Explanation of Terms Used in Entomology in Modern English

This is a modern-English version of Explanation of Terms Used in Entomology, originally written by Smith, John Bernhard. It has been thoroughly updated, including changes to sentence structure, words, spelling, and grammar—to ensure clarity for contemporary readers, while preserving the original spirit and nuance. If you click on a paragraph, you will see the original text that we modified, and you can toggle between the two versions.

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EXPLANATION OF TERMS USED IN ENTOMOLOGY

PREPARED BY JOHN B. SMITH, Sc.D.

Professor of Entomology in Rutgers College, Etc.

Professor of Entomology at Rutgers College, Etc.

PUBLISHED BY THE BROOKLYN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY

BROOKLYN, N. Y.

Brooklyn, NY

1906

PRESS OF THE NEW ERA PRINTING COMPANY

LANCASTER, PA.

Lancaster, PA.

{Scanner's note: This book is about a century old at the time of scanning. I found it in the discard pile of a local university library. I find the book to be of exceptional historical interest in the insights it gives into the development of early modern entomological science. It also is of practical value as a source for terms that are obscure to modern users because they are no longer current. Such works are extremely difficult to rid of all errors, so treat any really suspicious looking passages with reserve. I have avoided the use of non-alphabetic symbols as far as I could, for example Greek letters and male, female and hermaphroditic symbols, but if you encounter difficulties, those might be the source. Also, the colour table at the end is not really much good for anything beyond general impressions; not only are the paper and ink old, but between my scanner and your screen or printer, there is room for too much misinterpretation of precise colour, for anyone to take it seriously. }

{Scanner's note: This book is about a century old as of the scanning date. I found it in the discard pile of a local university library. I think this book is historically significant for the insights it offers into the development of early modern entomological science. It also acts as a practical resource for terms that are unfamiliar to modern readers because they are no longer in use. Such works are very difficult to fully correct errors, so handle any passages that seem questionable with care. I've tried to minimize the use of non-alphabetic symbols, like Greek letters and male, female, and hermaphroditic symbols, but if you encounter problems, that might be the reason. Additionally, the color table at the end isn't very helpful for anything beyond general impressions; not only are the paper and ink old, but there's also a lot of potential for misinterpretation of exact colors between my scanner and your screen or printer, making it unreliable. }

FOREWORD. *

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EXPLANATORY. *

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ADDENDA. *

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EXPLANATION OF PLATES. *

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PLATE 1. Structures of the External Body Wall. *

PLATE 1. Structures of the Outer Body Wall. *

PLATE II. Structures of Head, Mouth, Thorax & Genitalia *

PLATE III. Venation According to the Comstock System. *

COLOR PLATE. *

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FOREWORD.

Foreword.

When, some time since, in consequence of continuing demands, the Brooklyn Entomological Society resolved to publish a new edition of its Explanation of Terms used in Entomology, and entrusted the writer and two associates with the task of preparing the same, it was believed that a little revision of definitions, the dropping of a few obsolete terms and the addition of a few lately proposed, would be all that was necessary. It was to be a light task to fill idle time in summer, report to be made in fall. Two years have passed since that time; the associates have dropped by the way; the manuscript contains five times the number of terms in the original "Explanation." and if it is published now, it is not because I believe it to be complete; but because I do not believe it can be made complete except as the result of criticism and voluntary addition by specialists throughout the country.

Some time ago, the Brooklyn Entomological Society decided to release a new edition of its Explanation of Terms used in Entomology due to ongoing requests. They assigned me and two colleagues to handle it, thinking it would only require minor updates like revising definitions, removing a few outdated terms, and adding some recently suggested ones. It was supposed to be a straightforward task to fill some free time over the summer, with a report to be completed in the fall. Two years have passed since then; my colleagues have left the project, and the manuscript now contains five times as many terms as the original "Explanation." If it gets published now, it's not because I think it's finished; it's because I believe it can only be finalized with feedback and contributions from specialists across the country.

It is twenty-six years since the original list was published and nothing can better illustrate the advances made than a comparison between the old and the new Glossary. No one realizes better than I the fact that as students have increased in each order, each has followed an independent line of research, absolutely without regard to the work done elsewhere. In consequence, we have several terms for the same thing in many cases and, in an equal number, several meanings to the same term. As no one man can now-a-days cover the entire field of Entomology, it goes without saying that I was compelled to rely partly upon books and partly upon the good nature of correspondents to make the work even approximately complete.

It’s been twenty-six years since the original list was published, and nothing demonstrates the progress made better than comparing the old and new Glossary. No one understands this more than I do—the fact that as the number of students has grown in each area, each has pursued their own line of research, completely ignoring the work done by others. As a result, we now have multiple terms for the same thing in many cases, and just as many instances where one term can have several meanings. Since no one person can cover the entire field of Entomology these days, it’s clear that I had to rely partly on books and partly on the kindness of correspondents to make the work as complete as possible.

The first notable contribution came from Professor Justus W. Folsom, of Urbana, Illinois, who sent me over 2000 cards of terms collected by himself and his assistants, and these added materially at the beginning of the work. A number of correspondents were good enough to send in lists of terms in Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera and Neuroptera, and to refer me to literature where explanations of other special terms could be found.

The first significant contribution came from Professor Justus W. Folsom, from Urbana, Illinois, who sent me over 2,000 cards of terms he and his assistants collected. This greatly helped at the beginning of the project. Several correspondents kindly sent lists of terms in Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Orthoptera, Hemiptera, and Neuroptera, and pointed me to resources where I could find explanations for other specialized terms.

After the cards were so far advanced as to warrant a preliminary manuscript, Dr. Philip P. Calvert of the University of Pennsylvania. Mr. Nathan Banks of Washington, D. C., and Mr. C. W. Johnson of the Boston Society of Natural History went carefully over the entire work and by their criticisms and additions contributed materially to such merit as it possesses. To these gentlemen and to the many others not specifically mentioned I give thanks for their assistance, and if there have not been more co-workers it has been only because of the time element that seems to demand the best that is ready, rather than a delay to secure perfection.

After the cards were sufficiently advanced to justify a preliminary manuscript, Dr. Philip P. Calvert from the University of Pennsylvania, Mr. Nathan Banks from Washington, D.C., and Mr. C. W. Johnson from the Boston Society of Natural History carefully reviewed the entire work. Their feedback and contributions significantly enhanced its quality. I want to thank these gentlemen and many others not specifically mentioned for their help. The lack of more collaborators is simply due to the pressing timeline that favors what is ready over waiting for perfection.

It would be interesting to go at length into the history of the correspondence to determine what sort of terms should or should not be included and to bring out the hopeless divergencies existing ; but all that is important here is to state briefly what has been included and what omitted.

It would be interesting to explore the history of the correspondence in detail to figure out what terms should or shouldn’t be included and to highlight the significant differences that exist; however, what's important here is to briefly state what has been included and what has been left out.

Common English terms even if descriptive, when used in their ordinary dictionary sense, have not been included as a rule; but this is subject to many exceptions. Latin terms and derivatives, even if used in their usual sense have been generally included; but compounds made up of adequately defined descriptive terms are generally omitted. Adverbial or adjective forms have been omitted whenever it has been considered safe, and so have terms prefixed by sub-, supra- and the like, indicating degree or position. In doubtful cases the terms have been included and defined. All terms of venation are, so far as possible, reduced to the Comstock system which is the only one that has been satisfactorily worked out for all orders, and a series of figures is added to explain this system so far as seems necessary. It has not been considered feasible to determine the proper use of terms applied differently in different orders or families; that is scarcely within the scope of a work of this kind.

Common English terms, even if they are descriptive, aren't usually included when they are used in their ordinary dictionary meaning, but there are many exceptions. Latin terms and their derivatives, even when used in their usual sense, are generally included; however, compounds made from well-defined descriptive terms are usually left out. Adverbial or adjectival forms have been omitted whenever it was deemed appropriate, along with terms prefixed by sub-, supra-, and similar prefixes that indicate degree or position. In uncertain cases, the terms have been included and defined. All terms related to venation have, as much as possible, been simplified to the Comstock system, which is the only one that has been adequately developed for all orders, and a series of figures has been added to illustrate this system as needed. It has not been deemed practical to establish the proper use of terms that have different meanings in various orders or families; that is barely within the scope of a work like this.

Terms used in embryological and histological study have been included only so far as seemed necessary to an understanding of the general works, and no attempt has been made to cover the terms applied to musculature and other details of microscopic structure : this has seemed rather to be outside of the scope of the present essay.

Terms used in embryology and histology have been included only to the extent that they are necessary for understanding the general works, and no effort has been made to cover the terms related to muscles and other specifics of microscopic structure: this has seemed to fall outside the scope of the present essay.

All color terms are reduced so far as possible to terms of the Windsor and Newton system of water colors which are standard in the English-speaking world, and the color plate shows solid blocks of those colors that seem necessary to explain all modifications except metallics, blacks and whites. {Scanner's note: color plate may be excluded, partly because it is in poor condition.}

All color terms are simplified to the terms used in the Windsor and Newton system of watercolors, which is standard in the English-speaking world. The color plate displays solid blocks of those colors that are needed to explain all variations, except for metallics, blacks, and whites. {Scanner's note: color plate may be excluded, partly because it is in poor condition.}

The figures illustrating body structures and other details have been drawn under my supervision by Mr. John A. Grossbeck, and are meant to be guides merely—else the glossary would exceed its scope.

The illustrations of body structures and other details were created under my supervision by Mr. John A. Grossbeck and are intended to be just guides—otherwise, the glossary would go beyond its purpose.

In the admission that the work is incomplete, no apology is intended for its publication; it is merely a statement of fact to encourage constructive rather than destructive criticism. It is hoped that those who note errors or omissions will communicate them to the writer so that when another edition is needed, as it will be before many years are past, a standard work may be possible.

In acknowledging that the work is unfinished, there’s no intention to apologize for its publication; it’s simply a factual statement meant to promote constructive feedback instead of negative criticism. It’s hoped that anyone who notices mistakes or missing information will reach out to the writer, so that when another edition is required—which will happen within a few years—a quality work can be achieved.

JOHN B. SMITH, Sc.D.

JOHN B. SMITH, Ph.D.

New Brunswick, N.J. April 1906

New Brunswick, NJ, April 1906

EXPLANATORY.

Definitions of general application are as a rule given first, where more than one is necessary ; next those of limited use, and finally the specific meaning in each order in which there is any notable difference.

Definitions that cover a wide range are typically listed first, especially when multiple definitions are required; next are the definitions with limited application, and finally, the specific meaning for each case where there is a notable difference.

Where a word has more than one ending, the difference is given after a hyphen which represents the stem word: e. g., ametabola -ous; the latter in place of ametabolous, which indicates the possession of the characters peculiar to the ametabola. Where there is an English and a Latin ending, the former is usually given with the word and the other is added: e. g., aequilate -us, instead of aequilatus, there being no difference in the application. Usually the singular form of the word is first given, and the plural ending is added ; e. g.,

Where a word has multiple endings, the difference is shown after a hyphen that represents the root word: e.g., ametabola -ous; the latter replaces ametabolous, which denotes having the characteristics unique to ametabola. When there’s an English and a Latin ending, the English one is typically provided with the word, and the other is added: e.g., aequilate -us, instead of aequilatus, as there is no difference in usage. Generally, the singular form of the word is presented first, followed by the plural ending; e.g.,

antenna -ae,

cenchrus -ri,

desideratum -ata ;

but occasionally, when the plural is more commonly used, e. g., epimera -eron, this is reversed and the singular ending is added: when the two are different in form, e. g., foot and feet, the words are given separately, and so when there is a difference in the application, as in

but occasionally, when the plural is more commonly used, e.g., epimera -eron, this is reversed and the singular ending is added: when the two are different in form, e.g., foot and feet, the words are given separately, and so when there is a difference in the application, as in

uncus and unci.

In the definition of color terms the words in brackets [ ] refer to the equivalent color as named on the plate, or the combination needed to produce it.

In the definition of color terms, the words in brackets [ ] refer to the equivalent color as labeled on the plate, or the combination required to create it.

The names in parentheses ( ) are those of the writers whose definitions are used, or who have used the term in the sense defined. In the terms of venation, these parentheses occur most frequently.

The names in parentheses ( ) are the authors whose definitions are used, or who have applied the term in the defined sense. In the context of venation, these parentheses appear most often.

Most of the signs and abbreviations are those in common use

Most of the signs and abbreviations are the ones commonly used.

:= equal to, or the same as ;

:= equal to, or the same as;

q. v., which see ;

q. v., see also;

pl., plural ; abb., abbreviated.

pl., plural; abb., abbreviated.

The abbreviated names are:

The shortened names are:

Comst., for Comstock ; Coq., for Coquillett;
Meig., for Meigen ; Nort., for Norton:
O. S., for Osten-Sacken: and Will. for Williston.

Comst., for Comstock; Coq., for Coquillett;
Meig., for Meigen; Nort., for Norton:
O. S., for Osten-Sacken; and Will. for Williston.

A: prefix, is privative; wanting or without.

A: prefix, is negative; lacking or without.

Ab: off; away from.

Off; away from.

Abbreviated: cut short; not of usual length.

Abbreviated: shortened; not of usual length.

Abdomen: the third or posterior division of the insect body: consists normally of nine or ten apparent segments, but actual number is a mooted question: bears no functional legs in the adult stage.

Abdomen: the third or back section of the insect body; typically has nine or ten visible segments, though the exact number is still debated. It doesn't have any functional legs in the adult stage.

Abdominal: belonging or pertaining to the abdomen.

Abdominal: related to the belly.

Abdominal feet: see pro-legs.

Abdominal feet: see prolegs.

Abdominal groove: the concave lobe of the inner margin of secondaries enveloping the abdomen beneath, in some butterflies.

Abdominal groove: the inward-curving lobe of the inner edge of the secondary wings that wraps around the abdomen underneath, found in some butterflies.

Abdominal pouch: in female Parnassiids, a sac-like ventral cavity, formed by material secreted during copulation.

Abdominal pouch: in female Parnassiids, a sac-like ventral cavity created by material released during mating.

Abductor: applied to muscles that open out or extend an appendage or draw it away from the body: see adductor.

Abductor: refers to muscles that open or extend a limb or pull it away from the body; see adductor.

Abductor mandibulae: the muscle that opens the mandibles.

Abductor mandibulae: the muscle that opens the jaws.

Aberrant: unusual; out of the ordinary course.

Aberrant: atypical; not normal.

Aberration: a form that departs in some striking way from the normal type; either single or occurring rarely, at irregular intervals.

Aberration: a type that significantly differs from the usual form; either happening alone or occurring infrequently, at unpredictable intervals.

Abiogenesis: spontaneous generation.

Abnormal: outside the usual range or course; not normal.

Abnormal: outside the typical range or path; not normal.

Aborted: a structure developed so as to be unfit for its normal function obsolete or atrophied.

Aborted: a structure created in a way that makes it unsuitable for its usual function, outdated or weakened.

Abraded: scraped or rubbed.

Abraded: scraped or worn down.

Abrupt: suddenly or without gradation.

Abrupt: sudden or without warning.

Abscissus: cut off squarely, with a straight margin.

Abscissus: cut off cleanly, with a straight edge.

Absconditus: hidden, concealed; retracted into another.

Absconditus: hidden, concealed; pulled back into another.

Acalyptrata: those muscid flies in which alulae are absent or rudimentary.

Acalyptrata: those muscid flies where alulae are missing or underdeveloped.

Acanthus: a spine, spur or prickle.

Acanthus: a thorn, spike, or prick.

Acaudal -ate: without a tail.

Acaudal -ate: tail-less.

Accessory: added, or in addition to.

Accessory: added or in addition to.

Accessory carinae: in Orthoptera the lateral carinae of the face.

Accessory carinae: in Orthoptera, the side ridges of the face.

Accessory cell: a cell not commonly present in the group; in some orders of definite location as, e.g. in Lepidoptera, usually a small cell at the end of the subcosta, giving rise directly or indirectly to veins 7 to 10:= 1st radius 2 (Comst.); = areole.

Accessory cell: a cell that isn't typically found in the group; in some orders, it has a specific location, such as in Lepidoptera, where it is usually a small cell at the end of the subcosta, leading directly or indirectly to veins 7 to 10: = 1st radius 2 (Comst.); = areole.

Accessory glands: any glands opening into the ducts of the reproductive system.

Accessory glands: any glands that connect to the ducts of the reproductive system.

Accessory sac: a glandular structure of the female reproductive system containing a sticky secretion.

Accessory sac: a gland in the female reproductive system that produces a sticky fluid.

Accessory subcostal vein: the vein given off from the subcosta and branching toward the apex of the wing in Perlidae.

Accessory subcostal vein: the vein that branches off from the subcosta and extends toward the tip of the wing in Perlidae.

Aceous or aceus: suffix; similar to, or of the nature of.

Aceous or aceus: suffix; similar to, or having the characteristics of.

Acephalous: without a head.

Acephalous: headless.

Acerata: arthropods without true antennae Arachnids and Limulus

Acerata: arthropods without true antennae, including arachnids and Limulus.

Acetabular caps: Hemiptera; the coxal cavity.

Acetabular caps: Hemiptera; the hip joint cavity.

Acetabuliform: like a shallow saucer with more or less incurved sides.

Acetabuliform: resembling a shallow saucer with sides that curve inward to varying degrees.

Acetabulum: the cavity into which an appendage is articulated; specifically the coxal cavity, - q.v.; also applied to a cup-like cavity in the sucking mouth of maggots.

Acetabulum: the hollow space where a limb connects; specifically, the hip socket, - see also; also refers to a cup-shaped cavity in the sucking mouth of maggots.

Achreioptera: ordinal term proposed for the coleopterous family Platypsyllidae.

Achreioptera: a term used to categorize the beetle family Platypsyllidae.

Achromatic: free from color; tissue that does not stain readily.

Achromatic: without color; tissue that doesn’t stain easily.

Acicular: needle-shaped; with a long, slender point.

Acicular: shaped like a needle; having a long, thin point.

Aciculate: a surface that appears as if scratched with a needle.

Aciculate: a surface that looks like it has been scratched with a needle.

Acidotheca: the pupal sheath of the ovipositor.

Acidotheca: the protective covering of the ovipositor during the pupal stage.

Acini: granulations, like those on a blackberry: the terminal secreting tubes of glands.

Acini: small rounded structures, similar to those on a blackberry; the final secreting tubes of glands.

Acinose -ous: a surface set with acini.

Acinose -ous: a surface covered with acini.

Acone: applied to compound eyes in which the individual ocelli have no crystalline cone or lens; see eucone. {Scanner's note: this is no longer a valid usage for the word "ocelli". Currently the term is. See "ocellus" and "ommatidium".}

Acone: refers to compound eyes where the individual ocelli lack a crystalline cone or lens; see eucone. {Scanner's note: this is no longer a valid usage for the term "ocelli". Currently, it is. See "ocellus" and "ommatidium".}

Acoustic nerve: connects the auditory pits or other organs of hearing with special ganglia.

Acoustic nerve: connects the ears or other hearing organs with specific ganglia.

Acridophagus: preying and feeding on grasshoppers.

Acridophagus: hunting and eating crickets.

Acrostichal bristles: Diptera; two rows of bristles on the middle of the dorsum; specifically, minute peculiar bristles on the dorso-central region of Dolichopodidae.

Acrostichal bristles: Diptera; two rows of bristles on the middle of the back; specifically, tiny distinctive bristles on the dorso-central area of Dolichopodidae.

Aculeata: Hymenoptera; the stingers, including bees and wasps.

Aculeata: Hymenoptera; the stingers, which include bees and wasps.

Aculeate: prickly; armed with short, sharp spines; specifically, in Hymenoptera furnished with a sting which is a modified ovipositor and connected with a poison sac.

Aculeate: prickly; equipped with short, sharp spines; specifically, in Hymenoptera, having a sting that is a modified ovipositor and linked to a poison sac.

Aculeus -ei: a prickle; a small sharp point; specifically, an ovipositor, especially when sting-like, as in Hymenoptera; in male Tipulidae a slender, horny, often curved and pointed piece, projected when the forceps is open.

Aculeus -ei: a prickle; a small sharp point; specifically, an ovipositor, especially when sting-like, as seen in Hymenoptera; in male Tipulidae, a slender, hard, often curved and pointed structure that extends when the forceps is open.

Acuminate: tapering to a long point.

Acuminate: narrowing down to a long tip.

Acupunctate: a surface with fine punctures as if made with a needle.

Acupunctate: a surface with small punctures like those made with a needle.

Acutangulate: forming, or meeting in an acute angle.

Acutangulate: forming or coming together at an acute angle.

Acute: pointed: terminating in or forming less than a right angle.

Acute: sharp; ending in or creating an angle of less than 90 degrees.

Acutilingual: with a sharp pointed tongue or mouth structure, as in some bees.

Acutilingual: having a sharp, pointed tongue or mouth structure, like in some bees.

Acutilingues: bees with a short pointed tongue: see obtusilingues.

Acutilingues: bees with a short, pointed tongue: see obtusilingues.

Addorsal: close to but not quite on the middle of the dorsum.

Addorsal: near, but not exactly at, the center of the back.

Addorsal line: in caterpillars, is longitudinal, a little to one side of the dorsal and between it and the subdorsal line.

Addorsal line: in caterpillars, is longitudinal, slightly off to one side of the dorsal line and positioned between it and the subdorsal line.

Adductor: applied to muscles that draw an appendage to the body or bring parts into apposition: see abductor.

Adductor: refers to muscles that pull an appendage toward the body or bring parts together: see abductor.

Adductor mandibulae: the muscle that draws in or closes the mandible.

Adductor mandibulae: the muscle that pulls in or closes the jaw.

Adeloceratous: with concealed antennae: see cryptocerata.

Adeloceratous: with hidden antennae: see cryptocerata.

Adephagous: belonging to the Adephaga: pentamerous, predatory, terrestrial beetles with filiform antennae and predatory habits: see hydradephagous.

Adephagous: relating to the Adephaga: five-segmented, predatory, land-dwelling beetles with thread-like antennae and hunting behaviors: see hydradephagous.

Adherent: attached or clinging to.

Adherent: sticking or clinging to.

Adipose: fat or fatty: see fat-body.

Adipose: fat or fatty: see fat body.

Adiscota: insects that develop into adults without forming imaginal discs; see discota.

Adiscota: insects that grow into adults without creating imaginal discs; see discota.

Adminicula: supports or props: the spinous processes on the abdomen of boring and burrowing pupae.

Adminicula: supports or props; the bony projections on the abdomen of boring and burrowing pupae.

Adnate: adjoining; adhering or growing together: closely connected.

Adnate: next to each other; sticking or growing together: closely linked.

Adpressed: laid or pressed to; contiguous.

Adpressed: placed or pressed against; next to.

Adsperse -us: with markings of closely crowded small spots.

Adsperse -us: with markings of tightly packed small spots.

Adsternal: situated next or close to the sternum.

Adsternal: located next to or near the breastbone.

Adult: the stage when an insect is sexually mature and ready to reproduce normally.

Adult: the phase when an insect is sexually mature and ready to reproduce typically.

Aduncate -cus, -catus: a part gradually bent through its whole extent.

Aduncate -cus, -catus: a part gradually curved over its entire length.

Adventitious: occurring accidentally, out of the ordinary course, without apparent reason.

Adventitious: happening by chance, outside the usual course of events, with no clear reason.

Adventral line: in caterpillars, extends along the under side between the middle and the base of legs.

Adventral line: in caterpillars, runs along the underside between the middle and the base of the legs.

Adventral tubercle: on the abdominal segments of caterpillars on the inner base of the leg, and correspondingly on the apodal segments; constant: is number VIII of the abdominal series (Dyar).

Adventral tubercle: on the abdominal segments of caterpillars, located at the inner base of the leg, and similarly on the segments without legs; consistent: is number VIII of the abdominal series (Dyar).

Aeneous -eus: shining bronze or brassy.

Aeneous -eus: shining bronze or brass-like.

Aenescent: becoming or appearing bronzed or brassy.

Aenescent: turning or looking bronzed or brassy.

Aequale: equal.

Aequilate-us: of equal breadth throughout.

Aequilate-us: of equal width throughout.

Aerial: living in the air; applied to flying insects.

Aerial: existing in the air; refers to flying insects.

Aeriductus: a spiracle: the tracheal, gill-like structures of aquatic larvae: more specifically the tail-like extensions of rat-tailed maggots and some aquatic Hemiptera.

Aeriductus: a breathing opening; the tracheal, gill-like structures found in aquatic larvae; more specifically, the tail-like extensions of rat-tailed maggots and some water bugs.

Aeroscepsin: an indefinite sense of perception supposed to be located in the antenna.

Aeroscepsin: a vague sense of perception thought to be located in the antenna.

Aeroscepsy: The faculty of observing atmospheric changes: supposed to be located in the antenna.

Aeroscepsy: The ability to notice changes in the atmosphere, believed to be located in the antenna.

Aerostats: a pair of large air sacs at base of abdomen in Diptera.

Aerostats: a pair of large air sacs at the base of the abdomen in flies.

Aeruginose -us: the color of verdigris [blue green].

Aeruginose -us: the color of verdigris [blue-green].

Aestival: occurring in summer.

Aestival: happening in summer.

Aestivation: applied to summer dormancy.

Aestivation: refers to summer dormancy.

Afferent: carrying inwardly or toward the centre.

Afferent: moving inward or toward the center.

Affinis: related to: similar in structure or development.

Affinis: related to: similar in structure or growth.

Afternose: a triangular piece below antennae and above clypeus: see postclypeus.

Afternose: a triangular section located below the antennae and above the clypeus: see postclypeus.

Agamic -ous: reproducing without union with a male.

Agamic -ous: reproducing without mating with a male.

Agamogenesis: reproduction without fertilization by a male: see parthenogenesis; gamogenesis.

Agamogenesis: reproduction without fertilization by a male; see parthenogenesis; gamogenesis.

Agglomerate: heaped or massed together.

Agglomerate: piled or grouped together.

Agglutinate: stuck or glued together; welded into one mass.

Agglutinate: stuck or glued together; fused into one mass.

Aggregated: crowded together as closely as possible.

Aggregated: packed tightly together.

Agnathous: without jaws; specifically applied to those Neuropteroid series in which the mouth structures are obsolescent.

Agnathous: without jaws; specifically refers to those Neuropteroid series where the mouth structures have become less developed.

Aileron: the scale covering the base of primaries in some insects; see tegulae in Diptera = alula and squama, q.v.

Aileron: the structure that covers the base of the primary wings in some insects; refer to tegulae in Diptera = alula and squama, q.v.

Air-sacs or vesicles: pouch-like expansions of tracheal tubes in heavy insects, capable of inflation and supposed to lessen specific gravity.

Air sacs or vesicles: pouch-like extensions of tracheal tubes in large insects, capable of inflating and believed to reduce specific gravity.

Air-tube: a respiratory siphon.

Air-tube: a breathing tube.

Ala -ae: a wing or wings.

Alar appendage: see alulet.

Alar appendage: see alule.

Alar frenum: a small ligament crossing the supra-alar groove toward the root of the wing: Hymenoptera.

Alar frenum: a small ligament that crosses the supra-alar groove toward the base of the wing: Hymenoptera.

Alary: relating to the wings: applied also to the wing muscles of heart.

Alary: related to the wings; also refers to the wing muscles of the heart.

Alate -us: winged; with lobes similar to wings in appearance though not necessarily in function.

Alate -us: having wings; with lobes that look like wings in appearance but may not serve the same purpose.

Albi, albus: white.

Albicans: formed or made of white.

Albicans: composed of or consisting of white.

Albidus: white with dusky tinge.

Albidus: white with grayish tinge.

Albinic: of the character of an albino.

Albinic: having characteristics of an albino.

Albinism: that condition in which there is an absence of color or a whitening in a form usually colored.

Albinism: a condition where there is a lack of color or a whitening in something that is usually colored.

Albino: a colorless individual of a species that is normally colored.

Albino: a person or organism that lacks color and appears white in a species that usually has color.

Albumen: the white of egg or the substances in the tissues which have the same characteristics.

Albumen: the egg white or the substances in the tissues that have similar properties.

Albumin: the characteristic substance forming the white of egg.

Albumin: the key substance that makes up the white of an egg.

Albuminoid: like or of the character of albumen.

Albuminoid: similar to or characteristic of albumen.

Alimentary canal: the digestive tract as a whole; begins at the mouth and extends through the body to the anus.

Alimentary canal: the entire digestive system; starts at the mouth and runs through the body to the anus.

Alitrunk: that part of the thorax to which the wings are attached: in many Hymenoptera, includes the 1st abdominal segment.

Alitrunk: the section of the thorax where the wings are connected; in many Hymenoptera, it also encompasses the 1st abdominal segment.

Alizarine: a transparent, orange red [alizar crimson].

Alizarine: a clear, orange-red [alizar crimson].

Alleghanian faunal area: is that part of the transition zone comprising the greater part of New England, s. e. Ontario, New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, eastern N. Dakota, n. e. S. Dakota, and the Alleghanies from Pennsylvania to Georgia.

Alleghanian faunal area: is the section of the transition zone that includes most of New England, southeastern Ontario, New York, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, eastern North Dakota, northeastern South Dakota, and the Appalachian Mountains from Pennsylvania to Georgia.

Alligate -us: fastened or suspended by a thread; like the chrysalis of Papilio, etc.

Alligate -us: attached or hanging by a thread; similar to the chrysalis of Papilio, etc.

Alliogenesis: when the development includes an alternation of generations (q.v.), as in Cynipids.

Alliogenesis: when development involves a change between generations (see also), like in Cynipids.

Alluring glands: glandular structures diffusing an odor supposed to be attractive to the opposite sex.

Alluring glands: glandular structures releasing a scent thought to be appealing to the opposite sex.

Allux: next to the last joint of tarsus; in Rhynchophora.

Allux: next to the last joint of the ankle; in Rhynchophora.

Alpine zone: = arctic zone, q.v.

Alpine zone: = arctic zone, see also.

Alternation of generations: where a species that occurs in both sexes periodically produces only parthenogenetic females; the latter, in turn, producing the sexed form; occurs in Cynipidae and some Homoptera: see heterogeny.

Alternation of generations: where a species that has both male and female forms periodically produces only parthenogenetic females; these females, in turn, produce the male and female forms; this occurs in Cynipidae and some Homoptera: see heterogeny.

Altus: above: applied to a part raised above the usual level.

Altus: high: used to describe a part that is elevated above the usual level.

Alulae: Diptera; a pair of membranous scales above the halteres, behind the root of the wing, one above or before the other; the anterior attached to the wing and moving with it, the posterior fastened to the thorax and stationary; see calyptra; squama; squamula; lobulus; axillary lobe; aileron; scale; tegulae: Coleoptera; a membranous appendage of the elytra which prevents dislocation.

Alulae: Diptera; a pair of thin, membranous scales above the halteres, located behind the base of the wing, one positioned above or in front of the other; the front one is attached to the wing and moves with it, while the back one is connected to the thorax and remains still; see calyptra; squama; squamula; lobulus; axillary lobe; aileron; scale; tegulae: Coleoptera; a membranous extension of the elytra that prevents separation.

Alulet: Diptera: the lobe at basal posterior part of wing; = alar appendage; posterior lobe: and has been used as = alula.

Alulet: Diptera: the lobe at the base of the back part of the wing; = wing appendage; back lobe: and has been referred to as = alula.

Alutaceous: rather pale leather brown [burnt sienna]: covered with minute cracks, like the human skin.

Alutaceous: somewhat pale leather brown [burnt sienna]: covered with tiny cracks, similar to human skin.

Alveolate: furnished with cells: deeply pitted.

Alveolate: equipped with cells; highly indented.

Alveolus: a cell, like that of a honeycomb.

Alveolus: a cell, similar to that of a honeycomb.

Amber: a transparent, clear, pale yellowish brown; of the color of amber [a mixture of pale cadmium yellow and a little burnt umber].

Amber: a transparent, clear, light yellowish-brown; the color of amber [a mix of light cadmium yellow and a bit of burnt umber].

Ambient vein: Diptera; the costal vein when it extends beyond the apex and practically margins the wing.

Ambient vein: Diptera; the costal vein when it extends beyond the tip and nearly borders the wing.

Ambrosia: bee-bread: the food cultures of certain Scolytid beetles.

Ambrosia: bee bread: the food of some Scolytid beetles.

Ambulatoria: that series of Orthoptera in which the legs are fitted for walking only; Phasmids.

Ambulatoria: that group of Orthoptera where the legs are adapted solely for walking; Phasmids.

Ambulatorial: fitted for walking or making progress on the surface.

Ambulatorial: suitable for walking or moving forward on the ground.

Ambulatorial setae: specialized hairs or bristles, situated on the ventral segments of the abdomen of some Coleoptera. Ambulatory: moves by walking; formed for walking.

Ambulatorial setae: specialized hairs or bristles located on the underside of the abdomen of some beetles. Ambulatory: moves by walking; designed for walking.

Ametabola -ous: insects without obvious metamorphoses, in which the larvae usually resemble the adult and the pupae are active.

Ametabola -ous: insects that do not undergo noticeable metamorphosis, where the larvae typically look like the adults and the pupae are active.

Ametabolion: an insect that has no distinct metamorphoses.

Ametabolion: an insect that does not undergo distinct metamorphosis.

Amethystine -us: bright blue with a reddish admixture; clear like an amethyst [between mauve and lilac].

Amethystine -us: bright blue with a reddish tint; clear like an amethyst [between mauve and lilac].

Amnion: the inner of the two membranes enveloping the embryo.

Amnion: the inner of the two membranes surrounding the embryo.

Amnion cavity: a tube-like insinking from the ventral plate of the embryo, extending cephalad.

Amnion cavity: a tube-like indentation from the front part of the embryo, extending upward toward the head.

Amnion fold: the extensions of the amnion which close the mouth of the amnion cavity in the embryo.

Amnion fold: the extensions of the amnion that close off the opening of the amnion cavity in the embryo.

Amnios: the first cast skin of the larva when a moult occurs almost immediately after emergence from the egg.

Amnios: the first shed skin of the larva that happens almost right after it hatches from the egg.

Amoebiform: having the appearance or properties of an amoeba.

Amoebiform: resembling or having the characteristics of an amoeba.

Amoeboid: applied to movements similar to those of an amoeba.

Amoeboid: used to describe movements that are similar to those of an amoeba.

Amphibiotica: those pseudoneuropterous insects whose larvae are aquatic but whose imagos are aerial; stone-flies; May-flies; dragon- flies.

Amphibiotica: those insects that look like neuropterans, whose larvae live in water but whose adult forms can be found in the air; stoneflies; mayflies; dragonflies.

Amphimixis: the mingling of the germ plasm of two individuals.

Amphimixis: the blending of the genetic material from two individuals.

Amphiodont: applied to those forms of male Lucanids bearing mandibles of medium size, between teleodont and priodont; =mesodont.

Amphiodont: used to describe male Lucanids that have medium-sized mandibles, falling between teleodont and priodont; =mesodont.

Amphipneustic: applied to larvae which have the spiracles confined to the anterior and terminal segments.

Amphipneustic: used to describe larvae that have their breathing openings limited to the front and back segments.

Ample: broad; large; sufficient in size.

Ample: wide; big; enough in size.

Amplected: when the head is received into a concavity of the prothorax; e.g. Hister.

Amplected: when the head fits into a hollow of the prothorax; e.g. Hister.

Ampliate -us: moderately dilated.

Ampliate -us: slightly dilated.

Amplificatus: dilated; enlarged.

Amplificatus: expanded; enlarged.

Ampulla: Orthoptera; an extensile sac between head and prothorax used by the young in escaping from oötheca, and later, in molting: Heteroptera; a blister-like enlargement at the middle of the anterior margin of the pro-thorax.

Ampulla: Orthoptera; a flexible sac located between the head and prothorax that the young use to escape from the egg case, and later, during molting: Heteroptera; a blister-like swelling at the center of the front edge of the prothorax.

Ampulla-like: flask-shaped; applied to a vascular sac at base of antennae which aids in the blood circulation of head and its appendages.

Ampulla-like: shaped like a flask; refers to a vascular sac at the base of the antennae that helps with blood circulation in the head and its appendages.

Amygdaliform: almond-shaped.

Anabolic: the constructive change from food material to animal tissue: see katabolic.

Anabolic: the process of converting food into animal tissue: see katabolic.

Anal: pertaining or attached to the last segment of the abdomen; the point or angle of any wing or other appendage that is near to or at any time reaches the tip of the abdomen.

Anal: related to or connected with the last part of the abdomen; the point or angle of any wing or other appendage that is close to or at any time touches the end of the abdomen.

Anal angle: on the secondaries is that angle nearest the end of the abdomen when the wings are expanded: the angle between the inner and outer margin of any wing; = hind angle of primaries.

Anal angle: on the secondaries, this is the angle closest to the end of the abdomen when the wings are spread out; it refers to the angle between the inner and outer margins of any wing; it is also known as the hind angle of the primaries.

Anal appendages: generally; applied to the external genital parts.

Anal appendages: generally, this term refers to the external genitalia.

Anal area: Orthoptera and Neuroptera; the hinder or anal portion of a wing within the anal vein = axillary area.

Anal area: Grasshoppers and lacewings; the back part of a wing within the anal vein = axillary area.

Anal cells: the spaces between the anal veins (Comst.): in Diptera, anal cell (Will.), the space nearest the body, inclosed by the 5th and 6th veins sometimes called the third basal cell (Coq.) = 1st anal (Comst.).

Anal cells: the areas between the anal veins (Comst.): in Diptera, anal cell (Will.), the area closest to the body, surrounded by the 5th and 6th veins, sometimes referred to as the third basal cell (Coq.) = 1st anal (Comst.).

Anal field: Orthoptera; that area on the tegmina corresponding to the anal area of the secondaries.

Anal field: Orthoptera; that section on the tegmina corresponding to the anal area of the hindwings.

Anal filaments: see caudal setae.

Anal filaments: see tail bristles.

Anal fork: applied to the cerci of Coleopterous larvae.

Anal fork: refers to the cerci of beetle larvae.

Anal foot: applied to the tip of the body in larval Chironomids, which is modified to serve as a hold-fast.

Anal foot: refers to the tip of the body in larval Chironomids, which is changed to function as a grip.

Anal furrow: in wings, lies between the cubitus and 1st anal vein.

Anal furrow: in wings, located between the cubitus and the 1st anal vein.

Anal glands: appendages of the alimentary canal, opening into it near the posterior extremity, secreting either a lubricant, a silk-gum, or some other specialized material.

Anal glands: extensions of the digestive system, opening into it near the back end, producing either a lubricant, a silk-like substance, or some other specialized material.

Anal horns: in Collembola, are small processes borne on the last abdominal segment.

Anal horns: in Collembola, are small structures found on the last abdominal segment.

Anal lobes: in Lecaniinae, a pair of small, triangular, hinged processes forming a valve which covers the anal orifice.

Anal lobes: in Lecaniinae, a pair of small, triangular, hinged structures that create a valve to cover the anal opening.

Anal loop: Odonata; the loop formed by the angulations of 1st anal vein.

Anal loop: Odonata; the loop created by the bends of the first anal vein.

Analogous: similar in function; but differing in origin and structure: e.g. the wings of birds and insects: see homologous.

Analogous: similar in function but different in origin and structure; for example, the wings of birds and insects: see homologous.

Anal operculum: the dorsal arch of the 10th abdominal segment; in caterpillars = supra-anal plate, q.v.

Anal operculum: the top arch of the 10th abdominal segment; in caterpillars = supra-anal plate, see above.

Anal organs: Collembola; the two modified hairs arising from a tubercle ventro-cephalad of the anus and usually curving caudo-dorsad.

Anal organs: Collembola; the two modified hairs coming from a bump located ventro-cephalad of the anus, usually curving towards the back and top.

Anal orifice: see anus.

Anal papilla: Collembola; see anal tubercle.

Anal papilla: Springtails; see anal tubercle.

Anal plate: in caterpillars, the shield-like covering of the dorsum of the last segment: in the embryonic larva the 11th tergite.

Anal plate: in caterpillars, the shield-like covering on the back of the last segment; in the embryonic larva, the 11th tergite.

Anal ring: a chitinous ring encircling the anus in many Coccidae.

Anal ring: a tough, ring-shaped structure surrounding the anus in many Coccidae.

Anal scale: one of the lateral processes of the ovipositor in Cynipidae, lying outside and below the lateral scale.

Anal scale: one of the side parts of the ovipositor in Cynipidae, positioned outside and below the side scale.

Anal siphon: the anal breathing tube of Culicid larvae.

Anal siphon: the anal breathing tube of mosquito larvae.

Anal style: a slender process on or within the terminal segment of the abdomen in Homoptera.

Anal style: a slender structure on or inside the end part of the abdomen in Homoptera.

Anal tubercle: Collembola; the tubercle bearing the anal organs: = anal papilla.

Anal tubercle: Collembola; the tubercle that holds the anal organs: = anal papilla.

Anal tubercles: a pair of prominent, rounded or conical processes, situate one on each side of the anus in certain Coccids.

Anal tubercles: a pair of noticeable, rounded or cone-shaped structures located on either side of the anus in some Coccids.

Anal valves: see podical plates.

Anal veins: those longitudinal unbranched veins extending from base to outer margin below the cubitus; the first anal, also termed vena dividens, q.v., is the 6th of the series starting from the base, and it may be followed by several others which are numbered in order to the inner margin.

Anal veins: these are straight, unbranched veins that run from the base to the outer edge beneath the cubitus. The first anal vein, also known as the vena dividens, refers to the 6th in the sequence starting from the base, and it may be followed by several others that are numbered in order towards the inner margin.

Anastomosing: inosculating or running into each other.

Anastomosing: connecting or intersecting with each other.

Anastomosis: a running together; usually applied to wing veins, often to markings; sometimes used like stigma, q.v.; also in Neuroptera, a series of cross-veinlets nearly in one row; a connecting series of veinlets.

Anastomosis: a coming together; typically refers to wing veins, often to markings; sometimes used similarly to stigma, see above; also in Neuroptera, a series of nearly parallel cross-veinlets; a connected series of veinlets.

Anceps: two-edged; similar to ensiform, q.v.

Anceps: two-edged; similar to sword-shaped, see also.

Ancestral: primitive; inherited from an earlier form or ancestor.

Ancestral: original; passed down from a previous version or ancestor.

Anchor process: = breastbone, q.v.

Anchor process: = sternum, see also.

Anchylosed: grown together at a joint.

Anchylosed: fused together at a joint.

Ancipital: with two opposite edges or angles.

Ancipital: having two opposite edges or angles.

Androconia: specialized, usually small scales of peculiar form, found localized on some male butterflies.

Androconia: specialized, typically small scales with a unique shape, found in specific areas on certain male butterflies.

Androgynous: uniting the characters of both sexes.

Androgynous: combining traits of both genders.

Aneurose: a wing without veins except near costa.

Aneurose: a wing that has no veins except near the edge.

Angle: of tegmina, "is the longitudinal ridge formed along the interno-median by the sudden flexure from the horizontal to the vertical portion when closed."

Angle: of tegmina, "is the long ridge created along the interno-median by the sudden bend from the horizontal to the vertical section when closed."

Angular area: Hym.; the posterior of the three areas on the metanotum between the lateral and pleural carinae; = 3rd pleural area.

Angular area: Hym.; the back part of the three areas on the metanotum between the lateral and pleural carinae; = 3rd pleural area.

Angulate: forming an angle; when two margins meet in an angle.

Angulate: creating an angle; when two edges come together at an angle.

Angulose: having angles.

Angulus: forming an angle: = angulate.

Angulus: creating an angle: = angulate.

Angustatus: narrowed; narrowly drawn out.

Angustatus: limited; tightly drawn out.

Anisoptera: that division of the Odonata in which the hind wings are wider, especially at base, than the front wings.

Anisoptera: the group of Odonata where the hind wings are broader, especially at the base, compared to the front wings.

Annectent: applied to connecting or intermediate forms.

Annectent: used for connecting or intermediate forms.

Annelet or annellus: Hym.; small ring-joints between scape and funicle.

Annelet or annellus: Hym.; small ring joints between the scape and funicle.

Annulate: ringed or marked with colored bands.

Annulate: having rings or marked with colored bands.

Annulet: a small or narrow ring or annulus.

Annulet: a small or narrow ring.

Annuliform: in the form of rings or segments.

Annuliform: shaped like rings or segments.

Annulus: a ring encircling a joint, segment, spot or mark; sometimes applied to the inner ring encircling the mouth opening.

Annulus: a ring surrounding a joint, segment, spot, or mark; sometimes used to refer to the inner ring around the mouth opening.

Annulus antennalis: the ring sclerite of the head into which the basal segment of the antennae is inserted; = antennal sclerite.

Annulus antennalis: the ring-like structure on the head where the base of the antennae attaches; = antennal sclerite.

Anomalous: unusual; departing widely from the usual type.

Anomalous: abnormal; significantly different from the typical type.

Anoplura: wingless species without metamorphosis, habits epizoötic, thoracic segments similarly developed: a composite aggregation which includes both the biting and sucking lice.

Anoplura: wingless species that do not undergo metamorphosis, live as epizoötes, with similarly developed thoracic segments: a combined group that includes both biting and sucking lice.

Ante: before; used as a prefix.

Ante-alar sinus: Odonata; a grooved area extending transversely immediately in front of the base of each front wing.

Ante-alar sinus: Odonata; a groove that runs across just in front of where each front wing meets the body.

Ante-apical: just before the apex.

Ante-apical: right before the apex.

Ante-clypeus: Odonata; the lower of the two divisions of the clypeus; the inferior half of the clypeus whenever there is any apparent line of demarcation: = clypeus-anterior; infra-clypeus; rhinarium; second clypeus.

Ante-clypeus: Odonata; the lower part of the clypeus; the bottom half of the clypeus when there is a noticeable line of separation: = clypeus-anterior; infra-clypeus; rhinarium; second clypeus.

Ante-coxal piece: Coleoptera; that portion of the metasternum lying in front of the posterior coxae, often passing between them and meeting the abdomen of mandible, is the lateral sclerite of the clypeus; - one on each side.

Ante-coxal piece: Coleoptera; the part of the metasternum located in front of the back coxae, often situated between them and connecting to the mandible’s abdomen, is the lateral sclerite of the clypeus; - one on each side.

Ante-cubital: see ante-nodal, cross veins and spaces.

Ante-cubital: see ante-nodal, cross veins, and spaces.

Ante-furca: an internal forked process from the prosternum, to which muscles are attached.

Ante-furca: a forked structure inside the prosternum where muscles are attached.

Ante-humeral: relating to the space just before origin of wings.

Ante-humeral: referring to the area just before the wings start.

Ante-humeral stripe: Odonata; a discolored stripe, approximately parallel to, but to the inner side of the humeral suture, q.v.

Ante-humeral stripe: Odonata; a faded stripe, roughly parallel to, but on the inner side of the humeral suture, see also.

Antemedial line: = t. a. line, q.v.

Antemedial line: = t. a. line, see above.

Antemedian: Diptera; applied to leg-bristles situated before the middle.

Antemedian: Diptera; refers to leg bristles located before the middle.

Antenna -ae: two jointed, sensory organs, borne, one on each side of the head, commonly termed horns or feelers.

Antenna -ae: two jointed sensory organs, located one on each side of the head, commonly referred to as horns or feelers.

Antenna-cleaner: a fringed excavation on the interior base of the 1st segment of the anterior tarsi of Hymenoptera which, when covered by the movable process from the end of the tibia, forms an opening through which the antennae may be drawn: similar structures are on the fore tibiae of Carabid beetles: tarsal claws are also used by various insects to clean antennae.

Antenna cleaner: a notched area on the inner base of the first part of the front legs of Hymenoptera, which, when covered by a movable part at the end of the tibia, creates an opening through which the antennae can be pulled. Similar features are found on the front tibiae of Carabid beetles. Additionally, tarsal claws are used by different insects to clean their antennae.

Antennal appendage: in Mallophaga, a projecting process of the 1st or 3rd segment in the male.

Antennal appendage: in Mallophaga, a noticeable extension of the 1st or 3rd segment in males.

Antennal formula: in Coccidae; made by enumerating the antennal joints in the order of their length, beginning with the longest and bracketing together those of the same length.

Antennal formula: in Coccidae; created by counting the antennal segments based on their length, starting with the longest and grouping those of equal length together.

Antennal fossa -w: grooves or cavities in which antennae are located or concealed: = a. grooves: antennary fossa.

Antennal fossa -w: grooves or cavities where antennas are situated or hidden: = a. grooves: antennary fossa.

Antennal fovea: Diptera; a groove or grooves in the middle of the face as though for the lodgment of the antennae; bounded on the sides by the facial ridges.

Antennal fovea: Diptera; a groove or grooves in the center of the face that seems to hold the antennae; bordered on the sides by the facial ridges.

Antennal foveolae: Orthoptera; the pits between frontal costa and lateral carinae, in which the antennae are inserted.

Antennal foveolae: Orthoptera; the grooves between the front edge and the side ridges where the antennae are attached.

Antennal grooves: see antennal fossa.

Antennal lobes: of brain, see deuto-cerebrum.

Antennal lobes: part of the brain, see deutocerebrum.

Antennal organs: in Collembola are sensory structures on the distal segment.

Antennal organs: in Collembola are sensory structures on the end segment.

Antennal process: Diptera; the frontal protuberance upon which the antennae are inserted.

Antennal process: Diptera; the front bump where the antennae attach.

Antennal sclerite: see annulus antennalis.

Antennal sclerite: see antennal ring.

Antennal segment: the second or deutocerebral segment of head.

Antennal segment: the second or deutocerebral segment of the head.

Antennary fossa: see antennal fossa.

Antennary fossa: see antenna fossa.

Antennary furrow: in Mallophaga, grooves on the under side of the head in which the antennae lie.

Antennary furrow: in Mallophaga, grooves on the underside of the head where the antennae are located.

Antenniferous: bearing antennae.

Antenniferous: having antennae.

Antenniform: made up like, or having the appearance of antennae.

Antenniform: shaped like, or resembling antennae.

Antennule: a small antennae or feeler-like process.

Antennule: a small antenna or feeler-like structure.

Antenodal cells: Odonata; in Agrionidae the cells included between the short sector (M 4 Comst.) and the upper sector of the triangle (Cu 1, Comst.), and between the quadrilateral (or quadrangle) and the vein descending from the nodus.

Antenodal cells: Odonata; in Agrionidae, the cells found between the short sector (M 4 Comst.) and the upper sector of the triangle (Cu 1, Comst.), as well as between the quadrilateral (or quadrangle) and the vein that descends from the nodus.

Antenodal cross veins: Odonata; extend between costa and subcosta, and between subcosta and media, from the base to the nodus, forming the ante-nodal or ante-cubital cells: = ante-cubital.

Antenodal cross veins: Odonata; stretch between the costa and subcosta, and between the subcosta and media, from the base to the nodus, creating the ante-nodal or ante-cubital cells: = ante-cubital.

Antenodal costal spaces: Odonata; the cells between costa and subcosta, from the base to the nodus: = ante-cubitals.

Antenodal costal spaces: Odonata; the areas between the costa and subcosta, from the base to the nodus: = ante-cubitals.

Anteocular: the region just before the eye; specifically applied in Collembola to a peculiar structure of undefined function situated in front of the eyes: = prostemmatic.

Anteocular: the area right in front of the eye; specifically used in Collembola to refer to a unique structure of unknown function located in front of the eyes: = prostemmatic.

Antepectus: the lower surface of the prothorax.

Antepectus: the underside of the prothorax.

Antepenultimate: the last but two.

Antepenultimate: the third to last.

Anterior: in front; before; in Dip., that face of the leg which is visible from the front when the leg is laterally extended and bristles on that face are anterior.

Anterior: in front; before; in Dip., that side of the leg that can be seen from the front when the leg is stretched to the side and the bristles on that side are at the front.

Anterior branch of third vein, in Diptera (Will.), = radius 4 (Comst.).

Anterior branch of the third vein in Diptera (Will.) = radius 4 (Comst.).

Anterior field: Orthoptera; of tegmina, see costal field.

Anterior field: Orthoptera; for tegmina, refer to costal field.

Anterior intercalary vein: Diptera; = media 2 (Comst.); of Loew = discoidal vein.

Anterior lamina: Odonata; the anterior sternal border of abdominal segment 2, modified to form the front margin of the genital pocket.

Anterior lamina: Odonata; the front sternal edge of abdominal segment 2, altered to create the front edge of the genital pocket.

Anterior lobe: Orthoptera; see lobes.

Anterior lobe: Grasshoppers; see lobes.

Anterior squama: = antisquama; q.v.

Anterior squama: = antisquama; see above.

Anterior stigmatal tubercle: on thoracic and abdominal segment of caterpillars; varies from substigmatal to stigmatal anterior; sometimes united to IV: it is V of the abdominal series, IV of the thorax (Dyar).

Anterior stigmatal tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal segments of caterpillars; it can range from just below the stigma to just above the stigma; sometimes fused to IV: it is the fifth in the abdominal series and the fourth in the thorax (Dyar).

Anterior trapezoidal tubercle: on thoracic and abdominal segment of caterpillars addorsal, anterior, always present, rarely united with II: it is I of the abdominal series, la of the thorax (Dyar).

Anterior trapezoidal tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal segments of caterpillars, located on the back, at the front, always present, rarely joined with II: it is I of the abdominal series, la of the thorax (Dyar).

Antero: to the front; anteriorly.

Antero: at the front; in front.

Antero-dorsal: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of anterior and dorsal face.

Antero-dorsal: Diptera; refers to leg bristles where the front and top surfaces meet.

Antero-ventral: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of anterior and ventral face.

Antero-ventral: Diptera; refers to leg bristles where the front and bottom surfaces meet.

Anthobian: feeding on flowers; applied to certain lamellicorn Coleoptera in which the labium extends beyond the mentum.

Anthobian: feeding on flowers; this term refers to certain lamellicorn beetles where the labium extends beyond the mentum.

Anthophila: Hymenoptera; species in which the basal joint of the hind tarsus is dilated and pubescent; the bees.

Anthophila: Hymenoptera; species where the base joint of the hind tarsus is enlarged and covered in hairs; the bees.

Anthracine -us: coal black; black with a bluish tinge.

Anthracine -us: deep black; black with a blue hint.

Anti: over against; opposite; contrary: (prefix).

Anti: against; opposite; contrary (prefix).

Anticus: frontal; belonging to or directed toward the front.

Anticus: front-facing; related to or directed toward the front.

Antigeny: opposition or antagonism of the sexes; embracing all forms of secondary sexual diversity.

Antigeny: the opposition or conflict between the sexes; covering all types of secondary sexual differences.

Antipodal costal spaces: Odonata; the cells between costa and subcosta, from the base to the modus; = antecubitals.

Antipodal costal spaces: Odonata; the areas between the costa and subcosta, from the base to the modus; = antecubitals.

Antisquama: Diptera; the upper of the two which moves with the wings; = antitegula; see also squama.

Antisquama: Diptera; the upper one of the two that moves with the wings; = antitegula; see also squama.

Antitegula: see antisquama.

Antitegula: see antisquama.

Antlia: the spiral tongue or haustellum of Lepidoptera.

Antlia: the spiral tongue or proboscis of butterflies and moths.

Antliata: insects with a sucking mouth; originally applied to Lepidoptera and Diptera, later and more specifically to Diptera.

Antliata: insects with a sucking mouth; initially applied to Lepidoptera and Diptera, but later and more specifically to Diptera.

Antrorse -sum: directed toward the front.

Antrorse -sum: facing forward.

Anus: the end of the digestive tract, through which the food remnants are passed: the posterior part of the individual: specifically, in Coccidae, a more or less circular opening on the dorsal surface of the pygidium, varying in location as regards the circumgenital gland orifices: = anal orifice.

Anus: the end of the digestive system where leftover food is expelled; the back part of the body: particularly, in Coccidae, a circular opening on the upper side of the pygidium, with its position varying in relation to the openings of the circumgenital glands: = anal opening.

Aorta: the anterior, narrow part of the heart, opening into the head.

Aorta: the front, narrow section of the heart that leads into the head.

Apex: that part of any joint or segment opposite the base by which it is attached; that point of a wing furthest removed from base or at the end of the costal area.

Apex: the part of any joint or segment that is opposite the base where it connects; the point of a wing furthest from the base or at the end of the costal area.

Aphaniptera: indistinctly winged; see Siphonaptera.

Aphaniptera: vaguely winged; see Siphonaptera.

Aphideine: see aphidilutein.

Aphidilutein: a yellowish fluid found in plant lice, changed to a rich violet by alkaline reagents.

Aphidilutein: a yellowish fluid found in plant lice, turns into a deep violet when mixed with alkaline substances.

Apical: at, near or pertaining to the apex; usually of a wing.

Apical: at, close to, or related to the apex; typically referring to a wing.

Apical area: see petiolar area.

Apical area: see petiole area.

Apical areas: apical cells in some Homoptera.

Apical areas: apical cells in certain Homoptera.

Apical cell: a cell near or at the apex of a wing; in Hymenoptera (Norton) = medial (Comst.); outer apical cell = 2d medial 2 (Comst.); inner apical cell = medial 3 (Comst.).

Apical cell: a cell located at or near the tip of a wing; in Hymenoptera (Norton) = medial (Comst.); outer apical cell = 2nd medial 2 (Comst.); inner apical cell = medial 3 (Comst.).

Apical cells or cellules: Trichoptera; the series of cells along the outer margin of wing from pterostigma to arculus.

Apical cells or cellules: Trichoptera; the row of cells along the outer edge of the wing from the pterostigma to the arculus.

Apically: toward or directed toward the apex.

Apically: towards or directed at the apex.

Apical sector: one of the longitudinal veins in the apical part of wing of Neuroptera.

Apical sector: one of the long veins in the top section of the wing of Neuroptera.

Apical transverse carina: Hymenoptera; crosses the metanotum behind middle and separates the median from the posterior cells or areas.

Apical transverse carina: Hymenoptera; runs across the metanotum behind the middle and separates the median from the posterior cells or areas.

Apiculis: an erect, fleshy short point.

Apiculis: an upright, thick short point.

Apiculate: covered with fleshy, short points.

Apiculate: covered with soft, short tips.

Apivorous: devouring bees.

Apivorous: eating bees.

Apneustic: without an open tracheal system; respiration is through the skin or through tracheal gills.

Apneustic: lacking an open tracheal system; breathing occurs through the skin or via tracheal gills.

Apocrita: = petiolate, q.v.

Apocrita: = stalked, see also.

Apodal: with single, simple tubercles instead of feet, in larvae; without feet = apodous.

Apodal: having single, simple bumps instead of feet in larvae; without feet = apodous.

Apode: one that has no feet.

Apode: someone who has no feet.

Apodema: a conspicuous transverse band crossing the thorax in front of the scutellum in male Coccidae.

Apodema: a noticeable band that runs horizontally across the chest area in front of the scutellum in male scale insects.

Apodeme: an inwardly directed process to which a muscle is attached.

Apodeme: a projection that extends inward where a muscle is attached.

Apodous: without feet; see apodal.

Apodous: footless; see apodal.

Apolar: without differentiated poles; without apparent radiating processes applied to cells.

Apolar: lacking distinct poles; without visible radiating processes applied to cells.

Apophysis: the lower of the two joints of trochanter in ditrocha trochanterellus; the dorso-lateral metathoracic spines in Hymenoptera; also used as synonymous with ento-thorax.

Apophysis: the lower of the two joints of the trochanter in ditrocha trochanterellus; the dorsal-lateral metathoracic spines in Hymenoptera; also used as a synonym for the ento-thorax.

Apophystegal plates: Orthoptera; flattened blade or plate-like sclerites covering the gonapophyses.

Apophystegal plates: Orthoptera; flattened blade or plate-like structures covering the gonapophyses.

Apotypes: = hypotypes; q.v.

Apotypes: = hypotypes; see also.

Appendage -es: any part, piece or organ attached by a joint to the body or to any other main structure.

Appendage -es: any part, piece, or organ connected by a joint to the body or to another main structure.

Appendice -es: any attached body or small process; an appendix.

Appendice -es: any connected part or small projection; an appendix.

Appendicial: supplementary: relating to appendices.

Appendicial: supplementary; related to appendices.

Appendicle: a small appendix: in some bees, a small sclerite at tip of labrum.

Appendicle: a small appendix; in some bees, a tiny sclerite located at the tip of the labrum.

Appendiculate: bearing appendages; said of antennae where the joints have articulated appendages; of tarsal claws that have membranous processes at base.

Appendiculate: having appendages; refers to antennae with joints that have articulated appendages; of tarsal claws that have membranous structures at the base.

Appendiculate cell: Hymenoptera; is on costa just beyond 2d radius 1 and 2.

Appendiculate cell: Hymenoptera; is located on the costa just past the 2d radius 1 and 2.

Appendigerous: bearing appendages.

Appendaged: having appendages.

Appendix: a supplementary or additional piece or part, added to or attached to another: in Heteroptera; = cuneus, q.v.

Appendix: an extra or additional piece or part, added to or attached to another: in Heteroptera; = cuneus, see also.

Appress -ed: to press against; closely applied to.

Approximate: near to; applies to antennae inserted close together.

Approximate: close to; applies to antennae placed close together.

Aptera: those that have no wings: an ordinal term formerly employed for fleas, lice and other wingless forms now distributed in other orders: later used for the simplest or lowest insects, including the Thysanura and Collembola.

Aptera: those without wings; a term once used for fleas, lice, and other wingless creatures that are now classified differently. It was later used to refer to the most basic or lowest insects, including Thysanura and Collembola.

Apterodicera: wingless, with two antennae.

Apterodicera: wingless, with two antennas.

Apterous: without wings.

Apterous: wingless.

Apterygogenea: those insects that are wingless in all stages and presumed to be descended from ancestors which never were winged: see pterygogenea.

Apterygogenea: these are insects that are wingless at all stages and are believed to have evolved from ancestors that were never winged: see pterygogenea.

Apterygota: = apterygogenea; see pterygote.

Aquamarine -us: sea green: pale green with predominant blue and a little gray [nile green].

Aquamarine -us: sea green: light green with mainly blue and a hint of gray [nile green].

Aquatic: living wholly in water.

Aquatic: living entirely in water.

Aquatilia: cryptocerous Hemiptera of truly aquatic habit.

Aquatilia: a type of water-dwelling insect in the group of Hemiptera with a unique body structure.

Arachnoideous: resembling or similar to a cobweb.

Arachnoideous: looking like or similar to a cobweb.

Araneiform: spider-like in appearance.

Araneiform: resembling a spider.

Arboreal: living in, on, or among trees.

Arborescent: branching like the twigs of a tree.

Arborescent: branching like the branches of a tree.

Archaic: ancient; no longer dominant; of the olden time.

Archaic: outdated; no longer prevalent; from an earlier era.

Archiptera: those Neuroptera with incomplete metamorphosis = Pseudo-neuroptera.

Arctic Zone: is that part of the boreal region above the limit of tree growth in the U. S. is restricted to the area above timber line on the summits of high mountains: = alpine.

Arctic Zone: is the part of the boreal region above the limit of tree growth in the U.S. It is limited to the areas above the tree line on the peaks of high mountains: = alpine.

Arcuate: curved like a bow: = arcuate.

Arcuato-emarginate: with a bow-like or curved excision.

Arcuato-emarginate: with a bowed or curved cutout.

Arculus: Odonata; a small cross vein between radius and cubitus near the base, leaving an elongate triangle between them: Trichoptera; a point, often hyaline, on the forewing where the cubitus (or post cubitus) runs into the margin: in Homoptera; a cross-veinlet nearly reaching posterior margin at same point as in Trichoptera: in other orders applied to a cross-vein in similar position, apparently giving rise to the median.

Arculus: Odonata; a small cross vein between the radius and cubitus near the base, forming an elongated triangle between them: Trichoptera; a point, often clear, on the forewing where the cubitus (or post cubitus) meets the margin: in Homoptera; a cross-veinlet almost reaching the posterior margin at the same point as in Trichoptera: in other orders refers to a cross-vein in a similar position, seemingly leading to the median.

Arcus: a bow; part of a circle; but less than one half.

Arcus: a bow; part of a circle; but less than half.

Area mediastinal, scapularis and ulnaris: the areas in front of the mediastinal, the scapular, and the ulnar veins in Orthoptera.

Mediastinal, scapular, and ulnar areas: the regions in front of the mediastinal, scapular, and ulnar veins in Orthoptera.

Areae or Areolae: wing cells or spaces between veins.

Areae or Areolae: the wing cells or spaces between the veins.

Arenicolous: applied to species frequenting sandy areas.

Arenicolous: used for species that are commonly found in sandy areas.

Arenose: a surface that is sandy or gritty.

Arenose: a surface that is sandy or rough.

Areola: a small cell on the wings of certain Hemiptera: see also areae Hymenoptera; the central of three median areas on the metanotum: = 2d median area; upper median area.

Areolate: with small defined areas, like a network.

Areolate: having small distinct areas, similar to a network.

Areole: Lepidoptera; see accessory cell, cell and cellule.

Areole: Lepidoptera; see accessory cell, cell, and cellule.

Areolet: one of the small spaces between veins of net-veined insects.

Areolet: one of the small areas between the veins of insects with net-like wing patterns.

Argentate: shining, silvery white.

Argentate: shiny, silver-white.

Argenteous: silvery.

Argenteous: silver-colored.

Argillaceous: of the texture, appearance or color of clay.

Argillaceous: having the texture, appearance, or color of clay.

Arid: Applied to regions in which the normal rainfall is insufficient to produce ordinary farm crops without irrigation, and in which desert conditions prevail: see humid.

Arid: Describes areas where the usual rainfall isn't enough to grow regular farm crops without irrigation, and where desert-like conditions exist: see humid.

Arid transition area: comprises the western part of the Dakotas, northern Montana east of the Rockies, southern Assiniboia, small areas in southern Manitoba and Alberta, the higher parts of the Great Basin and the plateau region generally, the eastern base of Cascade Sierras and local areas in Oregon and California.

Arid transition area: includes the western part of the Dakotas, northern Montana east of the Rockies, southern Assiniboia, small sections in southern Manitoba and Alberta, the higher regions of the Great Basin and the plateau area as a whole, the eastern foothills of the Cascade Sierras, and some local areas in Oregon and California.

Arista: a specialized bristle or process on antennae of certain Diptera.

Arista: a specialized bristle or structure on the antennae of certain flies.

Aristate: Diptera; that type of antennae that bears an arista: = athericerous.

Aristate: Diptera; this type of antennae that has an arista: = athericerous.

Aristiform: of the form or appearance of an arista.

Aristiform: having the shape or look of an arista.

Armature: applied to the spinous or chitinous processes on the legs, body or wings; or the corneous parts of genitalic structures.

Armature: refers to the bony or hard parts on the legs, body, or wings; or the tough components of reproductive structures.

Armatus: set with spines, claws or other chitinous processes.

Armatus: equipped with spines, claws, or other hard, shell-like structures.

Armillate: with a ring or annulus of raised or different tissue.

Armillate: having a ring or band of elevated or different tissue.

Arolium -ia: cushion-like pads on the tarsi of many insects: one of the lobes of the pulvillus; in Orthoptera, used only for the terminal pad between the claws: see empodium; pulvillus; palmula; plantula; onychium, paronychium, pseudonychium.

Arolium -ia: cushiony pads on the tarsi of many insects; one of the lobes of the pulvillus. In Orthoptera, it's only used for the terminal pad between the claws: see empodium; pulvillus; palmula; plantula; onychium, paronychium, pseudonychium.

Arquate: see arcuate.

Arquate: see curved.

Arrhenotokous: capable of producing male offspring only, as in worker bees and some saw-flies.

Arrhenotokous: able to produce only male offspring, as seen in worker bees and certain saw-flies.

Arrhenotoky: parthenogenetic reproduction when the progeny are all males: see thelyotoky and deuterotoky.

Arrhenotoky: a type of parthenogenetic reproduction where all the offspring are males; see thelyotoky and deuterotoky.

Arthrium: Coleoptera; the minute, concealed tarsal joint in pseudotetramera and trimera.

Arthrium: Beetles; the tiny, hidden tarsal joint in pseudotetramera and trimera.

Arthroderm: the outer skin or covering of articulates.

Arthroderm: the outer skin or covering of jointed animals.

Arthrodial: an articulation that permits motion in any direction.

Arthrodial: a joint that allows movement in any direction.

Arthromere: a body segment or ring: = somite.

Arthromere: a body segment or ring; = somite.

Arthropleure: the side piece of an arthromere.

Arthropleure: the lateral part of an arthromere.

Arthropods: all those articulates having jointed legs.

Arthropods: all those creatures with jointed legs.

Article: a joint or segment.

Article: a joint or segment.

Articular pan: the cup or dish-like depression forming the socket into which an articulation is fitted.

Articular pan: the cup or dish-shaped indentation that creates the socket where a joint fits.

Articulate: that branch of the animal kingdom whose members are made up of rings, segments or articulations.

Articulate: that part of the animal kingdom where the members consist of rings, segments, or joints.

Articulate: divided into joints or segments.

Articulate: split into joints or sections.

Articulated apex: see clasp filament.

Articulated apex: see clasp thread.

Articulation: the point or place where two parts or segments are joined: also applied to an individual joint or segment.

Articulation: the spot or area where two parts or segments come together; it's also used to refer to a single joint or segment.

Articulatory epideme: the partly chitinized membrane by which the wings are attached to the thorax.

Articulatory epideme: the partially chitinized membrane that connects the wings to the thorax.

Artus: the organs of locomotion generally.

Artus: the parts of the body that help with movement.

Asexual: applied where the reproductive organs are incompletely developed and eggs or young are produced by cell-budding: = parthenogenetic.

Asexual: used when the reproductive organs are not fully developed and eggs or offspring are produced through cell-budding: = parthenogenetic.

Ash-gray: a mixture of black and white, with a faint orange tinge: like ashes of anthracite coal.

Ash-gray: a blend of black and white, with a slight orange hint: similar to the ashes of anthracite coal.

Aspect: indicates the direction to which a surface faces or in which it is viewed; it may be dorsal, ventral, caudal, cephalic or lateral.

Aspect: refers to the direction a surface faces or how it is viewed; it can be dorsal, ventral, caudal, cephalic, or lateral.

Asperities: surface roughenings or dot-like elevations.

Asperities: rough patches or tiny raised spots on a surface.

Aspersus: rugged, with distinct elevated dots.

Aspersus: rough, with noticeable raised spots.

Assembling: gathering together; applied when a virgin female is exposed to attract such males as may be near, either to secure a pairing or merely to obtain specimens; also called sembling.

Assembling: coming together; used when a virgin female is presented to draw in nearby males, either to form a pair or simply to collect samples; also known as sembling.

Assurgent: down-curved at base, then upcurved to an erect position.

Assurgent: curved downward at the base, then curving upward to a straight position.

Asymmetrical: not alike on the two sides; not symmetrical.

Asymmetrical: different on both sides; not symmetrical.

Asymmetry: a state of unlikeness in lateral development; absence of symmetry in form or in the development of members.

Asymmetry: a condition where there is an imbalance in sides; lack of symmetry in shape or in the growth of parts.

Ater: deep black; not shining.

Ater: pitch black; not shiny.

Aterimus: the deepest black.

Aterimus: the darkest black.

Athericerous: see aristate.

Athericerous: see pointed.

Atom -us: a minute dot or point.

Atom -us: a tiny speck or dot.

Atomarius: with minute dots or points.

Atomarius: with tiny dots or spots.

Atrachelia: Coleoptera in which there is no visible constriction between head and prothorax: Rhynchophora and some Heteromera.

Atrachelia: Beetles that have no visible narrowing between the head and the prothorax: Rhynchophora and some Heteromera.

Atrium: a chamber just within the spiracle and before the occluding structure to the trachea.

Atrium: a room located just inside the spiracle and before the blocking structure to the trachea.

Atrocoeruleus: very deep, blackish, sky-blue.

Atrocoeruleus: very deep, dark blue.

Atrophied: wasted away; unfit for use.

Atrophied: shriveled; unusable.

Atropurpureus: dark purplish, nearly black [an admixture of mauve and black].

Atropurpureus: dark purple, almost black [a mix of mauve and black].

Atrous: jet black.

Atrous: deep black.

Atrovelutinus: velvety black.

Atrovelutinus: soft black.

Atrovirens: dark green, approaching blackish [prussian green].

Atrovirens: dark green, nearly blackish [prussian green].

Attenuated: drawn out; slender; tapering.

Thin: drawn out; slender; tapering.

Attingent: touching.

Touching.

Atus: suffix; denotes possession of a quality or structure.

Atus: suffix; indicates ownership of a characteristic or structure.

Atypic -ical: off type; not of the usual form.

Atypic -ical: not typical; different from the usual form.

Auchenorhynchus: with the beak issuing from the inferior portion of head, as in Homoptera.

Auchenorhynchus: with the beak coming out from the lower part of the head, like in Homoptera.

Auditory: relating to the sense of hearing.

Auditory: related to the sense of hearing.

Auditory organs: Orthoptera; specialized structures covered by a tense membrane, on the anterior tibia or base of abdomen; any structure that functions as an ear.

Hearing organs: Orthoptera; specialized structures covered by a tight membrane, found on the front leg segment or at the base of the abdomen; any structure that works as an ear.

Aurantiacus: orange colored; a mixture of yellow and red [chrome orange].

Aurantiacus: orange; a blend of yellow and red [chrome orange].

Aurate: with ears or ear-like expansions: also = auratus.

Aurate: having ears or ear-like extensions; also = auratus.

Auratus: golden yellow [pale cadmium yellow].

Auratus: bright yellow [light cadmium yellow].

Aurelia: = chrysalis or pupa; specifically of butterflies.

Aurelian: a lepidopterist.

Aurelian: a butterfly expert.

Aureolate: with a diffused colored ring.

Aureolate: having a soft colored ring around it.

Aureole: a ring of color which is usually diffuse outwardly.

Aureole: a ring of color that is typically spread outwards.

Aureous -eus: gold-colored.

Aureous -eus: golden.

Aurichalceous: brassy yellow.

Aurichalceous: metallic yellow.

Auricle -cula: an appendage resembling a little ear; in Odonata the tumescent area at the sides of the second abdominal segment: in Andrenidae, a short membranous process placed laterally on the ligula.

Auricle -cula: a small ear-like appendage; in Odonata, the swollen area on the sides of the second abdominal segment; in Andrenidae, a short, thin membrane that is located on the side of the ligula.

Auricular: applied to the space or cavity surrounding the dorsal vessel.

Auricular: related to the area or cavity around the dorsal vessel.

Auriculate: with an ear-like appendage or, in antennae, with the basal joint distended into a concave, plate-like ear which envelops the rest of the structures.

Auriculate: having an ear-like extension or, in antennae, with the base joint expanded into a curved, plate-like ear that surrounds the other parts.

Auriculo-ventricular: the outer valves of the heart between the auricular space and the chamber.

Auriculo-ventricular: the outer valves of the heart between the atrial space and the chamber.

Auriculo-ventricular openings: are the lateral openings into the heart by means of which the blood is admitted into it.

Auriculo-ventricular openings: are the side openings of the heart through which blood enters.

Auritus: with two ear-like spots or appendages.

Auritus: featuring two ear-shaped spots or appendages.

Auroral spot: applied to the bright orange colored spot at the apical area of Anthocharis.

Auroral spot: refers to the bright orange spot located at the top part of Anthocharis.

Auroreous -eus: red, like the aurora borealis [crimson lake].

Auroreous -eus: red, like the northern lights [crimson lake].

Austral: is that faunal region which covers the whole of the United States and Mexico except the boreal mountains and tropical lowlands: divided into transition, upper, lower and gulf strip: see boreal and tropical.

Austral: this faunal region includes all of the United States and Mexico, excluding the boreal mountains and tropical lowlands. It's divided into the transition, upper, lower, and gulf strip areas. See boreal and tropical.

Austroriparian faunal area: that part of lower austral zone covering the greater part of the South Atlantic and Gulf States. Begins near mouth of Chesapeake Bay, covers half or more of Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, all of Mississippi and Louisiana, east Texas, nearly all of Indian Territory, more than half of Arkansas and parts of Oklahoma, s. e. Kansas, so. Missouri, so. Illinois, s. w. corner of Indiana and bottom lands of Kentucky and Tennessee.

Austroriparian faunal area: this section of the lower austral zone covers most of the South Atlantic and Gulf States. It starts near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay and includes more than half of Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, all of Mississippi and Louisiana, east Texas, nearly all of Indian Territory, more than half of Arkansas, parts of Oklahoma, southeastern Kansas, southern Missouri, southern Illinois, the southwest corner of Indiana, and the floodplains of Kentucky and Tennessee.

Autotype: any specimen identified by the describer as an illustration of his species and compared with the type or co-type.

Autotype: any sample recognized by the person describing it as an illustration of their species and compared to the type or co-type.

Auxiliary: additional, or supplementing.

Auxiliary: extra, or supporting.

Auxiliary vein: in Diptera (Will.), = subcosta (Comst.).

Auxiliary vein: in flies (Will.), = subcosta (Comst.).

Axillae: two small, subtriangular sclerites at the lateral basal angles of the meso-scutellum in Proctytripidae.

Axillae: two small, triangular sclerites located at the outer bottom corners of the meso-scutellum in Proctytripidae.

Axillary: placed in the crotch or angle of origin of two bodies; arising from the angle of ramification.

Axillary: located at the junction or corner where two bodies meet; originating from the point of division.

Axillary area: see anal area.

Underarm area: see anal area.

Axillary calli: see calli axillary.

Axillary calli: see axillary calli.

Axillary cell: in Diptera (Will.), = 2d anal (Comst.).

Axillary cell: in flies (Will.), = 2nd anal (Comst.).

Axillary excision: = a. incision, q.v.

Axillary excision: = a. cut, see above.

Axillary incision: Diptera; an incision on inner margin of wing, near base, which separates the alula from the main part.

Axillary incision: Diptera; an incision along the inner edge of the wing, close to the base, that separates the alula from the main section.

Axillary lobe: the sclerite covering the base of the wing in Diptera; see also alula and posterior lobe.

Axillary lobe: the hard structure that covers the base of the wing in flies; see also alula and posterior lobe.

Axillary vein: one or two longitudinal veins toward the inner margin from the anal vein (Ephemeridae); a group of several (10-20) radiate veins that occupy the anal field in Orthoptera.

Axillary vein: one or two long veins located toward the inner edge from the anal vein (Ephemeridae); a group of several (10-20) spreading veins that fill the anal area in Orthoptera.

Axis: a small process at base of elytron, upon which it turns.

Axis: a small mechanism at the base of the elytron, on which it rotates.

Azure -eus: clear sky-blue [cobalt blue].

Azure -eus: bright sky blue [cobalt blue].

Azygos: unpaired; a structure without a fellow; sometimes applied to an unpaired oviduct specifically the enlarged portion of the vagina at the junction of the oviducts and thus = uterus.

Azygos: unpaired; a structure without a partner; sometimes used to refer to an unpaired oviduct, specifically the enlarged part of the vagina where the oviducts meet, and therefore = uterus.

Baccate -us: berry-like: applied to bladder-like ovaries from the surface of which the short ovarian tubes arise.

Baccate -us: berry-like: used to describe bladder-like ovaries from which the short ovarian tubes emerge.

Back: the dorsum or upper surface.

Back: the top surface or upper side.

Baculiform: rod or staff-like.

Rod-shaped

Badius: liver-brown; clearer and lighter than castaneus [dragon's blood].

Badius: dark brown; clearer and lighter than chestnut [dragon's blood].

Baenomere: a leg-bearing (thoracic) segment.

Baenomere: a leg segment (thoracic).

Baenopoda: the thoracic legs.

Baenopoda: the front legs.

Baenosome: the thorax.

Baenosome: the chest.

Balancers: see halteres.

Bald: without hair or other surface vestiture: see bare.

Bald: without hair or any other surface covering: see bare.

Band: a transverse marking broader than a line.

Band: a horizontal mark that is wider than a line.

Bar: a short, straight band of equal width.

Bar: a short, straight strip of the same width throughout.

Barb: a spine armed with teeth pointing backward.

Barb: a spine with teeth that face backward.

Barbate: furnished with barbs; hair with spines or spurs directed backward.

Barbate: equipped with barbs; hair has spines or spurs pointing backward.

Barbated: bearded; in antennae with tufts or fascicles of hair or short bristles on each side of each joint; = brush-like: on the abdomen, with flat tufts at the sides or tip.

Barbated: bearded; in antennae with tufts or bundles of hair or short bristles on each side of each joint; = brush-like: on the abdomen, with flat tufts at the sides or tip.

Barbule: a small barb, beard or filiform appendage.

Barbule: a tiny barb, whisker, or threadlike extension.

Bare: without clothing of any kind: see bald.

Bare: without any clothing: see bald.

Basad: in the direction of or toward the base.

Basad: in the direction of or toward the bottom.

Basal: at or pertaining to the base or point of attachment to or nearest the main body.

Basal: related to the base or the point where something connects to or is closest to the main body.

Basal area: in wings: that space nearest the point where they are attached to the body: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, the anterior of the three median cells or areas = 1st median area.

Basal area: in wings: that space closest to the point where they connect to the body: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, the front of the three median cells or areas = 1st median area.

Basal cell: Diptera; st (Will.), = radial 2 (Comst.); 2d (Will.), = media (Comst.); Trichoptera; one, two or three cells enclosed by the branches that form-the post-costal or anal vein: Odonata; an elongate cell between radius and cubitus, just before the arculus.

Basal cell: Diptera; st (Will.), = radial 2 (Comst.); 2d (Will.), = media (Comst.); Trichoptera; one, two or three cells surrounded by the branches that create the post-costal or anal vein: Odonata; an elongated cell between radius and cubitus, just before the arculus.

Basalis: the principal mandibular sclerite, when sclerites are distinguishable, to which all other parts are jointed; corresponds to the stipes in the maxilla.

Basalis: the main part of the lower jaw, when the pieces are distinguishable, to which all other parts are connected; it corresponds to the stipes in the maxilla.

Basal line: in many Lepidoptera; a transverse line extending half way across the primaries very close to base.

Basal line: in many butterflies and moths; a horizontal line extending halfway across the front wings very close to the base.

Basal lobe: of culicid genitalia, see claspette.

Basal lobe: of mosquito genitalia, see claspette.

Basal post-costal vein: in Agrioninae, one of the cubito-anal cross- veins.

Basal post-costal vein: in Agrioninae, one of the cubito-anal cross-veins.

Basal segment of clasp: see side piece.

Basal space: that area on the primaries of certain Lepidoptera, between the base and t. a. line (q.v.).

Basal space: the area on the primaries of some butterflies and moths, located between the base and the t. a. line (see also).

Basal streak: in Noctuid moths, extends from base, through the submedian interspace to the t. a. line.

Basal streak: in Noctuid moths, runs from the base, through the submedian interspace to the t. a. line.

Basal transverse carina: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, crosses before middle and separates the anterior from the median areas.

Basal transverse carina: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, crosses before the middle and separates the front from the middle areas.

Base: that part of any appendage that is nearest the body: on the thorax that portion nearest the abdomen; on the abdomen that portion nearest the thorax.

Base: the part of any limb that is closest to the body: on the thorax, the section closest to the abdomen; on the abdomen, the section closest to the thorax.

Basement membrane: that thin layer of tissue upon which the epithelium rests.

Basement membrane: that thin layer of tissue that the epithelium sits on.

Basilar: of or pertaining to the base.

Basilar: relating to the base.

Basilar cross-vein: Odonata; crosses the basilar space.

Basilar membrane: a thin membrane separating the cones and rods from the optic tract.

Basilar membrane: a thin membrane that separates the cones and rods from the optic nerve pathway.

Basilar space: Odonata; that area at base of wings, between media and cubitus.

Basilar space: Odonata; the area at the base of the wings, located between the media and cubitus.

Basi-proboscis: basal third of the flexed proboscis of muscid flies.

Basi-proboscis: the base third of the bent proboscis of houseflies.

Batesian mimicry: see mimicry.

Bathmis: see pterostigma.

Bathmis: refer to pterostigma.

Bave: the fluid silk as it is spun by caterpillars.

Bave: the liquid silk produced as caterpillars spin it.

Beak: any notable prolongation of the front of the head: the snout in Rhynchophora: specifically, the jointed structure covering the lancets in the hemipterous mouth.

Beak: any notable extension at the front of the head; the snout in Rhynchophora; specifically, the jointed structure that covers the lancets in the mouth of hemipterans.

Bearded: fringed with hair: see barbated.

Bearded: having hair around the edges; see barbated.

Belly: venter; under side of abdomen.

Belly: stomach; lower part of the abdomen.

Belonoid: needle-like.

Belonoid: needle-shaped.

Bi: prefix, means two.

Bi-alar: two-winged; applied to Diptera.

Bi-alar: two-winged; used for Diptera.

Biarcuate: twice curved.

Biarcuate: two curves.

Biareolate: with two cells or areoles: see bilocular.

Biareolate: having two cells or areas: see bilocular.

Bicaudate: having two tails or anal processes.

Bicaudate: having two tails or rear extensions.

Bicolored: with two colors that contrast to some extent.

Bicolored: having two colors that contrast with each other to some degree.

Bicornute: with two horns or cephalic processes.

Bicornute: having two horns or head structures.

Bicuspidate: ending in two points or cusps.

Bidactylate: with two fingers or finger-like processes.

Bidactylate: having two fingers or finger-like projections.

Bidentate: two-toothed.

Bidentate: two-pronged.

Biemarginate: twice emarginate; with two excisions.

Biemarginate: shaped with two notches; having two cutouts.

Bifarious: pointing in opposite directions.

Bifarious: facing in opposite directions.

Bifasciate: with two bands or fascia.

Bifasciate: having two bands or stripes.

Bifid: divided into two parts; split; applied in Coleoptera to tarsal claws which are divided so that the claws lie side by side: see biparted.

Bifid: split into two parts; divided; refers to tarsal claws in Coleoptera that are separated so the claws are positioned side by side: see biparted.

Biflabellate: antennae with fan-like process on two sides.

Biflabellate: antennae with a fan-shaped structure on both sides.

Bifurcate: divided, not over half its length, into two dull points; forked.

Bifurcate: divided into two dull points, not extending more than half its length; forked.

Bifurcation: a forking or division into two: the point at which a forking occurs.

Bifurcation: a split or division into two; the moment when a split happens.

Biguttate: with two drop-like spots.

Biguttate: with two droplet-like spots.

Bijugum: in two pairs.

Bijugum: in two sets.

Bilamellar: divided into two lamina or plates.

Bilamellar: split into two layers or plates.

Bilateral -eriter: with two equal or symmetrical sides.

Biliary vessels: see malpighian tubules.

Biliary vessels: see Malpighian tubules.

Bilineate -us: with two lines.

Bilobate -ed: divided into two lobes.

Bilobate -ed: split into two sections.

Binocular: having two cells or compartments: see biareolate.

Binocular: having two sections or parts; see biareolate.

Bimaculate: with two spots or maculae.

Bimaculate: having two spots or marks.

Binate: in pairs: consisting of a single pair.

Binate: in pairs; made up of one pair.

Binotate: with two rounded spots.

Binotate: with two rounded dots.

Binus: paired: doubled.

Biogenesis: the production of life from antecedent life.

Biogenesis: the creation of life from existing life.

Biomorphotica: those neuropterous insects in which the pupa is active.

Biomorphotica: those neurotic insects where the pupa is active.

Bionomics: the habits, breeding and adaptations of living forms.

Bionomics: the behaviors, reproduction, and adaptations of living organisms.

Biophore: an ultimate constituent of germ plasm or hereditary substance.

Biophore: a fundamental part of genetic material or hereditary substance.

Bioplasm: formative living matter.

Bioplasm: living matter that forms.

Biparted: profoundly divided into two parts: see bifid.

Biparted: deeply split into two sections: see bifid.

Bipectinate: antennae having comb-like teeth or processes on Beach side of each joint.

Bipectinate: antennae with comb-like teeth or projections on each side of each segment.

Bipupillate: an ocellate spot with two pupils, of the same or different in color.

Bipupillate: a spot with two pupils that are the same color or different colors.

Biradiate: consisting of, or with two rays or spokes.

Biradiate: having two rays or spokes.

Biramose -ous: having two branches or doubled appendages.

Biramose -ous: having two branches or double appendages.

Biseriately: arranged in double rows or series.

Biseriately: arranged in two rows or series.

Biserrate: doubly saw-toothed; with a saw tooth on each side of each antennal joint.

Biserrate: having two rows of saw-like teeth; with a saw tooth on both sides of each joint of the antenna.

Bisetose -ous: with two bristle-like or setaceous appendages.

Bisetose -ous: having two bristle-like or hair-like appendages.

Bisinuate: a margin or line with two sinuations or incisions.

Bisinuate: a margin or line with two curves or notches.

Bituberculate: with two distinct tubercles.

Bituberculate: with two distinct bumps.

Biuncinnate: with two hooks.

Bivalve -ed: applied to mouth parts consisting of two parts or valves united to form a tube.

Bivalve -ed: refers to mouth parts made up of two sections or valves connected to create a tube.

Bivittate: with two longitudinal stripes or vittae.

Bivittate: having two lengthwise stripes or bands.

Blade: of maxilla, see lacinia.

Blastem: a nucleated protoplasmic layer preceding the blastoderm.

Blastem: a layer of protoplasm with a nucleus that comes before the blastoderm.

Blastoderm: the germinal membrane from which the organs of the embryo are formed.

Blastoderm: the membrane that gives rise to the organs of the embryo.

Blastodermic cells: are those forming the blastoderm.

Blastodermic cells: are the cells that make up the blastoderm.

Blastogenic: relating to or inherent in the germ or blast.

Blastogenic: related to or originating from the germ or blast.

Blastophore: the primitive mouth of the embryo.

Blastophore: the early mouth of the embryo.

Blind: without eyes: applied also to an ocellate spot without a pupil.

Blind: without sight: also used to describe a spot that has an eye-like appearance but lacks a pupil.

Bloom: a fine violet dusting similar to that on plums. {Scanner's note: See Pruinous.}

Bloom: a soft violet coating like the one on plums. {Scanner's note: See Pruinous.}

Blotch: a large irregular spot or mark: large whitish membrane between abdomen and thorax in certain saw-flies.

Blotch: a big irregular spot or mark; a large whitish membrane between the abdomen and thorax in some saw-flies.

Blunt: not sharp; obtuse at the edge or tip.

Blunt: not sharp; dull at the edge or tip.

Body: the trunk: usually applied to the thorax only; rarely to the abdomen alone; sometimes to thorax and abdomen combined.

Body: the trunk; typically refers to the chest area only; rarely to the abdomen by itself; occasionally to both the chest and abdomen together.

Bombifrons: front of head with a blister-like protuberance.

Bombifrons: the front of the head has a bump that looks like a blister.

Bombous: blister-like; spherically enlarged or dilated.

Bombous: like a blister; rounded or swollen.

Bombycinous: a very pale yellow like fresh spun silk.

Bombycinous: a light yellow similar to freshly spun silk.

Boreal: from or belonging to the north: is that faunal region that extends from the polar sea southward to near the northern boundary of the United States and farther south occupies a narrow strip along the Pacific Coast and the higher parts of the Sierra-Cascade, Rocky and Alleghany Mountain ranges; divided into Arctic, Hudsonian and Canadian: see austral and tropical.

Boreal: relating to or coming from the north; it's the animal region that stretches from the polar sea down to near the northern border of the United States and further south covers a narrow area along the Pacific Coast and the higher elevations of the Sierra-Cascade, Rocky, and Allegheny mountain ranges; divided into Arctic, Hudsonian, and Canadian: see austral and tropical.

Borer: applied to an insect or larva that burrows or makes channels in woody or other vegetable tissue.

Borer: refers to an insect or larva that digs tunnels or creates channels in woody or other plant material.

Botryoidal: clustered like a bunch of grapes.

Bouclier: the pronotum, q.v.

Bouclier: the pronotum, see above.

Bouton: a button; the terminal lappet-like process at the tip of the ligula in bees: = spoon.

Bouton: a button; the end part that looks like a lappet at the tip of the ligula in bees: = spoon.

Brachelytra: with abbreviated wing covers or elytra.

Brachelytra: having shortened wing covers or elytra.

Brachia: the arms: has been applied to raptorial fore-legs.

Brachia: the arms; this term has been used to describe the grasping front legs.

Brachial: relating to an arm; arm-like.

Brachial: related to an arm; resembling an arm.

Brachial cells: Hymenoptera; 1st (Nort.), = costal and subcostal (Comst.) 2d (Nort.), = medial (Comst.); 3d (Nort.), = cubital (Comst.); 4th (Nort.), = 2d anal (Comst.).

Brachial cells: Hymenoptera; 1st (Nort.), = costal and subcostal (Comst.) 2nd (Nort.), = medial (Comst.); 3rd (Nort.), = cubital (Comst.); 4th (Nort.), = 2nd anal (Comst.).

Brachial veins: of primaries in Hymenoptera, originate at base, run parallel to inner edge toward anal angle; often connected with the cubital cellules by means of recurrent venules.

Brachial veins: of primaries in Hymenoptera, start at the base, run parallel to the inner edge towards the anal angle; often linked to the cubital cells through recurrent venules.

Brachium: the fore tibia.

Brachium: the front tibia.

Brachycerous: Diptera; with short, 3-jointed antennae.

Brachycerous: Diptera; with short, 3-part antennas.

Brachypterous: with short or abbreviated wings.

Brachypterous: having short or shortened wings.

Brachyostomata: brachycerous Diptera with short proboscis.

Brachyostomata: short-nosed flies with a small proboscis.

Brain: that ganglion of the nervous system which lies in the head above the oesophagus; formed of the first three primitive ganglia: see supra-oesophageal.

Brain: the cluster of nerves located in the head above the esophagus; made up of the first three basic nerve clusters: see supra-esophageal.

Branchiae: air tubes or gill-like processes of aquatic larva;.

Branchiae: air tubes or gill-like structures of aquatic larvae.

Branchial: relating to the gills or branchiae.

Branchial: related to the gills.

Branchiate: supplied with gills or bronchia.

Branchiate: equipped with gills or breathing tubes.

Brassy: yellow, with the lustre of metallic brass.

Brassy: yellow, with the shine of metallic brass.

Breast: the under surface of thorax or sternum.

Breast: the lower surface of the chest or sternum.

Breast-bone: in Cecidomyid larvae; a horny, more or less elongate process of the under side behind the mouth opening, supposed to represent the labium = anchor process.

Breast-bone: in Cecidomyid larvae; a hard, elongated structure on the underside behind the mouth opening, thought to represent the labium = anchor process.

Breathing pores: see spiracle.

Brevis: short.

Brevis: brief.

Brides: Homoptera; two pieces on the face, one each side of clypeus and lower part of front.

Brides: Homoptera; two sections on the face, one on each side of the clypeus and the lower part of the forehead.

Bridge: Odonata; a secondary longitudinal vein connecting the radial sector (Comst.) with Mi + 2, apparently forming a continuous part of the radial sector; it is the proximal portion of the subnodal sector of de Selys and Hagen.

Bridge: Odonata; a secondary long vein linking the radial sector (Comst.) to Mi + 2, seemingly creating a continuous section of the radial sector; it is the beginning part of the subnodal sector as described by de Selys and Hagen.

Bridge cross veins: Odonata; those cross veins, one or more in number, extending between M1 + 2 and the bridge (in de Selys between principal and subnodal sectors) proximal to the oblique vein.

Bridge cross veins: Odonata; these cross veins, one or more in number, extend between M1 + 2 and the bridge (in de Selys between principal and subnodal sectors) closest to the oblique vein.

Brin: the fluid silk thread from each salivary gland.

Brin: the smooth silk thread from each salivary gland.

Bristle: a stiff hair, usually short and blunt.

Bristle: a stiff hair that is typically short and blunt.

Broken: interrupted in continuity; as a line or band.

Broken: interrupted in a series; like a line or band.

Bronze: the color of old brass.

Bronze: the color of aged brass.

Brood: all the specimens that hatch at about one time, from eggs laid by one series of parents and which normally mature at about the same time.

Brood: all the specimens that hatch around the same time, from eggs laid by one set of parents and which typically mature at roughly the same time.

Brunneus: a pure reddish dark brown [indian red].

Brunneus: a rich reddish dark brown [indian red].

Brush-like: antennae with the joints laterally produced and tufted with short hair or bristles: see barbated.

Brush-like: antennae with joints extending sideways and covered with short hair or bristles; see barbated.

Buccal: relating to the mouth cavity; rarely to the cheeks.

Buccal: related to the mouth cavity; infrequently to the cheeks.

Buccal appendages: the mouth parts excluding the labrum: see trophi. Buccal cavity: the mouth: = oral cavity.

Buccal appendages: the mouth parts excluding the labrum; see trophi. Buccal cavity: the mouth; = oral cavity.

Buccal fissure: the mouth slit or opening: the opening on each side of the mentum.

Buccal fissure: the mouth slit or opening; the gap on each side of the chin.

Buccate: blown up, distended; especially the cheeks.

Buccate: inflated, swollen; especially the cheeks.

Bucculae: little cheeks or distended areas.

Bucculae: small cheeks or swollen areas.

Budding: applied to that form of agamic reproduction found in plant lice.

Budding: refers to a type of asexual reproduction seen in plant lice.

Bulla: a blister or blister-like structure: the shield-like sclerite that closes the opening to the trachea in lamellicorn larvae: in Ephemerida a part of the costal area of the fore wing toward the tip, which is slightly swollen forward and furnished with more cross veins than elsewhere; practically the stigma, q.v.

Bulla: a blister or blister-like structure; the shield-like sclerite that covers the opening to the trachea in lamellicorn larvae; in Ephemerida, a part of the costal area of the fore wing near the tip, which is slightly swollen forward and has more cross veins than other areas; essentially the stigma, q.v.

Bullate: blistered.

Bullule: a small blister.

Bullule: a tiny blister.

Bursa: a pouch or sac: a wing pouch in male caddice flies and in connection with a stalked hair pencil.

Bursa: a pouch or sac; a wing pouch in male caddis flies, related to a stalked hair pencil.

Bursa copulatrix: the copulatory pouch of the female in some orders; a modification of the vagina.

Bursa copulatrix: the mating pouch of the female in certain orders; a modified version of the vagina.

Caducous-us: deciduous; easily detached or shed.

Caducous: deciduous; easily removed or fallen off.

Caecal tubes or pouches: sac, or blind tube-like structures surrounding the chylific ventricle at its junction with the crop, and secreting a digestive ferment.

Caecal tubes or pouches: sac-like or blind tube structures surrounding the chylific ventricle where it meets the crop, and producing a digestive enzyme.

Caecum: a blind sac or tube-like structure serving as one of the caecal tubes or pouches: see coecum.

Caecum: a blind sac or tube-like structure that functions as one of the caecal tubes or pouches: see coecum.

Caelate: a surface with plane elevations of varying forms.

Caelate: a surface with flat areas that have different shapes.

Caeruleus -eous: light sky-blue [between lavender and cobalt blue] = coeruleus.

Caerulescent: with a tinge of sky-blue.

Caerulescent: with a hint of sky-blue.

Caesius -eous: a pale dull blue-gray [blue-gray].

Caesius -eous: a light, muted blue-gray [blue-gray].

Caespiticolous: frequenting or living in grassy pastures or lawns.

Caespiticolous: found in or living in grassy fields or lawns.

Calathiform: shaped like a deep bowl.

Calcar -ium; pl. ia: a movable spur or spine-like process: specifically the spines at the apex of a tibia.

Calcar -ium; pl. ia: a movable spur or spine-like projection: specifically the spines at the tip of a tibia.

Calcarate -us: with a movable spur or spine-like process.

Calcarate -us: having a movable spur or spine-like feature.

Caliciform: shaped like a cup or calyx.

Caliciform: shaped like a cup or flower cup.

Calipers: the anal forceps in Dermaptera.

Calipers: the anal forceps in earwigs.

Calli axillary: Odonata; thickenings at the bases of the wings; distinguished as anterior at the base of the costa, and posterior at the base of radius + medius and cubitus: = axillary calli.

Calli axillary: Odonata; thickened areas at the bases of the wings; identified as anterior at the base of the costa, and posterior at the base of radius + medius and cubitus: = axillary calli.

Callosity: a thick swollen lump, harder than its surroundings: = callous: also a rather flattened elevation not necessarily harder than the surrounding tissue.

Callosity: a thick swollen lump, harder than the area around it: = callous: also a somewhat flattened raise that isn’t necessarily harder than the surrounding tissue.

Callous: see callosity.

Callous: see tough skin.

Callus: a small callosity.

Callus: a small bump.

Caltrops spines: the branched and otherwise specialized irritating spines in Limacodid larvae.

Caltrops spines: the branched and specially adapted irritating spines found in Limacodid larvae.

Calva: a skull-cap: = epicranium, q.v.

Calva: a skullcap; = epicranium, see above.

Calx: the distal end of the tibia; the curving basal portion of the first tarsal joint.

Calx: the far end of the tibia; the curved base part of the first tarsal joint.

Calyculate: applied to antennae, whose cup-shaped joints are so arranged as to fit one into the other.

Calyculate: applied to antennae, where the cup-shaped joints are arranged to fit into each other.

Calypter: Diptera; the alula or squama when it covers the haltere.

Calyptra: a hood or cap; see alula.

Calyptrate: those flies that have aluke or membranous scales above the halteres.

Calyptrate: flies that have a cover or membranous scales above the halteres.

Calyx: the cap or crown of the mushroom bodies of the procerebrum: see also egg-calyx.

Calyx: the cap or crown of the mushroom bodies of the procerebrum; also see egg-calyx.

Campanulate: bell-shaped: more or less ventricose at the base and a little recurved at the margin.

Campanulate: bell-shaped; wider at the base and slightly curved inward at the edge.

Campestral: applied to species inhabiting open fields.

Campestral: used for species that live in open fields.

Campodeiform: applied to larval forms which, in their early stages at least, resemble Campodea: = leptitorm.

Campodeiform: used to describe larval forms that, at least in their early stages, look like Campodea: = leptitorm.

Canadian zone: is that part of the boreal region comprising the southern part of the great transcontinental coniferous forests of Canada, the northern parts of Maine, New Hampshire and Michigan, and a strip along the Pacific Coast reaching south to Cape Mendocino and the greater part of the high mountains of the United States and Mexico. In the east covers Green. Adirondack and Catskill Mountains and the higher mountains of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, western North Carolina and eastern Tennessee. In the Rockies extends continuously from British Columbia to western Wyoming and in the Cascades from British Columbia to southern Oregon with a narrow interruption along the Columbia River.

Canadian zone: This part of the boreal region includes the southern area of Canada's vast transcontinental coniferous forests, the northern parts of Maine, New Hampshire, and Michigan, and a strip along the Pacific Coast that stretches down to Cape Mendocino, covering much of the high mountains in the United States and Mexico. In the east, it includes the Green, Adirondack, and Catskill Mountains, as well as the higher mountains of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, western North Carolina, and eastern Tennessee. In the Rockies, it extends continuously from British Columbia to western Wyoming, and in the Cascades, from British Columbia to southern Oregon, with a narrow gap along the Columbia River.

Canaliculate: channelled; longitudinally grooved, with a deeper concave line in the middle.

Canaliculate: having channels; grooved lengthwise, with a deeper concave line in the center.

Cancellate: cross-barred: latticed: with longitudinal lines decussate by transverse lines.

Cancellate: cross-barred; latticed; featuring longitudinal lines crossed by transverse lines.

Canescent: hoary, with more white than gray.

Canescent: grayish-white, having more white than gray.

Canine teeth: applied to the sharp and conical teeth of mandibles in predatory species: = dentes caninae.

Canine teeth: refers to the sharp, pointed teeth in the jaws of predatory animals: = dentes caninae.

Cantharidin: the substance that gives the meloid beetles their blistering power composition, C10H12O4 (von Furth).

Cantharidin: the substance that gives the meloid beetles their blistering abilities, composition C10H12O4 (von Furth).

Canthus: the chitinous process more or less completely dividing the eyes of some insects into an upper and lower half.

Canthus: the hard structure that partially or completely separates the eyes of some insects into an upper and lower section.

Canus: see canescent.

Canus: see whitish.

Capillaceous: capilla or hair-like.

Capillaceous: hair-like.

Capillaris: a very slender, hair-like tube.

Capillaris: a very thin, hair-like tube.

Capillary: long and slender like a hair: antennae in which the joints are long, slender and loosely articulated.

Capillary: long and thin like a hair; antennae with joints that are long, thin, and loosely connected.

Capillate -us: clothed with long slender hair; = coryphatus.

Capillate -us: covered with long, thin hair; = coryphatus.

Capillii: hairs of the head that form a cap as in certain Trichoptera and Tineid Lepidoptera.

Capillii: hairs on the head that create a cap like in certain caddisflies and tineid moths.

Capillitium: the hood-like collar in some Noctuid moths, e.g. Cucullia: see cucullus.

Capillitium: the hood-like collar found in certain Noctuid moths, such as Cucullia; see cucullus.

Capitate: with a head: that type of clavate antenna in which the club is abruptly enlarged at tip and forms a spherical mass.

Capitate: having a head; a type of club-shaped antenna where the end suddenly widens and forms a round mass.

Capitulum: a small head: the enlarged tip of an antenna: the little knob at tip of halteres in Diptera: the labella or lapping tip of the mouth of certain flies.

Capitulum: a small head; the enlarged tip of an antenna; the small knob at the tip of halteres in Diptera; the labella or lapping tip of the mouth of certain flies.

Capricorn beetle: a Cerambycid or long horned beetle.

Capricorn beetle: a Cerambycid or long-horned beetle.

Caprification: is that method or process through which the Smyrna figs are fertilized by Blastophaga throughthe medium of wild, inedible or "caprifigs."

Caprification: is the method or process by which Smyrna figs are fertilized by Blastophaga using wild, inedible figs known as "caprifigs."

Capsular: in the form of a capsule or little cup-like container.

Capsular: shaped like a capsule or a small cup-like container.

Caput: the head with all its appendages.

Caput: the head along with all its parts.

Capylus: a hump on the Tupper side of the segments of many larva.

Capylus: a bump on the upper part of the segments of many larvae.

Carabidoid: applied to the second stage of a meloid larva, when it resembles that of a Carabid.

Carabidoid: refers to the second stage of a meloid larva, when it looks like that of a Carabid.

Carbonarius: coal black.

Carbonarius: jet black.

Cardia: the gizzard; q.v.: also applied to the heart.

Cardia: the gizzard; see also: sometimes refers to the heart.

Cardiac: belonging or relating to the heart.

Cardiac: related to the heart.

Cardiac valvule: see oesophageal valve.

Heart valve: see esophageal valve.

Cardinal cell: Odonata; see triangle.

Cardinal cell: Dragonflies; see triangle.

Cardioblasts: a string or row of cells in the embryo giving rise to the heart or dorsal vessel.

Cardioblasts: a series or line of cells in the embryo that develop into the heart or dorsal vessel.

Cardio-coelom: that part of the coelom that forms the pericardium.

Cardio-coelom: the part of the coelom that creates the pericardium.

Cardio-coelomic: applied to the venous openings from the heart to the body cavity.

Cardio-coelomic: related to the openings in the veins that connect the heart to the body cavity.

Cardo, pl. Cardines: the hinge or basal sclerite of the maxilla by means of which it is jointed to the head.

Cardo, pl. Cardines: the hinge or base sclerite of the maxilla that connects it to the head.

Carina -ae: an elevated ridge or keel, not necessarily high or acute. Carinate: a surface having carinae.

Carina -ae: a raised ridge or edge, not necessarily tall or sharp. Carinate: a surface that has ridges.

Carinula -ae: a little carina or keel-like ridge; specifically, the longitudinal elevation on the middle of snout in Rhynchophora.

Carinula -ae: a small carina or keel-like ridge; specifically, the raised area along the center of the snout in Rhynchophora.

Carinulate: a surface with small and rather numerous carinae.

Carinulate: a surface featuring small and fairly numerous ridges.

Cariose -ous: corroded; appearing as if worm-eaten.

Cariose -ous: corroded; looking like it's been eaten away by worms.

Carminate -ed: mixed or tinged with carmine.

Carminate -ed: mixed or colored with carmine.

Carneous -eus: flesh-colored [salmon with a little carmine].

Carneous -eus: flesh-colored [salmon with a bit of carmine].

Carnivorous: a feeder upon flesh food.

Carnivorous: a meat-eater.

Cariose -us: of a soft, fleshy substance.

Cariose -us: made of a soft, fleshy material.

Carolinian faunal area: that area of the upper austral zone comprising the larger part of the Middle States (except the mountains), s. e. So. Dakota, east. Nebraska, Kansas and part of Oklahoma; nearly all of Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Maryland and Delaware; more than half of West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee and New Jersey and large areas in Alabama, Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Michigan and South Ontario: extends along Atlantic Coast from near mouth of Chesapeake Bay to Southern Connecticut and sends narrow arms up the valleys of the Hudson and Connecticut. A narrow arm follows the east shore of Lake Michigan to Grand Traverse Bay.

Carolinian faunal area: this area of the upper austral zone includes most of the Middle States (excluding the mountains), southeastern South Dakota, eastern Nebraska, Kansas, and part of Oklahoma; nearly all of Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Maryland, and Delaware; more than half of West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, and New Jersey; and large parts of Alabama, Georgia, the Carolinas, Virginia, Pennsylvania, New York, Michigan, and South Ontario. It stretches along the Atlantic Coast from near the mouth of Chesapeake Bay to Southern Connecticut and extends narrow sections up the valleys of the Hudson and Connecticut. A narrow section follows the eastern shore of Lake Michigan to Grand Traverse Bay.

Carpus: the pterostigma of Odonata: the extremity of the radius and cubitus of the primaries: that point in the wings at which they are tratsversely folded.

Carpus: the pterostigma of dragonflies: the end of the radius and cubitus of the front wings: that spot in the wings where they are folded sideways.

Cartilaginous: of the consistency of cartilage or gristle.

Cartilaginous: having the texture of cartilage or gristle.

Caruncle: a soft, naked, fleshy excrescence or protuberance.

Caruncle: a soft, bare, fleshy growth or bump.

Caryophylleous: nut or clove brown [Indian red].

Castaneous: chestnut brown; bright red-brown [dragon's blood with a slight admixture of vermilion].

Castaneous: chestnut brown; bright red-brown [dragon's blood with a slight mix of vermilion].

Castes: the various forms or kinds of matured individuals among social insects as workers, soldiers, queens, etc.

Castes: the different types or categories of adult individuals among social insects, such as workers, soldiers, queens, etc.

Cataphracted: invested with a hard callous skin, or with scales closely united. Catch: in Collembola, = tenaculum, q.v.

Cataphracted: covered with a tough, thick skin, or with scales that are tightly joined. Catch: in Collembola, = tenaculum, see above.

Catenate: with longitudinal connected elevations like links in a chain.

Catenate: with long, connected heights like links in a chain.

Catenulate: like catenate; but the links are smaller.

Catenulate: similar to catenate; however, the links are smaller.

Caterpillar: the term applied to the larvae of Lepidoptera.

Caterpillar: the word used for the larvae of Lepidoptera.

Catervatum: by heaps.

Catervatum: in large groups.

Caudal: the tail: any process resembling a tail: the pointed end of the abdomen in plant lice: any extension of the anal segment or appendage terminating the abdomen.

Caudal: the tail; any process that looks like a tail; the pointed end of the abdomen in plant lice; any extension of the anal segment or appendage at the end of the abdomen.

Caudad: toward the posterior end of the body, along the median line.

Caudad: towards the back end of the body, along the middle line.

Caudal: pertaining to the posterior or anal extremity.

Caudal: related to the back or tail end.

Caudal setae: long, thread-like processes at the end of the abdomen in many europterous and some other insects; = anal filaments.

Caudal setae: long, thread-like structures at the end of the abdomen in many winged insects and some other insects; = anal filaments.

Caudate: with tail-like extensions or processes.

Caudate: having tail-like extensions or structures.

Caudo-cephalic: in a line from the head to the tail.

Caudo-cephalic: in a straight line from the head to the tail.

Caudo-dorsad: directed upward and toward the tail.

Caudo-dorsad: directed upward and toward the back.

Caudula -ae: a little tail.

Caudula -ae: a small tail.

Caul: the fatty mass of larvae from which the organs of the future adult were supposed to develop: = epiploon.

Caul: the fatty mass of larvae from which the organs of the future adult were believed to develop: = omentum.

Cauliculus: the larger of the two stalks supporting the calyx of the mushroom body.

Cauliculus: the bigger of the two stems that support the calyx of the mushroom body.

Caulis: the funicle of antenna: the corneous basal part of jaws.

Caulis: the stem of the antenna; the hard base of the jaws.

Cavate: hollowed out; cave-like.

Cavernicolous: cave-inhabiting.

Cavernicolous: cave-dwelling.

Cavernous: divided into small spaces or little caverns.

Cavernous: split into small areas or tiny caves.

Cavity -as: a hollow space or opening.

Cavity -as: an empty space or opening.

Cecidium: a gall.

Cecidium: a plant gall.

Cell: any space between or bounded by veins: in the Comstock system the cells derive their names from the vein forming the Tupper margin: e.g. all just below the radius are radial cells; and they are numbered from the base outward, as radial 1, 2, etc.: the living unit; protoplasm differentiated into cytoplasm and nucleus, from which units all but the lowest plants and animals are developed by division and consequent increase into a multicellular condition: a compartment or division of a nest or honey-comb.

Cell: any space between or surrounded by veins: in the Comstock system, the cells get their names from the vein that forms the Tupper margin: for example, all the cells just below the radius are called radial cells, and they are numbered from the base outward, as radial 1, 2, etc.: the living unit; protoplasm divided into cytoplasm and nucleus, from which all but the simplest plants and animals are formed through division and subsequent growth into a multicellular condition: a compartment or section of a nest or honeycomb.

Cellule: a portion of a wing included between veins; usually applied to a small area completely inclosed, rarely to interspaces where no closed area is formed.

Cellule: a section of a wing located between veins; typically refers to a small area that is completely enclosed, and is rarely used for spaces where no closed area is created.

Cenchrus -rib: minute, often white marks, or membranous spaces on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera.

Cenchrus -rib: tiny, often white spots or thin areas on the metanotum of some wasps and bees.

Cenogonous: producing young at one time oviparously, at another viviparously as in plant-lice.

Cenogonous: producing offspring at one time through laying eggs, and at another time through live birth, like in plant-lice.

Centimeter: abb. Cm.: = .01 meter = .394 inch; 2.54 Cm. = one inch.

Centimeter: abbr. cm: = 0.01 meter = 0.394 inch; 2.54 cm = one inch.

Centrad: toward the centre or interior.

Centrad: towards the center or inside.

Central foveola: see median foveola.

Central foveola: see middle foveola.

Centrolecithal: applied to eggs in which the food yolk is central.

Centrolecithal: used to describe eggs where the food yolk is located in the center.

Centrosome: a spherical body that appears outside the nucleus of a cell.

Centrosome: a round structure that is found outside the nucleus of a cell.

Cephalad: toward the head, along the central line of the body.

Cephalad: toward the head, along the center line of the body.

Cephalic: belonging or attached to the head; directed toward the head.

Cephalic: related to or connected with the head; directed toward the head.

Cephalic bristles: Diptera; specialized bristles occurring on the head.

Cephalic bristles: Diptera; specialized bristles found on the head.

Cephalic foramen: the posterior or occipital foramen of head through which the dorsal vessel, oesophagus, salivary ducts and ventral nerve cords pass from head to prothorax.

Cephalic foramen: the back or occipital opening in the head that allows the dorsal vessel, esophagus, salivary ducts, and ventral nerve cords to move from the head to the prothorax.

Cephalization: concentration toward the head.

Cephalization: concentration at the head.

Cephalomere: one of the head segments of an arthropod.

Cephalomere: one of the head sections of an arthropod.

Cephalophragm: a v-shaped partition which divides the head of some Orthoptera, into an anterior and posterior chamber.

Cephalophragm: a v-shaped divider that splits the head of certain Orthoptera into a front and back chamber.

Cephalon: the head.

Cephalon: the brain.

Cephalosome: the head as one of the three regions.

Cephalosome: the head as one of the three areas.

Cephalotheca: the head covering in the pupal stage.

Cephalotheca: the head covering during the pupal stage.

Cephalotheca: the united head and thorax of arachnids and crustacea {Scanner's note: nowadays this term is used little if at all. It does not seem ever to have been popular. Instead the terms cephalothorax or prosoma are widely used.} : that portion of an obtect pupa covering head and thorax: the anterior segments of larva that have no obviously separated head.

Cephalotheca: the combined head and thorax of arachnids and crustaceans {Scanner's note: nowadays this term is used rarely, if ever. It does not seem to have been very popular. Instead, the terms cephalothorax or prosoma are commonly used.} : that part of a covered pupa that includes the head and thorax: the front segments of a larva that do not have a clearly defined head.

Cerago: bee-bread.

Cerago: bee bread.

Ceratheca or Ceratotheca: that portion of the pupal shell that envelops the antenna.

Ceratheca or Ceratotheca: the part of the pupal shell that surrounds the antenna.

Cerci: two lateral anal appendages; usually short, jointed, antenna- like, developed from the eleventh abdominal segment of the embryo; sometimes unjointed and specialized into forceps or other processes.

Cerci: two side appendages near the anus; typically short, segmented, resembling antennas, and formed from the eleventh abdominal segment of the embryo; sometimes unsegmented and adapted into pincers or other structures.

Cercopoda: jointed foot-like appendages of the last abdominal segment; also applied like cerci.

Cercopoda: jointed, foot-like attachments on the last abdominal segment; also used similarly to cerci.

Cercus: see cerci.

Cerebellum: has been applied to the sub-esophageal ganglion.

Cerebellum: has been connected to the sub-esophageal ganglion.

Cerebrum: the supra-oesophageal ganglion.

Cerebrum: the brain's top part.

Cernuous: bent: with the apex bent downward.

Cernuous: bent; having the top part bent downward.

Cervical: relating or belonging to the neck.

Cervical: related to or connected with the neck.

Cervical foramen: in coleopterous larvae - occipital foramen.

Cervical foramen: in beetle larvae - occipital foramen.

Cervical sclerites: small ebitinous plates on the membrane between head and thorax: see jugular sclerites.

Cervical sclerites: small tough plates on the membrane between the head and thorax; see jugular sclerites.

Cervical shield: the ebitinous plate on the prothorax of caterpillars just behind the head: = prothorax shield.

Cervical shield: the thin plate on the prothorax of caterpillars just behind the head: = prothorax shield.

Cerviculate: with a long neck or neck-like portion.

Cerviculate: having a long neck or a neck-like part.

Ceryinus: reddish, deer-gray [pale cadmium yellow and Indian red].

Ceryinus: reddish, deer-gray [light yellow and Indian red].

Cervix: the upper part of the neck; = crag: in Diptera; that part of the occiput lying over the junction of the head, i.e. between the vertex and neck.

Cervix: the upper part of the neck; = crag: in Diptera; that part of the back of the head located over the point where the head meets the neck, specifically between the top of the head and the neck.

Cespitose: matted together.

Chaetophorous: applied to bristle-bearing flies.

Chaetophorous: refers to bristle-bearing flies.

Chaetotaxy: the science dealing with the arrangement and nomenclature of the bristles on the body of insects.

Chaetotaxy: the study of how bristles are arranged on an insect's body and what they're called.

Chagrined: see shagreened.

Chalastrogastra: the saw-flies: a group of Hymenoptera.

Chalastrogastra: the sawflies: a group of Hymenoptera.

Chalceous: brassy in color or appearance.

Chalceous: having a brassy color or look.

Chalybeate: steely in appearance.

Chalybeate: looks like steel.

Chalybeous: metallic steel blue.

Channelled: a surface, with deep grooves or channels.

Channelled: a surface with deep grooves or channels.

Chaperon: =clypeus or clypeus anterior.

Chaperon: =clypeus or front clypeus.

Chaplet: a little crown; a circle of hooks or other small processes terminating a member or appendage.

Chaplet: a small crown; a ring of hooks or other small projections at the end of a part or attachment.

Character: a quality of form, color or structure.

Character: a quality of shape, color, or structure.

Cheek: see gena.

Cheek: see jaw.

Chela: the terminal portion of a limb bearing a lateral movable claw like that of a crab; specifically applied to the feet in some Parasitica in which the opposable claw forms a clasping structure.

Chela: the end part of a limb that has a movable claw similar to a crab's; specifically used to describe the feet in certain Parasitica where the opposable claw acts as a gripping structure.

Chelate: bearing a cheat or claw; applied when claws are capable of being drawn down or back upon the last tarsal joint.

Chelate: having a claw that can be pulled down or back onto the last ankle joint.

Chiasma: an X-like crossing of nerve fibers.

Chiasma: an X-shaped intersection of nerve fibers.

Chirotype: a specimen upon which a manuscript name is based.

Chirotype: a sample on which a manuscript name is based.

Chitin: the material forming the hard parts of the insect body; it is a secretion (or a metamorphosis?) of the epidermis, differing from horn by its insolubility in boiling liquor potassae: = elytra, entomolin.

Chitin: the substance that makes up the hard parts of an insect's body; it's a secretion (or a byproduct of metamorphosis?) from the epidermis, which is different from horn because it doesn't dissolve in boiling potassium hydroxide: = elytra, entomolin.

Chitinogenous: applied to that layer of epidermal cells which secretes the chitin.

Chitinogenous: refers to the layer of skin cells that produces chitin.

Chitinization: the process of depositing or filling with chitin.

Chitinization: the process of adding or filling with chitin.

Chitinized: filled in with or hardened by chitin.

Chitinized: filled with or hardened by chitin.

Chitinous: composed of chitine {Scanner's comment: sic} or like it in texture: as a color term is amber yellow.

Chitinous: made of chitin {Scanner's comment: sic} or similar in texture; as a color term, it refers to amber yellow.

Chlorophane: an oily, greenish yellow pigment found in insects.

Chlorophane: an oily, greenish-yellow pigment found in insects.

Chlorophyll: the green coloring matter of plants; one of the substances found in the blood of insects.

Chlorophyll: the green pigment in plants; one of the substances found in insect blood.

Chordotonal: responsive to vibrations; applied to the ear-like structures in Orthoptera,.

Chordotonal: responsive to vibrations; used to refer to the ear-like structures in grasshoppers and crickets.

Chorion: the shell or covering membrane of an insect egg.

Chorion: the outer shell or protective membrane of an insect egg.

Chromatin: the minute granules that make up the chromoplasm of a cell nucleus.

Chromatin: the tiny particles that form the chromoplasm of a cell nucleus.

Chromosome: one of the segments into which the chromoplasmic filaments of a cell nucleus breaks up just before indirect division.

Chromosome: one of the parts into which the chromoplasmic filaments of a cell nucleus break apart right before indirect division.

Chrysalis or -id: applied specifically to the intermedial stage between larva and adult in butterflies: see pupa.

Chrysalis or -id: used specifically to refer to the stage between larva and adult in butterflies: see pupa.

Chrysargyrus: silvery gilt.

Chrysargyrus: silver-gold.

Chyle: the food-mass after it has passed through the guard and is mixed with the secretions of the salivary glands and caecal structures, ready to be assimilated.

Chyle: the food mass after it has passed through the guard and is mixed with the secretions from the salivary glands and cecal structures, prepared to be absorbed.

Chylific ventricle: the true stomach in which the chyle is prepared and digestion begins.

Chylific ventricle: the actual stomach where chyle is processed and digestion starts.

Cibarian: referring to the mouth parts.

Cibarian: related to mouthparts.

Cicatricose: a surface having scars with elevated margins like those of small-pox.

Cicatricose: a surface that has scars with raised edges like those from smallpox.

Cicatrix: a scar: an elevated, rigid spot.

Cicatrix: a scar; a raised, stiff area.

Cilia: fringes; series of moderate or thin hair arranged in tufts or single lines; thin scattered hair on a surface or margin.

Cilia: little fringes; a collection of fine or thin hairs arranged in clusters or single lines; fine, scattered hairs on a surface or edge.

Ciliate: fringed: set with even, parallel hairs or soft bristles.

Ciliate: fringed: having smooth, straight hairs or soft bristles arranged evenly in parallel.

Cilium, pl. Cilia: q.v.

Cilium, pl. Cilia: see also.

Cimicine: an oily fluid of disagreeable odor secreted by certain Heteroptera and used as a means of defense.

Cimicine: a smelly, oily liquid produced by some Heteroptera that serves as a defense mechanism.

Cimier: the head crest in Pierid chrysalids.

Cinetus: with a colored band:= cingulatus.

Cinetus: with a colored band: = cingulatus.

Cinereous: ash-colored; gray tinged with blackish [ultra ash gray]. Cinerescent: ashen in color or appearance.

Cinereous: ash-colored; gray with a hint of blackish [ultra ash gray]. Cinerescent: having an ashen color or look.

Cingula -um: a colored band or bands.

Circulate -us: having a cingulum or collar: see also cinetus.

Circulate -us: having a band or collar: see also cinetus.

Cinnabarine: [vermilion red].

Cinnabarine: [bright red].

Cinnamomeous: cinnamon brown [burnt sienna].

Cinnamon brown [burnt sienna].

Cinema: see Thysanura, of which this forms a group including the bristle-tails, and for which it has been used as an equivalent.

Cinema: see Thysanura, which includes the bristle-tails and has been used as a synonym for this group.

Circinal: spirally rolled like a watch-spring or a butterfly tongue.

Circinal: rolled in a spiral like a watch spring or a butterfly tongue.

Circiter: about, or round-about.

Circiter: approximately.

Circular: round like a circle.

Circular: round like a circle.

Circumgenital glands: small circular glands with an excretory orifice at tip, disposed in groups about the genital orifice in Diaspinae.

Circumgenital glands: small round glands with an opening at the tip, arranged in clusters around the genital opening in Diaspinae.

Circumoesophageal commissures: those cords or nerve fibres connecting the suboesophageal ganglion with the main trunk of nervous system.

Circumoesophageal commissures: those cords or nerve fibers that connect the suboesophageal ganglion with the main trunk of the nervous system.

Circumsepted: with a vein all around the wing.

Circumsepted: having a vein running all around the wing.

Citrate: antennae with very long, curled lateral branches which may or may not be ciliated; see plumose.

Citrate: antennae with really long, twisted side branches that can be ciliated or not; see plumose.

Cirrose -us: with somewhat dense curled hair.

Cirrose -us: with slightly thick, curly hair.

Cirrus: a curled lock of hair placed on a thin stalk.

Cirrus: a twist of hair positioned on a slender stem.

Citrine -us: lemon yellow [chrome yellow].

Cladocerous: with branched horns or antennae.

Cladocerous: having branching horns or antennae.

Clasper: a chitinized process, free or attached to the inner sides of harpes, valves or other lateral pieces, serving to hold the female parts during copulation: = the harpers of some authors.

Clasper: a hardened structure, either free or connected to the inner sides of harpes, valves, or other side pieces, that functions to hold the female parts during mating: = the harpers of some authors.

Claspette: in genitalia of male culicids, the inner basal lobe of side piece; q.v.

Claspette: in the genitalia of male mosquitoes, the inner basal lobe of the side piece; see above.

Clasp-filament: in male genitalia of culicids the articulated appendage or terminal segment of side-piece or clasp; sometimes bears an articulated point or apex and then = articulated apex.

Clasp-filament: in the male genitalia of mosquitoes, the articulated appendage or terminal segment of the clasp or side-piece; it sometimes has an articulated point or tip, which is then referred to as an articulated apex.

Class: a division of the animal kingdom lower than a sub-kingdom and higher than an order: e.g. the "Class Insecta."

Class: a part of the animal kingdom that is lower than a sub-kingdom and higher than an order; for example, the "Class Insecta."

Classification: is the systematic arrangement of insects (or other animals or plants) in series showing their relation or agreement in structure, life habits or other characters forming the basis of the "classification."

Classification: is the organized arrangement of insects (or other animals or plants) in groups that demonstrate their relationships or similarities in structure, behavior, or other traits that form the foundation of the "classification."

Clathrate: latticed or lattice-like in appearance.

Clathrate: looks like a lattice or has a lattice-like structure.

Claustrum: the structure uniting the wings in flight, whether by hooks, by a thickening of the margin, or by a jugum.

Claustrum: the part that connects the wings during flight, either through hooks, a thicker edge, or a yoke.

Clava: a club; the enlarged apical joints of a clubbed antenna: = clavola.

Clava: a club; the thickened tips of a clubbed antenna: = clavola.

Claval suture: Hemiptera; at the base of hemelytra, separating the clavus.

Claval suture: Hemiptera; at the base of the hemelytra, separating the clavus.

Clavate: clubbed: thickening gradually toward the tip.

Clavate: club-shaped: thickening gradually toward the tip.

Clavate hairs: in Collembola, = tenent hairs.

Clavicornia: that series of beetles having the antennae more or less distinctly enlarged or clubbed at tip.

Clavicornia: a group of beetles characterized by antennae that are somewhat enlarged or clubbed at the ends.

Clavicular lobe: Homoptera; that portion of hind wing behind anal veins.

Clavicular lobe: Homoptera; the part of the hind wing located behind the anal veins.

Claviform: club-like in form; specifically, in Noctuid moths an elongate spot or mark extending from the t. a. line through the submedian interspace, toward and sometimes to the t.p. line.

Claviform: shaped like a club; specifically, in Noctuid moths, a long spot or mark that stretches from the t. a. line through the submedian interspace, reaching toward and sometimes touching the t.p. line.

Clavola: see clava.

Clavola: see club.

Clavus: the club of an antenna lava and clavola: in Heteroptera, the oblong sclerite at the base of the inferior margin of the hemelytra: the knob at the end of the stigmal or radial veins in certain Hymenoptera.

Clavus: the thickened part of an antenna, and the club-shaped end: in Heteroptera, the elongated hard part at the base of the lower edge of the hemelytra: the bump at the end of the stigmal or radial veins in some Hymenoptera.

Claws: the claw or hook-like structures at the end of the foot or tarsus.

Claws: the claw or hook-shaped structures at the end of the foot or ankle.

Cleavage: see segmentation of egg.

Cleavage: see egg segmentation.

Cleft: split: partly divided, longitudinally: in Coleopteran applied to claws so divided that the parts lie one above the other.

Cleft: split; partially divided, lengthwise: in Coleopteran, refers to claws that are split in a way that the sections are aligned one on top of the other.

Clintheriform: shaped like a plate. Cloaca: see rectum.

Clintheriform: plate-shaped. Cloaca: refer to rectum.

Clubbed: see clavate.

Clubbed: see club-shaped.

Clypeal suture: marks the division between clypeus and epicranium.

Clypeal suture: indicates the separation between the clypeus and the epicranium.

Clypeate: shield-like in form.

Clypeate: shield-shaped.

Clypeate constriction: applied when a surface is drawn in from the sides so as to produce a shield or saddle-like form.

Clypeate constriction: used when a surface is pulled in from the sides to create a shield or saddle-like shape.

Clypeo-frontal suture: = clypeal suture.

Clypeo-frontal suture: = clypeal suture.

Clypeus: that portion of the head before or below the front, to which the labrum is attached anteriorly; in Diptera often visible below the margin of the mouth in front, as a more or less visor-shaped piece:= epistoma.

Clypeus: the part of the head located at the front or below the forehead, where the labrum attaches at the front; in Diptera, it is often seen below the mouth's edge in front, appearing as a somewhat visor-shaped section: = epistoma.

Clypeus-anterior: see ante-clypeus.

Clypeus-anterior: see front clypeus.

Clypeus posterior: see post-clypeus.

Coactus: condensed; of a short stout form.

Coactus: compact; having a short and sturdy shape.

Coadapted: formed so as to work together to one end; as the mandible and maxilla in Chrysopids, etc.

Coadapted: shaped to function together towards a common purpose; like the mandible and maxilla in Chrysopids, etc.

Coadunate: joined together at base; two or more joined together; said of elytra when permanently united at the suture.

Coadunate: joined together at the base; two or more connected; used to describe elytra when they are permanently fused at the suture.

Coagulate: to congeal; to change from a fluid to a jelly.

Coagulate: to thicken; to change from a liquid to a jelly.

Coagulum: a clotted mass, as of blood.

Coagulum: a clotted mass, like blood.

Coalescent: united or grown together.

Coalescent: joined or grown together.

Coarctate: contracted: compacted: applied to that form of pupa in which all the members of the future adult are concealed by a thickened, usually cylindric case or covering, which is often the hardened skin of the larva: beginning with a narrow base, then dilated and thickened.

Coarctate: contracted: compacted: describes the type of pupa where all the parts of the future adult are hidden within a thick, usually cylindrical case or covering, often made from the hardened skin of the larva. It starts with a narrow base and then expands and thickens.

Cocardes: retractile vesicular bodies on each side of the thorax in certain Malachidae.

Cocardes: retractable blisters on each side of the chest in certain Malachidae.

Coccineous: cochineal red; dark red [carmine].

Cochleiformis: formed like a snail shell.

Cochleiformis: shaped like a snail shell.

Cochleate: spirally twisted like a screw or a univalve shell.

Cochleate: twisted in a spiral shape like a screw or a single-shell mollusk.

Cocoon: a covering, composed partly or wholly of silk or other viscid fibre, spun or constructed by many larvae as a protection to the pupa.

Cocoon: a covering made partly or entirely of silk or other sticky fibers, created by various larvae to protect the pupa.

Cocoon-breaker: structures or processes of the pupa, often on the head, by means of which it works its way out of the cocoon.

Cocoon-breaker: structures or processes of the pupa, often on the head, that allow it to push its way out of the cocoon.

Coecal: ending blindly, or in a closed tube or pouch.

Coecum: a blind sac or tube: applied to a series of appendages opening into the alimentary canal at the junction of the gizzard and chylific ventricle: see caecum; the two are used interchangeably.

Coecum: a blind sac or tube: refers to a series of appendages that connect to the digestive tract at the point where the gizzard meets the chylific ventricle: see caecum; the two terms are used interchangeably.

Coeloblast: the endoderm in the narrower sense.

Coeloblast: the endoderm in a more specific sense.

Coelom: the body cavity.

Coelomic cavity: the space between the viscera and the body wall.

Coelomic cavity: the space between the organs and the body wall.

Coelom-sac: the cavity containing the viscera: in embryology one of a pair of closed sacs, arising in the mesoderm of each segment of the embryo and giving rise to more or less of the coelom of the adult.

Coelom-sac: the cavity that holds the organs; in embryology, it's one of a pair of closed sacs that form in the mesoderm of each segment of the embryo and contribute to the coelom in the adult.

Coenogonous: oviparous at one season of the year, ovoviviparous at another, as in Aphididae.

Coenogonous: lays eggs in one season of the year and gives birth to live young in another, like in Aphididae.

Coeruleus -eous: sky-blue: see caeruleus.

Coeruleus -eous: sky-blue; see caeruleus.

Coincident: when two wing veins run together or lie, one in continuation of the other so as to appear like one.

Coincident: when two wing veins run parallel to each other or are aligned, one extending from the other so that they look like one single vein.

Coleoptera: sheath-winged: an order with the primaries coriaceous, used as a cover only, meeting in a straight line dorsally; mouth mandibulate; pro-thorax free; transformation complete: the beetles: the term has also been applied to the two elytra together.

Coleoptera: beetles: an order characterized by their hardened forewings, which serve as protective covers and meet in a straight line on top; they have chewing mouthparts; the prothorax is not fused; they undergo complete metamorphosis: the term also refers to the two elytra together.

Collar: in general any structure between the head and thorax: specifically, in Hymenoptera, the neck; in Diptera, may mean the neck, the sclerites attached to the thorax, the thorax itself, or its processes (ante furca): in Coleoptera, is the narrowed thorax; in Lepidoptera, applied to the sclerites attached to the thorax and which shield the neck.

Collar: generally refers to any structure between the head and the thorax; specifically, in Hymenoptera, it means the neck; in Diptera, it can mean the neck, the sclerites attached to the thorax, the thorax itself, or its processes (ante furca); in Coleoptera, it describes the narrowed thorax; in Lepidoptera, it refers to the sclerites attached to the thorax that protect the neck.

Collembola: an ordinal term applied to species which are apterous; have no metamorphoses; have variably developed abdominal saltatorial appendages and a peculiar ventral tube at base: the spring-tails.

Collembola: a term for species that are wingless; exhibit no metamorphosis; possess variably developed jumping structures on their abdomen and a unique tubular structure on the underside: the springtails.

Colleterial gland: see Colleterium.

Colleterium: a glandular structure accessory to the oviduct, secreting the viscid material used in cementing the eggs together.

Colleterium: a glandular structure that is an accessory to the oviduct, secreting the sticky material used to glue the eggs together.

Collophore: the sucker-like organ extended from the underside of the abdomen in Collembola.

Collophore: the suction-like organ that sticks out from the underside of the abdomen in Collembola.

Collum: the neck or collar: the slender connection between head and thorax in Hymenoptera and Diptera; in Coleoptera, the posterior, narrow part of the head or even the thorax: loosely used.

Collum: the neck or collar; the thin connection between the head and thorax in Hymenoptera and Diptera; in Coleoptera, the narrower back part of the head or even the thorax; used loosely.

Colon: the large intestine; that usually enlarged portion of the alimentary canal before the rectum.

Colon: the large intestine; the generally wider section of the digestive tract just before the rectum.

Columella: a little rod, pillar or central axis.

Columella: a small rod, post, or central axis.

Columnar: cylindric, but tapering toward one end.

Columnar: cylindrical, but narrowing at one end.

Comate -us: only the upper part of head, or vertex, covered with hair. Commensal: one who eats at another's table: applied to species that feed on the surplus supply of another, without destroying the owner of the supply.

Comate -us: just the top part of the head, or crown, is covered with hair. Commensal: someone who eats at someone else's table; refers to species that feed on the extra resources of another without harming the owner of those resources.

Commensalism: applied to this manner of living and eating together.

Commensalism: refers to this way of living and sharing food together.

Comminute: to grind up fine: to reduce to minute particles.

Comminute: to grind into a fine powder; to break down into very small particles.

Commissure: the nerves connecting two ganglia: the point of meeting or union of two bodies: a bridge connecting two bodies or structures; e.g. tracheal tubes.

Commissure: the nerves connecting two ganglia; the point where two bodies meet or join; a bridge linking two bodies or structures, such as tracheal tubes.

Common: of frequent occurrence: occurring on two adjacent parts: a band or fascia is common when it crosses both primaries and secondaries.

Common: occurring often; happening on two neighboring parts; a band or fascia is considered common when it spans both primaries and secondaries.

Communal: applied to life or dwelling in colonies like ants and bees.

Communal: relating to living or existing in groups, like ants and bees.

Comose: ending in a tuft or brush.

Comose: ending in a bunch or cluster.

Complanate: compressed: flattened above and below: = deplanate.

Complanate: compressed: flattened on the top and bottom: = deplanate.

Complemental: applied to sexed forms in the Termitidae, capable of reproduction, but which do not reach the winged stage; the females are less fertile than the forms that become winged and several may be used in one nest to replace a lost queen or mature female.

Complemental: refers to sexed forms in the Termitidae that can reproduce but do not develop wings; the females are less fertile than those that do develop wings, and several may be utilized in one nest to take the place of a lost queen or mature female.

Complicant: when one elytron extends over the other and partially covers it.

Complicant: when one wing covers part of the other and overlaps it.

Complicate: longitudinally laid in folds: intricate as opposed to simple.

Complicate: laid out in layers over time: complex rather than straightforward.

Component: one part of a combined whole.

Component: a part of a larger whole.

Compound: made up of many similar or dissimilar parts.

Compound: composed of various similar or different parts.

Compressed: flattened laterally.

Compressed: flattened sideways.

Concatenate: linked together in a chain-like series.

Concatenate: connected together in a series like a chain.

Concave: hollowed out; the interior of a sphere as opposed to the outer or convex surface: concave veins are those that occupy the bottoms of troughs or grooves on the upper surface of a wing; see convex veins.

Concave: shaped like a bowl; the inside of a sphere instead of the outer or rounded surface: concave veins are those found at the bottoms of dips or grooves on the upper surface of a wing; see convex veins.

Concavo-convex: hollowed out or concave on one surface, rounded or convex on the other; like a small segment of a hollow sphere.

Concavo-convex: hollowed out or curved inward on one side, rounded or outwardly curved on the other; similar to a small piece of a hollow sphere.

Concentrated: gathered together at one point; intensified or strengthened by evaporation.

Concentrated: collected in one place; made stronger or more intense through evaporation.

Conchate: applied to the shell-like inflation of the auricle in the cephalic tibia of Orthoptera.

Conchate: refers to the shell-like swelling of the ear section in the head tibia of Orthoptera.

Concinne: neat; fine.

Neat; fine.

Concolorous: of the same general color.

Concolorous: having the same general color.

Concretion: a massing together of parts or particles.

Concretion: a collection of parts or particles that come together.

Concurrent: applied to a vein which arises separately, runs into another and does-not again separate.

Concurrent: refers to a vein that starts individually, merges with another, and does not separate again.

Conduplicate: doubled or folded together.

Condyle: a process which articulates the base of the mandible to the head: in general any process by means of which an appendage is articulated into a pan or cavity.

Condyle: a part that connects the base of the jawbone to the skull; generally, any part that connects an appendage to a socket or cavity.

Confertim: closely clustered or crowded.

Confertim: tightly packed or crowded.

Conflect: crowded; clustered; opposed to sparse.

Conflect: crowded; grouped together; the opposite of sparse.

Confluent: running together; as of two macula when united in one outline.

Confluent: running together; like two spots when combined into one shape.

Confused: a marking with indefinite outlines: a running together as of lines and spots without definite pattern.

Confused: a mark with vague edges; a mixture of lines and spots that blend together without a clear pattern.

Congener: a species belonging to the same genus.

Congener: a species that is part of the same genus.

Congeneric: applied to a species agreeing in all characters of generic value with others compared with it.

Congeneric: refers to a species that shares all the generic characteristics with other species it is compared to.

Congested: heaped together; crowded: distended.

Congested: piled up; crowded; swollen.

Conglobate: gathered together in a ball or sphere.

Conglobate: collected together in a ball or sphere.

Conglobate gland: a glandular appendage of male sexual organs in Orthoptera, opening upon one of the external structures.

Conglobate gland: a glandular part of the male reproductive system in grasshoppers and crickets, opening onto one of the external structures.

Conglomerate: congregated; massed together.

Conglomerate: gathered; grouped together.

Conic -al: cylindrical, with a flat base, tapering to a point.

Conic -al: cylindrical, with a flat base, narrowing to a point.

Conico-acuminate: in the form of a long, pointed cone.

Conico-acuminate: shaped like a long, pointed cone.

Coniferous: a surface which bears cone-like processes.

Coniferous: a surface that has cone-shaped structures.

Conjugate: to bring together in pairs: consisting of a single pair. Conjugation: the union of pairs; usually applied to the merging of the male and female elements.

Conjugate: to bring together in pairs; made up of one pair. Conjugation: the joining of pairs; typically refers to the combining of male and female elements.

Conjunctiva: the membrane uniting the abdominal sclerites.

Conjunctiva: the membrane connecting the abdominal sclerites.

Conjunctivus: a mandibular sclerite between the molar and basalis.

Conjunctivus: a jawbone plate located between the molar and the basalis.

Conjunctura: the articulation of a wing to the thorax.

Conjunctura: the connection of a wing to the thorax.

Connate: united at base, or along the whole length.

Connate: joined at the base or along the entire length.

Connexivum: the prominent abdominal margin of Het., at junction of dorsal and ventral plates: also used like pulmonarium, q.v.

Connexivum: the noticeable abdominal edge of Het., where the dorsal and ventral plates meet; also used like pulmonarium, see above.

Connivent: converging: approaching together: wings so folded in repose that they unite perfectly at their corresponding margins.

Connivent: converging: coming together: wings that are so folded at rest that they perfectly meet along their edges.

Consperse: irregularly dotted or sprinkled.

Consperse: scattered or sprinkled unevenly.

Conspicuous: striking: easily seen at a glance.

Conspicuous: noticeable; easily seen at a glance.

Conspurcatus: confusedly sprinkled with discolored or dark spots.

Conspurcatus: mixed up with discolored or dark spots.

Constituent: a part or element of a whole.

Constituent: a part or element of something bigger.

Constricted: drawn in: narrowed medially and dilated toward the extremities.

Constricted: pulled in: narrowed in the middle and wider at the ends.

Contiguous: so near together as to touch.

Contiguous: so close together that they touch.

Contorted: twisted: obliquely incumbent upon each other.

Contorted: twisted; indirectly dependent on each other.

Contour: the outline or periphery.

Contour: the outline or edge.

Contract -ed: to draw or drawn together: to reduce, or reduced in size by contraction.

Contract -ed: to pull or pulled together; to decrease, or decreased in size by contraction.

Contractile: that which may be drawn together or contracted or which has the power of contracting.

Contractile: something that can be pulled together or shrunk or which has the ability to contract.

Contrasting: appearing in sharp relief or contrast; as one color or marking against another.

Contrasting: standing out clearly or in contrast; like one color or pattern against another.

Converging: approaching each other toward the tip.

Converging: coming closer together toward the point.

Convergence: the approaching or drawing together at tips.

Convergence: the coming together or merging at points.

Convex: the outer curved surface of a segment of a sphere; opposed to concave: convex veins are those which occupy the summits of ridges on the upper surface of - wing; see concave veins.

Convex: the outer curved surface of a segment of a sphere; the opposite of concave: convex veins are those that are found at the peaks of ridges on the upper surface of a wing; see concave veins.

Convolute: rolled or twisted spirally: also applied to wings when they are wrapped around the body.

Convolute: rolled or twisted in a spiral shape; also used to describe wings that are wrapped around the body.

Coprophagus: feeding on excrement or on decaying vegetable matter of an excrementitious character.

Coprophagus: feeding on feces or on decaying plant matter that resembles feces.

Copula, Copulation: the act of sexual union.

Copula, Copulation: the act of having sex.

Copulate: to unite in sexual intercourse.

Have sex: to have sexual intercourse.

Copulation chamber: a chamber or cell excavated by certain Scolytid beetles in their burrows, in which copulation takes place: = rammel-kammer.

Copulation chamber: a chamber or cell dug out by certain Scolytid beetles in their burrows, where mating occurs: = rammel-kammer.

Coralline: a pale pinkish red [salmon].

Coralline: a light pinkish-red salmon.

Corbel: an ovate area at the distal end of the tibia in Coleoptera, surrounded by a fringe of minute bristles; when the articular cavity is on the side, above the tip, the corbel is closed; when the cavity is at the extreme tip, the corbel is open.

Corbel: a rounded area at the far end of the tibia in beetles, surrounded by a border of tiny bristles; if the joint cavity is on the side, above the tip, the corbel is closed; if the cavity is at the very tip, the corbel is open.

Corbicula -um: a concave, smooth space, edged by a fringe of hairs arising from the margins of the posterior tibiae in bees, forming the pollen basket its function is to hold the collected pollen in place.

Corbicula -um: a concave, smooth area, bordered by a fringe of hairs that come from the edges of the back tibiae in bees, creating the pollen basket; its purpose is to secure the collected pollen in place.

Corbiculate: having corbicula.

Corbiculate: having corbiculae.

Cordate: heart-shaped; triangular, with the corners of the base rounded: not necessarily emarginate at the middle of base.

Cordate: heart-shaped; triangular, with rounded corners at the base: not necessarily indented in the middle of the base.

Cordiform: = cordate.

Cordiform: = heart-shaped.

Coriaceo-reticulate: with impressed reticulations giving a leather-like appearance.

Coriaceo-reticulate: with impressed patterns that give a leather-like look.

Coriaceous: leather-like: thick, tough and somewhat rigid.

Coriaceous: resembling leather; thick, tough, and a bit stiff.

Coriarious: leather-like in sculpture or texture.

Coriarious: resembling leather in shape or texture.

Corium: the elongate middle section of the hemelytra which extends from base to membrane below the embolium.

Corium: the long middle part of the hemelytra that stretches from the base to the membrane below the embolium.

Cornea: the outer surface of the compound eye as a whole, and of each individual facet.

Cornea: the outer layer of the compound eye in general, as well as each individual facet.

Corneal lenses: are the individual lens-like structures of which the cornea of the compound eye is composed.

Corneal lenses: are the individual lens-shaped parts that make up the cornea of the compound eye.

Corneous: of a horny or chitinous substance; resembling horn in texture.

Corneous: made of a tough, horn-like substance; similar in texture to horn.

Cornicles: the honey tubes in plant-lice: = corniculus.

Cornicles: the honey tubes in plant lice: = corniculus.

Corniculi: the little horny tips or pieces of the ovipositor in Orthoptera; see valves.

Corniculi: the small hard tips or parts of the ovipositor in grasshoppers and crickets; see valves.

Corniculus -i: = cornicles; honey-tubes; q.v.

Corniculus -i: = cornicles; honey tubes; see also.

Corniform: like the horn of an ox: a long, mucronate or pointed process.

Corniform: resembling an ox's horn; a long, pointed or sharp extension.

Cornute -us: having horns or horn-like processes.

Cornute -us: having horns or horn-like features.

Corona: a crown or crown-like processes.

Corona: a crown or crown-shaped features.

Coronate: with a crown-like tip or termination.

Coronate: having a crown-like end or finish.

Coronet: a small crown or corona.

Coronet: a small crown or a small circular decoration.

Coronula: a circle or semicircle of spines at the apex of the tibia.

Coronula: a circle or half-circle of spines at the top of the tibia.

Corpus: the body as a whole.

Corpus: the whole body.

Corpus adiposum: the mass of fat tissue often found in larvae.

Corpus adiposum: the mass of fat tissue commonly found in larvae.

Corpuscle: a small cell; usually applied to blood cells.

Corpuscle: a tiny cell; typically referring to blood cells.

Correlate: to bring together into relation or correspondence.

Correlate: to connect or establish a relationship between things.

Correlated: derived from the same ancestral form: said of two or more features or qualities which bear a direct or an inverse relation to each other, but without implying a relation of cause and effect.

Correlated: coming from the same ancestral form; refers to two or more traits or qualities that are directly or inversely related to each other, but without suggesting a cause-and-effect relationship.

Correlative: of a correlated nature; see correlated.

Correlative: having a related nature; see correlated.

Corrode: to eat away gradually, as by rust or decay.

Corrode: to slowly wear away, like through rust or decay.

Corrodentia: an ordinal term meaning gnawers: net-veined or wingless: mandibulate, mouth formed for gnawing; transformation incomplete; thorax incompletely agglutinated: = Psocoptera: includes Termitidae, Psocidae and Mallophaga. {Scanner's comment: These four groups are now placed in totally separate orders, and not families as these names imply}

Corrodentia: an order term meaning gnawers: net-veined or wingless: with mandibles, mouth designed for gnawing; incomplete metamorphosis; thorax not fully fused: = Psocoptera: includes Termitidae, Psocidae, and Mallophaga. {Scanner's comment: These four groups are now classified in completely separate orders, rather than families as these names suggest}

Corrugated: wrinkled; with alternate ridges and channels.

Corrugated: wrinkled; having alternating raised lines and grooves.

Corselet: the thorax in Coleoptera.

Corselet: the thorax in beetles.

Cortical: relating to the cortex or outer skin.

Cortical: relating to the outer layer or surface.

Corticinus: bark-like in sculpture, texture or color [vandyke brown].

Corticinus: resembling bark in shape, texture, or color [vandyke brown].

Corvinus: crow-black; deep, shining black with a greenish lustre.

Corvinus: jet-black; a rich, glossy black with a hint of green shimmer.

Coryphatus: = capillatus.

Coryphatus: = hairy.

Corysterium: an abdominal glandular structure in certain females, secreting a glutinous covering for the eggs.

Corysterium: an abdominal gland in some females that secretes a sticky coating for the eggs.

Cosmopolitan: species that occur throughout most of the world.

Cosmopolitan: species that are found in many parts of the world.

Cosmotropical: species that occur throughout the tropics.

Cosmotropical: species that can be found all across the tropics.

Costa: any elevated ridge that is rounded at its crest: the thickened anterior margin of any wing, but usually the primaries: in Comstock, the vein extending along the anterior margin of the wing from base to the point of junction with subcosta.

Costa: any raised ridge that is curved at the top: the thickened front edge of any wing, but usually the primary wings: in Comstock, the vein running along the front edge of the wing from the base to where it connects with the subcosta.

Costal area: the area behind costal vein; see also, costal field.

Costal area: the region behind the costal vein; see also, costal field.

Costal cell: the area inclosed between the costal and subcostal veins: in the plural, Comstock, are all the cells anteriorly margined by the costa; in Hymenoptera (Norton), includes the 1st, 2d and subcostal; of Packard, the 3d costal = 2d radial 1, and radial 2: in Diptera (Will.), it is the 2d costal.

Costal cell: the area enclosed between the costal and subcostal veins; in the plural, Comstock, it refers to all the cells that are bordered at the front by the costa. In Hymenoptera (Norton), it includes the 1st, 2nd, and subcostal cells; according to Packard, the 3rd costal equals the 2nd radial 1 and radial 2. In Diptera (Will.), it is the 2nd costal cell.

Costal field: Orthoptera; that region of the tegmina adjacent to the anterior margin or costa: = anterior field.

Costal field: Orthoptera; the area of the wings next to the front edge or costa: = front field.

Costal fold: in the males of some Hesperidae, a membranous flap that may be opened to expose the androconia.

Costal fold: in the males of some Hesperidae, a membranous flap that can be opened to reveal the androconia.

Costal margin: the anterior margin of a wing whether it is really costate or not.

Costal margin: the front edge of a wing, regardless of whether it is truly ribbed or not.

Costal membrane: Hymenoptera; the surface of wing in front of costal vein.

Costal membrane: Hymenoptera; the wing surface in front of the costal vein.

Costal vein: Lepidoptera; runs close to and parallel with the costal margin, extending from base to the margin before the apex; always simple and often absent in the secondaries; is vein 12 of the numerical series on primaries; vein 8 on secondaries: = subcosta (Comst.).

Costal vein: Lepidoptera; runs close to and parallel with the costal margin, extending from the base to the margin before the apex; always simple and often absent in the secondaries; is vein 12 of the numerical series on primaries; vein 8 on secondaries: = subcosta (Comst.).

Costate: ribbed; marked with elevated thickened lines.

Costate: ribbed; characterized by raised thick lines.

Costula: Hymenoptera; a small ridge separating the externo-median meta-thoracic area into two parts.

Costula: Hymenoptera; a small ridge dividing the externo-median meta-thoracic area into two sections.

Costulatus: less prominently ribbed than costate.

Costulatus: has less noticeable ribs than costate.

Cotyla: the articular pan; the cup or socket of a ball and socket joint.

Cotyla: the joint surface; the cup or socket of a ball-and-socket joint.

Cotypes: are all the specimens before the describer when a species is named, no single one being selected as the type: the type in such case equals the sum of the cotypes: see paratype.

Cotypes: are all the specimens available to the describer when a species is named, with none being chosen as the type: the type in this case is the total of the cotypes: see paratype.

Coxa -ae: the basal segment of the leg, by means of which it is articulated to the body.

Coxa -ae: the base part of the leg that connects it to the body.

Coxal cavity: the opening or space in which the Coxa articulates; in Coleoptera the cavity is open when the epimera do not extend to the sternum; closed or entire when the epimera reach the sternum or join medially as in Rhynchophora; the cavities are separated when the prosternum extends between them, confluent when it does not: see acetabulum.

Coxal cavity: the opening or space where the coxa connects; in beetles (Coleoptera), the cavity is open when the epimera do not reach the sternum, and closed or complete when the epimera touch the sternum or meet in the middle like in Rhynchophora; the cavities are separate when the prosternum extends between them, and joined when it doesn’t: see acetabulum.

Coxal glands: eversible glandular structures at base of legs; well developed in some Thysanurans, modified variously in higher orders.

Coxal glands: retractable glandular structures at the base of the legs; highly developed in some Thysanurans, modified in different ways in higher orders.

Coxal stylets: short, leg-like, jointed appendages on the underside of the abdominal segments in Thysanura.

Crag: the neck: = cervix.

Crag: the neck = cervix.

Cranium: the head or skull except the neck; sometimes limited to the fixed parts above the clypeo-frontal suture.

Cranium: the head or skull excluding the neck; sometimes specifically referring to the fixed parts above the clypeo-frontal suture.

Crassus: thick; tumid.

Crassus: bulky; swollen.

Crateriform: like a shallow funnel or deep bowl.

Crateriform: resembling a shallow funnel or a deep bowl.

Creber: closely set.

Creber: tightly spaced.

Cremaster: a stout spine, process or hooked area at the hind end of pupae in Lepidoptera.

Cremaster: a thick spine, projection, or hooked area at the back end of pupae in butterflies and moths.

Crenate: scalloped, with rounded teeth.

Crenate: scalloped, with rounded edges.

Crenulate: with small scallops, evenly rounded and rather deeply curved.

Crenulate: having small notches, smoothly rounded and quite deeply curved.

Crepitation: a crackling sound or the production of such as by discharge of vapor or "bombarding": a cracking or creaking.

Crepitation: a crackling sound or the creation of such a sound from vapor discharge or "bombarding": a cracking or creaking.

Crepuscular: active or flying at dusk.

Crepuscular: active or flying during twilight.

Crescentiform: like a lunule or crescent.

Crescentiform: shaped like a crescent or a small moon.

Crescentric: lunulate.

Crescentric: crescent-shaped.

Crest: a prominent, longitudinal carina on the upper surface of any part of the head or body.

Crest: a noticeable, long ridge on the top surface of any part of the head or body.

Crested: see cristate.

Crested: see cristate.

Cretaceous: chalky white: the third, uppermost and latest of the three great divisions of the mesozoic or secondary rocks.

Cretaceous: chalky white: the third and highest of the three main divisions of the Mesozoic or Secondary rocks.

Cribrate: pierced with closely set, small holes.

Cribrate: pierced with closely spaced, small holes.

Cribriform: with perforations like those of a sieve.

Cribriform: with holes like those of a sieve.

Crineous: dark-brown, with a slight admixture of yellow and gray.

Crineous: dark brown, with a slight mix of yellow and gray.

Crinite -us: with tufts of long thin hair: see lanuginose.

Crinite -us: with clumps of long, thin hair: see lanuginose.

Crispate -us: with a wrinkled or fluted margin.

Crispate -us: having a wrinkled or fluted edge.

Crista: a ridge or crest.

Crista: a ridge or peak.

Cristate: with a prominent carina or crest on the upper surface::= crested.

Cristate: having a noticeable ridge or crest on the upper surface::= crested.

Cristiform: in the form of a sharp ridge or crest.

Cristiform: shaped like a sharp ridge or crest.

Cristula: a small crest.

Cristula: a tiny ridge.

Cristulate: with little crescent-like ridges or crests.

Cristulate: having small, crescent-shaped ridges or crests.

Croceous: saffron yellow; yellow with an admixture of red [pale cadmium yellow].

Croceous: saffron yellow; yellow with a hint of red [pale cadmium yellow].

Crocus: =croceous.

Crocus: =yellowish.

Crook: the hook or recurved tip of the antenna in Hesperidae.

Crook: the curved or bent tip of the antenna in Hesperidae.

Crop: the dilated portion of the alimentary canal behind the gullet which serves to receive and hold the food previous to its slower passage through the digestive tract: = ingluvies.

Crop: the expanded section of the digestive system behind the throat that is designed to receive and store food before it moves more slowly through the digestive tract: = ingluvies.

Crotchets: the curved spines or hooks on the prolegs of caterpillars and on the cremaster of pupae.

Crotchets: the curved spines or hooks on the back legs of caterpillars and on the cremaster of pupae.

Crown: the top of head in Lepidoptera; also used as = coronet or corona.

Crown: the top of the head in butterflies and moths; also referred to as a coronet or corona.

Cruciate: shaped like a cross; applied to wings when the inner margins lie one over the other; or to incumbent wings that overlie only at the apex: in Diptera, applied to bristles when they cross in direction.

Cruciate: shaped like a cross; used for wings when the inner edges stack on top of each other; or for incumbent wings that only overlap at the tip: in Diptera, used for bristles when they cross each other.

Cruciato-complicatus: folded crosswise: incumbent wings when the inner margins overlap; not well distinguished from cruciate.

Cruciato-complicatus: crossed over and folded: wings that sit on top of each other when the inner edges overlap; not easily distinguished from cruciate.

Crura: the legs or, more specifically, the thighs.

Crura cerebri: two large cords that connect the supra- with the sub-oesophageal ganglion.

Crura cerebri: two large cords that connect the upper brain with the lower esophageal ganglion.

Crus: a leg or leg-like structure.

Crus: a leg or something that resembles a leg.

Crustaceous: hard, like the shell of a crab.

Crustaceous: tough, like a crab's shell.

Crypto: hidden, concealed.

Crypto: secret, encrypted.

Cryptocerata: a division of Heteroptera with small antennae concealed in a groove under the bead: = adeloceratous: see gymnocerata.

Cryptocerata: a group within Heteroptera with small antennas hidden in a groove beneath the bead: = adeloceratous: see gymnocerata.

Cryptogastra: with the venter or belly covered or concealed.

Cryptogastra: with the underside or belly covered or hidden.

Cryptopentamera: feet 5-jointed, the 4th joint small and concealed.

Cryptopentamera: feet with 5 joints, the 4th joint is small and hidden.

Cryptotetramera: feet 4-jointed, one of them small and concealed.

Cryptotetramera: feet with 4 joints, one of which is small and hidden.

Cryptothorax: a supposed thoracic ring between meso- and meta-thorax.

Cryptothorax: a theorized thoracic ring located between the meso- and meta-thorax.

Crypts: minute secretory follicles or cavities: specifically, large gland- like structures between the epithelial cells in chylific ventricle.

Crypts: tiny secretive follicles or spaces: specifically, large gland-like structures found between the epithelial cells in the chylific ventricle.

Crystalline: transparent, like crystal.

Crystal-clear

Crystalline cone: a conical structure below the cornea, imbedded in pigment cells of the compound eye: also termed Crystalline lens.

Crystalline cone: a cone-shaped structure located beneath the cornea, embedded in pigment cells of the compound eye; also known as the Crystalline lens.

Ctenidium: a comb-like structure occurring on any part of an insect.

Ctenidium: a comb-like structure found on any part of an insect.

Cubital: referring or belonging to the cubits.

Cubital: relating to or associated with cubits.

Cubital cell: the wing area between the cubits and anal vein; in the plural, all the cells bounded anteriorly by the cubits or its branches (Comst.); in Diptera (Schiner), = radial 3 (Comst.), = 3d posterior cell (Loew); in Hymenoptera (Norton), = radial 3, 4 and 5 (Comst.).

Cubital cell: the wing area between the cubital veins and the anal vein; in the plural, all the cells that are bordered at the front by the cubital vein or its branches (Comst.); in Diptera (Schiner), it refers to radial 3 (Comst.), which is the 3rd posterior cell (Loew); in Hymenoptera (Norton), it includes radial 3, 4, and 5 (Comst.).

Cubital forks: the branching or points of separation of the branches of the cubits.

Cubital forks: the divisions or points where the branches of the cubits split.

Cubital nerve or vein: see cubits.

Cubitus: of Comstock, is the 5th in the series of longitudinal veins extending from base, and usually two branched before reaching outer margin: in Orthoptera; = the internomedian and ulnar: in Neuroptera, a main longitudinal vein next behind the medius and before the anal: the tibia of the anterior leg.

Cubitus: of Comstock, is the 5th in the series of longitudinal veins extending from the base, typically branching twice before reaching the outer edge: in Orthoptera; = the internomedian and ulnar: in Neuroptera, it’s a main longitudinal vein located just behind the medius and before the anal: the tibia of the front leg.

Cuckoo spit: liquid in the form of bubbles produced by members of the family Cercopidae and which often conceals the producer.

Cuckoo spit: a liquid that forms bubbles created by members of the Cercopidae family, often hiding the organism that produces it.

Cucullate: hooded; somewhat hood-shaped.

Hooded; somewhat hood-shaped.

Cucullus: a hood: see capillitium.

Cucullus: a hood; see capillitium.

Cuilleron: see alula.

Culicifuge: any preparation for driving away gnats or mosquitoes.

Culicifuge: any product used to repel gnats or mosquitoes.

Culmen: the longitudinal carina of a caterpillar.

Culmen: the long ridge along the length of a caterpillar.

Cultellus: one of the blade-like lancets in piercing flies: = the mandibles of some authors.

Cultellus: one of the sharp lancets used to pierce flies; some authors refer to this as the mandibles.

Cultrate -iform: shaped like a pruning knife.

Cumulate: in groups or heaps.

Gather: in groups or heaps.

Cumulus: a group or heap; as of cells in a developing ovum.

Cumulus: a cluster or pile; like the cells in a developing egg.

Cuneate, Cuneiform: wedge-shaped; elongate triangular.

Cuneate, Cuneiform: wedge-shaped; elongated triangle.

Cuneus: Hymenoptera; the small triangular area at the end of the embolium of hemelytra: Odonata, the small triangle of the vertex between the compound eyes.

Cuneus: Hymenoptera; the small triangular area at the end of the embolium of the front wing: Odonata, the small triangle of the head between the compound eyes.

Cupreous: the metallic red of pure shining copper.

Cupreous: the shiny metallic red of pure copper.

Cupules: the sucker-like processes covering the under surface of the tarsi in male Dytiscidce.

Cupules: the sucker-like structures on the underside of the tarsi in male Dytiscidae.

Cupuliform: cup-shaped: like a little cup: = cyathiform.

Cupuliform: shaped like a cup; resembling a small cup; = cyathiform.

Cursoria: in Orthoptera, that series in which the legs are formed for running (roaches, etc.).

Cursoria: in Orthoptera, that group in which the legs are designed for running (like cockroaches, etc.).

Cursorial: formed for running.

Cursorial: built for running.

Curvate: curved.

Curvinervate: wings with the veins distinctly curved, like some Psocidae.

Curvinervate: wings with the veins clearly curved, similar to some Psocidae.

Cusp -is: a pointed process; sometimes at the margin of a wing.

Cusp -is: a sharp edge; sometimes located on the edge of a wing.

Cuspidate: prickly pointed; ending in a sharp point; with an acuminated point ending in a bristle.

Cuspidate: having sharp, pointed tips; ending in a sharp point; featuring a tapered end that finishes in a bristle.

Custodite -us: guarded: a body in an envelope.

Custodite -us: protected: a body in a package.

Cuticle: the outer skin or skin layer.

Cuticle: the outer layer of skin.

Cuticula: = cuticle: specifically applied to the outer or chitinized layer: see epidermis and hypodermis.

Cuticula: = cuticle: specifically refers to the outer or chitinized layer: see epidermis and hypodermis.

Cyaneous: pure dark blue: indigo blue [French blue].

Cyaneous: a deep dark blue, also known as indigo blue [French blue].

Cyanescent: with a deep bluish tinge or shading.

Cyanescent: having a deep blue tone or shade.

Cyanogenic: applied to repugnatorial glands in myriapods and sometimes in insects.

Cyanogenic: refers to the repugnant glands found in myriapods and occasionally in insects.

Cyathiform: obconical and concave; cup-shaped: = cupuliform.

Cyathiform: shaped like an inverted cone and hollow; resembling a cup: = cupuliform.

Cyatotheca: the cover of the thorax in the pupa.

Cyatotheca: the protective covering of the thorax in the pupa.

Cycle: a round or circle, e.g. of development; a life cycle.

Cycle: a round or circle, like in development; a life cycle.

Cyclorrhapha: that section of Diptera in which the adult escapes from the hardened pupal case by pushing off a lid or covering: see orthorrhapha. Cyclorrhaphous: circular seamed.

Cyclorrhapha: the part of Diptera where the adult emerges from the hardened pupal case by pushing off a lid or cover; see orthorrhapha. Cyclorrhaphous: having circular seams.

Cydariform: globose, but truncated at two opposite sides.

Cydariform: round, but flattened on two opposite sides.

Cylindrical: in the form of a cylinder or tube; round, elongate, of equal diameter throughout.

Cylindrical: shaped like a cylinder or tube; round, long, with the same diameter all the way through.

Cymbiform: boat-shaped: a concave disc with elevated margin; navicular.

Cymbiform: boat-shaped; a curved disk with raised edges; similar to a boat.

Cytoplasm: the protoplasm of a cell exclusive of nucleus; the cell body.

Cytoplasm: the protoplasm of a cell excluding the nucleus; the cell's body.

Dactylus: a finger or toe: = digitus: a tarsal joint after the first one, when that is enlarged as in bees.

Dactyl: a finger or toe: = digit: a joint of the foot after the first one, when it is swollen like in bees.

Dagger mark: a marking in the form of a Greek Psi Y .

Dagger mark: a symbol shaped like a Greek Psi Y .

Dart: a sting, or its central part.

Dart: a sting or its core.

Dash: a short disconnected streak or mark.

Dash: a brief, unconnected line or mark.

Dasygastres: bees with pollen-carrying structures on the abdomen.

Dasygastres: bees that have structures on their abdomens for carrying pollen.

Deaurate: of the color of gold; golden.

Deaurate: the color of gold; golden.

Deciduous: that which may be cast off or shed.

Deciduous: something that can be dropped or shed.

Declinate -us: a part somewhat bent, the apex downward.

Declinate -us: a section that’s slightly bent, with the tip pointing downwards.

Decumbent -ous: sloping gradually downward.

Decumbent -ous: sloping gently downwards.

Decrepitans: crackling.

Decumbent: bending down at tip from an upright base.

Decumbent: leaning down at the tip from an upright base.

Decurrent: closely attached to and running down another body.

Decurrent: closely attached to and extending down another body.

Decurved: bowed downward.

Decurved: curved downward.

Decussate: crossing at an angle: X-like: in cross pairs; or, when bristles alternately cross each other, as in some Diptera.

Decussate: crossing at an angle: X-shaped: in cross pairs; or when bristles alternately cross each other, like in some Diptera.

Deflected: bent downward: the wings, when the inner margins lap and the outer edges decline toward the sides.

Deflected: bent downward: the wings, when the inner edges overlap and the outer edges slope down toward the sides.

Deflexed: abruptly bent downward.

Deflexed: suddenly bent down.

Deformed: twisted or set in an unusual form: specifically, in Coleoptera applied to knotted or twisted antennae as in male Meloids.

Deformed: twisted or shaped in an unusual way: specifically, in Coleoptera, referring to knotted or twisted antennae as seen in male Meloids.

Dehiscence: the splitting of the pupal integument in the emergence of the adult in Lepidoptera.

Dehiscence: the splitting of the pupal skin when the adult emerges in butterflies and moths.

Dehiscent: open or standing open: separating toward the tip.

Dehiscent: open or remaining open: splitting toward the tip.

Dejectamenta: the excrement or excretion.

Dejectamenta: waste or excretions.

Delamination: the splitting or division into layers.

Delamination: the process of splitting or dividing into layers.

Deltoid: elongate triangular: resembling a Greek D with apex extended.

Deltoid: elongated triangle: looking like a Greek D with a sharp top.

Demarcation: the bounding, laying out or limiting.

Demarcation: defining, outlining, or setting limits.

Dendritic: applied to the branched nerve cells in the mushroom bodies of the pro-cerebrum.

Dendritic: refers to the branched nerve cells found in the mushroom bodies of the pro-cerebrum.

Dendroid: tree or shrub-like: branching like a tree or shrub.

Dendroid: resembling a tree or shrub; branching like a tree or shrub.

Dendrophagus: feeding on woody tissues.

Dendrophagus: eating woody tissues.

Dendrophilous: species that live in woody tissue, or on trees.

Dendrophilous: species that inhabit woody tissue or grow on trees.

Dens: a tooth or tooth-like process.

Dens: a tooth or a tooth-shaped structure.

Dense: thickly crowded together.

Dense: tightly packed.

Dentate: toothed: with acute teeth, the sides of which are equal and the tip is above the middle of base.

Dentate: toothed: having sharp teeth, with the sides being equal and the tip positioned above the middle of the base.

Dentate-serrate: toothed, with the dentations themselves serrated on their edges.

Dentate-serrate: having teeth, with the teeth themselves having jagged edges.

Dentate-sinuate: toothed and indented.

Dentate-sinuate: serrated and notched.

Dentes: the teeth or pointed processes on the inner side of the mandible: the second or middle part of the furcula in Collembola, consisting of two parallel pieces from the distal end of the manubrium and bearing at their apices the crones.

Dentes: the teeth or pointed structures on the inner side of the jaw: the second or middle part of the furcula in Collembola, made up of two parallel pieces extending from the outer end of the manubrium and having the crones at their tips.

Dentes caninae: see canine teeth.

Denticle: a small tooth.

Denticle: a tiny tooth.

Denticulated: set with little teeth or notches.

Denticulated: having small teeth or notches.

Dentiform: formed or appearing like a tooth.

Dentiform: shaped or looking like a tooth.

Denudate: without covering; destitute of scales or hair.

Denudate: uncovered; lacking scales or hair.

Denude: to free from covering; to rub so as to remove the surface covering of scales, hair or other vestiture.

Denude: to remove covering; to rub off the outer layer of scales, hair, or other coverings.

Deorsum: downward.

Deorsum: down.

Dependent: hanging down.

Dependent: drooping.

Deplanate -us: see complanate.

Deplanate -us: see flat.

Depressed: flattened down vertically; opposed to compressed.

Depressed: pushed down vertically; opposite of compressed.

Depressor: applied to a muscle that has for its function the depression of an organ or a part.

Depressor: refers to a muscle whose function is to lower an organ or a part.

Deratoptera: = Orthoptera.

Deratoptera: = Grasshoppers and crickets.

Dermal: relating to the skin or outer covering.

Dermal: related to the skin or outer layer.

Dermal glands: hypodermal unicellular glands which secrete wax, setae, spines, etc.

Dermal glands: unicellular glands located beneath the skin that produce wax, hairs, spines, and more.

Dermaptera: see Dermatoptera.

Dermaptera: see Dermatoptera.

Dermatoptera: skin-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects with elytriform, abbreviated primaries beneath which the secondaries are folded transversely and fan-like: mouth mandibulate, prothorax free; abdomen forcipate; metamorphosis incomplete: the Forficulidae or earwigs.

Dermatoptera: skin-winged: a term used for insects that have short, shell-like front wings under which the back wings are folded sideways in a fan shape: they have chewing mouthparts, a separate prothorax; their abdomen is pincered; they undergo incomplete metamorphosis: the Forficulidae or earwigs.

Desectus: = truncatus.

Desectus: = truncated.

Desideratum -ata: some thing or things needed or desired.

Desideratum -ata: something or things needed or wanted.

Destitutus: wanting; being without.

Destitutus: lacking; having nothing.

Determinate: with well-defined outlines or distinct limits: fixed: marked out.

Determinate: having clear outlines or specific limits; fixed; clearly defined.

Detonans: exploding: a sudden noise or a puff like an explosion.

Detonans: exploding; a sudden noise or a burst similar to an explosion.

Detritus: rubbed off; a surface partly denuded.

Detritus: worn away; a surface partly stripped.

Deuterotoky: parthenogenetic reproduction when the progeny are male and female: see arrhenotoky and thelyotoky.

Deuterotoky: parthenogenetic reproduction where the offspring are both male and female: see arrhenotoky and thelyotoky.

Deutocerebral segment: =antennal segment; q.v.

Deutocerebral segment: = antennal segment; see also.

Deutocerebrum: the middle portion of the brain, formed by the ganglion of the 2d primary segment; also termed antennal or olfactory lobes from the parts it innervates.

Deutocerebrum: the middle part of the brain, created by the ganglion of the second primary segment; also called antennal or olfactory lobes due to the areas it innervates.

Deutoplasm: the yolk or food plasm of an ovum.

Deutoplasm: the yolk or nutrient substance of an egg cell.

Deutotergite: the secondary dorsal segment of the abdomen.

Deutotergite: the secondary back segment of the abdomen.

Dextrad: extending or directed toward the right.

Dextrad: extending or pointing to the right.

Dextral: to the right of the median line.

Dextral: to the right of the center line.

Dextro-caudad: extends obliquely between dextrad and caudad.

Dextro-caudad: extends diagonally between the right side and downward.

Dextro-cephalad: extends obliquely between dextrad and cephalad.

Dextro-cephalad: extends diagonally between the right side and upwards.

Di: as a prefix, = two.

Di: as a prefix, means two.

Diaphanous: semi-transparent; clear.

Diaphanous: sheer; see-through.

Diaphragm: any thin dividing membrane; that thin membrane separating the cavity containing the heart from the rest of the body.

Diaphragm: any thin separating membrane; that thin membrane dividing the cavity that holds the heart from the rest of the body.

Diarthrosis: any articulation that permits of motion.

Diarthrosis: any joint that allows for movement.

Diastole: that regular expansion of the heart that draws the blood inward: see systole.

Diastole: the regular expansion of the heart that pulls the blood in: see systole.

Dichaetae: a group of brachycerous Diptera with a proboscis consisting of two parts: Muscids, etc.

Dichaetae: a group of short-nosed flies (Diptera) with a two-part proboscis: Muscids, and others.

Dichoptic: Diptera; eyes separated by front: not contiguous: see holoptic.

Dichoptic: Diptera; eyes are separated by the front: not connected: see holoptic.

Dichotomous: forked: dividing by pairs.

Dichotomous: forked; divided into pairs.

Dichromatism: the possession of two color varieties.

Dichromatism: having two different color varieties.

Dictyoptera: an ordinal term applied to the roaches: also more generally to the Orthoptera. {Scanner's comment: Roaches are now classed as Dictyoptera, and Orthoptera are now distinct from Dictyoptera }

Dictyoptera: a term used for the cockroaches; it can also refer more broadly to the Orthoptera. {Scanner's comment: Cockroaches are now classified as Dictyoptera, while Orthoptera is now distinct from Dictyoptera}

Didactyle -us: two-toed: with two tarsi of equal length.

Didactyle -us: two-toed; having two tarsi that are the same length.

Didymus: double: geminate.

Didymus: double: duplicate.

Difformis: irregular in form or outline: not comparable; anomalous. Diffracted: bending in different directions.

Difformis: irregular in shape or outline; not comparable; unusual. Diffracted: bending in various directions.

Diffuse: spreading out; without distinct edge or margin.

Diffuse: spreading out; having no clear edge or boundary.

Digestive tract: the alimentary canal as a whole: more specifically that portion behind the crop, in which assimilation takes place.

Digestive tract: the entire digestive system; more specifically, the part behind the crop where absorption occurs.

Digitate: finger-like, or divided into finger-like processes.

Digitate: finger-like or divided into finger-like parts.

Digitiform: formed, shaped like or having the function of a finger.

Digitiform: shaped like or functioning as a finger.

Digitules: appendages on the feet of Coccidae; in Lecanium, four knobbed hairs.

Digitules: small appendages on the feet of scale insects (Coccidae); in Lecanium, there are four knobbed hairs.

Digitus: the terminal joint of the tarsus, bearing the claws: a small appendage attached to the lacinia of the maxilla; rarely present and probably tactile.

Digitus: the end joint of the tarsus that holds the claws; a small part connected to the lacinia of the maxilla; rarely found and likely sensory.

Digoneutism: the power to produce two broods in one season.

Digoneutism: the ability to have two broods in a single season.

Dilatatus: Coleoptera a margin, when the sharp marginal edge extends beyond its usual limit: the base when the transverse diameter is much longer at one part.

Dilatatus: Beetles with a margin, when the sharp edge extends beyond its normal limit: the base when the width is significantly longer at one point.

Dilated: widened, expanded.

Dilated: widened, enlarged.

Dilation: an expansion or widening.

Dilute: thinned out: applied to color means weak or pale.

Dilute: watered down; when applied to color, it means weak or light.

Dilution: much thinned out or diluted.

Dilution: significantly thinned out or weakened.

Dimera: forms with two-jointed tarsi: specifically applied to some groups of Homoptera.

Dimera: refers to insects with two-jointed feet; specifically used for certain groups of Homoptera.

Dimerous: having only two tarsal joints.

Dimerous: having just two tarsal joints.

Dimidiate -us: halved; extending half way around; applied to elytra when they cover only half the abdomen.

Dimidiate -us: halved; extending halfway around; used to describe elytra when they only cover half of the abdomen.

Dimidius: of half length.

Dimidius: half length.

Dimorphic: occurring in two well-marked forms.

Dimorphic: existing in two distinct forms.

Dimorphism: a difference in form, color, etc, between individuals of the same species, characterizing two distinct types: may be seasonal, sexual or geographic.

Dimorphism: a difference in form, color, etc., between individuals of the same species, defining two distinct types: it can be seasonal, sexual, or geographic.

Dioecious: with distinct sexes.

Dioecious: having separate sexes.

Dioptrate: an ocellate spot with the pupil divided by a transverse line.

Dioptrate: a spot with an eye-like design where the pupil is split by a horizontal line.

Dioptric: with a transversely divided ocellus.

Dioptric: with a crosswise split ocellus.

Diploglossata: an ordinal term proposed for Hemimeridae, because of the supposed presence of a second labial segment.

Diploglossata: a term used for the order Hemimeridae, due to the believed existence of a second labial segment.

Diplogangliata: applied to the Arthropods.

Diplogangliata: refers to the Arthropods.

Diploptera: = diplopteryga; q.v.

Diploptera: = diplopteryga; see above.

Diplopteryga: Hymenoptera; wasps in which the wings are longitudinally folded when at rest.

Diplopteryga: Hymenoptera; wasps that fold their wings lengthwise when resting.

Dipneumones: having two lungs (certain spiders).

Dipneumones: having two lungs (some spiders).

Diptera: an ordinal term applied to insects having only one pair of wings (anterior): thorax agglutinate; mouth haustellate; transformations complete.

Diptera: a classification term for insects with just one pair of wings (front ones); the thorax is fused; the mouthparts are adapted for sucking; the development process is complete.

Dipterocecidium: a gall formed by a dipterous insect.

Dipterocecidium: a gall created by a two-winged insect.

Dipterous: belonging to or having the characters of Diptera.

Dipterous: related to or having the traits of Diptera.

Direct: applied to metamorphosis = incomplete.

Direct: applied to transformation = incomplete.

Directive coloration: directive marks or colors which tend to divert the attention of an enemy from more vital parts.

Directive coloration: marks or colors that are designed to draw an enemy's attention away from more important areas.

Disc: see disk.

Disc: see disk.

Discal: on or relating to the disc of any surface or structure.

Discal: related to the disc of any surface or structure.

Discal area: of a wing applies especially to the more central portion, or that area covered by the discal cell.

Discal area: of a wing particularly refers to the more central part, or the area occupied by the discal cell.

Discal bristles: Diptera; are inserted on the middle of the abdominal segments before the hind margin.

Discal bristles: Diptera; are located in the middle of the abdominal segments right before the back edge.

Discal cell: Lepidoptera; the large or median cell extending from the base of the wing toward the center: = radial cell (Comst.): in Diptera (Will.) = 1st medial 2 (Comst.): Odonata; = discoidal areolets, q.v.: Trichoptera, the cell between the forks of the radial sector, and separated from the 2d apical cell by a cross-vein.

Discal cell: Lepidoptera; the large or middle cell extending from the base of the wing towards the center: = radial cell (Comst.): in Diptera (Will.) = 1st medial 2 (Comst.): Odonata; = discoidal areolets, see entry: Trichoptera, the cell located between the forks of the radial sector, and separated from the 2nd apical cell by a cross-vein.

Discal patch: in some male Hesperidae the oblique streak of specialized black scales on the disc of the primaries.

Discal patch: in some male Hesperidae, the angled line of unique black scales on the disc of the forewings.

Discal vein: Lepidoptera; the cross-vein closing the discal or median cell extends from radius 5 to media 1.

Discal vein: Lepidoptera; the cross-vein that closes the discal or median cell stretches from radius 5 to media 1.

Disciform: formed or shaped like a disc.

Disc-shaped.

Discocellular nervure or vein: Lepidoptera; = discal vein, q.v.

Discocellular nerve or vein: Lepidoptera; = discal vein, see also.

Discoidal: relating to the disc, or middle = discal.

Discoidal: related to the disc, or middle = discal.

Discoidal area: the middle area or field: Trichoptera; that area of the tegmina between the posterior or anal and the anterior or costal areas = d. field.

Discoidal area: the central area or field: Trichoptera; that section of the wings between the back or anal area and the front or costal area = d. field.

Discoidal areolets: Odonata; a varying number of rows of cells on the outer side of the triangle between the short sector (M 4 of Comst.) and the upper sector of the triangle (Cu 1 of Comst.) = post-triangular cells := discal cells.

Discoidal areolets: Odonata; a different number of rows of cells on the outer side of the triangle between the short sector (M 4 of Comst.) and the upper sector of the triangle (Cu 1 of Comst.) = post-triangular cells := discal cells.

Discoidal cell: Hymenoptera (Norton) 1st medial 2, medial 3 and medial 4 (Comst.).

Discoidal cell: Hymenoptera (Norton) 1st medial 2, medial 3, and medial 4 (Comst.).

Discoidal field: see discoidal area.

Discoidal nervule: Lepidoptera; = media 1 (Comst.).

Discoidal nervule: Butterflies and moths; = media 1 (Comst.).

Discoidal triangle: Odonata - see triangle.

Discoidal triangle: Odonata - refer to triangle.

Discoidal vein: Diptera (Schiner), = media 2 (Comst.) anterior intercalary vein (Loew); Hymenopteran (Norton), = media 2 (Comst.), beyond the junction with the medial cross-vein: Trichoptera; the first and largest branch of the humeral vein.

Discoideous: =discoidal.

Discoideous: =disc-shaped.

Discolored -orous: a different color from the surrounding, more or less contrasting; not concolorous.

Discolored -orous: a different color from the surrounding area, more or less contrasting; not the same color.

Discota: insects in which development of the adults is from imaginal discs: see adiscota.

Discota: insects whose adult development comes from imaginal discs: see adiscota.

Discrete: distinctly separated.

Discrete: clearly separated.

Discs: the abdominal motor processes of coleopterous larve.

Discs: the abdominal muscle functions of beetle larvae.

Discus: a disc; a somewhat flat circular part or area.

Discus: a disc; a somewhat flat, round piece or area.

Disjoined or Disjointed: see disjunctus.

Disjoined or Disjointed: see disjunct.

Disjunct: with head, thorax and abdomen separated by constrictions.

Disjunct: with the head, thorax, and abdomen separated by narrow sections.

Disjunctus: separated; standing apart.

Disjunctus: separated; standing alone.

Disk: the central upper surface of any part; all the area within a margin; the central area of a wing: in Trichoptera, the obliquely ridged outer surface of hind femur in saltatoria.

Disk: the main upper surface of any part; the entire area within the edges; the central area of a wing: in Trichoptera, the slanted ridged outer surface of the hind femur in saltatoria.

Dislocated: a stria, band or line interrupted in continuity, when the tips of the interrupted parts are not in a right line with each other.

Dislocated: a stripe, band, or line that is broken in continuity, when the ends of the broken parts are not aligned with each other.

Disperses: with scattered markings, punctures or other small sculptures.

Disperses: with random markings, dents, or other small sculptures.

Disposed: arranged or laid out.

Disposed: set up or arranged.

Dissepiment: a partition wall: applied to the forming septa separating the coelom-sacs in the embryo; also the thin envelope about the members in obtect pupae.

Dissepiment: a partition wall; it refers to the septa that separate the coelom sacs in the embryo and also to the thin covering around the limbs in obtect pupae.

Dissilient: bursting open elastically.

Dissilient: bursting open springily.

Distad: toward the distal end.

Distad: toward the far end.

Distal: that part of a joint farthest from the body.

Distal: the part of a joint that is farthest from the body.

Distant: remote from: standing considerably apart.

Distant: far away from; separated by a significant distance.

Distichous: applied to antennae when lateral processes originate at the apices of the joints and bend forward at acute angles to them.

Distichous: used to describe antennae when side branches come from the ends of the segments and curve forward at sharp angles to them.

Distiproboscis: the outer third of the proboscis in Muscid flies, bearing the labella.

Distiproboscis: the outer third of the proboscis in Muscid flies, which holds the labella.

Distychus: bipartite: separated into two parts.

Distychus: two-part: divided into two sections.

Ditrocha: Hymenoptera; that series having the trochanter two-jointed.

Ditrocha: Hymenoptera; that group has a two-jointed trochanter.

Diurnae: day fliers: applied to butterflies.

Diurnae: daytime flyers: refers to butterflies.

Diurnal: such insects as are active or habitually fly by day only.

Diurnal: insects that are active or commonly fly only during the day.

Divaricable: able to spread apart or divaricate.

Divaricable: capable of spreading apart or diverging.

Divaricate: straddling or spreading apart: when the wings are lapped at base and diverge behind: tarsal claws when arising at opposite sides of the joint and separating widely.

Divaricate: spreading apart or straddling: when the wings overlap at the base and then separate behind: tarsal claws when they come from opposite sides of the joint and spread apart widely.

Divergent: spreading out from a common base; in Coleoptera, tarsal claws are divergent when they spread out only a little; divaricate when they separate widely.

Divergent: spreading out from a common base; in Coleoptera, tarsal claws are divergent when they spread out slightly; divaricate when they separate widely.

Diverse: unequal: differing in size or shape: of various kinds.

Diverse: not equal; different in size or shape; of various types.

Diverticulum -la: an oft-shoot from a vessel or from the alimentary canal usually blind or sac-like: applied to the caecal tubes or pouches: any extensions or evaginations of the hypodermic.

Diverticulum -la: a branch from a blood vessel or from the digestive tract, typically closed off or pouch-like; refers to the caecal tubes or pouches; any extensions or outpouchings of the hypodermis.

Dividens (vena): Trichoptera; 1st anal (Comst.).

Dog-ear marks: in bees: small, subtriangular marks of light color, just below the antennae (Cockerell).

Dog-ear marks: in bees: small, triangular marks that are lighter in color, located just below the antennae (Cockerell).

Dolabriform: hatchet-shaped: compressed, with a prominent dilated keel and cylindrical base.

Dolabriform: hatchet-shaped; flattened, with a noticeable widened ridge and cylindrical base.

Dolioloides: applied to obtect or coarctate pupae.

Dolioloides: refers to obtect or coarctate pupae.

Dominant: a character more constant and conspicuous than any other: a type or series occurring in large numbers both as to genera, species and individuals and in which differentiation is yet active.

Dominant: a character that is more consistent and noticeable than any other: a type or series found in large quantities in terms of genera, species, and individuals, where differentiation is still happening.

Dorsad: extending or directed toward the upper side.

Dorsad: extending or directed toward the top side.

Dorsal: of or belonging to the upper surface: in Diptera, that face of the laterally extended legs visible from above.

Dorsal: relating to the upper surface; in Diptera, the side of the laterally extended legs that can be seen from above.

Dorsal bristles: see dorso-central.

Dorsal bristles: see dorsocentral.

Dorsal diaphragm: the wings of the heart, or the very thin membrane upon which these muscles rest: = pericardial diaphragm, q.v.

Dorsal diaphragm: the wings of the heart, or the very thin membrane that these muscles sit on: = pericardial diaphragm, see above.

Dorsal gland orifices: in Diaspinae, oval orifices arranged in more or less distinct rows on the surface of the pygidium, through which is discharged the material of which the dorsal scale is formed.

Dorsal gland orifices: in Diaspinae, oval openings lined up in roughly organized rows on the surface of the pygidium, through which the substance that makes up the dorsal scale is released.

Dorsal glands: see last preceding title.

Dorsal glands: see the previous section.

Dorsal line: in caterpillars, extends longitudinally on the middle of the back or dorsal.

Dorsal line: in caterpillars, runs lengthwise down the center of the back or dorsal side.

Dorsal scale: that part of the covering scale of the Diaspinae that lies above the insect, as opposed to the ventral scale, which lies below.

Dorsal scale: the part of the covering scale of the Diaspinae that is located above the insect, as opposed to the ventral scale, which is underneath.

Dorsal space: in slug-caterpillars is the area between the sub-dorsal ridges.

Dorsal space: in slug caterpillars, it's the area located between the sub-dorsal ridges.

Dorsal vessel: the heart; q.v.

Dorsal vessel: the heart; see also.

Dorsi-meson: the middle of the upper surface.

Dorsi-meson: the center of the top surface.

Dorso-alar region: Diptera; between the transverse suture and the scutellum on one side and the root of the wing and the dorso-central region on the other.

Dorso-alar region: Diptera; located between the cross suture and the scutellum on one side, and the base of the wing and the dorso-central area on the other.

Dorso-central bristles: Diptera; two or four longitudinal rows on the inner part of the dorsal.

Dorso-central bristles: Diptera; two or four long rows along the inner part of the back.

Dorso-central region: Diptera; bounded by two imaginary lines drawn from the scutellar bridges forward, and coinciding with a space free from bristles that exists on the outer side of the dorsal rows and is often occupied by a dorsal thoracic stripe.

Dorso-central region: Diptera; defined by two imaginary lines drawn from the scutellar bridges forward, aligning with an area free from bristles that is located on the outer side of the dorsal rows and is frequently filled by a dorsal thoracic stripe.

Dorso-humeral region: Diptera; bounded by the anterior end of thorax and transverse suture on two sides and by the dorsopleural suture and dorsocentral region on the two others.

Dorso-humeral region: Diptera; bordered by the front of the thorax and the transverse suture on two sides and by the dorsopleural suture and dorsocentral region on the other two sides.

Dorsolum: the mesoscutum.

Dorsolum: the upper back of the thorax.

Dorsopleural suture: Diptera; the lateral suture between dorsal and pleurum from the humeri through the base of the wing: separates the mesonotum from the pleura.

Dorsopleural suture: Diptera; the side suture between the upper and side parts from the shoulders through the base of the wing: separates the middle back section from the side sections.

Dorso-ventral: in a line from the upper to the lower surface.

Dorso-ventral: in a line from the top to the bottom surface.

Dorsulum: the mesonotum before the scutellum, with the wing sockets: also, specifically, the meso-scutellum.

Dorsulum: the area on the back of the thorax in front of the scutellum, where the wing sockets are located; also, more specifically, the area between the mesonotum and the scutellum.

Dorsum: the upper surface: in Coleoptera; often confined to meso- and meta-thorax: Odonata; includes mesepisterna and meso- and meta-thoracic terga: Diptera; upper surface of thorax, limited by the dorsopleural sutures laterally, the scutellum posteriorly and the neck anteriorly: Lepidoptera; the lower or inner margin of the wing.

Dorsum: the upper surface: in beetles (Coleoptera); often limited to the middle and back thorax; in dragonflies (Odonata); includes the side areas of the thorax and the upper parts of the middle and back thorax; in flies (Diptera); the upper surface of the thorax, bordered by the side seams laterally, the scutellum at the back, and the neck at the front; in butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera); the lower or inner edge of the wing.

Draw-thread: the silk-producing gland.

Drone: in Hymenoptera; the male bee.

Duct: a channel, tube or canal for carrying a secretion from a gland to the point of discharge.

Duct: a channel, tube, or passage for transporting a secretion from a gland to the point where it is released.

Ductus ejaculatorius: the single duct or tube formed by the union of the vasa deferentia from each side, through which the seminal fluid is ejected into the vagina.

Ductus ejaculatorius: the single duct or tube created by the joining of the vasa deferentia from each side, through which the seminal fluid is released into the vagina.

Dufour's gland: that gland, in Hymenoptera, that secretes the alkaline portion of the poison carried by the sting.

Dufour's gland: the gland in Hymenoptera that produces the alkaline part of the venom found in their sting.

Duodenum: the chylific ventricle; also applied to the first section of the digestive tract just behind entrance of malpighian tubules.

Duodenum: the mixing chamber; also refers to the first part of the digestive tract located just behind the entrance of the malpighian tubules.

Dupion: a cocoon spun by two silk-worms together; also the coarse silk from such a cocoon.

Dupion: a cocoon created by two silk worms together; also the rough silk made from that cocoon.

Duplicate -us: double.

Duplicate -us: duplicate.

Duplicate-pectinate: having the branches of a bipectinated antenna alternately long and short.

Duplicate-pectinate: having the branches of a bipectinated antenna arranged in alternating long and short lengths.

Duple: double, or twice.

Duple: double, or two times.

Durus: hard.

Durus: tough.

Dusky: somewhat darkened; pale fuscous.

Dusky: slightly darkened; pale brown.

E: as prefix, is privative and means without.

E: used as a prefix, it indicates absence or means 'without.'

Ears: organs of hearing, as on the first tibiae or on the first abdominal segment of some Trichoptera.

Ears: organs for hearing, like those on the first pair of legs or on the first section of the abdomen in some caddisflies.

Ebenine: black like ebony.

Eburneous: ivory white.

Ecalcaratus: without a spur.

Ecalcaratus: no spur.

Ecaudate: without tails or tail-like processes: usually applied to wings : = excaudate.

Ecaudate: without tails or tail-like features; typically used to refer to wings: = excaudate.

Ecdysis: the process of casting the skin; moulting.

Ecdysis: the process of shedding skin; moulting.

Echinate: set with prickles.

Echinate: covered in spikes.

Ecology: the science of the relation of organisms to each other and to their surroundings: = ethology. {Scanner's comment: Ethology nowadays refers to studies in animal behaviour, not directly to ecology.}

Ecology: the study of how living things interact with each other and their environment: = ethology. {Scanner's comment: Ethology today refers to research in animal behavior, not directly to ecology.}

Ectad: extending outwardly from within.

Ectad: extending outwards from inside.

Ectal: belonging or relating to the outer surface.

Ectal: related to or located on the outer surface.

Ectoblast: the outer wall of a cell; the ectoderm or epiblast.

Ectoblast: the outer layer of a cell; the ectoderm or epiblast.

Ectoderm: the outer layer of skin: the outer layer of the blastoderm, giving rise to the nervous system and to epithelial structures of the body surface.

Ectoderm: the outer layer of skin; the outer layer of the blastoderm that develops into the nervous system and the epithelial structures of the body surface.

Ectognathus: see ectotrophous.

Ectoskeletal: referring to the outside or exoskeleton.

Ectoskeletal: relating to the outer layer or exoskeleton.

Ectotrachea: the outer surface or layer of the trachea.

Ectotrophous: with mouth parts free; not buried in the head: see entrotrophus.

Ectotrophous: having mouth parts that are not attached to the head; see entrotrophus.

Edematus: dull translucent white.

Edentate -ulous: without teeth.

Edentate -ulous: toothless.

Edentula: those having no teeth.

Edentula: toothless individuals.

Efferent: carrying outward or away from the centre.

Efferent: carrying outward or away from the center.

Effluvium: a foul or unpleasant smell or emanation.

Effluvium: a bad or unpleasant smell or discharge.

Effected: somewhat angularly bent outward.

Affected: somewhat angularly bent outward.

Egg: a simple cell, capable of fertilization, containing the germ, the food-yolk necessary for its nutriment, and a covering membrane: a single ovum or cell from an ovary: the first stage of the insect.

Egg: a basic cell that can be fertilized, containing the embryo, the nutrient-rich yolk needed for its development, and a protective membrane: a single ovum or cell from an ovary: the initial stage of the insect.

Egg-burster: a projecting point on the head or other part of an embryo, used in breaking the shell when hatching.

Egg-burster: a protruding point on the head or another part of an embryo, used to break the shell during hatching.

Egg-calyx: the enlarged portion of the oviduct at the opening of the ovarian tubes, into which the egg is received before its entrance into the vagina.

Egg-calyx: the enlarged section of the oviduct at the entrance of the ovarian tubes, where the egg is taken in before it moves into the vagina.

Egg-case: the case or covering prepared or secreted by an insect to contain or hold together the egg-mass as a whole: see oötheca.

Egg-case: the protective covering made or secreted by an insect to contain or hold the entire mass of eggs together: see oötheca.

Egg-guide: Orthoptera; two small pointed prolongations of the ventral portion of the 8th abdominal segment, between upper and lower valves, used in oviposition.

Egg-guide: Orthoptera; two small pointed extensions of the underside of the 8th abdominal segment, located between the upper and lower valves, used for laying eggs.

Egg-pouch: see oötheca.

Egg pouch: see oötheca.

Egg-pod: applied to the egg-mass of grasshoppers.

Egg-pod: refers to the egg mass of grasshoppers.

Egg-tube: see ovarian tube.

Egg tube: see ovarian tube.

Ejaculatory duct: see ductus ejaculatorius.

Ejaculatory duct: see ejaculatory duct.

Elastic: a part which has a degree of flexibility throughout.

Elastic: a component that has some flexibility overall.

Elate -us: see elevatus.

Elate -us: see elevated.

Elater: the spring or forked tail of Podurids.

Eleutherata: all forms with free, separated maxillae; later, and more specifically, the Coleoptera.

Eleutherata: all types with free, distinct upper jaws; later, and more specifically, beetles.

Elevate -us: a part higher than its surroundings.

Elevate -us: a part that stands out above its surroundings.

Elinguata: without a tongue: forms in which the maxillae are connate with the labium: see synista.

Elinguata: without a tongue: forms in which the upper jaw is fused with the lip: see synista.

Ellipsoidal: see elliptical.

Elliptical: oblong-oval, the ends equally rounded, together forming an even ellipsoid.

Elliptical: egg-shaped, with both ends rounded, creating a smooth, even ellipse.

Elongata -ate: drawn out; lengthened; much longer than wide.

Elongata -ate: stretched out; extended; significantly longer than wide.

Elutus: with scarcely distinct markings.

Elutus: with barely noticeable markings.

Elytra: the anterior leathery or chitinous wings of beetles, serving as coverings to the secondaries, commonly meeting in a straight line down the middle of dorsum in repose: also applied to the tegmina in Orthoptera.

Elytra: the front leathery or chitin wings of beetles, which cover the back wings, typically meeting in a straight line down the center of the back when at rest: also used to refer to the wing covers in Orthoptera.

Elytral ligula: a tongue-like process on the inner face of the side margin of elytra, to perfect the union with the ventral segments: e.g. in Dytiscidae.

Elytral ligula: a tongue-shaped projection on the inner side of the edge of the elytra, helping to improve the connection with the underside segments, for example, in Dytiscidae.

Elytriform: shaped or appearing like an elytron.

Elytriform: shaped or looking like a wing case.

Elytrin: = chitin, q.v.

Elytrin: = chitin, see also.

Elytron: singular of elytra; q.v.

Elytron: singular of elytra; see also.

Elytroptera: see Coleoptera.

Elytroptera: see Beetles.

Emandibulata: that series of insects in which there are no functional mandibles in any stage.

Emandibulata: a group of insects that lack functional mandibles at any stage of their development.

Emandibulate: lacking functional mandibles; e.g. butterflies and moths, and applied in any stage.

Emandibulate: lacking functional mandibles; for example, butterflies and moths, and applicable at any stage.

Emarginate: notched: with an obtuse, rounded or quadrate section cut from a margin.

Emarginate: indented; having a blunt, rounded, or squared-off section removed from an edge.

Embolium: Heteroptera; the narrow sclerite extending along the anterior margin of the hemelytra, from base to cuneus or membrane: the lobes on each side of the prothorax: the special enlargement at the base of the primaries which fits into a cavity in which the wing is moved.

Embolium: Heteroptera; the thin hard part that runs along the front edge of the hemelytra, from the base to the cuneus or membrane: the lobes on each side of the prothorax: the specific enlargement at the base of the front wings that fits into a cavity where the wing moves.

Embossed: ornamented with raised figures.

Embossed: decorated with raised designs.

Embryo: the young animal before leaving the body of the parent or before emerging from the egg.

Embryo: the young animal before it leaves the parent's body or before it hatches from the egg.

Embryonic: found in, or relating to the embryo; in an undeveloped state or condition.

Embryonic: relating to the embryo; in an undeveloped state or condition.

Emmet: an ant.

Emmet: an ant character.

Empodium: Diptera; the small process between the pulvilli: in Coleoptera; the bifid pseudotarsi between the claws: used also as = pulvillus; and see arolium, onychium, palmula, paronychium, plantula, pseudonychium and pulvillus.

Empodium: Diptera; the small structure between the pulvilli: in Coleoptera; the two-part pseudotarsi between the claws: also used as = pulvillus; and see arolium, onychium, palmula, paronychium, plantula, pseudonychium, and pulvillus.

Enarthrosis: an articulation like a ball and socket joint.

Enarthrosis: a joint that works like a ball-and-socket joint.

Encephalon -um: the brain, or that part of the head containing it.

Encephalon -um: the brain, or the part of the head that contains it.

Encircled: ringed; margined round about.

Encircled: ringed; surrounded.

Endemic: occurring normally where found: native, not introduced.

Endemic: happening naturally in its usual location; native, not brought in from somewhere else.

Endocardium: the inner lining membrane of the heart.

Endocardium: the inner lining of the heart.

Endochorium: the layer of the allantois that lines the chorium; the inner layer of the chorium.

Endochorium: the layer of the allantois that lines the chorion; the inner layer of the chorion.

Endocranium: the inner surface of the cranium.

Endocranium: the inside surface of the skull.

Endoderm: the inner layer of the blastoderm in the embryo, giving origin to the mid-intestine and other visceral organs: see entoderm.

Endoderm: the inner layer of the blastoderm in the embryo, which develops into the mid-intestine and other internal organs: see entoderm.

Endolabium: the inner or mouth surface of the labium: the hypopharynx when that is well developed.

Endolabium: the inner or oral surface of the labium; the hypopharynx when it is well developed.

Endomesoderm: the inner layer formed by an invagination of the middle portion of the primitive band of the embryo, and from which the endoderm and mesoderm are subsequently differentiated.

Endomesoderm: the inner layer created by the folding in of the middle part of the embryo's primitive band, from which the endoderm and mesoderm are later developed.

Endophytic: living within plant or tree tissue, as borers or miners.

Endophytic: living inside plant or tree tissue, like borers or miners.

Endoskeletal: relating or referring to the endoskeleton.

Endoskeletal: relating to or referring to the endoskeleton.

Endoskeleton: applied to those chitinous processes extending inward into the body cavity from the body wall and serving as attachments for muscles.

Endoskeleton: refers to the chitinous structures that extend inward into the body cavity from the body wall, acting as attachment points for muscles.

Endosternite: that part of the apodeme arising from the intersternal membrane.

Endosternite: the part of the apodeme that comes from the intersternal membrane.

Endothorax: the internal framework or processes of the thorax.

Endothorax: the internal structure or components of the thorax.

Endotoky: is applied to that form of reproduction where the eggs are developed within the body of the mother; see exotoky.

Endotoky: refers to the type of reproduction where the eggs develop inside the mother's body; see exotoky.

Endotrachea: the inner surface or lining of the trachea: see intima.

Endotrachea: the inner surface or lining of the trachea; see intima.

Enervis: applied to wings without veins of any kind.

Enervis: applied to wings that don't have any veins at all.

Engraved: see exsculptus.

Ensiform: sword-shaped: two-edged, large at base and tapering to the point: see anceps.

Ensiform: shaped like a sword; double-edged, wide at the base and narrowing to a point; see anceps.

Entad: extending inwardly from without.

Entad: extending inward from outside.

Ental: referring to the centre of the body cavity.

Ental: referring to the center of the body cavity.

Enteric: relating to the digestive canal or enteron.

Enteric: related to the digestive tract or intestine.

Enteron: the digestive canal as a whole; a general term.

Enteron: the entire digestive tract; a broad term.

Entire: with an even unbroken margin: said of wings when they are not divided or cut into.

Entire: with a smooth, unbroken edge: used to describe wings when they haven’t been separated or cut into.

Entoderm: the innermost germ layer of the embryo, from which are derived the epithelium of the alimentary canal and accessory structures: = endoderm and hypoblast.

Entoderm: the innermost germ layer of the embryo, which gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract and related structures: = endoderm and hypoblast.

Entognathous: see entotrophous.

Entognathous: see entotrophic.

Entoloma: the inner margin of the wings.

Entoloma: the inner edge of the wings.

Entomogenous: growing in or on an insect: e.g. fungi.

Entomogenous: growing in or on an insect; for example, fungi.

Entomography: the description of an insect or of its life history.

Entomography: the study of an insect or its life cycle.

Entomolin: = chitin, q.v.

Entomolin: = chitin, see below.

Entomologist: one who collects and studies insects.

Entomologist: a person who collects and studies insects.

Entomology: that branch of Zoology that deals with insects and, specifically, the Hexapods.

Entomology: the branch of Zoology that focuses on insects, especially Hexapods.

Entomophagous: feeding upon insects: specifically applied to those wasps that feed their young with larvae, etc.

Entomophagous: feeding on insects; specifically refers to wasps that feed their young with larvae, etc.

Entomophilous: insect-loving: applied to plants especially adapted for pollination by insects.

Entomophilous: insect-loving; refers to plants specifically designed for pollination by insects.

Entomophytous: referring to plants produced in or on an insect: see Entomogenous

Entomophytous: relating to plants that grow in or on insects: see Entomogenous

Entomosis: a disease caused by a parasitic insect.

Entomotaxy: the preservation and preparation of insects for study.

Entomotaxy: the process of preserving and preparing insects for research.

Entomotomy: that science which deals with internal structure of insects.

Entomotomy: the study of the internal structure of insects.

Entomotomist: a student of insect structure.

Entomologist: a person who studies the structure of insects.

Entosternum: the internal processes from the sternum.

Entosternum: the internal structures that come from the sternum.

Entothorax: applied to the apodemes or processes extending inwardly from the sternal sclerites: see apophysis.

Entothorax: refers to the apodemes or processes that extend inward from the sternal sclerites: see apophysis.

Entotrophous: with the mouth parts buried in the head:= entognathous: see ectotrophous.

Entotrophous: with the mouth parts hidden in the head:= entognathous: see ectotrophous.

Entozoa: those animals that live within the body of others.

Entozoa: animals that live inside the bodies of other animals.

Environment: the sum of the influences surrounding or acting upon an organism.

Environment: all the influences that surround or affect an organism.

Enzyme: a ferment secreted by a cell or a gland.

Enzyme: a substance produced by a cell or gland that helps in breaking down food or facilitating chemical reactions.

Epalpate: having no palpi.

Epalpate: lacking palpi.

Ephebic: referring to the winged, adult stage.

Ephemerida: May-flies: an ordinal term used for insects with net- veined wings, held vertically when at rest, not folded; mouth mandibulate, not functionally developed: thorax loosely agglutinated; abdomen with anal filaments: metamorphosis incomplete.

Ephemerida: Mayflies: a term used for insects with net-like wings that are held upright when at rest, instead of folded; mouthparts are biting and not well developed; thorax is loosely joined; abdomen has tail filaments; development is incomplete.

Ephemeroptera: briefly winged: = ephemerida; q.v.

Ephemeroptera: short-lived wings: = ephemerida; see above.

Epiblast: the outer germ layer of the embryo.

Epiblast: the outer layer of the embryo.

Epicranial: relating or pertaining to the epicranium.

Epicranial: related to the scalp.

Epicranial lobe: in caterpillars, the lateral, superior convex lobe of the head.

Epicranial lobe: in caterpillars, the side, upper rounded part of the head.

Epicranial plate: in some larvae a plate-like structure forming the epicranium.

Epicranial plate: in some larvae, a flat structure that makes up the epicranium.

Epicranial suture: the line of junction of the two procephalic lobes.

Epicranial suture: the connection line between the two front brain lobes.

Epicranium: the upper part of the head from the front to the neck: often used to include front, vertex and genae:= calva.

Epicranium: the upper part of the head from the front to the neck; often used to refer to the forehead, crown, and cheeks: calva.

Epideme: see articulatory epideme.

Epideme: see speech tool.

Epiderma -is: the cellular layer of the skin, underlying and secreting the cuticula: incorrectly applied to the outer skin or cuticle.

Epiderma -is: the layer of cells in the skin that lies beneath and produces the cuticle; often mistakenly referred to as the outer skin or cuticle.

Epidermata: abnormal excrescences or outgrowths from the skin.

Epidermata: abnormal growths or outgrowths from the skin.

Epididymis: the convoluted efferent ducts, massed at the posterior part of the testes.

Epididymis: the twisted tubes that carry sperm, located at the back of the testes.

Epigastrium: the first entire ventral sclerite of the abdomen.

Epigastrium: the first complete front segment of the abdomen.

Epigenesis: the doctrine of growth from an undifferentiated germ, as opposed to preformation, which implies development from already existing rudiments.

Epigenesis: the theory that growth occurs from an undifferentiated germ, in contrast to preformation, which suggests development comes from already existing structures.

Epigenetic: the period after the union of the male and female elements, during which organs are forming.

Epigenetic: the time after the male and female elements unite, during which organs are developing.

Epiglossa: = epipharynx; q.v.

Epiglossa: = epipharynx; see above.

Epiglottis: = epipharynx; q.v.

Epiglottis: = epipharynx; see below.

Epilabrum: a sclerite at each side of the labrum: specifically applied in myriapods.

Epilabrum: a hard plate on each side of the labrum; specifically used in myriapods.

Epilobe: of mentum in Carabidae, really corresponds to a partially divided ligula: a lateral appendage of a bilobed mentum.

Epilobe: in Carabidae, it actually corresponds to a partially split tongue: a side appendage of a two-lobed mentum.

Epimera -eron: the posterior lateral thoracic sclerites; usually small, narrow or triangular.

Epimera -eron: the back side of the lateral thoracic plates; typically small, narrow, or triangular.

Epiopticon: the second ganglionic swelling of the optic tract: see opticon.

Epiopticon: the second ganglionic swelling of the optic tract; see opticon.

Epipharyngeal: belonging or relating to the epipharynx.

Epipharyngeal: related to the throat.

Epipharyngeal sclerites: in bees; a pair of strap-like pieces extending backward from the two sides of the base of epipharynx: see hypopharyngeal sclerites.

Epipharyngeal sclerites: in bees; a pair of strap-like pieces extending backward from the two sides of the base of the epipharynx: see hypopharyngeal sclerites.

Epipharynx: an organ, probably of taste, attached to the inner surface of the labium and supposed to correspond to the palate of higher animals Epiglossa or epiglottis.

Epipharynx: an organ, likely related to taste, located on the inner surface of the labium and thought to be equivalent to the palate of more advanced animals, including the epiglossa or epiglottis.

Epiphysis: a lappet-like process covering an excavation on the fore tibia of many Lepidoptera.

Epiphysis: a flap-like structure that covers a hollow area on the front tibia of many butterflies and moths.

Epipleural: the deflexed or inflexed portions of the elytra, immediately beneath the edge: the inflexed portions of the pronotum are sometimes called prothoracic epipleura: as generally used, the term is incorrectly applied to the entire bent under margin of the elytra.

Epipleural: the bent or curved parts of the wings, right under the edge; the curved parts of the pronotum are sometimes referred to as prothoracic epipleura. Generally, the term is incorrectly used to refer to the whole bent underside margin of the wings.

Epipleural fold: the raised lower edge of the epipleura: see hypomera.

Epipleural fold: the raised lower edge of the epipleura; see hypomera.

Epiploön: see caul.

Epiploön: refer to caul.

Epipygium: the dorsal arch of the last abdominal segment.

Epipygium: the back arch of the last abdominal segment.

Episternites: the upper pair of corneous appendages forming the ovipositor in grasshoppers.

Episternites: the upper pair of horn-like structures that make up the ovipositor in grasshoppers.

Episternum: the anterior and larger lateral thoracic sclerite between the sternum and notum.

Episternum: the front and larger side thoracic sclerite located between the sternum and notum.

Epistoma -is: the lower face between the mouth and eyes: that sclerite immediately behind or above the labrum, whether it be clypeus or an intermediate piece: in Diptera, that part of the face between the front and the labrum; the oral margin and an indefinite space immediately contiguous thereto and so = peristoma: in Odonata; = clypeus: = hypostoma.

Epistoma -is: the area on the lower face between the mouth and eyes; the sclerite just behind or above the labrum, which can be the clypeus or an intermediate section; in Diptera, this refers to the part of the face between the forehead and the labrum; the oral margin and an unspecified area right next to it, which is also known as peristoma; in Odonata, it is equivalent to clypeus and hypostoma.

Epithelium: the layer of cells which covers a surface or lines a cavity.

Epithelium: the layer of cells that covers a surface or lines a cavity.

Epizoa: insects that infest the body surface of animals.

Epizoa: insects that invade the exterior of animals.

Epizoötic: living or parasitic on animals from the outside or on the surface.

Epizoötic: living or parasitic on animals externally or on their surface.

Epomiae: the elevated margin of an oblique furrow in the propleurae for the reception of the front femora; Hymenoptera.

Epomiae: the raised edge of a slanted groove in the propleurae designed to hold the front femora; Hymenoptera.

Epupillate: an ocellate spot included by a colored ring, but destitute of a pupil or central spot.

Epupillate: a spot with a colored ring around it, but lacking a pupil or central spot.

Equal: of the same length, size or shape: the superfices when they are without inequalities.

Equal: having the same length, size, or shape; the surfaces when they are without irregularities.

Equitant: laminated: folding one upon the other.

Equitant: layered: folding on top of each other.

Erect: standing upright; not necessarily perpendicular.

Erect: standing up; not necessarily straight up and down.

Erectile: capable of being erected; applied to an appendage, a hair or other process, or to any tissue which may be distended and made rigid.

Erectile: able to become erect; used to describe an appendage, a hair, or any tissue that can be enlarged and made firm.

Erecto-patent: the wings of Hesperids when at rest; primaries erect, secondaries horizontal.

Erecto-patent: the wings of Hesperids when resting; primaries upright, secondaries flat.

Eremochaetus: Diptera in which there is a general absence of bristles.

Eremochaetus: Flies that usually have very few bristles.

Ergatandrous: applied to ants with worker-like males.

Ergatandrous: refers to ants that have males similar to workers.

Ergatogynous: applied to ants with worker-like females.

Ergatogynous: refers to ants that have female workers resembling those of the workers.

Ergatoid: sexually capable, wingless ants, resembling workers.

Ergatoid: sexually mature, wingless ants that look like workers.

Ericeticolous: living in poor, sandy or gravelly places.

Ericeticolous: living in poor, sandy, or gravelly areas.

Eroded -sus: gnawed; a margin with irregular teeth and emarginations.

Eroded -sus: worn away; an edge with uneven notches and indentations.

Eruca: broadly a larva: more specifically a caterpillar.

Eruca: generally a larva; more specifically a caterpillar.

Eruciform: like a caterpillar in form or appearance.

Eruciform: resembling a caterpillar in shape or look.

Erucina: the caterpillar-like larvae of sawflies and the like.

Erucina: the caterpillar-like larvae of sawflies and similar insects.

Erucivorous: a feeder on caterpillars; said of parasites.

Erucivorous: a creature that feeds on caterpillars; refers to certain parasites.

Erythrinus: red; nearly arterial blood-red: carmine, a little diluted.

Erythrinus: red; almost the color of arterial blood: carmine, slightly diluted.

Erythrinus: deep brick-red, tending to blood-red [vermilion with a little Indian red].

Erythrinus: deep brick-red, leaning towards blood-red [vermilion with a hint of Indian red].

Escutcheon: the scutellum in Coleoptera.

Escutcheon: the scutellum in beetles.

Essential character: see specific character.

Key character: see specific character.

Ethology: see ecology.

Ethology: refer to ecology.

Eucephalous: with a well-developed head, bearing the normal appendages: applied to certain dipterous larvae.

Eucephalous: having a well-developed head with normal features; used to describe certain fly larvae.

Eucone: a compound eye in which the individual ocelli have crystalline cones see acone.

Eucone: a type of compound eye where the individual ocelli have crystal-like cones; see acone.

Euorthoptera: the Orthoptera excluding the Dermaptera.

Euorthoptera: the Orthoptera without the Dermaptera.

Euplexoptera: with beautifully folded wings: an ordinal term applied to the ear-wigs.

Euplexoptera: with elegantly folded wings: a term used to refer to earwigs.

Eous or -eus: as a suffix, indicates the possession of the quality of the stem word: e.g. membraneous, like a membrane in texture.

Eous or -eus: as a suffix, shows that something has the quality of the base word; for example, membraneous, which means it's similar to the texture of a membrane.

Eutracheata: applied to articulates which, like the insects, have a well-developed tracheal system.

Eutracheata: refers to arthropods that, like insects, possess a well-developed tracheal system.

Evaginate: extruded by eversion; turned inside out when extruded.

Evaginate: pushed out by turning inside out; flipped over when pushed out.

Evagination: an extrusion formed by eversion or turning inside out.

Evagination: a protrusion created by turning something inside out.

Evanescent: disappearing; becoming gradually less.

Evanescent: fading away; becoming less.

Eversible: capable of being turned inside out.

Eversible: able to be turned inside out.

Evident: easily seen or recognized.

Ex: prefix = A and E as privatives: also means from or out of.

Ex: prefix = A and E as negatives: also means from or out of.

Exarate -us: sulcated: sculptured.

Exarate -us: grooved: carved.

Exarticulate: without distinct joints.

Exarticulate: lacking distinct joints.

Exasperate -us: rough with irregular elevations.

Exasperate -us: uneven with bumps and dips.

Excalcarate: without spurs.

Excaudate: see ecaudate.

Excavate: with a depression that is not the segment of a circle.

Excavate: with a dip that isn’t part of a circle.

Excentric: not in the centre; revolving or arranged about a point that is not central.

Excentric: not in the center; revolving or arranged around a point that is off-center.

Excision: with a deep cut: a notch or other cut-out part.

Excrementaceous -titious: made up of or resembling excrement.

Excrementaceous -titious: made of or similar to excrement.

Excrescence: an outgrowth or elevation; usually abnormal.

Excrescence: a growth or bump; typically abnormal.

Excretion: the act of getting rid of waste products: any material or substance produced by any secretory glands or structures and which is voided or otherwise sent out from them.

Excretion: the process of eliminating waste products: any material or substance produced by any secretory glands or structures that is expelled or otherwise removed from them.

Excretory: those structures concerned in ridding the body of waste products.

Excretory: the structures involved in getting rid of the body's waste products.

Excurrent: attenuate, narrowly prolonged.

Excurrent: reduced, elongated.

Excurved: curved outwards.

Excurved: curved outward.

Ex larva: from or out of the larva: usually applied to specimens that have been bred from collected larvae.

Ex larva: from or out of the larva; typically refers to specimens that have been bred from gathered larvae.

Exochorion: that part of the chorion derived from the ectoderm: the outer layer of the chorion.

Exochorion: the section of the chorion that comes from the ectoderm; the outer layer of the chorion.

Exochorium: Heteroptera; a narrow marginal part of the hemelytra.

Exochorium: Heteroptera; a slim edge of the hemelytra.

Exoderm: the outer skin or crust.

Exoderm: the outer layer of skin or shell.

Exoloma: the apical margin of the wings.

Exoloma: the upper edge of the wings.

Exophytic: relating to the outside of plant tissue.

Exophytic: referring to the outer part of plant tissue.

Exoskeleton: the entire body wall, to the inner side of which muscles are attached.

Exoskeleton: the outer body layer, to which muscles are connected on the inside.

Exotic: not a natives of the place where found: an introduced species: also any species occurring in any country outside of the limits of the country whose fauna is under consideration.

Exotic: not a native of the area where it’s found; an introduced species; also any species that occurs in a country outside the boundaries of the country whose wildlife is being discussed.

Exotoky: is applied to that form of reproduction where the eggs are developed outside of the body of the insect and without care by the mother see endotoky.

Exotoky: refers to the type of reproduction where the eggs develop outside of the insect's body and without any care from the mother; see endotoky.

Ex ova: from or out of the egg: applied to specimens that have been bred from the egg stage.

Ex ova: from or out of the egg: refers to specimens that have been raised from the egg stage.

Expanded: spread or flattened out: applied to Lepidoptera when set for the cabinet.

Expanded: spread out or flattened: used for Lepidoptera when arranged for display.

Expanse: the distance between the apices or other widest point of the wings when fully spread.

Expanse: the distance between the tips or other widest point of the wings when fully extended.

Expansio alarum: the wing stretch; see expanse.

Expiratory: relating to the act of expiration, when the abdomen is contracted and the air contained in the abdominal tracheae is presumably forced out of them.

Expiratory: relating to the act of exhaling, when the abdomen contracts and the air in the abdominal tracheae is pushed out.

Explanate: spread out and flattened; applied to a margin.

Explicate: unfolded; open; without folds or plica.

Explicate: spread out; open; without any wrinkles or creases.

Exsculptate -tus: a surface with irregular, more or less longitudinal depressions, as if carved.

Exsculptate -tus: a surface with irregular, somewhat longitudinal indentations, as if sculpted.

Exscutellate: having no scutel.

Exscutellate: without a scutel.

Exserted: protruded; projecting beyond the body or over a given point.

Exserted: sticking out; extending beyond the body or over a specific point.

Exsertion: a protrusion: an extension of a line or other ornamentation beyond its ordinary course.

Exsertion: a protrusion; an extension of a line or any other decoration beyond its usual path.

Extended: spread out: not lying one upon the other.

Extended: spread out: not stacked on top of each other.

Extense: extended: expanded.

Extense: extended; expanded.

Extension plate: a structure at the base of the pulvillus whose function it is to extend it.

Extension plate: a structure at the bottom of the pulvillus designed to extend it.

Extension sole: the pad-like pulvillus which may be extended by the extension plate through the pressure plate.

Extension sole: the pad-like pulvillus that can be expanded by the extension plate via the pressure plate.

Extensor: that which extends or straightens out; applied to muscles.

Extensor: a muscle that helps to extend or straighten out something.

Extenuate: to make or to become weak, thin or slender.

Extenuate: to make or become weak, thin, or slim.

Exterior: the outside.

Exterior margin: the outer margin; sometimes used for costal margin.

External: belonging to or on the outside.

External: pertaining to or located on the outside.

External area: Hymenoptera; the upper of the three cells or areas of the metanotum, between the median and lateral longitudinal carina, first lateral basal area.

External area: Hymenoptera; the top of the three cells or areas of the metanotum, located between the median and lateral longitudinal ridges, first lateral basal area.

External median area: Hymenoptera; the median of the three cells or areas between the median and lateral longitudinal carinae: = second lateral area.

External median area: Hymenoptera; the middle of the three cells or areas located between the median and lateral longitudinal carinae: = second lateral area.

Externomedial vein: in Hymenoptera (Norton) = radius (Comst.); in Orthoptera, = media (Comst.).

Externo-median nerve: the humeral and discoidal veins together.

External median nerve: the humeral and disc-shaped veins together.

Extra-ocular: remote from or beyond the eyes.

Extra-ocular: away from or outside the eyes.

Extremity: the point most remote from base.

Extremity: the furthest point from the base.

Extrorse -um: toward the outside.

Extrorse -um: outward.

Extrude: to turn or force out.

Extrude: to push or force out.

Exude: to ooze or flow slowly through minute openings.

Exude: to ooze or flow slowly through tiny openings.

Exuvia -iae -ium: the cast skin of a larval insect: in Diaspinae the larval skin when cast and incorporated in the scale.

Exuvia -iae -ium: the shed skin of a larval insect; in Diaspinae, the larval skin that is shed and becomes part of the scale.

Exuviate: to cast the skin: to moult.

Exuviate: to shed the skin; to molt.

Exuviation: the act of molting: the cast-off skin or exuvium.

Exuviation: the process of shedding skin; the discarded skin or exuvium.

Eyes: the organs of sight, composed of numerous facets, situated, one on each side of the head: the term is properly applied to compound eyes only but is sometimes used to designate also the simple eyes or ocelli.

Eyes: the organs of sight, made up of many facets, located one on each side of the head. The term is technically used for compound eyes only, but it is sometimes also used to refer to simple eyes or ocelli.

Face or Facies: the upper or outer surface of any part or appendage: the front of the head between the compound eyes above the mouth to the vertex; usually applied to insects in which the head is -vertical: in bees extends between the eyes to the base of the antennae; in the Hymenoptera generally the area between antenne and clypeus: in flies the area between base of antennae, the oral margin, eyes and cheeks.

Face or Facies: the upper or outer surface of any part or appendage: the front of the head between the compound eyes above the mouth to the top of the head; usually refers to insects with a vertical head: in bees, it extends between the eyes to the base of the antennae; in Hymenoptera, it generally describes the area between the antennae and the clypeus; in flies, it is the area between the base of the antennae, the mouth margin, eyes, and cheeks.

Facet: a small face or surface: one of the parts, areas or lens-like divisions of the compound eye.

Facet: a small face or surface; one of the parts, areas, or lens-like sections of the compound eye.

Facial angle: the angle formed by the junction of the face and vertex.

Facial angle: the angle created by the connection of the face and the top of the head.

Facial bristles: Diptera; a series on either side of the middle portion of the face, above the vibrissae, along the facialia.

Facial bristles: Diptera; a row on each side of the central area of the face, above the vibrissae, along the facial area.

Facial carinae: applied to both the carinae of the frontal costa and the accessory (lateral) carinae of the face; but usually restricted to the accessory carinae in Orthoptera.

Facial carinae: refers to both the carinae of the frontal costa and the accessory (lateral) carinae of the face; however, it is typically limited to the accessory carinae in Orthoptera.

Facial depression: = antennal fovea, q.v.

Facial depression: = antennal fovea, see also.

Facialium -ia: Diptera; that portion of the face between the lower part of the frontal fissure and the antennal fovea.

Facialium -ia: Diptera; the area of the face between the lower part of the frontal groove and the antenna socket.

Facial quadrangle: in bees; the quadrangle bounded laterally by the eyes, above by a line between their summits and below by a similar line between their lowest points.

Facial quadrangle: in bees; the quadrangle bordered on the sides by the eyes, above by a line connecting their tops and below by a similar line connecting their lowest points.

Facial ridges: Diptera; the elevated lateral borders of antennal grooves.

Facial ridges: Diptera; the raised side edges of the antennal grooves.

Facial tubercle: Diptera; a median convexity below middle of face.

Facial tubercle: Diptera; a raised area located in the center below the middle of the face.

Facies: the face: the general appearance or impression.

Facies: the face; the overall appearance or impression.

Falcate: sickle-shaped; convexly curved: a wing when deeply excavated below the apex so as to leave the latter acute and a little curved.

Falcate: shaped like a sickle; curved outward: a wing that is deeply notched below the tip, leaving the tip pointed and slightly curved.

Falciform: curved like a sickle.

Falciform: sickle-shaped.

False legs: = spurious legs; = prolegs; q.v.

False legs: = fake legs; = prolegs; see also.

Family: a division of classification including a number of genera agreeing in one or a set of characters and so closely related that they are apparently descended from one stem: opinionative and indicated by the termination idae.

Family: a classification category that includes several genera sharing one or more characteristics and so closely related that they seem to have descended from a common ancestor; it's identified by the suffix -idae.

Farctus: fully filled.

Farctus: completely filled.

Farinaceous: mealy: applied to powdery looking wings and surfaces.

Farinaceous: mealy; used to describe wings and surfaces that look powdery.

Farinose: dotted with many single, flour-like spots: mealy.

Farinose: covered in numerous individual, flour-like specks: powdery.

Fascia: a transverse band or broad line; it is common when it crosses both wings or wing covers.

Fascia: a horizontal band or wide line; it is often found when it spans both wings or wing covers.

Fasciate: banded transversely.

Fasciate: cross-banded.

Fascicle -ulus: a bundle of hair, threads or fibres.

Fascicle -ulus: a bundle of hair, threads, or fibers.

Fasciculate: bundled; clustered as in a bundle; tufted: a surface when covered with bundles of long hair.

Fasciculate: bundled; clustered like a bundle; tufted: a surface covered with clusters of long hair.

Fastigiate: flat-topped and of equal height: also applied to elytra that extend a little beyond the abdomen.

Fastigiate: flat-topped and uniform in height; also refers to elytra that extend slightly beyond the abdomen.

Fastigium: Orthoptera; the extreme point or front of vertex.

Fastigium: Orthoptera; the highest point or front of the head.

Fat-body: is the mass of oil or fat cells found, especially in larvae, surrounding the alimentary canal and some other internal organs.

Fat-body: is the collection of oil or fat cells found, particularly in larvae, that surrounds the digestive tract and a few other internal organs.

Fatiscent: with cracks, crevices or openings.

Fatiscent: having cracks, crevices, or openings.

Fauna: the assemblage of animals inhabiting a region or country.

Fauna: the group of animals living in a particular area or country.

Favose: with large deep holes, like the cells of a honeycomb.

Favose: with large, deep holes, resembling the cells of a honeycomb.

Favus: a cell like that of a honeycomb.

Favus: a cell similar to that of a honeycomb.

Fecula: the excrement of insects.

Fecula: insect waste.

Fecundation: the making fertile; as an egg by a spermatozoön.

Fertilization: the process of making something fertile; like an egg by a sperm.

Feeler: commonly applied to antennae; q.v.

Feeler: usually refers to antennae; see also.

Feelers: tactile organs: the term is usually applied to the antennae but sometimes to the palpi, as mouth-feelers.

Feelers: tactile organs; this term usually refers to the antennae but can also be used for the palpi, known as mouth-feelers.

Feet: the legs or organs of locomotion; one pair attached to each thoracic segment; composed of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia and tarsus only; plural of foot; q.v.

Feet: the limbs or organs for movement; one pair connected to each thoracic segment; made up of coxa, trochanter, femur, tibia, and tarsus only; plural of foot; see also.

Female: designated by "O+" the astronomical sign for Venus: that sex in which the ova are developed. {Scanner's comment: The sign for Venus being an orthogonal cross or plus sign hanging vertically below a circle.}

Female: labeled as "O+", the symbol for Venus: the gender in which eggs are produced. {Scanner's comment: The symbol for Venus is a plus sign or cross that hangs vertically under a circle.}

Femina: the female, or belonging to that sex.

Femina: the female, or related to that gender.

Femorate -us: with abnormal or unusually developed femora or thighs.

Femorate -us: having abnormal or unusually developed femurs or thighs.

Femoro-tibial: pertaining to both femur and tibia or to the articulation between them.

Femoro-tibial: relating to both the femur and the tibia or to the joint between them.

Femur -ora: the thigh: usually the stoutest segment of the leg, articulated to the body through trochanter and coxa and bearing the tibia at its distal end: in Coccidae and quite commonly, the femur and trochanter are considered as one, for measuring purposes.

Femur -ora: the thigh: typically the strongest part of the leg, connected to the body through the trochanter and coxa, and supporting the tibia at its lower end: in Coccidae and often, the femur and trochanter are treated as a single unit for measurement purposes.

Fenestra: a window; a transparent glassy spot or mark; a pellucid mark in a vein: a small, pale, membranous area at the base of the antenna in roaches.

Fenestra: a window; a clear, glassy spot or mark; a clear mark in a vein: a small, light-colored, thin area at the base of the antenna in roaches.

Fenestrate: with transparent or window-like naked spots as in the wings of some Lepidoptera.

Fenestrate: having clear or window-like areas, similar to those found in the wings of some butterflies and moths.

Fenestrate membrane: of the compound eye is at the base of the ommatidia, at their junction with the optic nerve; see retina.

Fenestrate membrane: of the compound eye is at the base of the ommatidia, where they connect with the optic nerve; see retina.

Ferreous -eus: the metallic gray of polished iron.

Ferreous -eus: the shiny gray color of polished iron.

Ferrugineous -ous, -eus, -osus: rusty red-brown [Dragon's blood, but brighter].

Ferrugino-testaeeous: a rusty yellow brown: a mixture of rusty red with dull yellow brown.

Ferrugino-testaeeous: a rusty yellow-brown: a mix of rusty red and dull yellow-brown.

Fertilization: takes place when a spermatozoön enters through the micropyle of an ovum and unites with the cell nucleus: loosely applied like copulation or to its completion.

Fertilization: occurs when a sperm enters through the micropyle of an egg and merges with the cell nucleus: loosely related to mating or its completion.

Festivus: variegated with bright colors.

Festivus: colorful and vibrant.

Festooned: arranged in loops as if hung from nails.

Festooned: decorated in loops as if hung from hooks.

Fibre: a thread-like structure of any tissue.

Fiber: a thread-like structure found in any tissue.

Fibrilla: rod or sliver-like nerve elements, often grouped like a bundle of short threads.

Fibrilla: thin, thread-like nerve elements, often grouped together like a bundle of short strands.

Fibrin: a proteid compound making up a large part of the muscular tissue: also found in blood and other body liquids.

Fibrin: a protein compound that makes up a significant portion of muscle tissue; also present in blood and other body fluids.

Fibrinogen: a proteid substance of the blood and other body fluids, concerned in the production of fibrin.

Fibrinogen: a protein found in blood and other body fluids that plays a role in forming fibrin.

Fibroin: a chemical compound found in silk, cobwebs and the like.

Fibroin: a chemical substance found in silk, spider webs, and similar materials.

Fifth longitudinal vein: Diptera (Will.); = media 3 (Comst.).

Filament: a thread: a long slender process of equal diameter throughout: an elongated appendage.

Filament: a thread; a long, thin structure with a consistent diameter; an extended extension.

Filariasis: a disease caused by the presence of minute worms or Filaria, transmitted by mosquitoes. {Scanner's comment: Nowadays it is known that many kinds of filariasis are transmitted by other species of flies, in particular Simuliidae and Tabanidae}

Filariasis: a disease caused by tiny worms or Filaria, spread by mosquitoes. {Scanner's comment: Nowadays it is known that many types of filariasis are transmitted by other species of flies, especially Simuliidae and Tabanidae}

Filate: Diptera; antennae that are simple, without lateral hair or dilation: thread-like.

Filate: Diptera; antennae that are straightforward, lacking side hairs or thickening: thread-like.

Filator: the silk spinning structure of caterpillars.

Filator: the structure that caterpillars use to spin silk.

File: the diagonal ridged vein near the base of the tegmina in crickets, used in stridulating: in general any structure wherever situated that serves the same purpose.

File: the diagonal ridged vein near the base of the wings in crickets, used for producing sound: generally refers to any structure, no matter where it’s located, that serves the same function.

Filicornia: insects with thread-like antennae; e.g. in Coleopteran, the Carabidae.

Filicornia: insects with long, thin antennae; for example, in Coleopteran, the Carabidae.

Filiform: thread-like: slender and of equal diameter.

Filiform: thread-like; slim and uniform in diameter.

Filippi's glands: a pair of secondary glands, opening into the silk glands of caterpillars near their anterior end.

Filippi's glands: a pair of secondary glands that open into the silk glands of caterpillars near the front end.

Fillet: a transverse, raised structure between the antennae in Lepidoptera.

Fillet: a horizontal, raised feature between the antennae in butterflies and moths.

Filose: ending in a thread-like process.

Filose: ending in a thread-like structure.

Fimbria: thick, ciliated hair at the termination of any part: fringes.

Fimbria: a thick, hair-like structure with tiny hairs at the end of any part: fringes.

Fimbriate: a margin or process when set with a fringe of hair closely placed.

Fimbriate: an edge or structure lined with closely arranged hair-like fringes.

Finger: of maxilla, is the digitus, q.v.

Finger: part of the upper jaw, is the digit, see below.

First clypeus: see post clypeus.

First inner apical nervure: in Hymenoptera (Nort.); is cubitus 1, from media 4, to first anal (Comst.).

First lateral suture: Odonata; starts from beneath base of front wing behind humeral suture and meets it behind second coxa.

First lateral suture: Odonata; starts from underneath the base of the front wing behind the humeral suture and connects behind the second coxa.

First longitudinal vein: in Diptera; - radius 1 (Comst.).

First longitudinal vein: in flies; - radius 1 (Comst.).

First submarginal cross-nervure: Hymenoptera; part of the media and the radio-medial cross vein (Comst.).

First submarginal cross-nervure: Hymenoptera; section of the media and the radio-medial cross vein (Comst.).

Fissate: divided or split: with fissures or cracks.

Fissate: divided or split; having cracks or fissures.

Fissile -is: cleft or divided; as the wings in plume-moths: also used for lamellate.

Fissile -is: split or broken apart; like the wings of plume moths: also used for layered.

Fissiparous: applied to that form of asexual generation in which the parent divides; each part becoming a new individual.

Fissiparous: refers to a type of asexual reproduction where the parent splits into separate parts, and each part becomes a new individual.

Fissure: a crevice: a narrow longitudinal opening: a slit.

Fissure: a crack: a narrow long opening: a slit.

Fissus: cleft: longitudinally divided nearly to base.

Fissus: split: divided lengthwise almost to the base.

Fistula: a slender tube: specifically applied to the channel formed by the union of the two parts of proboscis in Lepidoptera.

Fistula: a thin tube; specifically referring to the channel created by the joining of the two sections of the proboscis in butterflies and moths.

Fistular: like a slender, cylindrical tube.

Fistular: resembling a thin, tube-like structure.

Flabellate: with long flat processes folding like a fan.

Flabellate: with long flat parts that fold like a fan.

Flabelliform: fan-shaped.

Fan-shaped.

Flabellum: a fan: a leafed structure: the transparent lobe at the end of the glossa in bees: also used as = flagellum; q.v.

Flabellum: a fan; a leaf-like structure; the clear lobe at the end of the glossa in bees; also used as = flagellum; see also.

Flabs: the lobes at the tip of the dipterous mouth:= labella; q.v.

Flabs: the lobes at the tip of the two-winged insect's mouth: labella; see above.

Flaccid: feeble: limber: lax.

Flaccid: weak: flexible: loose.

Flagelliform: whip-like; applied to a process.

Flagelliform: resembling a whip; used to describe a process.

Flagellum: that part of the antenna beyond the pedicel: a whip or whip-like process: the tail-like process of a spermatozoön.

Flagellum: the section of the antenna that comes after the pedicel; a whip or whip-like structure; the tail-like part of a sperm cell.

Flammate -eus: flaming or fiery red [vermilion intensified].

Flammate -eus: a bright, fiery red [intensified vermilion].

Flange: a projecting rim or edge.

Flange: a protruding rim or edge.

Flank: the sides of the thorax: the pleura.

Flank: the sides of the chest: the pleura.

Flaring: widening out like the mouth of a trumpet.

Flaring: spreading out like the opening of a trumpet.

Flavescent: somewhat yellow.

Flavescent: kind of yellow.

Flavid: yellowed: sulphur yellow.

Flavid: yellowed: sulfur yellow.

Flavo-testaceous: light yellow-brown: almost luteous.

Flavo-testaceous: light yellow-brown; nearly yellow.

Flavous -us: sulphur yellow [gamboge].

Flavous -us: sulfur yellow [gamboge].

Flavo-vixens: green verging upon yellow [apple green + chrome yellow].

Flavo-vixens: a green shade leaning towards yellow [apple green + chrome yellow].

Flex: to bend: to curve back.

Flex: to bend; to curve back.

Flexible: pliable; with elastic properties.

Flexible: adjustable; with elastic qualities.

Flexile -is: capable of being bent at an angle without breaking: flexible.

Flexile -is: able to be bent at an angle without breaking; flexible.

Flexuous -ose: almost zig-zag, without acute angles but more acute at angles than undulating: differs from sinuate in being alternately bent and nearly straight.

Flexuous -ose: almost zig-zag, without sharp angles but more pointed at angles than wavy: differs from sinuate in being alternately bent and nearly straight.

Flexor: that which bends; applied to muscles.

Flexor: a muscle that causes bending.

Flocculus -i: a hairy or bristly appendage on the posterior coxa of some Hymenoptera.

Flocculus -i: a hairy or bristly part on the back leg of some Hymenoptera.

Floccus: a tuft of wool or wool-like hair.

Floccus: a small bunch of wool or hair that looks like wool.

Flosculiferous: species that bear a flosculus.

Flosculiferous: species that have a small flower.

Flosculus: a small, tubular lunulate anal organ with a central style, in certain Fulgorids.

Flosculus: a small, tube-shaped, crescent-shaped anal organ with a central support structure, found in certain Fulgorids.

Fluviatile: inhabiting the margins of running streams.

Fluviatile: living along the edges of flowing streams.

Fly-blows: eggs or young maggots of flesh flies: meat is fly-blown when such eggs or larvae have been deposited on it.

Fly-blows: the eggs or young maggots of flesh flies; meat is considered fly-blown when these eggs or larvae have been laid on it.

Flying-hairs: very long slender surface hairs set in punctures.

Flying-hairs: very long, thin surface hairs located in small holes.

Foetid glands: glandular structures from which a foul smelling liquid may be ejected.

Foetid glands: glandular structures that can release a foul-smelling liquid.

Foliaceous: leaf-like, or resembling a leaf.

Foliaceous: leaf-like or similar to a leaf.

Folioles: leaf-like processes from a margin or protuberance.

Folioles: leaf-like structures that extend from a border or bump.

Follicle: = cocoon, q.v.: a cellular sac or tube, as of a gland or ovary.

Follicle: = cocoon, see also: a cellular sac or tube, like that found in a gland or ovary.

Folliculate: enclosed in a case, cocoon or follicle.

Folliculate: surrounded by a casing, cocoon, or follicle.

Food reservoir: Lepidoptera, a blind sac or diverticulum from the bind part of oesophagus lying in abdomen dorsal to the stomach.

Food reservoir: Lepidoptera, a blind sac or diverticulum from the back part of the esophagus located in the abdomen, situated above the stomach.

Foot: the tarsus, q.v.; improperly used to = leg; but in the plural form refers to legs rather than tarsi: see feet.

Foot: the tarsus, see that entry; incorrectly used to mean = leg; however, in the plural form it refers to legs instead of tarsi: see feet.

Foot-shield: in caterpillars, the chitinous plate on outer side of abdominal feet.

Foot-shield: in caterpillars, the hard plate on the outer side of the abdominal feet.

Foot-stalk: of the maxilla, is the stipes.

Foramen: an opening in the body wall for the passage of a vessel or nerve: any opening at an apex: the opening of a cocoon.

Foramen: a hole in the body wall that allows a vessel or nerve to pass through; any opening at a point; the opening of a cocoon.

Foramen magnum; the opening on the posterior surface of the head to give passage to those structures that extend from head to thorax occipital foramen.

Foramen magnum; the opening on the back of the head that allows passage for structures that extend from the head to the thorax, known as the occipital foramen.

Foramina: small openings in the body wall: in Orthoptera,; the auditory organs on the anterior tibiae.

Foramina: small openings in the body wall; in Orthoptera, the hearing organs located on the front legs.

Forceps: hook or pincer-like processes terminating the abdomen, like specialized appendages of ear-wigs: similar processes in the male, used as clasping organs in copulation.

Forceps: hook or pincer-like structures at the end of the abdomen, similar to the specialized appendages of earwigs; similar structures in males are used as clasping organs during mating.

Forcipate: bearing forceps or similar structures.

Forcipate: having forceps or similar tools.

Forcipiform: having the form of forceps or pincers.

Forcipiform: having the shape of tweezers or pincers.

Fore: anterior.

Fore: front.

Foregut: extends from the mouth to the end of gizzard; its epithelium being formed from the ectodermal invagination known as the stomodaeum.

Foregut: stretches from the mouth to the end of the gizzard; its lining is made up of the ectodermal invagination called the stomodaeum.

Forehead: in Mallophaga, the head in front of the mandibles and antennae.

Forehead: in Mallophaga, the area of the head located in front of the mandibles and antennae.

Fore-intestine: =foregut, q.v.

Foregut: =foregut, see entry.

Forficate: = forcipate, q.v.

Forficate: = forcipate, see above.

Forks: Trichoptera; forks of veins in apical part of wing, numbered 1, 2, 3, etc.

Forks: Trichoptera; branches of veins in the outer part of the wing, labeled 1, 2, 3, etc.

Form: applied to representatives of a species which differ from the normal or type, in some uniform character; it is seasonal if it occurs at a period different from the type; dimorphic if there is an alternation of generations or two color patterns occur; or sexual if the members of one sex differ uniformly from those of the other.

Form: refers to representatives of a species that differ from the typical or standard type in some consistent way; it is seasonal if it appears at a different time than the standard type; dimorphic if there is a change across generations or if two color patterns are present; or sexual if individuals of one sex consistently differ from those of the opposite sex.

Formic: of, pertaining to or derived from ants.

Formic: related to or originating from ants.

Formicary: an ant's nest or ant-hill.

Formicary: an ant nest or ant hill.

Fornicate: arched or vaulted: concave within, convex without.

Fornicate: curved or vaulted: hollow on the inside, bulging on the outside.

Fossa -ae: = fossula; q.v.

Fossa -ae: = small ditch; see also.

Fossoria: burrowers: in Orthoptera, the mole crickets and allies; in Hymenoptera, the digging wasps.

Fossoria: burrowers: in Orthoptera, the mole crickets and their relatives; in Hymenoptera, the digging wasps.

Fossorial: formed for or with the habit of digging or burrowing.

Fossorial: designed for or having the habit of digging or burrowing.

Fossula -ae: a deep groove or sinus with sharp edges: specifically applied to grooves on the head or sides of prothorax in which the antennae are concealed.

Fossula -ae: a deep groove or cavity with sharp edges; specifically refers to grooves on the head or sides of the prothorax where the antennae are hidden.

Fossulate: a surface with oblong impressions.

Fossulate: a surface with elongated impressions.

Fossulet: an elongated, shallow groove.

Fossulet: a long, shallow groove.

Fourth longitudinal vein: Diptera (Will.), = media 2 (Comst.).

Fovea, Foveola -ae: a shallow depression with well-marked sides: a pit.

Fovea, Foveola -ae: a shallow dip with clearly defined edges; a small hole.

Foveate: with foveae or pit-like depressions.

Foveate: containing small pit-like dents.

Foveolate: with shallow cavities like a honey-comb.

Foveolate: having shallow holes like a honeycomb.

Fractus: broken: also applied to a geniculate antenna.

Fractus: broken; also used to refer to a bent antenna.

Fragile: easily breakable: thin and brittle.

Fragile: easily broken: thin and delicate.

Frass: the excrement; usually the excreted pellets of caterpillars.

Frass: the waste; typically the pellets produced by caterpillars.

Free: unrestricted in movement: not firmly joined with or united to any other part: said of pupae when all the parts and appendages are separately encased as in Coleopteran.

Free: able to move without restrictions: not tightly connected or attached to any other part: used to describe pupae when all the parts and appendages are separately covered, like in beetles.

Frenatae: that series of Lepidoptera in which a more or less well- marked frenulum occurs.

Frenatae: that group of moths and butterflies (Lepidoptera) that features a more or less distinct frenulum.

Frenate: having a frenulum.

Frenulum: the spine, simple in males, compound in females, arising from the base of secondaries in many Lepidoptera, whose function it is to unite the wings in flight: in Cicada the triangular lateral piece on the mesonotum which connects with the trochlea: the anal area of secondaries and thus = tendo, q.v.

Frenulum: the spine, straightforward in males and complex in females, originating from the base of the secondaries in many Lepidoptera, serving to connect the wings during flight; in Cicada, the triangular side piece on the mesonotum that connects with the trochlea; the anal area of the secondaries and therefore = tendo, see above.

Frenulum hook: in the males of frenate Lepidoptera, a hook or fold into which the frenulum is fitted.

Frenulum hook: in the males of frenate butterflies, a hook or fold where the frenulum fits.

Frenum: that which holds things together: a lunate or triangular portion at the inner and hinder base of the wing in Odonata and Trichoptera; see tendo.

Frenum: something that keeps things together: a crescent or triangular section at the inner and back base of the wing in Odonata and Trichoptera; see tendo.

Fringe -es: an edging of hair, scales or other processes extending well beyond the margin and usually of even length: in Lepidoptera, fringes occur on the outer margins of all wings and consist of scales or hair projecting beyond the wing membrane.

Fringe -es: a strip of hair, scales, or other materials that extend far beyond the edge and are typically of uniform length: in butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), fringes are found on the outer edges of all wings and are made up of scales or hair sticking out past the wing membrane.

Frog: the articular pan, - q.v.

Frog: the jointed pan, - see also.

Frons: = front; q.v.

Frons: = front; see also.

Front: the anterior portion of head between base of antennae and below ocelli: in Homoptera, the vertical median area of face.

Front: the front part of the head located between the base of the antennae and below the ocelli; in Homoptera, it refers to the upright middle section of the face.

Frontal: referring to the front of head or anterior aspect of any part.

Frontal: referring to the front of the head or the front part of anything.

Frontal costa: Orthoptera, a prominent vertical ridge of bead which may be median or lateral: see median carina and lateral carina.

Frontal costa: Orthoptera, a noticeable vertical ridge of beads that can be either median or lateral: see median carina and lateral carina.

Frontal fastigium: in Orthoptera, that process of the face extending dorsad between the antennae and meeting or nearly meeting the fastigium of the vertex in Tettigidae.

Frontal fastigium: in Orthoptera, the part of the face that extends upward between the antennae and comes close to or meets the fastigium of the vertex in Tettigidae.

Frontal fissure: Diptera; the impressed line extending from the frontal lunule to the border of the mouth.

Frontal fissure: Diptera; the noticeable line that runs from the frontal lunule to the edge of the mouth.

Frontal lobes: in Psyllidae, two lobes or swellings more or less completely divided by a suture in which an ocellus is situated.

Frontal lobes: in Psyllidae, two lobes or swellings that are mostly separated by a suture where an ocellus is located.

Frontal lunule: Diptera; an oval or crescentic space above the base of antennae in Cyclorrhapha, bounded by the frontal suture.

Frontal lunule: Diptera; an oval or crescent-shaped area above the base of the antennae in Cyclorrhapha, bordered by the frontal suture.

Frontal processes: Diptera; = antennal process, q.v.

Frontal processes: Flies; = antennal process, see above.

Frontal ridge: in Coleopteran; a sharp ridge on the dorsal margin of the eye, extending forward.

Frontal ridge: in beetles; a sharp ridge on the upper edge of the eye, extending forward.

Frontal stripe: Diptera; the middle of the front when membranous or discolored: = vitta frontalis.

Frontal stripe: Diptera; the center of the front when it is membranous or discolored: = vitta frontalis.

Frontal suture: Diptera; separates the frontal lunule from that part of the head above it: in Coleopteran; = clypeal suture.

Frontal suture: Diptera; separates the frontal lunule from the part of the head above it: in Coleopteran; = clypeal suture.

Frontal tubercles: in certain Aphids, are raised structures upon which the antennae are placed.

Frontal tubercles: in some aphids, these are raised structures where the antennae are located.

Frontal triangle: Diptera; the triangular space in males, between the eyes below, limited by a line drawn through base of antennae.

Frontal triangle: Diptera; the triangular area in males between the eyes below, defined by a line drawn through the base of the antennae.

Frontal vesicle: in Odonata; that elevated area on the vertex upon which the ocelli are situated.

Frontal vesicle: in dragonflies and damselflies; the raised area on the forehead where the simple eyes (ocelli) are located.

Fronto-orbital bristles: in Diptera; are placed on each side of the front, just below the vertical bristles.

Fronto-orbital bristles: in Diptera; are located on each side of the forehead, just beneath the vertical bristles.

Fugitive: soon disappearing; not permanent.

Fugitive: soon gone; not permanent.

Fulcrant: the trochanter when continued along the femur, as in Carabids.

Fulcrant: the trochanter when extended along the femur, as seen in Carabids.

Fulcrum: the chitinous envelope at the base of mouth in Diptera and Hymenoptera, covering the beginning of the oesophagus: any structure that serves as a support to another..

Fulcrum: the hard protective layer at the base of the mouth in flies (Diptera) and wasps (Hymenoptera), covering the start of the esophagus: any structure that supports another.

Fulgidus: shining.

Fulgidus: glowing.

Fuliginous -osus: sooty or smoky brown [Van Dyke brown + a little black].

Fuliginous -osus: dark brown, like soot or smoke [Van Dyke brown + a bit of black].

Fulvo-aeneous: brazen, with a touch of brownish yellow [brown pink].

Fulvo-aeneous: bold, with a hint of brownish yellow [brown pink].

Fulvous -us: tawny; light brown with much yellow; nearly orange [pale cadmium yellow + Indian red].

Fulvous -us: tawny; a light brown shade with a lot of yellow; almost orange [pale cadmium yellow + Indian red].

Fumate -us: smoky gray [gray].

Fumate -us: smoky gray

Fumose: smoky.

Function: the work or duty which a given part or organ normally performs.

Function: the job or responsibility that a specific part or organ typically does.

Fungicolous: living in or on fungi.

Funicle: the joints between the scape and club in Funiculate antennae: a small cord: a slender stalk.

Funicle: the connections between the scape and club in Funiculate antennae: a thin thread; a slim stalk.

Funiculate: whip-like: long, slender, composed of many flexible joints.

Funiculate: resembling a whip; long and thin, made up of many flexible joints.

Funicule: a small, cord-like structure; especially when sheathed.

Funicule: a small, cord-like structure, especially when covered.

Funiculus: the main tendon of abdomen: in Hymenoptera a slender ligament connecting the propodeum to petiole on its dorsal aspect.

Funiculus: the main tendon in the abdomen; in Hymenoptera, a thin ligament that connects the propodeum to the petiole on its upper side.

Furca: a fork: the anal appendage used for leaping in Thysanura; see furcula: the forked ental processes of the sternum.

Furca: a fork; the anal appendage used for jumping in Thysanura; see furcula: the forked internal structures of the sternum.

Furcal orifice: see sternal into orifice.

Furcate: forked; divided nto two approximately equal divisions.

Furcate: split; divided into two roughly equal parts.

Furcula: a forked process: an osmaterium {Scanner's comment: sic. See comment under "osmaterium".}: in Collembola the spring or saltatory appendage borne by the fourth abdominal segment: in Orthoptera, a pair of backwardly directed appendages which overlie in a more or less forked position the base of the supra-anal plate.

Furcula: a forked structure: an osmeterium {Scanner's comment: sic. See comment under "osmaterium".}: in Collembola, the spring or jumping appendage found on the fourth abdominal segment: in Orthoptera, a pair of backward-pointing appendages that lie in a somewhat forked position over the base of the supra-anal plate.

Furred: covered with dense hair resembling fur.

Furred: covered with thick hair that looks like fur.

Fuscescent: becoming brown; with a brown shading.

Fuscescent: turning brown; having a brown tint.

Fusco-ferruginous: brownish rust red.

Fusco-ferruginous: rusty brown.

Fuseo-piceous: pitch black with a brown tinge or admixture.

Fuseo-piceous: completely black with a hint of brown or mixture.

Fuseo-rufous: red-brown, approaching liver brown.

Fuseo-rufous: reddish-brown, nearly liver brown.

Fuseo-testaceous: dull reddish brown [brown ocher].

Fuseo-testaceous: a dull reddish-brown [brown ocher].

Fuscous -us: dark brown, approaching black; a plain mixture of black and red [crimson lake + black].

Fuscous -us: dark brown, almost black; a simple blend of black and red [crimson lake + black].

Fused: run together: applied when two normally separated markings become confluent and have a common outline.

Fused: run together: used when two normally separate markings merge and share a common outline.

Fusiform: spindle-shaped: tapering gradually to each end.

Fusiform: spindle-shaped; narrowing gradually at both ends.

Fusulus: = spinneret, q.v.

Fusulus: = spinneret, see above.

Gales: the outer lobe of the maxilla, usually two-jointed, often hood-like, subject to great modifications in Hymenoptera and Diptera, and forms the coiled tongue in Lepidoptera.

Strong winds: the outer part of the maxilla, usually two segments, often resembling a hood, greatly modified in Hymenoptera and Diptera, and forms the coiled tongue in Lepidoptera.

Galeotheca: that part of the pupal case that covers the gales. Gall: an abnormal swelling or excrescence on a plant, produced by an insect: = cecidium.

Galeotheca: the part of the pupal casing that covers the gales. Gall: an unusual swelling or growth on a plant, caused by an insect: = cecidium.

Gallicolous: dwellers in galls, whether as producers or inquilines.

Gallicolous: creatures that live in galls, either as creators or as guests.

Gallivorous: feeding upon galls or gall tissue.

Gallivorous: feeding on galls or gall tissue.

Gamogenesis: reproduction through fertilization: see agamogenesis.

Gamogenesis: reproduction through fertilization; see agamogenesis.

Ganglion -ia: a nerve centre composed of a cell mass and fibres: the white disc-like bodies connected by a double cord, lying above the ventral surface within the body and forming the centre of the nervous system.

Ganglion -ia: a nerve center made up of a group of cells and fibers: the white, disc-shaped structures linked by a double cord, positioned above the ventral side within the body and serving as the core of the nervous system.

Gasterotheca: that part of the pupa case that covers the abdomen.

Gasterotheca: the part of the pupal case that covers the abdomen.

Gastric: of or belonging to the belly or to the stomach.

Gastric: related to the belly or stomach.

Gastric caeca: = caecum; q.v.

Gastric caeca: = caecum; see also.

Gastro-coeli: a pair of usually transverse lateral pits near the base of the second abdominal tergite in some Hymenoptera.

Gastro-coeli: a pair of typically sideways lateral depressions located near the bottom of the second abdominal tergite in some Hymenoptera.

Gastro-ileal folds: occur in some insects at the junction of the chylific ventricle with the ileum and serve as a valve.

Gastro-ileal folds: appear in some insects at the point where the chylific ventricle connects with the ileum and function as a valve.

Gastrula: that embryonic stage resembling a sac, with an outer layer of epiblastic cells and an inner layer of hypoblastic cells.

Gastrula: that embryonic stage that looks like a sac, with an outer layer of epiblastic cells and an inner layer of hypoblastic cells.

Gastrulation: the process of forming a gastrula.

Gastrulation: the process of creating a gastrula.

Gathering hairs: the soft, flattened, often hooked hairs on the tongue of bees and other Hymenoptera; = hooked hairs.

Gathering hairs: the soft, flat, often hooked hairs on the tongues of bees and other Hymenoptera; = hooked hairs.

Gelatinous: of a jelly-like texture or consistency: viscid.

Gelatinous: having a jelly-like texture or consistency; sticky.

Geminate: arranged in pairs composed of two similar parts: doubled.

Geminate: organized into pairs made up of two similar parts; doubled.

Gemmate -us: marked with metallic or bright colored spots.

Gemmate -us: marked with shiny or bright colored spots.

Gemmiparous: applied to that form of asexual reproduction where new individuals arise as buds from the germ body of the parent.

Gemmiparous: refers to the type of asexual reproduction where new individuals develop as buds from the parent’s body.

Gena -ae: the cheeks; includes that portion of the head on each side below the eyes, and extends to the gular suture: in Odonata the area between the eyes and clypeus and mouth parts: in Diptera the space between the lower border of the eye and oral margin, merging into face at front and limited by the occipital margin behind.

Gena -ae: the cheeks; this refers to the part of the head on each side below the eyes, extending to the gular suture. In Odonata, it is the area between the eyes and the clypeus and mouth parts. In Diptera, it is the space between the lower edge of the eye and the oral margin, blending into the face at the front and bordered by the occipital margin at the back.

Genal bristles: Diptera; are on the cheeks near lower corner of eye.

Genal bristles: Diptera; are located on the cheeks near the lower corner of the eye.

Generalized: primitive: containing in combination characters that are separated and specialized in other forms.

Generalized: basic: having a mix of traits that are separate and specialized in different forms.

Generation: used as the equivalent of brood; q.v.

Generation: used as a synonym for brood; see also.

Genicular arc: Orthoptera; a curved dark marking on the posterior knee-joint.

Genicular arc: Orthoptera; a curved dark mark on the back of the knee joint.

Geniculate: knee jointed: abruptly bent in an obtuse angle.

Geniculate: knee jointed; sharply bent at a wide angle.

Geniculum: a little knee or bend.

Geniculum: a small knee or bend.

Genital armature: all the processes concerned in copulation.

Genital armature: all the processes involved in copulation.

Genital hamule: a little hook or plate covering the anal cavity of the male: the supra-anal or genital hook: in Lepidoptera, the uncut: in Odonata, in the plural, one or two pairs of lateral processes of the male genitalia on the ventral surface of the second abdominal segment.

Genital hamule: a small hook or plate that covers the anal opening of the male: the supra-anal or genital hook: in Lepidoptera, the uncut: in Odonata, in the plural, one or two pairs of lateral extensions of the male genitalia on the underside of the second abdominal segment.

Genital hook: = genital hamule.

Genitalia: the external organs of generation with all appendages.

Genitalia: the external reproductive organs along with all their parts.

Genital lobes: in Odonata, a pair of-backward and downwardly directed processes from the 2d abdominal segment, between which the vesicle of the penis lies.

Genital lobes: in Odonata, a pair of backward and downward-directed structures from the 2nd abdominal segment, between which the penis vesicle is located.

Genital papilla: in some Smynthurids, a tubercular elevation upon which the genital aperture opens.

Genital papilla: in some Smynthurids, a raised bump where the genital opening appears.

Genital spike: the sheath of penis which, in male Diaspinae takes the form of a long mucronate spike.

Genital spike: the covering of the penis which, in male Diaspinae, is shaped like a long pointed spike.

Genital tuft: in Lepidoptera; an expansible tuft of fine hair believed to be scent-producing.

Genital tuft: in Lepidoptera; a flexible cluster of fine hair thought to produce scent.

Genital valve: Odonata; a chitinous piece on each side of the ovipositor, derived from the sternum of abdominal segment 9: probably = outer pair of gonapophyses.

Genital valve: Odonata; a chitinous structure on each side of the ovipositor, originating from the sternum of abdominal segment 9: likely the outer pair of gonapophyses.

Genoholotype: the species on which a genus is founded, whether unique or one of a series, specifically named as generic type by the author.

Genoholotype: the species that a genus is based on, whether it's the only one or part of a group, specifically designated as the generic type by the author.

Genolectotype: the one species of a series selected as the type of the genus in which the describer of the genus placed it, subsequent to the description.

Genolectotype: the one species from a group chosen as the type of the genus in which the person who described the genus included it, after the description was made.

Genosyntype: one of a series of species upon which a genus is founded, no one species being mentioned as type.

Genosyntype: one of a group of species on which a genus is based, with no single species designated as the type.

Genus: knee; the joint between femur and tibia.

Genus: knee; the joint between the thigh bone (femur) and the shin bone (tibia).

Genus: an assemblage of species agreeing in some one character or series of characters; usually considered as arbitrary and opinionative, though some consider it a natural assemblage.

Genus: a group of species that share one or more characteristics; usually viewed as arbitrary and subjective, although some see it as a natural grouping.

Geometrid: larva which, when walking, alternately elevate and straighten the middle of their body: opposed to rectigrade; q.v.

Geometrid: a caterpillar that, when it moves, shifts its body up and down and straightens out the middle part: in contrast to rectigrade; see also.

Geodephagous: = adephagous; q.v.

Geodephagous: = adephagous; see also.

Geodromica: terrestrial Heteroptera in which the antennae are not concealed.

Geodromica: land-dwelling Heteroptera where the antennae are not hidden.

Geophilous: living on the ground: species that live on the surface or come freely into contact with it.

Geophilous: living on the ground; species that live on the surface or come into direct contact with it.

Germanium: an ovary: that portion of an ovarian tube containing the cell elements.

Germanium: an ovary: that part of an ovarian tube that holds the cell elements.

Germ-ball: reproductive cells in larvae from which, exceptionally, young may develop as buds.

Germ-ball: reproductive cells in larvae that can occasionally develop into young as buds.

Germ-band or Germinal band: that portion of a young embryo which is to become the future insect, when it is in the form of a band or strap and may or may not show the division into the future segments.

Germ-band or Germinal band: the part of a young embryo that will develop into the future insect, when it appears as a band or strap and may or may not show the division into future segments.

Gerontogeic: belonging to the old world: see neogeic.

Gerontogeic: related to the old world; see neogeic.

Gibba: a rounded protuberance or prominence.

Gibba: a rounded bump or raised area.

Gibbous: hump-backed; protuberant: said of a macula when it resembles a moon more than half full.

Gibbous: having a hump; bulging: used to describe a macula when it looks like a moon that is more than half full.

Gibbus: when the whole surface forms a hump or obtuse cone.

Gibbus: when the entire surface creates a bump or a blunt cone.

Gills: respiratory structures which function in water; distinguished as true or blood gills where contained blood conveys the absorbed oxygen from the gill to the tissues, and as tracheal gills when this conveyance is by contained tracheae.

Gills: respiratory structures that work in water; categorized as true or blood gills where the blood carries the absorbed oxygen from the gill to the tissues, and as tracheal gills when this transport is done via tracheae.

Gilvus: = flavus; q.v.

Gilvus: = yellow; see also.

Ginglymus: a hinge joint that permits flexion in one plane.

Ginglymus: a hinge joint that allows bending in one direction.

Gizzard: a pouch-like structure between the crop and chylific ventricle furnished with chitinous teeth or plates, in which the food is prepared for the digestive juices by grinding or merely sifting = cardia.

Gizzard: a pouch-like structure located between the crop and the chylific ventricle, equipped with chitinous teeth or plates, where food is processed for the digestive juices by grinding or simply sorting = cardia.

Glaber-rous: smooth; free from all vestiture.

Glaber-rous: smooth; devoid of any covering.

Gland: a cellular sac which separates or secretes from the blood specific portions to produce characteristic products - e.g. wax, saliva, silk, etc.

Gland: a cellular sac that takes specific substances from the blood to produce distinctive products - for example, wax, saliva, silk, etc.

Gland-bearing prominence: in Diaspinae a prominence on the margin, bear-ing a gland opening on the dorsal surface.

Gland-bearing prominence: in Diaspinae, a bump on the edge, featuring a gland opening on the upper surface.

Gland orifice: in Coccidae, the external opening through which a gland pours its secretions.

Gland opening: in Coccidae, the outer opening through which a gland releases its secretions.

Gland spines: in Coccidae; spiny appendages, each of which is supplied with a single gland whose opening is at the tip.

Gland spines: in Coccidae; spiky structures, each equipped with a single gland that opens at the tip.

Glandular: having the character or function of a gland: used as descriptive of specialized hairs, spines or other processes.

Glandular: having the characteristics or functions of a gland; used to describe specialized hairs, spines, or other similar structures.

Glassy: transparent; glass-like in appearance.

Glassy: clear; resembling glass.

Glaucus: shining sea-green: whitish blue inclining to gray lavender.

Glaucus: bright sea-green: pale blue with a hint of gray lavender.

Globose: formed like a globe or sphere.

Globose: shaped like a globe or a ball.

Globulin; an albumenoid proteid compound formed in the blood of insects.

Globulin: a type of albumin protein found in the blood of insects.

Glochis: a barbed point.

Glochis: a sharp point.

Glomerate: congregated or massed together.

Glomerate: grouped or gathered together.

Glossa: the inner lobe of second maxilla, corresponding to the lacing of first maxilla: loosely used as a synonym for tongue: especially applied to the coiled structure of the Lepidoptera; see also ligula.

Glossa: the inner lobe of the second maxilla, which corresponds to the lacing of the first maxilla; often used interchangeably with the term tongue; particularly refers to the coiled structure in Lepidoptera; see also ligula.

Glossarium: Diptera; the labrum-epipharynx; q.v.

Glossary: Flies; the labrum-epipharynx; see also.

Glossata: a Fabrician term for Lepidoptera.

Glossata: a Fabrician term for butterflies and moths.

Glossate: furnished with a spiral tongue.

Glossate: equipped with a spiral tongue.

Glossotheca: that part of the pupa which covers the tongue.

Glossotheca: the part of the pupa that protects the tongue.

Glutinose -ous: slimy; viscid.

Glutinous: slimy; sticky.

Gnathal: relating or pertaining to the jaws.

Gnathal: related to jaws.

Gnathite: a jaw or jaw-like appendage; in the plural, the mouth parts.

Gnathite: a jaw or jaw-like part; when referring to multiple, it means the mouthparts.

Gnathochilarium: a plate formed by the labial structures.

Gnathochilarium: a plate made up of the lip structures.

Gnathopoda: the arthropods: the first pair of legs; especially applied in crustaceans: mouth feet.

Gnathopoda: the arthropods; the first pair of legs, especially referring to crustaceans: mouth feet.

Goffered: a surface with regular impressions, closely set, and separated by narrow ridges: reticulated.

Goffered: a surface with even impressions that are tightly packed together and separated by thin ridges; patterned like a net.

Gonapophyses: three pairs of processes in the Orthoptera, one arising from the eighth and two from the ninth abdominal segment op the ventral surface. They appear to = the rhabdites composing the ovipositor of other insects.

Gonapophyses: three pairs of structures in the Orthoptera, with one coming from the eighth and two from the ninth abdominal segment on the underside. They seem to be similar to the rhabdites that make up the ovipositor of other insects.

Gonyodon: a tooth-like articulated process at the apex of the femur in some Noctuidae.

Gonyodon: a tooth-shaped jointed structure at the top of the femur in some Noctuidae.

Gonytheca: articulating surface of femur to which the tibia is joined.

Gonytheca: the connecting surface of the femur where it attaches to the tibia.

Gorgeret: the barbed sting of the honey bee.

Gorgeret: the sharp sting of the honey bee.

Gracile: slender; graceful.

Gracile: slim; elegant.

Gradate -vim: one grade or step at a time: to arrange in a series: to blend so as to merge one into the other - e.g. colors.

Gradate -vim: one level or step at a time; to organize in a sequence; to mix in a way that smoothly transitions from one to the other - e.g. colors.

Gradate veins: a transverse series of veins, each before or beyond the next.

Gradate veins: a series of veins running across, each one positioned before or after the next.

Grammineus: grass-green [apple green].

Grammineus: apple green.

Granose: like a string of beads; moniliform.

Granose: like a string of beads; bead-like.

Granulated: covered with small grains.

Grainy: covered with small grains.

Granule: a little grain or grain-like elevation.

Granule: a small grain or grain-like bump.

Granulose: roughened with granules or made up of distinct grains.

Granulose: textured with small granules or composed of separate grains.

Gregarious: living in societies or communities; but not social.

Gregarious: living in groups or communities; but not social.

Grège: raw silk, including the gummy outer layer, as spun by a caterpillar.

Grège: raw silk, including the sticky outer layer, as produced by a caterpillar.

Grès: the gummy layer surrounding the silk thread spun by a caterpillar.

Grès: the sticky layer around the silk thread produced by a caterpillar.

Gressorious -vial: with legs fitted for walking: in Lepidoptera; the anterior legs aborted, the others fitted for walking.

Gressorious -vial: having legs adapted for walking: in Lepidoptera; the front legs are underdeveloped, while the others are equipped for walking.

Griscent: ashen gray.

Griscent: ash gray.

Griseus: light gray; a mixture of white and black [gray].

Griseus: light gray; a blend of white and black [gray].

Group: a division of classification used indefinitely for a series of allied species, genera or larger assemblages.

Group: a category of classification used endlessly for a range of related species, genera, or larger collections.

Grouped glands: see circumgenital glands.

Grub: an insect larva: a term loosely applied, but more specifically to larvae of Coleopteran and Hymenoptera.

Grub: an insect larva; a term used loosely but more specifically referring to the larvae of beetles and wasps.

Guanin: a white amorphous compound which occurs in the transparent areas of some wings, giving a milky tinge, and is also found in the photogenic organs of Lampyridae: an excretory substance, composition C5H5N5O (von Furth).

Guanin: a white, shapeless compound that appears in the clear parts of certain wings, giving them a milky appearance, and is also located in the light-producing organs of fireflies: an excretory substance with the composition C5H5N5O (von Furth).

Guest: applied to those insects that live in nests or dwelling places of other species, not necessarily at the expense of the host.

Guest: refers to insects that live in the nests or homes of other species, not necessarily harming the host.

Gula: the throat: that sclerite forming the central portion of the head beneath, extending from the submental to the posterior margin, and laterally bounded by the genae.

Gula: the throat; this hard structure forms the central part of the lower head, stretching from the area under the chin to the back edge, and is bordered on the sides by the cheeks.

Gular peduncle: in Coleopteran = submental peduncle.

Gular peduncle: in beetles = submental peduncle.

Gular suture: the line of division between the gulag or throat and the gene or cheeks.

Gular suture: the dividing line between the throat and the cheeks.

Gulf strip: see semitropical or gulf strip.

Gulf strip: see semitropical or Gulf strip.

Gullet: = oesophagus; q.v.

Gullet: = esophagus; see also.

Gulo-mental: includes the region covered by the gulag and mentum.

Gulo-mental: includes the area covered by the gulag and the mentum.

Gustatory: elating to the sense of taste.

Gustatory: related to the sense of taste.

Gutta: a light spot on a dark ground.

Gutta: a bright mark on a dark background.

Guttate: with light spots or drops on a dark ground.

Guttate: with light spots or drops on a dark background.

Gymnocerata: insects with freely movable, conspicuous antennae: see cryptocerata.

Gymnocerata: insects with clearly visible, movable antennae; see cryptocerata.

Gymnogastra: Hymenoptera; species in which the venter is visible: see cryptogastra.

Gymnogastra: Hymenoptera; species where the underside is visible: see cryptogastra.

Gymnoptera: species with membranous wings not covered with scales.

Gymnoptera: species that have membranous wings that aren't covered in scales.

Gynandromorphic: when an individual of one sex exhibits on one lateral half the organic characters of the other, more or less completely.

Gynandromorphic: when an individual of one sex shows the physical traits of the opposite sex on one side of their body, to varying degrees.

Gyri-cerebrales: lobes of the oesophageal ganglion of the embryo, connected with the primary lobe: = stalked bodies.

Gyri-cerebrales: lobes of the embryonic esophageal ganglion, linked with the primary lobe: = stalked bodies.

Habena: a fascia on the thorax.

Habena: a band on the chest.

Habit -us: the port or aspect: used to express a resemblance in general appearance.

Habit -us: the appearance or aspect: used to show a similarity in overall look.

Habitat; abbreviated Hab.: the region or place which an insect inhabits or where it was taken.

Habitat; abbreviated Hab.: the area or location where an insect lives or where it was collected.

Haemoglobin: the coloring matter of blood which serves to carry oxygen.

Hemoglobin: the substance that gives blood its color and carries oxygen.

Haemolymph: the watery blood or lymph-like nutritive fluid of the lower invertebrates.

Haemolymph: the watery blood or lymph-like nutrient fluid of the lower invertebrates.

Haemoxanthine: a dissolved albuminoid in the insect blood, which has both a respiratory and nutritive function.

Haemoxanthine: a dissolved protein in insect blood that serves both respiratory and nutritional purposes.

Hair: a slender, flexible filament of equal diameter.

Hair: a thin, flexible strand that is the same width throughout.

Hairy: covered or clothed with hair.

Hairy: covered or dressed in hair.

Halophilous: species living in salt marshes, or near the sea.

Halophilous: species that thrive in salt marshes or close to the ocean.

Halterata: the Diptera.

Halterata: the flies.

Halteres: the poisers or balancers: capitate movable filaments in Diptera, situated one on each side of the thorax and representing rudimentary hind wings.

Halteres: the stabilizers or balance organs: small movable structures in Diptera, located one on each side of the thorax and representing underdeveloped hind wings.

Halteriptera: the Diptera.

Halteriptera: the flies.

Hamule -us: furnished with hooks, or bent like a hook.

Hamule -us: equipped with hooks, or curved like a hook.

Hammock: the hammock-like covering of the caterpillars of certain moths. Hamule: a little hook.

Hammock: the hammock-like covering of the caterpillars of certain moths. Hamule: a small hook.

Hamuli: Odonata; one or two pairs of hooked processes projecting from the ventral surface of the 2d abdominal segment of the male; usually termed genital hamules: in Hymenoptera; minute hooks on the anterior margin of secondaries used to unite them in flight with the inner margin of primaries: in tree crickets, hook-like processes of the male genitalia.

Hamuli: Odonata; one or two pairs of hooked structures extending from the underside of the second abdominal segment of the male; commonly called genital hamules: in Hymenoptera; small hooks on the front edge of the hindwings used to link them during flight with the inner edge of the forewings: in tree crickets, hook-shaped structures of the male genitalia.

Hamus: Lepidoptera; a hook or loop attached to the under side of costal margin of primaries near base, to receive the frenulum of male moths.

Hamus: Lepidoptera; a hook or loop connected to the underside of the costal margin of the primary wings near the base, designed to hold the frenulum of male moths.

Harpago -ones: the inner basal lobes of the clasping organs of d culicids also, more generally = harpes.

Harpago -ones: the inner basal lobes of the gripping organs of mosquitoes, and more broadly = harpes.

Harpes: the lateral pieces of the male genitalia in Lepidoptera, used as clasping organs: also applied to the corneous hooks often borne by these lateral pieces, which are then termed valves; see clasper: in culicids an articulated process, sometimes jointed, at the base of inner side of side-piece, below and exterior to the harpagones.

Harpes: the side parts of the male genitalia in Lepidoptera, used for clasping: also refers to the hard hooks that are often found on these side parts, which are then called valves; see clasper: in culicids, an articulated structure, sometimes jointed, located at the base of the inner side of the side piece, below and outside the harpagones.

Hastate: halbert-shaped: excavated at base and sides but with spreading lobes or angles.

Hastate: shaped like a halberd: dug out at the base and sides but featuring spreading lobes or angles.

Hastiform: = hastate.

Hatched: closely marked with numerous short, transverse lines.

Hatched: clearly marked with many short, horizontal lines.

Hatching spines: = egg burster; q.v.

Hatching spines: = egg buster; see also.

Haustellate: formed for sucking: applied chiefly to mouth structures.

Haustellate: designed for sucking; primarily refers to mouth structures.

Haustellum: a sucker: applied to that portion of the mouth of a sucking insect through which liquid food is drawn into the gullet.

Haustellum: a tube-like structure that insects use to suck up liquid food through their mouth into their throat.

Head: the first or anterior region of the insect body, articulated at its base to the thorax, bearing the mouth structures and antennae. It is now believed to be made up of seven primitive segments, named in order: 1, the ocular or protocerebral; 2, the antenna or deutocerebral; 3, second antenna or tritocerebral; 4, mandibular; 5, superlingual; 6, maxillary; 7, labial or 2d maxillary.

Head: the front part of the insect body, connected at its base to the thorax, containing the mouth parts and antennae. It is currently thought to consist of seven basic segments, listed as follows: 1. the ocular or protocerebral; 2. the antenna or deutocerebral; 3. the second antenna or tritocerebral; 4. mandibular; 5. superlingual; 6. maxillary; 7. labial or second maxillary.

Head vesicle: in Diptera, = ptilinum, q.v.

Head vesicle: in Diptera, = ptilinum, see above.

Heart: the dorsal vessel or tubular structure divided into chambers, lying just beneath the dorsal, which serves to propel the blood and controls the circulation.

Heart: the back vessel or tube-like structure divided into chambers, located just beneath the back, which helps pump the blood and regulates circulation.

Heautotype: = autotype; q.v.

Heautotype: = autotype; see also.

Helcodermatus: a surface with ulcer-like depressions: applied also to the boring or tearing spines of pupae.

Helcodermatus: a surface with ulcer-like dips; also refers to the boring or tearing spines of pupae.

Heliciform: in the form of a spiral snail shell: applied to the cases of some Trichoptera.

Heliciform: shaped like a spiral snail shell; used to describe the cases of certain Trichoptera.

Helocerous: with clavate antennae.

Helocerous: with club-shaped antennae.

Helvolus: tawny or dully reddish yellow.

Helvolus: a muted reddish-yellow color.

Helvus: honey yellow [brown pink + chrome lemon].

Hemelytra: a modification of the anterior wings of Heteroptera, coriaceous at base, membranous at tip, not meeting in a straight line at the middle: more specifically applied to the corium; q.v.: also used for the tegmina of Orthoptera.

Hemelytra: a modified form of the front wings of Heteroptera, tough at the base, soft at the tip, not forming a straight line in the middle: specifically refers to the corium; see also: used for the tegmina of Orthoptera.

Hemi: as a prefix, means half.

Hemimeroptera: an obsolete term for Hemiptera.

Hemimeroptera: an old term for Hemiptera.

Hemimetabolous: manifesting an incomplete metamorphosis, but with a marked difference between the stages: specifically the Ephemerida, Odonata and Perlidae. {Scanner's comment: nowadays applied to far more orders, generally to those that undergo a marked metamorphosis, but without a pupal stage.}

Hemimetabolous: showing an incomplete metamorphosis, but with a clear difference between the stages: specifically the Ephemerida, Odonata, and Perlidae. {Scanner's comment: now applied to many more orders, typically to those that experience a distinct metamorphosis, but without a pupal stage.}

Hemiptera: half-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects in which the mouth parts consist of four lancets inclosed in a jointed beak or rostrum; metamorphosis incomplete: the primaries may be of uniform texture throughout (Homoptera) or may be thickened at base, membranous at tip (Heteroptera).

Hemiptera: half-winged: a classification used for insects with mouthparts made up of four lancets enclosed in a jointed beak or rostrum; development is incomplete: the front wings can either be uniform in texture (Homoptera) or thicker at the base and membranous at the tip (Heteroptera).

Hemispheric: like the half of a globe or sphere.

Hemispheric: like half of a globe or sphere.

Hepaticolor: liver-brown [dragon's blood].

Hepatic pouches: applied to caeca pouches; q.v.

Hepatic pouches: refers to caeca pouches; see above.

Herbivorous: feeding upon plant tissue: a leaf feeder.

Herbivorous: eating plant material: a leaf eater.

Heremetabola: with slight or incomplete metamorphosis, but with a resting stage at the end of the nymph life; specifically the Cicadidae.

Heremetabola: with slight or incomplete metamorphosis, but with a resting stage at the end of the nymph stage; specifically the Cicadidae.

Hermaphrodite: an individual in which the characters of both sexes are combined.

Hermaphrodite: a person who has physical traits of both genders combined.

Hetero: as a prefix, unequal; different from.

Hetero: as a prefix, meaning not the same; different from.

Heterocera: Lepidoptera in which the antenna are of any form other than clubbed at tip: opposed to Rhopalocera.

Heterocera: Lepidoptera with antennae that have any shape other than being clubbed at the tip; opposite of Rhopalocera.

Heterochrome: of different color: applied to species in which there are two color forms of one sex, one of which is like (homoeochrome), the opposite sex, as in certain Odonata and Lepidoptera.

Heterochrome: different colors: refers to species where one sex has two color variations, one of which resembles (homoeochrome) the opposite sex, as seen in certain Odonata and Lepidoptera.

Heterochrony: an irregular development in point of time, a later stage becoming evident before one that is earlier in ordinary course.

Heterochrony: an unusual development in timing, where a later stage becomes noticeable before an earlier one typically would.

Heterogamy: applied to those cases in which two sexual or a sexual and parthenogenetic generation alternate.

Heterogamy: refers to situations where two sexual generations or a sexual and a parthenogenetic generation alternate.

Heterogeneous: a mixture of different forms; abnormal.

Heterogeneous: a mix of different types; unusual.

Heterogeny: the alternation of sexual and parthenogenetic generations.

Heterogeny: the switching between sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction through parthenogenesis.

Heterogyna: the ants: referring to the different kinds of females, - queens and workers, - as distinguished from males.

Heterogyna: the ants: referring to the various types of females, - queens and workers, - as different from males.

Heteromera: Coleopteran in which the anterior and middle tarsi are 5- jointed and the posterior are 4-jointed.

Heteromera: A type of beetle where the front and middle legs have 5 segments, and the back legs have 4 segments.

Heteromerous: having an unequal number of tarsal joints on the feet.

Heteromerous: having an uneven number of tarsal joints on the feet.

Heterometabola: differing among themselves in metamorphosis; but not manifesting abrupt stages.

Heterometabola: differing in their metamorphosis; however, they do not show sudden changes.

Heteromorphous: the metamorphosis complete, in abrupt stages, the larva unlike the adult.

Heteromorphous: the transformation is complete, happening in sudden stages, with the larva being different from the adult.

Heteronomous: if two parts, compared with each other, are of different quality: differing in development or function.

Heteronomous: if two parts, when compared to each other, are of different quality: differing in development or function.

Heteropalpi: palpi with a different number of joints in male and female, as in some Trichoptera.

Heteropalpi: palps with a different number of joints in males and females, like in some Trichoptera.

Heteroptera: an ordinal term applied to that series of Hemiptera in which the anterior wings differ in texture from the posterior, and the different regions of primaries differ in texture.

Heteroptera: a classification term for the group of Hemiptera where the front wings have a different texture from the back wings, and the various areas of the front wings vary in texture.

Heteropterous: with wings of different texture in different parts.

Heteropterous: having wings with different textures in different areas.

Heterotypical: a genus, described from more than one species, these differing in structure,

Heterotypical: a genus that includes more than one species, with differences in structure,

Hexachaetous: Diptera in which the mouth structures have six piercing setae.

Hexachaetous: A type of fly (Diptera) with mouth structures that have six sharp bristle-like hairs.

Hexanephric: with six kidneys, or structures serving as such.

Hexanephric: having six kidneys or kidney-like structures.

Hexapoda: tracheate arthropods with head, thorax and abdomen distinct, and only six legs in the adult stage: the true insects.

Hexapoda: tracheated arthropods with a distinct head, thorax, and abdomen, and only six legs in the adult stage: the true insects.

Hexapodal -ous: provided with six feet.

Hexapodal -ous: having 6 legs.

Hians: gaping.

Hians: yawning.

Hibernaculum: a tent or sheath made out of a leaf or other material in which a larva hides or hibernates.

Hibernaculum: a tent or cover made from a leaf or other material where a larva hides or hibernates.

Hibernate: to pass the winter in a dormant condition.

Hibernate: to spend the winter in a state of inactivity.

Hicks' bottles: {Scanner's comment: sic} flask-shaped pits or depressions in the antennae of bees and ants: supposed to be the organs of hearing.

Hicks' bottles: {Scanner's comment: sic} Flask-shaped pits or indentations in the antennae of bees and ants: believed to be the organs of hearing.

Hind angle: in primaries of Lepidoptera, is that point where inner and outer margin meet: = anal angle of secondaries.

Hind angle: in the primaries of Lepidoptera, it is the point where the inner and outer margins meet; this is the anal angle of the secondaries.

Hind-body: the abdomen.

Hind-body: the stomach.

Hind-gut: the intestinal canal from the end of chylific ventricle to the Anus, including the malpighian tubules and anal glands.

Hind-gut: the part of the intestine from the end of the chylific stomach to the anus, which includes the Malpighian tubules and anal glands.

Hind-head: Mallophaga; that part of head behind mandibles and antennae.

Hind-head: Mallophaga; the area of the head located behind the mandibles and antennae.

Hind-intestine: = hind-gut.

Hinge: of maxilla = cardo; q.v.: the point of articulation of a movable joint.

Hinge: of maxilla = cardo; see also: the point where a movable joint connects.

Hips: the coxa; q.v.

Hips: the hip joint; q.v.

Hirsute: clothed with long, strong hair; shaggy.

Hirsute: covered in long, thick hair; shaggy.

Hispid: bristly: sparsely set with short, stiff hair.

Hispid: bristly; covered with short, stiff hair in low density.

Histoblast: the morphological unit or cell characteristic of a particular tissue.

Histoblast: the structural unit or cell typical of a specific tissue.

Histogenesis: the formation and development of tissue.

Histogenesis: the process of forming and developing tissue.

Histolysis: the degeneration and dissolution of organic tissue.

Histolysis: the breakdown and disintegration of organic tissue.

Hoary: covered with a fine, white, silvery pubescence: pruinose q.v.

Hoary: covered with a fine, white, silvery fuzz: pruinose q.v.

Holometabolous: having a complete transformation; with egg, larval, pupal and adult stages distinctly separated.

Holometabolous: undergoing a complete transformation; with distinct stages of egg, larva, pupa, and adult.

Holopneustic: having many pairs of open stigmata.

Holopneustic: having multiple pairs of open breathing holes.

Holoptic: Diptera in which the eyes of male are contiguous between vertex and antennae: see dichoptic.

Holoptic: A type of fly (Diptera) where the eyes of the male are touching between the forehead and the antennae; see dichoptic.

Holosericeus: with short, dense, silky hair, giving a satiny lustre.

Holosericeus: with short, thick, silky hair, giving a shiny finish.

Holotype: the unique type: = type; q.v.

Holotype: the only type: = type; see also.

Homelytra: elytra of similar or equal substance.

Homelytra: elytra made of the same or similar material.

Homo: prefix = the same; similar.

Homo: prefix = the same; alike.

Homochronic heredity: inheritance at corresponding periods of life.

Homochronic heredity: inheritance at similar stages of life.

Homochronous: changes in an organism which appear in the offspring at the same age at which they did in the parent.

Homochronous: changes in an organism that show up in the offspring at the same age they appeared in the parent.

Homodynamous: serially homologous: homology of the metameres.

Homodynamous: serially similar; similarity of the metameres.

Homoeochromatism: applied when over a given region many butterflies tend to vary similarly as regards color.

Homoeochromatism: used when a large number of butterflies in a particular area tend to change color in similar ways.

Homoeochrome: of the same color: see heterochrome.

Homoeochrome: of the same color; see heterochrome.

Homoeomerous: all feet with an equal number of tarsal joints: = isomerous.

Homoeomerous: all feet having the same number of tarsal joints: = isomerous.

Homoeonomous: of the same substance or texture.

Homoeonomous: made of the same material or texture.

Homoetype: = homotype; q.v.

Homoetype: = homotype; see above.

Homogeneous: of the same kind or nature: similar in texture or parts.

Homogeneous: of the same type or nature; alike in texture or components.

Homogenous: similar in structure due to a community of descent.

Homogenous: similar in structure because of a shared ancestry.

Homologous: implies that organs are identical in general structure and origin, though they may have developed in different ways for special purposes: see analogous.

Homologous: means that organs are the same in general structure and origin, even though they may have evolved in different ways for specific functions: see analogous.

Homomorpha: insects in which the larvae resemble the adults.

Homomorpha: insects where the larvae look like the adults.

Homonymous: pertaining to homology of parts arranged on a transverse axis similarly developed and of equal function.

Homonymous: relating to the homology of parts that are arranged on a transverse axis in a similar way and have equal functions.

Homonym: a name similar to or like another already used for a species in the same genus, or for a genus in the same kingdom: such names are paid to be preoccupied.

Homonym: a name that is similar to or the same as another already used for a species within the same genus or for a genus within the same kingdom; such names are considered to be taken.

Homonymous: where the same name is applied to different conceptions.

Homonymous: when the same name is used for different ideas.

Homophonous: words differently written but indistinguishable in sound, applied to different conceptions.

Homophonous: words that are spelled differently but sound the same, used for different ideas.

Homoplastic: implies that organs, similar in situation and purpose, are not structurally the same, or have not the same origin.

Homoplastic: means that organs that are similar in location and function are not structurally identical or do not have the same origin.

Homoptera: an ordinal term applied to those Hemiptera in which the primaries are of the same consistence throughout.

Homoptera: a term used for those Hemiptera where the wings are consistent in texture throughout.

Homotenous: retaining the primitive form: applied to insects without or with an incomplete metamorphosis.

Homotenous: keeping the original form; used for insects that have no or only partial metamorphosis.

Homotype: is a specimen named by another than the author after comparison with the type.

Homotype: a specimen that is named by someone other than the original author after comparing it with the type.

Honey dew: a sweetish excretion produced by certain insects, notably Aphids and Coccids, and exuding from the surface of some galls.

Honey dew: a sweet secretion made by certain insects, especially Aphids and Coccids, and coming from the surface of some galls.

Honey tubes: small tubes or tubercles on the abdomen of plant lice and other insects through which a sweetish liquid or honey dew is excreted siphonets; siphuncles; cornicles.

Honey tubes: small tubes or bumps on the bellies of plant lice and other insects that release a sweet liquid or honeydew; siphonets; siphuncles; cornicles.

Hood: of the maxilla is the galena; q.v.: in Tingitidae the elevated portion of the prothorax, often covering the head.

Hood: of the maxilla is the galena; see: in Tingitidae the raised part of the prothorax, often covering the head.

Hooked hairs: = gathering hairs; q.v.

Hooked hairs: = collecting hairs; see also.

Horismology: see orismology.

Horizontal: said of wings when held parallel to the horizon.

Horizontal: refers to wings that are held parallel to the horizon.

Horn: a pointed chitinous process of the head: in the plural form applied to the antennae; q.v.

Horn: a sharp, hard extension on the head; in the plural form, it refers to the antennae; see also.

Host: the individual infested by or upon which a parasite grows: also applied to the maker of a cell or other structure in which guest flies or other insects take up their abode.

Host: the person or organism that a parasite lives on or in: also refers to the creator of a cell or other structure where guest flies or other insects make their home.

Hudsonian zone: is that part of the boreal region comprising the northern part of the great transcontinental coniferous forests. In the eastern United States restricted to the cold summits of the highest mountains, from northern New England to western North Carolina: in the west it covers the higher slopes of the Rocky and Sierra-Cascade systems.

Hudsonian zone: is the section of the boreal region that includes the northern part of the expansive transcontinental coniferous forests. In the eastern United States, it's limited to the cold peaks of the tallest mountains, stretching from northern New England to western North Carolina; in the west, it encompasses the higher slopes of the Rocky and Sierra-Cascade ranges.

Humeral: relating to the shoulder or humerus.

Humeral: relating to the shoulder or upper arm bone.

Humeral angle: in Lepidoptera, that angle of the wings at the base of costa, near the point of attachment to the body: in Coleopteran, the outer anterior angle of elytra: in Orthoptera, the obtusely rounded angle formed by the deflection of the sides of the pronotum from the dorsal.

Humeral angle: in butterflies and moths, this is the angle of the wings at the base of the costa, close to where they attach to the body; in beetles, it's the outer front angle of the elytra; in grasshoppers and crickets, it's the bluntly rounded angle created by the sides of the pronotum bending away from the back.

Humeral bristles: in Diptera, are situated on the humeral callus.

Humeral bristles: in Diptera, are located on the humeral callus.

Humeral callus: in Diptera, is a rounded callus forming the anterior superior angle of the mesothorax.

Humeral callus: in Diptera, is a rounded bump located at the front upper corner of the mesothorax.

Humeral carina: in Coleoptera, an elevated ridge or keel on the outer anterior angle of elytra.

Humeral carina: in beetles, a raised ridge or keel on the outer front angle of the wing covers.

Humeral cross-vein: (Comst.); extends between the costa and subcosta close to base.

Humeral cross-vein: (Comst.); runs between the costa and subcosta near the base.

Humeralis: Coleopteran; when the elytral has an angulated projecting margin at base.

Humeralis: Beetle; when the wing case has an angled projecting edge at the base.

Humeral stripe: in Odonata, covers the humeral suture.

Humeral stripe: in dragonflies and damselflies, covers the humeral suture.

Humeral suture: in Odonata, runs from just in front the base of the fore-wing to the edge of the median coxa, separating the mesepisternum from the mesepimeron.

Humeral suture: in Odonata, extends from just in front of the base of the forewing to the edge of the median coxa, separating the mesepisternum from the mesepimeron.

Humeral veins: in Lepidoptera, secondary veins on posterior wings of Lasiocampids, developed to strengthen the humeral angle.

Humeral veins: in Lepidoptera, secondary veins on the back wings of Lasiocampids, developed to reinforce the humeral angle.

Humerus: the shoulder: in Coleopteran; the basal exterior angle of elytra: in Diptera, the anterior superior angles of the mesothorax: in Orthoptera, the femur of the fore-leg: in Hymenoptera, applied to the subcostal vein in some groups.

Humerus: the shoulder; in beetles, the basal outer angle of the wings; in flies, the front upper angles of the middle back; in grasshoppers, the thigh of the front leg; in wasps, used to refer to the subcostal vein in certain groups.

Humid: applied to regions in which the normal rainfall is sufficient to produce ordinary farm crops without irrigation: see arid.

Humid: refers to areas where the usual rainfall is enough to grow typical farm crops without needing irrigation: see arid.

Hyacinthine: the purple blue of the hyacinth [between mauve and lilac].

Hyacinthine: the purple-blue color of the hyacinth [between mauve and lilac].

Hyaline: vitreous: transparent or partially so.

Hyaline: glassy: clear or somewhat clear.

Hyaloplasm: the clear, semi-fluid material between the meshes of the cell reticulum.

Hyaloplasm: the clear, semi-fluid substance found in the spaces of the cell structure.

Hybrid: the progeny from the mating of two species.

Hybrid: the offspring produced by the breeding of two different species.

Hydradephaga; -ous: applied to aquatic, predatory pentamerous beetles with filiform antennae: see adephagous.

Hydradephaga; -ous: used for aquatic, predatory five-part beetles with thread-like antennae: see adephagous.

Hydro: relating to water: a combining form used as a prefix.

Hydro: related to water; a prefix used to indicate this connection.

Hydrolysis: the chemical decomposition of a compound by water, causing formation of a new compound.

Hydrolysis: the chemical breakdown of a compound by water, resulting in the creation of a new compound.

Hydrophilous: applied to species living in low, damp places.

Hydrophilous: refers to species that live in low, wet areas.

Hymen: a thin plane membrane serving as a partition.

Hymen: a thin layer of tissue that acts as a barrier.

Hymenoptera: membrane-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects with four membranous wings with few veins, the anterior usually larger than the posterior; mouth mandibulate; head free; thorax agglutinate, transformations complete.

Hymenoptera: membrane-winged: a term used for insects that have four thin wings with few veins, where the front ones are usually larger than the back ones; they have a biting mouth; their heads are separate; their thoraxes are fused, and they go through complete metamorphosis.

Hyoid: having the form of the Greek upsilon, Y

Hyoid: shaped like the Greek letter upsilon, Y

Hypermetamorphosis: when an insect passes through more than the normal number of stages; the interpolated stages coming usually between the full-grown larva and adult.

Hypermetamorphosis: when an insect goes through more stages than usual; the extra stages typically occur between the fully grown larva and the adult.

Hyperparasite: is a form that is parasitic upon another parasite.

Hyperparasite: is a type of parasite that lives off another parasite.

Hypertely: beyond the bounds of the useful: those forms whose resemblance to other objects is closer than needful, or without apparent object.

Hypertely: going beyond what is useful: those forms that look too much like other objects, more than necessary, or without a clear purpose.

Hypertrigonal space: = supra-triangular space; q.v.

Hypertrigonal space: = super-triangular space; see above.

Hypertrophied: abnormally large or excessively developed.

Hypertrophied: unusually large or overly developed.

Hypnody: lethargy; a condition similar to or identical with hibernation.

Hypnody: extreme tiredness; a state that is like or the same as hibernation.

Hypertrophy: any abnormal enlargement or excessive development.

Hypertrophy: any unusual swelling or excessive growth.

Hypoblast: = entoderm.

Hypoblast: = endoderm.

Hypocrateriform: salver-shaped.

Salver-shaped.

Hypodactyle: the so-called labium of Hemiptera.

Hypodactyle: the so-called lip of true bugs.

Hypoderm -is: the cellular layer which secretes the chitinous cuticula and in this sense = epidermis: specifically applied to the lining membrane of elytral and hemelytra.

Hypoderm -is: the cell layer that produces the chitinous cuticle and in this regard = epidermis: specifically used for the lining membrane of elytra and hemelytra.

Hypodermatic: of or concerning the hypodermic.

Hypodermatic: related to hypodermic.

Hypodermic: under the skin.

Hypodermic: beneath the skin.

Hypoglottis: the under surface of the tongue = hypoglottis.

Hypoglottis: the underside of the tongue = hypoglottis.

Hypoglottis: a sclerite inserted between rectum and labium in many Coleopteran.

Hypoglottis: a hard structure located between the rectum and the labium in many beetles.

Hypognathous: having the mouth parts directed more or less vertically ventrad.

Hypognathous: having the mouth parts pointing more or less straight down.

Hypographous: shaded; applied to a fascia that becomes gradually darker.

Hypographous: shaded; refers to a fascia that becomes progressively darker.

Hypomeron -a: in Coleopteran; the inflexed edge of the pronotum (pronotal hypomera); and the raised lower margin of the epipleural (elytral hypomera) (see epipleural) fold.

Hypomeron -a: in beetles; the bent edge of the pronotum (pronotal hypomera); and the elevated lower edge of the epipleural (elytral hypomera) (see epipleural) fold.

Hypopharyngeal: relating to the hypopharynx.

Hypopharyngeal: related to the hypopharynx.

Hypopharyngeal sclerites: in bees, a pair of strap-like pieces along the hypopharynx to the mentum: see also epipharyngeal sclerites.

Hypopharyngeal sclerites: in bees, a pair of strap-like structures extending from the hypopharynx to the mentum; see also epipharyngeal sclerites.

Hypopharynx: a sensitive and sensory structure on the upper surface of labium that serves as an organ of taste, or true tongue.

Hypopharynx: a sensitive and sensory part on the upper surface of the labium that acts as a taste organ, or actual tongue.

Hypopleura: in Diptera, the space over the middle and hind coxa, between the metapleura and pteropleura: the side of the metasternum: the mesepimeron of the mesothorax.

Hypopleura: in Diptera, the area above the middle and back coxa, located between the metapleura and pteropleura: the side of the metasternum: the mesepimeron of the mesothorax.

Hypoptere: = tegula; q.v..

Hypoptere: = tile; see above.

Hypopygium: the anus: more specifically the lower plate of the anal opening: in Diptera, the male sexual organs and terminal segments of abdomen = propygium.

Hypopygium: the anus; more specifically, the lower plate of the anal opening. In Diptera, this refers to the male sexual organs and terminal segments of the abdomen, which is called propygium.

Hypostoma: in Diptera; that portion of the head included between antennae, eyes and mouth: in Hemiptera: the lower part of face.

Hypostoma: in Diptera; the area of the head between the antennae, eyes, and mouth; in Hemiptera: the lower part of the face.

Hypotenuses: in Odonata; the simple or broken cross-vein between media 4, and cubitus 1, forming outer boundary of triangle.

Hypotenuses: in Odonata; the straight or interrupted cross-vein between media 4 and cubitus 1, forming the outer edge of the triangle.

Hypotypes: includes specimens upon which supplementary descriptions are based: = apotypes.

Hypotypes: includes specimens that supplementary descriptions are based on: = apotypes.

Iceous or Icius: suffix; expresses a likeness or the possession of a character see aceus.

Iceous or Icius: suffix; indicates similarity or the ownership of a trait, see aceus.

Icotypes: typical specimens which serve for purposes of identification, but have not been used in literature.

Icotypes: typical samples that are used for identification purposes but haven't been cited in any literature.

Idiotype: a specimen named by the author after comparison with the type, but not also a topotype.

Idiotype: a specimen named by the author after comparing it with the type, but not also a topotype.

Ignitus: fire-red [vermilion].

Ileo-colon: the anterior portion of the hind-gut, extending from the mid-gut to the rectum, when not distinctly differentiated into ileum and colon.

Ileo-colon: the front part of the hind-gut, stretching from the mid-gut to the rectum, when it is not clearly divided into ileum and colon.

Ileum: the small intestine; begins at end of chylific ventricle at the point where malpighian tubules join, and extends to colon.

Ileum: the small intestine; starts at the end of the chylific ventricle where the malpighian tubules connect and continues to the colon.

Imaginal: pertaining to the adult or imago.

Imaginal: related to the adult stage or imago.

Imaginal buds, cells, or discs: in forms with a complete metamorphosis are those embryonic cells around and from which the organs and appendages of the future imago develop.

Imaginal buds, cells, or discs: in species that undergo complete metamorphosis, these are the embryonic cells that surround and give rise to the organs and appendages of the future adult form.

Imago: the adult or sexually developed insect.

Imago: the fully grown or sexually mature insect.

Imbricate: arranged or appearing like the scales on a fish or the shingles on a roof.

Imbricate: arranged or looking like the scales on a fish or the shingles on a roof.

Immaculate: destitute of spots or marks.

Immaculate: free from spots or marks.

Immarginate: without an elevated rim or margin.

Immarginate: without a raised edge or border.

Immersed -us: inserted, imbedded or hidden in.

Immersed -us: placed, embedded, or concealed in.

Imponderable: that which cannot be weighed.

Imponderable: something that can't be measured.

Impregnate-ed: to make or made fertile or pregnant: fertilized.

Impregnated: to become fertile or pregnant; fertilized.

Impressed -us: a surface with shallow depressed areas or markings.

Impressed -us: a surface with shallow indentations or markings.

Impubis: without hair.

Impubis: hairless.

Inaequalis: unequal.

Inaequalis: not equal.

Inarticulate: not jointed or segmented.

Inarticulate: not connected or segmented.

Inaurate -us: golden yellow [pale cadmium yellow].

Inaurate -us: bright yellow [light cadmium yellow].

Ineanus: hoary.

Ineanus: old.

Inch: the English and American standard of length in insect measurement: it is = 12 lines and = 25.4 mm.: usually expressed in units and hundredths, as 1.01.

Inch: the English and American standard unit of length for measuring insects: it equals 12 lines and 25.4 mm: usually expressed in units and hundredths, as 1.01.

Incised: notched or deeply cut into.

Incised: marked with notches or deep cuts.

Incision: any cut into a margin or through a surface: the marginal slits or notches in Coccidae.

Incision: any cut into a border or through a surface: the marginal slits or notches in Coccidae.

Incisure: an impressed line marking the junction of two segments: an incision.

Incisure: a marked line showing the connection of two parts; an incision.

Inclinate -us: leaning or inclining.

Inclinate -us: leaning or tilting.

Inclusus: when one part is wholly or partially hidden in another.

Inclusus: when one part is completely or partially concealed within another.

Inconspicuous: not attracting attention or quickly noticeable.

Inconspicuous: not drawing attention or easily noticeable.

Incrassated: thickened: rather suddenly swollen at some one point, especially near tip.

Incrassated: thickened; suddenly swollen at a specific point, especially near the tip.

Incubate: to brood: to cause to develop; as an egg.

Incubate: to sit on; to help develop; like an egg.

Incumbent: lying one over another: wings when they cover the dorsal horizontally.

Incumbent: lying one on top of another: wings when they cover the back horizontally.

Incunabulum: = folliculus and cocoon; q.v.

Incunabulum: = small bag and cocoon; see also.

Incurved -ate: bowed or curved inwards.

Incurved -ate: bent or curved inward.

Independent: in Lepidoptera; that vein of the wings that arises from the cross-vein closing the cell, and does not branch directly from any vein reaching the base: it is v. 5 of the numerical series in both wings and the media of Comstock.

Independent: in Lepidoptera; that vein of the wings that comes from the cross-vein closing the cell and doesn’t branch directly from any vein that connects to the base: it is v. 5 of the numerical series in both wings and the media of Comstock.

Indeterminate: not defined nor well marked; obscure: of no constant form or shape.

Indeterminate: not clearly defined or marked; unclear: having no fixed form or shape.

Indigote: a very deep indigo blue.

Indigote: a rich, deep indigo blue.

Indirect: applied to metamorphosis = complete.

Indirect: applied to transformation = complete.

Indumentum: a covering of hairs, scales or tufts.

Indumentum: a layer of hair, scales, or tufts.

Indurated: hardened.

Indusium: the case made by an insect larva: a membranous layer of the embryo of Locustidae below the serosa.

Indusium: the protective case created by an insect larva; a thin membrane layer of the embryo of Locustidae located beneath the serosa.

Inequal: a surface with irregular elevations and depressions.

Inequal: a surface with uneven bumps and dips.

Inermis: unarmed: without spines or spurs.

Inermis: unarmed: no spines or spurs.

Infericornia: Hemiptera; in which the antenna appear to be inserted well down on the sides of head; e.g. Lygaeidae.

Infericornia: Hemiptera; where the antennae seem to be attached low on the sides of the head; for example, Lygaeidae.

Inferior: beneath, below or behind: a term of position.

Inferior: beneath, below, or behind; a term describing position.

Inferior appendage -es: in male Odonata the lower one or two of the terminal abdominal parts used to clasp the female in copulation.

Inferior appendage -es: in male Odonata, the lower one or two of the terminal abdominal segments that are used to hold onto the female during mating.

Inferior wings: = hind wings or secondaries: q.v.

Inferior wings: = hind wings or secondaries: see above.

Infero-posterior: below and behind: refers to location.

Infero-posterior: below and behind; refers to a location.

Inflated: blown up; distended bladder-like.

Inflated: expanded; bloated like a balloon.

Inflected: bent inward at an angle.

Inflected: curved inward at an angle.

Inflexus: = inflected.

Inflexus: = changed form.

Infra: below or beneath: opposed to supra.

Infra: below or underneath; opposite of supra.

Infra-anal lobe: a thick, conical fleshy lobe, often ending in a chitinous point, situated beneath the vent in caterpillars.

Infra-anal lobe: a thick, conical fleshy lobe, often ending in a chitinous point, located beneath the vent in caterpillars.

Infra-cereal plates: in Orthoptera - generally inconspicuous paired plates which underlie in part the cerci and in part the lateral portion of the supra-anal plate.

Infra-cereal plates: in Orthoptera - usually unnoticeable paired plates that partially support the cerci and partly the lateral section of the supra-anal plate.

Infra-clypeus: = ante-clypeus and rhinarium: q.v..

Infra-clypeus: = ante-clypeus and rhinarium: see above.

Infracted: abruptly bent inward, as if broken.

Infracted: suddenly bent inward, like it’s broken.

Infra-genital: below the genital opening or process.

Infra-genital: located beneath the genital opening or process.

Infra-marginal: situated below or behind the marginal cell.

Infra-marginal: located below or behind the marginal cell.

Infra-median vein; in Orthoptera: = ulnar vein: q.v.

Infra-median vein; in Orthoptera: = ulnar vein: see again.

Infra-ocular: applied to the region below and between the eyes.

Infra-ocular: referring to the area beneath and between the eyes.

Infra-oesophageal: situated below oesophagus; see sub-oesophageal.

Infra-oesophageal: located below the esophagus; see sub-esophageal.

Infra-stigmatal: situated below the stigmata or spiracles.

Infra-stigmatal: located below the stigmata or breathing holes.

Infringing: encroaching upon.

Infringing: violating boundaries.

Infumated: clouded.

Infumated: smoky.

Infundibuliform: funnel-shaped.

Infuseated: smoky gray-brown, with a blackish tinge [Roman sepia].

Infuseated: smoky gray-brown, with a blackish tint [Roman sepia].

Ingens: unusually large or disproportionate in size.

Ingens: unusually large or out of proportion in size.

Ingluvies: the crop; q.v.

Ingluvies: the harvest; see also.

Inner lobe: of maxilla = lacinia: q.v.

Inner lobe: of maxilla = lacinia: see above.

Inner margin: the line extending along the lower or interior edge of the wing from the base to the hind or anal angle.

Inner margin: the line running along the lower or inside edge of the wing from the base to the hind or anal angle.

Innervate: to supply with nerves.

Innervate: to provide nerve supply.

Innotatus: without markings.

Innotatus: unmarked.

Inocular: inserted in the inner margin of and partially or wholly surrounded by the eye.

Inocular: placed in the inner margin of and partially or completely surrounded by the eye.

Inquiline: a species living in a gall or other structure prepared by a different species, not as a parasite but as, a guest.

Inquiline: a species that lives in a gall or other structure made by a different species, not as a parasite but as a guest.

Inquiline: living as guests in the homes of others; as in galls.

Inquiline: living as guests in the homes of others; like in galls.

Insect: a member of the class Insecta strictly limited.

Insect: a member of the class Insecta that is strictly limited.

Insecta: broadly defined, contains all articulates that are also tracheates and have the head free from the thorax; more strictly limited to those forms that have only three pairs of thoracic legs in the adult stage and a limited number of segments.

Insecta: broadly defined, includes all segmented creatures that also have a tracheal system and have a head separate from the thorax; more specifically, it's limited to those forms that possess only three pairs of legs attached to the thorax in the adult stage and a set number of body segments.

Insectary: a place or building where insects are bred and studied.

Insectary: a place or building where insects are raised and studied.

Insectivorous: feeding upon or devouring insects.

Insectivorous: eating insects.

Insectologist: a student of insects: = entomologist.

Insectologist: a person who studies insects; = entomologist.

Insectology: the science of insect study: = entomology.

Insectology: the study of insects: = entomology.

Insertion: the point or place where a part is inserted: a part that is inserted: the act of inserting.

Insertion: the point or location where a part is added: a part that is added: the act of adding.

Insertus: a part that has its base set into another.

Insertus: a section that is anchored into another.

In situ: in its natural place or normal position.

In situ: in its original location or usual position.

Instar: the period or stage between molts in the larva, numbered to designate the various periods; e.g. the first instar is the stage between the egg and first molt, etc.: see stadium.

Instar: the stage between molts in the larva, numbered to identify the different stages; for example, the first instar is the phase between the egg and the first molt, etc.: see stadium.

Institia: stria or furrows of equal width throughout.

Institia: grooves or channels of the same width all the way through.

Instrumenta cibaria: mouth parts of a mandibulate insect as a whole.

Instrumenta cibaria: the mouth parts of an insect with jaws, considered as a complete unit.

Instrumenta suctoria: mouth parts of a haustellate insect as a whole.

Sucking instruments: the mouthparts of a sucking insect as a whole.

Integer: entire: applied to a margin without incisions.

Integer: whole; used for a margin without any cuts.

Integument: the outer covering to the insect body.

Integument: the outer layer that covers the insect's body.

Inter: between; among.

Inter: between; among.

Inter-alar space: in Odonata; the terga of meson- and meta-thorax.

Inter-alar space: in dragonflies; the surfaces of the middle and hind thorax.

Interantennal: between the basal segments of antennae.

Interantennal: located between the base segments of the antennae.

Inter-articular: the membranous tissue between joints or segments.

Inter-articular: the tissue that connects or separates joints or sections.

Intercalary -ies: additional or inserted between others; as a vein: plural; added or supplementary longitudinal wing reins: see under specific headings; i.e. anterior, etc.: in Ephemerides, certain longitudinal veins between the 8th (anal) and 9th (1st maxillary) and not branches of either: in Diptera, the anterior intercalary (Loew) = the discoidal, and the posterior intercalary = the cubitus 1 of Comstock: applied to an evanescent sclerite in the embryo between antenna and mandible; also termed premandibular.

Intercostal: between veins or costae; usually in the narrow grooves between veins in the costal region of a wing.

Intercostal: located between veins or ribs; typically found in the narrow spaces between veins in the wing's ribbed area.

Intercostula: those small, vein-like structures between the normal veins, visible on a wing margin but lost toward the disc.

Intercostula: these are the small, vein-like structures found between the standard veins, visible along the edge of the wing but fading toward the center.

Intercoxal process: in Coleopteran; a median protrusion of the basal segment of abdomen between the hind coxae.

Intercoxal process: in beetles; a central projection of the base segment of the abdomen located between the hind coxae.

Intermediate: lying between others in position or possessing characters between two other forms.

Intermediate: existing between others in position or having traits that are a mix of two different forms.

Intermediate field: of termini is = discoidal field q.v.

Intermediate field: of termini is = disk-shaped field see also.

Internal area: in Hymenoptera; the posterior of the three areas between median and lateral longitudinal carina on the metanotum third lateral area.

Internal area: in Hymenoptera; the back of the three sections between the median and lateral longitudinal carina on the metanotum's third lateral area.

Internal cell: in Hymenoptera (Pack.) 2d anal (Comst.).

Internal cell: in Hymenoptera (Pack.) 2nd anal (Comst.).

Internal triangle: in Odonata see triangle.

Internal triangle: in Odonata, see triangle.

Internal veins: in Lepidoptera, from one to three in number, run free from base to outer margin near hind angle; never branched;1a to is in the numerical series: = anal veins (Comst.).

Internal veins: in butterflies and moths, there are one to three veins that extend freely from the base to the outer margin near the hind angle; they are never branched; 1a to is in the numerical series: = anal veins (Comst.).

Interneural: between the nerves (or veins) of wings.

Interneural: located between the nerves (or veins) of wings.

Interno-mandibular: applied to one of the pairs of salivary glands in bees, situated at the inner side of base of mandible.

Interno-mandibular: refers to one of the pairs of salivary glands in bees, located on the inner side of the base of the mandible.

Internomedian: in Orthoptera; = cubitus (Comst.); q.v.

Interocular: between the eyes.

Between the eyes.

Interplical: lying between folds; specifically applied to the alternate ridges and grooves in anal area of secondaries of Orthoptera.

Interplical: situated between folds; specifically refers to the alternating ridges and grooves in the anal area of the secondary wings of Orthoptera.

Interposed sectors: in Odonata; the shorter longitudinal veins occurring in the wings of some species between the chief veins; = supplementary sectors. Interrupted: broken in continuity, but with the tips of the broken parts in a right line with each other.

Interposed sectors: in Odonata; the shorter longitudinal veins found in the wings of some species between the main veins; = supplementary sectors. Interrupted: broken in continuity, but with the tips of the broken sections aligned with each other.

Intersegmental: = interarticular; q.v.

Intersegmental: = interarticular; see entry.

Interspace: Coleopteran; the plane surface between elytral striae: Lepidoptera spaces between wing veins not included in closed cells.

Interspace: Coleopteran; the flat area between elytral striae: Lepidoptera spaces between wing veins that aren't part of closed cells.

Interspaceal: occurring in the interspaces between two wing veins or two elytral striae.

Interspaceal: happening in the gaps between two wing veins or two elytral grooves.

Interstice -tium: space between two lines, whether striate or punctate.

Interstice -tium: the space between two lines, whether they are striped or dotted.

Interstitial line: the elevated ridge between two striae or series of punctures.

Interstitial line: the raised line between two striae or groups of dots.

Interval: the space or time between two structures, sculptures or periods of development.

Interval: the distance or duration between two structures, sculptures, or stages of development.

Interventricular: the inner valve between the chambers of the heart.

Interventricular: the inner valve that separates the chambers of the heart.

Interventricular valvule: of heart, lies in front of seluilunar valve.

Interventricular valve: of the heart, is located in front of the semilunar valve.

Intervenular: in thespace between two veins.

Intervenular: in the space between two veins.

Intestinal caecum: that point of the large intestine in front of the junction with the small intestine.

Intestinal caecum: the part of the large intestine located just before it connects with the small intestine.

Intestine: that part of the alimentary canal through which the food passes from the stomach, in which absorption is completed and the excretions are formed for expulsion.

Intestine: the section of the digestive system where food moves from the stomach, where absorption is finished and waste is created for elimination.

Intima: the lining membrane of the trachea: see endotrachea.

Intima: the inner lining of the trachea; see endotrachea.

Intorted: turned or twisted inwardly.

Intorted: twisted inward.

Intra-: within: between.

Intra-: within; between.

Intra-alar bristles: in Diptera; a row of two or three between the supra-alar and dorso-central groups.

Intra-alar bristles: in Diptera; a line of two or three located between the supra-alar and dorso-central groups.

Intracellular: occurring within the cell or in a cell.

Intracellular: happening inside the cell or within a cell.

Infra-humeral bristles: in Diptera calyptrata; occur immediately in front of the thoracic suture, between the humeral callus and the presutural depression.

Infra-humeral bristles: in Diptera calyptrata; are located directly in front of the thoracic suture, between the humeral callus and the presutural depression.

Infra-ocular: situated within the eye, actually or apparently.

Infra-ocular: located inside the eye, either truly or seemingly.

Intra-pulmonary: that method of respiration which does not involve movements of the outer body wall and is confined to the respiratory organs.

Intra-pulmonary: the method of breathing that doesn’t involve movements of the outer body and is limited to the respiratory organs.

Intrauterine: applied to development, when the young hatch within the vagina of the mother.

Intrauterine: refers to development, when the young hatch inside the mother's vagina.

Intricate: irregular: confused; applied to markings and sculpture.

Intricate: uneven; complicated; used for designs and sculpture.

Intromittent: used for throwing within.

Intromittent: used for insertion.

Intromittent organ: the penis; q.v.

Intromittent organ: the penis; see above.

Introse -um: directed inward, toward the body.

Intrusus: seemingly impressed with a sharp point.

Intrusus: apparently impressed with a sharp point.

Intumescent: enlarged; swollen: expanded.

Intumescent: enlarged; swollen; expanded.

Invaginate: when a tubular or vesicular part is turned inward or retracted within the body wall.

Invaginate: when a tubular or sac-like part is folded inward or pulled back into the body wall.

Invagination: a pouch or sac formed by an infolding or indrawing of the outer surface.

Invagination: a pouch or sac created by the inward folding or drawing in of the outer surface.

Investitus: unclothed: a surface without scales or hair.

Investitus: bare: a surface without scales or hair.

Involucrate: = involute.

Involucrate: = involute.

Involucrum alarum in Dermaptera a flap of the metanotum.

In Dermaptera, the wing covering is a flap of the metanotum.

Involute: spirally rolled inwardly.

Involute: spirally rolled inward.

Involuti: butterflies whose larvae live in a folded leaf; Hesperidae.

Involuti: butterflies whose caterpillars live in a folded leaf; Hesperidae.

Iridescent: a surface which reflects the prismatic hues.

Iridescent: a surface that reflects a range of colorful shades.

Iridicolor: any color so broken up as to reflect the prismatic hues.

Iridicolor: any color that is so fragmented that it reflects the prismatic shades.

Iris: the circle which, in an ocellate spot surrounds the pupil.

Iris: the ring that, in a spot with eye-like patterns, encircles the pupil.

Irised: with rainbow colors.

Irised: in rainbow colors.

Iris-pigment: = iris tapetum.

Iris pigment: = iris tapetum.

Iris tapetum: the pigment layer of the compound eye just below the crystalline cone.

Iris tapetum: the colored layer of the compound eye located just beneath the crystalline cone.

Irregular: unequal, curved, bent or otherwise twisted or modified without order or symmetry, e.g. certain antennae.

Irregular: not even, curved, bent, or otherwise twisted or changed without a clear pattern or symmetry, like some types of antennae.

Irrorate: marked with minute points; freckled.

Irrorate: covered with tiny spots; freckled.

Isabelline -us: pale yellow with some red and brown [chronic lemon with a little carmine and roman sepia].

Isabelline -us: pale yellow with hints of red and brown [chronic lemon with a touch of carmine and roman sepia].

Ischia: = pleura; q.v.

Ischia: = pleura; see also.

Iso-: equal.

Iso-: same.

Isolate: to separate out from others; occurring alone.

Isolate: to separate from others; happening alone.

Isomers: that series of Coleoptera in which the tarsi have an equal number of joints on all feet.

Isomers: that group of beetles where the tarsi have the same number of segments on each foot.

Isomerous: with equal number of tarsal joints on all feet := homoeomerous.

Isomerous: having an equal number of tarsal joints on all feet := homoeomerous.

Isomorphous: having the same form, appearance or construction.

Isomorphous: having the same shape, look, or structure.

Isopalpi: that series of Trichoptera in which the palpi of both sexes have the same number of joints.

Isopalpi: a group of Trichoptera where both males and females have palpi with the same number of segments.

Isoptera: equal winged: an ordinal term for insects with four, similar, net-veined wings; mouth mandibulate; thoracic rings similar, loosely jointed metamorphosis incomplete: the Termitidae. {Scanner's note: In modern nomenclature the Isoptera constitute the order of all termites; the Termitidae are just one family within the Isoptera.}

Isoptera: equal-winged; a term for insects that have four similar, net-veined wings; mouthparts designed for chewing; thoracic segments similar and loosely connected; incomplete metamorphosis: the Termitidae. {Scanner's note: In modern naming, Isoptera refers to the order that includes all termites; Termitidae is just one family within the Isoptera.}

Isotypical: a genus described from more than one species, all of which are congeneric.

Isotypical: a group that includes more than one species, all of which are from the same genus.

-itus: = -atus; q.v.

-itus: = -atus; see also.

-ius: suffix; having the power or ability to.

Jabot: the crop; q.v.

Jabot: the garment; see also.

Janthine: violet colored.

Janthine: violet-colored.

Jaw-capsule: contains the mouth structures in those dipterous larvae in which the head is differentiated.

Jaw-capsule: houses the mouth structures in those fly larvae where the head is distinct.

Johnston's organ: a complex nervous structure in the basal joint of dipterous antennae.

Johnston's organ: a complex nerve structure found in the base of dipteran antennae.

Joint: a segment or part between two incisures: an articulation.

Joint: a section or part between two notches; a connection.

Jubate -us: fringed with long pendent hairs.

Jubate -us: fringed with long hanging hairs.

Juga: the lateral anterior lobes of the head of a Heteropteron; each side of the tylo.

Juga: the side front sections of the head of a Heteropteron; on either side of the tylo.

Jugatae: that series of Lepidoptera in which there is a jugum instead of a frenulum to unite the wings in flight.

Jugatae: that group of butterflies where a jugum replaces a frenulum to connect the wings during flight.

Jugular: of or pertaining to the throat.

Jugular: related to the neck.

Jugular sclerite: small sclerite in the membrane connecting the head with the thorax: see cervical sclerite.

Jugular sclerite: a small hard structure in the membrane that connects the head to the thorax; see cervical sclerite.

Jugulum: that sclerite just behind the sub-mentum; =gula: that cavity of the posterior part of the head to which the neck is annexed: the lateral and under parts of the prothorax.

Jugulum: the hard part just behind the sub-mentum; =gula: the area in the back of the head where the neck is attached: the sides and underside of the prothorax.

Jugum: in certain Lepidoptera and Trichoptera, a lobe or process at the base of primaries, overlapping secondaries and holding the two together in flight.

Jugum: in certain butterflies and caddisflies, a lobe or projection at the base of the forewings that overlaps the hindwings and keeps the two connected during flight.

Katabolic: the destructive change from animal tissue to waste product: see anabolic.

Katabolic: the breakdown of animal tissue into waste products; see anabolic.

Keel: an elevated ridge or carina.

Keel: a raised ridge or ridge-like structure.

Kermesinus: dark red, with much blue [purple lake].

Kermesinus: dark red with a lot of blue [purple lake].

Key: a tabular or other arrangement of species, genera or other classification according to characters that serve to identify them.

Key: a table or other format that organizes species, genera, or other classifications based on characteristics that help identify them.

Kidney-shaped: like a kidney in outline; convex on one long side, concave on the other, the ends evenly and somewhat obtusely rounded: bean-shaped.

Kidney-shaped: resembling a kidney in shape; curved on one long side, hollow on the other, with the ends evenly and somewhat softly rounded: bean-shaped.

Knee: the point of junction of femur and tibia.

Knee: the area where the femur and tibia connect.

Labellum -a: the sensitive ridged tip of the mouth structures of certain Diptera: a prolongation of the labium covering the base of rostrum in Coleoptera and Hemiptera.

Labellum -a: the sensitive, ridged tip of the mouthparts of certain flies: an extension of the labium that wraps around the base of the rostrum in beetles and true bugs.

Labial: referring, pertaining or belonging to the labium.

Labial: related to or associated with the labium.

Labial segment: the 7th segment of head = second maxillary segment.

Labial segment: the 7th segment of the head = second maxillary segment.

Labial suture: is between labium and mentum.

Labial suture: is located between the lip and the chin.

Labiate: lip-like or having lip-like sutures.

Labiate: resembling lips or having lip-like seams.

Labipalp: a labial palpus.

Labipalp: a lip palpus.

Labis: the slender abdominal forceps in some Lepidoptera.

Labis: the thin abdominal forceps found in some Lepidoptera.

Labium: the lower lip: a compound structure which forms the floor of the mouth in mandibulate insects, behind the first maxilla and opposed to the labium; formed by a fusion in embryonic life of separate right and left maxilla-like halves: in some of its developments referred to as the tongue.

Labium: the lower lip; a complex structure that makes up the floor of the mouth in insects with jaws, located behind the first maxilla and opposite the labium. It is created through the fusion of separate right and left halves that resemble maxillae during embryonic development. In some cases, it is also known as the tongue.

Labral suture: is between labrum and clypeus.

Labral suture: is located between the labrum and the clypeus.

Labro-frontal lobes: of brain, = trito-cerebrum; q.v.

Labro-frontal lobes: of the brain, = trito-cerebrum; q.v.

Labrum: the upper lip; covers the base of the mandible and forms the roof of the mouth.

Labrum: the upper lip; it covers the base of the jaw and forms the roof of the mouth.

Labrum-epipharynx: in the mouth of piercing Diptera is the central unpaired lancet.

Labrum-epipharynx: in the mouth of piercing flies, it is the central unpaired lancet.

Lac: a mixture of resin, wax and other substances produced by certain scale insects as a protective covering.

Lac: a blend of resin, wax, and other materials created by specific scale insects for protection.

Lacer: a lappet; applied to a margin with irregular, broad and deep emarginations, leaving lappet-like intervals.

Lacer: a lappet; used to describe a margin that has uneven, wide, and deep notches, creating lappet-like gaps.

Lacerated: ragged; torn in appearance; see lacer.

Lacerated: jagged; torn; see lacer.

Lacinia: the inner lobe of first maxilla, articulated to the stipes, bearing brushes of hair or spines: a blade: in Diptera, forms a flat lancet-like piercing structure and is never jointed.

Lacinia: the inner part of the first maxilla, connected to the stipes, with clusters of hair or spines: a blade: in Diptera, it forms a flat, lancet-shaped piercing structure and is never jointed.

Lacinia exteriores and interiores: in Apidae, the palpiger and paraglossa often used for the gales and lacinia of maxilla.

Lacinia exteriores and interiores: in Apidae, the palpiger and paraglossa are often used for the gales and lacinia of the maxilla.

Laciniated: jagged; cut into irregular fragments.

Laciniated: jagged; cut into uneven pieces.

Lacte: milk-white.

Lacte: milky white.

Lacteal: relating to milk; milky in appearance.

Lacteal: related to milk; having a milky appearance.

Lactescent: secreting or yielding a milky fluid.

Lactescent: producing or giving off a milky fluid.

Lacteous -eus: white, with a slight bluish tinge, like skim-milk.

Lacteous -eus: white, with a slight blue tint, similar to skim milk.

Lacunae: irregular impressions or cavities: specifically the non-walled cavities of the body.

Lacunae: irregular indentations or hollow spaces: specifically the unbounded cavities in the body.

Lacunose: pitted; the surface covered with small cavities.

Lacunose: having pits; the surface covered with small holes.

Laemodipodiform: like a laemodipod; similar to the larva of a walking stick.

Laemodipodiform: like a laemodipod; resembling the larva of a walking stick.

Laete: bright.

Laevis -igatus: smooth, shining and without elevations: said of a surface.

Laevis -igatus: smooth, shiny, and flat: describes a surface.

Lamella: a thin plate or leaf-like process.

Lamella: a thin plate or leaf-like structure.

Lamellate: antennae with the club formed of closely opposed leaf-like surfaces, the concealed surfaces set with sensory pits.

Lamellate: antennae with a club shape made up of closely aligned leaf-like surfaces, where the hidden surfaces contain sensory pits.

Lamellicornia: those beetles in which the antennae terminate in a lamellate or leaf-like club.

Lamellicornia: beetles whose antennae end in a flattened or leaf-shaped club.

Lamelliform: made up of or resembling leaves, blades or lamellae.

Lamelliform: consisting of or similar to leaves, blades, or thin layers.

Lamina -ae: a chitinous plate or plates.

Lamina -ae: a chitin plate or plates.

Lamina externa: the paraglossa.

Outer layer: the paraglossa.

Lamina interna: the ligula.

Inner layer: the ligula.

Lamina subgenitalis: the sub-genital plate; q.v.: in roaches the 7th ventral plate of females and 9th ventral plate of males.

Lamina subgenitalis: the sub-genital plate; see: in roaches the 7th ventral plate of females and 9th ventral plate of males.

Lamina supra-analis: = supra-anal plate.

Lamina supra-analis: = above-anal plate.

Laminate: formed of thin, flat layers or leaves.

Laminate: made up of thin, flat layers or sheets.

Laminato-carinate: with an elevated ridge or keel, formed of thin plates.

Laminato-carinate: with a raised ridge or keel, made up of thin plates.

Laminiform: layer-like: having the appearance or made up of lamina.

Laminiform: layer-like; having the look of or consisting of layers.

Lana: wool: the long hair on the abdomen of some Lepidoptera.

Lana: wool: the long hair found on the belly of certain moths and butterflies.

Lanate -atus: woolly: covered with dense, fine, long hairs, so distinct that they may be separated.

Lanate -atus: woolly: covered in thick, soft, long hairs that are so distinct they can be separated.

Lanceolate: lance- or spear-shaped: oblong and tapering to the end.

Lanceolate: shaped like a lance or spear; long and pointed at one end.

Lanceolate cell: in Hymenoptera (ort.); - 2d anal (Comst.).

Lanceolate cell: in Hymenoptera (order); - 2nd anal (Comst.).

Lancet: indiscriminately applied to any piercing mouth structure.

Lancet: used without distinction for any sharp mouth part.

Lanuginose -us: with long, curled hair dispersed over the surface: see crinitus.

Lanuginose -us: with long, curly hair spread across the surface: see crinitus.

Lanugo: slender single hairs.

Lanugo: fine single hairs.

Laparostict: that series of lamellicorn beetles in which the abdominal spiracles are situated on the connecting membrane between the dorsal and ventral rings.

Laparostict: a group of lamellicorn beetles where the abdominal spiracles are located on the membrane that connects the upper and lower rings.

Lapidicolous: living under deeply imbedded stones.

Lapidicolous: living under deeply embedded stones.

Larva: the second stage of insect development; comes from the egg or ovum, grows, and according to its kind, changes to a pupa or chrysalis or to an imago; bears various names in the different orders: see nymph; caterpillar slug; maggot; grub.

Larva: the second stage of insect development; it comes from the egg, grows, and depending on the type of insect, transforms into a pupa, chrysalis, or imago. It has different names in various orders: see nymph; caterpillar; slug; maggot; grub.

Larvarium: a tube or case made by a larva as a shelter or retreat.

Larvarium: a tube or case created by a larva for shelter or refuge.

Larvatae: asked; applied to coarctate and obtect pupae.

Larvatae: asked; used for coarctate and obtect pupae.

Larvina: a maggot: a dipterous larva without distinct head or legs.

Larvina: a maggot; a fly larva without a noticeable head or legs.

Larvule: applied to early stages of Ephemerid larvae when they appear to have no developed respiratory, circulatory or nervous systems.

Larvule: refers to the early stages of Ephemerid larvae when they seem to lack developed respiratory, circulatory, or nervous systems.

Lashed: eyes that have a more or less complete fringe of stiff hairs or bristles at the orbits.

Lashed: eyes that have a mostly full fringe of stiff hairs or bristles around the eyelids.

Lasureus: a very dark blue [French blue with some black].

Lasureus: a deep navy blue [French blue with a hint of black].

Laterad: toward the side and away from the median line.

Laterad: towards the side and away from the middle line.

Lateral: relating, pertaining or attached to the side.

Lateral: relating to, connected to, or positioned on the side.

Lateral areas: in Hymenoptera; on the metanotum, the three spaces between the median and lateral long carinae; the upper is the external or first lateral basal area; the second is the external or central lateral area; the third is the middle, internal, apical or third lateral area.

Lateral areas: in Hymenoptera; on the metanotum, the three spaces between the middle and side long ridges; the upper one is the outer or first lateral basal area; the second is the outer or central lateral area; the third is the middle, inner, apical or third lateral area.

Lateral bristles: in Diptera; situated at or near the lateral margins of the abdominal segments.

Lateral bristles: in Diptera; located at or near the side edges of the abdominal segments.

Lateral carinae: in Orthoptera; on the head, extend downward from the front margin of the eyes: on prothorax extend along each lateral margin of the dorsum.

Lateral carinae: in Orthoptera; on the head, they extend downward from the front edge of the eyes; on the prothorax, they run along each side margin of the upper surface.

Lateral foveolae: in Orthoptera: foveate depressions on the margins of the vertex near the front border of the eye.

Lateral foveolae: in Orthoptera: indentations on the edges of the vertex close to the front border of the eye.

Lateral line: in caterpillars is at the margin of the dorsum between sub-dorsal and supra-stigmatal line.

Lateral line: in caterpillars is located at the edge of the back between the sub-dorsal and supra-stigmatal lines.

Lateral lobe: of the labium in Odonata, corresponds to the paraglossa with palpiger and palpus (Gerstaecker) or, more probably, to the palpus alone (Butler).

Lateral lobe: in the labium of Odonata, corresponds to the paraglossa with palpiger and palpus (Gerstaecker) or, more likely, to the palpus alone (Butler).

Lateral lobes: the deflexed portions of pronotum that cover the sides of pro-thorax in many Orthoptera: in certain Hymenoptera, lie on each side of the parapsidal furrows of mesoscutum and = scapulae.

Lateral lobes: the bent parts of the pronotum that cover the sides of the pro-thorax in many grasshoppers and crickets; in some wasps, they are located on each side of the parapsidal furrows of the mesoscutum and scapulae.

Lateral longitudinal area: of Hymenoptera, extends between the median and pleural carinae of metanotum.

Lateral longitudinal area: of Hymenoptera, stretches between the median and pleural carinae of the metanotum.

Lateral ridge: in slug caterpillars, extends longitudinally along the lateral series of abdominal tubercles.

Lateral ridge: in slug caterpillars, runs lengthwise along the side series of abdominal tubercles.

Lateral scale: one of the lateral processes of the ovipositor in Cynipidae, lying within and below the anal scale.

Lateral scale: one of the side features of the ovipositor in Cynipidae, located inside and beneath the anal scale.

Lateral space: in slug caterpillars is the area on each side of the body between the subdorsal and lateral ridges.

Lateral sutures: of the thorax in Odonata, are situated on the sides of thorax, the first separating the metepisternum from the mesepimeron; the second separating the metepisternum from the metepimeron; the first more or less obsolete in the Anisoptera.

Lateral sutures: in the thorax of Odonata are located on the sides of the thorax. The first one separates the metepisternum from the mesepimeron, and the second separates the metepisternum from the metepimeron. The first is more or less faint in the Anisoptera.

Lateral tubercle: lateral on thoracic and abdominal segments of caterpillars: it is 3 of the abdomen, 2a of thorax: constant (Dyar).

Lateral tubercle: found on the sides of the thoracic and abdominal sections of caterpillars: it is 3 of the abdomen, 2a of the thorax: constant (Dyar).

Latericeous: = lateritius: q.v.

Latericeous: = lateritius: see above.

Lateritius: yellowish-red; yellowish brick color [pale clay yellow with a little red].

Lateritius: yellowish-red; a brick color that’s a pale clay yellow with a hint of red.

Laterodorsal: the point of junction of dorsum and pleurum.

Laterodorsal: where the back and side meet.

Lateropharyngeal: applied to the 4th pair of salivary glands in bees; situated on each side of the pharynx.

Lateropharyngeal: refers to the 4th pair of salivary glands in bees; located on either side of the pharynx.

Laterostigmatal: situated on the side, immediately above the spiracle.

Laterostigmatal: located on the side, right above the spiracle.

Lateroventral: the point of junction of sternum and pleurum.

Lateroventral: the connection point between the sternum and the pleura.

Latero-ventral metathoracic carina: in Odonata; forms the dividing line between the metepimera and the metasternum.

Latero-ventral metathoracic carina: in Dragonflies and Damselflies; it creates the boundary between the metepimera and the metasternum.

Latescent: becoming obscure or hidden.

Latescent: becoming unclear or hidden.

Latreille's segment: the first abdominal segment of those Hymenoptera in which it is fused with the thorax:= median segment, propodeon, propodeum.

Latreille's segment: the first abdominal segment of those Hymenoptera where it is fused with the thorax: median segment, propodeon, propodeum.

Latticed: = cancellate; q.v.

Latticed: = lattice; see also.

Latus: the side: broad.

Latus: the side: wide.

Latuscula: the facets of the compound eye.

Latuscula: the parts of the compound eye.

Leathery: having the appearance or texture of leather.

Leathery: having the look or feel of leather.

Lectotype: a co-type chosen, subsequently to the original description, to take the place which in other cases a holotype occupies.

Lectotype: a co-type selected after the original description to serve the role that a holotype typically plays in other cases.

Leg -s: the jointed appendages attached to the thoracic segments, used in walking: the organs of locomotion other than wings: unjointed organs of locomotion are pro-legs or false legs; q.v.

Leg -s: the jointed limbs connected to the thoracic sections, used for walking; the organs responsible for movement other than wings. Unjointed movement organs are prolegs or false legs; see also.

Legion: a group of genera, subequal to a tribe.

Legion: a collection of genera, equivalent to a tribe.

Legnum: the margin of a squama.

Legnum: the edge of a scale.

Lemniscate: ribbon-like: in the form of an 8.

Lemniscate: ribbon-like; shaped like an 8.

Lenticular: round, doubly convex; like a lens or lentil.

Lenticular: round and curved on both sides; similar to a lens or a lentil.

Lepidoptera: scale-winged: an order of insects with spirally coiled haustellate mouth structures; head free; thorax agglutinate; transformations complete four scale-covered wings.

Lepidoptera: scale-winged: an order of insects with spirally coiled sucking mouthparts; head separate; thorax fused; complete metamorphosis with four wings covered in scales.

Lepidopteric acid: a green pigment obtained from the wing scales of Lepidoptera; a derivative of uric acid: see Lepidotic acid.

Lepidopteric acid: a green pigment obtained from the wing scales of moths and butterflies; a derivative of uric acid: see Lepidotic acid.

Lepidopteron: a butterfly or moth: one of the Lepidoptera.

Lepidopteron: a butterfly or moth; a member of the Lepidoptera.

Lepidotic: set with minute scales.

Lepidotic: covered in tiny scales.

Lepidotic acid: a yellow pigment obtained from certain butterfly scales a derivative of uric acid: see Lepidopteric acid.

Lepidotic acid: a yellow pigment derived from certain butterfly scales, related to uric acid; see Lepidopteric acid.

Lepis: a scale.

Leprous: with loose, irregular scales.

Leprous: with loose, uneven scales.

Leptiform: = compodeiform; q.v.

Leptiform: = compodeiform; see also.

Leptos: small, fine.

Leptos: small, delicate.

Lethargic: torpid or inactive.

Lethargic: sluggish or inactive.

Leucine: a white crystalline compound, the product of animal decomposition, found in the malpighian tubes: as a color, cheesy white.

Leucine: a white crystalline substance produced from the breakdown of animals, found in the malpighian tubes: it appears as a cheesy white color.

Leucocytes: pale, unicellular bodies, numerous in the insect blood.

Leucocytes: pale, single-celled entities, abundant in insect blood.

Levator: a muscle that raises an organ or a part.

Levator: a muscle that lifts an organ or a part.

Levigate -us: with a smooth, somewhat shiny surface.

Levigate -us: with a smooth, slightly shiny surface.

Liber: free.

Ligament: a band or sheet of tough, fibrous tissue between two parts or segments.

Ligament: a band or sheet of strong, fibrous tissue connecting two parts or segments.

Ligneous -eus: wood brown [Vandyke brown].

Lignivorous: feeding upon wood or woody tissues.

Lignivorous: eating wood or woody tissues.

Ligula: the central sclerite of the labium, borne upon the mentum, usually single, sometimes paired: often used as synonymous with "glossa" and "tongue": corresponds to the united laciniae of right and left maxillae: see also elytral ligula.

Ligula: the main hardened part of the labium, found on the mentum, typically single, sometimes in pairs: often used interchangeably with "glossa" and "tongue": corresponds to the combined laciniae of the right and left maxillae: see also elytral ligula.

Ligulate: strap-shaped; linear, much longer than broad.

Ligulate: strap-shaped; long and narrow, significantly longer than wide.

Lilacinous: lilac-colored [lilac].

Lilac-colored

Limaciform: having the form of a Limax or slug; said of larvae.

Limaciform: having the shape of a Limax or slug; used to describe larvae.

Limb: the circumference: the area surrounding the disc.

Limb: the circle: the area around the disc.

Limbate: when a disc is surrounded by a margin of different color.

Limbate: when a disc is bordered by a margin of a different color.

Limbus: the area along the outer and posterior margin of wing beyond the closed cells; Homoptera, Cicada.

Limbus: the region along the outer and back edge of the wing beyond the closed cells; Homoptera, Cicada.

Limpid: clear and transparent: applied to wings and ornamentation.

Limpid: clear and transparent; used for wings and decoration.

Line: a narrow streak or stripe: as a term of measurement, one- twelfth of an inch; commonly used by English and early American authors.

Line: a thin streak or stripe; in terms of measurement, one-twelfth of an inch; frequently used by English and early American writers.

Linea: a line or narrow stripe.

Linea: a line or thin stripe.

Linear: straight; in the form of a right line.

Linear: straight; in the form of a straight line.

Lineate: marked with lines or streaks: lined.

Lineate: marked with lines or streaks; lined.

Lineolet: a delicate fine line.

Lineolet: a subtle fine line.

Lingua: the tongue; applied in Hymenoptera, to the ligula: in Lepidoptera and Diptera, to maxillary structures: has also been used for the hypopharynx, and that use might be adopted: a median organ of the hypopharynx in Apterygota.

Lingua: the tongue; used in Hymenoptera to refer to the ligula; in Lepidoptera and Diptera, it refers to maxillary structures; it has also been used for the hypopharynx, and that usage might be accepted: a central organ of the hypopharynx in Apterygota.

Lingua spiralis: the spiral tongue of Lepidoptera: see glossa.

Spiral Tongue: the spiral tongue of butterflies and moths: see glossa.

Linguiform: tongue-shaped: linear, with the extremities obtusely rounded.

Linguiform: shaped like a tongue; linear with the ends rounded off.

Lingula: in Aleurodidae, a more or less slender tongue or strap-shaped organ, attached cephalad within the vasiform orifice: a term proposed by Leuckart for the ligula of the bees.

Lingula: in Aleurodidae, a more or less slender tongue or strap-shaped structure, attached at the front inside the vasiform opening: a term suggested by Leuckart for the ligula of bees.

Lipochromus: without color.

Lipochromus: colorless.

Lipoptera: = Mallophaga; q.v.

Lipoptera: = Mallophaga; see above.

Literate: ornamented with characters like letters.

Literate: decorated with symbols like letters.

Littoral: living along the sea-coast or in the shore debris: strictly, between tide marks.

Littoral: living along the coastline or in the shoreline debris: specifically, between the tide marks.

Littoralia: Heteroptera that live in marshes.

Littoralia: Bugs that live in marshes.

Litura: an indistinct spot, paler at its margin.

Litura: a blurry spot, lighter at its edge.

Livid: yellowish gray with a violet tinge: greenish gray.

Livid: yellowish-gray with a hint of violet: greenish-gray.

Lobate -us: divided by deep, undulating and successive incisions.

Lobate -us: split by deep, wavy, and continuous cuts.

Lobe: any prominent rounded process or excrescence on a margin: specifically, the rounded, tooth-like processes on the margin of the pygidium of the Diaspinae: also applied to lateral expansions of the abdominal segments.

Lobe: any noticeable rounded projection or growth on a margin; specifically, the rounded, tooth-like projections on the edge of the pygidium of the Diaspinae; also refers to the outward expansions of the abdominal segments.

Lobes: of the maxilla; see galea (outer) and lacinia (inner): of the mentum in Coleoptera, are the lateral expansions shielding the base of the central organs.

Lobes: of the maxilla; see galea (outer) and lacinia (inner): of the mentum in beetles, are the side extensions protecting the base of the central organs.

Lobes of pronotum: in Orthoptera; the spaces or areas formed by three transverse impressions on the pronotum: that which borders the head is the anterior lobe, the hindmost is the posterior lobe, those intervening are the middle lobes.

Lobes of pronotum: in Orthoptera; the sections or areas created by three horizontal indentations on the pronotum: the one adjacent to the head is the anterior lobe, the one at the back is the posterior lobe, and the ones in between are the middle lobes.

Lobiform: shaped like a lobe or rounded process.

Lobiform: shaped like a lobe or a round part.

Lobulate: divided into, or with many small lobes or lobules.

Lobulate: divided into, or having several small lobes or lobules.

Lobule: in Coccidae, one of the two distinct parts of which a lobe is sometimes composed.

Lobule: in Coccidae, one of the two separate parts that a lobe is occasionally made up of.

Lobulus: the partly separated portion of the wings of some flies and of secondaries in some Hymenoptera: also used as = alula; q.v.

Lobulus: the partially separated part of the wings of some flies and of the second wings in some Hymenoptera; also used as = alula; see also.

Lobus: of maxilla = galea; q.v.

Lobus: of maxilla = galley; see also.

Locomotion: organs of, are legs and wings.

Locomotion: the organs for this are legs and wings.

Longicorn -ia: having the antennae as long or longer than the body; specifically the Cerambycid beetles.

Longicorn -ia: having antennae that are as long as or longer than the body; specifically referring to the Cerambycid beetles.

Longitudinal: in the direction of the long axis.

Longitudinal: along the length.

Longitudinal veins: are those that extend lengthwise through the wing either directly from base or as branches of one that does start there: they are named or numbered, and differently in the different orders.

Longitudinal veins: are those that run along the length of the wing, either starting directly from the base or as branches of a vein that does start there. They are named or numbered and vary across different orders.

Loop: applied to that structure at base of innerside of primaries into which the frenulum of male moths is fitted: see retinaculum.

Loop: applied to the structure at the base of the inner side of primaries where the frenulum of male moths fits: see retinaculum.

Looper: applied to geometrid and other caterpillars in which some or all the middle abdominal legs are wanting and which move by bringing tail to thorax and forming a loop of the intervening segments.

Looper: refers to geometrid and other caterpillars that lack some or all of the middle abdominal legs and move by bringing their tail to their thorax, creating a loop with the segments in between.

Lora: the chitinous bands connecting the submentum with the cardo of maxilla (Comst.): the submentum: small cords upon which the base of the proboscis is seated (Say): the anterior part of the genae at the edge of the mouth: the corneous processes to which the muscles flexing the mouth in certain Diptera are attached, and in that sense the palpifer of the maxilla: in Homoptera, the small sclerite at side of clypeus and front, extending laterally to the genae.

Lora: the tough bands connecting the submentum with the cardo of the maxilla (Comst.): the submentum: small cords where the base of the proboscis rests (Say): the front part of the genae at the mouth's edge: the hard structures to which the muscles that move the mouth in certain Diptera are attached, which is also known as the palpifer of the maxilla: in Homoptera, the small sclerite on the side of the clypeus and forehead, extending outwards to the genae.

Lorum: in bees: the angular piece upon which the sub-mentum rests.

Lorum: in bees: the angular part where the sub-mentum sits.

Lower austral zone: occupies southern part of United States from Chesapeake Bay to the great interior valley of California. Is interrupted by the continental divide in eastern Arizona and west New Mexico and divided according to conditions of humidity into an eastern or Austroriparian and western or lower Sonoran area.

Lower austral zone: covers the southern part of the United States from Chesapeake Bay to the great interior valley of California. It is interrupted by the continental divide in eastern Arizona and western New Mexico and is divided based on humidity levels into an eastern or Austroriparian area and a western or lower Sonoran area.

Lower field: in termini; see costal field.

Lower field: in technical terms; see costal field.

Lower fronto-orbital bristles: in Diptera: are on the lower part of front, above the antennae, along the orbit.

Lower fronto-orbital bristles: in Diptera, these are located on the lower part of the front, above the antennae, along the orbit.

Lower margin: of tegmina (Thomas), is the costal or anterior margin of other authors.

Lower margin: of tegmina (Thomas), is the costal or front margin according to other authors.

Lower radial vein: in Lepidoptera (Holland) media 2 (Comst.).

Lower radial vein: in butterflies (Holland) media 2 (Comst.).

Lower sector of triangle: in Odonata - = cubitus 2 (Comst.).

Lower section of triangle: in Odonata - = cubitus 2 (Comst.).

Lower Sonoran faunal area: comprises the most arid deserts of North America, beginning west of lat. 98 degrees in Texas: sends narrow arms into southern New Mexico, is interrupted by the Continental Divide; covers a large part of w. and s. Ariz., s. w. Nev., s. w. Calif., a portion of central Calif., and most of Lower Calif. These areas are irregular and incapable of brief definition.

Lower Sonoran faunal area: includes the driest deserts in North America, starting west of latitude 98 degrees in Texas; extends into southern New Mexico, but is interrupted by the Continental Divide; encompasses a significant portion of western and southern Arizona, southwestern Nevada, southwestern California, a part of central California, and most of Baja California. These regions are irregular and not easily defined.

Lubricate -ous: covered with a slippery mucus.

Lubricate -ous: covered with a slick mucus.

Lucid: shining; applied to luminous insects.

Lucid: bright; used to describe glowing insects.

Luciferase: a substance in the nature of an enzyme, existing in the luminous organs of light-giving beetles.

Luciferase: a substance similar to an enzyme, found in the glowing organs of bioluminescent beetles.

Luciferine: a substance in the blood of luminous beetles which, when brought into contact with luciferase, produces light.

Luciferine: a substance found in the blood of glowing beetles that produces light when it interacts with luciferase.

Luciferous: light giving.

Luciferous: light-giving.

Lucifugous: fleeing the light: applied to nocturnal forms or those that live in concealment.

Lucifugous: escaping the light; refers to night-active creatures or those that hide away.

Lumen: the cavity of an organ: the inner surface of a tube: the hollow portion of a gland or vesicular structure.

Lumen: the space inside an organ; the inner surface of a tube; the hollow part of a gland or vesicular structure.

Luminescence: applied to the light of fire-flies, as a substitute for phosphorescence.

Luminescence: used to describe the light produced by fireflies, as an alternative to phosphorescence.

Lumper: one who, in describing species or genera recognizes only prominent or obvious characters to the exclusion of minor color or variable characters of maculation or structure: see splitter.

Lumper: a person who classifies species or genera based only on the most noticeable or distinct features, ignoring less obvious characteristics related to color, patterns, or structural variations: see splitter.

Lunaris or Lunate: crescent-shaped: formed like a new moon.

Lunaris or Lunate: crescent-shaped: shaped like a new moon.

Lunula: a small lunule or crescent.

Lunula: a tiny crescent shape.

Lunulae: in Hymenoptera, crescent-shaped marks near the orbits.

Lunulae: in Hymenoptera, crescent-shaped marks near the eye sockets.

Lunulate: a line, when made up of a series of small lunules.

Lunulate: a line that consists of a series of small crescent shapes.

Lunule: a lunate mark or crescent.

Lunule: a crescent-shaped mark or a small moon-like shape.

Lurid -us: dirty brown with a bluish tinge [pale brown + a little French blue]: also used to indicate an obscuring of bright colors.

Lurid -us: dark brown with a bluish hue [light brown + a bit of French blue]: also used to describe a dulling of bright colors.

Luteo -testaceous: dark clay yellow.

Luteous -eus: clay yellow [pale clay yellow].

Luteous -eus: pale yellow [light clay yellow].

Lutescent: becoming or appearing to be clay yellow.

Lutescent: turning or looking clay yellow.

Lutose -us: apparently or really covered with dirt.

Lutose -us: seemingly or actually covered in dirt.

Lymphatic: producing, carrying or relating to the lymph.

Lymphatic: producing, carrying, or related to lymph.

Lyrate: lyre-shaped: cut into several transverse segments, and gradually enlarging towards the extremity.

Lyrate: shaped like a lyre; divided into several cross sections that gradually widen towards the end.

Lyre: the upper wall or border of the spinning tube of caterpillars.

Lyre: the upper wall or edge of the spinning tube made by caterpillars.

Macrochaetae: the long bristles occurring singly on the body of Diptera.

Macrochaetae: the long bristles that appear individually on the body of flies.

Macropterous: long or large winged.

Macropterous: large-winged.

Macrosomites: the primitive regions of primitive hand of the insect embryo.

Macrosomites: the basic areas of the early structure of the insect embryo's hand.

Macula: a colored mark larger than a spot; of indeterminate figure.

Macula: a colored mark bigger than a spot; of uncertain shape.

Maculate -ed: spotted or marked with figures of any shape, of a color different from the ground.

Maculate -ed: spotted or marked with shapes of any kind, in a color different from the background.

Maculation: the ornamentation or pattern of marking.

Maculation: the decoration or design of markings.

Maculose: spotted; with many marks or spots.

Maculose: marked by many spots or blotches.

Maerianum: "that segment of the post-pectus situate one on each side behind the acetabulum and parapleurum; it supports the posterior feet": see meriaeum.

Maerianum: "the part of the body behind the ribs, located on each side behind the hip joint and side fins; it supports the back legs": see meriaeum.

Magenta: pinkish red; an aniline product.

Magenta: a pinkish-red color; made from aniline.

Magis: more.

Maggot: applied to the footless larvae of Diptera.

Maggot: refers to the legless larvae of flies.

Mala: a lobe: a ridged or grinding surface.

Mala: a lobe: a surface that is ridged or rough.

Mala mandibularis: the grinding surface or area of a mandible.

Mala mandibularis: the grinding surface or area of a jawbone.

Mala maxillae: the globes of maxilla; outer or galea, inner or lacinia; where only one is present, the term refers to that one.

Mala maxillae: the parts of the maxilla; outside or galea, inside or lacinia; if only one is present, the term refers to that one.

Malaxation: a kneading or softening; applied to the chewing and squeezing by fossorial wasps of insects captured as food for their larva.

Malaxation: the process of kneading or softening; refers to the chewing and squeezing done by burrowing wasps on insects they capture as food for their larvae.

Male: that sex having organs for the production of spermatozoa: designated by "?", the astronomical sign for Mars. {Scanner's comment: The sign for Mars being an diagonal arrow rising from a circle, and pointing upwards towards the right.}

Male: the gender with organs that produce sperm: represented by "?", the astrological symbol for Mars. {Scanner's comment: The symbol for Mars is a diagonal arrow rising from a circle and pointing upwards to the right.}

Mallophaga: wool-eaters: an ordinal term applied to biting lice: wingless: mandibulate; thoracic segments similar; no metamorphosis: =Lipoptera.

Mallophaga: wool-eaters: a term used for biting lice: they have no wings: have chewing mouthparts; their body segments are similar; there's no metamorphosis: =Lipoptera.

Malpighian tubules: long, slender tubules, varying in number, serving as excretory organs, entering the alimentary canal at the point of junction of chylific ventricle and ileum: said to be analogous with kidneys: = biliary vessels.

Malpighian tubules: long, thin tubes, varying in number, that function as excretory organs, connecting to the digestive system at the junction of the chylific ventricle and ileum; considered similar to kidneys; = biliary vessels.

Mammilate: with nipple-like protuberances or processes.

Mammilate: having nipple-like bumps or projections.

Mandible: the lateral upper jaws of a biting insect.

Mandible: the side upper jaws of a biting insect.

Mandibular strobe: a broad deep groove on outer side of mandible in some Coleoptera.

Mandibular strobe: a wide, deep groove on the outer side of the mandible in some beetles.

Mandibular segment: the fourth or mandible bearing segment of head.

Mandibular segment: the fourth segment of the head that bears the mandible.

Mandibulata: that series of insects in which the adults have functional mandibles used for biting.

Mandibulata: this group of insects where the adults have working mandibles that are used for biting.

Mandibulate: with jaws or mandibles.

Mandibulate: with jaws or mouthparts.

Manicate -us: fur-like: surface clothed with irregular depressed hair.

Manicate -us: fur-like: a surface covered with uneven, depressed hair.

Manitrunk: that part of trunk that bears the anterior legs: =prothorax.

Manitrunk: the section of the trunk that supports the front legs; also known as the prothorax.

Manometabola: with a slight or gradual metamorphosis and without a resting stage; e.g. the Orthoptera.

Manometabola: featuring a minor or gradual change in form and lacking a resting stage; for example, the Orthoptera.

Manubrium: in Coleoptera: that part of the mesosternum in Elateridae which forms the process for fitting into the cavity of the prothorax: in Collembola the basal part of the furculum.

Manubrium: in beetles: that section of the middle sternum in click beetles that creates the structure for fitting into the space of the prothorax; in springtails, the base part of the furcula.

Manus: the hand: formerly applied to the anterior tarsus.

Manus: the hand; previously referred to the front part of the tarsus.

Marbled: irregularly mottled, gray and white, like marble; = marmoratus.

Marbled: unevenly mixed gray and white, resembling marble; = marmoratus.

Marcescent: shrivelling.

Marcescent: wilting.

Margaritaceous: shining, like mother of pearl = nacreous; q.v.

Margaritaceous: shining, like mother of pearl = nacreous; see above.

Margin: that portion of a surface within the edge, bounded on the inner side by the sub-margin and consisting of a more or less dilated imaginary line.

Margin: the area of a surface within the edge, bordered on the inner side by the sub-margin and made up of a somewhat expanded imaginary line.

Marginal: of, belonging to, or near the margin.

Marginal: relating to or located at the edge or border.

Marginal area: in Orthoptera; see mediastinal area.

Marginal area: in grasshoppers and crickets; see mediastinal area.

Marginal bristles: in Diptera; are inserted on the posterior margin of the abdominal segment.

Marginal bristles: in Diptera; are located on the back edge of the abdominal segment.

Marginal cell: in Diptera (Williston):= subcostal (Shiner):= radial (Comst.): in Hymenoptera:= radial and 2 (Comst.): in general that cell beyond the stigma.

Marginal cell: in Diptera (Williston):= subcostal (Shiner):= radial (Comst.): in Hymenoptera:= radial and 2 (Comst.): in general, that cell located beyond the stigma.

Marginal field: in tegmina = costal field: q.v.

Marginal field: in wings = costal field: see above.

Marginal nervure or vein: in Orthoptera, = costa (Comst.): in Hymenoptera (Norton) = radius 3 (Comst.): in general, the vein forming the marginal cell.

Marginal nervure or vein: in Orthoptera, = costa (Comst.); in Hymenoptera (Norton) = radius 3 (Comst.); in general, the vein that forms the marginal cell.

Margined -ated: bounded by an elevated or attenuated margin: when the margin is edged by a flat border.

Margined -ated: surrounded by a raised or thinner margin: when the margin has a flat border along its edge.

Marmorate -us: spots and lines irregularly disposed, as in marble: marbled. Mask: in the nymphs of Odonata, the modified labium which, when at rest, conceals the other mouth parts.

Marmorate -us: spots and lines arranged irregularly, like in marble: marbled. Mask: in the nymphs of Odonata, the changed labium that, when not in use, hides the other mouth parts.

Masticate: to chew.

Masticatory: formed for chewing or grinding; applied to the mouth parts and to the grinding structures in the gizzard.

Masticatory: designed for chewing or grinding; related to the mouth parts and the grinding features in the gizzard.

Mastigium -ia: telescopic anal organs in certain caterpillars, serving to repel attacks of parasites.

Mastigium -ia: telescopic anal organs in some caterpillars that help defend against parasite attacks.

Matrix: the formative substance from which cells and other structures are derived.

Matrix: the basic material that cells and other structures come from.

Maxilla: without any qualifying adjective, the second pair of jaws in a mandibulate insect; the most persistent when the mouth is modified, and represented by some functional part in all insects in which the mouth structures are useful: second maxillae, = the labium, or third pair of jaws in a mandibulate insect.

Maxilla: without any descriptive adjective, the second pair of jaws in a jawed insect; the most enduring when the mouth is altered, and represented by some functional part in all insects where the mouth structures are useful: second maxillae = the labium, or third pair of jaws in a jawed insect.

Maxillary: attached or belonging to the maxilla; e.g. palpi.

Maxillary: attached to or associated with the maxilla; for example, palpi.

Maxillary palpi: the first pair of palpi, borne on the maxilla.

Maxillary palpi: the first pair of palps located on the maxilla.

Maxillary pleurites: the lateral pieces, epimera and episterna of the maxillary segment.

Maxillary pleurites: the side parts, epimera and episterna of the maxillary section.

Maxillary segment: the sixth segment of the head, bearing the maxillae.

Maxillary segment: the sixth section of the head, featuring the upper jawbones.

Maxillary tendons: two slender rods in basal third of the muscid proboscis the remnant of the palpifer, to which muscles for flexing the proboscis are attached: see lora.

Maxillary tendons: two thin rods in the basal third of the muscid proboscis, remnants of the palpifer, to which muscles for bending the proboscis are attached: see lora.

Maxillary tentacle: in female Pronuba: a specialized process of palpifer.

Maxillary tentacle: in female Pronuba: a specialized part of the palpifer.

Maxillulae: a pair of appendages in Thysanurids, between mandibles and first maxillae.

Maxillulae: a pair of appendages in Thysanurids, located between the mandibles and the first maxillae.

Maxime: very much or very large.

Mealy: with a flour-like dusting: = farinose.

Mealy: covered in a floury dust: = farinose.

Mecaptera: = Mecoptera, q.v.

Mecaptera: = Mecoptera, see also.

Meconium: the substance excreted by certain metabolic insects soon after their emergence from the chrysalis or pupa.

Meconium: the substance released by certain metabolic insects shortly after they emerge from the chrysalis or pupa.

Mecoptera: long-winged: neuropterous insects with similar, large, unfolded wings; mouth mandibulate, prolonged into a beak: head free; thorax agglutinated; transformations complete: the scorpion flies or Panorpidae. Medi-: prefix, = middle.

Mecoptera: long-winged: neuropteran insects with large, open wings; mouth parts are jaw-like, extended into a beak; head is separate; thorax fused; complete metamorphosis: including scorpion flies or Panorpidae. Medi-: prefix, = middle.

Media: the fourth of the longitudinal veins extending from base through approximately the middle of the wing, not more than four branched, the branches numbered on margin from nearest apex, to 4 nearest anal angle: in Orthoptera; it is the median or externomedian: in Lepidoptera (Pack.), is cubitus (Comst.).

Media: the fourth of the long veins running from the base to about the middle of the wing, with no more than four branches. The branches are numbered along the edge starting from the closest apex to 4 nearest the anal angle: in Orthoptera, it's the median or externomedian; in Lepidoptera (Pack.), it's cubitus (Comst.).

Mediad: toward the median plane or middle.

Mediad: toward the middle or center.

Mediafurca: a process extending internally from the meso-sternum, to which the muscles are attached.

Mediafurca: a structure that extends internally from the meso-sternum, where the muscles are connected.

Medial: referring to, or at the middle.

Medial: relating to, or situated in the middle.

Medial cells: (Comst.), are anteriorly bounded by the media or its branches: in Hymenoptera (Mort.), includes median and cubital (Comst.)

Medial cells: (Comst.), are located at the front and bordered by the media or its branches: in Hymenoptera (Mort.), this includes the median and cubital (Comst.)

Medial cross-vein: (Comst.), is between media 2 and 3.

Medial cross-vein: (Comst.), is located between media 2 and 3.

Median 1: in Lepidoptera (Pack.), = media 2 (Comst.).

Median 2: in Lepidoptera (Pack.), = media 3 (Comst.).

Median 4: in Lepidoptera ( Pack.), = cubitus 2 (Comst.).

Median 4: in butterflies and moths (Pack.), = cubitus 2 (Comst.).

Median area: of wings in Orthoptera, lies between the radial and ulnar veins, radius and media (Comst.): of meta-thorax of Hymenoptera, is the middle of the dorsum, divided into three spaces or cells; 1st or basal area, 2d or Lipper median or areola; 3d or apical or petiolar area.

Median area: in the wings of Orthoptera, is located between the radial and ulnar veins, radius and media (Comst.); in the meta-thorax of Hymenoptera, it refers to the middle of the back, divided into three sections or cells: 1st or basal area, 2nd or Lipper median or areola; 3rd or apical or petiolar area.

Median carina: Orthoptera; of head, is usually applied to a median dorsal carina, but has been also used for that which extends down the middle of front from the fastigium, and then = frontal costa: of prothorax, extends along the middle of pronotum.

Median carina: Orthoptera; of the head, this term typically refers to a median dorsal carina, but it has also been used to describe one that runs down the center of the front from the fastigium, and then = frontal costa: of the prothorax, it runs along the center of the pronotum.

Median cell: in Lepidoptera, is the closed area formed by a line extending from the end of subcostal to the end of the median veins, = radial (Comst.): in Hymenoptera, 1st median (Pack.), = medial (Comst.); 2d median (Pack.), - medial 4 (Comst.); 3d median (Pack.), = medial 2 (Comst.); 4th median (Pack.), = medial 1 (Comst.).

Median cell: in Lepidoptera, this refers to the enclosed space created by a line stretching from the end of the subcostal vein to the end of the median veins. In Hymenoptera, the 1st median (Pack.) is referred to as the medial (Comst.); the 2nd median (Pack.) is the medial 4 (Comst.); the 3rd median (Pack.) is the medial 2 (Comst.); and the 4th median (Pack.) is the medial 1 (Comst.).

Median cross-veins: in Odonata; are those which cross median space.

Median cross-veins: in Odonata; are those that cross the median space.

Median foveola: in Orthoptera; the foveate depression of the vertex between the eyes: = central foveola.

Median foveola: in Orthoptera; the depressed area on the top of the head between the eyes: = central foveola.

Median forks: in Orthoptera, refers to the forks of the median vein.

Median forks: in Orthoptera, refers to the splits in the median vein.

Median furrow: lies between radius and media: in some Heteroptera, separates the embolium from the remainder of the corium.

Median furrow: lies between the radius and the media; in some Heteroptera, it separates the embolium from the rest of the corium.

Median lines: on the primaries of many moths: the first or t.a. crosses about one-third from base; the second or t.p. crosses beyond the outer third and is usually sinuate.

Median lines: on the primaries of many moths: the first or t.a. crosses about one-third from the base; the second or t.p. crosses beyond the outer third and is usually curved.

Median lobe: of labium in Odonata, is the partly divided glossa or ligula; probably corresponds to united glossa and paraglossae (Butler).

Median lobe: in the labium of Odonata, it is the partially divided glossa or ligula; likely corresponds to the combined glossa and paraglossae (Butler).

Median longitudinal carinae: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, extend one on each side of the middle.

Median longitudinal carinae: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, there is one extending on each side of the center.

Median nervules: in Lepidoptera (Holland)1st = cubitus 2 (Comst.): 2d cubitus 1 (Comst.); 3d = media 3 (Comst.).

Median nervules: in butterflies (Holland) 1st = cubitus 2 (Comst.): 2nd cubitus 1 (Comst.); 3rd = media 3 (Comst.).

Median notch: in Coccidae, a notch in the edge of the pygidium, at the posterior extremity of the body.

Median notch: in Coccidae, a notch on the edge of the pygidium, located at the back end of the body.

Median plate: in Hymenoptera := sessiliventres, is the dorsal plate connecting the thorax and abdomen.

Median plate: in Hymenoptera := sessiliventres, is the upper plate that links the thorax and abdomen.

Median sector: in Odonata, = media 3 (Comst.).

Median sector: in dragonflies, = media 3 (Comst.).

Median segment: applied to the basal segment of the abdomen when it forms part of the metathorax: see propodeum.

Median segment: refers to the basal segment of the abdomen when it is part of the metathorax: see propodeum.

Median shade or line: in Lepidoptera, crosses at or about middle of wings.

Median shade or line: in butterflies and moths, it crosses at or near the middle of the wings.

Median space: in Lepidoptera, is the area between the median lines: in Odonata, the cubital cell (Comst.); the space at base between submedian (radius) and postcosta (st anal); by Selys in 1896 and later used in the sense of medial cell of Comst.

Median space: in Lepidoptera, it's the area between the median lines; in Odonata, the cubital cell (Comst.); the space at the base between the submedian (radius) and postcosta (st anal); defined by Selys in 1896 and later used to refer to the medial cell of Comst.

Median vein: in Odonata and Lepidoptera, = radius (Comst.): in Lepidoptera, it runs from base to about middle, nearly through centre, and is four or five branched: in Hymenoptera, it is the 3d from costal margin.

Median vein: in dragonflies and butterflies, it equals the radius (Comst.): in butterflies, it extends from the base to about the middle, nearly through the center, and has four or five branches: in wasps and bees, it is the third vein from the costal margin.

Mediastinal: relating to the longitudinal median line or area.

Mediastinal: related to the central line or area in the chest.

Mediastinal area: in Orthoptera, the area between median or mediastinal vein and the costal or front margin: = marginal area.

Mediastinal area: in Orthoptera, the space between the median or mediastinal vein and the costal or front margin: = marginal area.

Mediastinal vein: in Orthoptera and Diptera, = suhcosta (Comst.): also, in Diptera, = auxiliary vein (Meigen).

Mediastinal vein: in Orthoptera and Diptera, it's equal to the suhcosta (Comst.); also, in Diptera, it's referred to as the auxiliary vein (Meigen).

Medio-eubital cross-vein: between media 4 and cubitus, connecting the two series (Comst.).

Medio-eubital cross-vein: located between media 4 and cubitus, linking the two series (Comst.).

Medio-ventral line: in caterpillars, extends along middle of under side.

Medio-ventral line: in caterpillars, runs along the center of the underside.

Medipectus: the under side of meta-thorax: the mesosternum.

Medipectus: the underside of the middle part of the thorax: the mesosternum.

Mediproboscis: the middle third of the flexed proboscis of muscid flies.

Mediproboscis: the middle section of the bent proboscis of house flies.

Medi-thorax: =mesothorax; q.v.

Medi-thorax: =mesothorax; see also.

Medius: middle.

Medius: middle.

Mega- Megalo-: large.

Mega- Megalo-: huge.

Melanic: with a blackish suffusion.

Melanic: with a blackish tint.

Melanism: an abnormal or unusual darkening: a suffusion with blackish.

Melanism: an unusual or abnormal darkening; an infusion of black.

Mellifera: honey-makers: applied to bees as a whole.

Mellifera: honey-makers: a term used for bees collectively.

Melliferous: honey-producing, or producers of honey.

Melliferous: producing honey, or those that make honey.

Mellisugous: honey-sucking: a feeder on honey.

Mellisugous: honey-sucking; an animal that feeds on honey.

Member: any one of the external appendages.

Member: any of the outer limbs.

Membranaceous: thin, skin-like, semi-transparent, like parchment: of a thin, pliable texture.

Membranaceous: thin, skin-like, semi-transparent, resembling parchment; having a thin, flexible texture.

Membrana retinens: the stretched part of the membrane around the rectum of butterfly larvae, used in the change to the chrysalis.

Membrana retinens: the stretched part of the membrane around the rectum of butterfly larvae, used in the transition to the chrysalis.

Membrane -ana: any thin, transparent, flexible body tissue: specifically the wing tissue between the veins: in Heteroptera, the thin membranous tip of the hemelytra.

Membrane -ana: any thin, clear, flexible body tissue; specifically, the wing tissue between the veins: in Heteroptera, the thin membranous tip of the hemelytra.

Membranous or eous: composed of membrane or skin-like tissue.

Membranous or eous: made of membrane or skin-like tissue.

Membranule: the small opaque expansion at base of wings in Odonata.

Membranule: the small, opaque extension at the base of wings in dragonflies and damselflies.

Meniscoidal: with one side concave the other convex, like a round segment from a hollow sphere.

Meniscoidal: one side is curved inward and the other is curved outward, similar to a rounded piece taken from a hollow sphere.

Menognatha: insects in which both young and adults feed by mandibles; e.g. the Orthoptera: see menorhyncha and metagnatha.

Menognatha: insects where both the young and adults feed using their mandibles; for example, the Orthoptera: see menorhyncha and metagnatha.

Menorhyncha: forms in which both young and adult take food by suction e.g. Hemiptera: see metognatha and metagnatha.

Menorhyncha: types in which both the young and the adults feed by sucking, e.g. Hemiptera: see metognatha and metagnatha.

Mental suture: in Coleoptera, the line between mentum and gula.

Mental suture: in beetles, the line between the mentum and the gula.

Mentigerous: bearing or having a mentum.

Mentigerous: having or featuring a mentum.

Mentum: a labial sclerite bearing the movable parts; attached to and sometimes fused with the sub-mentum; corresponds to the (united) stipes of maxillae: in Coleoptera, what is usually called mentum is really submentum: in Diptera, the term is applied to the posterior oral margin: in Hymenoptera, is part of "tongue," the second joint bearing the labial palpi, paraglossae and ligula.

Mentum: a labial sclerite that supports the movable parts; connected to and sometimes fused with the sub-mentum; equivalent to the (combined) stipes of maxillae: in beetles (Coleoptera), what is commonly referred to as mentum is actually submentum: in flies (Diptera), the term refers to the back edge of the mouth: in wasps and bees (Hymenoptera), it's part of the "tongue," with the second segment supporting the labial palpi, paraglossae, and ligula.

Merdivorous: feeding upon dung or excrement: see scatophagous.

Merdivorous: feeding on dung or waste; see scatophagous.

Meriaeum: the posterior inflected part of the metasternum in Coleoptera.

Meriaeum: the back part of the metasternum in beetles.

Meroistic: ovaries that secrete yolk or vitellaginous cells as well as ova.

Meroistic: ovaries that produce yolk or vitellogenic cells along with eggs.

Mesad: extending or directed toward the median plane.

Mesad: extending or directed toward the middle plane.

Mesal: pertaining to, situated on or in the median plane of the body.

Mesal: related to, located on or in the middle plane of the body.

Mesenchym: that portion of the mesoderm that produces the connective tissues of the body.

Mesenchyme: the part of the mesoderm that creates the body's connective tissues.

Mesenteron: the mid-gut, stomach or chylific ventricle: the middle portion of the primitive intestinal canal, lined with entoderm.

Mesenteron: the mid-gut, stomach, or chylific ventricle: the central part of the original intestinal tube, lined with endoderm.

Mesepimeron: in Odonata: the sclerite between humeral and first lateral suture.

Mesepimeron: in Odonata: the hard structure located between the humeral and the first lateral suture.

Mesepisterna: in Odonata,- the oblique lateral pieces of mesothorax, meeting dorsally in a ridge.

Mesepisterna: in Odonata, the diagonal side parts of the mesothorax that come together on top to form a ridge.

Mesially: at or to the middle.

Mesially: at or towards the middle.

Mesinfraepisternum: a sclerite formed between propleuron, mesepisternum, mesepimeron and second coxa.

Mesinfraepisternum: a hardened piece located between the propleuron, mesepisternum, mesepimeron, and the second coxa.

Meso: middle: as prefix, drops the o when stem begins with a vowel.

Meso: middle: as a prefix, drops the "o" when the stem starts with a vowel.

Mesoblast: the middles germ layer of the embryos: = mesoderm.

Mesoblast: the middle germ layer of embryos: = mesoderm.

Mesoderm:= mesoblast: gives rise to muscular and circulatory systems.

Mesoderm:= mesoblast: leads to the development of muscle and circulatory systems.

Mesodont::= amphiodont: q.v.

Mesodont::= amphiodont: see also.

Mesomeros: the 2d to 5th abdominal segments in Lepidoptera.

Mesomeros: the 2nd to 5th abdominal segments in Lepidoptera.

Meson: the middle plane of the body.

Meson: the central plane of the body.

Mesonotum: the primitively upper surface of the 2d or middle thoracic ring.

Mesonotum: the originally upper surface of the second or middle thoracic ring.

Mesophragma: an internal prolongation of the metapraescutum, affording attachment to some of the wing muscles.

Mesophragma: an internal extension of the metapraescutum that provides attachment for some of the wing muscles.

Mesopleura: in Diptera, the space before the root of the wing between the dorso- and sternopleural sutures: in Hymenoptera, the piece below the insertion of the wings.

Mesopleura: in flies, the area before the base of the wing between the upper and lower pleural sutures; in wasps and bees, the section below where the wings attach.

Mesopleural bristles: in Diptera, are inserted in the angle formed by the dorso-pleural and meso-pleural sutures.

Mesopleural bristles: in Diptera, are located in the corner created by the dorsal-pleural and meso-pleural seams.

Mesopleural suture: in Diptera, runs from the root of the wings downward and separates the meso-pleura from the pteropleura.

Mesopleural suture: in Diptera, extends from the base of the wings downward and separates the meso-pleura from the pteropleura.

Mesopleuron: the lateral surface of the meta-thorax.

Mesopleuron: the side surface of the meta-thorax.

Mesosternal cavity: in Elateridae, the opening into which the prosternal spine or mucro is fitted.

Mesosternal cavity: in Elateridae, the opening where the prosternal spine or mucro fits.

Mesosternal epimera: in Coleoptera; the narrow pieces separating the meta-sternal from the meta-sternal episterna.

Mesosternal epimera: in beetles; the narrow sections that separate the meta-sternal from the meta-sternal episterna.

Mesosternal episterna: Coleoptera; on each side of mesosternum between anterior border and epimera; generally separated by a distinct suture.

Mesosternal episterna: Beetles; located on each side of the mesosternum between the front edge and the epimera; usually separated by a clear line.

Mesosternal lobes: in Orthoptera; = mesosternellum, q.v.

Mesosternal lobes: in Orthoptera; = mesosternellum, see above.

Mesosternellum: in Orthoptera, two median lobes of the mesosternum, one on each side of the deep median notch: in general, the sternellum of the mesothorax.

Mesosternellum: in Orthoptera, two middle lobes of the mesosternum, one on each side of the deep center notch: generally, the sternellum of the mesothorax.

Mesosternum: the underside or breast of the meta-thorax.

Mesosternum: the bottom or front of the meta-thorax.

Mesostethidium: = meso-thorax: q.v.

Mesostethidium: = mid-thorax: see above.

Mesostethium: the middle piece of the underside of meta-thorax, between the middle and hind legs.

Mesostethium: the part in the middle of the underside of the meta-thorax, located between the middle and hind legs.

Mesostigma: in Odonata, the spiracles of second thoracic segment.

Mesostigma: in dragonflies and damselflies, the breathing openings of the second thoracic segment.

Mesosulcus: a central longitudinal furrow of mesosternum in Hymenoptera.

Mesosulcus: a central long groove of the mesosternum in Hymenoptera.

Mesotarsus: the tarsus of the middle leg.

Mesotarsus: the ankle of the middle leg.

Mesothoracotheca: the pupal covering of the meso-thorax.

Mesothoracotheca: the pupal covering of the mid-thorax.

Mesothorax: the second or middle thoracic ring; bears the middle legs and the anterior wings.

Mesothorax: the second or middle section of the thorax; supports the middle legs and the front wings.

Mesotergum: = mesonotum; q.v.

Mesotergum: = mesonotum; see also.

Meta-: posterior: used as a prefix to designate the third thoracic ring and its parts.

Meta-: posterior: used as a prefix to refer to the third thoracic ring and its components.

Metablastic: relating to the ecto- or meta-blast or ectoderm.

Metablastic: related to the ecto- or meta-blast or ectoderm.

Metabola: insects with a complete metamorphosis in which the larva does not resemble the adult, and the pupa is quiescent.

Metabola: insects that undergo complete metamorphosis where the larva looks completely different from the adult, and the pupa is inactive.

Metabolism: is transformation: the whole process or series of changes of food into tissue and cell-substance and of these latter into waste products the first of these changes being anabolic, the second katabolic.

Metabolism: is transformation: the entire process or series of changes of food into tissue and cell substance, and of these into waste products, with the first of these changes being anabolic and the second katabolic.

Metabolous: undergoing metamorphosis or transformation.

Metabolous: going through metamorphosis or transformation.

Metacoxal plate: in Coccinellidae, that portion of the first ventral segment included above the ventral lines visible on that segment.

Metacoxal plate: in Coccinellidae, the part of the first ventral segment that's located above the visible ventral lines on that segment.

Metagnatha: insects which feed with jaws when young and by suction, with tubular mouths when mature; e.g. the Lepidoptera: see menognatha and menorhyncha.

Metagnatha: insects that eat with jaws when they are young and use suction through tubular mouths when they are adults; e.g. the Lepidoptera: see menognatha and menorhyncha.

Metagonia: the hind or anal angle of a wing.

Metagonia: the back or rear angle of a wing.

Metallic: having the appearance of metal: applied to a surface or color.

Metallic: looks like metal; used to describe a surface or color.

Metaloma: the sutural or inner margin of primaries.

Metaloma: the inner edge of the primary feathers.

Metamere: a segment, somite or athromere.

Metamere: a segment, somite, or arthromere.

Metameric: made up of segments or metameres.

Metameric: composed of segments or metameres.

Metamerism: the arrangement in metameres.

Metamerism: arrangement in metameres.

Metameros: in Lepidoptera. the 6th to 8th abdominal segments.

Metameros: in butterflies and moths, the 6th to 8th abdominal segments.

Metamorphosis: is that series of changes through which an insect passes in its growth from egg through larva and pupa to adult: it is complete when the pupa is inactive and does not feed; incomplete when there is no pupa or when the pupa is active and feeds.

Metamorphosis: is the series of changes an insect goes through as it grows from egg to larva to pupa and finally to adult. It is complete when the pupa is inactive and doesn't feed; it's incomplete when there is no pupa or when the pupa is active and feeds.

Metamorphosis dimidio: an incomplete transformation.

Metamorphosis dimidio: a partial transformation.

Metamorphosis perfecta: a complete transformation.

Metamorphosis perfecta: a total transformation.

Metanotum: the primitively upper surface of the third or posterior thoracic ring: in Diptera, the oval arched portion behind, beneath the scutellum best developed in flies with long, slender abdomen: e.g. Tipulidae.

Metanotum: the original upper surface of the third or back thoracic ring; in Diptera, the oval, curved section located behind and beneath the scutellum, which is best developed in flies with long, slim abdomens, such as Tipulidae.

Metaphragma: the hindmost internal thoracic septum.

Metaphragma: the back part of the internal thoracic wall.

Metapleura: in Diptera, a swollen space at the outside of the metanotum, between it, the pteropleura and the hypopleura; in Hymenoptera, the piece behind and below the insertion of the hind wings.

Metapleura: in Diptera, a swollen area on the outside of the metanotum, situated between it, the pteropleura, and the hypopleura; in Hymenoptera, the section located behind and below where the hind wings are attached.

Metapleural bristles: in Diptera, are inserted in the metapleura.

Metapleural bristles: in Diptera, are located in the metapleura.

Metapneustic: larva, chiefly dipterous, in which the spiracles are confined to the posterior segment.

Metapneustic: a larva, mainly of the fly family, where the breathing holes are located only in the back segment.

Metapnystega: that circular area of metanotum behind the postscutellum.

Metapnystega: that circular area of the metanotum located behind the postscutellum.

Metapodeon: the abdomen behind the podeon or petiole in Hymenoptera.

Metapodeon: the section of the abdomen located behind the podeon or petiole in Hymenoptera.

Metasternal: relating or attached to the metasternum.

Metasternal: relating to or connected with the metasternum.

Metasternal epimera: small sclerite separating the metasternal episterna from the ventral segments.

Metasternal epimera: a small hard plate that separates the metasternal episterna from the lower segments.

Metasternal episterna: sclerite situated on each side of the metasternum, immediately behind the mesosternum epimera.

Metasternal episterna: a hard plate located on each side of the metasternum, directly behind the mesosternum epimera.

Metasternellum: the sternellum of the metathorax.

Metasternellum: the sternellum of the back part of the thorax.

Metasternum: the underside or breast of the metathorax.

Metasternum: the bottom side or chest area of the metathorax.

Meta-stethidium: = meta-thorax; q.v.

Meta-stethidium: = meta-thorax; see above.

Metastigma: in Odonata, the spiracles of third thoracic segment.

Metastigma: in dragonflies and damselflies, the breathing openings on the third segment of the thorax.

Metastoma: in Orthoptera:= hypopharynx: q.v.

Metastoma: in Orthoptera = hypopharynx: see also.

Metatarsus: applied to basal joint of tarsus, where that differs greatly in length or otherwise from the other joints: see sarothrum.

Metatarsus: refers to the base joint of the tarsus, where it significantly differs in length or other characteristics from the other joints: see sarothrum.

Metatergum: = metanotum; q.v.

Metatergum: = metanotum; see also.

Metathoracotheca: the pupal covering of the meta-thorax.

Metathoracotheca: the protective layer surrounding the meta-thorax during the pupal stage.

Metathorax: the third thoracic ring or segment; bears the hind legs and second pair of wings; variably distinct; sometimes closely united with the mesothorax and sometimes appearing as a portion of the abdomen.

Metathorax: the third thoracic ring or segment; it supports the hind legs and the second pair of wings; it can be quite distinct; at times, it's closely connected to the mesothorax and sometimes looks like part of the abdomen.

Metatype: is a specimen named by the author after comparison with the type; according to some, it should be also a topotype.

Metatype: is a specimen named by the author after comparing it with the type; according to some, it should also be a topotype.

Metazona: in Orthoptera, the dorsal surface of the prothorax behind the principal sulcus.

Metazona: in grasshoppers and crickets, the upper part of the prothorax located behind the main groove.

Metepimeron: in Odonata, lies behind the second lateral suture and extends ventrally to the sternum.

Metepimeron: in Odonata, it is located behind the second lateral suture and extends downward to the sternum.

Metepisternum: in Odonata, is the sclerite between the first and second lateral thoracic sutures.

Metepisternum: in dragonflies and damselflies, it's the hard part located between the first and second lateral thoracic sutures.

Meter: the standard of length in the metric system = 39.37 inches: see centimeter and millimeter.

Meter: the standard unit of length in the metric system = 39.37 inches: see centimeter and millimeter.

Meticulose -us: is a maculation in the form of a series of colored flames.

Meticulose -us: is a marking that looks like a series of colored flames.

Metinfraepisternum: in Odonata; the sclerite just above base of 3d coxa; below metepisternum and before metepimeron.

Metinfraepisternum: in Odonata; the sclerite located just above the base of the 3rd coxa; below the metepisternum and in front of the metepimeron.

Metochy: the relation borne to ants by the tolerated guests in ant- hills; demanding nothing from and giving nothing to the ants; see symphily and synecthry.

Metochy: the relationship that tolerated guests have with ants in ant hills; they don’t ask for anything from the ants and don’t give anything to them; see symphily and synecthry.

Metopidium: the anterior declivous surface of prothorax in Membracidae.

Metopidium: the front sloping surface of the prothorax in Membracidae.

Micans: shining: also a surface of which only parts are shining.

Micans: shiny; also refers to a surface where only certain parts are shiny.

Microchaetae: small bristles, as opposed to macrochaetae, in Diptera.

Microchaetae: small bristles, as opposed to macrochaetae, in flies.

Microergates: the dwarf workers among ants.

Microergates: the small worker ants.

Micron: the unit of microscopic measurement = 001 mm.: represented by the symbol µ: the symbol µµ represents .001 of a micron. {Scanner's note: the µµ notation would no longer be valid.}

Micron: the unit of microscopic measurement = 0.001 mm. represented by the symbol µ: the symbol µµ represents 0.001 of a micron. {Scanner's note: the µµ notation would no longer be valid.}

Micropterous: small winged.

Micropterous: tiny winged.

Micropterism: the tendency to produce small wings; applied to a line of variation.

Micropterism: the tendency to develop small wings; related to a specific line of variation.

Micropyles: minute openings in the egg, through which spermatozoa enter.

Micropyles: tiny openings in the egg that allow sperm to enter.

Microsomites: small secondary rings or somites of the macrosomites in the embryo, which afterward become the body segments.

Microsomites: small secondary rings or somites of the macrosomites in the embryo, which later develop into the body segments.

Microthorax: a supposed thoracic ring between the head and prothorax.

Microthorax: an assumed thoracic ring between the head and the prothorax.

Middle apical area: = internal area; q.v.

Middle apical area: = inner area; see above.

Middle field: = discoidal field; q.v.

Middle field: = disc-shaped field; see above.

Middle lobes: of pronotum in Orthoptera; see lobes.

Middle lobes: the pronotum in grasshoppers and crickets; see lobes.

Middle pleural area: in Hymenoptera; the median of the three areas between lateral and pleural carinae: = 2d pleural area.

Middle pleural area: in Hymenoptera; the middle of the three areas between the lateral and pleural carinae: = 2d pleural area.

Mid-dorsal thoracic Carina: a ridge or elevated line at the meeting of the mesepisterna in Odonata.

Mid-dorsal thoracic Carina: a raised line or ridge where the mesepisterna meet in dragonflies and damselflies.

Mid-gut: the chylific ventricle with the caecal glands, tubes or pouches.

Mid-gut: the chylific ventricle along with the cecal glands, tubes, or pouches.

Mid-intestine: = mid-gut.

Mid-gut.

Migrants: applied to that brood of plant lice which flies from one to an alternate food plant: any forms that fly from the place where they were born for food or other purposes.

Migrants: refers to that group of plant lice which moves from one food plant to another: any forms that leave their birthplace in search of food or other needs.

MM.: = Millimeter: .001 meter = .039 of an inch: roughly 25 mm. are counted to an inch in measuring insects. {Scanner's comment: modern usage is lower case. So: mm.}

mm.: = millimeter: .001 meter = .039 of an inch: roughly 25 mm are counted to an inch when measuring insects. {Scanner's comment: modern usage is lower case. So: mm.}

Mimetic: when a species mimics or resembles another or some other object in appearance; but not in structure and other characters.

Mimetic: when a species looks like or resembles another species or some other object in appearance, but not in structure or other characteristics.

Mimicry: strictly, the resemblance of one animal to another not closely related animal, living in the same locality; often loosely used to denote also resemblance to plants and inanimate objects: Batesian mimicry is where one of two similar species is distasteful (so-called model), the other not distasteful (so-called mimic);

Mimicry: specifically, the similarity of one animal to another that isn't closely related and lives in the same area; it's often informally used to refer to similarities with plants and non-living things as well: Batesian mimicry occurs when one of two similar species is unappealing (the so-called model), while the other is not unappealing (the so-called mimic);

Müllerian mimicry is where both species are distasteful.

Müllerian mimicry is when both species are unappealing.

Mines: applied to galleries or burrows between upper and under surface of leaf tissue, when made by larvae: they are linear, when they are narrow and only a little winding; serpentine, when they are curved or coiled, becoming gradually larger to a head-like end: trumpet- mines, when they start small and enlarge rapidly at tip; blotch mines, when they are irregular blotches tentiform, when the blotch mines throw the leaf into a fold on one side.

Mines: refer to the tunnels or burrows created by larvae between the upper and lower layers of leaf tissue. They are linear when they are narrow and slightly winding; serpentine when they are curved or coiled, gradually increasing in size to a head-like end; trumpet mines when they begin small and expand quickly at the tip; and blotch mines when they appear as irregular blotches. Tentiform mines occur when the blotch mines cause the leaf to fold on one side.

Miniate -us: of the color of red lead [vermilion with a slight admixture of dragon's blood].

Miniate -us: a shade of red lead [vermilion mixed with a little dragon's blood].

Mirror: in Cicada; see specular membrane.

Mirror: in Cicada; see reflective surface.

Mitosoma: the middle piece of a developing spermatozoon.

Mitosoma: the middle part of a developing sperm cell.

Mobile: movable: having the power of motion.

Mobile: able to move; having the ability to move around.

Model: see mimicry.

Model: see imitation.

Modioliform: globular, truncated at both ends; like the hub of a wheel.

Modioliform: round, cut off at both ends; like the center of a wheel.

Mola or Molar: the ridged or roughened grinding surface of the mandible: when the mandible is compound, the molar corresponds to the subgalea of maxilla.

Mola or Molar: the bumpy or rough grinding surface of the lower jaw: when the lower jaw is made up of multiple parts, the molar matches the subgalea of the upper jaw.

Monarsenous: that kind of union where one male suffices for many females.

Monarsenous: a type of relationship in which one male is enough for multiple females.

Moniliform: beaded like a necklace.

Moniliform: necklace-like beads.

Monochromatic: of one color throughout.

Monochromatic: one color only.

Monodactyle: with a single movable claw which closes on the tip of the other leg structures as in some parasitica.

Monodactyle: having one movable claw that closes against the tip of the other leg structures, similar to some parasitica.

Monodomous: ants in which each colony has one nest only.

Monodomous: ants where each colony has just one nest.

Monoecious: when both sexual elements or glands exist in one individual.

Monoecious: when both male and female reproductive organs are present in a single individual.

Monogamous: a union where a female is fertilized by one male only.

Monogamous: a relationship where a female is fertilized by just one male.

Monomeri: insects with one-jointed tarsi.

Monomeri: insects with single-jointed tarsi.

Monomorphic: species of which only one sex (female) is known to exist.

Monomorphic: a species where only one sex (female) is known to exist.

Monophagous: insects feeding upon only one species or genus of plants.

Monophagous: insects that feed exclusively on one species or genus of plants.

Monothelious: a union where one female is fecundated by many males.

Monothelious: a type of relationship where one female is fertilized by multiple males.

Monotrocha -ous: Hymenoptera in which the trochanters are single: having legs in which the trochanter is one-jointed.

Monotrocha -ous: Hymenoptera with a single trochanter; having legs where the trochanter is one-jointed.

Monotypical: a genus described from a single species, no other being known; or described from a single specified species with which are associated others believed to be identical in structure: see isotypical and heterotypical.

Monotypical: a genus defined by a single species, with no other known examples; or defined by one specific species alongside others thought to be structurally identical: see isotypical and heterotypical.

Moult: a period in the transformation when the larva changes from one instar to another: the cast skin of a larva that has moulted.

Moult: a stage in the transformation when the larva shifts from one instar to another: the shed skin of a larva that has moulted.

Mouth: the anterior opening into the alimentary canal, where the feeding structures are situated and in which the food is prepared for ingestion.

Mouth: the front opening of the digestive system, where the feeding parts are located and where food is readied for eating.

Mouth-parts: a collective name including labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium and appendages = trophi.

Mouth parts: a general term that includes the labrum, mandibles, maxillae, labium, and appendages = trophi.

Mucoreus: mouldy: a surface covered with small, fringe-like processes.

Mucoreus: moldy: a surface covered with small, fringe-like projections.

Mucro: a long, straight or curved process terminating in a point: the pro-sternal process in Elateridae: the terminal spine or process of an obtect pupa: "the median posterior point of the epigastrium when differentiated by elevation."

Mucro: a long, straight or curved structure that ends in a point: the pro-sternal process in Elateridae: the final spine or structure of an obtect pupa: "the median posterior point of the epigastrium when distinguished by elevation."

Mucronate: terminated in a sharp point.

Mucronate: ending in a sharp point.

Mucrones: in Collembola the two small end pieces of the furcula, proceeding from the dentes.

Mucrones: in Collembola, the two small end parts of the furcula, coming from the dentes.

Mullerian association: a group of species belonging to different genera, often different families or even orders, having similar colors, possessing more or less distasteful qualities and living in the same locality.

Mullerian association: a group of species from different genera, often from different families or even orders, that share similar colors, have somewhat unpleasant traits, and live in the same area.

Muller's thread: the common terminal thread of all the ovarian tubes.

Muller's thread: the shared terminal thread of all the ovarian tubes.

Multangulate: with many angles.

Multangulate: with multiple angles.

Multi-: many; used as a prefix, often without the i.

Multiarticulate: with many joints or segments.

Multiarticulate: having many joints or sections.

Multilocular: with many large cells, spaces or cavities.

Multilocular: containing many large cells, spaces, or cavities.

Multipartite: divided into many parts.

Multipartite: split into multiple parts.

Multiplicate: with many longitudinal folds or lines of plication.

Multiplicate: having numerous long folds or lines of pleating.

Multispinose: with many spines.

Multispinose: having many spines.

Mumia: the pupa.

Mumia: the larva.

Munite -us: armed; provided with an armature.

Munite -us: equipped; supplied with armor.

Muricate -us: armed with sharp, rigid points.

Muricate -us: equipped with sharp, stiff points.

Murinus: mouse colored [gray with some yellow].

Murinus: mouse-colored [gray with a hint of yellow].

Mushroom bodies: two stalked, mushroom-like bodies arising from procerebral lobes; supposed to be the seat of insect intelligence.

Mushroom bodies: two stalked, mushroom-shaped structures that come from the procerebral lobes; believed to be the center of insect intelligence.

Muscle: the fleshy fibres of the insect body that serve to move the appendages and other body organs.

Muscle: the fleshy fibers in the insect's body that work to move the limbs and other body parts.

Mute: silent: without power to produce audible sound.

Mute: silent; unable to make any sound.

Mutic -us: unarmed: lacking processes where such usually occur.

Mutic -us: unarmed: lacking features where they typically appear.

Mutici: Acridiids without a posternal spines.

Mutici: Grasshoppers without spines on the back of their necks.

Mutilate -us: cut off: mutilated: abbreviated: not complete.

Mutilate -us: to cut off: mutilated: shortened: not whole.

Mycetophagous: feeding upon fungi.

Fungi-eating.

Myiasis: disease or injury caused by the attack of dipterous larvae.

Myiasis: a disease or injury caused by the infestation of fly larvae.

Myoblast: a cell that produces muscular tissue.

Myoblast: a cell that creates muscle tissue.

Myrmecology: that branch of entomology that deals with ants.

Myrmecology: the part of entomology that focuses on ants.

Myrmecophilous: ant-loving: applied to insects that live in ant nests.

Myrmecophilous: ant-loving; a term used for insects that live in ant nests.

Mystacine -us: bcarded: with a hairy fringe above mouth or on clypeus.

Mystacine -us: characterized by a hairy fringe above the mouth or on the front part of the head.

Mystax: in Diptera; a patch of hair or bristles above the mouth, on the lower part of the hypostoma above the vibrissae.

Mystax: in Diptera; a clump of hair or bristles above the mouth, on the lower part of the hypostoma above the vibrissae.

Mytiliform: shell-like; as the middle feet in some aquatic Hemiptera.

Mytiliform: shell-shaped; like the middle legs in some aquatic Hemiptera.

Nacreous: pearly: resembling mother of pearl := margaritaceous.

Iridescent: pearly: looking like mother of pearl := margaritaceous.

Nail: a tarsal claw: specifically the stout pointed claws in predatory Heteroptera = unguis.

Nail: a tarsal claw; specifically, the strong pointed claws found in predatory Heteroptera = unguis.

Naked: not clothed: lacking vestiture: a pupa when not inclosed in a cocoon or other covering.

Naked: not wearing clothes: without covering: a pupa when not inside a cocoon or any other covering.

Nasal suture: =clypeal suture; q.v.

Nasal suture: =clypeal suture; see also.

Nasus: anterior termination of the face in certain Hymenoptera: the clypeus or a modification of it: in Odonata, the upper portion of the clypeus = supra-clypeus = postclypeus.

Nasus: the front part of the face in certain Hymenoptera; the clypeus or a modified version of it. In Odonata, the upper part of the clypeus = supra-clypeus = postclypeus.

Nasuti: that type of termite soldiers that have the head prolonged into a point.

Nasuti: a type of termite soldier that has an elongated, pointed head.

Natatorial -ions: formed for swimming.

Swimming -ions: formed for swimming.

Navicular: boat-shaped = cymbiform.

Navicular: boat-shaped = cymbiform.

Neanic: referring to the pupal stage.

Nearctic: temperate and arctic North America, including Greenland.

Nebula: a cloud: a vague, indefined, dusky shading.

Nebula: a cloud; an indistinct, undefined, dim shade.

Nebulous -ose: cloudy: without definite form or outline.

Nebulous -ose: unclear: lacking a definite shape or outline.

Neck: the slender connecting structure between head and thorax of such insects as have the head free: any contraction of the head at its juncture with the thorax.

Neck: the narrow link between the head and thorax in insects with a separate head; any narrowing of the head where it meets the thorax.

Necrophagous: living in or on carrion.

Necrophagous: living in or on dead animals.

Nectaries: honey-tubes, cornicles, siphuncles; q.v.

Nectaries: honey tubes, cornicles, siphuncles; see also.

Nematid: thread-like.

Nematid: thread-like organism.

Nematocera: = nemocera; q. A.

Nematocerous: with long, thread-like antenna.

Nematocerous: with long, thin antennae.

Nemocera: Diptera with long, at least six-jointed antennae.

Nemocera: A type of Diptera with long, at least six-segmented antennae.

Nemoglossata: bees with a thread-like tongue.

Nemoglossata: bees with a slender tongue.

Nemoricolous: living in open, sunny woods.

Nemoricolous: living in open, sunny forests.

Neogeic: belonging to the Western Hemisphere or New World: see gerontogeic.

Neogeic: related to the Western Hemisphere or New World; see gerontogeic.

Neolepidoptera: all haustellate Lepidoptera, except the generalized Micropterygidae; mandibles not functionally present; pupa incomplete or obtect: see paleolepidoptera and protolepidoptera.

Neolepidoptera: all haustellate Lepidoptera, except for the generalized Micropterygidae; mandibles are not functionally present; pupa is either incomplete or obtect: see paleolepidoptera and protolepidoptera.

Neoteinic: applied to complemental females in Termites because, though reproductive, they retain some juvenile characters.

Neotenic: used for female termites that, while capable of reproduction, still show some juvenile traits.

Neotropical: that part of the earth's surface embraced in the greater part of Mexico, West Indies and South America.

Neotropical: the area of the earth's surface that includes most of Mexico, the West Indies, and South America.

Neotype: a specimen identified with a species already described, and selected as a standard of reference where the original type or co-types are lost or destroyed.

Neotype: a specimen associated with a species that has already been described, chosen as a reference standard when the original type or co-types are lost or destroyed.

Nephridia: tubular structures functioning as kidneys in Annelids, Mollusks, etc. and incorrectly used as = malpighian tubules; q.v.

Nephridia: tube-like structures that act as kidneys in Annelids, Mollusks, and others, and mistakenly referred to as malpighian tubules; see above.

Nepionic: that stage of development immediately succeeding the embryonic; proposed as a substitute for larval.

Nepionic: the stage of development right after the embryonic phase; suggested as a replacement for larval.

Nerinaeum: a ventral thoracic sclerite between the metasternum and posterior coxa in some Coleoptera.

Nerinaeum: a ventral thoracic plate located between the metasternum and the back coxa in some beetles.

Nerve: a thread-like structure, composed of delicate filaments whose function it is to transmit sensations or stimuli to or from a ganglion or from or to any part of the body or its appendages.

Nerve: a thread-like structure made up of delicate fibers that transmit sensations or signals to or from a ganglion or to and from any part of the body or its appendages.

Nerves: sometimes used to = veins, in wing structures.

Nerves: sometimes used to mean veins, in wing structures.

Nervi: belonging or referring to the nerves.

Nervi: related to or concerning the nerves.

Nervulation: arrangement of the nerves: specifically applied to the arrangement of the chitinous framework of wings and thus= venation; q.v. Nervules or Nervures: the rod or vein-like structures supporting the membranes of wings and = veins and veinlets; q.v.

Nervulation: the arrangement of nerves; specifically, it refers to the structure of the chitin framework in wings, also known as venation; see also Nervules or Nervures: the rod or vein-like structures that support the membranes of wings, including veins and veinlets; see also.

Nervuration: = nervulation and venation: q.v.

Nervuration: = nervulation and venation: see above.

Neural canal: an incomplete tunnel on the floor of meso- and metathorax, formed by fusion of apodemes, serving for the reception and protection of the ventral nerve cord and for the attachment of muscles.

Neural canal: an unfinished tunnel on the bottom of the meso- and metathorax, created by the fusion of apodemes, that provides support and protection for the ventral nerve cord and allows for muscle attachment.

Neural groove: is that furrow in the primitive layer of the embryo in which the nerve cord is formed.

Neural groove: is the indentation in the early layer of the embryo where the nerve cord develops.

Neuration: = venation; q.v.

Neuration: = vein structure; see also.

Neurilemma: the external sheath of a nerve fibre.

Neurilemma: the outer covering of a nerve fiber.

Neuroblast: the large cell in the early embryo, from which the nervous system develops.

Neuroblast: the large cell in the early embryo that gives rise to the nervous system.

Neuromere: that part of a body segment pertaining to the nervous system.

Neuromere: the section of a body segment related to the nervous system.

Neuroptera: nerve-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects with four net-veined wings; mouth mandibulate: head free: thorax loosely agglutinated; metamorphosis complete: in its older use, the term applied to all net-veined insects irrespective of metamorphosis or thoracic structure.

Neuroptera: nerve-winged: a term used for insects with four wings that have a net-like vein structure; they have a biting mouth; the head is not fused; the thorax is loosely connected; they undergo complete metamorphosis. In earlier usage, this term included all insects with net-veined wings, regardless of their metamorphosis or thoracic structure.

Neuropteroidea: like the Neuroptera in the wide sense; applied to those living insects included by Linnaeus in his Neuroptera; also to those extinct forms which have a general resemblance to them.

Neuropteroidea: similar to Neuroptera in a broad sense; used to refer to the living insects classified by Linnaeus in his Neuroptera; as well as to those extinct species that share a general resemblance to them.

Neurospongium: a granular matrix in the periopticon of the insect eye.

Neurospongium: a grainy structure in the surrounding area of the insect eye.

Neuter: the term applied to workers or undeveloped females in some Hymenoptera: indicated by * or *, an imperfect form of Venus sign.{Scanner's comment: I have no characters to represent the symbols. One is like the normal female (Venus) sign, but with no cross stroke on the downward stroke. The other is the symbol for Mercury or of Hermaphroditus, like a Venus sign crowned with crescent horns.}

Neuter: the term used for workers or underdeveloped females in some Hymenoptera, represented by * or *, which are imperfect versions of the Venus sign.{Scanner's comment: I have no characters to represent the symbols. One looks like the standard female (Venus) sign but lacks the cross on the downward stroke. The other symbolizes Mercury or Hermaphroditus, resembling a Venus sign adorned with crescent horns.}

Nidificate: to nest: applied when eggs are placed in a prepared receptaculum.

Nidificate: to nest: used when eggs are placed in a prepared container.

Niger: black.

Nigricans: black, tinged with gray.

Nigricans: black with gray tint.

Nits: the eggs of sucking lice; specifically when attached to a hair: in general, though rarely, applied in the singular to an egg.

Nits: the eggs of sucking lice; specifically when attached to a hair: generally, though rarely, used in the singular to refer to an egg.

Nitidus: shining: applied to a highly polished, smooth surface.

Nitidus: shiny; used to describe a very polished, smooth surface.

Niveous -eus: snowy white.

Niveous -eus: snow white.

Nocturnal: species that fly or are active at night.

Nocturnal: species that fly or are active during the night.

Nodal furrow: in Odonata; a transverse suture, beginning at a point in costal margin corresponding to the nodus, and extending toward inner margin.

Nodal furrow: in Odonata; a horizontal seam that starts at a spot on the leading edge corresponding to the nodus and extends toward the inner edge.

Nodal sector: in Odonata; = media 2 (Comst.): arises from upper sector of arculus near nodus and extends to outer margin.

Nodal sector: in Odonata; = media 2 (Comst.): originates from the upper sector of the arculus near the nodus and extends to the outer margin.

Node: a knot or knob: in the plural refers to the small segment or segment between thorax and main portion of abdomen in ants.

Node: a knot or knob; in the plural, it refers to the small segment or section between the thorax and main part of the abdomen in ants.

Nodiform: in the form of a knot or knob.

Nodiform: shaped like a knot or knob.

Nodicorn: with antennae that have the apex of each joint swollen.

Nodicorn: with antennae that have the tips of each joint enlarged.

Nodose -us: knotted or with knots; a body with one or more knotted parts a sculpture with almost isolated knots.

Nodose -us: knotted or having knots; a body with one or more knotted sections, a sculpture featuring nearly isolated knots.

Nodule: a little knot, lump or node.

Nodule: a small bump, lump, or node.

Nodulose -us -ate: with small nodes or nodules: a surface sculpture of knots or links, connected by an undulating line.

Nodulose -us -ate: having small nodes or nodules; a surface design of knots or links linked by a wavy line.

Nodus: in Odonata; a stout, oblique, short vein at the place where the anterior margin of the wings is sometimes drawn in.

Nodus: in Odonata; a thick, slanted, short vein located at the point where the front edge of the wings is occasionally pulled in.

Nopalry: a plantation of cacti for raising cochineal insects.

Nopalry: a farm of cacti for breeding cochineal insects.

Normal: of the usual form or type: not out of the ordinary.

Normal: the standard form or type; not unusual.

Notate: marked by spots: with a series of depressed marks as a sculpture.

Notate: marked with spots; featuring a series of indentations like a sculpture.

Notched: indented, cut or nicked; usually a margin.

Notched: indented, cut, or marked; typically a margin.

Notocephalon: in some aquatic Hemiptera, that part of the head which is apparent from a dorsal aspect.

Notocephalon: in some water-dwelling Hemiptera, that part of the head that can be seen from the top.

Notodont: with toothed backs: applied to a series of moths whose larvae are more or less conspicuously humped on dorsal surface.

Notodont: with jagged backs; used for a group of moths whose larvae are noticeably humped on their backs.

Notopleural suture: = dorso-pleural suture; q.v.

Notopleural suture: = back-side suture; see above.

Nototheca: that part of the pupa covering upper surface of abdomen.

Nototheca: the section of the pupa that covers the upper surface of the abdomen.

Notum: the dorsal or upper part of a segment: = tergum.

Notum: the upper part of a segment; = tergum.

Nucha: the upper surface of the neck connecting head and thorax.

Nucha: the top part of the neck that connects the head and torso.

Nucleate: with, or having a nucleus.

Nucleate: containing a nucleus.

Nucleolus: the small portion of matter in the nucleus most readily affected by staining fluids.

Nucleolus: the small part of the nucleus that is most easily impacted by staining solutions.

Nucleus: a well-defined, differentiated, round or oval body imbedded in the cell contents.

Nucleus: a distinct, specialized, round or oval structure embedded in the cell's contents.

Nude -us: naked: a surface devoid of hair, scales or other vestiture.

Nude -us: naked: a surface without hair, scales, or any other covering.

Nuditas: = nudity.

Nudity: the state of being naked or bare of vestiture.

Nudity: the condition of being without clothes or covering.

Nurses: worker ants or worker bees which care for the eggs, larvae and pupae, but do not forage, the latter function being taken up later, when nursing is given up.

Nurses: worker ants or worker bees that take care of the eggs, larvae, and pupae, but do not gather food; that role is taken on later when nursing stops.

Nutant: nodding; the tip bent toward the horizon.

Nutant: nodding; the tip tilted toward the horizon.

Nutritive chamber: an enlarged section of ovarian tube, filled with granular nutritive material used in developing the egg cells.

Nutritive chamber: a larger part of the ovarian tube, filled with granular nutrient material used in developing the egg cells.

Nymph: the larval stage of insects with incomplete metamorphosis: applies also to their pupal stage, and sometimes used as = pupa.

Nymph: the larval stage of insects that undergo incomplete metamorphosis; this term also refers to their pupal stage and is sometimes used interchangeably with = pupa.

Nympha inclusa: = coarctate pupa; q.v.

Nympha inclusa: = constricted pupa; see also.

Nymphipara: applied to insects that bear living young in an advanced stage of development: see also pupipara.

Nymphipara: refers to insects that give birth to live young that are already well-developed: see also pupipara.

Ob-: as a prefix, means inversely.

Ob-: as a prefix, means the opposite.

Obconic: conic, with the apex pointing downward.

Obconic: cone-shaped, with the point facing downwards.

Obcordate: inversely heart-shaped, with the point applied to the base of another object or part.

Obcordate: shaped like an upside-down heart, with the pointed end touching the base of another object or part.

Obese -us: unnaturally distended: usually applied to the abdomen.

Obese -us: unnaturally swollen; typically used to describe the abdomen.

Oblate: flattened; applied to a spheroid of which the diameter is shortened at two opposite ends.

Oblate: flattened; refers to a sphere that has been compressed at two opposite ends, creating a spheroid shape.

Oblique: any direction between perpendicular and horizontal.

Oblique: any angle that is between vertical and horizontal.

Oblique vein: in Odonata; an apparent cross-vein situated between M2 and Rs, distal to the level of the nodus and inclined obliquely, from its front end, backward and outward; in reality the basal part of Rs.

Oblique vein: in Odonata; a visible cross-vein located between M2 and Rs, positioned distal to the nodus level and angled obliquely, from its front end, backward and outward; in reality, it’s the base part of Rs.

Obliterate: nearly washed out; indistinct.

Obliterate: almost faded; unclear.

Oblong: longer than broad.

Oblong: longer than wide.

Obovate: inversely egg-shaped; the narrow end downward.

Obovate: shaped like an egg but inverted; the narrow end is at the bottom.

Obpyriform: inversely pearshaped.

Obpyriform: upside-down pear-shaped.

Obscure: not readily seen: not well defined.

Obscure: not easy to see; not clearly defined.

Obsite-us: a surface covered with equal scales or other bodies.

Obsite-us: a surface covered with uniform scales or other materials.

Obsolete: nearly or entirely lost: inconspicuous.

Obsolete: almost or completely gone; not easily noticeable.

Obtect: wrapped in a hard covering.

Obtect: covered in a tough shell.

Obtected: applied to pupae when they are covered with a chitinous case which confines and conceals all appendages, though their outlines may be marked on the surface: see free, and coarctate.

Obtected: used for pupae that are enclosed in a chitinous shell that hides and confines all their appendages, even though their shapes might be visible on the surface: see free, and coarctate.

Obtuse: not pointed: an angle greater than a right angle: opposed to acute. Obtuse-angulate: two markings or margins meeting so as to form an obtuse angle.

Obtuse: not sharp: an angle greater than a right angle: opposite of acute. Obtuse-angulate: two markings or edges coming together to create an obtuse angle.

Obtusilingues: short-tongued bees with the tip obtuse or bifid: see acutilingues.

Obtusilingues: short-tongued bees with a blunt or split tip; see acutilingues.

Occipital foramen: the opening in the occiput, opposed to a similar opening in the prothorax: = foramen magnum.

Occipital foramen: the opening in the back of the skull, corresponding to a similar opening in the front thorax: = foramen magnum.

Occipital margin: in Mallophaga, the posterior margin of the head.

Occipital margin: in Mallophaga, the back edge of the head.

Occipito-orbital bristles: in Diptera; situated on posterior orbit of eye.

Occipito-orbital bristles: in Diptera; located on the back of the eye's orbit.

Occiput: that part of the head behind the vertex: in Diptera, the whole posterior surface of the head: in bees, the space between the vertex and the neck.

Occiput: the area at the back of the head behind the top: in Diptera, the entire back surface of the head: in bees, the region between the top of the head and the neck.

Occlusor: applied to muscles which close an opening; e.g. spiracles.

Occlusor: refers to muscles that close an opening; for example, spiracles.

Occult -us: hidden; concealed from superficial view.

Occult -us: hidden; kept out of plain sight.

Ocellar bristles: in Diptera, are situated close to the ocelli, usually directed forward: often absent.

Ocellar bristles: in Diptera, are located near the ocelli, usually facing forward: often missing.

Ocellar ribband: a crescent-shaped, smooth thin belt across the eye region in butterfly chrysalids.

Ocellar ribband: a crescent-shaped, smooth thin band across the eye area in butterfly chrysalids.

Ocellar triangle: a triangle, indicated by grooves or depressions, on which the ocelli are situated; Diptera.

Ocellar triangle: a triangle marked by grooves or indentations where the ocelli are located; Diptera.

Ocellate: eye-like in appearance: in Lepidoptera, spots on the wings, bordered by a colored iris or ring, and usually with a pupil.

Ocellate: resembling an eye; in butterflies and moths, spots on the wings that are surrounded by a colored iris or ring, typically with a pupil.

Ocelli: plural of ocellus; q.v.; = stemmata.

Ocelli: the plural of ocellus; see also; = stemmata.

Ocelligerous: supplied with, or bearing ocelli.

Ocelligerous: equipped with, or having ocelli.

Ocellus: a simple eye, consisting of a single convex or bead-like lens, which conveys an image to a retina.

Ocellus: a basic eye made up of a single curved or bead-shaped lens that projects an image onto a retina.

Ocelli occur in larvae and, singly or in small groups, in adults: the compound eyes are made up of numerous ocelli.

Ocelli appear in larvae and, either alone or in small groups, in adults: the compound eyes consist of many ocelli.

Ochraceous: yellow with a slight tinge of brown [pale cadmium yellow and brown ochre].

Ochraceous: yellow with a hint of brown [light cadmium yellow and brown ochre].

Ochraeus -eus: = ochraceous.

Ochraeus -eus: = ochre-colored.

Ochro-leucus: dilute ochraceous.

Ochro-leucus: light yellowish-brown.

Ocular emargination: in Mallophaga, a lateral emargination of the head in which the eye is received posteriorly.

Ocular emargination: in Mallophaga, a side indentation of the head that accommodates the eye at the back.

Ocular fleck: in Mallophaga, a small, intensely black spot of pigment in the eyes.

Ocular fleck: in Mallophaga, a small, deeply black spot of pigment in the eyes.

Ocular fringe: in Mallophaga, closely set small hair on posterior half of ocular emargination, sometimes extending on temporal margin.

Ocular fringe: in Mallophaga, closely spaced small hairs on the back half of the eye indentation, sometimes extending to the side edge.

Ocular lobes: of brain = procerebrum; q.v.

Ocular lobes: of brain = forebrain; see also.

Ocular sclerite: the first or protocerebral segment of the head.

Ocular sclerite: the first or protocerebral part of the head.

Ocular tubercles: in Aphids, are a group of prominent facets on the hinder part of each eye.

Ocular tubercles: in Aphids, are a group of noticeable bumps on the back part of each eye.

Oculi -us: the eyes: an eye: refers to the compound eyes.

Oculocephalic: applied to that pair of imaginal buds destined to produce the cephalic region in Hymenoptera.

Oculocephalic: refers to that pair of imaginal buds meant to develop the head region in Hymenoptera.

Odona: toothed: applied to Odonata by Fabricius because of the long teeth on the maxilla and labium.

Odona: toothed: this term refers to Odonata, named by Fabricius due to the long teeth found on the maxilla and labium.

Odonata: net-veined insects with mandibulate mouth; head free; thorax agglutinate; wings similar, elongate, flat; metamorphosis incomplete; copulatory organs of male near base of abdomen, separate from the testes. {Scanner's comment: Dragonflies and damselflies}

Odonata: insects with net-like veins and biting mouthparts; head is free; thorax is fused; wings are similar, long, and flat; development is incomplete; male reproductive organs are located near the base of the abdomen, distinct from the testes. {Scanner's comment: Dragonflies and damselflies}

Odonate: bearing toothed mouth parts, like those of dragon flies.

Odonate: having jagged mouth parts, similar to those of dragonflies.

Odoriferous: diffusing an odor; applied to glands or secreting organs.

Odoriferous: spreading a scent; related to glands or organs that produce secretions.

OEcology: see ecology.

OEdagus: the penis.

OEdagus: the member.

OEnocytes: large yellow cells arranged segmentally in clusters, in each side of body cavity: associated with blood and fat bodies.

OEnocytes: large yellow cells grouped in segments within clusters, located on each side of the body cavity: connected with blood and fat bodies.

OEsophageal bone: a plate below anterior part of oesophagus in Psocidae.

Esophageal bone: a plate located beneath the front part of the esophagus in Psocidae.

OEsophageal bulb: = sub-clypeal pump; q.v.

Esophageal bulb: = sub-clypeal pump; see also.

OEsophageal diverticula: = food reservoirs (q.v.); but more generally applied also to any sac-like structure connected with the gullet.

Esophageal diverticula: = food storage areas (see above); but more broadly used to describe any sac-like structure associated with the esophagus.

OEsophageal lobes: form posterior portion of brain or tritocerebrum.

Esophageal lobes: make up the back part of the brain or tritocerebrum.

Oesophageal valve: a funnel-like folding of the oesophagus, extending into the chylific ventricle in some insects, and forming a valve that controls the entrance of food into that organ: = cardiac valvule.

Esophageal valve: a funnel-shaped fold of the esophagus, extending into the chylific ventricle in some insects, and acting as a valve that regulates the entry of food into that organ: = cardiac valvule.

Oesophagus: the gullet: that part of the alimentary canal between the mouth and the crop.

Esophagus: the throat: that section of the digestive tract between the mouth and the stomach.

Olfactory: pertaining to the sense of smell: those lobes of the deutocerebrum from which the nerves supplying the antennae arise.

Olfactory: related to the sense of smell; the lobes of the deutocerebrum where the nerves that supply the antennae originate.

Oligonephria: applied to insects with few urinary (Malpighian) tubes.

Oligonephria: refers to insects that have a small number of urinary (Malpighian) tubes.

Oligoneura: having few wing veins: specifically applied in Diptera to Cecidomyids.

Oligoneura: having a limited number of wing veins; specifically used in Diptera to refer to Cecidomyids.

Olivaceous: with a tinge of olive-green, usually as a shading [olive green].

Olivaceous: having a hint of olive-green, typically as a shade [olive green].

Omaloptera: the pupiparous flies.

Omaloptera: the live-bearing flies.

Omia: the shoulders: the lateral anterior angles of an agglutinated thorax, when they are distinct:= see umbone: in Coleoptera; a corneous sclerite to which the muscles of the anterior coxa are attached; also the lateral margin of the prothorax; also the lateral margin of the scutellum in Carabids and Dytiscids.

Omia: the shoulders: the side front corners of a fused thorax, when they are noticeable: = see umbone: in beetles; a hard piece to which the muscles of the front coxa are attached; also the side edge of the prothorax; also the side edge of the scutellum in ground beetles and diving beetles.

Ommateum: the compound eye.

Ommatidium -ia: one of the elements of which the compound eye is composed.

Ommatidium -ia: one of the components that make up the compound eye.

Omnivorous: a general feeder upon animal or vegetable food, or both.

Omnivorous: someone who eats both animal and plant foods, or either one.

Oncus -i: a welt: applied to welt-like ridges on caterpillars.

Oncus -i: a bump; refers to welt-like ridges on caterpillars.

Onisciform: shaped like a wood-louse, Oniscus sp.; applied to certain Lycaenid and other caterpillars.

Onisciform: resembling a woodlouse, Oniscus sp.; used to describe certain Lycaenid and other caterpillars.

Ontogenetic: relating to the development of the individual.

Ontogenetic: related to the development of a single individual.

Ontogeny: the development of the individual as distinguished from that of the species: see phylogeny.

Ontogeny: the development of an individual as opposed to that of the species: see phylogeny.

Onyches: claws of tarsi.

Onyches: tarsal claws.

Onychium -ia: small processes between the tarsal claws in many Diptera; see empodium: a more or less retractile process on the feet of some beetles: in Hymenoptera, the apical tarsal joint bearing the claws: see also arolium and pulvillus.

Onychium -ia: small projections between the tarsal claws in many flies; see empodium: a more or less retractable structure on the feet of some beetles; in ants, bees, and wasps, the top tarsal joint that holds the claws; see also arolium and pulvillus.

Oöblast: the primitive germinal nucleus of an egg.

Oöblast: the basic initial nucleus of an egg.

Oögenesis: the process of egg-formation.

Oögenesis: the process of egg production.

Oölemma: the cell wall of an egg: see vitelline membrane.

Oölemma: the outer layer of an egg cell; see vitelline membrane.

Oötheca: the covering or case over an egg mass, as in certain Orthoptera: see egg case.

Oötheca: the protective covering or casing over a mass of eggs, as seen in certain types of grasshoppers and crickets: see egg case.

Opacus: opaque; a surface without any lustre.

Opacus: not transparent; a surface that has no shine.

Opalescent: with a bluish white lustre, as in opals.

Opalescent: having a bluish-white shine, like opals.

Opalinus: = opalescent; q.v.

Opalinus: = opalescent; see also.

Opaque: without lustre: not transparent.

Opaque: dull: not see-through.

Operaria: the workers in Hymenoptera.

Operaria: the workers in bees.

Operative: in working order or actually working.

Operative: in functioning condition or actually functioning.

Opercula: two plates covering the vocal structure of Cicada, beneath.

Opercula: two plates that cover the vocal structure of the Cicada below.

Operculum: a lid or covering: in Diptera, the chitinous envelope covering the lower part of the muscid mouth; the labrum-epipharynx of Dimmock: the scutes covering the meso-thoracic stigmata: in Aleurodidae, the lid-like structure closing the vasiform orifice; q.v.

Operculum: a lid or cover: in Diptera, the chitinous covering that protects the lower part of the muscid mouth; the labrum-epipharynx of Dimmock: the scutes that cover the meso-thoracic stigmata; in Aleurodidae, the lid-like structure that closes the vasiform opening; see also.

Ophthalmic: relating to the eye.

Eye-related

Ophthalmotheca: that part of the pupa that covers the eyes.

Ophthalmotheca: the part of the pupa that encloses the eyes.

Opisthogoneate: having the organs of generation at hind end of body.

Opisthogoneate: having the reproductive organs at the back end of the body.

Opisthogonia: the anal angle of the secondaries.

Opisthogonia: the angle at the back of the secondary feathers.

Opposite: placed over against, or opposed to.

Opposite: positioned across from, or in contrast to.

Optic: relating to the organs of vision.

Optic: related to the organs of sight.

Optic ganglia: are at the sides of the procerebrum and innervate the compound eyes.

Optic ganglia: are located on the sides of the procerebrum and control the compound eyes.

Optic lobes: the laterals lobes of the procerebrum in which are centered the nerves supplying the organs of vision.

Optic lobes: the side lobes of the procerebrum where the nerves that supply the eyes are concentrated.

Opticon: the first of a series of three ganglionic swellings in the optic nerve: see epiopticon and periopticon.

Opticon: the first in a series of three ganglionic swellings in the optic nerve: see epiopticon and periopticon.

Optic segment: =procerebral segment; q.

Optic tract: is the perceptive portion of the compound eye.

Optic tract: is the sensing part of the compound eye.

Ora: a border: specifically in some Coleoptera, the lateral margin of prothorax.

Ora: a border; specifically in some beetles, the lateral edge of the prothorax.

Ora coleopterorum: the margin of the elytra.

Ora coleopterorum: the edge of the wing covers.

Orad: toward the mouth.

Orad: toward the opening.

Oral: pertaining to the mouth.

Oral: related to the mouth.

Oral cavity: the mouth; = buccal cavity.

Oral fossa: in Mallophaga, a furrow lying in front of the mandibles.

Oral fossa: in Mallophaga, a groove located in front of the jaws.

Oral segment: that ring or segment which bears the mouth.

Oral segment: the part or section that contains the mouth.

Orbicular: round and flat, the diameters of the plane equal: in sonic moths, a round or oval macula in the median cell.

Orbicular: round and flat, with equal diameters across the plane; in sonic moths, a circular or oval spot in the middle cell.

Orbit: an imaginary border around the eye: in Diptera the orbits are divided into vertical or superior; frontal and facial or anterior; of the cheek or inferior; occipital or posterior.

Orbit: an imaginary boundary around the eye: in Diptera, the orbits are split into vertical or upper; frontal and facial or front; of the cheek or lower; occipital or back.

Orbital sclerite: a narrow sclerite encircling some eyes.

Orbital sclerite: a thin sclerite surrounding certain eyes.

Order: one of the primary divisions of the Class Insecta, based largely on wing structure and then usually ending in -ptera.

Order: one of the main categories of the Class Insecta, primarily determined by wing structure and typically ending in -ptera.

Ordure: excrement; usually applied to such as is foul or offensive.

Ordure: waste; typically used for something that is dirty or unpleasant.

Orichalceous: = aurichalceous; q.v.

Orichalceous: = aurichalceous; see also.

Oriental: in geographical zoology as used by Wallace, that part of the earth's surface including Asia east of the Indus River, south of the Himalayas and the Yangtse-kiang watershed, Ceylon, Sumatra, Java and the Philippines.

Oriental: in geographical zoology as used by Wallace, that portion of the Earth's surface encompassing Asia east of the Indus River, south of the Himalayas and the Yangtze River watershed, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Java, and the Philippines.

Orificium: the anal or genital opening.

Original type: is the actual specimen from which a published description is prepared.

Original type: is the actual sample used to create a published description.

Orismologia -y: the defining of scientific or technical terms.

Orismology -y: the definition of scientific or technical terms.

Orthoptera: straight winged: an ordinal term applied to insects in which the primaries are not used in flight, but cover the longitudinally folded secondaries; mouth mandibulate; head set into prothorax, the latter free; metamorphosis incomplete.

Orthoptera: straight-winged: a term used for insects where the front wings are not used for flying but instead cover the folded back wings; they have chewing mouthparts; the head is connected to the prothorax, which is free; their metamorphosis is incomplete.

Orthorrhapha: that section of Diptera in which the pupa escapes from larval skin through a T-shaped opening on back: see cyclorrhapha.

Orthorrhapha: the part of Diptera where the pupa breaks free from the larval skin through a T-shaped opening on its back; see cyclorrhapha.

Orthorrhaphous: straight-seamed.

Orthorrhaphous: straight seam.

Os: the mouth of insects, in general.

Os: the mouthparts of insects, in general.

Oscillation: a vibrating or swinging from side to side.

Oscillation: a back-and-forth movement or swinging side to side.

Osculant: intermediate in character between two groups or series.

Osculant: having characteristics that are in between two groups or series.

Osmaterium -ia: fleshy, tubular, eversible processes producing a penetrating odor, capable of being projected through a slit in the prothoracic segment of certain Papilionid caterpillars, and from openings elsewhere in the bodies of other forms. {Scanner's comment: currently the only spelling I can find is "osmeterium". This given spelling is almost certainly an error on someone's part. Not only do the earliest books that I can find spell it "osmeterium", but the Greek root is "osme".}

Osmaterium -ia: fleshy, tubular, retractable structures that emit a strong odor and can be extended through a slit in the prothoracic segment of certain Papilionid caterpillars, as well as through openings in other types of bodies. {Scanner's comment: currently the only spelling I can find is "osmeterium". This given spelling is almost certainly an error on someone's part. Not only do the earliest books that I can find spell it "osmeterium", but the Greek root is "osme".}

Osmosis: the tendency of liquids to pass or diffuse through a membrane or septum.

Osmosis: the process by which liquids move or spread through a membrane or barrier.

Osselet: = ossicle; q.v.

Osselet: = small bone; see also.

Ossicle: a small nodule of chitin resembling a bone.

Ossicle: a small nodule of chitin that looks like a bone.

Ossicula: small corneous pieces that serve in the articulation of the wings to the thorax.

Ossicula: small bony pieces that help connect the wings to the thorax.

Ostia: the slit-like openings of the heart.

Ostia: the narrow openings of the heart.

Ostiolar canal: a marginal furrow leading from the ostiole.

Ostiolar canal: a slight groove that extends from the ostiole.

Ostiole: in Heteroptera, the openings at the sides of meso- and meta- thorax, through which an odoriferous fluid is excreted.

Ostiole: in Heteroptera, the openings on the sides of the mesothorax and metathorax, through which a fragrant fluid is released.

Ostium: singular of Ostia; q.v.

Ostium: singular of Ostia; see also.

-osus; an affix, signifying saturation, or the possession of the quality expressed in the stem word.

-osus; a suffix that means saturation or the possession of the quality described in the root word.

Otocyst: an auditory or ear-like vesicle.

Otocyst: a small structure related to hearing or resembling an ear.

Otolith: a little ear-bone: granules or concretions found in an otocyst.

Otolith: a small ear bone; tiny grains or formations found in an otocyst.

Outer lobe: of maxilla = galea; q.v.

Outer lobe: of maxilla = galea; see also.

Outer margin: the outer edge of wing, between apex and hind angle.

Outer margin: the outer edge of the wing, located between the tip and the back angle.

Ovo, Ovum: the eggs; an egg.

Ova glebata: eggs laid or concealed in lumps of dung.

Ova glebata: eggs laid or hidden in clumps of dung.

Ova imposita: eggs laid in the substance that is to serve as food for the larva.

Ova imposita: eggs placed in the material that will be used as food for the larva.

Oval: egg-shaped, with both ends similar.

Oval: egg-shaped, with both ends looking alike.

Ova pilosa: eggs that are covered with hair: usually from the abdomen of the female.

Ova pilosa: eggs that have hair covering them, typically from the female's abdomen.

Ovarian tube: a tubular structure in which are developed the cells forming the future ova: a single one of the mass which, taken together, form the ovaries.

Ovarian tube: a tube-like structure where the cells that develop into future eggs are formed; these cells collectively make up the ovaries.

Ovaries: a mass of ovarian tubes, lying one on each side of the body cavity of the female, in each of which tubes eggs or ova are developed: the individual tubes of an ovary all converge to one oviduct.

Ovaries: a collection of ovarian tubes, located on each side of the female body cavity, where eggs or ova develop; all individual tubes in an ovary come together into one oviduct.

Ovariole: an ovarian tube: q.v.

Ovariole: an ovarian tube.

Ovary: singular of ovaries; q.v.

Ovary: single ovary; see also.

Ovate: in outline, egg-shaped or oval.

Ovate: shaped like an egg or oval.

Oviduct: the tube through which the egg passes from ovarian tubes into vagina: sometimes used in the sense of ovipositor: q.v.

Oviduct: the tube that carries the egg from the ovarian tubes into the vagina; sometimes used to refer to the ovipositor: see also q.v.

Oviform: egg-shaped.

Oviparous: where reproduction is through eggs laid by the female.

Oviparous: a type of reproduction where the female lays eggs.

Oviposition: the act of depositing the eggs.

Oviposition: the process of laying eggs.

Ovipositor: the tubular or valved structure by means of which the eggs are placed; usually concealed; but sometimes extended far beyond the end of the body.

Ovipositor: the tubular or valved structure that allows for the placement of eggs; usually hidden; but sometimes extends far beyond the end of the body.

Oviscapt: = ovipositor; q.v.

Oviscapt: = egg-laying organ; see also.

Ovivalvule: in Ephemeroptera; is an appendage of the female reproductive organs.

Ovivalvule: in mayflies; is an appendage of the female reproductive system.

Ovoviviparous: when living young are born from eggs which are hatched in the body of the parent.

Ovoviviparous: when living young are born from eggs that hatch inside the parent's body.

Pacific coast humid area: is that faunal area of the transition zone comprising the western parts of Washington and Oregon between the Coast Mountains and Cascade range: parts of northern California and most of the coast region from near Cape Mendocino south to the Santa Barbara Mountains. To the south and east it passes into the arid transition and in places into the upper Sonoran.

Pacific coast humid region: is the animal habitat in the transition zone that includes the western parts of Washington and Oregon between the Coast Mountains and the Cascade Range; parts of Northern California; and most of the coastal region from near Cape Mendocino south to the Santa Barbara Mountains. To the south and east, it transitions into the dry areas and in some places into the upper Sonoran.

Pad: the pulvillus, or that part of it which is capable of extension and retraction in some Coleoptera.

Pad: the pulvillus, or the part that can stretch and shrink in some beetles.

Paddle: the flattened joints of posterior tarsi in aquatic Hemiptera.

Paddle: the flattened joints of the back legs in water-dwelling true bugs.

Paedogenesis: reproduction in the sexually immature or larval stage.

Paedogenetic: reproducing in the sexually immature or larval stage.

Paedogenetic: reproducing while in the immature or larval stage.

Pagina: the surface of a wing: P. superior, is the upper surface; P. inferior, the lower surface: in Orthoptera, the external flattened surface of the caudal femora.

Page: the surface of a wing: P. superior is the upper surface; P. inferior is the lower surface; in Orthoptera, it refers to the external flattened surface of the hind femora.

Pagiopoda: Heteroptera, in which the posterior coxae are not globose and the articulation is a hinge joint: see trochalopoda.

Pagiopoda: Heteroptera, where the back coxae are not round and the connection is a hinge joint: see trochalopoda.

Pagiopodous: those Heteroptera which have the coxae of the hind legs hinged and the femora grooved.

Pagiopodous: those Heteroptera that have hinged coxae on the hind legs and grooved femora.

Pala: the shovel-shaped tarsal joints in many aquatic Heteroptera.

Pala: the shovel-shaped ankle joints found in many water-dwelling true bugs.

Palate: = hypopharynx; q.v.

Palate: = throat; see also.

Paleace: chaff or chaffy: = paleaceous.

Paleaceous: chaffy in appearance.

Paleaceous: looks chaffy.

Palearctic: relating to that part of the earth's surface including Europe, Africa north of Sahara, and Asia as far south as the southern edge of the Yang-tse-Kiang watershed and the Himalayas, and west to the Indus River.

Palearctic: referring to that part of the Earth's surface that includes Europe, Africa north of the Sahara, and Asia as far south as the southern edge of the Yangtze River watershed and the Himalayas, and extending west to the Indus River.

Paleodictyoptera: an ordinal name suggested by Scudder for Paleozoic insects which cannot be assigned to existing orders.

Paleodictyoptera: an order name proposed by Scudder for Paleozoic insects that can't be classified into currently recognized orders.

Paleolepidoptera: haustellate Lepidoptera in which the mandibles are distinct and the pupa is free: includes the Micropterygidae only: see protolepidoptera and neolepidoptera.

Paleolepidoptera: sucking-winged moths where the jaws are separate and the pupa is not enclosed: includes only the Micropterygidae: see protolepidoptera and neolepidoptera.

Pallescent: becoming pale or light in color or tint.

Pallescent: getting pale or lighter in color or shade.

Pallette: the disc-like structure composed of three tarsal joints, on the anterior feet of male Dytiscidae.

Pallette: the disc-shaped structure made up of three tarsal joints, located on the front feet of male Dytiscidae.

Pallid: pale or very pale.

Pallid: very pale.

Pallide-flavens: pale or whitish yellow.

Pallide-flavens: pale yellow.

Pallidus: of a pale, cadaverous hue [a very dilute brown pink].

Pallidus: having a pale, lifeless color [a very light brownish-pink].

Pallium: an erectile membrane partially closing the open cavity formed by the walls of the sub-genital plate in Melanopli.

Pallium: a flexible membrane that partially closes the open space created by the walls of the sub-genital plate in Melanopli.

Palma: the basal segment of the anterior tarsus when it is broadened or specifically modified.

Palma: the base part of the front tarsus when it is wider or specially adjusted.

Palmate: like the palm of the hand, with finger-like processes.

Palmate: similar to the palm of a hand, with finger-like extensions.

Palmula: = pulvillus; q.v.

Palmula: = puff; see also.

Palp: a mouth feeler or palpus.

Palp: a feeler or sensory structure found in the mouth.

Palpal: belonging, relating or attached to the palpi.

Palpal: related to or connected with the palpi.

Palparium: in some Coleoptera, and other insects, the membranous support to which the labial palpi are attached, and which permits an amount of extension not possible when they are fixed.

Palparium: in some beetles and other insects, the flexible support to which the labial palpi are connected, allowing for a degree of extension that is not possible when they are fixed.

Palpi: plural of palpus; q.v.

Palpi: plural of palpus; see above.

Palpicorne: with long, slender, antenna-like palpi.

Palpicorne: featuring long, thin, antenna-like palps.

Palpifer: any palpus-bearing part: specifically, a small sclerite hearing the maxillary palpus and itself articulated to the stipes.

Palpifer: any part that has a palpus: specifically, a small hardened piece that holds the maxillary palpus and is attached to the stipes.

Palpiferous or -gerous: bearing a palpus.

Palpiferous or -gerous: having a palpus.

Palpiger: that sclerite of the labium to which the labial palpus is attached corresponds to the palpifer of the maxilla and has been used in the same general sense.

Palpiger: that part of the lip where the labial palpus is attached is similar to the palpifer of the maxilla and has been understood in the same general way.

Palpigerous stipes: in Coleopterous larvae, = palpifer; q.v.

Palpigerous stipes: in beetle larvae, = palpifer; see also.

Palpuli: the maxillary palpi in Lepidoptera, when visibly developed.

Palpuli: the maxillary palps in moths and butterflies, when clearly developed.

Palpus: a mouth feeler: tactile, usually jointed structures borne by the maxillae (maxillary palpi) and labium (labial palpi).

Palpus: a mouth feeler; tactile, usually jointed structures carried by the maxillae (maxillary palpi) and labium (labial palpi).

Panduriform: violin shaped: oblong, with rounded ends, medially constricted.

Panduriform: shaped like a violin; elongated with rounded ends and narrower in the middle.

Panorpatae: = Mecoptera; q.v. Pantherine: in color, almost like cervinus; q.v.: in maculation, like those of a panther. Papilioform: formed like a butterfly wing.

Panorpatae: = Mecoptera; see also Pantherine: in color, nearly like cervinus; see also: in markings, similar to those of a panther. Papilioform: shaped like a butterfly wing.

Papilionaceous: butterfly-like.

Papilla: a minute, soft projection: specifically the modified ligula in silk spinning caterpillars.

Papilla: a tiny, soft bump; specifically, the altered ligula in caterpillars that spin silk.

Papillary: with nipple-like processes that have the tips rounded.

Papillary: with nipple-shaped features that have rounded tips.

Papillate -us: a surface with small elevations which are porous at tip.

Papillate -us: a surface with small raised areas that are porous at the tip.

Papilliform: like a wart or pimple.

Papilliform: resembling a wart or pimple.

Papillose -us: pimply; a surface covered with raised dots or pimples.

Papillose -us: having a pimply texture; a surface that's covered with raised dots or bumps.

Pappose: downy: made up or clothed with pappus.

Pappose: fluffy: covered or dressed with pappus.

Pappas: a fine down.

Pappas: a great detail.

Para-: next to; near by; at the side of.

Para-: beside; nearby; at the side of.

Parabiosis: see symbiosis.

Parabolic: elongately rounded.

Parabolic: elongated and rounded.

Paraclypeal piece: in lepidopterous pupa, occurs in some of the generalized families on each side of the maxillary palpi.

Paraclypeal piece: in butterfly pupae, appears in some of the more common families on either side of the maxillary palpi.

Paraclypeus: in caterpillars, a narrow sclerite bordering clypeus at sides.

Paraclypeus: in caterpillars, a thin hard plate that borders the clypeus on the sides.

Paraderm: the limiting membrane enclosing the pronymph of Muscidae.

Paraderm: the outer membrane surrounding the pronymph of Muscidae.

Paraglossa: a paired, labial structure, lying at each side of the ligula; often connected with it; sometimes free and two-jointed: corresponds to the galea of maxilla.

Paraglossa: a pair of lip-like structures located on each side of the ligula; often linked to it; sometimes separate and made up of two segments: corresponds to the galea of the maxilla.

Parallel: along the same line and nearly equidistant.

Parallel: along the same line and almost equidistant.

Paranal: at the side of or next to the anus or anal structures.

Paranal: beside or next to the anus or anal structures.

Paranal forks: two lateral, bristle-like structures in some caterpillars, used to throw frass pellets to a distance.

Paranal forks: two side structures that look like bristles in some caterpillars, used to fling frass pellets away.

Paranal lobes: = podical plates; q.v.

Paranal lobes: = podical plates; see also.

Paraphysis: the chitinized thickenings or lateral ingrowths, usually situated at the base of the lobes in certain Diaspid genera.

Paraphysis: the thickened chitin layers or side growths, typically found at the base of the lobes in some Diaspid genera.

Parapleura: the sternal side pieces in beetles.

Parapleura: the chest side parts in beetles.

Parapodia: the pro- or false legs: more specifically applied to the jointed abdominal processes of the Symphyla.

Parapodia: the pro- or false legs; specifically refers to the jointed abdominal segments of the Symphyla.

Parapsidae: the small sclerites on each side of the scutellum in Chalcids, marked by the parapsidal grooves.

Parapsidae: the small hard plates on each side of the scutellum in Chalcids, characterized by the parapsidal grooves.

Parapsidal furrows: longitudinal grooves on each side of the mesoscutum of Proctytrypidae separating the parapsides from the middle lobe.

Parapsidal furrows: long grooves on each side of the mesoscutum of Proctytrypidae that separate the parapsides from the middle lobe.

Parapsidal grooves: the grooves or furrows on each side of the Chalcid scutellum, defining the parapsidae.

Parapsidal grooves: the grooves or channels on each side of the Chalcid scutellum, outlining the parapsidae.

Parapsides: lateral pieces of the meso-scutum, separated from the mesal portion by the parapsidal furrows.

Parapsides: side sections of the meso-scutum, separated from the middle part by the parapsidal grooves.

Parapteron -era: small sclerites, articulated to the dorsal extremity of the episternum, just below the wings; absent on prothorax = the tegulae of Hymenoptera, and patagia of Lepidoptera: have been homologized with the elytra of Coleoptera.

Parapteron -era: small sclerites connected to the upper part of the episternum, right below the wings; missing on the prothorax = the tegulae of Hymenoptera, and patagia of Lepidoptera: have been compared to the elytra of Coleoptera.

Parasita: = parasitica: q.v.

Parasite: = parasitica: see also.

Parasite: a species that lives in or on another animal or insect, and depends upon the tissue of the host for its food supply.

Parasite: a species that lives in or on another animal or insect and relies on the host's tissues for its food supply.

Parasitic: living on or in some other animal or insect in such a way as to derive all nourishment from the tissues of the host.

Parasitic: living on or in another animal or insect and getting all its nourishment from the tissues of the host.

Parasitica: the sucking lice: wingless; without metamorphosis; mouth with piercing lancets; thoracic segments similar; habits epizoötic.

Parasitica: the sucking lice: wingless; no metamorphosis; mouth with piercing needles; similar thoracic segments; habits are epizootic.

Parasitism: a form of symbiosis in which one party lives upon or at the expense of the other, makes no return and destroys its host: see symbiosis; commensalism.

Parasitism: a type of symbiosis where one organism lives on or at the expense of another, providing nothing in return and harming its host: see symbiosis; commensalism.

Parastigma: = pterostigma; q.v.

Parastigma: = pterostigma; see also.

Parastigmatic glands: small, circular glands, which secrete a waxy powder, sometimes present around the spiracles of Coccidae.

Parastigmatic glands: small, round glands that produce a waxy powder, sometimes found around the spiracles of Coccidae.

Paratype: is every specimen of the series from which the type was selected see type and cotype.

Paratype: is any specimen from the series from which the type was selected; see type and cotype.

Parse: sparse or sparsely.

Parse: sparse or empty.

Parcidentate: with few teeth.

Parcidentate: having few teeth.

Parenchymatous: composed of soft cellular and connective tissue.

Parenchymatous: made up of soft cellular and connective tissue.

Parietes: walls: the perpendicular sides of elevated bodies.

Parietes: walls: the straight sides of raised structures.

Paronychium-ia: one or more bristle-like appendages of onychia; q.v.

Paronychium-ia: one or more bristle-like extensions of onychia; see above.

Parthenogenetic: see asexual.

Parthenogenetic: see asexual reproduction.

Parthenogenesis: reproduction by direct growth of germs from egg-cells without fertilization by the male element: as in plant lice, gall wasps, etc.

Parthenogenesis: reproduction through the direct development of embryos from egg cells without fertilization by male sperm: as seen in plant lice, gall wasps, and similar organisms.

Particolored: partly of one, partly of another color: divided into two or more color fields.

Particolored: a mix of different colors; divided into two or more colored sections.

Partite -us: divided; e.g. the eyes of Gyrinidae. Parum: not much.

Partite -us: divided; for example, the eyes of Gyrinidae. Parum: not much.

Patagium -ia: in Lepidoptera, those sclerites that cover the base of primaries: often used as synonymous with tegula and squamula, q.v.: assigned by some writers to the pro-, by others to the meso-thorax: homologized with the paraptera of meso-thorax.

Patagium -ia: in butterflies and moths, these hardened parts cover the base of the primary wings: often seen as the same as tegula and squamula, see those terms: categorized by some authors as part of the prothorax, and by others as part of the mesothorax: compared to the paraptera of the mesothorax.

Patella -ae: the modified joints of anterior tarsi in Dytiscidae; plate- like, horny or spongy structures on the undersides of the tarsal joints: the first coxal joint.

Patella -ae: the altered joints of the front tarsi in Dytiscidae; flat, hard or soft structures on the undersides of the tarsal joints: the first coxal joint.

Patellar: pertaining to the knee-joint or cap.

Patellar: related to the knee joint or kneecap.

Patellariae: in Dytiscids, the unequal, cup-like impressions on the underside of the patella.

Patellariae: in Dytiscids, the uneven, cup-shaped marks on the underside of the patella.

Patens, Patentes: open; diverging; spreading apart.

Patens, Patentes: open; spreading out; moving apart.

Patric: home or country of origin.

Patric: home or origin.

Patulous-ose: open, spreading.

Paunch: a crop-like accessory pouch in some Mallophaga: any pouch- like appendage of the alimentary canal.

Paunch: a crop-like accessory pouch in some Mallophaga; any pouch-like part of the digestive system.

Paurometabolous: metamorphosis in which the changes of form are gradual and inconspicuous: e.g. Orthoptera and most Rhynchota.

Paurometabolous: a type of metamorphosis where the changes in form happen gradually and are not easily noticeable, such as in Orthoptera and most Rhynchota.

Pavillions: the sheds or cells sometimes built by ants as a shelter for groups of plant lice.

Pavillions: the shelters or spaces sometimes created by ants as a home for groups of plant lice.

Paxilla: a small stake or peg: a bundle of spicular processes.

Paxilla: a small stake or peg; a bundle of thorn-like projections.

Pearlaceous: having the appearance of pearl.

Pearlaceous: resembling a pearl.

Pecten: a comb: in Hymenoptera, rigid, incurred setae on the basal parts of maxilla and labium: the rows of spines on the feet of pollen- gathering bees: any series of bristles arranged like a comb: in mosquito larvae the comb-like teeth on the breathing tube.

Pecten: a comb: in Hymenoptera, stiff, curved bristles on the base of the maxilla and labium: the rows of spines on the feet of pollen-collecting bees: any set of bristles arranged like a comb: in mosquito larvae, the comb-like teeth on the breathing tube.

Pectinate: comb-shaped: with even branches like the teeth of a comb.

Pectinate: comb-shaped; having branches that are evenly arranged like the teeth of a comb.

Pectinato-fimbriate: having pectinations that are fringed with hair.

Pectinato-fimbriate: having fringed pectinations with hair.

Pectoralis: relating to the breast.

Pectoralis: related to the chest.

Pectoral plate: in Coleoptera, the sternum.

Pectoral plate: in beetles, the underside of the thorax.

Pectunculate: with a row of minute appendages like the teeth of a comb: e.g. some maxillary structures.

Pectunculate: having a line of tiny appendages resembling the teeth of a comb; for example, some maxillary structures.

Pectus: the ventral portion of thorax: variably applied in Coleoptera, for the entire meso- and meta-thorax: also the pro- and meso-sternum: in Diptera, is the inferior surface of the thorax between the legs.

Pectus: the front part of the chest: used in different ways in beetles, referring to the whole middle and back thorax: also the front and middle sternum: in flies, it refers to the underside of the thorax between the legs.

Pedal line: in caterpillars: extends along the base of the feet.

Pedal line: in caterpillars: runs along the bottom of the feet.

Pedal tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal rings of caterpillars: on the anterior side of leg-base and, correspondingly, on apodal segments: is VII of the abdomen where it consists of three setae: VI of the thorax where the setae are not numbered: constant (Dyar).

Pedal tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal segments of caterpillars: located on the front side of the leg base and, similarly, on the segments without legs: is VII of the abdomen where it has three setae: VI of the thorax where the setae are not numbered: constant (Dyar).

Pedamina: the aborted fore-legs of Nymphalid butterflies.

Pedamina: the undeveloped front legs of Nymphalid butterflies.

Pedate: foot-bearing, or having feet.

Pedate: footed or having feet.

Peddler: applied to the larvae of such Cassid beetles as carry their excrement and cast skins on an anal fork.

Peddler: refers to the larvae of certain Cassid beetles that carry their waste and shed skins on a tail-like fork.

Pedes: the feet, or really, legs.

Pedes: the feet, or actually, the legs.

Pedicellus or Pedicle: the third joint in a geniculate antenna: forming the pivot between scape and funicle: in general, a stalk or stem.

Pedicellus or Pedicle: the third segment in a bent antenna, acting as the hinge between the scape and funicle; generally, a stalk or stem.

Pediculosis: a state of lousiness, or the abnormal condition caused by the multiplication of lice on the body: sec phthiriasis.

Pediculosis: a condition of having lice, or the unusual state caused by the excessive growth of lice on the body: see phthiriasis.

Pediculous: lousy: infested with lice.

Lousy: infested with lice.

Pedigerous: feet bearing.

Pedigerous: foot-bearing.

Peduncle: a stalk or petiole: the basal joint of the antenna in Homoptera: the smaller of the two stalks supporting the mushroom body; q.v. Pedunculated: set on a stalk or peduncle: attached by a slender stalk or neck.

Peduncle: a stalk or petiole; the base joint of the antenna in Homoptera; the smaller of the two stalks that support the mushroom body; see also Pedunculated: set on a stalk or peduncle; attached by a thin stalk or neck.

Pelagic: inhabiting the sea, far from land.

Pelagic: living in the ocean, away from the shore.

Pellicles: the exuviae or cast larval skins of many insects: in Coccidae more especially applied to the hardened larval skin attached to the puparia of Diaspinae.

Pellicles: the shed larval skins of many insects; particularly in Coccidae, this term refers to the hardened larval skin that remains attached to the puparia of Diaspinae.

Pellit: covered with long, drooping hairs, irregularly placed.

Pellit: covered in long, hanging hairs that are unevenly distributed.

Pellucid: colored, but transparent: sometimes applied when there is no color.

Pellucid: colored, but see-through; sometimes used even when there’s no color.

Pelotons: the balls of fine tracheae in larvae, developed to supply the adult organism.

Pelotons: clusters of tiny air tubes in larvae, developed to provide for the adult organism.

Pelottae: =arolia: q.v.

Pelottae: =arolia: see also.

Peltate: shield- or target-shaped.

Penal claspers: in Proctytripidae. lateral fringed processes of the male genitalia.

Penal claspers: in Proctytripidae. side fringed extensions of the male reproductive organs.

Penal sheath: the horny outer covering of the penis.

Penal sheath: the tough outer layer of the penis.

Pencil: a little, elongated brush of hair: in Diptera, applied to a group of sensory hairs on the flagellum of the antenna.

Pencil: a small, slender brush of hair; in Diptera, it refers to a set of sensory hairs located on the flagellum of the antenna.

Pendent: hanging down.

Pendulous: drooping: hanging free, attached to one end only.

Pendulous: hanging down, attached at just one end.

Penes: open, slit-like structures of the seminal vesicles to the outer surface in Euplectoptera.

Penes: open, slit-like structures of the seminal vesicles leading to the outer surface in Euplectoptera.

Penicillate: with a long, flexible brush or pencil of hair: often at the end of a thin stalk.

Penicillate: having a long, flexible tuft or brush of hair, typically at the end of a slender stalk.

Penicilli: a pair of small style or cerci-like pieces on the tip of the 8th dorsal segment of abdomen of various male Hymenoptera.

Penicilli: a pair of small, style or cercus-like structures at the tip of the 8th dorsal segment of the abdomen of different male Hymenoptera.

Penicilliform: pencil-like or shaped.

Penicilliform: pencil-shaped.

Penicillum: a pencil or brush of long hair attached at the end of a stalk as long as the brush, and folded in a lateral groove in some male moths.

Penicillum: a pencil or brush of long hair connected at the end of a stalk that's as long as the brush, and folded in a side groove in some male moths.

Penis: the flexible, membranous, intromittent organ of the male.

Penis: the flexible, membranous organ that males use for intercourse.

Pennaceous: = pennate.

Pennaceous: = feathered.

Fermate: feathered or bearing feather-like processes.

Fermate: having feathers or resembling something that has feather-like structures.

Penniform: feather-like in form.

Penniform: feather-shaped.

Pentagon -um: a five-sided figure with five equal or unequal angles.

Pentagon -um: a five-sided shape with five angles that can be equal or different.

Pentamera: Coleoptera with 5-jointed tarsi. Pentamerous: species having five-jointed tarsi.

Pentamera: Beetles with 5-jointed tarsi. Pentamerous: species that have five-jointed tarsi.

Penultimate: next to the last.

Second to last.

Peptone: a soluble proteid compound produced by the digestion of albummenoid food substances.

Peptone: a soluble protein compound created by the digestion of albuminoid food substances.

Per-: as a prefix, means very: extremely: through.

Percipient: with the power of perceiving.

Percipient: having the ability to perceive.

Percurrent: running through the entire length.

Percurrent: running along the whole length.

Pereion: the prothorax.

Pereion: the front thorax.

Pereipoda: the second and third pair of thoracic legs of larvae, and the 2d pair in adults.

Pereipoda: the second and third pairs of thoracic legs in larvae, and the second pair in adults.

Perfoliate: divided into leaf-like plates: applied to antennae with disc-like expansions connected by a stalk passing nearly through their centres: also to any part possessing a well-developed leaf-like or plate-like expansion.

Perfoliate: split into leaf-like plates; used to describe antennae with disc-shaped expansions linked by a stalk that almost goes through their centers; also refers to any part having a fully developed leaf-like or plate-like expansion.

Pergamenous: thin, partly transparent: resembling parchment.

Pergamenous: thin, somewhat see-through; similar to parchment.

Peri-: round about. Periopticon: a complex nerve structure back of the basilar membrane of the eye.

Peri-: around. Periopticon: a complicated network of nerves located behind the basilar membrane of the eye.

Pericardial: around, or belonging to the heart.

Pericardial: related to or surrounding the heart.

Pericardial cavity: the space between the diaphragm and dorsal body wall, which contains the heart.

Pericardial cavity: the space between the diaphragm and the back wall of the body, which contains the heart.

Pericardial cells: specialized cells, which lie along both sides of the heart, and whose function it is to purify the blood.

Pericardial cells: specialized cells that are located on both sides of the heart, and their job is to purify the blood.

Pericardial chamber: is the open space around the heart or dorsal vessel.

Pericardial chamber: is the open space surrounding the heart or dorsal vessel.

Pericardial diaphragm: a delicate membranous tissue attached to the ventral surface of the heart and laterally to the body wall := dorsal diaphragm wings of the heart.

Pericardial diaphragm: a thin membrane connected to the front surface of the heart and to the sides of the body wall := upper diaphragm flaps of the heart.

Peri-intestinal: that part of the body cavity around the alimentary canal.

Peri-intestinal: the area of the body cavity surrounding the digestive tract.

Peri-neural: situated around a nerve: the body cavity immediately surrounding the nervous system.

Peri-neural: located around a nerve; the body cavity directly surrounding the nervous system.

Periodical: recurring at regular intervals.

Periodical: published regularly.

Periopticon: third ganglionic swelling of optic tract: see opticon.

Periopticon: third swelling of nerve clusters in the optic tract: see opticon.

Peripheral: referring to the outer margin.

Peripheral: relating to the outer edge.

Peripheria: the entire outline of the body.

Peripheria: the complete outline of the body.

Periphery: the circumference or outer margin.

Periphery: the outer edge or boundary.

Peripneustic: larvae which have the spiracles absent on middle and posterior thoracic rings, and present on all other body segments.

Peripneustic: larvae that lack spiracles on the middle and back thoracic segments, but have them on all other body segments.

Peripodal cavities: pouches in the embryo in which the rudiments of the future legs and wings are developed.

Peripodal cavities: pockets in the embryo where the basic structures of future legs and wings form.

Peripodal membrane: the cell layer surrounding the peripodal cavities. Peristaltic: that periodic motion of the alimentary canal by means of which the food is forced toward the anal extremity.

Peripodal membrane: the cell layer surrounding the peripodal cavities. Peristaltic: the rhythmic motion of the digestive tract that pushes food toward the anus.

Peristethium: the meso-sternum.

Peristethium: the middle sternum.

Peristoma -ium: the border of the mouth or oral margin in Diptera; sometimes used as := epistoma: q.v.

Peristoma -ium: the edge of the mouth or oral margin in Diptera; sometimes used as := epistoma: see above.

Peristome: a membranous tissue surrounding the mouth parts at base, and forming the true ventral wall of the head.

Peristome: a membrane-like tissue that surrounds the mouth parts at the base and makes up the actual front wall of the head.

Peritoneal: applied to the membrane surrounding the viscera, trachea, and other internal structures.

Peritoneal: relating to the membrane that surrounds the organs in the abdomen, the trachea, and other internal structures.

Peritracheal: surrounding the trachea.

Peritracheal: around the trachea.

Peritreme: the corneous selerite surrounding a spiracle.

Peritreme: the hard outer shell around a spiracle.

Peritrophic membrane: a funnel-like extension of the fore-gut, extending back tube-like, through the chylific ventricle in some insects.

Peritrophic membrane: a funnel-shaped extension of the foregut that extends backward like a tube through the chylific ventricle in some insects.

Perivisceral: the cavity containing the alimentary canal and its appendages.

Perivisceral: the space that holds the digestive tract and its related parts.

Perlate: beaded: bearing relieved, rounded points in series.

Perlate: beaded: having smooth, rounded tips arranged in a sequence.

Perpendicular: upright: at right angles to horizontal.

Perpendicular: standing straight up; at a 90-degree angle to horizontal.

Persicinus: the red of peach blossoms.

Persicinus: the color of peach blossoms.

Persistent: remaining constantly; always present.

Persistent: always present.

Personate: gaping wide open; masked; disguised.

Personate: wide open; wearing a mask; in disguise.

Pes, Pedes: a foot feet.

Pes, Pedes: a foot, feet.

Petiolar area or Petiolarea: on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera, the apical or hindmost of the three median cells 3d median area; apical area.

Petiolar area or Petiolarea: on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera, the top or last of the three middle cells; 3d median area; top area.

Petiolate: that series of Hymenoptera in which there is a slender stalk between the thorax and abdomen: = apocrita.

Petiolate: that group of Hymenoptera where there is a thin stalk between the thorax and abdomen: = apocrita.

Petiolate: supported or placed on a stem or stalk; usually applied in describing venation and the method of attachment of abdomen to thorax.

Petiolate: supported or positioned on a stem or stalk; typically used to describe the veins and how the abdomen is attached to the thorax.

Petiole: a stem or stalk: specifically the slender segment between the thorax and abdomen in many Hymenoptera, and some Diptera.

Petiole: a stem or stalk; specifically, the thin part connecting the thorax and abdomen in many Hymenoptera and some Diptera.

Phaeism: applied to a duskiness of butterflies occurring in a limited region.

Phaeism: refers to the dark coloration of butterflies found in a specific area.

Phagocyte: a corpuscle or cell that devours or absorbs noxious organisms and also absorbs the organs of the larval stage in the developments to the adult condition.

Phagocyte: a cell that consumes or takes in harmful organisms and also absorbs the parts of the larval stage during the process of developing into the adult form.

Phagocytosis: the destruction or devouring of bacteria or other microorganisms by phagocytes.

Phagocytosis: the process of engulfing and destroying bacteria or other microorganisms by phagocytes.

Phalaenae: a Linnean term embracing most of the heterocerous Lepidoptera: more specifically applied to the Geometridae.

Phalaenae: a term from Linnaeus that covers most of the moths with uneven wings, specifically referring to the Geometridae family.

Phalanx -ges: a joint or joints of the tarsus: a division of classification of uncertain value: similar to tribe.

Phalanx -ges: a joint or joints of the tarsus; a classification division of uncertain value; similar to a tribe.

Phalerated: beaded.

Phallus: =penis: q.v.

Phallus: =penis: see also

Pharyngeal pump: = sucking pump; q.v.

Pharyngeal pump: = suction pump; see above.

Pharynx: the back part of the mouth and upper part of the throat: a slight enlargement at the beginning of the oesophagus: in Diptera is sometimes restricted to the space between the hypopharynx and sub-clypeal pump, and is then = sub-clypeal tube.

Pharynx: the back part of the mouth and upper part of the throat; a slight enlargement at the start of the esophagus. In Diptera, it is sometimes limited to the area between the hypopharynx and sub-clypeal pump, and that's referred to as the sub-clypeal tube.

Phauloptera: an ordinal term for the scale insects (Laporte 1835).

Phauloptera: a term for the scale insects (Laporte 1835).

Phleboptera: = Hymenoptera; q.v.

Phleboptera: = Hymenoptera; see above.

Phonetic: sound producing; applied to stridulating structures.

Phonetic: related to producing sounds; used for stridulating structures.

Phosphorescent: shining or glowing in the dark, like phosphorus.

Phosphorescent: glowing in the dark, similar to phosphorus.

Photogenic: a light producing structure; producing a Phosphorescent glow.

Photogenic: a structure that emits light; generating a phosphorescent glow.

Phragma: a partition or dividing membrane: longitudinal, thin partitions passing down from the dorsum of meso- and meta-thorax: the partition formed by the inflexed hinder edge of prothorax.

Phragma: a partition or dividing membrane: long, thin partitions extending down from the back of the meso- and meta-thorax: the partition created by the bent back edge of the prothorax.

Phragmocyttares: social wasps in which the combs of the nest are wholly or partly supported by the covering envelope: see stelocyttares: poecilocyttares.

Phragmocyttares: social wasps where the combs of the nest are fully or partially supported by the outer covering: see stelocyttares: poecilocyttares.

Phthiriasis: a diseased condition of the skin caused by sucking lice.

Phthiriasis: a skin condition caused by sucking lice.

Phyllophagous: feeding upon leaf tissue.

Phyllophagous: eating leaf tissue.

Phylogenetic: relating to tribal or stem development.

Phylogenetic: related to the development of groups or species.

Phylogeny: the development of a genus, family, tribe or class: see ontogeny.

Phylogeny: the evolution of a genus, family, tribe, or class; see ontogeny.

Phyloptera: the super-ordinal term proposed to include all the net-veined orders, the Orthoptera and Dermatoptera.

Phyloptera: the overarching term suggested to encompass all the net-veined orders, including Orthoptera and Dermatoptera.

Phylum: a stem or tribe: used in classification to indicate a series of related organisms.

Phylum: a category or group used in classification to indicate a collection of related organisms.

Physopoda: bladder-footed: = Thysanoptera; q.v.

Physopoda: bladder-footed = Thysanoptera; see also.

Phytophaga: plant-eaters: beetles in which the 4th and 5th tarsal joints are anchylosed and the 3d is lobed.

Phytophaga: plant-eaters: beetles where the 4th and 5th tarsal joints are fused and the 3rd is lobed.

Phytophagus: feeding upon plants.

Phytophagus: plant-eating.

Phytophilous: plant loving: species that live on plants.

Phytophilous: plant-loving species that live on plants.

Phytophthira: plant lice: some authors include also scale insects.

Phytophthora: plant lice; some authors also include scale insects.

Phytoscopic: characters of light or conditions of illumination that affect colors of caterpillars. {Scanner's comment: This is a puzzling term. I suspect it is a misspelling of "Photoscopic"}

Phytoscopic: features of light or lighting conditions that influence the colors of caterpillars. {Scanner's comment: This term is confusing. I think it might be a misspelling of "Photoscopic"}

Piceous -eus: pitchy black.

Piceous -eus: pitch-black.

Picine: black, with a bluish oily lustre.

Picine: black, with a bluish, shiny appearance.

Pick: a chitinous maxillary structure in Psocidae.

Pick: a hard, shell-like jaw structure in Psocidae.

Pieza: the combined biting and sucking mouth of the Hymenoptera.

Pieza: the mouth of Hymenoptera that combines biting and sucking.

Piezata: the Fabrician term for Hymenoptera.

Piezata: the Fabrician word for Hymenoptera.

Pigment: any coloring matter or material that gives a color appearance. {Scanner's comment: sic}

Pigment: any substance that provides color. {Scanner's comment: sic}

Pile: a hairy or fur-like covering: in Diptera, applied to thick, fine, short, erect hair, giving a surface appearance like velvet.

Pile: a hairy or fur-like covering; in Diptera, this term refers to thick, fine, short, upright hairs that create a velvety surface appearance.

Pilifer or Piliger: a small sclerite at each side of the clypeus in Lepidoptera, resembling a rudimentary mandible.

Pilifer or Piliger: a small hard structure on each side of the clypeus in butterflies and moths, looking like a basic jaw.

Piliferous: with a covering of fine hair or pile.

Piliferous: having a layer of fine hair or fur.

Pillared eye: in Ephemerids, that type which is placed on a cylindrical stalk or process: = turbinate eye.

Pillared eye: in Ephemerids, that type located on a cylindrical stalk or structure: = turbinate eye.

Pilous or Pilose: clothed with down, or dense pile: with long, sparse hair.

Pilous or Pilose: covered with soft hair or thick fur; having long, thin hair.

Pilosity: a covering of fine, long hair.

Pilosity: a layer of fine, long hair.

Pincers: the anal forceps.

Pincers: the anal clamps.

Pinna: a narrow wing; a feather.

Pinna: a slim wing; a feather.

Pinnae: of posterior femur in jumping Orthoptera, are the oblique ridges running to the median line and somewhat resembling a feather.

Pinnae: of the back femur in jumping grasshoppers, are the slanted ridges that extend towards the middle line and somewhat look like a feather.

Pinnate: feather-like; cleft, like the wings of Alucita: with markings resembling a feather: with stiff hairs or thorny processes occupying opposite sides of a thin shank.

Pinnate: resembling feathers; split like the wings of Alucita: with patterns that look like feathers; with stiff hairs or thorny projections on opposite sides of a slender stem.

Pinnatifid: divided into feathers, as when wings are cleft nearly to the base.

Pinnatifid: divided into feather-like parts, like when wings are split almost down to the base.

Pistazinus: yellowish green, with a slight brownish tinge [pale green with a little burnt sienna].

Pistazinus: a yellowish-green color with a hint of brown [pale green with a bit of burnt sienna].

Plaga: a spot, stripe or streak of color; a longitudinal spot of irregular form.

Plaga: a patch, line, or streak of color; a long, irregularly shaped mark.

Plaited: longitudinally folded or laid in pleats.

Plaited: folded lengthwise or arranged in pleats.

Planate: with a flattened surface.

Planate: with a flat surface.

Plane: level, flat; applied to a surface.

Plane: flat and even; used to describe a surface.

Planipennia: applied to Neuroptera in which the wings are large and laid flat on the body wnen at rest; Sialidae, Myrmeleonidae, etc.

Planipennia: refers to Neuroptera where the wings are large and laid flat against the body when at rest; Sialidae, Myrmeleonidae, etc.

Planta -ae: the basal joint of the posterior tarsus in pollen gathering Hymenoptera: the soles of the posterior tarsal joints: the anal clasping legs of caterpillars.

Planta -ae: the base joint of the back tarsus in pollen-collecting Hymenoptera: the bottoms of the back tarsal joints: the anal grasping legs of caterpillars.

Plantigrade: species that walk on the entire foot, not on the claws alone.

Plantigrade: species that walk on their whole foot, not just on their claws.

Plantula: a lobe of the divided tarsal pulvillus; one of the soles or climbing cushions of the foot: see arolium; pulviglus.

Plantula: a lobe of the divided tarsal pulvillus; one of the soles or climbing pads of the foot: see arolium; pulvilgus.

Plaques: the small leathery hemelytra in some Naucorids.

Plaques: the small, tough wing covers in some Naucorids.

Plasma: the liquid portion of animal fluids and cells.

Plasma: the liquid part of animal fluids and cells.

Plasticity: the capacity for being formed, moulded or developed.

Plasticity: the ability to be shaped, formed, or developed.

Plate: any broad flattened piece or sclerite: = squame, in Coccidae.

Plate: any wide, flat piece or sclerite: = scale, in Coccidae.

Platelet: a little plate or sclerite of chitin in a membrane.

Platelet: a small flat piece or sclerite of chitin in a membrane.

Plates: in Coccidae, the squames; q.v.: in male Homoptera, a pair of pieces following the last full ventral segment; usually preceded by a short piece, - the valve.

Plates: in Coccidae, the scales; see also: in male Homoptera, a pair of pieces after the last complete ventral segment; typically followed by a short piece, - the valve.

Platyptera: flat and broad-winged: an ordinal term applied to insects with four net-veined wings, secondaries longitudinally folded beneath primaries; mouth mandibulate; prothorax free; transformations complete: Psocidae, Termitidae, Perlidae and Mallophaga. {Scanner's comment: These four groups are now placed in totally separate orders, and not families as these names imply}

Platyptera: flat and broad-winged; a term used for insects with four net-veined wings, where the secondary wings are folded lengthwise beneath the primary wings; mouthpart is chewing; prothorax is separate; transformations are complete: Psocidae, Termitidae, Perlidae, and Mallophaga. {Scanner's comment: These four groups are now categorized in completely different orders, not families as these names suggest.}

Plecoptera or Plectoptera: plaited winged: an ordinal term applied to net-veined insects in which the secondaries are longitudinally folded beneath primaries; mouth mandibulate; body loosely jointed; prothorax free; metamorphosis incomplete: the term Plecoptera was used by Brauer for Perlidae; Plectoptera by Packard for the Ephemerida: there has been some confusion since, and both have been used in the Brauer sense.

Plecoptera or Plectoptera: plaited wings: a term used for net-veined insects where the secondary wings are folded longitudinally beneath the primary wings; mouth parts are chewing; body is loosely articulated; prothorax is not fused; metamorphosis is incomplete: the term Plecoptera was introduced by Brauer for Perlidae; Plectoptera by Packard for the Ephemerida: there has been some confusion since then, and both terms have been used in Brauer's context.

Pleon: = abdomen; q.v.

Pleon: = belly; q.v.

Pleopoda: abdominal legs of larva: posterior legs of an adult.

Pleopoda: the abdominal legs of a larva; the back legs of an adult.

Plesiobiosis: see symbiosis.

Plesiotype: any specimen identified with a described or named species by a person other than the describer.

Plesiotype: any specimen linked to a described or named species by someone other than the original describer.

Pleura: plural of pleuron or pleurum: the lateral sclerites between the dorsal and sternal portion of the thorax: in general, the sides of the body between the dorsum and sternum.

Pleura: the plural of pleuron or pleurum; the side plates between the upper and lower parts of the thorax; generally, the sides of the body between the back and the front.

Pleural areas: on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera, the three spaces between the lateral and pleural carinae; the 1st or anterior = spiracular area; the 2d or central = middle pleural; the 3d or posterior = angular area.

Pleural areas: on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera, the three spaces between the lateral and pleural carinae; the 1st or front one = spiracular area; the 2nd or middle one = middle pleural; the 3rd or back one = angular area.

Pleural carinae: in Hymenoptera, extend along the exterior margin of the metanotum.

Pleural carinae: in Hymenoptera, run along the outer edge of the metanotum.

Pleural pieces: the lateral sclerites of the thorax; see pleura.

Pleural pieces: the side plates of the thorax; see pleura.

Pleurites: the sclerites into which the pleurum is divided.

Pleurites: the hard plates that make up the divisions of the pleurum.

Pleuron: the side of the thorax.

Pleuron: the side of the chest.

Pleuropodia: embryonic or temporary bands formed by the modified first pair of abdominal legs in many insects.

Pleuropodia: embryonic or temporary bands created by the altered first pair of abdominal legs in many insects.

Pleurostict: lamellicorn beetles in which the abdominal spiracles are situated on the dorsal portion of the ventral sclerites.

Pleurostict: lamellicorn beetles where the abdominal spiracles are located on the upper part of the ventral sclerites.

Pleurum: = pleuron; plural, pleura; q.v.

Pleurum: = pleuron; plural, pleura; see above.

Plexus: a knot: applied to a knot-like mass of nerves, or tracheae.

Plexus: a knot; used to refer to a knot-like bundle of nerves or tracheae.

Plica: a fold or wrinkle: a longitudinal plait of a wing.

Plica: a fold or crease; a long braid of a wing.

Plicate: plaited; folded like a fan.

Plicate: twisted together; folded like a fan.

Plications: folding,; applied to the folds on the hind wings of Orthoptera.

Plications: folding, applied to the folds on the back wings of Orthoptera.

Plicipenna: = Trichoptera; proposed by Latreille.

Plicipenna: = Trichoptera; suggested by Latreille.

Plumate: like a feather.

Plumate: feather-like.

Plumbeus: leaden or bluish gray [neutral].

Plumbeus: dull gray or bluish gray [neutral].

Plumose: feathered; like a plume: antennae that have long ciliated processes on each side of each joint: see cirrate.

Plumose: feathered; resembling a plume: antennae with long, hair-like extensions on either side of each segment: see cirrate.

Plump: with full, rounded outlines; not obese.

Plump: having full, rounded shapes; not overweight.

Plumules: specialized scales of the androconia of male Lepidoptera.

Plumules: specialized scales from the androconia of male butterflies and moths.

Pluri: as a prefix, means many.

Pluri: as a prefix, means multiple.

Pluri-dentate: with many teeth.

Pluri-dentate: having many teeth.

Pluri-setose: bearing several seta; as the head in some Carabids.

Pluri-setose: having multiple bristles; like the head in some Carabids.

Pluri-valve: with several valves or valve-like appendages.

Pluri-valve: with multiple valves or valve-like parts.

Pneumogastric: the ganglion supplying nerves for the tracheal and digestive system: also used as = vagus: q.v.

Pneumogastric: the ganglion that provides nerves for the trachea and digestive system; also referred to as the vagus nerve; see also.

Pneustocera: breathing horns: the prolongations of the metathoracic spiracles in Berytidae, etc.

Pneustocera: breathing horns: the extensions of the metathoracic spiracles in Berytidae, etc.

Pnystega: in Odonata, applied by Charpentier to a portion of mesonotum

Pnystega: in dragonflies, a term used by Charpentier to refer to a part of the mesonotum.

Pobrachial: a longitudinal vein of the Ephemerid wing just behind praebrachial; usually simple: number 7 of some systems.

Pobrachial: a long vein in the Ephemerid wing located just behind the praebrachial; typically uncomplicated: number 7 in some classification systems.

Podeon: in Hymenoptera, the petiole: the true second abdominal segment.

Podeon: in Hymenoptera, the petiole; the actual second abdominal segment.

Podex: the upper plate of the anal opening; = supra-anal or sur-anal plate in caterpillars.

Podex: the top part of the anal opening; = supra-anal or sur-anal plate in caterpillars.

Podical plates: the latero-ventral plates attached to the loth abdominal segment of Orthoptera; the two pieces on each side of the vent, thought by Huxley to be rudiments of an 11th abdominal ring; united they form the tergite of a rudimentary ring: = anal valves: paranal lobes.

Podical plates: the lateral-ventral plates connected to the last abdominal segment of Orthoptera; the two pieces on each side of the vent, which Huxley believed to be remnants of an 11th abdominal ring; together they create the tergite of a basic ring: = anal valves: paranal lobes.

Pododunera: apterous insects with biting mouth structures.

Pododunera: wingless insects with chewing mouthparts.

Podotheca: that part of pupa that covers the legs of future adult.

Podotheca: the part of the pupa that covers the legs of the future adult.

Poecilocyttares: social wasps that build their combs around the branch or other support covered by the envelope: see stelocyttares and phragmocyttares.

Poecilocyttares: social wasps that create their nests around a branch or other support covered by an envelope: see stelocyttares and phragmocyttares.

Poisers: = halteres and balancers; q.v.

Poisers: = weights and balance tools; see above.

Poison glands: sometimes applied to the salivary glands of bugs and biting flies; more usually to an abdominal gland connected with the sting of female Hymenoptera.

Poison glands: sometimes referred to when talking about the salivary glands of bugs and biting flies; more commonly, it relates to an abdominal gland associated with the sting of female Hymenoptera.

Policate: a tibia produced inwardly into a short, bent spine or thumb.

Policate: a tibia that curves inward into a short, bent spine or thumb.

Politus: smooth, shiny, polished.

Politus: sleek, glossy, refined.

Pollen: a dusty or pruinose surface covering which is easily rubbed off; used mostly in Diptera.

Pollen: a dusty or powdery surface layer that can be easily wiped off; primarily found in flies (Diptera).

Pollen-plate: a polished area margined by hair, on the outer face of the tibia in bees.

Pollen-plate: a smooth area surrounded by hair, located on the outer side of the tibia in bees.

Pollex: a thumb: the stout fixed spur at inside of tip of tibia.

Pollex: a thumb; the thick, stationary point at the inner tip of the tibia.

Pollicatus: = policate; q.v.

Pollicatus: = policate; see above.

Polliniferous: formed for collecting pollen: pollen bearing.

Polliniferous: designed for gathering pollen; pollen-producing.

Pollinigerous: = polliniferous: q.v.

Pollinigerous: = polliniferous: see also.

Pollinose: covered with a yellow, pollen-like dust.

Poly-: many, much.

Poly-: multiple, a lot.

Polyandry: where a female mates with more than one male.

Polyandry: when a female mates with multiple males.

Polychromatic: many colored.

Polychromatic: multi-colored.

Polydomous: applied to ants when one colony has several nests.

Polydomous: used to describe ants when one colony has multiple nests.

Polyembryony: the production of several embryos from a single egg, as in some Chalcids.

Polyembryony: the creation of multiple embryos from one egg, as seen in some Chalcids.

Polygamy: where a male mates with more than one female.

Polygamy: when a man has relationships with multiple women.

Polygonal: with many angles.

Polygonal: having multiple angles.

Polygoneutism: the power to preduce several broods in one season.

Polygoneutism: the ability to produce multiple broods in one season.

Polymorpha: the claviform and serricorn Coleoptera, as a whole.

Polymorpha: the long and serrated beetles, as a group.

Polymorphic-ous: occurring in several forms; differing in sex, In season, in locality or without apparent reason: undergoing Several changes, and in this sense applied to insects with a complete metamorphosis.

Polymorphic-ous: existing in multiple forms; varying by sex, season, location, or without any clear reason: undergoing various changes, and in this context, referring to insects that undergo complete metamorphosis.

Polynephria: applied to insects with many urinary (Malpighian) tubes.

Polynephria: refers to insects that have multiple urinary (Malpighian) tubes.

Polyphagous: eating many kinds of food.

Polyphagous: eating a variety of foods.

Polyphyletic: derived or descended from several stems or sources.

Polyphyletic: coming from multiple origins or sources.

Polypodous: having many feet, and thus, specifically applied to the Myriapoda, and to the larvae of Lepidoptera and saw-flies, in contradistinction to footless and hexapodous larvae.

Polypodous: having many legs, specifically referring to the Myriapoda and the larvae of Lepidoptera and saw-flies, in contrast to larvae that are footless or have six legs.

Ponderable: that which may be weighed.

Ponderable: something that can be measured or considered.

Pone: behind (the middle).

Pone: behind (the center).

Ponticulus: = frenulum; q.v.

Ponticulus: = frenulum; see also.

Porcate: marked with raised longitudinal lines.

Porcate: characterized by raised lines running lengthwise.

Pore: any small, round opening on the surface.

Pore: any tiny, round opening on the surface.

Poriferous: closely set with deep pittings or punctures.

Poriferous: tightly packed with deep holes or indentations.

Porose -us: with little round openings on the surface.

Porose -us: with small round openings on the surface.

Porrect: stretched out forward: straightly prominent.

Porrect: extended forward: straight and prominent.

Post-: behind or after.

Post-: after.

Post-alar callosities: rounded processes at the posterior lateral margin of the dorsum, in Diptera.

Post-alar callosities: rounded structures at the back outer edge of the upper side, found in flies.

Post-alar callus: in Diptera, a rounded swelling between the root of the wing and the scutellum.

Post-alar callus: in Diptera, a rounded bump located between the base of the wing and the scutellum.

Post-alar membrane: the strip of membrane connecting the squamae with the scutellum.

Post-alar membrane: the strip of membrane that links the squamae to the scutellum.

Postal vein: in Hymenoptera, = costa (Comst.).

Post-annellus: in Hymenoptera, the 4th joint of antenna and 2d of flagellum.

Post-annellus: in Hymenoptera, the 4th segment of the antenna and the 2nd of the flagellum.

Post antennal organs: in Collembola, oblong or ellipsoidal organs situated just caudad of the bases of the antenna.

Post antennal organs: in Collembola, these are elongated or oval-shaped organs located just behind the bases of the antenna.

Post-brachial: = pobrachial; q.v.

Post-brachial: = pobrachial; see above.

Post-cerebral: applied to that pair of salivary glands in bees, situated close to the posterior wall of the head.

Post-cerebral: refers to that pair of salivary glands in bees, located near the back wall of the head.

Post-clypeus: in Odonata, the upper of the two parts into which the clypeus is divided: in Psocidae, a peculiar inflated structure behind the clypeus: in general, the posterior or upper part of clypeus when any line of demarcation exists: = supra-clypeus; nasus: afternose; paraclypeus: first clypeus; clypeus posterior.

Post-clypeus: in Odonata, the upper part of the two sections of the clypeus: in Psocidae, a unique inflated structure located behind the clypeus: generally, the back or upper part of the clypeus when there is a line of separation: = supra-clypeus; nasus: afternose; paraclypeus: first clypeus; clypeus posterior.

Post-costa: = subcosta (Comst.): in Odonata, = 1st anal vein (Comst.): in Trichoptera = anal.

Post-costa: = subcosta (Comst.): in dragonflies, = 1st anal vein (Comst.): in caddisflies = anal.

Post-costal space: Odonata; the cell or cells lying posterior to the post- costa = anal cell (Comst.).

Post-costal space: Odonata; the cell or cells located behind the post-costa = anal cell (Comst.).

Post-cubitals: = post-nodal spaces; q.v.

Post-cubitals: = post-nodal areas; q.v.

Post-dorsulum: the middle piece of the meta-notum, between the mesophragma and post-scutellum.

Post-dorsulum: the central part of the meta-notum, located between the mesophragma and post-scutellum.

Post-embryonic -otic: the stage after the insect has come out of the egg.

Post-embryonic -otic: the phase after the insect has hatched from the egg.

Post-epistoma: that part of the head behind the clypeus in Hymenoptera: see also post-clypeus.

Post-epistoma: the area of the head located behind the clypeus in Hymenoptera; also refer to post-clypeus.

Posterior: hinder or hindmost: opposed to anterior: in Diptera; applied to that face of the legs which is not visible when viewed from the front, the legs being laterally extended.

Posterior: back or rear: opposite to anterior: in Diptera; refers to the side of the legs that isn’t visible when seen from the front, with the legs extended to the sides.

Posterior angle: of thorax, in Coleoptera, is the lateral angle near base of elytra: of the wings = hind angle; anal angle; q.v.

Posterior angle: of thorax, in beetles, is the lateral angle near the base of the wing covers; of the wings = hind angle; anal angle; see also.

Posterior cells: in Diptera (Will.): 1st radial 5 (Comst.): 2d = medial 1 (Comst.): 3d = 2d medial 2 (Comst.) 4th = medial 3 (Comst.): 5th cubitus 1 (Comst.).

Posterior cells: in Diptera (Will.): 1st radial 5 (Comst.): 2nd = medial 1 (Comst.): 3rd = 2nd medial 2 (Comst.): 4th = medial 3 (Comst.): 5th cubitus 1 (Comst.).

Posterior cephalic foramen: in Odonata, the opening of head posteriorly through which the cavities of head and thorax communicate.

Posterior cephalic foramen: in Odonata, the opening at the back of the head that allows the spaces of the head and thorax to connect.

Posterior field: of tegmina, = anal field; q.v.

Posterior field: of tegmina, = anal field; see above.

Posterior intercalary: in Diptera, is one of the anal veins (Comst.).

Posterior lateral margins: in Orthoptera, extend from base of pronotum downward to the posterior angle of sides.

Posterior lateral margins: in Orthoptera, extend from the base of the pronotum down to the back angle of the sides.

Posterior lobe: of the pronotum in Orthoptera, see lobe: in Diptera, that part of wing between axillary incision and base: = alar appendage (Loew). Posterior margin: = inner margin; q.v.

Posterior lobe: of the pronotum in Orthoptera, see lobe: in Diptera, that part of the wing between the axillary incision and the base: = alar appendage (Loew). Posterior margin: = inner margin; q.v.

Posterior pereion: the meta-notum.

Posterior pleon: the terminal segments of the abdomen.

Posterior pleon: the final sections of the abdomen.

Posterior pleopoda: the anal clasping legs of caterpillars: see planta.

Posterior pleopoda: the anal clasping legs of caterpillars; see planta.

Posterior stigmatal tubercle: on thoracic and abdominal segments of caterpillars; varies in position from substigmatal to stigmatal posterior; sometimes united to V: it is IV of the abdomen, II of the thorax (Dyar).

Posterior stigmatal tubercle: found on the thoracic and abdominal segments of caterpillars; its position ranges from below the stigma to behind the stigma; it can sometimes be fused with V: it corresponds to IV of the abdomen and II of the thorax (Dyar).

Posterior trapezoidal tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal segments of caterpillars; subdorsal, posterior, always present, rarely united with I: it is II of the abdomen, lb of the thorax (Dyar).

Posterior trapezoidal tubercle: found on the thoracic and abdominal segments of caterpillars; located just below the dorsal side, towards the back, always present, and rarely fused with I: it is II of the abdomen, lb of the thorax (Dyar).

Posterior veins: those separating the posterior cells.

Posterior veins: the ones that separate the back cells.

Posterior wings: = secondaries: q.v.

Back wings: = secondaries: q.v.

Postero-dorsal: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of the dorsal and posterior face.

Postero-dorsal: Diptera; refers to leg bristles where the dorsal and back surfaces meet.

Postero-ventral: Diptera; applied to leg bristles at the meeting of the ventral and posterior face.

Postero-ventral: Diptera; refers to leg bristles where the ventral and posterior faces meet.

Postfurca: an internal process of metasternum to which the muscles of hind legs are attached.

Postfurca: an internal structure of the metasternum to which the muscles of the hind legs are connected.

Post-gena: the sclerite below occiput and behind gena in some Orthoptera.

Post-gena: the hard structure below the back of the head and behind the cheek in some grasshoppers and crickets.

Post-gula: is situated at the extreme base of the underside of the head in Dermaptera.

Post-gula: is located at the very bottom of the underside of the head in Dermaptera.

Post-humeral bristles: in Diptera, are usually two, inserted above the dorso-pleural suture between the humeral callus and root of wing, on the bottom of the presutural depression.

Post-humeral bristles: in Diptera, there are usually two, located above the dorso-pleural suture between the humeral callus and the wing's base, at the bottom of the presutural depression.

Postical vein: in Diptera, = 5th longitudinal (Meig.); = media 3 (Comst.).

Postical vein: in flies, = 5th longitudinal (Meig.); = media 3 (Comst.).

Posticus: hinder.

Posticus: block.

Post-media: Ephemerida; an apparently distinct vein between media and Cubitus (Comst.).

Post-media: Ephemerida; a seemingly separate line between media and Cubitus (Comst.).

Post-medial line: in Lepidoptera, = t.p. line: q.v.

Post-medial line: in butterflies and moths, = t.p. line: see above.

Post-median: Diptera; those leg bristles situated above or behind the middle. Post-nodal cross-veins: in Odonata, the transverse veins between costa and radius 1, and radius 1 and media 1, from nodus to stigma, separating the post-nodal cells or spaces: = post-cubital cross-veins.

Post-median: Diptera; the leg bristles located above or behind the middle. Post-nodal cross-veins: in Odonata, the horizontal veins between the costa and radius 1, and radius 1 and media 1, from nodus to stigma, which separate the post-nodal cells or spaces: = post-cubital cross-veins.

Post-nodal costal spaces: in Odonata, the cells below costal margin from nodus to stigma.

Post-nodal costal spaces: in dragonflies and damselflies, the cells located beneath the costal margin from the nodus to the stigma.

Post-nodal radial spaces: in Odonata, the cells between radius 1 and media 1, from nodus to outer margin.

Post-nodal radial spaces: in dragonflies, the areas between radius 1 and media 1, from the nodus to the outer edge.

Post-nodal sector: in Odonata, a longitudinal vein lying between media 1 and media 2 (Comst.): = ultra-nodal sector.

Post-nodal sector: in dragonflies and damselflies, a long vein located between media 1 and media 2 (Comst.): = ultra-nodal sector.

Post-oral: behind the mouth; those segments bearing mouth structures.

Post-oral: located behind the mouth; the segments that contain mouth structures.

Post-pectus: the under surface of the meta-thorax.

Post-pectus: the underside of the meta-thorax.

Post-petiole: in Hymenoptera, that part of abdomen behind petiole. Post-retinal: the fibres arising from the facets of the compound eye and extending into the ganglionic plate.

Post-petiole: in Hymenoptera, the section of the abdomen located behind the petiole. Post-retinal: the fibers that come from the facets of the compound eye and extend into the ganglionic plate.

Post-scutellum: the fourth and posterior sclerite of the dorsum of the thoracic rings.

Post-scutellum: the fourth and back sclerite on the upper side of the thoracic segments.

Post-sutural: in Trichoptera, the little plate behind the scutellum of mesothorax: = post-scutellum.

Post-sutural: in Trichoptera, the small plate located behind the scutellum of the mesothorax: = post-scutellum.

Poststigmatal: that portion of the marginal cell beyond the stigma in bees: = 2d radial 1 (Comst.).

Poststigmatal: the part of the marginal cell located beyond the stigma in bees: = 2d radial 1 (Comst.).

Post-stigmatal primary tubercle: on thoracic segment of caterpillars; sub-primary, stigmatal, posterior; it is III of the thorax and not present on abdomen (Dyar).

Post-stigmatal primary tubercle: found on the thoracic segment of caterpillars; sub-primary, stigmatal, posterior; it is the third segment of the thorax and not found on the abdomen (Dyar).

Post-subterminal: following the s. t. line in Lepidoptera.

Post-sutural bristles: in Diptera, dorsal bristles behind transverse suture.

Post-sutural bristles: in flies, dorsal bristles located behind the transverse suture.

Post-terga: applied to the posterior scutes of the segments of Coleopterous larvae.

Post-terga: refers to the back plates of the segments of beetle larvae.

Post-triangular cells: = discoidal areolets; q.v.

Post-triangular cells: = discoidal areolets; see also.

Post-vertical cephalic bristles: in Diptera, are in the middle of upper part or Occiput.

Post-vertical cephalic bristles: in Diptera, are located in the center of the upper part or occiput.

Pouch: in Trichoptera, a depressed, usually longitudinal area in a wing.

Pouch: in Trichoptera, a flattened, typically longitudinal section of a wing.

Prae- or Pre-: anterior to; before.

Prae- or Pre-: before; earlier.

Praebrachial: a longitudinal vein in middle of an Ephemerid wing; usually forked: no. 6 of some systems.

Praebrachial: a long vein in the center of an Ephemerid wing; typically forked: no. 6 in some classifications.

Praecostal spur: a false vein in costal angle at base of secondaries.

Praecostal spur: a false vein in the rib angle at the base of the secondaries.

Prae-dorsum: = prophragma: q.v.

Prae-dorsum: = prophragma: see below.

Prae-labrum: in Diptera = clypeus: q.v.

Prae-labrum: in Diptera = clypeus: see above.

Praeocular: before the eyes.

Praeocular: in front of the eyes.

Praeputium: the external membranous covering of penis: specifically a spherical muscular mass at base of penis in some Orthoptera.

Praeputium: the outer membrane that covers the penis; specifically, a round muscular mass at the base of the penis in some Orthoptera.

Prae-scutellum: a sclerite, rarely present, between the meso-scutum and meso-scutellum.

Prae-scutellum: a tough piece, rarely found, located between the meso-scutum and meso-scutellum.

Prae-scutum: the first of the four divisions of the notum of the thoracic rings.

Prae-scutum: the first of the four parts of the notum of the thoracic rings.

Prae-subterminal: preceding the s.t. line in Lepidoptera. Prae-terga: the anterior thoracic scutes in coleopterous larvae.

Prae-subterminal: before the s.t. line in Lepidoptera. Prae-terga: the front thoracic scutes in beetle larvae.

Prae-tornal: preceding the tornus (q.v.) in Lepidoptera.

Prae-tornal: occurring before the tornus (see entry) in Lepidoptera.

Prasinus: grass-green [apple green].

Prasinus: apple green.

Pratinicolous: frequenting or living in grassy meadows or bogs.

Pratinicolous: living in or commonly found in grassy meadows or wetlands.

Pre-alar callus: a small swelling or projection before the root of wings, just back of outer ends of transverse suture, in Diptera.

Pre-alar callus: a small bump or projection located before the root of the wings, just behind the outer ends of the transverse suture, in Diptera.

Pre-anal: above or before the anal opening.

Pre-anal: located above or in front of the anal opening.

Pre-anal plate or lamina: = supra-anal plate; q.v.

Pre-anal plate or lamina: = supra-anal plate; see also.

Pre-antennal: anterior to or before the antenna.

Pre-antennal: in front of or before the antenna.

Pre-apical: before the apex.

Pre-apical: before the top.

Pre-balancer: = pre-halter: q.v.

Pre-balancer: = pre-halter: see also.

Pre-basilar: before the base.

Precocious stages: generally applied to all stages of development from the fertilized egg to the pupa.

Precocious stages: generally refers to all stages of development from the fertilized egg to the pupa.

Precurrent: continuous: entire: complete: said of a vein.

Precurrent: ongoing: whole: total: used to describe a vein.

Predaceous: applied to insects that live by preying upon other organisms.

Predaceous: refers to insects that survive by hunting other organisms.

Predatory: = predaceous: q.v.

Predatory: = hunting: see also.

Pre-eruciform: before the caterpillar stage: specifically applied to the early larvae of some Proctytrypidae.

Pre-eruciform: before the caterpillar stage: specifically used for the early larvae of some Proctytrypidae.

Preformation: the doctrine of growth or development from already existing rudiments; opposed to epigenesis: q.v.

Preformation: the belief that growth or development happens from already existing basic structures; in contrast to epigenesis: see that term.

Pre-furca: "the stem vein in front of a fork, that reaches back to where itself forks from another vein"; Diptera.

Pre-furca: "the stem vein in front of a fork that goes back to where it splits off from another vein"; Diptera.

Pregenicular: in Orthoptera, that portion of femur proximad the knee.

Pregenicular: in Orthoptera, the part of the femur located just before the knee.

Pregenicular annulus: a more or less conspicuous color ring on the caudal femora proximad the knee in Orthoptera.

Pregenicular annulus: a noticeable color ring on the back of the thigh above the knee in grasshoppers and crickets.

Pre-halter: a membranous scale in front of the true haltere of a fly.

Pre-halter: a thin membrane scale located in front of the actual haltere of a fly.

Prehension: structures fitted for grasping or holding.

Prehension: structures designed for grabbing or holding.

Pre-mandibular: situated in front of the mandible: applied to a temporary segment of the embryo: = intercalary segment.

Pre-mandibular: located in front of the mandible; refers to a temporary part of the embryo: = intercalary segment.

Pre-media: Ephemeridae; an apparently distinct vein between radius and media (Comst.).

Pre-media: Ephemeridae; a seemingly separate vein between the radius and media (Comst.).

Premorse: as if bitten off: with a blunt or jagged termination.

Premorse: like being bitten off: with a dull or jagged end.

Prensor: the genital lateral clasping organ of male Lepidoptera: see clasper.

Prensor: the genital side-clamping organ of male butterflies and moths: see clasper.

Pre-ocular: see prae-ocular.

Pre-ocular: see pre-ocular.

Pre-oral: in front of the mouth: the embryonic head segments before those bearing the mouth parts.

Pre-oral: in front of the mouth; the embryonic head segments located before the ones that have the mouth parts.

Prepuce: =praeputium; q.v.

Prepuce: =foreskin; see also.

Pre-pupal: that stage in the larva just preceding the change to pupa.

Pre-pupal: the stage in the larva just before it transforms into a pupa.

Pre-scutellar bristles: in Diptera, are in a transverse row in front of the scutellum.

Pre-scutellar bristles: in Diptera, are arranged in a horizontal line in front of the scutellum.

Pre-scutellar callus: = post-alar callus: q.v.

Pre-scutellar callus: = post-alar callus: see above.

Pre-scutellar rows: in Diptera, short rows of small bristles in front of the scutellum.

Pre-scutellar rows: in Diptera, short lines of small bristles located in front of the scutellum.

Press: =filator; q.v.

Press: =filator; see also.

Pressure plate: a structure at base of pulvillus, which exerts a pressure on the sole of the pad.

Pressure plate: a structure at the base of the pulvillus that applies pressure on the bottom of the pad.

Pre-sutural bristles: in Diptera, in a trigonate depression at outer ends of transverse suture, near dorso-pleural suture.

Pre-sutural bristles: in Diptera, located in a triangular depression at the outer ends of the transverse suture, near the dorso-pleural suture.

Pre-sutural inter-alar bristle: the single bristle of the interalar series, situated before the transverse suture.

Pre-sutural inter-alar bristle: the single bristle from the interalar series, located in front of the transverse suture.

Primaries: the anterior or fore-wings.

Primaries: the front wings.

Primitive: simple in character; of an early or ancient type.

Primitive: straightforward in nature; from an early or ancient period.

Principal sector: in Odonata, extends from its point of separation From the median sector to the outer margin, at or just below the apex:= media 1 (Comst.).

Principal sector: in Odonata, extends from where it separates from the median sector to the outer edge, at or just below the tip: = media 1 (Comst.).

Principal sulcus: in Orthoptera, a transverse impression of the prothorax, at or behind the middle.

Principal sulcus: in Orthoptera, a horizontal mark on the prothorax, located at or just behind the middle.

Priodont: applied to those forms of male Lucanids that have the smallest mandibles: see teleodont, mesodont, amphiodont.

Priodont: used for male Lucanids that have the smallest mandibles: see teleodont, mesodont, amphiodont.

Prismatic: formed like a prism: a play of colors similar to that produced through a prism.

Prismatic: shaped like a prism; a display of colors similar to what is created by a prism.

Pro-: anterior: used as a prefix to designate the parts of the first thoracic segment.

Pro-: front: used as a prefix to indicate the parts of the first thoracic segment.

Proboscidea: an ordinal term for the Coccidae.

Proboscidea: a classification term for the Coccidae.

Proboscis: generally applied to any extended mouth structure; usually applied to the extensile mouth of the Diptera; frequently to the beak of Hemiptera; sometimes to the tongue of Lepidoptera; and rarely, to the mouth of long-tongued bees.

Proboscis: typically refers to any elongated mouth structure; usually refers to the extendable mouth of flies (Diptera); often used to describe the beak of bugs (Hemiptera); occasionally refers to the tongue of butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera); and rarely, to the mouth of long-tongued bees.

Procephalic: relating or belonging to the procephalon.

Procephalic: related to or belonging to the procephalon.

Procephalic lobes: in the embryo, form part of the anterior, overhanging portion of the head.

Procephalic lobes: in the embryo, make up part of the front, protruding area of the head.

Procephalon: that segment of the head in the embryo which is formed by the coalescence of the first three primitive segments.

Procephalon: the part of the head in the embryo that is created by the merging of the first three primitive segments.

Procerebral: that segment of the brain containing the median protocerebrum and optic ganglia; also called optic segment.

Procerebral: the part of the brain that includes the median protocerebrum and optic ganglia; also known as the optic segment.

Procerebral lobes: the central portion of the cerebrum, made up of the fused median lobes, giving rise to the mushroom bodies; q.v.

Procerebral lobes: the central part of the cerebrum, composed of the merged median lobes, which lead to the mushroom bodies; see also.

Procerebrum: the anterior part of the brain, formed by the ganglion of the first primary segment; also termed ocular lobe, froth part it innervates. Process: a prolongation of the surface, margin, or an appendage: any prominent portion of the body not otherwise definable.

Procerebrum: the front part of the brain, made up of the ganglion from the first main segment; also called the ocular lobe, due to the area it controls. Process: an extension of the surface, edge, or an appendage; any noticeable part of the body that can't be defined in another way.

Process of labrum: in bees = appendicle: q.v.

Process of labrum: in bees = appendage: see also.

Procidentia: the narrow projecting tip of 7th dorsal segment in Nematinae.

Procidentia: the narrow protruding tip of the 7th dorsal segment in Nematinae.

Proclinate: directed forward; applied to hair or bristles.

Proclinate: leaning forward; used to describe hair or bristles.

Proctodaeum: the invagination of epiblast that produces the anus and intestine as far forward as and including malpighian tubes.

Proctodaeum: the inward folding of the epiblast that forms the anus and the intestine up to and including the Malpighian tubules.

Proculiform or Poculiform: hollow, cylindrical, with a hemispherical base, the sides at top straight goblet-shaped.

Proculiform or Poculiform: hollow, cylindrical, with a hemispherical base, the sides at the top are straight and goblet-shaped.

Procumbent: trailing; prostrate; lying flat.

Procumbent: sprawled; flat; lying down.

Produced: drawn out; prolonged; extended from.

Produced: extended; lengthened.

Proeminent: said of the head when it is horizontal and does not form an angle with the thorax.

Proeminent: refers to the head when it is horizontal and does not create an angle with the thorax.

Profile: the outline as seen from the side.

Profile: the shape as viewed from the side.

Profound, Profundus: deep.

Prognathus: having the jaws directed forward.

Prognathus: having the jaws extending forward.

Progoneate: with the genital opening on an anterior body segment.

Progoneate: with the genital opening located on a front body segment.

Progonia: the anterior angle of the secondaries.

Progonia: the front angle of the secondary feathers.

Proleg: any process or appendage that serves the purpose of a leg: specifically the fleshy unjointed abdominal legs of caterpillars and certain saw-fly larvae: = abdominal feet: false legs.

Proleg: any structure or extension that functions like a leg; specifically the soft, unjointed abdominal legs of caterpillars and some saw-fly larvae; = abdominal feet; false legs.

Proloma: the anterior margin of the secondaries.

Proloma: the front edge of the secondary wings.

Prolonged: extended or lengthened beyond ordinary limits.

Prolonged: extended or lengthened beyond normal limits.

Promeros: the first abdominal segment in Lepidoptera.

Promeros: the first belly segment in Lepidoptera.

Prominent: raised or produced beyond the level or margin: standing out in relief by color or otherwise: conspicuous.

Prominent: raised or produced above the level or edge; standing out distinctly due to color or other characteristics; noticeable.

Promuscidate: with proboscis or extended mouth structure.

Promuscidate: having a long mouth structure or proboscis.

Promuscis: an extended mouth structure: has been applied to the long tongue of bees and to the rostrate structure in Hemiptera.

Promuscis: an elongated mouthpart: has been used to describe the long tongue of bees and the beak-like structure in Hemiptera.

Pronotal carina: in Orthoptera, the main or median carina on pronotum.

Pronotal carina: in Orthoptera, the primary or central ridge on the pronotum.

Pronotum: the upper or dorsal surface of the prothorax.

Pronotum: the top or back surface of the prothorax.

Pronucleus: the nucleus of male and female elements, spermatozoa and ova, the union of which forms the nucleus of a fertilized ovum.

Pronucleus: the nucleus of male and female elements, sperm and eggs, the combination of which creates the nucleus of a fertilized egg.

Pronymph: is that stage in certain inctabolous insects in which the larval tissues are completely broken down, and the imaginal tissues are just beginning to build up.

Pronymph: is that stage in certain immature insects where the larval tissues have completely decomposed, and the adult tissues are just starting to develop.

Proparaptera: the paraptera of the prothorax: the terms erroneously applied in this connection.

Proparaptera: the paraptera of the prothorax; these terms are incorrectly used in this context.

Propedes: = prolegs: q.v.

Propedes: = prolegs: see above.

Prophragma: the anterior dividing wall of meso-thorax, which is horny and, at its upper edge, bears the connecting membrane between pro- and mesothorax.

Prophragma: the front dividing wall of the meso-thorax, which is hard and, at its top edge, has the membrane that connects the pro- and mesothorax.

Prop-leg: = pro-leg; q.v.

Prop-leg: = pro-leg; see also.

Propleura: the lateral portions of prothorax.

Propleura: the side areas of the prothorax.

Propleural bristles: in Diptera, are situated immediately above the front coxa: = prothoracic bristle; q.v.

Propleural bristles: in Diptera, are located right above the front coxa: = prothoracic bristle; see also.

Propneustic: larval forms in which only the most anterior spiracles occur.

Propneustic: larval forms in which only the front spiracles are present.

Propodeon: = propodeum.

Propodeum: in Hymenoptera, that part of thorax just above insertion of abdomen, and really the first abdominal segment: see median segment.

Propodeum: in Hymenoptera, the part of the thorax just above where the abdomen attaches, and technically the first abdominal segment: see median segment.

Propolis: a glue or resin-like product elaborated by bees to serve as a cement in cases where wax is not sufficiently tenacious.

Propolis: a glue or resin-like substance produced by bees to act as a cement when wax isn’t strong enough.

Propulsatory: that which drives onward or forward.

Propulsatory: something that pushes ahead or moves forward.

Propupa: a semi-pupa: q.v.

Propupa: a semi-pupa; see also.

Propygidium: the dorsal segment or tergite in front of the pygidilini, sometimes left exposed in Coleoptera.

Propygidium: the upper segment or tergite located in front of the pygidilini, which is sometimes exposed in beetles.

Propygium: = Hypopygium: q.v.

Propygium: = Hypopygium: see above.

Proscutum: the scutum of the pronotum.

Proscutum: the shield-like structure of the front part of the thorax.

Proscutellum: the scutellum of the pronotum.

Prostemmatic: = ante-ocular; q.v.

Prostematic: = before the eye; q.v.

Prosternal: belonging to the prosternum.

Prosternal: related to the prosternum.

Prosternal grooves: occur laterally in some Coleoptera. e.g. Elateridae, to receive the antennae.

Prosternal grooves: found on the sides in some beetles (Coleoptera). For example, in the Elateridae family, they accommodate the antennae.

Prosternal epimera: the epimera of prothorax.

Prosternal epimera: the epimera of the prothorax.

Prosternal episterna: the episterna of prothorax.

Prosternal episterna: the episterna of the front part of the thorax.

Prosternal lobe: in some Coleoptera, an anterior prolongation of the prosternum which more or less conceals the mouth from below.

Prosternal lobe: in some beetles, a front extension of the prosternum that partially hides the mouth from underneath.

Prosternal spine: the curved mucro in Elateridae which extends backward into a meso-sternal cavity: the cone or tubercle between fore-legs in some Orthoptera.

Prosternal spine: the curved point in Elateridae that extends backward into a middle sternal cavity; the cone or bump between the front legs in some grasshoppers and crickets.

Prosternal suture: that suture of pro-thorax which separates the sternum front the pleural pieces.

Prosternal suture: the suture of the pro-thorax that separates the sternum from the pleural pieces.

Prosternellum: the sternellum of the prothorax

Prosternellum: the sternellum of the front part of the thorax

Prosternum: the fore-breast: the sclerite between the fore-legs.

Prosternum: the front part of the chest; the hard plate located between the front legs.

Prostheca: a mandibular sclerite set with hair, articulated to the basalis - q.v. -and equal to the lacinia of the maxilla.

Prostheca: a hard structure on the lower jaw covered in hair, connected to the basalis - see above - and equivalent to the lacinia of the maxilla.

Protamphibion: a name applied by P. Mayer to the hypothetical common ancestor of the Perlina, Ephemerina and Odonata.

Protamphibion: a term used by P. Mayer to refer to the hypothetical common ancestor of the Perlina, Ephemerina, and Odonata.

Protandry: the appearance of males earlier in the season than females.

Protandry: when males show up earlier in the season than females.

Protarsus: the tarsus of the anterior leg.

Protarsus: the ankle of the front leg.

Proteiform: having many fortes or varieties: protean.

Proteiform: having many strengths or varieties; adaptable.

Protergum: in Odonata, the upper surface of prothorax.

Protergum: in Odonata, the top surface of the prothorax.

Proterotypes: primary types, including all the material upon which the original description is based.

Proterotypes: main types, including all the material that the original description is based on.

Prothoracic bristle: in Diptera, a strong bristle immediately above the front coxa: see propleural bristles.

Prothoracic bristle: in Diptera, a thick bristle located just above the front coxa; see propleural bristles.

Prothoracic glands: occur in Orthoptera, on the sides of prothorax in certain Phasmid genera.

Prothoracic glands: found in Orthoptera, located on the sides of the prothorax in some Phasmid genera.

Prothoracic shield: = cervical shield: q.v.

Prothoracic shield: = neck shield: see above.

Prothoracotheca: the pupal covering of prothorax.

Prothoracotheca: the protective shell of the prothorax during the pupal stage.

Pro-thorax: the first thoracic ring or segment: hears the anterior legs but no wings: when free, as in Coleoptera. is usually referred to as "thorax" merely.

Pro-thorax: the first thoracic ring or segment; it connects to the front legs but has no wings. When it's free, like in beetles (Coleoptera), it's usually just called "thorax."

Protocerebral segment: = ocular seginent; q.v.

Protocerebral segment: = eye segment; see also.

Protocerebrum: the primitive anterior cerebral vesicle.

Protocerebrum: the early front part of the brain.

Protocosta: the thickened costal margin of Lepidopterous wings.

Protocosta: the thickened edge of the wings in moths and butterflies.

Protocranium: the posterior part of the epicranium: sometimes used as Occiput.

Protocranium: the back part of the scalp; sometimes referred to as Occiput.

Protogonia: the apical angle of the primaries.

Protogonia: the top angle of the primary feathers.

Protograph: all original description by a figure or picture made from the original type.

Protograph: any original description by a person or image made from the original type.

Proto-lepidoptera: proposed for those forms (Eriocephalidae) in which lacinia and mandibles are obvious and the spiral tongue is not developed: see neolepidoptera and paleolepidoptera.

Proto-lepidoptera: suggested for those types (Eriocephalidae) where the lacinia and mandibles are clearly visible, and the spiral tongue is not present: see neolepidoptera and paleolepidoptera.

Protolog: the original description by words.

Protolog: the initial description in words.

Protoloma: the anterior margin of primaries.

Protoloma: the front edge of the primary wings.

Protomesal: applied to certain areolets in Hymenoptera, situated between costal cells and apical margin.

Protomesal: refers to specific small areas in Hymenoptera, located between the costal cells and the top edge.

Prototergite: the foremost dorsal segment of abdomen.

Prototergite: the first upper part of the abdomen.

Preto-thorax: = prothorax: q.v.

Preto-thorax: = prothorax: see below.

Prototype: a primitive form to which later forms can be traced.

Prototype: a basic version from which later versions can be derived.

Protractor: that which extends or lengthens out: applied to muscles.

Protractor: something that stretches or extends; used in relation to muscles.

Protuberance: any elevation above the surface.

Protuberance: any bump or raised area above the surface.

Protuberant: rising or produced above the surface or general level.

Protuberant: sticking out or positioned above the surface or overall level.

Proventriculus: the posterior portion of crop: the gizzard.

Proventriculus: the back part of the crop; the gizzard.

Proximad: toward the proximal end.

Proximad: towards the proximal end.

Proximal: that part of an appendage nearest the body: see distal.

Proximal: the part of a limb closest to the body; see distal.

Prozona: in Orthoptera, the upper or dorsal surface of prothorax in front of the principal sulcus.

Prozona: in Orthoptera, the upper or back surface of the prothorax in front of the main groove.

Pruinose: hoary: as if covered with a fine frost or dust.

Pruinose: grayish-white: looking like it’s covered with a light layer of frost or dust.

Pruinous -us: deep blue with a reddish tinge, like a plum [French blue + purple lake].

Pruinous -us: a deep blue with a reddish hint, similar to a plum [French blue + purple lake].

Psammophilous: living in sandy places.

Psammophilous: living in sandy areas.

Pselaphotheca: that part of the pupa which covers the palpi.

Pselaphotheca: the part of the pupa that covers the palpi.

Pseudidolum: = nymph: q.v.

Pseudidolum: = nymph: see also.

Pseudimago: = sub-imago; q.v. Pseud- or Pseudo-: as a prefix means false, spurious, or merely resembling. Pseudo-cellula: = accessory cell: q.v.

Pseudimago: = sub-imago; see also Pseud- or Pseudo-: as a prefix means false, spurious, or just resembling. Pseudo-cellula: = accessory cell: see also.

Pseudo-chrysalis: the semi-pupa.

Pseudo-coel: a false hollow; a hollow which does not form a tube.

Pseudo-coel: a false cavity; a cavity that doesn't create a tube.

Pseudo-cone: a soft, gelatinous cone in the compound eye of some insects, replacing the crystalline cone of others.

Pseudo-cone: a soft, gel-like cone in the compound eye of some insects, taking the place of the crystalline cone found in others.

Pseudo-elytra: the aborted anterior wings of Strepsiptera.

Pseudo-elytra: the undeveloped front wings of Strepsiptera.

Pseudogyna fundatrix: in Aphids, is the immediate issue of a fecundated egg: a stem-mother.

Pseudogyna fundatrix: in aphids, is the direct result of a fertilized egg: a stem-mother.

Pseudogyna gemmans: in Aphids. are wingless descendants of the stem-mother (fundatrix) or of the winged migrants (migrans) which reproduce asexually through a number of generations.

Pseudogyna gemmans: in aphids, are wingless offspring of the stem-mother (fundatrix) or of the winged migrants (migrans) that reproduce asexually over several generations.

Pseudogyna migrans: in Aphids, the winged descendants of the stem- mother (fundatrix) through which the species is spread.

Pseudogyna migrans: in aphids, the winged offspring of the stem mother (fundatrix) that spreads the species.

Pseudogyna pupifera: in Aphids, the last generation of p. gemmans, which produces the true sexes.

Pseudogyna pupifera: in aphids, the final generation of p. gemmans, which creates the actual sexes.

Pseudogyna: a female that reproduces without impregnation.

Pseudogyna: a female that can reproduce without being impregnated.

Pseudo-halteres: the rudimentary primaries of Stylops.

Pseudo-halteres: the undeveloped primary wings of Stylops.

Pseudo-neurium: a false vein formed by a chitinous thickening of a wing fold.

Pseudo-neurium: a fake vein created by a thickening of a wing fold made of chitin.

Pseudo-neuroptera: those net-winged insects with incomplete metamorphosis: includes the present Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Isoptera and Corrodentia: = Archiptera.

Pseudo-neuroptera: these net-winged insects with incomplete metamorphosis: includes the current Ephemeroptera, Odonata, Plecoptera, Isoptera, and Corrodentia: = Archiptera.

Pseudonychium -ia: = paronychia; q.v.

Pseudonychium -ia: = nail infection; see also.

Pseudo-nymph: = semipupa; q.v.

Pseudo-nymph: = semi-pupa; see also.

Pseudopodia: = parapodia; q.v.

Pseudopodia: = parapodia; see also.

Pseudoptera: an ordinal name for the scale insects (Amyot 1847)

Pseudoptera: a category name for scale insects (Amyot 1847)

Pseudo-pupa: the inactive larval stage preceding the formation of the true pupa in some insccts; e.g. Meloidae: = semi-pupa; q.v.

Pseudo-pupa: the inactive larval stage that comes before the formation of the true pupa in some insects; e.g. Meloidae: = semi-pupa; see also.

Pseudo-pupillae: in Odonata, the black spots seen on the compound eyes of the living insects.

Pseudo-pupillae: in Odonata, the dark spots visible on the compound eyes of living insects.

Pseudosessile: those petiolate Hymenoptera, in which the abdomen is so close to the thorax as to seem sessile.

Pseudosessile: those petiolate Hymenoptera, where the abdomen is positioned so closely to the thorax that it appears to be sessile.

Pseudo-trachea: the ringed and ridged grooves on the labella of Diptera, by means of which they scrape their food.

Pseudo-trachea: the ringed and ridged grooves on the labella of Diptera, which they use to scrape their food.

Pseudova: egg-like germ cells capable of development without fertilization e.g. in certain plant lice.

Pseudova: egg-like germ cells that can develop without fertilization, such as in certain plant lice.

Pseudovary: the organ or mass of germ cells of an agamic insect.

Pseudovary: the organ or cluster of germ cells in asexual insects.

Pseudo-vitellus: a cellular organ in Aphididae, supposed to replace the absent Malpighian tubules.

Pseudo-vitellus: a cell structure in Aphididae, believed to take the place of the missing Malpighian tubules.

Psocoptera: = Corrodentia; q.v.

Psocoptera: = Corrodentia; see also.

Psychogenesis: the origin and development of social and other instincts and habits. Pterodicera: with wings and two antenna.

Psychogenesis: the origin and development of social and other instincts and habits. Pterodicera: with wings and two antennae.

Pterogostia: the wing veins.

Pterogostia: referring to the wing structure. Pteropega: wing sockets or cavities into which the wings are inserted.

Pterogostia: referring to the wing structure. Pteropega: cavities or sockets for the wings to fit into.

Pteropleura: in Diptera, are situated below the base of the wings behind the meso-pleural suture: = the posterior lateral plate of meso- thorax of Lowne; the episternum of meso-thorax of Hammond.

Pteropleura: in flies, are located below the base of the wings behind the meso-pleural suture: = the posterior lateral plate of the meso-thorax as per Lowne; the episternum of the meso-thorax according to Hammond.

Pteropleural bristles: in Diptera, are inserted on the pteropleura.

Pteropleural bristles: in Diptera, are attached to the pteropleura.

Pterostigma: a thickened, opaque spot on the costal margin of a wing, near its middle or at end of the radius: = bathmis, and see stigma.

Pterostigma: a thick, opaque spot on the front edge of a wing, located near the middle or at the end of the radius: = bathmis, and see stigma.

Pterotheca: that part of the pupa that covers the wings.

Pterotheca: the section of the pupa that protects the wings.

Pterothorax: the wing-hearing thoracic segments in Thysanoptera.

Pterothorax: the wing-related thoracic segments in Thysanoptera.

Pterygium: a lateral expansion of the snout of some Coleoptera.

Pterygium: a sideways extension of the snout in some beetles.

Pterygodes: the patagia or tegtila: q.v.

Pterygodes: the patagia or tegtila: see above.

Pterygogenea: insects that are winged in the adult stage or believed to be descended from winged ancestors: see apterogogenea.

Pterygogenea: insects that have wings in their adult form or are thought to have evolved from winged ancestors: see apterogogenea.

Pterygostium: a wing vein.

Pterygote: wing bearing.

Pterygote: winged.

Ptilinum: in Diptera cyclorrhapha, an inflatable organ capable of being thrust out through a frontal suture just above the root of antenna.

Ptilinum: in Diptera cyclorrhapha, an expandable organ that can be pushed out through a front suture located just above the base of the antenna.

Ptilota: winged insects.

Ptilota: winged bugs.

Pubes or Pubescence: short, fine, soft, erect hair or down.

Pubes or Pubescence: short, fine, soft, upright hair or fuzz.

Pubescent: downy: clothed with soft, short, fine, closely set hair.

Pubescent: fuzzy: covered with soft, short, fine, closely packed hair.

Pubis: the lateral region of the prothorax.

Pubis: the side area of the front segment of the thorax.

Pulmonarium: the membranous connection of the plates or scutes of the abdominal rings: = connexivum.

Pulmonarium: the fleshy link between the plates or scales of the abdominal segments: = connexivum.

Pulsatile: having the power of pulsating or moving in a rhythmic manner: applied to special organs in the legs, which aid in circulating the blood in these appendages.

Pulsatile: having the ability to pulse or move rhythmically: refers to specific organs in the legs that help circulate blood in these limbs.

Pulverulent: powdery or dusty in appearance.

Powdery or dusty.

Pulvilliform: having the appearance or structure of a pulvillus.

Pulvilliform: looking or structured like a pulvillus.

Pulvillus -i: soft, pad-like structures between tarsal claws: the cushions of short, stiff hair or other clothing on the underside of tarsal joints; rarely fleshy lobes: see arolium.

Pulvillus -i: soft, pad-like structures between tarsal claws; cushions made of short, stiff hairs or other material on the underside of tarsal joints; rarely fleshy lobes: see arolium.

Pulvinatus: moderately convex.

Pulvinatus: slightly raised.

Punctate: set with impressed points or punctures.

Punctate: marked with small dots or indentations.

Punctiformis: shaped like a point or dot.

Punctiformis: shaped like a point or a dot.

Punctulatus: with small punctures.

Punctulatus: with tiny punctures.

Puncture: an impression like that made by a needle.

Puncture: a mark similar to one left by a needle.

Punctured: marked with small, impressed dots.

Punctured: dented with tiny, pressed-in dots.

Puniceus: carmine red [carmine].

Puniceus: carmine red.

Pupa: the intermediate stage between larva and adult; loosely applied for all orders, properly only for those with a complete metamorphosis: a pupa is obtect, when inclosed in a rigid case on which the members may or may not be outlined. It is liber, or free when the appendages are separately encased and there is no covering over the whole: see chrysalis.

Pupa: the stage between larva and adult; generally used for all orders, but specifically refers to those undergoing complete metamorphosis: a pupa is obtect when it's enclosed in a hard case, which may or may not show the outlines of its parts. It is liber, or free, when the limbs are individually wrapped and there's no covering over the entire body: see chrysalis.

Puparium -ia: in Diptera, the thickened larval skin within which the pupa is formed.

Puparium -ia: in flies, the thickened larval skin where the pupa develops.

Pupate, Pupation: to become a pupa: the act of becoming a pupa.

Pupate, Pupation: to turn into a pupa; the process of becoming a pupa.

Pupiferous: applied to that generation of plant lice which produces sexed individuals.

Pupiferous: refers to that generation of plant lice that produces male and female individuals.

Pupigenous: =pupiparous; q.v.

Pupigenous: =pupiparous; see also.

Pupigerous: forming a larval pupariuni: coarctate: said of dipterous larva that contract to form an envelope for the inclosed pupa.

Pupigerous: forming a larval puparium: coarctate: refers to dipteran larvae that contract to create an envelope for the enclosed pupa.

Pupil: the central mark of an ocellate spot.

Pupil: the main feature of an eye-like spot.

Pupillate: spots or marks that have an eye-like centre.

Pupillate: spots or marks that have a center resembling an eye.

Pupipara: a series of Diptera, in which the females do not extrude the young until they have reached the stage ready to pupate.

Pupipara: a group of flies where the females don't release their young until they are ready to pupate.

Pupiparous: bringing forth young ready to pupate.

Pupiparous: giving birth to young that are ready to pupate.

Pupivorous: feeding upon pupa: especially applied to those Hymenoptera that are parasitic upon insects in the pupal stage.

Pupivorous: feeding on pupae; specifically refers to those Hymenoptera that are parasitic on insects during their pupal stage.

Purpurascent: becoming purple in shade.

Purpurascent: turning purple in color.

Purpureous -eus: purple [mauve].

Purple -eus: purple [mauve].

Pustular a colored point of moderate circumference.

Pustular, a colored spot of moderate size.

Pustulated hair: in Mallophaga those arising from unchitinized spaces.

Pustulated hair: in Mallophaga, those that come from unchitinized areas.

Pygidium: the last dorsal segment of abdomen left exposed by the elytra: in Forficulidw, the last dorsal segment: in Diaspincr, the compound terminal segment.

Pygidium: the last dorsal segment of the abdomen that remains exposed by the elytra: in Forficulidae, the last dorsal segment: in Diaspinae, the combined terminal segment.

Pygofer: the last segment of the abdomen in certain Homoptera, especially the lateral margins which appear in the ventral view; hence sometimes used in the plural - pygofers.

Pygofer: the final section of the abdomen in some Homoptera, particularly the side edges visible from the underside; therefore, it is sometimes referred to in the plural as pygofers.

Pygophore: the large upper piece of the genitalia in Homoptera.

Pygophore: the large upper part of the reproductive organs in Homoptera.

Pygotheca: the parts containing the genitalia in Homoptera.

Pygotheca: the parts that hold the genitals in Homoptera.

Pyloric: referring to the posterior extremity of the chylific ventricle.

Pyloric: relating to the back end of the chylific ventricle.

Pyloric valve: the specialized posterior portion of crop where there is no distinct gizzard.

Pyloric valve: the specific back part of the crop where there's no clear gizzard.

Pyloric valvule: a circular projection of the stomach behind which is an enlargement of the intestine.

Pyloric valve: a circular projection of the stomach behind which is an enlarged section of the intestine.

Pylorus: the chylific ventricle.

Pylorus: the digestive ventricle.

Pyriform: shaped like a pear.

Pyriform: pear-shaped.

Quadra -ri -ro: as a prefix, means four.

Quadrate: square or nearly so.

Quadrate: square or almost square.

Quadrifarium: having four rows.

Quadrifarium: four rows.

Quadrilateral: four-sided: formed or bounded by four lines: in Odonata, a space on the wings of Zygoptera bounded by the lower sector of arculus, the sub-median vein, a cross-vein between these two, and the lower part of arculus.

Quadrilateral: four-sided shape formed or enclosed by four lines. In Odonata, it refers to a space on the wings of Zygoptera that is bounded by the lower sector of the arculus, the sub-median vein, a cross-vein connecting these two, and the lower part of the arculus.

Queen: the actively reproducing female among worker insects.

Queen: the female insect that is actively reproducing among worker insects.

Quiescent: not active: applied to the pupae in forms with complete metamorphosis.

Quiescent: inactive; used to describe the pupae in organisms that undergo complete metamorphosis.

Quiet: subdued: not conspicuous or contrasting in color or maculation.

Quiet: muted: not noticeable or standing out in color or pattern.

Race: a variety of a species possessing constant characters which yet are not specific; usually occurring in a different faunal region from the type and may thus be geographical: nearly synonymous with subspecies.

Race: a type of a species that has consistent traits but isn't a separate species; typically found in a different animal region from the original and can be geographical: almost the same as subspecies.

Racemose: like a bunch of grapes: applied to ovaries when they form bunches or sacs.

Racemose: resembling a bunch of grapes; used to describe ovaries when they develop into clusters or sacs.

Rachis: a ridge or keel dividing the spinning canal at base, in caterpillars; the shank of an antennal joint into which the lateral spines or other processes are inserted.

Rachis: a ridge or keel that separates the spinning canal at the base in caterpillars; the shaft of an antennal joint where the side spines or other attachments are connected.

Radial: pertaining to the radius or radial vein.

Radial: relating to the radius or radial vein.

Radial area: in Orthoptera; the space between the mediastinal (subcosta) and radial veins: see scapular area.

Radial area: in Orthoptera; the area between the mediastinal (subcosta) and radial veins: see scapular area.

Radial cells: the wing area between the radius and media; often divided: in the plural (Comst.), are those cells anteriorly margined by the radius or its branches.

Radial cells: the wing area between the radius and media; often divided: in the plural (Comst.), these are the cells that are bordered at the front by the radius or its branches.

Radial cross vein: (Comst.), is that which divides cell, radius 1.

Radial cross vein: (Comst.), is the one that divides cell, radius 1.

Radial sector: in general, the lower of the two primary divisions of the radius (Comst.): in Odonata, an indirect branch from the media, just below and parallel with media 2.

Radial sector: generally, the lower of the two main divisions of the radius (Comst.): in Odonata, an indirect branch from the media, just below and parallel to media 2.

Radial vein: in Homoptera, the first important vein next the costa between it and ulnar: in Orthoptera, = radius (Comst.): in Diptera, = 2d longitudinal vein (Meigen), = radius 2 (Comst.).

Radial vein: in Homoptera, the first major vein next to the costa, situated between it and the ulnar vein; in Orthoptera, it's equal to the radius (Comst.); in Diptera, it's equal to the second longitudinal vein (Meigen), also referred to as radius 2 (Comst.).

Radiate veins: the longitudinal veins spreading fan-like in the anal field of secondaries: = anal veins; q.v.

Radiate veins: the long veins spreading out like a fan in the anal area of the secondaries: = anal veins; see elsewhere.

Radiated: marked with lines proceeding from a common centre.

Radiated: marked with lines extending from a common center.

Radicle or Radicula: that joint of the antenna that is articulated to the head.

Radicle or Radicula: the part of the antenna that connects to the head.

Radio-medial cross vein: connects the radial and medial systems and usually closes the radial cell (Comst.).

Radio-medial cross vein: connects the radial and medial systems and typically closes off the radial cell (Comst.).

Radius: (Comst.); the third of the longitudinal veins starting from base and dividing into not more than five branches before reaching the margin: the branches are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively, beginning at the costal margin and extending outward and downward.

Radius: (Comst.); the third longitudinal vein starting from the base and splitting into no more than five branches before reaching the edge: the branches are numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, respectively, beginning at the costal margin and extending outward and downward.

Radix: base of wings, and their point of insertion; see pteropega.

Radix: base of the wings and where they attach; see pteropega.

Rami -us: branches: a branch.

Ramification: the branching out in every direction.

Ramification: spreading out in all directions.

Ramify: to branch out in every direction.

Ramify: to spread out in all directions.

Rammel-kammer: = copulation chamber; q.v.

Rammel-kammer: = mating chamber; q.v.

Ramose -ous: branched, or having long branches.

Ramose -ous: having branches or extended limbs.

Rapacious: predatory; capturing and eating prey.

Greedy: predatory; hunting and consuming prey.

Raptatory: = raptorial; q.v.

Raptatory: = predatory; see also.

Raptoria: applied to that series of Orthoptera, in which the anterior legs are fitted for grasping; Mantidae {Scanner's comment: No longer Orthoptera, but Mantodea, a suborder of the Dictyoptera.}

Raptoria: refers to that group of grasshoppers and similar insects, where the front legs are adapted for grabbing; Mantidae {Scanner's comment: No longer Orthoptera, but Mantodea, a suborder of the Dictyoptera.}

Raptorial: formed for seizing prey.

Raptorial: designed for catching prey.

Rare: seldom seen or found.

Rare: rarely seen or found.

Rasorial: formed for scratching; applied to leg structures.

Rasorial: designed for scratching; refers to leg structures.

Ravenous: greedy; voracious; hungrily.

Ravenous: extremely hungry; insatiable.

Receptaculum seminis: a sac or pouch-like appendage at the junction of the oviducts with the vagina; it is filled during copulation and the eggs are fertilized from it as they are extruded.

Receptaculum seminis: a pouch-like structure at the point where the oviducts meet the vagina; it fills up during mating, and the eggs are fertilized from it as they are released.

Reclinate: directed backward; e.g. the bristles in Diptera.

Reclinate: angled backward; for example, the bristles in Diptera.

Reclinatus: = reflexed; q.v.

Reclinatus: = bent back; q.v.

Reclivate: curved into a convex, then into a concave line.

Reclivate: bent into a convex shape, then into a concave shape.

Recondite: the sting when concealed in the abdomen.

Recondite: the pain when hidden in the stomach.

Rectal cauda: the terminal, tubular process or tail terminating the abdomen of some male Hemiptera.

Rectal cauda: the final, tube-like structure or tail that ends the abdomen of certain male Hemiptera.

Rectal glands: appendages to or thickenings of the rectum secreting a lubricating material.

Rectal glands: extensions or thickened areas of the rectum that produce a lubricating substance.

Rectal tracheal gills: lamelliform structures in the rectum of the nymphs of some Odonata, supplied with trachea and tracheoles and serving as respiratory organs.

Rectal tracheal gills: flat structures in the rectum of the nymphs of certain Odonata, equipped with trachea and tracheoles and functioning as breathing organs.

Rectangular: in the form of a right or rectangle.

Rectangular: in the shape of a right angle or rectangle.

Rectangulate: forming or meeting in a right angle.

Rectangulate: forming or meeting at a right angle.

Rectigrade: larvae which, having sixteen feet, walk with a rectilinear body.

Rectigrade: larvae that have sixteen feet and move with a straight body.

Rectilinear: in the form of a straight line.

Rectilinear: shaped like a straight line.

Rectum: a chamber, variable in size and form, just within the anus, in which the excretions are formed or molded for expulsion from the body:= cloaca.

Rectum: a chamber, varying in size and shape, just inside the anus, where waste is formed or shaped for removal from the body: cloaca.

Rectus: right or straight.

Recumbent: lying down; reclining.

Recurrent: running backward: applied to nerves it = stomatogastric.

Recurrent: running backward; when applied to nerves, it refers to the stomatogastric.

Recurrent nervure: in Hymenoptera (Nort.), is the medial cross vein (Comst.), from the point of branching to the junction.

Recurrent vein: in Hemerobiidae, the first branch of the subcosta when it recurves toward the base of the wing.

Recurrent vein: in Hemerobiidae, the first branch of the subcosta that curves back towards the base of the wing.

Recurved: bowed backward.

Recurved: bent backward.

Reductus: a zig-zag marking or corrugation.

Reductus: a zig-zag pattern or wrinkle.

Reflected or Reflexed: angularly bent backward.

Reflected or Reflexed: bent back at an angle.

Refracted: bent back as if broken.

Refracted: bent back like it’s broken.

Region: a space or area adjoining a specified point: a part of the body composed of a number of segments, as the head, the thorax, or the abdomen.

Region: a space or area next to a specific point: a part of the body made up of several segments, like the head, the thorax, or the abdomen.

Rejuvenescence: a renewal of youth; bringing back to a condition of youth.

Rejuvenescence: a revival of youth; restoring to a youthful state.

Remote: further removed than distant.

Remote: farther away than distant.

Reniform: kidney-shaped: applied to a macula approximating that shape, found at the end of median cell in many moths.

Reniform: kidney-shaped; used to describe a spot that resembles that shape, located at the end of the median cell in many moths.

Repand: wavy; with alternate segments of circles and intervening angles.

Repand: wavy; composed of alternating circular segments and gaps.

Replicate: wings folded back upon the base; like the secondaries in Coleoptera.

Replicate: wings folded back against the body; similar to the secondaries in beetles.

Replicatile: capable of being folded back.

Replicatile: able to be folded back.

Repugnatorial: serving to repel: so offensive as to drive away: applied to glands that secrete an offensive material.

Repugnatorial: meant to drive people away; so disgusting that it pushes others away; used to describe glands that produce a foul substance.

Reservoir: a case or cavity for the storage of any fluid or secretion.

Reservoir: a container or space used for holding any fluid or secretion.

Resilient: elastic; having the property of springing back.

Resilient: flexible; able to bounce back.

Respiration: breathing or taking breath: union of oxygen with tissues and liberation of carbon dioxide from same.

Respiration: the act of breathing or inhaling; the process where oxygen combines with tissues and carbon dioxide is released from them.

Restricted: held back: confined to a limited area.

Restricted: held back; confined to a specific area.

Resupinate: upside down; horizontally reversed.

Resupinate: upside down; reversed.

Rete: the fatty mass of insects: also applied generally to any structureless membrane or layer.

Rete: the fatty tissue of insects; also used more broadly to refer to any non-structured membrane or layer.

Reticulate: like net-work.

Reticulate: like a network.

Reticulum: a net-work; as of a cell.

Reticulum: a network; like that of a cell.

Retina: that portion of the eye upon which the image is formed.

Retina: the part of the eye where the image is created.

Retinaculum: in Lepidoptera, the loop into which the frenulum of the male is fitted; = hamus, q.v.: in Hymenoptera, horny, movable scales serving to move the sting or to prevent its being darted out too far: in Coleoptera, the middle, tooth-like process of the larval mandible.

Retinaculum: in butterflies and moths, the loop where the male's frenulum fits; = hamus, see above: in wasps and bees, rigid, movable scales that help move the sting or stop it from extending too far: in beetles, the middle, tooth-like part of the larval mandible.

Retinal pigment: the pigment layer of the compound eye just above the basilar or fenestrate membrane.

Retinal pigment: the pigment layer of the compound eye located just above the basilar or fenestrated membrane.

Retinophora: = retinula; q.v.

Retinophora: = retinula; see also.

Retinula -ae: the retina of a single ocellus: the nerve fibres or cells between pigment cells and retina of the compound eye.

Retinula -ae: the retina of a single ocellus; the nerve fibers or cells located between the pigment cells and the retina of the compound eye.

Retracted: drawn back; opposed to prominent.

Retracted: pulled back; opposite of sticking out.

Retractile: capable of being drawn in or retracted.

Retractile: able to be pulled back or withdrawn.

Retractor: used in drawing in or back; as a muscle.

Retractor: used to pull in or back; like a muscle.

Retroarcuate: curved backwards.

Retroarcuate: bent backward.

Retrocession: the going or moving backward.

Retrocession: the act of going or moving backward.

Retrose: (sinuate), pointing backwards; (serrate) inversely serrated.

Retrose: (sinuate), pointing backward; (serrate) inversely serrated.

Retuse: ending in an obtuse sinus or broad, shallow notch, terminated by an obtuse hollow.

Retuse: ending in a wide, shallow indentation or notch, finished with a rounded dip.

Reversed: turned in, an unusual or contrary direction, as upside down or inside out: said of wings when they are deflexed, the margin of secondaries projecting beyond those of primaries.

Reversed: turned in an unusual or opposite direction, like upside down or inside out; used to describe wings when they are deflected, with the tips of the secondary feathers extending beyond those of the primary feathers.

Reviviscence: coming back to life; awakening from hibernation.

Reviviscence: coming back to life; waking up from hibernation.

Revolute: spirally rolled backward.

Rhabdites: the blade-like elements of the sting and ovipositor: a rod or bladelike process projecting from the epidermis.

Rhabdites: the blade-shaped parts of the sting and ovipositor; a rod or blade-like structure extending from the skin.

Rhabdom: the rod lying in the axis of the retinula, below the crystalline cone of an eye.

Rhabdom: the rod located in the center of the retinula, beneath the crystalline cone of the eye.

Rhabdomere: the rod-like distal portion of a retinular cell.

Rhabdomere: the rod-shaped outer part of a retinular cell.

Rhabdopoda: clasping organs of the 9th abdominal segment of male.

Rhabdopoda: gripping organs located on the 9th abdominal segment of the male.

Rhinarium: a nostril piece or portion of the nasus: q.v.: in Odonata, the lower portion of clypeus = ante-clypeus; q.v.

Rhinarium: a part of the nostril or a section of the nose: see also: in Odonata, the lower part of the clypeus = ante-clypeus; see also

Rhipiptera: = Strepsiptera q.v.

Rhipiptera: = Strepsiptera see also.

Rhomboidal: having the form of a rhomb.

Rhomboidal: diamond-shaped.

Rhombus: a quadrangular figure having its four sides equal and its opposite lines parallel, with two opposite angles acute and two obtuse.

Rhombus: a four-sided figure with all sides equal and opposite sides parallel, featuring two acute angles and two obtuse angles.

Rhopalocera: that series of Lepidoptera in which the antenna are alike in both sexes and form a club at tip.

Rhopalocera: that group of butterflies where the antennae are similar in both males and females and have a club shape at the end.

Rhodoptera: apterous insects with sucking mouth structures.

Rhodoptera: wingless insects with mouthparts designed for sucking.

Rhophoteira: an ordinal term for the fleas (Clairville).

Rhophoteira: a term used to refer to fleas (Clairville).

Rhynchophora: that section of Coleoptera, in which the head is produced into a snout, at the end of which the mouth structures are situated; gular sutures confluent: prosternal sutures wanting: the weevils.

Rhynchophora: this section of Coleoptera, where the head extends into a snout, at the tip of which the mouth parts are located; gular sutures merged: prosternal sutures absent: the weevils.

Rhynchota: = Rhyngota: q.v.

Rhynchota: = Rhyngota: see entry.

Rhynchus: of Fabricius, = promuscis: q.v.

Rhynchus: of Fabricius, = promuscis: see also.

Rhyngota: insects in which the mouth parts are prolonged into a beak or rostrum which serves as a protection to the piercing lancets: Hemiptera in the broad sense.

Rhyngota: insects whose mouthparts are extended into a beak or rostrum that protects the piercing lancets: Hemiptera in the broad sense.

Rhythmical: occurring at regular intervals in the production of opposite conditions.

Rhythmical: happening at consistent intervals in the creation of contrasting conditions.

Rigid: inflexible: holding a direct course.

Rigid: not flexible: following a straight path.

Rima: a crack or longitudinal opening with sharp edges.

Rima: a split or long opening with sharp edges.

Rimose: full of cracks.

Rimose: cracked.

Ring: a circle or annulus, usually margining a discolored spot.

Ring: a circle or band, typically surrounding a discolored area.

Ringent: gaping.

Ringent: wide open.

Riparian: along the river or along shore.

Riparian: next to the river or along the shore.

Ripicolous: dwelling on river banks: riparian.

Ripicolous: living on riverbanks; related to riverside areas.

Rorulentum: dusty: =pulverulent: q.v.

Rorulentum: dusty: =powdery: see also.

Roseate-eous,-ens: rose colored: pale blood red [rose].

Roseate-eous,-ens: rose-colored: pale blood red [rose].

Rosette-shaped: in the form of a double rose: clustered round a centre.

Rosette-shaped: shaped like a double rose; arranged in a cluster around a center.

Rostellum: a small beak; applied to the mouth parts of sucking lice: also used in Hemiptera, as = rostrum; q.v.

Rostellum: a small beak; refers to the mouth parts of sucking lice; also used in Hemiptera, as = rostrum; q.v.

Rostral: pertaining or attached to a rostrum; specifically of Hemiptera.

Rostral: related to or connected with a rostrum; specifically of Hemiptera.

Rostrate: the head, when it has a long protraction bearing the mouth parts.

Rostrate: the head when it has an extended shape that includes the mouthparts.

Rostriform: produced like a beak or snout.

Rostriform: shaped like a beak or snout.

Rostrum: a snout-like prolongation of the head: in Coleoptera, applied to the rigid extension in the snout beetles: in Hemiptera, is the jointed beak covering the piercing lancets; and this is the better use of the term.

Rostrum: a snout-like extension of the head; in Coleoptera, it refers to the hard extension in snout beetles; in Hemiptera, it is the jointed beak that covers the piercing lancets; and this is the more accurate use of the term.

Rotate: wheel-shaped.

Rotate: circular.

Rotator: used for turning; applied to muscles.

Rotator: used for rotating; applied to muscles.

Rotatory: an articulation that permits a rotating motion, e.g. a ball and socket joint.

Rotatory: a joint that allows for a rotating motion, like a ball and socket joint.

Rotula: a small round segment sometimes present between the joints of antenna; and palpi: = torquillus.

Rotula: a small round part sometimes found between the joints of antennae and palps; = torquillus.

Rotule: the trochantine.

Rotule: the trochanter.

Rotundate: rounded: in the form of a circle or segment of a circle: without angles: said of margins when they pass gradually into each other and do not form an angle at their point of junction.

Rotundate: rounded; in the shape of a circle or part of a circle; smooth without angles; refers to edges when they blend into one another gradually and don't create an angle where they connect.

Royal jelly: the food supplied to bee larva that develop into queens.

Royal jelly: the food provided to bee larvae that grow into queens.

Royal pairs or Royalties: the sexually active males and females of social insects.

Royal pairs or Royalties: the sexually active male and female social insects.

Ruben: red, approaching carmine [alizar crimson].

Ruben: red, getting close to carmine [alizar crimson].

Rubescent: reddish or becoming red.

Rubescent: reddish or turning red.

Rubiginose: a rusty red [dragon's blood, but brighter].

Rubiginose: a bright rusty red [dragon's blood, but brighter].

Rubinous: ruby red: like the eye of a house fly.

Rubinous: ruby red: similar to the eye of a house fly.

Rudiment -any: the beginning of any structure or part before it has developed.

Rudiment -any: the starting point of any structure or part before it has fully developed.

Rufescent: reddish.

Rufous: brick-red [chronic yellow + dragon's blood].

Rufous: brick-red [constant yellow + dragon's blood].

Ruga, Rugulae: a wrinkle; small wrinkles.

Ruga, Rugulae: a wrinkle; fine lines.

Rugose -ous: wrinkled: with irregular waved elevated lines.

Rugose -ous: wrinkled; featuring uneven, wavy, raised lines.

Rugulose -ous; minutely wrinkled.

Rugulose -ous; tiny wrinkles.

Runcinate: notched: cut into several transverse acute segments which point backward.

Runcinate: notched: cut into several transverse sharp segments that point backward.

Ruptor ovi: = egg burster; q.v.

Egg Burster: = egg burster; see above.

Rutilous: a shining bronze red.

Rutilous: a bright bronze red.

Sabulose: sandy or gritty.

Sac: in Coccidae, the separate cottony envelope secreted by many species.

Sac: in Coccidae, the individual cottony covering produced by many species.

Saccate: gibbous or inflated toward one end.

Saccate: bulging or swollen at one end.

Saccule: a little sac or pouch.

Saccule: a small sac or pouch.

Saccus: a lobe of ventral plate of 9th segment in female Lepidoptera.

Saccus: a section of the lower plate of the 9th segment in female moths and butterflies.

Saddle: the chitinous plate on the anal siphon of Culicid larvae.

Saddle: the hard plate on the tail end of mosquito larvae.

Sagitta: arrow-like spots on the wings of Lepidoptera and other insects.

Sagitta: arrow-shaped markings on the wings of butterflies and other insects.

Sagittae: the inner pair of forceps in male genitalia of aculeate Hymenoptera: see stipites.

Sagittae: the inner pair of forceps in the male genitalia of stinging wasps: see stipites.

Sagittal: equivalent to longitudinal.

Sagittal: same as longitudinal.

Sagittal plane: the longitudinal vertical plane which divides an animal into right and left halves.

Sagittal plane: the vertical plane that runs lengthwise and splits an animal into right and left halves.

Sagittate: shaped like an arrow head: elongate triangular.

Sagittate: shaped like an arrowhead; elongated and triangular.

Salient: projecting; jutting out.

Salient: sticking out; protruding.

Saliva: the secretion of the salivary glands that moistens and begins the digestion of the food.

Saliva: the fluid produced by the salivary glands that moistens food and starts the digestion process.

Salivary glands: glands that open into the mouth or at the beginning of the alimentary canal, secreting a digestive, irritant or viscid material.

Salivary glands: glands that open into the mouth or at the start of the digestive tract, releasing a digestive, irritating, or thick substance.

Salivary receptacle: a small cavity above the opening of the salivary duct, between labium and hypopharynx.

Salivary receptacle: a small space located above the entrance of the salivary duct, situated between the lip and the hypopharynx.

Salivary pump: applied to the chitinous, cup-like structure at the base of the labial stylets of piercing Diptera; e.g. mosquitoes.

Salivary pump: used in the chitinous, cup-shaped structure at the base of the labial stylets of piercing flies, such as mosquitoes.

Saltatoria: that series of Orthoptera in which the posterior legs are formed for jumping.

Saltatoria: that group of grasshoppers and crickets where the back legs are adapted for jumping.

Saltatorial or Saltatory: formed for jumping or leaping: a posterior femur when much enlarged and dilated.

Saltatorial or Saltatory: designed for jumping or leaping; a back femur that is significantly enlarged and widened.

Saltatory appendage: in Collembola = furcula; q.v.

Saltatory appendage: in Collembola = furcula; see above.

Sanguineous -eus: red like arterial blood [crimson lake].

Sanguinolent: bloody; in color or appearance.

Sanguinolent: bloody; in color or look.

Sapphyrinus: sapphire blue [French blue].

Sarcolemma: the elastic covering of the striated muscular fibres.

Sarcolemma: the flexible outer layer of the striped muscle fibers.

Sarothrum: the basal joint of posterior tarsus in pollen gatherers: see metatarsus.

Sarothrum: the base joint of the back part of the ankle in pollen collectors: see metatarsus.

Saturate: deeply or strongly marked; in a color, means intense.

Saturate: deeply or strongly marked; when referring to a color, it means intense.

Saxicolous: species that frequent rocky or stony areas.

Saxicolous: species that inhabit rocky or stony areas.

Saws: the ovipositors of the saw flies or Tenthredinidae.

Saws: the egg-laying devices of the saw flies, also known as Tenthredinidae.

Scaber: uneven, rough.

Scaber: uneven, rough texture.

Scabriculous: regularly and finely wrinkled.

Scabriculous: consistently and finely wrinkled.

Scabrose -ous: rough like a file, with small raised points.

Scabrose -ous: rough like sandpaper, with small raised bumps.

Scalariform: ladder-like; applied to venation when the veinlets between two longitudinal veins are regularly arranged like the rungs of a ladder.

Scalariform: resembling a ladder; used to describe venation when the small veins between two long veins are consistently arranged like the rungs of a ladder.

Scale: a general term to distinguish Coccidae: specifically the puparium of a Diaspid, comprising exuviae and excreted matter: the waxy covering of a male Lecaniid: in Diptera = alula: q.v.

Scale: a general term to identify Coccidae: specifically the pupal casing of a Diaspid, made up of shed skin and waste material: the waxy coating of a male Lecaniid: in Diptera = alula: see above.

Scales: broad flattened hairs, forming the wing vestiture of Lepidoptera, and present in various other insects.

Scales: wide, flat hairs that make up the wing covering of butterflies and moths, and are found in various other insects.

Scalloped: an edge marked by segments of circles without intervening angles.

Scalloped: an edge defined by a series of circular curves without any sharp angles in between.

Scalpellus: a lancet-like piercing structure, as in some Diptera.

Scalpellus: a sharp, needle-like structure used for piercing, similar to that found in some flies.

Scalpriform: chisel-shaped.

Scansorial: said of feet, when formed for climbing on hair.

Scansorial: used to describe feet that are adapted for climbing on fur.

Scape: the long basal joint of a geniculate antenna in Coleoptera; usually applied to the three basal joints, as in Hymenoptera.

Scape: the long base segment of a bent antenna in beetles; typically refers to the three base segments, similar to what's found in wasps and bees.

Scaphiform: boat-shaped.

Scaphium: a ventral process of the 10th abdominal segment in male Lepidoptera below the uncus.

Scaphium: a structure on the underside of the 10th abdominal segment in male butterflies and moths, located below the uncus.

Scapula: in Lepidoptera the shoulder tippets, patagia or axillae; q.v.: in Hymenoptera, the side pieces of the mesonotum; also, a trochanter of the fore-leg; in Proctotrupidae the lateral lobes on each side of the parapsidal furrow.

Scapula: in Lepidoptera, the shoulder coverings, patagia, or axillae; see also: in Hymenoptera, the side parts of the mesonotum; also, a trochanter of the front leg; in Proctotrupidae, the side lobes on each side of the parapsidal groove.

Scapulae: in Hemiptera, the inferior lateral face of mesonotum.

Scapulae: in Hemiptera, the lower side of the lateral face of the mesonotum.

Scapular: the episternum; q.v.: applied to the scapula.

Scapular: the breastbone; refer to: related to the shoulder blade.

Scapular area: in a wing, is that portion nearest the shoulder: in Orthoptera, = radial area.

Scapular area: in a wing, it refers to the part closest to the shoulder; in Orthoptera, it equals the radial area.

Scapularia: a meso-episternum: see scapula.

Scapularia: a mid-epsternum: see scapula.

Scapular vein: in Orthoptera, = radius.

Scapular vein: in grasshoppers and crickets, = radius.

Scapus: = scape.

Scapus: = stem.

Scarabidoid: applied to that stage of a meloid larva in which it resembles a white grub or Scarabid larva.

Scarabidoid: refers to the stage of a meloid larva when it looks like a white grub or Scarabid larva.

Scarified: a surface with irregular depressions, as if clawed or scratched.

Scarified: a surface with uneven indentations, like it has been scratched or clawed.

Scariose -ous: dry and scaly.

Scariose -ous: dry and flaky.

Scatophagous: feeding upon dung or excrement:= merdivorous.

Scatophagous: feeding on dung or excrement: = merdivorous.

Scent glands, or organs: glandular structures; sometimes eversible, sometimes in the form of hair tufts or pencils for diffusing odors that may be repellant or attractive; most frequently found in males as a secondary sexual character.

Scent glands, or organs: glandular structures; sometimes they can be turned inside out, sometimes they appear as tufted hair or pencil-like shapes to spread smells that can either repel or attract; they are most often seen in males as a secondary sexual characteristic.

Scent pores: = ostioles; q.v.

Scent pores: = scent glands; see also.

Sclerite: any piece of the body wall bounded by sutures.

Sclerite: any section of the body wall separated by seams.

Scopa: a brush: a covering of short, stiff hair of equal length: in Hymenoptera, the thick hair covering the posterior tibia of pollen- gathering forms.

Scopa: a brush; a layer of short, stiff hair that is all the same length; in Hymenoptera, the dense hair that covers the back leg of pollen-collecting species.

Scopate: furnished with a scopa.

Scopate: equipped with a broom.

Scopula: a small, dense tuft of hair: the bristles or stiff hairs covering the inner side of basal joint on the tarsi of pollen-gathering Hymenoptera.

Scopula: a small, dense bunch of hair; the bristles or stiff hairs that cover the inner side of the basal joint on the tarsi of pollinating Hymenoptera.

Scopulipedes: bees which have pollen gathering structures on the feet.

Scopulipedes: bees that have pollen-collecting structures on their feet.

Scraper: the hardened portion of the inner margin of the tegmina in crickets used in producing the song.

Scraper: the tough part of the inner edge of the wings in crickets that is used to create their song.

Scriptus: lettered or marked with characters resembling letters.

Scriptus: written or marked with characters that look like letters.

Scrobes: grooves formed for the reception or concealment of an appendage specifically, in Rhynchophora, grooves at the sides of the rostrum to receive the scape of antenna 2: also applied to grooves on the sides of mandibles: in Hymenoptera, the usually circular impressions upon the frons, in which the scapes revolve: in Orthoptera, the pits in which the antenna; are situate.

Scrobes: grooves created for holding or hiding an appendage, specifically in Rhynchophora, grooves on the sides of the rostrum that accommodate the scape of antenna 2; also refers to grooves on the sides of mandibles. In Hymenoptera, these are typically circular impressions on the frons where the scapes move; in Orthoptera, the pits where the antennae are located.

Scrobiculated: having the surface covered with deep round pits.

Scrobiculated: having a surface covered in deep, round holes.

Scrotal membrane: the envelope covering the testes in some insects.

Scrotal membrane: the covering that protects the testes in certain insects.

Scrotiform: purse-shaped.

Scrotiform: bag-shaped.

Scrotum: = scrotal membrane; q, v.

Scrotum: = scrotal membrane; see also, v.

Sculpture: the markings or pattern of impression or elevation on an elytra or other body surface.

Sculpture: the markings or patterns of impressions or raised areas on an elytra or other body surface.

Sculptured: a surface, when marked with elevations or depressions or both, arranged in some definite manner.

Sculptured: a surface that has raised or lowered areas, or a combination of both, arranged in a specific way.

Scutate-iform: shield or buckler-shaped.

Scutate-iform: shield-shaped.

Scutcheon: = scutellum; q.v.: also used by some authors (Walker) for the pronotum in Homoptera.

Scutcheon: = scutellum; see also: also used by some authors (Walker) for the pronotum in Homoptera.

Scutel: = scutellum: q.v.

Scutel: = scutellum: see above

Scutellar angle: of elytra is next to the scutel when wing is expanded.

Scutellar angle: of the elytra is located next to the scutel when the wing is spread out.

Scutellar bridge: in Diptera, a small ridge on either side of the scutellum, connecting it with the mesonotum.

Scutellar bridge: in Diptera, a small ridge on each side of the scutellum that connects it to the mesonotum.

Scutellar space: in Mantids, an area between antennae and clypeus.

Scutellar space: in mantids, the area between the antennae and the clypeus.

Scutellate: dish- or platter-shaped.

Scutellate: bowl-shaped.

Scutellum: the third dorsal sclerite of the meso- and meta-thorax: in Coleoptera, the triangular piece between the elytra at base and universally referred to as the scutellum: in Heteroptera, a similar sclerite between base of hemelytra: in Diptera, a sub-hemispherical. body posteriorly cut off by an impressed line from the dorsum of the meso-thorax.

Scutellum: the third dorsal sclerite of the meso- and meta-thorax; in beetles (Coleoptera), it's the triangular section between the bases of the wing covers (elytra) and is commonly called the scutellum. In true bugs (Heteroptera), it refers to a similar sclerite located between the bases of the forewings (hemelytra). In flies (Diptera), it's a sub-hemispherical structure that is cut off at the back by an impressed line from the upper surface of the meso-thorax.

Scutes: the chitinous shields or plates on the segments of larvae.

Scutes: the hard, protective plates on the segments of larvae.

Scutiform: = scutate; q.v.

Scutiform: = scutate; see also.

Scutum: the second dorsal sclerite of the meso- and meta-thorax.

Scutum: the second dorsal hard plate of the middle and rear part of the thorax.

Seal-brown: a brilliant deep red-brown: almost like, but darker than castaneous [between dragon's blood and Indian red].

Seal-brown: a vivid deep red-brown; almost like, but darker than chestnut [between dragon's blood and Indian red].

Sebaceous: fatty or oily; applied to glands secreting such substances.

Sebaceous: fatty or oily; related to glands that produce these kinds of substances.

Sebific: oily; sebaceous; somewhat sticky.

Sebific: oily; greasy; slightly sticky.

Sebific duct: carries the excretions of the colleterial gland to the bursa copulatrix.

Sebific duct: carries the waste from the colleterial gland to the bursa copulatrix.

Second antennal segment: the third or tritocerebral segment of head.

Second antennal segment: the third or tritocerebral segment of the head.

Secondaries: the hind wings; always attached to the meta-thorax.

Secondaries: the back wings; always connected to the meta-thorax.

Secondary sexual characters: features possessed by one sex but not the other, other than the differences of the reproductive organs themselves; e.g. color, size, shape, etc.

Secondary sexual characteristics: traits found in one sex but not in the other, aside from the distinctions of the reproductive organs themselves; for example, color, size, shape, etc.

Second clypeus: see anteclypeus.

Second costal cell: in Hymenoptera (Pack.); is the stigma.

Second inner apical: in Hymenoptera (Nort.), = media 3 (Comst), to the junction of medial cross-vein; also called sub-marginal nervure in part.

Second inner apical: in Hymenoptera (Nort.), = media 3 (Comst), to the junction of the medial cross-vein; also called the sub-marginal nervure in part.

Second lateral thoracic suture: in Odonata, extends front base of secondaries to the rear of the third coxa.

Second lateral thoracic suture: in dragonflies, extends from the front base of the second wings to the back of the third coxa.

Second longitudinal vein: in Diptera:= radius 2 + 3 (Comst). Second maxilla: the labium: q.v.

Second longitudinal vein: in Diptera = radius 2 + 3 (Comst). Second maxilla: the labium: see entry.

Second maxillary segment: the seventh or labial segment of head.

Second maxillary segment: the seventh or lip segment of the head.

Second median area: see median area; areola.

Second submarginal nervure: Hymenoptera (Nort.), = radius 5 (Comst.).

Second submarginal nerve: Hymenoptera (Nort.), = radius 5 (Comst.).

Secretion: any matter produced by a gland: in Coccidae, specifically, the waxy, fibrous, cottony or silky substances forming the "scales."

Secretion: any substance produced by a gland; in Coccidae, specifically, the waxy, fibrous, cottony, or silky materials that make up the "scales."

Secretionary supplement: that part of a Diaspid scale extending beyond or around the pellicles.

Secretionary supplement: that part of a Diaspid scale that extends beyond or around the outer layers.

Secretory: concerned in the process of secretion.

Secretory: involved in the process of secreting.

Sectores coronis: the tearing or cutting structures used by the Lepidoptera in working out of a cocoon.

Sectores coronis: the tearing or cutting structures used by moths and butterflies to get out of a cocoon.

Sectors: longitudinal veins in Odonata, which strike the principal veins at an angle, and usually reach the apex or hind margin: they are radial, subnodal, principal, nodal, median, short, and upper and lower of triangle: all of which see.

Sectors: long veins in dragonflies and damselflies that meet the main veins at an angle and typically extend to the tip or back edge: they include radial, subnodal, principal, nodal, median, short, and upper and lower triangle sectors: all of which you can observe.

Secund: pointing one way: unilateral.

Secund: pointing one way: one-sided.

Securiform: triangular-compressed; like the blade of a hatchet.

Securiform: triangular and compressed; similar to the edge of an axe.

Sedentary: not active: settled or remaining in one place.

Sedentary: not active; staying in one place or not moving around.

Segment: a ring or division bounded by incisions or sutures: a segment of an insect or of any articulate is a transverse portion reaching entirely across the body, originally separated on the exterior by incisions or sutures from the preceding and the succeeding segments, having attached to it not more than one pair of ventral appendages, containing internally not more than one pair of nerve ganglia which supply nerves to the pair of appendages; = somite, arthromere: fusion of segments frequently obscures, as in the head: externally the walls of one segment may be composed of a number of sclerites separated from each other by secondary sutures.

Segment: a ring or section defined by cuts or seams: a segment of an insect or any jointed creature is a cross-section that extends completely across the body, originally separated on the outside by cuts or seams from the segments before and after it, having attached to it no more than one pair of lower appendages, containing inside no more than one pair of nerve ganglia which send nerves to the pair of appendages; = somite, arthromere: merging of segments often hides distinctions, as seen in the head: on the outside, the walls of one segment may consist of several hard plates separated by secondary seams.

Segmentate: made up of rings or segments.

Segmentate: composed of rings or segments.

Segmentation of egg: the division of the originally single celled egg into a number of coherent cells or blastomeres; = cleavage.

Segmentation of egg: the process where the initially single-celled egg divides into several cohesive cells or blastomeres; = cleavage.

Segregated: detached or scattered into groups.

Segregated: separated or divided into groups.

Segregation: a separation or placing apart.

Segregation: the act of separating or putting things apart.

Sejunctus: separated.

Sellate: saddle-shaped.

Sellate: saddle-shaped.

Sematophore: a seminal packet, composed of the seminal fluid mixed with the excretions of the accessory glands.

Sematophore: a packet of sperm, made up of seminal fluid combined with secretions from the accessory glands.

Sembling: = assembling; q.v.

Sembling: = assembling; see also.

Semen: the fluid secreted in the testes, containing the spermatozoa.

Semen: the fluid produced in the testes that contains sperm.

Semi-: half.

Semicircular: like the half of a circle.

Semicircular: like half of a circle.

Semi-complete: in metamorphosis, = incomplete; q.v.

Semi-complete: in transformation, = unfinished; see also.

Semicordate: half or partly heart-shaped.

Semicordate: half or partially heart-shaped.

Semicoronate: partly surrounded by a margin of spines, hooks or the like.

Semicoronate: partially surrounded by a border of spines, hooks, or similar structures.

Semicoronet: a margin of spines or hooks partly surrounding a structure or process.

Semicoronet: a border of spines or hooks that partially encircle a structure or process.

Semi-cylindrical: like a groove or half a cylinder.

Semi-cylindrical: like a groove or half of a cylinder.

Semi-hyaline: hyaline in part only: not altogether transparent.

Semi-hyaline: partially clear; not completely transparent.

Semi-looper: a caterpillar in which one or two pairs only of the abdominal legs are wanting and where in progression, only small loops are formed: see looper.

Semi-looper: a caterpillar that is missing one or two pairs of abdominal legs and, during movement, only creates small loops: see looper.

Semi-lunar: in the form of half a crescent.

Semi-lunar: shaped like half a crescent.

Semi-lunar valve: guards the auriculo-ventricular opening of the heart.

Semi-lunar valve: protects the opening between the atrium and ventricle of the heart.

Seminal ducts: = vasa deferentia; q.v.

Seminal ducts: = vas deferens; see also.

Seminal vesicles: enlarged tube or pouch-like structures which serve to store the seminal fluid of the male, and in which the later stages of its development may take place.

Seminal vesicles: enlarged tube or pouch-like structures that store the male's seminal fluid and may also be where its later stages of development occur.

Seminiferous: semen-secreting.

Seminiferous: sperm-producing.

Semipupa: that stage of the larva just preceding pupation: more specifically the interpolated stage between the active larva and the true pupa, in hyper-metamorphosis.

Semipupa: the stage of the larva just before it pupates; more specifically, the transitional stage between the active larva and the true pupa, in hyper-metamorphosis.

Semi-saggitate: like the longitudinal half of an arrow head.

Semi-saggitate: like the long part of an arrowhead.

Semitropical or Gulf strip: is the southern part of the Austro-riparian area extends from Texas to Southern Florida, covers a narrow strip in So. Georgia and probably follows the coastal lowlands into South Carolina.

Semitropical or Gulf strip: is the southern part of the Austro-riparian area that stretches from Texas to Southern Florida, covers a narrow strip in Southern Georgia, and likely continues along the coastal lowlands into South Carolina.

Sensim: gradually.

Sensim: slowly.

Sensoria: the circular openings covered by membrane, on the antenna or legs of plant lice.

Sensoria: the circular openings covered by a membrane, located on the antennae or legs of plant lice.

Sensory: relating to or having a sense function.

Sensory: connected to or having to do with the senses.

Sensory pittings: deep pits or punctures through the surface, which may or may not bear pegs, bristles or seta, and may be open or covered by a membrane; serving as organs of perception for sounds or smells.

Sensory pittings: deep pits or holes in the surface that may have pegs, bristles, or setae, and can be open or covered by a membrane; they function as sensory organs for detecting sounds or smells.

Septa, Septula: in Odonata, the triangular area of the mesonotum before the insertion of the primaries: = calli axillary.

Septa, Septula: in Odonata, the triangular area of the mesonotum before the insertion of the primary wings: = calli axillary.

Septum: an internal division of a body cavity.

Septum: a wall or partition inside a body cavity.

Sequence: the order in which things follow; e.g. species or genera.

Sequence: the order in which things occur; e.g. species or genera.

Seriatim: placed in longitudinal rows.

Seriatim: arranged in long rows.

Sericeous: silky: clothed with very dense minute hair which gives a silky lustre.

Sericeous: silky; covered with very fine, dense hair that gives a silky shine.

Sericterium -ies: the silk producing gland or glands in caterpillars: the spinning structures.

Sericterium -ies: the glands in caterpillars that produce silk; the structures responsible for spinning.

Series: a group of species, genera or families, arranged to show agreement in a common character which is not of sufficient importance to warrant the next higher division.

Series: a group of species, genera, or families, arranged to show agreement in a common characteristic that isn’t significant enough to justify the next higher division.

Serific glands: are these which produce a thick, mucous-like secretion which, on hardening, forms silk.

Serific glands: are the glands that produce a thick, mucous-like secretion that hardens to form silk.

Serosa: the outer membrane that envelops the forming embryo, the amnion and the remainder of the egg.

Serosa: the outer membrane that surrounds the developing embryo, the amnion, and the rest of the egg.

Serpentinous: a dirty, dark green [Hooker's green].

Serpentinous: a dark, muddy green [Hooker's green].

Serra: a saw or saw-like part.

Serra: a saw or a part that resembles a saw.

Serrate: saw-toothed, the teeth set toward one end.

Serrate: having a saw-like shape, with the teeth angled towards one end.

Serrato-dentate: toothed, the edges themselves saw-toothed.

Serrato-dentate: having toothed edges that are saw-like.

Serratulate: with little teeth or serrations.

Serratulate: having small teeth or notches.

Serricornia: that series of Coleoptera in which the antenna are serrate or saw-toothed.

Serricornia: a group of beetles where the antennae are serrated or saw-toothed.

Serriferous: possessing a saw-like ovipositor in the female; the saw- flies.

Serriferous: having a saw-shaped ovipositor in the female; the saw-flies.

Serrulate: with numerous little saw teeth.

Serrulate: with many tiny saw-like teeth.

Serum: the fluid in which the blood corpuscles float or are suspended.

Serum: the clear liquid in which blood cells are suspended.

Sesquialter or Sesquiocellus: a large ocellus including a smaller one.

Sesquialter or Sesquiocellus: a large eye spot that includes a smaller one.

Sesquitertial: occupying a fourth part.

Sesquitertial: occupying one-fourth.

Sessile: closely seated: the abdomen, when it is closely attached for nearly or quite its full width to the thorax.

Sessile: closely seated: the abdomen, when it is tightly attached for nearly or completely its full width to the thorax.

Sessiliventres: Hymenoptera in which the abdomen is sessile.

Sessiliventres: Hymenoptera with a non-stalked abdomen.

Seta -ae: a pointed bristle or long stiff hair: slender, hair-like appendages.

Seta -ae: a sharp bristle or long, stiff hair: slender, hair-like extensions.

Setaceous: bristle-shaped: slender, gradually tapering to a tip.

Setaceous: shaped like a bristle; thin and gradually tapering to a point.

Setarious aristate: the dipterous antenna when the arista is simple.

Setarious aristate: the fly's antenna when the arista is straightforward.

Setiferous: = setigercus; q.v.

Setiferous: = setigercus; see above.

Setiform: in the form of a bristle or seta: when a slender short bristle arises from a thicker basal joint.

Setiform: shaped like a bristle or seta: when a thin, short bristle comes from a thicker base.

Setigenous: the hypodermal cells that give rise to setae.

Setigenous: the lower layer of skin cells that produce setae.

Setigerous: bearing setae or bristles; e.g. punctures.

Setigerous: having setae or bristles; for example, punctures.

Setiparous: producing hair or sets.

Setireme: the hairy, oar-like legs of aquatic insects.

Setireme: the fuzzy, paddle-like legs of water insects.

Setose -ous: bristly or set with bristles.

Setose -ous: hairy or covered with hairs.

Setula: a small stiff bristle or seta: in Diptera, the small thorn at the end of the subcosta.

Setula: a small, stiff bristle or seta; in Diptera, the small thorn at the end of the subcosta.

Setulose: clothed with fine seta or setulae.

Setulose: covered with fine bristles or tiny hairs.

Sex: as a number, six: the physical difference between male and female: usually indicated by the sign of Mars (?) for male, and Venus (?) for female; workers or undeveloped females have the sign of Venus without the cross line, or a combination of the two others.

Sex: represented by the number six: the physical differences between male and female, typically shown by the symbol for Mars (?) for males and Venus (?) for females; workers or underdeveloped females have the symbol of Venus without the cross line, or a mix of the two other symbols.

Sexuparae: that generation of plant lice which produces the true sexes.

Sexuparae: that generation of aphids which produces the actual male and female forms.

Shade: a cloudy, ill-defined streak or band.

Shade: a cloudy, vague streak or band.

Shagreened: a surface roughened with minute tooth-like projections.

Shagreened: a surface that feels rough because of tiny, tooth-like bumps.

Shank: = tibia; q.v.

Shank: = shin bone; see also.

Shard: a chitinous sheath or elytron.

Shard: a hard outer covering or shell.

Sharp: with a pointed tip or thin edge; opposed to blunt.

Sharp: having a pointed tip or thin edge; the opposite of blunt.

Sheath of penis: in Odonata, a median, hood-like piece between the hamules, under which the penis is folded when not in use.

Sheath of penis: in Odonata, a central, hood-like structure between the hamules, where the penis is tucked away when not in use.

Shin: = tibia; q.v.

Shin: = shinbone; see also.

Short sector: in Odonata, = media 4 (Comst.).

Short sector: in Odonata, = average 4 (Comst.).

Shoulder: loosely applied to an obtuse angulation; more generally to the humeral angle of fore wings or elytra: the anterior angles of thorax in Lepidoptera; the angles of prothorax in Heteroptera: the lateral angles of metazona of pronotum in Orthoptera.

Shoulder: refers loosely to an obtuse angle; more specifically to the humeral angle of the forewings or elytra: the front angles of the thorax in moths and butterflies; the angles of the prothorax in true bugs; the side angles of the metazona of the pronotum in grasshoppers and crickets.

Sialisterium: a salivary gland.

Sialisterium: a saliva gland.

Side: the lateral margin of the body.

Side: the outer edge of the body.

Side piece: in genitalia of male Culicids the main lateral part of the clasping organ or basal segment of clasp.

Side piece: in the genitalia of male mosquitoes, the main lateral part of the clasping organ or the base segment of the clasp.

Sides of thorax: in Odonata, includes the pleura of meso- and meta- thorax, less the meso-episterna.

Sides of thorax: in Odonata, includes the pleura of the mesothorax and metathorax, excluding the mesoepisterna.

Sienna: a brownish orange [brown ochre].

Sienna: a brownish-orange shade.

Sigmoid: shaped like the Greek letter sigma, or English S.

Sigmoid: shaped like the Greek letter sigma or the English letter S.

Signate -us: = with marks or spots; see notate.

Signate -us: = with marks or spots; see note.

Signature: a colored blotch of any size or shape.

Signature: a colored spot of any size or shape.

Silaceous: = ochraceous.

Silaceous: = yellowish-brown.

Silk: the hardened salivary secretion of certain larvae, mainly of Lepidoptera. similar material is produced by anal glands of some larva in Neuroptera.

Silk: the hardened saliva secreted by certain larvae, mainly from Lepidoptera. A similar substance is produced by the anal glands of some larvae in Neuroptera.

Silk-glands: a pair of modified salivary glands in certain larva, mostly of Lepidoptera that secrete a viscid fluid which, on contact with the air, hardens into a silken fibre.

Silk-glands: a pair of modified salivary glands in certain larvae, mostly of Lepidoptera, that release a sticky fluid which, when it comes into contact with air, solidifies into a silk fiber.

Silvicolous: living in moist, shady woods.

Silvicolous: living in wet, shaded forests.

Simple, Simplex: without process, armature, or appendage of any kind.

Simple, Simplex: without any process, framework, or additional parts.

Simple eyes: = ocelli; q.v.

Simple eyes: = ocelli; see also.

Sinciput: in Coleoptera; that part of the vertex between the eyes.

Sinciput: in beetles; the area of the forehead located between the eyes.

Sinistrad: toward the left.

Sinistrad: to the left.

Sinistral: extending to or at the left from the median line.

Sinistral: extending to or on the left side of the median line.

Sinistro-caudad: extending obliquely from the left toward the tail.

Sinistro-caudad: extending diagonally from the left toward the back.

Sinistro-cephalad: extending obliquely from the left toward the head.

Sinistro-cephalad: extending diagonally from the left toward the head.

Sinuate: cut into sinuses; applied to lines and margins with an in and out curve.

Sinuate: cut into curves; applied to lines and edges with a wavy in and out pattern.

Sinuated: winding: with the edge scooped into sinuses.

Sinuated: winding; having the edge shaped into curves.

Sinuato-convex: sinuate and convex.

Sinuato-convex: wavy and curved.

Sinuato-lobate: sinuate and lobed.

Sinuato-lobate: wavy and lobed.

Sinuato-truncate: truncated, with the margin sinuate.

Sinuato-truncate: shortened, with a curved edge.

Sinuous: undulating; curved in and out.

Sinuous: wavy; curving in and out.

Sinus: a curvilinear indentation more or less profound: an excavation as if scooped out: a curved break in an otherwise straight margin.

Sinus: a curved indent that is more or less deep: an area that seems to be hollowed out: a curved interruption in an otherwise straight edge.

Siphon: a tube-like mouth organ in certain insects: the breathing tube of a Culicid larva: any tubular external process or structure.

Siphon: a tube-like mouthpart in some insects; the breathing tube of a mosquito larva; any tubular external structure or feature.

Siphonaptera: an ordinal name for insects which are wingless: mouth formed for piercing and sucking; saltatorial; transformations complete: the fleas = Aphaniptera; q.v.

Siphonaptera: an order of insects that are wingless, with mouths designed for piercing and sucking; they are jumping insects; their transformations are complete: fleas = Aphaniptera; see that entry.

Siphonata: = Homoptera or, more specifically, plant lice and leaf hoppers.

Siphonata: = Homoptera or, more specifically, aphids and leafhoppers.

Siphonets: see honey tubes.

Siphonets: see honey straws.

Siphonophora: = Coccinellidae; the term is preoccupied in the Coelenterates.

Siphonophora: = Coccinellidae; the term is already taken in the Coelenterates.

Siphunculata: the sucking lice.

Siphunculata: the sucking lice.

Siphunculus: the suctorial organ of a louse, contained within the tubule: in plant lice =honey tubes; q.v.

Siphunculus: the sucking organ of a louse, found inside the tube; in plant lice = honey tubes; see also.

Situ (in): in its natural place or position.

Situ (in): in its natural location or position.

Sixth longitudinal vein: in Diptera; = 1st anal vein (Comst.).

Sixth longitudinal vein: in flies; = 1st anal vein (Comst.).

Skeleton: the hard chitinous parts which externally (exoskeleton) or internally (endoskeleton) form a protective covering, or serve as points of attachment, to muscles and other soft organs.

Skeleton: the tough chitinous structures that create a protective covering on the outside (exoskeleton) or inside (endoskeleton) and provide attachment points for muscles and other soft organs.

Skippers: a popular term for Hesperid butterflies: the dipterous larva sometimes found in cheese and other provisions.

Skippers: a common name for Hesperid butterflies: the fly larvae that can occasionally be found in cheese and other food items.

Slaty: very dark blackish gray with a reddish tinge [neutral with a little Indian red].

Slaty: a very dark blackish-gray color with a hint of red [neutral with a touch of Indian red].

Slug: in general, any larva that has a slimy viscid appearance, and the body closely applied to the food plant: more specifically, the larvae of certain saw-flies and of some Coleoptera.

Slug: generally, any larva that looks slimy and sticky, with its body closely attached to the food plant; more specifically, the larvae of certain saw-flies and some beetles.

S. M. interspace: sub-median interspace in the primaries of Lepidoptera, includes the space between the median and sub-median veins; (cubitus and 1st anal, Comst.).

S. M. interspace: sub-median interspace in the primaries of Lepidoptera, includes the area between the median and sub-median veins; (cubitus and 1st anal, Comst.).

Smaltinus: a dull grayish blue.

Smaltinus: a dull gray-blue.

Smaragdinus: emerald green [pale green].

Smaragdinus: emerald green [light green].

Smooth: a surface without elevations or indentations.

Smooth: a surface that is flat and even, without bumps or dips.

Snout: the prolongation of the head in Rhynchophora at the end of which the mouth parts are situated: see rostrum.

Snout: the extension of the head in Rhynchophora where the mouth parts are located; see rostrum.

Social: living in communities: more especially those species in which undeveloped or worker forms occur and where the colony has a single female head.

Social: living in communities, especially those species that have undeveloped or worker forms and where the colony has one main female leader.

Soldiers: in termites; forms sexually undeveloped, in which the mandibles are pincer-like and the head is much enlarged: worker majors in certain ants.

Soldiers: in termites; forms that are not sexually mature, characterized by pincer-like mandibles and a significantly enlarged head: worker majors in certain ants.

Solid: applied to an organ usually jointed, when these joints form into one mass; e.g. the capitulum of certain clavate antennae.

Solid: applied to an organ that is usually jointed, when these joints merge into a single mass; for example, the capitulum of certain club-shaped antennae.

Solitary-arius: occurring singly or in pairs; not in colonies.

Solitary-arius: happening alone or in pairs; not in groups.

Somatic: relating to the body, or abdomen.

Somatic: related to the body or abdomen.

Somatotheca: that part of pupa covering abdominal rings:= gasterotheca.

Somatotheca: the part of the pupa that covers the abdominal segments; also known as gasterotheca.

Somite: = arthromere.

Somite: = body segment.

Sonifaction: the production of sound: = stridulation; q.v.

Sonification: the creation of sound: = stridulation; q.v.

Sonoran faunal areas: see upper and lower Sonoran.

Sonorific: sound producing: applied to stridulating organs.

Sonorific: sound-producing; used to describe stridulating organs.

Sordid: dirty; dull.

Sordid: dirty; boring.

Spadiceous: bay brown [dragon's blood + brown ochre].

Spadiceous: dark brown [dragon's blood + brown ochre].

Spado: the worker or neuter in bees and ants.

Spado: the worker or sterile individual in bees and ants.

Sparse: scattered: single hairs, scales or sculptures set well apart.

Sparse: scattered: individual hairs, scales, or sculptures placed far apart.

Spatha: a median piece in male genitalia of aculeate Hymenoptera, covering the bases of the sagitte.

Spatha: a central part of the male genitalia in stinging Hymenoptera, covering the bases of the sagittae.

Spatula: the breast bone (q.v.) of cecidomyid larvae.

Spatula: the breastbone (see above) of cecidomyid larvae.

Spatulate: rounded and broad at top, attenuate at base.

Spatulate: wide and rounded at the top, narrow at the base.

Specialization: the adaptation of an organ to a definite purpose, or of an organism to fit a determinate environment.

Specialization: the adjustment of an organ for a specific purpose, or of an organism to adapt to a specific environment.

Species: an aggregation of individuals alike in appearance and structure, mating freely and producing young that themselves mate freely and bear fertile offspring resembling each other and their parents: a species includes all its varieties and races.

Species: a group of individuals that look and are built similarly, can mate freely, and produce offspring that can also mate freely and have fertile young that resemble each other and their parents. A species encompasses all its varieties and races.

Specific character: a feature common to all individuals of a species, by means of which they may be distinguished from all other individuals of other species: = essential character.

Specific character: a trait shared by all members of a species that allows them to be identified and differentiated from individuals of other species: = essential character.

Specular: mirror-like: transparent.

Specular: reflective: clear.

Specular membrane: in male Cicada, the inner or posterior mirror-like membrane of the sound-organ: = mirror.

Specular membrane: in male Cicada, the inner or back mirror-like membrane of the sound organ: = mirror.

Speculum: a transparent area or spot on wings of some Lepidoptera; the glassy areas at base of tegmina in male Orthoptera that serve as sounding boards: a spot on the neck of some caterpillars.

Speculum: a clear area or spot on the wings of some butterflies and moths; the shiny areas at the base of the forewings in male grasshoppers that act as resonators; a mark on the neck of certain caterpillars.

Sperm: the seminal fluid: in plural form is sometimes used as = spermatozoa; q.v.

Sperm: the fluid containing sperm; in its plural form, it sometimes refers to sperm cells; see also.

Spermatheca: = spermatotheca; q.v.

Spermatheca: = spermatotheca; see also.

Spermatid: the final cells which are converted without further division into spermatozoa: they arise by division of the second spermatocytes (Wilson).

Spermatid: the final cells that develop into spermatozoa without any further division; they are formed by the division of the second spermatocytes (Wilson).

Spermatocytes: the cells arising from the spermatogonia. The primary spermatocyte arises by growth of one of the last generation of spermatogonia. By its division are formed two secondary spermatocytes, each of which give rise to two spermatids (Wilson).

Spermatocytes: the cells that come from the spermatogonia. The primary spermatocyte forms when one of the final generation of spermatogonia grows. Its division results in two secondary spermatocytes, each of which produces two spermatids (Wilson).

Spermatogenesis: the development of spermatozoa.

Spermatogenesis: the process of sperm development.

Spermatogonia: the descendants of the primordial germ cells in the male. Each ultimate spermatogonium typically gives rise to four spermatozoa.

Spermatogonia: the offspring of the original germ cells in males. Each final spermatogonium usually leads to the production of four sperm cells.

Spermatophora: a sac or case containing spermatozoa.

Spermatophora: a pouch or casing that holds sperm cells.

Spermatotheca: the sac or reservoir in the female, that receives the sperm during coition: = spermatheca and receptaculum seminis.

Spermatotheca: the sac or reservoir in the female that collects the sperm during mating; also known as spermatheca and receptaculum seminis.

Spermatozoön-zoa: the male cell or cells which, by uniting with the ova, fertilize them.

Spermatozoon-zoa: the male cell or cells that, by combining with the eggs, fertilize them.

Spherical: in the form of a sphere: a body in which all diameters are equal.

Spherical: shaped like a sphere; an object where all diameters are the same.

Spherule: a minute sphere or globule.

Spherule: a tiny sphere or small glob.

Spicula: a slender needle-like process: e.g. the sting in bees: also employed as = ovipositor: q.v.

Spicula: a thin, needle-like structure, for example, the sting in bees; also used as a term for ovipositor: see above.

Spiculiform: like a slender, needle-like process.

Spiculiform: resembling a thin, needle-like structure.

Spiculum: a small spicule or thin, pointed process.

Spiculum: a small spike or thin, sharp projection.

Spinate: produced into an acuminate spine.

Spinate: formed into a pointed spine.

Spindle-shaped: cylindrical, elongate, thicker in the middle, tapering to each end: fusiform.

Spindle-shaped: cylindrical, elongated, wider in the middle, tapering at both ends: fusiform.

Spine: a sharp process: in Coccidae there are two, one each side of each segment of the pygidium.

Spine: a sharp projection; in Coccidae, there are two, one on each side of each segment of the pygidium.

Spiniferous: bearing, or clothed with spines.

Spiniferous: having or covered with spines.

Spiniform: in the form or shape of a spine.

Spiniform: spine-shaped.

Spinneret: the ligula in bombycid and some other larvae, modified for silk spinning: any organ consisting of an internal tube, terminating in a pore, spine or process, producing a silky or waxy fibre: in the plural, the organs concerned in the emission of the silky or cottony filaments of which the scales or sacs of Coccidae are produced: = fusulus.

Spinneret: the ligula in bombycid and some other larvae, modified for spinning silk: any organ made up of an internal tube, ending in a pore, spine, or process, that produces a silky or waxy fiber: in the plural, the organs involved in releasing the silky or cottony threads that make up the scales or sacs of Coccidae: = fusulus.

Spinose -ous -ed: set with acute processes or spines.

Spinose -ous -ed: covered with sharp points or spines.

Spinous-radiate: beset with spines in a circle, either concatenate, united at their bases, or setaceous, like bristles.

Spinous-radiate: covered with spines arranged in a circle, either linked together at their bases or stiff, like bristles.

Spinulae: spinous processes at the apex of the tibia: also called spines, spurs or heels.

Spinulae: pointed projections at the top of the tibia; also known as spines, spurs, or heels.

Spinulate -ose: set with little spines or spinules.

Spinulate -ose: covered in small spines or spinules.

Spinules: little spines.

Spinules: tiny spines.

Spira: the coiled ovipositor of Cynipidae.

Spira: the twisted egg-laying structure of Cynipidae.

Spiracle -cula: a breathing pore: q.v.: in the plural the lateral openings on the segments of the insect body through which air enters the tracheae:= stigmata.

Spiracle -cula: a breathing pore: see also: in the plural the side openings on the segments of the insect body that allow air to enter the tracheae: = stigmata.

Spiracular area: the anterior of the three areas between lateral and pleural carinae on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera: =first pleural area.

Spiracular area: the front of the three areas between the lateral and pleural carinae on the metanotum of some Hymenoptera: =first pleural area.

Spiracular line: in caterpillars is that which includes the spiracles: = stigmatal.

Spiracular line: in caterpillars refers to the line that contains the spiracles; it is also known as stigmatal.

Spiracular sulcus: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, is a grooved linear channel extending from spiracle to apical margin.

Spiracular sulcus: on the metanotum of Hymenoptera, is a grooved linear channel that stretches from the spiracle to the apical margin.

Spiral: rolled up like a watch spring, or twisted like a cork-screw. {Scanner's comment: Nowadays it is more correct to regard the corkscrew as helical and the watch spring as spiral.}

Spiral: coiled like a watch spring, or twisted like a corkscrew. {Scanner's comment: Today, it's more accurate to describe the corkscrew as helical and the watch spring as spiral.}

Spiral fibre: the spiral thickening or folding of the chitinous lining of a trachea, which gives to the latter its characteristic microscopic appearance as well as its support and elasticity:= ctenidium.

Spiral fiber: the spiral thickening or folding of the chitinous lining of a trachea, which gives it its characteristic microscopic appearance, as well as support and elasticity: = ctenidium.

Spirignath: = spiritrompe.

Spirignath: = spirit trumpet.

Spiritrompe: the spiral tongue in Lepidoptera.

Spiritrompe: the spiral tongue in butterflies and moths.

Splanchnic: applied to the outer embryonic layer of the rudiment of the mid-intestine: or the inner layer of the mesoderm which, becoming applied to the walls of the alimentary canal, develops into the muscle fibres thereof.

Splanchnic: refers to the outer embryonic layer of the developing mid-intestine, or the inner layer of the mesoderm that, when connected to the walls of the digestive tract, develops into its muscle fibers.

Splendens -ent: shining: with a metallic glitter.

Splendens -ent: shining: with a metallic sheen.

Splitter: one who splits or describes species or genera upon minute characters which the "Lumper" (q.v.) deems insufficient to authorize them.

Splitter: a person who divides or categorizes species or genera based on small characteristics that the "Lumper" (see above) considers too minor to justify them.

Spongioplasm: the net-like structure of protoplasm in a cell.

Spongioplasm: the web-like structure of protoplasm in a cell.

Spongiose: a soft, elastic tissue resembling a sponge.

Spongiose: a soft, stretchy tissue that looks like a sponge.

Spoon: = bouton; q.v.

Spoon: = button; see also.

Spring: in Collembola. = furcula: q.v.

Spring: in Collembola. = furcula: see above.

Spur: a short, stiff, generally blunt process and usually not articulated at its base: in the plural refers to paired spiniform processes at or near the end of tibia:.

Spur: a short, stiff, typically blunt projection that is usually not connected at its base. In the plural form, it refers to paired spine-like projections at or near the end of the tibia.

Spur formula: a numerical expression of their arrangement; as 2-3-4; two spurs on fore tibia, 3 on middle, and 4 on posterior; in Trichoptera.

Spur formula: a numerical expression of their arrangement; as 2-3-4; two spurs on the front tibia, 3 on the middle, and 4 on the back; in Trichoptera.

Spurius: false: applied to aborted anterior legs in some diurnal Lepidoptera. Spurious cell: in Diptera (Pack.), = 3d anal (Comst.).

Spurius: false; used to describe aborted front legs in some daytime butterflies and moths. Spurious cell: in flies (Pack.), = 3rd anal (Comst.).

Spurious veins: certain folds or thickenings in the wing surface which resemble a vein so nearly as to be readily mistaken and sufficiently constant to be useful in classification.

Spurious veins: certain folds or thickened areas in the wing surface that closely resemble a vein, making them easily mistaken for one, and they are consistent enough to be useful for classification.

Squama: in Odonata, the sclerite that bears the palpus of both maxilla and labium: the scale-like first abdominal segment of some ants: a scale-like appendage covering the base of primaries in Lepidoptera, and so = patagium; q.v.: a small scale above the halteres in Diptera: in this order Packard uses squama for the lobed scale and restricts alula to the lobe-like appendage: Osten-Sacken uses squama for the posterior scale alone and antisquama for the anterior.

Squama: in Odonata, the hard part that supports the palpus of both maxilla and labium; the scale-like first segment of the abdomen in some ants; a scale-like structure that covers the base of the primary wings in Lepidoptera, also known as patagium; a small scale located above the halteres in Diptera. In this context, Packard uses the term squama for the lobed scale and reserves the term alula for the lobe-like appendage; Osten-Sacken uses squama to refer only to the posterior scale and antisquama for the anterior one.

Squames: the flattened, fimbriated or spine-like marginal processes of the pygidium in Diaspinae, other than the lobes and true spines: = "plates," of Comst.; or "scaly hairs" of Maskell.

Squames: the flat, fringed, or spine-like marginal features of the pygidium in Diaspinae, excluding the lobes and true spines: = "plates," according to Comst.; or "scaly hairs" according to Maskell.

Squamiform: having a scale-like form.

Squamiform: scale-like in shape.

Squamose -ous: scaly or covered with scales.

Squamose -ous: scaly or covered in scales.

Squamula: a small corneous scale covering the base of primaries in some insects: = tegula, q.v.: in Diptera, = alula.

Squamula: a small horny scale covering the base of primary wings in some insects: = tegula, see also: in Diptera, = alula.

Squarrous: scurfy: clothed with rough scales differing in direction, standing upright, or not parallel to the surface.

Squarrous: scaly: covered with rough scales that vary in direction, standing upright, or not parallel to the surface.

Stadium -ia: the interval between the molts of larvae:= instar q.v.: any one period in the development of an insect.

Stadium -ia: the time between the moltings of larvae:= instar q.v.: any specific phase in the development of an insect.

Stage: refers to the period of development; e.g. larval, pupal, etc.

Stage: refers to the phase of development; e.g. larval, pupal, etc.

Stalked bodies: = gyri cerebrales; q.v.

Stalked bodies: = cerebral gyri; see also.

Stellate: star-shaped; with four or five radiating lines.

Stellate: star-shaped; featuring four or five lines radiating outward.

Stelocyttares: social wasps in which the comb layers of the nest are supported by pillars and not connected with the envelope: see poecilocyttares and phragmocyttares.

Stelocyttares: social wasps where the layers of the nest are held up by pillars and are not attached to the covering: see poecilocyttares and phragmocyttares.

Stemapoda: the modified filamentous anal legs of Cerura and other Notodontid larvae.

Stemapoda: the adapted thread-like anal legs of Cerura and other Notodontid larvae.

Stemmata: simple eyes or ocelli; q.v.

Stemmata: simple eyes or ocelli; see above.

Stem-mother: in plant lice; that form hatching from the winter egg, which starts a series of agamic summer generations.

Stem-mother: in plant lice; the form that emerges from the winter egg, initiating a series of asexual summer generations.

Stenocephalous: with a narrow, elongate head.

Stenocephalous: having a narrow, long head.

Stenorhynchan: narrow beaked or snouted.

Stenorhynchan: skinny-beaked or snouted.

Stenothorax: a supposed ring between pro- and meso-thorax.

Stenothorax: a presumed connection between the front and middle sections of the thorax.

Stercoral: relating or pertaining to excrement.

Stercoral: related to feces.

Sterile: not capable of reproducing its kind.

Sterile: unable to reproduce its own kind.

Sternal orifice: in Perlids; a peculiar slit on each side of the sternum, extending inward and ending blindly := furcal orifice.

Sternal orifice: in Perlids; a unique slit on each side of the sternum, extending inward and ending without an opening: = furcal orifice.

Sternal spatula: = breast-bone; q.v.

Sternal spatula: = sternum; see also.

Sternauli: the short and often obsolete furrows on either side of the mesosternum in Hymenoptera.

Sternauli: the short and often outdated grooves on either side of the mesosternum in Hymenoptera.

Sternellum: the second sclerite of the ventral part of each thoracic segment frequently divided into longitudinal parts which may be widely separated.

Sternellum: the second sclerite of the underside of each thoracic segment, often split into long sections that can be quite far apart.

Sternite: the ventral piece in a ring or segment.

Sternite: the bottom section in a ring or segment.

Sternopleura: in Diptera, the lower part of the pleura, below the sternopleural suture and above the front coxa.

Sternopleura: in Diptera, the lower section of the pleura, located beneath the sternopleural suture and above the front coxa.

Sternopleural bristles: in Diptera, are situated on the sternopleura below the sternopleural suture.

Sternopleural bristles: in Diptera, are located on the sternopleura beneath the sternopleural suture.

Sternopleural suture: in Diptera, is below and nearly parallel with dorso-pleural suture, separating the mesopleura from the sternopleura.

Sternopleural suture: in Diptera, is located below and almost parallel to the dorso-pleural suture, separating the mesopleura from the sternopleura.

Sterno-rhabdite: a sternal rhabdite.

Sterno-rhabdite: a sternal rhabdite.

Sternorhynchi: that series of Homoptera in which the beak or rostrum apparently arises from the sternum between the anterior coxae; e.g. plant lice, etc.

Sternorhynchi: a group of Homoptera where the beak or rostrum seems to come from the sternum between the front coxae; for example, plant lice, etc.

Sternum -a: the breast: the middle portion of the under surface of thorax, between the coxal cavities.

Sternum -a: the breastbone; the central part of the underside of the chest, situated between the hip cavities.

Stethidium: the trunk: the entire thorax with all its appendages.

Stethidium: the trunk: the whole chest area with all its attachments.

Stigma: a spiracle or breathing pore: a dense, often discolored portion of the costal margin of a wing, usually at the end of the radius; see anastomosis: in Diptera, a colored wing spot near the tip of the auxiliary vein: in Lepidoptera, the specialized patch of black scales on the primaries of Hesperidae.

Stigma: a hole or breathing pore: a thick, often discolored area along the edge of a wing, typically at the end of the radius; see anastomosis: in Diptera, a colored spot on the wing near the tip of the auxiliary vein: in Lepidoptera, the specific patch of black scales on the primary wings of Hesperidae.

Stigmata: the spiracles: also applied to the two spots, orbicular and reniform, in the cell of the primaries of certain moths.

Stigmata: the breathing openings; also refers to the two spots, round and kidney-shaped, in the wing cell of certain moths.

Stigmatal line: in caterpillars, = spiracular; q.v.

Stigmatal line: in caterpillars, = spiracular; see above.

Stigmatiferous: applied to processes or structures bearing spiracles or stigmata.

Stigmatiferous: refers to processes or structures that have spiracles or stigmata.

Stimuli: the small acute spines on some larva, especially wood-borers

Stimuli: the tiny sharp spines on certain larvae, particularly wood-borers

Sting: the modified ovipositor in aculeate Hymenoptera.

Sting: the adapted ovipositor in stinging Hymenoptera.

Stipes: the foot-stalk of the maxilla; articulated partly to the head, partly to the cardo, and bearing the movable parts: modified into a piercing structure in some Diptera and into a lever for flexing the proboscis in others.

Stipes: the foot-stalk of the maxilla; connected partly to the head, partly to the cardo, and supporting the movable parts: adapted into a piercing structure in some flies and into a lever for flexing the proboscis in others.

Stipitate: supported on a stalk or pedicle.

Stipitate: supported by a stem or stalk.

Stipites: the outer pair of forceps in male genitalia of aculeate Hymenoptera see sagittae.

Stipites: the outer pair of forceps in the male genitalia of aculeate Hymenoptera, see sagittae.

S. T. line: sub-terminal line; crosses the primaries of many moths just before the outer margin.

S. T. line: sub-terminal line; intersects the primary lines of many moths just before the outer edge.

S. T. space: the area between the t.p. line and s. t. line in moths.

S. T. space: the space between the title page line and the summary title line in moths.

Stirps: a stock or stem: a division of classification similar to super-family: not used at present.

Stirps: a lineage or branch: a classification category similar to superfamily: no longer in use today.

Stoma -ata: a breathing pore or pores:= stigma; q.v.

Stoma -ata: a breathing pore or pores; = stigma; see also.

Stomach: that portion of the alimentary canal, immediately following the gizzard and preceding the ileum, into which most of the digestive juices are poured = chylific ventricle.

Stomach: the part of the digestive system that comes right after the gizzard and just before the ileum, where most of the digestive juices are released = chylific ventricle.

Stomatodaeum: that invagination of the ectoderm that forms the mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, crop and gizzard.

Stomatodaeum: the inward folding of the ectoderm that creates the mouth, throat, esophagus, crop, and gizzard.

Stomatogastric: that system of nerves and ganglia, lying along the dorsal and lateral surfaces of gullet and crop.

Stomatogastric: that system of nerves and clusters of nerve cells, located along the back and side surfaces of the throat and crop.

Stomatotheca: that part of the pupa covering the mouth structures.

Stomatotheca: the area of the pupa that covers the mouth structures.

Stramineous -eus: straw yellow [pale clay yellow].

Stramineous -eus: straw yellow [light clay yellow].

Strangulate: constricted, as if by bands or cords.

Strangulate: tightened, like by bands or cords.

Stratified: arranged or made up in layers.

Stratified: organized or composed in layers.

Strepsiptera: twisted-wing: an ordinal term proposed for the parasitic Stylopidae, now ranged as a family of Coleoptera = Rhipiptera.

Strepsiptera: twisted-wing: an order name suggested for the parasitic Stylopidae, which is now classified as a family within Coleoptera = Rhipiptera.

Stria: in Coleoptera, a longitudinal depressed line or furrow, frequently punctured, extending from base to apex of elytra: in Lepidoptera, a fine transverse line: in general, any longitudinal impressed line.

Stria: in Coleoptera, a long, depressed line or groove, often dotted, running from the base to the top of the elytra; in Lepidoptera, a thin horizontal line; generally, any long impressed line.

Striate -ed: marked with parallel, fine, impressed lines; or, in Lepidoptera, with numerous fine transverse lines.

Striate -ed: marked with parallel, fine, pressed lines; or, in butterflies and moths, having many fine horizontal lines.

Stridulate: to make a creaking noise by rubbing together two ridged or roughened surfaces.

Stridulate: to create a creaking sound by rubbing two ridged or rough surfaces against each other.

Stridulation: a creaking sound produced by rubbing together two striated or otherwise roughened surfaces: the act of stridulating or the noise produced by it.

Stridulation: a creaking sound made by rubbing together two grooved or rough surfaces: the action of stridulating or the sound it creates.

Striga: a narrow, transverse line or slender streak, either surface or impressed. {Scanner's note: the proper plural is strigae}

Striga: a narrow, crosswise line or thin streak, either on the surface or pressed in. {Scanner's note: the correct plural is strigae}

Strigate: having striga: applied to a surface on which the striga are impressed as in the elytra of some beetles, or to an ornamentation composed of fine, short lines. {Scanner's note: sic; the proper plural is strigae}

Strigate: having striga; referring to a surface that shows impressions of striga, like in the elytra of certain beetles, or to a decoration made up of fine, short lines. {Scanner's note: sic; the proper plural is strigae}

Strigile -is: maculation that consists of parallel longitudinal lines: a deep sinus near base of first joint of anterior tarsus.

Strigile -is: a marking that features parallel longitudinal lines; a deep groove near the base of the first joint of the front tarsus.

Strigillate -ation: = stridulate -anon; q.v.

Strigillate -ation: = stridulate -anon; see also.

Strigose: clothed with rigid bristles that are thickest at base: rough, with sharp bristles: = hispid.

Strigose: covered with stiff bristles that are thickest at the base; rough, with sharp bristles; = hispid.

Strigula: a fine short transverse mark or line.

Strigula: a short, narrow horizontal mark or line.

Strigulated: with numerous strigulae.

Strigulated: with many strigulae.

Striolate -us: with finely impressed parallel lines.

Striolate -us: having finely impressed parallel lines.

Stripe: a longitudinal streak of color different from the ground.

Stripe: a long line of color that differs from the background.

Style: in Aphids, the slender tubular process at the end of the abdomen: in Coccids, a long spine-like appendage at the end of the abdomen of the male; = genital spike: in Diptera, the ovipositor (Loew); the single immovable organ immediately below the forceps in male Tipulidae (O-S.) a thickened jointed arista at or near the tip of the third antennal joint in the plural form applied to small, usually pointed, exarticulate appendages, most frequently found on the terminal segments of abdomen.

Style: in aphids, the slim tubular structure at the end of the abdomen; in scale insects, a long spine-like projection at the end of the male's abdomen; = genital spike: in flies, the ovipositor (Loew); the single fixed organ just below the forceps in male Tipulidae (O-S.); a thickened jointed bristle at or near the tip of the third antennal segment, in the plural, referring to small, usually pointed, unjointed appendages, most commonly found on the last segments of the abdomen.

Stylet: a small style or stiff process: one of the piercing mouth structures in Diptera and Hemiptera.

Stylet: a small style or stiff projection; one of the piercing mouthparts in flies (Diptera) and true bugs (Hemiptera).

Styliform: in the shape of a stylus: terminating in a long slender point, like the antenna in some Diptera.

Styliform: shaped like a stylus; ending in a long, thin point, similar to the antennae found in some flies.

Stylopized: infested by a member of the Stylopidae.

Stylopized: infected by a member of the Stylopidae.

Stylotrachealis: with a long tube bearing a stigma, from the head case; as the pupa of some Diptera.

Stylotrachealis: featuring a long tube with a stigma, originating from the head case; similar to the pupa of certain flies.

Stylus: a small, pointed, non-articulated process.

Stylus: a small, sharp, non-movable tool.

Sub-: as a prefix, means that the main term is not entirely applicable, but must be understood as modified in some way; e.g. sub-ovate, may be either more or less than ovate and may be irregular in outline.

Sub-: as a prefix, means that the main term doesn't fully apply, but should be understood as modified in some way; for example, sub-ovate can be either more or less than ovate and may have an irregular shape.

Sub-aduncate: somewhat hooked or curved.

Sub-aduncate: slightly hooked or curved.

Sub-anal plate: Orthoptera; = sub-genital lamina; q.v.

Sub-anal plate: Orthoptera; = sub-genital lamina; see also.

Sub-apical lobe: of male genitalia in Culicids is the inner sub-apical lobe of the side piece.

Sub-apical lobe: in male genitalia of Culicids is the inner sub-apical lobe of the side piece.

Sub-apterous: almost wingless; with rudimentary wings only.

Sub-apterous: nearly wingless; having only underdeveloped wings.

Sub-clavate: somewhat thickened toward tip; but not quite club- shaped.

Sub-clavate: slightly thicker at the tip; but not completely club-shaped.

Sub-coriaceous: somewhat leathery.

Sub-coriaceous: slightly leathery.

Sub-cortical: beneath the bark; as in larval borings, etc.

Sub-cortical: under the bark; like in larval tunnels, etc.

Subcosta: (Comst.); that longitudinal vein extending parallel to the costa and reaching the outer margin before the apex; not branched as a rule of Packard, in Hymenoptera, = radius (Comst.).

Subcosta: (Comst.); the long vein running parallel to the costa and reaching the outer edge before the tip; usually unbranched according to Packard, in Hymenoptera, = radius (Comst.).

Subcostal cell: in Diptera (Schiner), = marginal cell (Loew), = radial 1 (Comst.) in the plural (Comst.), all those cells anteriorly margined by the subcosta first s.c. cell in Hymenoptera (Pack.), = radial and first radial 1 (Comst.).

Subcostal cell: in Diptera (Schiner), = marginal cell (Loew), = radial 1 (Comst.) in the plural (Comst.), all those cells that are bordered at the front by the subcosta first s.c. cell in Hymenoptera (Pack.), = radial and first radial 1 (Comst.).

Subcostal crossveins: in Odonata, are between subcosta and media on the basal side of the first antecubital.

Subcostal crossveins: in dragonflies and damselflies, these are located between the subcosta and media on the basal side of the first antecubital.

Subcostal fold or furrow: lies between costa and radius.

Subcostal fold or furrow: sits between the rib and the radius.

Subcostal nervule: Lepidoptera, on secondaries:= media 1 (Comst.): s.c. 1 = radius 1 (Comst.); s.c. 2:= radius 2 (Comst.) s.c. 3 = radius 3 (Comst) s.c. 4 = radius 4 (Comst.) s.c. 5 = radius 5 (Comst.).

Subcostal nervule: Lepidoptera, on secondaries: = media 1 (Comst.): s.c. 1 = radius 1 (Comst.); s.c. 2: = radius 2 (Comst.); s.c. 3 = radius 3 (Comst.); s.c. 4 = radius 4 (Comst.); s.c. 5 = radius 5 (Comst.).

Subcostal vein: in Diptera (Schiner), = 1st longitudinal vein (Meigen) radius 1 (Comst.): in Lepidoptera, runs from base, parallel to costa, to or beyond the middle, giving rise to branches which extend to the outer margin and thus = radius (Comst.).

Subcostal vein: in Diptera (Schiner), = 1st longitudinal vein (Meigen) radius 1 (Comst.): in Lepidoptera, runs from the base, parallel to the costa, to or beyond the middle, giving rise to branches that extend to the outer margin and thus = radius (Comst.).

Sub-cristate: with a moderately elevated ridge or keel on pronotum, in Orthoptera.

Sub-cristate: having a moderately raised ridge or keel on the pronotum, in Orthoptera.

Subcutaneous: under the skin: applied to larvae that feed under the skin of animals or within the substance of a leaf.

Subcutaneous: beneath the skin; referring to larvae that feed underneath the skin of animals or inside the tissue of a leaf.

Sub-dorsal: the space between the dorsum and the stigmata.

Sub-dorsal: the area between the back and the stigmata.

Sub-dorsal line: in caterpillars is to the side of the dorsal and between it and the lateral or, if there is an addorsal line, between that and the lateral.

Sub-dorsal line: in caterpillars is located to the side of the dorsal line and situated between it and the lateral line, or if there is an addorsal line, it is found between that and the lateral line.

Sub-dorsal ridge: in slug caterpillars, extends longitudinally along the sub-dorsal row of abdominal tubercles.

Sub-dorsal ridge: in slug caterpillars, runs lengthwise along the sub-dorsal line of abdominal tubercles.

Sub-equal: similar, but not quite equal in size, form or other characters.

Sub-equal: similar, but not exactly equal in size, shape, or other characteristics.

Sub-eroded: wing margins when somewhat, but irregularly, indented.

Sub-eroded: wing edges that are unevenly, but somewhat, indented.

Sub-falcate: when a wing is only a little excavated below the apex.

Sub-falcate: when a wing is slightly curved or notched below the tip.

Subfamily: a division of classification containing a group of closely allied genera; different from other allied groups, yet not so as to make a family series: opinionative, and ending in -inae.

Subfamily: a classification category that includes a group of closely related genera; distinct from other related groups, but not enough to form a family series: subjective, and ending in -inae.

Sub-fossorial: legs used in digging: yet not greatly modified.

Sub-fossorial: legs used for digging but not significantly altered.

Sub-frontal: close to the front; immediately behind the front margin.

Sub-frontal: near the front; right behind the front edge.

Sub-fulcrum: a sclerite between mentum and palpiger: rarely present.

Sub-fulcrum: a hard structure between the mentum and palpiger: rarely present.

Sub-fusiform: somewhat spindle-shaped.

Sub-fusiform: somewhat tapered.

Subgalea: a maxillary sclerite or segment, attached to the stipes, and bearing the galea or outer lobe.

Subgalea: a segment of the maxilla, connected to the stipes, and supporting the galea or outer lobe.

Sub-geniculate: applied to antennae that are articulated from a short, thick scope.

Sub-geniculate: refers to antennae that are connected by a short, thick segment.

Subgenital lamina or plates: plates underlying the genital organs in Orthoptera.

Subgenital lamina or plates: plates that sit underneath the genital organs in grasshoppers and crickets.

Subgenus: a division within a genus, based upon a character not sufficient for generic separation; opinionative.

Subgenus: a category within a genus, based on a characteristic that is not enough for separating it into a different genus; subjective.

Subglossa: in Odonata; a sclerite between the two halves of the mentum (Graber): is really the true mentum.

Subglossa: in Odonata; a sclerite between the two halves of the mentum (Graber): is actually the true mentum.

Sub-imago: sometimes applied as = nymph: that stage in Ephemerida just after emergence from the pupa and before the final molt during flight: that stage in the development of insects with free pupa when the insect is fully colored but yet retains its pupal position.

Sub-imago: sometimes used to mean nymph: that stage in Ephemerida right after emerging from the pupa and before the final molt during flight: that stage in insect development with free pupa when the insect is fully colored but still holds its pupal position.

Sub-labrum: =epipharynx; q.v.

Sub-labrum: =epipharynx; see also.

Sublingual: beneath the tongue; applied to a pair of salivary glands in bees.

Sublingual: located under the tongue; related to a pair of salivary glands found in bees.

Submargin -al: an imaginary portion of a surface outside of the disk and within the margin: a line is submarginal when it is well within the margin but close to it.

Submargin -al: a fictional section of a surface that lies outside the disk and within the margin: a line is considered submarginal when it is well within the margin yet near it.

Submarginal area: of secondaries, lies between the costal margin and the 1st strong vein.

Submarginal area: of secondaries, is positioned between the costal margin and the first strong vein.

Submarginal cells: in Hymenoptera (Norton) = radial cells (Comst.): in Diptera (Will.); = radial 3 (Comst.).

Submarginal cells: in Hymenoptera (Norton) = radial cells (Comst.); in Diptera (Will.); = radial 3 (Comst.).

Submarginal nervure: in Hymenoptera (Nort.); the irregular line of veins extending on the whole parallel with the outer margin; composed in part of media 1, 2, 3 and 4, the medial cross vein and cubitus 1 (Comst.).

Submarginal nervure: in Hymenoptera (Nort.); the uneven line of veins running parallel to the outer margin; made up partially of media 1, 2, 3, and 4, the medial cross vein, and cubitus 1 (Comst.).

Submedian cells: in Hymenoptera (Pack.); 1st = cubital + cubital 1 (Comst.) 2d = medial 3 (Comst.); 3d = 2d medial 2 (Comst.).

Submedian cells: in Hymenoptera (Pack.); 1st = cubital + cubital 1 (Comst.) 2nd = medial 3 (Comst.); 3rd = 2nd medial 2 (Comst.).

Submedian vein: in Odonata, =cubitus (Comst.); in Lepidoptera, = 1st anal (Comst.), runs from base of primaries to the hind angle, close to the inner margin and is v. 1 of the numerical series.

Submedian vein: in Odonata, =cubitus (Comst.); in Lepidoptera, = 1st anal (Comst.), runs from the base of the forewings to the hind angle, near the inner margin and is v. 1 of the numerical series.

Submental: pertaining to the submentum.

Submental: related to the submentum.

Submental peduncle: in Coleoptera, the prolonged portion of the gula supporting the mentum.

Submental peduncle: in beetles, the extended part of the gula that supports the mentum.

Submentum: the basal sclerite of the labium, by means of which it is attached to the head.

Submentum: the base plate of the labium that connects it to the head.

Subnodal sector: in Odonata, = radial sector (Comst.).

Sub-nymph: applied to the resting or pupal stage of female Coccidae; also to a supernumerary stage before the formation of the pupa, and thus = pseudo-pupa.

Sub-nymph: used to refer to the resting or pupal stage of female Coccidae; also refers to an extra stage before the formation of the pupa, and therefore means = pseudo-pupa.

Sub-ocellate: an ocellate spot that is blind or without a pupil.

Sub-ocellate: an ocellate spot that is lacking a pupil or is blind.

Sub-ocular: beneath or below the eyes.

Sub-ocular: under or below the eyes.

Sub-oesophageal ganglion: situated in the head below the oesophagus, formed by a union of the posterior three primitive head ganglia.

Sub-esophageal ganglion: located in the head underneath the esophagus, created by the merging of the last three primitive head ganglia.

Suborder: a division of an order higher than a family, based on a character common to a large series of species; e.g. the Homoptera and Heteroptera in the order of Hemiptera.

Suborder: a division of an order that is higher than a family, based on a characteristic that is shared by many species; for example, the Homoptera and Heteroptera in the order Hemiptera.

Sub-pedunculate: in Coleoptera, when the constriction between pro- and meso-thorax is so great as to give the appearance of a narrow waist.

Sub-pedunculate: in beetles, when the narrowing between the front and middle parts of the thorax is so pronounced that it looks like a narrow waist.

Subreniform: a rounded spot or outline, below and sometimes attached to the reniform spot in Catocala and some allied Noctuids.

Subreniform: a rounded area or shape, located below and sometimes connected to the reniform spot in Catocala and some related Noctuids.

Sub-parallel: nearly parallel.

Sub-parallel: almost parallel.

Sub-primary sub-ventral tubercle: on the thoracic and abdominal segments of caterpillars; sub-ventral, posterior, not present in the primitive first stage; it is VI of the abdomen, V of the thorax: constant.

Sub-primary sub-ventral tubercle: located on the thoracic and abdominal segments of caterpillars; sub-ventral, at the back, not found in the basic first stage; it is VI of the abdomen, V of the thorax: always present.

Sub-sellate: nearly like or approaching the form of a saddle.

Sub-sellate: almost resembling or getting close to the shape of a saddle.

Sub-servate: denticulate.

Sub-servate: tooth-like.

Subspecies: a well-marked form of a species differing from the type in some character of color or maculation which is recognizable but does not prevent a fertile union: an indefinite and opinionative division.

Subspecies: a clearly defined version of a species that differs from the typical form in certain color or pattern characteristics that are noticeable but do not hinder a successful mating: an unclear and subjective classification.

Subspiracular line: in caterpillars, margins the spiracles inferiorly.

Subspiracular line: in caterpillars, runs along the bottom edges of the spiracles.

Substigmatal: that portion of the marginal cell below the stigma, in bees: = 1st radial 1 (Comst.): applied to a line in caterpillars = subspiracular.

Substigmatal: the part of the marginal cell located below the stigma, in bees: = 1st radial 1 (Comst.): used to refer to a line in caterpillars = subspiracular.

Sub-teres: nearly but not quite cylindrical.

Sub-teres: almost cylindrical, but not quite.

Subtile -is: slightly; feebly; small; pretty; graceful.

Subtile -is: slightly; weakly; small; rather; graceful.

Subtriangular space: = internal triangle: see triangle.

Subtus: beneath; at the under surface.

Subtus: below; underneath.

Subulate: awl-shaped: linear at base, attenuate at tip.

Subulate: shaped like an awl; narrow at the base and tapering to a point.

Subulicornia: with awl-shaped antennae; applied to a combination of Odonata and Ephemerida.

Subulicornia: with needle-like antennae; refers to a combination of dragonflies and mayflies.

Subuliform: formed like an awl: = subulate.

Subuliform: shaped like an awl: = subulate.

Sub-ventral line: in caterpillars, extends along the sides just above the base of the feet at lie edge between lateral and ventral.

Sub-ventral line: in caterpillars, runs along the sides just above the base of the feet at the edge between the sides and the belly.

Sub-ventral ridge: in slug caterpillars extends longitudinally along the sub-ventral series of abdominal tubercles.

Sub-ventral ridge: in slug caterpillars runs lengthwise along the sub-ventral line of abdominal tubercles.

Sub-ventral space: in slug caterpillars is the area on each side, between the lateral ridge and the lower edge of the body, and contains the spiracles.

Sub-ventral space: in slug caterpillars, this is the area on each side, between the lateral ridge and the lower edge of the body, and it contains the spiracles.

Succincti: those chrysalids of butterflies which are held in place by a silken cord passing around the body: see suspensi.

Succincti: the chrysalises of butterflies that are secured by a silk thread wrapped around the body: see suspensi.

Succineous: resembling amber in color or appearance.

Succineous: similar to amber in color or look.

Sucking pump: in sucking insects, a thick-walled muscular enlargement of the oesophagus that serves to draw up the liquid food = pharyngeal pump.

Sucking pump: in sucking insects, a thick-walled muscular expansion of the esophagus that helps to pull up liquid food = pharyngeal pump.

Sucking spears: the mandibles and maxillae of Hemerobiid larvae, used for puncturing prey and sucking its juices.

Sucking spears: the jaws and upper jaw parts of Hemerobiid larvae, used for piercing prey and sucking out its juices.

Sucking stomach: a thin-walled muscular pouch connected with the end of the oesophagus; serves as a food reservoir and is not commonly present except in some Lepidoptera.

Sucking stomach: a thin-walled muscular pouch connected to the end of the esophagus; it acts as a food reservoir and is not usually found except in some Lepidoptera.

Suctoria: an ordinal term proposed for fleas.

Suctoria: a term used for fleas.

Suctorial: adapted for sucking: see haustellate.

Suctorial: designed for sucking: see haustellate.

Suctorial vesicles: bladder-like structures connected with the oesophagus in mosquitoes supposed to assist in blood-sucking; but this is disputed.

Suctorial vesicles: bladder-like structures linked to the esophagus in mosquitoes that are thought to help with blood-sucking; however, this is debated.

Suffused: clouded or obscured by a darker color.

Suffused: filled or covered by a darker color.

Suffusion: a clouding, or a spreading of one shade over another.

Suffusion: a mixing or blending of one color over another.

Sulca: grooves, furrows or channels: plural of sulcus.

Sulca: grooves, furrows, or channels; plural of sulcus.

Sulcated: grooved; furrowed with broad, concave, parallel impressed lines.

Sulcated: having grooves; marked with wide, curved, parallel lines.

Sulciform: resembling a sulcus.

Sulciform: like a groove.

Sulcus: a furrow or groove: a groove-like excavation.

Sulcus: a furrow or groove; a groove-like indentation.

Sulphureous -eus: bright, sulphur yellow [chrome lemon].

Sulfurous -eus: bright, sulfur yellow [chrome lemon].

Superans: exceeding in size and length.

Superans: larger and longer than usual.

Superciliary: placed above the eyes.

Superciliary: located above the eyes.

Supercilium: an arched line over an ocellate spot.

Supercilium: a curved line above a colored spot.

Super-family: a division of classification less than an order, including a series of family groups more closely related to each other than to similar groups within the order: opinionative and ending in oidea: sometimes hardly different from suborder; but lower than suborder when both terms are employed.

Super-family: a category of classification that is smaller than an order, consisting of a series of family groups that are more closely related to each other than to similar groups within the order. The term is often opinionative and ends in oidea; sometimes it’s barely different from suborder, but it ranks lower than suborder when both terms are used.

Superficies: the upper surface.

Surface: the upper layer.

Supericornia: those Heteroptera having the antenna inserted on the upper parts of the sides of the head; e.g. Coreidae: see infericornia.

Supericornia: those Heteroptera with antennas positioned on the upper sides of the head; for example, Coreidae: see infericornia.

Superior wings: the primaries; q.v.

Superior wings: the primaries; see above.

Superlinguae: the lateral pair of organs of hypo-pharynx in Thysanura.

Superlinguae: the side pair of organs in the hypo-pharynx of Thysanura.

Superlingual segment: the fifth segment of head.

Superlingual segment: the fifth part of the head.

Superne: denotes all those parts belonging to the upper surface.

Superne: refers to all the areas that belong to the upper surface.

Supernumerary: additional or added cells, veins or other structures.

Supernumerary: extra or additional cells, veins, or other structures.

Supernumerary segment: in Cecidomyidae, between the head and first thoracic segment.

Extra segment: in Cecidomyidae, located between the head and the first thoracic segment.

Super-order: a group of allied orders, like the Linnaean Neuroptera.

Super-order: a collection of related orders, such as the Linnaean Neuroptera.

Superposed: placed one above the other, as the frontal tufts in some moths.

Superposed: arranged one on top of the other, like the front tufts in some moths.

Supplementary sectors: interposed sectors; q.v.

Supplementary sectors: intervening sectors; see also.

Suppression: the non-development of a part normally present.

Suppression: the lack of development of a part that's usually present.

Supra-: over; above.

Supra-alar bristles: in Diptera, are situated, one on the post-alar callus, one on the alar frenum, the third on the edge of the supra-alar depression.

Supra-alar bristles: in Diptera, are located, one on the post-alar callus, one on the alar frenum, and the third on the edge of the supra-alar depression.

Supra-alar cavity: = supra-alar groove.

Supra-alar depression: in Diptera = supra-alar groove.

Supra-alar groove: in Hymenoptera, a groove or depression just above the base of wings: in Diptera, a groove on the meso-thorax just above the root of the wings.

Supra-alar groove: in Hymenoptera, a groove or dip slightly above the base of the wings; in Diptera, a groove on the meso-thorax just above where the wings attach.

Supra-anal: situated above the anus.

Supra-anal: located above the anus.

Supra-anal hook: in male of most Lepidoptera, a curved hook attached to the plate covering the genital cavity: = uncus.

Supra-anal hook: in male of most butterflies and moths, a curved hook attached to the plate covering the genital cavity: = uncus.

Supra-anal plate: a triangular sclerite covering the anal cavity above; present in many insects, sometimes in one sex only, often in both: see anal operculum.

Supra-anal plate: a triangular hard plate that covers the anal cavity from above; found in many insects, sometimes only in one sex, often in both: see anal operculum.

Supra-cerebral: applied to that pair of salivary glands situated above the brain in bees.

Supra-cerebral: refers to the pair of salivary glands located above the brain in bees.

Supra-clypeal mark: in bees; a patch of light color above the clypeus.

Supra-clypeal mark: in bees; a light-colored patch above the clypeus.

Supra-clypeus: = post-clypeus; q.v.: = nasus.

Supra-clypeus: = post-clypeus; see also: = nasus.

Supra-Oesophageal: situated above the oesophagus: applied to two large ovoid ganglia so situated, and connected by a short, thick commissure; - the brain.

Supra-Oesophageal: located above the esophagus; refers to two large oval-shaped ganglia positioned this way and linked by a short, thick commissure; - the brain.

Supra-orbital: situated above the eye.

Supra-orbital: located above the eye.

Supra-spinal: above the spine or nerve cord: applied to a cord or band of connective tissue lying above the central nervous system in adult Lepidoptera also to a sinus or vessel acting as a ventral heart.

Supra-spinal: located above the spine or nerve cord; refers to a cord or band of connective tissue positioned above the central nervous system in adult butterflies and moths, as well as to a sinus or vessel functioning as a ventral heart.

Supra-spiracular line: in caterpillars, margins the spiracles superiorly.

Supra-spiracular line: in caterpillars, it runs along the top edges of the spiracles.

Supra-stigmatal line: = supra-spiracular lines.

Supra-triangular cross-veins: in Odonata, cross the supra-triangular space.

Supra-triangular cross-veins: in dragonflies, they cross the supra-triangular space.

Supra-triangular space: in Anisoptera, an area just above the triangle, occupying nearly the same position as the quadrilateral of Zygoptera: hyper-trigonal space.

Supra-triangular space: in Anisoptera, an area just above the triangle, occupying almost the same position as the quadrilateral of Zygoptera: hyper-trigonal space.

Suranal: = supra-anal.

Suranal: = above the anus.

Suranal plate: the middle dorsal plate attached to the l0th abdominal segment of the male grasshoppers, above the anal opening: a supra- anal tergite of a caterpillar.

Suranal plate: the middle dorsal plate connected to the 10th abdominal segment of male grasshoppers, located above the anal opening; a supra-anal tergite of a caterpillar.

Sursum: directed upwardly.

Sursum: directed upward.

Suspensi: the chrysalids of butterflies that are suspended by the tail only: see succincti.

Suspensi: the chrysalids of butterflies that are hanging by the tail only: see succincti.

Suspensoria: are those muscles or ligaments that hold the viscera and other internal structures in place.

Suspensoria: are the muscles or ligaments that keep the organs and other internal structures in position.

Sustentors: the two posterior projections of a butterfly chrysalis.

Sustentors: the two back projections of a butterfly chrysalis.

Suture: a seam or impressed line indicating the division of distinct parts of body wall: the line of junction of elytra in Coleoptera.

Suture: a seam or line that shows the division between different parts of the body wall; the line where the elytra join in beetles.

Suturiform: an articulation soldered together so that only a slight impressed line is visible.

Suturiform: a joint fused together so that only a faint line is visible.

Swarming: the concerted departure from a hive of a large number of worker bees, accompanied by a queen; this forming the nucleus of a new colony.

Swarming: the coordinated exit from a hive by a large group of worker bees, along with a queen; this creates the core of a new colony.

Swimmerets: gill or plate-like structures in the aquatic larvae of some Neuroptera, serving as oars or organs of locomotion.

Swimmerets: gill or plate-like structures in the aquatic larvae of some Neuroptera, acting as paddles or organs for movement.

Swimming paddles: terminal appendages of mosquito pupae.

Swimming paddles: the final limbs of mosquito pupae.

Swoked: smoky, suffused with gray or blackish.

Swoked: smoky, filled with gray or blackish tones.

Sylvan: species inhabiting forests or woodland areas.

Sylvan: species living in forests or wooded areas.

Symbiogenesis: the method of origin of social symbiotic relation among ants and other insects.

Symbiogenesis: the way social symbiotic relationships originate among ants and other insects.

Symbiosis: a life relationship existing between different kinds of animals or plants, or between animals and plants: true symbiosis is where both parties to the relation benefit: see also parasitism, commensalism. Among the ants social symbiosis exists in its most highly developed form and distinctive terms have been proposed for the various types of relations:

Symbiosis: a life relationship between different types of animals or plants, or between animals and plants. True symbiosis is where both parties benefit from the relationship; see also parasitism, commensalism. Among ants, social symbiosis exists in its most advanced form, and specific terms have been suggested for the different types of relationships:

Calobiosis, is that association in which one species, often only the female, lives in the nest of and at the expense of another species, either for a time, = temporary - or altogether, = permanent calacobiosis. {Scanner's note: sic}

Calobiosis is when one species, usually just the female, lives in the nest of another species and relies on it, either temporarily or permanently. {Scanner's note: sic}

Cleptobiosis, is where one species of ant lives in or near the nest of another, preying upon its larvae or pupae or stealing the food supply.

Cleptobiosis is when one species of ant lives in or around the nest of another, feeding on its larvae or pupae, or stealing its food supply.

Dulosis, is that mingling of colonies which owes its origin to the enslavement of one species by another.

Dulosis is the blending of colonies that comes from one species enslaving another.

Hamabiosis, is that relation where two species of any insects, one of which may be an ant, live side by side without obvious motive or known advantage to one or both.

Hamabiosis is a relationship where two species of insects, one of which may be an ant, coexist without any clear motive or known benefit to either or both.

Lestobiosis, is where the workers of one ant colony "hold up" those of another species and rob them of the food they are carrying to the nest.

Lestobiosis is when the workers of one ant colony "hold up" those from another species and steal the food they are bringing back to their nest.

Parabiosis, is where different species of ants form colonies with inosculating galleries, and have their households strangely intermingled, but not blended.

Parabiosis is when different species of ants form colonies with interconnected tunnels, having their nests oddly mixed together but not merged.

Phylacobiosis, is the relation existing between ants and Termites, the ants living in the doorways of the Termites and functioning as guards.

Phylacobiosis is the relationship between ants and termites, where ants live in the doorways of termites and act as guards.

Synclerobiosis, is an association of two species of ants that usually inhabit independent colonies, for purposes that are not clearly understood.

Synclerobiosis is a relationship between two species of ants that typically live in separate colonies, for reasons that aren't fully understood.

Trophibiosis, is the relationship between ants on the one hand and aphids, coccids and the like on the other; these species being sought and attended by the ants for their own benefit: see myrmecophily.

Trophobiosis is the relationship between ants and aphids, coccids, and similar species. The ants seek out and care for these insects for their own advantage: see myrmecophily.

Xenobiosis, is where one species of ant lives as a guest in the nest of another, maintaining its own household, and mingling freely with the host species, the two living on terms of mutual toleration.

Xenobiosis is when one species of ant lives as a guest in the nest of another, keeping its own household, and interacting freely with the host species, with both living together in mutual tolerance.

Symbiotic: species that live together in a state of symbiosis.

Symbiotic: species that coexist in a state of mutual benefit.

Symmetrical: evenly developed on both sides.

Symmetrical: equally balanced on both sides.

Symmetry: that regular arrangement of organs or parts which is capable of division into similar halves or similar radii.

Symmetry: the consistent arrangement of organs or parts that can be divided into identical halves or similar radii.

Sympathetic nervous system: applied to the nerves and ganglia of the alimentary canal and sonic other viscera which they innervate; = vagus; visceral nervous system.

Sympathetic nervous system: refers to the nerves and ganglia of the digestive tract and other organs they control; = vagus; visceral nervous system.

Symphily: the relation borne to ants by the true guests which inhabit their nests and are fed and tended: rendering in return some substance or service desired by the ants: see metochy and synechtry.

Symphily: the relationship that exists between ants and the true guests that live in their nests and are cared for and fed. In return, these guests provide some resource or service that the ants need: see metochy and synechtry.

Symphyla: a group name for apterous species resembling myriapods in appearance, with functional abdominal legs and the genital openings on the last abdominal segment: regarded by some as connecting forms between insects and myriapods, e.g. Scolopendrella.

Symphyla: a group name for wingless species that look like myriapods, featuring functional abdominal legs and having their genital openings on the last abdominal segment. Some consider these to be connecting forms between insects and myriapods, such as Scolopendrella.

Symphysis: where two sclerites are joined together by a soft membrane, permitting a slight motion.

Symphysis: where two sclerites are connected by a soft membrane, allowing for slight movement.

Synaptera: originally wingless insects without metamorphosis; the Thysanura.

Synaptera: originally wingless insects that don’t undergo metamorphosis; the Thysanura.

Synarthrosis: an articulation without motion.

Synarthrosis: a joint with no movement.

Syncerebrum: the compound brain of insects.

Syncerebrum: the combined brain of insects.

Synchronous: happening at the same time.

Synciput: that portion of the vertex lying between the eyes.

Synciput: the area at the top of the head located between the eyes.

Syncitium: masses of protoplasm with nuclei, found in ovarian tubes; giving rise to ova, nutritive cells or both.

Syncitium: large masses of protoplasm with nuclei, located in ovarian tubes; responsible for producing ova, nutritious cells, or both.

Syndesis: that method of articulation where two parts are connected by a membrane which permits of considerable motion between them.

Syndesis: a way of connecting two parts with a membrane that allows for significant movement between them.

Synechtry: the relation borne to ants by insects inhabiting their nests in spite of the efforts of the ants to destroy them: see symphily and metochy.

Synechtry: the relationship between ants and insects that live in their nests despite the ants' attempts to eliminate them: see symphily and metochy.

Synista or Synistata: those Neuropterous insects in which the mouth structures are undeveloped, forming an imperfect tubular structure: see elinguata.

Synista or Synistata: those Neuropterous insects where the mouth parts are underdeveloped, creating an incomplete tubular structure: see elinguata.

Synoecy: the relation that exists between ants and those guests that are indifferent to and tolerated by them:= metochy, and see symphily and synecthry.

Synoecy: the relationship between ants and their guests who are indifferent to and tolerated by them; = metochy, and see symphily and synecthry.

Synonym: a name applied to a species or genus that has been previously named and described.

Synonym: a name given to a species or genus that has already been named and described.

Synonymous: words of different derivation applied to the same conception.

Synonymous: words from different origins that refer to the same idea.

Synthlipsis: the basal constriction of the notocephalon in Notonectids.

Synthlipsis: the basic narrowing of the notocephalon in Notonectids.

Syntype: = co-type; q.v.

Syntype: = co-type; see also.

Syringe: in Hemiptera, a chamber into which the salivary ducts open and by means of which the secretion is forced forward between the seta or lancets.

Syringe: in Hemiptera, a chamber where the salivary ducts open and through which the secretion is pushed forward between the setae or lancets.

System: an order of arrangement.

System: a way to organize.

Systematic: in definite order, or arranged according to a system.

Systematic: in a specific order, or organized based on a system.

Systole: that regular contraction of the heart that sends the blood outward: see diastole.

Systole: the consistent contraction of the heart that pushes blood outwards; see diastole.

T. A. line: transverse anterior line; crosses the primaries of certain moths one-third or less from the base: = antemedial line.

T.A. line: transverse anterior line; crosses the primaries of certain moths one-third or less from the base: = antemedial line.

Tactile: used for touching; an organ that has the sense of touch.

Tactile: related to the sense of touch; a body part that allows for feeling.

Taenia: a broad longitudinal stripe.

Taenia: a wide longitudinal stripe.

Taeniate -us: with broad longitudinal markings.

Taeniate -us: with wide, long stripes.

Taenidium -ia: the band or chitinized fibre forming a part of the spiral thread in the trachea of insects.

Taenidium -ia: the band or chitin-like fiber that is part of the spiral thread in the trachea of insects.

Tail: an elongated terminal segment of the abdomen: the cauda in plant lice: elongated processes on the secondaries, in some Lepidoptera and Neuroptera.

Tail: a long terminal part of the abdomen: the cauda in plant lice: long extensions on the secondary structures, in some butterflies and lacewings.

Tangential: set in or meeting at a tangent; applied to ornamentation and processes.

Tangential: relating to or touching at a tangent; used in reference to decoration and processes.

Tarsal: relating to the tarsi, or feet.

Tarsal: related to the tarsal bones, or feet.

Tarsal lobes: membranous appendages arising from the underside of the tarsal joints in some Coleoptera.

Tarsal lobes: membrane-like extensions that come from the underside of the tarsal joints in some beetles.

Tarsus -i: the foot; the jointed appendage attached at the apex of tibia. bearing the claws and pulvilli.

Tarsus -i: the foot; the jointed part attached at the top of the tibia, supporting the claws and pulvilli.

Taste cups: specialized pits or cups, with or without a peg or hair, connected with ganglionated nerve cells: occur on the mouth structure and evidence the sense of taste.

Taste cups: specialized pits or cups, with or without a peg or hair, connected with clustered nerve cells: found on the mouth structure and indicate the sense of taste.

Tawny: a brownish yellow, like the color of a tanned hide [pale cadmium yellow + Indian red].

Tawny: a brownish-yellow color, similar to that of tanned skin [pale cadmium yellow + Indian red].

Taxonomical: systematic: relating to classification.

Taxonomical: systematic—related to classification.

Testate: covered; concealed: also used as = tectiform.

Testate: covered; hidden; also used as = tectiform.

Tectiform: roof-like, sloping from a median ridge, like the primaries of Cicada.

Tectiform: shaped like a roof, sloping down from a central ridge, similar to the primary wings of a cicada.

Tegmen: a covering: sometimes used for the anterior wings in Orthoptera and Neuroptera.

Tegmen: a covering; sometimes refers to the front wings in grasshoppers and net-winged insects.

Tegmina: the thickened primaries serving as wing covers in Orthoptera.

Tegmina: the thickened primary wings that act as covers in grasshoppers and crickets.

Tegulae: small, more or less cup-like scales at the base of primaries in many insects; specifically in Hymenoptera: in Lepidoptera, = the patagia or shoulder tippets; but the homology is disputed; also applied to the lappet-like pieces forming the collar: in Diptera, the alulae, q.v.: the latter use is unfortunate and should be abandoned; the first definition should limit the use of the term: see aileron.

Tegulae: small, cup-shaped scales at the base of the primary wings in many insects; specifically in Hymenoptera: in Lepidoptera, referring to the patagia or shoulder scales; however, the similarity is debated; also used for the lappet-like pieces that make up the collar: in Diptera, this term refers to the alulae, see there: this latter usage is unfortunate and should be dropped; the first definition should restrict the term's application: see aileron.

Tegument: a covering surface or skin.

Tegument: a protective layer or skin.

Teleodont: applied to those forms of male Lucanids bearing the largest mandibles: see mesodont, amphiodont, priodont.

Teleodont: used for those types of male Lucanids that have the largest jaws: see mesodont, amphiodont, priodont.

Telescopic: arranged so that one portion of an organ or process may be drawn into another, like the joints of a telescope.

Telescopic: organized in a way that allows one part of an organ or process to be pulled into another, similar to the joints of a telescope.

Telson: a terminal tubercle bearing the anal opening: the anal segment of the insect embryo.

Telson: a terminal bump that has the anal opening; the anal segment of the insect embryo.

Telum: a spear, or spear-shaped process.

Telum: a spear or a spear-like structure.

Temple: the posterior part of the gena; behind, before or beneath the eye.

Temple: the back part of the cheek; located behind, in front of, or below the eye.

Tempora: the temples.

Temporal margins: in Mallophaga, the lateral margins of the hind head.

Temporal margins: in Mallophaga, the side edges of the back of the head.

Tenaculum: in Collembola, a small organ which holds the furcula in position when at rest: = catch.

Tenaculum: in Collembola, a small structure that keeps the furcula in place when it's not active: = catch.

Tenant hair: see tenent hair.

Tenant hair: see tenant hair.

Tendo: the anal area of secondaries when it forms a groove for the abdomen: has also been called frenum and frenulum: in Trichoptera, a small elliptical space at base of hind wings near base of anal veins and behind the trochlea.

Tendo: the anal area of secondaries when it creates a groove for the abdomen; it has also been referred to as the frenum and frenulum. In Trichoptera, it is a small elliptical space at the base of the hind wings, close to the base of the anal veins and behind the trochlea.

Tendon: the slender, chitinous plates, bands, strap- or cup-shaped pieces, to which muscles are attached for moving appendages: see apodeme.

Tendon: the thin, chitin-like plates, bands, strap- or cup-shaped pieces that connect muscles to move limbs: see apodeme.

Tenent hair: specialized hair adapted for clinging or clasping.

Tenent hair: specialized hair adapted for gripping or holding on.

Teneral: that state of the imago just after its exclusion from pupa or nymph, in which neither coloring nor clothing is fully developed.

Teneral: the stage of the adult insect right after it emerges from the pupa or nymph, during which its color and body covering are not fully developed.

Tensor: a muscle which stretches a membrane.

Tensor: a muscle that stretches a membrane.

Tentacle: a flexible sensory or tactile process; in some cases retractile: usually prefixed by a descriptive term indicating the structure to which it is attached.

Tentacle: a flexible sensory or touch-sensitive appendage; in some cases, it can retract: usually prefixed by a descriptive term that indicates the structure it's connected to.

Tentacular -um: retractile processes on the larvae of Lepidoptera.

Tentacular -um: retractable structures found on the larvae of moths and butterflies.

Tentaculate: a margin when fringed with soft tactile processes.

Tentaculate: a border that is lined with soft, touch-sensitive projections.

Tentiform: shaped like a tent: see mines.

Tentiform: shaped like a tent; refer to mines.

Tentoria: Diptera; two hollow, cylindrical struts which pass from the ventral border of the occipital foramen to the cheeks.

Tentoria: Diptera; two hollow, cylindrical supports that extend from the lower edge of the occipital foramen to the cheeks.

Tentorium: a chitinous frame-work within the head, upon which the brain rests.

Tentorium: a tough, supportive structure in the head that the brain rests on.

Tenuis: thin, slender; long drawn out.

Tenuis: thin, slim; elongated.

Terebra: a borer or piercer: an ovipositor fitted for boring or cutting as in saw-flies: a mandibular sclerite articulated to the basalis; forms the point of the structure and = the galea of the maxilla.

Terebra: a tool for boring or piercing; an ovipositor designed for boring or cutting, like in saw-flies; a hard part of the jaw connected to the basalis; it makes up the tip of the structure and = the galea of the maxilla.

Terebrant: with an ovipositor fitted for piercing or boring.

Terebrant: with an ovipositor designed for piercing or boring.

Terebrantia: Hymenoptera with sessile abdomen and valved ovipositors: Thripids in which the ovipositor of female is borer-like.

Terebrantia: Hymenoptera with a fixed abdomen and valved egg-laying structures: Thripids where the female's ovipositor is similar to a borer.

Teres, Terete: cylindric or nearly so.

Teres, Terete: cylindrical or close to it.

Tergal: belonging to the primitively upper surface: see dorsal.

Tergal: related to the upper surface: see dorsal.

Tergal suture: the Y shaped dorsal suture on the head of many insect larvae.

Tergal suture: the Y-shaped dorsal suture on the head of many insect larvae.

Tergite: the primitively dorsal part of a segment, especially when that part consists of a single sclerite; usually applied to the abdomen.

Tergite: the original upper part of a segment, particularly when that part is made up of a single sclerite; typically refers to the abdomen.

Tergo-pleural: the upper and lateral portion of a segment.

Tergo-pleural: the upper and outer part of a segment.

Tergo-rhabdites: the lower pair of corneous appendages forming the ovipositor in grasshoppers: plates on the inner dorsal surface of the abdominal wall.

Tergo-rhabdites: the lower pair of hard appendages that make up the ovipositor in grasshoppers; they are plates located on the inner dorsal surface of the abdominal wall.

Tergum: the primitively upperor dorsal surface whether it consists of one or more than one sclerite and specifically of the abdomen: in Odonata and Orthoptera, applies to thorax as well.

Tergum: the original upper or dorsal surface, whether it is made up of one or more sclerites, specifically referring to the abdomen; in Odonata and Orthoptera, it also applies to the thorax.

Termen: the outer margin of a wing, between apex and hind or anal angle.

Termen: the edge of a wing, between the tip and the back or corner angle.

Terminal: situated at the tip or extremity; opposed to basal.

Terminal: located at the end or outermost point; opposite of basal.

Terminal line: in Lepidoptera, runs along the outer margin of the wings.

Terminal line: in butterflies and moths, it runs along the outer edge of the wings.

Terminal space: the area between the s. t. line and terminal line in certain Lepidoptera.

Terminal space: the area between the s.t. line and terminal line in certain butterflies and moths.

Terminology: the technical nomenclature of any science.

Terminology: the specialized vocabulary of any science.

Termitarium: a nest, natural or artificial, or a colony of Termites.

Termitarium: a nest, whether natural or man-made, or a colony of termites.

Terrestrial: living on or in the land; opposed to aquatic.

Terrestrial: living on or in the land; opposite of aquatic.

Tessellated: checkered; more or less like a chess-board. {Scanner's comment: More correctly, it means "tiled", covered with possibly regularly shaped areas or pieces. They may or may not be square or otherwise regular.}

Tessellated: checkered; similar to a chessboard. {Scanner's comment: More accurately, it means "tiled," covered with possibly regularly shaped areas or pieces. They can be square or take other regular shapes.}

Test: the secretionary covering of Coccidae, and especially such as are waxy, horny or glassy.

Test: the protective covering of Coccidae, particularly those that are waxy, hard, or glossy.

Testaceous: dull yellow brown; tile colored [pale cadmium yellow+burnt sienna].

Testaceous: dull yellow-brown; tile-colored [light cadmium yellow + burnt sienna].

Testes: the tubular structures in the male, in which the production of spermatogonia, and often also of later stages in the development of the sperm takes place.

Testes: the tubular structures in males where spermatogonia are produced, and often later stages of sperm development as well.

Testicular follicles: in the larva, are those structures which in the adult form the tubes composing the testes; in the adult applied also to the tubes forming the testes.

Testicular follicles: in the larva, these are the structures that develop into the tubes that make up the testes in the adult form; in adults, the term also refers to the tubes that comprise the testes.

Testudinate -us: resembling the shell of a tortoise.

Testudinate -us: having a resemblance to a tortoise's shell.

Tetra-: four: a combining form.

Tetra-: four; a prefix.

Tetrachaetae: applied to those Diptera in which the mouth structures consist of four longitudinal blades or piercing structures.

Tetrachaetae: refers to those flies in which the mouthparts have four long blades or piercing structures.

Tetradactyle: with four fingers or finger-like processes.

Tetradactyl: having four fingers or finger-like structures.

Tetragonal: having four sides or angles: quadrangular.

Tetragonal: having four sides or angles; quadrangular.

Tetramera: applied to Coleoptera with four-jointed tarsi.

Tetramera: refers to beetles that have tarsi with four joints.

Tetramerous: having four-jointed tarsi.

Tetramerous: having four joints in tarsi.

Tetrapoda: applied to those butterflies in which the anterior legs are atrophied in whole or in part.

Tetrapoda: refers to those butterflies where the front legs are partially or completely underdeveloped.

Tetraptera: a term proposed for all insects with four naked, membranous reticulated wings.

Tetraptera: a term used for all insects that have four bare, membranous wings with a network pattern.

Thamnophilous: applied to species living in thickets or dense shrubbery.

Thamnophilous: refers to species that live in thickets or dense bushes.

Theca: a case or covering: specifically applied to the fleshy covering of the fly-mouth; to the cases of the Trichopterous larvae; to the lower piece of the male genitalia in Homoptera; and to the outer covering of the pupa.

Theca: a case or covering; specifically refers to the fleshy covering of the fly's mouth, the cases of Trichopterous larvae, the lower part of the male genitalia in Homoptera, and the outer covering of the pupa.

Thelyotoky: parthenogenetic reproduction when the progeny are all females see Arrhenotoly and Deuterotoky.

Thelyotoky: a type of reproduction where the offspring are all female, occurring through parthenogenesis; see Arrhenotoly and Deuterotoky.

Thigh: see femur.

Thigh: refer to femur.

Thigmotactic: contact-loving: applied to species that tend to live close together or in touch, one with the other.

Thigmotactic: contact-loving; refers to species that prefer to live close together or in contact with each other.

Third longitudinal vein: in Diptera (Will.):= radius 5 (Comst.).

Third longitudinal vein: in flies (Will.):= radius 5 (Comst.).

Third posterior cell: in Diptera, = 2d medial 2 (Comst.).

Third submarginal cross-nervure: in Hymenoptera (North.):= radius 4 (Comst.).

Thoracic: belonging or attached to the thorax.

Thoracic: related to or connected with the chest.

Thoracic dorsal bristles: in Diptera, the specialized bristles on the dorsum of the thorax.

Thoracic dorsal bristles: in Diptera, the unique bristles on the back of the thorax.

Thoracic feet: the jointed legs on the thoracic segments of larvae, as distinguished from abdominal or pro-legs.

Thoracic feet: the jointed legs on the thoracic segments of larvae, different from abdominal legs or pro-legs.

Thoracico-abdominal: the first segment of the abdomen when united with the thorax so as to form part of it: =propodeum.

Thoracico-abdominal: the first part of the abdomen when connected with the chest to form a part of it: =propodeum.

Thoracic pleural bristles: in Diptera, the specialized bristles situated on the pleural region of the thorax.

Thoracic pleural bristles: in Diptera, the specialized bristles found on the pleural area of the thorax.

Thoracotheca: = cytotheca: q.v.

Thoracotheca: = cell container: see entry.

Thorax: the second or intermediate region of the insect body, bearing the true legs and wings: made up of three rings, named in order, pro-, meso-, and meta-thorax: when the pro-thorax is free as in Coleoptera, Orthoptera, and Hemiptera, the term thorax is commonly used in descriptive work for that segment only: in Odonata, where the prothorax is small and not fused with the larger and united meso- and meta-thorax, the term thorax is commonly used for these latter two united, excluding the prothorax.

Thorax: the second or middle part of an insect's body, which has the true legs and wings. It consists of three sections called the pro-thorax, meso-thorax, and meta-thorax. When the pro-thorax is separate, as seen in beetles (Coleoptera), grasshoppers (Orthoptera), and true bugs (Hemiptera), the term thorax typically refers to that segment only. In dragonflies (Odonata), where the prothorax is small and not attached to the larger combined meso- and meta-thorax, the term thorax usually refers to these two sections together, excluding the prothorax.

Thread-plate: an epithelial plate of the embryo from which the terminal threads of the ovarian tubes originate.

Thread-plate: an epithelial layer of the embryo from which the final threads of the ovarian tubes come from.

Thyridial cell: in Trichoptera: the cell formed by the first fork of median vein; the cell behind Thyridium.

Thyridial cell: in Trichoptera: the cell created by the first split of the median vein; the cell located behind Thyridium.

Thyridiate: applied to a wing vein that at one point seems broken so as to permit of a folding or bending; either to pack into a small compass or to enfold the body.

Thyridiate: refers to a wing vein that appears to be broken at one point, allowing for folding or bending; either to fit into a smaller space or to wrap around the body.

Thyridium -ii: small, whitish or almost transparent spots near the anastomosis of the disc of the wings in some Neuroptera, or in the recurrent veins in the cubital cellule in some Hymenoptera; also the apical margin of the gastrocoeli, often alone visible: in Trichoptera, specifically, a hyaline spot on second fork of median vein.

Thyridium -ii: small, white or almost clear spots near the joining of the wing disc in some Neuroptera, or in the recurring veins in the cubital cell in some Hymenoptera; also the upper edge of the gastrocoeli, often visible on its own: in Trichoptera, specifically, a clear spot on the second fork of the median vein.

Thyrsus: a cluster.

Thyrsus: a bunch.

Thysanoptera: fringe-winged: an ordinal term, applied to species with four narrow, similar wings, lengthily fringed; mouth parts fitted for puncturing and scraping; metamorphosis incomplete: the Thripids.

Thysanoptera: fringe-winged: a classification term used for species that have four long, narrow, and similarly shaped wings with fringes; mouthparts designed for piercing and scraping; incomplete metamorphosis: the Thripids.

Thysanura: fringe-tails; wingless, mandibulate insects without metamorphosis; with anal appendages; body covered with scales; thoracic segments similar.

Thysanura: fringe-tails; wingless, chewing insects without metamorphosis; with tail-like appendages; body covered in scales; thoracic segments similar.

Tiarate -us: turban or tiara-like.

Tiarate -us: turban or tiara style.

Tibia -ae: the shank: that part of the leg articulated to the femur basally and which bears the tarsus at the distal end.

Tibia -ae: the shin: the part of the leg that connects to the femur at the top and supports the ankle at the bottom.

Tibial epiphysis: a movable process attached near the base of the inner side of the anterior tibia in many Lepidoptera.

Tibial epiphysis: a movable part located close to the bottom on the inner side of the front tibia in many butterflies and moths.

Tibial membrane: in male Cicada, the drum-like vibratory membrane that produces the sound.

Tibial membrane: in male Cicada, the drum-like vibrating membrane that makes the sound.

Tip: the extremity; the part furthest removed from the base.

Tip: the outermost part; the section farthest from the base.

Titillator: a small process just below the penis in some Orthoptera.

Titillator: a small structure located just below the penis in some grasshoppers and crickets.

Tomentose: covered with fine hair, so matted together that particular hairs cannot be separated.

Tomentose: covered with fine hair that is so tangled together that individual hairs can't be separated.

Tomentum: a form of pubescence composed of matted, woolly hair: in Diptera applied to a covering of short, flattened, more or less recumbent, scale-like hair which merges gradually into dust or pollen.

Tomentum: a type of fuzz made up of tangled, fluffy hair; in Diptera, it refers to a layer of short, flat, somewhat lying-down, scale-like hairs that gradually blend into dust or pollen.

Tongue: an indefinite term, applied usually to the coiled mouth structure of Lepidoptera; the lapping organ of flies; the ligula of bees and wasps and, sometimes also to the hypopharynx of other insects.

Tongue: a vague term, typically used to describe the coiled mouthpart of butterflies and moths; the lapping organ of flies; the ligula of bees and wasps; and sometimes it also refers to the hypopharynx of other insects.

Tooth: an acute angulation: a short pointed process from an appendage or margin.

Tooth: a sharp angle; a small, pointed projection from an appendage or edge.

Topomorph -ic: a geographic form, variety or subspecies of a widely distributed species: developed by local environment.

Topomorph -ic: a geographic form, variety, or subspecies of a widely distributed species, shaped by the local environment.

Topotype: is a specimen collected in the exact locality whence the original type was obtained.

Topotype: is a specimen gathered from the exact location where the original type was collected.

Tornal: relating to or concerning the tornus.

Tornal: related to or regarding the tornus.

Tornus: in Lepidoptera, the junction of the termen and dorsum of wing: = hind or anal angle; q.v.

Tornus: in butterflies and moths, the point where the outer edge and the top of the wing meet: = hind or anal angle; see also.

Torose: swelling into knots or protuberances.

Torose: bulging into bumps or lumps.

Torpid: lying motionless by reason of cold or other natural conditions that unfavorably affect the organism.

Torpid: lying still because of cold or other natural conditions that negatively impact the body.

Torqueate: with a ring or collar.

Torquillus: = rotula.

Torquillus: = rotator.

Tortilis: twisted.

Tortulose-us: hump-backed; a surface with a few large elevations: beaded; moniliform.

Tortulose-us: hump-backed; a surface with some large bumps: beaded; string-like.

Tortuose -us: irregularly curved and bent; snake-like.

Tortuose -us: twisted and bent in unusual ways; resembling a snake.

Tortuous: = Tortuose.

Tortuous: = Twisted.

Torulus: the basal socket joint of the antenna upon which the organ is articulated for movement in all directions.

Torulus: the base socket joint of the antenna that allows the organ to move in every direction.

Totidem: in all parts; entirely.

Totidem: everywhere; completely.

T.P. line: transverse posterior line; crossing the primaries of certain Lepidoptera, two-thirds or more from base: = post medial line.

T.P. line: transverse posterior line; crossing the primaries of some butterflies and moths, two-thirds or more from the base: = post medial line.

Trabecula: rounded, lobular masses of the procerebrum, from which arise the stalks bearing the mushroom bodies: a paired movable appendage in front of the antennae in certain bird-lice.

Trabecula: rounded, lobular masses of the procerebrum, from which the stalks support the mushroom bodies: a paired movable structure in front of the antennae in some bird lice.

Trachea -ae: the spirally ringed breathing tube or tubes of insects.

Trachea -ae: the spirally ribbed breathing tube or tubes found in insects.

Tracheal gills: the flattened or hair-like processes in aquatic larvae through which oxygen is absorbed from the water.

Tracheal gills: the flat or hair-like structures in aquatic larvae that absorb oxygen from the water.

Tracheary: relating to or composed of tracheae.

Tracheary: related to or made up of tracheae.

Tracheate: supplied with trachea: a general term applied to all articulates that breathe by means of spiracular openings into a system of tubular structures that extend to all parts of the body.

Tracheate: equipped with trachea; a broad term used for all arthropods that breathe through spiracles connected to a system of tubes that reach every part of the body.

Tracheation: the arrangement or system of distribution of trachea.

Tracheation: the way trachea are arranged or distributed.

Tracheoles: the capillary trachea of the adult as they develop in masses in the larva: very small, slender tracheae.

Tracheoles: the tiny capillary tubes of the adult that form in clusters during the larval stage: very small, thin tracheae.

Transection: a cut across, at right angles to the body: transverse section.

Transection: a cut made straight across and at a right angle to the body: transverse section.

Transition zone: is the transcontinental belt in which the austral and boreal elements overlap: it is divided into a humid or Alleghanian area; a western arid area; and a Pacific Coast humid area: all of which see.

Transition zone: is the transcontinental belt where the southern and northern elements overlap: it is divided into a humid or Alleghanian area; a western dry area; and a Pacific Coast humid area: all of which see.

Transitory: lasting for a short time only.

Transitory: lasting for just a brief period.

Translucent: semi-transparent; admitting the passage of light but not of vision.

Translucent: semi-transparent; allowing light to pass through but not clear enough to see through.

Translucid: clear: transparent enough to be seen through.

Translucid: clear; see-through enough to be visible.

Transparent: so clear as not to obstruct vision.

Transparent: so clear that it doesn’t block vision.

Transverse: when the longest diameter is across the body.

Transverse: when the longest diameter runs across the body.

Transverse incision: = transverse sulci.

Transverse incision: = transverse grooves.

Transverse sulci: the transverse grooves of pronotum in many Orthoptera.

Transverse sulci: the horizontal grooves on the pronotum found in many grasshoppers and crickets.

Transverse suture: in Diptera, a transverse groove extending inward from the root of wing and obsolete in the middle of dorsum.

Transverse suture: in Diptera, a horizontal groove extending inward from the wing base and not visible in the middle of the back.

Trapeziform: in the form or shape of a trapezium.

Trapeziform: trapezoid-shaped.

Trapezium: a four-sided figure in which no two sides are parallel. {Scanner's comment: sic This is presumably an error in editing the original text. A trapezium has two sides parallel. Compare next item.}

Trapezium: a four-sided shape where no two sides are parallel. {Scanner's comment: sic This is presumably an error in editing the original text. A trapezium has two sides parallel. Compare next item.}

Trapezoid -al: a four-sided plane of which two sides are parallel and two are not.

Trapezoid -al: a four-sided shape where two sides are parallel and the other two are not.

Tri-: three; a combining form.

Tri-: three; a prefix.

Triangle: in Odonata: a small, triangular cell at the junction of cubitus with cubitus 1: a similar cell adjoining it basally is the internal triangle discoidal triangle: cardinal cell; q.v.

Triangle: in Odonata: a small, triangular cell at the intersection of the cubitus with cubitus 1: a similar cell next to it at the base is the internal triangle discoidal triangle: cardinal cell; see also.

Tri-articulate: composed of three joints or articles.

Tri-articulate: made up of three joints or parts.

Tribe: a term of classification less than a subfamily: opinionative and ending in ini: but this is not universally adhered to.

Tribe: a classification term that is more specific than a subfamily, often ending in "ini"; however, this is not always consistently applied.

Tri-carinate: with three keels or carinae.

Tri-carinate: having three ridges or keels.

Trichogen: a hair-forming hypodermal cell in caterpillars, etc.

Trichogen: a cell in caterpillars and similar creatures that helps form hair.

Trichoptera: hairy-winged: insects with hairy primaries with many longitudinal veins and cells, covering the broader secondaries which are usually folded lengthwise; mouth mandibulate but rudimentary: head free; thorax agglutinate: metamorphosis complete.

Trichoptera: hairy-winged insects have hairy forewings with many longitudinal veins and cells, covering the larger hindwings that are typically folded lengthwise; they have a basic mouth structure with mandibles; the head is separate; the thorax is fused; and they undergo complete metamorphosis.

Trichostical bristles: in Diptera, a fan-like row, situated on the meta- pleura: conspicuous in some families.

Trichostical bristles: in flies, a fan-shaped row located on the metapleura; noticeable in certain families.

Trichotomous: divided by threes.

Trichotomous: divided into three parts.

Trichroism: the condition when any given part exhibits three different colors in different individuals of the same species: e.g. in Lepidoptera, the hind wings of certain Heliconids.

Trichroism: the condition when a specific part shows three different colors in different individuals of the same species, such as in Lepidoptera, where the hind wings of certain Heliconids display this variation.

Tricuspidate: ending in three points: with three cusps or teeth.

Tricuspidate: ending in three points; having three cusps or teeth.

Tridactyle -ous: having three toes or claws.

Trifid: cleft into three parts or ends.

Trifid: split into three parts or ends.

Trigonal: triangular: an area bounded by a triangle.

Trigonal: triangular: a space enclosed by a triangle.

Trigonate: three-cornered; approximately triangular.

Trigonate: three-cornered; roughly triangular.

Trigoneutism: where three broods occur in one season.

Trigoneutism: when three generations happen in one season.

Trigonulum: in Odonata, = triangle.

Trimera: that series of Coleoptera, in which there are only three tarsal joints present.

Trimera: that series of beetles, in which there are only three tarsal joints present.

Trimerous: species which have the tarsi three-jointed.

Trimerous: species that have three-jointed tarsi.

Trinomial: that method of nomenclature in which a varietal or subspecific name follows the specific term without an intervening mark or indications of its rank.

Trinomial: a naming method where a varietal or subspecific name comes after the specific term without any intervening mark or indication of its rank.

Tripectinate: when an antenna has three branches or processes to each joint.

Tripectinate: when an antenna has three branches or processes at each joint.

Triquetral: = triquetrous.

Triquetral: = three-cornered.

Triquetrous: with three flat sides.

Triquetrous: having three flat sides.

Tri-regional: divided into three distinct parts or regions.

Tri-regional: divided into three separate parts or areas.

Trito-cerebral segment: see second antennal segment.

Trito-cerebrum: the posterior portion of the brain, formed by the ganglion of the third primary segment; also termed labro-frontal lobe.

Trito-cerebrum: the back part of the brain, made up of the ganglion from the third primary segment; also called the labro-frontal lobe.

Tri-undulate: with three waves or undulations.

Tri-undulate: having three waves or undulations.

Triungulin: the first larval stage of a meloid beetle.

Triungulin: the first larval stage of a blister beetle.

Trivial: applied to a name, means specific as opposed to generic, or popular as opposed to technical.

Trivial: when used in relation to a name, means specific rather than generic, or common instead of technical.

Trivittate: with three stripes or vitta.

Trivittate: with three stripes or bands.

Trochalopoda: Heteroptera in which the posterior coxae are nearly globose and the articulation is a ball and socket joint: see pagiopoda.

Trochalopoda: Heteroptera where the back coxae are almost round and the joint is a ball-and-socket type: see pagiopoda.

Trochanter: a sclerite, sometimes divided, between the coxa and femur sometimes fused with the femur.

Trochanter: a hard part, sometimes split, located between the coxa and femur, and sometimes fused with the femur.

Trochanterellus: see apophysis.

Trochanterellus: see growth.

Trochantine: the basal part of the trochanter when it is two-jointed: in Coleoptera, a piece often present on the outer side of and sometimes movable on the coxa; also the small sclerite connecting the coxa with the sternum in Dytiscidae: in Neuroptera and Trichoptera the posterior separated part of the coxa: in Orthoptera, a narrow longitudinal sclerite between mandible and gena.

Trochantine: the base part of the trochanter when it has two joints: in beetles, a piece that is often found on the outer side of the coxa and can be movable; also the small hard piece that connects the coxa to the sternum in Dytiscidae: in net-winged insects and caddisflies, the separated posterior part of the coxa: in grasshoppers and crickets, a narrow long sclerite between the mandible and gena.

Trochiformis: cylindro-conic.

Trochiformis: cylindrical cone.

Trochlea: the thickened base of the hind wings in Cicada: in Trichoptera a small elliptical space at base of hind wing behind origin of median vein.

Trochlea: the thickened base of the hind wings in Cicadas; in Trichoptera, it's a small elliptical area at the base of the hind wing, behind the origin of the median vein.

Trochlearis: pulley-shaped; like a cylinder contracted medially.

Trochlearis: shaped like a pulley; resembling a cylinder that is narrower in the middle.

Trochus: that part of an articulated body inserted between the joints.

Trochus: the section of a jointed body that's located between the joints.

Trophi: the mouth parts collectively, including the labrum: see buccal appendages.

Trophi: the mouthparts as a whole, including the labrum; see buccal appendages.

Trophobiosis: see Symbiosis.

Tropical: is that faunal region which covers the southern part of the peninsula of Florida, the greater part of Central America, the lowlands of southern Mexico south of the table land, and a narrow strip on each side of Mexico which follows the coast northward into the United States.

Tropical: is the faunal region that includes the southern part of Florida, most of Central America, the lowlands of southern Mexico below the plateau, and a narrow strip on both sides of Mexico that extends along the coast north into the United States.

Tropico-politan: occurring in all tropical regions.

Tropico-politan: happening in all tropical areas.

Trumpets: breathing tubes of mosquito pupae.

Trumpets: breathing tubes of mosquito larvae.

Truncate: cut off squarely at tip.

Truncate: cut off straight at the tip.

Truncature: the truncation or point squarely cut off.

Truncature: the act of cutting something off cleanly at a right angle.

Truncus: the trunk or thorax.

Truncus: the torso or chest.

Trunk: the thorax as a whole: the body.

Trunk: the entire upper body; the torso.

Tryptic: acting like tripsin, the proteolytic ferment of the pancreatic fluid.

Tryptic: functioning like trypsin, the protein-splitting enzyme found in pancreatic fluid.

Tube: a slender, hollow, cylindrical body: specifically applied to the anal siphon or respiratory tube of mosquito larvae.

Tube: a thin, hollow, cylindrical structure; specifically refers to the anal siphon or breathing tube of mosquito larvae.

Tubercle: a little solid pimple or small chitinous button: really a ring, which may or may not give rise to a seta.

Tubercle: a small solid bump or little chitinous knob: essentially a ring, which may or may not develop into a seta.

Tubercles: on the thoracic and abdominal segments of caterpillars are anterior trapezoidal; posterior trapezoidal; lateral; posterior stigmatal; anterior stigmatal; sub-primary subventral; pedal and adventral: all of which see.

Tubercles: on the thoracic and abdominal segments of caterpillars are front trapezoidal; back trapezoidal; side; back stigmatal; front stigmatal; sub-primary subventral; pedal and adventral: all of which see.

Tubercula: an elevated triangular process at the anterior angle of the thorax specifically in Hymenoptera.

Tubercula: a raised triangular projection at the front angle of the thorax, specifically in Hymenoptera.

Tuberculate -ose: formed like a tubercle: a surface covered with tubercles.

Tuberculate -ose: shaped like a tubercle; a surface covered with small bumps.

Tubercule -ulum: a small tubercle.

Tubercule -ulum: a tiny bump.

Tuberculiform: shaped like a pimple or tubercle.

Tuberculiform: shaped like a pimple or small bump.

Tuberculose -ous: covered or set with tubercles.

Tuberculosis -ous: covered or filled with small bumps.

Tubulifera: Hymenoptera, in which the terminal segments of abdomen are retracted, but may be extended, tube-like: Thysanoptera in which there is no ovipositor and the terminal segments of abdomen are tubular.

Tubulifera: Hymenoptera, where the last segments of the abdomen are pulled back but can be extended in a tube shape; Thysanoptera, which lack an ovipositor and have tubular terminal segments of the abdomen.

Tubulous -ose: formed like a tube: fistulous.

Tubulous -ose: shaped like a tube; tubular.

Tubulus: the slender, flexible abdominal segments forming the ovipositor in Diptera.

Tubulus: the thin, flexible abdominal segments that make up the ovipositor in flies.

Tubus: a term used to designate the corneous base of a ligula: the sheath of the tongue.

Tubus: a term used to refer to the hard base of a ligula: the covering of the tongue.

Tumescence: a swelling or tumid enlargement: a puffed up area.

Tumescence: a swelling or enlarged area; a puffed-up spot.

Tumescent: a little swollen or puffed up.

Tumescent: slightly swollen or puffed up.

Tumid: swollen; enlarged; puffed up.

Tumid: swollen; enlarged; puffy.

Tunica intima: the inner layer of the silk glands: an inner lining or membrane.

Tunica intima: the inner layer of the silk glands; an inner lining or membrane.

Tunica propria: a layer of epithelial cells and connective tissue lining the interior of the hind gut: the outer layer of the silk glands: a covering or investing membrane.

Tunica propria: a layer of epithelial cells and connective tissue that lines the inside of the hindgut; the outer layer of the silk glands; a covering or protective membrane.

Tunicate: composed of concentric layers, enveloping one another: said of antennae when each successive joint is buried in the preceding funnel-shaped one.

Tunicate: made up of concentric layers that wrap around each other; used to describe antennae when each joint is covered by the previous funnel-shaped one.

Turbinate: top-shaped; nearly conical: differs from pyriform in being shorter and more suddenly attenuated at base: applied to an eye = pillared eye; q.v.

Turbinate: shaped like a top; almost cone-shaped: differs from pyriform in being shorter and tapering more sharply at the base: used to describe an eye = pillared eye; see also.

Turgid: swollen.

Turritus: towering: a surface rising cone-like.

Turritus: towering: a cone-shaped surface that rises.

Tylo: = tylus; q.v.

Tylo: = tylus; see above.

Tylus: the anterior central lobe of the head in Hemiptera.

Tylus: the front center part of the head in Hemiptera.

Tympana: the ears in Orthoptera.

Tympana: the ears in grasshoppers.

Tympanal: applied to organs covered with a tympanum or stretched membrane supposed to function as ears.

Tympanal: refers to organs that are covered with a tympanum or stretched membrane believed to act as ears.

Tympanic spiracle: in Diptera, the thoracic spiracle at base of wing.

Tympanic spiracle: in flies, the thoracic opening located at the base of the wing.

Tympanules: small openings covered by a membrane, having otoliths and serving as ears.

Tympanules: tiny openings covered by a membrane, containing otoliths and functioning as ears.

Tympanum: any membrane stretched like the head of a drum: specifically applied to the membrane covering the auditory organs in Orthoptera.

Tympanum: any membrane stretched like the head of a drum; specifically refers to the membrane that covers the hearing organs in Orthoptera.

Type: a unique or single specimen selected from a series and labelled by the describer to represent his name and description: if male or female be added to the label, the specimen typifies that sex, and in case of an erroneous association the male type stands for the species unless the author has specifically designated the other example as representing the name: see also co-type; homotype; meta-type; paratype; topotype.

Type: a unique or individual specimen chosen from a series and labeled by the describer to represent their name and description. If the label includes whether the specimen is male or female, it represents that sex. In the case of a mistaken association, the male type represents the species unless the author has specifically stated that the other example represents the name. See also co-type; homotype; meta-type; paratype; topotype.

Typical: the normal or usual form of a species; agreeing with the type form.

Typical: the standard or common form of a species; matching the type form.

Uliginous: muddy, or pertaining to mud.

Swampy: muddy, or related to mud.

Ulnar: in Homoptera, a wing vein between the radial vein and claval suture; = cubitus: in Orthoptera, = cubitus; q.v.

Ulnar: in Homoptera, a wing vein located between the radial vein and claval suture; = cubitus: in Orthoptera, = cubitus; q.v.

Ulnar area: in Orthoptera, = median area; q.v.

Ulnar area: in Orthoptera, = middle area; see also.

Ulona: the thick, fleshy mouth parts of Orthoptera.

Ulona: the thick, fleshy mouthparts of Orthoptera.

Ulonata: a Fabrician. term for Orthoptera, based on the character of the mouth structures.

Ulonata: a term used in Fabrician for Orthoptera, based on the characteristics of the mouth structures.

Ultimate: last or final: that larval stage just before pupation.

Ultimate: last or final; the larval stage right before pupation.

Ultramarine: an intense deep blue [cobalt blue].

Ultramarine: a vibrant deep blue [cobalt blue].

Ultra-nodal sector: in Odonata, runs parallel with and between media 1 and 2, or principal and nodal sectors: = postnodal sector.

Ultra-nodal sector: in Odonata, runs alongside and between media 1 and 2, or principal and nodal sectors: = postnodal sector.

Umbilicate: navel-shaped, or resembling a navel.

Umbilicate: shaped like a belly button, or resembling a belly button.

Umbilicus: a navel, or navel-like depression.

Umbilicus: a belly button or a navel-like indentation.

Umbonate: bossed; with an elevated knob in the centre.

Umbonate: raised; featuring a raised knob in the center.

Umbone: an embossed, elevated knob situated on humeral angle of elytra.

Umbone: a raised, embossed knob located at the shoulder angle of the wing covers.

Umbones: two movable spines on the sides of prothorax in some Coleoptera.

Umbones: two movable spines on the sides of the prothorax in certain beetles.

Umbrosa: shaded or clouded: a cloud or shade.

Umbrosa: shaded or cloudy; a cloud or shade.

Unarmed: without spurs, spines or armature of any kind.

Unarmed: without any spurs, spikes, or armor of any kind.

Unarticulate: not jointed nor segmented.

Unarticulate: not jointed or segmented.

Unci: thick, hooked processes, forming the borders of the anal opening.

Unci: thick, curved extensions that form the edges of the anal opening.

Uncinnate: hooked at the end.

Uncinnate: curved at the end.

Uncus: in Lepidoptera, Diptera, and elsewhere, the curved book directed downward from a triangular dorsal plate in the male and shielding the penis: the genital hamule.

Uncus: in butterflies and moths (Lepidoptera), flies (Diptera), and other groups, the curved structure pointing downward from a triangular dorsal plate in males that protects the penis: the genital hamule.

Undate: wavy or waved.

Update: wavy or waved.

Undulated: obtusely waved in segments of circles.

Undulated: curved in a way that resembles segments of circles.

Unequal: unlike in size, form, development or other characters.

Unequal: different in size, shape, development, or other characteristics.

Ungues: the tarsal claws.

Ungues: the toe claws.

Unguiculate: armed with a hook, nail or claw.

Unguiculate: equipped with a hook, nail, or claw.

Unguiculus: a small terminal claw or nail-like process.

Unguiculus: a small, hook-like claw or nail at the end of something.

Unguis: one of the claws at the end of the tarsus: also applied to a short process on the 6th antennal joint in some Aphids.

Unguis: one of the claws at the end of the tarsus; also used to refer to a short structure on the 6th antennal joint in some Aphids.

Ungula: a hoof, claw or talon.

Ungula: a hoof, claw, or talon.

Ungulate: shaped like a hoof.

Hoof-shaped.

Uni-: one, a combining form.

Uni-: one, a prefix.

Unicolorous: of one color throughout.

Solid color: of one color throughout.

Unidentate: with one tooth only.

Unidentate: having one tooth only.

Uniplicate: with a single fold or line of folding.

Uniplicate: having just one fold or crease.

Unique: one only: unlike any other.

Unique: one of a kind; different from everything else.

Unisexual: of one sex only: applied to Aphids and Cynipids where only parthenogenic females are known.

Unisexual: referring to one sex only; applied to Aphids and Cynipids where only parthenogenic females are identified.

Upper austral zone: is divided into an eastern humid or Carolinian area, and a western arid or upper Sonoran area, which pass insensibly into each other near the 100th meridian: see Carolinian and upper Sonoran.

Upper austral zone: is divided into an eastern humid or Carolinian area and a western arid or upper Sonoran area, which gradually transition into each other near the 100th meridian: see Carolinian and upper Sonoran.

Upper field: in tegmina, = anal field; q.v.

Upper field: in wings, = anal field; see also.

Upper margin: of tegmina (Thomas), corresponds to the posterior or anal margin of most authors.

Upper margin: of tegmina (Thomas), corresponds to the back or anal margin of most authors.

Upper median area: see areola.

Upper median area: see nipple.

Upper radial: in Lepidoptera, = media 1 (Comst.), and is vein 5, or the independent, of the numerical series.

Upper sector of triangle: in Odonata, = cubitus 1 (Comst.).

Upper Sonoran faunal area: that arid part of upper austral west of 100th meridian; covers most of plains in eastern Montana and Wyoming, s. w. South Dakota, west. Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma and Texas, and east. Colorado and New Mexico; covers plains of Columbia, Malheur and Harney in Oregon and Washington. In California encircles Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys and forms a narrow belt around Colorado and Mohave deserts. In Utah covers Salt Lake and Sevier deserts. In Idaho the Snake plains. In Nevada and Arizona irregular areas of suitable elevation.

Upper Sonoran faunal area: the dry region of the upper austral west of the 100th meridian; includes most of the plains in eastern Montana and Wyoming, southwestern South Dakota, western Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, and eastern Colorado and New Mexico; also covers the Columbia, Malheur, and Harney plains in Oregon and Washington. In California, it surrounds the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys and forms a narrow strip around the Colorado and Mohave deserts. In Utah, it includes the Salt Lake and Sevier deserts. In Idaho, it spans the Snake plains. In Nevada and Arizona, it consists of irregular areas at suitable elevations.

Uranidin: a yellow coloring matter in some Coleoptera and Lepidoptera.

Uranidin: a yellow dye found in some beetles and butterflies.

Urceolate: pitcher-shaped; swelling in the middle.

Urceolate: shaped like a pitcher; wider in the middle.

Ureter: the stalk connecting the malpighian tubules, when they form large tufts, with the intestine.

Ureter: the tube that connects the malpighian tubules when they create large clusters to the intestine.

Uric acid: the characteristic nitrogenous excretion of the malpighian or urinary tubules: composition, C5H4N4O3 (von Furth).

Uric acid: the distinctive nitrogen waste produced by the malpighian or urinary tubules: composition, C5H4N4O3 (von Furth).

Urinary vessels: = malpighian tubules; q.v.: has also been applied by older authors, to anal glands.

Urinary vessels: = malpighian tubules; see also: has also been used by earlier authors for anal glands.

Urite: an abdominal segment and, specifically, its ventral portion.

Urite: a section of the abdomen, specifically its lower part.

Uromere: any of the abdominal segments of an arthropod.

Uromere: any of the belly segments of an arthropod.

Uropoda: any of the abdominal feet of arthropods.

Uropoda: any of the abdominal legs of arthropods.

Uropygium: the ovipositor when it is a mere extension of the abdominal segments.

Uropygium: the ovipositor when it’s just an extension of the abdominal segments.

Urosome: the abdomen.

Urosome: the stomach.

Urosternite: the sternal or under piece of the uromeres.

Urosternite: the lower part of the uromeres.

Urticating: nettling; applied to specialized hairs or processes on the bodies of certain caterpillars, which cause a stinging or burning sensation on the skin.

Urticating: causing irritation; refers to specialized hairs or structures on certain caterpillars that create a stinging or burning feeling on the skin.

Ustulatus: scorched: applied to a maculation that has the appearance of having been burned in.

Ustulatus: scorched: used to describe a marking that looks like it has been burned in.

Uterus: the vaginal portion of oviduct: the sometimes enlarged portion of the vagina at junction of the oviducts: = calyx, q.v.

Uterus: the part of the oviduct connected to the vagina; the sometimes enlarged area of the vagina where the oviducts meet: = calyx, see above.

Uterus masculinus: a pouch or sac into which the ductus ejaculatorius opens in the Symphyla.

Uterus masculinus: a pouch or sac where the ejaculatory duct opens in the Symphyla.

Utriculi breviores: small vesicular sacs connected with the seminal vesicles in crickets and some other insects.

Utriculi breviores: small sacs that are linked to the seminal vesicles in crickets and some other insects.

Utriculi majores: large vesicular sacs or tubular structures connected with the seminal vesicles in crickets and some other insects.

Utriculi majores: large vesicular sacs or tube-like structures linked to the seminal vesicles in crickets and some other insects.

Utriculus: a little bag or hollow vesicle.

Utriculus: a small pouch or empty sac.

Vacuolate: with vacuoles or small cavities, empty or filled with a watery fluid.

N/A: having vacuoles or small spaces that may be empty or filled with a watery liquid.

Vagina: the tubular structure formed by the union of the oviducts in the female, opening externally to admit the passage of the egg to the ovipositor: receives the penis of the male in copulation and is sometimes called oviduct: "every part, the office of which is to cover, protect or defend the tongue": "the bivalve coriaceous sheath or cover of the spicula": generally, a sheath.

Vagina: the tube created by the joining of the oviducts in females, opening outward to allow the passage of the egg to the ovipositor; it receives the male's penis during intercourse and is sometimes referred to as an oviduct: "every part whose function is to cover, protect, or defend the tongue": "the bivalve leathery sheath or cover of the spicula": generally, a sheath.

Vaginata: sheathed: an obsolete ordinal term for Coleoptera.

Vaginata: sheathed: an outdated term for the order Coleoptera.

Vaginate: inclosed in a bivalved sheath.

Vaginate: enclosed in a two-part sheath.

Vagus: sympathetic nervous system; q.v.

Vagus: sympathetic nervous system; see above.

Valgate: enlarged at bottom: club-footed.

Valgate: widened at bottom: clubfooted.

Valve or Valvulae: the expanded plate-like galea of the maxilla in many Hymenoptera.

Valve or Valvulae: the enlarged, plate-like structure of the maxilla in many Hymenoptera.

Valve: a small, transverse or triangular piece behind the last full ventral segment, at base of plates in male Jassidae and allies.

Valve: a small, crosswise or triangular piece located behind the last complete ventral segment, at the base of the plates in male Jassidae and related species.

Valves: in Orthoptera, the corneous pieces of the ovipositor:= corniculi in Lepidoptera, sometimes used to = harpes; q.v.

Valves: in Orthoptera, the hard parts of the ovipositor; corniculi in Lepidoptera, sometimes referred to as harpes; see above.

Valvula = vagina in its application to Dipterous mouth parts.

Valvula = vagina in its use regarding the mouthparts of flies.

Valvulae: in Hymenoptera, branches of the genital forceps of male.

Valvulae: in Hymenoptera, the branches of the male genital forceps.

Valvular: when two parts join so as to form a valve between them.

Valvular: when two parts connect to create a valve between them.

Valvular process: in Odonata, a slender, unjointed process at the apex of each genital valve.

Valvular process: in Odonata, a thin, unsegmented extension at the tip of each genital valve.

Valvule: any small, valve-like process.

Valve: any small valve-like process.

Variation: a departure in color or form, from the normal: the sum of the departures from a mean type of any species: it is continuous when there is no break between the extremes; discontinuous when there are gaps without intermediate forms.

Variation: a change in color or shape from what is typical; the total of the changes from an average type of any species: it is continuous when there are no gaps between the extremes; discontinuous when there are gaps without any intermediate forms.

Variety: any departure from the normal type of a species which, while retaining the specific characters, is yet recognizably different because of climatic, seasonal or other influences; may occur with the type form or as a geographical race.

Variety: any deviation from the typical form of a species that, while still maintaining its specific characteristics, is clearly different due to factors like climate, season, or other influences; it can exist alongside the standard form or as a geographical variant.

Variola: a deep, rounded impression with defined edges.

Variola: a deep, rounded indentation with clear edges.

Variolate -ose: with large, rounded impressions like pock-marks.

Variolate -ose: with large, rounded indentations similar to pockmarks.

Vas deferens: = vasa deferentia, q.v.

Vas deferens: = vasa deferentia, see above.

Vasa deferentia: tubes from the seminal vesicles or testes of each side, which usually unite into a single ductus ejaculatorius; q.v.

Vasa deferentia: tubes from the seminal vesicles or testes on each side, which typically join to form a single ejaculatory duct; see also.

Vasa varicosa: the malpighian tubules.

Vasa varicosa: the Malpighian tubes.

Vascular: relating to the blood-vessels or circulatory system.

Vascular: related to the blood vessels or circulatory system.

Vasiform orifice: in Aleurodidae, an ovate, triangular or semicircular opening on the dorsum of the last abdominal segment.

Vasiform orifice: in Aleurodidae, an oval, triangular, or semicircular opening on the back of the last abdominal segment.

Veinlets: in Orthoptera, are the minute transverse ribs or ridges between the longitudinal veins.

Veinlets: in Orthoptera, are the small crosswise ribs or bumps found between the long veins.

Veins: the chitinous, rod-like structures supporting the wings, and especially those extending longitudinally from base to the outer margin nerves nervures; nervules.

Veins: the chitinous, rod-like structures that support the wings, particularly those extending lengthwise from the base to the outer edge, known as nerves, nervures, and nervules.

Velum: a membranous appendage of the spurs at the apex of anterior tibia in bees a broad process at inner end of fore tibia.

Velum: a thin membrane attached to the spurs at the tip of the front leg in bees; a wide projection at the inner end of the front leg.

Velum penis: the thin membranous covering of the male intromittent organ also applied to ether covering or shield-like structures of the penis.

Velum penis: the thin membrane that covers the male reproductive organ, also used to refer to similar covering or shield-like structures of the penis.

Velutinous: velvety: clothed with dense, soft, short hair, like velvet.

Velutinous: velvety: covered in thick, soft, short hair, similar to velvet.

Vena: a vein.

Vena: a vein.

Vena dividens: that longitudinal vein of secondaries that marks the beginning of the anal area: = anal 1 (Comst.).

Vena dividens: this long vein of secondaries that indicates the start of the anal area: = anal 1 (Comst.).

Vena plicata: on the wings of Dermaptera, the vein around which the folding occurs.

Vena plicata: on the wings of earwigs, the vein around which the folding happens.

Vena spuria: = spurious vein: q.v.

Vena spuria: = spurious vein: see above.

Venation: the system of chitinous frame-work supporting the wings: in Lepidoptera, the veins are usually referred to by numbers which are as follows: on primaries: 1 = anal; 2 = cubitus 2; 3 = cubitus 1: 4 = media 3; 5 = media 2; 6 = media 1; 7 = radius 5; 8 = radius 4; 9 = radius 3; 10 = radius 2; 11 = radius 1; 12 = subcosta: on secondaries: 1, 1a, 1b = anal; 2 = Cubitus; 3 = cubitus 1; 4 = media 3: 5 = media 2; 6 = media 1; 7 = radius 1; 8 = subcosta. See plate III for typical venations of all orders.

Venation: the system of chitinous framework that supports the wings. In Lepidoptera, the veins are usually identified by numbers as follows: on forewings: 1 = anal; 2 = cubitus 2; 3 = cubitus 1; 4 = media 3; 5 = media 2; 6 = media 1; 7 = radius 5; 8 = radius 4; 9 = radius 3; 10 = radius 2; 11 = radius 1; 12 = subcosta; on hindwings: 1, 1a, 1b = anal; 2 = cubitus; 3 = cubitus 1; 4 = media 3; 5 = media 2; 6 = media 1; 7 = radius 1; 8 = subcosta. See plate III for typical venations of all orders.

Venter: the belly: under surface of abdomen as a whole and of each ring.

Venter: the belly; the lower surface of the entire abdomen and each segment.

Ventose: inflated; puffed out.

Ventose: swollen; puffed up.

Ventrad: extending or directed toward the under side.

Ventrad: extending or directed toward the underside.

Ventral: pertaining to the under surface of abdomen: in Diptera, that face of the leg which is inferior when laterally extended.

Ventral: related to the underside of the abdomen; in Diptera, it refers to the side of the leg that is below when extended sideways.

Ventral chain: refers to the series of ganglia of the nervous system.

Ventral chain: refers to the sequence of ganglia in the nervous system.

Ventral comb: in Trichoptera, a transverse row of fine teeth on venter.

Ventral comb: in Trichoptera, a horizontal row of fine teeth on the underside.

Ventral diaphragm: is a fine membrane covering the central nerve cords and ganglia: also called ventral heart.

Ventral diaphragm: is a thin membrane that covers the central nerve cords and ganglia; it’s also known as the ventral heart.

Ventral heart: = ventral diaphragm, q.v.

Ventral heart: = ventral diaphragm, see above.

Ventral plate: a thickening of the blastoderm of an egg from which the embryo, but not the amnion or serosa is formed.

Ventral plate: a thickening of the blastoderm of an egg from which the embryo, but not the amnion or serosa, is formed.

Ventral scale: in Diaspinae, the under part of the puparium, interposed between the insect and the plant.

Ventral scale: in Diaspinae, the underside of the puparium, located between the insect and the plant.

Ventral tube: in Collembola, a tube or tubercle proceeding from the ventral side of the first abdominal segment.

Ventral tube: in Collembola, a tube or bump that comes from the underside of the first abdominal segment.

Ventricose: with a big belly: distended; inflated.

Ventricose: having a large belly; swollen; puffed up.

Ventriculus: the true stomach, = chylific ventricle; q.v.

Ventriculus: the actual stomach, = chylific ventricle; see above.

Ventri-meson: the middle line of the ventral surface of the body.

Ventri-meson: the central line on the underside of the body.

Ventro-cephalad: toward the lower side and anteriorly.

Ventro-cephalad: towards the front and lower side.

Ventro-dorsad: extending from belly to back.

Ventro-dorsal: stretching from the front (belly) to the back.

Venules: the branches of the main veins.

Venules: the smaller branches of the main veins.

Vermian: worm-like.

Vermian: resembles a worm.

Vermicular: worm-like, tortuous: resembling the tracks of a worm.

Vermicular: worm-like, twisted: looking like the trails of a worm.

Vermiculate: worm-like in form: a marking with wormlike tracings.

Vermiculate: shaped like a worm; a pattern with worm-like lines.

Vermiform: worm-shaped.

Worm-shaped.

Vernal: appearing in spring.

Vernal: occurring in spring.

Vernantia: the molting or shedding of the skin.

Vernantia: the process of shedding old skin.

Verriculate: with thick-set tufts of parallel hairs.

Verriculate: with dense clusters of straight hairs.

Verricule: a dense tuft of upright hairs.

Verricule: a thick clump of standing hairs.

Verrucose: having little hard lumps or wart-like elevations.

Verrucose: having small, hard bumps or wart-like raised spots.

Versatile: moving freely in every direction.

Versatile: able to move easily in any direction.

Versicolored: with several colors, indeterminately restricted.

Versicolored: having multiple colors, not clearly defined.

Vertex: the top of the head between the eyes, front and occiput: in bees, that part of the head adjacent to and occupied by the ocelli: in Notonectids, "the imaginary anterior margin of the notocephalon."

Vertex: the top of the head between the eyes, front and back: in bees, that area of the head next to and containing the ocelli: in Notonectids, "the imaginary front edge of the notocephalon."

Vertexal: occurring on or near the vertex, or directed toward it.

Vertexal: happening at or close to the vertex, or pointing toward it.

Vertical cephalic bristles: in Diptera, are two pairs, inner and outer, inserted more or less behind the upper and inner corner of the eye; erect, or the inner pair convergent, the outer pair divergent.

Vertical cephalic bristles: in Diptera, there are two pairs, inner and outer, positioned roughly behind the upper and inner corner of the eye; they are upright, with the inner pair converging and the outer pair diverging.

Vertical margin: in Diptera, the limit between front and occiput.

Vertical margin: in Diptera, the boundary between the front and the back of the head.

Vertical triangle: in male Diptera, the small triangle upon which the ocelli are situated; limited behind by vertex, in front by eyes.

Vertical triangle: in male flies, the small triangle where the ocelli are located; bordered at the back by the vertex and at the front by the eyes.

Verticil: one of the whorls of long fine sensitive hair arranged symmetrically on the joints of the antennae in certain Diptera.

Verticil: a ring of long, fine, sensitive hairs arranged symmetrically on the joints of the antennae in some flies (Diptera).

Verticillate: placed in whorls: antennae in which the joints have a circle of long, fine hair as in Cecidomyiids.

Verticillate: arranged in circles: antennae where the segments have a ring of long, fine hairs like those found in Cecidomyiids.

Vesicant: blistering: able to produce a blister.

Vesicant: a substance that causes blistering; it can create blisters.

Vesicle of penis: in Odonata, a sac with chitinous walls, attached to the sternum behind the penis.

Vesicles: little sacs, bladders or cysts: applied to extensible organs producing odors or secretions, as in some beetles and caterpillars.

Vesicles: small sacs, bladders, or cysts: used to describe flexible organs that produce scents or secretions, like those found in certain beetles and caterpillars.

Vesicular: bladder-like; beset with spherical prominences.

Vesicular: like a bladder; covered in round bumps.

Vesicula seminalis: see seminal vesicles.

Vestibule: the space around the ovipositor formed by the projecting margins of the surrounding segments: the space between the occluding structure of the spiracle and the valve opening into the trachea itself.

Vestibule: the area surrounding the ovipositor created by the projecting edges of the nearby segments: the area between the closing structure of the spiracle and the opening of the valve into the trachea itself.

Vestigial: small or degenerate: only a trace or remnant of a previously functional organ.

Vestigial: small or underdeveloped; just a trace or leftover of an organ that used to serve a purpose.

Vestiture: the surface clothing, whether of a hairy or scaly character.

Vestiture: the outer covering, which can be either hairy or scaly.

Vexhillum: in Hymenoptera, an expansion on the tip of tarsi of certain fossorial groups.

Vexhillum: in Hymenoptera, a widening at the end of the tarsi of some digging groups.

Vibrant: having a rapid motion to and fro.

Vibrant: moving back and forth quickly.

Vibratile: formed for vibratory motion: used to express the almost continual movement of the antennae of some Hymenoptera, and the wings of some Diptera.

Vibratile: designed for vibratory motion; used to describe the nearly constant movement of the antennae of certain Hymenoptera and the wings of some Diptera.

Vibrissae: curved bristles or hairs in some Diptera, situated between the mystax and the antenna: whiskers.

Vibrissae: curved bristles or hairs found in some flies, located between the mystax and the antenna; whiskers.

Villi: soft hairs or papillate processes: plural of villus, q.v.

Villi: soft hairs or small, nipple-like structures; the plural of villus, see above.

Villose -ous: soft-haired or clothed with soft, short hair.

Villose -ous: having soft, short hair or covered in soft hair.

Villus: a short, hair-like or papillate process on the surface of certain absorbent and sensory organs.

Villus: a small, hair-like or nipple-shaped structure on the surface of some absorbent and sensory organs.

Vinous: wine-color: a deep, transparent red-brown. like claret [purple madder].

Vinous: wine color: a rich, clear red-brown, similar to claret [purple madder].

Violaceous: violet colored: a mixture of blue and red [violet carmine].

Violaceous: violet color; a mix of blue and red [violet carmine].

Virescent or Viridescent: greenish or becoming green.

Virescent or Viridescent: slightly green or turning green.

Viridis: green, like verdigris [French blue + chrome yellow + white].

Viscera: the internal organs of the body.

Viscera: the internal organs in the body.

Visceral: relating or attached to the viscera.

Visceral: related to or connected with the internal organs.

Viscid: sticky: covered with a shiny, resinous or greasy matter.

Viscid: sticky: covered in a shiny, resin-like or greasy substance.

Viscous: thick, sticky or semi-fluid.

Viscous: thick, sticky, or gooey.

Vis formatrix: the creative or formative force.

Vis formatrix: the creative or shaping force.

Vitelligenous: producing the vitellus or yolk: said of certain cells in the ovaries, believed to have that function.

Vitelligenous: producing the yolk; refers to certain cells in the ovaries that are thought to have this role.

Vitelline -us: yellow, with a slight tinge of red, like yolk of an egg.

Vitelline -us: yellow, with a hint of red, like the yolk of an egg.

Vitelline membrane: the delicate tissue surrounding the yolk of an egg.

Vitelline membrane: the thin layer of tissue that surrounds the yolk of an egg.

Vitreous: glassy; transparent.

Vitreous: glass-like; clear.

Vitta: a longitudinal, colored line.

Vitta: a long, colored line.

Vitta frontalis: = frontal stripe: q.v.

Vitta frontalis: = frontal stripe: see above.

Vittate: striped.

Vittate: stripped.

Viviparous: applied to insects which bear living young.

Viviparous: refers to insects that give birth to live young.

Vocal cords: specialized organs on the thoracic spiracles of Diptera, by means of which they produce a humming or singing sound.

Vocal cords: specialized organs located on the thoracic spiracles of Diptera that allow them to create a humming or singing sound.

Volant: flying or capable of flight.

Volant: flying or able to fly.

Vulgar: common; not conspicuous: obscure in appearance and abundant in number.

Vulgar: ordinary; not noticeable: hidden in appearance and plentiful in quantity.

Vultus: face: that part of head below front and between the eyes.

Vultus: face: the part of the head below the forehead and between the eyes.

Vulva: the orifice of the vagina in the female.

Vulva: the opening of the vagina in females.

Vulvar lamina: in Odonata, the posterior margin of sternum of segment 8.

Vulvar lamina: in Odonata, the back edge of the sternum of segment 8.

Vulvar scale: = v. lamina.

Vulvar scale: = v. layer.

Wart: a spongy excrescence, more or less cylindric, with a nearly truncated tip: the enlarged, common base of a group of seta: in Trichoptera, a pitted elevation.

Wart: a soft growth, roughly cylindrical, with a flat top: the thickened, typical base of a cluster of bristles: in Trichoptera, a dimpled bump.

Wax: a ductile substance excreted by bees and other insects from glandular structures in various parts of the body, used in building cells or in forming a protective covering.

Wax: a flexible substance produced by bees and other insects from glands located in different parts of their bodies, used to construct cells or create a protective layer.

Wax-cutter: the pincer-like structure formed by the hind tibia and metatarsus in social bees.

Wax-cutter: the pincer-like structure created by the hind tibia and metatarsus in social bees.

Wax-glands: any glands in any part of the body which secrete a waxy product in either a scale, string or powder: in Coccidae, the circumgenital and parastigmatic glands; q.v.

Wax-glands: any glands in any part of the body that produce a waxy substance in the form of scales, strings, or powders; in Coccidae, the circumgenital and parastigmatic glands; see also.

Wax-pincer: = wax cutter.

Wax cutter: = wax cutter.

Wax-scale: one of the scales secreted in the wax pocket or gland of a worker bee.

Wax-scale: a type of scale produced in the wax pocket or gland of a worker bee.

Whitlows: = paronychia; q.v.

Whitlows: = finger infection; q.v.

Whorl: a ring of long hair arranged around a centre, like the spokes around the hub of a wheel.

Whorl: a circle of long hair styled around a center, like the spokes of a wheel around its hub.

Wing, Wings: membranous reticulated organs of flight; one pair, the primaries, attached to the meso-thorax; the other, the secondaries, attached to the meta-thorax.

Wing, Wings: flexible, networked structures used for flying; one pair, the primaries, connected to the middle part of the thorax; the other, the secondaries, connected to the back part of the thorax.

Wing covers: those parts of the chitinous cuticle of larvae, nymphs or pupae which cover the rudiments of the wings of the imago: the forewings of an imago when they are thicker than the hind wings and cover them when at rest: see elytra; tegmina.

Wing covers: the sections of the chitinous exoskeleton in larvae, nymphs, or pupae that protect the developing wings of the adult form: the forewings of an adult when they are thicker than the hind wings and cover them when not in use: see elytra; tegmina.

Wings of the heart: the series of diagonal and other muscular fibres above the diaphragm in the pericardial cavity: see pericardial diaphragm.

Wings of the heart: the group of diagonal and other muscle fibers above the diaphragm in the pericardial cavity: see pericardial diaphragm.

Wing cells: areas inclosed by veins: reference should be had to the figures illustrating venation and to the special terms applied to the cells.

Wing cells: areas enclosed by veins; refer to the figures illustrating venation and to the specific terms used for the cells.

Winglets: small, concavo-convex scales, generally fringed at tip, under the base of the elytra in Dytiscidae.

Winglets: small, curved scales that are usually fringed at the tip, located under the base of the elytra in Dytiscidae.

Wing-pads: undeveloped wings of pupa or nymph.

Wing-pads: immature wings of a pupa or nymph.

Wing-scale: in Hymenoptera, = tegula; q.v.

Wing-scale: in Hymenoptera, = tegula; see above.

Workers: the undeveloped females in the social Hymenoptera; also those sexually undeveloped Termites that are not soldiers.

Workers: the immature females in the social Hymenoptera; also those sexually immature Termites that are not soldiers.

Xanthophyll: the yellow of autumn leaves; one of the substances found in the blood of insects.

Xanthophyll: the yellow color of autumn leaves; one of the substances found in the blood of insects.

Xenobiosis: see symbiosis.

Xerophilous: applied to species living in dry places.

Xerophilous: used for species that thrive in dry environments.

Xylophaga: wood-eaters: applied in several orders.

Xylophaga: wood-eaters: used in various groups.

Xylophagous: feeding in or upon woody tissue.

Xylophagous: feeding on or in woody tissue.

Xyphus: a spinous or triangular process of the meso-sternum in many Hemiptera, and some other insects.

Xyphus: a spiny or triangular projection of the mid-sternum found in many Hemiptera and some other insects.

Yellow: used without modification is sulphur or lemon yellow.

Yellow: used without change is sulfur or lemon yellow.

Yolk: the nutritive matter of an egg as distinguished from the living, formative material; = deutoplasm.

Yolk: the nutrient part of an egg, separate from the living, developing material; = deutoplasm.

Zona: a belt or zone; as of distribution.

Zone: a region or area; like that of distribution.

Zonite: = arthromere or somite; q.v.

Zonite: = arthromere or somite; see also.

Zoönite or Zoönule: = zonite.

Zygoptera: those Odonata, having the fore and hind wings subequal in width, venation comprising a quadrilateral, not a triangle; nymphs with caudal tracheal gills.

Zygoptera: a group of Odonata with fore and hind wings that are about the same width, featuring a venation that forms a quadrilateral rather than a triangle; nymphs possess caudal tracheal gills.

ADDENDA.

Calacobiosis: see symbiosis.

Cleptobiosis: see symbiosis.

Dulosis: see symbiosis.

Coxal file: in some aquatic Coleoptera a series of striations just above the hind coxa of male and, perhaps, a stridulating organ.

Coxal file: in some water-dwelling beetles, a set of stripes can be found just above the hind coxa of males, and possibly a sound-producing organ.

Coxal plates: plate-like expansions or dilations of the coxa: specifically in aquatic Coleoptera on the posterior pair.

Coxal plates: flat extensions or expansions of the coxa; specifically found in aquatic beetles on the back pair.

Ecto-parasite: one that is attached to the external surface of the host.

Ecto-parasite: one that clings to the outside surface of the host.

Ento-parasite: one that feeds within the body of the host.

Ento-parasite: an organism that feeds inside the body of the host.

Embioptera: an ordinal term proposed for the Neuropterous family Embidae.

Embioptera: a term used for the insect order that includes the family Embidae.

Hamabiosis: see symbiosis.

Heliophobic: loving darkness: applied to species that shun the light, like, e.g. Termites.

Heliophobic: loving darkness; used to describe species that avoid light, such as termites.

Heliotactic: light loving: applied to species that live in the open and in daylight.

Heliotactic: light-loving; refers to species that thrive in open, sunny environments.

Lestobiosis: see symbiosis.

Meron: in Neuroptera, a sclerite posterior to the coxa and below the epimeron: corresponds to the trochantine in Lepidoptera.

Meron: in Neuroptera, a sclerite located behind the coxa and below the epimeron; it corresponds to the trochantine in Lepidoptera.

Metasternal wing: in some aquatic Coleoptera a leaf-like expansion above the coxal plates.

Metasternal wing: in some water-dwelling beetles, a leaf-shaped extension above the hip plates.

Myrmecophily: is the relation existing between ants and those guests that seek their company primarily for their own individual advantage.

Myrmecophily: is the relationship between ants and the guests that join them mainly for their own benefit.

Phylacobiosis: see symbiosis.

Prosternal process: in aquatic Coleoptera a modification of the prosternum used in the differentiation of species.

Prosternal process: in aquatic beetles, a modification of the prosternum used to differentiate species.

Sub-clypeal pump: in some Diptera, the enlarged, more or less bulb- like structure at the anterior entrance of the oesophagus.

Sub-clypeal pump: in some flies, the enlarged, somewhat bulbous structure at the front entrance of the esophagus.

Sub-clypeal tube: in Diptera: see pharynx.

Sub-clypeal tube: in flies: see pharynx.

EXPLANATION OF PLATES.

PLATE EXPLANATION.

PLATE 1. Structures of the External Body Wall.

PLATE 1. Structures of the Outer Body Wall.

1. Harpalus caliginosas showing the underside, and the head from above, to show the regions and the position of the sclerites.

1. Harpalus caliginosas showing the underside and the top of the head to highlight the areas and position of the sclerites.

2. Thorax of a Dipteron to show location of bristles.

2. Thorax of a fly to show where the bristles are located.

3. Lateral view of a denuded Lepidopteron to show arrangement of sclerites.

3. Side view of a stripped-down Lepidopteran to show the arrangement of hard parts.

4. Abdominal segment of a caterpillar to show the position of the tubercles.

4. Abdominal section of a caterpillar showing the location of the tubercles.

5. Lateral view of a dragon fly to show the body sclerites.

5. Side view of a dragonfly to show the body sclerites.

All the abbreviations used in this plate are readily understood.

All the abbreviations used in this plate are easily understood.

PLATE II. Structures of Head, Mouth, Thorax & Genitalia

1. Head of wasp from front.

1. Head of the wasp from the front.

2. Head of honey bee with mouth parts extended.

2. Head of honey bee with mouthparts extended.

3. Head of Locustid from front, to show regions.

3. Front view of the locust head, to display its areas.

4. Head of a Lepidopteron from front.

4. Front view of a butterfly's head.

5. Head of a cricket from front.

5. Front view of a cricket's head.

6. Labium of a cricket showing all usual parts.

6. Labium of a cricket displaying all typical parts.

7. Maxilla of Harpalus caliginosus, with all sclerites marked.

7. Maxilla of Harpalus caliginosus, with all the hard parts marked.

8. Mandible of Copris carolina with all sclerites defined.

8. Jaw of Copris carolina with all parts clearly defined.

9. Thorax of a Hymenopteron from above.

9. Thorax of a Hymenopteran from above.

10. Genitalia of a male mosquito with all parts named.

10. Male mosquito genitalia with all parts labeled.

11. Genitalia of a male Noctuid from below : the parts separated out.

11. Male Noctuid genitalia from below: the parts separated out.

PLATE III. Venation According to the Comstock System.

1. Wing venation of a Noctuid.

1. Wing patterns of a Noctuid moth.

2. Wing venation of a Hepialid.

2. Wing veins of a Hepialid.

3. Wing venation of a Locustid.

3. Wing structure of a locust.

4. Wing venation of a Hymenopteron.

4. Wing structure of a Hymenopteran.

5. Wing venation of a Dipteron.

5. Wing veins of a fly.

6. Wing venation of an Odonat.

6. Wing vein structure of a dragonfly.

7. Wing venation of a Cicada.

7. Wing vein structure of a Cicada.

Abbreviations are as follows:

Abbreviations are as follows:

C. Costa, except in figure 1, where on the outer margin C occurs instead of Cu. In the cells it means Costal.

C. Costa, except in figure 1, where C is used on the outer margin instead of Cu. In the cells, it represents Costal.

Sc. Subcosta, when it refers to a vein and subcostal in a cell.

R. Radius, when it refers to a vein and radial when in a cell.

R. Radius refers to a vein, while radial refers to a cell.

M. Media, when it refers to a vein and median in a cell.

M. Media, when it refers to a vein and middle section in a cell.

Cu. Cubitus, when it refers to a vein and cubital in a cell.

A. Anal veins or cells.

c-v. cross-vein.

m-cu. medio-cubital cross-vein.

r-m. radio-medial cross-vein.

m. median cross-vein.

m. median cross vein.

h. humeral cross-vein.

h. humeral cross vein.

st. stigma.

street stigma.

ar. arculus.

br. bridge.

bridge

n. nodus.

n. knot.

o. oblique vein.

t. triangle.

i. internal triangle.

al. anal loop.

Antn-c-sp. Antenodal costal spaces.

Antennal costal spaces.

Ptn-c-sp. Postnodal costal spaces.

Ptn-r-sp. Postnodal radial spaces.

All cells are named after the vein that bounds them anteriorly and are numbered, if more than one, from base outwardly, as 2M3 = second median 3, etc.

All cells are named after the vein that borders them in the front and are numbered, if there is more than one, from the base outward, like 2M3 = second median 3, and so on.

In Plate 3, figure 1, M, in the outer margin between C1 and M2, should be M3: the 3 was accidentally cut out by the engraver.

In Plate 3, figure 1, M, in the outer margin between C1 and M2, should be M3: the 3 was accidentally removed by the engraver.

Plate 1

Plate 1

Plate 2

Plate 2

Plate 3

Plate 3

COLOR PLATE.

Color Plate.

Nomenclature of Windsor and Newton's Water Colors.

Naming of Windsor and Newton's Watercolors.

1. Vermilion. Vermilion.	2. Carmine. Carmine.	3. Crimson lake. 3. Crimson lake.	4. Alizar crimson. 4. Alizarin crimson.
5. Salmon. 5. Salmon.	6. Rose. 6. Rose.	7. Purple madder. 7. Purple madder.	8. Mauve. 8. Mauve.
9. French blue. 9. French blue.	10. Purple lake. 10. Purple lake.	11. Violet carmine. 11. Violet carmine.	12. Lilac. Lilac.
13. Cobalt blue. 13. Cobalt blue.	14. Lavender. Lavender.	15. Blue gray. 15. Blue-gray.	16. Greenish gray. 16. Grayish-green.
17. Chrome lemon. 17. Chrome lemon.	18. Gamboge. 18. Gamboge.	19. Chrome orange. 19. Chrome orange.	20. Pale cadmium yellow. 20. Light cadmium yellow.
21. Brown pink. 21. Brown pink.	22. Pale clay yellow. 22. Light yellow clay.	23. Hooker's green. 23. Hooker's green.	24. Prussian green. 24. Prussian green.
25. Olive green. 25. Olive green.	26. Apple green. 26. Green apple.	27. Nile green. 27. Nile green.	28. Pale green. 28. Light green.
20. Blue green. 20. Teal.	30. Neutral. 30. Neutral.	31. Gray. 31. Gray.	32. Ultra ash gray. 32. Ultra ash gray.
33. Indian red. 33. Indian red.	34. Dragon's blood. 34. Dragon's blood.	35. Burnt sienna. 35. Burnt sienna.	36. Brown ochre. 36. Brown ochre.
37. Cologne earth. 37. Cologne earth.	38. Roman sepia. 38. Roman sepia.	39. Van Dyke brown. 39. Van Dyke brown.	40. Pale brown. 40. Light brown.

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