dō sprach diu jāmerhafte: ‘ir sult hine gān

Dō said the lamentable: 'You should go in there.'

und wecket harte balde die Sīfrides man.

ir sult ouch Sigemunde mīnen jāmer sagen,

ob er mir helfen welle den küenen Sīfriden klagen.’

ob er mir helfen welle den künen Sīfriden klagen.’

Dō lief ein bote balde da ẹr si ligen vant,

die Sīfrides helede von Nibelunge lant.

mit den vil leiden mæren ir vreude er in benam.

si wolden’ȥ niht gelouben unz man daȥ weinen vernam.

si wolden’ȥ niht gelouben unz man daȥ weinen

151

Der bote kom ouch schiere dā der künic lac.

Sigemunt der herre des slāfes niht enpflac:

Sigemunt the lord of the slaves did not receive:

ich wæn’ sīn herze im sagete daȥ im was geschehen,

ern möhte sīnen lieben sun lebenden nimmer gesehen.

‘Wachet, herre Sigemunt. mich bat nāch iu gān

Kriemhilt mīn vrouwe. der ist ein leit getān

Kriemhilt my lady. he has done a bad deed

daȥ ir vor allen leiden an ir herze gāt:

daȥ sult ir klagen helfen, wand’ eȥ iuch sēre bestāt.’

daȥ sult ir klagen helfen, wand’ eȥ iuch sēre

Ūf rihte sich dō Sigemunt; er sprach: ‘waȥ sint diu leit

der schœnen Kriemhilde, diu du mir hāst geseit?’

der schœnen Kriemhilde, 'the one you told me about?'

der bote sprach mit weinen: ‘ine kan iu niht verdagen:

der bote sprach mit weinen: ‘ich kann es euch nicht verbergen:

jā ist von Niderlanden der küene Sīfrit erslagen.’

jā ist von Niderlanden der küene Sīfrit erslagen.

Dō sprach der herre Sigemunt: ‘lāt daȥ schimpfen sīn

und alsō bœsiu mære durch den willen mīn,

daȥ ir daȥ saget iemen daȥ er sī erslagen:

wand’ ine kunde in nimmer unz an mīn ende verklagen.’

‘Welt ir mir niht gelouben daȥ ir mich hœret sagen,

‘Welt, ihr mir nicht glauben dass ihr mich hört sagen,

sō muget ir selbe hœren Kriemhilde klagen

sō muget ihr selbe hören Kriemhilde klagen

unt alleȥ ir gesinde den Sīfrides tōt.’

vil sēre erscrac dō Sigemunt: des gie im wærlīchen nōt.

Mit hundert sīnen mannen er von den betten spranc.

Mit hundert seiner Männer sprang er von den Betten.

si zuhten zuo den handen diu scharpfen wāfen lanc,

si zuhten zuo den handen diu scharpfen waffen lanc,

si liefen zuo dem wuofe vil jāmerliche dan.

dō kōmen tūsent recken des küenen Sīfrides man.

Dō si sō jæmerlīche die vrouwen hōrten klagen,

dō wānden sumelīche, si solden kleider tragen.

janẹ mohten si der sinne vor leide niht gehaben:

in wart vil michel swære in ir herzen begraben.

in war, Michael is deeply buried in their hearts.

Dō kom der künec Sigemunt da ẹr Kriemhilde vant.

er sprach: ‘owē der reise here in ditze lant.

wer hāt mich mīnes kindes und iuch des iuwern man

bī alsō guoten friunden sus mortlīch āne getān?’

152

‘Hey solde ich den bekennen,’ sprach daȥ vil edele wīp,

‘Hey soll ich den bekennen,’ sprach das viel edele wīp,

‘holt enwurde im nimmer mīn herze unt ouch mīn līp:

ich geriete im alsō leide daȥ die friunde sīn

von den mīnen schulden müesen weinende sīn.’

from my debts must __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.’

Sigemunt der herre den fürsten umbeslōȥ.

Sigemunt the lord the prince unraveled.

dō wart von sīnen vriunden der jāmer alsō grōȥ

dō wart von seinen Freunden der Jammer also groß

daȥ von dem starken wuofe palas unde sal

und ouch diu stat ze Wormeȥ von ir weinen erschal.

Donẹ kunde niemen trœsten daȥ Sīfrides wīp.

man zōch ūȥ den kleidern den sīnen schœnen līp.

man wuosch im sīne wunden unt leit’ in ūf den rē.

100

dō was sīnen liuten von grōȥem jāmere wē.

Dō sprāchen* sīne recken von Nibelunge lant:

‘in sol immer rechen mit willen unser hant.

er ist in dirre bürge, der iȥ hāt getān.’

104

dō īlten nāch wāfen alle Sīfrides man.

Die ūȥ erwelten degene mit schilden kōmen dar,

einlef hundert recken: die hete an sīner schar

Sigemunt der herre. sīnes sunes tōt

Sigemunt the lord. his son's death

108

den wolde er gerne rechen: des gie im wærlīchen nōt.

den wolde er gerne rechnen: des gie im wirklichen nōt.

Sinẹ wessen wen si solden mit strīte dō bestān,

Sinẹ wessen when she saw them with street do bestan,

sīne tæten’ȥ Gunther unde sīne man,

mit den der herre Sīfrit an daȥ gejegede reit.

112

Kriemhilt sach si gewāfent: daȥ was ir grœȥlīche leit.

Kriemhilt saw herself armed: that was her great distress.

Swie michel wær’ ir jāmer und swie starc ir nōt,

dō vorhte si harte der Nibelunge tōt

von ir bruoder mannen, daȥ si eȥ understuont.

116

si warnt’ si güetlīche sō vriunde liebe vriunde tuont.

Dō sprach diu jāmers rīche: ‘mīn her Sigemunt,

Dō said the rich lament: 'my lord Sigemunt,

wes welt ir beginnen? iu ist niht rehte kunt.

jā hāt der künic Gunther sō manigen küenen man:

jā hāt der künic Gunther so manigen küenen man:

120

ir welt iuch alle vliesen, welt ir die recken bestān.’

153

Mit ūf erbürten schilden in was ze strīte nōt.

diu edel küneginne bat und ouch gebōt

daȥ siȥ mīden solden, die recken vil gemeit.

124

dō siȥ niht lāȥen wolden, daȥ was ir wærlīchen leit.

Si sprach: ‘herre Sigemunt, ir sult iȥ lāȥen stān

Si sprach: ‘Lord Sigemunt, you must let it be known.

unz eȥ sich baȥ gefüege: sō wil ich mīnen man

immer mit iu rechen. der mir in hāt benomen,

128

wirde ich des bewīset, ich sol im schedelīche komen.

Eȥ ist der übermüeten hie bī Rīne vil:

Eȥ ist der übermühten hier bei Rhein viel:

dā von ich iu des strītes rāten niht enwil.

dæ von ich ju des strītes raten nicht enwil.

si habent wider einen ie wol drīȥec man.

132

nu lāȥ’ in got gelingen als si umb uns gedienet hān.

Ir sult hie belīben, unt dolt mit mir diu leit;

als iȥ tagen beginne, ir helde vil gemeit,

sō helfet mir besarken den mīnen lieben man.’

136

dō sprāchen die degene: ‘daȥ sol werden getān.’

dō sprāchen die degene: ‘that shall be done.’

Iu enkunde niemen daȥ wunder volsagen

von rittern unt von vrouwen, wie man die hōrte klagen,

von rittern und von frauen, wie man die hörte klagen,

sō daȥ man des wuofes wart in der stat geware.

sō that the man of the wolf was expected to be in the city.

140

die edelen burgære die kōmen gāhende dare.

Si klageten mit den gesten, want in was harte leit.

die Sīfrides schulde in niemen het geseit,

durch waȥ der edele recke verlüre den sīnen līp.

durch was der edle Ritter verlor sein Leben.

144

dō weinden mit den vrouwen der guoten burgære wīp.

Smide hieȥ man gāhen, wurken einen sarc,

Smide here man gāhen, work on a hurt,

von silber und von golde, vil michel unde starc.

man hieȥ in vaste spengen mit stahel, der was guot.

man hieš in vast speṅgen mit stahl, der was gut.

148

dō was al den liuten harte trūrec der muot.

Diu naht was zergangen: man sagte eȥ wolde tagen.

Diu naht was zergangen: man sagte es wolle tagen.

dō hieȥ diu edele vrouwe zuo den münster tragen

dō hieß die edle Frau zu den Münster tragen

Sīfrit den herren, ir vil lieben man.

Sīfrit the lord, he will love man.

152

swaȥ er dā vriunde hēte, die sach man weinende gān.

154

Dō sị in zem munster brāhten,// vil der gloken klanc.

dō hōrt’ man allenthalben vil maniges pfaffen sanc.

dō kom der künic Gunther mit den sīnen man

dō kom der könig Gunther mit seinen Männern

156

und ouch der grimme Hagene zuo dem wuofe gegān.

Er sprach: ‘vil liebiu swester, owē der leide dīn,

Er sprach: ‘viel liebe Schwester, oh weh der leid, dīn,

daȥ wir niht mohten āne des grōȥen schaden sīn.

wir müeȥen klagen immer den Sīfrides līp.’

wir müssen klagen immer den Siegfrieds Leib.

160

‘daȥ tuot ir āne schulde’, sprach daȥ jāmerhafte wīp.

‘That you are not to blame,’ said the miserable woman.

‘Wær’ iu dar umbe leide, son wær’ es niht geschehen.

‘Wær’ you were around, since it hadn’t happened at night.

ir hetet mīn vergeȥȥen, des mag ich wol jehen,

da ịch dā wart gescheiden von mīme lieben man.

164

daȥ wolde got’, sprach Kriemhilt, ‘wær’ iȥ mir selber getān.’

Si buten vaste ir lougen. Kriemhilt begonde jehen

‘swelher sich unschuldige, der lāȥe daȥ gesehen;

der sol zuo der bāre vor den liuten gēn.

168

dā bī mac man die wārheit harte schiere verstēn.’

Daȥ ist ein michel wunder: vil dicke eȥ noch geschiht,

Daß ist ein michel wunder: vil dicke eȥ noch geschiht,

swā man den mortmeilen bī dem tōten siht,

sō bluotent im die wunden: als ouch dā gescach.

sō bluotent in die Wunden: als auch da geschah.

172

dā von man die sculde dā ze Hagenen gesach.

dā von man die Schuld dā ze Hagenen gesach.

Die wunden vluȥȥen sēre alsam si tāten ē.

die ē dā sēre klageten, des wart nu michel mē.

dō sprach der künic Gunther ‘ich wil’ȥ iuch wiȥȥen lān.

176

in sluogen schāchære: Hagene hāt es niht getān.’

in sluogen schāchære: Hagene hasn't done it.

‘Mir sint die schāchære’, sprach si, ‘vil wol bekant.

‘We are the chess players,’ she said, ‘well-known indeed.

nu lāȥe eȥ got errechen noch sīner vriunde hant.

Gunther unde Hagene, jā habet ir iȥ getān.’

Gunther and Hagen, yes, he has it all figured out.

180

die Sīfrides degene heten dō ze strīte wān.

Dō sprach aber Kriemhilt: ‘nu habt mit mir die nōt.’

Dō said Kriemhilt: 'Now you have the trouble with me.'

dō kōmen dise beide dā si in funden tōt,

Gērnōt ir bruoder und Gīselher daȥ kint.

Gērnōt is a brother and Gīselher the child.

184

in triuwen si in klageten mit den anderen sint.

in triumphs and in complaints with the others are.

155

Si weinden inneclīche den Kriemhilde man.

man solde messe singen: zuo dem münster dan

giengen allenthalben man wīp unde kint.

giengen allenthalben man wife and child.

188

die sīn doch līhte enbāren, die weinden Sīfriden sint.

die sīn doch līchte enbāren, die weinden Sīfriden sint.

Gērnōt und Gīselher sprāchen: ‘swester mīn,

Gērnōt and Gīselher said: 'my sister,

nu trœste dich nāch tōde, als iȥ doch muoȥ sīn.

nu tröste dich nach tode, als ich doch muss sein.

wir wellen dich’s ergetzen die wīle unt wir geleben.’

192

donẹ kunde ir trōst deheinen zer werlde niemen gegeben.

Sīn sarc der was bereitet wol umbe’n mitten tac.

man huop in von der bāre dā er ūfe lac.

in wolde noch diu frouwe lāȥen niht begraben.

196

des muosen al die liute michel arebeite haben.

In einen rīchen pfellel man den tōten want.

In a rich field, one buries the dead.

ich wæne man dā iemen āne weinen vant.

dō klagete herzenlīche Uote, ein edel wīp,

dō klagete herzenliche Uote, ein edel wīp,

200

und alleȥ ir gesinde den sīnen wætlīchen līp.

und alle ihre Gesinde den seinen weiblichen Leib.

Dō man daȥ gehōrte, daȥ man zem münster sanc,

unt in gesarket hēte, dō huop sich grōȥ gedranc:

durch willen sīner sēle waȥ opfers man dō truoc!

durch willen seiner seele waß opfers man do truoc!

204

er hete bī den vīnden doch guoter vriunde genuoc.

Kriemhilt diu arme zir kameræren sprach:

Kriemhilt, the poor one, spoke to her companions:

‘si suln durch mīne liebe līden ungemach,

die im iht guotes günnen und mir wesen holt;

208

durch Sīfrides sēle sol man teilen sīn golt.’

durch Sīfrides sēle soll man sein Gold teilen.’

Dehein kint was sō kleine daȥ witze mohte haben,

Dehein kint was so klein dass wir sie mochte haben,

daȥ muose gēn zem opfer. ē ẹr wurde begraben,

baȥ danne hundert messe man dā des tages sanc.

baȥ danne hundert messe people sang that day.

212

von Sīfrides vriunden wart dō grōȥer gedranc.

von Sīfrides vriunden was getting a lot bigger.

Dō man dā hete gesungen, daȥ volc huop sich von dan.

dō sprach diu vrouwe Kriemhilt ‘irn sult niht eine lān

dō said the lady Kriemhilt, "You should not take a break."

hīnte mich bewachen den ūȥ erwelten degen.

216

eȥ ist an sīme lībe al mīn vreude gelegen.

156

Drī tage und drī nahte wil ich in lāȥen stān,

Drie days and drie nights I want to stay in the lasting place,

unz ich mich geniete mīns vil lieben man.

waȥ ob daȥ got gebiutet daȥ mich ouch nimet der tōt?

220

sō wære wol verendet mīn armer Kriemhilde nōt.’

Zen herbergen giengen die liute von der stat.

pfaffen unde müniche si belīben bat

und alleȥ sīn gesinde, daȥ des heldes pflac.

und alle sein gesinde, dass des heldes Platz.

224

si heten naht vil arge unt vil müelīchen tac.

Ān eȥȥen und ān trinken beleip dā manic man.

Ān essen und ān trinken beleip dā manic man.

die eȥ nemen wolden, den wart daȥ kunt getān,

daȥ man’s in den vollen gæbe: daȥ schuof Sigemunt.

daȥ man's in den vollen gæbe: daȥ schuof Sigemunt.

228

dō was den Nibelungen vil michel arebeite kunt.

dō was den Nibelungen a lot of hard work.

Die drīe tagezīte, sō wir hœren sagen,

die dā kunden singen, daȥ si muosen tragen

vil der arebeite. waȥ man in opfers truoc!

232

die vil arme wāren, die wurden rīche genuoc.

Swaȥ man vant der armen die es niht mohten hān,

die hieȥ man doch zem opfer mit dem golde gān

ūȥ sīn selbes kamere. do ẹr niht solde leben,

236

umbe sīne sēle wart manic tūsent marc gegeben.

Urbor ūf der erden teilte s’in diu lant,

Urbor of the earth divided his land,

swā sō man diu klōster und guote liute vant.

silber unde wæte gap man den armen gnuoc.

silber und wäte gap man den armen gnuc.

240

si tet dem wol gelīche daȥ sim holden willen truoc.

An dem dritten morgen ze rehter messezīt

sō was bī dem münster der kirchof alsō wīt

sō was by the monastery the churchyard so wide

von den lantliuten weinens alsō vol:

244

si dienden im nāch tōde als man lieben vriunden sol.

In den tagen vieren, man hāt gesaget daȥ,

ze drīȥec tūsent marken, oder dannoch baȥ,

wart durch sīne sēle den armen dā gegeben.

248

dō was gelegen ringe sīn grōȥiu schœne und ouch sīn leben.

157

Dō gote dā wart gedienet und daȥ man vol gesanc,

mit ungefüegem leide vil des volkes ranc.

man hieȥ in ūȥ dem münster zuo dem grabe tragen.

252

die sīn ungern enbāren, die sah man weinen unde klagen.

Vil lūte scrīende daȥ liut gie mit im dan:

vrō enwas dā niemen, weder wīp noch man.

vrō enwas dā niemen, neither woman nor man.

ē daȥ man in begrüebe, man sanc unde las:

256

hey waȥ guoter pfaffen ze sīner pīfilde was!

hey was guoter pfaffen ze sīner pīfilde was!

Ē daȥ zem grabe kœme daȥ Sīfrides wīp,

dō ranc mit solhem jāmer der ir getriuwer līp,

daȥ man si mit dem brunnen vil dicke dā vergōȥ.

260

eȥ was ir ungemüete vil harte unmæȥlīchen grōȥ.

Eȥ was ein michel wunder daȥ si ie genas.

Eȥ was a great wonder that she ever healed.

mit klage ir helfende manic vrouwe was.

dō sprach diu küneginne: ‘ir Sīfrides man,

dō said the queen: 'your Siegfried man,

264

ir sult durch iuwer triuwe an mir genāde begān.

ir sult durch euer treue an mir gnade begann.

Lāt mir nāch mīme leide daȥ kleine liep geschehen,

daȥ ich sīn schœne houbet noch eines müeȥe sehen.’

dō bat si’s alsō lange mit jāmers sinnen starc,

268

daȥ man zebrechen muose den vil hērlīchen sarc.

Dō brāhte man die vrouwen dā si in ligen vant.

si huop sīn schœne houbet mit ir vil wīȥen hant;

dō kuste s’ alsō tōten den edelen ritter guot.

272

ir vil liehten ougen vor leide weineten bluot.

Ein jæmerlīcheȥ scheiden wart dō dā getān.

dō truoc man si von dannen: sine mohte niht gegān.

dō vant man sinnelōse daȥ hērlīche wīp.

276

vor leide möht’ ersterben der ir vil wünneclīcher līp.

Dō man den edelen herren hete nu begraben,

leit āne māȥe sah man die alle haben

die mit im komen wāren von Nibelunge lant.

280

vil selten vrœlīchen man dō Sigemunden vant.

158

Dō was der etelīcher der drīer tage lanc

vor dem grōȥem leide niht aȥ noch entranc.

doch mohten si dem lībe sō gar geswīchen niht:

284

si nerten sich nāch sorgen, sō noch genuogen geschiht.

VIII
WOLFRAM VON ESCHENBACH.

Wolfram von Eschenbach was a native of Bavaria. Of his life little is known, not even the exact dates of his birth and death. He flourished in the latter part of the twelfth and early part of the thirteenth century, and was by far the best and most extensive representative of the Court epic poetry. He is best known by his Parzival, which contains 24,812 lines divided up into sixteen books. The following extract is taken from Book III. For editions of his works, see Lachmann, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Berlin, 1833, fifth edition, Berlin, 1891; Bartsch, Wolfram’s von Eschenbach Parzival und Titurel, Leipzig, 1875.

Wolfram von Eschenbach was from Bavaria. Not much is known about his life, including his exact birth and death dates. He thrived in the late twelfth and early thirteenth centuries and was the most prominent and comprehensive figure in Court epic poetry. He is best recognized for his work, Parzival, which has 24,812 lines divided into sixteen books. The following excerpt is from Book III. For editions of his works, see Lachmann, Wolfram von Eschenbach, Berlin, 1833, fifth edition, Berlin, 1891; Bartsch, Wolfram’s von Eschenbach Parzival und Titurel, Leipzig, 1875.

Sich zōch diu frouwe jāmers balt

ūȥ ir lande in einen walt,

zer waste in Soltāne;

zero waste in Soltāne;

niht durch bluomen ūf die plāne,

niht durch blumen auf die pläne,

ir herzen jāmer was sō ganz,

sinẹ kērte sich an keinen kranz,

er wære rōt oder val.

er wære rue or fall.

sie brāhte dar durch flühtesal

sie brächte dadurch Flühtesal

des werden Gahmuretes kint.

liute, die bī ir dā sint,

müeȥen būwen unde riuten.

mützen bauen und reiten.

sie kunde wol getriuten

sie kunde wohl getrübt

ir sun. ē daȥ sich der versan,

ir volc sie gar für sich gewan:

eȥ wære man oder wīp,

he or she

den gebōt sie allen an den līp,

daȥ se iemer rīters wurden lūt.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

‘wan friesche daȥ mīns herzen trūt,

159

welch rīters leben wære,

welch writers live were,

daȥ wurde mir vil swære.

das wurde mir sehr schwer.

nu habet iuch an der witze kraft,

und helt in alle rīterschaft.’

und helt in alle rīterschaft.

Der site fuor angestlīche vart.

Der site für angenehme Art.

der knappe alsus verborgen wart

the squire waited hidden

zer waste in Soltāne erzogen,

zero waste in Soltāne raised,

an küneclīcher fuore betrogen;

eȥ ẹnmöhte an eime site sīn:

bogen unde bölzelīn

bogen und bözeln

die sneit er mit sīn selbes hant,

und schōȥ vil vogele die er vant.

swenne ab er den vogel erschōȥ,

des schal von sange ē was sō grōȥ,

sō weinde er unde roufte sich,

an sīn hār kērt’ er gerich.

sīn līp was klār unde fier:

ūf dem plān am rivier

on the bank by the river

twuog er sich alle morgen.

twuog er sich jeden Morgen.

er’n kunde niht gesorgen,

you shouldn’t worry,

eȥ ẹnwære ob im der vogelsanc,

die suoȥe in sīn herze dranc:

daȥ erstracte im sīniu prüstelīn.

the extract in his pencil.

al weinde er lief zer künegīn.

al __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ she loved the king.

sō sprach sie ‘wer hāt dir getān?

sō sprach sie ‘wer hat dir getan?

du wær’ hin ūȥ ūf den plān.’

du wær’ hin ūs ōf den plān.’

er’n kunde es ir gesagen niht,

als kinden līhte noch geschiht.

as children, we still played.

dem mære gienc sie lange nāch.

eins tages sie in kapfen sach

ūf die boume nāch der vogele schal.

sie wart wol innen daȥ zeswal

von der stimme ir kindes brust.

des twang in art und sīn gelust.

160

frou Herzeloyde kērte ir haȥ

frou Herzeloyde care is hard

an die vogele, sine wesse um waȥ:

sie wolte ir schal verkrenken.

sie wollte ihren Schal verknicken.

ir būliutẹ und ir enken

ir bulleted and ir linked

die hieȥ sie vaste gāhen,

go where they want,

vogele würgen unde vāhen.

vogele würgen und wahren.

die vogele wāren baȥ geriten:

the birds were gone:

etslīches sterben wart vermiten:

eternal death waits for you:

der bleip dā lebendic ein teil,

die sīt mit sange wurden geil.

Der knappe sprach zer künegīn

The man spoke to the king.

‘waȥ wīȥet man den vogelīn?’

‘What does one call the bird?’

er gerte in frides sā zestunt.

sīn muoter kuste in an den munt:

diu sprach ‘wes wende ich sīn gebot,

diu sprach 'who should I turn my command to,

der doch ist der hœhste got?

suln vogele durch mich fröude lān?’

der knappe sprach zer muoter sān

‘owē muoter, waȥ ist got?’

'Hey mom, what is God?'

‘sun, ich sage dir’ȥ āne spot.

‘Sun, I’m telling you’ without a joke.

er ist noch liehter denn’ der tag,

der antlitzes sich bewac

nāch menschen antlitze.

nach Menschen Gesichter.

sun, merke eine witze,

sun, make a joke,

und flēhe in umbe dīne nōt:

sīn triwe der werlde ie helfe bōt.

sō heiȥet einẹr der helle wirt:

der ịst swarz, untriuwe in niht verbirt.

von dem kēr’ dīne gedanke,

from the care, the thought,

und och von zwīvels wanke.’

und auch von Zweifeln wanke.

sīn muoter underschiet im gar

daȥ vinster unt daȥ lieht gevar.

dar nāch sīn snelheit verre spranc.

er lerntẹ den gabylōtes swanc,

He learned the Gabylotes dance.

161

dā mite er manegen hirz erschōȥ:

des sīn muoter und ir volc genōȥ.

eȥ wære æber oder snē,

eȥ wære rain or snow,

dem wilde tet’ sīn schieȥen wē.

nu hœret fremdiu mære.

nu hear it strange tale.

swenne er’rschōȥ daȥ swære,

des wære ein mūl geladen genuoc,

als unzerworht hin heim er’ȥ truoc.

Eins tages gieng er den weideganc

an einer halden, diu was lanc:

er brach durch blates stimme ‘en zwīc.

dā nāhen bī im gienc ein stīc:

dā hōrt’ er schal von huofslegen.

100

sīn gabylōt begund’er wegen:

dō sprach er ‘waȥ hān ich vernomen?

dō he said, "What have I heard?"

wan wolte et nu der tiuvel komen

mit grimme zorneclīche!

with grim anger!

den bestüende ich sicherlīche.

den bestünde ich sicherlich.

105

mīn muoter freisen von im saget:

ich wæne ir ellen sī verzaget.’

ich wæne ir ellen sī verzaget.

alsus stuont er in strītes ger.

nu seht, dort kom geschūftet her

drī rīter nāch wunsche var,

drī rīter nach wunsche var,

110

von fuoȥe ūf gewāpent gar.

on foot up armed gear.

der knappe wānde sunder spot,

the squire wanders without mockery,

daȥ ieslīcher wære ein got.

dō stuont ouch er niht langer hie,

in’ȥ phat viel er ūf sīniu knie.

115

lūte rief der knappe sān

lute rips the poor man

‘hilf, got: du maht wol helfe hān.’

‘Help, God: you must be able to help me.’

der vorder zornes sich bewac,

der vorder Zornes sich bewac,

dō der knappe im phade lac:

‘dirre tœrsche Wāleise

120

unsich wendet gāher reise.’

162

ein prīs den wir Beier tragen,

muoȥ ich von Wāleisen sagen:

muoȥ ich von Wahl-Eisen sagen:

die sint tœrscher denne beiersch her,

und doch bī manlīcher wer.

and yet by manly merit.

125

swer in den zwein landen wirt,

gefuoge ein wunder an im birt.

Dō kom geleischieret

und wol gezimieret

and well decorated

ein rīter, dem was harte gāch.

ein rīter, dem war es schwer zu gehen.

130

er reit in strīteclīchen nāch,

he rides in street clothes,

die verre wāren von im komen:

zwēn’ rīter heten im genomen

two knights took him down

ein’ frouwen in sīm’ lande,

women in the same land,

den helt eȥ dūhte schande:

the hero seemed a shame:

135

in müetẹ der juncfrouwen leit,

in müetẹ der juncfrouwen leid,

diu jæmerlīche vor in reit.

die tatsächlich früher in reit.

dise drī wāren sīne man.

died during wartime.

er reit ein schœne kastelān:

he rides a beautiful knight:

sīns schildes was vil wēnic ganz.

140

er hieȥ Karnahkarnanz

leh cons Ulterlec.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ Ulterlec.

er sprach ‘wer irret uns den wec?’

er sprach ‘wer irrt uns den Weg?’

sus fuor er zuome knappen sān.

den dūhte er als ein got getān:

145

er’n het’ ē sō liehtes niht erkant.

ūfẹm towe der wāpenroc erwant.

mit guldīn schellen kleine

with golden bells small

vor ietwederem beine

vor jeglichem Bein

wārn die stegreife erklenget

150

unt ze rehter māȥe erlenget.

sīn zeswer arm von schellen klanc,

swar er’n bōt oder swanc.

sword or boat or swan.

der was durch swertslege sō hel:

der helt was gein prīse snel.

163 155

sus fuor der fürste rīche,

sus fuor der fürste reiche

gezimiert wünneclīche.

Aller manne schœne ein bluomen kranz,

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__,

den vrāgte Karnahkarnanz

‘junchērre, sāht ir für iuch varen

160

zwēn’ rīter die sich niht bewaren

kunnen an rīterlīcher zunft?

kunnen an knightly guild?

sie ringent mit der nōtnunft

sie ringen mit der Vernunft

und sint an werdekeit verzaget:

und sind an der Wahrheit verzweifelt:

sie füerent roubes eine maget.’

165

der knappe wānde, swaȥ er sprach,

eȥ wære got, als ime verjach

frou Herzeloyd’ diu künegīn,

from Herzeloyd's the queen,

do s’im underschiet den liehten schīn.

dō rief er lūte sunder spot

170

‘nu hilf mir, helfe rīcher got.’

vil dicke viel an sīn gebet

fil li roy Gahmuret.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ Gahmuret.

der fürste sprach ‘ich pin niht got,

ich leiste ab gerne sīn gebot.

175

du maht his vier rīter sehen,

ob du ze rehte kundest spehen.’

der knappe frāgte fürbaȥ

‘du nennest rīter: waȥ ist daȥ?

‘du nennst Ritter: was ist das?

hāstu niht gotelīcher kraft,

have no divine power,

180

sō sage mir, wer gīt rīterschaft.’

‘daȥ tuot der künec Artūs.

the deeds of King Arthur.

junchērre, komet ir in des hūs,

der bringet iuch an rīters namen,

daȥ ir’s iuch niemer durfet schamen.

185

ir muget wol sīn von rīters art.’

ir muget wol sīn von rīters art.

von den helden er geschouwet wart:

dō lac diu gotes kunst an ime.

von der āventiurẹ ich daȥ nime,

164

diu mich mit wārheit des beschiet:

190

nie mannes varwe baȥ geriet

nie man's color was right

vor ime sīt Adāmes zīt.

des wart sīn lop von wīben wīt.

Aber sprach der knappe sān

But said the knight sān

dā von ein lachen wart getān.

195

‘ay rīter got, waȥ mahtu sīn?

du hāst sus manec vingerlīn

an dīnen līp gebunden,

and dying life bound,

dort oben unt hie unden.’

up there and down here.

aldā begreif des knappen hant

Don't grasp the little button.

200

swaȥ er īsers ame fürsten vant:

des harnasch begunder schouwen.

des harnasch beginners schouwen.

‘mīner muoter juncfrouwen

minor mother young women

ir vingerīn an snüeren tragent,

ir vingerīn an snüren tragent,

diu niht sus an ein ander ragent.’

205

der knappe sprach durch sīnen muot

‘war zuo ist ditze guot,

daȥ dich sō wol kan schicken?

i’ne mages niht abe gezwicken.’

I’m sure it won’t hurt.

der fürste im zeigete sā sīn swert:

210

‘nu sich, swer an mich strītes gert,

des selben wer ich mich mit slegen:

für die sīne muoȥ ich an mich legen,

und für den schuȥ und für den stich

muoȥ ich alsus wāpen mich.’

muoȥ ich alsus wāpen mich.

215

aber sprach der knappe snel

but said the squire quickly

‘ob die hirze trüegen sus ir vel,

son’ verwunt’ ir niht mīn gabylōt.

der vellet manger vor mir tōt.’

Die rīter zurnden daȥ er hielt

220

bi dem knappen der vil tumpheit wielt.

der fürste sprach ‘got hüete dīn.

ōwī wan wær’ dīn schœne mīn!

165

dir hete got den wunsch gegeben,

ob du mit witzen soldest leben.

225

diu gotes kraft dir virre leit.’

diu gotes kraft dir virre leit.

die sīne und och er selbe reit,

unde gāheten balde

under stay on top

z’einem velde in dem walde.

in a field in the forest.

dā vant der gefüege

the servant of the meek

230

frōn Herzeloyden phlüege.

frōn Herzeloyden flight.

ir volke leider nie geschach;

ir fans leider nie geschach;

die er balde eren sach:

die er bald ernennt:

si bẹgunden sæn, dar nāch egen,

ir gart ob starken ohsen wegen.

235

der fürste in guoten morgen bōt,

und frāgte sẹ, op sie sæhen nōt

eine juncfrouwen līden,

a young woman's suffering,

sine kunden niht vermiden,

sine kunden nicht vermeiden,

swes er vrāgt’, daȥ wart gesaget.

240

‘zwēne rīter und ein maget

Two knights and a maiden

dā riten hiute morgen.

diu frouwe fuor mit sorgen:

Lady, go away with worries.

mit sporen sie vaste ruorten,

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__,

die die juncfrouwen fuorten.’

245

eȥ was Meljahkanz.

den ergāhte Karnachkarnanz,

den ergäuhten Karnachkarnanz,

mit strīte er ime die frouwen nam:

diu was dā vor fröuden lam.

sie hieȥ Īmāne

she said Iman

250

von der Bēāfontāne.

Die būliute verzageten,

Die bullies gave up,

dō die helde für sie jageten.

dō die helde für sie jagten.

sie sprāchen ‘wie’st uns sus geschehen?

hāt unser junchērre ersehen

hāt our young heir seen

255

ūf disen rītern helme schart,

sonẹ hān wir uns niht wol bewart.

166

wir sulen der küneginne haȥ

wir sollen der Königin huldigen

von schulden hœren umbe daȥ,

hear about the debts,

wand’ er mit uns dā her lief

260

hiute morgen dō sie dannoch slief.’

hiute morgen dō sie dannoch slief.

der knappe enruochte ouch wer dō schōȥ

die hirze kleine unde grōȥ:

the small and great deer:

er huop sich gein der muoter wider,

und sagete ir mær’. dō viel sie nider:

und sagete ir mehr. da viel sie nieder:

265

sīner worte sie sō sēre erschrac,

sîner words startled her so much,

daȥ sị unversunnen vor im lac.

dō diu küneginne

wider kom z’ir sinne,

wider come to our senses,

swie sie dā vor wær’ verzaget,

270

dō sprach sie ‘sun, wer hāt gesaget

dō sprach sie 'sun, who has said

dir von rīters orden?

Order of the knights?

wā bist du’s innen worden?’

Where have you become inside?

‘muoter, ich sach vier man

'mother, I said four man

noch liehter danne got getān:

noch liehter danne got getān

275

die sageten mir von rīterschaft.

They told me about knighthood.

Artūses küneclīchiu kraft

Artūses kitchen craft

sol mich nāch rīters ēren

solich mich nach ritters ehren

an schildes ambet kēren.’

an schildes ambet kēren.

sich huop ein niuwer jāmer hie.

280

diu frouwe enwesse rehte, wie

daȥ sie ir den list erdæhte

unde in von dem willen bræhte.

Der knappe tump unde wert

The scarce fool and value

iesch von der muoter dicke ein pfert.

285

daȥ begunde sẹ in ir herzen klagen.

sie dāhte ‘i’n wil im niht versagen:

eȥ muoȥ aber vil bœse sīn.’

dō gedāhte mēr diu künegīn

do gather me the queen

‘der liute vil bī spotte sint.

290

tōren kleider sol mīn kint

to rent clothes for my child

167

ob sīme liehten lībe tragen.

wearing light love.

wirt er geroufet unt geslagen,

wirt er geroufet und geschlagen,

sō kumet er mir her wider wol.’

sō kumet er mir her wider wol.

ōwē der jæmerlīchen dol!

Oh, the terrible pain!

295

diu frouwe nam ein sactuoch:

sie sneit im hemede unde bruoch,

daȥ doch an eime stücke erschein,

unz enmitten an sīn blankeȥ bein.

daȥ wart für tōren kleit erkant.

300

ein gugel man obene drūfe vant.

al frisch rūch kelberīn

al frisch ryuch kelberīn

von einer hūt zwei ribbalīn

from one hūt two ribbalīn

nāch sīnen beinen wart gesniten.

dā wart grōȥ jāmer niht vermiten.

305

diu künegīn was alsō bedāht,

diu künegīn was also thought,

sie bat belīben in die naht.

‘dunẹ solt niht hinnen kēren,

ich wil dich list ē lēren.

an ungebanten strāȥen

an unpaved road

310

soltu tunkel fürte lāȥen:

soltu tunkel fürte lassen:

die sīhte unde lūter sīn,

die sīhte und lūter sīn,

dā solte al balde rīten īn.

du solt dich site nieten,

du solt dich site nieten

der werelde grüeȥen bieten.

the world's greetings offer.

315

ob dich ein grā wīse man

zuht wil lērn als er wol kan,

dem soltu gerne volgen,

dem soltu gerne folgen,

und wis im niht erbolgen.

und wis im nicht erbolgen.

sun, lā dir bevolhen sīn,

320

swa du guotes wībes vingerlīn

mügest erwerben unt ir gruoȥ,

mügest erwerben und ihr groß,

daȥ nim: eȥ tuot dir kumbers buoȥ.

du solt z’ir kusse gāhen

du sollst dir keine Gedanken machen

und ir līp vast’ umbevāhen:

325

daȥ gīt gelücke und hōhen muot,

168

op sie kiusche ist unde guot.

du solt och wiȥȥen, sun mīn,

der stolze küene Lähelīn

the proud brave Lähelīn

dīnen fürsten abe ervaht zwei lant,

330

diu sollen dienen dīner hant,

you should serve your hand,

Wāleis und Norgāls.

Wāleis and Norgāls.

ein dīn fürste Turkentals

a day for the Turks

den tōt von sīner hende enphienc:

dīn volc er sluoc unde vienc.’

335

‘diz riche ich, muoter, ruocht es got:

in verwundet noch mīn gabylōt.’

in wounded still my gabylōt.’

Des morgens dō der tag erschein,

der knappe balde wart enein,

the squire soon waited for one,

im was gein Artūse gāch.

340

frou Herzeloyde in kuste und lief im nāch.

frou Herzeloyde in trust and loved him back.

der werelde riuwe aldā geschach.

the world was revealed there.

dō sie ir sun niht langer sach

dō sie ir sun niht länger sahe

(der reit enwec: wem’st deste baȥ?),

dō viel diu frouwe valsches laȥ

345

ūf die erde, aldā sie jāmer sneit

dō daȥ se ein sterben niht vermeit.

dō daź se ein sterben nicht vermeid.

ir vil getriulīcher tōt

ir will get virtually cut

der frouwen wert’ die hellenōt.

der frouwen wert' die hellenōt.

ōwol sie daȥ se ie muoter wart!

350

sus fuor die lōnes bernden vart

ein wurzel der güete

a root of goodness

und ein stam der diemüete.

und ein Stamm der Diemüete.

ōwē daȥ wir nu niht enhān

ir sippe unz an den eilften spān!

355

des wirt gevelschet manec līp.

the man writes sweet words.

doch solten nu getriuwiu wīp

doch sollten nun getreue Weib

heiles wünschen disem knaben,

heiles wünschen diesem Jungen,

der sich hie von ir hāt erhaben.

169

NOTES

[The references refer to the paragraphs in the Grammar.]

All notes are directly linked to the text referenced.

All notes are directly connected to the referenced text.

I. BERTHOLD VON REGENSBURG

p. 79, l. 13. werdent sehende, will see.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ will see.

p. 79, l. 19. daȥ si anders niht enpflæge, see §§ 102, 108.

p. 79, l. 19. that one should not neglect, see §§ 102, 108.

p. 81, l. 34. von sō getāner freude, of joy of such a beautiful kind.

p. 81, l. 34. of such delightful joy, joy of such a beautiful kind.

II. LANTREHTBUOCH

p. 83, l. 26. mege, pres. subj. of mac, see § 93.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ mege, present subjunctive of mac, see __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

p. 85, l. 15. sempervrīen, from sentbærevrīen, the highest class of freemen.

p. 85, l. 17. miter = mitter(e), aj. nom. pl., middle, see § 9, 2.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ miter = mitter(e), adjective nominative plural, middle, see __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

III. DER ARME HEINRICH

l. 6. im, is reflexive, see §§ 66, 104.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ im is reflexive; see §§ __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

ll. 24-5. That this one (er) may pray to God for the salvation of Heinrich’s soul.

ll. 24-5. That this person may pray to God for the salvation of Heinrich’s soul.

l. 31. ze Swāben = in the country of the Swabians, i.e. Swabia.

l. 31. the Swabians = in the region of Swabia, which is known as Swabia.

l. 38. ze handen haben, possess.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ to have the hands, possess.

l. 50. versworn, pp. of verswern, § 86.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ versworn, pp. of verswern, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

l. 101. des muge wir: des is dependent on ein wāreȥ bilde; for muge, see § 74, note.

l. 101. des muge wir: des relies on ein wāreȥ bilde; for muge, refer to § 74, note.

l. 106. sehent = sehet, imperative.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ sehent = sehet, command.

l. 133-4. dō . . . alrēst, as soon as.

l. 133-4. do . . . already, as soon as.

l. 164. eime = eineme, see § 9, 3.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ eime = eineme, see __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

l. 190. gnislich = genislich, cp. § 9, 7.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ gnislich = genislich, see __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

l. 239. für die selben frist, since then.

l. 239. for the same period, since then.

ll. 240-1. no longer any hopes of being healed.

170

l. 257. sich abe tuon, renounce, resign.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ give up, renounce, resign.

l. 351. getwelte, had dwelt, see § 106.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ getwelte, had lived, see __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

ll. 372-3. The construction is sō ze Salerne vil meister (gen.) von arzenīen ist, see § 102.

ll. 372-3. The construction is so of Salerno the master (gen.) of arzenīen is, see § 102.

l. 376. kunde for kundet.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ customer for customers.

l. 486. es gen. is dependent on niht.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ es gen. is dependent on niht.

l. 547. sich ein dinc an nemen, to take a thing to heart.

l. 547. take something to heart, to take something seriously.

l. 591. mohter = mohte er, see § 65, note 3.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ mother = mo ther, see __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

l. 621. die wīle daȥ, so long as.

l. 621. as long as, so long as.

l. 640. wan = waȥ ne, why not.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ wan = waȥ ne, why not.

l. 756. verswīge wir is the imperative, cp. also note to l. 101.

l. 756. we keep silent is the command, see also note to l. 101.

l. 846. dīme = dīneme, see § 9, 3.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ dīme = dīneme, see __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

IV. WALTHER VON DER VOGELWEIDE

l. 144. kond pret. of kan.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ kond pret. of kan.

ll. 174-5. They would imagine themselves ruined if they did not exercise a stern rule. On the omission of the negative see § 108.

ll. 174-5. They would think of themselves as doomed if they didn't enforce strict rules. For the missing negative, see § 108.

l. 178. tiuschiu zunge, German language, i.e. Germany.

l. 178. tiuschiu zunge, German language, meaning Germany.

l. 182. bekērā, see ā in the Glossary.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ bekērā, see ā in the Glossary.

l. 185. Philippe is dative; en = den.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ Philippe is dative; en = den.

l. 187. man . . . wībe are the gen. plural.

l. 214. guoter is gen. plural.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ guoter is general plural.

l. 232. bluomen . . . wunder, a great multitude of flowers.

l. 232. bluomen . . . wunder, a vast array of flowers.

l. 250. daȥ sie schiere got gehœne! may God curse them soon.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ May they be cursed soon!

l. 255. Der uns freude wider bræhte, if anyone would bring us joy again.

l. 255. He who brings us joy again, if anyone would bring us joy.

l. 285. bien = bī den.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ good = bī den.

l. 292. weder ir, which of the two.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ neither, which one of the two.

l. 308. hōhste (weak form) name, the most beautiful or precious name.

l. 429. du lā dir niht ze wē sīn nāch dem guote, do not worry yourself too much about wealth.

l. 429. Don't worry too much about wealth, just focus on what really matters.

ll. 475-6. Very many call thee father, who will not recognize me as their brother.

ll. 475-6. A lot of people call you father, but they won't acknowledge me as their brother.

ll. 498-9. See Extracts from Reinmar, ll. 184-192.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ See excerpts from Reinmar, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

171

V. REINMAR

l. 33. Liutpolt: Duke Leopold VI of Austria.

l. 75. bekan = bekam.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ bekan = bekam.

VII. DAS NIBELUNGEN-LIED

l. 28. sīme = sīneme, see § 9, 3; widerseit = widersaget, § 37.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ sīme = sīneme, see __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__; widerseit = widersaget, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

l. 32. nāch unkrefte, after she had regained her consciousness.

l. 32. nāch unkrefte, after she had come to her senses.

l. 37. bat sich wīsen, asked them to lead her to.

l. 37. bat sich wīsen, asked them to take her there.

l. 43. ermorderōt, older form of pp. of ermordern, see § 88, note.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ ermorderōt, earlier version of pp. of ermordern, see __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

l. 88. āne tuon, with gen. and acc., bereave, rob.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ āne tuon, with gen. and acc., take away, steal.

l. 92. weinende sīn = weinen, see § 106.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ weeping = to weep, see __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

l. 213. huop sich von dan, betook themselves away.

l. 213. huop sich von dan, walked away.

VIII. PARZIVAL

l. 17. that they should never mention the word ‘knight’. On the omission of the negative see § 108.

l. 17. that they should never say the word 'knight'. For details on the omission of the negative, see § 108.

l. 42. weinde = weinende, see § 29.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ weinde = weinende, see __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

ll. 83-4. The mother explained to him fully the difference between darkness and light, i.e. between the Devil and God.

ll. 83-4. The mother fully explained to him the difference between darkness and light, meaning the difference between the Devil and God.

l. 141. leh cons = le (li) cons, the Count.

ll. 157-8. K. asked him, who was the perfection of human beauty.

ll. 157-8. K. asked him, who was the ideal of human beauty.

l. 172. fil li roy, son of the king.

l. 172. fil li roy, the king's son.

l. 243. Supply ros as object.

__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ Provide ros as object.

172

GLOSSARY

ABBREVIATIONS

sm., sf., sn.,	= strong masculine, &c.
sv.	= strong verb.
wm., wf., wn.,	= weak masculine, &c.
wv.	= weak verb.
pret.-pres.	= preterite-present.
pn.	= proper name.

The remaining abbreviations need no explanation.

The other abbreviations don’t require any explanation.

The Roman numeral after a verb indicates the class to which the verb belongs. The ordinary numerals after a word indicate the paragraph in the Grammar where the word either occurs or some peculiarity of it is explained.

The Roman numeral after a verb shows what class the verb belongs to. The regular numerals after a word point to the paragraph in the Grammar where the word appears or where some unique aspect of it is explained.

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Z

ā, interj. added to the imperative, nouns, and particles;

ā, interj. used with commands, nouns, and particles;

neinā, certainly not.

No way.

ab, abe, prep. c. dat. of, from;

ab, abe, prep. c. dat. of, from;

av. away, away from, 9.6.

away, away from, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

aber, abr, ab, av. and cj. again, once more, but;

but, abr, ab, av. and cj. again,

aber sprëchen, answer, reply.

but speak, answer, reply.

acker, sm. field, acre, 9.2, 31.2, 42.

Acker, noun field, acre, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

Adām, pn. Adam.

Adam, pn. Adam.

adamas, sm. diamond.

adamas, noun diamond.

æber, sn. place where the snow has melted away.

bare, noun a spot where the snow has melted.

ænic (with gen.), aj. bereft.

ænic (with gen.), aj. lacking.

äher (OHG. ahir), sn. ear of corn.

äher (OHG. ahir), sn. corn ear.

aht(e), num. eight, 62.

aht(e), num. 8, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

aht(e), sf. attention, meditation; station, position.

aht(e), sf. focus, mindfulness; location, role.

ahtede, num. eighth, 62.

ahtede, num. eighth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

ahten, wv. observe, consider, deliberate.

ahten, wv. watch, think, discuss.

ah(t)zëhen, num. eighteen, 62.

ah(t)zëhen, num. 18, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

ah(t)zëhende, num. eighteenth, 62.

ah(t)zëhende, num. 18th, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

ah(t)zic (-ec), num. eighty, 62.

ah(t)zic (-ec), num. 80, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

ah(t)zigeste, num. eightieth, 62.

ah(t)zigeste, num. 80th, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

al (infl. aller, alleȥ, alliu (älliu, elliu)), aj. all;

all

al dā, there, thereupon;

there, then;

al dō, as soon as;

al dō, right away;

al ein, all one, the same;

aller hande, of all kinds;

all hands, of all kinds;

alle wëge, everywhere, 55.

all ways, everywhere, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

aleine, av. alone.

aleine, av. by yourself.

allenthalben, av. on all sides.

everywhere, av. on all sides.

allertegelīch, av. daily.

aletag, av. daily.

alleȥ, av. always, already.

allmahtic (almähtic, almehtic), aj. all-powerful, almighty.

all-powerful, almighty.

almuosen, sn. alms, charity.

almuosen, sn. donations, charity.

alrēst = aller ērst, at first.

alrēst = all or nothing, at first.

als, see alsō.

also, see also.

alsam, av. as, just as, 69.

alsam, av. as, just like, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

alsō (alse, als), av. as, just as, so, likewise, 69;

also, just as, similarly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

alse dar, always, all the time.

false dar, always, all the time.

alsolch = solch.

alsolch = such.

alsus (alsust), av. in this manner, so, thus.

alsus (alsust), av. this way, so, thus.

alt, aj. old, former, 10, 57.

alt, aj. old, former, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

alter, sn. age.

change, noun age.

alwære, aj. foolish.

alwære, aj. silly.

alze, av. too, too much.

alze, av. excessive.

173

alzehant, av. on the spot, at once, immediately.

alzehant, av. right away, instantly, ASAP.

am = an dëm.

am = I'm.

ambet, sn. service, office, calling.

ambet, sn. service, office, job.

anblic, sm. look.

anblic, sm. gaze.

ander, num. and pr. other, second, 55, 62, 71.

and, num. and pr. other, second, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

anders, av. otherwise, else;

otherwise, else;

niht anderswan, nothing but.

niht anderswan, nothing else.

anderswar, av. elsewhere.

anderswar, av. other.

ane (an), prep. c. dat. or acc. on, by, in; of; along with; until, 9.6;

an dën līp, by (their) life, on the penalty of (their) life;

and their life, by their life, on the penalty of their life;

an dër stat, at once, on the spot.

and do it right away, on the spot.

āne (ān), av. alone, free, deprived of;

eines āne wërden, to lose;

to lose

cj. except;

cj. except;

prep. c. acc. or gen. without, except, next to.

ange, av. narrowly, exactly, carefully, anxiously, 9.7.

ange, av. closely, precisely, carefully, nervously, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

anger, sm. grass plot.

anger, sm. lawn.

angesiht, sf. sight.

angesiht, sf. view.

angest, smf. care, sorrow, anxiety.

anger, smf. care, sadness, worry.

anges(t)lich, aj. anxious, fearful, dangerous, terrible.

anxious, fearful, dangerous, terrible.

anme, amme, ame, am = an dëme, 68 note 2.

anme, amme, ame, am = an dëme, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

ansëhen, sv. V, look at, behold.

ansëhen, sv. V, check out, see.

anst (pl. enste), sf. favour, 49.

anst (pl. enste), sf. favor, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

antlütze, antlitze, sn. face, countenance.

antlütze, antlitze, sn. face, expression.

antwürten (pret. antwurte), wv. answer.

answer

apfel, sm. apple, 31.2.

apple, sm. apple, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

ar, wm. eagle, 9.1, 50.

ar, wm. eagle, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

arbeit (arebeite), sf. work, trouble, grief.

arbeit (arebeite), sf. work, stress, hardship.

arbeitsam, aj. painful, troublesome.

hardworking, adj. painful, troublesome.

arc (-ges), aj. bad, mischievous, wicked.

arc (-ges), adj. bad, naughty, evil.

arm, aj. poor, helpless, unhappy, 57.

arm, aj. poor, helpless, unhappy, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

arm, sm. arm.

arm

armuot, sf. poverty, want.

armuot, sf. poverty, need.

art, smf. inborn manner, nature, quality; origin, descent.

art, smf. inherent way, essence, characteristic; background, lineage.

Artūs, pn. Arthur, king of Britain.

Artūs, pn. Arthur, King of Britain.

arzāt, sm. physician.

arzāt, sm. doctor.

arzenīe, sf. medicine, remedy.

ās, sn. carrion, 28.

ās, sn. dead animal, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

ātem, sm. breath, 42.

ātem, sm. breath, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

āventiure, sf. wonderful event

āventiure, sf. amazing event

ay, interj. ah! alas!

ay, interj. oh! alas!

bābest, sm. pope.

bāgen, sv. VII, quarrel, 87.

bāgen, sv. VII, argue, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

bal (-lles), sm. ball.

balde, av. boldly, bravely, valiantly; quickly;

boldly, av. confidently, courageously, rapidly;

balde wërden enein, be quickly resolved.

unite, be quickly resolved.

balt, aj. courageous, full of courage, firm, unyielding.

balt, adj. brave, full of courage, strong, relentless.

baltlīch, aj. courageous.

baltlīch, adj. brave.

bange, aj. anxious, 9.7.

bang, aj. anxious, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

bannen, sv. VII, banish, expel, put under the ban, 87.

bar, aj. bare, 55.

bar, aj. bare, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

bāre, sf. bier.

bāre, noun beer.

bat (-des), sn. bath, flood of tears.

bat (-des), sn. breakdown, flood of tears.

baȥ, av. better, more, 61;

baȥ, av. better, more, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

baȥ geriten, quicker;

baȥ geriten, faster;

baȥ veile, of less value;

baȥ veile, of lower value;

wëm’st deste baȥ?, who feels joy at this parting?

wëm’st deste baȥ?, who feels happy about this goodbye?

Bēāfontāne, pn.

Bee-fountain, pn.

bedāht, p.p. thoughtful, intent.

bedāht, p.p. mindful, focused.

bēde = beide.

bēde = both.

bedecken (pret. -dacte, -dahte), wv. cover, 90.

bedecken (pret. -dacte, -dahte), wv. cover, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

bedenken (pret. -dāhte, subj. pret. -dæhte), think over, consider;

consider

sich dës willen bedenken, decide upon a thing.

think about this, decide on something.

174

bediuten, wv. expound;

bediuten, wv. explain;

refl. mark, denote.

refl. mark, indicate.

bedrieȥen, sv. II, seem troublesome or irksome.

deceive, sv. II, seem troublesome or irksome.

bedunken (pret. -dūhte), wv. seem, appear.

bedurfen, bedürfen (pr. sing. -darf), pret. pres., need, require;

need, require

see durfen.

see dürfen.

begān, anom. v. to do a thing;

begān, anom. v. to perform a task;

refl. live;

refl. livestream;

see gān.

begieȥen, sv. II, pour over, moisten.

begieȥen, sv. II, soak, moisten.

beginnen, sv. III (pret. also weak begunde, begonde), begin, 81.

begin, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

begraben, sv. VI, bury, inter.

bury, sv. VI, inter.

begrīfen, sv. I, grasp, understand.

grasp, understand

begunder = begunde ër.

beginner = beginner.

behagen, wv. please, delight, suit.

pleasure, v. please, delight, suit.

behalten, sv. VII, hold, keep, preserve, reserve, store up.

keep, sv. VII, hold, maintain, protect, set aside, save up.

beherten, wv. harden, enforce.

beherten, wv. strengthen, enforce.

behüeten, wv. keep, preserve, protect.

behüeten, wv. maintain, safeguard, protect.

behuot, p.p. of behüeten.

behuot, p.p. of behüeten.

beide (bēde), num., neut. beidiu, both;

both

beide—und, both—and.

both—and.

beidenthalben, av. on both sides.

on both sides.

Beier, pn. people of Bavaria, Bavarians.

Bavarians

beier(i)sch, aj. Bavarian.

beier(i)sch, adj. Bavarian.

bein, sn. bone, leg, 5, 11.

bein, sn. bone, leg, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

beiten, wv. wait;

beiten, wv. hang on;

sn. a waiting.

sn. a hold-up.

bejagen, wv. acquire, get.

chase, v. acquire, get.

bejëhen, sv. V, assure.

bejëhen, sv. V, assure.

bekan = bekam.

bekennen (pret. -kante), wv. know, recognize, get to know.

acknowledge (pret. -knew), v. know, recognize, get to know.

bekēren, wv. employ, turn;

bekēren, wv. use, turn;

bekēren sich, turn round.

turn around.

bekomen, sv. IV, get, obtain.

get, obtain

belīben (blīben), sv. I, remain, 9.7, 76;

belīben (blīben), sv. I, stay, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__;

under wëgen belīben, be left undone, cease.

under wegen beliben, be left undone, cease.

beliuhten, wv. illumine, explain, make manifest.

beliuhten, wv. enlighten, explain, make clear.

benamen = bī namen, in the true sense of the word.

benamen = bī namen, in the genuine sense of the term.

benëmen, sv. IV, take, take away;

benëmen, sv. IV, take, remove;

c. gen. exempt.

c. gen. exempt.

berāten, sv. VII, consider, arrange, provide for;

berāten, sv. VII, consider, arrange, provide;

refl. consider, reflect.

refl. think, consider.

bërc (-ges), sm. mountain.

bereit (bereite), aj. ready, willing;

ready, willing

av. readily, willingly, 55.

av. readily, willingly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

bereiten (pret. -reite), wv. plough, make arable, prepare, make ready.

prepare (past. -prepared), wv. cultivate, make land suitable for farming, get ready.

bërgen, sv. III, hide, 81.

bërgen, sv. III, conceal, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

bërn, sv. IV, bear, carry, bring forth, 9.1, 19, 82.

bërn, sv. IV, bear, carry, bring forth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

bern (pret. berte), wv. beat, strike.

bern (pret. berte), wv. beat, hit.

berouben, wv. bereave, rob.

berouben, wv. deprive, steal.

berüeren, wv. touch, move.

berüeren, v. touch, move.

besarken (beserken), wv. put into the coffin.

besarken (beserken), wv. placed in the coffin.

beschëhen, sv. V, happen.

beschëhen, sv. V, occur.

bescheiden, sv. VII, make clear, explain.

modest, sv. VII, clarify, explain.

bescheiden (bescheidenlīch), aj. sensible, prudent.

humble, sensible, prudent

bescheidenheit, sf. understanding, sense, prudence.

humility, n. understanding, sense, prudence.

bescheidenlīchen, av. definitely, clearly, sensibly.

beseechingly, definitely, clearly, sensibly.

beschern, wv. bestow upon, divide, let out.

bestow, wv. grant, share, lease.

bëseme, wm. besom; rod.

cry, wm. crying; root.

besitzen (pret. -saȥ), sv. V, take possession of.

own (pret. -saȥ), sv. V, take possession of.

beslieȥen, sv. II, close, shut.

besorgen, wv. provide, be conscious of; requite.

besorgen, wv. provide, be aware of; requite.

bestān, anom. v. remain; attack, assail;

bestān, anom. v. stay; attack;

einen bestān, concern, belong to.

be concerned, relate to.

beste, aj. and av. best, 9.5, 23.1, 61.

best, aj. and av. best, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

besunder, av. apart.

besunder, av. apart.

175

beswærde, sf. affliction, grief, sadness.

beswærde, sf. distress, sorrow, sadness.

beswæren, wv. afflict, grieve.

beswæren, wv. distress, trouble.

beswern (pret. -swuor, pp. -sworn), sv. VI, take an oath, swear to.

beswern (past -sworn, past participle -sworn), verb VI, to take an oath, to swear.

bëte, sf. request, command.

bëte, sf. demand, order.

bëten, wv. pray, 92.

bëten, wv. pray, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

betrahten, wv. view, consider.

betriegen, sv. II, deceive.

betrügen, sv. II, deceive.

betrüeben, wv. make gloomy or angry.

betrüeben, wv. make sad or angry.

bette, sn. bed, 10, 46.

bette, noun bed, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

bettestat, sf. couch, place of rest.

bettestat, sf. couch, resting spot.

bevëlhen, sv. III, order, recommend; bring home to a person, 19, 34, 81.

bevëlhen, sv. III, order, suggest; make someone understand, 19, 34, 81.

bevinden, sv. III, become sensible of, get to know.

find, sv. III, notice, uncover.

bewachen, wv. watch, guard.

bewachen, wv. monitor, secure.

bewarn, wv. protect, guard against, preserve; avert, ward off, prevent.

bewëgen (sich with gen.), sv. V, resolve to or upon, take upon oneself; part with, cast off.

bewëgen (sich with gen.), sv. V, decide or on, take on; let go, shed.

bewenden (pp. -want), wv. turn to, use.

bewīsen, wv. put right, inform, instruct.

bewīsen, wv. correct, inform, teach.

beȥȥer (superl. beȥȥest, beste), aj. better, 58.

better (superl. best), adj. better, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

beȥȥern, wv. refl. get better, improve.

beȥȥerunge, sf. improvement, 8.

beȥȥerunge, sf. upgrade, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

bī, prep. and av. near, near by, with, beside; thereby;

bī, prep. and av. close to, nearby, alongside; by means of;

bī sīn with dat. of person: be near, have;

bī sīn with dat. of person: be close to, possess;

bī mīnen triuwen, in truth, upon my word!;

bī mīnen triuwen, seriously, I promise!;

bī mīnen zīten, during my lifetime;

bī spotte sīn, like mockery;

bī spotte sīn, like teasing;

bī wësen, remain.

bī wësen, stay.

bibenen (biben, pp. bibent), wv. quake, tremble.

bibenen (biben, pp. bibent), wv. shake, shiver.

biderbe, aj. noble, active, good.

biderbe, aj. noble, energetic, good.

biegen, sv. II, bow, bend, 5, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 33, 78.

bend, sv. II, bow, bend, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_6__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_7__.

bien = bī dën.

bien = bē dën.

bieten, sv. II, offer, show, 5, 11, 18, 25, 78.

offer, sv. II, present, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__.

bilde, sn. example, comparison.

image, noun example, comparison.

bilden, wv. form.

image, wv. form.

billich, aj. becoming, right.

billich, aj. becoming, correct.

billīchen, av. rightly, properly, befittingly.

billīchen, av. correctly, suitably, appropriately.

bin, am, 97.

bin, I am, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

binden, sv. III, bind, fasten, 10 note 2, 11, 12, 15, 33, 81;

binden, sv. III, bind, fasten, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__;

wol gebunden, with the hair neatly braided and decked out.

well tied up, with the hair neatly braided and adorned.

bir, swf. pear, 50.

bear, swf. pear, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

bīten, sv. I, wait, put off, delay, 76.

bīten, sv. I, wait, postpone, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

bit(t)en (pret. bat), sv. V, ask, beg, request, command, 3, 26, 31.3, 84.

bitten (past bat), sv. V, ask, beg, request, command, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.

bitter, aj. bitter, 20, 31.2, 55.

bitter, adj. bitter, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

bitterlīch, aj. bitter, 8.

bitterly, adj. bitter, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

bitterlīchen, av. bitterly.

bitterly, adv. bitterly.

biȥ, sm. bite, 44.

biȥ, sm. snack, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

bīȥen, sv. I, bite, 5, 19, 76.

bite, sv. I, bite, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

blā (-wes), aj. blue, 36, 55.

blā (-wes), adj. blue, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

blanc, aj. white, shining, beautiful.

white, adj. bright, shiny, beautiful.

blāsen, sv. VII, blow, 87.

blāsen, sv. VII, blow, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

blat, sn. leaf.

blī (-ges), snm. lead, 35.

blī (-ges), snm. lead, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

blīben = belīben.

blic (-ckes), sm. glance, look; splendour.

blic (-ckes), sm. glance, look; brilliance.

blīdeclīchen, av. blithely, joyfully.

blithely, av. blithely, joyfully.

blint (-des), aj. blind, 7, 9.2, 55, 56.

blint (-des), adj. blind, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.

bliuwen, sv. II, strike, 16 note, 19, 36, 79.

bliuwen, sv. II, strike, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.

blōȥ, aj. bare, naked; only.

blüejen, blüewen, blüen, wv. bloom, 19, 35, 90.

bluejens, bluewen, blue, vb. bloom, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

blüemen, wv. bloom, 90.

flowers, v. bloom, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

bluome, wmf. flower, blossom.

bluome, wmf. flower, bloom.

176

bluot, sn. blood.

bluot, n. blood.

bluoten, wv. bleed.

bluoten, v. bleed.

boc (-ckes), sm. he-goat, 10, 32.1.

boc (-ckes), sm. male goat, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

böcklīn, sn. little he-goat, 10.

böcklīn, sn. kid, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

bœse, aj. bad, worthless, despicable.

bœse, aj. bad, useless, despicable.

boge, wm. bow.

bölzelīn, sn. little cross-bow, bolt or arrow.

bölzelīn, sn. small crossbow, bolt or arrow.

borgen, wv. borrow.

bote, wm. messenger, 51.

bote, wm. courier, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

bougen, böugen, wv. bend, 10.

bougen, böügen, wv. bend, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

boum, sm. tree.

boom, sm. tree.

bōȥen, sv. VII, beat, strike, 87.

bōȥen, sv. VII, hit, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

brā (brāwe), swf., brow, eyebrow; eyelash, 48.

bra (brow), swf., brow, eyebrow; eyelash, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

brāten, sv. VII, roast, 87.

brāten, sv. VII, roast, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

brëchen, sv. IV, break, pluck, gather; neglect, 82.

brëchen, sv. IV, break, pluck, gather; neglect, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

breit, aj. wide, broad.

wide, adj. wide, broad.

brennen, wv. burn, 10, 11, 90.

brennen, wv. burn, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

bresten, sv. IV, break, burst, be deficient, want, lack, 19.

bresten, sv. IV, break, burst, be lacking, want, lack, 19.

brief (-ves), sm. letter, 33, 44.

brief (-ves), sm. note, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

bringen (pret. brāhte, pret. subj. bræhte), bring, 28, 29, 91;

bring (past tense brought, past subjunctive were to bring), bring, 28, 29, 91;

sich bringen lāȥen, let oneself be brought;

sich bringen lassen, let oneself be brought;

vür bringen, carry out.

vür bringen, execute.

brinnen, sv. III, burn, 81.

brinnen, sv. III, burn, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

briuwen, sv. II, brew, 16 note, 79.

briuwen, sv. II, brew, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

brœde, aj. breakable, perishable.

brœde, aj. fragile, perishable.

brōt, sn. bread.

brugge, brügge (brucke, brücke), sf. bridge, 10 note 3, 26, 31.3.

Brugge, Brügge (Brucke, Brücke), n. bridge, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

brūn, aj. brown; dark-coloured.

brown, adj. brown; dark-colored.

brunne, wm. spring, well, brook.

brunne, wm. spring, well, creek.

bruoch, sf. covering for the upper part of the thigh.

bruoch, n. covering for the upper part of the thigh.

bruoder, sm. brother, 3, 5, 11, 24, 25, 45.

brother, n. sibling, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__.

brust (pl. bruste, brüste), sf. breast, bosom, 10 note 3, 49.

brust (pl. bruste, brüste), sf. breast, bosom, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

brūt (pl. briute), bride, 5, 10, 11.

brūt (pl. briute), bride, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

bū (-wes), smn. cultivated land; farmhouse; dwelling, abode, 42.

bū (-wes), noun cultivated land; farmhouse; living space, home, 42.

büechlīn, sn. little book, 10.

büechlīn, sn. booklet, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

būman (pl. būliute), sm. peasant, farmer, farm labourer.

būman (pl. būliute), sm. peasant, farmer, farm worker.

buoch, sn. book, 10.

buoch, sn. book, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

buosem, sm. bosom, 9.2.

bosom, sm. bosom, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

buoȥ, sm. remedy, compensation, reparation;

remedy, compensation, reparation;

buoȥ tuon c gen., free from, liberate from.

būr, sm. peasant.

bur, sm. farmer.

burc (-ge), sf. castle, town, 10 note 1, 49.

burc (-ge), sf. castle, town, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

burgære, sm. citizen, parishioner.

burgær, sm. citizen, community member.

burt, sf. birth, of good family.

burt, sf. born into a good family.

butze, wm. hobgoblin, bug-bear;

butze, wm. hobgoblin, bugbear;

in butzen wīs, like a ghostly hobgoblin.

in butzen wīs, like a spooky little creature.

būwen, biuwen (pret. biute), wv. till, cultivate, plant.

būwen, biuwen (pret. biute), wv. grow, cultivate, plant.

For c see k.

For c check k.

dā, dār, av. there, where, 39, 69;

there, where, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__;

dā mite, therewith;

dā mite, then;

dā von, thereby;

dā von, thus;

dā vor, before it or that;

before, prior to it or that;

dā zuo, thereby, therewith, thereto.

dā zuo, thus, with that, to that.

dach, sn. covering, 31.3.

roof, noun covering, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

dagen, wv. be silent, 92.

days, whoever. be silent, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

dahte, see decken.

dahte, check decken.

danc (-kes), sm.. thanks, wish;

danc (-kes), sm. thanks, wish;

sunder or an’ mīnen danc, against my wish.

sunder or an' my mind dances, against my will.

danken, wv. thank, 9.2.

thank, wv. thank, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

danne, denne (dan), av. then;

after the comparative, than as;

after the comparative, than as;

in conditional sentences with or without ne = unless.

177

dannen, av. from there, thence; wherefrom, 69.

dannen, av. from there; wherefrom, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

dannoch (dennoch), av. however, even, still; besides, in addition to this; moreover.

dar, dare, av. thither, whither, 69;

dar, dare, av. there, where, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

dar an, thereon, in that, therein;

dar an, then, in that, in it;

dar für, before it;

dar nāch, thereupon, after that;

then, thereupon, after that;

dar umbe, therefore, 69;

give around, therefore, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

dar under, amongst them, in between;

dar under, among them, in between;

dar zuo, besides, in addition.

dar zuo, plus, additionally.

dārinne, darinne, av. therein.

dārinne, darinne, av. there.

daȥ cj. that.

that.

dechein, pr. no, none, 71.

dechein, pr. no, none, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

decken (pret. dacte, dahte), wv. cover, 23.2, 31.3, 32.2, 90.

decken (pret. dacte, dahte), wv. cover, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.

dëgen, sm. warrior, vassal, 11.

dëgen, sm. warrior, vassal, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

dehein, dekein, pr. any one; no, none, 71.

dehein, dekein, pr. anyone; no, none, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

deich = daȥ ich.

deich = that I.

deist = daȥ ist.

deist = that is.

denen (dennen), wv. stretch, 92.

denen (dennen), wv. stretch, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

denken (pret. dāhte), think, 5, 11, 28, 29, 91.

think (pret. thought), think, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__.

denne = danne.

this = that.

dennoch, see dannoch.

nonetheless, see however.

dër, daȥ, diu, def. art., dem. pr., and rel. pr., the, who; 9.6, 68, 69;

dës, av. with which, thereby, therefore, wherefore.

dës, av. with which, thus, therefore, why.

derfüre, av. out.

therefore, for out.

dernider, av. down.

dernider, av. below.

dërst = dër ist.

dërst = there is.

dēst, deis, dēs = daȥ ist, 68 note 1.

dēst, deis, dēs = that is, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

deste, av. the more, all the more;

deste, av. even more;

before comparatives, the, so much, 11.

before comparatives, the, so much, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

dēswār (= daȥ ist wār), av. truly, in truth, indeed.

dewëder, dwëder, pr. one of two, neither of two, 71.

deȥ = daȥ.

dic (dicke), aj. thick, dark, 55;

dic (dicke), adj. thick, dark, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

av. dicke, often;

av. thick, often;

dicke baȥ, often still better.

thick but, often still better.

die = Middle Germ. form of dër.

die = Middle German form of dër.

diech = daȥ ich.

diech = that I.

diemüete, sf. humility.

dien = die en.

dien = the end.

dienen, wv. serve, earn, deserve; requite, 9.2, 92.

serve, v. serve, earn, deserve; repay, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

dienest (dienst), sm. service, serviceableness; devotion, 9.2;

dienest (dienst), sm. service, usefulness; devotion, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

ze dienste, out of devotion.

the service, out of devotion.

dienstman, sm. servant, feoffee.

dienstman, sm. servant, trustee.

diep (-bes), sm. thief;

diep (-bes), sm. robber;

ze diebe wërden, become a thief.

Thieves will, become a thief.

dieȥen, sv. II, resound, roar, rush, 18, 78.

dieȥen, sv. II, echo, roar, rush, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

dīhen (pret. dēch, pp. gedigen), sv. I, thrive, 17, 30, 76.

dīhen (pret. dēch, pp. gedigen), sv. I, thrive, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

dīn, pr. thy, 9.3, 67.

religion, pr. your, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

dinc (-ges), sn. thing, affair, 46.

dinc (-ges), sn. thing, matter, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

dingen, wv. speak, make a contract.

things, wv. speak, make a contract.

dirre, diser, dise (neut. ditze, diz, diȥ; fem. disiu), pr. this, 68.

dirre, diser, dise (neut. ditze, diz, diȥ; fem. disiu), pr. this, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

diuhen, wv. change, remove; press, shove.

diuhen, wv. change, remove; push.

diuten, wv. intimate, relate, display.

diuten, wv. connect, express, show.

diuwe (diw), sf. servant, 48.

diuwe (diw), sf. servant, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

dō, do, av. and cj. then, when, as, 69.

dō, do, av. and cj. then, when, as, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

doch, av. yet, however, nevertheless.

yet, however, nevertheless.

dol, sf. suffering, pain, distress, misery, 48.

dol, sf. suffering, pain, distress, misery, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

doln, wv. endure, tolerate, suffer, 90.

doln, wv. endure, tolerate, suffer, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

dōn, tōn (pl. dœne), sm. sound, melody, song.

donreslac (-ges), sm. thunder-clap, lightning,

donreslac (-ges), sm. thunderclap, lightning,

dorf (pl. dörfer), sn. village, hamlet, 10.

dorf (pl. dörfer), sn. village, neighborhood, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

dorn, sm. thorn, 24.

dorn, sm. thorn, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

dörperlīch, aj. peasant-like, rustic.

dörperlīch, aj. rural, rustic.

dort, av. there, yonder.

there, yonder.

178

douwen, döuwen, wv. digest, 10.

douwen, döuwen, v. digest, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

dræjen (dræn), wv. turn, 35, 90.

dræjen (dræn), wv. turn, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

drāte, av. quickly, immediately;

drāte, av. fast, now;

alsō drāte, directly, forthwith.

also direct, immediately, right away.

dreschen, sv. IV, thrash, 11, 82.

thrash, sv. IV, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

drī (neut. driu), num. three, 62, 63;

drī (neut. driu), num. three, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__;

drīer hande, of three kinds.

drier hand, of three types.

dringen, sv. III, press, throng, shoot up, also sn., 81;

dringen, sv. III, push, crowd, increase rapidly, also sn., 81;

für sich dringen, press forwards, spread.

push through, proceed, grow.

drīstunt, av. thrice.

drīstunt, av. three times.

dritte, drite, num. third, 26, 62.

third, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

drīvaltic, aj. threefold.

drīvaltic, adj. threefold.

drīȥic (-ec), num. thirty, 62.

drīȥic (-ec), num. thirty, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

drīzëhen, num. thirteen, 62.

drīzëhen, num. 13, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

drīzëhende, num. thirteenth, 62.

drīzëhende, num. thirteenth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

drīȥigeste, num. thirtieth, 62.

drīȥigeste, num. thirtieth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

drouwe (drowe, drō), sf. threat, threatening.

drouwen, dröuwen, wv. threaten, 3, 10.

drouwen, dröuwen, wv. threaten, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

drucken, drücken, wv. press, 10 note 3, 90.

print, press, vb. press, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

drūfe = dar ūfe.

drūfe = dar ufe.

drumb(e), av. to that end, therefore.

drumb(e), av. so, therefore.

drunder = dar under.

drunder = down under.

dū, du, pr. thou;

you, you, pron. you;

gen. dīn; dat. dir; acc. dich;

gen. din; dat. you; acc. you;

pl. nom. ir; gen. iuwer; dat. iu; acc. iuch, 65.

pl. nom. ir; gen. iuwer; dat. iu; acc. iuch, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

dulden, wv. endure.

endure, wv. endure.

dūme, wm. thumb.

thumb, noun. thumb.

dunken, dünken (pret. dūhte, pret. subj. diuhte), seem, appear, 5, 10 note 2, 11, 29, 91;

dunken, dünken (past tense dūhte, past subjunctive diuhte), seem, appear, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__;

sich ze nihte dunken, to imagine oneself undone.

sich ze nihte dunken, to think of oneself as finished.

dünne, aj. thin, 5, 10, 11, 55.

thin, adj. thin, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.

durch (dur), prep. through, on account of, for, for the sake of, 34;

through (dur), prep. through, because of, for, for the benefit of, 34;

dur daȥ, on this account, for that reason, therefore;

because of that, for that reason, therefore;

durch plates stimme, for drawing sounds or notes from the leaf; for making a whistling sound on the leaf;

through plate's voice, for producing sounds or notes from the leaf; for creating a whistling sound on the leaf;

durch sīnen muot, through his (childish) mind.

through his mind, through his (childish) mind.

durfen, dürfen (pres. sing. darf, pret. dorfte, pret. subj. dörfte), pret. pres. need, 16, 93.

dürfen (present singular darf, past dorfte, past subjunctive dörfte), past present need, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

durftige, wm. beggar, one in want of help.

beggar, wm. someone needing help.

dūȥ = du ëȥ.

ē, ēr, av. formerly, rather, sooner, before, 39, 61.

ē, ēr, av. before, earlier, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

ëben, aj. even, 55, 60.

even, yes. even, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

ëbene, av. evenly, smoothly, well-fitting, 60.

level, ad. evenly, smoothly, well-fitting, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

ecke, swf., sn. corner, 31.3.

corner, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

edel(e), aj. and av. noble, 60.

noble, adj. and adv. noble, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

edelinc, sm. son of a nobleman, 8.

edelinc, sm. nobleman's son, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

edeln, wv. ennoble.

edeln, wv. elevate.

egen, wv. harrow.

egeslīch (eislīch), aj. fearful, terrible, 37.

egeslīch (eislīch), aj. scary, awful, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

ëht (ē̆t, ō̆t), av. only; even, at any rate, 34.

ëht (ē̆t, ō̆t), av. only; even, in any case, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

ei (pl. eijer, eiger, eier), sn. egg, 35, 47.

ei (pl. eijer, eiger, eier), sn. egg, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

ei, interj. ah.

eiden, wv. take an oath, pledge.

swear, wv. take an oath, pledge.

eigen, aj. own, 55.

eigen, adj. own, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

eigen, sn. property;

eigen, n. property;

ze eigen gëben, present.

their own give, present.

eilfte, aj. eleventh, 62.

eleventh, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

ein, num. and indef. art. one; a, an, 9.3, 62, 63;

one; a, an, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__;

indef, pr. one, some one, 71.

indef, pr. one, someone, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

einander, pr. one another.

one another

eine, av. alone.

one, av. alone.

eines, av. once.

one, of once.

einic (-ec), aj. only, single.

single, adj. only.

einlif, einlef (eilif), num. eleven, 62.

einlif, einlef (eilif), num. eleven, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

ei(n)lifte (eilfte), num. eleventh, 62.

ei(n)lifte (eilfte), num. eleventh, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

179

eischen, sv. VII, ask, demand.

eislīch, see egeslīch.

scary, see terrifying.

eit (-des), sm. oath.

eit (-des), sm. pledge.

element, sn. element.

element, noun element.

ēlīch, aj. legal, conjugal.

legal, marital

ellen, sn.courage, valour; manliness.

ellen, sn. courage, bravery; manliness.

ellenboge, wm. elbow.

ellenden, wv. go abroad.

Ellenden, wv. travel abroad.

ellich, aj. universal, constant.

ellich, aj. universal, always.

elter, aj. older.

elder, adj. older.

eltlīch, aj. elderly, old.

eltlīch, aj. old.

emphëlhen, sv. III, recommend, 81.

emphëlhen, sv. III, suggest, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

emzekeit, sf. activity, diligence, industry.

emzekeit, sf. effort, hard work, productivity.

en, neg. particle, generally used before the verb with or without niht after the verb, not.

en, neg. particle, usually placed before the verb with or without niht following the verb, not.

en in subordinate sentences with the subjunctive, unless, if not, except that, when that, that not, &c.

en = in;

shortened form of dën.

short version of dën.

enbërn, sv. IV, be without a thing, do without.

enbërn, sv. IV, be without something, do without.

enbieten, sv. II, bid, announce, summon.

enbieten, sv. II, offer, announce, summon.

enblanden, sv. VII, let be painful or irksome to.

enblanden, sv. VII, let be painful or annoying to.

enblecken, wv. make visible, expose.

enblecken, wv. reveal, uncover.

ende, sn. end.

end, noun end.

endelīchen, av. throughout, entirely.

entirely, av. throughout, completely.

enden, wv. end, finish.

finish, wv. end, complete.

enein = in ein.

enge, aj. narrow, 55.

enge, aj. narrow, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

enge, sf. narrow place, strait, difficulty.

enge, sf. narrow spot, strait, challenge.

engel, sm. angel, 9.2, 42.

angel, sm. angel, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

Engellant, pn. England, 54.

Engellant, pn. England, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

engëlten, sv. III, pay, requite.

engëlten, sv. III, compensate, repay.

enges(t)līch, aj. anxious, timid, dangerous.

anxious, timid, dangerous.

enke, wm. man who tends the cattle.

enke, wm. cowboy.

enmitten, av. in the midst;

in the midst;

enmitten dō, during, whilst.

enmitten dō, during, while.

enpfāhen, enpfān, sv. VII, accept, receive.

enpfallen, sv. VII, pass away, perish.

enpfallen, sv. VII, pass away, die.

enpfinden, sv. III, perceive, become conscious of.

enpfinden, sv. III, perceive, become aware of.

enpflëgen, sv. V, care for, cherish.

enphëlhen, sv. III, order, recommend, 81.

enphëlhen, sv. III, order, recommend, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

entrinnen, sv. III, escape.

escape, sv. III, escape.

entsagen, wv. free, remove, withdraw.

renounce, wv. free, remove, withdraw.

entseben (-seven), sv. VI, perceive, 86.

entseben (-seven), sv. VI, perceive, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

entsetzen, wv. bereave, rob.

dismay, v. deprive, take away.

entslāfen, sv. VII, fall asleep.

fall asleep

en(t)springen, sv. III, spring up, shoot up, shoot forth.

entstān, sv. VI, understand.

understand

entwër, entwërch, av. athwart; perversely.

entwër, entwërch, av. across; perversely.

entwësen, sv. V, be without, do without.

entwësen, sv. V, go without.

entwīchen, sv. I, yield, go away.

entwīchen, sv. I, escape, leave.

enwëc, av. away.

enzīt, av. by times, soon.

enzīt, av. occasionally, soon.

enzünden, wv. light, kindle.

light, wv. ignite, kindle.

enzwischen, prep. between.

between

ër, si (sī, siu, sie), ëȥ, pr. he, she, it;

gen. sīn (ës), ir, ës; dat. im(e), ir, im(e); acc. in, sie (si, sī), ëȥ (iȥ);

gen. sin (es), er, es; dat. ihm, er, ihm; acc. in, sie (sie, sie), es (es);

pl. nom. acc. si, sī, sie, neut. also siu; gen. ir(e); dat. in, 65.

pl. nom. acc. si, sī, sie, neut. also siu; gen. ir(e); dat. in, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

ērbære, aj. honourable, decent, modest.

ērbære, aj. honorable, decent, modest.

erbarmen, wv. move to pity.

erbarmen, wv. show compassion.

erbe, sn. inherited property, inheritance.

erbeit = arbeit.

erbeit = work.

erbeiten, wv. work, have trouble;

erbeiten, wv. work, struggle;

c. gen. wait for.

wait for.

erbëlgen, sv. III, become angry, grow angry.

erbëlgen, sv. III, get angry.

180

erben, wv. be hereditary, descend from generation to generation.

erben, wv. to inherit, passed down from one generation to the next.

erbieten, sv. II, show, manifest.

erbieten, sv. II, display, reveal.

erbīten, sv. I, wait.

erbleichen, wv. become pale.

erbleichen, wv. turn pale.

erbolgen, pp. angered, angry with.

erbolgen, pp. upset, mad with.

erbürn, wv. raise, lift up.

erbürn, wv. lift up.

ërde, wf. earth, world, 14.2.

ërde, wf. earth, world, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

erdenken (pret. erdāhte, pret. subj. erdæhte), wv. think out, devise, contrive.

think out, devise, contrive.

ërderīch = ërtrīch.

erdieȥen, sv. II, resound, re-echo.

erdieȥen, sv. II, echo.

erdringen, sv. III, gain by force.

erdringen, sv. III, gain forcibly.

erdröuwen, wv. compel by threats.

erdröuwen, wv. coerce by threats.

ēre, wf. honour, renown, 11.

ēre, wf. honor, fame, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

ēren, wv. honour.

ēren, wv. respect.

ērest, ērste, aj. first, 59.

first, first, adj. first, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

ergāhen, wv. overtake, go to meet.

ergāhen, wv. catch up, meet.

ergān, sv. VII, come out, happen.

ergān, sv. VII, emerge, occur.

erge, sf. wickedness.

erge, sf. evil.

ergëben, sv. V, submit, devote.

ergëben, sv. V, submit, dedicate.

ergetzen, wv. cause to forget, compensate.

ergetzen, wv. make forget, compensate.

ergrīfen, sv. I, seize.

ergrīfen, sv. I, capture.

erhāhen, erhān, sv. VII, hang.

erheben, sv. VI, raise;

raise

refl. rise.

ref. climb.

erhœren, wv. hear.

erhœren, wv. listen.

erkalten, wv. become cold.

erkalten, wv. get cold.

erkant, aj. known.

erkant, aj. known.

erkennelich, aj. well-known, renowned.

erkennelich, aj. famous, renowned.

erkennen (pret. -kante, -kande), wv. recognize, perceive, understand; know.

erkiesen, sv. II, elect, select, choose.

erklengen, wv. make resonant or sonorous.

erklengen, wv. create a resonant or sonorous sound.

erlāȥen, erlān, sv. VII, release, forgive.

erlengen, wv. lengthen.

erlengen, wv. extend.

erleschen, sv. IV, extinguish.

erleschen, sv. IV, go out.

erlīden, sv. I, suffer.

erlīden, sv. I, endure.

erlouben, erlöuben, wv. allow, permit, 10.

erlouben, erlöuben, wv. allow, permit, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

erlœsen (pp. erlōst), wv. remove, free, deliver.

ermordern, wv. murder.

ermorden, verb. murder.

ern, eren, erren (pret. ier, pp. gearn), sv. VII, till, plough, 87.

ern, eren, erren (pret. ier, pp. gearn), sv. VII, till, plough, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

ërn = ër ne.

ernern, wv. rescue, heal, cure.

ernern, wv. save, heal, cure.

erniuwen, wv. renew.

erniuwen, wv. refresh.

ërnst, sm. fervour.

ërnst, sm. passion.

errëchen, sv. IV, avenge.

errëchen, sv. IV, take revenge.

ērrer, ērre, ërre, aj. former, 59.

ērrer, ērre, ërre, aj. former, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

erringen, sv. III, gain, obtain, get.

erscheinen, wv. show, make to appear.

show, wv. make appear.

erschëllen, sv. III, resound.

resound, sv. III.

erschieȥen, sv. II, shoot, shoot through, pierce to death.

erschießen, sv. II, shoot, shoot through, pierce to death.

erschīnen, sv. I, appear; dawn.

appear, sv. I, appear; dawn.

erschrëcken, sv. IV, frighten, become frightened;

erschrëcken, sv. IV, scare, get scared;

refl. c. gen. become frightened at.

become scared of.

erschrīen (pret. -schrē), sv. I, shriek, cry out.

ershrieen (pret. -schree), sv. I, shriek, cry out.

ersëhen, sv. V, see, perceive.

erslahen, erslān, sv. VI, slay, kill.

ēr(e)st, ērste, av. at first, so soon as, 61.

at first, as soon as, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

ērste, num. first, 9.5, 62.

ERSTE, num. first, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

erstërben, sv. III, die.

extinguir, sv. III, die.

erstrecken (pret. erstracte), wv. expand, spread out.

erstrecken (pret. erstracte), wv. extend, spread out.

ërtrīch (ërderīch), sn. earth, world.

ërtrīch (ërderīch), n. earth, world.

ertrinken, sv. III, drown, perish.

ertrinken, sv. III, drown, die.

ervëhten, sv. IV, gain by fighting;

ervëhten, sv. IV, win by battling;

with abe and dat.: win or gain from by fighting.

with abe and dat.: win or gain by fighting.

ervinden, sv. III, experience, get to know.

discover, v. III, experience, get to know.

181

ervollen, wv. become full.

ervollen, wv. become filled.

ervröuwen, wv. rejoice, make glad.

ervröuwen, wv. rejoice, celebrate.

erwachen, wv. awake.

erwachen, wv. awaken.

erwecken (pret. -wahte), wv. waken, awaken.

erwecken (pret. -wahte), wv. wake, awaken.

erweln, wv. elect, choose.

erwërben, sv. III, reach, attain, acquire, beget.

erwërben, sv. III, achieve, obtain, acquire, beget.

erwern, wv. prevent, hinder.

erwern, wv. stop, block.

erwinden, sv. III, turn round; be thrown back, be reflected.

erwinden, sv. III, turn around; be thrown back, be reflected.

erzeigen, wv. show, prove.

zeigen, wv. show, prove.

erziehen, sv. II, bring up, educate.

erziehen, sv. II, raise, educate.

esche, wf. ash.

Esche, wf. ash.

ët, ēt = ëht.

etelīch, eteslīch (etlīch, etslīch), pr. many a one, any one;

many people, anyone;

pl. some, 71.

pl. some, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

etewër, eteswër, pr. any or some one;

neut. etewaȥ, anything, something, 70, 71.

neut. etewaȥ, anything, something, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

ettewanne (eteswenne, ettewenne), av. sometimes.

sometimes.

ēvangēlium, sn. gospel.

gospel

ēwic, aj. everlasting.

ēwic, adj. eternal.

ēwiclīchen, av. ever, everlastingly.

ēwiclīchen, av. always, forever.

ëȥ, pr. it, 65.

ëȥ, pron. it, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

ëȥȥen (pp. gëȥȥen), sv. V, eat, 9.7, 19, 20, 23.1, 28, 83.

ëȥȥen (pp. gëȥȥen), sv. V, eat, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__.

For f see v.

For f, see v.

gābe, sf. gift.

gābe, sf. present.

gabylōt, gabilōt, sn. small javelin or dart.

gabylōt, gabilōt, n. small javelin or dart.

gāch (-hes), aj. quick, rapid, 55;

gāch (-hes), aj. fast, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

gāch wësen (with dat. of pers.), be in a hurry;

gāch wësen (with dat. of pers.), be in a rush;

mir ist gāch, I hasten;

I'm in a hurry;

gen. gāhes as av.

gen. gāhes as av.

gadem, sn. room, bed-room; house, 46.

gadem, sn. room, bedroom; house, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

gæhe, aj. quick, hasty.

gæhe, aj. fast, hurried.

gāhelōs, aj. fickle, wanton.

gāhelōs, aj. playful, unpredictable.

gāhen, gæhen, wv. hasten, hurry.

hasten, hurry

Gahmuret, pn. the name of Parzival’s father.

Gahmuret, pn. Parzival’s dad.

galge, wm. gallows, scaffold.

gallows, wm. gallows, scaffold.

galle, swf. gall, bitterness, grief.

gall, bitterness, grief.

gan, see gunnen.

got, see gonna.

gān, gēn, sv. VII, go, 87, 95;

go, go, sv. VII, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__;

umbe gān, go or turn round.

turn around.

ganz, aj. whole, entire, complete, 19, 60.3.

whole, entire, complete, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

ganzlīche(n), av. completely, 60.3.

completely, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

gar (-wes), aj. ready, prepared, 9.1, 36, 55.

ready, prepared, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

gar, av. fully, entirely, completely.

gar, av. all in, totally, completely.

gart, sm. goad, whip.

goad, whip

gartenære, sm. gardener, 8.

gartenære, sm. garden worker, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

gast (pl. geste), stranger, guest, 3, 5, 10, 11, 44.

guest (pl. guests), stranger, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__.

gearbeiten, wv. work.

gearbeiten, wv. working.

gebærde, sf. countenance.

gebærde, sf. demeanor.

gebāren, wv. behave, conduct oneself.

gebāren, wv. behave, carry oneself.

gëbe, sf. gift, 7, 48.

give, noun gift, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

gebeine, sn. bones, remains.

bones, sn. remains.

gëben, sv. V, give, grant, 5, 12, 14.2, 25, 28, 33, 83.

give, verb V, give, grant, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_6__.

gëben, pp. = gegëben.

gëben, pp. = given.

gebende, sn. head-dress.

headpiece, sn. head-dress.

gebët, sn. prayer.

gebieten, sv. II, order, command.

areas, sv. II, order, command.

gebot, sn. command, order, commandment.

gebot, sn. command, order, rule.

gebrëchen = brëchen.

breaking = break.

gebreste, wm. defect, waste.

defect, waste.

gebresten = bresten.

gebresten = breasts.

gebüeȥen, wv. atone for, improve.

gebüeȥen, wv. atone, enhance.

gebūre, wm. peasant, citizen.

gebūre, wm. farmer, citizen.

geburt, sf. birth, noble birth.

birth, sf. birth, noble birth.

182

gedagen, wv. keep silent.

gedagen, wv. stay quiet.

gedanc, sm. thought, 44.

gedanc, sm. thought, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

gedanken = danken.

thoughts = thanks.

gedenken (pret. -dāhte), wv. think, intend, strive; bear in mind, remember.

gedenken (pret. -dāhte), wv. think, intend, strive; keep in mind, remember.

gedienen, wv. earn, deserve, obtain.

served, vb. earn, deserve, obtain.

gedīhen (gedīen), sv. I, thrive, speed well, advance.

gedīhen (gedīen), sv. I, thrive, do well, advance.

gedinge, wm. or sfn. hope, confidence; thought; contract.

ginger, wm. or sfn. hope, confidence; thought; contract.

gedingen, wv. negotiate.

bargain, v. negotiate.

gedranc (-ges), sm. thronging, crowd.

gedranc (-ges), sm. crowd.

gedulde, gedult, sf. patience.

gedulteclīchen, av. patiently.

gedultic (-ec), aj. patient, indulgent, 10 note 1.

gedultic (-ec), adj. patient, tolerant, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

gedultikeit, sf. patience.

gedultikeit, noun patience.

geenden, wv. end, finish.

end, v. complete, finish.

gefüege, aj. befitting, suitable, seemly.

gefüege, aj. appropriate, fitting, proper.

gefuoge, sf. fitness, good breeding.

gefuoge, sf. fitness, good traits.

gegān = gān.

gegëben = gëben.

given = give.

gëgen (gein), prep. against, opposite to, towards, to; at, for, 37.

gegihte, sn. gout, cramp.

gout, sn. cramp.

gegrüeȥen, wv. greet, salute.

greet, wv. greet, salute.

gehaben (refl.), wv. be, fare, feel.

gehaben (refl.), wv. be, behave, feel.

geheiȥen, sv. VII, promise; call, name.

geheiȥen, sv. VII, promise; call; name.

gehëlfen = hëlfen.

helped = help.

gehenge, sf. permission.

go ahead, sf. permission.

gehiure, aj. lovely, charming, gracious.

gehœnen, wv. dishonour, abuse, revile, curse.

gehœnen, wv. dishonor, abuse, revile, curse.

gehœren, wv. hear.

gehören, wv. hear.

gehōrsam(e), sf. obedience.

geil, aj. joyous, joyful, gay.

awesome, aj. joyous, joyful, gay.

geist, sm. spirit, mind, ghost.

geist, sm. spirit, mind, phantom.

gejegede, sn. hunt.

gejegede, sn. hunting.

geklopfen, wv. knock.

knock, wv. knock.

gël (-wes), aj. yellow, 55.

gël (-wes), adj. yellow, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

gelāȥ, snm. formation, figure, shape.

gelëben, wv. live, live to see.

gelëben, wv. live, experience.

geleischiert, pp. with or having the reins of the horse slack;

geleischiert, pp. with or having the reins of the horse loose;

see leischieren.

geleisten = leisten.

geleisten = contribute.

geleit = geleget.

geleite, sn. protection, retinue;

geleite, sn. escort, protection;

wm. attendant, companion.

wm. assistant, friend.

gëlf (gëlph), aj. shining; merry, insolent.

gëlf (gëlph), adj. bright; cheerful, cheeky.

gelīch (glīch), aj. like, same, straight, even, 9.7;

gelīch (glīch), adj. like, same, straight, even, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

av. gelīche, equally, in like manner.

equally

gelīchen, refl. wv. be like, be equal; resemble.

gelieben, wv. love, make dear, please.

gelieben, wv. love, cherish, please.

geligen, sv. V, succumb, be ruined.

geligen, sv. V, give in, be ruined.

gelimpfen, wv. be meet, 23.2.

gelimpfen, wv. to be present, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

gelingen, sv. III, succeed, 81;

succeed, sv. III, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

mir gelingt wol, I have good success.

I'm doing well, I have good success.

gelit, glit (-des), sn. member, 9.7.

gelit, glit (-des), sn. member, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

geloube, wm. faith.

geloube, wm. belief.

gelouben, gelöuben, wv. believe, think, 10, 33, 90.

gelouben, gelöuben, wv. believe, think, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

gëlt (-des), sn. money.

gëlt (-des), n. cash.

gëlten, sv. III, pay, requite; procure, 9.4 note, 81.

gëlten, sv. III, to pay, to repay; to obtain, 9.4 note, 81.

gelücke, sn. good fortune, happiness.

gelücke, sn. luck, happiness.

gelust, sm. wish, desire; joy, pleasure.

gelust, sm. desire; joy, pleasure.

gemach, smn., rest, ease; bedroom.

gemach, smn., rest, comfort; bedroom.

gemachen, wv. make.

make

gemahele, wf. bride.

gemahele, wf. wife.

gemeine, aj. common, familiar.

common, adj. common, familiar.

gemeit, aj. happy, joyful.

gemeit, aj. joyful.

gemēren, wv. increase.

gemēren, wv. grow.

gemīden, sv. I, avoid, keep at a distance.

gemīden, sv. I, avoid, stay away.

183

gemīten, sv. I, shun, avoid.

gemīten, sv. I, ignore, dodge.

gemüete, sn. disposition, desire, longing; heart.

gemüete, sn. mood, desire, longing; heart.

gemuot, aj. minded, disposed, inclined.

gemuot, aj. open-minded, inclined.

genāde, gnāde, sf. grace, favour, kindness, 9.7;

genāde, gnāde, sf. grace, favor, kindness, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

in addressing a person: be gracious;

in addressing a person: be kind;

genāde sagen, thank;

thank you;

ūf genāde, graciously.

ūf genāde, kindly.

genādelōs, aj. unhappy, without grace.

genādelōs, aj. unhappy, lacking grace.

genāden, wv. to thank.

genāden, wv. to appreciate.

genædic, aj. gracious, merciful.

genædic, adj. kind, compassionate.

genæme, aj. beloved, dear, pleasant.

genæme, aj. loved, cherished, nice.

genanne, gnanne, wm. namesake, 9.7.

genanne, gnanne, wm. namesake, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

genësen, sv. V, recover, become well or free, 30, 83.

geneses, sv. V, recover, improve or be free, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

genieten, wv. refl. rejoice, be glad, become satisfied with.

enjoy, refl. verb. rejoice, be happy, feel content with.

genieȥen, sv. II c. gen., enjoy, have advantage of; make use of, use as food.

genieȥen, sv. II c. gen., enjoy, have the benefit of; utilize, use as nourishment.

genisbære, aj. healable, curable.

genisbære, aj. fixable, treatable.

genislīch, aj. healable, curable.

genislīch, adj. healable, curable.

genist, sf. recovery.

genōȥ, sm. companion.

genōȥ, sm. friend.

genōȥen (hin ze), wv. compare, compare with.

genōȥen (hin ze), wv. compare, compare to.

genüegen, wv. be sufficient, suffice;

sufficient, wv. be sufficient, suffice;

mich genüeget dës, that is enough for me.

That's good for me.

genuoc, gnuoc, aj. and av. enough, 9.7;

genuoc, gnuoc, aj. and av. enough, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

pl. many;

pl. many;

as indecl. sb. with gen. enough.

as indef. sb. with gen. enough.

genüogen = genüegen.

gequeln, wv. plague, torment.

gequeln, wv. torture, torment.

gër, gir, sf. longing, eager desire.

gër, gir, sf. longing, intense desire.

gerāde, grāde, aj. quick, 9.7.

gerāde, grāde, aj. fast, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

gerāten (pret. -riet), sv. VII, advise; come at; prosper, thrive, succeed.

gerāten (past tense -riet), strong verb VII, to advise; to come about; to prosper, thrive, succeed.

gerëch, grëch, aj. straight, 9.7.

gerëch, grëch, aj. straight, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

gerich, sm. revenge, vengeance.

gerich, sm. revenge.

gerihte, sn. jurisdiction.

gerihte, sn. authority.

gerinclīchen, av. small, easily.

gerinclīchen, av. tiny, easily.

geringen, sv. III, struggle, strive.

small, sv. III, struggle, strive.

geriute, sn. arable land.

geriute, sn. farmland.

geriuwen, wv. repent, lament.

geriuwen, wv. feel sorry, grieve.

gërn (with gen. and dat.), wv. long for, yearn for, desire, want, hanker after.

gërn (with gen. and dat.), wv. long for, yearn for, desire, want, crave.

gërne, av. willingly, gladly.

gërne, av. willingly, happily.

gerte, swf. rod.

whip, swf. rod.

gerūmen, wv. leave, make room.

gerūmen, wv. leave, create space.

geruochen, wv. be pleased, hold good for.

geruochen, wv. be pleased, apply.

gesagen, wv. say, tell.

geschaffen, sv. VI, provide, care for, create.

created, sv. VI, provide, care for, create.

geschaft, sf. creature, 28.

business, sf. creature, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

geschëhen, sv. V, happen, fall to one’s lot or share, 19, 34, 83.

geschëhen, sv. V, to happen, to befall one’s lot or share, 19, 34, 83.

geschiht, sf. occurrence, event.

geschlähte, sn. race, generation, 10.

geschlähte, sn. race, generation, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

gesëgen, wv. bless.

blessed, v. bless.

gesëhen = sëhen.

to see = see.

geselle, wm. companion.

geselle, wm. partner.

geselleschaft, sf. company.

société, sf. company.

gesīn = sīn.

gesinde, sn. retinue;

retinue

wm. retainer.

wm. retainer.

gesingen = singen.

singing = sing.

gesitzen = sitzen.

gesmac, sm. taste, smell.

gesmac, sm. flavor, scent.

gesorgen, wv. trouble oneself; fear, dread.

gesorgen, wv. worry; fear, dread.

gespile, wm. play-mate, comrade.

gespile, wm. friend, companion.

gesprëchen = sprëchen.

talking = speaking.

gestān, sv. VI, remain.

gestān, sv. VI, stay.

gesteine, sn. precious stones.

gesteine, sn. gemstones.

gestern, av. yesterday.

yesterday

gestrīten, sv. I, quarrel, fight, strive.

gestrīten, sv. I, argue, battle, struggle.

gesūmen, wv. stay, delay, let one wait.

gesūmen, wv. wait, delay, hold up.

184

gesunde (gesunt), aj. healthy, alive.

healthy

gesunt, sm. health.

Gesund, sm. health.

gesweigen, wv. bring to silence.

silenced, wv. bring to silence.

geswīchen, sv. I, weary, tire; leave in the lurch.

geswīchen, sv. I, tired, exhaust; abandon.

getar = tar, see turren.

getar = tar, see turren.

getragen = tragen.

worn = wear.

getriulīch, aj. through, owing to faithfulness.

getriulīch, adj. through, due to fidelity.

getriuten, wv. love, like, be fond of.

getriuten, wv. love, like, be into.

getriuwe, aj. faithful, good.

getriuwe, adj. loyal, virtuous.

getriuwen, getrūwen, wv. trust, confide in.

getriuwen, getrūwen, wv. trust, confide in.

getrœsten, wv. refl. bear with patience, forget.

getrœsten, wv. refl. endure, move on.

getrūren, wv. mourn, grieve, be downcast.

getrūren, wv. mourn, grieve, be sad.

getrūwen, see getriuwen.

getuon = tuon.

geturren, pret. pres. dare, venture.

geturren, present tense dare, venture.

getweln, wv. dwell, stay.

getweln, wv. reside, remain.

gevallen, sv. VII, fall to one’s lot, please.

gevallen, sv. VII, to fall to someone’s lot, to please.

gevangen(e), wm. prisoner, 50.

gevangen(e), wm. inmate, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

gevar, aj. having colour.

gevar, adj. colored.

gevarn, sv. VI, go, travel;

wol gevarn, make a successful journey.

wol gevarn, have a successful trip.

gevolgen, wv. obey.

consequences, to comply.

gevüege, gefüege, aj. courteous, well-bred.

courteous, well-mannered.

gewæte, sn. clothing.

gewæte, sn. apparel.

gewähenen, sv. VI, mention, 86.

gewähenen, sv. VI, mention, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

gewalt, smf. power, might, command.

power, smf. authority, influence, control.

gewalteclīch, aj. violent, mighty;

violent, powerful;

av. gewalteclīche.

av. violent.

gewaltic, aj. powerful, mighty.

gewaltic, adj. powerful, strong.

gewant, sn. clothing.

gewant, sn. apparel.

gewant (pp. of wenden), conditioned, circumstanced;

so gewante sache, of such a nature;

ëȥ ist alsō gewant, it is important;

ëȥ ist niht alsō gewant, the matter is not so.

It's not like that, the matter is not so.

gewar(e), aj. sensible, mindful.

gewar(e), aj. aware, considerate.

geweinen, wv. weep, cry.

weeping, wv. weep, cry.

gewenen, wv. accustom.

accustomed, wv. accustom.

gewenken, wv. waver, vacillate; bend, turn.

gewenken, wv. waver, hesitate; bend, turn.

gewërbe, sn. activity.

business, n. activity.

gewërn, wv. perceive, perform.

gewërn, wv. see, do.

gewërren, sv. III, be troublesome, hinder.

gewërren, sv. III, be a nuisance, hinder.

gewin (-nnes), sm. gain, advantage.

gain (-s), n. benefit, advantage.

gewinnen, sv. III, get, gain, obtain, receive, 81;

win, verb III, get, gain, obtain, receive, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

für sich gewinnen, get for oneself.

win over, get for yourself.

gewis (-sses), aj. certain, sure, 31.

definitely (-sses), aj. certain, sure, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

gewisse, av. surely, truly, certainly.

certainly, av. surely, truly, definitely.

gewonheit, sf. custom.

gewonheit, sf. habit.

gewürme, sn. worm, insect; reptile, creeping creature.

gewürme, sn. worm, insect; reptile, crawling creature.

gezëmen, sv. IV, become, beseem;

become, sv. IV, appropriate;

mich gezimt dës, that pleases me.

I'm happy about this.

gezierde, sf. adornment.

ornament, noun adornment.

gezwicken, wv. pinch, pull, pluck.

gezwicken, wv. pinch, tug, pluck.

gieȥen, sv. II, pour, 28, 78.

give, sv. II, pour, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

gift, sf. gift, 28.

gift, sf. gift, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

giht, third pers. sing. of jëhen.

giht, third person singular of jëhen.

gir, see gër.

girl, see girl.

gīst = gibest, 37.

gīst = give, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

gīt = gibet, 37.

gīt = gibet, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

glast, sm. splendour.

glam, sm. shine.

glīchnisse, sn. parable.

glīchnisse, sn. story.

glocke, sf. bell.

bell, sf. bell.

gnanne, see genanne.

gnanne, check genanne.

golt, sn. gold, 3, 15.

golt, sn. gold, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

got, sm. God, 5, 10, 11.

got, sm. God, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

gotelīch, aj. divine.

gotelīch, adj. godly.

goteshūs, sn. church, monastery.

church, monastery

gotheit, sf. godhead.

gotheit, sf. deity.

185

götinne, sf. goddess, 5, 10.

goddess, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

gotvar (-wes), aj. godlike, divine.

gotvar (-wes), adj. godlike, divine.

gouch, sm. cuckoo; fool.

gouch, sm. cuckoo; idiot.

grā (-wes), aj. grey, 55.

grā (-wes), adj. gray, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

graben, sv. VII, dig, 10, 12, 85.

graben, sv. VII, dig, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

gram, aj. hostile.

gram, adj. aggressive.

grap (-bes), sn. grave, 46.

grape (-s), noun serious, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

gras, sn. grass.

grass

grīfen, sv. I, seize, grasp, touch, feel.

grīfen, sv. I, grab, grasp, touch, feel.

grim (-mmes), sm. rage, fury.

grim (-mmes), sm. anger, fury.

grimme (grimmic), aj. fearful, angry; great.

grimme (grimmic), adj. scary, furious; awesome.

grimmen, sv. III, rage.

grimmen, sv. III, anger.

grīs (grīse), aj. grey, old, 55.

gray, old, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

grœȥlīch, aj. great.

great

grœȥlīchen, av. greatly, very.

grōȥ, aj. great, large, 9.2, 57.

great, large, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

grüen(e), aj. green, 5, 10, 55.

green, adj. green, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

grüeȥen, wv. greet, 39;

grüeȥen, wv. greet, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

also sn.

grunt (-des), sm. bottom.

gruoȥ, sm. greeting, salutation.

gruoȥ, sm. greeting, hi.

güete, sf. goodness, kindness, 5, 10.

güete, sf. goodness, kindness, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

güetlich, aj. friendly;

friendly

av. güetlīchen.

av. gently.

gugel, sf. cowl; cape, hood.

gugel, sf. hooded cape.

guldīn, aj. golden, 3, 15.

golden, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

gunēren, wv.. dishonour, disgrace.

gunēren, wv.. dishonor, disgrace.

gunnen, günnen (pres. sing. gan; pret. gunde, pret. subj. gunde, günde), pret. pres. grant, bestow, not to grudge, 9.7, 93.

gunnen, günnen (present sing. gan; past tense gunde, past subjunctive gunde, günde), past present grant, give, not to hold back, 9.7, 93.

guot, aj. good, 9.2, 25, 55, 58;

guot, aj. good, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__;

daȥ guot, wealth, property;

the good, wealth, property;

ze guote, to the good.

the quote, to the good.

gürtel, sm. girdle, belt, sash.

gürtel, sm. belt, sash.

güsse, sf. inundation, 28.

gusses, sf. flood, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

gütinne, sf. goddess, 48.

gütinne, sf. goddess, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

habe, sf. possession.

, sf. ownership.

habedanc, sm. thanks with words.

habedanc, sm. verbal gratitude.

haben (hān), wv. have, hold, 3, 99;

have, hold, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__;

haben sich an dër witze kraft, collect all one’s wits together.

have gathered all their wits, collect all one’s wits together.

hacken, sm. hook, fetter; footprint.

, sm. hook, fetter; footprint.

haft, sm. bond, fetter.

haft, sm. bond, restraint.

hagel, sm. hail; misfortune, destruction.

hail, sm. hail; disaster, destruction.

Hagene, pn., 54.

Hagene, n., __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

hāhen (hān), sv. VII, hang, 29, 30, 38, 87.

hāhen (hān), sv. VII, hang, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.

halde, wf. slope, declivity.

slope, wf. incline, decline.

halm, sm. blade, stalk.

blade, stalk

halp (-bes), aj. half.

halp (-bes), aj. half.

halsen, sv. VII, embrace, 87.

, sv. VII, hug, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

halten (halden), sv. VII, hold, keep; stop, keep from, 5, 10, 11, 40, 87.

halten (halden), sv. VII, hold, keep; stop, prevent from, 5, 10, 11, 40, 87.

hān, see haben.

hān, see have.

handeln, wv. do, perform.

act, v. do, perform.

handelunge, sf. action, 8.

activity, noun action, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

han(e), wm. cock, 9.4, 31.3.

hang, woman cock, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

hant (pl. hende), hand, 49.

hand, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

hār, sn. hair.

Hair, sn. hair.

hārbant, sn. head-band.

headband

harnasch, smn. harness.

harpfen, wv. play the harp.

harpfen, wv. play harp.

hart, aj. hard, 19.

heart, adj. tough, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

harte, av. very, very great, 60;

great, av. extremely great, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

comp. harter, more; more seriously.

more seriously

hase, wm. hare, 7, 30.

chase, wm. hare, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

haȥ, sm. hate, hatred, enmity; indignation, anger, wrath, 19.

haȥ, sm. hate, hatred, hostility; indignation, anger, wrath, 19.

haȥlīch, aj. full of hate, hostile.

, adj. full of hate, hostile.

haȥȥen, wv. hate.

haȥȥen, wv. dislike.

heben (heven), sv. VI, raise, 30, 86;

heben (heven), sv. VI, lift, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__;

sich (an) heben, betake oneself, begin.

sich (an) heben, to lift oneself up, to set off, to start.

hei, interj. an exclamation of joy, grief, or wonder.

hey, interj. an expression of joy, sadness, or surprise.

186

heide, sf., heath, uncultivated land; meadow.

heath, uncultivated land; meadow.

heiden, sm. heathen, 9.2.

heathen, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

heil, sn. happiness, welfare, good fortune.

hail, sn. happiness, well-being, good fortune.

heilant, sm. Saviour, 8.

heilant, sm. Savior, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

heilic (-ec), holy, 7, 8, 55.

holy, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

heiliggeist, sm. holy ghost.

heiliggeist, sm. Holy Spirit.

heim, smn. home;

home

heime, av. at home.

at home.

heimlīch (-lich), aj. homely, familiar.

heimlīch (-lich), adj. cozy, familiar.

heimsuochen, wv. visit; attack with evil intent.

heimsuochen, wv. visit; attack with malice.

heimsuochunge, sf. disturbance of domestic peace and security.

heimsuochunge, sf. disruption of home peace and safety.

heimvart, sf. homeward journey.

heimvart, sf. return trip.

heiȥ, aj. hot, 31.3.

heiȥ, aj. hot, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

heiȥen, sv. VII, call, be called, named; bid, 11, 17, 23.1, 87.

hël (-lles), aj. resounding.

hël (-lles), adj. loud.

hëlfe, sf. help.

help

hëlfen, sv. III, help, 3, 11, 12, 14.2, 15, 23.2, 81.

help, sv. III, help, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_6__.

helle, sf. hell.

hello, sf. hell.

hellemōr, sm. devil.

hellemōr, sm. demon.

hellenōt, sf. necessity of hell.

hellenōt, sf. need for hell.

helm, sm. helm, helmet, 11.

helm, sm. helmet, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

helme, wm. warrior.

helm, warrior.

hëln (with double acc.), sv. IV, hide, conceal.

helt (gen. heldes, heledes), sm. hero, protector, brave warrior.

hero, protector, brave fighter.

hemede, hemde, sn. shirt.

shirt

hendelinc (-ges), sm. glove, 8.

hendelinc (-ges), sm. glove, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

hengen, wv. hang, 30.

, wv. hang, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

henne, swf. hen, 31.3.

female, swf. hen, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

hēr, hēre, aj. and av. high, proud, haughty, agreeable, 55.

here, here, adj. and adv. high, proud, haughty, agreeable, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

her, sn. army, host.

her, sn. army, group.

hër(e), av. hither, this way.

here, this way.

herbërge, sf. lodging.

inn, noun lodging.

hērlīch, aj. agreeable, distinguished;

herlich, adj. pleasant, distinguished;

av. hērlīchen.

av. herald.

hērre, hërre, hër, wm. master, lord, 9.3, 9.6.

here, here, her, wm. master, lord, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

hërren, wv. to make as master.

hërren, wv. to master.

hērsen, hërsen, wv. rule, govern, 9.2.

hērsen, hërsen, v. rule, govern, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

herte (hart), aj. hard, difficult, 60;

herte (hart), adj. tough, challenging, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

av. harte (herte), 60.

ave. heart (__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__).

hërze, wn. heart, 7, 19, 23.2, 50, 52.

hërze, wn. heart, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__.

hërzeleit, sn. heart-sore, grief.

hërzeleit, sn. heartbroken, grief.

hërzelīch, aj. dear, affectionate.

hërzelīch, aj. sweet, caring.

hërzeliep, sn. heart’s joy.

hërzeliep, sn. heart's delight.

Hërzeloyde, pn. the name of Parzival’s mother.

Hërzeloyde, pn. Parzival’s mother.

hërzenlīch, aj. hearty, dear, affectionate;

hearty, dear, affectionate

av. hërzenlīchen.

av. heartfelt.

hërzeriuwe, sf. great grief, sadness of heart, pain.

hërzeriuwe, sf. deep sadness, heartache, pain.

hërzesēre, sf. great sorrow, grief.

, sf. deep sadness, grief.

heven, see heben.

heaven, see heaven.

hey, interj., hey!

hey!

hie, hier, av. here, 5, 11, 39;

hi, here, at. here, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__;

hie bī, herewith, hereby;

here, officially;

hie vor(e), formerly, in former times.

hie vor(e), back in the day, in the past.

hierunder, av. hereunder, 39.

below, of. below, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

himel, sm. heaven, sky.

himel, sm. sky.

himelisch, aj. heavenly, 8.

himelisch, aj. heavenly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

himelkrōne, sf. heavenly crown.

himelrīch, sn. kingdom of heaven.

himelrīch, sn. heaven.

hin, hinnen, av. from here, hence, away;

from here, hence, away;

hin für, without, out of doors;

hint for, without, outside;

hin heim, away home.

home, away from home.

hinder, aj. hinder;

hinder

prep. behind, 59.

prep. behind, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

hindernisse, snf. hindrance, 8.

hindrances, snf. hindrance, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

hinderste, aj. hindmost, 59.

hindmost, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

hīnte, hīnt, hīnaht, av. to-night, 34.

tonight, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

hīrāt, sm. marrying, marriage.

hīrāt, sm. wedding, marriage.

hirte, sm. shepherd, 3, 43.

hirte, sm. shepherd, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

hirtelōs, aj. shepherdless.

hirtelōs, aj. without a shepherd.

187

hirȥ (OHG. hiruȥ) beside hirz (OHG. hirz), sm. stag.

hitze, sf. heat, warmth, 31.3.

heat, warmth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

hiute, av. to-day;

hiute, av. today;

hiute morgen, this morning.

this morning

hōch (comp. hœher, superl. hœhst, hōhst), aj. high, 5, 10, 11, 19, 34, 57, 60.

high (comp. higher, superl. highest), adj. high, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_6__.

hōchgeborn, aj. of gentle birth; noble.

hōchgeborn, adj. of noble birth; aristocratic.

hōchgemuot, aj. noble, high-minded; lofty, proud; joyful, in high spirits.

hōchgemuot, aj. noble, high-minded; elevated, proud; joyful, in good spirits.

hōchgezīt, sfn. festival, feast, highest joy.

hōchgezīt, sfn. festival, feast, ultimate joy.

hōchmuot, sm. consciousness, pride, well-being.

hōchmuot, sm. awareness, pride, well-being.

hōchvart, sf. pride, haughtiness.

hōchvart, sf. pride, arrogance.

hœne, aj. haughty; contemptible.

hœne, adj. arrogant; contemptible.

hœnen, wv. dishonour, calumniate.

hœnen, wv. dishonor, slander.

hœren, wv. hear; be requisite, be necessary, require; listen; belong to, 5, 10, 11, 90.

hœren, wv. hear; be needed, be essential, require; listen; belong to, 5, 10, 11, 90.

hof (-ves), sm. court, 19, 30, 33, 42.

hof (-ves), sm. court, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.

hogen, wv. think, consider.

hōhe, hō, av. highly, 60.

, , av. very, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

hōhgemüete, sn. joyousness, joyfulness.

hōhgemüete, sn. joy.

hol, aj. hollow, 55.

hol, aj. hollow, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

holn, wv. fetch;

holn, wv. get;

tiefen siuft holn, sigh deeply.

tiefen siuft holn, take a deep breath.

holt (-des), aj. kind, affectionate, well-disposed.

holty (-des), adj. kind, affectionate, friendly.

holz, sn. wood, 19.

wood, sn. wood, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

honic, honec (-ges), smn. honey, 29.

, (<-ges), smn. honey, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

hornunc (-ges), sm. February; frost; chilblain.

houbet, sn. head, 5, 10.

houbet, sn. head, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

houwen, sv. VII, hew, 36, 87.

houwen, sv. VII, chop, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

hovelīch, aj. courtly, court-like.

, adj. regal, aristocratic.

hovelīchen, av. courtly, in the manner of the court.

hovelīchen, av. elegant, in a refined or royal style.

hübesch, aj. noble, courtly, chivalrous, 30.

handsome, adj. noble, courtly, chivalrous, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

hüeten, wv. protect, shield, hold, keep, guard.

hüeten, wv. protect, shield, keep, guard.

huge, sm. thought, 43.

huge, small thought, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

hügen, wv. consider, 15.

hügen, wv. think about, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

hulde, sf. grace, favour, kindness, permission, 10 note 1.

hulde, sf. grace, favor, kindness, permission, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

hundertste, num. hundredth, 62.

hundredth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

hundertstunt, num. hundred times.

hundertstunt, num. hundredfold.

hunger, sm. hunger.

, n. hunger.

hunt, hundert, num. hundred, 62, 64.

hunt, hundred, num. hundred, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

huobe, sf. a piece (hide) of land.

huobe, sf. a plot of land.

huofslac (dat. pl. huofslegen), sm. horseshoe.

horseshoe

huon (pl. hüener), sn. hen, 47.

chicken (pl. chickens), sn. hen, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

huote, sf. care, guardianship.

huote, sf. care, protection.

hupfen, hüpfen, wv. hop, 10 note 3.

, , verb. hop, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

hūs (pl. hiuser), sn. house, 3, 5, 10, 11, 33.

home (pl. homes), n. house, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__.

hūt (dat. pl. hiuten), sf. skin, hide.

ich, pr. I, 23, 65.

I, pr. I, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

ie, av. ever.

i.e., a.k.a. ever.

iedoch, av. however.

but, av. however.

iegelīch, iegeslīch (ieglīch, ieslīch), pr. each, 71.

each, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

ieman, iemen, pr. anyone, no one, someone, somebody, 71.

ieman, iemen, pr. anyone, no one, someone, somebody, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

iemer, immer, av. ever, always, at any time, never.

ietwëder, pr. aj. each of two, 71.

either, pronoun each of two, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

iewëder, pr. each, 71.

iewëder, pr. each, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

iewelī̆ch, pr. each, 71.

viewelīch, pr. each, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

iewiht, pr. anything, 71.

iewiht, pr. anything, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

iezuo, av. now, directly.

iht, pr. anything;

av. not, 71.

av. not, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

īlen, wv. hasten.

īlen, wv. hurry.

Imāne, fpn.

in, prep. in, into.

in, prep. in, into.

in, pr. acc. him.

in, pr. acc. him.

188

īn, in, av. in, into, from out here.

in, into, from out here.

in, ine = ich ne, I not.

in, ine = I don’t.

i’n = ich in.

i’n = I’m in.

ingesinde, sn. household, family; followers.

ingesinde, sn. household, family; supporters.

inme, imme = in dëme.

inme, imme = in damage.

inneclīch, aj. inward;

inward;

av. inneclīchen, at heart.

at heart

innen, inne, av. within, inwardly;

within, inwardly;

inne bringen, observe, let understand, convince;

bring in, observe, let understand, convince;

inne wërden, hear of, learn of.

in new ways, hear about, learn about.

ir, pr. her, their, ye, 71.

ir, pr. she, they, you, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

irdenisch, aj. earthly.

irdīn, aj. earthen, 14.2.

irdīn, aj. clay, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

irdisch, aj. earthly, 8.

earthy, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

irre, aj. astray;

irre, aj. lost;

dës rīches irre, astray in regard to the kingdom.

this rich fool, lost when it comes to the kingdom.

irren, wv. put out, confound, hinder, interrupt, stop.

irren, wv. to confuse, block, disrupt, stop.

irs = ir ës.

irs = ir's.

īser, sn. iron, iron weapon, armour.

īser, sn. iron, iron weapon, armor.

iuwer (iwer), pr. your, 67.

iuwer (iwer), pr. your, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

iȥ = ëȥ, 65 note 1.

iȥ = ëȥ, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

jā, interj. forsooth.

yes, interj. indeed.

jæmerlīch, aj. pitiable, sad, sorrowful;

jæmerlīch, aj. pitiful, sad, sorrowful;

av. jæmerlīche(n).

av. unfortunately.

jagen, wv. pursue, follow, hunt.

hunting, v. pursue, follow, hunt.

jāmer, sm. grief, pain;

jāmer, sm. sorrow, suffering;

jāmers balt, courageous in grief.

jāmers balt, brave in sorrow.

jāmerhaft, aj. painful, sorrowful.

jāmerhaft, aj. painful, sad.

jār, sn. year; age, 19.

jār, sn. year; age, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

jëhen, sv. V, say, speak; assure, grant, concede, 35, 83.

jener, pr. that, 68.

jener, pr. that, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

jenhalp, av. on that side, the other side.

jësen, sv. V, ferment, 35, 83.

autumn, west V, ferment, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

jëten, sv. V, weed, 35.

life, sw. V, weed, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

joch, av. and conj. also, even, yet.

jude, wm. Jew.

Jude, WM. Jewish.

jugent, sf. youth, 49.

youth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

junc (-ges), aj. young, 19, 57.

junc (-ges), adj. young, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

juncfrouwe, wf. maiden.

juncfrouwe, wf. woman.

junchērre, wm. young sir.

young man

junger, sm. disciple.

junger, sm. follower.

kal (-wes), aj. bald, 55.

kal (-wes), adj. bald, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

kāle, see quāle, 36.

kāle, see quāle, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

kalp (pl. kälber), sn. calf, 47.

calf (pl. calves), sn. calf, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

kalt, aj. cold.

cold

kälte, sf. coldness, 11.

coldness, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

kamerære, sm. chamberlain, guard of the treasure, or bed-room.

kamerære, sm. chamberlain, treasure guard, or bedroom.

kampflīch, aj. warlike.

warlike, adj. warlike.

kapfen, wv. stare, gape, look on with astonishment.

kapfen, wv. stare, gape, and look on in amazement.

Karnahkarnanz, Karnachkarnanz, pn. Count of Unterlec.

kastelān, sn. Castilian horse.

këc, see quëc.

kick, see quick.

kein, pr. no, none, 71.

no, pr. no, none, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

keiser, sm. emperor.

kaiser, sm. emperor.

keiserlīch, aj. imperial.

imperial, adj. imperial.

kelberīn, aj. of a calf.

kelberīn, adj. of a calf.

kemenāte, sf. room, bed-room.

kemenāte, sf. room, bedroom.

kennen, wv. know, 90.

kennen, wv. know, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

kēren, wv. turn, go, 90;

kēren, wv. turn, go, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

sich kēren, turn;

ze gote kēren, apply to God’s service.

They got together, apply to God’s service.

kerze, kërze, wf. candle.

candle

kiesen, sv. II, test, try, choose, elect, 5, 11, 18, 30, 33, 78.

choose, test, try, elect, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__.

kil, sm. quill, 9.1, 42.

kill, small quill, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

kindelīn, sn. little child, 8.

kindelīn, sn. little kid, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

kindisch, aj. childish, 8.

kindisch, adj. childish, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

kinne, sn. chin.

kinne, noun chin.

kint (-des), sn. child, 33.

kint (-des), sn. kid, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

kintlīch, aj. childish.

kintlīch, adj. immature.

kirchhof, sm. churchyard.

kirchhof, sm. graveyard.

kīt = quīt, 36.

kīt = quit, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

189

kiusch(e), aj. chaste, modest, pure, spotless; maidenly.

kiuwen, sv. II, chew, 16 note, 36, 79.

kiuwen, sv. II, chew, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

klage, sf. complaint, lamentation.

klage, sf. complaint, grievance.

klagen, wv. complain, bewail, 92;

complain, wv. complain, bewail, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

klagedeȥ hërze, mournful heart.

mournful heart

klār, aj. clear, bright, beautiful, pure.

klē (-wes), sm. clover, trefoil.

kle (-wes), sm. clover, trefoil.

klëben, wv. stick, 92.

klëben, wv. stick, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

kleiden, wv. clothe, dress.

dress, v. clothe.

klein(e), aj. little, neat, insignificant;

klein(e), aj. small, tidy, trivial;

av. kleine.

av. small.

kleit (pl. kleit or kleider), sn. dress.

dress

klieben, sv. II, cleave, 18, 78.

klieben, sv. II, cleave, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

klingen, sv. III, ring, toll.

ring, sv. III, ring, toll.

klōsenære, sm. hermit, recluse.

klōster, sn. cloister, monastery.

klūs, sf. cell, hermitage.

klūs, sf. cell, retreat.

knabe, wm. boy, youth, 31.1.

knabe, wm. boy, youth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

knappe, wm. a youth who has not yet become a knight, 31.1.

knappe, wm. a young man who has not yet become a knight, 31.1.

knëht, sm. boy, candidate for knighthood, attendant; warrior.

knëten, sv. V, knead, 83.

knead, sv. V, knead, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

knie (gen. kniewes), sn. knee, 3, 23.2, 36, 46.

knee (gen. knees), sn. knee, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.

komen, sv. IV (pres. kume, kum; pret. quam, kom; pret. subj. quæme, pp. komen), come, 36, 82.

komen, sv. IV (pres. kume, kum; pret. quam, kom; pret. subj. quæme, pp. komen), come, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

kopf, sm. head.

kōr, sm. choir.

korder, körder, see quërder, 36.

korder, körter, see quërder, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

korn, sn. corn, 23.2.

korn, sn. corn, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

korp (-bes), sm. basket.

koufen, köufen, wv. buy, acquire; earn, 10, 90.

koufen, köaufen, wv. buy, acquire; earn, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

krā, krāwe, sf. crow.

crow

kraft, sf. strength, might; multitude.

kraft, sf. strength, power; multitude.

kranc, sm. weakness.

kranc, aj. impotent, weak; little; worthless.

kranc, aj. weak; insignificant; worthless.

kranz, sm. garland, wreath.

krēatiure, krēatūr(e), sf. creature.

creature

kreftic, aj. strong, powerful.

kreftic, adj. strong, powerful.

kriec (-ges), sm. resistance, strife, quarrel.

kriec (-ges), sm. conflict, struggle, dispute.

kriechen, sv. II, creep, crawl, 78.

kriechen, sv. II, crawl, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

Kriemhilt, pn. 54.

Kriemhilt, n. __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

krippe (kribbe), swf., manger (cradle), crib, 26.

manger, crib, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

Krist, sm. Christ.

kristen, aj. and sb. christian.

Kristen, AJ, and SB Christian.

kristenheit, sf. christianity, christian faith.

kristenheit, sf. Christianity, Christian faith.

kriuze, sn. cross.

kriuze, noun cross.

krœnen, wv. crown, adorn.

krœnen, wv. crown, decorate.

krōne, swf. crown.

crowne, swf. crown.

kuchen, küchen, sf. kitchen, 10 note 3.

cake, cakes, sf. kitchen, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

küele, aj. cool.

küele, aj. awesome.

küen(e), aj. bold, warlike.

küen(e), adj. bold, aggressive.

kumber, sm. grief, trouble.

kumber, sm. struggles, issues.

kumberlīche, av. with grief, with oppression.

kumberlīche, av. with sorrow, with suffering.

kumbersal, sn. distress, 8.

kumbersal, sn. distress, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

kūme, av. scarcely, hardly.

kūme, av. barely.

künde, sf. acquaintance, knowledge;

kunde haben (with gen.), know.

customers have (with gen.), know.

kunde, see künnen.

customer, see can.

künden, wv. announce, promise.

künden, wv. declare, assure.

kündic, aj. known.

canceled, known.

küneclīch, aj. kingly, royal.

küneclīch, adj. kingly, royal.

künic (-ec), sm. king, 7, 8, 29.

künic (-ec), sm. king, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

künne, race, generation; relationship, 7, 10, 46.

could, race, generation; relationship, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

kün(n)egin(ne), künegīn, sf. queen, king’s daughter, 8, 48.

kün(n)egin(ne), künegīn, sf. queen, king’s daughter, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

künnen, kunnen (pret. kunde, konde), pret. pres. know, understand, can, 93.

künnen, kunnen (pret. kunde, konde), past know, understand, can, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

kunst, sf. art, skill, 19.

art, skill, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

kunt (-des), aj. known.

kunt (-des), adj. known.

190

kuo (pl. küeje, küewe), sf. cow, 49.

kuo (pl. küeje, küewe), sf. cow, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

kupfer, sn. copper, 31.2.

copper, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

kurz, aj. short, small;

short, small;

vor kurzer stunt, recently.

short stunt, recently.

kurzewīle, sf. pastime, entertainment.

kurzewīle, sf. leisure, fun.

kus (-sses), smn. kiss, 32.1.

kisses, someone kiss, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

küssen, wv. kiss, 20, 32.2, 90.

kissing, v. kiss, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

lā, imperative of lāȥen, q.v.

lā, imperative of lāȥen, see above.

lachen, wv. laugh, laugh at;

laugh, v. laugh, mock;

also sn.

laden, sv. VI, load, 85.

laden, sv. VI, load, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

laden, wv. invite, 92.

loaded, wv. invite, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

lære, aj. empty, 3, 5, 10, 11, 55.

to learn, empty, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__.

Lähelīn, mpn.

lam, aj. lame, weak in the limbs.

lame, weak in the limbs.

lamp (pl. lember), lamb, 5, 10, 11, 33, 47.

lamp (pl. lember), lamb, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__.

lān, see lāȥen.

lan, see lazen.

lanc, aj. long, 10, 60;

lanc, aj. long, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__;

av. lange, 60.

av. lange, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

lanclëben, sn. long life.

long life

lanclīp, sm. long life.

lanclīp, sm. longevity.

lant (-des), sn. land, country.

land, country.

lantliut, sn. country folk, vassalage;

lantliut, sn. country people, servitude;

pl. inhabitants.

pl. residents.

lantrëhtbuoch, sn. book of common or land laws.

lantsæȥe, wm. freeholder.

lantsæȥe, wm. property owner.

last, sm. burden.

last, small burden.

laster, sn. ignominy, disgrace.

laster, sn. shame, disgrace.

laȥ (-ȥȥes), aj. feeble, languid, faint, exhausted; weary.

laȥ (-ȥȥes), adj. weak, tired, drained, exhausted.

lāȥen, lān, sv. VII, let, leave, give up; stop, avoid, 87, 99;

lān niht ze wē sīn, not to worry too much;

lan niht ze we sin, not to worry too much;

lāȥen sīn, cease, stop;

lāȥen sīn, stop;

lā stān, cease! stop!

lā stān, stop!

lëben, wv. live, cause to live, 92.

lëben, wv. live, make live, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

lëben, sn. life.

leben, noun life.

lëbendic (-ec), aj. living, alive.

legen (leggen, lecken), wv. lay, place, put, 31.3, 92;

lay (laying, laid), v. lay, place, put, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__;

arbeit dar an legen, expend much trouble on a thing.

arbeit dar an legen, put a lot of effort into something.

leh (= le or li) cons, Count.

lēhen, sn. feudal tenure, loan, fee, feod.

lēhen, sn. feudal lease, loan, fee, feod.

leich, sm. song consisting of strophes of unequal length.

leich, sm. a song made up of stanzas that are not all the same length.

leide, av. painfully, sorrowfully;

leide, av. sadly;

comp. leider, greater pain, grief, trouble.

comp. unfortunately, greater pain, grief, trouble.

leiden, wv. be repugnant, odious, or offensive; render disagreeable, do harm;

leiden, wv. to be unpleasant, hateful, or distasteful; to make unpleasant, to cause harm;

mir leidet ëȥ, it is repugnant to me.

I'm sorry, it grosses me out.

leider, av. and interj. unfortunately, alas!

unfortunately, alas!

leie, wm. layman.

hire, wm. layperson.

leischieren, wv. give a horse its head.

leischieren, wv. let a horse run free.

leisten (pret. subj. leiste = leistete), wv. follow the trace of, follow, perceive;

leisten (pret. subj. leiste = leistete), wv. track the path of, follow, notice;

leisten geselleschaft, accompany.

social fellowship, accompany.

leit (-des), aj. sorrowful, bitter, painful, disagreeable; hateful, vexatious.

leit (-des), adj. sad, bitter, painful, unpleasant; loathsome, irritating.

leit (-des), sn. grief, pain.

leit (-des), sn. sorrow, anguish.

leit = leget, 37.

leit = leget, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

leiten (pret. leite), wv. to lead, 5, 11, 30, 32.4, 90.

lead (past: led), verb. to guide, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__.

leitestërne, wm. loadstar.

leitestërne, wm. lodestar.

lenge, sf. length, 10.

lenge, sf. length, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

lēre, sf. teaching, instruction, precept, guidance, advice; saying.

lēre, sf. teaching, instruction, guideline, advice; quote.

lēren (lērn), wv. teach, 5, 11, 17.

lēren (lērn), wv. teach, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

lërnen, wv. learn.

learn.

leschen, sv. IV, be extinguished, go out, 11, 82.

leschen, sv. IV, be extinguished, go out, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

leschen, wv. extinguish, put out.

lësen, sv. V, gather, read, 33, 83.

read, sv. V, gather, read, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

leste, aj. last, 9.5, 23.1.

leste, aj. finally, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

191

lesterlīch, aj. disgraceful, ignominious.

lesterlīch, aj. shameful, dishonorable.

letzen, wv. injure, prejudice; forsake.

letzen, wv. harm, disadvantage; abandon.

leȥȥeste, leste, aj. last, 59.

leȥȥeste, leste, aj. last, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

līden, sv. I, suffer, endure, 30, 76.

līden, sv. I, suffer, endure, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

liebe, sf. love, joy.

love, sf. love, joy.

lieben, wv. give pleasure, gladden; present with.

lieben, wv. to please, to delight; to present with.

liegen, sv. II, lie, tell a lie, 5, 78.

lie, verb II, lie, lie, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

lieht, sn. light, 16.

lieht, n. light, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

lieht, aj. bright;

bright

av. liehte.

av. light.

liep (-bes), aj. dear, pleasant, friendly, 5, 11;

liep (-bes), aj. dear, pleasant, friendly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__;

sn. what is lovable; dearest joy; lover.

sn. what is loveable; dearest joy; partner.

liet (-des), sn. song, poem.

ligen (liggen, licken), sv. V, lie, lie down, 14.2, 31.3, 84.

liegen (liggen, licken), sv. V, lie, lie down, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

līhen, sv. I, lend, 12, 76.

līhen, sv. I, lend, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

līhte, aj. light, easy, worthless;

light, easy, worthless;

av. easily, perhaps;

easily, maybe;

līhte noch, still now-a-days.

light now, still today.

lin, line, swf. window with balcony.

lin, line, swf. window with balcony.

linde, wf. linden-tree.

linde, wf. linden tree.

līp (-bes), sm. life, body, person, 33.

life, body, person, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

list, sm. prudence, wisdom, advice; means, art; artfulness, cunning.

list, sm. caution, insight, guidance; skills, craft; cleverness, slyness.

līst = liges(t), 37.

līst = liges(t), __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

lit (-des), sn. limb, member.

lit (-des), sn. limb, body part.

līt = liget, 37.

light = dark, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

liuhten, wv. light, shine, shed lustre, 16.

liuhten, wv. light, shine, shed light, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

liut, sn. folk, people, army, 5, 11.

liut, sn. folks, people, army, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

liuten, wv. ring.

liuten, wv. call.

liuterlīch, av. expressly, quite, entirely.

literally, adv. expressly, quite, entirely.

Liutpolt, pn. Leopold of Austria.

Liutpolt, Prince Leopold of Austria.

lobelīch, aj. praiseworthy.

lobelīch, adj. commendable.

loben, wv. praise, 92.

praise, wv. praise, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

lobesam, aj. praiseworthy, glorious.

lobesam, aj. commendable, outstanding.

loch (pl. löcher), sn. hole, 5, 10, 31.3.

loch (pl. löcher), sn. hole, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

lœsen, wv. loose, 33, 90.

lœsen, wv. loosen, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

lōn, sm. pay, reward.

lōn, sm. payment, reward.

lōnen, wv. reward.

lop (-bes), smn. praise, glorification; price.

lop (-bes), smn. praise, glorification; cost.

lōsen, wv. be rid, released of;

loosen, v. be rid, released of;

hin ze einem lōsen, flatter.

loosen up, chill.

lōt, sn. weight.

lot, n. weight.

löufel, sm. runner, 5, 10.

löufel, sm. runner, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

loufen, sv. VII, run, 5, 11, 87.

loufen, sv. VII, run, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

lougen, sn. a denying, denial;

lougen, sn. a refusal;

āne lougen, truly.

Seriously, truly.

loup (pl. löuber), sn. foliage, leaf, 5, 10, 11.

wolf (pl. wolves), sn. foliage, leaf, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

lūchen, sv. II, shut, 80.

lūchen, sv. II, close, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

lücke, swf. gap, hole, 31.3.

lücke, swf. gap, hole, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

luft, smf. air, firmament.

air, smf. atmosphere, sky.

luoder, sn. bait, 46.

loader, sn. bait, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

lūt, aj. loud;

lūt wërden (c. gen.), give to understand, mention, be heard.

lūt wërden (c. gen.), indicate, refer to, be noticed.

lūte, av. aloud, loudly.

lūte, av. out loud.

lūter, aj. clear, bright, 9.2;

lūter, aj. clear, bright, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

av. lūterlīche.

av. literally.

lützel, aj. and av. little, small, 31.2, 58;

little, aj. and av. little, small, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__;

lützel ieman, nobody, no one;

little someone, nobody, no one;

as indecl. sb. with gen., little.

as indefinite pronoun with genitive, little.

mac, see mügen.

mac, see mügen.

māc (-ges), sm. relation.

māc (-ges), sm. relationship.

machen, wv. make.

make

mære, sn. story, tidings, report.

mære, sn. news, story, report.

mære, aj. known, renowned, 10.

mære, aj. known, famous, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

magedīn, sn. maid, maiden, 8.

magedīn, sn. maid, maiden, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

magen, megen, see mugen.

maget (pl. mägede, megde), sf. girl, maiden, 5, 10, 37, 49.

maget (pl. mägede, megde), sf. girl, young woman, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.

maht (pl. mähte), sf. strength, power, might, 5, 11.

maht (pl. mähte), sf. strength, power, might, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

mahtu = maht dū.

mahtu = maht do.

mālen, wv. paint, draw.

mālen, wv. paint, sketch.

maln, sv. VI, grind, 85.

maln, sv. VI, grind, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

192

man, sm. man, 3, 32.1, 45;

man, sm. dude, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__;

pr. one, 71.

pr. one, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

manbære, aj. marriageable.

manbære, aj. eligible for marriage.

māne, wm. moon.

manen, wv. urge on, remind, admonish.

manen, wv. urge, remind, admonish.

manic, manec (manc), aj. many, much, 8;

manic, manec (manc), adj. many, much, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

pr. many a, 71;

pr. a lot of, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

maneger hande, slahte, or leie, in many ways, manifoldly;

manager hand, slaughter, or lie, in many ways, manifoldly;

maneger vil, very many.

manager will, very many.

manicvalt, aj. manifold, variegated.

manicvalt, adj. diverse, varied.

manlīch, aj. manly, brave, 5, 10.

manly, adj. manly, brave, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

mantel, sm. mantle, 42.

mantel, sm. mantel, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

manunge, sf. exhortation, admonition.

manunge, sf. urging, warning.

marc, sf. half pound of gold or silver.

Marc, sf. 0.5 pounds of gold or silver.

marder, sm. marten; skin of a marten.

marder, sm. marten; marten skin.

market, sm. market, 9.2.

market, n. market, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

marter, sf. martyr; torture.

martyr; torture.

māȥe, sf. measure, manner; moderation, propriety, fitness;

māȥe, sf. measure, way; moderation, propriety, fitness;

ze einer māȥe, little, moderate;

of a small size

ze māȥe, fairly, sufficiently;

enough, fairly, sufficiently;

ze rëhter māȥe, to the right length.

to the proper length.

mē, mēre, aj. and av. more, further, 5, 17, 39, 61;

me, more, adj. and adv. more, further, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__;

as indecl. sb. with gen. more.

as indefinite subject with general more.

meie, wm. May; spring of the year, 35.

meie, wm. May; spring, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

meien, wv. become May; be joyful, make merry.

meien, wv. become May; enjoy, celebrate.

meier (meiger), sm. farmer.

Meier (Meiger), sm. farmer.

meierin, sf. farmer’s wife.

meierin, sf. farmer's spouse.

meinen, wv. mean, mean well, have in view; cause.

my, w.v. mean, mean well, have in mind; cause.

meist, meiste, aj. and av. most, greatest, 58, 61.

most, greatest, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

meister, sm. master.

meister, sm. expert.

meisterschaft, sf. skill in an art, mastery, order.

meisterschaft, sf. skill in a craft, expertise, control.

meit = maget, 37.

meit = maget, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

meiȥen, sv. VII, cut, 87.

meiȥen, sv. VII, cut, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

mël (-wes), sn. meal, 36, 46.

mël (-wes), sn. meal, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

mëlden, wv. announce, make known; betray.

melden, wv. announce, disclose; betray.

mëldunge, sf. announcement, 8.

mëldunge, sf. announcement, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

Meljahkanz, pn.

mëlken, sv. III, milk.

milk, sv. III, milk.

mensch(e), wsmn. man (‘homo’).

human, wsmn. man (‘homo’).

menschenbluot, sn. human blood.

menschlich, aj. human.

human, adj. human.

mer, sn. sea.

sea, noun. sea.

mēre, see mē.

mother, see me.

mēren, wv. increase.

mēren, wv. grow.

mērer, mēr(r)e, aj. more, 58.

mērer, mēr(r)e, aj. more, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

merken (pret. markte), wv. observe, perceive, understand.

merken (pret. markte), wv. notice, perceive, understand.

merze, wm. March.

Merge, wm. March.

mësse, sf. mass;

mass

mëssezīt, sf. time for mass.

mëssezīt, sf. time for church service.

mëte, sm. mead, 43.

mëte, sm. mead, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

mettīne, sf. matins, primes.

metting, n. morning prayers.

mëȥȥen, sv. V, measure, 32.1, 32.4, 83.

measure, sv. V, measure, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

mëȥȥer, sn. knife.

michel, aj. great;

Michel, Aj. awesome;

michels, av. by far, 55, 58.

michels, av. by far, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

mīden, sv. I, avoid, shun, do without, 30, 76.

mīden, sv. I, avoid, shun, do without, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

miete, sf. pay, reward, present, 5, 11.

rent, sf. pay, reward, gift, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

milch, sf. milk, 9.1.

milk, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

milt (-des), aj. generous;

milt (-des), adj. generous;

av. miltlīche, milteclīche.

av. military, militantly.

milte, aj. generous, bounteous.

milte, aj. generous, abundant.

milte, sf. liberality, generosity; grace, favour.

milte, sf. kindness, generosity; grace, favor.

min, av. less, 61.

min, avg. less, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

mīn, pr. my, 67.

mine, pron. my, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

minne, sf. love; loving memory, remembrance.

love; loving memory, remembrance.

minneclīch, aj. dear, lovely, loving, kind.

minneclīch, aj. sweet, lovely, caring, kind.

minnen, wv. love, value, 92.

memories, wv. love, value, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

minner, minre, min, aj. and 193 av. less, 9.3, 57, 58;

miner, mineral, mine, adj. and 193 adv. less, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__;

as indecl. sb. with gen. less.

as indec. sb. with gen. less.

minnest, min(ne)ste, aj. and av. least, 9.5, 57, 58, 61.

least, least, adj. and adv. least, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.

mirs = mir ës.

mirs = mir is.

miselsuht, sf. leprosy.

miselsuht, sf. Hansen's disease.

mislīch, aj. sundry, uneven, different.

mislīch, aj. various, uneven, different.

misselingen, sv. III, not to succeed.

misselingen, sv. III, to fail.

missesagen, wv. deceive, lie.

missesagen, wv. trick, lie.

missetāt, sf. misdeed, offence.

missetāt, sf. misdeed, offense.

missewende, sf. mistake, fault, blot.

missed opportunity, sf. mistake, fault, blot.

mist, sm. dung, dirt.

mist, sm. waste, dirt.

mit, mite, prep. and av. with, by, through, 9.6;

with, by, prep. and av. with, by, through, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

mit sorgen, sorrowfully;

with sorrow

mit triuwen, faithful, faithfully;

with loyalty, faithful, faithfully;

mit willen, gladly, willingly;

with pleasure, gladly, willingly;

mit witze, reasonably, sensibly, cleverly, prudently, wisely;

with humor, reasonably, sensibly, cleverly, prudently, wisely;

mit zühten, politely.

with respect, politely.

mitte, aj. middle;

middle;

av. mitten.

av. glove.

morgen (morne), sm. morning, 42;

morning (__morne__), sm. morning, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

dës morgens, in the morning.

this morning

mortlīch, aj. murderous;

mortlīch, aj. deadly;

av. mortlīche.

av. mortally.

mortmeile, aj. blood-stained, blood-guilty.

mortmeile, aj. blood-soaked, blood-guilty.

motte, swf. moth, 24.

motte, swf. moth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

müedinc, sm. unhappy man, 8.

müedinc, sm. sad man, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

müelīch, aj. and av. painful, troublesome.

müelīch, adj. and adv. painful, annoying.

müen (müejen, müewen), wv. torment, trouble, distress, grieve, 35, 90.

müen (müejen, müewen), wv. torment, trouble, distress, grieve, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

müeterlīch, aj. motherly.

motherly

müeterlīn, sn. little mother, 10.

müeterlīn, sn. little mom, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

müeȥen, pret.-pres. (pres. sing. muoȥ, pret. muoste, muose), must, 28, 93.

müeȥen, pret.-pres. (pres. sing. muoȥ, pret. muoste, muose), must, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

müeȥic, aj. idle, at leisure.

music, adj. idle, at leisure.

müg(e)lich, aj. possible.

possible

mügen, mugen, magen, megen (pres. sing. mac, pret. mohte, pret. subj. möhte), pret.-pres. may, can, 10, 11, 28, 93.

mügen, mugen, magen, megen (present sing. mac, past. mohte, past subj. möhte), past-present. may, can, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.

mugge, mügge (mucke, mücke), wf. midge, fly, 10 note 3, 20.

midge, fly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

mül, sf. mill.

grind, noun. mill.

mūl, sn. mule.

mūl, sn. mule.

münich, sm. monk.

Munich, n. monk.

münster, sn. minster.

munster, sn. minster.

munt (-des), sm. mouth.

muot, sm. sense, mind, spirits, mood, feeling, courage, disposition, sentiment;

muot, sm. sense, mindset, emotions, mood, feeling, courage, disposition, sentiment;

rīches muotes wërden, be in good spirits.

wealth of the mind, be happy.

muoten, wv. c. gen. desire, long for.

muoten, wv. c. gen. want, yearn for.

muoter, sf. mother, 10, 11, 49.

mother, sf. mom, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

nac (-ckes), sm. back part of the head.

nac (-ckes), sm. back of the head.

nāch, prep. after, according to, on account of, at, for, to, 34;

nach, prep. after, according to, because of, at, for, to, 34;

nach dëm guote, about wealth or money;

after the good, about wealth or money;

nāch ēren, honourably;

nāch ēren, respectfully;

nāch sīnen beinen, made to fit his legs;

nights shown in beams, made to fit his legs;

nāch wünsche, to perfection, all that one could wish for;

wish fulfilled, to perfection, all that one could desire;

vil nāch, nearly.

late night, nearly.

nacket, aj. naked.

naked, adj. naked.

nagel, sm. nail, 9.2, 44.

nagel, sm. nail, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

nagen, sv. VI, gnaw, 85.

nagen, sv. VI, gnaw, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

nāhe (nāch), av. near, nigh, 34;

near, nigh, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

nāhe tragen, take to heart;

nāhe tragen, take it to heart;

nāhe gān, go closely, touch;

nāhe gān, come closer, touch;

nāhen, near by.

nāhen, nearby.

nāhen, wv. draw near, come near, approach, be near.

nāhen, wv. get closer, come closer, approach, be close.

nāhgebūre, wm. neighbour.

nāhgebūre, wm. neighbor.

naht, sf. night, 19, 49;

naht, sf. night, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__;

av. nahtes, by night.

by night

nahtigale, nahtegal(e), sf. nightingale.

nam(e), wm. name, position, 3, 9.1, 9.4.

name, wm. name, position, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

194

namen, wv. name, 92.

names, vs. name, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

napf, sm. basin, 31.

napf, sm. bowl, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

nar, sf. food, 48.

snack, science fiction food, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

nāt, sf. seam.

naȥ (-ȥȥes), aj. wet, 31.3.

naȥ (-ȥȥes), adj. wet, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

ne, n’, neg. particle, generally used before the verb with and without niht, not, 108.

ne, n’, neg. particle, usually placed before the verb with or without niht, not, 108.

nëbel, sm. fog, mist,

nehein, pr. no, none, 71.

no, none, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

neigen, wv. bow, bend down.

neigen, wv. bow, bend.

neiȥwër, pr. anyone, 70.

neiȥwër, pr. anyone, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

nëmen, sv. IV, take;

c. dat. pers. take away, rob, 5, 7, 10, 11, 12, 14.2, 74, 82.

take away, rob, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_6__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_7__.

nennen, wv. name, mention the name of, 32.2, 40, 90.

nennen, wv. name, mention, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

nern (nerigen, nerjen), wv. nourish, rescue, keep alive, refl. subsist on, 9.1, 30, 35, 90.

nern (nerigen, nerjen), wv. nourish, save, stay alive, refl. live on, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.

nest, nëst, sn. nest, 11.

nest, nëst, n. nest, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

netze, sn. net, 46.

netze, sn. net, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

netzen, wv. make wet, 31.3.

netzen, wv. to wet, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

nëve, wm. nephew, 33.

nephew, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

nīden, sv. I, hate, envy, 76.

nīden, sv. I, hate, envy, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

nider, av. down;

sich nider laȥen, settle, establish oneself.

sich niederlassen, settle down, establish oneself.

nīdetāt, sf. spiteful action.

nīdetāt, sf. mean behavior.

nie, av. never.

never

nieman, niemen, pr. nobody, no one, 71.

nieman, niemen, pr. nobody, no one, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

niemēr (niemer, nimer, nimmer), av. never.

niender, av. by no means.

niender, av. not at all.

niene, av. not, not at all.

nope, not at all.

niesen, sv. II, sneeze, 78.

sneeze, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

nieten (refl. with gen.), wv. be eager or zealous for.

nieten (refl. with gen.), wv. be eager or zealous for.

nieȥen = genieȥen.

niftel, sf. niece, 33.

niftel, sf. niece, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

niht, nieht, niet, av. not;

not;

pr. nothing, 71;

pr. nothing, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

indecl. sb. c. gen. nothing.

nothing.

nine = niene, not at all.

nine = niene, not at all.

nīt (-des), sm. hatred, anger, hostility.

hatred, anger, hostility

niun, num. nine, 62.

niun, num. 9, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

niunte (-de), num. ninth, 62.

niunte (-de), num. ninth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

niunzëhen, num. nineteen, 62.

niunzëhen, num. 19, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

niunzëhende, num. nineteenth, 62.

niunzëhende, num. nineteenth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

niunzic (-ec), num. ninety, 62.

niunzic (-ec), num. 90, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

niunzigeste, ninetieth, 62.

ninetieth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

niuwan (niwan, niuwen), av. nothing but, only;

niuwan (niwan, niuwen), av. only;

cj. except, except that.

cj. except, except for that.

niuwe, aj. new, 16 note, 55.

new, adj. new, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

niuwet, av. not.

niuwet, av. nah.

noch, av. still;

still

noch en noch, neither—nor.

neither—nor.

Norgāls, pn. the country belonging to Herzeloyde.

Norgāls, pn. the country of Herzeloyde.

nōt, sf. need, danger, trouble, distress.

nōthaft, aj. needy, poor,

nōthaft, aj. needy, impoverished,

nōtic, aj. in distress, hasty.

nōtic, adj. in distress, urgent.

nōtnunft, sf. abduction by violence.

nōtnunft, sf. violent abduction.

nū (nu), av. now;

nū (nu), adv. now;

nu wol dan, well then be off there!

Well then, go on, get out of here!

nutz (nuz), sm. use, advantage.

nutz (nuz), n. use, benefit.

nütze, aj. useful.

useful, adj. useful.

nutzen, nützen, wv. to use, 10 note 3.

nutzen, nützen, wv. to use, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

ob, obe, op, prep. and av. over, above;

ob, obe, op, prep. and av. over, above;

conj. if, in case that, whether, 9.6.

if, in case, whether, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

oben (e), av. from above, above.

above

ober, aj. upper, 59.

ober, aj. upper, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

oberste, oberist, oberest, aj. highest, uppermost, 8, 59.

highest, topmost, utmost, adj. highest, uppermost, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

oder, ode, conj. or.

or, ode, conj. or.

offen, aj. and av. open, 23.1.

open, aj. and av. open, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

offenbāre, av. openly.

offenbāre, av. publicly.

ofte, av. often.

often.

ohse, wm. ox.

opfer, sn. offering.

opfer, sn. sacrifice.

orden, sm. order, rule; rank;

order, n. order, rule; rank;

rīters orden, knightly order.

knightly order

ordenunge, sf. order, rule.

ordenunge, sf. order, guideline.

ōre, wn. ear, 5, 11, 50.

ore, wound. ear, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

op = ob.

Ōsterrīch, pn. Austria.

Austria, pn. Austria.

ot, see ëht.

ot, check ëht.

195

ouch, ō̆ch, av. also; henceforward.

ouch, ō̆ch, av. also; from now on.

ouge, wn. eye, 3, 5, 11, 50.

Rouge, own. eye, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.

ougen, wv. show, 10, 90.

ougen, wv. show, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

ougenweide, sf. delight of the eyes, sight, appearance.

ougenweide, sf. joy of the eyes, vision, look.

ouwē, sf. water; meadow, 10.

ouwē, sf. water; meadow, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

owē, ouwē, ō̆wī, interj. woe! alas! ah!;

woe! alas! ah!;

owē mir mīnes leides! alas! for my grief;

Oh, my sorrow! Alas! for my grief;

ōwī wan, used to express a wish: would that;

ōwī wan, used to express a wish: I wish that;

owē dës, alas for that!

owē dës, oh no for that!

ōwol, interj. well!

ōwol, interj. awesome!

palas, sn. hall.

paradys, sn. paradise.

paradise, sn. paradise.

pfaffe, wm. priest.

priest

pfeller, pfellel, sm. carpet, silk cloth.

pfeller, pfellel, sm. carpet, silk fabric.

pfennic, pfenninc (-ges), sm. penny, 29.

pfennic, pfenninc (-ges), sm. penny, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

pfert (-des), sn. horse.

pfert (-des), noun horse.

pflëge, sf. care, fostering.

pflege, sf. care, nurturing.

pflëgen (phlëgen), sv. V, be accustomed, use, practise, care for, 83.

pflëgen (phlëgen), sv. V, be accustomed to, use, practice, take care of, 83.

pfluoc, phluoc (-ges), sm. plough; ploughman.

pfluoc, phluoc (-ges), sm. plow; plowman.

pfunt, sn. pound, 23.2.

pfunt, n. pound, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

phat (-des), smn. path, footway.

path, footway

phel (phelle) = pfeller.

() = .

Philip, Philippes (dat. Philippe), pn. Philip.

phlëger, sm. guardian, protector.

pin = bin.

pīnen (with sich and ūf), wv. exert oneself for.

pīnen (with sich and ūf), wv. strive for.

plān, smf., plāne, sf. plain, open space, meadow.

plain, open space, meadow.

planēte, wm. planet.

planet, wm. planet.

porte, sf. door, gate.

door, gate.

portenære, sm. porter, door-keeper.

portenære, sm. doorkeeper.

prëdige, wf. sermon.

preach, wf. sermon.

prīs, sm. praise, renown, reputation; price.

prīs, sm. praise, fame, reputation; cost.

prīsen, wv. value, praise, extol.

prīsen, wv. value, praise, exalt.

prophēte, wm. prophet.

prophet, wm. prophet.

prüstelīn, sn. breast, chest.

prüstelīn, sn. chest.

quāle (kāle), sf. torture, 36.

quāle (kāle), sf. torture, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

quëc (këc), aj. quick, alive, 19, 36.

quëc (këc), aj. quick, lively, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

quëden, sv. V, say, 19, 36.

quëden, sv. V, say, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

quërder (korder, körder), smn. bait, 36.

quërder (korder, körder), smn. bait, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

quicken (kücken), wv. enliven, 36.

quicken (kücken), wv. energize, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

quīst = quides(t), 37.

quīst = quides(t), __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

rabe, wm. raven, 31.1.

rabe, wm. raven, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

rāche, sf. revenge, punishment.

rāche, sf. revenge, retribution.

ragen, wv. strike, knock, hit.

rappe, wm. raven, 31.1.

rappe, wm. raven, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

rasch (rasche), aj. quick, 55.

quick, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

rat (-des), sn. wheel, 47.

rat (-des), sn. wheel, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

rāt, sm. (pl. ræte), advice, care, resolution;

rāt, sm. (pl. ræte), guidance, care, decision;

rāt wërden, be helped.

Get help.

rāten, sv. VII, advise, devise, 87.

rāten, sv. VII, suggest, plan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

rē (-wes), smn. corpse; bier, hearse, 42, 46.

rē (-wes), smn. body; casket, hearse, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

rëchen, sv. IV, avenge, punish.

rëchen, sv. IV, get revenge, punish.

rëde, sf. speech, answer, story, saying.

rëde, sf. speech, response, story, saying.

rëgen, sm. rain, 42.

rëgen, sm. rain, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

rëht, aj. and sn. right, proper, just; right, duty, law.

rëhte, av. rightly, properly; very.

rëhte, av. correctly, properly; very.

reine, rein, aj. pure, spotless, perfect, 55.

pure, flawless, adj. clean, spotless, perfect, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

reise, sf. journey, march.

reise, sf. trip, march.

reiȥen, wv. irritate; entice, allure.

reiȥen, wv. annoy; attract, entice.

rennen, wv. run, 90.

run, wv. run, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

ribbalīn, sn. foot-covering, shoe.

ribbalīn, sn. shoe.

rīben, sv. I, rub, 76.

rīben, sv. I, rub, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

196

rīch, rīche, aj. powerful, mighty, noble, great, fine, rich, free, 55.

rich, richer, adj. powerful, strong, noble, great, fine, wealthy, free, 55.

rīche, sn. kingdom.

rich, n. kingdom.

rīcheit, sf. wealth, power.

rīcheit, sf. wealth, influence.

rīchen, wv. make rich, enrich, present with.

rīchen, wv. enrich, make wealthy, provide.

rīchsen, wv. rule, 9.2.

rīchsen, wv. govern, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

riechen, sv. II, smell, 78.

smell, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

rīfe, wm. hoar-frost.

rīfe, wm. frost.

rigel, sm. bolt, bar.

Rigel, sm. bolt, bar.

rihten, wv. put right, confirm, judge;

rihten, wv. correct, affirm, evaluate;

refl. get up.

ref. wake up.

rinc (-ges), sm. ring.

ring

ringe, aj. easy, light, small; consumed.

ring, adj. easy, light, small; eaten.

ringen, sv. III, strive, struggle; busy oneself, wrestle;

ringen, sv. III, strive, struggle; occupy oneself, wrestle;

ringen nāch, strive for or after.

ringing after, strive for or after.

rinnen, sv. III, run, 20, 31, 32.1, 81.

rinnen, sv. III, run, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.

rint (pl. rinder), sn. cow, heifer.

rīsen, sv. I, fall, 30, 76.

rīsen, sv. I, fall, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

rīten, sv. I, ride, 76.

rīten, sv. I, ride, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

rīter, ritter, sm. rider; knight, the name of knight.

rīter, ritter, sm. rider; knight, the term for a knight.

rīterlīch, aj. knightly.

rīterlīch, aj. chivalrous.

rīterschaft, sf. knighthood, customs and manners of knights.

rīterschaft, sf. knighthood, the customs and manners of knights.

ritterlīchen, av. in knightly manner.

knightly style

riuschen, wv. rush, move noisily.

riuschen, wv. rush, make noise.

riuten, wv. root out, clear the land, bring the land into cultivation.

riuten, wv. remove, clear the land, prepare the land for farming.

riuwe, sf. sadness, grief, pity, regret, 16 note.

riuwe, sf. sadness, grief, pity, regret, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

riuwen, wv. grieve, grieve for, regret.

riuwen, wv. mourn, lament, regret.

riuwen, sv. II, pain, grieve, regret, 16 note, 78.

riuwen, sv. II, feel pain, grieve, regret, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

riuwic, aj. sorrowful, repentant.

riuwic, aj. sad, remorseful.

rivier, sm. brook, stream.

river, noun brook, stream.

rocke, rogge, wm. rye, 31.1.

rocke, rogge, wm. rye, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

Rōme, pn. Rome.

Rome, pn. Rome.

rōr, sn. reed.

ros, sn. horse.

rōt, aj. red, 19.

rōt, adj. red, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

rouben, wv. rob.

rouben, wv. rob.

rouch, sm. smoke.

roufen, wv. pluck, pull up, pull at, lug;

roufen, wv. tug, yank, pull, drag;

refl. tear or pull out one’s hair.

refl. stress out or pull hair.

roup (-bes), sm. robbery;

robbery

roubes, av. by robbery.

fees, via robbery.

rūch, aj. raw; coarse.

rūch, adj. raw; rough.

rucke, rügge, swm. back.

ruejen, wv. row, 90.

ruejen, wv. street, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

rüemen, wv. praise, commend.

rüemen, wv. praise, compliment.

rueren (pret. ruorte), wv. drive, urge on;

with ros understood: run.

with ros understood: go.

rūm, sm. room, 11.

rūm, sm. room, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

rūmen, wv. make room, 10, 40.

rūmen, wv. create space, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

ruochen, wv. trouble oneself about a thing, observe;

ruochen, wv. to stress over something, watch;

with gen. deign, will, wish.

with gen. deign, will, desire.

ruofen, sv. VII, call, 5, 11, 87.

ruofen, sv. VII, call, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

sā, sān, av. presently, at once, forthwith, immediately, quickly.

sā, sān, av. now, right away, right this moment, instantly, fast.

sache, sf. thing.

thing, sf. thing.

sactuoch, sn. sacking, sackcloth.

sactuoch, n. sacking, burlap.

sæjen, sæwen, sæn, sow, 10, 35, 90.

sæjen, sæwen, sæn, sow, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

sælde, sf. happiness, good fortune, excellence, blessedness, 9.2.

sælde, sf. happiness, good luck, excellence, blessedness, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sælic, sælec (-ges), aj. blessed, happy, 7, 8.

blessed, happy, aj. blessed, happy, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

sælikeit, sf. blessedness.

sælikeit, sf. bliss.

sage, sf. saying, statement, report;

nāch sage, by hear-say.

nach say, by hearsay.

sagen, wv. say, tell, 37, 92;

say, v. say, tell, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__;

sagen mære, relate what has happened.

sagen mære, share what has happened.

sal, sm. room, hall; house.

sal, sm. room, hall; home.

197

salben, wv. anoint.

salben, wv. apply oil.

Salomōn, sm. Solomon.

salz, sn. salt, 23.2.

salt, noun, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

salzen, sv. VII, salt, 87.

salzen, sv. VII, salt, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

same, sam, av. so, as, like, just as, even as, 69.

samīt, sm. velvet.

velvet

samt, av. together.

together, of.

sān, see sā.

sanc (-ges), sm. song, singing.

sanfte, av. softly, slowly, pleasantly, 60.

gentle, av. softly, slowly, pleasantly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sant (-des), sm. sand, 42.

sant (-des), sm. sand, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sant(e), aj. holy; holy one.

saint, adj. sacred; sacred one.

sarc, sm. coffin.

sarc, sm. casket.

sarken, serken, wv. put into the coffin.

sarken, serken, v. place in the coffin.

sāt, sf. seed, 5, 11.

seed, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

satzt(e), pret. of setzen.

set, past tense of set.

sāȥe, sf. ambush, trap, snare.

sazte, pret. of setzen.

sazte, past. of set.

schāchære, sm. robber.

schāchære, sm. thief.

schade, wm. injury, loss.

damage, wc. injury, loss.

schaden (pret. schadete, schāte), wv. injure, harm.

schaden (pret. schadete, schāte), wv. hurt, harm.

schāf, sn. sheep.

schaffen, sv. VI, create, exercise, institute, 85.

create, exercise, institute, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

schaffen, wv. do, perform, provide.

schal (-lles), sm. sound, noise, loud tone; singing.

schalchaft, aj. malicious, mischievous.

schalchaft, aj. wicked, playful.

schallen, wv. be noisy; bluster; exult, boast, swagger.

schallen, wv. to be loud; to brag; to celebrate, show off, strut.

schame, wf. shame.

shame, wf. shame.

schämelich, aj. shameful, 10.

shameful, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

schamen, wv. shame;

shame;

c. gen. be ashamed, 9.4.

be ashamed, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

schande, sf. disgrace, disgracefulness, shamefulness, shameful or disgraceful act.

shame, noun disgrace, dishonor, shameful or disgraceful act.

schapel, sn. garland, 46.

chapel, noun garland, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

schar, sf. crowd, flock, 48.

crowd, sf. crowd, flock, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

scharpf, aj. sharp.

schart, aj. jagged, hacked, hewn, battered.

schart, aj. rough, damaged, rugged.

schate (gen. schat(e)wes), sm. shade, shadow, 36, 43.

shade (gen. shadewes), sm. shade, shadow, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

schaz (gen. schatzes), sm. treasure, 19, 23.2.

schaz (gen. schatzes), sm. treasure, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

schedelīche, av. injuriously.

schedelīche, av. harmfully.

scheiden, sv. VII, sever, separate, deprive; go away, 87;

separate, sv. VII, split, remove, leave; __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

sich scheiden, come to an end, be decided.

to separate, come to an end, be decided.

schëlch (gen. schëlhes), aj. askew, 34.

schëlch (gen. schëlhes), aj. uneven, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

schelle, wf. little bell.

bell, wf. small bell.

schëlten, sv. III, abuse, revile, mock, 81;

schëlten, sv. III, insult, criticize, mock, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

also as sn.

schemelīch, aj. disgraceful.

schemelīch, aj. shameful.

schepfen (pret. schuof, pp. geschaffen), sv. VI, create, 23.2, 28, 31.3.

schepfen (pret. schuof, pp. geschaffen), sv. VI, create, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

schepfære, schepfer, sm. creator, 8.

schepfære, schepfer, sm. creator, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

schërn, sv. IV, shear, 82.

schërn, sv. IV, shear, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

schicken (with acc.), wv. become, suit, fit.

send (with acc.), wv. become, suit, fit.

schieben, sv. II, shove, 78.

schieben, sv. II, shove, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

schiere, av. quickly, soon.

schiere, av. rapidly, shortly.

schieȥen, sv. II, shoot;

sn. shooting, 10 note 3, 78.

sn. shooting, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

schif (-ffes), sn. ship, 19, 32.1.

schif (-ffes), sn. ship, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

schilt (-des), sm. shield, protection;

schildes ambet, knight-service, chivalry.

shield's burden, knight service, chivalry.

schimpfen, wv. make fun of, jest;

schimpfen, wv. tease;

also as sn.

schīn, aj. visible, clear;

shiny, adj. visible, clear;

schīn tuon, make clear, show;

shine tone, make clear, show;

sm. splendour.

sm. splendor.

schīnen, sv. I, shine, become evident or manifest, 76.

schīnen, sv. I, shine, become clear or obvious, 76.

schirmen, wv. c. dat. protect.

shield, wv. c. dat. protect.

schiuhen, wv. fear, shun.

shun, wv. fear, avoid.

schœnde, sf. beauty.

schœne, aj. beautiful, fine, 3, 5, 9.2, 55, 60.

schœne, aj. beautiful, fine, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__.

schœne, sf. beauty, 3, 48.

beautiful, f. beauty, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

schœnen, wv. make beautiful.

beautiful, wv. make beautiful.

schōne, av. beautifully, 60.

schōne, adv. beautifully, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

schouwen, wv. see, behold, look, inspect, survey.

schouwen, wv. see, look at, check out.

198

schrëcken, sv. IV, frighten, 82.

schrëcken, sv. IV, scare, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

schrībære, sm. scribe, 8.

scribe, sm. scribe, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

schrīben, sv. I, write, 5, 76.

write, sv. I, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

schrīen (scrīen), sv. I, cry, cry out, scream; croak, 77;

also as sn.

schrift, sf. writing (Bible).

schrift, sf. scripture (Bible).

schrīn, sm. box.

schrinden, sv. III, split, 81.

schrinden, sv. III, split, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

schrit, sm. step, 44.

step, sm. step, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

schrunde, wf. scratch, tear, slit.

schūften, wv. gallop, canter.

schulde, sf. reason, cause;

reason, sf. cause;

von welhen schulden, wherefore.

of which debts, why.

schuldic (-ec), aj. guilty, 10 note 1;

guilty, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

schuldic sīn, owe.

schuoch (gen. schuohes), sm. shoe, 34.

schuoch (gen. schuohes), sm. shoe, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

schupfen, schüpfen, wv. push, 10 note 3.

schupfen, schüpfen, wv. push, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

schuz (-tzes), sm. protection.

se = sie.

se = she.

sē (-wes), sm. sea, lake, 3, 42.

sē (-wes), sm. sea, lake, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

sëgenen, wv. bless, 90.

sëgenen, wv. bless, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sëhen, sv. V, see, look, 9.4 note, 34, 74 note, 83.

see, verb. V, observe, look, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.

sëhs, num. six, 62.

sehs, num. six, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sëhste, num. sixth, 62.

sixth, num. sixth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sëh(s)zëhen, num. sixteen, 62.

sëh(s)zëhen, num. 16, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sëh(s)zehënde, num. sixteenth, 62.

sëh(s)zehënde, num. sixteenth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sëh(s)zic (-ec), num. sixty, 62.

sëh(s)zic (-ec), num. sixty, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sëh(s)zigeste, num. sixtieth, 62.

sëh(s)zigeste, num. sixtieth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

seist = sages(t), 37.

seist = sages(t), __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

seit = saget, 37.

since = say, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

seite, wm. string.

page, world meeting. string.

seite = sagete.

page = said.

seitenspil, sn. playing of stringed instrument.

seitenspil, sn. string instrument playing.

sele, sf. soul, 5, 11, 17, 48.

sele, sf. soul, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.

seln, wv. hand over, 90.

seln, wv. pass, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sëlp (-bes), pr. self.

sëlten, av. seldom.

seldom, adv. seldom.

sëltsæne, aj. rare, strange.

sëltæne, aj. rare, unusual.

senden (pret. sante), wv. send, 32.3, 40, 90.

senden (past sante), verb send, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

senede, sende, pp. of senen, painfully longing, yearning, love-sick, 29.

senede, sende, pp. of senen, painfully longing, yearning, lovesick, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

senen, wv. refl. fret oneself, be sick at heart.

senen, wv. refl. stress out, feel anxious.

senfte, sf. softening.

senfte, aj. soft, gentle, tender, mild, easy; quiet, 55, 60.

soft, adj. soft, gentle, tender, mild, easy; quiet, 55, 60.

senften, wv. appease, soften.

calm down, wv. appease, soften.

senken, wv. sink, 19, 90.

senken, wv. sink, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

sēr, snm. pain; grief, trouble; sore.

sēr, snm. pain; grief; sore.

sēre, av. sorely, violently; very.

sēre, av. severely; intensely; very.

setzen (pret. satzte), wv. put, set, place, appoint, 19, 23.1, 31.3, 90.

set (pret. set), wv. put, set, place, appoint, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.

si, sī, siu, sie, pr. she, 65.

si, sī, siu, sie, pr. she, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

siben, num. seven, 62.

siben, num. seven, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sibende, num. seventh, 62.

sibende, num. seventh, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sibenzëhen, num. seventeen, 62.

sibenzëhen, num. 17, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sibenzëhende, num. seventeenth, 62.

sibenzëhende, num. 17th, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sibenzic (-ec), seventy, 62.

sibenzic (-ec), 70, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sibenzigste, seventieth, 62.

sibenzigste, seventieth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sich, refl. pr. himself, themselves, 66.

sich, refl. pr. himself, themselves, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sicherheit, sf. assurance.

security, sf. assurance.

sicherlīch(e), av. certainly, surely, assuredly, 8.

surely, av. certainly, assuredly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sīde, sf. silk.

sider, av. since, afterwards.

sider, av. since, later.

siech, aj. sick, ill, 5.

siech, aj. sick, ill, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

siecheit, sf., siechtuom, sm. sickness.

sickness

sieden, sv. II, seethe, 12, 18, 78.

sieden, sv. II, seethe, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

Sīfrit, pn., 54.

Sifrit, noun, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sige (sic), sm. victory, 43.

sige (sic), sm. win, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sīgen, sv. I, sink, 76.

sīgen, sv. I, sink, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sigenunft, sf. victory.

significant, noun. win.

sīhte, aj. shallow.

silber, sn. silver.

silver

sim = si im.

sim = yes, I am.

sin, sm. sense, mind, feeling; courage.

sin, sm. awareness, mindset, emotion; bravery.

sīn, pr. his;

sin, pr. his;

sīn sëlbes, of himself, 5, 11, 67.

himself, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

199

sīn, anom. v. be, 97.

sīn, anom. v. is, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sin = si in.

sin = sin.

sincwīse, sf. song.

sincwīse, sf. tune.

singen, sv. III, sing;

sing, sv. III, sing;

also as sn. song, lay, 10 note 2, 33, 81.

also as sn. song, lay, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

sinken, sv. III, sink, 23.2, 81.

sinken, sv. III, sink, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

sinne, sf. sense, mind;

sinne, sf. perception, mindset;

ze sinne wider komen, recover consciousness, become conscious again.

get back to your senses, recover consciousness, become aware again.

sinneclīch, aj. sensible, reasonable.

sinneclīch, adj. sensible, reasonable.

sinnelōs, aj. unconscious.

sinnelōs, adj. unaware.

sinnen, sv. III, reflect, 81.

sins, sv. III, reflect, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sint = sīt.

sint = sit.

sippe (sibbe), sf. consanguinity, relationship, 26, 31.3.

sippe (sibbe), sf. kinship, relationship, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

sīt (sīd, sint), av. and conj. afterwards, since, because.

afterwards, since, because

site, sm. custom, habit; bearing, demeanour, behaviour, 43.

site, sm. custom, habit; attitude, demeanor, behavior, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sīte, swf. side.

site, swf. side.

sitzen (pret. saȥ, pp. gesëȥȥen), sit, 14.2, 23.2, 31.3, 84.

sitzen (pret. saȥ, pp. gesëȥȥen), sit, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.

siȥ = sī ëȥ.

slac (-ges), sm. blow; misfortune, 44.

blow; misfortune, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

slāf, sm. sleep.

slāf, sm. nap.

slāfen, sv. VII, sleep, 5, 11, 19, 23.1, 74 note, 87.

sleep, sv. VII, sleep, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__.

slahen, sv. VI, beat, strike, slay, 10, 30, 85.

slay, verb VI, defeat, strike, slay, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

slahte, sf. manner; race.

slahte, sf. style; ethnicity.

slëht, aj. straight; straight-forward, honest.

slëht, aj. direct; straightforward, honest.

slieȥen, sv. II, close, shut.

smac (-ckes), sm. taste, smell.

smac (-ckes), sm. flavor, aroma.

smācheit, sf. shameful treatment.

smācheit, sf. disgraceful treatment.

smæhe, aj. little, despicable, disgusting.

smæhe, aj. small, contemptible, gross.

smal, aj. small, little.

small, aj. small, little.

smecken, wv. taste, 90.

smecken, v. taste, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

smër (-wes), smn. fat, 36, 47.

smër (-wes), smn. fate, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

smërze, wm. pain, 19.

smërze, wm. discomfort, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

smiegen, sv. II, bend, incline; press close.

smiegen, sv. II, bend, lean; press close.

smielen, wv. smile.

smielen, v. smile.

smirwen, wv. smear, 36.

smirwen, wv. smear, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

smit (-des), sm. smith, metal worker, goldsmith.

smit (-des), sm. smith, metalworker, goldsmith.

smitte, swf. smithy, 24.

infection, swf. blacksmith, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

snē (-wes), sm. snow, 17, 36, 42.

snē (-wes), sm. snow, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

snël (-lles), aj. quick, eager, alert; blithe.

snël (-lles), aj. quick, eager, alert; cheerful.

snëlheit, sf. haste, quickness.

snëlheit, sf. speed, quickness.

snīden, sv. I, cut, injure, wound, 11, 12, 17, 30, 76.

snīden, sv. I, cut, injure, wound, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__.

snit, sm. cut, slice, 44.

snit, sm. cut, slice, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

snuor (pl. snüere), sf. string.

sō, so, av. and conj. as, so, if, whereas, on the other hand, thus, as it was, 69.

solch, sölch (solich), pr. such, of such a nature, 71.

such, such (such), pr. such, of such a nature, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

soldenære, sm. hired soldier, mercenary.

solt (-des), sm. pay.

solt (-des), sm. payment.

Soltāne, pn.

Soltāne, n.

soltu = solt dū.

soltu = salt two.

son = so ne.

sorge, swf. care, grief, sorrow.

sorge, swf. care, grief, sadness.

sorgelōs, aj. free from cares.

sorgelōs, adj. carefree.

sorgen, wv. be anxious, fear, dread.

sorgen, wv. worry, fear, dread.

spāhe, av. elegantly, neatly.

spāhe, av. stylishly, tidily.

spalten, sv. VII, split, 87.

split, sv. VII, split, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

spān, sm. chip, shaving; notched stick, tally; degree of relationship.

spanen, sv. VI, entice, 85.

spanen, sv. VI, lure, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

spange, swf. clasp, buckle.

spannen, sv. VII, span, 87.

spannen, sv. VII, span, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sparn, wv. spare, forbear.

sparn, wv. spare, hold back.

spëhen, wv. look at, observe.

spëhen, wv. watch, observe.

spër, sn. spear, lance.

spiegel, sm. mirror, looking-glass; model, pattern.

spiegel, sm. mirror; model, pattern.

spiegelglas, sn. lovely image, picture.

spiegelglas, sn. beautiful image, picture.

spil, sn. game, play; joke, fun; pleasure, delight.

spiln (pres. part. spilende, spilede), wv. play; glitter, glisten, 90.

spiln (pres. part. spilende, spilede), wv. play; shimmer, shine, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

200

spinnen, sv. III, spin, 81.

spinning, sv. III, spin, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

spīse, sf. food.

spīwen, sv. I, vomit, 17, 77.

spīwen, sv. I, throw up, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

spore, spor, wm. spur.

spot, sm. scoff, scorn, mockery; joke, fun;

spot, sm. sneer, scorn, mockery; joke, fun;

āne spot, sincerely, candidly.

any spot, honestly, openly.

spotten, wv. (with gen.), mock, scoff at, scorn.

sprëchen, sv. IV, speak, say, talk, 9.4 note, 19, 23.1, 82.

sprëchen, sv. IV, speak, say, talk, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.

spreiten, wv. spread.

spread, wv. spread.

springen, sv. III, spring, leap.

spring, v. III, spring, leap.

stæte, sf. duration, continuance, constancy, steadfastness.

state, noun duration, continuity, consistency, steadfastness.

stæte, aj. constant, firm, steadfast;

state, adj. constant, firm, steadfast;

av. stæteclīchen.

av. statelike.

stætekeit, stætikeit, sf. firmness, constancy.

stability, steadfastness, sf. firmness, constancy.

stahel, sm. steel.

stahel, sm. metal.

stam (-mmes), sm. stem; prop, model.

stem (-stems), n. stem; prop, model.

stān, stēn, sv. VI, stand; befit, become, suit, 11, 86, 96.

stān, stēn, sv. VI, stand; fit, look good, be appropriate, 11, 86, 96.

stap (-bes), sm. stick, staff.

stap (-bes), sm. stick, rod.

starc, aj. strong, heavy, hard, severe;

starc, aj. tough, intense, harsh;

av. starke.

av. strong.

stat, sf. abode, place, spot; opportunity.

stat, sf. home, location, chance.

state, sf. suitable or comfortable place; opportunity;

location, sf. suitable or comfy place; opportunity;

ze staten komen, help.

**the states are coming**, help.

stëchen, sv. IV, prick, 9.4 note, 82.

stëchen, sv. IV, prick, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

stëgreif, sm. stirrup.

stein, sm. stone, precious stone, grindstone, millstone, 3, 17.

stein, sm. stone, gemstone, grindstone, millstone, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

stëln, sv. IV, steal, 9.1, 11, 74 note, 82.

stëln, sv. IV, steal, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.

stellen, wv. place, 90.

stellen, wv. position, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

stërben, sv. III, die, 10 note 1, 81;

stërben, sv. III, die, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__;

sn. dying, death.

sn. dying, death.

sterke, sf. strength, bravery.

strong, sf. strength, bravery.

stërne, wm. star.

stīc (-ges), sm. path, way.

stīc (-ges), sm. path, route.

stich, sm. stab, thrust.

stitch, sm. stab, thrust.

stīgen, sv. I, rise, mount,

stīgen, sv. I, rise, ascend,

stille, aj. still, quiet, secret.

stille, aj. silent, calm, private.

stimme, sf. voice.

voice

stinken (pret. stanc), sv. III, stink, exhale a disagreeable odour.

stinken (pret. stanc), sv. III, stink, give off an unpleasant smell.

stiure, sf. gift, tax.

duty, sf. gift tax.

stœren, wv. hinder, overthrow, destroy.

stœren, wv. obstruct, topple, obliterate.

stōle, sf. stole, surplice.

stole, surplice.

stolz, aj. stately.

proud, adj. dignified.

stoup (-bes), sm. dust.

stoup (-bes), sm. dust.

stōȥen, sv. VII, push, shove, thrust, 5, 11, 87.

stōȥen, sv. VII, push, shove, thrust, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

strāfen, wv. blame, set right.

strāfen, wv. blame, correct.

strāȥe, swf. way, road,

strāȥe, swf. path, road,

strëben, sv. V, exert oneself, strive.

strëben, sv. V, strive.

strenge, aj. strict, unfriendly.

strict, unfriendly.

strīchen, sv. I, strike, stroke, rub.

strīt, sm. strife, quarrel, fight.

strīt, sm. conflict, argument, brawl.

strīteclīchen, av. eagerly, zealously.

strīteclīchen, av. passionately.

strīten, sv. I, quarrel, fight, strive, 76.

brawl, conflict, struggle, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

strō (-wes), sn. straw; blade, stalk, 36, 46.

strō (-wes), sn. straw; blade, stalk, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

strouwen, ströuwen, wv. strew, 10, 36.

strew, strew, verb strew, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

stücke, sn. piece.

pieces, n. piece.

stum, aj. dumb, 32.1.

stum, aj. silly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

stunde, sf. hour, time.

hour, time

stunt, indecl. fem. time.

stunt, indefinite feminine time.

stuol, sm. seat of a judge, papal power; throne.

stuol, sm. judge's seat, papal authority; throne.

sturm, sm. fight, battle.

sū, sf. sow, pig, 49.

sū, sf. sow, pig, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

süeȥe, aj. sweet, lovely, 60.

süeȥe, adj. sweet, lovely, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

süeȥe, sf. loveliness, alluring enticement.

süeȥe, sf. beauty, captivating charm.

süeȥen, wv. sweeten, 90.

süeȥen, wv. sweeten, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sūfen, sv. II, gulp down liquids, 80.

sūfen, sv. II, chug liquids, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sūft, sm. sigh, groan.

sūgen, sv. II, suck, 80.

sūgen, sv. II, suck, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

suln, süln, pret.-pres. (pres. sol, 201 pret. solte, should, ought), shall, 40, 93.

suln, süln, past-present (present sol, 201 past solte, should, ought), shall, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

sum, pr. any one at all;

sum, pr. anyone at all;

pl. some, 71.

pl. some, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sumelīch, pr. many a, whoever;

sumelīch, pr. many, anyone;

pl. some, 71.

pl. some, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sūmen, wv. tarry, 10.

sūmen, wv. linger, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sumer, sm. summer, 42.

summer, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sumerlīch, aj. summerlike.

summerlike

sumerzīt, sf. summer time.

summer, n. summer time.

sun, sm. son, 5, 9.4, 10, 19, 44.

sun, sm. son, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__.

sünde, sf. sin.

sin, sf. sin.

sunder, prep. without, against;

sunder spot, seriously, in earnest;

sunder spot, for real, honestly;

av. sunderlīche(n), especially, separately.

especially, separately.

sunne, wmf. sun.

sun, wmf. sun.

suochen, wv. seek, 90.

suochen, wv. search, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

suone, sf. atonement.

suone, sf. redemption.

suon(e)tac (-ges), sm. day of judgement.

suon(e)tac (-ges), sm. day of judgment.

suoȥe, av. sweetly, 60.

suoȥe, av. sweetly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sus (sust), av. so, thus, in such a way.

sus (sust), adv. so, therefore, like this.

swā, swar, av. wherever, 69.

swā, swar, av. wherever, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

swach(e), aj. worthless, bad.

swacheit, sf. dishonour, disgrace.

swacheit, sf. dishonor, disgrace.

swachen, wv. weaken.

weaken, wv. weaken.

swachlīch, aj. weak.

swachlīch, adj. weak.

swǣre, aj. painful, sad, unpleasant, burdensome; weighty, heavy, 60;

daȥ swære, such a weight.

that weight, such a burden.

swære, sf. burden, trouble, grief, sadness.

burden, trouble, grief, sadness.

swanc (-ges, -kes), sm. swinging movement, hurling, throwing.

swanc (-ges, -kes), sm. swinging motion, hurling, tossing.

swannen, swanne, av. and conj. whenever, 69.

whenever, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

swar, see swā.

swār (swære), aj. heavy, 55;

heavy, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

av. swāre, 60.

av. swāre, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

swarz, aj. black.

black, adj. black.

swëben, wv. hover, move to and fro.

swëben, wv. hover, sway.

swëder, pr. who of two, 69.

swëder, pr. who of two, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

swëher, sm. father-in-law, 30.

swëher, sm. father-in-law, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

sweifen, sv. VII, rove, 87.

sweifen, sv. VII, roam, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

swelch (swel), pr. each who, whoever, what sort, whatever, 69, 71.

swelch (swel), pr. each who, whoever, what kind, whatever, 69, 71.

swëllen, sv. III, swell, 81.

swëllen, sv. III, swell, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

swenne (see swannen), conj. whenever, if, whilst, 69.

(see swannen), conj. whenever, if, while, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

swër, pr. who, whoever, whosoever;

swër, pr. who, whoever;

neut. swaȥ, 69, 70, 71.

neut. swaȥ, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

swern (swerigen, swerjen), sv. VI, swear, 35, 86.

swern (swerigen, swerjen), sv. VI, swear, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

swërt, sn. sword.

sword

swërtslac (pl. -slege), sm. sword-cut.

sword cut

swester, swëster, sf. sister, 11, 48.

sister, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

swie, av. and conj., as, how, however, howsoever; though, 69.

swie, av. and conj., as, how, however, howver; though, 69.

swīgen, sv. I, be silent, keep silent, 76.

swīgen, sv. I, be silent, keep quiet, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

swiger, sf. mother-in-law, 30.

swiger, sf. mother-in-law, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

swimmen, sv. III, swim, 31, 81.

swimming, sv. III, swim, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

swinde, aj. powerful, strong, angry;

swinde, aj. powerful, strong, furious;

av. quickly.

av. fast.

swinden, sv. III, vanish, disappear.

swingen, sv. III, swing.

swinging, v. III, swing.

tac (-ges), sm. day, 5, 11, 33, 42;

tac (-ges), sm. day, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__;

av. tages, by day.

by day

tägelīch, aj. daily, 5, 10.

daily, aj. daily, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

tagen, wv. become day, dawn.

tagezīt, sf. space of a day.

tagging, sf. daily space.

tal (pl. teler), sn. dale, 47.

tal (pl. teler), sn. valley, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

tanz, sm. dance.

dancing, noun dance.

tanzen, wv. dance.

dance

tanzwīse, sf. a song which is sung to the accompaniment of dancing.

tanzwīse, sf. a song that is sung while dancing.

teil, smn. portion;

part, smn. portion;

ein teil, something, a little.

a part, something, a bit.

teilen, wv. divide, distribute.

share, v. divide, distribute.

tief, aj. deep, 15, 19.

deep, adj. deep, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

202

tier, sn. animal.

tier, noun animal.

tisch, sm. table.

table, sm. table.

tiure, tiuwer, aj. and av. dear, precious; noble, excellent, 9.3, 57.

tiure, tiuwer, adj. and av. precious, valuable; noble, excellent, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

tiuren, tiuwern, wv. esteem highly, honour, confer honour.

tiuren, tiuwern, wv. honor, respect, give recognition.

tiutsch, tiusch, aj. German;

Deutsch, Deutsch, adj. German;

tiuschiu zunge, German language, Germany.

tiuschiu language, German, Germany.

tiuvel, sm. devil.

tiuvel, sm. demon.

tœrisch, tœrsch, aj. foolish, silly.

foolish, silly

tœtlīch, aj. deadly.

totally, adj. deadly.

tohter, sf. daughter, 10, 25, 49.

tohter, sf. daughter, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

töhterlīn, sn. little daughter, 10.

töhterlīn, sn. little daughter, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

tor, sn. gate, door.

tōre, tōr, wm. fool.

tōre, tōr, wm. idiot.

törperheit, sf. impoliteness, vulgarity.

törperheit, sf. rudeness, crude behavior.

tōt, aj. dead, 3, 25, 30.

tōt, aj. deceased, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

tōt (-des), sm. death, 5, 11, 30, 33;

tōt (-des), sm. death, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__;

in dëm tōde swëben, be on the peril of losing one’s life.

in dëm tōde swëben, be at risk of losing one’s life.

tou (-wes), sn. dew, 46.

dew, noun, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

toufen, wv. baptize, 10.

toufen, wv. baptize, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

tougen, sfn. secret, wonder;

tougen, sfn. mystery, marvel;

aj. dark, secret;

dark and secret;

av. secretly, 55.

av. secretly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

tougenlīch, aj. secret;

tougenlīch, adj. secret;

av. tougenlīche.

av. drastically.

træge, aj. slow, weary, lazy;

træge, aj. sluggish, tired, lazy;

av. trāge.

av. trade.

tragen, sv. VI, bear, carry; wear; have, 85.

wear, sv. VI, bear, carry; have, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

trahen (pl. trehene), sm. drop, tear.

trahen (pl. trehene), sm. drop, rip.

trahten, wv. think, strive, 92.

trahten, wv. think, strive, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

trëffen, sv. IV, hit, 32, 82.

meet, verb IV, here, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

treit = traget.

trait = target.

trëten, sv. V, tread, step, enter, 83;

trëten, sv. V, tread, step, enter, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

trëten hinder sich, step back.

tretten, wv. tread, 31.3.

tretten, wv. tread, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

trīben, sv. I, drive; play, carry on, 76.

trīben, sv. I, drive; play, continue, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

triefen, sv. II, drop, drip, 31.1, 78.

triefen, sv. II, drop, drip, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

triegen, sv. II, deceive, plot, intrigue.

triegen, sv. II, deceive, scheme, intrigue.

trinken, sv. III, drink, 19, 81.

drink, sv. III, drink, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

triuten, wv. caress, like, love; greet.

triuwe, aj. true, 16 note;

true, adjective true, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

sf. fidelity, faithfulness;

sf. loyalty, faithfulness;

mit triuwen (triwen), faithfully.

triuwen, trūwen, wv. believe, trust, hope, 16 note.

triuwen, trūwen, wv. believe, trust, hope, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

trœstelīn, sn. consolation, hope.

trœstelīn, sn. comfort, hope.

trœsten, wv. console, comfort; help.

trœsten, wv. console, comfort; assist.

tropfe, wm. drop, 31.3.

drops, wm. drop, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

trōst, sm. consolation, hope.

trōst, sm. comfort, hope.

troum, sm. dream.

troumen, wv. dream, 10.

troumen, wv. dream, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

trüebe, aj. gloomy.

trüebe, adj. gloomy.

trüebsal, sn. gloom, 8.

trüebsal, n. gloom, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

trūrec, aj. sad;

av. trūreclīche.

avg. truly.

trūren, wv. mourn, be sad, downcast;

trūren, wv. mourn, feel sad, down.

also sn.

trūt, aj. dear, beloved.

trūt, aj. dear, loved.

trūtgemahele, sf. bride.

tugen, tügen, pret.-pres. (pres. touc, pret. tohte), be fit for, good for, of use, 93.

tugen, tügen, past-present. (present. touc, past. tohte), be suitable for, beneficial for, of use, 93.

tugenhaft, aj. fit, hearty, noble.

fit, hearty, noble.

tugent, tugende, sf. virtue, good qualities, strength, power, valour, 49.

tugent, tugende, sf. virtue, good qualities, strength, power, bravery, 49.

tugentlīchen, av. with noble demeanour.

with noble demeanor.

tump (-bes), aj. inexperienced, silly, young.

tump (-bes), aj. naive, goofy, young.

tumpheit, sf. folly, foolish action; inexperience;

tumpheit, sf. foolishness; naivety;

tumpheit walten, show or have great inexperience.

tumpheit walten, means to show or have a lot of inexperience.

tunkel, aj. dark.

tuon, anom. v. do, make, form, shape; cause, 94;

tuon enblecken, 203 cause to become visible;

make visible, 203 cause to become visible;

ze leide tuon, cause grief, pain, or injury to;

ze leide tuon, cause grief, pain, or harm to;

wër hāt dir getān? who has done anything to you?;

als ein got getān, like a god.

like a boss

tür, sf. door.

door

Turkentāls, pn. one of Parzival’s princes.

Turkentāls, pn. one of Parzival's princes.

turren, türren, pret.-pres. (pres. tar, pret. torste), dare, venture, 10, 93.

turren, türren, pret.-pres. (pres. tar, pret. torste), dare, venture, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

tūsenste, num. thousandth, 62.

tūsenste, num. thousandth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

tūsent, num. thousand, 5, 62, 64.

thousand, num. thousand, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

twahen (pret. twuoc), sv. VI, wash, 85.

twahen (pret. twuoc), sv. VI, wash, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

twërch (gen. twërhes), askew, 34.

twërch (gen. twërhes), crooked, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

twingen, sv. III, compel, force, subdue, overcome;

sich twingen lāȥen, let oneself be compelled.

sich twingen lāȥen, let oneself be forced.

übel, aj. evil, bad, 55, 58, 60;

bad, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__;

av. übele.

av. bad.

über, prep. over, because of, for.

über, prep. over, due to, for.

übergrōȥ, aj. very great.

übergross, adj. very large.

übergülde, sn. gilding, raising of value.

übergülde, sn. gilding, increasing value.

übergulde, sf. that which surpasses something else in value.

übergilde, noun that which exceeds something else in value.

übermæȥlīchen, av. beyond measure.

übermæȥlīchen, av. immeasurably.

übermüete, sf. insolence, haughtiness.

übermüete, sf. arrogance, pride.

übermuot, sm. haughtiness, insolence.

übermuot, sm. arrogance, insolence.

übern = über dën, 68 note 2.

uber = about the, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

übersëhen, sv. V, overlook, not observe.

übersëhen, sv. V, overlook, miss.

überstrīten, sv. I, gain the victory over, conquer.

überstrīten, sv. I, win against, defeat.

übertragen, sv. VI, spare, discharge something.

transfer, sv. VI, spare, discharge something.

überwinden, sv. III, overcome, get over.

überwinden, sv. III, overcome, get past.

ūf, ūfe, prep. and av. up, up to, on, to, upwards, 23.1;

ūf genāde, in firm confidence;

in strong confidence;

ūf die triwe mīn, upon my faith or troth;

To the best of my knowledge, upon my faith or promise;

ūf slieȥen, open.

uf sliezen, open.

ūfem, ūfme = ūf dëm, 68 note 2.

ūfem, ūfme = ūf dëm, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

ūfen = ūf dën, 68 note 2.

ūfen = ūf dën, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

Ulterlec, pn.

Ulterlec, noun

umbe, ümbe, umb, um, prep. and av. about, around, upon, for, 10 note 2;

umbe, ümbe, umb, um, prep. and adv. about, around, upon, for, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

dar umbe, therefore;

give way, therefore;

umbe sust, for nothing;

umbe sust, for free;

um waȥ, why, for what reason;

umbe daȥ, on account of that, for that, therefore;

because of that, for that reason, therefore;

umbe gān, turn or go round.

turn, go around.

umbeslieȥen, sv. II, embrace, surround.

umbevāhen, sv. VII, embrace.

umbevāhen, sv. VII, hug.

unbewollen, part. aj. unspotted.

unbewollen, part. aj. unblemished.

und, unde, unt, cj. and av. and; again, on the other hand, 9.6, 69.

and, but, yet, c.f. and e.g. and; again, on the other hand, 9.6, 69.

unden, av. below, beneath.

below, beneath.

under (undr), prep. under, beneath, between, among;

under, beneath, between, among;

under in, among themselves;

under in, with each other;

under wëgen lān, omit;

on the road, omit;

under stunden, at times, now and then, sometimes;

for hours, occasionally, from time to time, sometimes;

under wīlen, from time to time, at times, sometimes.

under wīlen, occasionally, sometimes, at times.

underlāȥ, sm. interruption.

underscheiden, sv. VII, relate; explain fully.

distinguish, vb. VII, relate; explain fully.

undersnīden, sv. I, interrupt, intermingle.

undersnīden, sv. I, interrupt, mix.

understān, sv. VI, step in between, hinder.

understand, sv. VI, step in between, hinder.

undertænic, aj. humble, subject, submissive.

undertænic, aj. humble, obedient, submissive.

204

undertān, part. aj. humble, submissive.

underwinden, sv. III, refl. undertake.

underwinden, sv. III, refl. take on.

unfuoge (also used as a proper noun), sf. unseemliness, indecorum, misconduct; coarseness.

unfuoge (also used as a proper noun), sf. bad taste, inappropriate behavior, misconduct; rudeness.

unfuore, wf. badness, roughness; wicked mode of life.

unfuore, wf. negativity, harshness; immoral way of living.

ungebære, sf. despairing lamentation.

ungebære, sf. desperate lament.

ungebant, aj. unbeaten, untrodden.

ungebant, aj. unbeaten, untraveled.

ungebatten, aj. useless, worthless.

ungebatten, aj. pointless, worthless.

ungeborn, part. aj. unborn.

unborn

ungeburt, sf. low birth.

ungefüege, aj. very great, powerful; bad, unbecoming, coarse, uncouth, rude;

ungefüege, aj. very great, powerful; bad, inappropriate, crude, uncouth, rude;

av. ungefuoge.

ungehabe, sf. sorrow, grief.

ungelīche, av. immeasurably, incomparably.

ungelīche, av. immeasurably, uniquely.

ungelōnet, aj. unrewarded.

ungelōnet, adj. unrecognized.

ungelouplich, aj. incredible.

unbelievable, adj. incredible.

ungelücke, sn. misfortune.

ungelücke, sn. bad luck.

ungemach, sn. misfortune, discomfort, sorrow.

ungemach, sn. misfortune, discomfort, sadness.

ungemüete, snf. mourning, grief, sorrow.

ungenāde, sf. disfavour, hatred, harm.

ungenāde, sf. dislike, hatred, harm.

ungenæme, aj. unpleasant.

ungenæme, adj. unpleasant.

ungenësen, aj. unhealed, uncured.

ungenësen, aj. unhealed, untreated.

ungerihte, sn. fault, crime.

ungerihte, sn. offense, crime.

ungërne, av. unwillingly.

unwillingly

ungesammet, aj. not united, not unanimous.

not united, not unanimous.

ungeschriben, part. aj. that which cannot be written.

ungestaltheit, sf. deformity.

ungesunt, (-des), sm. sickness, illness.

unhealthy, (-ness), n. sickness, illness.

unhövesch, aj. uncourtly, coarse, low, vulgar.

unhövesch, aj. uncouth, crude, low, vulgar.

unkraft, sf. fainting fit, swoon.

unkraft, sf. fainting spell, swoon.

unkunt (unkuntlīch), aj. unknown.

unknown

unlange, av. in a short time.

shortly, av. in a short time.

unmære, aj. not worth mentioning, little observed, worthless, disgusting; undervalued.

unmære, aj. not worth mentioning, rarely noticed, worthless, disgusting; undervalued.

unmæȥlīch, aj. immoderate, excessive.

unmanageable, adj. immoderate, excessive.

unmāȥen, av. immeasurably.

unmāȥen, adv. infinitely.

unminnen, wv. treat in an unloving manner.

unminnen, wv. treat unkindly.

unmueȥekeit, sf. work, trouble.

unmueȥekeit, sf. work, hassle.

unmugelīch, aj. impossible.

unmugelīch, adj. impossible.

unmuoȥe, sf. occupation, restlessness.

unmuoȥe, sf. work, restlessness.

unnāch, av. by no means.

unnāch, av. no way.

unnōt, sf. without danger or need.

unnōt, sf. without risk or necessity.

unrewert = unerwert, part. aj. unprohibited.

unrewert = unerwert, part. aj. not prohibited.

unriuweclīche, av. without trouble or care.

unruffled, adv. without trouble or care.

unsælekeit, sf. unhappiness; misfortune.

unsælekeit, sf. unhappiness; bad luck.

unsælic (-ec), aj. unhappy, cursed.

unsælic (-ec), adj. unhappy, cursed.

unschulde, sf. innocence.

unschuldigen, wv. proclaim one’s innocence.

innocent, wv. proclaim one’s innocence.

unsegelīch, aj. unspeakable.

unsenfte, aj. painful, hard.

unsenfte, aj. painful, tough.

unser, pr. our, 7, 67.

our, pr. our, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

unstæte, aj. inconstant, fickle.

unstable, adj. inconstant, fickle.

unstæte, sf. inconstancy, fickleness.

unstæte, sf. inconsistency, fickleness.

untriuwe, sf. faithlessness, deceit.

untriuwe, sf. betrayal, dishonesty.

untrœsten, wv. dishearten, discourage.

untrōst, sm. despondency, discouragement.

untrōst, sm. sadness, discouragement.

untugent, sf. lack of good training.

untugent, sf. lack of proper training.

unversunnen, pp. unconscious.

universal, pp. unconscious.

unvrō, unfrō, aj. unhappy, sad, mournful.

unvrō, unfrō, aj. unhappy, sad, sorrowful.

205

unwandelbære, aj. steadfast, unchangeable.

unwandelbare, aj. steadfast, unchangeable.

unwendic (-ec), aj. unchangeable.

unwendic (-ec), adj. unchangeable.

unwërt, sm. unworthiness, contempt for, scorn.

unwërt, sm. unworthiness, scorn.

unwīp, (-bes), sn. bad woman; unwomanly creature; unworthy the name of Weib.

unwīp, (-bes), sn. bad woman; unladylike creature; unworthy of the name woman.

unwīse, sf. false tone or sound; bad style.

unwīse, sf. false tone or sound; poor style.

unze, unz, prep. and conj. till, until, up to, down to, to;

unze, unz, prep. and conj. until, up to, down to, to;

unz her, hitherto;

unz her, until now;

unz enmitten an, right down to.

unzerworht, aj. undivided, undissected, not cut up.

unzerworht, aj. whole, intact, not cut up.

Uote, pn. 54.

Quote, noun __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

üppic, aj. unnecessary, superfluous; proud.

üppic, aj. unnecessary, excessive; proud.

ūȥ, prep. and av. out, out of, of, from;

ūȥen, av.;

ūȥen, as.;

ūȥerwelt, select, chosen.

Underworld, select, chosen.

ūȥer, prep. out of, from.

ūȥreise, sf. marching, going out or off; departure; song sung by knights on the march.

ūȥreise, sf. marching, going out or off; departure; song sung by knights on the move.

V (F)

vadem, sm. thread, 9.2, 42.

vadem, sm. thread, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

vāhen, fāhen (vān), sv. VII, catch, seize, take, 29, 30, 38, 87.

vāhen, fāhen (vān), sv. VII, catch, seize, take, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.

val (-wes), aj. yellow, 36.

val (-wes), adj. yellow, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vallen, sv. VII, fall, fall down, fall to one’s lot, 32.4, 87.

fallen, sv. VII, to fall, to fall down, to come upon one’s fate, 32.4, 87.

valsch, aj. false, deceitful.

valsch, aj. dishonest, deceptive.

valsch, sm. fault, spot, impurity, deceit;

valsch, sm. flaw, blemish, deceit;

valsches laȥ, free from deceit or falseness.

valsches laȥ, honest and genuine.

valten, sv. VII, fold, 87.

valten, sv. VII, fold, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vancnüsse, sf. captivity, 8.

vancnüsse, sf. imprisonment, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

var, vare (-wes), aj. coloured; formed, looking.

var, vare (-wes), adj. colored; formed, looking.

vāren, wv. place behind, watch, lie in wait.

vāren, wv. to place behind, observe, lie in wait.

varn, sv. VI, go, fare, betake oneself, 5, 10, 74 note, 85;

varn, sv. VI, go, travel, take oneself, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__;

varndeȥ guot, movable property.

varndeȥ guot, personal property.

vart, sf. way, march, journey.

vart, sf. path, walk, trip.

varwe, sf. colour, form, appearance.

color, noun color, shape, look.

vaste, av. fast, quickly, strongly, firmly; very.

vast, adv. fast, quickly, strongly, firmly; very.

vater, sm. (pl. veter, väter), father, 11, 19, 45.

father, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

väterlīch, aj. fatherly, 10.

fatherly, adj. fatherly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

väterlīn, dim. of vater, 5, 10.

fatherly, dim. of father, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

vaȥȥen, wv. seize, take, gather.

vaȥȥen, wv. grab, take, collect.

vëhten, sv. IV, fight, 82.

vëhten, sv. IV, battle, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

veile, aj. cheap, purchasable.

veil, adj. affordable, available for purchase.

vël (-lles), sn. hide, skin, 32.1.

vël (-lles), sn. hide, skin, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vellen, wv. fell, kill, 90.

vellen, wv. fell, kill, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vels, swm. rock, 11.

vels, swm. rock, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

velschen, wv. falsify; make faithless.

velschen, wv. deceive; betray trust.

vëlt (-des), sn. field.

vëlt (-des), noun field.

venster, sn. window, 46.

venster, sn. window, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

verbërgen, sv. III, hide, conceal.

verbërgen, sv. III, hide.

verbërn, sv. IV, spare, abstain from, forbear, avoid, keep from, give up.

verbërn, sv. IV, to save, refrain from, hold back, dodge, stay away from, give up.

verbieten, sv. II, forbid, hinder, prevent, obstruct; ward off.

verbieten, sv. II, to forbid, to hinder, to prevent, to obstruct; to ward off.

verdagen, wv. keep secret, conceal.

secret, wv. keep secret, conceal.

verdërben, perish, spoil, destroy, 81.

verdërben, perish, spoil, destroy, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

verdërbnisse, sfn. destruction, 8.

devastation, sfn. destruction, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

verdienen, wv. deserve, earn.

deserve, wv. deserve, earn.

verdrieȥen (impers. c. gen.), sv. III, grieve, fret, vex.

verdrieȥen (impers. c. gen.), sv. III, grieve, fret, annoy.

verdringen, sv. III, crowd out, suppress, displace, push on one side.

verdringen, sv. III, crowd out, suppress, displace, push aside.

vereinen, wv. refl. unite.

unite

verenden, wv. end.

to die, verb. end.

vergëben, sv. V, poison, infect.

206

vergëlten, sv. III, repay, requite.

vergëlten, sv. III, repay, compensate.

vergëȥȥen, sv. V, forget, 83.

vergëȥȥen, sv. V, forget, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vergieȥen, sv. II, pour over, sprinkle with water.

vergießen, sv. II, pour over, sprinkle with water.

verhëln, sv. IV, conceal.

verhëln, sv. IV, hide.

verhouwen (pret. -hiu and -hie, also weak -houte), sv. VII, hew in pieces, cut asunder.

verhouwen (past tense -hiu and -hie, also weak -houte), intransitive verb VII, chop into pieces, cut apart.

verjëhen, sv. V, say, tell, relate; give to understand, assure.

verjëhen, sv. V, say, tell, relate; imply, ensure.

verkēren, wv. change, turn round; destroy.

verkēren, wv. change, rotate; ruin.

verkiesen, sv. II, give up, forgo, forget.

verklagen, wv. cease to mourn, bear with patience.

stop grieving, endure with patience.

verkrenken, wv. destroy.

verkrenken, wv. wreck.

verlāȥen (verlān), sv. VII, leave off, forsake.

verlāȥen (verlān), sv. VII, drop, abandon.

verleiten, wv. lead astray.

verleiten, wv. mislead.

verleschen, sv. IV, become extinguished, extinguish.

verleschen, sv. IV, go extinct, extinguish.

verliesen (vliesen), sv. II, lose, 78.

verliesen (vliesen), sv. II, lose, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

verligen, sv. V, miss through sleeping too long, over-sleep.

verligen, sv. V, miss by sleeping too long, oversleep.

verlust, sm. loss.

loss

vermīden, (pp. vermiten), sv. I, avoid, omit, not to take place, keep aloof from.

vermīden, (pp. vermiten), sv. I, avoid, omit, not occur, stay away from.

vermischen, wv. mix, mingle.

mix, wv. blend, mingle.

vernëmen, sv. IV, perceive, observe, get to know.

hear, sv. IV, understand, notice, learn.

vërre, aj. and av. far, far away, distant, 31.

vërre, aj. and av. far, far away, distant, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

verrihten, wv. settle, pass sentence upon.

verrihten, wv. settle, judge.

versagen, wv. refuse, deny.

fail, wv. refuse, deny.

verschaffen, sv. VI, do or act in a bad manner, spoil, destroy.

verschaffen, sv. VI, to do or act inappropriately, ruin, damage.

verschulden, wv. pay back.

verschulden, wv. repay.

versëhen, sv. V, observe, recognize;

versëhen, sv. V, see, recognize;

refl. hope, dread.

hope, fear.

versinnen (sich), sv. III, arrive at years of discretion;

versinnen (sich), sv. III, reach the age of discretion;

c. gen. become conscious of.

become aware of.

versmæhelīch, aj. disgraceful, ignominious.

versmæhelīch, aj. disgraceful, shameful.

versmæhen, wv. despise, mock.

versmæhen, wv. dislike, ridicule.

versperren (pret. versparte), wv. shut, close.

versperren (pret. versparte), wv. block, close.

versprëchen, sv. IV, decline, spurn.

promise, sv. IV, decline, spurn.

verstān (-stēn), sv. VI, perceive, understand.

verstōȥen, sv. VII, drive away.

verstōȥen, sv. VII, chase away.

versūmen, wv. neglect, let slip, spoil.

versūmen, wv. neglect, overlook, ruin.

versuochen, wv. try, test.

versuochen, wv. attempt, test.

verswern, sv. VI, abjure, deny by an oath.

verswern, sv. VI, to swear off, deny under oath.

verswīgen, sv. I, forbear talking.

verswīgen, sv. I, hold back from talking.

verswinden, sv. III, disappear, flee.

vanish, sv. III, disappear, flee.

vertragen, sv. VI, endure, bear.

vertrīben, sv. I, drive away, make to pass.

vertrieben, sv. I, drive away, make to pass.

vervāhen, verfāhen, sv. VII, reach, bring to pass;

vervāhen, verfāhen, sv. VII, achieve, bring to pass;

mich vervæhet, it is of use or advantage to me.

It benefits me, it is of use or advantage to me.

vervluochen, -fluochen, wv. curse.

verwāȥen, sv. VII, ruin; imprecate, curse.

verwāȥen, sv. VII, ruin; curse.

verwëgen, sv. V, resolve.

decide, sv. V, resolve.

verweinen, wv. exhaust by weeping.

verweinen, wv. exhaust by crying.

verwunden, wv. wound.

wounded, wv. wound.

verwürken (pret. -worhte), wv. lose, forfeit, commit.

verzagen, wv. lose courage, withdraw, despair, despond.

verzagen, wv. lose hope, withdraw, despair, despond.

verzern, wv. consume; destroy.

verzern, wv. consume; ruin.

veste, sf. firmness, constancy.

veste, sf. strength, stability.

vīant, vīent, vīnt, sm. enemy, fiend, 8, 42.

vīant, vīent, vīnt, sm. enemy, foe, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

207

vier, num. four, 62.

four, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vier, fier, aj. proud, stately, majestic, beautiful;

proud, grand, majestic, beautiful;

av. viere.

av. to the side.

vierde, num. fourth, 62.

Vierde, num. fourth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vierzëhen, num. fourteen, 62.

fourteen, num. fourteen, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vierzëhende, num. fourteenth, 62.

16th, num. fourteenth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vierzic (-ec), num. forty, 62.

vierzic (-ec), num. 40, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vierzigeste, num. fortieth.

fortieth

vihe, sn. cattle, 46.

cow, noun cattle, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vil, aj. much, many;

evil, adj. a lot, numerous;

av. very;

indecl. sb. c. gen. much, many;

much, many;

vil wēnic ganz c. gen. not at all complete or whole.

vinden, finden, sv. III, find, 9.4 note, 81.

find, sv. III, find, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

vinger, sm. finger.

vingerlīn, vingerīn, sn. ring, 8.

vingerlīn, vingerīn, sn. ring, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vingerlinc, sm. ring.

finger link, n. ring.

vinster, sf. darkness, 48.

vinster, sf. darkness, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vinster, aj. dark, gloomy, 55.

winner, aj. dark, gloomy, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vinsternisse, sfn. darkness, 8.

vinsternisse, sfn. darkness, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vint = vindet, 74 note.

vint = vindet, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vīnt, see vīant.

vīol, sm. violet.

violet, sm. violet.

virren, wv. keep away from.

virren, wv. stay away from.

visch, sm. fish, 11, 19.

fish, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

viur, fiuwer, sn. fire; lightning.

vlēhen, flēhen (vlēn), wv. beseech, implore, 38.

vlēhen, flēhen (vlēn), wv. beg, ask earnestly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vlëhten, sv. IV, plait, 82.

vlëhten, sv. IV, braid, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

fleisch, sn. flesh.

meat, n. flesh.

vliegen, fliegen, sv. II, fly, 10 note 3, 25, 78.

fly, fly, sv. II, fly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

vliehen, fliehen, sv. II, flee, 18, 19, 78.

vliehen, fliehen, sv. II, flee, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

vliesen = verliesen.

vliesen = lost.

vlieȥen, flieȥen, sv. II, flow, swim; ruin, destroy, 10 note 3, 78.

fly, swim, sv. II, flow, swim; ruin, destroy, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

vlīȥ, flīȥ, sm. assiduity, zeal, eagerness, care;

zeal, enthusiasm, sm. dedication, eagerness, care;

ze flīȥe, diligently, carefully.

the flies, diligently, carefully.

vlīȥec, aj. diligent, 60.3.

vlīȥec, aj. hardworking, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vlīȥeclīche(n), av. diligently, 60.3.

vlīȥeclīche(n), av. diligently, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vluht, sf. refuge.

vluht, n. shelter.

flühtesal, sf. flight, escape; security.

flühtesal, sf. escape; security.

vluoch (pl. vlüeche), sm. curse.

vogel, sm. bird, 9.2, 42.

bird, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

vogelīn, vogel(l)īn, sn. little bird, 8.

vogelīn, vogel(l)īn, sn. small bird, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vogelsanc, sm. song of birds.

birdsong, sm. song of birds.

vol (-lles), aj. full, 15, 31.

vol (-lles), adj. full, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

volc, sn. folk, people.

volc, sn. community, people.

volenden, wv. bring to an end.

volenden, wv. end.

volgen, wv. follow, accompany.

volgesagen, wv. tell fully.

volgesagen, wv. tell all.

volle, wm. abundance, completeness.

full, championship. abundance, completeness.

vollebringen (pret. -brāhte), wv. perfect, carry out.

complete

volleclīchen, av. fully, entirely.

fully, entirely.

volleist, sm. assistance, succour.

volleist, sm. support, help.

von, prep. from, away from, with, about, through, by;

von schulden, rightly, properly.

on debts, rightly, properly.

vonme, vomme = von dëme.

vonme, vomme = from them.

vor, prep. before, for.

vorbilde, sn. pattern, model.

role model, sn. pattern, model.

vorder, aj. former, front, 59.

vorder, adj. former, front, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vordern, wv. further, 90.

vordern, wv. further, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vorderste, aj. foremost, 59.

foremost, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vorht, sf. fear, dread.

vorht, sf. fear, anxiety.

vrāge, sf. question.

vrāge, sf. inquiry.

vrāgen, wv. ask, 9.2, 92.

vrāgen, wv. ask, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

frävele, aj. bold, 10.

frävele, aj. bold, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

frëch, aj. courageous, daring, bold, brave; saucy, impudent.

frëch, aj. courageous, daring, bold, brave; sassy, cheeky.

freischen, sv. VII, come to know, learn, be told.

freischen, sv. VII, to know, to learn, to be informed.

vreise, freise, swf. horror, what is dreadful or horrible.

vreise, freise, swf. horror, what is scary or terrible.

vremde, fremde (vrömde), aj. strange, wonderful; unknown.

strange, wonderful; unknown

vremen, wv. perform, 31.3.

time, v. perform, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vreude, vröude, fröide, freude, fröude, swf. joy, gladness;

joy, gladness;

208

fröuden (gen. pl.) lam, bereft of joys, pleasures.

fröuden (gen. pl.) lam, without joy, pleasure.

vreudelōs, aj. joyless.

vreudelōs, aj. unhappy.

freuderīche, aj. rich in joy, very gratifying.

freuderīche, aj. joyful, very satisfying.

vreuwen, vrewen, vreun, freuwen, frewen, freun, wv. cause to rejoice, rejoice, gladden, give pleasure to, be glad.

vreuwen, vrewen, vreun, freuwen, frewen, freun, wv. make happy, celebrate, enjoy, bring joy to, feel happy.

See vröuwen.

See women.

vrevel, sf. audacity, insolence.

vrevel, sf. boldness, nerve.

frevellīchen, av. insolently, boldly, with impudence.

frevellīchen, av. cheekily, boldly, with audacity.

vrëȥȥen, sv. V, devour, 83.

vrëȥȥen, sv. V, devour, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vrī, aj. free, unrestrained, unmarried.

vrī, aj. single, independent, free.

vride, fride, sm. peace, truce; protection, safety, 3, 19, 43.

vride, fride, sm. peace, truce; protection, safety, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

vrid(e)lich, aj. peaceful.

peaceful

vrīe, sf. freedom.

vrīe, wm. freeman.

free, wm. freeman.

frīen, frījen, frīgen, wv. free, 35.

frīen, frījen, frīgen, wv. free, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vriesen, sv. II, freeze, 78.

vriesen, sv. II, freeze, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vrisch, frisch, aj. fresh, new.

vrisch, frisch, adj. fresh, new.

vrist, sf. time.

time

vristen, wv. keep alive, protect, rescue.

vristen, wv. maintain, safeguard, save.

vriundinne, sf. female friend, 8, 48.

vriundinne, sf. female friend, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

vriunt, friunt, sm. friend, 42.

vriunt, friunt, sm. friend, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vrō, frō, aj. and av. glad, joyful.

vrō, frō, aj. and av. happy.

vrœlīch, aj. joyful;

av. vrœlīchen.

vrömde = vremde.

vrömede, sf. absence.

frosch, sm. frog.

frog, sm. frog.

vröuen, vröuwen, fröwen, wv. gladden, give pleasure to; be glad, 10.

women, women, ladies, v. cheer, bring joy to; be happy, 10.

See vreuwen.

See females.

vrouwe, frouwe, frowe (vrou, frou, frō, before proper names), wf. lady, madam, 9.6, 10;

woman, wife, lady (woman, wife, lady, before proper names), wf. lady, madam, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__;

ze frowen, as wife.

the wife.

vröuwelīn, frouwelīn, sn. little girl, maid, miss.

vruht, sf. fruit.

vruht, n. fruit.

vrum, aj. brave, active, excellent, useful.

vrum, adj. brave, proactive, exceptional, helpful.

vrumen, frumen, wv. benefit, be of use or advantage.

vrumen, frumen, wv. benefit, be useful or advantageous.

vruo, av. early.

vruo, av. soon.

vüegen, füegen, wv. procure, bring to pass; grant.

vüegen, füegen, wv. procure, bring about; grant.

vüeren, füeren (pret. fuorte), wv. lead, carry, remove.

lead, carry, remove.

fuhs, sm. fox, 19.

fuhs, sm. fox, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vūl, aj. bad, rotten.

vūl, aj. bad, spoiled.

vülle, sf. fulness, 15.

vülle, sf. fullness, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

füllen, wv. fill, 90.

fill, wv. fill, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

funden, pp. of finden.

vünf, fünf, finf, num. five, 19, 62.

vünf, fünf, finf, num. five, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

fünfte, finfte, num. fifth, 62.

fifth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

vuoge, sf. becomingness, decency.

vuoge, sf. appropriateness, decency.

fuore, sf. manner of life; way of acting.

fuore, sf. lifestyle; behavior style.

vuoȥ, fuoȥ (pl. vüeȥe), sm. foot, 10, 44.

vuoȥ, fuoȥ (pl. vüeȥe), sm. foot, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

vür, für, prep. and av. for, before, over, against;

vür, für, prep. and av. for, before, over, against;

für guot haben, be content with, put up with;

to be satisfied with, be okay with, tolerate;

für iuch, past you;

for you, past you;

für sie, past them;

for them, past them;

für tōren kleit, as fool’s clothing;

for fool's clothing

vür wār, in truth, truly.

for real, in fact, genuinely.

vürbaȥ, fürbaȥ, av. further.

vürbaȥ, fürbaȥ, av. additionally.

vürhten, fürhten (pret. vorhte), wv. fear, dread, 15, 90.

vürhten, fürhten (pret. vorhte), wv. fear, dread, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

vürnames, av. in the full sense of the word.

vürnames, av. in the complete sense of the term.

vürste, fürste, wm. prince;

sausage, prince, wm. prince;

ein dīn fürste, one of thy princes.

a prince, one of your princes.

vurt, furt (pl. fürte), sm. ford, bed of a river.

vurt, furt (pl. fürte), sm. ford, riverbed.

wā, av. where, whither, 39.

wā, av. where, to where, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wāc (-ges), sn. moving water, flood.

wāc (-ges), sn. flowing water, flood.

wacker, aj. watchful, 31.2.

wacker, aj. vigilant, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wæjen (wæn), wv. blow, 90.

wæjen (wæn), v. blow, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

209

wæenen (pret. wānde), wv. think, fancy, 90.

wæenen (pret. wānde), wv. think, fancy, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wærlīchen, av. in truth, truly.

in truth, truly.

wætlīch, aj. beautiful.

wætlīch, aj. stunning.

wætlīche, sf. beauty.

beautiful, sf. beauty.

wāfen, sn. weapon, sword.

wāfenen, wāpenen, wv. arm, equip, array.

wāfenen, wāpenen, wv. arm, equip, arrange.

See wāpen.

wage, wf. cradle.

wage, wf. nursery.

wāge, sf. balance, scale.

wagen, sm. wagon, 49.

wagen, sm. vehicle, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wahsen, sv. VI, grow, 10, 85.

wahsen, sv. VI, grow, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

wal, sf. choice, 48.

wal, sf. selection, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

walden, sv. VII, have power over.

Walden, Sv. VII, have power over.

See walten.

Wāleis, pn. Valois in France, inhabitant of Valois.

Wāleis, pn. Valois in France, a person from Valois.

wallen (pret. wiel), sv. VII, boil, bubble, 87.

wallen (pret. wiel), sv. VII, boil, bubble, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

walt (-des), sm. wood, forest.

walten (with gen.), sv. VII, have power.

walten (with gen.), sv. VII, have authority.

wan, aj. empty, bereft of.

wan, adj. empty, lacking.

wan, av. besides, but only;

wan, av. besides, but just;

niht wan, only, nothing but;

night wan, only, nothing but;

wan daȥ, only that, if—not;

want that, only if—not;

wan unz, whilst, as long as;

while, as long as;

wan dëm einen, except for the one.

one day, except for the one.

wan (wande, want), conj. for, if, because, then, 9.6.

wan (wande, want), conj. for, if, because, then, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wān, sm. faith, hope, mood.

wān, sm. faith, hope, vibe.

wanc (-kes), sm. inconstancy, disloyalty, unfaithfulness, changeableness.

wanc (-kes), sm. inconsistency, disloyalty, unfaithfulness, fickleness.

wandel, smn. change, fickleness; fault, defect, failing.

change, smn. inconsistency; flaw, defect, shortcoming.

wandeln, wv. wander, 9.2, 90.

wander, wv. wander, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

wange, wn. cheek, 50.

wange, wn. cheek, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wängelīn, sn. little cheek.

wängelīn, sn. little cheeky.

want, sf. wall.

wāpen (with sich), wv. arm oneself.

wāpen (with sich), wv. gear up.

See wāfenen.

wāpen, sn. weapon, 46.

wāpen, sn. weapon, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wāpenen, see wāfenen.

wāpenroc, sm. upper-garment drawn over the coat of mail.

wāpenroc, sm. upper garment worn over the chainmail.

war, av. where, whither;

war, av. where, to where;

war umbe, wherefore, why;

wherefore, why;

war zuo, for what purpose.

war zuo, for what reason.

war, sf. attention, observation;

war, sf. focus, monitoring;

war nëmen, give attention.

listen up, give attention.

wār, sn. truth; right;

war, noun truth; right;

wār haben, be right.

be right

wār, aj. true, right, real.

war, aj. true, right, real.

wārheit, sf. truth.

wārinne, av. wherein, 39.

wārinne, av. where, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wärmen, wv. to warm, 5, 10.

wärmen, wv. to heat, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

warnen, wv. equip, prepare.

warten (pret. warte), wv. wait; look, view, 9.2.

wait; look, view, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

was, wasse, aj. sharp, 55.

was, wasse, aj. sharp, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

waschen (weschen), sv. VI, wash, 85.

wash, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

waste, sf. desert.

waste, sf. wasteland.

wāt, sf. clothing, dress.

wāt, sf. outfit, attire.

waten, sv. VI, wade, 85.

waten, sv. VI, wade, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

waȥ, pr. what, 19, 23.1, 70;

waȥ, pr. what, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__;

av. why, wherefore.

av. why, why so.

wē (gen. wēwes), sn. woe, pain;

woe, pain

wē tuon, hurt, 17, 46;

we'll hurt, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__;

interj. wehe, wē, woe! alas!;

wehe, wē, woe! alas!

mir ist wē, I am sad.

I'm feeling down, I am sad.

wëben, sv. V, weave, 28, 83.

wëben, sv. V, weave, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

wëc (-ges), sm. way; homeward journey, 5, 11.

wëc (-ges), sm. way; trip home, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

wecken (pret. wacte, wahte), wv. awake.

wake

wëder, pr. who of two, which of two, 70, 71;

wëder—noch, neither—nor.

neither—nor

wegen, wv. move, swing.

due to, how many. move, swing.

wëgen, sv. V, weigh, poise; put in motion, 83.

wëgen, sv. V, weigh, balance; set in motion, 83.

wëhsal (-el), smn. change, 8.

wëhsal (-el), smn. change, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

weich, aj. weak.

soft, adj. weak.

weideganc (-ges), sm. hunting way or path.

weideganc (-ges), sm. hunting trail or path.

weinen (pres. part. weinde for weinende), wv. weep, bewail;

weinen (pres. part. weinde for weinende), wv. cry, lament;

also sn.

weise, wm. orphan; precious stone in the royal crown.

weise, wm. orphan; gemstone in the royal crown.

weiȥgot, interj. verily.

weiȥgot, interj. truly.

210

welīch, welch, pr. which, what kind of, 11, 70, 71.

which, what, pronounced which, what kind of, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

wellen (pres. sing. wil, pret. wolte), anom. v. will, wish, 98;

wellen (pres. sing. wil, pret. wolte), anom. v. want, wish, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

got dës niht enwelle, may God forbid it.

God forbid, may it not happen.

weln, welen, wellen, wv. choose, 90.

weln, welen, wellen, wv. pick, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wenden (pp. gewant), wv. with gen. turn, prevent, hinder, turn away, 32.3.

wenden (pp. gewant), wv. with gen. turn, prevent, hinder, turn away, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wēnic, aj. little, small;

wēnic, aj. tiny;

indecl. sb. c. gen. little.

little.

wenke, sf. turning, turn, change.

wenke, sf. twist, rotate, change.

wenken, wv. totter, stagger, waver.

wenken, wv. wobble, sway, falter.

wer, sf. defence; protection; battle.

war, n. defense; protection; battle.

wër, neut. waȥ, pr. who, what;

wës, av. wherefore, 9.6, 70.

we, adv. why, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

wërben, sv. III, turn, go to and fro, strive, work, be active, 33.

wërben, sv. III, turn, go back and forth, strive, work, be active, 33.

wërde, aj. worthy, noble.

wërdekeit, wërdikeit, sf. worthiness, respect, honour, excellence.

wërdekeit, wërdikeit, sf. worthiness, respect, honor, excellence.

wërden, sv. III, become, be, be born, 9.4 note, 38, 81;

become, sv. III, become, be, be born, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__;

wërden wol innen, perceive clearly;

see clearly;

wërden buoȥ, with dat. of pers. and gen. of thing: dëm wirt kumbers buoȥ, he has compensation for his grief;

wërden rāt, c. gen. be a remedy.

be a remedy

wërdiclīchen, av. worthily.

worthily.

wërfen, sv. III, throw, set in quick motion, 10 note, 23.2, 81.

wërlt, wërelt, wëlt, sf. world, people;

dër wërelde riuwe, great sadness or grief, lit. sadness of the world.

dër wërelde riuwe, deep sadness or grief, literally sadness of the world.

wërltlīch, aj. worldly, earthly.

wërlttōre, wm. one befooled by the world.

wërlttōre, wm. someone fooled by the world.

wërltzage, wm. arrant coward.

wërltzage, wm. complete coward.

wern (weren), wv. check, ward off from, restrain, hinder, 90;

wern (weren), wv. check, keep away from, restrain, prevent, 90;

c. gen. and sich, protect or defend oneself against.

c. gen. and sich, protect or defend yourself against.

wern, wv. last, hold out, continue.

wern, wv. last, persist, continue.

wërren (with dat.), sv. III, perplex, confuse, trouble, disturb, be a hindrance, 81.

wërt (-des), aj. worthy, noble;

wërt (-des), adj. worthy, noble;

snm. respect, good fortune;

snm. respect, good luck;

av. wërde.

av. word.

wës (gen. of waȥ), av. why, wherefore.

we (gen. of what), av. why, wherefore.

wësen, sv. V, be, 19, 83;

being, sv. V, be, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__;

wësen gāch, c. gen. of person: hasten, exert oneself, eagerly.

wësen gāch, c. gen. of person: hurry, put in effort, eagerly.

wëter, sn. weather, 46.

wëter, sn. weather, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wetzen, wv. whet, sharpen.

wetzen, wv. sharpen.

wider (widere), sm. wether, 9.2.

wider (widere), sm. wether, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wider, prep. against, to;

av. again, back.

again, back.

widersagen, wv. renounce; proclaim war; contradict.

widersagen, wv. renounce; declare war; contradict.

widerstān, sv. VI, resist, withstand, be opposed to.

widervarn, sv. VI, fall to the lot of.

widervarn, sv. VI, fall to the responsibility of.

widerzæme, aj. revolting, hateful, disgusting.

widerzæme, adj. revolting, hateful, gross.

wie, av. and conj. how, as, that.

how, av. and conj. how, as, that.

wīgant (-des), sm. warrior, 8.

wīgant (-des), sm. warrior, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wīhen, wv. consecrate, bless.

wīhen, wv. bless.

wilde, aj. untamed, wild, 55.

wilde, aj. untamed, wild, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wīle, wīl, sf. time, while;

while, want, noun time, while;

die wīle, meanwhile, in the meantime.

wīlen(t), av. formerly, once upon a time.

wīlen(t), av. formerly, back in the day.

wille, wm. will, wish, desire.

will, wish, desire.

211

willeclīch, aj. willing, wishing;

willing, adj. ready, wanting;

av. willeclīchen.

av. willfully.

willekomen, aj. and av. welcome.

welcome, aj. and av. welcome.

wilt (-des), sn. wild animals, game.

wilt (-des), sn. wildlife, game.

wīn, sm. wine, 3, 19.

wine, sm. wine, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

winden, sv. III, wind, bind up, 81.

winden, sv. III, wind, tie up, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wine, sm. friend.

wine, sm. buddy.

wint (-des), sm. wind, 14.1.

wint (-des), sm. wind, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

winter, sm. winter.

winter, n. winter.

wīp (-bes), sn. woman, wife, 5, 11.

wife, sn. woman, wife, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

wīpheit, sf. womanliness.

womanhood, sf. womanliness.

wīplīch, aj. womanly.

womanly, adj. womanly.

wirde, sf. worthiness, dignity, honour, honourableness.

worthiness, dignity, honor, honorableness.

wirden, wv. make valuable.

wirden, wv. create value.

wirs, av. worse, 61.

us, than worse, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wirser, aj. worse, 58.

worse, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wirsest, wir(se)ste, aj. and av. worst, 9.5, 58, 60, 61.

worst, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.

wirt, sm. head of a house, landlord;

wirt, sm. homeowner, landlord;

dër helle wirt, devil.

the hell is happening, devil.

wirtinne, sf. mistress, hostess, 8.

wirtinne, sf. hostess, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wīse, wīs, aj. wise, sensible, experienced, 28.

wise, wise, adj. wise, sensible, experienced, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wīse, wīs, sf. manner, melody, song.

wise, wis, sf. way, tune, song.

wīsen, wv. guide, direct.

wisen, wv. guide, direct.

wīsheit, sf. wisdom.

wisdom, noun wisdom.

wīslīch, aj. wisely, 8;

wisely, adj. wisely, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

av. wīslīchen.

av. wisely.

wīt, aj. far, wide.

wīt, aj. far, broad.

witze, sf. understanding, sense; reflection.

jokes, sf. understanding, sense; reflection.

wīȥ, aj. white.

wīȥen (with dat.), sv. I, reproach, blame.

wīȥen (with dat.), sv. I, criticize, blame.

wiȥȥen, pret.-pres. (pres. weiȥ, pret. weste, wiste, wesse, wisse), know, 5, 11, 28, 92.

know, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.

wol, wole, av. well, 5, 9.1, 61;

wol, wole, av. well, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__;

wolgezogen, well-mannered;

wolgezogen, polite;

wol getān, beautiful;

wol getān, gorgeous;

wol im, happy or lucky is he!;

wol dir, hail to thee;

wol dir, greetings to you;

wol mich, happy am I!;

want me, happy am I!;

wol tuon, c. dat. do good, please;

wol ir dës, good luck to her for that!

wolf, sm. wolf, 15.

wolf, sm. wolf, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wolken, sn. cloud.

clouds, sn. cloud.

wolle, wf. wool, 15.

wool, f. wool, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wollust, smf. joy, bliss, happiness.

lust, smf. joy, bliss, happiness.

wonen, wv. dwell, live, 9.4;

living, v. dwell, live, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__;

mir wont bī, I possess.

I won't be, I possess.

wort, sn. word, speech, 46.

wort, sn. word, speech, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wüllīn, wullīn, aj. woollen, 15.

woolen, adj. woolen, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wülpinne, sf. she-wolf, 15.

wülpinne, sf. she-wolf, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wunde, wf. wound.

wound, wf. wound.

wunder, sn. wonder, marvel; a great amount or number, abundance;

wonder, n. something amazing, a marvel; a large quantity or number, abundance;

bluomen wunder, a great quantity of flowers.

bluomen wunder, a large number of flowers.

wunderalt, aj. very old.

wonderful, adj. very old.

wundern, wv. wonder, wonder at, admire, 9.2.

wundern, wv. wonder, marvel, admire, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wünne, wunne, sf. joy, pleasure, 10 note 2.

wünne, wunne, sf. joy, pleasure, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wünneclīch, wunneclīch, aj. joyful, delightful, beautiful, pleasant;

av. wünneclīche(n).

av. wonderful.

wunsch, sm. wish, ideal, perfection, highest perfection.

wunsch, sm. wish, ideal, perfection.

wünschen (with gen.), wv. wish, desire, 90.

wünschen (with gen.), wv. wish, desire, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wunschleben, sn. such a life as one could wish for.

wunschleben, sn. the kind of life that one would desire.

wunt (-des), aj. wounded.

wounded (-des), adj. injured.

wuof, sm. cry of woe.

wuof, sm. cry of despair.

wuofen, sv. VII, bewail, 87.

wuofen, sv. VII, lament, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

würgen, wv. take by the throat, choke, throttle.

würgen, wv. grab by the throat, choke, strangle.

würken, wurken (pret. worhte), wv. work, 28, 91.

würken, wurken (pret. worhte), wv. work, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

wurm, sm. worm, snake, 5.

wurm, sm. worm, snake, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

wurze, wf. root, plant.

wurzel, swf. root.

212

zageheit, sf. cowardice.

zaher, sm. tear, 5, 10.

zaher, sm. tear, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

zal, sf. number, 9.1, 31.3, 48.

zal, sf. number, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

zant, zan (gen. zandes), sm. tooth, 43.

zant, zan (gen. zandes), sm. tooth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

ze (zuo), prep. at, in, to, as much as, (undergoes contraction with the def. art.);

ze (zuo), prep. at, in, to, as much as, (contracts with the definite article);

ze bruoder, as brother;

the brother;

ze rëhte, rightly, properly;

ze rëhte, rightfully;

ze handen haben, possess;

possess hands;

av. too: ze sēre, too much.

av. too: severe, excessive.

zebrëchen, zerbrëchen, sv. IV, break, break in pieces.

zebrëchen, zerbrëchen, sv. IV, break, shatter.

zehant, av. at once, on the spot.

zehant, av. immediately, on the spot.

zēhe, wf. toe.

zëhen, num. ten, 5, 62.

zëhen, num. 10, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

zëhente (-de), num. tenth, 62.

zëhente (-de), num. tenth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

zëhenzic (-ec), hundred, 62.

zëhenzic (-ec), hundred, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

zëhenzigeste, num. hundredth, 62.

zëhenzigeste, num. one hundredth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

zeichen, sn. sign, mark, token, 23, 1.

zeichen, sn. sign, mark, token, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

zeigen, wv. show, 33.

show, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

zeim = ze einem(e).

zeim = to one(s).

zeln, wv. reckon, count, 31.3, 90.

zeln, wv. estimate, count, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

zëme, zëm = ze dëme, 68 note 2.

zëme, zëm = no worries, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

zëmen, sv. IV, suit, be becoming or fitting, 82.

zëmen, sv. IV, suit, be fitting or appropriate, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

zën = ze dën, 68 note 2.

zën = ze dën, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

zër = ze dër, 68 note 2.

zër = ze dër, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

zergān, -gēn, sv. VII, vanish, stop, perish.

zergān, -gēn, sv. VII, disappear, cease, die.

zerren (pret. zarte), wv. pull, tug, tear.

zerwirken (pp. zerworht), wv. cut up, dissect.

zerwirken (pp. zerworht), wv. chop up, dissect.

zesamene, av. together.

zëse (-wes), aj. right.

zëse (-wes), aj. correct.

zestunt, av. on the spot.

zestunt, av. instantly.

zeswëllen, sv. III, swell to the utmost.

zeswëllen, sv. III, swell completely.

zewāre, zwār, av. in truth, truly.

zewāre, zwār, av. truly.

ziehen, sv. II, draw;

ziehen, sv. II, pull;

refl. withdraw, 10, 23.1, 30, 78.

refl. withdraw, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__.

zierde, sf. adornment, 9.2.

zierde, sf. decoration, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

zieren, wv. adorn, decorate.

zieren, wv. beautify, embellish.

zīhen, sv. I, accuse, 76.

zīhen, sv. I, accuse, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

zil, sn. aim, object.

zil, sn. goal, purpose.

zimieren, wv. furnish with knightly accoutrements.

Arm, wv. furnish with knightly gear.

zinsen, wv. give as interest, give away.

interest, how much. give as interest, give away.

zir = ze ir.

zirke, wm. garland, circle, prince’s crown.

zirke, wm. garland, circle, crown.

zirkel, sm. prince’s crown.

zirkel, sm. prince's crown.

zīt, sf. time, 19.

zīt, sf. time, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

zobel, sm. robe furred with sable.

zobel, sm. sable-fur robe.

zorn, sm. anger.

anger, sm. rage.

zorneclīche, av. angrily, violently.

zücken (pret. zuhte), wv. pull quickly, tear.

pull quickly, tear.

zuht, sf. bringing up, education; good manners, politeness, demeanour; chastisement, punishment;

zuht, n. upbringing, education; good manners, politeness, behavior; discipline, punishment;

mit zühten, becomingly, gracefully, politely.

with grace, gracefully, politely.

zühtelōs, aj. ill-bred, rude, insolent.

zühtelōs, aj. uncivil, rude, disrespectful.

zunft, sf. propriety, dignity, good breeding.

guild, sf. propriety, dignity, good breeding.

zunge, wf. tongue, 3, 7, 23.2, 53

tongue, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, 53

zuo, av. to, toward; to it;

to, toward; to it;

zuo zwein, into two.

cut in half.

See ze.

See them.

zuome = zuo dëme.

zuome = do what?.

zürnen, zurnen, wv. be angry.

be angry.

zwei, num. two, 35, 62, 63.

two, num. two, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__.

zweien with sich, wv. fall out, quarrel; pair.

zweien with sich, wv. fall out, argue; pair.

zweinzic (-ec), num. twenty, 62.

zweinzic (-ec), num. 20, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

213

zweinzigeste, num. twentieth, 62.

twentieth, num. twentieth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

zwelf, num. twelve, 62.

zwelf, num. twelve, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

zwelfte, num. twelfth, 62.

zwelfte, num. twelfth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

zwene, zwei, zwō (gen. zweier, zweiger, dat. zwein), two, 35, 63.

zwene, zwei, zwō (gen. zweier, zweiger, dat. zwein), two, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__.

zwī, zwic (gen. zwīges, zwīes), smn. twig, bough, 35.

zwī, zwic (gen. zwīges, zwīes), smn. branch, twig, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

zwīfeln, wv. doubt, 9.2.

doubt, v. doubt, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

zwischen, prep. between.

between

zwīvel, zwīfel, sm. doubt, uncertainty;

aj. doubtful, 55.

aj. uncertain, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__.

zwīvellīch, aj. doubtful, uncertain, dejected.

zwīvellīch, adj. doubtful, uncertain, sad.

zwīvellop (-bes), doubtful or ambiguous praise.

zwīvellop (-bes), uncertain or unclear praise.

Paragraph 88 Table

A few other inflectional tables were similarly reformatted.

A few other inflectional tables were also updated in a similar way.

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A

MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN PRIMER

WITH

GRAMMAR, NOTES, AND GLOSSARY

BY

JOSEPH WRIGHT

M.A., PH.D., D.C.L., LL.D., LITT.D.

FELLOW OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY CORPUS CHRISTI PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

THIRD EDITION

RE-WRITTEN AND ENLARGED

OXFORD AT THE CLARENDON PRESS 1917

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS

LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORK TORONTO MELBOURNE BOMBAY

HUMPHREY MILFORD

PUBLISHER TO THE UNIVERSITY

EXTRACTS FROM THE PREFACES TO THE FIRST AND SECOND EDITIONS

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION

GRAMMAR

MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN

PHONOLOGY

THE VOWELS

Pronunciation of the Vowels.

Phonetic Survey of the MHG. Vowel-system.

The OHG. Equivalents of the MHG. Vowels.

Unaccented Vowels and Umlaut.

1. The Weakening of Unaccented Vowels.

2. The Loss of Unaccented Vowels.

3. Umlaut.

The MHG. Equivalents of the OHG. Vowels.

Ablaut (Vowel Gradation).

Examples.

Other Vowel Changes.

THE CONSONANTS

1. Pronunciation of the Consonants.

2. Consonant Changes.

ACCIDENCE

DECLENSION OF NOUNS

A. The Vocalic or Strong Declension.

B. The Weak Declension (N-Stems).

C. Declension of Proper Names.

ADJECTIVES

A. The Declension of Adjectives.

B. The Comparison Of Adjectives.

C. Formation of Adverbs from Adjectives.

PRONOUNS

1. Personal.

2. Reflexive.

3. Possessive.

4. Demonstrative.

5. Relative.

6. Interrogative.

7. Indefinite.

VERBS

A. Strong Verbs.

The Classification of the Strong Verbs.

Class I.

Class II.

Class III.

Class IV.

Class V.

Class VI.

Class VII.

B. Weak Verbs.

Class I.

Class II.

C. Minor Groups.

SYNTAX

Cases.

Adjectives.

Pronouns.

Verbs.

I BERTHOLD VON REGENSBURG.

II THE SWABIAN LANTREHTBUOCH.

III HARTMAN VON OUWE.

IV WALTHER VON DER VOGELWEIDE.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

MIDDLE HIGH GERMAN
PRIMER

FELLOW OF THE BRITISH ACADEMY
CORPUS CHRISTI PROFESSOR OF COMPARATIVE PHILOLOGY
IN THE UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD

OXFORD
AT THE CLARENDON PRESS
1917

LONDON EDINBURGH GLASGOW NEW YORK
TORONTO MELBOURNE BOMBAY

EXTRACTS FROM THE PREFACES
TO THE FIRST AND SECOND EDITIONS

I
BERTHOLD VON REGENSBURG.

II
THE SWABIAN LANTREHTBUOCH.

III
HARTMAN VON OUWE.

IV
WALTHER VON DER VOGELWEIDE.

V
REINMAR.

VI
ULRICH VON LICHTENSTEIN.

1
Ein tanzwīse, und ist diu vierde wīse.

2
Ein sincwīse, und ist diu sibende wīse.

3
Daȥ ist ein ūȥreise.

4
Ditz ist der leich.

VII
DAS NIBELUNGEN-LIED.

VIII
WOLFRAM VON ESCHENBACH.