This is a modern-English version of The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines, originally written by Pardo de Tavera, T. H. (Trinidad Hermenegildo). It has been thoroughly updated, including changes to sentence structure, words, spelling, and grammar—to ensure clarity for contemporary readers, while preserving the original spirit and nuance. If you click on a paragraph, you will see the original text that we modified, and you can toggle between the two versions.

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Notice

The letter g̃ used in this book has the sound of the letters ng in the English word sing. Other publications sometimes used n͠g for the same sound, while in modern Philippine orthography, this sound is written as ng.

The letter g̃ used in this book sounds like the letters ng in the English word sing. Other publications sometimes use n͠g for the same sound, while in modern Philippine writing, this sound is represented as ng.

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Medicinal Plants
of the
Philippine Archipelago

Medicinal Plants of the Philippines

The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines

By
T.H. Pardo De Tavera
Doctor en Medicina de la Facultad de Paris, Comisionado Cientifico de S. M. en las Islas Filipinas y Delegado General en las Mismas de la Société Académique Indo-Chinoise de Francia, Miembro Fundador Correspondiente de la Sociedad Española de Higiene, Etc.
Translated and Revised by
Jerome B. Thomas, Jr., A.B., M.D.
Captain and Assistant Surgeon, U. S. V.

Philadelphia:
P. Blakiston’s Son & Co.
1012 Walnut Street.
1901

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Translator’s Preface.

This translation was undertaken with the especial object of facilitating the study of the native medicinal plants by the numerous medical officers stationed at small posts throughout the Philippines. In order to aid in the recognition of these plants, the botanical descriptions have been revised to the extent of adding, where possible, the size and shape of the plant, English name, length of leaves, color of flowers, etc., in many instances supplying the entire botanical description where it had been omitted on account of general familiarity with the plant. Comparing the few analyses that I have had an opportunity to make with corresponding ones in the native works from which Dr. Tavera has taken his botanical descriptions, I am impressed with the necessity for a revision of the Botany of the Philippines. However, as the therapeutic properties of the flora are of foremost interest to the medical profession I have not hesitated to publish the book in its present form as an entering wedge, leaving to those better fitted the great work of classifying the flora of these islands in accordance with modern botanical science.

This translation was done specifically to help the many medical officers stationed at small posts across the Philippines study native medicinal plants. To assist in recognizing these plants, the botanical descriptions have been updated to include details like size and shape of the plant, English name, length of leaves, color of flowers, etc., often providing full botanical descriptions where they had been left out due to general familiarity with the plants. Comparing the few analyses I’ve been able to conduct with those in the native works that Dr. Tavera used for his botanical descriptions, I see a clear need to revise the Botany of the Philippines. However, since the therapeutic properties of the flora are of primary interest to the medical profession, I decided to publish the book in its current form as a starting point, leaving the major task of classifying the flora of these islands according to modern botanical science to those more qualified.

Dr. Tavera has faithfully described the Malay and Hindu therapeutics of the present day, enriching his description by observations founded on a long practice in Paris and in his own native Luzon. From this potpourri of scientific therapeutics and ignorant, superstitious drugging the interested physician will elicit not a few useful data concerning the treatment of disease in the tropics, and at the same time gain a more intimate knowledge of both the people and plants of our new Asiatic possessions.

Dr. Tavera has accurately described the modern Malay and Hindu therapies, enhancing his account with insights from his extensive experience in Paris and his home in Luzon. From this mix of scientific treatments and traditional, superstitious practices, the interested physician will discover several valuable pieces of information about disease treatment in tropical regions while also gaining a deeper understanding of both the people and plants of our new Asian territories.

I take this occasion to gratefully acknowledge my obligations to Mr. A. P. Tonielli, stenographer and translator of the Supreme Court of the Philippines, for typewriting the manuscript of this translation.

I want to take this opportunity to sincerely thank Mr. A. P. Tonielli, the stenographer and translator for the Supreme Court of the Philippines, for typing up the manuscript of this translation.

Jerome B. Thomas, Jr.

Manila, P. I. [vii]

Manila, Philippines [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

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Preface.

Commissioned by His Majesty’s Government to study the medicinal plants of my native country, I returned there and spent two years in collecting data regarding the use that the Filipinos make of their plants in the treatment of disease. At the same time I collected and carefully preserved some with the purpose of taking them to Europe, to study their chemical composition in the laboratories of Paris under the direction of the eminent men who had been my instructors in medicine.

Commissioned by the government, I returned to my home country to study its medicinal plants. I spent two years gathering information about how Filipinos use these plants to treat illnesses. During this time, I also collected and preserved some plants to take to Europe, where I planned to study their chemical composition in Paris, under the guidance of the distinguished professors who had taught me medicine.

The work I did in the Philippines was preliminary, a preparation for the more extended study of the subject which I wished to make in Paris, where I went with my notes and collection. Unfortunately, upon leaving Manila, I confided the mounting and pressing of my plants to an inexperienced person who stupidly placed in the midst of them several succulent tubers which decomposed during the voyage and spoiled the other plants. At the same time I received in Paris an important collection of the vegetable drugs of the Philippines, sent by my friend the pharmacist, M. Rosedo Garcia, and destined for the World’s Fair of 1889. I opened with great pleasure the wood and zinc box in which the collection came, anticipating that I should be able to carry out my plan of study and at the same time win for my friend, Garcia, a well-deserved premium. Imagine my disappointment upon finding that, by an unfortunate coincidence, his plants had arrived in the same condition as mine, having also been packed with tubers of ubi, gabi, etc., and several cocoanuts which had decomposed.

The work I did in the Philippines was just a start, a lead-up to the more in-depth study I wanted to do in Paris, where I went with my notes and collection. Unfortunately, when I left Manila, I entrusted the mounting and pressing of my plants to someone inexperienced who carelessly mixed in several succulent tubers that rotted during the journey and ruined the other plants. At the same time, I received in Paris an important collection of Philippine medicinal plants, sent by my friend the pharmacist, M. Rosedo Garcia, intended for the World’s Fair of 1889. I eagerly opened the wooden and zinc box containing the collection, looking forward to completing my study and helping my friend Garcia earn a well-deserved award. Imagine my disappointment when I discovered that, by an unfortunate coincidence, his plants had arrived in just as bad a condition as mine, having been packed with tubers of ubi, gabi, and several coconuts that had also decomposed.

Many times since then I have tried to obtain from Manila, through exchange or payment of money, a similar collection, but have been unable to secure a single leaf of the plants I so [viii]desired. If in the future I have the good fortune to procure any, I shall make a study of those at hand and publish the results.

Many times since then, I’ve tried to get a similar collection from Manila, either by exchanging or paying money, but I haven’t been able to get even one leaf of the plants I so [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]desired. If I’m lucky enough to find any in the future, I’ll study what I have and publish the results.

I herewith publish the results of my investigations and experiments in Manila, where, especially in the neighboring towns of San Mateo and San Miguel, I often had opportunities for using, with good results, the plants of which this volume treats. I may add that in spite of the limited means at my disposal in Manila and the short time left me by my regular occupations I was able to conduct a few laboratory experiments owing to which this work contains some personal observations reinforcing those quoted from medical literature.

I am now sharing the results of my research and experiments in Manila, where I had many chances to successfully use the plants discussed in this book, particularly in the nearby towns of San Mateo and San Miguel. I should mention that, even with the limited resources I had in Manila and the little time I could spare from my regular jobs, I managed to carry out a few lab experiments. Because of this, this work includes some personal observations that support the information taken from medical literature.

The flora of the Archipelago is known to-day through the works of Fathers Blanco, Llanos, Fernandez del Villar and Naves, and of the engineers Jordano, the brothers Vidal and Soler and others who have brought such honor to Spanish science, preparing the way for the study of the therapeutic and industrial applications of that wonderfully rich plant life with which our islands have been endowed. Their works help us to recognize the plants whose medicinal virtues are herein described and it is to them I owe the botanical descriptions in this treatise.

The plant life of the Archipelago is now well-known thanks to the work of Fathers Blanco, Llanos, Fernandez del Villar, and Naves, as well as engineers Jordano, the Vidal brothers, Soler, and others who have greatly contributed to Spanish science. They have paved the way for studying the therapeutic and industrial uses of the rich plant life our islands possess. Their research helps us identify the plants with medicinal properties described here, and I owe my botanical descriptions in this treatise to them.

Father Blanco, in describing certain plants, mentions their medicinal uses in the Philippines, but his descriptions are few and very deficient as one would expect in a work of the scope of his Flora. A Jesuit of some reputation, Father Clain, published in Manila in 1712 a book entitled “Remedios fáciles para diferentes enfermedades?” in which he speaks of the medicinal virtues of some of the indigenous plants, almost the same ones that appear in another work, a frank and pleasing little treatise written by Father Santa Maria. Father Mercado is the only one who has written a special treatise on the subject and his manuscript remained unedited until the Augustinian Fathers of Manila published it in the last edition of [ix]Father Blanco’s “Flora”; but neither this work nor those of Clain or Santa Maria are useful to a physician, nor are they as accurately written as works of a scientific character should be. From time to time superficial articles have appeared in the Manila papers regarding the virtues of some plant or other and these books and articles comprise the whole literature on the subject up to this time.

Father Blanco, when talking about certain plants, mentions their medicinal uses in the Philippines, but his descriptions are limited and lacking, as you would expect in a work as broad as his Flora. A well-known Jesuit, Father Clain, published a book in Manila in 1712 titled “Easy remedies for different illnesses?” where he discusses the medicinal properties of some indigenous plants, which are nearly the same as those in another engaging little treatise by Father Santa Maria. Father Mercado is the only one who has written a specific treatise on the topic, and his manuscript remained unedited until the Augustinian Fathers of Manila published it in the latest edition of [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] Father Blanco’s “Flora”; however, neither this work nor those of Clain or Santa Maria are helpful to a physician, nor are they as precisely written as a scientific work should be. Occasionally, superficial articles have appeared in the Manila newspapers about the benefits of various plants, and these books and articles make up the entire literature on the subject to this day.

Some physicians regard with small favor the therapeutic application of plants by the Filipino “herb-doctors” (curanderos) as being entirely empirical. This disparagement is unjustified because in all the most rational and scientific remedies that we make use of, the first step towards the final development of their relative position among remedies is due to empiricism which is founded on daily experience, on observation of results obtained in specific cases, facts that are handed down from father to son for generations. The scientific explanation is lacking, but those first ideas frequently owing their origin to chance, or, perhaps, to superstition, have often been based upon the observation of facts which, although fortuitous, are none the less positive.

Some doctors think very little of the way Filipino "herb-doctors" (healers) use plants for treatment, viewing it as purely based on trial and error. This criticism isn't fair because, for all the most logical and scientific treatments we use, the initial step toward establishing their effectiveness as remedies comes from empiricism rooted in everyday experience, through observing results in specific cases, and passed down from generation to generation. While there may not be a scientific explanation, those initial ideas frequently arise from chance or even superstition, yet often stem from the observation of facts that, despite being random, are still undeniably real.

Many of the plants mentioned in this book are official in the Pharmacopœia of India and we see no reason why their use should be proscribed in the Philippines. Filipino physicians not only can but should employ many indigenous plants in their therapeutics; in many instances they would find them more useful than the exotics, which are not always fresh and are commonly reduced in strength by long keeping or damaged by some circumstance of voyage or climate. The price is another argument in favor of the use of native drugs. If the pharmacists would prepare extracts and keep on hand the crude drugs most in demand the public would gain a great advantage and the druggists be well repaid for their labor. Physicians and pharmacists will surely understand these advantages and when finally one considers that the patients generally prefer to be [x]treated with native plants, I feel justified in the hope that their use will spread rapidly in the Philippines.

Many of the plants mentioned in this book are officially recognized in the Pharmacopœia of India, and I don't see any reason why their use should be prohibited in the Philippines. Filipino doctors not only can but should use many local plants in their treatments; in many cases, they would find them more effective than imported ones, which aren’t always fresh and are often weakened by long storage or damaged during transport due to various factors like weather. Cost is another reason to favor the use of local medicines. If pharmacists would prepare extracts and keep on hand the most in-demand raw materials, the public would benefit greatly, and pharmacists would be well compensated for their efforts. Doctors and pharmacists will surely see these benefits, and considering that patients usually prefer to be treated with local plants, I feel optimistic that their use will quickly grow in the Philippines.

To employ therapeutically the drugs described in this work is not to experiment “in anima vilis,” as some would have us believe. To experiment is to employ unknown remedies of unknown virtues and properties.

Using the drugs described in this work for therapeutic purposes isn't the same as experimenting “in cheap spirit,” despite what some might claim. Experimenting means using untested remedies with unknown benefits and characteristics.

In this treatise I am not attempting to fix the indications for this or that product, but simply make known the diseases in which the Filipinos and the natives of other countries employ the products. Any physician has a perfect right to prescribe these drugs, as have also the “curanderos” and even the laity, with this difference, however, that the physician is capable of observing results and guiding himself by the physiologic action of the drugs. His knowledge of the physiologic and anatomo-pathologic problems of the human body, will enable the physician to make scientific inferences that would be hidden from the common “curandero.”

In this paper, I'm not trying to determine the uses for specific products but rather to highlight the diseases for which Filipinos and people from other countries use these products. Any doctor has every right to prescribe these medications, just like “curanderos” and even non-professionals do. However, the key difference is that a doctor can observe the results and understand the drugs' physiological effects. Their knowledge of the physiological and anatomical-pathological issues in the human body allows doctors to draw scientific conclusions that would not be apparent to the average “healer.”

As neither the Manila nor the provincial physicians keep these medicinal plants in stock, with the exception of those that are official in the European and American pharmacopœias, it will be necessary for the physician who wishes to use them, to busy himself with seeking them and laying in a sufficient stock to serve him when the opportunity presents itself. It is necessary to preserve them by drying and this is best done by exposing them several days to the fresh air in a dry place—for example, the corridors of the house—being careful not to expose them to the rays of the sun, in which latter event the fleshy and juicy plants which do not desiccate rapidly, putrefy or ferment.

Since neither the doctors in Manila nor those in the provinces keep these medicinal plants on hand, except for those included in the European and American pharmacopoeias, any physician wanting to use them will need to find and collect a sufficient supply for future use. It's essential to preserve them by drying, which is best achieved by exposing them to fresh air in a dry place, like the hallways of a house, for several days—just be careful not to expose them to direct sunlight, as that can cause fleshy and juicy plants that don’t dry quickly to rot or ferment.

A convenient way to get them is to visit the Binondo Square where there has been market for native drugs from time immemorial. The gardeners from the neighboring towns, especially those from Pasay and Singalon, regularly offer the plants for sale and will undertake to supply you with any that [xi]may not be on hand. Inasmuch as the common names of the plants lead to many mistakes and much confusion, it is indispensable to acquaint one’s self with the description of the plant and be sure that the actual product conforms in all respects to the description. For this purpose it is well to obtain flowering specimens, and bearing this fact in mind I have been careful to indicate the flowering season of each plant. By making excursions to the towns of San Mateo and Angono I have obtained an abundance of whatever I sought and at the same time have learned by talking with the mountaineers and “curanderos,” what uses they make of their plants. The “curanderos” know a great deal concerning these uses, but become very reticent as soon as they are questioned about them. Whether it is dread of ridicule or selfishness or fear that silences them, the fact remains that it is no easy matter to glean any useful facts from them. And yet by tact and friendliness one may elicit much more information from them than first impressions would lead one to hope.

A convenient way to get them is to visit Binondo Square, where there has been a market for local herbs forever. Gardeners from nearby towns, especially from Pasay and Singalon, regularly sell the plants and are willing to supply any that [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]may not be available. Since the common names of the plants can lead to many mistakes and confusion, it's essential to familiarize yourself with the plant's description and ensure that the actual product matches the description in every way. For this reason, it's helpful to get flowering specimens, and keeping that in mind, I have made sure to indicate the flowering season of each plant. By visiting the towns of San Mateo and Angono, I have gathered plenty of what I was looking for and, at the same time, learned from the locals and “healers” about how they use their plants. The “healers” know a lot about these uses but tend to become very tight-lipped when asked about them. Whether it's out of fear of ridicule, selfishness, or anxiety that keeps them quiet, it’s still challenging to gather any useful information from them. However, with some tact and friendliness, you can get much more information from them than you might expect at first.

Leaves should be gathered when fully developed, rejecting the old, dried and worm-eaten ones.

Leaves should be picked when they are fully grown, discarding the old, dried, and worm-eaten ones.

The best time to gather bark is one month before the period of inflorescence, when it is rich in sap. The flowers are best gathered when about half expanded. The fruit is gathered green or ripe according to the active principle sought. The seeds should always be mature.

The best time to collect bark is a month before it starts flowering, when it's full of sap. It’s best to pick the flowers when they’re about halfway open. You can gather the fruit either when it’s green or ripe, depending on what active ingredient you need. The seeds should always be fully mature.

Not all parts of the plant are equally provided with the active principle which may be localized in the root or the flower; or distinct principles may exist in different parts of the same plant. Therefore the part indicated, and only that part, should be employed.

Not all parts of the plant have the same amount of the active ingredient, which might be concentrated in the root or the flower; different active ingredients may be found in different parts of the same plant. So, only the specified part should be used.

In the root the active substance usually resides in the bark, sometimes in the parenchyma that envelopes the woody tissue and rarely in the woody tissue itself, as, for example, in “rhubarb” and “pareira brava.” [xii]

In the root, the active ingredient is usually found in the bark, sometimes in the parenchyma that surrounds the woody tissue, and rarely in the woody tissue itself, as seen in “rhubarb” and “pareira brava.” [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

The stem bark is also a frequent seat of the active principle, of which the outer portion contains the greater amount, according to the valuable experiments of Howard.

The stem bark often contains the active ingredient, with the outer part holding the majority, based on the valuable experiments conducted by Howard.

Some plants owe their therapeutic importance to their wood, others to their leaves or flowers, and regarding the localization of the active principle in these parts we have nothing especial to indicate. The fruit, however, may have a pericarp consisting of mucilage, starch, sugar and gum, etc., while the seeds contain fatty matter, fixed or essential oils or alkaloids, as is the case with coffee and cacao. In view of these facts, we repeat that it is indispensable to use that part of each plant which I have indicated as applicable to a determined case or condition.

Some plants are valued for their wood, while others are known for their leaves or flowers, and we don’t have anything specific to highlight about where the active ingredients are located in these parts. However, the fruit might have a skin made up of mucilage, starch, sugar, gum, and so on, while the seeds may contain fats, fixed or essential oils, or alkaloids, like with coffee and cacao. Given these facts, we emphasize that it’s essential to use the part of each plant that I’ve identified as suitable for a particular condition or case.

I earnestly hope that the physicians and pharmacists practising in the Philippines may undertake investigations and experiments regarding the therapeutic properties of the plants of my native land, and that my endeavors may have acted as a stimulus or inspiration to the loyal and earnest study of the subjects that are now awakening such interest, not only in Europe and America, but in India and Japan.

I truly hope that the doctors and pharmacists working in the Philippines will explore and experiment with the healing properties of the plants from my homeland. I also hope that my efforts have inspired a dedicated and serious study of these topics, which are gaining interest not just in Europe and America, but also in India and Japan.

I should be pleased to receive notes, plants or reports of researches from any one interested in the subject matter of this book, and I shall consider it a pleasure, as well as a duty, to devote my forces, small as they may be, to aiding any one who may do me the honor to claim my assistance.

I would be happy to receive notes, plants, or research reports from anyone interested in the topics covered in this book. It will be both a pleasure and a responsibility for me to use my limited resources to help anyone who honors me by seeking my assistance.

T. H. P. de Tavera.

Paris, April, 1892. [xiii]

Paris, April 1892. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

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Contents.

Dicotyledonous, Polypetalous.
1. Dilleniaceae—Tetracera macrophylla 17–18
2. Magnolia family—Illicium anisatum, Michelia Champaca 18–20
3. Anonaceae—Artabotrys odoratissimus, Anona squamosa, A. reticulata, A. muricata 20–22
4. Menispermaceae—Tinospora crispa, Anamirta Cocculus, Cissampelos Pareira 22–27
5. Nymphaceae—Nymphæa Lotus, Nelumbium nucifera 27–28
6. Papaveraceae—Argemone Mexicana 29–30
7. Cruciferous—Brassica juncea, Raphanus sativus 30–31
8. Capparaceae—Cleome viscosa, Cratæva religiosa 31–32
9. Bixinae—Bixa Orellana, Pangium edule 32–34
10. Portulaceae—Portulaca oleracea 34
11. Guttiferae—Garcinia mangostana, G. venulosa, G. Cambogia, G. morella, Ochrocarpus pentapetalus, Calophyllum Inophyllum, Mesua ferrea 35–40
12. Dipterocarps—Dipterocarpus turbinatus 40–42
13. Malvaceae—Sida carpinifolia, Abutilon Indicum, Urena sinuata, Hibiscus Abelmoschus, H. tiliaceus, H. Rosa-Sinensis, Thespesia populnea, Gossypium herbaceum, Bombax malabaricum, Eriodendron anfractuosum 42–51
14. Sterculiaceae—Sterculia fœtida, S. urens, Kleinhovia hospitata, Helicteres Isora, Abroma fastuosa, Theobroma Cacao 51–57
15. Geraniums—Oxalis corniculata, Biophytum sensitivum, Averrhoa Bilimbi, A. Carambola 58–61
16. Rutaceae—Ruta graveolens, Xanthoxylum oxyphyllum, Murraya exotica, M. Koenigi, Citrus acida, Bigaradia decumana, Ægle decandra, Feronia elephantum 61–70
17. Simaroubaceae—Samadera Indica 71–72
18. Burseraceae—Garuga pinnata, Canarium commune 72–75
19. Meliaceae—Melia Azedarach, Dysoxylum Blancoi, Sandoricum Indicum, Carapa Moluccensis, Cedrela Toona 75–80
20. Celastraceae—Celastrus paniculata 80–81
21. Rhamnaceae—Zizyphus Jujuba, Rhamnus Wightii 81–82
22. Anacardiaceae—Mangifera Indica, Anacardium occidentale, Odina Wodier 82–86 [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]
23. Moringa—Moringa pterygosperma 86–88
24. Legumes (Legume family)—Agati grandiflora, Abrus precatorius, Mucuna pruriens, Erythrina Indica, Clitoria ternatea, Pterocarpus santalinus, P. Indicus, P. erinaceus, Pongamia glabra 88–95
25. Legumes (Cæsalpinean)—Cæsalpinia Bonducella, C. Sappan, C. pulcherrima, Cassia fistula, C. occidentalis, C. alata, Tamarindus Indica, Bauhinia malabarica 96–106
26. Legumes (Mimosa)—Entada scandens, Parkia Roxburghii, Acacia Farnesiana 106–109
27. Crassulaceae—Kalanchoe laciniata 109–110
28. Combretaceae—Terminalia Catappa, T. Chebula, Quisqualis Indica 110–113
29. Myrtaceae—Psidium pomiferum, Eugenia Jambolana 113–116
30. Melastome family—Melastoma malabatrichum 116–117
31. Lythraceae—Ammannia vesicatoria, Lawsonia alba, Punica Granatum 117–122
32. Onagraceae—Jussiæa suffruticosa 122–123
33. Passionflower family—Carica Papaya 123–127
34. Cucurbitaceae—Trichosanthes palmata, T. anguina, T. cucumerina, Lagenaria vulgaris, var. Gourda, var. courgourda, var. clavata, Luffa Ægyptiaca, Momordica balsamina, M. charanta, Citrullus Colocynthis 127–134
35. Ficoideae—Trianthema monogyna 134
36. Umbellifers—Hydrocotyle Asiatica, Carum copticum, Fœniculum vulgare, Coriandrum sativum 134–138
37. Cornaceae—Alangium Lamarkii 138–139
Dicotyledonous, Gamopetalous.
1. Rubiaceae—Hymenodictyon excelsum, Oldenlandia corymbosa, Randia dumetorum, Ixora coccinea, Coffea Arabica, Morinda citrifolia bracteata, M. tinctoria, Pæderia fœtida. 140–149
2. Asteraceae—Eupatorium Ayapana, Blumea balsamifera, Sphœranthus Indicus, Spilanthes Acmella, Artemisia vulgaris, Carthamus tinctorius 149–155
3. Plumbago—Plumbago Zeylanica 155–156
4. Sapotaceae—Achras Sapota, Mimusops Elengi 156–158
5. Oleaceae—Jasminum Sambac 158–159
6. Apocynaceae—Allamanda cathartica, Thevetia nerifolia, Cerbera Odallam, Plumeria acutifolia, Alstonia scholaris, Nerium odorum 159–167
7. Asclepiadaceae—Calotrops gigantea, Tylophora asthmatica 167–170
8. Loganiaceae—Strychnos Ignatii 171–173
9. Boraginaceae—Ehretia buxifolia 173 [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]
10. Morning Glories—Ipomœa hederacea, I. pes-capræ, I. Turpethum 174–176
11. Nightshade—Solanum nigrum, Capsicum fastigiatum, Datura alba, Nicotiana Tabacum 176–182
12. Scrophulariaceae—Limnophila menthastrum 182–183
13. Bignonia family—Oroxylum Indicum 183–184
14. Pedaliaceae—Sesamum Indicum 184–185
15. Acanthaceae—Acanthus ilicifolius, Barleria Prionitis, Justicia Gendarussa, Adhatoda vasica, Rhinacanthus communis 185–190
16. Verbenaceae—Lippia nodiflora, Tectona grandis, Vitex trifolia, V. Negundo, Clerodendron infortunatum 190–194
17. Lamiaceae—Ocimum basilicum, O. gratissimum, O. sanctum, Coleus aromaticus, Rosmarinus officinalis, Anisomeles ovata, Leucas aspera 195–199
18. Plantago family—Plantago erosa 199
19. Nyctaginaceae—Mirabilis Jalapa 199–200
20. Amaranth family—Amaranthus spinosus, Achyranthes obtusifolia 200–202
21. Chenopodiaceae—Chenopodium ambrosioides 202–203
22. Aristolochiaceae—Aristolochia Indica 203–204
23. Piperaceae—Piper Betle, P. nigrum 204–207
24. Chloranthaceae—Chloranthus officinalis 207–208
25. Laureaceae—Cinnamomum pauciflorum, C. tamala, Cassytha filiformis 208–210
26. Euphorbiaceae—Euphorbia pilulifera, E. neriifolia, E. Tirucalli, Phyllanthus reticulatus, P. Niruri, P. urinaria, Jatropha Curcas, Aleurites Moluccana, Croton Tiglium, Acalypha Indica, Sea urchin Philippensis, Ricinus communis 210–223
27. Nettle family—Artocarpus integrifolia, Laportea gaudichaudiana 223–225
28. Casuarina—Casuarina Sumatrana 225–226
Monocotyledons.
1. Musaceae—Musa paradisiaca, M. sapientum 227–228
2. Zingiberaceae—Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, Elettaria Cardamomum 228–231
3. Amaryllis family—Crinum Asiaticum 231–232
4. Liliaceae—Aloes Barbadensis, Allium sativum, A. Cepa 232–234
5. Palms—Areca Catechu, Cocos nucifera, Nipa fruticans 234–238
6. Cyperaceae—Cyperus rotundus 239
7. Grasses—Zea Mays, Andropogon Schoenanthes, Saccharum officinarum, Oriza 240–243
8. Bamboo 243–244

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Explanation.

For the common words of the different Filipino dialects I have adopted the orthography which in my various treatises on those dialects I have demonstrated to be the easiest, most rational and convenient. I should be inconsistent as to my own theories and convictions if I continued to follow the old form of spelling. For the benefit of those who are not familiar with the matter I will state that the consonants are pronounced as follows:

For the common words from different Filipino dialects, I've chosen the spelling that I've shown in my various papers on those dialects to be the easiest, most logical, and most practical. It would be inconsistent with my theories and beliefs if I kept using the old spelling. For those who aren't familiar with this, I'll explain how the consonants are pronounced:

g	always as in get.
h	gutturalized aspirate.
k	as in English.
w	always as initial w in English, win, wan.
g̃	as ng in sing, hung, etc.

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Abbreviations.

Bic.—Bicol.

Eng.—English.

Iloc.—Ilocan.

Indo-Eng.—Indo-English.

Pam.—Pampango.

Pan.—Pangasinan.

Sp.—Spanish.

Sp.-Fil.—Spanish-Filipino.

Tag.—Tagalog.

Vis.—Viscayan.

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Medicinal Plants of the Philippines

Dicotyledonous, Polypetalous.

Dilleniaceæ.

Tetracera macrophylla, Vall. (T. monocarpa, T. sarmentosa, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Malakatmón, Tag.

Uses.—The wood of malakatmón is one of the best known and popular drugs of the Binondo1 market place. It is used as an infusion internally in the hæmoptysis of consumptives, and externally in the treatment of sore throat, its action being due to the large amount of tannin it contains. It is also employed in Malabar in the form of an infusion of the leaves of the species, T. Rheedi, to treat sore throat, mixing it with a decoction of rice called cange.

Uses.—The wood of malakatmón is one of the most well-known and popular remedies in the Binondo1 market. It's used as an internal infusion for treating coughing up blood in those with tuberculosis and externally for sore throat, thanks to the high tannin content. It's also used in Malabar as an infusion of the leaves from the species T. Rheedi to treat sore throat, combined with a rice decoction called cange.

The Filipinos do not distinguish this species from the T. Assa.

The Filipinos don't distinguish this species from the T. Assa.

Both are called malakatmón, and are employed indiscriminately to accomplish the same results. The silicious concretion obtained from the leaves is used as a polish in the form of polish paper.

Both are called malakatmón and are used interchangeably to achieve the same results. The silica compound obtained from the leaves is used as a polish in the form of polishing paper.

Dose.—In infusion for internal use, 4 grams of wood to 1 liter of water; as a gargle, 10 to 15 grams to the liter.

Dose.—For internal use, infuse 4 grams of wood in 1 liter of water; for gargling, use 10 to 15 grams per liter.

Botanical Description.—A shrub with leaves alternate, oval, serrate, finely dentate with very short and stiff hairs. Flowers of a strong, rather agreeable odor, axillary, in panicles. Calyx, 4 sepals. Corolla, 4 petals. Stamens indefinite, expanding [18]at the upper end and bearing 2 anthers. Carpels 3, with ovules indefinite in two series. Seeds with red arils.

Plant Description.—A shrub with alternate leaves that are oval, serrated, and have fine, short, stiff hairs. The flowers have a strong, pleasant scent, are located in the axils, and appear in clusters. The calyx has 4 sepals. The corolla has 4 petals. The stamens are numerous, spreading at the top, and each has 2 anthers. There are 3 carpels, with an indefinite number of ovules arranged in two rows. The seeds have red arils.

Habitat.—In the vicinity of Manila. Blooms in July.

Habitat.—Near Manila. Blooms in July.

Magnoliaceæ

Magnolia Family.

Illicium anisatum, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Anis estrellado, Badiana, Sp.; Sag̃ki, Tag.; Star Anise, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Star Anise, Badiana, Sp.; Sag̃ki, Tag.; Star Anise, Eng.

Uses.—Although this plant does not grow in the Philippines, the use of its fruit is so common there that it demands a place in this work. It is employed chiefly as a condiment in the preparation of food, and its essential oil is used to prepare the native “anise cordial” by mixing it with alcohol obtained from the palm or from sugar cane.

Uses.—Even though this plant doesn’t grow in the Philippines, its fruit is so widely used there that it deserves mention in this work. It’s mainly used as a seasoning in cooking, and its essential oil is used to make the local “anise cordial” by mixing it with alcohol derived from palm or sugar cane.

The decoction of the fruit is given after meals as a tea-like beverage, to aid digestion or for its carminative effect in flatulent colic.

The brewed fruit is served after meals like a tea to help with digestion or to relieve gas in cases of bloating.

Star anise has an aromatic taste, slightly bitter and acrid, and a very marked perfume of anise which with its star-like form gives the plant one of its names. It is a very useful stimulant, tonic, stomachic and carminative.

Star anise has a fragrant taste, slightly bitter and sharp, and a strong scent of anise, which, along with its star-shaped appearance, gives the plant one of its names. It is a very helpful stimulant, tonic, digestive aid, and gas-reliever.

It is official in all Pharmacopœias and the pericarp is the part employed.

It is officially recognized in all Pharmacopoeias, and the part used is the pericarp.

The dose is from 1 to 2 grams to 100 of water in infusion, to be taken in one draught.

The dose is 1 to 2 grams per 100 ml of water in an infusion, to be taken all at once.

According to Schlegel it contains the following substances: An essential oil 4.675; a green waxy material which melts at 51°, a resin, a gum and saponin. The essential oil is (almost) identical with that of anise from which it is impossible to distinguish it chemically. The only difference is that the former has a blander odor and solidifies at 1°.25 instead of 10°, as does the oil of anise. [19]

According to Schlegel, it contains the following substances: an essential oil of 4.675; a green waxy material that melts at 51°; a resin, a gum, and saponin. The essential oil is (almost) identical to that of anise, making it chemically indistinguishable. The only difference is that the former has a milder scent and solidifies at 1.25° instead of 10°, like anise oil does. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Botanical Description.—The plant grows in the mountains of Yunnan, China, and in Tonquin. The part used in the Philippines is the fruit, being indeed the only part known here. This is composed of 8 woody follicles arranged about a central column in the form of a star. These follicles open at maturity and reveal the seeds, which are shining, smooth, ovoid, hard, of a pretty chestnut-red color. In the Philippines they are sold even in the smallest food-vending shops.

Plant Description.—The plant grows in the mountains of Yunnan, China, and in Tonquin. The part used in the Philippines is the fruit, which is actually the only part known here. It consists of 8 woody follicles arranged around a central column in a star shape. These follicles open when they are mature and show the seeds, which are shiny, smooth, oval, hard, and a nice chestnut-red color. In the Philippines, they are sold even in the smallest food vendors.

Michelia Champaca, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Tsampaka, Sampaka, Tag.; Champaca, Fil.-Span.

Common Name—Tsampaka, Sampaka, Tag.; Champaca, Fil.-Span.

Uses.—The bark of the trunk is well known as a febrifuge and emmenagogue in India. It is slightly bitter and aromatic. Dr. H. Folliat has used it with success in the Island of Mauritius in the treatment of the common intermittent fevers; he administered the infusion (bark 30 grams, water 600 cc.)—or the decoction (bark 30 grams, water 1,200 cc.); boil till reduced to 600 cc.—giving a wine-glassful every hour just before and after the paroxysm.

Applications.—The bark of the trunk is well known as a fever reducer and a promoter of menstruation in India. It has a slightly bitter and aromatic flavor. Dr. H. Folliat has successfully used it in the Island of Mauritius to treat common intermittent fevers; he administered the infusion (30 grams of bark, 600 cc of water)—or the decoction (30 grams of bark, 1,200 cc of water); boil until reduced to 600 cc—giving a wine glass worth every hour just before and after the fever episode.

An astringent decoction made from the leaves is used as a gargle in sore throat. The root is emmenagogue and the seeds are used in the treatment of anal fissure.

A strong herbal tea made from the leaves is used as a gargle for sore throats. The root promotes menstruation, and the seeds are used to treat anal fissures.

Dr. Hooper has found the following substances in the bark of the Champana: a volatile oil with a pine-like odor; a fixed oil, insoluble in alcohol, melting at 15° and forming soap with soda; a resin extremely bitter, acrid, brown in color; tannin; sugar; a bitter principle, albuminoids, coloring matters, mucilage and starch.

Dr. Hooper has discovered the following substances in the bark of the Champana: a volatile oil with a pine-like scent; a fixed oil that doesn’t dissolve in alcohol, melts at 15°, and makes soap with soda; a resin that is very bitter, sharp, and brown; tannin; sugar; a bitter compound, albuminoids, coloring agents, mucilage, and starch.

Botanical Description.—A tree 15–18° high; leaves alternate, 6 × 2′, stipulate, simple. Flowers fragrant, saffron-colored, hermaphrodite, solitary and axillary. The receptacle, conical at its base, becomes narrow, lengthens and then enlarges, forming a column which is bare at its narrow part. At its base [20]is inserted the perianth composed of 6 overlapping leaflets arranged in two series. Stamens indefinite, fixed in the base of the column of the receptacle on the superior portion of which are inserted the ovaries which contain many ovules arranged in two vertical series.

Plant Overview.—A tree 15–18 feet tall; leaves are alternate, measuring 6 × 2 inches, stipulate, and simple. The flowers are fragrant, saffron-colored, hermaphroditic, solitary, and located in the axils. The receptacle starts conical at the base, narrows, lengthens, and then widens, forming a column that is bare at its narrow part. At its base [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__], the perianth is inserted, made up of 6 overlapping leaflets arranged in two rows. The stamens are indefinite, attached at the base of the receptacle's column, on the upper part of which the ovaries are inserted, containing many ovules arranged in two vertical rows.

Habitat.—Common in all parts (of the islands).

Habitat.—Common throughout the islands.

Anonaceæ.

Custard-Apple Family.

Cherimoya Family.

Artabotrys odoratissimus, R. Br. (A. hamatus, Bl.; Uvaria Sinensis and Unona uncinata, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Ilag̃-ilag̃ de China, Sp.-Fil.; Alag̃-ilag̃ Son-son, Tag.

Nom. Vulg.—Chinese water lily, Sp.-Fil.; water lily, Tag.

Uses.—A decoction of the leaves of this species is used to treat cholera in some of the islands of the Malay group; in the island of Java they use for the same purpose a decoction of the leaves of the species A. suaveolens, Bl., which is commonly called Susog̃ Damulog in the Pampanga dialect. The active principles of these plants are so powerful that one must beware of giving a large dose, as hemorrhages, nervous phenomena and abortion may follow.

Uses.—A brew made from the leaves of this species is used to treat cholera in some of the islands in the Malay group; on the island of Java, they use a brew from the leaves of the species A. suaveolens, Bl., which is commonly called Susog̃ Damulog in the Pampanga dialect. The active compounds in these plants are so strong that care must be taken not to administer a large dose, as it can lead to bleeding, nervous disturbances, and miscarriage.

Botanical Description.—A tree 15–18° high with leaves alternate, lanceolate, glabrous, and petioles very short. Flowers very sweet, axillary, solitary. Petals 6, fleshy, concave at the base. Stamens indefinite, closely packed, overlapping. Peduncle curved like a crook.

Plant Description.—A tree 15–18 feet tall with alternate, lance-shaped, smooth leaves and very short stems. The flowers are very fragrant, growing alone in the axils. There are 6 petals that are fleshy and concave at the base. The stamens are numerous, tightly packed, and overlapping. The flower stem is curved like a shepherd's crook.

Habitat.—Cultivated in gardens.

Habitat.—Grown in gardens.

Anona squamosa, L. (A. tuberosa, Rumph.)

Nom. Vulg.—Ates, Tag.; Custard Apple, Eng.

Uses.—The fruit of the mature ates is edible and is one of the most delicious that grows in the Philippines; its white and [21]delicately perfumed pulp has a delicious flavor. The unripe fruit is exceedingly astringent. The fermented juice of the ripe pulp is used in certain parts of America to prepare a popular drink. The powdered seeds make a useful parasiticide especially when used on the scalp, but it is necessary to avoid getting any of the drug in the eyes on account of its irritant effect.

Uses.—The fruit of the fully ripe ates is edible and is one of the tastiest fruits found in the Philippines; its white and [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]fragrant pulp has a wonderful flavor. The unripe fruit is extremely astringent. In some parts of America, the fermented juice from the ripe pulp is used to make a popular drink. The powdered seeds are effective as a parasiticide, especially when applied to the scalp, but it's important to keep any of the powder away from the eyes due to its nuisance effect.

Botanical Description.—Tree 8 or 9° high with leaves alternate, oblong, the edges pubescent. Flowers greenish-yellow, axillary, solitary; peduncle not curved. Petals 6, convergent. Stamens crowded, indefinite. Fruit fleshy, covered with scales or rather rounded tubercles; beneath is the white and fragment pulp, covering the long-oval seeds.

Plant Description.—Tree 8 or 9 feet tall with alternate, oblong leaves that have fuzzy edges. Flowers are greenish-yellow, growing alone in the axils; the stem is straight. There are 6 petals that come together. The stamens are clustered and vary in number. The fruit is fleshy, covered with scales or rounded lumps; underneath, there's white, flaky pulp that surrounds the long oval seeds.

A. reticulate, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Anonas, Sp.-Fil.

Uses.—The fruit of this species is neither as much prized nor as abundant in the Philippines as that of the ates. When unripe it possesses the same properties as the latter. The large proportion of tannin which both species contain in their unripe state, makes them very useful in treating diarrhœa and dysentery. They are administered in the form of a decoction, by enema. The sap of the trunk is very irritating. The roots are used by the American Indians to treat epilepsy. Lemon juice is the antidote for the sap of this species.

Uses.—The fruit of this species isn't as valued or as common in the Philippines as that of the ates. When it's unripe, it has the same properties as the ates. The high amount of tannin in both species when unripe makes them very effective for treating diarrhea and dysentery. They are given as a decoction, usually as an enema. The sap from the trunk can be quite irritating. The roots are used by Native Americans to treat epilepsy. Lemon juice serves as the antidote for the sap from this species.

I wish to call attention to the similarity of the common name of this plant to another entirely distinct species commonly used in the Tagalo therapeutics; namely, the anonag̃ (Cordia), with which it must not be confused.

I want to highlight the similarity between the common name of this plant and another completely different species used in Tagalo medicine; specifically, the anonag̃ (Cordia), which should not be confused with it.

Botanical Description.—Tree 10° high with leaves lanceolate, pubescent. Flowers in a sort of umbel. Corolla like that of A. squamosa. Fruit without the plainly visible tubercles of the foregoing species, their presence being merely suggested by a sort of net traced on the surface. [22]

Plant Description.—Tree 10 feet tall with lance-shaped, fuzzy leaves. Flowers grow in a kind of cluster. The petals are similar to those of A. squamosa. The fruit doesn't have the clearly visible bumps of the previous species; instead, their presence is only hinted at by a network pattern on the surface. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

A. muricata, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Guanábano, Goyabano, Sp.-Fil.

Nom. Vulg.—Soursop, Guava, Sp.-Fil.

Uses.—The ripe fruit possesses antiscorbutic properties; the unripe fruit is used in treating dysentery. It is said that the ripe fruit is used in diseases of the liver.

Uses.—The ripe fruit has properties that can prevent scurvy; the unripe fruit is used to treat dysentery. It's claimed that the ripe fruit helps with liver diseases.

Botanical Description.—Tree with leaves oval, alternate and glabrous. Flower solitary, terminal, whitish. The fruit is much larger than that of the other species, is covered with scales that end in a soft point or thorn and has a very pronounced acid taste.

Plant Description.—Tree with oval, alternate, and smooth leaves. The flower is solitary, at the end of the stem, and whitish. The fruit is much larger than that of other species, covered in scales that taper to a soft point or thorn, and has a very strong sour taste.

Habitat.—All three species are common in all parts of the Archipelago.

Ecosystem.—All three species are found throughout the Archipelago.

Menispermaceæ.

Moonseed Family.

Tinospora crispa, Miers. (Menispermum crispum, L.; M. rimosum, Blanco; Cocculus crispus, DC.)

Nom. Vulg.—Makabuhay, Tag.

Nom. Vulg.—Makabuhay, Tagalog.

Uses.—Makabuhay is one of the most widely known and used plants in the Philippines; a sort of panacea applied to all bodily afflictions. Its Tagalo name means literally “you may live.” A shoot deprived of roots and dropped in some moist place is soon covered with bright green leaves and adventitious roots. This peculiarity of the plant made it possible for me to take a large number of sprouts from Manila to Paris where they arrived perfectly fresh after a voyage of forty days, during which they lay almost forgotten in the ship and the cars.

Applications.—Makabuhay is one of the most commonly known and used plants in the Philippines; it acts as a kind of cure-all for various physical ailments. Its Tagalog name literally means “you may live.” A shoot that loses its roots and is dropped in a damp area quickly becomes covered with bright green leaves and new roots. This unique characteristic of the plant allowed me to bring a large number of sprouts from Manila to Paris, where they arrived completely fresh after a 40-day journey, during which they were mostly overlooked on the ship and in the cars.

The stem is the part employed in medicine. A decoction is given internally in the various forms of malarial fever and of dyspepsia. Externally it is most useful as a wash for ulcers of all kinds, rapidly improving their appearance.

The stem is the part used in medicine. A decoction is taken internally for various types of malarial fever and dyspepsia. Externally, it’s very effective as a wash for all kinds of ulcers, quickly enhancing their appearance.

In India the species T. cordifolia is used; it differs but little [23]from T. crispa. It is official in the Pharmacopœia and has been introduced into Europe. T. cordifolia has given excellent results in the mild forms of intermittent fever; in general debility following long and severe cases of illness; in chronic rheumatism, and in the second stage of syphilis. As the two species are so much alike we shall add the preparations and dose of T. cordifolia which we have used on several occasions with good results.

In India, the species T. cordifolia is used; it differs only slightly [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] from T. crispa. It is listed in the Pharmacopoeia and has been introduced to Europe. T. cordifolia has shown excellent results in treating mild forms of intermittent fever, general weakness after long and severe illnesses, chronic rheumatism, and the second stage of syphilis. Since the two species are so similar, we will include the preparations and dosage of T. cordifolia that we have used several times with good outcomes.

Tincture of T. cordifolia.—Stems of the dried plant, 100 grams. Alcohol 21° (Cartier), 500 cc. Macerate seven days in a closed vessel stirring from time to time. After decanting add enough alcohol (21°) to bring the quantity up to 500 cc., and filter.

Tincture of T. cordifolia.—Dried plant stems, 100 grams. Alcohol 21° (Cartier), 500 cc. Soak for seven days in a sealed container, stirring occasionally. After pouring off, add enough alcohol (21°) to make the total volume 500 cc, and then filter.

Dose.—4–8 grams.

Maceration.—Fresh stems cut in small pieces, 30 grams, water 300 grams. Macerate for two hours and filter.

Soaking.—Cut fresh stems into small pieces, 30 grams, and add 300 grams of water. Let it sit for two hours and then filter.

Dose.—30–90 cc. a day.

Dose.—30–90 cc daily.

Extract.—Dry makabuhay in small pieces 500 grams. Water 2½ liters. Macerate for twelve hours, filter the liquid and express the macerated drug which is then macerated a second time in 2½ liters of water. Express again, unite the two liquids and filter. Evaporate in a water-bath to the consistency of a pill mass.

Extract.—Dry makabuhay, cut into small pieces, 500 grams. Water, 2½ liters. Soak for twelve hours, then filter the liquid and squeeze the soaked drug, which is then soaked again in 2½ liters of water. Squeeze again, combine the two liquids, and filter. Evaporate in a water bath until it reaches the consistency of a pill mass.

Dose.—½–1½ grams a day in fractional doses.

Dosing.—½–1½ grams per day in divided doses.

Botanical Description.—A vine whose runners entwine themselves among the tops of the highest trees, giving off many adventitious roots which seek the earth. The stem is covered with projecting tubercles. Leaves heart-shaped, pointed, entire with five well-marked nerves. Flowers yellowish-green, diœcious, growing in axillary racemes. The male flowers have a corolla of six petals, the three smaller ones arranged alternately. In the female flower the stamens are represented by three glands situated at the base of the petals. Fruit, an elliptical drupe. [24]

Plant Description.—A vine that wraps its runners around the tops of the tallest trees, sending out many roots that reach for the ground. The stem is covered with protruding bumps. The leaves are heart-shaped, pointed, and smooth, with five clearly defined veins. The flowers are yellowish-green, dioecious, and grow in clusters from the leaf axils. The male flowers have a corolla with six petals, with three smaller ones arranged alternately. In the female flower, the stamens are represented by three glands located at the base of the petals. The fruit is an elliptical drupe. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Anamirta Cocculus, Wight & Arn. (Menispermum Cocculus, (L.) Blanco; M. lacunosum, Famk; Cocculus lacunosus, C. suberosus, DC.)

Nom. Vulg.—Laktag̃, Liktag̃, Suma, Lanta, Lintag̃ bagin, Tuba, Balasin, Bayati, Tag., Vis., Pam.

Uses.—One of the uses to which the India berries (Cocas de Levante) are put in the Philippines, is to throw them into small sluggish streams or into lakes with the object of intoxicating the fish which soon come to the surface and float there as if dead. This custom is very extensive in Malaysia, in India and even in Europe, where, in order to avoid the cases of poisoning which this practice has occasioned in the consumers of fish taken in this way, it has been found necessary to forbid the sale of the berries except in the pharmacies. These restrictions are practiced in France.

Uses.—One of the ways the India berries (Cocas de Levante) are used in the Philippines is by throwing them into small, slow-moving streams or lakes to intoxicate the fish, causing them to come to the surface and float as if they are dead. This practice is quite common in Malaysia, India, and even in Europe, where it has been necessary to ban the sale of the berries outside of pharmacies to prevent poisoning incidents from fish caught this way. These regulations are enforced in France.

In the Binondo market in Manila the root of this plant may be found in abundance; it is yellow and very bitter. The natives use the infusion (5–10 grams to 300 cc. of water) in fevers, dyspepsia and menstrual derangements. In India also the root is used in the same complaints.

In the Binondo market in Manila, the root of this plant can be found everywhere; it's yellow and quite bitter. The locals use the infusion (5–10 grams to 300 cc. of water) for fevers, digestive issues, and menstrual problems. In India, the root is also used for the same ailments.

The fruit contains the highly toxic principle picrotoxin, and others as follows:

The fruit contains the highly toxic compound picrotoxin, along with the following:

Menispermin (C₁₈H₂₄N₂O₂) is an alkaloid which crystallizes in pyramidal prisms, is soluble in alcohol and ether and insoluble in water. Hot nitric acid converts it into oxalic acid and a yellow substance of a resinous appearance.

Menispermin (C₁₈H₂₄N₂O₂) is an alkaloid that forms crystal structures shaped like pyramidal prisms. It's soluble in alcohol and ether but doesn't dissolve in water. When heated with nitric acid, it changes into oxalic acid and a yellow, resin-like substance.

Picrotoxin (C₃₀H₂₄O₁₃) is not an alkaloid as may be seen from its formula. Its properties are not well known at the present time. It crystallizes in small quadrilateral prisms, white and transparent, or in needles grouped in stars. No odor, taste bitter, insoluble in water, partly soluble in alcohol and in ether, freely soluble in acids and alkalies. A solution in concentrated sulphuric acid has a saffron-yellow color. Nitric acid transforms it into oxalic acid. [25]

Picrotoxin (C₃₀H₂₄O₁₃) is not an alkaloid, as you can see from its formula. Its properties are not very well understood right now. It crystallizes in small, square-shaped prisms that are white and transparent, or in needle-like structures that form star patterns. It has no odor, has a bitter taste, and is insoluble in water, partially soluble in alcohol and ether, and freely soluble in acids and bases. A solution in concentrated sulfuric acid turns a saffron-yellow color. Nitric acid converts it into oxalic acid. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Picrotoxinin exists in picrotoxin in the proportion of 32 to 100, and may be separated by boiling in benzine. It is bitter, poisonous, reduced by Fehling’s solution and nitrate of silver. Sixty-six per cent. of picrotoxin consists of another bitter substance, non-poisonous—picrotin, which is insoluble in benzine and is reduced by Fehling’s solution and nitrate of silver. Lastly, anamirtin is found in the mother water of picrotoxin; it is not bitter, not poisonous, and not reducible by the aforementioned reagents.

Picrotoxinin is present in picrotoxin in a ratio of 32 to 100 and can be separated by boiling in benzene. It has a bitter taste and is toxic, and it can be reduced by Fehling’s solution and silver nitrate. Sixty-six percent of picrotoxin is made up of another bitter, non-toxic substance called picrotin, which is insoluble in benzene and also reduces Fehling’s solution and silver nitrate. Lastly, anamirtin is found in the mother liquor of picrotoxin; it is not bitter, not toxic, and does not reduce with the mentioned reagents.

The fruit of the anamirta, the “coca de Levante” is an acrid, narcotic poison, which may not be employed internally; its uses are limited to external medication. In the Pharmacopœia of India is given the formula for a parasiticide ointment, highly recommended in the treatment of pediculi:

The fruit of the anamirta, known as “coca de Levante,” is a bitter, narcotic poison that shouldn’t be used internally; its applications are restricted to external treatment. The Pharmacopœia of India provides the formula for a parasitic ointment, which is highly recommended for treating lice:

Unguentum anamirtæ:

Ammi ointment:

4	grams Cocculus berries, powdered,
30	grams Vaseline.
M.	Fiat unguentum.

In applying this ointment it is necessary to make sure that there is no wound or abrasion of the skin through which absorption might take place.

When using this ointment, it’s important to ensure there are no cuts or scrapes on the skin that could allow absorption.

Botanical Description.—A vine with leaves alternate, entire, glabrous, broadly oval, pointed, with 5 nerves which unite at the base, long petioles. Flowers diœcious, in compound racemes. Male flowers consist of a perianth without corolla, the sepals arranged by threes in two or three whorls. The end of the receptacle expanded like a bead, bears a large number of stamens in 6 vertical series, with anthers sessile and 4-lobed. Female flowers analogous as regards the perianth, with 6–9 sterile stamens. Carpels formed of 5 ovaries, free, unilocular, containing one ovule each. Fruit, a drupe of a purple color, the size of a filbert, kidney-shaped, the albumen horny. [26]

Plant Description.—A vine with alternate, smooth, broad oval leaves that are pointed and have 5 nerves that converge at the base, and long petioles. Flowers are dioecious and grow in compound racemes. Male flowers consist of a perianth without a corolla, with sepals arranged in groups of three in two or three whorls. The end of the receptacle expands like a bead and has many stamens in 6 vertical rows, with the anthers being sessile and 4-lobed. Female flowers are similar in terms of the perianth but have 6–9 sterile stamens. Carpels are made up of 5 free, unilocular ovaries, each containing one ovule. The fruit is a purple drupe, the size of a hazelnut, kidney-shaped, with a hard seed. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Cissampelos Pareira, L.

Cissampelos Pareira, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Sansawsansawan, Tag.; Chinchaochinchauan, Sp.-Fil.

Uses.—Although this plant formerly bore the Portuguese name of Pareira brava, the U. S. P. and B. P. recognize now under this title only the root of Chondrodendron tomentosum. It is diuretic and tonic and apparently exercises an astringent and sedative action upon the mucous membrane of the genito-urinary organs. The root is used in acute and chronic cystitis.

Uses.—Although this plant used to be called Pareira brava in Portuguese, the U.S. Pharmacopeia and the British Pharmacopoeia now refer to this name only for the root of Chondrodendron tomentosum. It acts as a diuretic and tonic and appears to have astringent and sedative effects on the mucous membranes of the genito-urinary organs. The root is used for both acute and chronic cystitis.

In Brazil it is used as a diaphoretic and as such is employed in cases of venomous snake bites. It is also used there as an emmenagogue and diuretic, in intermittent fevers, dropsy and suppression of the lochia in women recently confined.

In Brazil, it's used as a sweat-inducer and is utilized in cases of venomous snake bites. It's also used there as a menstrual aid and diuretic, in cases of intermittent fevers, edema, and to address the suppression of postpartum bleeding in women who have recently given birth.

It is official in the Pharmacopœia of India.

It is official in the Pharmacopoeia of India.

Tea brew.—	Root of cissampelos, small pieces,	50 grams.
	Water	600 grams.

Dose.—30–100 grams.

Dose: 30-100 grams.

Boil 15 minutes; filter and add enough water to bring the total bulk up to 600 cc.

Boil for 15 minutes; strain and add enough water to bring the total volume up to 600 cc.

Extract.—	Root of cissampelos in powder	500 grams.
	Water	5 liters.

Dose.—.5–1 gram.

Dose: 0.5–1 gram.

Digest the powder for 24 hours in 500 cc. water, pour the mixture into a filter and add water gradually until the percolate amounts to 5 liters. Evaporate the percolate in a water-bath to the consistency of a pill mass.

Dissolve the powder in 500 cc. of water for 24 hours, then pour the mixture through a filter and slowly add water until you have 5 liters of liquid. Evaporate the liquid in a water bath until it reaches the consistency of a pill mass.

Fluid Extract.—This is prepared in the same manner as the extract and is allowed to remain in the bath until reduced in bulk to 400 grams. It is then removed and 100 grams of alcohol (36°) are added.

Fluid Extract.—This is made in the same way as the extract and is allowed to sit in the bath until its volume is reduced to 400 grams. It is then taken out and 100 grams of alcohol (36°) are added.

Dose.—1.75–7 cc. [27]

Dose.—1.75–7 ml. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Chemical Composition.—Flückiger has isolated a bitter principle analogous to berberin; also buxine and paracine, which latter received the name pelosine from Wiggers in 1839. The former chemist proposed the name buxine for all these analogous principles. Pelosine or buxine is precipitated by a concentrated solution of HCl, by sal ammoniac, by potassium nitrate and potassium iodide. He also discovered a neutral substance, deyamitin, which crystallizes in microscopic tablets; sulphuric acid added to these gives a pretty dark blue color which changes to green.

Chemical Makeup.—Flückiger has extracted a bitter compound similar to berberine; also buxine and paracine, the latter of which was named pelosine by Wiggers in 1839. The former chemist suggested the name buxine for all these related compounds. Pelosine or buxine is formed when a concentrated solution of HCl, ammonium chloride, potassium nitrate, and potassium iodide is added. He also identified a neutral compound, deyamitin, which crystallizes into tiny tablets; when sulfuric acid is added to these, it produces a nice dark blue color that shifts to green.

Botanical Description.—A climbing shrub with cylindrical woody stem, with leaves simple, alternate, entire, petiolate, ovoid, broad at the base. The inferior surface of the leaf is pubescent, especially in the intervals between the ribs. Flowers diœcious, small, racemose. Calyx of 12 sepals arranged in 3 whorls, the inner ones broad and petaloid. Corolla of 6 petals arranged in 2 whorls. Stamens sterile or rudimentary in the pistillate flower, the staminate flower bearing 6; anthers innate, 2-celled. Drupes oval, 2 or 3 cm. long, black, closely resembling a grape seed.

Plant Description.—A climbing shrub with a cylindrical woody stem, featuring simple, alternate, entire leaves that are petiolate and ovoid, wide at the base. The underside of the leaf is hairy, especially in the spaces between the veins. The flowers are dioecious, small, and arranged in racemes. The calyx has 12 sepals organized in 3 whorls, with the inner ones being broad and petal-like. The corolla consists of 6 petals arranged in 2 whorls. Stamens are either sterile or rudimentary in the female flower, while the male flower has 6 stamens; the anthers are attached and have 2 cells. The drupes are oval, 2 to 3 cm long, black, and closely resemble grape seeds.

Nymphæaceæ.

Water-Lily Family.

Water Lily Family.

Nymphæa Lotus, L.

Nymphaea Lotus, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Lawas, Talaylo, Tunas, Gaway-gaway, Tag., Vis., Pam.; Water Lily, Eng.

Uses.—The anaphrodisiac virtues attributed to this plant and to all the water-lily family are purely imaginary. Its juice being slightly bitter and astringent is used in decoction as an injection in gonorrhœa. It possesses mild narcotic properties, for which some use the juice of the whole plant, rubbing the forehead and temples with it to produce sleep.

Uses.—The supposed anti-libido effects of this plant and the entire water-lily family are purely fictional. Its juice, which is slightly bitter and astringent, is used in a decoction as an injection for gonorrhea. It has mild sedative properties, and some people use the juice from the whole plant to rub on their forehead and temples to help induce sleep.

Botanical Description.—An aquatic plant, with leaves [28]solitary, terminal, floating on the water, dentate, glabrous, broad, deeply cleft at the base, with a very long petiole. Flowers solitary, persistent in the ripe fruit, oval. Stamens indefinite in fine whorls or verticils.

Plant Details.—An aquatic plant with leaves [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]that are solitary, terminal, floating on the water, jagged, smooth, broad, and deeply split at the base, featuring a very long petiole. Flowers are solitary, remaining attached in the ripe fruit, and are oval-shaped. Stamens are indefinite, arranged in fine whorls or circles.

Habitat.—Common on the shores of the Laguna de Bay.

Ecosystem.—Found frequently along the shores of Laguna de Bay.

Nelumbium nucifera, Gaertn. (N. speciosum, Willd.; N. Asiaticum, Rich.; Cyamus Nelumbo, Sm.; C. mysticus, Salis.)

Nom. Vulg.—Bayno, Tag.; Sukaw, Iloc.; Sacred Lotus, Eng.

Uses.—An infusion of the flowers is used internally in dysentery. In India they use, for diarrhœa and vomiting, the viscid juice obtained from the petioles and the peduncles of the flowers. The rootstock contains a large quantity of starch which has been utilized for food in the periods of famine which have desolated India and Egypt. This flower was the Sacred Lotus of the Egyptians and the people of India have dedicated it to Lakshmi, the goddess of health and prosperity.

Uses.—An infusion of the flowers is used internally for dysentery. In India, they use the thick juice obtained from the stems and flower stalks for diarrhea and vomiting. The root contains a lot of starch, which has been used as food during famine in India and Egypt. This flower was considered the Sacred Lotus by the Egyptians, and the people of India have dedicated it to Lakshmi, the goddess of health and prosperity.

Infusion.—	Petals, dried	5 grams.
	Water	250 grams.
Sig. To be taken during 24 hours.

Botanical Description.—An aquatic plant with fleshy rootstock which creeps along the muddy bottoms; from its nodes spring the stalks of the leaves and flowers. Its leaves are alternate, polymorphous, some above and some below the surface of the water, concave in the center whence ribs separate, shield-shaped. Petioles very long, bearing soft, short spines. The flowers white or pink, solitary; peduncle long and, like the petioles, covered with soft, short spines. Calyx of 4–5 unequal sepals, imbricated. Corolla with an indefinite number of unequal petals, the inner ones shorter. Stamens indefinite, inserted in the base of the receptacle. Receptacle expanded above the andrœcium, in the form of an inverted cone, containing a large number of alveoli with circular openings. [29]

Plant Description.—An aquatic plant with a fleshy root that spreads along muddy bottoms; from its nodes grow the stalks of the leaves and flowers. Its leaves are arranged alternately and come in different shapes, some above and some below the water's surface, with a concave center from which ribs extend, looking like a shield. The petioles are very long and have soft, short spines. The flowers are white or pink and grow one at a time; the peduncle is long and, like the petioles, covered in soft, short spines. The calyx consists of 4–5 unequal sepals arranged in layers. The corolla has an indefinite number of unequal petals, with the inner ones being shorter. There is an indefinite number of stamens that attach at the base of the receptacle. The receptacle expands above the andrœcium, shaped like an inverted cone, containing many small cavities with circular openings. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Papaveraceæ.

Poppy Family.

Argemone Mexicana, L.

Argemone Mexicana L.

Nom. Vulg.—Kasubhag̃-āso, Iloc.

Uses.—Padre Blanco says that the yellow juice of this plant “is used by the natives (Filipinos) to treat fissures of the corners of the eyes.”

Applications.—Padre Blanco says that the yellow juice of this plant "is used by the locals (Filipinos) to treat cracks at the corners of the eyes."

The negros of Senegal use the decoction of the root to cure gonorrhœa. The milky juice to which Blanco refers is used in different countries to treat various skin diseases, including the cutaneous manifestations of syphilis and leprosy; to remove warts, and as an eye wash in catarrhal conjunctivitis.

The people of Senegal use a decoction of the root to treat gonorrhea. The milky sap that Blanco mentions is used in different countries to address various skin issues, including the skin symptoms of syphilis and leprosy; to remove warts, and as an eye wash for catarrhal conjunctivitis.

The English physicians of India state that it is dangerous to use the milky juice as an application to the eye, although Dymock claims the contrary.

The English doctors in India say that using the milky sap as an eye treatment is risky, even though Dymock disagrees.

The flowers are narcotic by virtue of a principle resembling morphine, perhaps identical with that alkaloid.

The flowers are addictive due to a substance similar to morphine, possibly the same as that alkaloid.

The seeds yield a fixed oil on expression, which is laxative and relieves the pains of colic, probably by virtue of its narcotic properties. Physicians in India praise this oil highly; not only is it a sure and painless purgative, but it is free from the viscidity and disgusting taste of castor-oil; besides it has the advantage of operating in small doses, 2–4 grams. Its activity is proportionate to its freshness. Dr. W. O’Shaughnessy does not value this oil highly, but the experience of many distinguished physicians of India has proved the purgative and other properties that have just been mentioned. Possibly the differences of opinion may arise from the fact that oils from different plants were used in the trials.

The seeds produce a fixed oil when pressed, which acts as a laxative and helps relieve colic pain, likely due to its narcotic effects. Doctors in India highly recommend this oil; it’s not only an effective and painless laxative, but it also lacks the thickness and unpleasant taste of castor oil. Additionally, it works well in small doses of 2–4 grams. Its effectiveness is linked to its freshness. Dr. W. O’Shaughnessy doesn't hold this oil in high regard, but the experience of many reputable physicians in India has demonstrated the laxative and other benefits mentioned earlier. The differing opinions may stem from the use of oils from different plants in their studies.

The seeds yield a fixed oil, yellow, clear, of sweet taste, density 0.919 at 15°; it remains liquid at –5°; is soluble in an equal volume of alcohol at 90°; characterized by an orange-red color on adding nitric acid. From its soap Frolicher has obtained [30]acetic, valerianic, butyric and benzoic acids. Charbonnier claims to have found morphine in its leaves and capsules. Dragendorf has isolated from the seeds an alkaloid which presents the principal characters of morphine. It is, then, probable that morphine is the narcotic principle possessed by this plant, which is not hard to believe when one considers the family to which it belongs.

The seeds produce a light yellow, clear oil with a sweet taste, and a density of 0.919 at 15°C; it stays liquid at -5°C; it dissolves in an equal volume of 90% alcohol; and it turns orange-red when nitric acid is added. From its soap, Frolicher has obtained [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] acetic, valerianic, butyric, and benzoic acids. Charbonnier claims to have found morphine in its leaves and capsules. Dragendorf has isolated an alkaloid from the seeds that has the main characteristics of morphine. Therefore, it is likely that morphine is the narcotic compound found in this plant, which makes sense considering the family it belongs to.

Botanical Description.—A plant of American origin nowadays acclimated in almost all warm countries. Its stem is green, pubescent, 30–40 centimeters high. Leaves alternate, thin, sessile, lanceolate, covered with rigid green thorns. Flowers hermaphrodite, terminal, yellow. Calyx, 3 sepals with conical points. Corolla, 6 rounded petals. Stamens indefinite, free, hypogynous. Ovary free, triangular. Capsule expanded, oblong, angular, thickly set with prickles: it opens inferiorly by 5 valves.

Plant Description.—A plant originally from America that is now found in almost all warm countries. Its stem is green, hairy, and grows 30–40 centimeters tall. The leaves are alternate, thin, and lance-shaped, covered with stiff green thorns. The flowers are hermaphrodite, found at the ends of stems, and are yellow. The calyx has 3 sepals with pointed tips. The corolla contains 6 rounded petals. The stamens are numerous, free, and below the ovary. The ovary is free and triangular. The capsule is expanded, oblong, and angular, heavily covered in prickles; it opens at the bottom with 5 valves.

Cruciferæ.

Mustard Family.

Brassicaceae family.

Brassica juncea, Hook. & Thom. (Sinapis juncea, L.)

Nom. Vulg.—Mostaza, Sp.; Mustard, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Mustard, Sp.; Mustard, Eng.

Uses.—The seeds are used in the same way as those of white or black mustard (Sinapis alba and S. nigra, L.).

Uses.—The seeds are used just like those of white or black mustard (Sinapis alba and S. nigra, L.).

Botanical Description.—Plant with a glabrous stem, leaves sessile, glabrous, lanceolate, the upper ones serrate, the lower ones almost entire. Flowers in racemes. Calyx, 4 sepals. Corolla, 4 rounded, unguiculate petals. Stamens 6, two of them short and the other four longer and united in pairs. Ovary flattened. Seed vessel quadrangular, nodular, glabrous, containing many oval seeds.

Plant Description.—Plant with a smooth stem, leaves that are directly attached, smooth, lance-shaped, with the upper ones having serrated edges and the lower ones almost smooth. Flowers are arranged in clusters. Cup-like structure has 4 sepals. Petals are 4 rounded, claw-like. There are 6 stamens, two of which are short and the other four are longer and paired together. The ovary is flattened. The seed pod is four-sided, bumpy, smooth, containing many oval seeds.

Raphanus sativus, L.

Radish, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Rábano, Sp.; Radish, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Rábano, Spanish; Radish, English.

Uses.—Used principally as food; it possesses the antiscorbutic properties common to the greater part of the Cruciferæ. [31]

Uses.—Mainly used as food; it has the anti-scurvy benefits typical of most Cruciferous vegetables. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

It is an herbaceous plant, the root of which is so commonly known that its description would be useless.

It’s a herbaceous plant, and the root is so widely recognized that describing it would be pointless.

Capparidaceæ.

Caper Family.

Cleome viscosa, L. (C. icosandra, L.; Polanisia viscosa, DC.)

Nom. Vulg.—Balabalanoyan, Apoyapoyan, Tag.; Wild Mustard, Eng.

Uses.—The seeds possess the same properties as those of mustard and are used in place of the latter in Manila. In America the leaves are used as a poultice in otitis, their action being rubefacient. In India the seeds are given internally for their anthelmintic and carminative effect; the dose is one teaspoonful twice a day. The juice of the leaves mixed with cocoanut oil is used in the form of eardrops in suppurative otitis.

Uses.—The seeds have the same properties as mustard seeds and are used as a substitute for them in Manila. In America, the leaves are used as a poultice for ear infections, causing redness and irritation. In India, the seeds are taken internally for their effects against intestinal worms and to relieve gas; the recommended dose is one teaspoon twice a day. The juice from the leaves, mixed with coconut oil, is used as eardrops for bacterial ear infections.

The natives give the same common name to the Gynandropsis pentaphylla, DC. (Cleome pentaphylla, L.; C. altiacea or C. alliodora, Blanco), which is distinguished from the former by its six stamens inserted on the pistil and its violet-colored stem. Its therapeutic properties are identical with those of the Cleome viscosa. Dr. Sir W. Jones believes that the plant possesses antispasmodic properties, basing his belief on its odor, which resembles asafetida, though not so disagreeable. In India the juice of the leaves is a popular remedy for earache. It is also used there as a rubefacient.

The locals call the plant Gynandropsis pentaphylla, DC. (Cleome pentaphylla, L.; C. altiacea or C. alliodora, Blanco) by the same common name. It's different from the others because it has six stamens attached to the pistil and a violet-colored stem. Its medicinal properties are the same as those of Cleome viscosa. Dr. Sir W. Jones thinks the plant has antispasmodic effects, based on its smell, which is similar to asafetida, but not as unpleasant. In India, people commonly use the juice from the leaves to treat earaches, and it's also applied there as a rubefacient.

Botanical Description.—An annual, the stem channeled and bearing glandular hairs. Leaves compound, alternate; leaflets lanceolate with glandular hairs. Calyx, 4 sepals. Corolla, 4 petals, yellow. Stamens 14–16, encircling the pistil. Seed vessels cylindrical, with channels and glandular hairs. The whole plant is sticky and emits a garlicky odor. [32]

Plant Description.—An annual plant with a channelled stem covered in glandular hairs. The leaves are compound and arranged alternately; the leaflets are lance-shaped and also have glandular hairs. The calyx has 4 sepals. The corolla has 4 yellow petals. There are 14 to 16 stamens that surround the pistil. The seed pods are cylindrical, with channels and glandular hairs. The entire plant is sticky and gives off a garlicky smell. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Cratæva religiosa, Forst.

Nom. Vulg.—Salig̃bobog, Tag.; Balay-namuk, Iloc.

Nom. Vulg.—Salig̃bobog, Tagalog; Balay-namuk, Ilocano.

Uses.—It is in common use in India as a tonic and stomachic. It seems also to possess laxative and diuretic properties. In Concan the juice of the leaves mixed with cocoanut oil is used as a liniment in rheumatism.

Applications.—It is commonly used in India as a tonic and digestive aid. It also appears to have laxative and diuretic effects. In Concan, the juice of the leaves blended with coconut oil is applied as a liniment for rheumatism.

IV Therapy.—	Leaves, fresh	50 grams.
	Water	500 grams.

Dose.—50–100 grams a day as a tonic or stomachic.

Dosing.—50–100 grams a day as a tonic or for stomach issues.

Botanical Description.—A shrub 15–20° high with compound trifoliate leaves with long petioles; leaflets lanceolate, acuminate, smooth, dark green. Calyx of 4 imbricated sepals. Corolla of 4 unguiculate petals, between white and straw color, 1′ long. Stamens indefinite, violet-colored. Ovary unilocular, many-ovuled. Berry spherical with many seeds buried in pulp.

Plant Description.—A shrub 15–20 inches high with compound trifoliate leaves on long stems; leaflets are lance-shaped, pointed, smooth, and dark green. The calyx has 4 overlapping sepals. The corolla has 4 petal-like structures that are clawed, ranging from white to straw color, about 1 inch long. The stamens are numerous and violet-colored. The ovary is single-chambered with many ovules. The berry is spherical with many seeds embedded in pulp.

Habitat.—Blanco has seen the plant growing in Ilocos and Imus.

Ecosystem.—Blanco has observed the plant growing in Ilocos and Imus.

Bixineæ.

Bixa Orellana, L.

Bixa Orellana, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Atsuiti, Achuiti, Tag.; Achiote, Achuete, Sp.-Fil.; Annatto, Eng.

Uses.—The principal use of the seeds is in cookery and everybody knows the yellow color which Filipino cooks impart to almost all their dishes. In medicine the fine powder that covers the seeds is used as a hæmostatic and internally as a stomachic. On account of the astringent qualities of the coloring matter it is used in some countries to treat dysentery, a fact which suggests its possible therapeutic or rather hygienic usefulness as a condiment. It seems to effect a cure in dysentery in the same manner as ipecac.

Applications.—The main use of the seeds is in cooking, and everyone is familiar with the yellow color that Filipino chefs add to almost all their dishes. In medicine, the fine powder that covers the seeds is used as a coagulant and internally as a digestive aid. Due to the astringent properties of the coloring agent, it's used in some countries to treat dysentery, which suggests its potential therapeutic or hygienic benefits as a seasoning. It appears to help cure dysentery similarly to ipecac.

In India, Brazil and the Antilles the natives make a sort of paste of achuete known under the name of rocu. There is a [33]hard, odorless form of rocu and another soft, unctuous, of a delicate red color and an odor rendered highly disagreeable by the urine added to it to keep it soft. Rocu is the preparation of achuete that has been subjected to chemical analysis. Its composition is as follows: Two coloring matters, bixin (C₂₈H₃₄O₅), of a red color, resinous, soluble in alcohol, ether, alkaline solutions and benzine, crystallizing in microscopic laminæ, quadrangular, red, of a metallic violet lustre; orellin, yellow in color, soluble in alcohol and in water.

In India, Brazil, and the Antilles, the locals make a type of paste from achuete called rocu. There is a [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]hard, odorless version of rocu and another soft, greasy one that has a delicate red color but a smell that becomes quite unpleasant due to the urine added to keep it soft. Rocu is the processed form of achuete that has been analyzed chemically. Its composition includes two coloring agents: bixin (C₂₈H₃₄O₅), which is red, resinous, soluble in alcohol, ether, alkaline solutions, and benzene, crystallizing into microscopic quadrangular sheets that are red with a metallic violet sheen; and orellin, which is yellow and soluble in alcohol and water.

Botanical Description.—A well-known tree growing to a height of 5–7 meters, with leaves alternate, simple, oval, heart-shaped at the base, sharply pointed, glabrous, short petioles. Flowers in panicles. Calyx, 5 rounded sepals, tuberculate at the base, imbricated, caducous. Corolla of 5 rose-colored petals. Stamens very numerous, free, inserted on the receptacle. Capsule round, dark red, bristling with stout hairs of the same color. The seeds are covered with a fine, yellowish-red powder.

Plant Description.—A well-known tree that grows to a height of 5–7 meters, with alternate, simple leaves that are oval and heart-shaped at the base, sharply pointed, and smooth, with short petioles. It has flowers arranged in panicles. The calyx has 5 rounded sepals that are bumpy at the base, overlapping, and fall off easily. The corolla consists of 5 rose-colored petals. There are many free stamens that are attached to the receptacle. The capsule is round, dark red, and covered in thick hairs of the same color. The seeds are coated with a fine, yellowish-red powder.

Pangium edule, Reinw. (Hydonocarpus polyandra, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Pangi, Tag.

Uses.—All parts of this tree are anthelmintic. The seeds, fruit, leaves and bark all possess narcotic properties dangerous to man and the symptoms following an excessive dose are sleepiness, headache, a sort of intoxication or an attack of delirium that may end in death. These narcotic properties have been utilized in Java to stupefy the fish in the rivers by throwing the bark in the pools and quiet portions of the stream. The juice of the leaves is used in the treatment of chronic skin diseases. In Amboina the natives eat the seeds, the toxic quality of which is removed by brushing and macerating in pure water for a certain time. After such treatment they may be eaten with impunity and an oil may be extracted from them which is useful as a food.

Applications.—All parts of this tree have properties that can kill parasites. The seeds, fruit, leaves, and bark all have narcotic effects that can be harmful to humans, and taking too much can lead to sleepiness, headaches, a state similar to intoxication, or delirium that might result in death. In Java, these narcotic effects have been used to stun fish in rivers by throwing the bark into still water and pools. The juice from the leaves is used to treat chronic skin conditions. In Amboina, the locals eat the seeds after removing their toxic qualities by washing and grinding them in clean water for a specific time. After this preparation, they can be safely eaten, and an oil can be extracted from them that is useful as a food source.

Botanical Description.—A tree with leaves 5′ long, alternate, [34]ovate, broad, entire, glabrous, palmately nerved. Petiole long with 2 persistent lateral stipules. Flowers diœcious, the male ones in panicles, the female solitary. Calyx gamosepalous, dividing unequally when the flower opens. The male flower has a corolla of 5–7 petals, violet-colored, concave, half oval, with pubescent borders; at its base a flat scale. Stamens free, numerous, thick filaments, anthers bilocular. In the female flower the perianth is the same as in the former, the stamens sterile. Ovary unilocular, with 2–4 parietal placentæ with many ovules. Fruit as large as a man’s head, with thin woody pericarp and many seeds embedded within its pulp.

Plant Description.—A tree with leaves that are 5 inches long, arranged alternately, [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]ovate, wide, smooth, and having palmately arranged nerves. The petiole is long and has 2 persistent side stipules. The flowers are dioecious, with male flowers in clusters and female ones solitary. The calyx is gamosepalous and splits unevenly when the flower opens. The male flower has a corolla with 5-7 violet petals that are concave and half oval, with fuzzy edges; at its base, there's a flat scale. The stamens are free, numerous, with thick filaments and bilocular anthers. In the female flower, the perianth is the same as in the male, but the stamens are sterile. The ovary is unilocular, with 2-4 parietal placentas containing many ovules. The fruit is as large as a man's head, with a thin woody outer layer and many seeds embedded in its pulp.

Portulacaceæ.

Purslane Family.

Purslane Group.

Portulaca oleracea, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Verdolagas, Sp.; Olasiman, Kolasiman, Tag.; Purslane, Eng.

Uses.—The entire plant is edible, in the form of a salad or as a condiment with meat or fish. The leaves are succulent and acid, and the juice expressed from them is used as an eyewash to remove corneal opacities; it is also used in superficial erysipelas and other skin affections. The bruised leaves are used as a poultice for abscesses, contusions and on the temples for headache. The juice is given internally to check hæmoptysis and in diseases of the lungs and bladder; the seeds also are used in these complaints.

Uses.—The whole plant is edible, either in a salad or as a topping for meat or fish. The leaves are juicy and tangy, and the juice extracted from them is used as an eyewash to treat corneal cloudiness; it's also applied for superficial erysipelas and other skin issues. Bruised leaves are used as a poultice for abscesses, bruises, and placed on the temples for headaches. The juice can be taken internally to help control coughing up blood and is also used for lung and bladder illnesses; the seeds are used for these conditions as well.

Botanical Description.—A plant with prostrate stem. Leaves fleshy, wedge-shaped. Flowers small, sessile, terminal, pale yellow. Calyx of 2 large teeth, deciduous. Corolla, 4–5 petals with a notch at the end. Stamens 9–14. Style of equal length with the stamens. Stigma in 4–6 divisions. The seed vessel, which dehisces horizontally, contains many small, heart-shaped seeds.

Plant Description.—A plant with a low-growing stem. Leaves are thick and wedge-shaped. Flowers are small, attached directly to the stem, at the tips, and pale yellow. The calyx has 2 large teeth and falls off. The corolla consists of 4–5 petals with a notch at the end. There are 9–14 stamens. The style is the same length as the stamens. The stigma has 4–6 divisions. The seed pod opens horizontally and contains many small, heart-shaped seeds.

Habitat.—It grows in all parts of the islands. [35]

Ecosystem.—It grows in every area of the islands. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Guttiferæ.

Gamboge Family.

Garcinia mangostana, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Mangostán, Sp.; Mangosteen, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Mangosteen, Sp.; Mangosteen, Eng.

Uses.—The seed of the fruit is astringent and is given internally as an infusion in dysentery and chronic diarrhœa. The decoction is very useful as an injection in leucorrhœa.

Applications.—The seed of the fruit is astringent and is taken internally as an infusion for dysentery and chronic diarrhea. The decoction is very effective as an injection for leukorrhea.

The following potion has given excellent results to Dr. Ed. J. Waring in chronic dysentery and the diarrhœas of tropical countries:

The following potion has provided outstanding results for Dr. Ed. J. Waring in treating chronic dysentery and diarrhea in tropical regions:

Dried peel of mangosteen	60 grams.
Cumin seed	5 grams.
Coriander	5 grams.
Water	1,200 grams.

Boil till reduced to 600 grams. Take 120 grams twice a day. Tincture of opium may be added.

Boil until it reduces to 600 grams. Take 120 grams two times a day. You can add opium tincture.

An analysis of mangosteen peel by W. Schmidt demonstrated a large quantity of tannin, a resin and a crystallizable principle named mangostin (C₂₀H₂₃O₅) which exists in the form of fine, golden yellow laminæ, tasteless, soluble in alcohol, ether and the alkalies, insoluble in water. With the perchloride of iron it gives a blackish-green color, and sulphuric acid colors it red.

An analysis of mangosteen peel by W. Schmidt showed a high amount of tannin, a resin, and a crystallizable substance called mangostin (C₂₀H₂₃O₅), which appears as fine, golden yellow plates, has no taste, and is soluble in alcohol, ether, and alkalies, but insoluble in water. When combined with iron perchloride, it produces a blackish-green color, and it turns red when mixed with sulfuric acid.

Botanical Description.—The mangosteen grows only in the southern islands of the Archipelago and its delicious fruit is the part of the plant known in Manila. The peel is at the present time almost universally employed in medicine. The fruit is about the size of a small Manila orange, the pericarp a dark red or chocolate color, tough and thick, crowned with the remains of the calyx. On breaking it open the edible portion of the fruit is seen, consisting of 6–18 seeds covered by a white, sweet pulp, cottony in appearance, of a delicious slightly acrid flavor. [36]

Plant Description.—The mangosteen grows only in the southern islands of the Archipelago, and its delicious fruit is well-known in Manila. The peel is currently widely used in medicine. The fruit is about the size of a small Manila orange, with a tough, thick pericarp that is dark red or chocolate in color, topped with remnants of the calyx. When you break it open, you can see the edible part of the fruit, which contains 6–18 seeds covered by a white, sweet, cottony pulp that has a delicious, slightly tangy flavor. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

1. Garcinia venulosa, Choisy. (Cambogia venulosa, Blanco.)
2. G. Cambogia, Desrouss. (Cambogia binucao, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Binukaw, Tag., applied to both trees, though the first is also called Gatasan pulá in Tagalo and Taklag̃-anak in Pampango.

Nom. Vulg.—Binukaw, Tag., used for both trees, although the first one is also referred to as Gatasan pulá in Tagalog and Taklag̃-anak in Pampango.

Uses.—The fruit of the second species, the true name of which is binucaw, is acid and edible. The fruit and the trunk of both species, when cut, exude a gum-resin very much like gamboge which is obtained from the G. morella or G. pedicellata, Desr. These gum-resins, however, seem to be much inferior to gamboge; they contain an essential oil which does not exist in the latter and their color is paler.

Uses.—The fruit of the second species, which is scientifically known as binucaw, is tart and safe to eat. Both species produce a gum-resin similar to gamboge when the fruit and trunk are cut, just like the gum from G. morella or G. pedicellata, Desr. However, these gum-resins appear to be of lower quality than gamboge; they contain an essential oil that is absent in the latter, and their color is lighter.

Botanical Description.—The G. venulosa is a tree with leaves opposite, lanceolate, acute, entire and glabrous, the inferior surface covered with nervelets which converge at the apex. Petioles short and flattened. Flowers tetramerous. Calyx, 4 persistent sepals. Corolla, 4 petals, overlapping, fleshy, ovate, of the same color as the calyx. Stamens numerous; no filaments; anthers round and very small. Style very short and thick, stigma peltate, divided into 10 parts. Fruit globose, depressed, no well-marked ridges when ripe.

Plant Description.—The G. venulosa is a tree with opposite leaves that are lance-shaped, pointed, entire, and smooth, while the underside is covered with small veins that come together at the tip. The petioles are short and flattened. Flowers have four parts. The calyx consists of 4 persistent sepals. The corolla has 4 overlapping, fleshy, oval petals that are the same color as the calyx. There are many stamens with no filaments; the anthers are small and round. The style is very short and thick, with a peltate stigma divided into 10 sections. The fruit is round, flattened, and has no clear ridges when it is ripe.

G. Cambogia differs from the foregoing in the leaves which present no nervelets on the lower surface and the fruit which presents 8 angles or rounded ridges.

G. Cambogia is different from the ones mentioned earlier because its leaves don't have any nervelets on the underside, and its fruit has 8 angles or rounded ridges.

Habitat.—Very common throughout the islands, abounding in the mountains of San Mateo and Morong. Blooms in August.

Ecosystem.—Very common throughout the islands, particularly plentiful in the mountains of San Mateo and Morong. Flowers in August.

Garcinia morella, Desr.

Nom. Vulg.—I do not know the name given by the Filipinos to this tree, which Vidal and Soler have seen in Montalván, Tiwi (Albay) and San Mateo (Province of Manila); but it is highly important in medicine as the true gamboge is obtained from it. Gamboge Tree, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—I’m not sure what the Filipinos call this tree, which Vidal and Soler have found in Montalván, Tiwi (Albay) and San Mateo (Province of Manila); however, it’s very important in medicine because true gamboge is sourced from it. Gamboge Tree, Eng.

The Gamboge of the U. S. P. and B. P. is obtained from [37]G. Hanburii which differs somewhat botanically from G. morella.

The Gamboge of the U.S.P. and B.P. comes from [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]G. Hanburii, which is somewhat different botanically from G. morella.

Uses.—All parts of the plant contain a thick, yellow, milky juice which constitutes the gamboge. In Malabar, Ceylon, Canara and Singapore the following method of extraction is followed: At the beginning of the rainy season a spiral incision is made around the bark of about half the tree trunk, and a piece of bamboo is fixed in place to collect the juice which slowly exudes from the cut for several months, soon becoming viscid and then solid after contact with the air. One tree, as a rule, yields enough sap to fill three internodal segments of bamboo, each 50 cm. long by 3–5 cm. in diameter.

Applications.—All parts of the plant have a thick, yellow, milky sap called gamboge. In Malabar, Ceylon, Canara, and Singapore, the extraction process works like this: At the start of the rainy season, a spiral cut is made around the bark of about half the tree trunk, and a bamboo stick is placed to collect the sap that slowly oozes from the cut for several months. The sap quickly becomes thick and then solid when it comes into contact with air. Typically, one tree produces enough sap to fill three pieces of bamboo that are each 50 cm long and 3–5 cm in diameter.

Gamboge is a laxative in doses of 10–15 cgm., produces abundant evacuations with violent colicky pains in doses of 30–50 cgm., and is an irritant poison in large doses. In other words it is a highly energetic hydragogue cathartic, especially indicated when we wish to drain off the fluid element of the blood, as in dropsy, asthma, pulmonary and cerebral congestion. It is also used as a vermifuge.

Gamboge acts as a laxative in doses of 10–15 grams, causing excessive bowel movements accompanied by severe cramping at doses of 30–50 grams, and can be a toxic irritant in large amounts. Essentially, it's a powerful hydragogue cathartic, particularly useful when we need to remove excess fluid from the blood, such as in conditions like edema, asthma, or congestion in the lungs and brain. It's also utilized as a deworming agent.

It is rarely given alone, but is combined with calomel, aloes, jalap, rhubarb, etc.

It’s rarely used on its own, but is combined with calomel, aloes, jalap, rhubarb, and others.

It is official in all pharmacopœias.

It is official in all pharmacopeias.

Botanical Description.—A tree 10–20 meters high, with leaves opposite, elliptical, lanceolate, narrowed at both extremities, acuminate, entire, coriaceous, glabrous, 10–12 cm. long by 3–4 cm. broad, with short petioles. Flowers diœcious. Male flower axillary, solitary or in groups of 3–6, pedunculate with small bracts. Calyx, 4 sepals. Corolla, 4 petals, orbicular, thick, fleshy. Stamens 30–40, sessile, adherent at the base. Anthers unilocular. Female flower sessile, solitary, axillary, larger than the male; calyx and corolla equal; staminodia 20–30, jointed at the base, forming a membranous corolla from the upper edge of which spring a few short filaments which support each a suboval sterile anther. The ovary is superior [38]and almost spherical, with 4 cells each containing 1 ovule. The fruit, almost spherical, is 2½ cm. in diameter, corticate, bearing at its base the persistent calyx; each of its 4 cells contains a seed.

Plant Description.—A tree 10–20 meters tall, with opposite leaves that are elliptical, lance-shaped, tapered at both ends, pointed, smooth-edged, thick, and glossy, measuring 10–12 cm long by 3–4 cm wide, and having short stems. The flowers are separate-sexed. The male flower is located in the axil, either solitary or in groups of 3–6, supported by small bracts. The calyx has 4 sepals. The corolla has 4 round, thick, fleshy petals. There are 30–40 stamens that are attached at the base. The anthers have one chamber. The female flower is stalkless, solitary, axillary, and larger than the male; the calyx and corolla are the same size; there are 20–30 staminodes that are jointed at the base, forming a membranous corolla from which a few short filaments extend, each supporting a suboval sterile anther. The ovary is positioned above the base and is nearly spherical, with 4 chambers each containing 1 ovule. The fruit is nearly spherical, 2.5 cm in diameter, has a thick skin, and retains the calyx at its base; each of its 4 chambers contains a seed.

Ochrocarpus pentapetalous, Blanco. (Tovomita pentapetala, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Namakpakan, Tagudin, Iloc. (?).

Nom. Vulg.—Namakpakan, Tagudin, Iloc. (?)

Uses.—An oil expressed from the fruit is used in Ilocos for illuminating purposes. The flowers are astringent and are used in infusion in cases of diarrhœa. The oil of the fruit is also used locally in rheumatism, tumefactions and other painful conditions. In some countries of Malaysia the oil is used in the same way especially in beriberi and the periarticular inflammations incident to puerperium.

Applications.—An oil extracted from the fruit is used in Ilocos for lighting. The flowers are astringent and are made into an infusion for treating diarrhea. The fruit's oil is also used locally for rheumatism, swelling, and other painful issues. In some countries in Malaysia, the oil is used similarly, especially for beriberi and the joint inflammations that can occur after childbirth.

Botanical Description.—Straight trunk about 8′ in diameter, with milky sap. Leaves 1½’ long, sessile, opposite, ovate, expanded, minutely notched and glabrous, with a small downy swelling at the base, superior and glued to the branch. Flowers terminal, in racemes, with opposite pedicels. Calyx white, of 2 rounded leaflets bent downwards. Corolla white, 5 petals (not 4), oval, concave, twice as long as the calyx. Stamens numerous, joined to the receptacle. Filaments slightly longer than the corolla. Anthers oval, 2-celled. Ovary superior, oval. Style longer than the stamens. Stigma peltate, sometimes bilobed, sometimes 4-lobed. Fruit about the size of an acorn, oval, fleshy, containing a milky juice; it is 2-celled and each cell contains a solitary, hard seed; of these one aborts.

Plant Description.—Straight trunk about 8′ in diameter, with milky sap. Leaves 1½’ long, sitting directly on the stem, opposite, oval, wide, tiny notched, and smooth, with a small fuzzy bump at the base, positioned above and attached to the branch. Flowers appear at the ends of the branches, in clusters, with opposite flower stalks. Calyx is white, made of 2 rounded leaflets that bend downwards. Corolla is white, with 5 petals (not 4), oval, concave, and twice the length of the calyx. There are many stamens attached to the receptacle. Filaments are slightly longer than the corolla. Anthers are oval and have 2 chambers. The ovary is above, oval in shape. The style is longer than the stamens. The stigma is shield-shaped, sometimes split into two lobes, and sometimes into four lobes. The fruit is about the size of an acorn, oval, fleshy, and filled with milky juice; it has 2 chambers, and each chamber contains one hard seed, with one of these typically not developing.

Habitat.—It grows near the sea. Blooms in December.

Environment.—It grows close to the ocean. Flowers in December.

Calophyllum Inophyllum, L.

Calophyllum inophyllum, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Palo Maria, Sp.-Fil.; Bitanhol, Tamawian, Dankalan, Dinkalin, Tag.; Dankalan Bitaog, Vis., Pam., Bik.

Uses.—From the seeds of the fruit there exudes a yellowish-green oil, bitter and aromatic. It is used in some districts for [39]illuminating purposes. Its density is 0.942 and its point of solidification 5° above zero. In India it is used by inunction in rheumatism and in the Philippines locally over the stomach in indigestion and colic. The bark of the tree when incised exudes a green resin of a very agreeable odor, which is used as an application to wounds and old sores. In India it is used in the same way. This resin is fusible and dissolves completely in alcohol. It has been mistaken for the tacamahaca of India, which, however, is a product of the C. calaba, L. Mixed with equal parts of pitch and wax it is applied to the chest as a plaster in bronchitis. A decoction of the leaves is used for purulent ophthalmia in some parts of India and Mauritius. The pounded bark is applied locally in orchitis and epididymitis. We have had occasion to use a mixture of equal parts of the resin with white vaseline spread on linen and applied between the shoulder blades; in the persistent cough of senile bronchitis the relief was marked.

Uses.—The seeds from the fruit produce a yellowish-green oil that is bitter and aromatic. In some areas, it's used for [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] lighting. It has a density of 0.942 and solidifies at 5° above freezing. In India, it's applied for rheumatism and in the Philippines, it's used locally on the stomach for indigestion and colic. When the bark of the tree is cut, it releases a green resin with a pleasant scent, which is applied to wounds and sores. This resin is also used for the same purposes in India. It's meltable and dissolves completely in alcohol. It has been confused with the tacamahaca from India, which is produced by the C. calaba, L. When mixed with equal parts of pitch and wax, it serves as a chest plaster for bronchitis. A decoction of the leaves is used for purulent ophthalmia in some regions of India and Mauritius. The crushed bark is used locally for orchitis and epididymitis. We have used a mixture of equal parts of the resin with white vaseline spread on linen, applied between the shoulder blades, which provided significant relief for persistent cough caused by senile bronchitis.

Botanical Description.—A large tree with beautiful, dark green leaves 4–5′ long, opposite, entire, large, oval with nerves numerous, fine and perpendicular to the midrib. Petioles very short. Flowers large, white, sweet-scented, axillary, in racemes of 7–9. Calyx white, of 4 sepals. Corolla white, of 4 petals. Stamens numerous, polyadelphous. Ovary rudimentary in the male flower; unilocular and uniovulate in the female. Style single and large. Drupe superior, with a hard, bony pit, containing a thicker, softer substance which envelopes a seed of like consistency.

Plant Description.—A large tree with beautiful dark green leaves that are 4–5′ long, growing in pairs, smooth-edged, large, and oval-shaped, with many fine, straight veins leading to the midrib. The petioles are very short. The flowers are large, white, and sweet-smelling, growing in clusters of 7–9 in the axils. The calyx is white and has 4 sepals. The corolla is white and consists of 4 petals. There are many stamens that are grouped together. The male flower has a rudimentary ovary, while the female flower has a single compartment with one ovule. There is one large style. The drupe is situated above, with a hard, bony pit that surrounds a thicker, softer substance containing a seed of similar texture.

Habitat.—It is found in central Luzon and in the Provinces of Tayabas, La Union and Ilocos. Blooms in November.

Ecosystem.—It is found in central Luzon and in the provinces of Tayabas, La Union, and Ilocos. It blooms in November.

Mesua ferrea, L. (Calophyllum apetalum, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Malabukbuk (?), Tag.

Uses.—We do not know to what use the Filipinos put this plant, but in India the sweet flowers are dried and sold in the [40]bazars under the name of Nag-Kasar or Nagesur, which is used as a mild stimulant, but especially as a perfume.

Applications.—We aren't sure how the Filipinos use this plant, but in India, the sweet flowers are dried and sold in the [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] bazaars under the names Nag-Kasar or Nagesur, which are used as a mild stimulant, but primarily as a perfume.

A dark oil is expressed from the seeds, its density 0.954 and its solidifying point 5° above zero. In northern Canara it is used locally in rheumatism. The incised root bark exudes a resinous sap which is a good bitter tonic. The infusion of the wood is equally good. The dried flowers, finely powdered and mixed with oil or lard make a useful ointment for acute hemorrhoids. The fruit is acrid and purgative.

A dark oil is extracted from the seeds, with a density of 0.954 and a solidifying point of 5° above zero. In northern Canara, it's used locally to treat rheumatism. The cut root bark releases a resinous sap that serves as an effective bitter tonic. The infusion made from the wood is just as beneficial. Dried flowers, when finely powdered and mixed with oil or lard, create a useful ointment for acute hemorrhoids. The fruit is bitter and acts as a laxative.

Botanical Description.—A tree with leaves long-petioled, oblong, lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at the base, thick, coriaceous, upper surface lustrous, lower surface greenish or covered with a waxy, ash-colored powder. Flowers terminal or axillary, solitary, yellowish. Calyx 4 imbricated sepals, orbiculate, slightly pubescent. Corolla 4 persistent petals, wedge-shaped, short, with rounded points. Stamens indefinite, free, in 5–6 series. Ovary free, 2-celled, each cell containing 2 ovules. Style bilobed. Fruit nearly unilocular, ovate, acuminate, encompassed at its base by the sepals, the lower part of the petals, and crowned by the style. Pericarp woody, dehiscent at the tip by 2–4 valves; contains 1–4 seeds, slightly orbiculate, coriaceous.

Plant Description.—A tree with long-stemmed leaves that are oblong, lance-shaped, pointed at the tip, rounded at the base, thick, and leathery. The upper side of the leaves is shiny, while the underside is greenish or covered in a waxy, ash-colored powder. The flowers are either at the ends of branches or in the leaf axils, single, and yellowish. The calyx has 4 overlapping sepals, round in shape, and slightly hairy. The corolla has 4 persistent petals that are wedge-shaped, short, and with rounded tips. The stamens are numerous and free, organized in 5–6 series. The ovary is separate, with 2 compartments, each containing 2 ovules. The style is divided into two lobes. The fruit is almost one-chambered, oval-shaped, pointed at the top, surrounded at the base by the sepals and the lower part of the petals, and topped with the style. The pericarp is woody and splits open at the tip via 2–4 valves, containing 1–4 seeds that are slightly round and leathery.

Habitat.—Common in the forests.

Habitat.—Common in forests.

Dipterocarpeæ.

Dipterocarpus turbinatus, Gaertn. (D. Indicus, Bedd.; D. Mayapis, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Mayapis, Tag.; Gurjun, Kanyin, Indo-Eng.

Uses.—This tree yields an oleo resin, used in medicine and known under the name of bálsamo de gurjun. Other species of Dipterocarpus (D. alatus, Roxb.; D. incanus, Roxb.; D. trinervis, Bl., etc., etc.) produce the same substance. Balsam of Gurjun is a stimulant of the mucous membranes, especially [41]those of the genito-urinary tract, and is diuretic. It is also indicated in bronchial catarrh and as a local application in ulcer. The first to recommend the use of gurjun as a substitute for copaiba was Sir W. O’Shaughnessy in 1838, and in 1852 this property was confirmed by Waring with highly satisfactory results. Dr. Enderson of Glasgow employed it in cases that received no benefit from copaiba, giving a teaspoonful t. i. d. in emulsion. Dr. Rean also classed it as equal to copaiba in efficiency.

Uses.—This tree produces an oleo resin that's used in medicine and is known as balsam of gurjun. Other species of Dipterocarpus (D. alatus, Roxb.; D. incanus, Roxb.; D. trinervis, Bl., etc.) also yield this same substance. Balsam of Gurjun stimulates the mucous membranes, especially [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]in the genito-urinary tract, and acts as a diuretic. It's also recommended for bronchial catarrh and can be applied locally for ulcers. Sir W. O’Shaughnessy was the first to suggest using gurjun as a substitute for copaiba in 1838, and in 1852, Waring confirmed its effectiveness with excellent results. Dr. Enderson of Glasgow used it in cases that did not respond to copaiba, administering a teaspoonful three times a day in emulsion. Dr. Rean also regarded it as equally effective as copaiba.

The daily dose ranges from 5–20 grams, in liquid or pill.

The daily dose ranges from 5 to 20 grams, either in liquid or pill form.

The following is an excellent formula for an emulsion:

The following is a great recipe for an emulsion:

Cinnamon water	125 grams.
Sodium carbonate, crystals	2 grams.
Balsam of gurjun	25 grams.
Syrup of gum	25 grams.
Sulphuric ether	2 grams.
Mix and shake.

Dose.—6–12 large spoonfuls each day, for the declining stage of gonorrhœa.

Dosage.—6–12 large spoonfuls each day for the later stage of gonorrhea.

In Burmah they extract the balsam by the following method: A large hole is cut in the trunk of the tree and a fire is built in this cavity and kept up till the wood of the trunk begins to burn, by which time the oleo resin has collected in abundance in the segments of bamboo placed to receive it. When the exudate diminishes, fire is again placed in the cavity and one tree may tolerate 2, 3 or even 4 of these cavities. The exudate on standing separates into 2 parts; a solid called “guad” which forms the lower layer, and a supernatant liquid which is the balsam. It is dense, viscid and very fluorescent; opaque and gray-green by reflected light. It has an odor similar to that of copaiba, is bitter and aromatic. Its density is 0.964. It is soluble in benzine, in bisulphuret of carbon, chloroform, the essential oils and less so in ether and acetic acid. It becomes [42]turbid and coagulates if it be kept at 100° for some time and it solidifies at 200°, while copaiba remains liquid at this temperature.

In Burma, they extract balsam using the following method: A large hole is cut in the trunk of the tree, and a fire is made in this cavity, maintained until the wood starts to burn, at which point the oleo resin has gathered significantly in the bamboo sections placed to collect it. When the flow decreases, more fire is added to the cavity, and one tree can handle 2, 3, or even 4 of these holes. The exudate, when left to stand, splits into two parts: a solid known as “guad” that settles at the bottom, and a liquid on top, which is the balsam. It is thick, sticky, and very bright; it appears opaque and gray-green when viewed in reflected light. It has a scent reminiscent of copaiba, and it is bitter and aromatic. Its density is 0.964. It dissolves in benzene, carbon disulfide, chloroform, essential oils, and to a lesser extent in ether and acetic acid. It turns cloudy and coagulates if heated to 100° for a while, and it solidifies at 200°, whereas copaiba stays liquid at this temperature.

A specimen of the balsam examined by Flückiger consisted of 54.44 parts semifluid resin and 45.56 volatile material. Upon distillation it yields an essential oil, of slight odor, straw-colored; formula C₂₀H₃₂ (Werner). If purified its density is 0.915. It is soluble in amylic alcohol, scarcely so in absolute alcohol. Hydrochloric acid colors it a beautiful blue. The resin remaining after distillation, dissolved in alcohol 0.838 with the addition of ammonia, yields as a precipitate a crystalline acid (gurjunic acid), C₄₄H₆₄O₈, soluble in alcohol 0.838, in ether, in benzol and bisulphide of carbon. It melts at 220° (Werner), solidifies at 180° and is decomposed at 260°.

A sample of the balsam analyzed by Flückiger was made up of 54.44% semifluid resin and 45.56% volatile material. When distilled, it produces an essential oil with a faint smell that is straw-colored, with the formula C₂₀H₃₂ (Werner). When purified, its density is 0.915. It dissolves in amylic alcohol, but only slightly in absolute alcohol. Hydrochloric acid turns it a striking blue. The resin left after distillation, when dissolved in alcohol 0.838 with some ammonia, forms a crystalline acid (gurjunic acid), C₄₄H₆₄O₈, which is soluble in alcohol 0.838, ether, benzene, and carbon disulfide. It melts at 220° (Werner), solidifies at 180°, and decomposes at 260°.

Botanical Description.—A very large, handsome tree with leaves about 5′ in length, alternate, ovate, broad and lanceolate, entire, glabrous and membranaceous. Petioles very short. Flowers terminal, paniculate, handsome, fragrant. Calyx free, 5 lanceolate sepals, of which 2 are slightly longer than the others. Corolla, 5 yellow oblong petals longer than the sepals. Stamens numerous, attached to the receptacle. Filaments very short. Anthers of 2 divisions each ending in a long beard. Ovary half buried in the receptacle. A single thick style. Three simple stigmas. Seed vessel of 3 cells, seeds in pairs.

Plant Description.—A very large, attractive tree with leaves about 5 inches long, arranged alternately, ovate, broad, and lance-shaped, smooth, and thin. The petioles are very short. The flowers are found at the ends of branches, arranged in panicles, beautiful, and fragrant. The calyx is free, with 5 lance-shaped sepals, 2 of which are slightly longer than the others. The corolla consists of 5 yellow, oblong petals that are longer than the sepals. There are many stamens attached to the receptacle, with very short filaments. Each anther has 2 parts, each with a long beard. The ovary is partially buried in the container. There is a single thick style and three simple stigmas. The seed vessel has 3 compartments, with seeds in pairs.

Habitat.—In Luzon in the mountains of Tala, Angat and San Mateo; in Mindanao, Paragua, Balabac and Negros. Blooms in June.

Ecosystem.—In Luzon, in the mountains of Tala, Angat, and San Mateo; in Mindanao, Paragua, Balabac, and Negros. Blooms in June.

Malvaceæ.

Mallow Family.

Sida carpinifolia, L. (S. acuta, Burm.; S. stipulata, Cav.; S. frutescens, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Wawalisan, Eskobag̃haba, Pamalis, Higot-balato, Mamalis, Tag., Vis., Pam. [43]

Nom. Vulg.—Wawalisan, Eskobag̃haba, Pamalis, Higot-balato, Mamalis, Tag., Vis., Pam. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Uses.—The root is emollient and bitter. The decoction is used as a lotion for ulcers, and internally as a sudorific and tonic-astringent. The physicians of India prescribe the powdered root with milk for fevers and for nervous and urinary diseases. The leaves are used locally in ophthalmia.

Applications.—The root is soothing and bitter. The decoction is used as a lotion for ulcers, and taken internally, it acts as a sweat-inducing and tonic astringent. Doctors in India recommend the powdered root mixed with milk for fevers and for nerve and urinary issues. The leaves are applied locally for eye inflammation.

The juice of the root is employed as a wash for all kinds of sores and ulcers and the juice of the entire plant is given for spermatorrhœa. After experimenting with the root, the compilers of the Bengal Dispensatory announced their uncertainty as to whether or not it possessed antipyretic properties; however, they pronounce it diaphoretic, an exciter of the appetite and an excellent bitter tonic. In Goa the Portuguese consider it diuretic and use it especially in rheumatic affections.

The juice from the root is used as a wash for all types of sores and ulcers, while the juice from the whole plant is taken for spermatorrhea. After testing the root, the authors of the Bengal Dispensatory expressed their uncertainty about whether it has any fever-reducing properties; however, they claim it's good for promoting sweating, stimulating appetite, and as a strong bitter tonic. In Goa, the Portuguese see it as a diuretic and use it especially for rheumatic conditions.

The root of S. carpinifolia gives a blue color with the salts of iron. It does not precipitate gelatin and contains asparagin.

The root of S. carpinifolia produces a blue color when mixed with iron salts. It doesn't cause gelatin to precipitate and contains asparagin.

Botanical Description.—A plant 2–4° high with woody, branching stem, leaves alternate, oblong, pointed, serrate, under surface neither hoary nor tomentose as in some other species of Sida. Petioles very short, curved near the leaf, 2 stipules near the base. Flowers axillary, solitary. Calyx simple, in 5 parts. Corolla, 5 petals notched obliquely. Stamens numerous, inserted on the end of a column. Anthers globose. Styles 5, mingled with the stamens. Stigmas globose. Cells of the same number as the styles, verticillate, with solitary seeds.

Plant Description.—A plant 2–4° tall with a woody, branching stem, leaves that are alternately arranged, oblong, pointed, and serrated, with the underside not fuzzy or dense like in some other species of Sida. Petioles are very short and curved near the leaf, with 2 stipules near the base. Flowers are found in the axils, and are solitary. The calyx has 5 simple parts. The corolla has 5 petals that are notched at an angle. There are many stamens attached to the end of a column. The anthers are round. There are 5 styles mixed in with the stamens. The stigmas are round. The cells match the number of styles, arranged in whorls, each containing a single seed.

Habitat.—Common in Luzon, Panay, Mindanao, Paragua, Cebú and Balabac.

Ecosystem.—Common in Luzon, Panay, Mindanao, Palawan, Cebu, and Balabac.

Abutilon Indicum, Don. (Sida Indica, L.)

Nom. Vulg.—Kuakuakohan, Gilig̃-gilig̃an, Tag.; Tabig̃, Malis, Dulupag, Pilis, Vis.; Malvas de Castilla, Sp.-Fil.

Uses.—The trunk bark is slightly bitter, and in decoction is used as a diuretic. An infusion of the leaves and flowers is used as an emollient in place of mallows. The infusion of the [44]root is used for the same effect, as a lotion or injection. I have often had occasion to employ this plant and would never use the Philippine mallow in place of it.

Applications.—The bark of the trunk has a slight bitterness, and when boiled, it acts as a diuretic. An infusion made from the leaves and flowers serves as a soothing agent instead of mallows. The infusion from the [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] root is used for the same reason, either as a lotion or an injection. I've found this plant useful on many occasions and would never choose to use the Philippine mallow as a substitute.

Botanical Description.—A plant 3–4° high, all its parts covered with hairs, simple and tomentose. Leaves heart-shaped, angular, obtuse, unequally serrate, smooth, soft, the lower surface hoary and bearing 9 well-marked nerves. Petioles longer than the leaves, with 2 stipules at the base. Flowers yellow, axillary, solitary. Peduncles long, with a node near the end. Calyx, 5 sepals, as in all the Malvaceæ. Corolla, 5 petals with a small notch at the end. Stamens very numerous as well as the styles. Both arise from the summit of a very short column and twist in all directions forming a tassel or tuft. Fruit much higher than the calyx, of 10–20 cells or carpels which are broad, compressed, hairy, the walls united toward the center, each containing 2–3 seeds.

Plant Description.—A plant 3–4° tall, with all parts covered in hairs, simple and fibrous. The leaves are heart-shaped, angular, blunt, unevenly serrated, smooth, soft, with the underside silvery and having 9 prominent veins. The petioles are longer than the leaves and have 2 stipules at the base. The flowers are yellow, found in the axils, and are solitary. The peduncles are long, with a node near the tip. The calyx has 5 sepals, typical of all the Malvaceæ. The corolla consists of 5 petals, each with a small notch at the tip. There are many stamens as well as styles, both emerging from the top of a very short column and twisting in all directions, forming a tuft or cluster. The fruit is much taller than the calyx, consisting of 10–20 cells or carpels that are broad, flattened, and hairy, with the walls joined towards the center, each containing 2–3 seeds.

Habitat.—Common in Luzon, Panay, Mindanao and other islands. Blooms in September.

Ecosystem.—Found commonly in Luzon, Panay, Mindanao, and other islands. Flowers in September.

Urena sinuata, L. (U. morifolia and muricata, DC.; U. multifida, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Kulutan, Kulutkulutan, Molopolo, Tag., Vis., Pam.

Uses.—The infusion of the root is used internally as an emollient and refrigerant; externally in skin diseases accompanied by smarting and inflammation. The boiled and pounded leaves are used as a poultice in inflammation of the intestines and bladder.

Applications.—The infusion of the root is taken internally as a soothing and cooling remedy; externally, it is used for skin conditions that cause burning and swelling. The boiled and mashed leaves are applied as a poultice for inflammation of the intestines and bladder.

Botanical Description.—A spreading plant 4–6° high, with straight stem, leaves cleft at the base, serrate and hairy; the larger ones have 5–6 lobules which subdivide into smaller ones and bear a small gland in the inferior surface of the midrib. Petioles short. Flowers terminal and racemose. Calyx double, composed of 5 narrow sepals externally, and 5 colored [45]sepals internally alternating with the outer ones. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens numerous, inserted about a small column. Styles 10, on the end of the column. Stigmas thick, covered with little spheres. Five united carpels, kidney-shaped, bristling with short stiff hairs, containing solitary seeds.

Plant Description.—A spreading plant 4–6 inches tall, with a straight stem, leaves divided at the base, serrated, and hairy; the larger leaves have 5–6 lobules that break into smaller ones and have a small gland on the underside of the midrib. Petioles are short. Flowers are terminal and arranged in clusters. The calyx is double, made up of 5 narrow sepals on the outside, and 5 colored [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] sepals inside, alternating with the outer ones. The corolla has 5 petals. There are many stamens attached around a small column. There are 10 styles at the top of the column. The stigmas are thick and covered with tiny spheres. Five fused carpels are kidney-shaped and covered with short stiff hairs, each containing a single seed.

Habitat.—Common in all parts of the Archipelago.

Environment.—Found throughout all areas of the Archipelago.

Hibiscus Abelmoschus, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Kastuli, Kastio, Kastiogan, Dalupan, Tag.; Marikum, Dukum, Marukum, Marapoto, Vis.;2 Marsh Mallow, Eng.

Nom. Vul.—Kastuli, Kastio, Kastiogan, Dalupan, Tag.; Marikum, Dukum, Marukum, Marapoto, Vis.;2 Marsh Mallow, Eng.

Uses.—The bruised seeds emit an odor of musk, and for this reason the plant has received the name Kastuli, signifying musk in Sanscrit. They possess antispasmodic and stimulant properties, and the infusion is diuretic. Bonastre3 analyzed Kastuli seeds as follows:

Applications.—The crushed seeds release a musk-like scent, which is why the plant is called Kastuli, meaning musk in Sanskrit. They have antispasmodic and stimulating effects, and the infusion acts as a diuretic. Bonastre3 analyzed Kastuli seeds as follows:

Water and parenchyma	52.00
Gum	36.00
Albumin	5.60
Fixed oil, resin, crystals and odorous principles	6.40
Total	100.00

The fixed oil is greenish-yellow, fluid, but gradually solidifying in the air. The crystalline material is white, of an agreeable odor, soluble in ether, where it crystallizes in rays, fusible at 35°. The odorous principle is a bright green, non-volatile liquid of the odor of musk.

The fixed oil is a greenish-yellow fluid that gradually solidifies in the air. The crystalline substance is white, has a pleasant smell, is soluble in ether where it forms crystalline rays, and melts at 35°. The fragrant component is a bright green, non-volatile liquid that smells like musk.

Botanical Description.—A plant 5–6° high, the stem hairy and with few branches. Leaves heart-shaped, cleft at the base, with 5 large pointed lobes, serrate, pubescent. Petioles long with two awl-shaped stipules at the base, and a large violet [46]spot in the axil. Calyx double; the outer sepals 8–9 in number, awl-shaped; the inner ones are larger and separate unequally when the flower expands. Both sets are deciduous. Corolla very large, yellow. Stamens very numerous, inserted around a column. One pistil. Five stigmas. Ovary very large, downy, ovoid, 5-angled, with 5 compartments, each containing many kidney-shaped seeds with numerous grooves concentric at the hilum.

Plant Description.—A plant 5–6 inches tall, with a hairy stem and few branches. The leaves are heart-shaped, notched at the base, with 5 large pointed lobes, serrated, and hairy. The petioles are long with two sharp stipules at the base and a large violet [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] spot in the axil. The calyx is double; there are 8–9 outer sepals that are sharp and awl-shaped; the inner sepals are larger and separate unevenly when the flower opens. Both sets of sepals fall off. The corolla is very large and yellow. There are many stamens inserted around a central column. There is one pistil with five stigmas. The ovary is very large, hairy, ovoid, 5-angled, with 5 compartments, each containing many kidney-shaped seeds with numerous grooves around the hilum.

Habitat.—Common in all parts of the islands.

Habitat.—Found all over the islands.

Hibiscus tiliaceus, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Balibago, Tag., Pam.; Malabago, Vis.

Uses.—An infusion of the leaves is used as a wash for ulcers and indolent sores. The flowers boiled in milk are used to relieve the pain of earache (Blanco), the warm milk being dropped into the external canal. The powdered bark in dose of 3 grams is emetic(?) (Blanco).

Applications.—A tea made from the leaves is used as a wash for ulcers and slow-healing sores. The flowers cooked in milk are used to ease earache pain (Blanco), with the warm milk dropped into the outer ear canal. The powdered bark in a dose of 3 grams acts as an emetic (Blanco).

Botanical Description.—A small tree 6–12° high with leaves 4–6′ long, alternate, 7-nerved, cleft at the base, abruptly acute, scalloped, pubescent. Petioles long. Flowers axillary, in panicles of very small flowerets. Calyx double, the outer portion divided into 8–9 teeth, the inner into 5 longer parts. Stamens numerous, inserted about a column. Style 1. Stigmas 5. Ovary of 5 cells, each containing 2 seeds.

Plant Description.—A small tree 6–12 feet high with leaves 4–6 inches long, arranged alternately, 7-nerved, notched at the base, sharply pointed, scalloped, and fuzzy. The petioles are long. Flowers are found in the axils, in clusters of very small blooms. The calyx is double, with the outer part divided into 8–9 teeth and the inner part into 5 longer segments. There are many stamens, inserted around a column. The style is 1. There are 5 stigmas. The ovary has 5 chambers, each containing 2 seeds.

Habitat.—Abounds in all parts of the islands.

Ecosystem.—Found in every part of the islands.

Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis, L.

Hibiscus rosa-sinensis

Nom. Vulg.—Takurag̃an, Arog̃anan, Kayag̃a, Tapulag̃a, Gumamila, Tag., Vis., Pam.; Rose of China, Eng.

Uses.—The flowers are emollient and are widely used by the Filipinos as a domestic remedy; they are bruised and applied to boils, tumors and all sorts of inflammations. The decoction is much used internally in bronchial catarrh for its sudorific effect. [47]

Applications.—The flowers are soothing and are commonly used by Filipinos as a home remedy; they are crushed and applied to boils, tumors, and various kinds of inflammation. The infusion is often used internally for bronchial congestion due to its ability to induce sweating. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

The Chinese use the trunk bark as an emmenagogue, calling it Fu-yong-pi.

The Chinese use the bark of the trunk as a natural remedy to stimulate menstruation, referring to it as Fu-yong-pi.

Botanical Description.—A small tree about 7° high commonly called Gumamela in Manila; the leaves are ovate, acute, with about 5 nerves, serrate from the middle to the apex, hairs growing sparsely on both surfaces, with a small group of dark-colored, deciduous hairs growing on the lower part of the midrib. Petioles short with 2 stipules at the base. Calyx double, the outer part divided almost to the base into 6–8 parts; the inner cylindrical, divided in 5. Corolla large, splendid scarlet-red, often double, on slender peduncles. Styles numerous. Fruit identical with that of the Hibiscus tiliaceus.

Plant Description.—A small tree about 7° high commonly known as Gumamela in Manila; the leaves are oval, pointed, with about 5 veins, serrated from the middle to the tip, with sparse hairs on both sides and a small cluster of dark, deciduous hairs at the lower part of the midrib. The petioles are short with 2 stipules at the base. The calyx is double, with the outer part divided almost to the base into 6–8 segments; the inner part is cylindrical, divided into 5 sections. The corolla is large, a striking scarlet-red, often double, on slender flower stalks. There are many styles. The fruit is similar to that of the Hibiscus tiliaceus.

Habitat.—Universally common in the Philippines.

Habitat.—Widely found in the Philippines.

Thespesia populnea, Corr.

Nom. Vulg.—Babuy or Bobuy gubat, Tag.; Bulakan, Vis.

Uses.—The fruit yields a yellow juice which is used locally in the itch and other cutaneous troubles, after first washing the affected part with a decoction of the roots and leaves. The bark is astringent and is used as a decoction in the treatment of dysentery and hemorrhoids.

Uses.—The fruit produces a yellow juice that is used locally for itching and other skin issues, after first washing the affected area with a decoction of the roots and leaves. The bark is astringent and is used as a decoction to treat dysentery and hemorrhoids.

Botanical Description.—A tree of the second order with leaves 4–5′ long, sparse, 5-nerved, heart-shaped, broad, acute, entire, glabrous, 6 small glands on the lower face of the base. Petioles of equal length with the leaves. Flowers large, axillary, solitary. Calyx double, the outer portion deciduous, consisting of 3 small, acute leaflets inserted on the base of the inner calyx; the inner is bell-shaped, larger than the outer, with 5 inconspicuous, persistent teeth. Corolla four times longer than the calyx, of 5 fleshy, fluted petals, their borders overlapping, much broader above. Stamens very numerous, arranged around and along a column. Filaments long. Anthers of half-moon shape. Style 1, very thick. Stigma cleft in 5 parts, which are twisted in spiral form. Seed vessels [48]about the size of a filbert, 5-sided, with 5 apartments each containing 5 ovoid seeds attached by separate seed stalks to the central axis of the ovary. Seeds not woolly.

Plant Description.—A tree of the second order with leaves 4–5′ long, sparse, 5-nerved, heart-shaped, broad, pointed, smooth, with 6 small glands on the underside at the base. Petioles are the same length as the leaves. Flowers are large, found in the axils, and solitary. The calyx is double, with the outer part falling off, made up of 3 small, pointed leaflets at the base of the inner calyx; the inner calyx is bell-shaped, larger than the outer, with 5 subtle, lasting teeth. The corolla is four times longer than the calyx, consisting of 5 fleshy, fluted petals, whose edges overlap and are much wider at the top. There are many stamens arranged around and along a column. The filaments are long. The anthers are shaped like half-moons. There is 1 very thick style. The stigma is split into 5 parts, which twist in a spiral. Seed vessels [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] are about the size of a filbert, 5-sided, with 5 chambers, each containing 5 oval seeds attached by separate seed stalks to the central axis of the ovary. The seeds are not woolly.

Habitat.—Mandaloya Tayabas, Iloilo.

Gossypium herbaceum, L. (G. Indicum, Lam.; G. Capas, Rumph.)

Nom. Vulg.—Algodón, Sp.; Bulak, Tag.; Cotton, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Cotton, Sp.; Bulak, Tag.; Cotton, Eng.

Uses.—The root bark is antiasthmatic, emmenagogue, and according to Daruty4 is a substitute for ergot in uterine hemorrhage. The leaves are used in bronchial troubles and the seeds are sudorific. The negroes in the United States use the root bark in large doses as an abortifacient; but a dose of 60 grams to 1,200 of water in decoction is proper and useful in treating dysmenorrhœa.

Uses.—The root bark helps with asthma, promotes menstrual flow, and according to Daruty4, can replace ergot for uterine bleeding. The leaves are used for respiratory issues, and the seeds induce sweating. The blacks in the United States take large amounts of the root bark as an abortion-inducing agent; however, a dosage of 60 grams to 1,200 grams of water in a decoction is recommended and effective for treating painful menstruation.

For a long time the seeds went to waste but industry has learned to obtain from them a brownish-red oil which is used as a substitute for olive oil, from which it is hard to distinguish it, if the latter is adulterated by mixing the two; for both have the same density and a very similar odor and taste. For this reason the production of cottonseed oil is very considerable nowadays. It is cheap and excellent for domestic, industrial and pharmaceutic use.

For a long time, the seeds were wasted, but the industry has figured out how to extract a brownish-red oil from them that serves as a substitute for olive oil, especially when the olive oil is mixed with it, making it difficult to tell the difference; both have the same density and a very similar smell and taste. Because of this, the production of cottonseed oil is quite significant today. It's affordable and great for home use, industrial applications, and pharmaceuticals.

The seeds are used in North America in dysentery and as a galactagogue, and the juice of the leaves as an emollient in diarrhœa and mild dysentery. The pulp of the seeds, after the oil is extracted, yields a sweet material called gossypose, which is dextrogyrous and has the formula C₁₈H₃₂O₁₆ + 5H₂O.

The seeds are used in North America for treating dysentery and as a milk producer, while the juice from the leaves works as a soothing agent for diarrhea and mild dysentery. After extracting the oil, the pulp of the seeds produces a sweet substance called gossypose, which is dextrogyrous and has the formula C₁₈H₃₂O₁₆ + 5H₂O.

The cotton itself, the part used in commerce as a textile, is also the portion of the plant most widely employed in therapeutics; not only the fiber from this species is used, but also that of others that grow in the Philippines, the G. Barbadense, L. [49](nom. vulg. Pernambuko, Tag.), and the G. arboreum, L. (Bulak na bundok, Bulak na totoo, Tag.).

The cotton itself, which is used commercially as a textile, is also the part of the plant most commonly used in medicine. Not only is the fiber from this species utilized, but also that of others found in the Philippines, like G. Barbadense, L. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] (commonly known as Pernambuko, Tag.), and G. arboreum, L. (Bulak na bundok, Bulak na totoo, Tag.).

Cotton is used extensively in bacteriological laboratories as a filter of liquids and gases. This property possessed by cotton, of retaining in its fibers the germs of the air was utilized by the famous French surgeon Guérin in the treatment that bears his name. The denuded surfaces exposed to infection by airborne bacteria are completely protected against them when, according to the Guérin treatment, they are enveloped in large masses of fresh, raw cotton, presumably free from microörganisms. To avoid the possibility of infection by the cotton itself, it is now the practice to sterilize it either by means of chemicals such as carbolic acid, iodoform, etc., or by physical means such as high temperatures.

Cotton is widely used in microbiology labs as a filter for liquids and gases. Its ability to trap airborne germs in its fibers was utilized by the famous French surgeon Guérin in the treatment that bears his name. When exposed surfaces are at risk of airborne bacterial infection, they are fully protected by being wrapped in large amounts of fresh, raw cotton, which is believed to be free from microorganisms, according to the Guérin treatment. To prevent any risk of infection from the cotton itself, it is now common practice to sterilize it using chemicals like carbolic acid or iodoform, or through physical methods like high temperatures.

Raw cotton is used in compounding gun cotton or explosive cotton, also named pyroxylin, and this is used to make collodion, so extensively employed in medicine.

Raw cotton is used to make gun cotton or explosive cotton, also known as pyroxylin, which is used to create collodion, widely used in medicine.

Pyroxylin is made by treating cotton with equal parts of nitric and sulphuric acids, then washing with water till the latter ceases to give a precipitate with chloride of baryta; then dry in the air.

Pyroxylin is created by soaking cotton in equal parts of nitric and sulfuric acids, then rinsing with water until it no longer produces a precipitate with barium chloride; then air dry it.

Collodion is made by dissolving 5 grams of pyroxylin in the following mixture:

Collodion is created by dissolving 5 grams of pyroxylin in this mixture:

Sulphuric ether, rectified	75 grams.
Alcohol at 95°	20 grams.

Filter.

Elastic collodion:

Canada Balsam	1.50 grams.
Castor oil	.50 grams.
Collodion	30.00 grams.

Mix.

Blend.

Botanical Description.—A plant 2–3° high, of herbaceous stem, branches sparsely covered with small, black points; [50]leaves cleft at their base, with 5 lobules and a small gland on the midrib. Petiole long with 2 stipules at the base. Flowers axillary, solitary. Calyx double; the outer portion divided in 3 parts, heart-shaped, and each with 5–9 long, acute teeth. Corolla bell-shaped, of 5 petals, pale yellow or turning rose color, purple at the base. Stamens many, inserted on a column. Stigma in 4–5 parts. Ovary of 3–5 compartments. Seeds enveloped in the fiber.

Plant Description.—A plant 2–3° high, with a herbaceous stem, branches sparsely dotted with small black spots; [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]leaves are split at their base, featuring 5 lobules and a small gland on the midrib. The petiole is long, with 2 stipules at the base. Flowers are found in the axils, solitary. The calyx is double; the outer part is divided into 3 sections, heart-shaped, and each section has 5–9 long, pointed teeth. The corolla is bell-shaped, consisting of 5 petals, pale yellow or turning pink, with a purple base. There are many stamens, attached to a column. The stigma has 4–5 parts. The ovary has 3–5 compartments. Seeds are covered in fiber.

Habitat.—Batangas, Ilocos.

Habitat: Batangas, Ilocos.

Bombax malabaricum, DC. (B. Ceiba, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Taglinaw, Bobuy gubat, Tag.; Talutu, Vis.

Uses.—In India the roots are used to obtain an astringent and alterative effect and form part of a well-known aphrodisiac mixture called Musla-Samul. If the trunk is incised, an astringent gum exudes and this they use in diarrhœa, dysentery and menorrhagia. Dose of the gum 2½–3 grams.

Applications.—In India, the roots are used to create an astringent and alterative effect and are part of a well-known aphrodisiac mixture called Musla-Samul. If the trunk is cut, an astringent gum oozes out, which is used for diarrhea, dysentery, and heavy menstrual bleeding. The dose of the gum is 2.5–3 grams.

Botanical Description.—A large tree covered with sharp, conical and tough spines. Leaves alternate, compound, digitate, caducous; leaflets 5–7 with long common petiole. Flowers solitary or in axillary cymes, hermaphrodite, regular. Calyx gamosepalous, cup-shaped, with 5 acute lobules. Corolla violet, with 5 deep clefts; æstivation convolute. Stamens numerous, united at the base in 5 bundles, free above, bearing unilocular anthers. Ovary of 5 many-ovulate compartments, with a style ending in 5 short branches. Capsule woody, ovoid, loculicidal, with 5 valves. Seeds numerous, black, covered with cottony fibers.

Plant Description.—A large tree covered in sharp, conical, tough spines. The leaves are alternating, compound, finger-like, and fall off; the leaflets are 5–7 on a long common stalk. Flowers are either solitary or in clusters at the leaf axils, both male and female, and regular. The calyx is fused, cup-shaped, with 5 pointed lobes. The corolla is violet with 5 deep splits; the arrangement of petals is spiral. There are many stamens, grouped at the base in 5 bundles, free above, with single-chambered anthers. The ovary has 5 compartments filled with many seeds, and the style branches into 5 short tips. The capsule is woody, oval-shaped, bursting open along 5 seams, and has numerous black seeds covered in cottony fibers.

Habitat.—Angat, Iloilo. Blooms in February.

Habitat.—Angat, Iloilo. Flowers in February.

Eriodendron anfractuosum, DC. (Bombax pentandrum, L.)

Nom. Vulg.—Boboy, Tag.; Doldol, Vis.; Bulak kastila, Pam.

Uses.—The principal use made of this plant in the Philippines [51]is to stuff the pillows with the cotton that it yields. The leaves, pounded with a little water, yield a mucilaginous juice highly prized by the natives as a wash for the hair, mixing it with gogo. The root bark is emetic in dose of 1.25 grm. The cotton yielded by this tree should be used for the same therapeutic purposes as that of gossypium, and being of an exceedingly fine fiber it would give better results. The Filipinos use it to treat burns and sores. I have often used it, being careful always to impregnate it thoroughly with some antiseptic solution. In the treatment of burns it has been my custom to envelope the part in a thick layer of this cotton, after bathing it with a tepid 1–2,000 solution of corrosive sublimate and dusting with a very fine powder of boracic acid.

Applications.—The main use of this plant in the Philippines [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] is to fill pillows with the cotton it produces. The leaves, when pounded with a bit of water, release a mucilaginous juice that is highly valued by locals as a hair wash, often mixed with gogo. The root bark acts as an emetic in doses of 1.25 grams. The cotton from this tree should be used for the same medical purposes as that of gossypium, and because it has an extremely fine fiber, it could yield better results. Filipinos use it to treat burns and wounds. I have frequently used it, always making sure to fully soak it in some antiseptic solution. In treating burns, I typically wrap the area in a thick layer of this cotton after washing it with a tepid solution of corrosive sublimate at 1–2,000 and dusting it with a very fine powder of boracic acid.

Botanical Description.—A tree 40–50° high. Trunk somewhat thorny, the branches horizontal, arranged in stars of 3–4. Leaves compound with 7 leaflets, lanceolate, entire, glabrous. Flowers in umbels of 8 or more flowerets. No common peduncle, the individual ones long. Calyx, 5 obtuse sepals, slightly notched. Corolla, 5 fleshy petals, obtusely lanceolate and bent downwards. Stamens 5. Anthers of irregular shape, peltate, with the borders deeply undulate. Stigma in 5 parts. Pod 4–6′ long, spindle-shaped. Seeds enveloped in very fine cotton fiber.

Plant Description.—A tree that stands 40–50° tall. The trunk is somewhat thorny, with branches that grow horizontally, arranged in clusters of 3–4. Leaves are compound with 7 leaflets, lance-shaped, smooth, and hairless. Flowers grow in clusters of 8 or more blooms. There’s no common stalk; the individual ones are long. The calyx has 5 blunt sepals that are slightly notched. The corolla has 5 fleshy petals that are bluntly lance-shaped and droop downwards. There are 5 stamens. The anthers are irregularly shaped, shield-like, with deeply wavy edges. The stigma has 5 parts. The pod is 4–6′ long and spindle-shaped. Seeds are surrounded by very fine cotton fibers.

Habitat.—Exceedingly common in all parts of the islands. Blooms in December.

Ecosystem.—Very common throughout all areas of the islands. Flowers in December.

Sterculiaceæ.

Sterculia Family.

Sterculia fœtida, L. (S. polyphilla, R. Br.; Clompanus major, Rumph.)

Nom. Vulg.—Kalumpag̃, Tag.; Bag̃ar, Iloc.

Uses.—A decoction of the leaves is used as a wash in suppurative cutaneous eruptions. The fruit is astringent and is [52]used in Java as an injection for gonorrhœa. In western India and in the Philippines it is an article of diet. The seeds yield an oil that is used for illumination and as a comestible.

Uses.—A decoction of the leaves is used as a wash for skin infections. The fruit is astringent and is [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]used in Java as an injection for gonorrhea. In western India and in the Philippines, it is part of the diet. The seeds produce an oil that is used for lighting and as food.

Botanical Description.—A large tree of the first order with digitate leaves of 6–8 leaflets, broad, oval, very acute, tough, glabrous, growing on a long common petiole. No petiole proper. Flowers of a fœtid or feculent odor, hermaphrodite, in compound racemes. Calyx fleshy, soft pubescent internally, bell-shaped, in 5 parts. Corolla none. Nectary 5-toothed, on the end of a small column. Stamens 15, inserted on the border of the nectary by threes, forming a triangle. Filament almost entirely wanting. In the midst of the stamens is visible a small, hairy body of 5 lobules which are the rudiments of the ovaries. The style protrudes and twists downwards. Stigma thick, compressed, of 5 lobules. Fruit, five woody pods, semicircular, joined to a common center, each enclosing many oval seeds inserted in the superior suture.

Plant Description.—A large tree of the first order with palmately compound leaves made up of 6–8 leaflets that are broad, oval, very pointed, tough, and smooth, growing on a long shared stalk. No individual stalk. Flowers have a foul or unpleasant smell, are hermaphroditic, and appear in compound clusters. The calyx is fleshy, softly hairy on the inside, bell-shaped, and divided into 5 parts. There is no corolla. The nectary has 5 teeth and is at the end of a small column. There are 15 stamens attached to the edge of the nectary in groups of three, forming a triangle. The filament is almost completely absent. In the middle of the stamens is a small, hairy structure with 5 lobes, which are the beginnings of the ovaries. The style extends out and twists downward. The stigma is thick, flattened, and has 5 lobes. The fruit consists of five woody pods that are semicircular, connected at a common center, each containing many oval seeds placed in the upper seam.

Habitat.—Luzon, Mindanao, Cebú, Iloilo. Blooms in March.

Ecosystem.—Luzon, Mindanao, Cebu, Iloilo. Blooms in March.

Sterculia urens, Roxb. (S. cordifolia, Blanco; Cavallium urens, Schott. & Endl.)

Nom. Vulg.—Banilad, Tag.

Uses.—The root bark is pounded up and applied locally in orchitis and in severe contusions with supposed fracture of the bones; native charlatans pretend to cure the latter condition by this treatment.

Uses.—The root bark is crushed and used locally for treating orchitis and serious bruises that might involve broken bones; local quacks claim to treat the latter condition with this method.

The trunk exudes a sort of gum, which with water forms a sort of colorless, odorless gelatin which dissolves at the boiling point. I do not know to what use this gum is applied in therapeutics, but it is often found mixed with the Senegambian gum acacia. [53]

The trunk gives off a kind of gum that, when mixed with water, turns into a colorless, odorless gel that dissolves when boiled. I'm not sure how this gum is used in medicine, but it’s often found mixed with the gum acacia from Senegambia. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Botanical Description.—A tree with leaves bunched, 7–9-veined, heart-shaped, ovate, broad and entire, glabrous upper surface, short white down on lower surface. Petioles of same length as the leaves. Flowers small, yellow, numerous, polygamous, growing in large, terminal panicles covered with a fine, sticky down. Calyx bell-shaped, 5 acute papyraceous divisions, each bearing a small gland near its base. No corolla. Stamens 10, united in a column, the upper ends free. Five pods joined at one point, half-moon shaped, with woody shell, glabrous within and with a short down on the outer surface. Three or four kidney-shaped seeds, the testa thin and crustaceous.

Plant Description.—A tree with leaves clustered together, 7–9 veins, heart-shaped, oval, wide, and smooth on top, with a short white fuzz underneath. The leaf stalks are the same length as the leaves. The flowers are small, yellow, and numerous, growing in large, terminal clusters covered with fine, sticky fuzz. The calyx is bell-shaped with 5 pointed, paper-like sections, each having a small gland near its base. There is no corolla. There are 10 stamens fused in a column, with the upper ends separate. Five pods connect at one point, shaped like a half-moon, with a woody shell, smooth inside, and with a short fuzz on the outside. There are three or four kidney-shaped seeds, with a thin and hard outer shell.

Habitat.—Cebú, Iloilo.

Habitat.—Cebu, Iloilo.

Kleinhovia hospitata, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Tanag, Tag., Vis.; Hamitanago, Vis.; Panampat, Pam.; Bitnog̃, Iloc.

Uses.—The decoction of the leaves is used, according to P. Blanco, to cure the itch. It is also used locally in all forms of dermatitis, and the tender leaves and sprouts are cooked and eaten.

Uses.—According to P. Blanco, a brew made from the leaves is used to treat itching. It's also applied locally for all types of skin inflammation, and the young leaves and shoots are cooked and consumed.

Botanical Description.—Tree 25° high or more, with leaves alternate, heart-shaped, pubescent, almost entire. Petioles long with 2 stipules at the base. Flowers red, axillary, in large panicles. Calyx, 5 sepals, almost linear. Corolla the same size as the calyx, 5 linear petals, the lower shorter and curved. Nectary bell-shaped, of 5 parts, each 3-toothed; set on a column; at its base a wavy fringe with dentate edge. Stamens 15. No filaments. Anthers seated on the 15 teeth of the nectary. Ovary within the nectary, 5-angled, 5 apartments each containing an almost spherical seed.

Plant Description.—Tree 25 feet tall or more, with alternate, heart-shaped leaves that are fuzzy and nearly entire. Petioles are long, with 2 stipules at the base. Flowers are red, found in clusters at the axils. The calyx has 5 almost linear sepals. The corolla is the same size as the calyx, with 5 linear petals, the lower ones being shorter and curved. The nectary is bell-shaped, divided into 5 parts, each with 3 teeth; it sits on a column and has a wavy fringe with jagged edges at its base. There are 15 stamens with no filaments, and the anthers are attached to the 15 teeth of the nectary. The ovary is inside the nectary, 5-angled, with 5 chambers, each containing an almost spherical seed.

Habitat.—Luzon, Mindanao, Panay, Cebú, Joló. Flowers in March and September.

Ecosystem.—Luzon, Mindanao, Panay, Cebu, Jolo. Flowers in March and September.

[54]

[__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Helicteres Isora, L. (H. chrysocalyx, Miq.; H. Roxburghii, G. Don.)

Nom. Vulg.—(?); Indian Screw Tree, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—(?); Indian Screw Tree, English.

Uses.—I am ignorant of the use that the Filipinos make of this plant, though it is very possible that they do not employ it at all in medicine, which is usually the case with those plants to which they have given no name. In India the peculiar spiral form of the fruit has suggested its application, according to the theories of the doctrine of symbolism. Ainslie says that the Hindoos use it to treat diseases of the external auditory canal. On account of its emollient properties and probably on account of its twisted form, it is used internally as a decoction, in flatulence and the intestinal colic of children. It is indispensable in the marriage ceremonies of the caste of Vaisya, among whom it is customary for the groom to wear on his wrists in the form of bracelets, strings of this fruit combined with that of Randia dumetorum.

Uses.—I’m not sure how the Filipinos use this plant, but it’s likely they don’t use it for medicine, which tends to happen with plants that don’t have a name. In India, the unique spiral shape of the fruit has inspired its use based on symbolic theories. Ainslie states that the Hindoos use it to treat issues related to the ear canal. Due to its soothing properties and likely its twisted shape, it's consumed as a decoction for flatulence and colicky pains in children. It's also essential in the marriage rituals of the Vaisya caste, where it’s customary for the groom to wear bracelets made of this fruit along with that of Randia dumetorum.

The root yields a juice which is employed in skin diseases, in abscess, acid in cardialgia. In Jamaica the juice of the leaves is sometimes used for constipation.

The root produces a juice that is used for skin diseases, abscesses, and acid reflux. In Jamaica, the juice from the leaves is sometimes used for constipation.

Botanical Description.—A small tree with leaves alternate, simple, entire, irregularly nerved or veined at the base, petiolate. Flowers of a handsome red color, hermaphrodite, regular, axillary. Calyx gamosepalous, tubular, of 5 parts. Corolla, 5 free petals slightly dentate at the point. Stamens numerous, united on a free column on the cusp. Compound nectary of 5 unilocular, many-ovuled ovaries. Styles 5, joined at the base. Fruit of 5 carpels, thin, twisted on themselves in spirals, forming a cone, pubescent, of a greenish-brown color, each containing a single row of angular seeds.

Plant Description.—A small tree with alternate, simple leaves that are whole and have irregular nerves or veins at the base, with petioles. The flowers are a striking red, hermaphroditic, and symmetrical, growing in the axils. The calyx is made up of 5 fused parts and is tubular. The corolla has 5 separate petals that are slightly toothed at the tips. There are many stamens joined on a free column at the top. The compound nectary consists of 5 unilocular ovaries with many ovules. There are 5 styles that are fused at the base. The fruit has 5 carpels, is thin, spirals around itself to form a cone, is covered in fine hairs, and is greenish-brown in color, with each containing a single row of angular seeds.

Habitat.—Luzon, Panay.

[55]

[__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Abroma fastuosa, R. Br. (A. angulata, Lam.; A. communis, Blanco; A. augusta, L.)

Nom. Vulg.—Anibog̃, Tag.; Anabo, Vis.; Perennial Indian Hemp, Eng.

Uses.—The root bark is used in India as an emmenagogue in the congestive and neuralgic forms of amenorrhœa. It seems to act as a uterine tonic. The dose is 2 grams of the juice of the fresh root mixed with pepper which also acts as a carminative and stomachic.

Uses.—The root bark is used in India as a treatment to stimulate menstruation in cases of congestive and neuralgic amenorrhea. It appears to work as a uterine tonic. The dosage is 2 grams of the juice from the fresh root mixed with pepper, which also serves as a digestive aid and supports stomach health.

Botanical Description.—A shrub 3–4 meters high with hairy branches. Leaves opposite, oval, oblong, serrate, tomentose. Flowers purple, solitary, terminal. Calyx, 5 sepals. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens 5, united in the form of a tube. Ovary sessile, with 5 many-ovuled compartments. Styles 5, united in the form of a tube which divides into 5 stigma-bearing branches. Capsule membranous, 5-angled, truncate, dehiscent at apex. Seeds albuminous, covered with filaments of cotton.

Plant Description.—A shrub that grows 3–4 meters tall with hairy branches. The leaves are opposite, oval, oblong, serrated, and covered in fine hairs. The flowers are purple, appearing singly at the ends of branches. The calyx has 5 sepals, and the corolla has 5 petals. There are 5 stamens, fused together to form a tube. The ovary is sessile and has 5 compartments filled with many seeds. The styles are 5, combined into a tube that splits into 5 branches with stigmas. The capsule is membranous, 5-angled, flat at the top, and opens at the apex. The seeds are surrounded by a layer of cotton-like fibers.

Habitat.—San Mateo, La Laguna, Batangas, Iloilo.

Ecosystem.—San Mateo, La Laguna, Batangas, Iloilo.

Theobroma Cacao, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Cacao.

Nom. Vulg.—Cocoa.

Uses.—The roasted bean ground with sugar constitutes chocolate, one of the most generally used foods of the Philippines.

Applications.—Ground roasted beans mixed with sugar make chocolate, one of the most commonly used foods in the Philippines.

It is very nutritious by virtue of the fat and sugar it contains, but all stomachs do not bear it well and its use is the unsuspected cause of much dyspepsia. The custom of drinking it very hot and following with a large quantity of cold water is a very common cause of dilatation of the stomach in the Philippines. The seed of the cacao contains several substances: cacao butter, albumin, theobromine, starch, glucose, gum, tartaric acid, free or combined, tannin, and mineral substances. Of these the butter and theobromine are the most important. [56]

It’s very nutritious because of the fat and sugar it has, but not everyone’s stomach handles it well, and it often causes indigestion without people realizing it. The habit of drinking it very hot and then following it with a large amount of cold water is a common cause of stomach enlargement in the Philippines. The cacao seed contains several substances: cacao butter, albumin, theobromine, starch, glucose, gum, tartaric acid, either free or combined, tannin, and minerals. Among these, cacao butter and theobromine are the most significant. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Theobromine (C₇H₈N₄O₂) is a weak alkaloid, crystalline, slightly bitter, slightly soluble in cold water, more soluble in hot water, less soluble in alcohol and ether; stable in the air up to 100°; sublimes without decomposition at 290° in microscopic crystals of the form of rhomboid prisms ending in an octohedric point (Keller).

Theobromine (C₇H₈N₄O₂) is a mild alkaloid that is crystalline in structure, has a slightly bitter taste, and is slightly soluble in cold water, more soluble in hot water, and less soluble in alcohol and ether. It remains stable in the air up to 100° and sublimes without breaking down at 290° into microscopic crystals that take the shape of rhomboid prisms ending in an octohedral point (Keller).

This alkaloid is very little used in therapeutics and its physiological action is said to be analogous to that of caffeine but weaker. It is better to use the salt of the alkaloid, and that most frequently employed is the salicylate of soda and theobromine in doses of from 2 to 6 grams daily in solution or pill. Lately, however, Dr. Gram has maintained that theobromine is a powerful diuretic operating when other diuretics fail and further that this effect is produced without injuring the heart. The double salt is non-toxic, though sometimes in exceedingly weak patients it produces vertigo. Dr. Gram administers 6 grams a day in one-gram doses.

This alkaloid is rarely used in medicine, and its physiological effects are said to be similar to caffeine but weaker. It's better to use the salt of the alkaloid, with the most commonly used being sodium salicylate and theobromine, typically in doses of 2 to 6 grams daily, either in solution or as a pill. Recently, however, Dr. Gram has argued that theobromine is a powerful diuretic that works when other diuretics don't, and that it achieves this effect without harming the heart. The double salt is non-toxic, although it can cause dizziness in very weak patients. Dr. Gram administers 6 grams a day in one-gram doses.

Cacao butter is a white substance, slightly yellowish, unctuous to the touch, brittle; with the agreeable odor peculiar to cacao, and a sweet and pleasant taste. Its density is 0.961, it melts at 30°–33°, and solidifies at 25°. It dissolves in 20 parts of boiling alcohol, in 100 parts of cold alcohol and in twice its weight of benzin. Cacao butter is obtained by grinding or mashing the roasted seeds in a hot apparatus and mixing the mass with a fifth or tenth of its weight of boiling water. It is then pressed between two hot iron plates and the butter thus obtained is refined by boiling water. It is then put aside in earthen pans, or still better, in moulds, where it solidifies. It does not easily become rancid and, for this reason, enters into the composition of many ointments and pomades, or is used alone. It serves as the base for suppositories and is, finally, a highly valued cosmetic. A common substitute is made by mixing oil of almonds, wax and animal fat.

Cocoa butter is a white, slightly yellowish substance that feels smooth to the touch and is brittle. It has a pleasant aroma typical of cocoa and a sweet, enjoyable taste. Its density is 0.961, it melts at 30°–33°, and solidifies at 25°. It dissolves in 20 parts of boiling alcohol, in 100 parts of cold alcohol, and in twice its weight of benzene. Cocoa butter is made by grinding or mashing roasted seeds in a hot machine and mixing the mass with one-fifth or one-tenth of its weight in boiling water. It is then pressed between two hot iron plates, and the resulting butter is refined with boiling water. After that, it's set aside in earthen pans, or even better, in molds where it solidifies. It doesn't easily go rancid, which is why it's included in many ointments and creams or used on its own. It acts as the base for suppositories and is considered a highly valued cosmetic. A common substitute is created by mixing almond oil, wax, and animal fat.

Before going further let us describe the composition of [57]Spanish chocolate according to the French chemist Boussingault:

Before we go any further, let's describe the composition of [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] Spanish chocolate according to the French chemist Boussingault:

Cane sugar	41.40 grams.
Cacao butter	29.24 grams.
Starch, glucose	1.48 grams.
Theobromine	1.93 grams.
Asparagin	a trace
Albumin	6.25 grams.
Gum	1.42 grams.
Tartaric acid	1.98 grams.
Tannin and coloring matter	0.022 grams.
Soluble cellulose	6.21 grams.
Ash	2.34 grams.
Water	4.36 grams.
Undetermined material	3.27 grams.
	100.00

Botanical Description.—A small tree about 10° high, with leaves broad, 6–12′ long, hanging or drooping, lanceolate, entire, and somewhat pubescent on both surfaces. Petioles very short with 2 deciduous stipules at the base. Flowers in clusters on the roots, trunk and branches. Peduncle very long. Nectary divided in 5 parts, straight, awl-shaped and 2-nerved. Calyx, 5 sepals. Corolla, 5 petals curved upward in the form of a bow as far as the middle, where they form a hollow with two little horns; then curving downwards, then upwards, widening at the end, the edge finely dentate. Stamens 5, inserted on the nectary, and alternating with the lobes of the latter. Anthers 2 on each filament, concealed in the hollows of the petals. Ovary globose. Style awl-shaped. Stigma cleft almost to the middle, 5-parted. Fruit broad, spindle-shaped, 4′ or more long, dark reddish, warty, 10-ribbed, with 5 compartments each containing many compressed, ovoid seeds.

Plant Overview.—A small tree about 10 feet high, with broad leaves that are 6–12 inches long, hanging or drooping, lance-shaped, whole-edged, and somewhat fuzzy on both sides. The petioles are very short and have 2 temporary stipules at the base. Flowers grow in clusters on the roots, trunk, and branches. The peduncle is very long. The nectary is divided into 5 parts, straight, needle-shaped, and has 2 nerves. The calyx has 5 sepals. The corolla has 5 petals that curve upward like a bow for the first half, forming a hollow with two small horns; then they curve downward and back up, widening at the end with a finely toothed edge. There are 5 stamens attached to the nectary, alternating with its lobes. Each filament has 2 anthers, which are hidden in the hollows of the petals. The ovary is round. The style is needle-shaped. The stigma is split almost to the middle and has 5 parts. The fruit is broad, spindle-shaped, over 4 inches long, dark red, bumpy, with 10 ribs and 5 compartments, each containing many flattened, oval seeds.

Habitat.—Common in orchards and gardens throughout the islands. [58]

Ecosystem.—Found frequently in orchards and gardens across the islands. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Geraniaceæ.

Geranium Family.

Oxalis corniculata, L. (O. Acetosella, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Taig̃an dogá, Susokayoli, Tag.; Darasig, Vis.; Malabalugbug dagis, Ayo, Kongi, Yayo, Pam.; Indian Sorrel, Eng.

Uses.—The part of the plant used in medicine is the leaf which is acid by virtue of the potassium oxalate which it contains. The decoction is used internally as an antipyretic in fevers and in dysentery. Mistaking the properties of the plant it is given for vesical calculus which, if composed of oxalates, would be increased instead of diminished by the treatment. In fact the salt of sorrel in the leaves contains a large quantity of oxalic acid mixed with potassium oxalate. In China, India and the Philippines the entire plant is used as an antiscorbutic.

Uses.—The part of the plant used in medicine is the leaf, which is acidic due to the potassium oxalate it contains. The decoction is used internally as a fever reducer and for dysentery. However, if the properties of the plant are misunderstood, it may be given for bladder stones, which, if made of oxalates, would worsen rather than improve with this treatment. In fact, the sorrel salt found in the leaves has a high amount of oxalic acid combined with potassium oxalate. In China, India, and the Philippines, the entire plant is used as a treatment for scurvy.

The cold infusion of the leaves is given internally in doses of from 30 to 60 grams, but it is not a medicine to be given indiscriminately, because in addition to its power of adding to the bulk of calculi of the oxalates, the contained potassium oxalate is poisonous in doses of 25 to 30 grams. If a concentrated solution is taken, it operates as a corrosive poison, producing violent pains in the stomach, vomiting, faintness and great weakness. If the solution is dilute its absorption is rapid and it operates very energetically. When a patient is poisoned by a concentrated solution, the stomach-pump is contraindicated, because the mucous membrane of the organ is corroded and ulcerated; if by a dilute solution, use the pump to remove as much of the poison as possible. The best antidote is a watery solution of a soluble salt of lime, i. e., the saccharate, which forms an insoluble salt with oxalic acid.

The cold infusion of the leaves is taken internally in doses of 30 to 60 grams, but it shouldn't be given carelessly, since along with its ability to increase the bulk of oxalate stones, the potassium oxalate it contains is toxic in doses of 25 to 30 grams. If a concentrated solution is ingested, it acts as a corrosive poison, causing severe stomach pain, vomiting, fainting, and significant weakness. A dilute solution is absorbed quickly and has a strong effect. If someone is poisoned by a concentrated solution, using a stomach pump is not recommended, as the lining of the stomach is damaged and ulcerated; however, if the poison is from a dilute solution, the pump should be used to remove as much of the poison as possible. The best antidote is a watery solution of a soluble salt of lime, such as saccharate, which creates an insoluble salt with oxalic acid.

The juice of the leaves is an antidote for the Datura (Stramonium). In India they make a decoction of the plant, mix [59]it with onion juice and apply it to the head as a fomentation in hemicrania.

The juice from the leaves is a remedy for Datura (Stramonium). In India, they prepare a decoction of the plant, mix [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] it with onion juice, and apply it to the head as a compress for headaches.

Botanical Description.—A plant 1° high, with a creeping, glabrous stem, leaves horizontal, ternate with common long petiole. Leaflets sessile, obcordate, with downy borders. Flowers axillary or terminal, from 1 to 3 in number on a common long peduncle. The pedicel is also long. Calyx common to the family. Corolla, 5 petals ending in small claws. Stamens 10, monadelphous, the 5 shorter ones bearing each a small gland on the outer surface of the base. Ovary large, fluted. Styles 5, short. Stigmas hemispherical. Seed vessel pyramidal, containing many seeds enveloped in an elastic aril by which they are ejected when the fruit opens.

Plant Description.—A plant 1° tall, with a creeping, smooth stem, leaves that grow horizontally, divided into three parts with a long common stem. The leaflets are attached directly, heart-shaped, with fuzzy edges. Flowers grow in the axils or at the tips, with 1 to 3 on a long common stalk. The flower stalk is also long. The calyx is typical for the family. The corolla has 5 petals that taper into small claws. There are 10 stamens that are fused together, with the 5 shorter ones having a small gland on the outer base. The ovary is large and fluted. There are 5 short styles. The stigmas are rounded. The seed pod is pyramid-shaped, containing many seeds covered in a flexible outer layer that helps them launch when the fruit opens.

Habitat.—Abundant in Luzon, Panay and Cebú.

Ecosystem.—Common in Luzon, Panay, and Cebu.

Biophytum sensitivum, DC. (B. cumiagianum, Turez.; Oxalis sensitivum, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Makahiya, Damog̃hiya, Tag.; Mahihiin, Iloc.

Uses.—A decoction of the leaves is used internally as an expectorant. The bruised leaves are used as an application to wounds and contusions. In Java the decoction is used internally in asthma, phthisis and snake bites.

Applications.—A tea made from the leaves is taken internally as an expectorant. The crushed leaves are applied to wounds and bruises. In Java, the tea is consumed for asthma, tuberculosis, and snake bites.

The peculiar property which this plant possesses of closing its leaves when touched, has caused the natives of India to attribute to it mysterious virtues. Symbolism has determined its therapeutic application and the Hindoos pretend that it endows with delicacy and modesty women who lack these virtues and that it restores virginity.

The unique ability of this plant to close its leaves when touched has led the people of India to ascribe mysterious qualities to it. Symbolic meanings have shaped its medicinal uses, and the Hindus claim that it gives delicacy and modesty to women who lack these traits and that it can restore virginity.

Botanical Description.—A plant about 7′ high. Stem straight, nodose and without branches. Leaves abruptly pinnate, the place of the odd leaflet taken by a stylet. The leaflets nearly linear with a small point at the apex, 11–13 pairs, 2 stipules to each pair. Common petioles long, cleft at the base and disposed in whorls around and on the end of the stem. [60]Flowers sessile, verticillate, on the ends of several very long peduncles which rise from the midst of the petioles. Calyx, 5 sepals. Corolla, 5 petals, clawed, rounded at the end and slightly notched, forming a tube. Stamens 10, free. A small gland on the outer surface of the base of each short stamen. Styles 5. Seed vessels ovate, 5-angled, containing many seeds.

Plant Description.—A plant about 7 feet tall. The stem is straight, knotted, and unbranched. The leaves are suddenly pinnate, with the odd leaflet replaced by a stylet. The leaflets are nearly linear with a small point at the tip, with 11–13 pairs, and each pair has 2 stipules. The common petioles are long, split at the base, and arranged in whorls around and at the end of the stem. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]Flowers are sessile, whorled, at the ends of several very long peduncles that rise from the middle of the petioles. The calyx has 5 sepals. The corolla consists of 5 clawed petals, rounded at the end and slightly notched, forming a tube. There are 10 free stamens, and a small gland on the outer surface at the base of each short stamen. There are 5 styles. The seed vessels are ovate, 5-angled, containing many seeds.

Habitat.—Common in all parts of the islands.

Ecosystem.—Found throughout all areas of the islands.

Averrhoa Bilimbi, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Kamias, Kalamias, Tag.; Kilingiwa, Vis.; Pias, Iloc.

Uses.—The small fruit of the camia springing from the branches and trunks of the trees is widely known in the Philippines, where they eat it green, pickled, and in salad; and when ripe fresh and preserved. Its qualities and therapeutic applications are the same as those of the following species.

Uses.—The small fruit of the camia, growing on the branches and trunks of the trees, is well-known in the Philippines, where it's eaten raw when green, pickled, and in salads; and when ripe, it's enjoyed fresh and preserved. Its qualities and medicinal uses are similar to those of the following species.

Botanical Description.—A tree 4–5 meters high with odd-pinnate leaves. Leaflets 12 pairs, ovate, linear, acute, soft and downy. Flowers small, pinkish or purplish, on trunk and branches. Stamens 10, five alternately longer. Pistils divergent. Fruit oblong, obtuse at the end, with five broad ribs.

Plant Description.—A tree 13–16 feet tall with odd-pinnate leaves. There are 12 pairs of leaflets that are oval, linear, pointed, soft, and hairy. The flowers are small, pinkish or purplish, found on the trunk and branches. There are 10 stamens, with five being longer. The pistils are spread apart. The fruit is oblong, blunt at the end, and has five wide ridges.

Habitat.—Very common throughout the islands.

Habitat.—Very common across the islands.

Averrhoa Carambola, L.

Starfruit, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Bilimbin, Balimbin, Tag.

Uses.—The common name of this tree, whose fruit is so common, causes it to be confused with the name which Linnæus gives to the former species. Balimbin is a fruit of an acid taste, agreeable when ripe, serving the same uses for food as the camia. Its acidity is due to the presence of oxalic acid, which makes the green fruit useful for removing ink and rust stains from clothes. The juice of the fruit is refreshing and is given internally mixed with water and sugar as a refreshing drink in [61]fevers and as an antiscorbutic. For the latter the ripe fruit is eaten uncooked.

Applications.—The common name for this tree, which has widely recognized fruit, often leads to confusion with the name given by Linnæus to the earlier species. Balimbin is a fruit that has a sour flavor but is pleasant when ripe, used for food in the same way as camia. Its tartness comes from oxalic acid, which makes the green fruit helpful for removing ink and rust stains from clothes. The juice of the fruit is refreshing and is consumed internally when mixed with water and sugar as a revitalizing drink during [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] fevers and serves as an antiscorbutic. For the latter, the ripe fruit is eaten raw.

In Mauritius the juice is used to treat dysentery and hepatitis. Padre Blanco says that the natives use a decoction of camias and unthreshed rice in diarrhœa and bilious colic. In connection with the subject of camias and balimbins we should mention the fruit treatment of the bilious diarrhœa of the tropics, spoken of by the French physicians of Cochin China. Dr. Van der Burg of the Dutch Indies also strongly recommends the treatment of diarrhœa by fruits; in temperate regions using fruits like peaches, pears, etc., and in the tropics, lychies, mangosteens, etc. In regard to the mangosteens we must not forget that, while the bark is given because of the amount of tannin it contains, the composition of the pulp is very different. The fruit acids seem to exercise great influence in the cure of this obstinate disease and I do not hesitate to recommend for this purpose the camia and the ripe balimbin.

In Mauritius, the juice is used to treat dysentery and hepatitis. Padre Blanco notes that the locals use a decoction of camias and unthreshed rice for diarrhea and bilious colic. When discussing camias and balimbins, we should mention the fruit treatments for bilious diarrhea in the tropics, as noted by French physicians in Cochin China. Dr. Van der Burg from the Dutch Indies also strongly recommends using fruits to treat diarrhea; in temperate regions, fruits like peaches and pears are used, while in the tropics, lychees and mangosteens are preferred. Regarding mangosteens, we should remember that while the bark is used due to its high tannin content, the pulp has a very different composition. The fruit acids seem to have a significant effect on curing this stubborn disease, and I confidently recommend using camia and ripe balimbin for this purpose.

Botanical Description.—A tree much like the former. Leaves odd-pinnate. Leaflets, 3–4 pairs, obliquely ovate, acute, the terminal leaflet nearly lanceolate. Flowers on the trunk, branches and in the axils of the leaves. Fruit oblong, with 5 very prominent acute-angled ribs.

Plant Description.—A tree similar to the one before. Leaves are oddly pinnate. Leaflets have 3–4 pairs, are slanted and ovate, and the terminal leaflet is almost lance-shaped. Flowers grow on the trunk, branches, and in the leaf axils. The fruit is elongated, with 5 very noticeable sharp-angled ribs.

Habitat.—It grows, like the former plant, in all parts of the islands.

Ecosystem.—It grows, just like the previous plant, in all areas of the islands.

Rutaceæ.

Rue Family.

Ruta graveolens, L. (L. angustifolia, Pers.)

Rue (Lavandula angustifolia, Pers.)

Nom. Vulg.—Rudu, Sp.; Rue, Eng.

Uses.—The rue of the European, American and Indian pharmacopœias is emmenagogue, antispasmodic, anthelmintic, excitant, diaphoretic, antiseptic and abortive. It contains an essential oil, and rutinic acid (C₂₅H₂₈O₁₅, Borntrager), starch, gum, etc. The essential oil is greenish-yellow, thick, acrid and [62]bitter; specific gravity 0.911. It boils at 228°, is slightly soluble in water, and soluble in absolute alcohol. It is promptly oxidized by nitric acid, and is converted into pelargonic acid and other fatty acids.

Uses.—The rue featured in European, American, and Indian pharmacopoeias acts as an emmenagogue, antispasmodic, anthelmintic, stimulant, diaphoretic, antiseptic, and abortifacient. It contains essential oil, rutinic acid (C₂₅H₂₈O₁₅, Borntrager), starch, gum, and more. The essential oil is a thick, greenish-yellow liquid that is acrid and [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]bitter; it has a specific gravity of 0.911. It boils at 228°, is slightly soluble in water, and fully soluble in absolute alcohol. It is quickly oxidized by nitric acid, transforming into pelargonic acid and other fatty acids.

Rutin (or rutinic acid), according to Weiss, is a glucoside which exists in the form of fine needles, bright yellow in color. It is slightly soluble in cold water and more so in boiling water. It melts at 190°, and solidifies at freezing point, forming a resinous mass. Its physiological properties are as yet unknown. The part of the plant employed is the leaves, which owe their property, apparently, to the essential oil they contain, from which they also derive their strong and disagreeable odor and their bitter, acrid and nauseous taste.

Rutin (or rutinic acid), according to Weiss, is a glucoside that appears as fine, bright yellow needle-like crystals. It's slightly soluble in cold water and even more so in boiling water. It melts at 190° and solidifies at freezing point, turning into a resinous mass. Its physiological properties are still unknown. The part of the plant used is the leaves, which seem to get their properties from the essential oil they contain, which also gives them a strong, unpleasant smell and a bitter, acrid, and nauseating taste.

It is used principally as a uterine stimulant or emmenagogue, for which purpose it is given in doses of 0.10–0.15 centigrams of the freshly powdered leaf and 0.05–0.10 centigrams of the fresh leaves infused in a liter of water. The dry powder of the leaf should not be used because the essential oil volatilizes and a large proportion of it is lost, which is the most active principle of the drug. It is an agent which should be prescribed with the greatest prudence for large doses are poisonous even to the point of causing death. The symptoms following such doses are colic, vomiting, bloody diarrhœa and tenesmus.

It is mainly used as a uterine stimulant or emmenagogue, for which it is administered in doses of 0.10–0.15 centigrams of the freshly powdered leaf and 0.05–0.10 centigrams of the fresh leaves steeped in a liter of water. The dry powder of the leaf should be avoided because the essential oil evaporates, leading to a significant loss of the most active component of the drug. It is a substance that should be prescribed with extreme caution, as large doses can be toxic and may even lead to death. Symptoms following such doses include colic, vomiting, bloody diarrhea, and tenesmus.

It is also used as an antihemorrhagic after childbirth, but its action is slow, not being felt for several hours after the administration of the drug; for this reason it cannot take the place of ergot, though it seems to be superior to the latter in passive hemorrhages. The essential oil is given internally in doses of 2–6 drops on a piece of sugar. It is sometimes used as an antispasmodic in hysteria, epilepsy and chorea.

It is also used as a treatment for excessive bleeding after childbirth, but its effects are slow and aren’t felt until several hours after taking the medication. For this reason, it can't replace ergot, although it appears to be better than ergot for passive bleeding. The essential oil is taken internally in doses of 2–6 drops on a piece of sugar. It's sometimes used as a muscle relaxant for conditions like hysteria, epilepsy, and chorea.

The Chinese make extensive use of this drug and it is one of their principal abortives. In Hindostan the dried leaves are burnt and the smoke inhaled as a cure for catarrh in children. They are careful not to administer it to pregnant women. [63]

The Chinese use this drug a lot, and it's one of their main methods for abortion. In India, they burn the dried leaves and inhale the smoke as a treatment for colds in children. They are careful not to give it to pregnant women. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Botanical Description.—A plant, 1 meter high, with leaves alternate, compound, the inferior ones 2–3-cleft; leaflets narrow, oblong, slightly fleshy. Flowers greenish-yellow, hermaphrodite, arranged in corymbose terminal cymes. Corolla, 4–5 free, concave petals. Calyx deeply divided, persistent. Stamens 8–10, free, in two whorls, inserted beneath a thick disc. Ovaries 5, unilocular, many-ovuled. Styles 5, first free, then united, forming a column terminating in a small stigma. Follicles 5, united at the base, 1 centimeter long, free superiorly, hard, rounded, rugose, opening on top. Seeds ovoid, angular, blackish, albuminous.

Plant Description.—A plant about 1 meter tall, with alternate, compound leaves; the lower ones are 2–3 cleft. The leaflets are narrow, oblong, and slightly fleshy. Flowers are greenish-yellow, hermaphroditic, and arranged in corymbose terminal clusters. The corolla has 4–5 free, concave petals. The calyx is deeply split and persistent. There are 8–10 free stamens, arranged in two whorls, inserted below a thick disc. The ovaries are 5, single-chambered, and contain many ovules. The styles are 5; they start off free and then join together, forming a column that ends in a small stigma. The 5 follicles are joined at the base, 1 centimeter long, free at the top, hard, rounded, and textured, opening from the top. The seeds are ovoid, angular, dark-colored, and contain albumen.

Habitat.—Common everywhere in the Philippines.

Habitat.—Widely found throughout the Philippines.

Xanthoxylum oxyphyllum, Edgew. (X. violaceum, Wall.; Fagara piperita, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Kayutana, Tag.; Salay, Saladay, Vis.

Uses.—The trunk bark is stimulant and is used as a sudorific in the treatment of fevers. The fresh bark is quite irritating, for which reason it is best to use bark taken from the more mature parts of the trunk, powdered and desiccated. The dose is 1/2–2 grams 2–3 times a day. Its stimulating properties render it useful in colic and in India it is used as a stomachic and digestive. Is seems also to possess diuretic properties.

Uses.—The trunk bark is a stimulant and is used as a sweat-inducer in treating fevers. The fresh bark can be quite irritating, so it's best to use bark from the more mature parts of the trunk, powdered and dried. The dosage is 1/2–2 grams 2–3 times a day. Its stimulating properties make it helpful for colic, and in India, it is used as a remedy for digestion and stomach issues. It also seems to have diuretic properties.

Botanical Description.—A tree 30–35° high, with trunk thickly set with large spines. Leaves odd-pinnate. Leaflets ovate, acute, obtusely serrate, small transparent vesicles on the surface, spines on the midrib and common petiole. Calyx very small, monophyllous. Corolla twice as large as the calyx, 4 petals. Stamens 4, inserted on the receptacle, the same length as the petals. Ovary superior, 4-angled. No style. Stigmas 2.

Plant Description.—A tree 30–35° tall, with a trunk covered in large thorns. Leaves are odd-pinnate. Leaflets are ovate, pointed, and have blunt serrations, with small transparent blisters on the surface and thorns on the midrib and the petiole. The calyx is very small and consists of a single piece. The corolla is twice the size of the calyx, with 4 petals. There are 4 stamens attached to the receptacle, which are the same length as the petals. The ovary is superior and has 4 angles. There is no style, and there are 2 stigmas.

Habitat.—Batangas, Morong, Manila.

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Murraya exotica, L. (M. paniculata, Jack.; Connarus fœtens, and C. santaloides, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Kamunig̃, Tag.

Uses.—The leaves are stimulant and astringent, and are used in infusion (15 grams, to water one liter) to treat diarrhea and dysentery. The root and trunk barks are used for the same treatment and they as well as the leaves owe their properties to an essential oil and a bitter principle present in all parts of the plant. Vry has demonstrated the presence of a glucoside which he has named murrayin (C₁₈H₂₂O₁₀); it crystallizes in small, white needles, is slightly bitter, soluble in hot water and alcohol, insoluble in ether, slightly soluble in cold water. It melts at 170°, and dissolves in alkaline solutions coloring them green. Boiled in dilute acids it splits into murrayetin and glucose. Murrayetin (C₁₂H₁₂O₁₀) crystallizes in white needles, inodorous, tasteless, slightly soluble in cold water and in ether, soluble in hot water and alcohol. Heat destroys its green color in solutions; alkalies, in the presence of cold, increase it. The leaves and the bark of the plant contain an essential oil.

Applications.—The leaves are stimulants and astringents, and are used in an infusion (15 grams in one liter of water) to treat diarrhea and dysentery. The root and trunk barks are used for the same treatments, and both the leaves and the barks get their properties from an essential oil and a bitter compound found in all parts of the plant. Vry has shown that a glucoside he named murrayin (C₁₈H₂₂O₁₀) is present; it crystallizes into small, white needles, has a slightly bitter taste, is soluble in hot water and alcohol, but not in ether, and is slightly soluble in cold water. It melts at 170° and turns alkaline solutions green. When boiled in dilute acids, it breaks down into murrayetin and glucose. Murrayetin (C₁₂H₁₂O₁₀) crystallizes into white needles, has no odor or taste, is slightly soluble in cold water and ether, but soluble in hot water and alcohol. Heat destroys its green color in solutions, while alkalies increase it when cold. The leaves and bark of the plant contain an essential oil.

The foregoing description of this species applies equally well to the following species.

The description above for this species also applies to the next species.

Botanical Description.—A small tree 12° high with leaves alternate, odd-pinnate. Leaflets lanceolate, almost entire, rigid with small dots on each surface. Flowers in axillary, very short, compound racemes. Calyx very small, monophyllous, 5 lanceolate lobules. Corolla much longer than the calyx, 5 lanceolate petals. Stamens 10, joined, but not entirely united at the base; 5 alternate stamens longer than the others. Anthers sessile, regular. Ovary superior, compressed and borne on a disc. Style 1, same length as the stamens. Stigma thick, depressed, apparently 4-angled. Fruit fleshy, ovoid, acute and somewhat curved at the end enclosing a seed with coriaceous, downy testa.

Plant Description.—A small tree 12° high with alternating, odd-pinnate leaves. Leaflets are lance-shaped, almost whole, stiff, with small dots on each surface. Flowers are found in very short, compound racemes in the axils. The calyx is very small, consisting of one piece with 5 lance-shaped lobes. The corolla is much longer than the calyx, featuring 5 lance-shaped petals. There are 10 stamens that are joined but not fully fused at the base; 5 of these stamens are longer than the others. The anthers are stalkless and regular. The ovary is superior, flattened, and sits on a disc. There is 1 style, which is the same length as the stamens. The stigma is thick, flattened, and appears to have 4 sides. The fruit is fleshy, oval, pointed, and slightly curved at the end, containing a seed with a leathery, fuzzy coating.

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Murraya Koenigi, Spreng. (Bergera Koenigi, L.; Connarus sp., Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—(?)

Botanical Description.—Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate. Leaflets obliquely ovate, acute, entire and glabrous. The testa of the seed bears no down, and may be divided into two parts. The decoction of the leaves of this species as well as the former is used to allay toothache.

Plant Description.—Leaves are arranged alternately and are odd-pinnate. Leaflets are slanted, oval-shaped, pointed, smooth, and without hairs. The seed coat is hairless and can be split into two sections. A brew made from the leaves of this species, as well as the previous one, is used to relieve tooth pain.

Citrus acida, F. (C. notissima, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Limón, Sp.; Dayap, Tag.; Lemon, Eng.

Uses.—The essence (essential oil) and juice of the fruit are the parts of the plant used in therapeutics. The essence extracted from the rind is yellow, fragrant, slightly bitter; density, 0.856; boiling point 165°. The juice which is turbid and pale yellow in color contains 9% citric acid, 3–5% gum and sugar and 2–8/10% inorganic salts. The essence is used to flavor certain pharmaceutical preparations, and is a diffusible stimulant which may be given internally in doses of 3–6 drops on a little sugar. The bitter rind is occasionally used in infusion as a stomachic and stimulant. The juice is most commonly used in lemonade, a cooling drink which, used intemperately in the Philippines, is apt to cause gastro-intestinal trouble, so commonly attributed to “irritation,” but really the result of a general atony of the digestive organs. Lemon juice is also used with very good results as a local cleansing application for sore throat, as well as externally on fetid ulcers. In some forms of malarial fever it seems to have given satisfactory results, administered internally.

Uses.—The essential oil and juice of the fruit are the parts of the plant used for therapeutic purposes. The oil extracted from the peel is yellow, fragrant, and slightly bitter; it has a density of 0.856 and a boiling point of 165°. The juice, which is cloudy and pale yellow, contains 9% citric acid, 3–5% gum and sugar, and 2–8/10% inorganic salts. The oil is used to flavor certain pharmaceutical products and acts as a stimulative agent that can be taken internally in doses of 3–6 drops on a small amount of sugar. The bitter peel is sometimes used in infusions as a stomach aid and stimulant. The juice is most commonly used in lemonade, a refreshing drink that, if consumed excessively in the Philippines, can lead to gastrointestinal issues, often attributed to “irritation,” but actually resulting from a general weakness of the digestive organs. Lemon juice also works effectively as a local cleansing treatment for sore throats and can be applied externally to foul ulcers. In some types of malaria, it has shown promising results when taken internally.

In many navies lemon juice forms a part of the sea ration as a preventive of scurvy, upon which it exercises a real and noteworthy action. The Danish navy adopted it for this purpose in 1770, the English navy followed, then the French and possibly others. The English call it lime-juice, and its preventive [66]dose is 30–40 grams a day. Its curative dose is 100–150 grams a day. To preserve the lime-juice it was bottled with a layer of oil, which, floating on the surface kept it from contact with the air; but this process gave it a bad taste as did also the addition of sulphate of calcium, and at present the English add, to each liter of juice, 60 grams of alcohol, which preserves it perfectly. Fonssagrives says that the antiscorbutic action of lemon juice is due rather to the vegetable juice itself than to the citric acid which it contains.

In many navies, lemon juice is part of the sea ration to prevent scurvy, and it actually has a significant impact. The Danish navy adopted it for this purpose in 1770, followed by the English navy, then the French, and possibly others. The English refer to it as lime juice, and the preventive [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] dose is 30–40 grams per day. Its curative dose is 100–150 grams daily. To maintain the lime juice, it was bottled with a layer of oil, which kept it from contacting the air, but this process affected its taste negatively, as did the addition of calcium sulfate. Nowadays, the English add 60 grams of alcohol to each liter of juice to preserve it perfectly. Fonssagrives claims that the antiscorbutic effect of lemon juice is more due to the vegetable juice itself than to the citric acid it contains.

Botanical Description.—A most familiar tree 11° or more high, trunk with solitary thorns. Leaves ovate, obtuse, acute-toothed, the petiole bearing serrate wings. Calyx 4–6-toothed. Corolla, 4 thick petals. Filaments 10–25 on the receptacle, some joined and bearing 2–3 anthers. Fruit thin-skinned, globular, about 1′ in diameter; the rind adheres closely to the pulp.

Plant Description.—A very common tree that grows 11 feet or more high, with a trunk featuring solitary thorns. The leaves are oval-shaped, blunt, and sharply toothed, with the petiole having serrated wings. The calyx has 4 to 6 teeth. The corolla consists of 4 thick petals. There are 10 to 25 filaments on the receptacle, some of which are joined and have 2 to 3 anthers. The fruit is thin-skinned, round, and about 1 inch in diameter; the skin adheres closely to the pulp.

(This fruit closely resembles, if it is not identical with the lime fruit, C. Limetta, or C. Bergamia, Risso, though Gray states that the leaf of the latter has a wingless petiole.—J. B. T.)

(This fruit closely resembles, if it isn't identical to the lime fruit, C. Limetta, or C. Bergamia, Risso, though Gray notes that the leaf of the latter has a petiole without wings.—J. B. T.)

Habitat.—Common to all parts of the islands.

Habitat.—Found everywhere on the islands.

Citrus Bigaradia, Hook. f. (C. vulgaris, Risso; C. aurantium, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Naranjas del país, Sp.; Kahel, Kahil, Tag.; Native Orange, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Local Oranges, Sp.; Kahel, Kahil, Tag.; Native Orange, Eng.

Uses.—The rind of the cagel is the so-called bitter orange peel, the best of which comes from Curaçao and Barbadoes. It is tonic and is used in decoction and in syrup. The infusion of the leaves, 5–10 grams to the liter, is useful as a sedative and diaphoretic in hysterical and nervous attacks; the infusion of the flowers is similarly used. When distilled the flowers yield a very sweet essential oil called neroli, which is used as a perfume only.

Uses.—The peel of the cagel is known as bitter orange peel, with the best varieties coming from Curaçao and Barbados. It's considered a tonic and is used in decoctions and syrups. An infusion made from the leaves, using 5–10 grams per liter, is helpful as a sedative and to promote sweating during hysterical and nervous episodes; an infusion of the flowers is used in a similar way. When the flowers are distilled, they produce a very sweet essential oil called neroli, which is used exclusively as a perfume.

Botanical Description.—A tree 15–20° high, trunk [67]bearing solitary spines. Leaves medium lanceolate, serrate, the apex notched, petioles winged. Flowers usually solitary. Calyx 4–5-toothed. Corolla 4–5 petals. Filaments joined or separate. Anthers about 20. The fruit, a small orange 2′ or more in diameter, the peel closely adherent.

Plant Description.—A tree 15–20 feet high, with a trunk [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] that has solitary spines. Leaves are medium-sized, lance-shaped, serrated, with a notched tip, and the petioles have wings. Flowers are usually solitary. The calyx has 4–5 teeth. The corolla consists of 4–5 petals. Filaments can be joined or separate. There are about 20 anthers. The fruit is a small orange that is 2 inches or more in diameter, with skin that closely adheres to the flesh.

The C. aurantium verum or C. reticulata (Blanco) has a yellow pulp and the rind is readily separated from it, a thin net of fibers intervening.

The C. aurantium verum or C. reticulata (Blanco) has yellow pulp, and the peel separates easily from it, with a thin layer of fibers in between.

Citrus decumana, L.

Citrus decumana, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Suha, Lukban, Tag.; Toronjas Penins.; Naranjas, Sp.-Fil.

Uses.—The fruit, which is handsome and large, and the leaves and flowers, are used for the same purposes as those of C. bigaradia.

Applications.—The fruit, which is attractive and large, along with the leaves and flowers, are used for the same purposes as those of C. bigaradia.

Habitat.—The above species are cultivated in all parts of the islands, and, like the variety C. aurantium verum, H. f. (C. reticulata, Blanco), commonly called naranjita, are among the most abundant of native fruits.

Environment.—The species mentioned above are grown throughout the islands, and, similar to the variety C. aurantium verum, H. f. (C. reticulata, Blanco), commonly known as naranjita, are some of the most plentiful native fruits.

Ægle decandra, Naves. (Feronia ternata, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Malakabuyaw, Tag.; Tabog, Pam., Tag. (A species of Bael-Fruit Tree.)

Nom. Vulg.—Malakabuyaw, Tag.; Tabog, Pam., Tag. (A type of Bael-Fruit Tree.)

Uses.—We do not know the medicinal use of this plant in the Philippines. Probably it has none, but we may give those of the species. R. marmelos, Cor., the fruit of which is almost identical with that of our species and is called Bela or Bael in India. The fruit of the Malakabuyaw is ovoid and full of a mucilaginous pulp, aromatic and acid, the same as that of the Bael. The uses of the latter are the following: The pulp acts as an astringent, but it would be more correctly called a tonic of the intestinal mucosa, for it has been experimentally proved that, although it checks diarrhœa, it also acts as a laxative in [68]chronic constipation. In both conditions it seems to operate by toning and regulating the functions of the intestine.

Uses.—We don't know of any medicinal uses for this plant in the Philippines. It likely doesn't have any, but we can reference its relatives. R. marmelos, known as Bela or Bael in India, has fruit that is almost identical to ours. The fruit of the Malakabuyaw is oval-shaped and filled with a mucilaginous, aromatic, and acidic pulp, similar to the Bael. The uses of the Bael include: the pulp acts as an astringent, but it would be more accurately described as a tonic for the intestinal mucosa. Studies have shown that while it can help stop diarrhea, it also functions as a laxative in [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]chronic constipation. In both cases, it seems to work by toning and regulating the functions of the intestine.

Martin, an English physician, was the first to call attention to the properties of Bael, and according to Dr. Green one dose of the pulp of the ripe fruit, prepared with sugar and given every morning, is an efficient remedy in the treatment of the dyspepsia of Europeans in India, especially in the form characterized by constipation and flatulence. The green fruit is a powerful astringent used by the Hindoos for diarrhœa. In cholera epidemics Dr. Bose advises the daily use of an ice made from the pulp of the ripe fruit, the object being the regulation of the functions of the intestine.

Martin, an English doctor, was the first to highlight the benefits of Bael. According to Dr. Green, one dose of the pulp from the ripe fruit, mixed with sugar and taken every morning, is an effective treatment for dyspepsia among Europeans in India, especially the type that involves constipation and gas. The green fruit acts as a strong astringent and is used by Hindus for diarrhea. During cholera outbreaks, Dr. Bose recommends consuming ice made from the pulp of the ripe fruit daily to help regulate intestinal functions.

The Pharmacopœia of India contains the following preparations:

The Pharmacopoeia of India includes the following preparations:

Mixture.—	Pulp of the ripe fruit	60 grams.
	Water	120 grams.
	Sugar	60 grams.

Mix, and if desired add chopped ice. This forms a very agreeable drink which has the aroma of the fruit itself, and may be repeated 2–3 times a day. When the fruit is ripe, this preparation is not only astringent in cases of diarrhœa, but possesses the additional property of increasing the appetite. If the patient’s stomach is very weak, the preparation may produce vomiting in which event it is necessary to give it in small doses or to employ the extract.

Mix, and if you'd like, add some crushed ice. This creates a really pleasant drink that captures the scent of the fruit itself and can be enjoyed 2–3 times a day. When the fruit is ripe, this drink is not only effective for diarrhea but also helps boost appetite. If the patient's stomach is very weak, the drink might cause vomiting, in which case it's best to serve it in smaller amounts or use the extract instead.

Extract of Bael.—Pulp of the ripe fruit is placed in a vessel and sufficient water added to cover it. It is then heated and evaporated to the consistency of a soft extract. The dose is 2–4 grams, 2, 3 or 4 times a day.

Extract of Bael.—The pulp of the ripe fruit is put in a container, and enough water is added to cover it. It is then heated and evaporated until it reaches the consistency of a soft extract. The dosage is 2–4 grams, taken 2, 3, or 4 times a day.

Fluid Extract of Bael.—

Bael Fluid Extract.—

Pulp of Bael	500 grams.
Water	3 liters.
Rectified alcohol	60 grams.

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The Bael is macerated in a third of the water and at the end of 12 hours the liquid is decanted and another third of water is added; the maceration is repeated and the same process followed till the last third of water is used. Express the residuum, put all the liquid into one vessel, filter and evaporate till reduced to 800 grams, then cool and add the alcohol. Dose, 4–8 grams.

The Bael is soaked in a third of the water, and after 12 hours, the liquid is poured off, and another third of water is added; the soaking is repeated, and the same process is followed until the last third of water is used. Squeeze out the remaining solids, combine all the liquid into one container, filter it, and evaporate until it is reduced to 800 grams, then cool it and add the alcohol. Dosage: 4–8 grams.

The fluid extract is less active than the freshly prepared solid extract.

The liquid extract is less potent than the freshly made solid extract.

According to Dr. G. Bidie, the fruit of the Feronia elephantum, Correa (the species that grows in the Philippines), possesses the same properties as Bael. Its leaves are astringent, aromatic and carminative, and the gum with which the trunk of the tree is covered is a good substitute for gum arabic.

According to Dr. G. Bidie, the fruit of the Feronia elephantum, Correa (the species found in the Philippines), has the same properties as Bael. Its leaves are astringent, aromatic, and help with digestion, and the gum that covers the tree's trunk is a good alternative to gum arabic.

Botanical Description.—A tree 7–8 meters high, the trunk covered with large, solitary spines. Leaves alternate, ternate. Leaflets lanceolate, scalloped and glabrous, the middle one larger than the others. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla, 5 thick petals, linear, much longer than the calyx. Stamens 10. Ovary cylindrical. Style and stigma thick. Fruit oblong, more than 3′ long and 2′ thick, with a surface irregular with prominences and grooves; 10 or more compartments, each containing several ovoid, compressed seeds, ending with a woolly tuft.

Plant Description.—A tree that stands 7–8 meters tall, with a trunk covered in large, solitary spines. The leaves are arranged alternately and are in groups of three. The leaflets are lance-shaped, scalloped, and smooth, with the middle one being larger than the others. The calyx has 5 teeth. The corolla consists of 5 thick petals that are linear and much longer than the calyx. There are 10 stamens. The ovary is cylindrical. The style and stigma are thick. The fruit is oblong, measuring over 3 feet long and 2 feet thick, with a surface that has irregular bumps and grooves; it contains 10 or more compartments, each holding several oval, flattened seeds topped with a tuft of wool.

Habitat.—San Mateo, Montalbán (Manila); Arayat (La Pampanga).

Ecosystem.—San Mateo, Montalbán (Manila); Arayat (La Pampanga).

Feronia elephantum, Correa. (Murraya adorata, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Panoan, Pamunoan, Vis.; Wood-apple, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Panoan, Pamunoan, Vis.; Wood apple, Eng.

Uses.—The pulp of the ripe fruit has an agreeable odor and is edible. In India the green fruit is used as an astringent in diarrhœa and dysentery; the ripe fruit is given in diseases of the gums and as a gargle. Mir Muhammad Husain states that the ripe fruit is a refrigerant, astringent, cardiac and general tonic, and is very efficacious in the treatment of salivation and ulcers of the throat, strengthening the gums and operating as [70]an astringent. A sorbet made of the ripe fruit whets the appetite and the pulp is used locally for bites of venomous animals. In the latter case the pulverized bark may be used if the fruit cannot be obtained.

Uses.—The pulp of the ripe fruit has a pleasant smell and is edible. In India, the green fruit is used as an astringent for diarrhea and dysentery; the ripe fruit is given for gum diseases and as a mouthwash. Mir Muhammad Husain notes that the ripe fruit acts as a refrigerant, astringent, heart tonic, and general tonic, and is very effective in treating salivation and throat ulcers, strengthening the gums and functioning as [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]an astringent. A sorbet made from the ripe fruit stimulates the appetite, and the pulp is used topically for bites from poisonous animals. If the fruit isn't available, the powdered bark can be used instead.

The fruit of Ferona is a substitute for Bael (Ægle Marmelos), and is used as such by the English physicians in the hospitals of India. The tender leaves have an agreeable aroma similar to that of anise and are used internally in decoction as a stomachic and carminative.

The fruit of Ferona is a substitute for Bael (Ægle Marmelos), and English doctors use it as such in hospitals in India. The soft leaves have a pleasant smell like anise and are used internally in a brew as a digestive aid and to relieve gas.

The incised trunk exudes a gum which is used in India as a substitute for gum arabic and there is an active trade in this gum in the bazars of Bombay and Calcutta. According to Pereira, it was at one time imported into England from the east of India under the name of gum arabic. It exists in the form of irregular, semitransparent pieces, of a brownish-red color. With water it forms a mucilage as adhesive as gum arabic, and this solution reddens litmus paper. It is dextrogyrous and is precipitated by the neutral acetate of lead and by caustic baryta.

The cut trunk releases a gum that's used in India as a substitute for gum arabic, and there’s a thriving trade in this gum in the markets of Bombay and Calcutta. According to Pereira, it was once imported to England from eastern India under the name of gum arabic. It appears in the form of irregular, semi-transparent pieces that are brownish-red in color. When mixed with water, it forms a mucilage that is as sticky as gum arabic, and this solution turns litmus paper red. It is dextrogyrous and is precipitated by neutral acetate of lead and by caustic baryta.

Botanical Description.—Tree 3–4 meters high. Leaves fragrant, opposite, odd-pinnate. Leaflets, 2 pairs, lanceolate, entire, and glabrous. Common petiole flattened above. Flowers terminal, white, racemose, with 2 flattened peduncles. Calyx inferior, with 5–6 divisions. Corolla, 5–6 petals. Anthers oval. Ovary oblong, 5-lobuled. Style short, caducous. Stigma spindle-shaped. Ovules numerous, compressed, in several series. Fruit pulpy, globose, with woody rind, one compartment and many compressed, oblong seeds.

Plant Description.—Tree 3–4 meters tall. Leaves are fragrant, arranged oppositely, and have an odd-pinnate structure. There are 2 pairs of lance-shaped, smooth leaflets. The common petiole is flat on top. Flowers are terminal, white, and grow in a raceme with 2 flattened peduncles. The calyx is inferior, with 5–6 segments. The corolla has 5–6 petals. Anthers are oval. The ovary is oblong with 5 lobes. The style is short and falls off easily. The stigma is spindle-shaped. There are many compressed ovules arranged in several series. The fruit is pulpy, round, with a woody shell, consisting of one compartment and many compressed, oblong seeds.

Habitat.—Mountains of Angat. Woods of Catugán (Iloilo). [71]

Ecosystem.—Mountains of Angat. Forests of Catugán (Iloilo). [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Simarubaceæ.

Quassia Family.

Samadera Indica, Gaertn. (Niota tetrapela, DC. & Blanco; Manungala pendula, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Manungal, Tag., Pam., Bicol.; Manunagl, Linatoganak, Palagarium, Daraput, Vis.

Common Name.—Manungal, Tagalog, Pampanga, Bicol; Manunagl, Linatoganak, Palagarium, Daraput, Visayan.

Uses.—The wood and seeds contain an intensely bitter principle. The Filipinos make cups and vases of the wood and allow water to stand in them 6–12 hours, thus preparing a solution of the bitter principle of the plant which they use in various stomach disorders.

Uses.—The wood and seeds have a very bitter compound. Filipinos create cups and vases from the wood and let water sit in them for 6–12 hours, preparing a solution of the plant's bitter compound that they use for different stomach issues.

Vrij has extracted from the seeds a 33% oil of a bright yellow color, composed, according to Oudermans, of 84 parts olein to 16 of palmitin and stearin.

Vrij has extracted a bright yellow oil from the seeds, making up 33% of the total, which Oudermans says consists of 84 parts olein and 16 parts palmitin and stearin.

The bitter principle contained in the root, wood and bark was discovered by Blunse who named it samaderin; it is a white, crystalline, foliaceous substance, more soluble in water than in alcohol, fusible. Nitric and hydrochloric acids color it yellow. Sulphuric acid immediately forms a violet red color which disappears as iridescent, feathery crystals are precipitated. (D. Beaumentz et Egasse.)

The bitter component found in the root, wood, and bark was identified by Blunse, who called it samaderin; it is a white, crystalline, leafy substance that dissolves better in water than in alcohol and melts easily. Nitric and hydrochloric acids turn it yellow. Sulfuric acid quickly produces a violet-red color that fades as iridescent, feathery crystals form. (D. Beaumentz et Egasse.)

The Filipino “herb-doctors” concoct an oil of manungal that in reality contains none of the ingredients of the seeds; it is simply cocoanut oil in which chips of the wood have been soaked. They use it in doses of 30–60 grams as a purgative, externally as an application to the abdomen in colic or indigestion and with friction in rheumatism or contusions. In India the oil extracted from the seeds is used locally with friction in rheumatism.

The Filipino “herb-doctors” make an oil called manungal that actually doesn’t have any of the seed ingredients; it’s just coconut oil that has soaked up wood chips. They use it in amounts of 30–60 grams as a laxative, applied externally to the abdomen for colic or indigestion, and used with rubbing for rheumatism or bruises. In India, the oil extracted from the seeds is applied locally with rubbing for rheumatism.

The decoction of the wood and the powdered wood are given in fevers, in dyspepsia and as a general tonic.

The brew made from the wood and the powdered wood are used for fevers, indigestion, and as a general tonic.

Infusion.—	Chips of the wood	20 grams.
	Water	500 grams.

[72]

[__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

A wineglassful several times a day in cholera, fevers, diarrhœa, etc.

A glass of wine several times a day for cholera, fevers, diarrhea, etc.

Botanical Description.—A small tree, trunk straight, the wood white and very light in weight. Leaves 4–5′ long, alternate, acute, oval, entire, glabrous, coriaceous, veined. Petioles very short, no stipules. Flowers in terminal umbels, each composed of 4–6 flowerets with moderately long pedicels. Common peduncle, very slender, very long, drooping. Calyx of same color as corolla, inferior, very small, 4-lobuled. Corolla purplish, very long, 4 straight, linear petals. Stamens 8, inserted on the receptacle. Filaments of equal length with the petals, with 1–2 appendices at the base. Anthers spiral. Ovary 5-lobuled, borne on small stalk. One style of equal length with the stamens, situated above the center of the 5 lobules of the ovary which develop into 5 future pods. Stigma simple. Fruit 5 woody pods, short, united centrally above a small base, semi-lunar in form, medianly expanded, venate, containing a small wrinkled, kidney-shaped seed attached by a seed-stalk to the superior suture.

Plant Description.—A small tree with a straight trunk, the wood is white and very light. The leaves are 4–5 inches long, arranged alternately, pointed, oval, smooth, leathery, and veined. The petioles are very short, and there are no stipules. Flowers grow in clusters at the ends of branches, each cluster made up of 4–6 individual flowers on moderately long stalks. The common stem is very slender, very long, and droops. The calyx is the same color as the corolla, small, and has 4 lobes. The corolla is purplish, very long, with 4 straight, linear petals. There are 8 stamens attached to the receptacle. The filaments are the same length as the petals and have 1–2 small appendages at the base. The anthers are spiral-shaped. The ovary has 5 lobes and is attached to a small stalk. There is one style, the same length as the stamens, located above the center of the 5 lobes of the ovary, which will develop into 5 pods. The stigma is simple. The fruit consists of 5 woody pods that are short, joined together at the top above a small base, shaped like a crescent, expanded in the middle, with veins, containing a small wrinkled, kidney-shaped seed attached by a seed stalk to the top seam.

Habitat.—Very common and well known everywhere in the Philippines. Blooms in February.

Habitat.—Very common and widely recognized throughout the Philippines. Blooms in February.

Burseraceæ.

Myrrh Family.

Garuga pinnata, Roxb. (G. Madagascarensis, DC.)

Nom. Vulg.—Bugo, Tag.

Uses.—The fruit is slightly acid and edible. The trunk exudes an abundant gum, of the odor of turpentine, translucent, greenish-yellow, forming small masses slightly soluble in alcohol, soluble in water, with which a mucilage is formed. The juice of the leaves is used for asthma. The sap is used in Bombay to remove opacities of the cornea. There is another species in the Philippines, G. floribunda, Decsne (Icica Abilo, [73]Blanco), abilo, Tag., the root of which furnishes a decoction used for phthisis. This species also produces a gum-resin similar to that of the bugo.

Uses.—The fruit is mildly sour and safe to eat. The trunk releases a thick gum that smells like turpentine, is translucent and greenish-yellow, and forms small clumps that dissolve slightly in alcohol and are soluble in water, creating a mucilage. The juice from the leaves is used to treat asthma. The sap is used in Bombay to clear cloudy areas of the cornea. There's another species in the Philippines, G. floribunda, Decsne (Icica Abilo, [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]Blanco), known as abilo in Tagalog; its root is used to make a decoction for tuberculosis. This species also produces a gum-resin similar to that of the bugo.

Botanical Description.—A tree, with leaves alternate, odd-pinnate, without stipules, bunched on the ends of the branches, with opposite, serrate leaflets. Flowers yellowish-white in panicles, compound, polygamous. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-toothed. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens 10, free, in 2 series. Ovary inferior, 5-lobuled. Fruit, a globose, greenish-yellow drupe with numerous bony seeds.

Plant Description.—A tree with alternate leaves that are odd-pinnate and lack stipules, clustered at the ends of the branches, featuring opposite, serrated leaflets. The flowers are yellowish-white and appear in compound panicles, being polygamous. The calyx is bell-shaped with 5 teeth. The corolla has 5 petals. There are 10 free stamens arranged in 2 series. The ovary is inferior and has 5 lobes. The fruit is a round, greenish-yellow drupe containing several hard seeds.

Habitat.—Everywhere in Luzon, Panay and Balabac.

Ecosystem.—Found all over Luzon, Panay, and Balabac.

Canarium commune, L. (C. album and C. Luzonicum, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Pili, Tag.; Java Almond Tree, East Indian Elemi, Eng.

Uses.—The ripe pili nut is edible and sold in confectioneries. It yields a fixed oil, an excellent sample of which was sent by the Manila pharmacist D. A. del Rosario to the Paris Exposition of 1889. “It is an oil very similar to oil of almond and owing to its physical properties may be used as a substitute for the latter for all the requirements of pharmacy. The only inconvenience connected with its use is the slight one that it solidifies at 3° C. It could furthermore be very advantageously used in the manufacture of fine grades of soap.” (D. A. del Rosario.)

Uses.—The ripe pili nut is edible and sold in sweets. It produces a fixed oil, an excellent sample of which was sent by the Manila pharmacist D. A. del Rosario to the Paris Exposition of 1889. “It is an oil very similar to almond oil and, due to its physical properties, can be used as a substitute for the latter in all pharmacy needs. The only minor issue with its use is that it solidifies at 3° C. It could also be very effectively used in making high-quality soap.” (D. A. del Rosario.)

The incised trunk exudes a gum-resin called brea blanca (white pitch) in the Philippines and elemi in Europe. Until recently it was not known in Europe what tree yielded the gum elemi, some authors stating that according to Blanco it was the resin of the Icica abilo, Blanco (Garuga floribunda, Decsne); it is not true, however, that Padre Blanco ever attributed such origin to that product or named his Icica the “pitch-tree.” On the contrary in speaking of the Canarium, Blanco states that it yields a resin called “pili-pitch.” I do not know the [74]reason for this confusion of terms, but presume it to be due to imperfect knowledge of Spanish on the part of those who thus quote Blanco.

The cut trunk releases a gum-resin known as brea blanca (white pitch) in the Philippines and elemi in Europe. Until recently, it was unclear in Europe which tree produced the gum elemi. Some authors claimed, according to Blanco, that it was the resin of the Icica abilo, but it’s not true that Padre Blanco ever said this or called his Icica the “pitch-tree.” In fact, when discussing the Canarium, Blanco mentions that it produces a resin called “pili-pitch.” I’m not sure about the [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]reason for this mix-up in terminology, but I assume it’s because those quoting Blanco have a limited understanding of Spanish.

Pili-pitch, or elemi, as they call it in Manila, is a substance existing in soft masses, slightly yellowish or gray, resembling old honey in appearance. Its odor is strong and agreeable, somewhat like that of lemon and turpentine. Its taste is acrid and bitter.

Pili-pitch, or elemi, as they call it in Manila, is a substance that comes in soft clumps, slightly yellowish or gray, and looks like old honey. Its smell is strong and pleasant, somewhat like lemon and turpentine. Its taste is sharp and bitter.

The French pharmacist Meaujean demonstrated in 1820 that elemi contains two resins, one soluble in the cold, and the other in hot spirits of wine. Other chemists, among them Baup, Flückiger and Hanbury, have found elemi to be composed of a resinous substance and a colorless essential oil; the proportion of the latter Flückiger gives as 10% and further states that it is dextrogyrous. Sainte-Claire Deville found the essential oil levogyrous, a fact that emphasizes the probability of there being different products in the market bearing the name of elemi.

The French pharmacist Meaujean showed in 1820 that elemi contains two resins: one that dissolves in cold and the other that dissolves in hot alcohol. Other chemists, including Baup, Flückiger, and Hanbury, have discovered that elemi is made up of a resinous substance and a clear essential oil; Flückiger notes that the essential oil makes up about 10% and states that it is dextrogyrous. Sainte-Claire Deville found the essential oil to be levogyrous, which suggests that there are probably different products on the market using the name elemi.

Baup obtained several principles from it: (1) A resin, brein, fusible at 187°, soluble in cold alcohol, crystallizable in oblique rhombic prisms; (2) another crystalline substance, bryoidin, soluble in 360 parts water at 10°, and melting at 13°; (3) a small amount of breidin, a body soluble in 260 parts water and melting at 100°+; (4) another resin soluble in boiling alcohol, called amyrin.

Baup identified several key substances from it: (1) A resin, brein, that melts at 187°, dissolves in cold alcohol, and forms crystal shapes in oblique rhombic prisms; (2) another crystal substance, bryoidin, which dissolves in 360 parts of water at 10° and melts at 13°; (3) a small quantity of breidin, which dissolves in 260 parts of water and melts at over 100°; (4) another resin that dissolves in boiling alcohol, known as amyrin.

White pitch is used in the Philippines to make plasters which they apply to the back and breast of patients suffering from bronchial or pulmonary complaints; it is also applied to indolent ulcers. We believe that elemi possesses the same properties as copaiba, and that its indications for internal use are the same.

White pitch is used in the Philippines to create plasters that are applied to the back and chest of patients with bronchial or lung issues; it is also used on stubborn ulcers. We believe that elemi has the same properties as copaiba and that its uses for internal treatment are the same.

Botanical Description.—A tree 30–40 meters high, with leaves alternate, odd-pinnate; leaflets opposite, coriaceous. Flowers yellowish-white in axillary, compound panicles, hermaphrodite. Calyx 3-toothed. Corolla, 3 oblong, concave petals. Stamens [75]6, inserted on the base of the disc. Ovary free, of 3 lobules each containing 2 ovules. Style simple. Stigma, 3 lobules. Drupe oblong, size of large prune, fleshy, containing a hard, 3-sided pit.

Plant Description.—A tree that grows 30–40 meters tall, with alternate, odd-pinnate leaves; the leaflets are arranged opposite and are leathery. The flowers are yellowish-white and appear in axillary, compound clusters, and they are hermaphroditic. The calyx has 3 teeth. The corolla consists of 3 oblong, concave petals. There are 6 stamens, attached at the base of the disc. The ovary is free and has 3 sections, each containing 2 ovules. The style is simple. The stigma has 3 sections. The drupe is oblong, about the size of a large prune, fleshy, and contains a hard, 3-sided pit.

Habitat.—Very common in all Philippine woods especially in Camarines.

Ecosystem.—Very common in all Philippine forests, especially in Camarines.

Meliaceæ.

Melia Family.

Melia Azedarach, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Paraiso (Paradise), Sp.-Fil.; Pride of India, China Tree, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Paradise, Sp.-Fil.; Pride of India, China Tree, Eng.

Uses.—The root was official in the U. S. P., 1880, as an anthelmintic; it is administered in the following form:

Uses.—The root was recognized in the U.S.P. in 1880 as a treatment for worms; it's given in the following form:

Fresh root bark	120 grams.
Water	1 liter.

Boil till reduced one half.

Simmer until reduced by half.

Dose.—For a child 1 soup-spoonful every 15 minutes till nausea is produced.

Dose.—For a child, 1 tablespoon every 15 minutes until nausea occurs.

In view of the narcotic effects produced by this drug, the foregoing method of administration seems to us imprudent; we prefer to give 30–70 grams of the decoction and follow with a purgative such as castor oil.

Considering the narcotic effects of this drug, the method of administration mentioned seems unwise; we prefer to administer 30–70 grams of the decoction and then follow up with a laxative like castor oil.

This drug is also tonic, febrifuge and astringent, and a decoction of its leaves and flowers is used as a wash for ulcers. Some believe that the leaves and fruit contain toxic principles, which may well be true considering the effects of large doses of their preparations. It has also been observed that the bark collected in March and April may cause dilatation of the pupil, stupor, etc.; this may be explained by the fact that at this season the sap is rising in the tree and the bark contains an increased amount of active ingredients.

This drug also acts as a tonic, fever reducer, and astringent, and a brew made from its leaves and flowers is used as a wash for ulcers. Some people believe that the leaves and fruit have toxic properties, and this might be true given the effects of high doses of their preparations. It's also been noted that bark collected in March and April can cause pupil dilation, stupor, and other effects. This might be because during this time, the sap is rising in the tree, and the bark contains a higher concentration of active ingredients.

The fruit yields a fixed oil, and by fermentation and distillation produces alcohol. [76]

The fruit produces a stable oil, and through fermentation and distillation, it creates alcohol. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

The root bark referred to is bitter and nauseous, if taken from the superficial roots—the part usually employed; the bark of the deeper parts is astringent by virtue of the contained tannin.

The root bark mentioned is bitter and makes you feel sick if taken from the surface roots—the part that's typically used; the bark from the deeper parts is astringent because of the tannin it contains.

Jacobs analyzed the bark and isolated an amorphous resin of yellowish color and very bitter taste. It is soluble in alcohol, ether and chloroform, slightly soluble in sulphuret of carbon, insoluble in turpentine or benzin. He believes that it is the active principle of the root, and produces the anthelmintic action already mentioned: the proper dose is 0.20 centigrams to a child of 4 years, followed by a purge of calomel.

Jacobs studied the bark and extracted a yellowish, amorphous resin with a very bitter taste. It dissolves in alcohol, ether, and chloroform, is slightly soluble in carbon disulfide, and does not dissolve in turpentine or benzene. He believes this is the active ingredient in the root that produces the previously mentioned anthelmintic effectUnderstood. Please provide the text for modernization. the recommended dose is 0.20 centigrams for a 4-year-old, followed by a dose of calomel to purge.

Botanical Description.—A tree, 30–40° high, with leaves alternate, compound, odd-pinnate; leaflets opposite, ovate, pointed, dentate. Flowers in large axillary compound panicles. Calyx, 5 sepals. Corolla, 5 petals, rose-colored within, lilac-colored without. Stamens 10, united into a cylindrical tube, expanded at both ends, the mouth 15-toothed. Anthers inserted near the apex of the tube, short, fleshy, bilocular. Ovary free, of 5 biovuled cells. Style of equal length with the tube. Stigma button-shaped. Fruit a drupe, about the size of a small olive, yellow when ripe, with a dark brown pit of 5 one-seeded cells.

Plant Overview.—A tree, 30–40 feet tall, with alternate, compound, odd-pinnate leaves; leaflets are opposite, oval, pointed, and serrated. Flowers form large, branched clusters in the axils. The calyx has 5 sepals. The corolla has 5 petals, rose-colored on the inside and lilac-colored on the outside. There are 10 stamens fused into a cylindrical tube that flares at both ends, with a 15-toothed opening. Anthers are located near the top of the tube, short, fleshy, and with two chambers. The ovary is free, consisting of 5 chambers, each with two seeds. The style is the same length as the tube. The stigma is shaped like a button. The fruit is a drupe, roughly the size of a small olive, turning yellow when ripe, containing a dark brown pit with 5 one-seeded chambers.

Habitat.—Native of China; is cultivated in most gardens in the Philippines.

Ecosystem.—Native to China; grown in most gardens in the Philippines.

Dysoxylum Blancoi, Vidal. (D. salutare, F. Villar; Turroca virens, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Igiw, Agiw, Taliatan, Tag.; Ananag̃tag̃, Bakugan, Makasili, Vis.; Malabag̃aw, Pam.; Basiloag, Iloc.

Uses.—The bark of the trunk, dry and finely powdered, is used in doses of 1½–2½ grams as an emetic, and, according to Padre Blanco, its effect is very certain.

Applications.—The dry, finely powdered bark of the trunk is taken in doses of 1½–2½ grams as an emetic, and according to Padre Blanco, it works very reliably.

It is also a febrifuge, and Padre Mercado states that it cures “all forms of asthma, suffocative affections of the chest, [77]and griping pains of the belly.” He also states that it yields marvelous results in malarial fevers, given during the cold stage in doses of 4–8 grams in water or wine in which it has macerated 12 hours. He also recommends its use before breakfast as an anthelmintic in lumbricoids, and finally attributes to it virtues as an emmenagogue.

It’s also a fever reducer, and Padre Mercado claims that it treats “all types of asthma, chest congestion, [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]and abdominal cramps.” He further asserts that it produces remarkable outcomes in malaria fevers when taken during the cold stage in doses of 4–8 grams in water or wine that has soaked for 12 hours. He also suggests using it before breakfast as a worm treatment for roundworms and finally credits it with properties as a menstrual stimulant.

Padre Blanco calls attention to the species D. schizochitoides, Turcz. (Turroea octandra, Blanco), Himamaw, Tag., as a substitute for D. Blancoi.

Padre Blanco highlights the species D. schizochitoides, Turcz. (Turroea octandra, Blanco), Himamaw, Tag., as an alternative to D. Blancoi.

The Tagalo “herb-doctors” pretend that the part of the bark near the earth is doubly efficacious, for which reason they administer only that portion which is within one meter of the ground, giving it in the doses already mentioned.

The Tagalo "herb-doctors" claim that the section of the bark close to the ground is twice as effective, which is why they only use the part that's within one meter of the soil, providing it in the doses already specified.

Botanical Description.—Tree 16–20 meters high. Leaves glabrous, odd-pinnate, petioles very long; leaflets entire, opposite, short-petiolate, acute, oblique at the base. Flowers in axillary panicles. Calyx, 5 imbricated sepals. Corolla, 5 linear, lanceolate petals united at the base. Staminal tube, 10-toothed and 10-anthered. Ovary 5-celled, each cell containing two ovules. Style somewhat longer than the stamens. Stigma thick and depressed. Seed vessel globose, depressed, somewhat downy, 5-angled; with 5 compartments each containing 2 seeds.

Plant Description.—Tree 16–20 meters tall. Leaves smooth, odd-pinnate, with very long petioles; leaflets whole, opposite, with short petioles, sharp-tipped, and slanted at the base. Flowers arranged in clusters in the axils. Calyx with 5 overlapping sepals. Corolla consisting of 5 linear, lance-shaped petals fused at the base. Staminal tube with 10 teeth and 10 anthers. Ovary has 5 chambers, each with two ovules. Style is slightly longer than the stamens. Stigma is thick and flat. Seed pod is round, flattened, slightly hairy, and 5-angled; containing 5 sections, each with 2 seeds.

Habitat.—Batangas and Laguna.

Sandoricum Indicum, Cav.

Nom. Vulg.—Santol, Tag.

Uses.—The santol is doubtless one of the best known fruits in Manila. The most savory portion is the center, which consists of seeds covered with a white pulp of a delicious flavor in the ripe fruit of good quality. The fleshy covering is edible only in the center of the fruit and only a very thin layer of that, the rest having very little flavor. The whole fruit is used in making a confection often prescribed as an astringent. [78]Padre Mercado compares it very appropriately to the quince. The root of the santol is aromatic, stomachic and astringent, by virtue of which latter property it is used in Java in the treatment of leucorrhœa.

Uses.—The santol is definitely one of the most popular fruits in Manila. The tastiest part is the center, which contains seeds wrapped in a white pulp that's delicious in ripe, high-quality fruit. The fleshy covering is only edible in the center of the fruit, and just a very thin layer of that, as the rest has very little flavor. The entire fruit is used to make a sweet treat that's often recommended as an astringent. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]Padre Mercado makes a great comparison to the quince. The root of the santol has aromatic, digestive, and astringent properties, which is why it is used in Java to treat leucorrhea.

Botanical Description.—A tree, 30–40° high, well known in the islands. Leaves ternate; leaflets 4–5′ long, half-ovate, obtuse, entire, stiff and downy, the middle one elliptical. Flowers in panicles. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla much longer than the calyx, 5 greenish petals, linear and curved downwards. Nectary a cylindrical tube attached to the corolla for half its length, mouth 10-toothed, containing 10 sessile anthers. Style somewhat longer than the stamens. Stigma 5-parted. Fruit about size and form of a small apple, thick, brown, pericarp indehiscent, 5 or more one-seeded compartments.

Plant Description.—A tree, 30–40 feet tall, commonly found in the islands. Leaves are in groups of three; leaflets are 4–5 inches long, half-ovate, blunt, smooth-edged, stiff, and downy, with the middle one being elliptical. Flowers grow in clusters. The calyx has 5 teeth. The corolla is much longer than the calyx, with 5 greenish petals that are long and curved downward. The nectary is a cylindrical tube that connects to the corolla for half its length, with a mouth that has 10 teeth and contains 10 sessile anthers. The style is slightly longer than the stamens. The stigma has 5 parts. The fruit is about the size and shape of a small apple, thick and brown, with an indehiscent pericarp and 5 or more compartments, each containing one seed.

Habitat.—Grows in all parts of the islands, commonly along the roads.

Ecosystem.—Grows throughout the islands, often along the roads.

Carapa Moluccensis, Lam. (Xylocarpus granatum, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Tabigi, Nigi, Kalumpag̃ sa lati, Tag.; Migi, Pam.

Nom. Vulg..—Tabigi, Nigi, Kalumpag̃ sa lati, Tag.; Migi, Pam.

Uses.—The seeds contain a yellow oil, bitter and astringent, with a characteristic odor, having a taste somewhat resembling the odor. In decoction they are used for diarrhœa and dysentery, on account, doubtless, of the tannin they contain. The dose is 1–2 seeds dried, pounded and infused with 200 grams of sweetened water.

Uses.—The seeds contain a yellow oil that is bitter and astringent, with a distinct smell, and a taste that somewhat resembles the smell. When prepared as a decoction, they are used for diarrhea and dysentery, likely because of the tannin they have. The dose is 1–2 dried seeds, crushed and infused with 200 grams of sweetened water.

The bark, also bitter, is said to be useful in fevers.

The bark, which is also bitter, is said to be helpful for fevers.

In America they extract an oil from the species of the C. Guianensis, Aubl., with which the negroes anoint themselves to keep away stinging insects. Wood soaked in this oil is also proof against insects.

In America, they extract oil from the species of the C. Guianensis, Aubl., which people use to rub on themselves to ward off stinging insects. Wood soaked in this oil is also resistant to insects.

Botanical Description.—This tree, 20° high, grows in swampy districts. Leaves opposite, abruptly pinnate. Two pairs of wedge-shaped leaflets, entire and glabrous. Petiole [79]very short. Calyx inferior, 4–5-toothed. Corolla, 4–5 concave petals, slightly notched at the end. Nectary notched, ovate, 8–9-toothed. No filaments. Anthers equal in number to the teeth of the nectary and inserted between them. Ovary very thick, globose. Stigma shield-shaped. Drupe globose, resembling a very large orange, 5 chambers, each containing 1, 2 or more seeds, convex on one side and concave on the other, angular and much crowded. Testa hard and porous.

Plant Description.—This tree, 20° high, grows in swampy areas. The leaves are opposite and abruptly pinnate. There are two pairs of wedge-shaped leaflets that are entire and smooth. The petiole is [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]very short. The calyx is inferior with 4–5 teeth. The corolla has 4–5 concave petals that are slightly notched at the tip. The nectary is notched, oval, and has 8–9 teeth. There are no filaments. The number of anthers matches the number of teeth on the nectary and they are inserted between them. The ovary is very thick and globular. The stigma is shield-shaped. The drupe is globular and looks like a very large orange, with 5 chambers, each containing 1, 2, or more seeds, which are convex on one side and concave on the other, angular, and tightly packed. The testa is hard and porous.

Habitat.—Common throughout the Archipelago.

Habitat.—Common across the Archipelago.

Cedrela Toona, Roxb. (C. odorata, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Kalantas, Tag., Pam.; Lanigpa, Vis.

Nom. Vulg.—Kalantas, Tagalog, Pampanga; Lanigpa, Visayan.

Uses.—The infusion of the flowers is antispasmodic. The trunk bark is an excellent astringent, and Dr. Waitz recommends it in extract as a treatment for infantile diarrhœa, for which I also have found it very useful. Blume says that it contains marked antispasmodic virtues, and Dr. G. Kennedy confirms it. Other physicians of India, among them Ros and Newton, have recommended the bark as a substitute for cinchona, given dry in doses of 30 grams.

Applications.—The infusion of the flowers helps with cramps. The bark of the trunk is a great astringent, and Dr. Waitz suggests using it in extract form to treat diarrhea in infants, which I've also found to be very effective. Blume notes that it has significant anti-cramping properties, and Dr. G. Kennedy backs him up. Other doctors in India, including Ros and Newton, have suggested using the bark as a substitute for cinchona, taken in dry doses of 30 grams.

Infusion.—

Infusion.

Bark dry, pounded	30 grams.
Water	150 grams.
Filter and add:
Syrup of cinnamon	20 grams.

Dose.—Several dessert-spoonfuls a day.

Dose.—Several dessert spoons a day.

The powdered bark is very useful as an application to indolent ulcers which it instantly deodorizes; like powdered quinine it is used in the treatment of superficial gangrene.

The powdered bark is really effective when applied to sluggish ulcers, instantly removing their odor; similar to powdered quinine, it’s used to treat superficial gangrene.

Botanical Description.—A large tree. Leaves odd-pinnate. Leaflets oval, lanceolate, acuminate, entire, glabrous, 5–6 pairs. Flowers yellow, in terminal panicles. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla, 5 oblong petals. Stamens 5, free, inserted on the apex of a disk. Ovaries sessile, 5 many-ovuled cells. [80]Style short. Stigma on a disk. Seed vessel coriaceous, 5 compartments, septicidal, 5-valved. Seeds compressed, pendulous, prolonged in a membranous wing.

Plant Description.—A large tree. Leaves are odd-pinnate. Leaflets are oval, lance-shaped, pointed, smooth, with 5–6 pairs. Flowers are yellow, arranged in terminal clusters. The calyx has 5 teeth. The corolla consists of 5 oblong petals. There are 5 stamens, which are free and attached at the top of a disk. Ovaries are sitting on the stem, with 5 cells that have many seeds. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] The style is short. The stigma is located on a disk. The seed pod is leathery, has 5 sections, splits open to release seeds, and has 5 valves. Seeds are flattened, hanging down, and extended with a membranous wing.

Habitat.—Very common in the islands.

Celastraceæ.

Staff-Tree Family.

Staff-Tree Community.

Celastrus paniculata, Willd. (C. alnifolia, DC.; C. Rothiana, Roem.; Diosma serrata, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Bilogo, Tag.

Uses.—I am not acquainted with the medicinal uses of this plant in the Philippines. In India, by means of a primitive system of distillation, they extract from the seeds a dark-colored oil of empyreumatic odor, which under the name of Oleum nigrum was once proclaimed by Dr. Herklots as the sovereign remedy for beriberi.

Uses.—I'm not familiar with the medicinal uses of this plant in the Philippines. In India, they use a basic distillation method to extract a dark-colored oil with a burned smell from the seeds. This oil, known as Oleum nigrum, was once declared by Dr. Herklots as the ultimate cure for beriberi.

This oil in doses of 10–15 drops a day is a very powerful stimulant, the action of which is manifested by profuse perspiration several hours after its administration. Malcolmson reports that it has given him good results in several cases of beriberi, particularly in recent cases and those in which nervous and paralytic symptoms predominated. In Concan, the juice of the leaves is given in doses of 30 grams as an antidote for opium. The bruised seeds made into a paste with cow urine are used locally in treatment of itch. They are also used in the treatment of leprosy, gout, rheumatism, and other diseases which according to their medical theories, are derived from “cold humors.” For these purposes they give the seeds internally, beginning with one and increasing daily until 50 are taken. At the same time they make external applications of the oil or of another compound prepared in the following way:

This oil, taken in doses of 10–15 drops a day, is a very powerful stimulant, which causes heavy sweating several hours after it's taken. Malcolmson notes that it has been effective in several cases of beriberi, especially in recent cases and those with prominent nervous and paralytic symptoms. In Concan, the juice of the leaves is given in doses of 30 grams as an antidote for opium. The crushed seeds, mixed into a paste with cow urine, are used locally to treat itch. They are also used for treating leprosy, gout, rheumatism, and other diseases that, according to their medical theories, are caused by “cold humors.” For these purposes, they take the seeds internally, starting with one and increasing daily until they reach 50. At the same time, they apply the oil or another compound made in the following way:

Place in an open pot with one opening, seeds of C. paniculata, cloves, benzoin, nutmeg and mace. The pot having been [81]previously heated, is covered with another, inverted over the opening. On the sides of the latter a thick black oil condenses which Herklots very appropriately named Oleum nigrum.

Place in an open pot with one opening the seeds of C. paniculata, cloves, benzoin, nutmeg, and mace. The pot, which has been [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]previously heated, is covered with another pot inverted over the opening. A thick black oil condenses on the sides of the top pot, which Herklots fittingly named Oleum nigrum.

Botanical Description.—A climbing shrub, 6–9° high, without spines. Leaves 6–7′ long by 5′ broad, alternate, petiolate, entire, glabrous, half-ovate. Flowers small and paniculate. Calyx, 5 divisions. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens 5, inserted in a disc. Anthers oblong. Ovary 3-celled. Stigma 3-lobulate. Style short. Seed vessel the size of a pea, globose, 3-celled, loculicidal, with pulpy seeds.

Plant Overview.—A climbing shrub, 6–9° tall, without thorns. Leaves are 6–7 inches long and 5 inches wide, alternate, with a stem, complete margins, smooth, and half-oval in shape. Flowers are small and clustered. The calyx has 5 segments. The corolla has 5 petals. There are 5 stamens attached at the disk. Anthers are elongated. The ovary has 3 chambers. The stigma is split into 3 parts. The style is short. The seed pod is the size of a pea, round, has 3 chambers, splits open when mature, and contains soft seeds.

Habitat.—Tayabas, Laguna, Ilocos North, San Mateo, Albay. Flowers in April.

Ecosystem.—Tayabas, Laguna, Ilocos North, San Mateo, Albay. Blooms in April.

Rhamnaceæ.

Buckthorn Family.

Zizyphus Jujuba, Lam. (Rhamnus Jujuba, L. & Blanco; Z. Mauritania, Wall.)

Nom. Vulg.—Manzanitas, Sp.-Fil.; Jujube Fruit, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Manzanitas, Sp.-Fil.; Jujube, Eng.

Uses.—The small fruit known commonly as manzanitas has an agreeable taste, although ordinarily offered for sale before they are quite ripe. They are among the most popular dainties at the fairs and festivals in the provinces of Manila and are the only part of the plant used in medicine. They possess emollient qualities and are official in the codex. They enter in the composition of the so-called pectoral remedies (composed of equal parts of figs, dates, Corinthian raisins and manzanitas).

Applications.—The small fruit commonly known as manzanitas has a pleasant taste, though they're usually sold before they are fully ripe. They are some of the most popular treats at fairs and festivals in the provinces of Manila and are the only part of the plant used in medicine. They have soothing properties and are recognized in the official codex. They are included in the formulation of what are called pectoral remedies (made up of equal parts of figs, dates, Corinthian raisins, and manzanitas).

Botanical Description.—A shrub, with hooked thorns, leaves alternate, petiolate, coriaceous, entire, 3-nerved, 2 thorny stipules, one of them crooked. Flowers small, greenish, axillary. Calyx, 5 oval divisions. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens 5, free. Ovary bilocular, situated on the disc. Styles 2–3, divergent; small papillary stigmas. Drupe pulpy, globose, resembling a crab-apple in size and taste, enclosing a hard, 2-celled seed.

Plant Description.—A shrub with hooked thorns, featuring alternate leaves that are petiolate, leathery, entire, and have 3 prominent veins, accompanied by 2 thorny stipules, one of which is bent. Flowers are small, greenish, and grow in the axils. The calyx has 5 oval segments. The corolla has 5 petals. There are 5 free stamens. The ovary has 2 chambers and is located on the disc. The styles are 2 to 3 and spread apart, with small, fuzzy stigmas. The fruit is a pulpy, round drupe that is similar in size and taste to a crab apple, containing a hard, 2-celled seed.

Habitat.—Common in all parts of the islands.

Habitat.—Found all over the islands.

[82]

[__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Rhamnus Wightii, W. & Arn. (Ceanothus Wightiana, Wall.; R. Carolianus, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Kabatiti, Tag.

Uses.—The dried trunk bark is the part employed in medicine. Hooper analyzed it in 1888 and found a crystalline principle (0.47%), a brown resin (0.85), a red resin (1.15), a bitter principle (1.23), sugar, starch, calcium, oxalate, etc.

Uses.—The dried bark of the trunk is used in medicine. Hooper analyzed it in 1888 and found a crystalline compound (0.47%), a brown resin (0.85), a red resin (1.15), a bitter compound (1.23), sugar, starch, calcium, oxalate, and more.

As the active principles exist in the resins, an alcoholic tincture of the latter is the best preparation for administration. In India it is used as a tonic and an astringent.

As the active ingredients are found in the resins, an alcoholic tincture of them is the best way to take it. In India, it's used as a tonic and an astringent.

Botanical Description.—A small tree that grows near the sea coast. Trunk 9–12° high, straight, many-branched, devoid of thorns. Leaves alternate, ovate, acutely serrate, glabrous, short-petioled. Flowers greenish-white, axillary, perfect. Calyx 5-toothed, inversely conical. Corolla, 5 petals, smaller than the teeth of the calyx, oval, without claws, notched at the apex. Disc fleshy, smooth, slightly concave. Stamens 5, hidden within the petals. Filaments flattened. Anthers rounded. Ovary fleshy, inserted at the bottom of the calyx tube. Style short. Stigmas 3, divergent. Fruit oval, its base adherent to the calyx, 3 seeds.

Plant Description.—A small tree that grows near the coast. The trunk is 9–12° high, straight, and has many branches, with no thorns. The leaves are alternate, ovate, sharply serrated, smooth, and have short stems. The flowers are greenish-white, grow in the axils, and are perfect. The calyx has 5 teeth and is inverted cone-shaped. The corolla has 5 petals, which are smaller than the calyx teeth, oval in shape, without claws, and notched at the tip. The disc is fleshy, smooth, and slightly concave. There are 5 stamens, which are hidden within the petals. The filaments are flattened, and the anthers are rounded. The ovary is fleshy and sits at the bottom of the calyx tube. The style is short, and there are 3 divergent stigmas. The fruit is oval, with its base attached to the calyx, containing 3 seeds.

Habitat.—Batangas. Blooms in July and October.

Ecosystem.—Batangas. Flowers in July and October.

Anacardiaceæ.

Cashew Family.

Mangifera Indica, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Manga.

Uses.—The dried and pulverized kernel of the seed is used as an anthelmintic in doses of 1½–2 grams both in India and Brazil. The same preparation is used in the Philippines in the treatment of dysentery and diarrhœa and its effect is doubtless due to the large quantity of tannin it contains. It is administered as follows: The pounded kernels of 20–25 seeds are [83]brought to a boil in 2 bottles (sic) of water. When the liquid has evaporated a third, it is removed from the fire, cooled, decanted, and again placed on the fire after adding three to four hundred grams of sugar. This time it is allowed to boil till reduced to one bottle. The dose is 50–60 grams 2–3 times a day. Incisions in the trunk exude a brownish resin which solidifies in the air, is slightly acrid, bitter, dissolves in alcohol and partially in water. In Malabar it is given internally in the treatment of diarrhœa and dysentery, mixing it with white of egg and opium. But the curative value of the combination is more likely due to the albumen and opium than to the resin. Dissolved in lemon juice it is a useful application in the itch. The trunk bark is astringent and is employed in decoction as a wash for ulcers and eczema and as an injection in leucorrhœa.

Uses.—The dried and ground seed kernel is used as a deworming agent in doses of 1½–2 grams in both India and Brazil. The same preparation is also used in the Philippines for treating dysentery and diarrhea, likely because of the high tannin content. Here's how it's prepared: The crushed kernels from 20–25 seeds are [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]boiled in 2 bottles (sic) of water. Once the liquid has evaporated by a third, it's taken off the heat, cooled, poured out, and re-heated after adding three to four hundred grams of sugar. At this stage, it is boiled down to one bottle. The dose is 50–60 grams, taken 2–3 times a day. Cuts in the trunk exude a brownish resin that solidifies in the air, is slightly acrid, bitter, and dissolves in alcohol and partially in water. In Malabar, it is used internally for diarrhea and dysentery, mixed with egg white and opium. However, the therapeutic effect of the combination is probably more due to the egg white and opium than the resin. When dissolved in lemon juice, it is a helpful treatment for itching. The bark of the trunk is astringent and is used in decoction as a wash for ulcers and eczema, as well as an injection for leucorrhea.

The fruit is one of the most highly prized in the Philippines, and resident Europeans are able to eat large quantities of it without ill effects unless the fruit is over-ripe, in which case it often causes transient diarrhœa, which should be treated with a mild purge.

The fruit is one of the most valued in the Philippines, and local Europeans can eat large amounts of it without negative effects unless the fruit is overripe, in which case it often leads to temporary diarrhea, which should be treated with a mild laxative.

In Mauritius the following compound powder is used in dysentery:

In Mauritius, the following powdered compound is used for treating dysentery:

Dried slices of manga fruit	30 grams.
Dried manga kernels	60 grams.
Plantain seeds	15 grams.
Dried ginger	8 grams.
Gum arabic	15 grams.
Pulverize each ingredient separately; add powdered candy sugar	30 grams.

Mix.

Blend.

Dose.—For an adult one dessert-spoonful every 4 hours; may be given in cauge or arrowroot.

Dose.—For an adult, one dessert spoonful every 4 hours; can be mixed with cauge or arrowroot.

The flowers, testa and bark are, in Hindoo therapeutics, considered “cold,” and “astringent,” and are used especially in diarrhœa. In certain throat affections the Hindoos employ [84]the burning leaves for inhalation. They also use the gum made by evaporating the juice of the ripe fruit, as a confection and an antiscorbutic. Dr. Linguist recommends the bark as a local astringent in uterine, intestinal and pulmonary hemorrhage and employs the following:

The flowers, seeds, and bark are considered "cool" and "astringent" in Hindu medicine, and are primarily used to treat diarrhea. For certain throat conditions, the Hindus use the burning leaves for inhalation. They also use the gum created by evaporating the juice from the ripe fruit as a candy and a treatment for scurvy. Dr. Linguist recommends the bark as a local astringent for uterine, intestinal, and lung hemorrhages and uses the following:

Fluid Extract.—

Liquid Extract.—

Fluid extract of manga bark	10 grams.
Water	120 grams.

Mix. Dose, 1 teaspoonful every 1 or 2 hours.

Mix. Take 1 teaspoon every 1 or 2 hours.

Botanical Description.—A noble tree, 30° to 40° high, dome-like or rotund in outline. Leaves dark green, lustrous, alternate, lanceolate, entire; short petioles. Flowers racemose, in verticillate panicles. Calyx, 4, 5 or 6 sepals. Corolla white, fragrant, 4, 5 or 6 petals. Stamens 5, of which perhaps 1, 2 or 3 are fertile. Style on one side of the ovary. Stigma simple. Fruit large, reniform, fleshy, yellow when ripe; contains a large, flattened, reniform pit. Blooms from January even till June. The natives force the fruit by building fires under the trees when but little air is stirring.

Plant Details.—A majestic tree, 30 to 40 feet tall, with a dome-like or rounded shape. Leaves are dark green, shiny, arranged alternately, lance-shaped, and smooth-edged; with short stems. Flowers are clustered in spike-like panicles. The calyx has 4, 5, or 6 sepals. The corolla is white, fragrant, with 4, 5, or 6 petals. There are 5 stamens, of which possibly 1, 2, or 3 are fertile. The style is located on one side of the ovary. The stigma is simple. The fruit is large, kidney-shaped, fleshy, and turns yellow when ripe; it contains a large, flattened, kidney-shaped pit. It blooms from January to June. The locals encourage fruit growth by lighting fires under the trees when the air is still.

Habitat.—Common throughout the islands.

Habitat.—Widespread across the islands.

Anacardium occidentale, L. (Cassuvium reniforme, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Kasuy, Tag.; Caskew Nut, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Kasuy, Tag.; Cashew Nut, Eng.

Uses.—The pericarp of the nut contains an essential oil which is very irritant and used by the Hindoos as a vesicant; it severely blisters the lips and tongues of imprudent persons who break the nut without taking the precaution of cleansing it of the oil before opening it. In addition to the oil called cardol, the pericarp contains an especial acid anacardic, a little tannin and ammonia. Cardol (C₂₁H₃₁O₂) is an oleaginous, yellow liquid very unstable, neutral, soluble in alcohol and ether, insoluble in water, volatile, and vesicant if applied to the skin. “Anacardic” acid is white, crystalline, odorless, with a burning, aromatic taste. It melts at 26° and decomposes at 200° [85]forming a colorless oil; it is not vesicant, burns with a dark flame, and has the odor of rancid oil. A tincture of the pericarp has been made (1 part to 10 of alcohol) and given internally as a vermifuge in doses of 2–10 drops. Cardol, according to some authors, does not exercise a vesicant action in the gastro-intestinal canal, because it is not dissolved by the gastro-intestinal juices; I am sure, however, that I have seen a choleraic diarrhœa brought on by swallowing, in fun, the pericarp of one nut and a half. Cardol is eliminated by the urine.

Uses.—The outer shell of the nut contains an essential oil that is highly irritating and is used by Hindus as a blistering agent; it can severely blister the lips and tongues of those who carelessly break the nut without first removing the oil. Besides the oil called cardol, the outer shell contains a special acid called anacardic, a small amount of tannin, and ammonia. Cardol (C₂₁H₃₁O₂) is a thick, yellow liquid that is unstable, neutral, soluble in alcohol and ether but insoluble in water, volatile, and can cause blistering when applied to the skin. “Anacardic” acid is white, crystalline, odorless, and has a burning, aromatic taste. It melts at 26° and breaks down at 200° [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]forming a colorless oil; it is not blistering, burns with a dark flame, and smells like rancid oil. A tincture of the outer shell has been created (1 part to 10 of alcohol) and taken internally as a remedy for worms in doses of 2–10 drops. According to some authors, cardol does not cause blistering in the gastrointestinal tract because it doesn’t dissolve in the digestive juices; however, I’m convinced that I have witnessed a cholera-like diarrhea triggered by swallowing, just for fun, the outer shell of one and a half nuts. Cardol is excreted through urine.

The kernel is edible and has a very agreeable taste when roasted. By expression it yields a sweet, yellowish oil, density 0.916.

The kernel is edible and tastes really good when roasted. It produces a sweet, yellowish oil with a density of 0.916.

The trunk exudes a gum resin in masses varying in color from red to yellow.

The trunk gives off a gum resin in large amounts, with colors ranging from red to yellow.

The fleshy part, called the fruit, is edible but contains a certain quantity of cardol not only evidenced by the odor but by the smarting of the mouth and throat after eating. It is very juicy and the expressed liquid is fermented in Bombay and distilled to make a very weak alcohol which sells for the very low price of 4 annas (5 cents gold) a gallon. This alcohol is again distilled and a stronger obtained which sells for 1½ rupees a gallon. The Portuguese of India make a sort of wine from the fermented juice of the fruit, which, like the weak alcohol we have mentioned, is a well-known diuretic and is used as a liniment.

The fleshy part, known as the fruit, is edible but has a certain amount of cardol, which is noticeable from the smell and the burning sensation in the mouth and throat after eating it. It’s very juicy, and the juice is fermented in Bombay and distilled to create a very weak alcohol that sells for just 4 annas (5 cents in gold) a gallon. This alcohol is further distilled to produce a stronger version that costs 1½ rupees a gallon. The Portuguese in India make a type of wine from the fermented juice of the fruit, which, just like the weak alcohol mentioned earlier, is a well-known diuretic and is also used as a liniment.

The gum resin of the trunk contains 90% of anacardic acid and 10% cardol. Wood soaked in it is preserved from the ravages of insects, especially of white ants, for which purpose it is used by bookbinders also. Therapeutically it is used externally in leprosy, old ulcers and to destroy corns, but on account of its rubefacient and vesicant qualities it is necessary to use it cautiously.

The gum resin from the trunk consists of 90% anacardic acid and 10% cardol. Wood treated with it is protected from insect damage, particularly from white ants, which is why bookbinders use it as well. It's also used externally for treating leprosy, old ulcers, and removing corns, but due to its skin-irritating and blister-forming properties, it should be used carefully.

Botanical Description.—A tree, 18° high, with leaves cuneiform, glabrous, stiff, short-petioled. Flowers polygamous in terminal panicles. Calyx with 5 erect segments, imbricated, caducous. Corolla, 5 linear, lanceolate petals, curved and imbricated. [86]Stamens 8–10, all fertile. Filaments united to one another and to the disc. Ovary heart-shaped. Style filiform and eccentric. Stigma defective. Ovule solitary. Fruit a reniform nut enclosed in a pulpy pyriform body, formed by the matured disc and extremity of the peduncle. Seed reniform, testa membranous.

Plant Description.—A tree, 18° high, with wedge-shaped leaves that are smooth, stiff, and have short stems. Flowers are polygamous in terminal clusters. The calyx has 5 upright segments that overlap and fall off. The corolla consists of 5 long, lance-shaped petals that are curved and overlap. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]There are 8–10 stamens, all of which are fertile. The filaments are fused together and attached to the disc. The ovary is heart-shaped. The style is thread-like and off-center. The stigma is not fully developed. There is one ovule. The fruit is a kidney-shaped nut surrounded by a fleshy pear-shaped body, formed by the matured disc and the tip of the stem. The seed is kidney-shaped and has a membrane-like coating.

Habitat.—Common throughout the Archipelago. Blooms in February.

Ecosystem.—Common across the Archipelago. Flowers in February.

Odina Wodier, Roxb.

Nom. Vulg.—Amugis, Tag. and Vis.

Uses.—The bark is very astringent and in decoction is used for chronic ulcers. In India Dr. Kirkpatrick has used it as a lotion in impetigo. It has also given good results as a gargle in affections of the pharynx and buccal cavity.

Uses.—The bark is very astringent and is used in a decoction for chronic ulcers. In India, Dr. Kirkpatrick has used it as a lotion for impetigo. It has also shown good results as a gargle for conditions affecting the throat and mouth.

The trunk exudes a gum called in India “kanni ki gond,” an article of commerce. It is almost odorless and has a disagreeable taste. It is only partially soluble in water, forming a viscid mucilage. It is used in the treatment of contusions and sprains and is edible when mixed with cocoanut milk.

The trunk oozes a gum known in India as “kanni ki gond,” which is a commercial product. It's nearly scentless and has an unpleasant taste. It's only partially soluble in water, creating a sticky substance. It's used to treat bruises and sprains and can be eaten when mixed with coconut milk.

Botanical Description.—A tree, with leaves bunched at the extremities of the branches, oblong, oval, acuminate, odd-pinnate, 3–4 pairs of opposite leaflets. Flowers greenish-white, polygamous, in terminal panicles. Calyx gamosepalous, 4 rounded lobules. Corolla, 4 imbricated petals. Stamens 8, free. Ovary 4-parted. Pistillate flowers; ovary sessile, oblong, unilocular. Style 4-parted, thick. Drupe oblong, compressed, unicellular. Testa hard, with 1 non-albuminous kernel.

Plant Description.—A tree with leaves clustered at the tips of the branches, elongated, oval, pointed, odd-pinnate, having 3–4 pairs of opposite leaflets. Flowers are greenish-white, with both male and female variations, growing in clusters at the ends of the branches. The calyx has 4 rounded lobes. The corolla consists of 4 overlapping petals. There are 8 separate stamens. The ovary has 4 compartments. Female flowers have a stalkless, oblong, single-chambered ovary. The style is 4-parted and thick. The drupe is oblong, flattened, and contains one seed without albumin.

Habitat.—San Mateo.

Moringeæ.

Moringa pterygosperma, Gaertn. (M. oleifera, Lamk.; M. poligona, DC.; Guilandina Moringa, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Malug̃ay, Kamalug̃ay, Kalug̃ay, Tag.; Dool, Malug̃it, Vis. and Pam.; Horse Radish Tree, Indo-Eng. [87]

Nom. Vulg.—Malug̃ay, Kamalug̃ay, Kalug̃ay, Tag.; Dool, Malug̃it, Vis. and Pam.; Horse Radish Tree, Indo-Eng. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Uses.—The root is vesicant and the Filipinos bruise it and use it for sinapisms. I have often observed, however, that it is quite painful used in this way. Dr. Waitz states that it is a good plan to add a few drops of the root juice to mustard sinapisms, a proceeding which seems to me superfluous, especially in the case of children as he advises it.

Uses.—The root can cause blisters, and Filipinos crush it to make poultices. I’ve often noticed, though, that this method is quite painful. Dr. Waitz suggests adding a few drops of the root juice to mustard poultices, but I think that's unnecessary, especially when it comes to children, as he recommends.

The Bengal pharmacopœia contains the following official preparations:

The Bengal pharmacopoeia includes the following official preparations:

Compound Spirit.—

Small pieces of moringa root }
Orange peel}	āā 600 grams.
Nutmeg	20 grams.
Spirit of wine	4½ liters.
Water	1 liter.

Mix and distil 4 liters.

Mix and distill 4 liters.

Dose.—8–30 cc. as a stimulant and diuretic.

Dose.—8–30 ml as a stimulant and diuretic.

Compound Infusion.—

Compound Infusion.

Moringa root, small pieces, bruised}
Mustard seed}	āā 30 grams.
Boiling water	½ liter.
Let stand 2 hours, filter and add compound spirit.	30 grams.

Dose.—30–60 grams a day, as a strong stimulant.

Dosage.—30–60 grams a day, as a powerful stimulant.

The expressed seeds yield a fixed oil, which is irritating and in my opinion should not be used internally.

The extracted seeds produce a fixed oil that is irritating and, in my opinion, should not be used internally.

The green pods, the flowers and the tender shoots of the leaves are eaten stewed. The juice of the leaves is given internally in India, as an emetic, in doses of 30 grams.

The green pods, flowers, and tender shoots of the leaves are eaten cooked. The juice of the leaves is taken internally in India as an emetic, in doses of 30 grams.

Botanical Description.—A well-known tree, 5–6 meters high. Leaves 3-pinnate, their terminal divisions odd-pinnate. Leaflets oval, glabrous, entire. Calyx, 5 unequal petaloid segments, imbricated, caducous. Corolla white, 5 unequal petals. Stamens inserted on the border of a disc, unequal, 5 [88]opposite the petals bearing anthers, 5 alternate without anthers. Anthers dorsal, unilocular. Ovary pedunculate, lanceolate, unilocular, with many ovules in 2 series, inserted on the parietal placentæ. Fruit a pod terminating in a beak, 3-valved. Seeds numerous, very large, winged, embedded in a spongy substance.

Plant Details.—A familiar tree, 5–6 meters tall. Leaves are 3-pinnate, with the terminal divisions being odd-pinnate. Leaflets are oval, smooth, and entire. Calyx has 5 unequal petal-like segments, overlapping and falling off easily. Corolla is white, with 5 unequal petals. Stamens are attached at the edge of a disk, unequal in length, with 5 directly opposite the petals bearing anthers, and 5 alternate without anthers. Anthers are located on the back side and have one chamber. The ovary is stalked, lance-shaped, one-chambered, containing many ovules arranged in 2 rows, attached to the side placentae. The fruit is a pod that ends in a beak and has 3 valves. Seeds are numerous, very large, winged, and encased in a spongy material.

Habitat.—Common throughout the islands. Blooms in November.

Environment.—Found all over the islands. Flowers in November.

Leguminosæ. (Papilionaceæ.)

Pulse Family.

Agati grandiflora, Desv. (Sesbania grandiflora, Pers.)

Nom. Vulg.—Katuray, Tag.

Nom. Vulg.—Katuray, Tagalog.

Uses.—The flowers are edible. They and the leaves are purgative and are given in decoction for this purpose, 30–40 grams to 200 of water. The juice of the flowers is a popular remedy in India, for migraine and coryza. The trunk bark is bitter and tonic.

Uses.—The flowers are edible. They and the leaves have laxative properties and are used in a decoction for this purpose, 30–40 grams to 200 of water. The juice of the flowers is a common remedy in India for migraines and colds. The bark of the trunk is bitter and acts as a tonic.

Botanical Description.—A tree, 4–6 meters high, with drooping limbs; leaves long, very narrow, abruptly pinnate; many caducous leaflets, linear, elliptical. Flowers large, white, fragrant, in axillary racemes. Calyx bell-shaped with two indistinct lips. Corolla papilionaceous, white. Standard oval, a slight notch at the apex. Wings almost as large as the keel which is strongly arched. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Anthers uniform. Style and stamens equally long. Stigma a small head. Pod 1–2° long, linear, 4-sided, containing many oval seeds, separated by filamentous partitions.

Plant Profile.—A tree that grows 4–6 meters tall, with drooping branches; leaves are long, very narrow, and have a sharply pinnate structure; there are many small leaflets that are linear and elliptical. The flowers are large, white, and fragrant, found in clusters in the leaf axils. The calyx is bell-shaped with two indistinct lobes. The corolla is butterfly-like, white in color. The standard is oval with a slight notch at the tip. The wings are nearly as large as the keel, which is strongly curved. There are 10 stamens that are fused in pairs. The anthers are uniform. The style and stamens are of equal length. The stigma is a small head. The pod is 1–2° long, linear, four-sided, containing many oval seeds that are separated by thread-like partitions.

Habitat.—Grows in all sections of Luzon and Panay.

Ecosystem.—Grows in all areas of Luzon and Panay.

Abrus precatorius, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Saga, Sagamamin, Bag̃ati, Tag.; Bag̃ati Gikosgikos, Vis.; Kanaasaga, Pam.; Bugayon, Iloc.; Jequiriti, Prayerbeads, Eng. [89]

Nom. Vulg..—Saga, Sagamamin, Bag̃ati, Tag.; Bag̃ati Gikosgikos, Vis.; Kanaasaga, Pam.; Bugayon, Iloc.; Jequiriti, Prayerbeads, Eng. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Uses.—The part of the plant most important in therapeutics is the seed, the size of a small pea, bright red with a black spot, hard and shining. The Filipino children use them to make rosaries and other decorations. In the distant past the Filipinos used these seeds to weigh gold, a practice followed even to-day by the Hindoos. The famous Susrutas, author of the “Ayur Veda,” recommends them internally for nervous diseases; modern therapeutics, however, limits their use to one disease, though that is frequent and stubborn enough, namely chronic granular conjunctivitis.

Applications.—The most important part of the plant for medicine is the seed, which is the size of a small pea, bright red with a black spot, hard and shiny. Filipino children use them to make rosaries and other decorations. In the past, Filipinos used these seeds to weigh gold, a practice that continues today among Hindus. The famous Susrutas, author of the "Ayur Veda," recommends them for nervous diseases; however, modern medicine limits their use to one condition, which is still fairly common and stubborn: chronic granular conjunctivitis.

Some physicians state that these seeds are poisonous and others the contrary, but the fact that they are used as food among the poor classes of Egypt, demonstrates their harmlessness in the digestive tract at least; when introduced into the circulation they undoubtedly exercise a toxic effect. We have already mentioned that their use is limited nowadays to the therapeutics of the eye; the decoction of the seeds known in Europe under the name of “Jaqueriti”—so named in Brazil—produces a purulent inflammation of the healthy conjunctiva and it is precisely this counter-irritant effect which makes it useful in chronic granular conjunctivitis, the persistence of which has defied the most heroic measures of therapeutics. The French oculist, Dr. de Wecker, was the first to employ jequirity for this purpose, in the form of a 24 hours’ maceration of the seeds, 10 grams to 500 grams of water. It is necessary to use a product recently prepared and with this several applications a day are made. It is now known that the inflammation of the healthy conjunctiva is not caused by germ-life contained in the solution but by an inorganic ferment discovered by Bruylans and Venneman and named jequiritin; they state that it is produced during the germination of the seeds or of the cells in the powdered seeds. Warden and Waddell, of Calcutta, have isolated an essential oil, an acid named “ábric” and an amorphous substance called abrin, obtained by [90]precipitation with alcohol from a watery infusion of the pulverized seeds. Its action is identical with that of “jequiritin.”

Some doctors say these seeds are poisonous, while others disagree, but the fact that they're eaten by the poorer classes in Egypt shows they're at least safe for digestion; however, once they enter the bloodstream, they definitely have a toxic effect. We've already noted that their use today is mostly limited to eye treatments. The decoction of the seeds, known in Europe as “Jaqueriti”—named after Brazil—causes a pus-producing inflammation of healthy conjunctiva, and it’s this counter-irritant effect that makes it effective in treating chronic granular conjunctivitis, which has resisted even the most intense treatments. The French eye doctor, Dr. de Wecker, was the first to use jequirity for this reason, using a 24-hour soak of the seeds, with 10 grams in 500 grams of water. It’s important to use a freshly prepared product, applying it several times a day. It's now understood that the inflammation of healthy conjunctiva isn’t caused by germs in the solution but by an inorganic ferment discovered by Bruylans and Venneman, which they called jequiritin; they found it’s produced during the germination of the seeds or the cells from the powdered seeds. Warden and Waddell, from Calcutta, have isolated an essential oil, an acid called “ábric,” and an amorphous substance named abrin, which is obtained by [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]precipitating with alcohol from a watery infusion of the ground seeds. Its effects are the same as those of “jequiritin.”

The infusion appears to possess considerable value as a stimulating application to indolent ulcers.

The infusion seems to be quite effective as a stimulating treatment for inactive ulcers.

The root is a good substitute for licorice, is emollient and has an agreeable taste. The extract is useful in catarrhal diseases of the bronchi and in dysuria. The leaves contain the same properties as the root and an extract prepared from them is used as a substitute for licorice.

The root is a great alternative to licorice, is soothing, and has a pleasant taste. The extract is helpful for respiratory issues and in cases of painful urination. The leaves have the same properties as the root, and an extract made from them is used as a substitute for licorice.

Botanical Description.—A vine, with leaves opposite, abruptly pinnate, a stylet taking the place of the terminal leaflet. Leaflets linear, entire, glabrous, tipped with a small point. Common petiole with 2 awl-shaped stipules at the base. Flowers in small racemes. Calyx gamosepalous, caducous, 4–5 short teeth. Corolla papilionaceous, wings horizontal. Stamens 9, monadelphous with bilocular anthers. Style very short. Stigma globose. Pod 4–5 cm. long, truncate at the ends, with 5–6 red seeds, each with a black spot.

Plant Overview.—This is a vine with opposite leaves that are suddenly pinnate, featuring a style in place of the terminal leaflet. The leaflets are linear, smooth, and end in a small point. The common petiole has two awl-shaped stipules at the base. Flowers grow in small clusters. The calyx is fused, falling off easily, and has 4–5 short teeth. The corolla is butterfly-shaped with horizontal wings. There are 9 stamens that are fused together with bilocular anthers. The style is very short, and the stigma is round. The pod measures 4–5 cm long, is flat at the ends, and contains 5–6 red seeds, each with a black spot.

Habitat.—Common in all mountainous regions of the islands. Grows near houses and roads.

Ecosystem.—Found in all mountainous areas of the islands. Grows close to homes and roads.

Mucuna pruriens, DC. (M. prurita, Hook.; M. utilis, Wall.; Dolichos pruriens, L.; Carpopogon pruriens, Roxb.)

Nom. Vulg.—Nipay, Lipay, Vis.

Uses.—The pods are official as an anthelmintic in the Pharmacopœia of India. They are used in the form of an electuary triturated to the proper consistency with honey or syrup. The dose for adults is one soupspoonful, and for children a teaspoonful, given every morning for 3–4 consecutive days. The last day a purge is given to expel the lumbricoids.

Uses.—The pods are recognized as an anthelmintic in the Pharmacopoeia of India. They are prepared as an electuary, blended to the right consistency with honey or syrup. The dosage for adults is one tablespoon, and for children, a teaspoon, taken every morning for 3–4 consecutive days. On the last day, a laxative is given to eliminate the worms.

Botanical Description.—A vine with ternate leaves. Flowers red, keel larger than the standard and wings. Pods about as thick as the little finger, lacking transverse grooves, curved in the form of the letter f, covered with bright red down, [91]which causes an unendurable itching. They are divided into 3 or 4 oblique cells each containing a brown, shiny seed.

Plant Description.—A vine with three-part leaves. The flowers are red, with the keel larger than the standard and the wings. The pods are about as thick as a pinky finger, smooth without any grooves, curved like the letter f, and covered in bright red fuzz, [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]which causes extreme itching. They are divided into 3 or 4 angled sections, each containing a shiny brown seed.

Habitat.—Luzon and Panay.

Erythrina Indica, Lam. (E. corallodendron, L.; E. carnea, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Dapdap, Kasindik, Tag.; Dapdap, Kabrab, Vis.; Dapdap, Sulbag̃, Pam.; Indian Coral Tree, Eng.

Uses.—This tree is well known on account of the beauty of its crimson flowers. The decoction of the leaves is a useful cleansing and deodorizing application for ulcers. The bruised leaves are used locally in painful affections of the joints and to abort syphilitic buboes and abscesses of all kinds. The juice of the tender leaves is used in Concan to destroy maggots in ulcers, and the powder has a similar use. A decoction is used locally in ophthalmia.

Uses.—This tree is famous for the beauty of its red flowers. A brew made from the leaves is a helpful cleaning and deodorizing treatment for ulcers. Crushed leaves are applied locally for painful joint conditions and to treat syphilitic buboes and various abscesses. The juice from the young leaves is used in Concan to kill maggots in ulcers, and the powdered leaves serve a similar purpose. A brew is also used locally for eye inflammation.

The root and the leaves are used as a febrifuge in the Philippines and in India, according to Wight. In Brazil the bark is given in small repeated doses as a hypnotic and in the Philippines as a diuretic and purgative; a decoction of the leaves is similarly used. The bark contains an alkaloid discovered by Rochefontaine and Rey, called erythrin, which acts upon the central nervous system, diminishing its normal functions even to the point of abolishment, without modifying motor excitability or muscular contractility. W. Young isolated a glucoside, migarrhin, similar to saponin, but possessing the additional property of dilating the pupil.

The root and leaves are used as a fever reducer in the Philippines and India, according to Wight. In Brazil, the bark is given in small repeated doses as a sleep aid, and in the Philippines, it is used as a diuretic and laxative; a tea made from the leaves is used in a similar way. The bark contains an alkaloid discovered by Rochefontaine and Rey, called erythrin, which affects the central nervous system, reducing its normal functions even to the point of complete shutdown, without affecting motor responsiveness or muscle contraction. W. Young isolated a glucoside, migarrhin, which is similar to saponin but also has the additional effect of dilating the pupils.

In bronchitis with dyspnœa the following infusion of bark is very useful:

In bronchitis with shortness of breath, the following bark infusion is very helpful:

Fresh bark, }
Freshly bruised leaves, }	āā 2 grams.
Water	1,500 grams.

Boil till reduced one-half, filter and add:

Boil until it’s reduced by half, strain it, and add:

Simple syrup

200 grams.

Dose: Wineglassful every two hours. [92]

Dose: Glass of wine every two hours. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Botanical Description.—A large tree, 20° high, thorny, with ternate leaves. Leaflets rhomboid, broad, entire, glabrous. Secondary petioles: that of the middle leaflet long, bearing 2 glands, those of the others short, bearing 1 gland each. The leaves fall at the end of the rainy season and the flowers bloom. They are a handsome scarlet color, large, in terminal racemes. Calyx half-cylindrical, oblique, truncate, entire. Corolla papilionaceous; standard elongated, lanceolate. Wings short. Keel very short, 2-lobuled. Stamens diadelphous. Anthers large. Ovary woolly. Stigma thick. Pod curved, rounded, furrowed in parts corresponding to the seeds which are numerous, oval, pointed at the ends.

Plant Description.—A large tree, 20 feet tall, thorny, with compound leaves. Leaflets are diamond-shaped, wide, smooth, and without hairs. The petioles of the middle leaflet are long and have 2 glands, while those of the other leaflets are short and have 1 gland each. The leaves drop off at the end of the rainy season when the flowers start to bloom. The flowers are a beautiful scarlet color, large, and grow in clusters at the ends of branches. The calyx is half-cylindrical, slanted, and flat at the top, without lobes. The corolla has a butterfly shape; the standard petal is long and lance-shaped. The wings are short. The keel is very short, with 2 lobes. The stamens are fused in two groups. The anthers are large. The ovary is covered in fine hair. The stigma is thick. The pod is curved and rounded, with grooves where the numerous seeds are located; these seeds are oval and pointed at both ends.

Habitat.—Common throughout the islands. Blooms in February.

Ecosystem.—Widespread across the islands. Flowers in February.

Clitoria ternatea, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Kolokantig̃, Pakingag̃, Tag.; Kolokatig̃, Vis.; Butterfly-pea, Eng.

Uses.—The pounded seeds mixed with oil are used locally for painful joints. They possess purgative and emetic properties and Dr. J. Shartt has employed a mixture of the powdered roasted seeds, 8 grams, with double the quantity of acid tartrate of potassium. Its action is gentle, but sure. The alcoholic extract of the root, a soft, brown, resinous substance with an odor recalling that of jalap, is a very active cathartic, producing sharp effects in doses of 30–60 centigrams; in fact it produces such severe tenesmus that its use in such doses should not be recommended.

Uses.—The crushed seeds mixed with oil are used locally for painful joints. They have laxative and vomiting properties, and Dr. J. Shartt has used a mixture of 8 grams of powdered roasted seeds with twice the amount of potassium acid tartrate. Its effect is mild but effective. The alcoholic extract of the root, a soft, brown, resin-like substance that smells somewhat like jalap, is a very powerful laxative, causing strong effects with doses of 30–60 centigrams; in fact, it can cause such severe cramping that using it in those doses is not advised.

The root bark is used internally in an infusion (4–8 grams to 1 liter of water) as an emollient in irritability of the bladder and urethra and has been recommended for such a purpose by Mooden Sheriff. It is a diuretic which frequently acts as a purgative, a fact that is not surprising in view of the above-mentioned properties of the alcoholic extract. [93]

The root bark is used internally in a tea (4–8 grams to 1 liter of water) as a soothing remedy for bladder and urethra irritation, and Mooden Sheriff has recommended it for this purpose. It acts as a diuretic and often has a laxative effect, which makes sense considering the properties of the alcoholic extract mentioned earlier. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

The roasted seeds used as a purgative are so trustworthy that they deserve the further attention of physicians.

The roasted seeds used as a laxative are so reliable that they deserve more attention from doctors.

Botanical Description.—A vine very well known by its blue flowers. Leaves alternate with 3 pairs of oval leaflets. Stipules persistent. Flowers axillary, solitary, 1–1½′ in long diameter. Calyx in 5 acute divisions, the two upper ones smaller. Corolla papilionaceous. Standard open, notched at the end. Keel shorter than the wings and covered by them. Stamens 10, 9 united and 1 free. Stigma downy, thick. Pod full of short hairs, with more than 6 surrounded with a tow-like substance, reniform, with black spots.

Plant Description.—A vine that's well-known for its blue flowers. The leaves are arranged alternately and have 3 pairs of oval leaflets. The stipules remain persistent. The flowers are axillary and solitary, measuring 1–1½ inches in diameter. The calyx has 5 pointed divisions, with the two upper ones being smaller. The corolla is shaped like a butterfly. The standard is open and notched at the end. The keel is shorter than the wings and is covered by them. There are 10 stamens, 9 of which are fused and 1 is free. The stigma is downy and thick. The pod is covered in short hairs and has more than 6 seeds surrounded by a fibrous substance, shaped like a kidney and featuring black spots.

Habitat.—Common along the roads and in gardens. Flowers in July and November.

Ecosystem.—Found commonly along roadsides and in gardens. Blooms in July and November.

1. Pterocarpus santalinus, L.5

1. Pterocarpus santalinus, L.__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Nom. Vulg.—Narra, Naga, Tag.; Apalit, Daytanag, Pam.; Red Saunders or Red Sandalwood Tree, Eng.

2. P. Indicus, Willd. (P. pallidus, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Asana, Tag.; Naga, Vis.

3. P. erinaceus, Poir. (P. echinatus, Pers. & DC.)

Nom. Vulg.—Asana, Narra, Tag.

Uses.—The wood of the first is the so-called “red sandalwood.” It is used for building purposes and, in medicine, as an astringent. In decoction it is used as a gargle for sore throat. The second is also an excellent building material and is used medicinally for its astringent properties. A decoction of sufficient strength to color the water a light blue is used as a mouth wash in toothache and has some reputation as a solvent of vesical calculi. All three species yield a resin known in pharmacy under the name of “kino.” The true gum kino is really [94]produced by the P. marsupium, Roxb., but the Philippine product, especially that of the second and third species, has for a long time been exported to Europe under the name of “red astringent gum” or “kino.” This name is given to the sap of these trees dried without the aid of artificial heat. The bark is the part which produces it and the following extractive process is employed in Madras: a vertical incision is made in the trunk and lateral incisions perpendicular to it and a receptacle is placed at the foot of the tree. This soon fills and when the gum is sufficiently dried by air and sun it is packed in boxes and exported.

Applications.—The wood of the first type is known as “red sandalwood.” It's used for construction and in medicine as an astringent. When brewed, it serves as a gargle for sore throats. The second type is also a great building material and is used for its astringent properties in medicine. A strong decoction that turns the water a light blue is used as a mouthwash for toothaches and is somewhat known for helping dissolve bladder stones. All three species produce a resin called “kino” in pharmacy. The true gum kino actually comes from the P. marsupium, Roxb., but the Philippine version, especially from the second and third species, has been exported to Europe for a long time under the name “red astringent gum” or “kino.” This name refers to the sap from these trees that is dried naturally without artificial heat. The bark is the part that produces it, and the extraction process used in Madras involves making a vertical incision in the trunk with lateral cuts perpendicular to it. A container is placed at the base of the tree to collect the sap. This fills up quickly, and once the gum is dried by air and sunlight, it's packed in boxes for export.

In respect to appearance, solubility and chemical composition, Flückiger and Hanbury were unable to discover any difference between the kino of P. marsupium, Roxb., and that of P. erinaceus, Poir. It is therefore interesting to consider a product that is identical with that described in the pharmacopœias as produced by the P. marsupium, Roxb., though the latter does not grow in the Philippines.

In terms of appearance, solubility, and chemical composition, Flückiger and Hanbury couldn't find any differences between the kino from P. marsupium, Roxb., and that of P. erinaceus, Poir. Therefore, it's interesting to look at a product that is the same as what is described in the pharmacopoeias as being produced by P. marsupium, Roxb., even though the latter doesn't grow in the Philippines.

Kino is at present used but little in therapeutics and its action is analogous to that of tannin and catechu. It is given internally for its astringent effect in chronic diarrhœa, leucorrhœa, blenorrhœa and hemorrhages. The dose of the powder is 1–4 grams, and of the alcoholic tincture, containing 20 parts kino to 100 of alcohol, 5–10 grams. In prolapse of the rectum and anal fissure the following solution is used by enema:

Kino is currently not widely used in therapy, and its effects are similar to those of tannin and catechu. It is taken internally for its astringent properties in cases of chronic diarrhea, leucorrhea, blenorrhea, and bleeding. The recommended dose for the powder is 1–4 grams, while the alcoholic tincture, which consists of 20 parts kino to 100 parts alcohol, is taken in doses of 5–10 grams. For rectal prolapse and anal fissures, the following solution is administered by enema:

Kino	3 grams.
Water	500 grams.

For vaginal injections a solution of 20 to 250 water.

For vaginal injections, use a solution of 20 to 250 water.

Botanical Description.—The “pterocarpus,” L., is a tree of the first order with odd-pinnate leaves. Leaflets alternate and coriaceous. Flowers yellow, in racemes, with caducous bracts and bractlets. Calyx turbinate, with short teeth. Petals exserted, markedly unguiculate. Standard and wings curled. Keel obtuse with its petals slightly or not at all coherent. The staminal tube, cleft above and below or above only. Stamens [95]superior, often almost, and at times entirely, free. Anthers versatile. Ovary pedunculate, with 2 ovules. Style curved. Stigma terminal. Pod orbicular, smooth or spiny, usually containing one seed, encircled by a broad, rigid wing, the point curved downward.

Plant Description.—The “pterocarpus,” L., is a large tree with odd-pinnate leaves. The leaflets are alternate and leathery. The flowers are yellow, arranged in racemes, with falling bracts and bractlets. The calyx is cup-shaped, with short teeth. The petals stick out and are noticeably claw-shaped. The standard and wings are curled. The keel is blunt, with its petals either slightly connected or not connected at all. The staminal tube is split at the top and bottom or just at the top. The stamens [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]are positioned above, often almost entirely free. The anthers are versatile. The ovary is on a stem, with 2 ovules. The style is curved. The stigma is located at the top. The pod is round, smooth or spiny, typically containing one seed, surrounded by a wide, stiff wing that curves downward.

Habitat.—In the mountains of Luzon, Panay and Mindoro. Blooms in March.

Ecosystem.—In the mountains of Luzon, Panay, and Mindoro. Blooms in March.

Pongamia glabra, Vent. (Robinia mitis, L.; Gadelupa maculata, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Balikbalik, Tag.; Butog̃, Vis.

Uses.—The oil expressed from the seeds is used in India for lighting purposes, and in addition is of notable therapeutic value. It is an excellent local remedy for the itch, for herpes and especially for pityriasis versicolor, used alone or emulsified with lemon juice. In stubborn cases Dymock recommends the addition of oil of hydrocarpus, camphor and powdered sulphur. Dr. Gibson states that he knows of no plant in the vegetable kingdom possessing more notable curative properties in itch, herpes and other cutaneous diseases than the plant under consideration. It is also used as an embrocation in articular rheumatism.

Applications.—The oil extracted from the seeds is used in India for lighting and also has significant therapeutic benefits. It's an excellent local treatment for itching, herpes, and especially for pityriasis versicolor, used by itself or mixed with lemon juice. In persistent cases, Dymock suggests adding oil of hydrocarpus, camphor, and powdered sulfur. Dr. Gibson mentions that he knows of no other plant in the vegetable kingdom that has more remarkable healing properties for itching, herpes, and other skin conditions than the plant in question. It's also used as a topical treatment for joint rheumatism.

The powdered leaves mixed with common salt and pepper are given internally with a little milk, as a remedy for leprosy.

The powdered leaves mixed with regular salt and pepper are taken internally with some milk as a treatment for leprosy.

The juice of the root makes a useful wash for gangrenous ulcers and a good injection for fistula.

The juice from the root creates an effective wash for gangrenous ulcers and serves as a beneficial injection for fistulas.

Botanical Description.—A tree, 18° high, with leaves opposite, odd-pinnate. Leaflets in 3 pairs, ovate, lanceolate, entire, glabrous and membranaceous. Flowers slightly spotted, racemose. Calyx bell-shaped, with 5 scarcely visible toothlets. Corolla papilionaceous, petals equal, clawed. Standard with 2 callosities athwart the base. Stamens 10, diadelphous. Pod with one seed, which is flat, smooth, veined, bright red.

Plant Description.—A tree, 18° high, with opposite, odd-pinnate leaves. The leaflets are in 3 pairs, ovate, lanceolate, smooth, and thin. Flowers are slightly spotted and grow in clusters. The calyx is bell-shaped with 5 barely noticeable teeth. The corolla is butterfly-like, with equal, clawed petals. The standard has 2 callosities across the base. There are 10 stamens that are united in two groups. The pod contains one seed, which is flat, smooth, veined, and bright red.

Habitat.—Luzon and Panay. Blooms in October. [96]

Ecosystem.—Luzon and Panay. Flowers in October. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Leguminosæ.

Brasiletto Family.

Cæsalpinia Bonducella, Flem. (Guilandina Bonducella, L.)

Nom. Vulg.—Bayag-Kambig̃, Kalambibit, Tag.; Dalugdug, Vis.; Fever Nut, Physic Nut, Bonduc Seeds, Indo-Eng.

Uses.—The seed is the part of the plant employed and is official in the Pharmacopœia of India. It is used as a tonic and antiperiodic in intermittent fevers and in general where tonic treatment is indicated. It has given good results in the malarial fevers of India, according to English physicians. The Pharmacopœia of India contains the following preparation under the name of “Compound Powder of Bonduc” (Pulvis bonducellæ compositus).

Uses.—The seed is the part of the plant that is used, and it is recognized in the Pharmacopœia of India. It serves as a tonic and is effective in treating intermittent fevers and other cases where a tonic treatment is advised. According to English doctors, it has been effective in the malarial fevers found in India. The Pharmacopœia of India lists the following preparation called “Compound Powder of Bonduc” (Pulvis bonducellæ compositus).

Seeds of Bonduc, powdered	30 grams.
Pepper	30 grams.

Mix and keep in a well-corked flask.

Mix and store it in a tightly sealed flask.

Dose.—1–2 grams 3 times a day.

Dose.—1–2 grams three times a day.

In the Philippines the powdered seed is given in affections of the digestive tract, especially in diarrhœa and feeble digestion. The same name of Bonduc is given to the seeds of another species that grows in the Philippines, C. Bonduc, Roxb.; Kamot-Kabag, Bayan-Kambig̃, Tag. The seeds are identical in chemical composition and therapeutic indication.

In the Philippines, the powdered seed is used for digestive issues, particularly diarrhea and weak digestion. The same name, Bonduc, is used for the seeds of another species that grows in the Philippines, C. Bonduc, Roxb.; Kamot-Kabag, Bayan-Kambig̃, Tag. The seeds are the same in chemical composition and medical use.

The two principal substances contained in the seeds are an oil, 24% and a resin, 1.88%. The former is straw-colored and slightly bitter by virtue of the presence of a resin that may be precipitated by alcohol. The resin or bitter principle exists as an amorphous powder, white, bitter, not acrid, soluble in chloroform, alcohol, acetone, crystallizable acetic acid, fixed and essential oils; slightly soluble in ether and bisulphide of carbon, insoluble in water and petroleum ether. The alkalies do not affect it. It melts at 140°, decomposing and leaving only a carbon. Its discoverers, Heckel and Schlagdenhauffen, have [97]given it the name bonducin (C₁₄H₁₅O₅). Hydrochloric acid colors it red; sulphuric acid, a maranthin red in half an hour.

The two main substances found in the seeds are an oil, 24%, and a resin, 1.88%. The oil is straw-colored and has a slightly bitter taste due to the resin, which can be precipitated by alcohol. The resin or bitter component is an amorphous white powder that is bitter but not acrid, and it dissolves in chloroform, alcohol, acetone, crystallizable acetic acid, fixed and essential oils; it is slightly soluble in ether and carbon disulfide, but insoluble in water and petroleum ether. Alkalis do not affect it. It melts at 140°, decomposing and leaving only carbon behind. Its discoverers, Heckel and Schlag den Haufen, have [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]named it bonducin (C₁₄H₁₅O₅). Hydrochloric acid turns it red; sulfuric acid changes it to a maranthin red in half an hour.

Bonducin seems to be the active principle of the seeds and is given internally in doses of 10–20 centigrams; according to Dr. Isnard, of Marseilles, this dose has given as good results in fevers as the same quantity of quinine.

Bonducin appears to be the active ingredient in the seeds and is taken internally in doses of 10–20 centigrams; according to Dr. Isnard from Marseilles, this dosage has produced results in fevers comparable to the same amount of quinine.

Botanical Description.—A shrub with prostrate stem bristling with thorns. Leaves twice abruptly pinnate, a thorn taking the place of the terminal leaflet. Leaflets in 10–14 pairs, ovate, expanded, with a spine at the apex. Common petioles thorny, with 4 leaf-like stipules at the base. Flowers yellow, in racemes. Calyx 5-parted, curved downward. Corolla inserted on the calyx, 5 petals, 4 nearly equal, the uppermost broader and shorter. Stamens 10. Filaments very unequal in height, inserted on the calyx, united and woolly at the base. Pistil very short. Stigma thick. Pod rhomboidal before maturity, prickly, containing 2 semi-globose seeds with testa hard, mottled and tough.

Plant Description.—A shrub with a low-growing stem covered in thorns. The leaves are twice distinctly pinnate, with a thorn replacing the terminal leaflet. There are 10–14 pairs of leaflets, which are oval and wide, and each has a spine at the tip. The common petioles are thorny and have 4 leaf-like stipules at the base. The flowers are yellow and grow in clusters. The calyx has 5 parts and curves downward. The corolla attaches to the calyx, with 5 petals; 4 are nearly equal, while the uppermost is wider and shorter. There are 10 stamens, with filaments of varying heights attached to the calyx, united and fuzzy at the base. The pistil is very short, and the stigma is thick. The pod is rhomboidal before it matures, prickly, and holds 2 semi-round seeds that are hard, mottled, and tough.

The other species, C. Bonduc, Roxb., is distinguished by leaflets unequal at the base, by the absence of stipules, and by the bright orange yellow seeds.

The other species, C. Bonduc, Roxb., is characterized by leaflets that are uneven at the base, the lack of stipules, and the bright orange-yellow seeds.

Habitat.—Common in Luzon, Panay and Joló. Blooms in December.

Ecosystem.—Found frequently in Luzon, Panay, and Jolo. Flowers in December.

Cæsalpinia Sappan, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Sibukao, Sapag, Tag.; Palo del Brasil, Sp.; Sappan Wood, Eng.

Uses.—The decoction of Sibukao is given in hemorrhages, especially of the lungs. It is probably the red color of this decoction which originated the idea of giving it to check bleeding, and this is the practice of the native Filipino doctors, as well as of the Arabs and Hindoos. The natives of Cochin China, reasoning in an opposite manner, prescribe it as emmenagogue. Some authors recommend Sibukao as a substitute for logwood. The decoction is administered in chronic diarrhœa, especially [98]that of children. A few cases of phlebitis have been reported as occasioned by its use. The extract is made as follows:

Uses.—The decoction of Sibukao is used in cases of bleeding, especially from the lungs. It’s likely the red color of this decoction led to the belief that it helps stop bleeding, which is a common practice among native Filipino doctors, as well as among Arabs and Hindus. In contrast, the people of Cochin China prescribe it as an emmenagogue. Some authors suggest using Sibukao as a substitute for logwood. The decoction is given for chronic diarrhea, particularly [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] in children. A few cases of phlebitis have been reported as a result of its use. The extract is made as follows:

Sibukao in small pieces	500 grams.
Boiling water	4½ liters.

Macerate for 24 hours, boil until reduced by half, filter and evaporate the filtrate to a syrupy consistency. Do not use iron vessels.

Macerate for 24 hours, boil until it's reduced by half, then strain and evaporate the liquid to a syrupy consistency. Avoid using iron containers.

Sibukao contains much tannin and gallic acid, and a peculiar substance which distinguishes it from logwood, brasilin (C₂₂H₂₀O₇), which gives a red color to alkaline solutions instead of blue or purple. It is a crystalline pigment which may be considered a compound of hematoxylon and fenol.

Sibukao has a lot of tannin and gallic acid, along with a unique substance that sets it apart from logwood, brasilin (C₂₂H₂₀O₇), which turns alkaline solutions red rather than blue or purple. It is a crystalline pigment that can be regarded as a compound of hematoxylon and phenol.

Botanical Description.—A very common tree, 12–15° high, with spiny trunk, leaves twice abruptly pinnate. Leaflets linear, notched at the apex. Flowers racemose. Calyx boat-shaped. Corolla, 5 petals, the uppermost broad, short, spotted red. Stigma bifid. Pod sabre-like, woody, with 3–4 seeds separated by partitions. The wood is well known everywhere in the Philippines, being a very important article of commerce, and there is no fear of logwood being substituted for it, as the latter is more expensive, and substitutions are not ordinarily made under such circumstances. In commerce it occurs in large pieces of all shapes and forms, since the branches and trunks are cut into pieces which vary from 1/2–2 meters in length. Its color is reddish-yellow or white with more or less red grain. Blooms in September.

Plant Details.—A very common tree, 12–15 meters tall, with a spiny trunk and leaves that are twice abruptly pinnate. The leaflets are linear and notched at the tip. Flowers grow in clusters. The calyx is boat-shaped. The corolla has 5 petals, with the uppermost being broad, short, and spotted red. The stigma is divided. The pod is sword-like, woody, and contains 3–4 seeds separated by partitions. The wood is well-known throughout the Philippines and is a very important commercial product. There’s little risk of logwood being used as a substitute, as it is more expensive, and substitutions are generally not made in such cases. In commerce, the wood appears in large pieces of various shapes and sizes, as the branches and trunks are cut into sections that range from 0.5 to 2 meters long. Its color is reddish-yellow or white with varying amounts of red grain. It blooms in September.

Cæsalpinia pulcherrima, Swartz. (Poinciana pulcherrima, L. & Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Flores y Rosas Caballero, Caballero, Sp.-Fil.; Barbadoes Flower-Fence, Eng.

Uses.—The leaves are emmenagogue, purgative like those of senna, and excitant. The bark especially is a powerful emmenagogue, used in some countries for criminal purposes. The [99]decoction of the flowers is pectoral and febrifuge and is given in bronchitis, asthma and malarial fever. The flowers contain a bitter principle. The roots are acrid and poisonous. The seeds of the green fruit are eaten frequently by children; when ripe they contain gallic and tannic acids, by virtue of which they are used in tanning hides and to dye yellow combined with alum, and black combined with salts of iron. They also contain a pigment and a resin.

Applications.—The leaves help with menstrual issues, act as a laxative like senna, and stimulate. The bark, in particular, is a strong promoter of menstruation, and it's used for illegal activities in some countries. The [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]decoction of the flowers is good for chest conditions and fevers and is given for bronchitis, asthma, and malaria. The flowers have a bitter substance. The roots are harsh and toxic. Children often eat the seeds from the green fruit; when they ripen, they contain gallic and tannic acids, which are used in tanning leather and dyeing: yellow when used with alum and black when combined with iron salts. They also have a pigment and a resin.

Infusion of the Flowers.—

Flower Infusion.—

Flowers of the caballero, dry	20 grams.
Water	500 grams.
Sugar	70 grams.

Mix. Dose, a wineglassful several times a day.

Mix. Take a wineglass full several times a day.

Botanical Description.—A shrub, with prickly trunk. Leaves twice abruptly pinnate. Leaflets 5–8 pairs, glabrous, ovate and elliptical, bearing a spine at the extremity, 3 stipules to each pair of leaflets. Flowers yellow and red, in racemes on the ends of the branches. Calyx divided almost to the base, with 5 concave parts. Corolla, 5 petals 1′ long with short claws, one petal very small and straight, the others larger, with wavy edges. Stamens 10, crimson, 3′ long, free, woolly, united at the lower end. Pistil the same length as the stamens. Stigma somewhat concave. Ovary sessile, unilocular, many-ovuled. Pod compressed, with 7 or more seeds inserted on the superior suture and separated from each other by fleshy divisions.

Plant Description.—A shrub with a spiky trunk. The leaves are twice abruptly pinnate. There are 5–8 pairs of leaflets, smooth, oval, and elliptical, each ending in a spine, with 3 stipules for each pair of leaflets. The flowers are yellow and red, clustered at the ends of the branches. The calyx is nearly divided to the base and has 5 concave sections. The corolla consists of 5 petals, each about 1 inch long with short claws; one petal is very small and straight, while the others are larger with wavy edges. There are 10 stamens, crimson in color and 3 inches long, which are free and hairy but joined at the bottom. The pistil is the same length as the stamens, and the stigma is slightly concave. The ovary is attached directly and contains many ovules. The pod is compressed, with 7 or more seeds arranged along the upper seam and separated by fleshy partitions.

Habitat.—Very common in gardens where it is cultivated for its beautiful flowers. Blooms throughout the entire year.

Ecosystem.—Very common in gardens where it's grown for its beautiful flowers. It blooms all year round.

Cassia fistula, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Cañafistula, Sp.; Lombayog̃, Ibabaw, Baloyog̃, Vis.; Purging Cassia, Eng.

Uses.—The pod known in pharmacy under the name of “Cañafistula” contains a blackish, sweet pulp, which is a mild purgative if combined with carminatives, but it produces severe [100]colic if given alone. The urine sometimes takes on a dark color after taking it. The laxative dose is 4–8 grams, the purgative 30–60.

Uses.—The pod referred to in pharmacy as “Cañafistula” has a dark, sweet pulp that acts as a mild laxative when combined with carminatives, but can cause severe [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]colic if taken on its own. Urine may sometimes become dark after using it. The laxative dose is 4–8 grams, while the purgative dose is 30–60 grams.

Extract of Cassia.—

Cassia Extract.

Pulp and seeds of ripe pods	1 kilo.
Water	1 liter.

After mixing the pulp with water the liquid is strained through a woolen cloth; the material which remains in the strainer is washed with a little more cold water which is added to the other liquid and the two are evaporated to the consistency of the extract.

After mixing the pulp with water, the liquid is strained through a wool cloth; the material that remains in the strainer is washed with a bit more cold water, which is added to the other liquid, and the two are evaporated to the consistency of the extract.

Dose.—15–30 grams.

Dose: 15–30 grams.

Dr. Irving states that the root is a very energetic purgative. In Concan the juice of the tender leaves is used in the treatment of impetigo.

Dr. Irving says that the root is a very strong laxative. In Concan, the juice from the young leaves is used to treat impetigo.

Botanical Description.—A tree with trunk about as thick as the human body, with leaves opposite and abruptly pinnate. Leaflets, the lower ones smaller, 5 pairs, ovate, lanceolate, glabrous and rather tough. Common petiole, cleft at the base, lacking glandule. Flowers bright yellow, in long, pendulous racemes. Calyx, 5 ovate sepals. Corolla, 5 unequal petals. Stamens 10, free, 3 longer than the rest. Ovary unilocular, many-ovuled. Pod cylindrical, pointed at the end, woody, black, 1–2° long, with many circular seeds, surrounded by a blackish pulp and separated by partitions.

Plant Description.—A tree with a trunk about as thick as a person’s body, featuring opposite and abruptly pinnate leaves. The leaflets, with the lower ones being smaller, consist of 5 pairs that are ovate, lanceolate, smooth, and fairly tough. The petiole is common, split at the base, and doesn’t have glands. The flowers are bright yellow and grow in long, hanging clusters. The calyx has 5 ovate sepals. The corolla consists of 5 uneven petals. There are 10 separate stamens, with 3 of them longer than the others. The ovary has one chamber and many seeds. The pod is cylindrical, pointed at the end, woody, black, 1–2 inches long, containing many round seeds that are surrounded by a dark pulp and separated by partitions.

Habitat.—Common in Luzon and Panay. Blooms in March.

Ecosystem.—Found widely in Luzon and Panay. Flowers in March.

Cassia occidentalis, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Tighiman, Balotag̃aso, Tag.; Tambalisa, Vis.; Western Senna, Styptic Weed, Eng.; Negro Coffee, Indo-Eng.

Uses.—In Brazil they use an infusion of the root as a tonic and diuretic, 4 grams of the root bark and 180 of boiling water to be taken in one day. In Dahomey the leaves are used as a febrifuge. Thirty grams of fresh leaves are boiled [101]in 300 grams of water till the liquid is reduced to 250 grams. The patient takes this decoction hot the first day of the fever and a profuse perspiration promptly breaks out. As a rule the effect is immediate and the fever does not recur. This treatment of fevers is more common in that country than that by quinine and they claim that it has the advantage over the latter of acting as a stomachic tonic. By adding a small quantity of the roots to the decoction it is rendered diuretic. The seeds possess the same properties and are used in decoctions of 30 grams to 300 of water. According to De Lanesan the roasted seeds are used in La Réunion in infusion similar to coffee in the treatment of gastralgia and asthma. In some countries they mix them with coffee just as chicory is used in Europe.

Uses.—In Brazil, they make an infusion from the root to use as a tonic and diuretic, using 4 grams of the root bark with 180 milliliters of boiling water to be consumed in one day. In Dahomey, the leaves are used as a fever reducer. Thirty grams of fresh leaves are boiled [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]in 300 milliliters of water until the liquid is reduced to 250 milliliters. The patient drinks this hot decoction on the first day of the fever, and they typically start sweating profusely soon after. Generally, the effect is immediate, and the fever doesn't come back. This method of treating fevers is more common in that country than using quinine, and they claim it has the added benefit of acting as a stomach tonic. By adding a small amount of the roots to the decoction, it also becomes a diuretic. The seeds have the same properties and are used in decoctions of 30 grams to 300 milliliters of water. According to De Lanesan, the roasted seeds are used in La Réunion in an infusion similar to coffee for treating gastralgia and asthma. In some countries, they mix them with coffee just like chicory is used in Europe.

Heckel and Schlagdenhauffen have made a very complete study of the plant and we quote the following from their works:

Heckel and Schlag den Besten have conducted a thorough study of the plant, and we quote the following from their works:

Chemical composition of the seeds.—

Seed chemical composition.—

Water	8.850
Fats and pigments soluble in petroleum ether	1.600
Fats and pigments soluble in chloroform	1.150
Odorous material and traces of tannin	5.022
Glucose	0.738
Gummy, mucilaginous and pectic matter	15.734
Soluble albuminoids and aleuron	6.536
Cellulose	7.434
Insoluble albuminose	2.216
Lignose	32.727
Fixed salts	17.976
Lost material	.017
	100.000

Previous to the studies of the above authors the seeds had been therapeutically tested by Delioux de Savignac and Professor [102]Clouet. Heckel and Schlagdenhauffen have confirmed the febrifuge virtues of the seeds and are uncertain as to the active principle since they found no glucoside or alkaloid in their analysis. The antiperiodic properties are comparable with those of quinine and have even proved effective in some cases in which quinine failed. It seems quite clear that the tannin is the active principle which is the more probable because its anti-periodic virtues are now recognized by all therapeutists.

Before the studies of the authors mentioned above, the seeds were tested for therapeutic use by Delioux de Savignac and Professor [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]Clouet. Heckel and Schlagdenhauffen have confirmed the fever-reducing properties of the seeds and are unsure about the active ingredient since their analysis found no glucoside or alkaloid. The properties that prevent recurrence are comparable to those of quinine and have even been effective in some cases where quinine did not work. It seems clear that tannin is the active ingredient, which is more likely given that its anti-periodic properties are now acknowledged by all therapists.

It is given in maceration or infusion, 2–15 grams of the seeds to 3 or 400 of water to be taken several times a day. The treatment causes no very marked physiological effects. It seems to act as a sedative to the nervous system.

It is taken by soaking or steeping, using 2–15 grams of the seeds in 300 to 400 milliliters of water, consumed multiple times a day. The treatment doesn't cause any significant physiological effects. It appears to work as a sedative for the nervous system.

Botanical Description.—An annual plant, .60–1 meter high. Root central with lateral rootlets. Stem straight, ramose. Leaves opposite, abruptly pinnate with a stylet in place of the odd leaflet. Leaflets, 5–6 pairs, the lower ones smaller, ovate, oblong, margins and lower face downy. Common petiole swollen at the base, 2 stipules and 1 glandule. Calyx, 5 unequal sepals. Corolla, 5 nearly equal petals, sulphur yellow, concave, the posterior one further developed. Two verticils of 5 stamens each. Of the 5 stamens superior to the sepals, 2 are fertile, larger and arched; of the other 5 stamens 4 are fertile and small. Pod compressed, linear, smooth, 5′ long, containing many compressed, heart-shaped seeds, separated by thin partitions.

Plant Description.—An annual plant, 0.6 to 1 meter tall. The root is central with lateral rootlets. The stem is straight and branched. Leaves are opposite, suddenly pinnate with a needle-like structure where the odd leaflet would be. There are 5 to 6 pairs of leaflets, with the lower ones being smaller, ovate, or oblong, and the edges and undersides are fuzzy. The common petiole is swollen at the base, featuring 2 stipules and 1 gland. The calyx has 5 unequal sepals. The corolla has 5 nearly equal petals that are sulfur yellow and concave, with the back petal being more developed. There are two whorls of 5 stamens each. Of the 5 stamens above the sepals, 2 are fertile, larger, and arched; out of the other 5, 4 are fertile and smaller. The pod is compressed, linear, smooth, 5 inches long, containing many compressed, heart-shaped seeds separated by thin partitions.

Habitat.—Common in Luzon. Blooms in October.

Ecosystem.—Found widely in Luzon. Flowers in October.

Cassia alata, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Acapulco, Sp.-Fil.; Katandá, Gamut sa Buni, Sontig̃, Tag.; Suntig̃, Kansitás, Vis.; Pakayomkom-kastila, Pam.

Uses.—This is one of the most popular Philippine remedies and its usefulness is vouched for by many physicians practicing in many different lands. Its antiherpetic properties are notable [103]and the Tagalo name of the plant, “Gamut sa Buni,” means literally “medicine for herpes.” The natives use the juice of the leaf applied locally to the affected part. These properties have long been familiar to the Malays and to the Hindoos who in their medical works give the plant the Sanscrit name of “Dadrughna,” meaning “to cure herpes.” The Pharmacopœia of Bengal recommends cassia in the form of an ointment made by mixing the crushed tender leaves with simple ointment. This preparation is, in our opinion, undesirable on account of its liability to become rancid and vaseline should be the excipient used. Another application for herpetic eruptions is the juice of the leaves mixed with an equal quantity of lemon juice. The Malays use the leaves dried in the sun, adding to them a little water and rubbing them briskly on the affected parts, the vigorous treatment being an important part of the cure.

Applications.—This is one of the most popular remedies in the Philippines, and many doctors from various countries vouch for its effectiveness. Its antiherpetic properties are remarkable [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__], and the Tagalog name for the plant, “Gamut sa Buni,” literally means “medicine for herpes.” Locals apply the juice from the leaves directly to the affected area. These properties have been well-known to Malays and Hindus, who refer to the plant in their medical texts by the Sanskrit name “Dadrughna,” meaning “to cure herpes.” The Pharmacopœia of Bengal recommends using cassia as an ointment by mixing crushed tender leaves with a simple ointment. In our view, this preparation is not ideal due to the risk of it going rancid; instead, vaseline should be used as the base. Another treatment for herpetic outbreaks involves mixing the juice of the leaves with an equal amount of lemon juice. The Malays also dry the leaves in the sun, add a bit of water, and rub them vigorously on the affected areas, with this intense treatment being a key part of the cure.

The decoction of the leaves is a laxative and according to Mr. J. Wood the tincture has an action similar to that of senna. Dr. Pulney Andy of India states that the extract prepared from the tender leaves is a good substitute for extract of colocynth.

The leaf tea is a laxative, and Mr. J. Wood says the tincture works similarly to senna. Dr. Pulney Andy from India mentions that the extract made from the young leaves is a good alternative to colocynth extract.

Mr. A. Porte claims to have obtained the best results with an acetic extract of the fresh leaves. The following is his formula:

Mr. A. Porte claims to have achieved the best results using an acetic extract of fresh leaves. Here is his formula:

Fresh leaves of C. alata	100 grams.
Acetic acid diluted in ⅔ water	450 grams.

Macerate 10 or 12 days, filter and express, then filter again and evaporate to the consistency of an extract.

Soak for about 10 to 12 days, strain and press, then strain again and evaporate until you reach the consistency of an extract.

The seeds contain vermifuge principles.

The seeds have deworming properties.

The activity of this plant in herpes is due to the chrysophanic acid contained in it. The more recent the eruption the more certain is the effect.

The effectiveness of this plant in treating herpes comes from the chrysophanic acid it contains. The newer the outbreak, the more reliable the results.

The following species, all of which grow in the Philippines, contain principles analogous to those of the C. alata, viz.: C. sophera, L. and C. tora, L., called in Tagalo manimanihan. [104]

The following species, all of which are found in the Philippines, have properties similar to those of C. alata, namely: C. sophera, L. and C. tora, L., referred to in Tagalog as manimanihan. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Botanical Description.—A shrub, 7–9° high, with a straight, ramose trunk 3–4′ in diameter. Leaves 1½–2° long, opposite, abruptly pinnate, a thick stylet taking the place of the odd leaflet. Leaflets 10–13 pairs, the smaller ones 1–2′ long. Common petiole with 2 horizontal stipules at the base. Flowers in conspicuous, erect racemes. Calyx, 5 free concave, unequal sepals. Corolla, 5 petals of a beautiful yellow color. Stamens perigynous, 10 in number, 3 upper ones very small and frequently sterile, 3 lower very large. The bilocular anthers open by 2 pores. Ovary many-ovuled with filiform style. Pod long with 2 prominent wings on the sides and many seeds which slightly resemble a cross with blunt ends.

Plant Description.—A shrub, 7–9 feet high, with a straight, branchy trunk 3–4 inches in diameter. Leaves 1½–2 inches long, opposite, abruptly pinnate, with a thick style substituting for the odd leaflet. Leaflets are in 10–13 pairs, with the smaller ones being 1–2 inches long. The common petiole has 2 horizontal stipules at the base. Flowers grow in noticeable, upright racemes. The calyx has 5 separate concave sepals. The corolla has 5 petals of a beautiful yellow color. Stamens are perigynous, totaling 10, with 3 upper ones being very small and often sterile, and 3 lower ones being very large. The bilocular anthers open through 2 pores. The ovary has many ovules with a slender style. The pod is long, featuring 2 prominent wings on the sides and contains many seeds that slightly resemble a cross with blunt ends.

The C. sophera, L., is characterized by 10 stamens, all fertile and a smooth, linear, bivalved pod full of seeds separated by false partitions. The C. tora, L., bears a quadrangular pod about 15 centimeters long by 2 in diameter.

The C. sophera, L., has 10 fertile stamens and a smooth, linear, bivalved pod filled with seeds divided by false partitions. The C. tora, L., has a quadrangular pod that is about 15 centimeters long and 2 centimeters in diameter.

Habitat.—Grows in all parts of the islands and is universally known by the natives. Blooms in May.

Ecosystem.—Grows throughout the islands and is well-known by the locals. Blooms in May.

Tamarindus Indica, L.

Tamarind, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Tamarindo, Sp.; Sampalok, Tag., Pam., Bik.; Sambak, Sumalagi, Kamalagi, Vis.; Tamarind, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Tamarindo, Spanish; Sampalok, Tagalog, Pampanga, Bikol; Sambak, Sumalagi, Kamalagi, Visayan; Tamarind, English.

Uses.—The pulp of the fruit is used to make a sort of sweet preserve and is very popular among the Filipinos. They prepare a refreshing drink from the pulp mixed with sweetened water and believing it to be beneficial to the liver, stomach and blood, they use too much of it. Its excessive use is rather prejudicial to the health, but given in moderation it is very efficient in allaying the thirst of fever patients. The pulp contains weak laxative properties and it is customary to administer it in solution with cream of tartar. Its chemical composition is as follows: [105]

Uses.—The pulp of the fruit is used to make a type of sweet preserve and is really popular among Filipinos. They mix the pulp with sweetened water to create a refreshing drink, believing it to be good for the liver, stomach, and blood, so they tend to use a lot of it. However, overusing it can be harmful to health, but when consumed in moderation, it's very effective at quenching the thirst of fever patients. The pulp has mild laxative properties and it's common to give it in a solution with cream of tartar. Its chemical composition is as follows: [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Citric acid	9.40
Tartaric acid	1.55
Malic acid	0.45
Potassium bitartrate	3.25
Sugar	12.50
Gum	4.70
Vegetable gelatin	6.25
Parenchyma	34.35
Water	27.55

(Vauquelin.)

At the end of any sickness, especially after labor, the first bath given to the convalescent is with a decoction of the leaves of the “sampaloc,” to prevent convulsions, the native herb-doctors say.

At the end of any illness, especially after giving birth, the first bath given to the recovering person is with a herbal infusion made from the leaves of the “sampaloc” to prevent convulsions, according to local herbalists.

Botanical Description.—A large tree, somewhat resembling the elm in contour, with leaves opposite, abruptly pinnate. Leaflets 12 or more pairs, linear, with a notch at the apex, entire, glabrous. Flowers yellow-white, spattered dark red, racemose. Calyx, 4 sepals. Corolla, 5 lanceolate petals with crispate borders. Stamens monadelphous, dividing into 7 filaments above. The ripe pod is chocolate color, oblong, slightly compressed, straight or curved, 6–15 centimeters long, full of a light-brown pulp in which rest the seeds enveloped in a cellular membrane. These seeds are flattened, almost quadrangular; testa hard, of a chestnut color, shiny and without albumen.

Plant Description.—A large tree that somewhat looks like an elm, with opposite leaves that are abruptly pinnate. There are 12 or more pairs of leaflets, which are linear with a notch at the tip, smooth and hairless. The flowers are yellow-white with dark red spots and grow in racemes. The calyx has 4 sepals. The corolla consists of 5 lance-shaped petals with wavy edges. The stamens are fused at the base, dividing into 7 filaments above. The mature pod is chocolate-colored, oblong, slightly compressed, either straight or curved, measuring 6–15 centimeters long, filled with a light-brown pulp that contains the seeds wrapped in a cellular membrane. These seeds are flattened, nearly quadrangular; the seed coat is hard, chestnut-colored, shiny, and lacks albumen.

Habitat.—Very common everywhere in the islands. Blooms in May.

Ecosystem.—Very common throughout the islands. Flowers in May.

Bauhinia malabarica, Roxb. (B. tomentosa, Wall. and Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Alibag̃bag̃, Tag., Vis., Pam.

Nom. Vulg.—Alibag̃bag̃, Tagalog, Visayan, Pampango.

Uses.—The leaves of this tree and of the species B. tomentosa, L., are quite acid and the Filipinos use them as an ingredient [106]of many dishes. The fresh flowers possess anti-dysenteric virtues for which purpose they are given internally in infusion of 10–20 grams of the flowers to one-half liter of water. The decoction of the root bark is a common remedy for liver troubles along the coast of Malabar according to Rheede.

Applications.—The leaves of this tree and of the species B. tomentosa, L., are quite acidic, and Filipinos use them as an ingredient [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] in many dishes. The fresh flowers have anti-dysentery properties and are taken internally as an infusion made from 10–20 grams of flowers in half a liter of water. According to Rheede, a decoction of the root bark is a common remedy for liver issues along the coast of Malabar.

Botanical Description.—A tree 20° high, with leaves alternate, peltate, slightly cordate, orbicular, the apex divided into two large lobules with a stylet between them, glabrous above, somewhat downy beneath; 2 large, flat glandules are situated at the base. Petioles short. Flowers cymose. Peduncle long. Calyx inferior, funnelform, with 4–5 sepals as long as the corolla. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens 10, 5 alternate ones longer than the others. Stigma thick, peltate, 2 lobules. Pod 1° long, with linear stalk, containing many seeds separated by filamentous isthmuses.

Plant Description.—A tree 20 feet tall, with alternate leaves that are shield-shaped, slightly heart-shaped, and round, the tip split into two large lobes with a thin structure between them, smooth on top and a bit fuzzy underneath; there are 2 large, flat glands at the base. The petioles are short. The flowers are arranged in clusters. The flower stalk is long. The calyx is inferior and funnel-shaped, with 4–5 sepals that are as long as the petals. The corolla has 5 petals. There are 10 stamens, with 5 alternate ones being longer than the others. The stigma is thick, shield-shaped, with 2 lobes. The pod is 1 foot long, with a narrow stalk, containing many seeds separated by thin filaments.

Habitat.—Common everywhere. Blooms in November.

Leguminosæ.

Mimosa Division.

Entada scandens, Benth. (E. Pursœtha, DC. and Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Gogo, Tag.; Bayogo, Balogo, Gohog̃ bakay, Vis. and Pam.; Gilla Nuts, Indo-Eng.

Uses.—The use made of the mashed bark of this tree is well known throughout the Philippines. Cut in strips and beaten thoroughly between stones it is sold under the name of “gogo”; it is macerated in water, to which it imparts a reddish color, and forms a substitute for soap. The Filipinos use this preparation for bathing, especially the hair, for which purpose there is no more useful or simple preparation. It cures pityriasis, and renders the hair very soft, without drying it too much as is usually the case with soap. The natives use it in treating the itch, washing the affected parts with the maceration and at the same time briskly rubbing them with the bark; in this way [107]they remove the crusts that shield the acari. The treatment is successful in direct proportion to the energy of rubbing.

Uses.—The mashed bark of this tree is well recognized throughout the Philippines. Cut into strips and thoroughly beaten between stones, it is sold as “gogo”; when macerated in water, it gives off a reddish color and acts as a substitute for soap. Filipinos use this mixture for bathing, especially for washing their hair, as it is one of the most effective and straightforward preparations available. It treats dandruff and leaves the hair very soft without over-drying it, which is often the case with regular soap. The locals use it to treat scabies by washing the affected areas with the maceration while vigorously rubbing them with the bark; this way, [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]they remove the crusts that cover the mites. The treatment's success depends on how vigorously they rub.

The seeds of “gogo” are very large, lenticular, flattened, 3–4 centimeters in diameter. Their chemical composition has been studied by Pettit. Alcohol dissolves the active principle, perhaps a glucoside, the study of which the author has not completed. Five centigrams of this substance administered to a guinea-pig causes paralysis of the hind quarters without any apparent inflammation. He also found saponin in the seeds, but it exists in much greater quantity in the trunk. In the Sunda Islands they eat the seeds roasted and also extract from them an illuminating oil.

The seeds of "gogo" are quite large, lens-shaped, and flattened, measuring 3–4 centimeters in diameter. Their chemical makeup has been examined by Pettit. Alcohol dissolves the active ingredient, possibly a glucoside, although the author has not finished studying it. Administering five centigrams of this substance to a guinea pig causes paralysis in the hind legs without any obvious inflammation. He also discovered saponin in the seeds, but it’s found in much larger amounts in the trunk. In the Sunda Islands, people roast the seeds and also extract an illuminating oil from them.

The maceration of gogo is emetic and purgative; it is used in the treatment of asthma; it is exceedingly irritating, the slightest quantity that enters the eye causing severe smarting and a slight conjunctivitis for one or two days.

The maceration of gogo causes vomiting and purging; it is used to treat asthma; it is extremely irritating, with even a small amount that gets in the eye leading to intense burning and mild conjunctivitis for one or two days.

Botanical Description.—A high climbing shrub with stem as much as 7–8′ in diameter. Leaves opposite, twice abruptly pinnate, a stylet replacing the terminal leaflet; 5 pairs of elliptical leaflets, entire, glabrous and notched at the apex. Common petiole with 2 stipules at the base. Flowers in delicate spikes. Calyx obliquely truncate, 5-toothed. Corolla, 5 oval petals much larger than the calyx. Stamens 10–13. Filaments longer than the corolla. Anther with 1–2 white, globose glandules. Pod woody, 4–6° long by “4 fingers” broad, with large notches on the borders, many compartments containing many large, compressed, circular seeds with dark-colored testa, 3–4 centimeters in diameter.

Plant Description.—A tall climbing shrub with a stem that can be 7–8 inches in diameter. Leaves grow in pairs, are twice sharply pinnate, with a stylet replacing the terminal leaflet; there are 5 pairs of elliptical leaflets that are smooth, entire, and notched at the tip. The petiole is common and has 2 stipules at the base. Flowers form in delicate spikes. The calyx is slanted and has 5 teeth. The corolla features 5 oval petals that are much larger than the calyx. There are 10–13 stamens, with filaments longer than the corolla. The anther has 1–2 white, round glandules. The pod is woody, measuring 4–6 inches long and about “4 fingers” wide, with large notches along the edges, containing many compartments filled with large, flattened, circular seeds that have a dark-colored seed coat, measuring 3–4 centimeters in diameter.

Habitat.—Mountains of Luzon and Panay. Blooms in May.

Ecosystem.—Mountains of Luzon and Panay. Flowers in May.

Parkia Roxburghii, G. Don. (P. brunonis, Grah.; P. biglobosa, Benth.; Mimosa peregrina, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Kopag̃, Tag.

Uses.—The fruit is edible. Its pulp is golden yellow with a sweetish taste and an odor like that of violets. [108]

Applications.—The fruit is edible. Its flesh is golden yellow with a mildly sweet taste and a scent similar to violets. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

The roasted seeds are used in certain parts of Africa to make an infusion like coffee, for which reason they have been called “Soudan Coffee.”

The roasted seeds are used in some parts of Africa to make a coffee-like drink, which is why they've been called “Soudan Coffee.”

The pulp was analyzed by Heckel and Schlagdenhauffen in 1887; it contains 60% of its weight of sugar (a mixture of dextrose and levulose), 0.98% of free tartaric and citric acids, fats, albuminoids, etc.

The pulp was examined by Heckel and Schlagdenhauffen in 1887; it has 60% of its weight in sugar (a mix of dextrose and levulose), 0.98% of free tartaric and citric acids, fats, proteins, and so on.

Botanical Description.—A large tree of the first order. Leaves opposite, twice abruptly pinnate. Leaflets small, linear, more than 40 pairs. Principal petiole with one glandule at the base and often another higher up. Calyx long, tubular, with 5 unequal lobules. Corolla, 5 equal petals. Stamens 10, monadelphous. Ovary free, unilocular, multi-ovulate. Pod, 1° × 1′, woody, much compressed, brown, with many seeds embedded in a yellow pulp.

Plant Description.—A large tree of the highest quality. Leaves are arranged oppositely and are twice sharply pinnate. Leaflets are small, linear, and there are more than 40 pairs. The main petiole has one gland at the base and often another one higher up. The calyx is long and tubular, with 5 uneven lobes. The corolla has 5 equal petals. There are 10 stamens that are joined together. The ovary is separate, has one chamber, and contains multiple ovules. The pod measures 1° × 1′, is woody, highly compressed, brown, and contains many seeds embedded in a yellow pulp.

Habitat.—Abounds in the provinces of central Luzon. Blooms in December.

Habitat.—Common in the central Luzon provinces. Flowers in December.

Acacia Farnesiana, Willd. (A. Indica, Desv.; Mimosa Farnesiana, L. and Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Aroma, Sp.; Cassie Flower, Eng.

Uses.—The trunk bark is astringent and in decoction is of use in the treatment of prolapsed rectum and as an injection for leucorrhœa. A poultice of the tender leaves is applied to ulcers and sores previously washed with the decoction.

Uses.—The bark of the trunk is astringent and, when boiled, is helpful for treating a prolapsed rectum and can be used as an injection for white discharge. A poultice made from the young leaves is applied to ulcers and sores that have been cleaned with the decoction.

The tree exudes an abundant gum very similar to gum arabic which latter is the product of another species of acacia (A. Arabica, Willd.). The Manila pharmacist, D. Anacleto del Rosario, sent to the Paris Exposition of 1899 a specimen of this gum obtained on the plantation of D. P. P. Roxas, in Batangas. This specimen differed in no respect from gum arabic and it will surely sooner or later take the place of the latter in the Philippines, both for pharmaceutical and industrial purposes. It would be superfluous to describe here the properties of gum arabic. [109]

The tree produces a thick gum that's very similar to gum arabic, which comes from another species of acacia (A. Arabica, Willd.). D. Anacleto del Rosario, a pharmacist from Manila, sent a sample of this gum to the Paris Exposition in 1899, which he got from the plantation of D. P. P. Roxas in Batangas. This sample was identical to gum arabic and will likely replace it in the Philippines eventually, for both pharmaceutical and industrial uses. There's no need to describe the properties of gum arabic here. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Botanical Description.—A small tree 9–12° high, very well known, trunk bristling with long thorns. Leaves twice abruptly pinnate. One or more pairs of leaflets, very small, linear. Common petiole with two thorns united at its base and a small glandule on the upper part. Flowers yellow, aromatic, axillary, joined in a globose head ½–¾′ in diameter, consisting of more than 50 minute flowerets. In each axil are 2 peduncles. In some heads all the flowerets are staminate, in others hermaphrodite. The hermaphrodite flowers have a calyx with 5 small teeth. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens 40 or more. Pistil same length as the stamens. Staminate flowers: calyx, corolla, stamens and anthers as in the hermaphrodite flowers. Pistil none. Pod round, curved, with 8 or more elliptical, compressed seeds.

Plant Overview.—A small tree 9–12 feet tall, very well known, with a trunk covered in long thorns. The leaves are twice sharply pinnate. There are one or more pairs of very small, linear leaflets. The common petiole has two thorns fused at its base and a small gland on the upper part. The flowers are yellow, aromatic, and grow in the axils, forming a round head ½–¾ inch in diameter, made up of more than 50 tiny flowers. In each axil, there are 2 stalks. In some heads, all the flowers are male, while in others, they are hermaphroditic. The hermaphroditic flowers have a calyx with 5 small teeth. The corolla has 5 petals. There are 40 or more stamens. The pistil is the same length as the stamens. Male flowers: the calyx, corolla, stamens, and anthers are like those of the hermaphroditic flowers. There is no pistil. The pod is round, curved, with 8 or more elliptical, compressed seeds.

Habitat.—Grows everywhere, but forms dense thickets in the provinces of La Laguna and Batangas. Blooms in January.

Ecosystem.—Grows all over, but creates dense thickets in the provinces of La Laguna and Batangas. Flowers in January.

Crassulaceæ.

Orpine Family.

Kalanchoe laciniata, DC. (Cotyledon laciniata, Roxb.; Bryophyllum serratum, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Siempreviva (Live-for-ever), Sp.-Fil.; Katakatakā, Tag.

Nom. Vulg.—Siempreviva (Live-for-ever), Spanish-Philippine; Katakatakā, Tagalog.

Uses.—The fleshy leaves are beaten up and applied to chronic ulcers and sores on which they exert a stimulant action. Applied to the temples they relieve headache. Ainslie testifies to the good effect of its local use in inflammations and as a wash for ulcers. The juice of the leaves is used in Concan in the treatment of bilious diarrhœa and gall stones.

Applications.—The thick leaves are mashed up and placed on chronic ulcers and sores, providing a stimulating effect. When applied to the temples, they help relieve headaches. Ainslie confirms the positive results of its local use for inflammations and as a wash for ulcers. The juice of the leaves is used in Concan to treat bilious diarrhea and gallstones.

Botanical Description.—A well-known plant, about 2° high, with leaves sessile, opposite, oval, serrately toothed, fleshy. Flowers yellow, in umbels, the stalks reaching a height of 3°. Calyx very short, with 4 lanceolate, acuminate sepals, united [110]at the base. Corolla salver-shaped, persistent, with border having 4 small lobules. Stamens 8, fertile. Ovaries 4, free, each with 1 many-ovuled cell. Styles same length as the stamens. Stigmas awl-shaped. Four seed vessels, each with 1 compartment containing many oblong seeds.

Plant Description.—A well-known plant, about 2 feet high, with leaves that are opposite, oval, serrated, and fleshy. The flowers are yellow and grow in umbels, with stalks reaching a height of 3 feet. The calyx is very short, with 4 lance-shaped, pointed sepals that are fused at the base. The corolla is shaped like a trumpet, persistent, with a border that has 4 small lobes. There are 8 functional stamens. The ovaries are 4 and separate, each with 1 chamber that contains many seeds. The styles are the same length as the stamens. The stigmas are needle-shaped. There are four seed pods, each with 1 compartment filled with many oblong seeds.

Habitat.—Common in all parts of the islands.

Habitat.—Found all over the islands.

Combretaceæ.

Terminalia Catappa, L. (T. molucana, Lam.; T. mauriciana, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Talisay, Tag.; Almendro, Sp.-Fil.; Talisay, Banilak, Nato, Hitam, Vis.; Kalisay, Pam.; Lugo, Pandan, Iloc.; Indian Almond, Indo-Eng.

Uses.—The kernel is edible and has a very agreeable taste. It yields about 50% of a fixed oil, sweet and savory. If left for some time, it deposits an abundance of stearin. It closely resembles oil of sweet almonds for which it, as well as the oil of Pili (Canarium commune, L.), which we have already described, makes a good substitute.

Uses.—The kernel is edible and tastes really good. It produces about 50% of a fixed oil, which is both sweet and savory. If it sits for a while, it will form a lot of stearin. It closely resembles the oil of sweet almonds, and it, along with the oil of Pili (Canarium commune, L.), which we’ve already talked about, makes a great substitute.

The trunk bark is astringent and in decoction is used for atonic diarrhœa and as a lotion for ulcers.

The bark of the trunk is astringent and is used in a decoction for weak diarrhea and as a lotion for ulcers.

Decoction.—

Brew.—

Bark (ground and pounded)	12 grams.
Water	150 grams.
Simple syrup	40 grams.

To be given by the tablespoonful in 24 hours.

To be administered by the tablespoonful within 24 hours.

Botanical Description.—A tree, 6–8 m. high. Branches horizontal and radiating from the trunk. Leaves purplish, bunched, cleft at the base, sometimes transversely ovate, sometimes oval, notched, glabrous. Petiole very short. Flowers axillary, racemose, with a scale at the base of the peduncle, some hermaphrodite and others lacking pistils. Staminate flowers: calyx downy within, with 5 lobes. Corolla wanting. Stamens [111]10, inserted on the calyx. Hermaphrodite flowers: pistil same length as stamens. Drupe, fleshy, inferior, oval with the borders turned upward containing a very hard and fibrous nut; seed long and sharp-pointed.

Plant Description.—A tree, 20–26 ft. high. Branches spread out horizontally from the trunk. Leaves purplish, clustered, divided at the base, sometimes round and broad, sometimes oval, notched, and smooth. Petiole very short. Flowers grow in the axils, in clusters, with a scale at the base of the stem; some are hermaphrodite and others are without pistils. Male flowers: the calyx is fuzzy inside, with 5 lobes. No corolla. Stamens [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]10, attached to the calyx. Hermaphrodite flowers: the pistil is the same length as the stamens. The drupe is fleshy, positioned below, oval with edges curled upward, containing a very hard and fibrous nut; the seed is long and pointed.

Habitat.—Common in Luzon. In Manila it is cultivated extensively as an ornamental tree, especially along the Sabana Walk, General Solano Ave. and in Sampaloc and Malacañan.

Ecosystem.—Widely found in Luzon. In Manila, it is grown extensively as an ornamental tree, particularly along Sabana Walk, General Solano Ave., and in Sampaloc and Malacañan.

Terminalia Chebula, Retz. (T. reticulata, Toth.; Bucida cuminata, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Dig̃las, Diglas, Tag.; Black Myrobalan Tree, Indo-Eng.

Uses.—The ripe fruit, called myrobalans in India, is purgative and six of them pounded up and given in decoction operate with certainty, producing 4 or 5 copious evacuations without nausea or other disagreeable symptoms. Dr. Waring has experimented with them and recommends them highly. The taste may be made more agreeable by adding a little cinnamon to the decoction. Dymock states that three fruits are sufficient, and Dr. Hove gives one as the effective dose. This lack of agreement may be explained by the fact that the fruits are of different sizes, and probably Waring refers to those of medium size. Contrary to what one would imagine, judging from its purgative action, the fruit contains astringent principles, and makes an effective injection for leucorrhœa as a substitute for nut galls. It is also of some merit in the treatment of piles.

Uses.—The ripe fruit, known as myrobalans in India, is a laxative, and six of them, when crushed and taken as a decoction, reliably cause 4 to 5 significant bowel movements without nausea or other unpleasant side effects. Dr. Waring has tested them and highly recommends them. The taste can be improved by adding a bit of cinnamon to the decoction. Dymock mentions that three fruits are enough, while Dr. Hove suggests one as the effective dose. This difference in opinions might be due to the fruits varying in size, and Waring likely refers to those of medium size. Surprisingly, despite its laxative effects, the fruit also has astringent properties and works well as an injection for leucorrhea, serving as an alternative to nut galls. It also has some benefits for treating hemorrhoids.

The green fruit is highly esteemed by Radja Kalikesen as a carminative, tonic and purgative. Dr. Twining also mentions these same properties, recommends it as a tonic and aperient of great benefit in atony of the digestive organs and expresses surprise that the Europeans make no use of it. According to the same author a dose in the treatment of diarrhœa and dysentery is 4 grams twice a day. He quotes a case of hypertrophy of the spleen which he cured with this fruit. [112]

The green fruit is highly valued by Radja Kalikesen as a digestive aid, tonic, and laxative. Dr. Twining also notes these same properties and recommends it as a tonic and laxative that is very helpful for digestive issues and is surprised that Europeans don't use it. According to the same author, the dosage for treating diarrhea and dysentery is 4 grams twice a day. He references a case of an enlarged spleen that he treated successfully with this fruit. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Some of the leaves bear horn-shaped galls, flattened, narrow and hollow. They are caused by an insect which stings the leaves and deposits its eggs in them. These leaves with galls are astringent and very useful and effective in dysentery and diarrhœa, especially that of children. The dose for a child of more than one year is 0.40 to 0.50 gram a day, administered in fractional doses every two or three hours.

Some of the leaves have horn-shaped galls that are flat, narrow, and hollow. These are caused by an insect that stings the leaves and lays its eggs in them. The leaves with galls are astringent and very useful for treating dysentery and diarrhea, especially in children. The dosage for a child older than one year is 0.40 to 0.50 grams a day, given in smaller amounts every two or three hours.

Fridolin has obtained from its fruit an acid, which he calls chebulinic (C₂₈H₂₅O₁₀) and presumes to be a mixture of tannic and gallic acids. As Stenhouse had formerly indicated, no principle has been discovered to which the purgative properties can be attributed, unless it be a green oleo-resin turned red by nitric acid, obtained from the fruit by Apery.

Fridolin has extracted an acid from the fruit, which he names chebulinic (C₂₈H₂₅O₁₀), and he thinks it’s a mix of tannic and gallic acids. As Stenhouse previously pointed out, there hasn't been any compound identified that can be linked to the purgative effects, unless it’s a green oleo-resin that turns red with nitric acid, which was taken from the fruit by Apery.

Botanical Description.—A tree of the second order, with leaves 3′ long, alternate, lanceolate, entire and glabrous. Petioles short. Flowers terminal, in spiked panicles. Calyx superior, bell-shaped, colored, downy within, 5-toothed. Corolla wanting. Stamens 10, longer than the calyx. Anthers roundish. Ovary cylindrical. Style curved and longer than the stamens. Stigma simple. Fruit ovoid, 2–4 centimeters long, 5–10 acute angles, wrinkled, with blackish, hard, compact mesocarp; contains 1 seed.

Plant Description.—A medium-sized tree with leaves that are 3 feet long, arranged alternately, lance-shaped, smooth, and without hairs. The petioles are short. The flowers grow in clusters at the ends of branches. The calyx is superior, shaped like a bell, colored, and fuzzy on the inside, with five teeth. There's no corolla. There are 10 stamens that are longer than the calyx. The anthers are roundish. The ovary is cylindrical. The style is curved and longer than the stamens. The stigma is simple. The fruit is oval, measuring 2–4 centimeters long, has 5–10 sharp angles, is wrinkled, and has a dark, hard, compact mesocarp; it contains 1 seed.

Habitat.—Batangas, San Mateo. Blooms in May.

Ecosystem.—Batangas, San Mateo. Flowers in May.

Quisqualis Indica, L. (Q. villosa, Roxb.; Q. spinosa, Nares.)

Nom. Vulg.—Tagaraw, Niogniogan, Tag.; Tangolon, Vis.; Babebabe, Pam.; Tartaraw, Iloc.

Uses.—The fruit contains a kernel that tastes much like cacao, for which reason the Tagalogs call it “niogniogan” (like cacao). This kernel is a powerful anthelmintic, used also in India, the dose for a child of 4 years being 2–4, pulverized and mixed with a little molasses or sugar. A large dose produces hiccough, a fact well known to the natives. Dr. Bouton [113]states that they may cause convulsions and other similar nervous disorders.

Uses.—The fruit has a seed that tastes a lot like cacao, which is why the Tagalogs call it “niogniogan” (similar to cacao). This seed is a strong dewormer, also used in India, with a dose for a 4-year-old being 2–4 seeds, ground up and mixed with a bit of molasses or sugar. A large dose can cause hiccups, something the locals are well aware of. Dr. Bouton [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] notes that they can also lead to convulsions and other similar nervous issues.

They yield a light green, fixed oil, probably the active principle of the plant.

They produce a light green, stable oil, likely the active ingredient of the plant.

Botanical Description.—A climbing shrub, 6–9° high, whose stem is thickly set with long, opposite thorns. Leaves in stars of 3, oblong, acute, entire, glabrous. Petioles very short. Flowers white, veined with red, in axillary spikes. Calyx very long, nearly cylindrical, 5-toothed. Corolla, 5 petals, inserted between the teeth of the calyx. Stamens 10, inserted on the calyx-tube, shorter than the corolla, arranged in 2 series, 5 higher than the rest. Style the same length as the stamens, united throughout nearly its entire length with the wall of the calyx-tube from which it separates near the stigma. Stigma rather bulky. Fruit 1′ long, ovoid, 5 sharp ridges in the woody, fragile, mahogany-colored pericarp, which contains a pointed kernel at one end.

Plant Description.—A climbing shrub, 6–9 feet high, with a stem covered in long, opposite thorns. Leaves grow in groups of 3, are oblong, pointed, smooth, and entire. Petioles are very short. Flowers are white with red veins, arranged in axillary spikes. The calyx is very long, nearly cylindrical, and has 5 teeth. The corolla has 5 petals that are inserted between the teeth of the calyx. There are 10 stamens that are attached to the calyx tube, shorter than the corolla, and arranged in 2 series, with 5 being higher than the others. The style is the same length as the stamens and is connected nearly its entire length to the wall of the calyx tube before separating near the stigma. The stigma is somewhat bulky. The fruit is 1 inch long, ovoid, with 5 sharp ridges on the woody, fragile, mahogany-colored pericarp, which holds a pointed kernel at one end.

Habitat.—San Mateo, and along the shores of Luzon. Blooms in May.

Ecosystem.—San Mateo, and along the shores of Luzon. Flowers in May.

Myrtaceæ.

Myrtle Family.

Psidium pomiferum, L. (P. aromaticum and P. pyriferum, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Guayabas, Sp.; Bayabas, Guayabas, Tayabas, Tag., and other dialects; Guava, Eng.

Common Name.—Guayabas, Spanish; Bayabas, Guayabas, Tayabas, Tagalog, and other dialects; Guava, English.

Uses.—The green fruit is acid and very astringent. The stage of development when it is best eaten raw, is just before it ripens, for then its acidity has lessened, it is not astringent and does not emit the strong odor, so disagreeable to many, that characterizes the ripe fruit. When fully ripe it is sweet, non-astringent and very bland, and this is the stage when it is best for making the jellies and preserves so popular in the Philippines. [114]

Applications.—The green fruit is sour and very astringent. The best time to eat it raw is just before it ripens, as its acidity has reduced, it’s no longer astringent, and it doesn’t give off the strong odor that many find unpleasant in the ripe fruit. When it’s fully ripe, it’s sweet, not astringent, and quite bland, making it ideal for making the jellies and preserves that are popular in the Philippines. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

The bark, especially that of the root, is highly astringent and a decoction of it is used for diarrhœa and as a wash for ulcers. Dr. Waitz has successfully used the following formula in treating the chronic diarrhœa of children:

The bark, especially from the root, is very astringent, and a decoction of it is used for diarrhea and as a wash for ulcers. Dr. Waitz has successfully used the following formula to treat chronic diarrhea in children:

Root bark of guava	15 grams.
Water	180 grams.

Boil till reduced one half. Dose, a tablespoonful every 2 or 3 hours according to age.

Boil until it reduces by half. Dosage: one tablespoon every 2 or 3 hours, depending on age.

A decoction of the shoots is very useful in stomatitis, cutaneous eruptions and ulcers. Dr. Waitz advises his formula in prolapsus recti of children. It is also of value as an injection in diarrhœa and dysentery.

A decoction of the shoots is very helpful for stomatitis, skin eruptions, and ulcers. Dr. Waitz recommends his formula for rectal prolapse in children. It’s also useful as an injection for diarrhea and dysentery.

Botanical Description.—A tree, about 10° high, branches square and somewhat winged towards the ends. Leaves opposite, oblong, obtuse, downy, aromatic in odor. Petiole very short. Flowers axillary, solitary, white and fragrant. Calyx adherent, the border breaking in 3, 4 or more unequal parts when the flower expands. Corolla, 5–6 petals, inserted on the calyx, curved downward. Stamens numerous, inserted in the calyx, as long as the corolla. Style same length as stamens, awl-shaped. Fruit somewhat pear-shaped, with 4 or 5 ribs that disappear at maturity, 4 or more cells each with many small, hard, irregular seeds. In the Philippines the fruit grows to the size of a small pear.

Plant Description.—A tree, about 10° tall, with square branches that are somewhat winged towards the ends. Leaves are opposite, oblong, blunt at the tip, fuzzy, and aromatic. The petiole is very short. Flowers grow in the axils, are solitary, white, and fragrant. The calyx is attached, with the border splitting into 3, 4, or more uneven parts when the flower opens. The corolla has 5–6 petals, which are attached to the calyx and curve downward. There are many stamens that are also attached to the calyx and are the same length as the corolla. The style is the same length as the stamens and is shaped like an awl. The fruit is somewhat pear-shaped, with 4 or 5 ribs that fade away when it matures, containing 4 or more cells, each with many small, hard, irregular seeds. In the Philippines, the fruit can grow to the size of a small pear.

Eugenia Jambolana, Lam. (Calyptranthes Jambolana, Willd. and Blanco; Syzygium Jambolanum, DC. and Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Lomboy, Duhat, Duat, Tag., Pam., Vis.; Jambul or Black Plum, Indo-Eng.

Uses.—The ripe fruit, so dark a purple in color that it seems black, is edible and very popular in the Philippines, though not considered choice. Some suppose it to be harmful, but it is in reality very easy of digestion. [115]

Applications.—The ripe fruit, a deep purple that looks almost black, is edible and quite popular in the Philippines, though it's not regarded as a delicacy. Some people think it might be harmful, but it's actually very easy to digest. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

The syrup of the fruit juice, and the decoction of the trunk bark are both very efficacious in the treatment of diarrhœa and dysentery.

The syrup from the fruit juice and the brewed extract from the tree bark are both very effective in treating diarrhea and dysentery.

Syrup of Jambul.—

Jambul Syrup.

Juice of ripe fruit	500 grams.
White sugar	950 grams.

Dissolve in a covered water-bath, strain through woolen cloth and put aside.

Dissolve in a covered water bath, strain through a wool cloth, and set aside.

Dose.—60–200 grams a day.

Dose—60–200 grams per day.

The juice of the leaves is also used to treat diarrhœa. A Hindoo physician, Bhavaprakasa, advises the following receipt:

The juice from the leaves is also used to treat diarrhea. A Hindu physician, Bhavaprakasa, suggests the following recipe:

Juice of leaves of lomboy }
Juice of leaves of manga }	āā 4 grams.
Pulp of Terminalia chebula }

Give in one dose in a little goat’s milk and honey.

Give in one dose mixed with a bit of goat’s milk and honey.

A sort of wine of very agreeable taste is made from the fruit juice. Lately the powdered seed has been recommended in the treatment of glycosuria or at least it has been stated that its internal use lessens and finally abolishes the glucose from the urine of the patient. It has even been affirmed that while under this treatment the patient may eat glucose-forming foods without fear of glycosuria supervening.

A type of wine with a very pleasant taste is made from the fruit juice. Recently, the powdered seed has been suggested for treating glycosuria, or at least it has been claimed that taking it internally reduces and eventually eliminates glucose from the patient's urine. It's even been said that while on this treatment, the patient can eat foods that produce glucose without worrying about glycosuria occurring.

The chemical composition of the seeds are as follows:

The chemical makeup of the seeds is as follows:

Essential oil	Traces.
Chlorophyl and fatty matters	0.37
Resin soluble in alcohol and ether	0.30
Gallic acid	1.65
Albumin	1.25
Pigment soluble in water	2.70
Water	10.00
Insoluble residuum	83.73
	100.00

[116]

[__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Dujardin-Beaumetz has tested the therapeutic value of these seeds in diabetes but with negative results. Scott has maintained that by adding the powdered seed to a mixture of malt and starch, fermentation is impeded; but Dr. Villy in the laboratory of Dujardin-Beaumetz has demonstrated that such is not the case. Contrary to the opinions of those physicians who stated that “jambul” was capable of causing the glucose to disappear from the urine of diabetic patients without concurrent diabetic regimen, Dujardin-Beaumetz observed in his trials of the drug that the slightest relaxation of the regimen was followed by an increase of glucose. Under the influence of the medicine in doses of 2–10 grams daily, at the same time maintaining a strict diabetic diet, the Parisian therapeutist noted that the glucose disappears from the third to the fifth day; but this occurred only in cases of medium intensity, whereas in severe cases the medication produced no effect. Upon stopping the treatment the sugar reappeared.

Dujardin-Beaumetz has tested the therapeutic value of these seeds for diabetes, but the results were negative. Scott argued that by adding the powdered seed to a mix of malt and starch, fermentation is prevented; however, Dr. Villy in Dujardin-Beaumetz's lab showed that this isn't true. Contrary to some physicians who claimed that “jambul” could make glucose disappear from the urine of diabetic patients without a proper diet, Dujardin-Beaumetz found in his trials that even a slight relaxation of the diet led to an increase in glucose. With the medicine taken in doses of 2–10 grams daily while strictly adhering to a diabetic diet, the Parisian doctor noted that glucose would disappear between the third and fifth day; however, this only happened in moderate cases, while in severe cases, the medication had no effect. Once the treatment stopped, the sugar reappeared.

Botanical Description.—A tree, 15–20° high, with leaves opposite, acute, entire, ovate, lustrous, very smooth. Flowers in racemose panicles with peduncles opposite. Calyx superior, with 5 small teeth and a deciduous cover composed of many orbicular pieces joined below. Corolla none. Stamens numerous, inserted on the edge of the calyx. Stigma pointed. Fruit black, oval, crowned with the calyx; one long cylindrical seed with membranaceous epidermis.

Plant Description.—A tree, 15–20 feet tall, with opposite leaves that are sharp, whole, oval, shiny, and very smooth. Flowers grow in cluster-like arrangements with stems that are opposite. The calyx is above, with 5 tiny teeth and a temporary cover made of many round pieces joined at the bottom. There is no corolla. There are many stamens, attached to the edge of the calyx. The stigma is pointed. The fruit is black, oval-shaped, and topped with the calyx; it contains one long cylindrical seed with a membranous skin.

Habitat.—Common all over the Archipelago. Blooms in February.

Ecosystem.—Found throughout the entire Archipelago. Flowers in February.

Melastomaceæ.

Melastoma malabatrichum, L. (M. obvolutum, Jack.; M. aspera and obvoluta, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Granatis, Tag.

Uses.—A decoction of the leaves is of use as an astringent in diarrhœa and dysentery. A decoction of the bark is used as [117]a gargle for aphthæ and catarrhal sore throat, and as a wash for ulcers and the itch.

Uses.—A tea made from the leaves is effective as a remedy for diarrhea and dysentery. A tea made from the bark is used as [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]a mouthwash for mouth ulcers and sore throats, and as a wash for wounds and rashes.

The fruit is edible, resembling slightly the currant; it has doubtless received the name “granatis” on account of its many seeds.

The fruit is edible, looking a bit like a currant; it definitely got the name “granatis” because of its many seeds.

Botanical Description.—Small tree, with opposite branches, their ends covered with hairs. Leaves opposite, 3-nerved, 1′ long, very rough with short hairs. Flowers carmine, in terminal panicles. Stamens 10. Filaments alternating violet and straw-color.

Plant Description.—Small tree with opposite branches, their tips covered in hairs. Leaves are opposite, have 3 main veins, and are about 1′ long, very rough with short hairs. Flowers are carmine and grow in clusters at the ends of branches. There are 10 stamens, with filaments that alternate between violet and straw color.

Habitat.—Mountains of Angat and San Mateo.

Ecosystem.—Mountains of Angat and San Mateo.

Lythraceæ.

Loosestrife Family.

Ammannia vesicatoria, Roxb. (A. baccifera, L.; A. Indica, Lam.; A. debilis and Celosia mana, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Bias pogo, Tag.; Blistering Ammannia, Indo-Eng.

Uses.—The leaves contain an irritant and acrid principle that renders them vesicant when applied to the skin. The Pharmacopœia of India quotes Sir W. O’Shaughnessy to the effect that plasters made of the bruised leaves even when renewed every half hour require 24 hours to raise a blister and at the same time cause severe pain. He found it much more painful than cantharides and much less prompt to act. Dr. Dymock has prepared an ethereal tincture of the leaves and obtained with it results very different from those just mentioned; this is not surprising in view of the fact that the tincture holds in solution in a small quantity of ether, a considerable amount of the vesicant principle. This tincture has the same color as the “epispastic” of the English Pharmacopœia, causes less pain and rapidly raises a good blister, facts of which I have convinced myself by the use of a small quantity sent me from Bombay in 1891. [118]

Applications.—The leaves have an irritating and harsh substance that can cause blistering when applied to the skin. The Pharmacopoeia of India cites Sir W. O’Shaughnessy, who noted that plasters made from the crushed leaves, even when changed every half hour, can take up to 24 hours to create a blister and cause significant pain. He found it to be much more painful than cantharides and much slower to work. Dr. Dymock has created an ethereal tincture from the leaves and has achieved results that are quite different. This isn't surprising, given that the tincture dissolves a large amount of the blistering principle in a small amount of ether. This tincture is the same color as the "epispastic" from the English Pharmacopoeia, causes less pain, and quickly creates a good blister, which I have confirmed myself using a small amount sent to me from Bombay in 1891. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Dr. Bholanauth Bose recommends the internal use of the juice of the leaves as a remedy for chronic diseases of the spleen; this treatment, however, has caused severe pain and is absolutely uncertain in effect.

Dr. Bholanauth Bose suggests using the juice from the leaves internally as a treatment for chronic spleen diseases; however, this method can cause intense pain and its effectiveness is completely unpredictable.

In Concan the juice of the leaves is given mixed with food to animals in heat, for its anaphrodisiac action. The fresh or dried plant is given in decoction mixed with ginger in intermittent fevers.

In Concan, the juice from the leaves is mixed with food and given to animals in heat for its effect as an anaphrodisiac. The fresh or dried plant is prepared as a decoction with ginger to treat intermittent fevers.

If the ethereal tincture be evaporated a resinous residue remains that has not been studied, but appears to be the vesicant principle. This tincture should be made from the dried leaves to avoid hydration of the ether.

If the ethereal tincture is evaporated, a resinous residue is left behind that hasn't been studied but seems to be the blistering component. This tincture should be made from the dried leaves to prevent the ether from absorbing water.

Botanical Description.—A small plant with stem red, straight, quadrate, ramose. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, and fringed with hairs. Flowers axillary, small, red, solitary. Peduncles short. Calyx inferior, bell-shaped, with 8-toothed border, the 4 alternate teeth larger. Corolla none. Nectary bell-shaped, surrounding the ovary, shorter than the calyx, with 4 toothlets which lengthening form the filaments of as many stamens. Anthers 4-celled. Ovary of 4 pluriovulate locules. Style almost wanting. Stigma fluted. Seed vessel glabrous, horizontally dehiscent, containing 15 or more angular seeds joined to a common axis.

Plant Description.—A small plant with a straight, quad-shaped red stem that branches. The leaves are opposite, lance-shaped, and covered with hairs. The flowers are small, red, and solitary, appearing in the axils. The peduncles are short. The calyx is bell-shaped and has a border with 8 teeth, with 4 of the alternating teeth being larger. There is no corolla. The nectary is bell-shaped, encircling the ovary, shorter than the calyx, and has 4 small lobes that extend to form the filaments of four stamens. The anthers have 4 cells. The ovary has 4 compartments that each contain multiple ovules. The style is almost absent. The stigma is ribbed. The seed pod is smooth, opens horizontally, and holds 15 or more angular seeds attached to a common axis.

Habitat.—It grows in the marshes of Mandaloyon.

Ecosystem.—It grows in the marshes of Mandaloyon.

Lawsonia alba, Lam. (L. spinosa, L.; L. inermis, Roxb.)

Nom. Vulg.—Cinamomo del país (native cinnamon), Sp.-Fil.; Henna, Camphire, Samphire, Indo-Eng.

Uses.—This is a very popular plant in the Orient, for many races use its leaves to impart a reddish-yellow stain to the nails, finger tips and palms of the hands. There is a tradition among the Mohammedans that the Prophet once called this plant “the best of all herbs.” The leaf in form of a dry powder is sold in the bazars of India under the name of “henna”; mixed [119]with water it gives it a yellow color, and when boiled the tone of the liquid becomes darker; the addition of an alkali turns it brown. In Persia they add indigo to this solution and use it as a hair dye.

Uses.—This plant is extremely popular in the East, as many cultures use its leaves to create a reddish-yellow dye for nails, fingertips, and palms. There’s a tradition among Muslims that the Prophet once referred to this plant as “the best of all herbs.” The leaves, ground into a dry powder, are sold in the markets of India under the name “henna”; when mixed [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] with water, it produces a yellow color, and boiling it makes the liquid darker; adding an alkali will turn it brown. In Persia, they mix indigo with this solution and use it as a hair dye.

The Hindoos apply the bruised leaves to the soles of the feet of small-pox patients, their purpose being to prevent the spread of the eruption to the eyes. They also use it locally in a disease known among them as “burning of the feet.” Grierson and Waring obtained good results in this disease by making a paste of the bruised leaves and vinegar; cases that resisted such treatment yielded completely to a brisk rubbing of the feet with a simple paste of the leaf. The decoction and the bruised leaves are also used locally for contusions.

The Hindus apply crushed leaves to the soles of the feet of smallpox patients to prevent the rash from spreading to the eyes. They also use it locally for a condition they refer to as "burning of the feet." Grierson and Waring achieved positive results in treating this condition by creating a paste with crushed leaves and vinegar; cases that didn't respond to that treatment completely improved with a vigorous rubbing of the feet using just a simple paste made from the leaves. The decoction and crushed leaves are also used locally for bruises.

The bark has been given in jaundice, hypertrophy of the spleen, calculi of various sorts, leprosy and stubborn skin diseases, as an alterative. In decoction it is applied to burns.

The bark has been used for jaundice, enlarged spleen, various types of stones, leprosy, and stubborn skin conditions, as a remedy. In decoction, it is used on burns.

An English physician, Dr. Newton, made an extract of the leaves and flowers with which he pretended to cure leprosy; it was but one more useless drug in the long list used to combat that terrible disease. The dose of the extract is a teaspoonful daily, given in 2 doses.

An English doctor, Dr. Newton, created an extract from the leaves and flowers that he claimed could cure leprosy; it was just another ineffective drug in the long list used to fight that terrible disease. The dosage of the extract is one teaspoon daily, given in two doses.

The juice of the leaves is given in sweetened water in some countries as a remedy for spermatorrhœa.

The juice from the leaves is mixed with sweetened water in some countries as a treatment for spermatorrhea.

The flowers are given in decoction for headache and the fruit is emmenagogue.

The flowers are used in a tea for headaches, and the fruit helps with menstruation.

Botanical Description.—A small tree, about 12° high. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, broad, entire, glabrous and tough, the edges turned downwards. Flowers yellowish-white, terminal in racemose panicles with opposite peduncles. Calyx inferior, bell-shaped, 4 acute sepals. Corolla, 4 petals, longer than the calyx. Stamens 8, inserted by pairs on the segments of the calyx, alternating with and longer than the petals. Anther kidney-shaped. Ovary at the bottom of the calyx. Styles of the same length as the stamens. Stigma obtuse. Seed vessel [120]a little larger than a pea, globose, 4 chambers, many seeds.

Plant Description.—A small tree, about 12 feet high. Leaves are opposite, lance-shaped, broad, smooth, and tough, with edges that curl downward. Flowers are yellowish-white, grouped at the ends of stems in panicles with opposite stalks. The calyx is underneath, shaped like a bell, with 4 pointed sepals. The corolla has 4 petals that are longer than the calyx. There are 8 stamens, arranged in pairs on the calyx segments, alternating with and longer than the petals. The anthers are kidney-shaped. The ovary sits at the bottom of the calyx. The styles are the same length as the stamens. The stigma is blunt. The seed vessel [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] is slightly larger than a pea, round, with 4 chambers and many seeds.

Habitat.—Common all over the Archipelago. Blooms in July.

Ecosystem.—Found throughout the Archipelago. Flowers in July.

Punica Granatum, L.

Pomegranate, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Granada, Sp. and Fil. dialects; Pomegranate, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Granada, Spanish and Filipino dialects; Pomegranate, English.

Uses.—The decoction of the tender leaves is used as a gargle and wash in angina, aphthæ, and wounds within the buccal cavity.

Uses.—The brewed solution of the soft leaves is used as a mouthwash and rinse for sore throats, canker sores, and wounds in the mouth.

The peel of the fruit is highly astringent and in decoction is a useful agent in treating chronic diarrhœa, and locally in injections of lotions for leucorrhœa and inflamed hæmorrhoids. It should not be given when rectal tenesmus exists. The Pharmacopœia of India contains the following formula for preparing the decoction of the peel:

The peel of the fruit is very astringent and, when boiled in water, can be effective in treating chronic diarrhea, as well as being used locally in injections or lotions for leucorrhea and inflamed hemorrhoids. It should not be used when there is rectal tenesmus. The Pharmacopoeia of India includes the following formula for making the decoction of the peel:

Pulp of the fruit, mashed	60 grams.
Water	600 grams.

Boil for 15 minutes in a covered vessel, cool, filter and add water enough to make a liter. Dose, 30–50 grams per diem.

Boil for 15 minutes in a covered pot, let it cool, filter it, and add enough water to make a liter. Dosage is 30–50 grams per day.

This preparation is also used in astringent gargles and injections. For internal use the decoction is rendered more active by adding a small quantity of cloves or cinnamon. This mixture with the addition of opium gives excellent results in the treatment of diarrhœa among the natives of India and is highly recommended by Dr. Kirkpatrick.

This preparation is also used in astringent gargles and injections. For internal use, the decoction becomes more effective by adding a small amount of cloves or cinnamon. This mixture, with the addition of opium, produces excellent results in treating diarrhea among the locals in India and is highly recommended by Dr. Kirkpatrick.

The most important part of the pomegranate, however, is its root, the bark of which is a very efficient tænifuge and the most astringent portion of the plant. It should be used fresh, as drying destroys its activity and gives negative results. Many failures to expel the tænia are probably due to this fact. According to Béranger-Féraud the root gives 25% to 40% of cures, whereas pumpkin seeds give but 5% to 10%. [121]

The most important part of the pomegranate, however, is its root, which has very effective properties as a tæniacide and is the most astringent part of the plant. It should be used fresh because drying it reduces its effectiveness and can lead to failed treatments. Many unsuccessful attempts to expel the tænia can likely be attributed to this issue. According to Béranger-Féraud, the root offers a cure rate of 25% to 40%, while pumpkin seeds only provide a cure rate of 5% to 10%. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Decoction.—(French Codex.)

Fresh bark of pomegranate root	60 grams.
Water	750 grams.

Macerate 6 hours, boil over slow fire till reduced to 500 grams. Strain. Administer fasting, in 3 doses half an hour apart. The evening before the patient should eat a light meal and take a cathartic in order that the intestinal canal may contain the smallest possible quantity of fæcal matter. After taking the third dose of the decoction the patient should take a mild purgative such as 30 grams of castor oil to expel the tænia. This preparation has a most disagreeable taste. It is better to give the “tannate of pelletierine,” a compound of tannin and one of the alkaloids that Tanret discovered in pomegranate root. A sufficient dose of tannate of pelletierine is 30–40 centigrams in wafer form, followed by a purge and with the other precautions and preparatory measures mentioned above. It causes toxic symptoms similar to those produced by curare, according to the experimental studies of Dujardin-Beaumetz and Rochenière. Its action is upon the ends of the motor nerves. A dose of 40 centigrams may cause in man such symptoms of intoxication as vertigo, inverted vision and muscular paralysis. Pelletierine should not be administered to children, but Béranger-Féraud states that the tannate may be safely given them, as follows:

Soak for 6 hours, then boil over low heat until it reduces to 500 grams. Strain. Administer while fasting, in 3 doses half an hour apart. The night before, the patient should have a light meal and take a laxative to ensure the intestines contain the smallest amount of fecal matter. After the third dose of the decoction, the patient should take a mild purgative, like 30 grams of castor oil, to eliminate the tapeworm. This preparation has a very unpleasant taste. It’s better to use “tannate of pelletierine,” a mixture of tannin and one of the alkaloids that Tanret found in pomegranate root. A proper dose of tannate of pelletierine is 30–40 centigrams in wafer form, followed by a purgative and the other precautions and preparatory steps mentioned earlier. It causes toxic symptoms similar to those caused by curare, based on experimental studies by Dujardin-Beaumetz and Rochenière. Its effects target the ends of the motor nerves. A dose of 40 centigrams can lead to symptoms of intoxication in humans, such as dizziness, altered vision, and muscle paralysis. Pelletierine should not be given to children, but Béranger-Féraud states that the tannate can be safely administered to them, as follows:

Tannate of pelletierine	0.30 grams.
Sweetened water	40.00 grams.

A coffee-spoonful of this solution contains 0.03 gram of the tannate, and this quantity may be given to a child, in a little milk. If no symptoms supervene within one-half hour give another similar dose and so on up to 3 or 4 doses or .12 gm. in all. After the last dose give the purgative as a routine. It is certainly imprudent to trust the administration of such a drug to any one incapable of recognizing the symptoms of intoxication, and as no one but a physician can judge the effects of the alkaloid he himself should remain with the patient until the [122]efficient dose has been absorbed. This is manifestly impractical and we therefore maintain that the alkaloid is not suited for the treatment of children.

A coffee spoon of this solution has 0.03 grams of the tannate, and you can give this amount to a child mixed with a little milk. If there are no symptoms after half an hour, give another similar dose, and continue this up to 3 or 4 doses, totaling 0.12 grams. After the last dose, provide a purgative as a standard procedure. It's definitely unwise to let anyone who can't recognize signs of intoxication handle this medication, and since only a doctor can assess the effects of the alkaloid, they should stay with the patient until the [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]efficient dose is fully absorbed. This is clearly impractical, and we therefore believe that the alkaloid is not appropriate for treating children.

An analysis of the root bark made by the French chemist Tanret revealed the presence of four alkaloids: pelletierine, isopelletierine (C₈H₁₅NO), pseudo-pelletierine (C₉H₁₅NO), and methylpeletierine (C₉H₁₇NO).

An analysis of the root bark conducted by the French chemist Tanret found four alkaloids: pelletierine, isopelletierine (C₈H₁₅NO), pseudo-pelletierine (C₉H₁₅NO), and methylpelletierine (C₉H₁₇NO).

Botanical Description.—A shrub 6–9° high with branches terminating in thorns; some of the branches abort and form thorns. Leaves simple, oval, oblong, without stipules, with short petioles. Flowers axillary, solitary or in pauciflorous cymes. Calyx, 4–8 sepals, persistent, fleshy, yellow or red. Corolla, 4–8 petals, imbricated. Stamens numerous, free. Style 1. Stigma thick. Fruit with leathery rind, about size of small apple, packed with seeds, each imbedded in a small amount of crisp, juicy pulp.

Plant Description.—A shrub 6–9 feet tall with branches that end in thorns; some branches drop off and turn into thorns. Leaves are simple, oval, or oblong, without stipules, and have short stems. Flowers grow in the axils, either alone or in small clusters. The calyx has 4–8 persistent, fleshy sepals that are yellow or red. The corolla has 4–8 overlapping petals. There are many free stamens. There is one style, and the stigma is thick. The fruit has a leathery skin, about the size of a small apple, filled with seeds, each surrounded by a bit of crisp, juicy pulp.

Onagraceæ.

Evening Primrose Family.

Evening Primrose Group.

Jussiæa suffruticosa, L. (J. villosa, Lam.; J. erecta, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Malapoko, Tag.

Common Name.—Malapoko, Tag.

Uses.—The entire plant reduced to a pulp and mixed with milk is used in India to treat dysentery. Ainslie states that the decoction is employed as a vermifuge and purgative.

Uses.—The whole plant, mashed into a pulp and blended with milk, is used in India to treat dysentery. Ainslie mentions that the boiled extract is used as a worm remedy and laxative.

Botanical Description.—An herb with square stem, leaves alternate, lanceolate, nearly entire, glabrous. Flowers axillary, yellow, solitary. Calyx of 4–5 lobules. Corolla, 4 lanceolate petals inserted between the divisions of the calyx. Stamens 8, of these 4 alternate being shorter. Ovary very long, inferior, with 4 many-ovuled locules. Style the same length as the stamens. Stigma 4-lobuled. Seed vessels very long, with faint longitudinal ridges, crowned by the remains of the calyx, 4 pluriovulate locules. [123]

Plant Description.—A herb with a square stem, alternate leaves that are lanceolate, almost whole, and smooth. Flowers are yellow, located in the axils, and appear singly. The calyx has 4-5 lobes. The corolla consists of 4 lanceolate petals situated between the divisions of the calyx. There are 8 stamens, with 4 of them shorter and alternating. The ovary is very long, located below, with 4 compartments containing many seeds. The style is the same length as the stamens, and the stigma has 4 lobes. The seed pods are very long, featuring faint longitudinal ridges, and are topped by the remnants of the calyx, with 4 compartments that bear multiple seeds. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Habitat.—In the arable fields and along the banks of rivers. Blooms in January and March.

Ecosystem.—In cultivated fields and along riverbanks. Flowers from January to March.

Passifloraceæ.

Passion Flower Family.

Passionflower Family.

Carica Papaya, L.

Papaya, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Papaya, in many Phil. dialects; Papaya, Papaw, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Papaya, in many Philippine dialects; Papaya, Papaw, English.

Uses.—The decoction of the leaves is used locally in sores and atonic ulcers, followed by a poultice of the boiled and mashed leaves. The natives use the cold infusion of the leaves to wash clothes spotted with blood and the spots disappear rapidly by virtue of the ferment papain which digests the fibrin. The infusion is also very useful as a wash for sores and gangrenous ulcers, modifying their appearance very rapidly.

Applications.—The boiled leaves are used locally on sores and stubborn ulcers, often followed by a poultice made from the boiled and mashed leaves. Local people use a cold infusion of the leaves to wash clothes stained with blood, and the stains quickly disappear thanks to the enzyme papain that breaks down the fibrin. The infusion is also very effective as a wash for sores and gangrenous ulcers, improving their appearance quickly.

Before proceeding further it is desirable to give a description of papain, a digestive ferment which exists throughout the whole plant, fruit, trunk, leaves and petioles; it is contained in the milky juice which exudes from all these parts when cut. This juice was studied simultaneously by Wurtz in France and Peckolt in Brazil. The best method of collecting it is to make several superficial, longitudinal incisions in the green fruit without removing it from the tree; immediately an abundance of juice appears in the incisions and coagulates rapidly. The best time to do this is the early morning. The fruit does not suffer by this process but continues developing and ripens perhaps more rapidly, at the same time improving in flavor, becoming sweeter; the seeds, however, atrophy and lose their power of germination. Peckolt gives the following as the composition of the juice:

Before going further, it's important to describe papain, a digestive enzyme found throughout the entire plant— in the fruit, trunk, leaves, and petioles. It's in the milky juice that seeps from all these parts when cut. This juice was researched at the same time by Wurtz in France and Peckolt in Brazil. The best way to collect it is to make several shallow, lengthwise cuts in the green fruit without picking it from the tree; immediately, a lot of juice oozes out from the cuts and thickens quickly. The best time to do this is early in the morning. The fruit doesn’t get harmed by this process; it continues to develop and may ripen faster, while also becoming sweeter in flavor. However, the seeds do shrivel and lose their ability to germinate. Peckolt provides the following composition of the juice:

A substance analogous to caoutchouc	4.525
Awa	2.424[__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]
Soft resin	0.110
Brown resin	2.776
Albuminoids	0.006
Papayotin (Papain of Wurtz)	1.059
Extractive matter	5.303
Malic acid	0.443
Peptic material and salts	7.100
Water	74.971

The milky juice is neutral and coagulates rapidly, separating in two parts: a kind of insoluble pulp and a limpid colorless serum. If combined with fibrin, raw meat, white of egg or gluten it gradually softens them and completely dissolves them in 3 or 4 hours in vitro at 40° C. Combined with milk it coagulates it and soon precipitates the casein which is also dissolved a little later. It digests lumbricoids and tape-worms and the false membrane of croup, in a few hours. According to Wurtz and Bouchut papain is prepared as follows:

The milky juice is neutral and curdles quickly, separating into two parts: a type of insoluble pulp and a clear, colorless serum. When mixed with fibrin, raw meat, egg whites, or gluten, it gradually softens and completely breaks them down in 3 to 4 hours in vitro at 40° C. When combined with milk, it curdles, and soon the casein precipitates, which is also dissolved shortly after. It digests roundworms and tapeworms, as well as the false membrane associated with croup, in a few hours. According to Wurtz and Bouchut, papain is prepared as follows:

The fluid juice or the aqueous solution of the milky exudate is precipitated by the addition of ten times the volume of alcohol. The precipitate, after treating again with concentrated alcohol, is dissolved in water and the addition of sub-acetate of lead eliminates the albuminoids and peptones but does not precipitate the papain. The liquid is filtered and the lead salts separated by means of a current of hydrogen sulphide. It is filtered again and alcohol added gradually, which process first precipitates whatever sulphate of lead may have passed through the filter, and then the papain.

The liquid juice or watery solution of the milky substance is precipitated by adding ten times its volume of alcohol. The precipitate, after being treated again with concentrated alcohol, is dissolved in water, and adding lead subacetate removes the albuminoids and peptones but doesn't precipitate the papain. The liquid is filtered, and the lead salts are separated using a stream of hydrogen sulfide. It is filtered again, and alcohol is added gradually, which first precipitates any lead sulfate that may have gotten through the filter, and then the papain.

Papain is an amorphous substance, perfectly white, soluble in water, insipid, odorless. An aqueous solution, if shaken violently, foams like a solution of soap. Boiling makes it turbid and when concentrated it has a slightly astringent taste. It is precipitated by hydrochloric, nitric, picric and the metaphosphoric acids. Trommer’s test gives it a beautiful blue violet color which, on boiling, changes to a red violet. [125]

Papain is a white, shapeless substance that dissolves in water and has no taste or smell. An aqueous solution of it, when shaken vigorously, foams like soap. Boiling makes it cloudy, and when it's concentrated, it has a slight astringent taste. It gets precipitated by hydrochloric, nitric, picric, and metaphosphoric acids. Trommer’s test produces a beautiful blue-violet color which changes to red-violet upon boiling. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

It is an extremely active digestive ferment, comparable with pepsin, but superior to the latter because it does not require an acid medium, as its digestive action takes place even in the presence of an alkaline medium and of antiseptic substances such as boric acid, phenol, etc. It is given in doses of 10–40 centigrams in different vehicles such as water, wine, etc. It should be given after meals carefully and properly diluted, in order that its action may not be exerted upon the gastric mucous membrane itself. Its use is contraindicated in gastric ulcer.

It is a very active digestive enzyme, similar to pepsin, but better because it doesn’t need an acidic environment; it works even in alkaline conditions and with antiseptic substances like boric acid and phenol. It’s taken in doses of 10–40 centigrams mixed with different liquids like water or wine. It should be administered after meals, carefully and properly diluted, so that it doesn’t affect the stomach lining directly. Its use is not recommended for gastric ulcers.

A watery solution prepared by macerating the green fruit has been used effectively to remove blemishes from the face, leaving the skin clean and smooth. The natives use little pieces of the green fruit to remove freckles (which they call pecas). The ripe fruit is edible and its taste quite agreeable; in some of the Malay Islands it is given for dysentery, but it must be remembered that the ripe fruit does not contain papain.

A watery solution made by soaking the green fruit has been effectively used to get rid of blemishes on the face, leaving the skin clean and smooth. The locals use small pieces of the green fruit to remove freckles (which they call pecas). The ripe fruit is edible and tastes quite good; in some of the Malay Islands, it's used for treating dysentery, but it's important to note that the ripe fruit doesn't contain papain.

The pure exudate is given to children as an anthelmintic in doses of 2–6 grams with a little molasses, but it is not so harmless that it may be used with impunity in this form, Moncorvo and others having reported cases of peritonitis with symptoms suggestive of cholera following its use. It is drastic and digestive in addition to its anthelmintic action, but according to Rabuteau, boiling destroys the first property without affecting the others. Dr. Lemarchand of the island of Mauritius gives the following anthelmintic prescription:

The pure extract is given to children as a deworming medication in doses of 2–6 grams mixed with a little molasses, but it isn’t entirely safe to use this way. Moncorvo and others have reported cases of peritonitis with cholera-like symptoms after its use. It has strong effects on digestion in addition to its deworming action, but according to Rabuteau, boiling it destroys the first property without harming the others. Dr. Lemarchand from the island of Mauritius provides the following deworming prescription:

Juice of papaya and molasses

āā 1 tablespoon.

Add gradually while shaking the mixture.

Gradually add while shaking the mixture.

Boiling water

4 tablespoons.

Cool and administer in one dose followed immediately by 30 grams of castor oil. For a child, one-half dose.

Cool and give in one dose, followed right after with 30 grams of castor oil. For a child, use half the dose.

This treatment frequently causes colic, for the relief of which the author advises an injection of sweetened water. Sir O’Shaughnessy’s prescription is preferable: [126]

This treatment often leads to colic, for which the author recommends an injection of sweetened water. Sir O’Shaughnessy’s prescription is better: [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

20–60 drops of the exudate in a little sweetened water.

This dose cannot cause any untoward symptoms and is efficient in expelling both lumbricoids and tæniæ.

This dose won't cause any negative symptoms and is effective in getting rid of both roundworms and tapeworms.

The triturated seeds may be given internally in doses of 1–2 grams with milk or molasses to expel lumbricoids. Analysis has revealed in the seeds the presence of a resinous oil, an oleaginous material of disagreeable odor and taste called by Peckolt caricin, a fatty acid, papayic acid and a resin. In India the seeds are considered emmenagogue. In some countries they wrap meat in papaya leaves for several hours before eating in order to soften it. For the same purpose they sometimes boil the meat in water containing a few leaves or pieces of the green fruit; some even go to the length of saying that it is only necessary to hang a piece of meat in a papaya tree for a time in order to soften it.

The crushed seeds can be taken internally in doses of 1–2 grams with milk or molasses to help get rid of worms. Analysis has shown that the seeds contain a resinous oil, an oily substance with an unpleasant smell and taste called by Peckolt caricin, a fatty acid, papayic acid, and a resin. In India, the seeds are believed to stimulate menstrual flow. In some countries, they wrap meat in papaya leaves for several hours before cooking it to tenderize it. For the same reason, they sometimes boil the meat in water with a few leaves or pieces of the green fruit; some even claim that it’s sufficient to hang a piece of meat in a papaya tree for a while to soften it.

The decoction of the green fruit is given internally for indigestion, a treatment common in the provinces of Bulacan and Pampanga. The milky juice is used to remove corns and Dr. Daruty offers the following prescription for eczema and psoriasis:

The boiled extract of the green fruit is taken internally for indigestion, a common remedy in the provinces of Bulacan and Pampanga. The milky sap is used to treat corns, and Dr. Daruty suggests the following prescription for eczema and psoriasis:

Exudate of papaya	1.00 grams.
Borax (powdered)	0.60 grams.
Water	16.00 grams.

Mix.

Blend.

Paint the affected part with feather or brush, 2–3 times a day. The same solution may be used for softening corns.

Paint the affected area with a feather or brush, 2–3 times a day. You can use the same solution to soften corns.

Botanical Description.—Trees 15° in height, trunk covered with large leaf scars, wood soft and brittle, the long-petioled, palmately-lobed leaves growing in a crown and giving the tree the general appearance of a palm. Flowers diœcious. Staminate tree: Flowers loosely clustered on long, hanging stems. Calyx, 5–6 teeth. Corolla tubular, 1′ long, limb divided into 5 oval parts. Stamens 10, inserted in the throat. Style short, awl-shaped. Pistillate tree: Flowers much larger, [127]sessile, in axils of leaves. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla large, 5 lanceolate petals curved outward, fleshy. Stigmas 5, fringed. Fruit about size of child’s head or smaller, somewhat pear-shaped, juicy, pulp melon-like, 1 compartment with numerous seeds, each in a mucilaginous aril.

Plant Description.—Trees reach a height of 15 feet, with trunks covered in large leaf scars. The wood is soft and brittle. The long-stemmed, palm-shaped leaves grow in a crown, giving the tree a palm-like appearance. The flowers are dioecious. For the male tree: Flowers are loosely grouped on long, hanging stems. The calyx has 5-6 lobes. The corolla is tubular, about 1 inch long, with its limb divided into 5 oval sections. There are 10 stamens that are attached in the throat area. The style is short and shaped like an awl. For the female tree: The flowers are much larger, [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]sessile, found in the axils of the leaves. The calyx has 5 teeth. The corolla is large, with 5 lanceolate petals that curve outward and are fleshy. There are 5 stigmas that are fringed. The fruit is about the size of a child's head or smaller, somewhat shaped like a pear, juicy, with a melony pulp, featuring 1 compartment filled with numerous seeds, each encased in a mucilaginous aril.

Cucurbitaceæ.

Gourd Family.

Squash Family.

Trichosanthes palmata, Roxb. (T. tricuspis, Mig.; T. lucioniana, Bares.)

Nom. Vulg.—(?).

Uses.—Roxburgh states that the fruit is toxic and sometimes used to kill crows. Dymock states that the leaf is smoked in Bombay as a remedy for asthma.

Uses.—Roxburgh says that the fruit is poisonous and is sometimes used to kill crows. Dymock mentions that the leaf is smoked in Bombay as a treatment for asthma.

The extremely bitter taste of the fruit and rind induced Sir W. O’Shaughnessy to examine it for tonic and purgative properties; doses as high as 0.20 gram 3 times a day failed to exert a purgative effect. The root is used in veterinary medicine particularly for pneumonia. Mixed with equal parts of colocynth it is applied to carbuncles. In combination with equal parts of Terminalia chebula and ginger it is made into a sweetened infusion for internal use in gonorrhœa.

The very bitter taste of the fruit and peel led Sir W. O’Shaughnessy to investigate its tonic and laxative properties; doses as high as 0.20 grams three times a day did not produce a laxative effect. The root is used in veterinary medicine, especially for pneumonia. When mixed with equal parts of colocynth, it is applied to carbuncles. Combined with equal parts of Terminalia chebula and ginger, it is made into a sweetened infusion for internal use in treating gonorrhea.

Botanical Description.—A climber with broad, heart-shaped, serrate, 7-lobulate leaves. Flowers monœcious; staminate white and racemose; pistillate solitary, growing at the base of the staminate racemes. Staminate receptacle tubular, calyx inserted on the border of the receptacle, 5 sepals. Corolla, 5 petals. Stamens 5, of which 4 are in pairs. Pistillate: the receptacle dilates in its lower part in form of a globose vase and encloses the unilocular pluriovulate ovary. Fruit ovoid or pyriform, scarlet when fresh, orange-yellow when dry. Seeds of irregular form, somewhat triangular. Kernel oily.

Plant Description.—A climbing plant with large, heart-shaped, serrated leaves that have 7 lobes. The flowers are unisexual; the male flowers are white and arranged in clusters, while the female flowers are solitary and grow at the base of the male clusters. The male flower's receptacle is tubular, with the calyx attached to the edge of the receptacle, featuring 5 sepals. The corolla has 5 petals. There are 5 stamens, 4 of which are in pairs. For the female flowers, the receptacle expands at the bottom into a round vase shape, enclosing the single-chambered, many-seeded ovary. The fruit is oval or pear-shaped, bright red when fresh and orange-yellow when dry. The seeds are irregularly shaped, somewhat triangular, and the kernel is oily.

Habitat.—Luzon.

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T. anguina, L. (T. amara, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Salagsalag, Pakupis, Salimpokot, Kukubitan, Halahala, Buyokbuyok, Tag.; Tabobog, Kukubitan, Pukopukot, Kuragda, Vis., Pam.

T. cucumerina, L.

T. cucumerina, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Probably the same as T. anguina.

Uses.—The fruit of T. anguina is purgative, emetic and anthelmintic. The natives use an infusion of the filamentous, reticulate portion surrounding the seeds, in doses of 0.50–0.60 gm., according to P. Blanco.

Uses.—The fruit of T. anguina acts as a laxative, makes you throw up, and helps get rid of worms. The locals use an infusion of the thread-like, net-like part surrounding the seeds, in doses of 0.50–0.60 gm., according to P. Blanco.

The second species, T. cucumerina, has a wider use. In India it is regarded as a febrifuge and laxative and is commonly given with some aromatic. Ainslie notes that the leaves, as well as the fruit, are bitter and purgative and that the Tamuls use them for their laxative and stomachic effect. Drury states that on the Malabar coast the seeds have a considerable reputation as a remedy for functional disorders of the stomach. Although the green fruit is very bitter the natives of that region use it as a condiment. The tender stems and the dry capsules, both bitter and purgative, are given in infusion and in a sweetened solution, as an aid to digestion. The seeds are febrifuge and anthelmintic. The juice of the leaves is emetic and that of the roots purgative. The decoction of the stem is expectorant.

The second species, T. cucumerina, has a broader range of uses. In India, it’s seen as a fever reducer and laxative, often taken with something aromatic. Ainslie mentions that both the leaves and the fruit are bitter and purgative, with the Tamuls using them for their laxative and digestive benefits. Drury notes that along the Malabar coast, the seeds are well-known for treating stomach issues. Even though the green fruit is very bitter, locals use it as a condiment. The tender stems and dry capsules, which are both bitter and purgative, are brewed in infusions or sweetened solutions to help with digestion. The seeds help reduce fevers and fight intestinal worms. The juice from the leaves induces vomiting, while the roots have a purgative effect. The decoction of the stem acts as an expectorant.

In Bombay the plant is considered febrifuge, and is given in decoction with ginger, Swertia chirata, and sugar. The Mohammedan authors say that the T. cucumerina is effective in expelling lumbricoids and one of them mentions the following as a cure for stubborn fevers:

In Bombay, the plant is seen as a fever reducer and is prepared as a decoction with ginger, Swertia chirata, and sugar. Muslim scholars state that T. cucumerina is effective in getting rid of intestinal worms, and one of them notes the following remedy for persistent fevers:

Seeds of T. cucumerina	No. 180.
Seeds of coriander or cumin	No. 180.
Boiling water	200 grams.

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Let stand over night, filter, add a little sugar, administer in 2 doses morning and evening.

Let it sit overnight, then filter it. Add a little sugar and take it in 2 doses, once in the morning and once in the evening.

In Concan they use the juice of the leaves as a liniment in remittent fevers, rubbing the hepatic region and in fact the entire body.

In Concan, they use the juice from the leaves as a liniment for treating remittent fevers, applying it to the liver area and basically the whole body.

Botanical Description.—T. anguina, L., is a vine with 5-angled stem, bearing tendrils and spattered with white dots. Leaves heart-shaped, with 5 acute lobules, spiny-toothed. Petioles with a bifid swelling at their bases. Flowers white, monœcious. Staminate: calyx 5-toothed with dotted borders; corolla, 5 fringed petals; stamens 3; anthers 3, entirely united and forming a cylinder. Pistillate: 3 glandules in the corolla tube; style long; stigmas 3. Fruit ribbed, long, the compartments formed by reticular partitions; contains many irregular seeds, one border sharp, the other obtuse, covered by a very thin aril.

Plant Description.—T. anguina, L., is a vine with a 5-angled stem, featuring tendrils and dotted with white spots. The leaves are heart-shaped, with 5 pointed lobes and spiny edges. The petioles have a bifid swelling at their bases. The flowers are white and unisexual. Male flowers: calyx with 5 teeth and dotted edges; corolla with 5 fringed petals; 3 stamens; 3 anthers that are fully fused and form a cylinder. Female flowers: 3 glands in the corolla tube; long style; 3 stigmas. The fruit is ribbed and elongated, with compartments created by a network of partitions; it contains many irregular seeds, one edge sharp and the other blunt, covered by a very thin aril.

The T. cucumerina, L., is less common, bears a spindle-shaped or obovate fruit, is hairy and lacks ribs. Its seeds are ovoid, very smooth, encircled by a narrow wing. The reticulum within the fruit is similar to that of the foregoing species.

The T. cucumerina, L., is less common, has a spindle-shaped or obovate fruit, is hairy, and doesn't have ribs. Its seeds are oval, very smooth, and surrounded by a narrow wing. The pattern inside the fruit is similar to that of the previous species.

Habitat.—Common in all parts of the islands. Blooms in October.

Ecosystem.—Found throughout the islands. Flowers in October.

Lagenaria vulgaris, Ser.

Lagenaria vulgaris, Series.

Nom. Vulg.—Common Gourd, Bottle Gourd, Calabash, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Common Gourd, Bottle Gourd, Calabash, English.

Var. Lagenaria Gourda, Ser. (Cucurbita lagenaria oblonga, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Calabaza de peregrino, Sp.; Pilgrim’s Gourd, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Peregrine Gourd, Sp.; Pilgrim's Gourd, Eng.

Var. L. courgourda, Ser.

Nom. Vulg.—Tabayag, Tag. [130]

Nom. Vulg.—Tabayag, Tag. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Var. L. clavata, Ser. (C. lagenaria villosa, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Calabaza blanca, Sp.; Opo, Tag.; White Gourd, Eng.

Uses.—The three above-mentioned varieties of L. vulgaris, Ser., are commonly grouped under the name calabaza (gourd). All have the same action and hence the same therapeutic application. The green portion of the rind is bitter and possesses purgative and emetic properties. The decoction of the tender shoots is expectorant; in addition it appears to possess purgative properties and in India is used in jaundice.

Applications.—The three varieties of L. vulgaris, Ser., mentioned above are usually called calabaza (gourd). They all have the same effects and, therefore, the same medical uses. The green part of the rind is bitter and has laxative and vomiting effects. The brew made from the young shoots helps with coughing; it also seems to have laxative properties and is used for jaundice in India.

The part of the plant most generally used is the seeds, the tænifuge properties of which are well known. Its action, however, is not always certain, which may be as truly said of all other known tænifuges. The seeds have the advantage of lacking the disgusting taste characteristic of other remedies of the same class; the taste is almost neutral and a little sugar conceals it completely. The dose is unlimited; some take 15 grams, others as high as 100, and no unpleasant symptoms of any kind have been reported. The only precaution to be observed is to give the patient a purgative 1–2 hours after his dose.

The most commonly used part of the plant is the seeds, which are well-known for their ability to ease discomfort. However, their effectiveness isn’t always guaranteed, just like with any other known remedies. The seeds have the benefit of not having the unpleasant taste that many other treatments in this category do; they have a nearly neutral flavor that can be completely masked with a little sugar. There isn’t a strict dosage; some people take 15 grams, while others go as high as 100 grams, and no negative side effects have been reported. The only precaution is to give the patient a laxative 1-2 hours after taking their dose.

Heckel has analyzed the seeds and found a resin which he calls pepo-resina; it exists in the greenish pellicle that envelopes the embryo and appears to be the active principle of the seeds. Its dose is 0.80–1.00 gram (Dujardin-Beaumetz), the product of 250 grams of the seeds. The dose of 100 grams of the seeds mentioned above is very small, if the pepo-resin represents the entire active principle, for 100 grams of the seeds would only contain about 40 centigrams.

Heckel has analyzed the seeds and identified a resin he calls pepo-resina; it’s found in the greenish coating around the embryo and seems to be the active ingredient of the seeds. The recommended dose is 0.80–1.00 gram (Dujardin-Beaumetz), derived from 250 grams of the seeds. The dosage of 100 grams of the seeds mentioned earlier is quite small, especially if the pepo-resin constitutes the whole active component, as 100 grams of the seeds would only contain around 40 centigrams.

Botanical Description.—A very familiar vine, clammy, pubescent and musk-scented; large leaves, long-stalked flowers, white petals, greenish veiny fruit usually club-shaped or enlarged at the apex, the hard rind used for vessels, dippers, and so forth. It is noteworthy that none of the tænifuge varieties mentioned bears yellow fruit.

Plant Description.—A well-known vine that is sticky, fuzzy, and has a musky scent; it has large leaves, long-stemmed flowers, white petals, and fruit that is usually club-shaped or swollen at the top, with a hard skin used for making containers, scoops, and similar items. It's important to note that none of the varieties used for medicinal purposes mentioned produces yellow fruit.

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Luffa Ægyptiaca, Mill. (L. pentandra, Roxb.; L. petola, Ser.; Momordica operculata, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Probably bears the same names as the Trichosanthes.

Nom. Vulg.—Probably has the same names as the Trichosanthes.

Uses.—The root is a hydragogue cathartic even in minute doses. The fruit is emollient by virtue of the large quantity of mucilage it contains, but it is more interesting for other properties. When cut in two, deprived of epidermis and seeds, and washed until none of the mucilage remains, there is left a fibrous skeleton, a sort of skein of interwoven nets that constitutes the so-called vegetable sponge. It serves the same purpose as a sponge and has the advantages that its fibers do not rot and that they are easily kept clean. In view of its cheapness and plentifulness in the Philippines the above advantages should suffice to bring it into universal use for the toilet, for surgical purposes and for cleaning in general.

Uses.—The root acts as a powerful laxative even in small amounts. The fruit is soothing because of the large amount of mucilage it has, but it’s more interesting for other reasons. When cut in half, stripped of its skin and seeds, and washed until all the mucilage is gone, it leaves behind a fibrous structure, a kind of woven net that forms what's known as a vegetable sponge. It works like a sponge and has the benefits that its fibers don’t decay and are easy to keep clean. Considering its low cost and abundance in the Philippines, these advantages should make it widely used for personal hygiene, medical purposes, and general cleaning.

Botanical Description.—A vine with square, glabrous stem. Leaves alternate, cordate, 3–5-lobulate, dentate, rough, 5–7-nerved. Petioles short. Flowers monœcious. Staminate in axillary panicles; calyx bell-shaped; corolla yellow, 5 oval petals, borders entire; stamens 3; filaments short; two thick ones divide high up in 2 parts, thus giving the appearance of 5 stamens in all. Pistillate axillary, calyx adherent, 5 pointed sepals; corolla, 5 nearly triangular petals, finely dentate; style thick, short, the base encircled by 3 glandules; stigma cordate. Ovary, 3 pseudo-locules formed by the central union of the placentas; pluriovulate. Fruit oblong, terminating at the apex in a deciduous lid or cover, marked with 8 or 10 black longitudinal lines; the interior reticulate, 3 compartments with many seeds, oval, black, flat with thin borders. The natives do not distinguish between this specimen and the Trichosanthes, but it is to be noted that the corolla of the former is not ravelled or fringed.

Plant Overview.—A vine with a square, smooth stem. Leaves are alternate, heart-shaped, with 3–5 lobes, serrated edges, rough texture, and 5–7 veins. The petioles are short. The flowers are monoecious. Male flowers grow in axillary clusters; the calyx is bell-shaped; the corolla has 5 yellow oval petals with smooth edges; there are 3 stamens with short filaments; two thick filaments split high up into 2 parts, making it look like there are 5 stamens in total. Female flowers are axillary, with a calyx that attaches firmly, featuring 5 pointed sepals; the corolla has 5 nearly triangular petals with fine serrations; the style is thick and short, with 3 glands surrounding the base; the stigma is heart-shaped. The ovary has 3 pseudo-chambers formed by the central union of the placentas and holds multiple seeds. The fruit is oblong, ending with a removable lid or cover, marked with 8 or 10 black longitudinal lines; the interior is net-like, with 3 compartments holding many oval, black, flat seeds with thin edges. The locals do not differentiate between this plant and the Trichosanthes, but it is important to note that the corolla of the former is not frayed or fringed.

Habitat.—Common in Luzon and Panay. Blooms in January.

Ecosystem.Understood! Please provide the text you'd like modernized.Found widely in Luzon and Panay. Flowers in January.

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Momordica balsamina, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Ampalaya, Ampalea, Tag.; Amargoso, Sp.-Fil.; Paria, Iloc.; Apalia, Pam.; Balsamina, Sp.; Balsam Apple, Eng.

M. charanta, L. (M. muricata, Willd.; M. cylindrica, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—The same as of M. balsamina.

Nom. Vulg.—Same as M. balsamina.

Uses.—The fruit of both varieties is edible, though a bitter principle gives it such an intensely bitter taste that it is intolerable to the unaccustomed palate. It is eaten raw as a salad, or cooked with meat or fish. The juice of the leaves is prescribed internally as a purgative and anthelmintic. In Concan it is given alone or combined with aromatics, in bilious disorders as an emetic and purgative; externally they use it as an ointment for the itch and other skin diseases; in India it is mixed with cinnamon, pepper, rice and oil of Hydnocarpus inebrians, Vahl.

Applications.—Both types of fruit are edible, but they have such a strong bitter taste that it can be overwhelming for those who aren't used to it. It's eaten raw in salads or cooked with meat or fish. The juice from the leaves is used internally as a laxative and to get rid of parasites. In Concan, it can be taken on its own or mixed with spices for treating bile-related issues as an emetic and laxative; externally, it's applied as an ointment for itching and other skin problems. In India, it's combined with cinnamon, pepper, rice, and oil from Hydnocarpus inebrians, Vahl.

The fruit and leaves are used internally for worms and externally for leprosy. Some Hindoo writers state that the fruit is tonic and stomachic, and that it is useful in rheumatism, gout, diseases of the liver and spleen.

The fruit and leaves are used internally for worms and externally for leprosy. Some Hindu authors claim that the fruit acts as a tonic and aids digestion, and that it is helpful for rheumatism, gout, and liver and spleen diseases.

Botanical Description.—The first variety, M. balsamina, more common than the second, is a vine with angular stem and simple tendrils. Leaves, many serrate lobules with white dots on the ends. Flowers yellow, monœcious. Staminate solitary, peduncles very long, involucre cordate; calyx 5-lobed; corolla 5 petals; filaments simple, one separate, 2 approximated; anthers joined at their bases. Pistillate solitary; ovary, 3 locules and numerous ovules; stigma, 3 bifid divisions; fruit globose, narrowing at the ends, covered with tubercles; seeds numerous, lacking albumen, having red aril.

Plant Description.—The first variety, M. balsamina, which is more common than the second, is a vine with an angular stem and simple tendrils. The leaves have many serrated lobes with white dots at the tips. The flowers are yellow and are monœcious. The male flowers are solitary, with very long peduncles and heart-shaped involucres; the calyx has 5 lobes; the corolla has 5 petals; the filaments are simple, with one separate and two close together; the anthers are joined at their bases. The female flowers are solitary; the ovary has 3 chambers and numerous ovules; the stigma has 3 bifid sections; the fruit is round but narrows at the ends, covered with bumps; there are many seeds that lack albumen and have a red aril.

The second variety, M. cylindrica, has a downy stem, 5-angled with simple tendrils. The leaves are 5-lobuled, cordate, [133]serrate, with short hairs on under surface. Melon hollow, glabrous, very long, cylindrical, tapering at the ends, covered with tubercles, some elevated in longitudinal lines, others depressed; seeds in 3 rows, enveloped in pulpy arils, white, long quadrangular, truncate above, encircled by 2 rows of obtuse toothlets.

The second type, M. cylindrica, has a fuzzy stem that's 5-angled with simple tendrils. The leaves are heart-shaped with 5 lobes, serrated, and have short hairs on the underside. The melon is hollow, smooth, very long, cylindrical, and tapers at the ends, covered in bumps—some raised in long lines and others recessed. The seeds are arranged in 3 rows, wrapped in fleshy arils, white, long, and square-shaped on top, surrounded by 2 rows of blunt tooth-like projections.

Habitat.—Both grow in all parts and are well known.

Ecosystem.—Both are found everywhere and are widely recognized.

Citrullus Colocynthis, Schard. (Cucumis Colocynthis, L.)

Nom. Vulg.—Coloquíntida, Sp.; Colocynth, Bitter Apple, Eng.

Uses.—The part employed is the fruit pulp, official in all the pharmacopœias as a very energetic hydragogue cathartic. It is seldom given alone, but in combination with other drugs to modify its energy and its action.

Applications.—The part used is the fruit pulp, officially recognized in all pharmacopoeias as a powerful diuretic laxative. It is rarely given on its own, but rather combined with other medications to adjust its potency and effects.

In large doses it causes vomiting, bloody diarrhœa and a series of nervous phenomena that may end in death. Six to ten grams constitute a toxic dose. It operates with most force upon the large intestines and sympathetically upon the uterus.

In large doses, it causes vomiting, bloody diarrhea, and a range of nervous symptoms that can be fatal. Six to ten grams is a toxic dose. It primarily affects the large intestines and also has a sympathetic effect on the uterus.

Dose.—Extract, 0.10–0.30 gram; powder, 0.30–1.00 gram.

Dose.—Extract, 0.10–0.30 grams; powder, 0.30–1.00 grams.

The pulp contains a yellow, intensely bitter substance, quite soluble in water and in alcohol, discovered by Hubschmann and named by him coloquintina. The seeds contain 17% of an insipid oil.

The pulp has a yellow, very bitter substance that's highly soluble in both water and alcohol, discovered by Hubschmann and named by him coloquintina. The seeds have 17% of a flavorless oil.

Botanical Description.—An herb with long, prostrate stems covered with stiff hairs. Leaves alternate, triangular, deeply cleft in 3 lobules that subdivide. Petioles long. The color of the leaves is pale green above, whitish or gray and covered with white hairs underneath. Flowers yellow, monœcious, solitary, axillary, with long peduncles. Staminate: receptacle cup-formed, 5 sepals and 5 free, yellow petals; 5 stamens in pairs, one free. Pistillate: the receptacle globose, covering the lower part of the ovary; 3 staminodes take the place of the stamens. Ovary unilocular, uniovulate, with a [134]short style bearing 3 lobules at its apex. Fruit globose, 6–8 centimeters in diameter, smooth, greenish, later yellow with white spots; it is full of a whitish pulp that becomes dry and pithy and that contains the obovate seeds, smooth, flattened, brown, lacking albumen.

Plant Description.—This plant has long, sprawling stems covered with stiff hairs. The leaves are arranged alternately, triangular in shape, and deeply divided into 3 lobes that further split. The petioles are long. The upper side of the leaves is a pale green, while the underside is whitish or gray with white hairs. The flowers are yellow, with both male and female parts present, solitary, located in the axils, and have long stalks. Male flowers have a cup-shaped receptacle, 5 sepals, and 5 separate yellow petals; there are 5 stamens arranged in pairs with one free. Female flowers have a round receptacle that covers the lower part of the ovary and includes 3 staminodes instead of stamens. The ovary is unilocular, with one ovule, and features a [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]short style with 3 lobes at the top. The fruit is round, measuring 6–8 centimeters in diameter, smooth, initially greenish and later turning yellow with white spots; it contains a whitish pulp that dries and becomes pithy, housing smooth, flattened, brown seeds that lack albumen.

Habitat.—Manila.

Ficoideæ.

Trianthema monogyna, L. (T. obcordata, Roxb.; Portulaca toston and axiflora, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Toston, Tag.; Alusiman, Ayam, Vis.

Uses.—This plant is edible, the natives eating it boiled, fried or in salad. The root is cathartic and is used powdered.

Applications.—This plant is edible; the locals prepare it by boiling, frying, or adding it to salads. The root acts as a laxative and is used in powdered form.

Botanical Description.—A plant with prostrate stems, radiating branches. Leaves ensheathing the stem, opposite, oval, red-bordered, glabrous. Petioles with 2 stipules at the base and 2 small teeth near the middle. Flowers axillary, solitary, sessile. Calyx, 2 pointed sepals. Corolla, 5 oval petals. Stamens 15–20. Style simple. Seed vessels inversely pyramidal, dehiscence horizontal. Seeds numerous.

Botanical Description.—A plant with lying-down stems and spreading branches. Leaves wrapping around the stem, opposite, oval, with red edges, smooth. Petioles have 2 stipules at the base and 2 small teeth near the middle. Flowers grow in the axils, solitary, and attached directly to the stem. Calyx has 2 pointed sepals. Corolla consists of 5 oval petals. There are 15–20 stamens. The style is simple. Seed pods are inversely pyramidal, opening horizontally. There are many seeds.

Habitat.—Very common in the rice fields. Blooms in January.

Ecosystem.—Very common in rice fields. Blooms in January.

Umbelliferæ.

Parsley Family.

Hydrocotyle Asiatica, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Takip kohol, Takip suso, Tag.; Rabasa, Sp.; Indian Pennywort, Indo-Eng.

Uses.—Dr. Daruty, of Mauritius, has published a study of this plant, giving a résumé of its composition, therapeutic uses and physiological action. The writers of antiquity recognized the plant as a powerful alterative, tonic, diuretic, stimulant and vermifuge, especially effective in secondary syphilis and in ulcerative diseases of the skin. [135]

Applications.—Dr. Daruty from Mauritius has published a study on this plant, summarizing its composition, medical uses, and effects on the body. Ancient writers acknowledged the plant as a strong alterative, tonic, diuretic, stimulant, and vermifuge, especially effective for secondary syphilis and skin ulcerative conditions. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Lépine and Boileau used it experimentally to treat leprosy and reported favorably; but later experience demonstrated that it did not exercise any specific effect, but benefited anæsthetic leprosy simply by improving the general condition of the patient.

Lépine and Boileau experimented with it to treat leprosy and reported positive results; however, later experiences showed that it didn’t have any specific effect, but instead helped anesthetic leprosy just by improving the overall health of the patient.

The plant is official in the Pharmacopœia of India, as alterative, tonic and stimulant. It states that the drug has been found very useful in the treatment of secondary and constitutional syphilis, when the disease attacks the skin and subcutaneous tissue.

The plant is listed in the Pharmacopœia of India as an alterative, tonic, and stimulant. It notes that the drug has been very effective in treating secondary and constitutional syphilis when the disease affects the skin and subcutaneous tissue.

In Bombay it is a popular remedy for the mild dysentery of children, given as a decoction of 3 or 4 leaves with a little cumin seed and sugar; the bruised leaves are then applied to the umbilical region. In the Philippines the decoction of the leaves is given as a purge.

In Bombay, it's a common treatment for children's mild dysentery, made by boiling 3 or 4 leaves with some cumin seed and sugar; the crushed leaves are then placed on the belly button area. In the Philippines, the leaf decoction is used as a laxative.

Dr. Dervegie reports good results in the treatment of eczema, administering the powdered leaf in dozes of 0.10 gram and applying locally the powder or an ointment of the same. The most marked and constant effects of the drug are a considerable increase of the urinary secretion, elevation of the temperature of the skin and profuse diaphoresis.

Dr. Dervegie reports positive outcomes in the treatment of eczema, giving the powdered leaf in doses of 0.10 grams and applying the powder or a similar ointment locally. The most noticeable and consistent effects of the drug are a significant increase in urine output, an rise in skin temperature, and heavy sweating.

Dr. Boileau, quoted above, himself contracted leprosy of which he died; he experimented on himself with “hydrocotyle” and on one occasion a dose of 3 grams nearly proved fatal; tetanic symptoms supervened with suffocation, palpitation, epistaxis and rectal hemorrhage, abating finally with profuse sweating and diuresis.

Dr. Boileau, as mentioned earlier, himself got leprosy and eventually died from it; he experimented on himself with "hydrocotyle," and during one experiment, a 3-gram dose nearly killed him. He developed tetanic symptoms along with suffocation, heart palpitations, nosebleeds, and rectal bleeding, which finally subsided with excessive sweating and urination.

Dr. Lépine, a pharmacist of Pondicherry, has analyzed the plant and isolated a substance that seems to be the active principle; he has named it vallarin, from “vallarai,” the Tamul name of the plant. “Vallarin” is a thick, pale yellow oil of a piquant and persistent taste and an odor peculiar to the plant. It changes under the influence of air, moisture or heat and volatilizes at 120°. It is soluble in alcohol. The plant contains 8/10 to 1% of this oil, a dark resin and a green resin. [136]

Dr. Lépine, a pharmacist from Pondicherry, has examined the plant and extracted a substance that appears to be the active ingredient; he has named it vallarin, after “vallarai,” the Tamil name for the plant. “Vallarin” is a thick, pale yellow oil with a sharp and lingering taste and a scent unique to the plant. It changes when exposed to air, moisture, or heat and vaporizes at 120°. It dissolves in alcohol. The plant contains between 0.8% and 1% of this oil, along with a dark resin and a green resin. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

The Pharmacopœia of India gives 2 official formulæ, a powder and a cataplasm. The powdered leaf is given internally in doses of 0.30 to 1.50 grams and is applied locally to superficial ulcers.

The Pharmacopoeia of India provides 2 official formulations, a powder and a paste. The powdered leaf is taken internally in doses of 0.30 to 1.50 grams and is applied locally to superficial ulcers.

Botanical Description.—Plant herbaceous with reniform or heart-shaped leaves, forming a sort of funnel, dotted with little hairs, dentate with white tips. Petioles very long, ensheathing each other by 2 wings at their bases. Flowers 3–4, sessile, springing directly from the root, greenish-white, growing in horizontal rows on either side of a short, common peduncle. Common involucre of 2–3 leaflets. Calyx adherent, flattened, faintly toothed. Corolla, 5 small petals, ovate. Stamens 5, equal in height, inserted on the receptacle, alternating with the petals. Filaments short. Anthers globose, cleft at the base in 2 diverging parts. Ovary inferior, cordate, much flattened. Styles 2, short. Stigmas simple. Fruit truncate, oval, downy, indehiscent, marked with furrows, with 2 compartments each containing a seed inserted on the wall.

Plant Description.—Herbaceous plant with kidney-shaped or heart-shaped leaves that form a sort of funnel, covered in small hairs and jagged with white tips. The petioles are very long and wrap around each other at their bases with 2 wings. There are 3–4 flowers that grow directly from the root, sessile, greenish-white, and arranged in horizontal rows on either side of a short, common stalk. The typical involucre has 2–3 leaflets. The calyx is attached, flattened, and slightly toothed. The corolla consists of 5 small, oval petals. There are 5 stamens of equal height, attached to the receptacle, alternating with the petals. The filaments are short. The anthers are rounded and split at the base into 2 diverging parts. The ovary is below, heart-shaped, and flattened. There are 2 short styles. The stigmas are simple. The fruit is blunt, oval, covered in fine hairs, not splitting open, marked with grooves, and has 2 compartments each containing a seed attached to the wall.

Habitat.—Grows in shady and moist places. Blooms in July.

Ecosystem.—Grows in shady, moist areas. Blooms in July.

Carum copticum, Benth. (C. ajowan, DC.; Ammi copticum, L.; A. glaucifolium, Blanco; Daucus opticus, Pers.; D. anisodorus, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Lamudio, Damoro, Tag.; Lamudio, Vis.; Caraway, Eng.

Uses.—The fruit, of which both form and taste remind one of anise, is official in the Pharmacopœia of India as a carminative, stimulant and antispasmodic. It is indicated in flatulent colic, atonic dyspepsia and diarrhœa and gives very good results. It has been used in cholera, but is of little value in that disease. In moderate doses it increases salivary and gastric secretion.

Uses.—The fruit, which resembles anise both in shape and flavor, is recognized in the Pharmacopœia of India as a carminative, stimulant, and antispasmodic. It's recommended for flatulent colic, atonic dyspepsia, and diarrhea, showing very good results. It has been used for cholera but is not very effective for that illness. In moderate amounts, it boosts salivary and gastric secretion.

The P. of India contains the 2 following official formulæ: Oleum—obtained from the fruit by distillation; is colorless [137]when fresh but soon turns yellow; possesses the odor of the fruit and an acrid, burning taste. Aqua—600 grams of the fruit ground and mixed with 9 liters of water; this is distilled till 4½ liters have gone over, these constituting the “aqua cari.”

The P. of India includes the following two official formulas: Oleum—extracted from the fruit through distillation; it is colorless [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] when fresh but quickly turns yellow; it has the scent of the fruit and a sharp, burning taste. Aqua—600 grams of the fruit are ground and combined with 9 liters of water; this mixture is distilled until 4½ liters have passed over, which is known as the “aqua cari.”

Dose.—1–2 drops of the essential oil in emulsion or on a piece of sugar. Of the “aqua,” 30–60 grams as a carminative or to disguise the taste of other drugs (such as castor oil), thus frequently preventing nausea or vomiting.

Dose.—1–2 drops of the essential oil in a mixture or on a piece of sugar. Of the “aqua,” 30–60 grams as a remedy for gas or to mask the taste of other medications (like castor oil), often helping to prevent nausea or vomiting.

Botanical Description.—Leaves finely pinnately compound. Common petiole clasps the stem at the base. Flowers white, in flat compound umbels. The secondary peduncles 12. Flowerets of each partial umbel about 16. Calyx of flowerets superior, 5 globose sepals. Corolla, 5 equal petals, with rounded lobules. Stamens 5. Ovary tuberculate. Styles 2, very short. Seeds 2, united, furrowed and nearly glabrous at maturity.

Plant Description.—Leaves finely divided compound. The common petiole wraps around the stem at the base. Flowers are white, arranged in flat compound umbels. The secondary flower stalks number 12. Each partial umbel has about 16 flowerlets. The calyx of the flowerlets is superior, with 5 round sepals. The corolla has 5 equal petals with rounded lobes. There are 5 stamens. The ovary is bumpy. There are 2 very short styles. The seeds are 2, fused together, grooved, and nearly smooth when mature.

Habitat.—Cultivated in gardens. Blooms in October.

Ecosystem.—Grown in gardens. Flowers in October.

Fœniculum vulgare, Gaertn. (F. officinale, Allion; F. panmorium, DC.; Anethum fœniculum, Blanco.)

Fennel, Gaertn. (F. officinale, Allion; F. panmorium, DC.; Anethum fœniculum, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Anis, Sp.; Fennel, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Anise, Sp.; Fennel, Eng.

Coriandrum sativum, L. (Cuminum cynimum, Wall.)

Cilantro, L. (Cuminum cynimum, Wall.)

Nom. Vulg.—Cominos, Calantro, Sp.; Coriander, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Cominos, Calantro, Sp.; Cilantro, Eng.

Uses.—The fruit of both species has the same therapeutical application being stomachic and carminative par excellence. It yields an aromatic essential oil with stimulant properties, popular because of its agreeable odor and taste.

Applications.—The fruit of both species has the same therapeutic use, serving as an exceptional stomach aid and digestive aid. It produces an aromatic essential oil with stimulating properties, known for its pleasant scent and flavor.

As a rule the infusion is given in doses of one liter a day (15–30 grams of the seeds to one liter of water). The essence and the alcoholate are also employed, the former obtained by distillation, the latter by macerating the fresh seeds in alcohol. The dose of the essence, 4–8 drops on a piece of sugar or in [138]potion; the alcoholate, 2–10 grams in sweetened water or infusion of aromatic herbs.

As a general guideline, the infusion is typically given in doses of one liter per day (15–30 grams of the seeds to one liter of water). The essence and the alcohol extract are also used, with the essence being obtained through distillation and the alcohol extract made by soaking the fresh seeds in alcohol. The recommended dose for the essence is 4–8 drops on a piece of sugar or in [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] potion; for the alcohol extract, it's 2–10 grams in sweetened water or an infusion of aromatic herbs.

Both plants are official in the Spanish Pharmacopœia and they and their preparations are common in all drug stores.

Both plants are officially recognized in the Spanish Pharmacopoeia, and their preparations are widely available in all pharmacies.

Habitat.—Common, cultivated in the gardens and well known.

Ecosystem.—Common, grown in gardens, and well known.

Botanical Description.—F. vulgare: Aromatic, stout, smooth herb, 4–6° high. Leaves with many slender thread-like divisions. Large umbel of yellow flowers, no involucre and no involucels. C. sativum: Low aromatic herb, leaves pinnately compound, small umbels with few rays, flowers white.

Plant Description.—F. vulgare: Aromatic, thick, smooth herb, 4–6 inches tall. Leaves have many thin, thread-like divisions. Large cluster of yellow flowers, no involucre and no involucels. C. sativum: Low aromatic herb, leaves are compound and pinnate, small clusters with few rays, flowers are white.

Cornaceæ.

Dogwood Family.

Alangium Lamarkii, Thwaites. (A. decapetalum, hexapetalum and tomentosum, Lam.)

Nom. Vulg.—(?)

Uses.—According to Mooden Sheriff, the root bark is an efficient emetic in doses of 3 grams. In smaller doses it is febrifuge and produces nausea. The bark is extremely bitter; its reputation in the treatment of skin diseases is undeserved. It is a good substitute for ipecac, having given good results in all conditions in which the latter is indicated, with the exception of dysentery.

Applications.—According to Mooden Sheriff, the root bark is an effective emetic in doses of 3 grams. In smaller doses, it reduces fever and causes nausea. The bark is very bitter; its reputation for treating skin diseases is unjustified. It serves as a good substitute for ipecac, showing positive results in all conditions where ipecac is recommended, except for dysentery.

The febrifuge dose is 0.35–0.60 gram; alterative, 0.15–0.30 gram.

The dose for the fever reducer is 0.35–0.60 grams; for the alternative, it's 0.15–0.30 grams.

It is furthermore prescribed in India for syphilis and leprosy and is one of the many remedies used for the bites of rabid animals. The bruised leaves are applied to the joints of rheumatic patients.

It is also used in India for treating syphilis and leprosy and is one of the various remedies employed for the bites of rabid animals. The crushed leaves are put on the joints of patients with rheumatism.

Botanical Description.—A tree 20–30 meters high, leaves alternate, persistent, petiolate, no stipules, oblong, dentate, acuminate, pinnately nerved. Flowers whitish, regular, [139]hermaphrodite, in terminal cymes. Receptacle concave. Calyx short, 10-toothed. Corolla, 10 narrow, elongated ribbon-like petals. Stamens 30–40, filaments free and glabrous. Ovary inferior, held in the concavity of the receptacle, one-celled, with 1 seed, crowned by an epigynous disc, above which rises a simple style with dilated stigma. Fruit a globose drupe, crowned by the calyx, with 10 inconspicuous ribs. The putamen encloses an albuminous kernel.

Plant Overview.—A tree that grows 20–30 meters tall, with alternate, persistent leaves that have petioles and no stipules; the leaves are oblong, serrated, tapered, and have pinnate venation. The flowers are white, regular, [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]hermaphrodite, and grow in terminal clusters. The receptacle is concave. The calyx is short with 10 teeth. The corolla has 10 narrow, elongated ribbon-like petals. There are 30–40 stamens with free and smooth filaments. The ovary is inferior, situated in the concavity of the receptacle, one-celled, containing 1 seed, topped with an epigynous disc, from which a simple style with a broadened stigma extends. The fruit is a round drupe, topped by the calyx, featuring 10 subtle ribs. The hard shell encloses a kernel that contains albumin.

Habitat.—The mountains of San Mateo. [140]

Habitat.—The San Mateo mountains. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

1 A ward or Barrio of Manila.

1 A neighborhood or district of Manila.

2 In the U. S. P. and P. G. Marsh Mallow is a synonym for Althæa officinalis, the root being the part of the plant which is used.

2 In the U.S., P. and P.G. Marsh Mallow refers to Althæa officinalis, with the root being the part of the plant that is used.

3 Journal de Phar. et de Chim., XX., p. 3811.

3 Journal of Pharmacy and Chemistry, Volume XX, page 3811.

4 Daruty, loc. cit., p. xxvi.

4 Daruty, same source, p. xxvi.

5 Official in the U. S. P. under the name of Santalum rubrum, and used only for coloring alcoholic solutions.

5 Official in the U.S.P. under the name of Santalum rubrum, and used only for coloring alcoholic solutions.

[__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Dicotyledonous, Gamopetalous.

Rubiaceæ.

Madder Family.

Hymenodictyon excelsum, Wall. (H. Horsfieldii, Miq.; Chinchona excelsa, Roxb.; Exostema Philippicum, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Huligaga, Tag.

Uses.—The bark of this tree has a wide reputation in India as a tonic and febrifuge. The inner layer of the bark possesses astringent and bitter properties much like quinine. Ainslie states that it is used in India to tan hides and therapeutically where an astringent is required. O’Shaughnessy experimented with it in the hospital of the Medical College of Calcutta and reported good tonic and antipyretic effects.

Uses.—The bark of this tree is well-known in India as a tonic and fever reducer. The inner layer of the bark has astringent and bitter qualities similar to quinine. Ainslie mentions that it’s used in India for tanning hides and in medical applications where an astringent is needed. O’Shaughnessy tested it in the Medical College Hospital of Calcutta and reported positive effects as a tonic and antipyretic.

In 1870, according to Dymock, Broughton analyzed the fresh bark and reported that the bitter taste was due to esculin, which after drying and coming in contact with decomposing organic matter is transformed into the almost tasteless esculetin. Naylor studied the bark at a later period, and attributed the bitterness to an alkaloid that he named hymenodictyonine. This substance exists in the form of a gelatinous mass, cream-colored, very hygroscopic. An ethereal solution, carefully evaporated, deposits it in the form of crystals. Its empirical form is C₂₃H₄₀N₂; it is probably volatile and is notable for its lack of oxygen. It differs from quinoidine in that it is inactive (?) and that in combination with platinum it retains less of this metal than does quinoidine. It differs from paricine in its proportion of hydrogen, and from berberine in containing more carbon. In the presence of sulphuric acid its solution assumes a yellow color, changing to wine-red and then to dark red. [141]Naylor extracted another principle which he found combined with the alkaloid in a soda precipitate of the latter; it is a product of the decomposition of a glucose, the formula of which is C₂₅H₄₉O₇. This compound remains insoluble when the alkaloid is treated with ether. Repeated boiling in alcohol renders it colorless. It is bitter, soluble in alcohol and dilute acids; insoluble in ether and chloroform. Reaction, neutral.

In 1870, Dymock reported that Broughton analyzed the fresh bark and found that the bitter taste was caused by esculin, which, after drying and mixing with decomposing organic matter, turns into the nearly tasteless esculetin. Later, Naylor examined the bark and attributed the bitterness to an alkaloid he named hymenodictyonine. This substance appears as a gelatinous, cream-colored mass that is very hygroscopic. When an ethereal solution of it is carefully evaporated, it crystallizes. Its empirical formula is C₂₃H₄₀N₂; it is likely volatile and is notable for having no oxygen. It differs from quinoidine because it is inactive (?) and retains less platinum when combined with it than quinoidine does. It also differs from paricine in its hydrogen content and contains more carbon than berberine. When mixed with sulfuric acid, its solution turns yellow, then changes to wine-red and finally to dark red. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]Naylor extracted another principle that he found combined with the alkaloid in a soda precipitate; this compound is a product of glucose decomposition, with the formula C₂₅H₄₉O₇. This compound remains insoluble when the alkaloid is treated with ether. Boiling it repeatedly in alcohol renders it colorless. It is bitter and soluble in alcohol and dilute acids but insoluble in ether and chloroform. The reaction is neutral.

Botanical Description.—A large tree, with leaves opposite, oval, entire, acute, downy. Petioles long, flat above, with 2 stipules. Flowers axillary, in compound verticillate racemes. Calyx adherent, with 5 promptly deciduous teeth which leave a scar that also disappears. Corolla much longer than the calyx, funnel-form, the limb 5-cleft. Stamens 5, inserted near the middle of the tube. Filaments rudimentary. Anthers 2-celled. Style longer than the corolla. Stigma globose. Seed-vessel rather rough, ovoid, flattened, of 2 compartments, where are inserted numerous seeds, imbricated, circular, encircled by an entire wing.

Plant Description.—A large tree with opposite leaves that are oval, entire, acute, and downy. The petioles are long and flat on top, with 2 stipules. Flowers grow in the axils, forming compound whorled clusters. The calyx is attached and has 5 quickly falling teeth that leave a scar that eventually disappears. The corolla is much longer than the calyx, funnel-shaped, with a 5-part limb. There are 5 stamens attached near the middle of the tube. The filaments are rudimentary. The anthers have 2 chambers. The style is longer than the corolla, and the stigma is round. The seed pod is somewhat rough, oval, flattened, and has 2 compartments that hold many seeds, which are imbricated, circular, and surrounded by a complete wing.

Habitat.—Angat and the woods of San Mateo. Blooms in August. (P. Blanco states further that this tree grows to a height of about 3 yards in Angat and that it exhales a strong odor resembling that of vinegar at times, and again like that of tobacco.)

Ecosystem.—Angat and the woods of San Mateo. It blooms in August. (P. Blanco also notes that this tree can reach a height of about 3 yards in Angat and that it sometimes gives off a strong smell similar to vinegar, while at other times it resembles the scent of tobacco.)

Oldenlandia corymbosa, L. (O. biflora, Lam.; O. ramosa, Roxb.; O. herbacea and serabrida, DC.; O. burmaniana, Mig.)

Nom. Vulg.—Doubtful.

Nom. Vulg.—Unsure.

Uses.—The Sanscrit writers often mention this plant as an important remedy for the fevers due, according to their theories, to disordered bile, i. e., remittent fevers, accompanied by gastric irritability and nervous depression. The entire plant is used to make a decoction, often combined with aromatics. Dymock observed in Goa that this plant could be gotten in all the shops of the herb-venders, and that it was widely used as [142]an alterative in mild fevers in combination with “Hydrocotyle Asiatica and Adiantum lunulatum.”

Uses.—The Sanskrit writers frequently refer to this plant as a key remedy for fevers caused, according to their beliefs, by imbalanced bile, i.e., remittent fevers that come with stomach irritation and nervous fatigue. The whole plant is used to create a decoction, often mixed with aromatic ingredients. Dymock noted in Goa that this plant was available in all the shops of herbal vendors and that it was commonly used as [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]an alterative in mild fevers, often alongside “Hydrocotyle Asiatica and Adiantum lunulatum.”

In Concan they apply the juice to the hands and feet in fevers, giving at the same time a dose of one “tola” (6.80 grams) in sweetened water or milk. This juice is obtained by soaking the bruised plant in water. In remittent fever the decoction is also used as a liniment for the whole body. It is given internally for skin eruptions due to excessive heat, especially “lichen tropicus.”

In Concan, they apply the juice to the hands and feet during fevers, while also giving a dose of one “tola” (6.80 grams) in sweetened water or milk. This juice is made by soaking the bruised plant in water. For remittent fever, the decoction is also used as a liniment for the entire body. It’s taken internally for skin rashes caused by excessive heat, particularly “lichen tropicus.”

Botanical Description.—A small herb, stem straight, about 30 centimeters high, glabrous, dichotomous. Leaves opposite, linear, green, lanceolate, stipulate. Flowers small, hermaphrodite, axillary, solitary, or in pairs, alternate or opposite. Calyx gamosepalous with 5 short teeth. Corolla gamopetalous, funnel-shaped. Stamens 5, free, inserted in the tube of the corolla. Ovary inserted in the hollow of the receptacle, 2 many-ovuled locules. Style simple, ending in a bifid stigma. Capsule rounded-oval, membranous. Seeds numerous, polyhedrous, albuminous, surface granular.

Plant Description.—A small herb with a straight stem, about 30 centimeters tall, smooth, and branching. The leaves are opposite, linear, green, and lance-shaped, with stipules. The flowers are small, hermaphrodite, located in the axils, and can be solitary or paired, either alternating or opposite. The calyx is made of 5 fused segments with short teeth. The corolla is also fused, shaped like a funnel. There are 5 separate stamens attached to the tube of the corolla. The ovary is situated in the hollow part of the receptacle and has 2 chambers with multiple ovules. The style is simple and ends in a split stigma. The capsule is rounded-oval and membranous. The seeds are numerous, polyhedral, with a granular surface and containing albumen.

Habitat.—In the rice fields.

Habitat.—In the paddy fields.

Randia dumetorum, Lam. (R. longispina, DC.; R. aculata, Blanco; R. stipulosa, Miq.; Gardenia spinosa, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Sinampaga, Tag.

Uses.—The fruit is used in some parts of India to kill the fish in ponds and sluggish rivers, the same use to which they sometimes put the “Cocculus Indicus.” It is prescribed as an emetic by the Sanscrit and Arabic medical authors of India. Mooden Sheriff ascribes its emetic properties to the pulp alone, the epicarp and seeds being inactive according to his authority. It is a substitute for ipecac even in the treatment of dysentery in which case the decoction of the trunk bark is also used.

Uses.—In some regions of India, the fruit is used to kill fish in ponds and slow-moving rivers, similar to how they sometimes use "Cocculus Indicus." It’s recommended as an emetic by Sanskrit and Arabic medical writers in India. Mooden Sheriff attributes its emetic properties to the pulp only, while considering the epicarp and seeds to be inactive according to his research. It serves as a substitute for ipecac, even in treating dysentery, in which case the decoction of the trunk bark is also utilized.

The dried and powdered pulp is given in dose of 2.50 grams as an emetic and 1–2 grams as an antidysenteric. To prepare [143]the fresh fruit for administration as an emetic, mash 2–3, macerate 15 minutes in 150–200 grams of water and filter. It acts in a few minutes and its effect may be hastened by giving tepid water or tickling the fauces.

The dried and powdered pulp is administered in a dose of 2.50 grams as an emetic and 1–2 grams as an antidysenteric. To prepare [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]the fresh fruit for use as an emetic, mash 2–3 fruits, soak for 15 minutes in 150–200 grams of water, and then filter. It works within a few minutes, and its effects can be sped up by giving warm water or stimulating the back of the throat.

Botanical Description.—A shrub with straight, thorny stem, leaves sessile, springing from the buds, occurring in threes, obtusely lanceolate, entire, glabrous. Flowers solitary or in pairs, very fragrant. Calyx gamosepalous with 10 toothlets. Corolla twisted, arched, cleft in the middle, throat nude, limb slashed in 5 large glabrous parts. Stamens 5. Filaments short, inserted on corolla. Style 1. Stigma bifid. Fruit inferior, about the size of a crab apple, crowned by the remains of the calyx, smooth, yellow, fleshy, 1-celled with many seeds.

Plant Description.—This is a shrub with a straight, thorny stem. The leaves are attached directly to the stem, emerging from the buds in groups of three, and are bluntly lance-shaped, smooth, and entire. The flowers are either solitary or in pairs, and they have a strong fragrance. The calyx is made up of 10 fused tooth-like structures. The corolla is twisted, arched, and split down the middle, with a bare throat and a limb divided into 5 large smooth sections. There are 5 stamens, and the filaments are short, attached to the corolla. There is 1 style and the stigma is split. The fruit is below the flower, roughly the size of a crab apple, topped with remnants of the calyx, smooth, yellow, fleshy, and has one chamber containing many seeds.

Habitat.—On the coast of Luzon. Blooms in May.

Ecosystem.—On the coast of Luzon. Flowers in May.

Ixora coccinea, L. (I. bandhuca, Roxb.)

Nom. Vulg.—Santan, Tag.

Uses.—The handsome red flowers are used in decoction for hæmoptysis and catarrhal bronchitis. Both root and flower are astringent and are given for dysentery. In Concan they cook 2 “tolas” (13.60 grams) of the flowers in lard, together with coriander and “mesua ferrea,” add a little candied sugar and divide the mass into large pills to be given twice a day.

Uses.—The striking red flowers are used in a decoction for coughing up blood and catarrhal bronchitis. Both the root and the flower are astringent and are given for dysentery. In Concan, they cook 2 “tolas” (13.60 grams) of the flowers in lard, along with coriander and “mesua ferrea,” add a little candied sugar, and divide the mixture into large pills to be taken twice a day.

The fresh root in the form of an alcoholic tincture has been recommended by Deb for dysentery, the dose 2–4 grams in an appropriate potion. The tincture of the fresh plant is prepared by macerating 126 grams of the fresh root 15 days in 473 grams alcohol. The plant has been used in intermittent fevers and various skin diseases.

The fresh root in the form of an alcoholic tincture has been recommended by Deb for dysentery, with a dosage of 2–4 grams in a suitable potion. The tincture of the fresh plant is made by soaking 126 grams of the fresh root in 473 grams of alcohol for 15 days. The plant has also been used for intermittent fevers and different skin conditions.

Botanical Description.—A shrub cultivated in all gardens, 6–8° high. Leaves oval, entire, glabrous. Flowers in terminal umbels, white, pink or red. Corolla tubular with [144]limb cleft in 4 rounded lobes. The plant is so well known that further description would be superfluous.

Plant Description.—A shrub grown in gardens, 6–8° tall. Leaves are oval, smooth, and without hairs. Flowers form in clusters at the ends, coming in white, pink, or red. The tubular corolla has a limb split into 4 rounded lobes. The plant is so familiar that additional description isn't necessary.

Coffea Arabica, L.

Coffee Arabica, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Cafe, Sp.; Coffee, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Café, Sp.; Coffee, Eng.

Uses.—The infusion of roasted and ground coffee seeds constitutes a beverage of Arabic origin, but now common all over the world. In the Philippines, where a few years ago the coffee plant was only cultivated in gardens, the harvest has assumed such proportions that it now constitutes one of the greatest sources of agricultural wealth. Its use is becoming more general every day and the discovery of its alkaloid “caffeine” the therapeutical use of which is also steadily increasing, has given new importance to the seed on account of its increasing demand in the drug trade. When newly harvested its taste is not very agreeable, for it needs considerable time—2 or 3 years—in which to dry completely, before it acquires the aromatic properties and the savor of which it is susceptible. General Morin relates an incident of having drunk a delicious infusion of coffee made from authentic Moka that had been kept for fifty years, of course under ideal conditions of preservation.

Applications.—The brewed drink made from roasted and ground coffee beans has its roots in Arabic culture, but it is now enjoyed worldwide. In the Philippines, where just a few years ago coffee plants were mainly grown in gardens, the production has grown so much that it has become a significant source of agricultural wealth. Its popularity is increasing every day, and the discovery of its alkaloid “caffeine,” which is also being used more in medicine, has added new value to the beans due to their rising demand in the pharmaceutical industry. When freshly harvested, the taste isn’t very pleasant because it takes a considerable amount of time—2 or 3 years—to dry completely and develop its aromatic qualities and flavor. General Morin recounts a story about enjoying a delicious coffee infusion made from genuine Moka beans that had been stored for fifty years under perfect preservation conditions.

In civilized countries coffee is an article of prime necessity as a food; here we shall consider it therapeutically under two heads, as a tonic-stimulant and as an antiseptic. As caffeine is the principle that acts upon the heart we shall consider the cardiac properties of coffee under the head of that alkaloid, so important that it may best be studied separately.

In modern countries, coffee is a vital food necessity; we will examine its therapeutic effects in two ways: as a tonic-stimulant and as an antiseptic. Since caffeine is the main component that affects the heart, we will look at the cardiac properties of coffee in relation to that alkaloid, which is so significant that it deserves to be studied individually.

There are two preparations of coffee, the decoction used by the Arabs and the infusion, used in Europe and adopted in the Philippines. The decoction forms a tonic and aromatic drink devoid of any excitant properties, but the infusion is highly excitant and should not be taken in such large amounts as the decoction, for its action may be powerful enough to cause headache, [145]nausea, trembling of the extremities and disorders of vision and hearing. These phenomena however are not dangerous and rapidly subside as soon as the urine eliminates the substances that cause them.

There are two ways to prepare coffee: the decoction method used by the Arabs and the infusion method used in Europe and adopted in the Philippines. The decoction creates a tonic and aromatic drink that doesn’t have any stimulating effects, while the infusion is quite stimulating and shouldn't be consumed in large quantities like the decoction, as it can lead to headaches, nausea, trembling in the extremities, and issues with vision and hearing. However, these effects are not harmful and quickly go away once the body eliminates the substances causing them. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Infusion of coffee stimulates especially the cerebral functions and the circulation; as to its digestive properties, opinion is divided but it is more probable that it lacks them and that coffee taken after meals owes its reputation as a digestive aid to two distinct factors—the temperature and the sugar. Without doubt it exerts an anaphrodisiac action, on account of which the illustrious Linnæus called it the “drink of eunuchs.” This action seems incompatible with the fact that the Arabs, who are so much given to the abuse of the pleasures forbidden to eunuchs are most addicted to the use and abuse of coffee. The explanation rests in the form in which they consume their coffee, namely the decoction, which is free from the sedative principle of the seed, that undoubtedly resides in the aromatic ingredient “cafeol.”

Drinking coffee particularly boosts brain function and circulation; opinions about its digestive properties are mixed, but it’s more likely that it doesn’t aid digestion and that coffee consumed after meals is thought to help digestion due to two main factors—the temperature and the sugar. It certainly has a lowering effect on sexual desire, which is why the famous Linnaeus referred to it as the “drink of eunuchs.” This effect seems at odds with the fact that Arabs, who often indulge in pleasures typically denied to eunuchs, are heavy users of coffee. The difference lies in how they prepare their coffee: as a decoction, which removes the sedative compound found in the beans, specifically the aromatic component "cafeol."

Coffee is contraindicated in hysterical and nervous persons, in children and in those who suffer with insomnia or palpitation. It counteracts sleep and coma, being very useful in poisoning by opium or its alkaloids. Its stimulant action is as rapid as that of alcohol. On several occasions it has yielded me marked results when given by stomach or by enema in cases of nervous and cardiac depression. Indeed it is a remedy that I cannot recommend too highly and each day leaves me more convinced of its therapeutic activity and certainty.

Coffee is not recommended for people who are anxious or nervous, children, or those who suffer from insomnia or a racing heart. It interferes with sleep and can counteract coma, proving very helpful in cases of poisoning from opium or its derivatives. Its stimulating effects are as quick as those of alcohol. I’ve often seen significant benefits when it was administered orally or via enema in cases of nervous and heart-related issues. Honestly, it's a remedy I can't praise enough, and each day I'm more convinced of its effectiveness and reliability.

Attention has only lately been directed to the antiseptic property of coffee though we have long been availing ourselves of that property without knowing it; this is true of many other medicinal agents, indeed of all that the modern studies of bacteriology have presented to us as antifermentives and microbicides. Roasted coffee in powder form gives good results if dusted over ulcers and gangrenous sores, rapidly improving their appearance [146]and destroying the fœtid odor. It corrects the unhygienic properties of non-potable water and therefore enters into the army and navy ration of nearly all the nations of Europe. In epidemics of disease every physician should advise its use in mild infusion as a regular beverage.

Attention has only recently been focused on the antiseptic properties of coffee, even though we've been using them for a long time without realizing it; this applies to many other medicinal agents as well, particularly those identified by modern bacteriology as antifermentives and microbicides. Ground roasted coffee works well when sprinkled on ulcers and gangrenous sores, quickly improving their appearance [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] and eliminating the foul odor. It also neutralizes the unhealthy qualities of non-drinkable water, which is why it's included in the rations of almost all European armies and navies. During disease epidemics, every doctor should recommend its use as a mild infusion for regular consumption.

Dr. Luderitz, experimenting in the Hygienic Institute of Berlin, reported that no bacteria could resist the action of coffee in infusion. He attributed this action not only to the tannin, which is present in high percentage, but principally to the empyreumatic substances formed by the roasting. The caffeine takes no part in this action. Dr. Luderitz exposed the coffee to the open air for six days and found it free from bacteria at the end of that time. Whatever may be the explanation of its activity the fact remains that coffee is highly antiseptic, and this should be kept in mind by physicians not only because it is everywhere easily obtained and an infusion easily prepared, but because it in addition possesses the great advantage of being nontoxic.

Dr. Luderitz, conducting experiments at the Hygienic Institute of Berlin, found that no bacteria could withstand the effects of brewed coffee. He believed this was due not only to the high levels of tannin but mainly to the empyreumatic substances created during roasting. Caffeine had no role in this effect. Dr. Luderitz exposed coffee to the open air for six days and discovered it was bacteria-free at the end of that period. Regardless of the reasoning behind its effectiveness, the fact remains that coffee is highly antiseptic, which should be noted by doctors, not only because it is readily available and easy to prepare, but also because it has the significant advantage of being non-toxic.

The chemical analysis of the seed is as follows:

Cellulose	34.000
Water	12.000
Fatty matters	10 to 13.000
Glucose, dextrin, undetermined acid	15.500
Legumin, caffeine	10.000
Chlorogenate of caffeine and potassa	3.500 to 5.000
Albuminoids	3.000
Caffeine, free	.800
Essential oil, solid	.001
Essential oil, liquid	.002
Mineral substances	6.697

Caffeine, the only one of the ingredients that interests us, was discovered by Hunge in 1821 and recognized as an alkaloid [147]by Herzog. It also exists in tea, formerly known as “theine” which is now known to be identical with caffeine; both are expressed by the formula C₈H₁₀N₂O₂+H₂O. It crystallizes in fine, silky needles, is colorless, odorless and slightly bitter.

Caffeine, the only ingredient we're interested in, was discovered by Hunge in 1821 and identified as an alkaloid [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]by Herzog. It’s also found in tea, which used to be called “theine,” but is now recognized as the same as caffeine; both are represented by the formula C₈H₁₀N₂O₂+H₂O. It forms fine, silky needles, is colorless, odorless, and has a slight bitterness.

It is considered a substitute for digitalis, especially valuable as a diuretic and where cerebral anemia exists. Germain See values it as a preventive medicine, acting principally upon the heart and thus preventing fatigue; with this end in view he advises its use before long marches, violent exercise and all conditions where the heart will be called upon to do a greatly increased amount of work. Dose 0.25 gram to 1 or 2 grams a day given by stomach or hypodermic injection.

It is seen as an alternative to digitalis, particularly useful as a diuretic and in cases of cerebral anemia. Germain See regards it as a preventative medicine, mainly affecting the heart and helping to prevent fatigue; for this reason, he recommends its use before long walks, intense exercise, and any situations where the heart will have to work much harder. The dosage is 0.25 grams to 1 or 2 grams per day, administered orally or through a hypodermic injection.

Caffeine is also useful in headache, neuralgia, and asthma and as a general tonic. For the latter action it is best given in pill form, 0.02–0.04 gram a day, with the extract of cinchona or other bitter tonic.

Caffeine is also helpful for headaches, nerve pain, and asthma, and it serves as a general tonic. For this purpose, it's best taken in pill form, 0.02–0.04 grams a day, along with extract of cinchona or another bitter tonic.

“Etoxy-caffeine,” which is caffeine in which an atom of H has been replaced by the C₂H₅O, exists as white, needle-like crystals, slightly soluble in water; it is narcotic and sedative to the cerebro-spinal system. In doses of 0.24 gram it is useful in headache.

“Etoxy-caffeine,” which is caffeine with one hydrogen atom replaced by C₂H₅O, appears as white, needle-like crystals that are slightly soluble in water; it acts as a narcotic and sedative to the central nervous system. In doses of 0.24 grams, it is effective for treating headaches.

Botanical Description.—“A small tree that reaches a height of 8–9°. It grows readily in the province of Batangas without cultivation,” Blanco.

Plant Description.—“A small tree that grows to a height of 8–9 feet. It thrives easily in the province of Batangas without needing cultivation,” Blanco.

A small tree or shrub with leaves opposite, smooth, glossy, rich green, oval, edges fluted. Flowers fragrant, white, growing in small clusters in the axils of the leaves. Calyx 4–5-toothed. Corolla short-tubed with 4–5 spreading lobes of about the same length. Berry red, containing two plano-convex seeds enveloped in arils.

A small tree or shrub with leaves that are opposite, smooth, glossy, and rich green, shaped like ovals with fluted edges. The flowers are fragrant, white, and grow in small clusters in the leaf axils. The calyx has 4-5 teeth. The corolla is short-tubed with 4-5 lobes that spread and are about the same length. The berry is red and contains two flat, convex seeds surrounded by arils.

The plant is widely cultivated in gardens. It finds ideal conditions for growth in some of the hilly and mountainous regions of Luzon, notably in Benguet and Batangas.

The plant is commonly grown in gardens. It thrives best in certain hilly and mountainous areas of Luzon, especially in Benguet and Batangas.

[148]

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Morinda citrifolia, L.; variety: bracteata, Hoock, Jr. (M. ligulata, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Bankundo, Pankundo, Bag̃kuro, Nino, Kulit, Tumbog̃aso, Lino, Mambog, Takpus, Tag. and Vis.; Taliantar, Pam.; Apalot, Iloc.; Indian Mulberry, Indo-Eng.

Uses.—In the Philippines, as well as in India, the root of the plant is widely used as a red dye. As a medicine the Tamul physicians use it in decoction to treat diarrhœa and dysentery. The fruit is emmenagogue and perhaps aperient. In Bombay the mashed leaves are applied to wounds and ulcers to hasten cicatrization; they also use the decoction internally as a febrifuge and tonic, 10 grams to 500 of water, a wineglassful twice a day.

Applications.—In the Philippines and India, the plant's root is commonly used to make a red dye. Tamul doctors use it in a brew to treat diarrhea and dysentery. The fruit acts as an emmenagogue and may have a mild laxative effect. In Bombay, the mashed leaves are applied to wounds and ulcers to speed up healing. They also use the brew internally as a fever reducer and tonic, mixing 10 grams with 500 ml of water, taking a wine glass full twice a day.

The root bark contains a crystalline substance called by Anderson morindin, C₂₈H₃₀O₁₅. It is a glucoside and exists in the form of yellow needles, soluble in alcohol and in cold water, insoluble in ether; dissolves in alkalies producing an orange-red color.

The root bark has a crystalline substance known as morindin, C₂₈H₃₀O₁₅, according to Anderson. It is a glucoside that appears as yellow needles, dissolving in alcohol and cold water, but not in ether; it dissolves in alkaline solutions, creating an orange-red color.

There is another species, M. tinctoria, Roxb.; M. Royoc, Blanco, called in Tagalog Tumboug̃ aso kapay, the roots of which are used by the Filipinos for the same purposes as the leaves of the former species; the dose, 8 grams a day. The powder is also applied to ulcers and sores, especially those of gangrenous aspect.

There is another species, M. tinctoria, Roxb.; M. Royoc, Blanco, called in Tagalog Tumboug̃ aso kapay. Filipinos use the roots of this plant for the same purposes as the leaves of the previous species, with a recommended dose of 8 grams a day. The powder is also used on ulcers and sores, particularly those that look gangrenous.

Botanical Description.—A small tree 11 or more feet high, branches opposite, quadrate at the extremities. Leaves opposite, oval, oblong, smooth, entire, glabrous. Petioles very short, with 2 broad, lanceolate stipules curved outward. Flowers white, opposite the leaves, fixed on globose, solitary receptacles from which spring the flowerets. Calyx proper, very short, monophyllous, a lanceolate leaflet springing from the border. Corolla tubular, woolly inside about the middle, with 5 lobules. Stamens 5, inserted on the walls of the corolla. Anthers thin, incumbent. Pistil somewhat longer than the corolla. Stigma cleft in 2 laminæ. Fruit: the receptacle of [149]the flowerets ripens to a globe bristling with the remains of the calyces, like a berry covered with many smaller ones, each containing 2 monospermous, quadrangular seeds.

Plant Description.—A small tree that is 11 feet or more tall, with branches that grow opposite each other and are square at the ends. The leaves are opposite, oval, oblong, smooth, and whole, without hairs. The petioles are very short, with two wide, lance-shaped stipules that curve outward. The flowers are white and grow opposite the leaves, attached to round, solitary receptacles from which the flowerlets emerge. The calyx is very short, made of one piece, with a lance-shaped leaflet extending from its edge. The corolla is tubular, with a woolly texture inside around the middle and has 5 lobes. There are 5 stamens attached to the sides of the corolla. The anthers are thin and lay against the corolla. The pistil is slightly longer than the corolla, and the stigma is split into two layers. The fruit: the receptacle of [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]the flowerlets ripens into a globe covered with remnants of the calyces, resembling a berry with many smaller ones on it, each containing 2 single-seeded, square seeds.

M. tinctoria, Roxb., is a climbing shrub with leaves opposite, ovate, keeled; petioles very short; flower and fruit like the foregoing species.

M. tinctoria, Roxb., is a climbing shrub with opposite, oval leaves that have a distinct ridge; the petioles are very short; the flowers and fruit are similar to those of the previous species.

Habitat.—In Luzon and, especially the M. tinctoria, in Malinta, Calauan and Tanauan.

Ecosystem.—In Luzon and, especially the M. tinctoria, in Malinta, Calauan, and Tanauan.

Pæderia fœtida, L. (P. sessiflora, DC.)

Nom. Vulg.—Kantutan, Kantutæ, Tag.; Lilitan, Tæ-tæ, Vis.

Uses.—The fœtid odor of this plant has suggested both the technical and common names for it. The natives regard it as a cure for rheumatism. The root is emetic. The leaves, boiled and mashed, are applied to the abdomen in retention of urine; the decoction of the leaves is used for the same purpose and also has some reputation as a solvent for vesical calculus. For fever, cloths soaked in the decoction are applied to the head, the same preparation being given internally at the same time.

Uses.—The pungent smell of this plant inspired both its scientific and common names. The locals see it as a remedy for rheumatism. The root acts as an emetic. The leaves, when boiled and mashed, are placed on the abdomen to help with urine retention; the tea made from the leaves serves the same purpose and is also known for breaking down bladder stones. For fever, cloths soaked in the tea are put on the head, while the same mix is taken internally at the same time.

Botanical Description.—A slender, twining plant with leaves 3′ by 1′, opposite, oval, acute, entire, long petioles and caducous stipules. Flowers dark rose color, in compound axillary and terminal cymes. Calyx of 5 persistent lobules. Corolla tubular, pubescent, 5 lobules. Stamens 5, free. Ovary inferior, flattened, 2 uniovulate locules. Style with 2 stigma-bearing branches.

Plant Description.—A slender, climbing plant with leaves measuring 3 inches by 1 inch, arranged opposite each other, oval in shape, pointed, with smooth edges, long stems, and falling stipules. The flowers are dark rose in color, found in clusters at the axils and ends of branches. The calyx has 5 persistent lobes. The corolla is tubular, hairy, with 5 lobes. There are 5 separate stamens. The ovary is located below the style, flattened, with 2 compartments, each containing one ovule. The style has 2 branches that bear the stigma.

Habitat.—Luzon, Mindanao, Cebu, Panay.

Compositæ.

Eupatorium Ayapana, Vent.

Nom. Vulg.—Aya-pana, Sp.; Ayapana, Apana, Tag.; Ayapan, Indo-Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Aya-pana, Spanish; Ayapana, Apana, Tagalog; Ayapan, Indo-English.

Uses.—A native plant of Brazil now naturalized and well known in the Philippines and many other tropical countries; [150]it is called by its Brazilian name, Aya-pana, more or less modified. The entire plant is aromatic and its infusion has an agreeable, bitter taste. Its virtues have been much exaggerated, but it is certainly a good stimulant, diaphoretic and tonic. An infusion, 30 grams of the leaves to 1 liter of water, is given in dyspepsia, a small cup after each meal. In the island of Mauritius this infusion was widely used as a stimulant and aromatic in the cholera epidemics of 1854 and 1856.

Uses.—A native plant from Brazil that has now adapted and is well known in the Philippines and many other tropical countries; [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]it is referred to by its Brazilian name, Aya-pana, with some variation. The whole plant has a fragrant aroma, and its infusion has a pleasant, bitter flavor. While its benefits have been greatly overstated, it is definitely a good stimulant, diaphoretic, and tonic. An infusion made from 30 grams of the leaves and 1 liter of water is recommended for dyspepsia, with a small cup taken after each meal. On the island of Mauritius, this infusion was widely used as a stimulant and aromatic during the cholera outbreaks of 1854 and 1856.

It is used internally and locally for the bites of venomous snakes and insects. The leaf-juice is a good application for foul ulcers, as is also the decoction of the entire plant. “It appears probable that this plant has fallen into unmerited neglect.”—Pharm. of India.

It is used internally and externally for bites from venomous snakes and insects. The juice from the leaves is effective for treating serious ulcers, as is the boiled preparation of the whole plant. “It seems likely that this plant has been unfairly overlooked.”—Pharm. of India.

Botanical Description.—An aromatic plant 3° high, leaves opposite, sessile, coherent at the base, lanceolate, entire, glabrous. Flowers in racemose panicles. Common calyx cylindrical, of many imbricated, awl-shaped scales, the lower ones smaller; within are 20 or more hermaphrodite disk-flowers. Corollas are funnel-form, 5-lobed. Style a little longer than the stamens. Stigmas 2, long. Seed 1, quadrangular, with simple, downy, sessile pappus. Receptacle nude.

Plant Description.—An aromatic plant 3° high, with opposite leaves that are attached at the base, lance-shaped, smooth, and unbroken. Flowers are arranged in clusters. The common calyx is cylindrical and has many overlapping, needle-like scales, with the lower ones being smaller; inside, there are 20 or more hermaphrodite disk-flowers. The corollas are funnel-shaped with 5 lobes. The style is slightly longer than the stamens. There are 2 long stigmas. The seed is 1, square-shaped, with a simple, fluffy, attached pappus. The receptacle is bare.

Habitat.—Common in fields and gardens. Blooms in January.

Ecosystem.—Found often in fields and gardens. Blooms in January.

Blumea balsamifera, DC. (Conyza balsamifera, L.)

Nom. Vulg.—Sambon, Tag.; Lakbandulan, Hamlibon, Lalakdan, Lakadbulan, Gintingintin, Gabuen, Ayoban, Alibun, Vis.; Sobsob, Iloc.

Uses.—Sambon is a panacea among the Filipinos; its virtues are prodigious according to the ignorant natives who wear the leaves in the hat or the “salakod” (rain hat), to prevent “tabardillo” (“burning fever”; tabardillo pintado = spotted fever). They use the decoction to bathe convalescents, and for rheumatism they vaporize it in an improvised bath-cabinet [151]consisting of a chair in which the patient sits enveloped in blankets that reach to the floor and retain the steam.

Applications.—Sambon is a cure-all among Filipinos; its benefits are incredible according to the unknowing locals who wear the leaves in their hats or the "salakod" (rain hat) to prevent “tabardillo” (“burning fever”; tabardillo pintado = spotted fever). They use the brew to bathe recovering patients, and for rheumatism, they steam it in a makeshift bath cabinet [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] made from a chair where the patient sits wrapped in blankets that reach the floor to trap the steam.

The hot infusion of the leaves is a good diaphoretic taken by the mouth, especially useful in catarrhal bronchitis, and prized as an expectorant by the Chinese and Javanese. Furthermore it is stomachic, antispasmodic and emmenagogue.

The hot tea made from the leaves is a good sweat inducer when taken orally, especially helpful for catarrhal bronchitis, and valued as an expectorant by the Chinese and Javanese. Additionally, it is good for the stomach, helps with spasms, and promotes menstrual flow.

The camphorous odor of the plant suggested to me its application as an antiseptic lotion for varicose ulcers and my results have been very satisfactory. The infusion for internal use is 30 grams to the liter of water.

The strong smell of the plant made me think it could be used as an antiseptic lotion for varicose ulcers, and my results have been very good. The infusion for internal use is 30 grams per liter of water.

Botanical Description.—A woody plant 6–9° high. Leaves 1° long, 3′ wide, oblong, lanceolate, acutely serrate, rugose, soft, downy, whitish. Flowers yellow in panicles. Involucre conical, of many linear scales, enclosing 15 or more hermaphrodite disk-flowers and several pistillate ray-flowers. Hermaphrodite: corolla infundibuliform, 5-toothed. Pistillate: corolla very minute, infundibuliform, obscurely 4-toothed. One seed crowned with a simple hairy pappus.

Plant Description.—A woody plant 6–9 feet tall. Leaves are 1 inch long, 3 inches wide, oblong, lance-shaped, sharply serrated, wrinkled, soft, downy, and whitish. Flowers are yellow in clusters. The involucre is cone-shaped, made up of many linear scales, enclosing 15 or more hermaphrodite disk flowers and several female ray flowers. Hermaphrodite flowers have a bell-shaped corolla with 5 teeth. Female flowers have a very small, bell-shaped corolla with faintly 4 teeth. One seed is topped with a simple hairy pappus.

Habitat.—Grows universally in the islands and is well known. Blooms in January.

Ecosystem.—Grows everywhere in the islands and is well known. Blooms in January.

Sphœranthus Indicus, L. (S. hirtus, Willd.; S. mollis, Roxb.)

Nom. Vulg.—Sambog̃-gala, Tag.

Uses.—This plant seems to possess anthelmintic properties and for this purpose it is administered in powder, 2–4 grams with a little molasses or syrup. It is bitter and aromatic and is given in diseases of the stomach and intestines for its tonic and stimulant effect. The odor of the drug is transmitted to both urine and sweat. In India it is used in “bilious diseases” and to dissipate all sorts of tumors. The Hindoos cook it with flour, lard and sugar and eat the mixture as a tonic and to prevent gray hair and baldness. They also give the seed, fried in oil, as an aphrodisiac. The aqueous distillate is a [152]good preparation as it contains the active principle of the plant, a yellow, viscid, essential oil.

Applications.—This plant seems to have anthelmintic properties and is used for this purpose in powdered form, 2–4 grams with a bit of molasses or syrup. It has a bitter and aromatic taste and is given for stomach and intestinal diseases because of its tonic and stimulant effects. The smell of the drug can be detected in both urine and sweat. In India, it is used for “bilious diseases” and to help reduce various tumors. The Hindus cook it with flour, lard, and sugar and consume the mixture as a tonic to prevent gray hair and baldness. They also provide the seeds, fried in oil, as an aphrodisiac. The aqueous distillate is a [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]good preparation since it contains the plant's active principle, a yellow, sticky essential oil.

Botanical Description.—A plant about 1° high, stem and branches bearing 3 serrate wings. Leaves premorse, lanceolate, decurrent, downy. Flowers white, in a globose head, divided into 50 or more groups each with its own calyx of 9 or 10 leaflets surrounding 2 or 3 hermaphrodite, 5-toothed, campanulate flowers. Anthers 5, united. Style 1, thick at extremity. Stigma none. Corolla of pistillate flowers very minute, with 3 obscure teeth. Stigma of 2 down-curved divisions. One seed, 4-angled, imbricated.

Plant Description.—A plant about 1 foot high, with a stem and branches that have 3 serrated wings. The leaves are notched, lance-shaped, and fuzzy. The flowers are white, forming a round head divided into 50 or more clusters, each with its own calyx of 9 or 10 leaflets surrounding 2 or 3 hermaphrodite flowers that have 5 teeth and are bell-shaped. There are 5 anthers that are fused together. There is 1 style that is thick at the tip. There is no stigma. The corolla of the female flowers is very small, with 3 vague teeth. The stigma has 2 downward-curving parts. There is one seed that is 4-angled and layered.

Habitat.—The rice fields. Blooms in January.

Ecosystem.—The rice fields. Flowers in January.

Spilanthes Acmella, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Hagonog, Tag.; Agonoy, Sp.-Fil., Vis.(?); Palunay, Pam.

Uses.—Some native herb-doctors use the root as a purgative, giving a decoction of 4–8 grams to a cup of water. The infusion is used locally for itch and psoriasis. Internally it has a diuretic effect and is reputed to be a solvent of vesical calculi. The leaf juice and the bruised leaves are applied to wounds and atonic ulcers. These leaves with those of “sambon” and “sampaloc” (tamarind) are used to prepare aromatic baths for convalescents, rheumatics and pregnant women.

Uses.—Some local herbal healers use the root as a laxative, preparing a decoction of 4–8 grams in a cup of water. The infusion is applied topically for itching and psoriasis. Taken internally, it acts as a diuretic and is believed to help dissolve bladder stones. The juice from the leaves and crushed leaves are applied to wounds and sluggish ulcers. These leaves, along with those of “sambon” and “sampaloc” (tamarind), are used to create aromatic baths for recovering patients, people with rheumatism, and pregnant women.

Botanical Description.—A plant with stem drooping, square, grooved, covered with drops of gum resin. Leaves opposite, cordate, oval, lanceolate, serrate, 3 prominent nerves covered with short down. Petioles short, grooved. Flowers yellow, in a sort of umbel, with 3 or more flowerets on long peduncles. Common calyx, 9–11 narrow sepals, concave, fleshy, in 2 rows. Hermaphrodite disk-flowers 40 or more. Corolla tubular, 5-toothed. Anthers longer than corolla. Pistil longer than stamens. Style bifid. Pistillate flowers, 15 or more, forming the rays. Corolla monopetalous, 3-toothed. Style and [153]stigma as in hermaphrodite flowers. Seeds of hermaphrodite flowers quadrangular, crowned by one long awn, and the rudiment of another. Seeds of ray flowers small and sometimes flattened, 2 awns, of which one alone lengthens and becomes conspicuous. Receptacle covered with concave scales.

Plant Description.—A plant with a drooping, square, grooved stem covered in drops of gum resin. The leaves are opposite, heart-shaped, oval, lance-shaped, and serrated, with three prominent veins covered in short fuzz. The petioles are short and grooved. The flowers are yellow, arranged in a sort of umbel, with three or more florets on long stalks. The common calyx has 9–11 narrow, concave, fleshy sepals arranged in 2 rows. There are 40 or more hermaphroditic disk flowers. The corolla is tubular and has 5 teeth. The anthers are longer than the corolla. The pistil is longer than the stamens, and the style is split. The pistillate flowers form the rays, with 15 or more present. The corolla is single-petaled and has 3 teeth. The style and [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] stigma are the same as in the hermaphroditic flowers. The seeds from the hermaphroditic flowers are quadrangular, topped with one long awn and the beginnings of another. The seeds from the ray flowers are small and sometimes flattened, with 2 awns, one of which elongates and becomes noticeable. The receptacle is covered with concave scales.

Habitat.—Grows along the shores of the sea and of rivers. It is very well known.

Ecosystem.—Grows along the shores of the ocean and rivers. It is very well known.

Artemisia vulgaris, L. (A. Indica, Willd.)

Nom. Vulg.—Ka-María, Santa María, Tinisas, Tag.; Indian Wormwood, Indo-Eng.

Uses.—The native women use the infusion of its aromatic leaves to induce menstruation. It is also used as an abortifacient, but is too mild a uterine stimulant to be reliable for that purpose. Its stomachic and tonic properties are common knowledge in the Philippines. The Hindoos use it for those effects and as an antispasmodic in amenorrhœa and hysteria. Dr. Wight states that the leaves and tops are useful in nervous troubles resulting from debility and that a decoction of them makes a good fomentation for phagedenic ulcers.

Applications.—The local women brew an infusion from its fragrant leaves to promote menstruation. It's also used as an abortive method, but it's too mild as a uterine stimulant to be trustworthy for that purpose. Its digestive and tonic benefits are well-known in the Philippines. People in India use it for these effects as well as an antispasmodic for conditions like amenorrhea and hysteria. Dr. Wight notes that the leaves and tops are helpful for nervous issues caused by weakness and that a decoction of them makes an effective poultice for phagedenic ulcers.

The infusion is prepared in the proportion of 10–30 grams of leaves to 1 liter of water and the powdered leaves are given in doses of 4–8 grams; the aqueous extract 30–40 grams a day. For amenorrhœa the drug is given daily for a week preceding the menstrual date.

The infusion is made with 10–30 grams of leaves per 1 liter of water, and the powdered leaves are taken in doses of 4–8 grams; the aqueous extract is taken at 30–40 grams a day. For amenorrhea, the drug is taken daily for a week before the expected menstrual date.

Botanical Description.—A plant 3° high, stem straight, woody, square toward ends of branches. Leaves alternate, tomentose, decurrent, divided in several places, medium lanceolate. Flowers straw-colored, in axillary and terminal, 1-ranked spikes. Common calyx cylindrical, 2 circles of oval, scarious leaflets around its border, 11 hermaphrodite disk-flowers and about 5 pistillate ray-flowers. Hermaphrodite: Corolla bell-shaped, 5 obtuse teeth; stigmas 2, bent to the sides. Pistillate: Corolla diminutive, 5 toothlets; anther none; stigmas 2. [154]Seeds of both small and quadrate, smaller in the latter. Receptacle nude.

Plant Description.—A plant 3° tall, with a straight, woody stem that is square at the ends of the branches. The leaves are alternate, fuzzy, and extend down the stem, divided in several places, and are medium lanceolate in shape. The flowers are straw-colored and grow in axillary and terminal spikes that are arranged in one row. The common calyx is cylindrical, featuring two circles of oval, thin leaflets around its edge, with 11 hermaphrodite disk flowers and about 5 female ray flowers. For the hermaphrodite flowers: the corolla is bell-shaped with 5 blunt teeth, and there are 2 stigmas that bend to the sides. For the female flowers: the corolla is small with 5 tiny teeth, has no anthers, and features 2 stigmas. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] The seeds are both small and square, with the square ones being the smaller variety. The receptacle is bare.

Habitat.—Grows throughout the islands and is well known.

Ecosystem.—It grows all over the islands and is widely recognized.

Carthamus tinctorius, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Azafrán de la tierra, Sp.; Biri, Kasubha, Katsumba, Lago, Tag.; Kasabba, Vis.; Kasubha, Kastumba, Pam.; Bastard Saffron, Dyer’s Safflower, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Earth Saffron, Sp.; Biri, Kasubha, Katsumba, Lago, Tag.; Kasabba, Vis.; Kasubha, Kastumba, Pam.; Bastard Saffron, Dyer’s Safflower, Eng.

Uses.—This plant must not be confounded with Curcuma longa, L., whose tuber is also frequently called saffron (azafrán), and is used to color food.

Uses.—This plant should not be confused with Curcuma longa, L., whose root is also often referred to as saffron (azafrán) and is used to color food.

The flower is the part employed as a condiment coloring the food yellow. Some use them internally in doses of 4 grams to cure icterus. The leaves coagulate milk. The seeds are purgative in dose of 8–16 grams, bruised and taken in emulsion, or 15–30 grams in decoction.

The flower is used as a spice to color food yellow. Some people consume it internally in doses of 4 grams to treat jaundice. The leaves can curdle milk. The seeds act as a laxative in doses of 8–16 grams, when crushed and taken in a mixture, or 15–30 grams when brewed in a decoction.

The following is the chemical analysis of the plant:

Yellow coloring matter, soluble	26.1–36.0
Carthamic acid	0.3– 0.6
Extractive matter	3.6– 6.5
Albumin	1.5– 8.0
Wax	0.6– 1.5
Cellulose, pectin	38.4–56.0
Silica	1.0– 8.4
Oxide of iron, aluminum, oxide of manganese	0.4– 4.6

(Salvetat.)

Botanical Description.—A plant 3° high, root gray and spindle-shaped. Stem straight, few branches. Leaves scattered, sessile, partially embracing the stem, lanceolate, serrate with hooked teeth. Flowers yellow, terminal in a sort of corymb. Common calyx semiglobose, with imbricated scales, the border often bearing thorns; numerous hermaphrodite disk [155]flowers, with corolla very long, funnel-form, 5-toothed. Style longer than the stamens. Stigma bifid. Seed large, lacking pappus.

Plant Description.—A plant 3° tall, with a gray, spindle-shaped root. The stem is straight with few branches. The leaves are scattered, stem-less, partially wrapping around the stem, lance-shaped, and serrated with hooked teeth. The flowers are yellow, found at the top in a sort of cluster. The common calyx is semi-spherical, with overlapping scales, and the edge often has thorns; there are many hermaphrodite disk [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]flowers, with a very long, funnel-shaped corolla that has 5 teeth. The style is longer than the stamens. The stigma is split. The seed is large and lacks a pappus.

Habitat.—Cultivated in the gardens.

Habitat.—Grown in gardens.

Plumbagineæ.

Leadwort Family.

Plumbago Zeylanica, L. (P. viscosa, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Sagdikit, Tag.; Bagbag, Talankaw, Iloc.; White-flowered Leadwort, Eng.

Uses.—The root is vesicant and is used by the natives for this purpose. (P. rosea, L., common in India, is more powerful. The Pharmacopœia of India states that both species are worthy of further investigation.) According to the Sanscrit authors it increases the appetite and is useful in dyspepsia, piles, dropsy, diarrhœa and skin diseases. The Filipinos use the infusion locally for itch with good results. A favorite medicine of the Hindoos for flatulence is the old recipe of Susrutas, composed of equal parts of the following substances in powder:

Uses.—The root acts as a skin irritant and is used by the local people for this purpose. (P. rosea, L., which is common in India, is more potent. The Pharmacopœia of India notes that both species deserve more study.) According to ancient Sanskrit texts, it boosts appetite and is beneficial for indigestion, hemorrhoids, fluid retention, diarrhea, and skin conditions. The Filipinos use the infusion locally for treating itch with successful results. A popular remedy among the Hindus for flatulence is an old recipe from Susrutas, consisting of equal parts of the following powdered substances:

Leadwort root, root of Cissampelos Pareira, Picrorrhiza kurroa,1 Aconitum heterophyllum,1 and Terminalia Chebula in dose of 4 grams a day.

Leadwort root, from Cissampelos Pareira, Picrorrhiza kurroa,1 Aconitum heterophyllum,1 and Terminalia Chebula, should be taken at a dose of 4 grams a day.

Dr. Oswald has employed the alcoholic tincture of leadwort in the intermittents, with satisfactory results, and claims that it is a powerful diaphoretic.2 The mashed root is mixed with rice flour and made into a caustic paste to apply to buboes, destroy warts, etc. Women also use the scraped root to induce abortion, introducing it through the vagina into the os uteri. This practice should be strongly condemned on account of its dangerous consequences—metritis, peritonitis and often death. [156]

Dr. Oswald has used the alcoholic tincture of leadwort for intermittent conditions, with good results, and claims that it's a strong diaphoretic. 2 The mashed root is combined with rice flour to create a caustic paste for applying to buboes, removing warts, and so on. Women also use the scraped root to induce abortion by inserting it vaginally into the os uteri. This practice should be strongly condemned due to its dangerous consequences—metritis, peritonitis, and often death. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

The chemical composition of the root has been studied by Dulong.3 It includes a non-nitrogenous principle, plumbagin, existing in the form of orange-yellow needles, bitter, acrid, volatile, neutral, slightly soluble in cold water, more soluble in ether, alcohol and hot water. The aqueous solution becomes cherry-red on the addition of an alkali, which color is changed to yellow by acids. Basic acetate of lead causes the same color change.

The chemical makeup of the root has been examined by Dulong.3 It contains a non-nitrogen compound called plumbagin, which appears as orange-yellow needles. It has a bitter, acrid, volatile nature, is neutral, and is slightly soluble in cold water, but more soluble in ether, alcohol, and hot water. When an alkali is added to the aqueous solution, it turns cherry-red, which changes to yellow when acids are introduced. Basic acetate of lead causes the same color transformation.

Botanical Description.—Plant with stem declined, angular. Leaves lanceolate, entire, rather downy. Petioles at their base embrace the stem. Flowers white, in axillary spikes. Individual involucres, 3 oval leaflets, the lower larger. Calyx long, cleft almost to the base in 5 lineal parts thickly set with small glands, exuding a sticky gum. Corolla salver-shaped, the tube long, square, throat bare, limb divided into 5 obovate parts, ending in stylets. Stamens 5, inserted near the base of the corolla, almost as long as the tube. Style a little shorter than the stamens. Stigma, 5 parts. One long seed enclosed within the calyx, pentangular, covered with a membranaceous skin.

Plant Description.—The plant has a bent stem with angular edges. The leaves are lance-shaped, smooth-edged, and somewhat hairy. The petioles at the base wrap around the stem. The flowers are white and grow in clusters at the axils. Each flower has an involucre made up of 3 oval leaflets, with the lower one being larger. The calyx is long, split almost to the base into 5 linear sections, densely covered with small glands that release a sticky gum. The corolla is salver-shaped, with a long square tube and a bare throat; its limb is divided into 5 obovate sections ending in style-like extensions. There are 5 stamens attached near the base of the corolla, nearly as long as the tube. The style is slightly shorter than the stamens. The stigma has 5 parts. There is one long seed enclosed in the calyx, shaped like a pentagon, and covered with a thin membrane.

Habitat.—In Tanauan (Batangas).

Habitat.—In Tanauan, Batangas.

Sapotaceæ.

Sapodilla Family.

Achras Sapota, L.

Chikoo, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Chico, Sp.-Fil.; Tsiku, Tag.

Uses.—The chico is one of the popular fruits of the Philippines, much appreciated by Europeans as well as the natives. When not entirely ripe it yields a resinous juice that sticks to the lips and affords a disagreeable taste; but when once thoroughly ripe it has a slightly vinous, sweetish taste and is easily digested. Therapeutically its seeds are used as a diuretic, but [157]large doses should be avoided as they contain a small proportion of hydrocyanic acid. The proper dose is 5–6 mashed seeds in sweetened water. They contain, in addition to the above, a fatty substance of the consistency of butter.

Applications.—The chico is one of the popular fruits in the Philippines, enjoyed by both Europeans and locals. When it's not fully ripe, it produces a sticky resinous juice that leaves a bad taste; however, when it’s completely ripe, it has a slightly sweet, wine-like flavor and is easy to digest. Medicinally, its seeds are used as a diuretic, but [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]large amounts should be avoided because they contain a small amount of hydrocyanic acid. The recommended dose is 5–6 crushed seeds mixed in sweetened water. They also have a fatty substance that has a butter-like consistency.

The trunk bark is tonic and febrifuge; Mr. Bernon4 has isolated from it a crystalline alkaloid, sapotine, soluble in ether, chloroform or alcohol, but not in water; a large per cent. of sapotanic acid and two resins.

The trunk bark is a tonic and helps reduce fevers; Mr. Bernon4 has extracted a crystalline alkaloid called sapotine, which dissolves in ether, chloroform, or alcohol, but not in water; it also contains a significant amount of sapotanic acid and two types of resins.

The trunk exudes, when incised, a milky resin, closely resembling guttapercha and possibly susceptible of the same uses.

The trunk releases a milky resin when cut, which closely resembles gutta-percha and might be useful in similar ways.

Botanical Description.—Trees, about 11° high, with leaves lanceolate, keeled, entire, glabrous. Flowers pure white, solitary or by twos, terminal, very long peduncles. Calyx, 6 sepals, 3 within the others, inferior persistent. Corolla jug-shaped, the border divided into 12 parts, the 6 smaller ones alternating and within the others. Stamens 6, inserted near the border of the inner petals and opposite the outer circle. Filaments very short. Style long. Stigma obtuse, fruit globose, resembling a small pear, russet brown, crowned with the hardened style, more than 10 compartments, each containing a seed. Seed oval, flattened, joined to a central fleshy axis.

Plant Details.—Trees, about 11 feet tall, with lance-shaped, smooth leaves. Flowers are pure white, either single or in pairs, at the ends of very long stems. The calyx has 6 sepals, with 3 situated inside the others, and is persistently attached. The corolla is shaped like a jug, with the edge divided into 12 sections, where the 6 smaller ones alternate and sit inside the larger ones. There are 6 stamens, positioned near the edge of the inner petals, opposite the outer circle. The filaments are very short. The style is long. The stigma is blunt, and the fruit is round, resembling a small pear, russet brown in color, topped with the hardened style, containing more than 10 compartments, each with a seed. The seed is oval, flattened, and attached to a central fleshy core.

Habitat.—Common all over the Archipelago. Blooms in April.

Ecosystem.—Found throughout the Archipelago. Flowers in April.

Mimusops Elengi, L.

Mimusops elengi, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Kabiki, Tag.

Uses.—Its flowers are fragrant and generally well known. The trunk bark is astringent, and in decoction is given by mouth for fevers and diarrhœa. Locally is used as an injection for blenorrhœa, as a gargle for sore throat or relaxed uvula, and a mouth wash to harden the gums. Horsfield states that the Javanese use it as a tonic and antiperiodic. In India an aqueous distillate is employed as a perfume and therapeutically as a stimulant. In Concan they chew the green fruit for toothache [158]and to harden relaxed gums. The decoction of the green fruit serves the same purpose and besides is used to wash wounds and ulcers.

Uses.—Its flowers are fragrant and widely recognized. The bark of the trunk is astringent, and when prepared as a decoction, it’s taken orally for fevers and diarrhea. Locally, it’s used as an injection for blenorrhea, as a gargle for sore throats or a relaxed uvula, and as a mouthwash to strengthen the gums. Horsfield notes that the Javanese use it as a tonic and to prevent recurring fevers. In India, a water distillate is used as a perfume and for its therapeutic stimulant effects. In Concan, they chew the green fruit for toothache and to strengthen loose gums [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__], and the decoction of the green fruit is used for the same reasons, as well as to wash wounds and ulcers.

Botanical Description.—A large ornamental tree with leaves alternate, oblong, coriaceous, green. Flowers small, straw-colored, star-shaped, very fragrant. Calyx, 8 sepals. Corolla gamopetalous, 16 oblong, lanceolate divisions. Stamens 8, free, short, alternating with 8 petaloid, conical, pubescent staminodia. Ovary free, many ovules. Fruit fleshy, oval, smooth, yellow when ripe, with one or several locules according to the number of matured seeds. Seeds solitary, oblong, flattened.

Plant Description.—A large decorative tree with alternate, oblong, leathery green leaves. The flowers are small, straw-colored, star-shaped, and very fragrant. The calyx has 8 sepals. The corolla is gamopetalous, made up of 16 oblong, lance-shaped segments. There are 8 short, free stamens that alternate with 8 petaloid, conical, fuzzy staminodia. The ovary is free with many ovules. The fruit is fleshy, oval, smooth, and turns yellow when ripe, containing one or several chambers depending on the number of seeds that mature. The seeds are single, oblong, and flattened.

Habitat.—Cultivated in the gardens.

Habitat.—Grown in the gardens.

Oleaceæ.

Olive Family.

Olive family.

Jasminum Sambac, Aiton. (Nyctanthes Sambac, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Sampaga, Tag.; Sampaguitas, Sp.-Fil.; Arabian Jasmin, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Sampaga, Tag.; Sampaguitas, Sp.-Fil.; Arabian Jasmine, Eng.

Uses.—The flower is the most popular and beloved of any in the Philippines (and is commonly referred to as the national flower). In decoction it is used as an eye-wash in catarrhal conjunctivitis. In India the flowers and the leaves have a merited reputation as a lactifuge; 2 handfuls of flowers bruised and applied without moistening, once or twice a day, sometimes checks the secretion of the milk within 24 hours, but generally 2 or 3 days are required for a complete effect.

Uses.—The flower is the most popular and cherished among all in the Philippines (and is commonly known as the national flower). It is used in a decoction as an eye wash for catarrhal conjunctivitis. In India, the flowers and leaves are well-known for their ability to reduce milk supply; applying 2 handfuls of bruised flowers without wetting them, once or twice a day, can sometimes stop milk production within 24 hours, but usually takes 2 to 3 days for full effect.

Botanical Description.—Stems scarcely climbing, flattened, pubescent. Leaves opposite, cordate base, lanceolate-ovate, entire, glabrous. Flowers in small, close clusters, white, fragrant. Calyx-teeth 8–9, long and awl-shaped. Corolla, long tube, 7–8 rounded lobes. Stamens 2. Style 1. Stigma cleft in 2 laminæ. [159]

Plant Description.—Stems barely climbing, flattened, and covered in fine hairs. Leaves are opposite, heart-shaped at the base, lanceolate-ovate, smooth, and without hair. Flowers appear in small, closely packed clusters, white, and fragrant. The calyx has 8–9 long, needle-like teeth. The corolla forms a long tube with 7–8 rounded lobes. There are 2 stamens. There is 1 style. The stigma is split into 2 lobes. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Apocynaceæ.

Dogbane Family.

Apocynaceae Family.

Allamanda cathartica, L.

Allamanda cathartica, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Not known.

Nom. Vulg.—Unknown.

Uses.—As this plant has no common name in the Philippines it is most probable that the natives do not use it. The Portuguese introduced it into India from Brazil. A decoction of the leaves is purgative and is used in lead colic. The milky juice of the plant is emetic and cathartic in large doses, but simply laxative when given in doses of 8 or 10 drops. On account of its possible violent cathartic action great prudence should be exercised in prescribing it.

Uses.—Since this plant doesn’t have a common name in the Philippines, it's likely that the locals don’t use it. The Portuguese brought it to India from Brazil. A tea made from the leaves acts as a laxative and is used for lead colic. The milky sap of the plant can induce vomiting and act as a strong laxative in large doses, but it’s only mildly laxative when taken in doses of 8 or 10 drops. Because it can have a powerful laxative effect, caution should be taken when prescribing it.

Botanical Description.—A twining shrub with leaves in fours, bright green, oblong, covered with rough hairs. Flowers in compound spikes, yellow. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla 5-lobed, funnel-form. Stamens 5, inserted in throat of corolla, which above them is closed by a crown of hairs. Ovary 1-celled with 2 many-ovuled placentæ. Style cylindrical, terminating in a bilobulate cone. Capsule globular, about the size of a pea, black, coriaceous, thorny, bivalvate. Seeds numerous, each encircled by a broad membranous wing.

Plant Description.—A climbing shrub with leaves in groups of four, bright green, and oblong, covered in rough hairs. Flowers are arranged in compound spikes, and they are yellow. The calyx has 5 teeth. The corolla is 5-lobed and funnel-shaped. There are 5 stamens attached in the throat of the corolla, which is closed above them by a crown of hairs. The ovary is one-celled with 2 multi-ovulated placentas. The style is cylindrical and ends in a bilobed cone. The capsule is globular, about the size of a pea, black, leathery, thorny, and opens in two halves. The seeds are numerous, each surrounded by a broad membranous wing.

Habitat.—In Calauang and other parts of Luzon and Panay.

Ecosystem.—In Calauang and other areas of Luzon and Panay.

Thevetia nerifolia, Suss. (Cerbera Thevetia, L. and Blanco)

Nom. Vulg.—Campanelo, Sp.-Fil.; Exile or Yellow Oleander, Eng.

Uses.—This shrub is very common in gardens, well known by its pretty yellow, bell-shaped flowers. The trunk bark possesses antiperiodic properties first described by Descourtilz and confirmed later by Dr. G. Bidie and Dr. J. Short. Both the latter used the tincture in 10–15-drop doses 3 times a [160]day. This tincture was prepared by macerating for one week in 150 grams of alcohol 30 grams of fresh bark finely divided. This preparation operates as an emetic and purgative in doses of 30–60 drops. It is evident that the plant possesses very active, even poisonous properties and should be employed with great caution. The decoction of the bark is given as an emetic and cathartic, but very imprudently because there is no means of determining the quantity of active principle, shown by chemical analysis to be a dangerous product.

Applications.—This shrub is very common in gardens and is well known for its beautiful yellow, bell-shaped flowers. The bark of the trunk has antiperiodic properties, first described by Descourtilz and later confirmed by Dr. G. Bidie and Dr. J. Short. Both of them used the tincture in doses of 10–15 drops three times a [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]day. This tincture was made by soaking 30 grams of finely chopped fresh bark in 150 grams of alcohol for one week. It acts as an emetic and purgative in doses of 30–60 drops. It's clear that the plant has very strong, even toxic properties and should be used with great care. The bark's decoction is administered as an emetic and cathartic, but this is very risky because there's no reliable way to measure the amount of active ingredient, which chemical analysis shows to be a dangerous substance.

The fruit is very bitter and acrid. The seeds yield by expression 35 to 41% oil (De Vry) and 57% when treated with benzol. It has an agreeable odor resembling that of sweet almonds, its density is 0.9148 at 25° and it is perfectly clear and transparent at that temperature. At 15° it thickens and at 13° solidifies. According to Oudemans it consists of 63% triolein and 37% tripalmin and tristearin; it is not poisonous. After expression De Vry obtained from the caked residue 4% of a crystalline glucoside called by him thevetin. Blas, of the Academy of Medicine of Belgium, studied it later and described it as a white powder of small colorless scales, odorless, very bitter, soluble at 14° in 122 parts of water, in alcohol, in crystallizable acetic acid, insoluble in ether; formula C₅₄H₃₄O₂₄. Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves it, producing a dark red color that changes to cherry red and then after several hours to violet. The color disappears if water be added. Boiled in acid solution the glucoside changes to a new substance, theveresin (C₄₈H₇₀O₁₇), white, amorphous, slightly soluble in boiling water and in alcohol, insoluble in benzine or chloroform, soluble in alkalies, very bitter. Both substances are energetic narcotic poisons; but the plant contains another even more powerful poison isolated by Warden, of Calcutta; it does not form crystals, it is very bitter, freely soluble in water, and is turned yellow by sulphuric and nitric acids.

The fruit is very bitter and sharp. The seeds produce 35 to 41% oil when pressed (De Vry) and up to 57% when treated with benzene. It has a pleasant scent similar to sweet almonds, with a density of 0.9148 at 25°, and is completely clear and transparent at that temperature. At 15°, it thickens, and at 13°, it solidifies. According to Oudemans, it contains 63% triolein and 37% tripalmitin and tristearin; it is not toxic. After pressing, De Vry obtained 4% of a crystalline glucoside from the remaining solid, which he named thevetin. Blas, from the Academy of Medicine of Belgium, later studied it and described it as a white powder with small colorless scales, odorless, very bitter, soluble at 14° in 122 parts of water, in alcohol, and in crystallizable acetic acid, but insoluble in ether; its formula is C₅₄H₃₄O₂₄. Concentrated sulfuric acid dissolves it, creating a dark red color that shifts to cherry red and eventually to violet after several hours. The color fades if water is added. When boiled in an acidic solution, the glucoside transforms into a new substance, theveresin (C₄₈H₇₀O₁₇), which is white, amorphous, slightly soluble in boiling water and alcohol, and insoluble in benzene or chloroform, but soluble in alkalies, and is very bitter. Both substances are potent narcotic poisons; however, the plant also harbors an even stronger poison isolated by Warden in Calcutta, which does not form crystals, is very bitter, readily soluble in water, and turns yellow when exposed to sulfuric and nitric acids.

Thevetin and theveresin exercise a marked toxic effect on the [161]heart. The former induces emetic and cathartic phenomena, trembling and progressive weakness. The latter does not cause vomiting or diarrhœa, but anæsthesia and rigidity of the limbs. Both poisons arrest the heart in systole. Injected hypodermically they are irritant, are eliminated by the liver, but are not found in the urine.

Thevetin and theveresin have a significant toxic effect on the [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]heart. The first triggers vomiting and bowel movements, along with shaking and increasing weakness. The second doesn’t cause vomiting or diarrhea, but leads to numbness and stiff limbs. Both toxins cause the heart to stop beating during contraction. When injected under the skin, they irritate, are processed by the liver, but do not appear in the urine.

Botanical Description.—A shrub, about 10° high, with leaves nearly sessile, somewhat bunched at the ends of the branches and overlapping, lanceolate, entire, glabrous. Flowers about 2′ long. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla straw-colored, cylindrical, very narrow below, but the limb very large, spreading into 5 lobes with greenish, superimposed borders. Stamens 5, inserted in the throat, anthers lanceolate. Ovaries 2, united at base, free above, unilocular. Style simple, enlarging at the base in a bilobed stigma. Fruit a fleshy drupe resembling somewhat a small apple, the pit very hard, semilunar, flattened, with 4 compartments and as many solitary seeds.

Plant Description.—A shrub, about 10 inches tall, with nearly stalkless leaves that are somewhat clustered at the tips of the branches and overlapping, lance-shaped, smooth-edged, and hairless. Flowers are about 2 inches long. The calyx has 5 teeth. The corolla is straw-colored, cylindrical, very narrow at the bottom, but the upper part is large, spreading into 5 lobes with greenish, overlapping edges. There are 5 stamens inserted in the throat, with lance-shaped anthers. The ovaries are 2, fused at the base, free above, and single-chambered. The style is simple, widening at the base into a 2-lobed stigma. The fruit is a fleshy drupe that resembles a small apple, with a very hard, crescent-shaped pit that is flattened, containing 4 compartments and as many single seeds.

Habitat.—Common in all gardens and on the seashore.

Ecosystem.—Found in all gardens and along the beach.

Cerbera Odallam, Gaertn. (C. manghas, Bl. & Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Toktok-kaló, Tag.

Uses.—The milky juice of the plant is emetic and purgative. The chemist De Vry has isolated from it a poisonous alkaloid analogous to “thevetin,” which has just been considered. The seeds are likewise emetic and toxic. The Javanese call the fruit “bimaro” and affirm that it possesses the same properties as “datura.” The bruised leaves are used locally for hepatic eruptions; the bark is used for the same purpose and is purgative.

Applications.—The milky sap of the plant induces vomiting and has a laxative effect. The chemist De Vry has extracted a toxic alkaloid from it that’s similar to “thevetin,” which we just discussed. The seeds are also known to cause vomiting and are toxic. The Javanese refer to the fruit as “bimaro” and believe it has the same effects as “datura.” The crushed leaves are applied locally for liver issues; the bark is used for the same purposes and acts as a laxative.

The use of the plant is dangerous and is condemned by the Pharmacopœia of India.

The use of the plant is risky and is disapproved by the Pharmacopœia of India.

Botanical Description.—A small shrub with forked branches. Leaves (overlapping) at ends of branches, lanceolate, entire, glabrous. Flowers in umbellate spikes. Calyx, 5 [162]caducous lobules. Corolla white, twisted, cylindrical, with salver-shaped limb divided in 5 rhomboid lobes, throat stellate and woolly. Stamens 5. Filaments joined to the corolla, their ends thickened. Anthers arrow-shaped. Ovary, 2 uniovulate locules. Style, same length as stamens. Stigma thick, conical, lobulate. Two drupes joined at the base (one usually aborted), brown, large, oval, fleshy, with woody fibrous nut of a single flattened seed.

Plant Details.—A small shrub with forked branches. Leaves (overlapping) at the ends of the branches, lance-shaped, smooth. Flowers are in umbrella-like clusters. The calyx has 5 [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]deciduous lobes. The corolla is white, twisted, cylindrical, with a bell-shaped part divided into 5 diamond-shaped lobes, and the throat is star-shaped and hairy. There are 5 stamens. The filaments are connected to the corolla, and their ends are thickened. The anthers are arrow-shaped. The ovary has 2 compartments with one egg each. The style is the same length as the stamens. The stigma is thick, cone-shaped, and lobed. There are two drupes joined at the base (usually one is aborted), brown, large, oval, fleshy, with a woody fibrous pit containing a single flattened seed.

Habitat.—Luzon. Blooms in July.

Plumeria acutifolia, Poir. (P. alba, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Calachuche, Sp.-Fil.; Kalatsutsi, Kalasusi, Tag.

Uses.—This tree, beloved for its fragrant flowers, has a wide therapeutic use in India and the Philippines. The bark is a bitter hydragogue cathartic and is given in decoction (5–10 grams to 200 water) principally for dropsy; however the milky juice of the trunk is preferable for this purpose, given in emulsion in doses of 0.50–0.80 grams. The bark and the tips of the branches are given as an emmenagogue.

Applications.—This tree, cherished for its fragrant flowers, has numerous medicinal uses in India and the Philippines. The bark acts as a bitter hydragogue cathartic and is usually prepared as a decoction (5–10 grams in 200 ml of water), primarily for treating dropsy; however, the milky sap from the trunk is more effective for this purpose and is given in emulsion in doses of 0.50–0.80 grams. The bark and the tips of the branches are used as an emmenagogue.

The bark of the root and of the trunk is an excellent remedy for blenorrhagia. The fresh bark is thoroughly comminuted and mixed with sweetened water in the proportion of 60 grams to 4 liters; this mixture is put in the sun for 4 days, and shaken from time to time. It is then strained and given in doses of 4–5 glassfuls a day, at the same time with refreshing and emollient drinks, and prolonged tepid baths. At first this preparation exerts a purgative action, but later acts upon the urinary organs, rapidly lessening the suppurative process in urethritis. The bark may also be associated with wine or beer, in the proportion of 30 grains to the liter, the dose being 2–4 small cupfuls a day and Dr. Grosourdy employs the extract of the bark in doses aggregating 0.20–0.25 gram a day, gradually increased till at the end of a week 6 grams are taken daily (Dr. J. Amadeo). [163]

The bark of the root and trunk is a great remedy for blenorrhagia. The fresh bark is finely ground and mixed with sweetened water in a ratio of 60 grams to 4 liters; this mixture is left in the sun for 4 days and shaken occasionally. It is then strained and taken in doses of 4–5 glassfuls a day, along with refreshing and soothing drinks and long warm baths. Initially, this preparation has a laxative effect but later targets the urinary organs, quickly reducing the pus-producing process in urethritis. The bark can also be mixed with wine or beer at a ratio of 30 grains per liter, and the dosage is 2–4 small cupfuls a day. Dr. Grosourdy uses the bark extract in doses totaling 0.20–0.25 gram daily, gradually increasing to 6 grams by the end of a week (Dr. J. Amadeo). [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

The bruised leaves are applied locally to contusions to reduce the swelling. The juice is used externally as a rubefacient in rheumatic affections of the joints. In Concan they use a decoction of the root for diarrhœa. The flower buds are chewed with buyo, for intermittent fever and the juice is applied locally for itch.

The crushed leaves are applied directly to bruises to help reduce swelling. The juice is used topically as a warming agent for joint pain from rheumatism. In Concan, they prepare a decoction of the root to treat diarrhea. The flower buds are chewed with buyo for intermittent fever, and the juice is applied locally to relieve itching.

Peckolt and Geuther isolated from the bark the glucoside, agoniadin (C₁₀H₁₄O₆), which crystallizes in silky crystals fusible at 155°, slightly soluble in water, alcohol, bisulphuret of carbon, ether and benzine; soluble in nitric or sulphuric acids. In solution it is a golden yellow soon changing to green. Boiled in a dilute acid it splits into glucose and an undetermined substance. Oudeman obtained plumieric acid (C₁₀H₁₀O₅) from the milky juice deprived of its resin; the acid exists as microscopic, needle-like crystals, soluble in boiling water, alcohol and ether. It melts and decomposes at 130°.

Peckolt and Geuther extracted the glucoside, agoniadin (C₁₀H₁₄O₆), from the bark, which crystallizes into silky crystals that melt at 155°, and are slightly soluble in water, alcohol, carbon disulfide, ether, and benzene; it is soluble in nitric or sulfuric acids. In solution, it appears golden yellow, quickly changing to green. When boiled in a dilute acid, it breaks down into glucose and an undetermined substance. Oudeman obtained plumieric acid (C₁₀H₁₀O₅) from the milky juice after removing its resin; the acid forms microscopic, needle-like crystals that dissolve in boiling water, alcohol, and ether. It melts and decomposes at 130°.

Botanical Description.—A tree, 12–18° high, commonly cultivated for ornament, well known in the islands, almost constantly bearing fragrant flowers, but rarely bearing fruit. Branches forked and peculiarly stumpy at the ends. Leaves alternate, broad lanceolate, entire, glabrous, the apices curved downward. Petioles short. Flowers creamy white, light yellow in the throat. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla twisted, funnel-form, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, hidden in depths of the tube. Anthers dart- or arrow-formed. Style very short, thickened above. Stigma 2-parted. Two horizontal, cylindrical and long follicles joined at their bases, with numerous seeds in hollow receptacles, each seed encircled by a wing.

Plant Description.—A tree, 12–18 feet high, commonly grown for decoration, well known in the islands, typically producing fragrant flowers, but rarely producing fruit. The branches are forked and have a uniquely stumpy appearance at the ends. The leaves are alternate, broad, lance-shaped, smooth, with tips that curve downward. The petioles are short. The flowers are creamy white, with a light yellow throat. The calyx has 5 teeth. The corolla is twisted, funnel-shaped, and has 5 lobes. There are 5 stamens, tucked away in the depths of the tube. The anthers are dart- or arrow-shaped. The style is very short and thickened at the top. The stigma is divided into 2 parts. There are two horizontal, long, cylindrical follicles joined at their bases, containing numerous seeds in hollow cavities, with each seed surrounded by a wing.

Alstonia scholaris, Br. (Echites scholaris, L. and Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Dita, Tag.; Dallopawen, Iloc.; Dita or Alstonia Tree, Eng.

Uses.—The trunk bark is a febrifuge of great importance; it is official in the Pharmacopœia of India and is widely used [164]in the Philippines. Personally I have had occasion to use it in several cases of malarial fever in the town of San Mateo near Manila. It is astringent, anthelmintic and antiperiodic, highly useful in chronic diarrhœa and dysentery, not only for its astringent effects but for its tonic and restorative action. As a tonic it gives as good results as quinine. The dry powdered bark is given internally in wafers of 20–30 centigrams. The infusion is prepared from 15 grams of the dry comminuted bark to 300 of water. The dose is 30–60 grams 2 or 3 times a day.

Applications.—The trunk bark is a highly important fever reducer; it is listed in the Pharmacopœia of India and is widely used [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]in the Philippines. I have personally used it in several cases of malaria in the town of San Mateo near Manila. It has astringent, anti-parasitic, and anti-periodic properties, making it very effective for chronic diarrhea and dysentery, not just for its astringent effects but also for its tonic and restorative qualities. As a tonic, it delivers results as good as quinine. The dry powdered bark is taken internally in doses of 20–30 centigrams. The infusion is made from 15 grams of the dry ground bark mixed with 300 grams of water. The dose is 30–60 grams taken 2 or 3 times a day.

Another convenient preparation is the tincture, 75 grams of the powdered bark macerated 7 days in 500 grams of alcohol, shaking from time to time. It is then filtered and enough alcohol added to make up the 500 cc. The dose is 4–8 grams a day.

Another easy preparation is the tincture, made by soaking 75 grams of the powdered bark in 500 grams of alcohol for 7 days, shaking it occasionally. After that, it gets filtered, and enough alcohol is added to bring it up to 500 cc. The recommended dose is 4–8 grams a day.

I have often used the following wine as a tonic for convalescents and patients suffering from general debility: Finely powdered bark, 25 grams, muscatel or dry sherry one bottle; macerate a week, shaking every day, and filter; dose ½ wineglass with equal parts water a few minutes before each meal; children or very weak patients should take it after eating; it should always be diluted.

I have often used the following wine as a tonic for people recovering from illness and those feeling generally weak: 25 grams of finely powdered bark and one bottle of muscatel or dry sherry; let it sit for a week, shaking it every day, and then filter it. The dose is ½ a wineglass mixed with equal parts water a few minutes before each meal; children or very weak patients should have it after eating; it should always be diluted.

G. Grupe, a Manila pharmacist, treating the bark in 1883 by the same process as that used in the preparation of quinine, obtained a bitter substance which he named Ditaine. According to Grupe Dr. Pina used this substance with great success in the treatment of malarial fevers, but neither Grupe’s report nor Pina’s experiment are of any scientific value, inasmuch as they have neglected to mention the doses in which the so-called alkaloid was employed. Later analyses by Hesse and Jobst revealed several principles: two alkaloids ditamine (C₁₆H₁₉NO₂), soluble in ether; Ditaine or Echitamine (C₂₂H₂₈NO₄ + H₂O) insoluble in ether, soluble in water; acetic acid and two amorphous substances dextrogyrous in ethereal solution, one of them [165]a resin, Echicauchina (C₂₅H₄₀O₂), the other neutral, Echiretin (C₃₅H₅₆O₂); two crystallizable principles, dextrogyrous: Echicerin (C₃₀H₄₈O₂), Echitein (C₄₂H₇₀O₂) and Echitin (C₃₂H₅₂O₂).

G. Grupe, a pharmacist in Manila, treated the bark in 1883 using the same method as the preparation of quinine, and discovered a bitter substance he named Ditaine. Grupe claimed that Dr. Pina successfully used this substance to treat malarial fevers, but neither Grupe’s report nor Pina’s experimentation holds any scientific value since they failed to mention the dosages in which the so-called alkaloid was used. Later analyses conducted by Hesse and Jobst identified several components: two alkaloids, ditamine (C₁₆H₁₉NO₂), which is soluble in ether; Ditaine or Echitamine (C₂₂H₂₈NO₄ + H₂O), which is insoluble in ether but soluble in water; acetic acid; and two amorphous substances that are dextrorotatory in ethereal solution, one of them [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__], a resin, Echicauchina (C₂₅H₄₀O₂), and the other neutral, Echiretin (C₃₅H₅₆O₂); along with two crystallizable and dextrorotatory principles: Echicerin (C₃₀H₄₈O₂), Echitein (C₄₂H₇₀O₂), and Echitin (C₃₂H₅₂O₂).

Ditaine is employed under the same circumstances and in the same dose as quinine. (The Hindoo writer, K. L. Dey, states that the plant yields an inferior quality of gutta-percha.)

Ditaine is used under the same conditions and in the same dosage as quinine. (The Hindu author, K. L. Dey, notes that the plant produces a lower quality of gutta-percha.)

Botanical Description.—A tree, 50 or more feet high, the trunk covered with small eminences resembling the scars of thorns. Branches radiating. Leaves radiating, 5, 6 or more, somewhat elliptical in form, pointed at the apex. Petioles very short, with a pointed glandule on the inner surface of the base. Flowers white, terminal, in umbellate racemes. Calyx very short, 5-toothed. Corolla twisted, tubular, the limb 5-lobuled; throat open, encircled with down. Stamens 5, hidden within the throat and inserted on the tube. Filaments almost wanting. Anthers arrow-shaped. Style as long as the stamens, somewhat flattened, a scarcely visible line throughout its length. Stigma bifid, placed above a cylindrical zone, two follicles, 1° long and 1″ thick, twisted like a string, containing the seeds in a row. Seeds cylindrical with a hairy awn at both ends.

Plant Description.—A tree that stands 50 feet or more tall, with a trunk covered in small bumps that look like thorn scars. The branches radiate outward. The leaves also radiate, typically 5 to 6 or more, and are somewhat oval-shaped with pointed tips. The petioles are very short, featuring a pointed gland on the inner base. The flowers are white, located at the ends of branches, arranged in umbrella-like clusters. The calyx is very short and has 5 teeth. The corolla is twisted and tubular, with a 5-lobed opening; the throat is open and surrounded by fine hairs. There are 5 stamens, which are concealed within the throat and attached to the tube. The filaments are nearly absent. The anthers are shaped like arrows. The style is the same length as the stamens, slightly flattened, with a barely visible line running along its length. The stigma is split and sits above a cylindrical area, with two follicles that are 1° long and 1″ thick, twisted like a string, containing seeds arranged in a row. The seeds are cylindrical and have a hairy tip at both ends.

Habitat.—In the forests of Luzon, especially in Batangas. Blooms in April.

Habitat.—In the forests of Luzon, particularly in Batangas. Flowers in April.

Nerium odorum, Aiton. (N. oleander, L. and Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Adelfa, Sp.; Baladri, Tag.; Sweet-scented Oleander, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Adelfa, Spanish; Baladri, Tagalog; Sweet-scented Oleander, English.

Uses.—In the Philippines and in Spain this plant is well known to be poisonous. The bark and the leaves of both the red-flowered and white-flowered varieties are boiled in cocoanut oil and the product is used for inunction in itch and other skin diseases. The bruised root is a useful application for chancroids.

Uses.—In the Philippines and Spain, this plant is widely recognized as toxic. The bark and leaves of both the red-flowered and white-flowered varieties are boiled in coconut oil, and the resulting product is used for rubbing on itchy skin and other skin conditions. The crushed root is an effective treatment for chancroids.

We have stated that the plant is poisonous, and indeed it is actively so in the tropics. It is now recognized as an energetic cardiac poison, comparable with strophanthus, destined to play [166]an important part in therapeutics. Dr. Pouloux has made a study of the hydro-alcoholic extract of oleander and reports that it exerts a marked effect on the heart of frogs and rabbits, arresting them in systole. Where there is asystolia, such as we encounter in Bright’s disease, without compensation, it stimulates the heart and increases the urine in the same manner as digitalis. No contraindications to its use are as yet known. It occasions no disagreeable symptoms and may be used many days consecutively provided that the daily dose does not exceed 10–15 centigrams.

We have mentioned that the plant is poisonous, and it definitely is, especially in the tropics. It is now recognized as a strong cardiac poison, similar to strophanthus, and is expected to play [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]an important role in medical treatments. Dr. Pouloux has studied the hydro-alcoholic extract of oleander and reports that it has a significant effect on the hearts of frogs and rabbits, causing them to stop in systole. In cases of asystolia, like we see in Bright’s disease without compensation, it stimulates the heart and increases urine output in a way similar to digitalis. There are currently no known contraindications for its use. It doesn't cause any unpleasant side effects and can be used continuously for many days as long as the daily dose doesn't exceed 10–15 centigrams.

The poisonous properties of the plant reside in two alkaloids isolated by Lukowsky from the leaves: oleandrine, extremely toxic and pseudo-curarine, as its name indicates, resembling curare in its action. Oleandrin is yellow, semicrystalline, soluble in water, alcohol, ether, chloroform and olive oil; fusible at 70–75° and changing to a greenish oil. With HCl it forms a crystalline salt. It is a violent irritant of the mucous membranes and given internally it causes emesis, diarrhœa, tetanic convulsions and death. It arrests the cardiac movements in doses of 25 milligrams.

The toxic properties of the plant are due to two alkaloids that Lukowsky isolated from the leaves: oleandrine, which is extremely toxic, and pseudo-curarine, which, as its name suggests, acts similarly to curare. Oleandrin is yellow, semi-crystalline, and soluble in water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, and olive oil; it melts at 70–75° and turns into a greenish oil. When combined with HCl, it creates a crystalline salt. It is a strong irritant to the mucous membranes, and taken internally, it causes vomiting, diarrhea, muscle spasms, and death. It can halt heart movements at doses of 25 milligrams.

Loiseleur-Deslongchamps experimented with the drug on his own person, using a solution of 30 grams of the extract in 120 grams of wine. He began by taking three drops of this preparation four times a day, adding a drop to each dose every day, so that at the end of 12 days he was taking 48 drops between 6 a. m. and 9 p. m. He reached a maximum of 64 drops a day but was forced to abandon his experiment at that point on account of the unpleasant symptoms induced—loss of appetite, great weakness and muscular pains. His deduction was that the plant contained a “destructive and irritant principle.” The experiment is of interest as demonstrating the maximum dose of the drug.

Loiseleur-Deslongchamps tested the drug on himself, using a mixture of 30 grams of the extract in 120 grams of wine. He started by taking three drops of this solution four times a day, adding a drop to each dose every day, so that by the end of 12 days he was taking 48 drops between 6 a.m. and 9 p.m. He reached a maximum of 64 drops a day but had to stop the experiment due to the unpleasant symptoms he experienced—loss of appetite, extreme weakness, and muscle pain. He concluded that the plant contained a “destructive and irritating principle.” This experiment is notable as it demonstrates the maximum dose of the drug.

The active principles of the plant reside principally in the leaves and bark, but that they are abundantly present in other [167]parts is proved by the death of several soldiers in Corsica from having eaten meat roasted on a spit of oleander wood.

The active ingredients of the plant are mainly found in the leaves and bark, but they are also extensively present in other [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]parts, as shown by the deaths of several soldiers in Corsica who ate meat cooked on a spit made from oleander wood.

Botanical Description.—A small tree, about 6° high. Leaves coriaceous, lanceolate, entire, glabrous. Flowers in terminal cymes, rose-color or white, single or double. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla 15 petals, the inner ones larger, disposed in 3 groups of 5. Stamens 10, fixed on receptacle; filaments short. Style shorter than stamens. Two follicles, sharp-pointed, channeled, containing many imbricated seeds each with an awn.

Plant Description.—A small tree, about 6 feet tall. Leaves are thick, lance-shaped, smooth, and entire. Flowers are in terminal clusters, either rose-colored or white, and can be single or double. The calyx has 5 parts. The corolla consists of 15 petals, with the inner ones being larger, arranged in 3 groups of 5. There are 10 stamens attached to the receptacle, with short filaments. The style is shorter than the stamens. There are two elongated, pointed follicles that are channelled, containing many overlapping seeds, each with a bristle.

Asclepiadaceæ.

Milkweed Family.

Calotrops gigantea, R. Br. (Asclepias gigantea, Willd. and Blanco.)

Calotropis gigantea, R. Br. (Asclepias gigantea, Willd. and Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Kapal-kapal, Tag.; Swallow-Wort, Eng.; Mudar, Indo-Eng.

Uses.—This plant is official in the Pharmacopœia of India as an alterative, tonic, diaphoretic and emetic. J. J. Durant, having observed that the natives used it for dysentery, experimented with it quite successfully in that disease. For adults he gradually raised the dose from 1.10 to 4 grams, preferring smaller doses, however, for mild cases. To children he prescribed 5–10 centigrams for each year of age, 3 or 4 times a day. He remarked that the effects produced were identical with those of ipecac administered in Brazilian fashion.

Applications.—This plant is recognized in the Pharmacopœia of India as an alterative, tonic, diaphoretic, and emetic. J. J. Durant noticed that the local people used it for dysentery and successfully conducted experiments with it for that condition. For adults, he gradually increased the dose from 1.10 to 4 grams, although he preferred smaller doses for milder cases. For children, he recommended 5–10 centigrams for each year of age, taken 3 or 4 times a day. He noted that the effects were similar to those produced by administering ipecac in the Brazilian method.

The part of the plant used is the dry root powdered. The usual dose is 15–50 centigrams 3 times a day, gradually increased; as an emetic 2–4 grams.

The part of the plant used is the dried root, which is ground into powder. The usual dosage is 15–50 centigrams three times a day, gradually increased; as an emetic, it's 2–4 grams.

The milky juice that escapes from the stem on the slightest abrasion is a drastic purgative, given commonly in dropsy, lumbricoids, etc. Pledgets of cotton impregnated with the juice and packed in the cavities of carious teeth, relieve toothache. [168]It is applied locally for various skin diseases, including syphilitic ulcers, and as a depilatory.

The milky sap that comes out of the stem with even the slightest cut is a powerful laxative, often used for treating conditions like edema and worm infections. Cotton balls soaked in the sap and placed in the cavities of decayed teeth help ease tooth pain. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] It's also used topically for different skin issues, including syphilitic sores, and as a hair removal treatment.

Some races of India, such as the Rajputs of the districts of Allahab and of Khangor, use this milk-juice to poison their female infants whom they are accustomed to regard as a vexatious burden. Therapeutically they use it with honey, locally for sore throat.

Some groups in India, like the Rajputs from the Allahabad and Khangor districts, use this milk-juice to poison their baby girls, whom they see as a troublesome burden. They also use it mixed with honey locally to treat sore throats.

The dry and powdered juice has been used in small doses as an alterative in the treatment of tuberculous leprosy, but it has not given results any better than many other drugs. In syphilis and mercurial cachexia its results are less doubtful.

The dry and powdered juice has been used in small doses as a remedy in the treatment of tuberculous leprosy, but it hasn’t produced better results than many other medications. In cases of syphilis and mercury poisoning, its effectiveness is more certain.

In 1881 Dr. Riddell obtained a sort of gutta-percha from the juice, previously observed by Professor Redwood.

In 1881, Dr. Riddell got a type of gutta-percha from the juice that had been previously noted by Professor Redwood.

Mooden Sheriff states that the most active parts of the plant are the root bark and the dried juice. He adds that the action of the juice is irregular and even dangerous, and that the bark is active in direct proportion to its age. He recommends that the inert tuberous layer of the bark be removed; prepared thus and powdered it is emetic in doses of 2.50–3 grams.

Mooden Sheriff says that the most effective parts of the plant are the root bark and the dried juice. He mentions that the juice can act unpredictably and may even be harmful, while the bark's effectiveness increases with its age. He suggests removing the inactive tuberous layer of the bark; when prepared this way and powdered, it can induce vomiting in doses of 2.50–3 grams.

Duncan claims to have isolated from the bark an active principle which he called mudarin from “mudar,” the Indian name of the plant. Following the same process Flückiger was unable to obtain the substance, but did isolate 1½% of an acrid resin, soluble in ether and in alcohol; a mucilage and a bitter principle decolorized by chloroform and ether. It is probable that this is the active principle of the “Calotropis gigantea.”

Duncan says he extracted an active substance from the bark that he named mudarin, after “mudar,” the Indian name for the plant. Flückiger tried the same method but couldn’t obtain the substance. However, he did isolate 1½% of a bitter resin that dissolves in ether and alcohol, along with a mucilage and a bitter compound that loses color when treated with chloroform and ether. It's likely that this is the active principle of “Calotropis gigantea.”

Warden and Waddell in 1881 isolated a substance crystallizable in nodular masses, with the formula C₁₇H₂₈O, analogous to the albana of gutta-percha.

Warden and Waddell in 1881 isolated a substance that could form crystal nodules, with the formula C₁₇H₂₈O, similar to the albana found in gutta-percha.

Botanical Description.—A small tree, 7–8° high, with straight stem, branched and woody. Leaves sessile, opposite, cleft at the base, oval, fleshy and woolly. Flowers lateral in simple umbels of 3 or more flowerets. Calyx 5-cleft. Corolla [169]monopetalous, 5 acute lobes, white, of rare and beautiful form. Nectaries 5, united throughout their length with the receptacle, their bases curved like the sides of the fleur de lis.

Plant Description.—A small tree, 7–8 feet high, with a straight trunk, branched and woody. Leaves are without a stalk, opposite each other, notched at the base, oval, thick, and covered in fuzz. Flowers grow on the sides in simple clusters of 3 or more blooms. The calyx has 5 segments. The corolla [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] is made of a single petal with 5 pointed lobes, white, and has a unique and beautiful shape. There are 5 nectaries, fused along their entire length with the receptacle, their bases curved like the sides of a fleur de lis.

Above the nectaries is a 5-angled crown, the extremity of the receptacle; in each angle a black anther. Two large follicles narrowed at the ends, woolly, the apex somewhat curved to one side, containing many imbricated seeds, each with a tuft of long hairs.

Above the nectar-producing parts is a 5-pointed crown, the tip of the receptacle; in each point is a black anther. There are two large seed pods that taper at the ends, covered in soft hairs, with the top slightly bent to one side, containing many overlapping seeds, each with a bunch of long hairs.

Habitat.—Bauang, Taal and the volcanic island of Taal. Blossoms in April.

Ecosystem.—Bauang, Taal, and the volcanic island of Taal. Blooms in April.

Tylophora asthmatica, Wight. (Asclepias asthmatica, Roxb.)

Nom. Vulg.—(?)

Uses.—We are ignorant of the uses the Filipinos make of this plant. It is official in the Pharmacopœia of India, the dry powdered leaf being the part employed, and its emetic, diaphoretic and expectorant properties are well known in that country. Roxburgh has used the root as an emetic and Anderson has employed it in the same manner as ipecac in dysentery. Later the experience of Anderson was confirmed by O’Shaughnessy; though in place of the root he used the leaf, the properties of which he regards as more certain and uniform.

Uses.—We don't know how Filipinos use this plant. It's listed in the Pharmacopoeia of India, with the dry powdered leaf being the part that’s used, and its emetic, diaphoretic, and expectorant properties are well-recognized there. Roxburgh has used the root as an emetic, and Anderson has used it similarly to ipecac for dysentery. Later, Anderson's findings were confirmed by O’Shaughnessy, who used the leaf instead of the root, seeing its properties as more reliable and consistent.

Dr. J. Kirkpatrick has noted that the juice of the root and its powder are used by the natives of Mysore as an emetic, and adds that he himself has used it for that purpose in a thousand cases with good results. In its effect on dysentery as well as in its emetic effect it resembles ipecacuanha. He used the powder in doses of 1.20–1.80 gr., to which he added 3–6 centigrams of tartar emetic when he desired to obtain an energetic emetic action. Like O’Shaughnessy he prefers the powdered leaves. He considers it a good substitute for ipecac, not only as an emetic, but as a remedy in asthma, dysentery and catarrhal affections; Drs. Oswald and Mooden Sheriff have made the same observations. The latter [170]advises the administration of the juice of the plant for snake bites till vomiting is produced; then follow with diffusible stimulants.

Dr. J. Kirkpatrick has pointed out that the juice of the root and its powder are used by the people of Mysore as an emetic, and he mentions that he has used it for that purpose in a thousand cases with good results. Its effects on dysentery, as well as its emetic effects, are similar to those of ipecacuanha. He administered the powder in doses of 1.20–1.80 grams, adding 3–6 centigrams of tartar emetic when he wanted to achieve a strong emetic action. Like O’Shaughnessy, he prefers the powdered leaves. He considers it a good substitute for ipecac, not only as an emetic but also as a treatment for asthma, dysentery, and respiratory issues; Drs. Oswald and Mooden Sheriff have made similar observations. The latter [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] recommends giving the juice of the plant for snake bites until vomiting occurs; then follow up with fast-acting stimulants.

The emetic dose of the powdered leaves is 1.20–1.80 grams, the expectorant and diaphoretic dose 10–30 centigrams. The concentrated infusion of the leaves has an acrid taste. Tannic acid, the neutral acetate of lead and caustic potash produce with it an abundant precipitate; the perchloride of iron colors it a dark green. Broughton, of Ootaemund (India), informed Hanbury and Flückiger, from whom we quote, that in 1872 he obtained a very small quantity of crystals from a large quantity of leaves. He had not enough to make an analysis, but injected a solution of the crystals into a dog with resulting vomiting and diarrhœa.

The emetic dose of the powdered leaves is 1.20–1.80 grams, while the expectorant and diaphoretic dose is 10–30 centigrams. The concentrated infusion of the leaves has a bitter taste. Tannic acid, neutral lead acetate, and caustic potash produce a large precipitate with it; the perchloride of iron turns it a dark green. Broughton, from Ootaemund (India), informed Hanbury and Flückiger, from whom we quote, that in 1872 he obtained a very small quantity of crystals from a large amount of leaves. He didn’t have enough to perform an analysis, but he injected a solution of the crystals into a dog, which resulted in vomiting and diarrhea.

Botanical Description.—A vigorous plant with scandent stem 2–4 meters long, the more recent growth woolly. Leaves opposite, entire, 5–12 centimeters long and 2–6 broad, oval or rounded. Petiole striated and short. Flowers in umbelliferous cymes, compound, axillary, solitary and alternate, with woolly peduncles; hermaphrodite, regular, small, of a pale green color inside and a light purple outside. Calyx gamosepalous, with 5 lobules. Corolla gamopetalous, 5 oval, twisted lobules. Staminal crown composed of 5 fleshy scales, joined to the staminal tube. Stamens 5, inserted on the throat of the corolla, filaments joined to form a very short tube with anthers straight, short and crowned by a membranous bilocular appendix. The gynœcium consists of 2 unilocular ovaries each containing an indefinite number of ovules. Style with a pentagonal stigma which bears in each angle a glandular body. Fruits compound with two separate follicles, large, lanceolate, smooth, 8–10 centimeters long and 5 in circumference. Each encloses a seed, hairy, albuminous with straight embryo and flattened cotyledons.

Plant Description.—A robust plant with a climbing stem 2–4 meters long, featuring woolly growth on the newer parts. The leaves are opposite, entire, measuring 5–12 centimeters long and 2–6 centimeters wide, oval or rounded in shape. The petiole is short and has ridges. Flowers appear in compound, umbrella-like cymes that are axillary, solitary, and alternate, with woolly peduncles; they are hermaphroditic, regular, small, pale green on the inside and light purple on the outside. The calyx is made of 5 fused lobes. The corolla has 5 fused, oval, twisted lobes. The staminal crown consists of 5 fleshy scales attached to the staminal tube. There are 5 stamens, inserted at the throat of the corolla, with filaments that combine to form a very short tube, and straight, short anthers topped with a membranous bilocular appendage. The gynoecium has 2 unilocular ovaries, each containing an indefinite number of ovules. The style features a pentagonal stigma that has a glandular body at each angle. The fruits are compound with two separate follicles, large, lanceolate, smooth, measuring 8–10 centimeters long and 5 centimeters in circumference. Each contains a hairy seed that is albuminous, with a straight embryo and flattened cotyledons.

Habitat.—Mountains of San Mateo. [171]

Habitat.—San Mateo Mountains. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Loganiaceæ.

Logania Family.

Strychnos Ignatii, Berg. (S. Philippensis, Blanco; Ignatia amara, L.; Ignatia Philippinea, Lour.)

Nom. Vulg.—Pepita Fruta, Sp.-Fil.; Pepita sa katbalog̃an, Kabalog̃an, Tag., Pam.; Pangaguason, Aguason, Kanlara, Mananaog, Dankagi, Katalog̃a, Igasud, Vis.; St. Ignatius Bean, Eng.

Uses.—The part of the plant employed is the seed, known in addition to the above common names as Pepita de San Ignacio and Pepita de Cabalonga (for katbolog̃an). The natives handle it with the greatest imprudence, selling everywhere in the markets and in the Chinese shops, called tindag̃-bayag̃. It is not only a remedy among them, but a sort of panacea, to which they attribute, among other virtues, that of expelling evil spirits, simply worn about the neck. They grate it with a piece of earthen pot, mix with a little “tuba” vinegar and apply it to the temples for headache. In bites of poisonous animals they advise the application of the powdered seed over the wound, a treatment which instead of being beneficent might easily be harmful to the patient. Before proceeding further, let us give the chemical composition of the seeds in order that their uses may be the better understood.

Uses.—The part of the plant that's used is the seed, also known as Pepita de San Ignacio and Pepita de Cabalonga (for katbolog̃an). The locals handle it very carelessly, selling it everywhere in markets and in Chinese shops, called tindag̃-bayag̃. It’s not just a remedy for them, but something of a cure-all, to which they attribute many benefits, including the ability to drive away evil spirits, simply worn around the neck. They grate it using a piece of clay pot, mix it with a little “tuba” vinegar, and apply it to the temples for headaches. For bites from poisonous animals, they recommend applying the powdered seed directly to the wound, a treatment that, instead of helping, could easily harm the patient. Before moving on, let’s look at the chemical composition of the seeds so that their uses can be better understood.

Strychnine is found in them in the proportion of ½–1½ and brucine ½%–1.4%. Flückiger and Hanbury by drying it over sulphuric acid and burning it with “cal sòdica” obtained 1.78% of nitrogen which represents 10% of albuminoid material. Strychnine and brucine exist in combination with igasuric acid discovered by Ludwig in 1873. The proportion of both the alkaloids is greater than in the seeds of nux vomica which contain only .25–.50% strychnine and .12–.05% brucin, although some authors give it as high as 1.01%. Strychnine can be obtained more readily and in larger proportions from St. [172]Ignatius bean, but it is generally obtained from nux vomica seeds on account of the cheapness of the latter.

Strychnine is found in them in the proportions of ½–1½ and brucine ½%–1.4%. Flückiger and Hanbury, by drying it over sulfuric acid and burning it with "soda," obtained 1.78% nitrogen, which represents 10% of albuminoid material. Strychnine and brucine are combined with igasuric acid, which was discovered by Ludwig in 1873. The amounts of both alkaloids are higher than in the seeds of nux vomica, which contain only .25–.50% strychnine and .12–.05% brucin, although some sources report it as high as 1.01%. Strychnine can be obtained more easily and in larger amounts from St. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]Ignatius bean, but it is usually sourced from nux vomica seeds due to their lower cost.

It is more energetic than nux vomica and its use in medicine should be condemned, preference, however, being given to the official preparations among which the best known is that commonly called “Bitter Drops of Beaumé,” of which the following is the composition:

It is more potent than nux vomica, and its use in medicine should be rejected, with a preference for official preparations, the most well-known of which is commonly referred to as “Bitter Drops of Beaumé,” and here is its composition:

Grated St. Ignatius’ beans	500 grams.
Potassium carbonate	5 grams.
Soot (?)	1 gram.
60% alcohol	1,000 grams.

Macerate for 10 days, strain, express and filter. Dose, 1–16 drops in a little water or wine before each meal, for dyspepsia, anæmia, convalescence from fevers, and other conditions in which a tonic is indicated. The indications for the use of this drug are the same as those for nux vomica, keeping in mind the difference in dose.

Macerate for 10 days, strain, express, and filter. Dosage is 1-16 drops in a little water or wine before each meal for issues like indigestion, anemia, recovery from fevers, and other conditions where a tonic is needed. The indications for using this drug are the same as for nux vomica, but remember the difference in dosage.

Botanical Description.—This plant grows in the deep forests of Samar and Masbate. That industrious and distinguished botanist, D. Regino García, found it growing abundantly in Paranas, Island of Samar. It is a robust vine, the trunk sometimes as thick as a man’s thigh, climbing to the tops of the highest trees, apparently without preference as to its host, inasmuch as he saw it growing indifferently on Ficus, Dipterocarpus, Litsaca, etc. The seed which most interests us and is very common, is about the size of an olive, round and convex on one side, angulose and flattened on the other by being compressed with many others within the fruit which contains 50 of them. Its surface is blackish with a gray-blue tinge. It is hard and corneous. Its taste is extremely bitter.

Plant Description.—This plant grows in the dense forests of Samar and Masbate. The diligent and notable botanist, D. Regino García, found it thriving in Paranas, Island of Samar. It is a sturdy vine, with a trunk sometimes as thick as a man's thigh, climbing to the tops of the tallest trees, seemingly without preference for its host, as he observed it growing on Ficus, Dipterocarpus, Litsaca, and others. The seed that interests us most and is quite common is about the size of an olive, round and convex on one side, and angular and flattened on the other because it is compressed with many others inside the fruit, which contains 50 of them. Its surface is dark with a gray-blue tint. It is hard and horn-like. Its taste is extremely bitter.

Branches opposite, smooth, the ends square. Leaves opposite, oval, much pointed at the apex, entire, glabrous, with 3 prominent nerves. Petioles very short. Flowers in panicles [173]of many flowerets. Calyx inferior, 5-cleft, very short. Corolla 6–7 times longer than the calyx, funnel-form, 5-lobed. Anthers 5, sessile, fixed in the throat of the corolla. Ovary very small. Style filiform, same length as the stamens. Stigma truncate and thick. Drupe globose, often oval, large, smooth, with thick, woody shell of a single compartment containing seeds as described above.

Branches opposite, smooth, with square ends. Leaves opposite, oval, very pointed at the tip, entire, smooth, with 3 prominent veins. Petioles are very short. Flowers grow in clusters [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] with many small flowers. The calyx is underneath, 5-parted, and very short. The corolla is 6–7 times longer than the calyx, funnel-shaped, and 5-lobed. There are 5 anthers, attached directly in the throat of the corolla. The ovary is very small. The style is thread-like and the same length as the stamens. The stigma is flat and thick. The drupe is round, sometimes oval, large, smooth, with a thick, hard shell that has one compartment containing seeds as described above.

Boraginaceæ.

Borage Family.

Ehretia buxifolia, Roxb. (Carmonea heterophylla, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Mag̃it, Alag̃itg̃it, Tag., Vis.

Uses.—The leaves dried in the shade are used in some Visayan towns, in infusion to take the place of tea. The root is used by the Hindoo physicians as an alterative. Dr. R. Ross has employed it for that purpose in a decoction of 60 grams to 500 cc. of water; 60 cc. a day of this preparation gave him good results in secondary and constitutional syphilis. The Mohammedans of India consider the root an antidote for vegetable poisons.

Uses.—Dried leaves from the shade are used in some Visayan towns as a tea substitute. The root is utilized by Hindu doctors as a remedy. Dr. R. Ross has used it for that purpose in a decoction of 60 grams to 500 cc. of water; taking 60 cc. of this preparation daily yielded good results for him in treating secondary and systemic syphilis. The Muslims in India regard the root as an antidote for plant poisons.

Botanical Description.—Small tree, 5–6° high, trunk straight. Leaves alternate or bunched in 3′s or 4′s at the nodes, lanceolate or spatulate, 3-toothed at apex, sometimes serrate toward the apex, set with short, stiff hairs. Petioles very short. Flowers axillary, in racemose panicles of a few flowers each. Common peduncle long, pedicel short. Calyx free, bell-shaped, persistent, divided almost to base into 5 narrow, downy parts. Corolla bell-shaped, 5 oval lobules. Stamens 5. Ovary oval, within the flower. Style bifid. Stigmas simple, truncate. Drupe globose, with hard, slightly furrowed putamen of 6 locules and solitary seeds.

Plant Description.—Small tree, 5–6° tall, with a straight trunk. Leaves are alternate or clustered in groups of 3 or 4 at the nodes, lance-shaped or spoon-shaped, with 3 points at the tip, sometimes serrated near the tip, covered in short, stiff hairs. The petioles are very short. Flowers grow in the leaf axils, arranged in loose clusters of a few flowers each. The common stalk is long, and the individual flower stalks are short. The calyx is free, bell-shaped, and persists, divided almost to the base into 5 narrow, furry sections. The corolla is bell-shaped with 5 oval lobes. There are 5 stamens. The ovary is oval and located within the flower. The style is split at the top. The stigmas are simple and flat. The drupe is round, with a hard, slightly ridged pit containing 6 chambers and a single seed.

Habitat.—Malinta and many other parts of the Visayas. Blooms in January. [174]

Ecosystem.—Malinta and several other areas in the Visayas. Flowers in January. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Convolvulaceæ.

Convolvulus Family.

Morning Glory Family.

Ipomœa hederacea, Jacq. (I. nil, Roth.; Convolvulus nil, L. and Blanco.)

Ipomoea hederacea, Jacq. (I. nil, Roth.; Convolvulus nil, L. and Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Bulakan, Tag.; Kala-Danah, Indo-Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Bulakan, Tag.; Kala-Danah, Indo-English.

Uses.—This plant is not used as a medicine by the Filipinos, but is official in the Pharmacopœia of India from which we copy its indications and official preparations.

Uses.—This plant isn't used as medicine by Filipinos, but it's listed in the Pharmacopœia of India, from which we adopt its uses and official preparations.

The seed is the part employed, its cathartic properties being much like those of jalap, though less energetic. An excellent substitute for the latter is 2 or 3 grams of kala-danah seeds in powder form, and no unpleasant effects attend its operation.

The seed is the part used, and its cleansing properties are similar to jalap, but not as strong. A great substitute for jalap is 2 or 3 grams of kala-danah seeds in powdered form, and it doesn’t have any unpleasant side effects.

The official preparations are:

The official plans are:

Extract of Kaladana.—Dose, 30–60 centigrams in pill.

Extract of Kaladana.—Dosage: 30–60 centigrams in pill form.

Powdered seeds	500 grams.
Alcohol	2 liters.
Water	4½ liters.

Tincture of Kaladana.—Dose, 8–12 grams.

Tincture of Kaladana. —Dose, 8–12 grams.

Seeds	75 grams.
Alcohol	500 grams.

Compound Powder of Kaladana.—Dose, 3–3½ grams.

Kaladana Compound Powder. —Dosage: 3–3.5 grams.

Powdered seeds	150 grams.
Acid tartrate of potassium	270 grams.
Powdered ginger	30 grams.

The last is an excellent substitute for the corresponding preparation of jalap.

The last one is a great substitute for the similar preparation of jalap.

Resin of Kaladana.—Dose, 30–50 centigrams. It is prepared like resin of jalap and is a safe and sure purgative. In mass it has a dark color, but is gray when powdered. The odor is rather unpleasant, the taste sweetish and then acrid, nauseous, persistent, exciting the saliva and irritating the fauces. It was introduced into practice by Dr. G. Vidie. [175]

Kaladana resin.—Dose, 30–50 centigrams. It’s made the same way as jalap resin and is a reliable and effective laxative. In its solid form, it appears dark, but it turns gray when powdered. The smell is somewhat unpleasant, the taste starts sweet but quickly becomes bitter, unpleasant, and lingering, stimulating saliva and irritating the throat. It was introduced into practice by Dr. G. Vidie. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Botanical Description.—A twiner with round, downy stem. Leaves heart-shaped, 3-lobed, the middle one broad-lanceolate, the lateral ones rather rectangular with petioles of equal length with the leaves. Flowers large, rose color or pale blue, in axillary cymes of 2 or 3 flowers each. Calyx, 5 long, downy parts. Corolla bell-shaped, 5 faint lobes. Stamens 5, free, inserted in the corolla. Ovary free, 3 biovulate locules. Style simple. Stigma trilobed. Seed vessels globose with 3 locules each containing 2 seeds. Seeds convex on dorsum, 1/2 cm. broad by 1 cm. long, testa black.

Plant Description.—A climbing plant with a round, fuzzy stem. Leaves are heart-shaped and have 3 lobes, with the middle lobe being broad and lance-shaped, and the side lobes are somewhat rectangular, all having petioles that are the same length as the leaves. The flowers are large, either rose-colored or pale blue, and grow in clusters of 2 or 3 in the axils. The calyx has 5 long, fuzzy parts. The corolla is bell-shaped with 5 faint lobes. There are 5 stamens that are free and attached to the corolla. The ovary is free and has 3 chambers, each containing 2 seeds. The style is simple, and the stigma is divided into 3 lobes. The seed capsules are round and have 3 chambers, each holding 2 seeds. The seeds are rounded on one side, measuring 0.5 cm wide and 1 cm long, and have a black covering.

Habitat.—Manila. Blooms in August.

Habitat.—Manila. Flowers in August.

Ipomœa pes-capræ, Roth. (Convolvulus pes-capræ L. and Blanco.)

Ipomoea pes-caprae, Roth. (Convolvulus pes-caprae L. and Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Katagkatag, Lagayray, Lampayog, Bagasoa, Kamigag, Daripay, Tagaray, Arodayday, Lambayog, Tag., Vis.; Lambayog, Iloc.

Uses.—The dry, powdered leaves are dusted over bruises and ulcers. The entire plant is very mucilaginous and the bruised fresh leaves are applied like poultices to cancers and ulcerating tumors. In India the boiled leaves are applied locally in colic and in rheumatism; the juice is given internally in dropsy as a diuretic, the pounded leaves at the same time serving as a poultice to the œdematous parts.

Uses.—The dry, powdered leaves are sprinkled on bruises and sores. The whole plant has a lot of mucilage, and the bruised fresh leaves are used as poultices for cancer and open tumors. In India, the boiled leaves are applied locally for colic and rheumatism; the juice is taken internally for dropsy as a diuretic, while the crushed leaves are used at the same time as a poultice on swollen areas.

Botanical Description.—A plant that creeps extensively, the stem taking root. Leaves with 2 well-marked lobules. Flowers rose-lilac color, in axillary panicles with long pedicels. Corolla very large, bell-shaped, the limb 5-angled and 5-nerved. Stamens 5, unequal in height. Stigma globose, marked by a line; later it divides in two. Seed vessel ovate, 2-celled, in each cell 2 downy seeds convex on one side, angular on the other.

Plant Description.—A plant that spreads widely, with stems that take root as they grow. The leaves have 2 clearly defined lobes. The flowers are rose-lilac in color, arranged in loose clusters in the axils with long stalks. The corolla is very large and bell-shaped, with a 5-angled and 5-nerved structure. There are 5 stamens of varying heights. The stigma is round and has a line marked on it; later, it splits into two parts. The seed pod is oval and has 2 chambers, with each chamber containing 2 fluffy seeds that are rounded on one side and angular on the other.

Habitat.—Very common on the seashore. Blooms in January.

Ecosystem.—Very common along the coast. Flowers in January.

[176]

[__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Ipomœa Turpethum, R. Br. (Convolvulus Turpethum, L.; C. maximus, Blanco.)

Ipomoea Turpethum, R. Br. (Convolvulus Turpethum, L.; C. maximus, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Albohol, Sp.; Turpeth Root, Indian Jalap, Eng.

Uses.—The root, known in the Philippines as “turbita,” is a purgative and is a component part of the tincture of jalap, one of the most positive and active of known cathartics. But turpeth root is seldom used alone, for its action is so uncertain that Sir W. O’Shaughnessy pronounced the plant unworthy of a place in the Pharmacopœia of India. The dose of the powder is 1–4 grams, the resin 40–50 cgms., the decoction of the root 4–12 grams. The active principle is a resin soluble in ether and a glucoside, turpethin, C₃₄H₅₆O₁₆.

Uses.—The root, known in the Philippines as “turbita,” acts as a purgative and is a key ingredient in the tincture of jalap, which is one of the most effective known laxatives. However, turpeth root is rarely used on its own because its effects are so unpredictable that Sir W. O’Shaughnessy deemed the plant unworthy of inclusion in the Pharmacopœia of India. The dosage for the powder is 1–4 grams, for the resin it’s 40–50 grams, and for the decoction of the root, it’s 4–12 grams. The active components include a resin that dissolves in ether and a glucoside, turpethin, C₃₄H₅₆O₁₆.

In the east of India they make offerings of the flowers to the god Shiva, and also put them to more practical use by applying them to the head for neuralgic headache.

In eastern India, people offer flowers to the god Shiva, and they also use them practically by placing them on the head to relieve neuralgic headaches.

Botanical Description.—A vine with quadrangular stem. Leaves heart-shaped. Flowers axillary, numerous, in umbels. Calyx deeply cleft in 5 imbricated, ovate, fleshy parts. Corolla bell-shaped, folded. Stamens 5, unequal in height. Ovary inserted on an hypogynous disk, with 2 biovulate compartments. Style same length as stamens. Stigma bilobulate, globose. Seed vessel square, encircled by calyx, 2 locules each with 2 seeds.

Plant Description.—A vine with a square stem. Leaves are heart-shaped. Flowers grow in clusters from the axils and are numerous. The calyx is deeply split into 5 overlapping, oval, fleshy parts. The corolla is bell-shaped and folded. There are 5 stamens of varying heights. The ovary is attached to a disk below the petals and has 2 compartments, each with 2 seeds. The style is the same length as the stamens. The stigma is divided into 2 lobes and is round. The seed pod is square, surrounded by the calyx, with 2 chambers, each containing 2 seeds.

Habitat.—Common in Bauang and Pasig. Blooms in November.

Ecosystem.—Found frequently in Bauang and Pasig. Flowers in November.

Solanaceæ.

Nightshade Family.

Solanum nigrum, L.

Solanum nigrum, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Hierba mora, Sp.; Konty, Onty, Gamagamatisan, Tag.; Lagpakon, Bolagtob, Lubilubi, Vis.; Kuty, Lubilubi, Bic.; Black or Common Nightshade, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Hierba mora, Spanish; Konty, Onty, Gamagamatisan, Tagalog; Lagpakon, Bolagtob, Lubilubi, Visayan; Kuty, Lubilubi, Bicolano; Black or Common Nightshade, English.

Uses.—In the Philippines the entire plant is boiled and used for food, with the precaution of pouring off the first 2 or [177]3 waters in which it is cooked, which contain an active principle capable of causing such disagreeable symptoms as vertigo and nausea. A decoction of the leaves serves to cleanse chronic sores and in fact improves their condition; it is also used as a lotion for various forms of dermatitis, for erysipelas and old burns.

Uses.—In the Philippines, the whole plant is boiled and eaten, making sure to discard the first 2 or [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]3 batches of water used in cooking, as they contain a substance that can cause unpleasant symptoms like dizziness and nausea. A tea made from the leaves is used to clean chronic wounds and actually helps improve their condition; it is also applied as a lotion for different kinds of skin inflammation, for erysipelas, and for old burns.

The plant is narcotic, antispasmodic and like belladonna it dilates the pupil.

The plant is a narcotic and antispasmodic, and like belladonna, it enlarges the pupil.

In India the decoction is given internally, 200–250 grams, for hypertrophy of the liver, and it is considered a good diuretic and alterative. For such uses they heat the above dose in a clay vessel till the color changes from green to brown, when it is cooled and given next day. Its action is diuretic and hydragogue-cathartic. Mooden Sheriff recommends this treatment highly, and for dropsy further advises the aqueous extract, 12 grams during the day divided into 3 or 4 doses. Small doses of 30–60 grams of the decoction prepared as above described, are of use in some chronic skin diseases such as psoriasis.

In India, the decoction is taken internally, 200–250 grams, for enlarged liver, and it's considered a good diuretic and alternative treatment. For this purpose, they heat the dose in a clay pot until the color changes from green to brown, then let it cool and administer it the next day. Its effects are diuretic and hydragogue-cathartic. Mooden Sheriff highly recommends this treatment, and for dropsy, he additionally suggests the aqueous extract, 12 grams throughout the day divided into 3 or 4 doses. Smaller doses of 30–60 grams of the decoction prepared as described above can help with some chronic skin conditions like psoriasis.

In 1821 Defosses, of Besançon, obtained solanine from the fruit, previously isolated from the S. Dulcamara.

In 1821, Defosses from Besançon extracted solanine from the fruit, which had been previously isolated from S. Dulcamara.

Botanical Description.—A plant about 2° high, stem straight, 3–4-angled, with white dots. Leaves lanceolate. Flowers white, in 2-ranked racemes. Calyx inferior, 5 persistent teeth. Corolla, 5 petals somewhat down-curved. Berry small, black when ripe.

Plant Description.—A plant about 2° tall, with a straight stem that has 3–4 angles and white dots. The leaves are lance-shaped. The flowers are white, arranged in 2-ranked clusters. The calyx is lower, with 5 persistent teeth. The corolla has 5 petals that are slightly curved downwards. The berry is small and turns black when ripe.

Habitat.—Universally common. Blooms in January.

Habitat.—Widely found. Blooms in January.

Capsicum fastigiatum, Bl. (C. minimum, Roxb.)

Nom. Vulg.—Chili picante, Sp.-Fil.; Sili, Tag.; Capsicum, Red Pepper, etc., Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Hot Pepper, Sp.-Fil.; Sili, Tag.; Capsicum, Red Pepper, etc., Eng.

Uses.—The fruit of this species of pepper plant is called agí in Cuba and Porto Rico; it is in common use as a condiment in the Philippines. As a tonic and stimulant it is a [178]useful article of food in hot countries where the digestive functions become sluggish. Used in moderation it prevents dyspepsia and consequent diarrhœa. It is used as a gargle for hoarseness, decreasing the congestion of the larynx and vocal cords.

Applications.—The fruit of this type of pepper plant is called agí in Cuba and Puerto Rico; it is commonly used as a spice in the Philippines. As a tonic and stimulant, it is a [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]helpful food source in hot countries where digestion tends to slow down. When used in moderation, it helps prevent indigestion and related diarrhea. It’s also used as a gargle for hoarseness, reducing congestion in the larynx and vocal cords.

Gargle.—

Gargle.

Tincture of capsicum	8 grams.
Water	160 grams.

Mix.

Blend.

Recently capsicum in powder, extract, or tincture, has been recommended internally in the treatment of incipient hemorrhoids. The dose is .50 to 3 grams of the powder in pills or capsules; watery extract, 0.30–0.60; tincture, 10–30 drops.

Recently, capsaicin in powder, extract, or tincture form has been suggested for internal use in the treatment of early-stage hemorrhoids. The dosage is 0.50 to 3 grams of the powder in pills or capsules; watery extract, 0.30–0.60; tincture, 10–30 drops.

The C. annuum, L., and other varieties of red pepper serve the same uses as the above.

The C. annuum, L., and other types of red pepper have the same uses as mentioned above.

Botanical Description.—Stem 4-angled. Leaves opposite, ovate-lanceolate, entire. Petioles short. Flowers greenish-white in little clusters, drooping. Corolla wheel-shaped. Fruit straight, conical, slender, scarcely 1′ long.

Plant Description.—The stem has four angles. The leaves are opposite, shaped like elongated ovals, and have smooth edges. The petioles are short. The flowers are greenish-white and grow in small clusters, drooping downwards. The corolla is wheel-shaped. The fruit is straight, cone-shaped, slender, and almost 1 inch long.

Habitat.—Universally common in the islands. Blooms at all times.

Ecosystem.—Commonly found throughout the islands. Flowers year-round.

Datura alba, Nees. (D. Metel, Roxb. and Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Talamponay, Tag., Pam.; Takbibug̃, Vis.; Dhatura, Indo-Eng.

Nominative. Common.—Talamponay, Tag., Pam.; Takbibug̃, Vis.; Dhatura, Indo-Eng.

Uses.—The applications of this species are identical with those of D. Stramonium and it is official in the Pharmacopœia of India. It is antispasmodic, narcotic and toxic, and is used quite commonly with criminal intent in India and Indo-China. The cooked and bruised leaves make an efficient poultice in articular rheumatism.

Uses.—The uses of this species are the same as those of D. Stramonium, and it is recognized in the Pharmacopœia of India. It has antispasmodic, narcotic, and toxic properties, and is often used for criminal purposes in India and Indo-China. Cooked and crushed leaves can be used as an effective poultice for joint rheumatism.

The symptoms of poisoning by “dhatura” are: dilatation of the pupil, general malaise, dryness of the fauces and skin, hallucinations, rapid pulse, coma and death or permanent mania. [179]

The symptoms of poisoning by “dhatura” include: enlarged pupils, overall discomfort, dryness of the throat and skin, hallucinations, a fast heartbeat, coma, and either death or lasting mania. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

The dry leaf is smoked to abort asthma, and though its action is uncertain, it is one of the many remedies that should be tried, which though ineffective in one case may in another afford positive relief in this distressing disease. Not more than 1.50 grams should be smoked in one day and their use should be discontinued if any symptom of intoxication supervenes. The Pharmacopœia of India contains a tincture made from 75 grams of the ground seeds and 500 grams of alcohol. Dr. Waring states that 20 drops of this tincture are equivalent to 6 centigrams of opium and that in some cases it has given him better narcotic results than the opium. The extract is made from 500 grams of the powdered seeds, 500 cc. ether, 500 cc. alcohol and 500 cc. water. Dose, 5–20 centigrams a day in 4 doses.

The dried leaf is smoked to help with asthma, and while its effectiveness is uncertain, it's one of many remedies that should be considered. What doesn’t work for one person might offer relief to another suffering from this challenging condition. No more than 1.50 grams should be smoked in a single day, and use should stop if any signs of intoxication appear. The Pharmacopœia of India includes a tincture made from 75 grams of ground seeds and 500 grams of alcohol. Dr. Waring notes that 20 drops of this tincture are equivalent to 6 centigrams of opium, and in some cases, he has found it to provide better narcotic effects than opium itself. The extract is prepared from 500 grams of powdered seeds, 500 cc of ether, 500 cc of alcohol, and 500 cc of water. The dosage is 5–20 centigrams a day divided into 4 doses.

The D. fastuosa, L., known in Manila by the common name of Talamponay na itim, Tag., possesses the same properties as the above. The Filipino physician, Sr. Zamora, successfully employed a poultice of bruised leaves cooked in vinegar and applied to the forehead and backs of the hands to reduce the fever of tuberculous patients.

The D. fastuosa, L., commonly called Talamponay na itim in Manila, has the same properties as mentioned earlier. The Filipino doctor, Sr. Zamora, effectively used a poultice made of crushed leaves cooked in vinegar and applied it to the forehead and backs of the hands to lower the fever in tuberculosis patients.

Neither the leaves nor seeds of these two varieties of Datura have been studied from a chemical standpoint, but there is little doubt that the active principle is the daturine (atropine and hyoscyamine) that exists so abundantly in D. Stramonium.

Neither the leaves nor seeds of these two types of Datura have been examined chemically, but there's little doubt that the active ingredient is daturine (atropine and hyoscyamine), which is found abundantly in D. Stramonium.

Botanical Description.—Plant 5–6° high, with nodose branches, forked. Leaves ovate, angled, somewhat downy. Flowers large, white, axillary, solitary. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed. Corolla funnel-shaped, the limb 5-angled and 5-folded. Stamens 5, same length as calyx. Anthers long, flattened. Stigma thick, oblong, divisible in 2 leaves. Seed vessel globose, thorny, 4-valved over the base of the calyx. Seeds numerous, flattened, kidney-shaped. (Resembles closely the common Jamestown Weed of America, though much taller with much larger flowers.) [180]

Plant Description.—Plant 5–6° tall, with knotted, forked branches. Leaves are oval, angled, and somewhat hairy. Flowers are large, white, grow in the axils, and are solitary. Calyx is tubular with 5 teeth. Corolla is funnel-shaped, with a 5-angled and 5-folded limb. There are 5 stamens, which are the same length as the calyx. Anthers are long and flat. The stigma is thick, oblong, and can be divided into 2 sections. The seed vessel is round, spiky, and has 4 valves at the base of the calyx. Seeds are numerous, flat, and kidney-shaped. (It closely resembles the common Jimsonweed of America, though it is much taller with significantly larger flowers.) [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Habitat.—Common on the shores of the sea. The D. fastuosa is differentiated by its violet flowers and double corolla.

Ecosystem.—Common on the ocean shores. The D. fastuosa is recognized by its purple flowers and double corolla.

Nicotiana Tabacum, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Tabaco, Sp.; Tobacco, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Tabaco, Spanish; Tobacco, English.

Uses.—Tobacco is a powerful sedative and antispasmodic, but owing to the accidents it may give rise to, its use in therapeutics is very limited. Like all the active Solanaceæ it is effective against neuralgia and spasm of the muscular tissues and is therefore indicated in strangulated hernia and in intestinal obstruction. In these conditions the infusion of 1–5 grams of the dried leaf to 250 grams of water is given by enema. Trousseau advises non-smokers who suffer from chronic constipation to smoke a cigarette fasting, a practice which, according to him, stimulates defecation. For the same condition the people of southern India are accustomed to apply a poultice of the bruised leaves to the anal region.

Uses.—Tobacco is a strong sedative and muscle relaxant, but because of the potential issues it can cause, its use in medicine is very limited. Like all the active members of the Solanaceae family, it helps with neuralgia and muscle spasms, making it useful in cases of strangulated hernia and intestinal blockage. For these situations, an infusion of 1–5 grams of dried leaves in 250 grams of water is administered via enema. Trousseau recommends that non-smokers who deal with chronic constipation smoke a cigarette on an empty stomach, a practice he claims encourages bowel movements. In southern India, people commonly use a poultice of crushed leaves on the anal area for the same issue.

Tobacco has been used by enema to combat tetanus; Dr. Lesth, of the General Hospital for Europeans, Bombay, claims to have obtained excellent results by applying a poultice over the entire length of the spinal column. Dr. Dymock has confirmed this practice.

Tobacco has been used in enemas to fight tetanus; Dr. Lesth from the General Hospital for Europeans in Bombay claims to have achieved great results by applying a poultice along the entire length of the spinal column. Dr. Dymock has verified this method.

A decoction of the leaves is used as a lotion to destroy “pediculi capitis and pubis,” and to wash gangrenous ulcers.

A decoction of the leaves is used as a lotion to eliminate head lice and pubic lice, and to cleanse gangrenous ulcers.

The daily increasing practice of smoking, like all other subjects, divides mankind into two camps, one for and one against the habit. Both parties exaggerate their arguments. The abuse of the plant without doubt sets up disturbances of the digestion, the heart and the nervous system. It is furthermore positive that persons of a certain disposition and with certain ailments are injured by even a moderate use of tobacco. The above facts serve as arms for the opponents of the habit; the robust who smoke and drink to excess and meet with an accidental death on a railroad or from an acute disease that overtakes [181]them in the midst of perfect health, serve as arguments for the defenders, to prove the innocence of the custom. The antiseptic qualities of the smoke and of the entire plant also lend the smoker a defensive argument, as he may uphold the habit as hygienic and highly useful in preventing microbic infection. The antiseptic power of tobacco smoke is undoubted, but it is intolerable that a physician under the pretext of avoiding self infection should enter the house of his patient and continue smoking at the bedside.

The growing trend of smoking, like many other issues, splits people into two sides: those who support it and those who oppose it. Both sides tend to exaggerate their points. It’s clear that abusing tobacco can cause problems with digestion, the heart, and the nervous system. Additionally, it's a fact that certain individuals with specific conditions can be harmed by even moderate tobacco use. These facts provide ammunition for those against smoking. On the other hand, strong individuals who smoke and drink excessively and then suffer an accidental death on a train or from a sudden illness while appearing perfectly healthy serve as evidence for those defending the habit, claiming it's harmless. The antiseptic properties of tobacco smoke and the plant itself also give smokers a reason to argue that the habit is hygienic and effective in preventing bacterial infections. While the antiseptic effects of tobacco smoke are undeniable, it’s unacceptable for a doctor, under the guise of avoiding infection, to enter a patient’s home and continue smoking at their bedside.

Chronic nicotine poisoning is the result of a gradual intoxication by the absorption of the active principle of tobacco, the alkaloid nicotine. Excessive smoking conduces to nicotism, more common in Europe than in the tropics, because the natives of Europe smoke the pipe and being confined in closed dwellings, breathe continuously an atmosphere of smoke; in the Philippines, on the contrary, the pipe is almost unknown and owing to the nature of the dwellings the smoking is carried on practically in the open air. An injurious practice of the Filipino smokers is that of “swallowing the smoke,” and this is a fitting point to call attention to an error of Dujardin-Beaumetz, who states that “in those who habitually swallow the smoke the nicotine acts directly upon the stomach.” The expression “swallow smoke” (tragar el humo) does not mean to force it into the stomach by an act of deglutition, and I am sure no one attempts to dispose of it in that way; but to inspire or breath it into the air passages. It is evident that this latter habit does not involve the stomach, but those who practice it expose themselves more to nicotism than those who keep the smoke in the mouth or expel it through the nose.

Chronic nicotine poisoning happens when someone gradually gets intoxicated by absorbing nicotine, the active ingredient in tobacco. Heavy smoking leads to nicotism, which is more common in Europe than in tropical areas because people in Europe smoke pipes and are often indoors, breathing in smoke continuously; in the Philippines, however, pipes are nearly unknown and smoking typically occurs outdoors due to the housing style. A harmful habit among Filipino smokers is "swallowing the smoke," and this is an appropriate moment to address an error by Dujardin-Beaumetz, who claims that "in those who habitually swallow smoke, nicotine directly affects the stomach." The phrase "swallow smoke" (inhalar el humo) doesn’t mean forcing it into the stomach by swallowing; I’m sure no one tries to do that. Instead, it refers to inhaling or breathing smoke into the respiratory passages. It’s clear that this latter habit doesn’t involve the stomach, but those who engage in it are more susceptible to nicotism than those who keep the smoke in their mouths or blow it out through their noses.

The first cigar causes symptoms familiar to nearly everybody; dizziness, malaise, cold sweat, vomiting, diarrhœa, dilatation of the pupils and rapid heart action—an acute intoxication. Chronic intoxication or nicotism manifests itself by disturbances of digestion, vision and especially circulation. It has been assigned [182]as one of the causes of early atheroma and of angina pectoris. It should therefore be proscribed in persons who present symptoms of gastro-intestinal or of heart disease, and in every patient who complains of slight precordial pains, commonly attributed to flatus, but in reality cardiac neuralgia, a fugitive symptom announcing the possibility of that grave accident, angina pectoris, capable of ending the life of the patient with one stroke.

The first cigar brings on symptoms that are well-known to almost everyone: dizziness, discomfort, cold sweat, vomiting, diarrhea, enlarged pupils, and a rapid heartbeat—this is acute intoxication. Chronic intoxication, or nicotism, shows up as issues with digestion, vision, and especially circulation. It has been identified as one of the causes of early atheroma and angina pectoris. Therefore, it should be avoided by anyone showing signs of gastrointestinal or heart issues, and by any patient who reports minor precordial pains, often dismissed as gas, but in reality, they may be cardiac neuralgia, a fleeting symptom indicating the potential for a serious event like angina pectoris, which can be fatal.

Nicotine (C₁₀H₁₄N₂) is an oleaginous liquid heavier than water, colorless, changing to dark yellow on contact with the air. Nicotianin or “camphor of tobacco” is another substance found in the leaves, crystalline, tasteless, with an odor resembling tobacco. Nicotinic acid is a product of the combustion of nicotine.

Nicotine (C₁₀H₁₄N₂) is a thick, oily liquid that's heavier than water and colorless, turning dark yellow when it comes into contact with air. Nicotianin, also known as “tobacco camphor,” is another substance found in the leaves; it's crystalline, tasteless, and has a smell similar to tobacco. Nicotinic acid is created when nicotine is burned.

Botanical Description.—The tobacco plant is so familiar to all Americans that its description here would be superfluous. It grows in all parts of the islands, the best qualities being cultivated in the northern provinces of Luzon, especially Cagayan and La Isabela.

Plant Description.—The tobacco plant is so well-known to all Americans that describing it here seems unnecessary. It grows throughout the islands, with the best quality being cultivated in the northern provinces of Luzon, especially Cagayan and La Isabela.

Scrophulariaceæ.

Figwort Family.

Scrophulariaceae Family.

Limnophila menthastrum, Benth. (Tala odorata, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Tala, Taramhampam, Tag.; Talatala, Pam.; Taratara, Iloc.

Uses.—An infusion of the leaves is given as a diuretic and digestive tonic. The plant is aromatic. It is seldom used, but is given for the same troubles and in the same doses as chamomile and Eupatorium Ayapana.

Applications.—A tea made from the leaves is used as a diuretic and a digestive aid. The plant has a pleasant aroma. It's not often used, but it can be given for the same issues and in the same amounts as chamomile and Eupatorium Ayapana.

Botanical Description.—A plant 1° high, with leaves opposite, lanceolate, ovate, serrate, hairy, many small pits on the lower face. Flowers rose color, solitary, sessile. Calyx, 5 sharp teeth. Corolla tubular, curved, compressed, downy [183]within, limb cleft in 4 unequal lobes. Stamens didynamous. Ovary conical. Style shorter than the stamens. Stigma 3-lobuled. Seed vessel, 2 multiovulate chambers.

Plant Description.—A plant 1° high, with opposite leaves that are lance-shaped, oval, jagged, and hairy, featuring many small pits on the underside. The flowers are rose-colored, solitary, and without a stalk. The calyx has 5 sharp teeth. The corolla is tubular, curved, compressed, and downy [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]inside, with a limb split into 4 uneven lobes. The stamens are didynamous. The ovary is conical. The style is shorter than the stamens. The stigma has 3 lobes. The seed vessel contains 2 chambers that are multiovulate.

Habitat.—Known universally. Blooms in June.

Habitat.—Widely recognized. Blooms in June.

Bignoniaceæ.

Bignonia Family.

Oroxylum Indicum, Vent. (Bignonia Indica, L.; B. quadripinnata, Blanco; Colosanthes Indica, Bl.)

Nom. Vulg.—Pinkapinkahan, Pinkapinka, Taghilaw, Abag̃abag̃, Tag.; Abag̃abag̃, Vis.

Uses.—The Hindoos consider the trunk bark an astringent and tonic and use it commonly in diarrhœa and dysentery. In Bombay it has a wide use in veterinary practice as an application for the sore backs of the domestic cattle. Sarangadhara recommends for diarrhœa and dysentery the infusion of the roasted bark mixed with infusion of Bombax malabaricum.

Uses.—The Hindus see the trunk bark as an astringent and tonic, often using it for diarrhea and dysentery. In Bombay, it's commonly used in veterinary medicine as a treatment for sore backs in domestic cattle. Sarangadhara suggests using an infusion of roasted bark mixed with the infusion of Bombax malabaricum for diarrhea and dysentery.

Dr. Evers experimented with the powder and an infusion of the bark obtaining a strong diaphoretic action. He obtained the same effect with baths containing the bark and reported successful results in thus treating 24 cases of rheumatism. The dose of the powder was 0.30–1 gram a day in 3 doses; the infusion (30 grams bark to 300 boiling water), 90 grams a day in 3 doses. Combined with opium it had more pronounced diaphoretic effects than the compounds of opium and ipecac. The plant possesses no febrifuge properties.

Dr. Evers experimented with the powder and an infusion of the bark, producing a strong sweating effect. He achieved the same results with baths containing the bark and reported success in treating 24 cases of rheumatism. The dosage of the powder was 0.30–1 gram per day in 3 doses; the infusion (30 grams of bark to 300 ml of boiling water) was taken at 90 grams a day in 3 doses. When combined with opium, it had more pronounced sweating effects than the combinations of opium and ipecac. The plant does not have any fever-reducing properties.

Botanical Description.—A tree, 5–6 meters high, trunk straight, hollow, the hollow space containing many thin partitions covered with small points; branches opposite. Leaves 4 times odd pinnate. Leaflets obliquely ovate, acute, entire, glabrous. Flowers in racemes with long, primary peduncles, large, fleshy, lurid, violet color, odor mawkish. Calyx inferior, cylindrical, monophyllous, entire. Corolla much longer than [184]calyx, fleshy, bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, all fertile, fixed on the corolla, nearly equal in height. Style longer than stamens, flattened. Stigma cleft in 2 flat leaves. Silique or pod about 3° long and 2′ wide, flattened, borders grooved and curved downward, containing a great number of seeds encircled by a broad, flat, imbricated wing.

Plant Description.—This is a tree that grows 5–6 meters tall, with a straight, hollow trunk that has many thin partitions inside, covered in small spots; branches are arranged opposite each other. The leaves are four times odd pinnate. The leaflets are obliquely oval, pointed, whole-edged, and smooth. Flowers are arranged in long clusters with long primary stems, large, fleshy, a bright violet color, and smell somewhat sickly. The calyx is at the bottom, cylindrical, made of one piece, and smooth. The corolla is much longer than the [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] calyx, fleshy, shaped like a bell, and has five lobes. There are five stamens, all fertile, attached to the corolla, and nearly the same height. The style is longer than the stamens and flat. The stigma is split into two flat parts. The pod is about 3° long and 2′ wide, flattened, with grooved edges that curve downward, containing many seeds surrounded by a wide, flat, overlapping wing.

Habitat.—Common in many parts of Luzon, in Mindanao, Cebú and Paragua.

Ecosystem.—Found in many areas of Luzon, Mindanao, Cebu, and Palawan.

Pedaliaceæ.

Pedalium Family.

Pedalium Group.

Sesamum Indicum, L.

Sesame, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Ajonjoli, Sp.; Lig̃á, Tag.; Log̃á, Vis.; Lag̃is, Pam.; Sesamé, Indo-Eng. (Benné Oil, Til Oil, Jinjili Oil.)

Nom. Vulg.—Sesame, Sp.; Sesamo, Tag.; Sesamo, Vis.; Sesame, Pam.; Sesame, Indo-Eng. (Benné Oil, Til Oil, Jinjili Oil.)

Uses.—The leaves are emollient and in the Philippines, India and the Southern States of North America they are commonly used to make poultices, as a substitute for linseed.

Uses.—The leaves are soothing, and in the Philippines, India, and the Southern States of the United States, they are often used to make poultices as a substitute for linseed.

The decoction is prescribed internally as an emmenagogue and demulcent and externally as a lotion. It has the reputation of stimulating the growth of the hair and is used for this purpose quite commonly by the women of India.

The decoction is taken internally as a way to promote menstruation and soothe irritation, and it's also applied externally as a lotion. It’s known for promoting hair growth and is frequently used for this purpose by women in India.

The seeds are emollient, laxative, diuretic and emmenagogue; they contain an oil to which we shall refer presently. In some countries they form an article of diet; in the Philippines they are much used as a condiment. Waring reports good results in amenorrhœa, adding a handful of the bruised seeds to a hot sitz-bath. Two or 3 dessert-spoonfuls of the seeds eaten fasting and washed down with a glass of water, are very efficient in chronic constipation, both by their mechanical effect and the oil they contain; being non-irritant they are especially indicated in cases of constipation with hemorrhoids.

The seeds are soothing, help with digestion, act as a diuretic, and stimulate menstruation; they contain an oil that we'll discuss soon. In some countries, they are part of the diet, and in the Philippines, they are commonly used as a spice. Waring reported good results for amenorrhea by adding a handful of the crushed seeds to a hot sitz bath. Eating two or three dessert spoonfuls of the seeds on an empty stomach, followed by a glass of water, is very effective for chronic constipation, due to both their physical action and the oil they contain; they are gentle and particularly recommended for constipation accompanied by hemorrhoids.

The seeds contain up to 45% of oil known in the Philippines under the name of lana, an Ilocano word meaning “oil.” It [185]is bright yellow, viscid, does not easily become rancid and is used for illuminating purposes in some Philippine provinces. In Japan and among the poor of India it serves as a food; in the latter country it is also very commonly used as a cosmetic, perfumed with various essences and used to anoint the hair and the body after the bath. In America it is given in place of castor oil in doses of 30–60 grams. In pharmacy it may be properly substituted for olive oil, especially in Linimentum Calcis prepared for burns.

The seeds contain up to 45% oil known in the Philippines as lana, which is an Ilocano word for “oil.” It [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]is bright yellow, thick, doesn't spoil easily, and is used for lighting purposes in some Philippine provinces. In Japan and among the lower-income population in India, it is used as food; in India, it is also commonly used as a cosmetic, scented with various fragrances and applied to the hair and body after a bath. In America, it is substituted for castor oil in doses of 30–60 grams. In pharmacy, it can properly replace olive oil, especially in Linimentum Calcis which is prepared for burns.

Botanical Description.—A plant 2–4° high, stem straight, square, grooved. Leaves trifoliate. Leaflets lanceolate, serrate, slightly downy. Common petiole long; secondary petiole very short. Flowers pinkish white, in spikes, each flower bearing 2 small glands. Calyx with 2 bracts at the base, top-shaped, monophyllous, 5 lanceolate teeth. Corolla large, 5-lobed, bell-shaped, expanded in the middle where it is spattered with small spots. Stamens didynamous. Anthers long. Ovary downy, quadrangular. Style same length as stamens. Stigma bifid. Seed vessel quadrangular, elongated, 4 opposite grooves, 4 chambers each containing many small ovoid seeds.

Plant Description.—A plant 2–4 inches high, with a straight, square, and grooved stem. The leaves are trifoliate, with lanceolate, serrate, and slightly hairy leaflets. The common petiole is long, while the secondary petiole is very short. The flowers are pinkish-white, arranged in spikes, with each flower having 2 small glands. The calyx has 2 bracts at the base, is top-shaped, made up of one piece, and has 5 lanceolate teeth. The corolla is large, bell-shaped, 5-lobed, and flares out in the middle where it has small spots. The stamens are didynamous, and the anthers are long. The ovary is downy and quadrangular. The style is as long as the stamens, and the stigma is bifid. The seed vessel is elongated and quadrangular, with 4 opposite grooves and 4 chambers, each containing many small oval seeds.

Habitat.—Universal. Blooms in October.

Habitat.—Global. Flowers in October.

Acanthaceæ.

Acanthus Family.

Acanthus ilicifolius, L.

Acanthus ilicifolius, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Diliwariw, Dolo-ariw, Tig̃log, Lagiwlagiw, Tag.; Titiw, Vis.; Dulawari, Pam.

Uses.—We are not familiar with the medicinal uses of this plant in the Philippines, but believe that its sole use is in the soap-making industry; the ash of the plant is rich in soda and potash salts and lye is prepared from it.

Applications.—We aren't aware of any medicinal uses for this plant in the Philippines, but we believe its only use is in the soap-making industry; the ash from the plant is high in soda and potash salts, which are used to produce lye.

In Goa the leaves, rich in mucilage, are used locally in fomentations for rheumatism and neuralgia. Rheede mentions [186]as useful the application of the bruised sprouts to snake bites. Bontius attributes expectorant properties to the plant. The natives of Siam and Cochin China use it as a cordial and as a medicine for paralysis and asthma.

In Goa, locals use the leaves, which are high in mucilage, in poultices for rheumatism and neuralgia. Rheede notes that [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]the crushed sprouts can help with snake bites. Bontius claims the plant has expectorant qualities. People in Siam and Cochin China use it as a tonic and to treat paralysis and asthma.

In Concan the sweetened decoction of the plant with a little cumin seed is given for dyspepsia with pyrosis.

In Concan, a sweetened brew of the plant mixed with a bit of cumin seed is given for indigestion with heartburn.

Botanical Description.—A plant about 3° high, stem straight, beset with sharp eminences. Leaves opposite, membranaceous, lanceolate, pinnatifid, large teeth ending in prickles. Petioles very short, 2 thorns at the base. Flowers purplish white in spikes. Calyx double; the outer one of 2 parts, the inner 4. Corolla bell-shaped, lower lip broad, keeled, fleshy, notched above. Upper lip wanting, a notch in its place. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary superior, conical. Style of equal length with stamens. Stigma bifid. Seed vessels 2-celled, each cell with 2 heart-shaped, flattened, rough seeds.

Plant Description.—A plant approximately 3 feet tall, with a straight stem covered in sharp bumps. The leaves are opposite, thin, lance-shaped, and have large teeth that end in prickles. The petioles are very short, with two thorns at the base. The flowers are purplish white and grow in spikes. The calyx is double; the outer part has 2 segments, while the inner part has 4. The corolla is bell-shaped, with a broad, curved, fleshy lower lip that is notched at the top. The upper lip is absent, replaced by a notch. There are 4 stamens that are didynamous. The ovary is superior and conical. The style is the same length as the stamens. The stigma is split. The seed vessels are 2-celled, with each cell containing 2 heart-shaped, flattened, rough seeds.

Habitat.—Very common in regions inundated by salt water.

Ecosystem.—Very common in areas flooded by salt water.

Barleria Prionitis, L. (Barreliera Prionitis, Blanco.)

Barleria Prionitis, L. (Barleria Prionitis, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Kokog̃manok, Kulanta, Tag.

Uses.—This plant is not used medicinally in the Philippines. The natives of Bombay are accustomed to use its juice to anoint the soles of their feet during the rainy season in order to toughen the skin and prevent fissures due to prolonged maceration.

Applications.—This plant isn't used for medicine in the Philippines. The people in Bombay apply its juice to the soles of their feet during the rainy season to toughen the skin and avoid cracks from extended exposure to moisture.

The leaf juice is bitter and acid; it is a favorite with the natives of India in the treatment of the catarrhal fevers common among their children, administered in doses of 2 tablespoonfuls a day mixed with sweetened water.

The leaf juice is bitter and acidic; it's popular among the natives of India for treating the catarrhal fevers that are common in their children, given in doses of 2 tablespoons a day mixed with sweetened water.

In Concan the dry bark is given for whooping-cough and the juice of the fresh bark in doses of 2 “tolas” (7.60 grams) for anasarca. Dr. Bidie states that the action is diaphoretic and expectorant. [187]

In Concan, the dry bark is used for whooping cough, while the juice of fresh bark is given in doses of 2 “tolas” (7.60 grams) for anasarca. Dr. Bidie notes that its effects are diaphoretic and expectorant. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Botanical Description.—A plant 2–3° high, stem creeping, the ends rising; enlarged at the joints, glabrous. Leaves smooth, opposite, lanceolate, finely serrate, fringed, somewhat downy below, glabrous above. Petioles short, 4 axillary spines. Flowers straw-color, axillary, sessile, solitary. Calyx deeply cleft in 4 parts, ovate, ending in spines. Corolla funnel-shaped, tube short, throat nude, limb 5-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous. Ovary 2-celled. Style same length as stamens. Seed-vessel ovate, flattened and sharp-pointed, 2-celled, each cell with a flat, heart-shaped seed.

Plant Description.—A plant 2–3 inches tall, with a creeping stem that rises at the tips; thickened at the joints, smooth. Leaves are glossy, opposite, lance-shaped, finely serrated, fringed, slightly hairy underneath, and smooth on top. Petioles are short, with 4 axillary spines. Flowers are straw-colored, found in the axils, without a stem, and solitary. The calyx is deeply split into 4 parts, oval, and ends in spines. The corolla is funnel-shaped, with a short tube, a bare throat, and a limb that has 5 lobes. There are 4 stamens, arranged in pairs. The ovary has 2 cells. The style is the same length as the stamens. The seed vessel is oval, flattened, and sharp-pointed, with 2 cells, each containing a flat, heart-shaped seed.

Habitat.—In Guadalupe, Mandaloyon and San Juan del Monte. Blooms in April.

Ecosystem.—In Guadalupe, Mandaloyon, and San Juan del Monte. Flowers in April.

Justicia Gendarussa, L. (Gandarussa vulgaris, Nees.; Dianthera subserrata, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Kapanitulot, Tag.; Bunlaw, Vis.

Uses.—In the Philippines this plant has the same applications as the Lagundi or Vitex, soon to be described. In India they give a decoction of the leaves for chronic rheumatism, the action probably being diaphoretic. The juice is employed for the coughs of childhood and externally as a resolvent for enlarged cervical glands. The bark of the young branches has a purplish color; in Java it is considered a good emetic.

Applications.—In the Philippines, this plant is used the same way as Lagundi or Vitex, which will be described shortly. In India, they prepare a decoction from the leaves for chronic rheumatism, likely promoting sweating. The juice is used for childhood coughs and externally as a treatment for swollen cervical glands. The bark of the young branches has a purplish hue; in Java, it is known as an effective emetic.

Botanical Description.—A shrub 5–6° high, stem straight, branches smooth, obscurely 4-angled. Stems and leaves violet color, emitting a disagreeable odor (Blanco). Leaves opposite, lanceolate, acute, glabrous, obtusely serrate. Flowers terminal, white-green, in racemes of 3 sessile flowers with lanceolate bracts. Calyx, 5 long teeth. Corolla, short tube, 2-lipped, upper lip notched, lower lip broad with palate, ending in 3 lobules. Seed vessel with 4 seeds in its lower part.

Plant Description.—A shrub 5–6 feet tall, with a straight stem and smooth, somewhat four-sided branches. The stems and leaves are violet and give off an unpleasant smell (Blanco). The leaves are opposite, lance-shaped, pointed, smooth, and have blunt serrations. The flowers are at the end of the branches, white-green, arranged in clusters of 3 stalkless flowers with lance-shaped bracts. The calyx has 5 long teeth. The corolla has a short tube and is two-lipped, with the upper lip notched and the lower lip broad with a palate that ends in 3 lobes. The seed pod contains 4 seeds in its lower part.

Habitat.—Luzon, Mindanao, Panay.

[188]

[__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Adhatoda vasica, Nees. (Justicia Adhatoda, L.)

Nom. Vulg.—(?)

Uses.—The Filipinos are but slightly familiar with this plant and it has no place in their therapeutical armamentarium. In India, however, it is very common and enjoys much reputation in the treatment of catarrhs, the grip, asthma and non-febrile, especially chronic, bronchial affections. The flowers, leaves and roots, but especially the flowers, possess antispasmodic properties and are prescribed in certain forms of asthma; they are bitter and slightly aromatic, and are given in infusion or electuary.

Applications.—The Filipinos are only slightly familiar with this plant, and it doesn't play a role in their medical practices. In India, on the other hand, it is very common and has a strong reputation for treating colds, influenza, asthma, and non-feverish, especially chronic, bronchial conditions. The flowers, leaves, and roots—especially the flowers—have antispasmodic properties and are used in treating certain types of asthma; they have a bitter and slightly aromatic flavor and are typically taken as an infusion or in a sweet paste.

Drs. Jackson and Dott have testified from their own experience to the usefulness of the drug in chronic bronchitis, asthma and afebrile catarrh. Dr. Watt states that the natives of Bengal find relief for asthma in smoking the leaves. In Bombay its expectorant action is commonly known and its juice is used, mixed with borax and honey.

Drs. Jackson and Dott have shared their personal experiences about how effective the drug is for chronic bronchitis, asthma, and non-feverish nasal congestion. Dr. Watt mentions that the people of Bengal find relief for asthma by smoking the leaves. In Bombay, its expectorant properties are well-known, and the juice is often used when mixed with borax and honey.

The dose of the aqueous extract made by evaporating the juice of the leaves, is .25–1 gram. The tincture is preferable, made by dissolving this extract in alcohol; dose 2–4 grams. Its efficiency is increased by the addition of pepper seeds (Waring). The Sanscrit writers recommend for cough, 3.80 grams of the leaf juice with honey. “It is very desirable that further trials be made to test the value of this remedy.”—Pharmacopœia of India.

The dose of the water extract made by evaporating the juice from the leaves is 0.25–1 gram. The tincture is preferred, made by dissolving this extract in alcohol; the dose is 2–4 grams. Its effectiveness is enhanced by adding pepper seeds (Waring). The Sanskrit writers recommend using 3.80 grams of leaf juice with honey for coughs. “It is very important that further tests be conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of this remedy.”—Pharmacopœia of India.

Botanical Description.—A shrub with straight, smooth, ashy-gray trunk. Branches of same color but smoother. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, acute, smooth on both faces, 12–15 cm. long by 3–4 broad, petioles short. Flowers irregular and hermaphrodite in axillary spikes with long peduncles, opposite, large, white, covered with rusty spots, the lower part of the 2 lips purple. Calyx gamosepalous, regular, five deep clefts. Corolla gamopetalous, irregular, short tube, limb 2-lipped, the [189]lower lip ending in a spur. Ovary free, 2-celled, each cell containing 2 ovules. Style filiform, long, inserted in a sort of canal formed by the upper lip of the corolla. Stigma bilobulate. Seed vessel depressed, 4 flattened, lenticular seeds.

Plant Description.—A shrub with a straight, smooth, ashy-gray trunk. The branches are the same color but smoother. The leaves are opposite, lance-shaped, pointed, and smooth on both sides, measuring 12–15 cm long and 3–4 cm wide, with short petioles. The flowers are irregular and hermaphrodite, arranged in axillary spikes with long stems, opposite, large, white, and covered with rusty spots, with the lower part of the two lips being purple. The calyx is fused, regular, with five deep splits. The corolla is fused petal-wise, irregular, with a short tube and a two-lipped limb, the [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]lower lip ending in a spur. The ovary is free, with two cells, each containing two ovules. The style is long and thread-like, inserted into a sort of channel formed by the upper lip of the corolla. The stigma is divided into two lobes. The seed vessel is depressed, with four flattened, lens-shaped seeds.

Habitat.—Luzon and Panay.

Rhinacanthus communis, Nees. (Justicia nasuta, L.)

Nom. Vulg.—Tagaktagak, Tag.; Nagamulli, Indo-Eng.

Uses.—The plant has much reputation in India in the treatment of skin diseases, and indeed its efficiency is great in the stubborn Tinea circinata tropica, known throughout the Orient as “dhobie-itch.” In this disease it is applied for several days to the affected part in the form of a paste composed of the bruised leaves, the juice of the leaves and lemon juice. The fresh root also may be employed. The Hindoo physicians state that the root decoction in milk is aphrodisiac; the root is also regarded as an antidote for the bite of the “cobra da cabelho,” but its virtue is purely imaginary. Of late years the plant has been used in Europe under the name of “tong-pang-chong,” to treat chronic eczema.

Applications.—The plant is well-known in India for treating skin diseases, and it's particularly effective for the stubborn Tinea circinata tropica, commonly referred to in the East as “dhobie-itch.” For this condition, it is applied for several days to the affected area as a paste made from crushed leaves, leaf juice, and lemon juice. The fresh root can also be used. According to Hindu physicians, a decoction of the root in milk acts as an aphrodisiac; the root is also thought to counteract the bite of the “cobra da cabelho,” but this belief is purely fictional. Recently, the plant has been used in Europe under the name “tong-pang-chong” to treat chronic eczema.

Liborius made an analysis of the root in the laboratory of Dorpat, separating 13.51% ash and 1.87% rhinocanthin, as well as other ingredients. Rhinocanthin (C₁₄H₁₈O₄) is supposed to be the active principle of the root. It is analogous to quinon and resembles in many particulars chrysophanic and frangulic acids. It forms a resinous, amorphous mass, cherry red, odorless and tasteless, slightly soluble in water, forming a mildly alkaline solution in alcohol. It does not yield glucose when boiled with dilute hydrochloric acid. Liborius believes that it exists only in the intercellular spaces of the “root bark.”

Liborius analyzed the root in the Dorpat laboratory, finding 13.51% ash and 1.87% rhinocanthin, along with other components. Rhinocanthin (C₁₄H₁₈O₄) is thought to be the root's active ingredient. It’s similar to quinone and, in many ways, resembles chrysophanic and frangulic acids. It forms a resinous, amorphous mass that is cherry red, odorless, and tasteless, and is slightly soluble in water, creating a mildly alkaline solution in alcohol. It does not produce glucose when boiled with dilute hydrochloric acid. Liborius believes it is only found in the intercellular spaces of the “root bark.”

Botanical Description.—A shrub, about 4° high, stem ash-colored, no spines. Leaves lanceolate, undulate, downy. Flowers white in spikes. Calyx gamosepalous, 5-toothed. Corolla long, filiform, limb 4-lobed, the 3 lower lobes ovate, [190]the upper pointed. Stamens 2. Ovary free, 2 biovulate locules. Style simple. Stigma bifid. Seed vessel club-shaped, 4 seeds in the upper part.

Plant Description.—A shrub, about 4 feet tall, with an ash-colored stem and no spines. The leaves are lance-shaped, wavy, and covered in down. The flowers are white and grow in spikes. The calyx is fused with 5 teeth. The corolla is long and thread-like, with a 4-lobed limb; the 3 lower lobes are oval, [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]and the upper lobe is pointed. There are 2 stamens. The ovary is separate, with 2 chambers containing seeds. The style is simple, and the stigma is split. The seed vessel is club-shaped, containing 4 seeds in the upper part.

Habitat.—Common in the gardens of Manila.

Ecosystem.—Often found in the gardens of Manila.

Verbenaceæ.

Vervain Family.

Lippia nodiflora, Rich. (Verbena nodiflora, L.; V. capitata, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Tsatsatsatsahan, Chachachachahan, Tag.

Uses.—The Filipinos drink an infusion of the leaves in place of tea, the long Tagalog name meaning “resembling tea.” In India they drink the hot infusion to aid digestion. In some places the decoction of the leaves is given internally as an emollient and diuretic for gonorrhœa.

Uses.—Filipinos drink an infusion of the leaves instead of tea, with the long Tagalog name meaning "like tea." In India, they drink the hot infusion to help with digestion. In some areas, the decoction of the leaves is taken internally as a soothing agent and diuretic for gonorrhea.

Botanical Description.—A small plant with creeping stem taking root where it touches the ground, obscurely angular, covered with short down. Leaves opposite, smooth, clasping the stem, inversely ovate, serrate only above, slightly downy. Flowers white, slightly purplish, axillary on a common peduncle, in a rough conical head. Corolla somewhat bowed, funnel-form, gaping, throat narrow, limb 4-lobed, one lobe shorter than the rest. Stamens 4, 2 longer. Filament almost wanting. Anthers 4, fertile. Ovary superior, style very short. Stigma semi-globose. Fruit, 2 seeds covered by the pellicle of the ovary.

Plant Description.—A small plant with a creeping stem that takes root wherever it touches the ground, slightly angular, and covered in short hairs. The leaves are opposite, smooth, and clasp the stem, inversely oval in shape, serrated only at the top, and a bit hairy. The flowers are white with a hint of purple, growing in the axils on a shared stalk, forming a rough conical cluster. The corolla is somewhat curved, shaped like a funnel, gaping, with a narrow throat and a limb that has 4 lobes, one of which is shorter than the others. There are 4 stamens, 2 of which are longer. The filaments are almost nonexistent. There are 4 fertile anthers. The ovary is superior with a very short style. The stigma is semi-globose. The fruit contains 2 seeds covered by the outer layer of the ovary.

Habitat.—Very common in the rice fields.

Habitat.—Very common in rice paddies.

Tectona grandis, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Teca, Sp.; Tikla, Tag.; Dalondón, Yate, Kalayati, Vis.; Teak Tree, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Teca, Spanish; Tikla, Tagalog; Dalondón, Yate, Kalayati, Visayan; Teak Tree, English.

Uses.—The powdered wood made into a paste with water is undoubtedly a useful application in acute dermatitis, especially [191]that due to contact with the caustic oleo-resin of the cashew nut (Anacardium). A decoction of the powder gives good results as a gargle for aphthæ, gingivitis, and other inflammations within the buccal cavity. In India they give internally 6–12 grams as a vermifuge, and for dyspepsia with “heartburn.”

Uses.—The powdered wood mixed with water makes a really helpful paste for treating acute dermatitis, especially [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] caused by contact with the caustic oleo-resin of the cashew nut (Anacardium). A decoction of the powder works well as a gargle for canker sores, gingivitis, and other inflammations in the mouth. In India, they use 6–12 grams internally as a treatment for worms and for indigestion with “heartburn.”

The flowers are diuretic according to Endlicher; the bark is astringent; the leaves and the seeds are purgative, the latter yielding an oil which they use in India to stimulate the growth of the hair. Gibson considers the seeds diuretic and quotes two cases where abundant diuresis immediately followed by the application of a poultice of the bruised seeds over the pubis. In Concan they make a sort of extract from the wood and apply it to the yoke sores of the cattle to prevent the growth of maggots. This disinfectant action marks the plant as worthy of further experiment.

The flowers act as a diuretic according to Endlicher; the bark is astringent; the leaves and seeds are purgative, with the seeds producing an oil that’s used in India to promote hair growth. Gibson views the seeds as diuretic and cites two instances where there was significant diuresis right after applying a poultice of crushed seeds to the pubic area. In Concan, they create an extract from the wood and use it on cattle yoke sores to stop maggots from growing. This disinfectant effect makes the plant worthy of further investigation.

Rumphius is authority for the statement that the infusion of the leaves is used in cholera. The Chinese make vessels of the wood to preserve their drinking water at sea; the first and second waters are bitter and are thrown away, but after that the water has no disagreeable taste and is said to aid digestion.

Rumphius is the source for the claim that infused leaves are used for cholera. The Chinese create containers from the wood to keep their drinking water on ships; the first and second batches of water taste bitter and are discarded, but after that, the water does not have an unpleasant taste and is believed to help with digestion.

It has been said that the wood was poisonous because at one time several workmen died from the effects of wounds caused by splinters of the wood, but the statement has not been confirmed by later cases and the deaths were most probably due to a septic infection independent of the chemical composition of the splinters.

It has been said that the wood was toxic because at one point several workers died from wounds caused by splinters of the wood, but this claim hasn't been supported by later cases, and the deaths were most likely due to a septic infection unrelated to the chemical makeup of the splinters.

R. Romanis has extracted a resin from the wood by alcohol; it is soft, and on distillation yields a crystalline body called by the author tectoquinon (C₁₈H₁₀O₂), on account of its resemblance to the quinons. It melts at 171° and volatilizes slightly at ordinary temperature.

R. Romanis has extracted a resin from the wood using alcohol; it's soft, and when distilled, it produces a crystalline substance the author calls tectoquinon (C₁₈H₁₀O₂), due to its similarity to quinons. It melts at 171° and evaporates slightly at room temperature.

Botanical Description.—A tree with leaves almost round, oval, entire, 30–60 centimeters by 20–40, the under surface covered with hoary down. Petioles very short, flattened. [192]Flowers in panicles. Primary peduncle square. Calyx inferior, bell-shaped, very large when ripe, 5-cleft. Corolla white, longer than calyx, covered with a mealy substance, bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Stamens 5 or 6, inserted in the corolla. Filaments flattened, somewhat longer than the corolla. Anthers semi-globose, a yellow zone below and a black circle above. Ovary free, rounded, 4 locules each with 1 seed. Style same length as stamens. Stigma bilobulate. Drupe globose, woolly, spongy, depressed, covered by the membranous inflated calyx; contains one nut, very hard, 4 apartments each containing one seed.

Plant Description.—A tree with nearly round, oval leaves that are entire, measuring 30–60 centimeters by 20–40, with the underside covered in a grayish down. Petioles are very short and flattened. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]Flowers are arranged in panicles. The main stalk is square. The calyx is inferior, bell-shaped, and very large when ripe, with five segments. The corolla is white, longer than the calyx, covered in a powdery substance, bell-shaped, and has five lobes. There are 5 or 6 stamens inserted in the corolla. The filaments are flattened and somewhat longer than the corolla. The anthers are semi-round, with a yellow band below and a black spot above. The ovary is free, rounded, and has four chambers, each containing one seed. The style is the same length as the stamens. The stigma is divided into two lobes. The drupe is round, fuzzy, spongy, depressed, and covered by the thin, inflated calyx; it contains one very hard nut, with four sections, each containing one seed.

Habitat.—The mountains of Morong and Tanay (of La Laguna Province) bear some specimens. Very common in the island of Negros and in Mindanao. It also grows in the Visayas, Mindora and Paragua. Blooms in September.

Ecosystem.—The mountains of Morong and Tanay (in La Laguna Province) have some samples. It's very common on the island of Negros and in Mindanao. It also grows in the Visayas, Mindoro, and Palawan. Blooms in September.

Vitex trifolia, L. (V. repens, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Lagundi, Tag.; Gapasgapas, Vis.; Dangla, Iloc.

Common Name—Lagundi, Tag.; Gapasgapas, Vis.; Dangla, Iloc.

Vitex Negundo, L. (V. Leucoxylon, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Lagundi, Malawin, Tag.

Nom. Vulg.—Lagundi, Malawin, Tagalog.

Uses.—Both species are used medicinally in the Philippines and both enjoy high repute. A variety of the first that seems to possess the same virtues is the V. repens, Blanco, called lagundig̃ gapag̃ by the Tagalos.

Applications.—Both species are used for medicine in the Philippines and are well-regarded. A variety of the first that appears to have the same benefits is the V. repens, Blanco, known as lagundig̃ gapag̃ by the Tagalog people.

V. trifolia is regarded in India as the most powerful species and Bontius has extolled it highly, calling attention to the anodyne, diuretic and emmenagogue properties of the leaves. These are very effective applied in fomentation to rheumatic joints and their use is extensive both in India and the Malay Archipelago. A decoction of the leaves is used locally and as a vapor-bath in the treatment of beriberi. A large earthen pot is filled with leaves and water and brought to a boil; the pot is then placed under a chair in which the patient sits enveloped [193]in a sheet or blanket. If necessary the pot may be removed 2 or 3 times, heated and replaced until abundant sweating is induced. An apparatus to conduct the steam under the chair would be much handier, but it is unsafe to place a small stove or lamp under the chair for fear of setting fire to the cloth.

V. trifolia is considered the most potent species in India, and Bontius has praised it highly, highlighting the pain-relieving, diuretic, and menstrual-regulating properties of the leaves. They are very effective when used in hot compresses for rheumatic joints, and their use is widespread in both India and the Malay Archipelago. A decoction of the leaves is applied locally and used as a steam bath to treat beriberi. A large earthen pot is filled with leaves and water, then brought to a boil; the pot is placed under a chair where the patient sits wrapped in a sheet or blanket. If needed, the pot can be removed 2 or 3 times, reheated, and put back until significant sweating is achieved. An apparatus to direct the steam under the chair would be more convenient, but it’s risky to put a small stove or lamp under the chair due to the risk of igniting the fabric.

In India and the Philippines there is a peculiar inflammation localized in the soles of the feet and characterized by an intense burning rather than pain, not described in the textbooks, but called by the natives “burning of the feet” (“quemadura del pié” or “ignipedites”); in our own experience and according to the consensus of the physicians of India, the application of these leaves 3 or 4 times a day to the soles of the feet has afforded marked relief. The leaves are heated in an earthen pot without the addition of water, and when sufficiently hot are applied and held in place by a bandage.

In India and the Philippines, there's a strange inflammation that occurs in the soles of the feet, marked by an intense burning sensation instead of pain. This condition isn’t mentioned in textbooks but is referred to by locals as “burning of the feet” (“quemadura del pié” or “ignipedites”). In our experience and based on the agreement among doctors in India, applying these leaves 3 or 4 times a day to the soles of the feet has provided significant relief. The leaves are heated in a clay pot without adding water, and once they're hot enough, they are applied and secured in place with a bandage.

Dr. W. Ingledew states that the natives of Mysore (south of India) treat rheumatism and febrile catarrhs by steam baths of the decoction of vitex. A decoction of the leaves is in common use in the Philippines, Malay Islands and India as a bath for women in the puerperal state.

Dr. W. Ingledew states that the people of Mysore (in southern India) treat rheumatism and fevers with steam baths made from vitex. A brew made from the leaves is commonly used in the Philippines, Malay Islands, and India as a bath for women after giving birth.

The dry leaves are smoked for headache and catarrh. According to creditable authority the application of the heated leaves in orchitis produces good results. The root is tonic, febrifuge and expectorant and the fruit nervine and emmenagogue according to the Sanscrit writer.

The dried leaves are smoked for headaches and nasal congestion. According to reliable sources, using the heated leaves for orchitis yields positive results. The root acts as a tonic, fever reducer, and cough remedy, while the fruit is a nerve relaxant and helps with menstruation, according to the Sanskrit writer.

Botanical Description.—V. trifolia is a small tree, 3–4 meters high. The fruit and leaves are said to emit the odor of rosemary. Leaves ternate. Leaflets oval, entire, hoary below, no secondary petioles. Flowers purplish in forked panicle. Corolla bell-shaped with palate. The lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger; upper lip smaller, 2-lobed. Stamens 4, free, didynamous. Ovary free. Style simple, with stigma-bearing lobules. Berry-like drupe, with 4-celled nut, one seed in each cell. [194]

Plant Description.—V. trifolia is a small tree, 10–13 feet tall. The fruit and leaves are said to smell like rosemary. The leaves are arranged in groups of three. The leaflets are oval, smooth on the edges, and have a grayish fuzz on the underside, with no additional petiole. The flowers are purplish and grow in a forked cluster. The corolla is bell-shaped with a palate. The lower lip has three lobes, with the middle lobe being larger; the upper lip is smaller and has two lobes. There are four free stamens that are in two pairs. The ovary is separate. The style is simple, with lobules that bear the stigma. It produces a berry-like drupe, containing a four-chambered nut, with one seed in each chamber. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Habitat.—Common on the seashore. Blooms in June.

Ecosystem.—Found frequently along the shoreline. Flowers in June.

The V. Negundo is a small tree like the preceding, but when it grows in the forest it develops to a tree of the first order, yielding a valuable building wood called molave (Sp.) or more properly molawin. Leaves compound with 5 leaflets. Secondary petioles short. Flowers in dichotomous panicle. Fruit like that of the foregoing species.

The V. Negundo is a small tree like the previous one, but when it grows in the forest, it becomes a top-tier tree, producing a valuable building wood known as molave (Sp.) or more accurately molawin. The leaves are compound with 5 leaflets, and the secondary petioles are short. The flowers grow in a dichotomous panicle. The fruit is similar to that of the previous species.

Clerodendron infortunatum, L. (C. fortunatum, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Kasupag̃it, Gubat, Tag.; Salig̃-wak, Vis.

Uses.—The fresh juice of the leaves is used in India as a vermifuge, according to K. L. Dey; it is also used as a bitter tonic in malarial fever, especially of children. As a tonic and antipyretic it is certainly worthy of recommendation.

Uses.—The fresh juice of the leaves is used in India as a dewormer, according to K. L. Dey; it is also used as a bitter tonic for malaria, especially in children. As a tonic and fever reducer, it certainly deserves recommendation.

Dr. Bholanauth Bose calls attention to this plant as a good substitute for Ophelia chirata, DC. as a tonic and antipyretic.

Dr. Bholanauth Bose highlights this plant as a strong alternative to Ophelia chirata, DC, for use as a tonic and fever reducer.

The infusion of the bruised leaves (10 grams to water 300 cc.) is given up to 200 cc. a day in 3 or 4 doses; the tincture (leaves 60 grams, alcohol 90 %, 500 cc.) is given up to 10 grams a day in 5 or 6 doses.

The infusion of the crushed leaves (10 grams in 300 cc of water) is administered up to 200 cc a day in 3 or 4 doses; the tincture (60 grams of leaves, 500 cc of 90% alcohol) is given up to 10 grams a day in 5 or 6 doses.

Botanical Description.—A shrub with nearly round stem; leaves opposite, ovate, oblong; acute, entire, slightly downy. Flowers terminal in umbellate panicles, the umbellets opposite and each bearing 3 flowerets. Calyx bluish, long, tubular, somewhat expanded in the middle, divided in 5 parts. Corolla twice as long as the calyx, tube filiform, limb 5-lobed. Stamens didynamous, their lower parts grown to the tube of the corolla. Filaments longer than the corolla. Ovary conical. Style of same length as the stamens. Stigma bifid. Berry dry, quadrate, depressed, the shell hard, 4 grooves, 4 cells, each containing a seed.

Plant Description.—A shrub with a nearly round stem; leaves are opposite, ovate, and oblong; they are pointed, entire, and slightly fuzzy. Flowers grow at the ends of branches in umbellate clusters, with the individual clusters opposite and each having 3 small flowers. The calyx is bluish, long, tubular, slightly wider in the middle, and divided into 5 parts. The corolla is twice as long as the calyx, with a slender tube and a 5-lobed opening. The stamens are didynamous, with their lower parts fused to the corolla tube. The filaments are longer than the corolla. The ovary is conical. The style is the same length as the stamens. The stigma is split. The berry is dry, square-shaped, flattened, with a hard shell, 4 grooves, and 4 compartments, each containing a seed.

Habitat.—Very common in Manila and in the forests. [195]

Ecosystem.—Very common in Manila and in the woods. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Labiatæ.

Mint Family.

Ocimum basilicum, L. (O. Americanum, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Solasi, Tag., Pam.; Bonak, Vis.; Sweet Basil, Eng.

Ocimum gratissimum, L. (O. virgatum Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Lokoloko, Tag., Pam.; Kolonkogon, Vis.

Ocimum sanctum, L. (O. flexuosum, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Balanay, Tag.; Sacred Basil, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Balanay, Tag.; Holy Basil, Eng.

Uses.—All three species possess a characteristic camphoraceous odor and are commonly grouped under the one name, albahacas (sweet basil). Some natives call them solasi and others balanay, but many are able to distinguish the various species correctly. All three have analogous properties, but the most widely used is the O. basilicum. These properties are stimulant, diaphoretic, and expectorant, and the infusion is used commonly for flatulent colic and painful dyspepsia. The dry powdered leaves of the O. sanctum are taken as snuff by the natives of India in the treatment of a curious endemic disease characterized by the presence of small maggots in the nasal secretion; this disease is called peenash, and possibly exists in the Philippines though I have never encountered it.

Applications.—All three species have a distinct camphor-like smell and are often referred to collectively as albahacas (sweet basil). Some locals call them solasi and others balanay, but many can accurately identify the different species. All three have similar properties, but the most commonly used is O. basilicum. These properties include being a stimulant, diaphoretic, and expectorant, and the infusion is often used for flatulent colic and painful dyspepsia. The dried powdered leaves of O. sanctum are used as snuff by the people of India to treat a peculiar endemic disease characterized by small maggots in nasal discharge; this disease is known as peenash, and it may also be present in the Philippines, although I have never seen it.

Martins states that in Brazil they use a decoction of the mucilaginous leaves of the O. gratissimum in the treatment of gonorrhœa and Dr. Waitz highly recommends a strong decoction of these leaves for the aphthæ of children, which he claims to have cured by this means after all European drugs had failed. This fact and the action of the snuff above mentioned, demonstrate the antiseptic properties of the plant, due doubtless to its abundant aromatic principles.

Martins points out that in Brazil, they use a decoction of the mucilaginous leaves of the O. gratissimum to treat gonorrhea, and Dr. Waitz strongly recommends a potent decoction of these leaves for canker sores in children, claiming to have treated them effectively after all European medications had failed. This fact, along with the effects of the previously mentioned snuff, shows the antiseptic properties of the plant, likely due to its rich aromatic compounds.

O. basilicum contains a green essential oil, very aromatic, [196]becoming solid; it is a sort of camphor (C₂₀H₁₆6HO, Raybaud) and crystallizes in 4-faced prisms.

O. basilicum has a green essential oil that is highly aromatic, [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] which can solidify; it's a type of camphor (C₂₀H₁₆6HO, Raybaud) and forms 4-sided crystals.

All the plants are used to prepare aromatic baths for cases of atrophy and debility in children (Waitz) and for the treatment of rheumatism and paralysis.

All the plants are used to prepare fragrant baths for cases of weakness and fatigue in children (Waitz) and for treating rheumatism and paralysis.

Botanical Description.—O. gratissimum is a plant 2–3° high, stem straight, downy. Leaves medium lanceolate, finely serrate from the middle upwards, with short hairs and transparent dots. Flowers in long terminal racemes. Calyx, upper lip horizontal, round; lower lip 3 pointed parts, the middle one subdivided in two. Corolla yellowish, inverted, one lip cleft in 4 obtuse lobes; the other longer, narrow, serrate. Stamens didynamous, 2 shorter. Anthers semilunar. Stigma bifid. Seeds 4.

Plant Description.—O. gratissimum is a plant that grows 2–3 feet tall, with a straight, hairy stem. The leaves are medium-sized, lance-shaped, and have fine serrations from the middle up, along with short hairs and translucent dots. The flowers are in long clusters at the ends of the stems. The calyx has an upper lip that is flat and rounded, and a lower lip made up of 3 pointed sections, with the middle one divided into two. The corolla is yellowish and inverted, with one lip split into 4 rounded lobes and the other longer, narrower, and serrated. The stamens are didynamous, with 2 of them shorter. The anthers are crescent-shaped. The stigma is divided into two. There are 4 seeds.

The O. Americanum has leaves lanceolate, ovate, acute, full of pores, somewhat downy. It is more fragrant than the other species and its flowers are bluish-white in racemes.

The O. Americanum has lance-shaped, oval, pointed leaves that are full of pores and a bit fuzzy. It's more fragrant than the other species, and its flowers are bluish-white and grow in clusters.

The O. sanctum is the most sacred plant of the Hindoos, dedicated to Vishnu; its branches are wavy or cauliflexuous, leaves obliquely ovate, obtuse, serrate, nearly glabrous.

The O. sanctum is the most sacred plant for Hindus, dedicated to Vishnu; its branches are wavy or flexible, leaves are slanted oval, rounded, serrated, and almost hairless.

Habitat.—All species are very common and universally known.

Ecosystem.—All species are very common and widely recognized.

Coleus aromaticus, Benth. (C. suganda, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Orégano, Sp.-Fil.; Suganda, Tag.; Marjoram, Eng. (The Sp. and Eng. names are incorrect.)

Nom. Vulg.—Oregano, Sp.-Fil.; Suganda, Tag.; Marjoram, Eng. (The Spanish and English names are incorrect.)

Uses.—The fleshy, aromatic leaves of this plant are bruised and applied locally for the bites of centipedes and scorpions. They are also applied to the temples and forehead for headache, held in place by a bandage. In Cochin China they are used in asthma, chronic bronchitis, epilepsy and other convulsive diseases. The juice of the leaves is a carminative and is given to children suffering with wind colic. Dr. Wight claims to have observed occasional intoxicating effects following its [197]use, but Dymock states that he has never observed such effects. The plant contains a coloring matter, colein (C₁₀H₁₀O₃), red, insoluble in ether, soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in water. On the addition of ammonia the solution changes to purple, then violet, indigo, green, and, finally, greenish-yellow.

Uses.—The soft, fragrant leaves of this plant are crushed and applied directly to the bites of centipedes and scorpions. They are also placed on the temples and forehead to relieve headaches, secured with a bandage. In Cochin China, they are used to treat asthma, chronic bronchitis, epilepsy, and other convulsive disorders. The juice from the leaves acts as a carminative and is given to children suffering from wind colic. Dr. Wight has reported occasional intoxicating effects after its [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]use, but Dymock notes that he has never seen such effects. The plant contains a coloring agent, colein (C₁₀H₁₀O₃), which is red, insoluble in ether, soluble in alcohol, and slightly soluble in water. When ammonia is added, the solution changes color to purple, then violet, indigo, green, and finally greenish-yellow.

Another species, the C. atropurpureus, Benth. (C. grandifolius, Blanco), well known in the Philippines by its common name mayana, is used in the treatment of bruises, the bruised fleshy leaves being the part employed; these leaves are downy and dark violet in color.

Another species, C. atropurpureus, Benth. (C. grandifolius, Blanco), commonly known in the Philippines as mayana, is used to treat bruises, with the crushed, fleshy leaves being the part that's used; these leaves are soft and dark violet in color.

Botanical Description.—Leaves opposite, nearly sessile, cordate, obtuse, downy and very fleshy. Flowers in a quadrangular raceme, each group of these flowerets having a concave scale at the base. Calyx bell-shaped, 2-lipped; the upper lip longer and entire; the lower with 4 narrow teeth. Corolla a pale violet, 5 times longer than the calyx. Stamens didynamous, straight, longer than the corolla. Style bifid. Seeds 4.

Plant Description.—Leaves are opposite, almost stalkless, heart-shaped, blunt, fuzzy, and very thick. Flowers grow in a square-shaped cluster, with each group of flowers having a concave scale at the base. The calyx is bell-shaped and has two lips; the upper lip is longer and smooth, while the lower lip has 4 narrow teeth. The corolla is a pale violet and is five times longer than the calyx. The stamens are didynamous, straight, and longer than the corolla. The style is split. There are 4 seeds.

Habitat.—Universally abundant.

Habitat.—Widely available.

Rosmarinus officinalis, L.

Rosemary, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Romero, Sp.; Rosemary, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Romero, Spanish; Rosemary, English.

Uses.—This is one of the plants most valued by the Filipinos. Its infusion is used as an eye-wash for slight catarrhal conjunctivitis, applied 3 or 4 times a day. It is one of the aromatic plants used so commonly to bathe women in the puerperal state, and in vapor baths for rheumatism, paralysis and incipient catarrhs. The entire plant is a stimulant and carminative but little used internally; in atonic dyspepsia it has given good results taken in the same form as the infusion of manzanilla.

Applications.—This is one of the plants most valued by Filipinos. Its infusion is used as an eye wash for mild catarrhal conjunctivitis, applied 3 or 4 times a day. It is one of the aromatic plants commonly used to bathe women after childbirth and in steam baths for rheumatism, paralysis, and early catarrhs. The whole plant acts as a stimulant and carminative but is rarely used internally; in cases of weak dyspepsia, it has shown good results when taken in the same way as chamomile tea.

It contains a large per cent. of an essential oil which gives the plant its agreeable odor. This oil enters into the composition of “Cologne Water”; it is said to arrest falling of the hair and is a diffusible stimulant which may be given internally [198]in doses of 3–5 drops. It is colorless and liquid when fresh, but in time becomes dark and viscid. It combines freely with alcohol and its density is 0.885.

It has a high percentage of an essential oil that gives the plant its pleasant scent. This oil is used in the making of “Cologne Water”; it’s said to help prevent hair loss and acts as a mild stimulant that can be taken internally in doses of 3–5 drops. When fresh, it’s colorless and liquid, but it darkens and becomes sticky over time. It mixes well with alcohol and has a density of 0.885. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Botanical Description.—A plant from 2 to 3° high. Leaves sessile, linear, obtuse, margins revolute, white-hoary beneath. Calyx tubular, 2-lipped. Corolla rose-violet color, gaping; the upper lip concave, 2-lobed; the lower lip longer, 3-lobed. Stamens, 2 fertile and 2 sterile. Style, same length as the stamens. Stigma simple. Fruit, 4 seeds in the depths of the calyx.

Plant Overview.—A plant that stands 2 to 3 inches tall. Leaves are attached directly at the base, linear, blunt-tipped, and have rolled edges, with a white, hoary underside. The calyx is tubular and has 2 lips. The corolla is rose-violet, open; the upper lip is concave and has 2 lobes, while the lower lip is longer and has 3 lobes. There are 2 fertile stamens and 2 sterile ones. The style is the same length as the stamens. The stigma is simple. The fruit contains 4 seeds nestled in the calyx.

Habitat.—It is carefully cultivated throughout the Philippines.

Ecosystem.—It is carefully grown all throughout the Philippines.

Anisomeles ovata, R. Br. (Phlomis alba, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Taligharap, Tag.; Jerusalem Sage, Eng.

Uses.—The infusion of the leaves is bitter and aromatic and is used in catarrhal inflammations of the stomach and intestines and in intermittent fevers. Used as a vapor-bath it produces abundant diaphoresis, and the infusion given internally has a like effect. The leaves, when distilled, yield an oil which is used as an external application in rheumatism.

Applications.—The infusion of the leaves is bitter and aromatic and is used for inflammatory issues in the stomach and intestines, as well as for intermittent fevers. When used as a vapor bath, it causes significant sweating, and taking the infusion internally has a similar effect. The leaves, when distilled, produce an oil that is used externally to treat rheumatism.

Botanical Description.—A plant 6° or more high. Root fibrous, trunk and branches enlarged at the joints. Leaves opposite, ovate, obtusely serrate, soft and downy. Flowers pink, verticillate, in opposite clusters around the stem, with several linear and hairy involucres at the base of each cluster. Calyx, 5 sharp teeth. Corolla, 2-lipped; the lower much larger, downy within, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger and broader, notched at the extremity, and its borders turned downward; the other 2 lateral lobes very small, narrow; the upper lip much shorter and smaller, entire, enveloping the stamens. Stamens didynamous. Style about the same length as the stamens. Stigma bifid. Fruit, 4 small seeds.

Plant Description.—A plant 6 inches or more tall. The roots are fibrous, and the trunk and branches are swollen at the joints. The leaves are opposite, oval, bluntly serrated, soft, and fuzzy. The flowers are pink, arranged in pairs around the stem, with several long, hairy bracts at the base of each pair. The calyx has 5 sharp teeth. The corolla is 2-lipped; the lower lip is much larger, fuzzy on the inside, and divided into 3 lobes, with the middle lobe being larger and broader, notched at the end, and its edges turned downward; the other 2 side lobes are very small and narrow; the upper lip is much shorter and smaller, entire, covering the stamens. The stamens are didynamous. The style is about the same length as the stamens. The stigma is split. The fruit contains 4 small seeds.

Habitat.—Very common on the fields of Manila Province.

Environment.—Very common in the fields of Manila Province.

[199]

[__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Leucas aspera, Spreng. (Phlomis Zeylanica, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Pansipansi, Solasolasian, Karukansoli, Tag.; Pansipansi, Paypaysi, Vis.

Uses.—The bruised leaves are applied to the bites of serpents or poisonous insects. In India they are similarly used. The juice of the leaves is very useful in the treatment of certain skin diseases, especially psoriasis.

Applications.—Crushed leaves are used for snake bites or insect stings. They are used the same way in India. The juice from the leaves is very effective for treating certain skin conditions, particularly psoriasis.

Botanical Description.—A plant about 2° high, very well known to the natives. Leaves sessile, lanceolate, finely serrate and covered with short hairs. Flowers terminal, white, verticillate, with the characteristics of the mint family.

Plant Description.—A plant about 2 feet tall, well-known to the locals. The leaves are attached directly to the stem, lance-shaped, finely toothed, and covered in short hairs. The flowers are at the top, white, arranged in whorls, and have features typical of the mint family.

Plantaginaceæ.

Plantain Family.

Plantago erosa, Wall. (P. crenata and media, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Llantén, Sp.-Fil.; Lantín, Tag.; Plantain, Eng.

Uses.—The leaves of this popular plant are the commonest remedy in the Philippines for abscess of the gums. They are bruised and applied with a little lard over the swollen cheek. It is emollient and, in decoction, is used as a substitute for flaxseed.

Applications.—The leaves of this well-known plant are the most common treatment in the Philippines for gum abscesses. They are crushed and applied with a bit of lard on the swollen cheek. It acts as a soothing agent and, in a brewed form, is used as an alternative to flaxseed.

Botanical Description.—This plant is so universally known that there is no fear of confusing it with others. It flourishes as a common weed in the U. S. as well as the Philippines.

Plant Description.—This plant is so widely recognized that there’s no worry about mistaking it for anything else. It grows abundantly as a common weed in the U.S. and the Philippines.

Nyctaginaceæ.

Four-O’Clock Family.

Four O'Clock Family.

Mirabilis Jalapa, L. (M. longiflora, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Maravillas, Suspiros, Sp.-Fil.; Gilalas, Tag.; Four O’Clock, Marvel of Peru, Eng.

Uses.—The root is purgative and possesses the same active [200] principles, the same properties and is given in the same dose as jalap. According to the experience of Shoolbred, Hunter, W. O’Shaughnessy and Ainslie, its purgative action is weak and uncertain and therefore unworthy of use as a substitute for jalap. The bruised leaves are used as poultices to hasten suppuration, but according to Waring they are capable of causing dermatitis.

Applications.—The root is a laxative and has the same active [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] properties, and is administered in the same amounts as jalap. Based on the experiences of Shoolbred, Hunter, W. O’Shaughnessy, and Ainslie, its laxative effect is weak and inconsistent, making it not a reliable alternative to jalap. The crushed leaves are applied as poultices to promote suppuration, but according to Waring, they can lead to dermatitis.

Botanical Description.—The flowers open toward the end of the day and close again at sunrise. The root is blackish and spindle-shaped. The stem smooth, branches forked. Leaves opposite, lanceolate-cordate, acute, somewhat downy along the borders and the upper surface. Petioles short. Flowers fragrant, almost constantly blooming, of different colors even in the same plant, terminal, in umbels. Pedicels very short. Calyx persistent, 5-toothed. Corolla superior, very long, its tube downy, funnel-form, limb 5-lobed. Stamens 5, longer than the corolla. Style longer than the stamens. Stigma globose. Nut small, black, globose, many-ribbed, full of a mealy substance.

Plant Description.—The flowers open in the late afternoon and close again at sunrise. The root is dark and shaped like a spindle. The stem is smooth with forked branches. The leaves are opposite, shaped like a lance and heart at the base, pointed, and slightly hairy along the edges and top surface. The petioles are short. The flowers are fragrant, bloom almost continuously, and come in different colors even on the same plant, forming clusters at the ends of the branches. The flower stalks are very short. The calyx remains attached and has five teeth. The corolla is upright, very long, with a hairy funnel-shaped tube and a five-lobed limb. There are five stamens, which are longer than the corolla. The style is longer than the stamens. The stigma is round. The seed is small, black, round, with many ribs, and filled with a powdery substance.

Habitat.—Common in gardens.

Habitat.—Found frequently in gardens.

Amaranthaceæ.

Amaranth Family.

Amaranthus spinosus, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Kilitis, Orayi, Tag.; Ayantoto, Pam.; Kalitis, Tilites, Bayag̃-bayag̃, Vis.; Kuanton, Iloc.; Thorny Amaranth, Eng.

Uses.—The entire plant is emollient and its principal use is as a poultice for inflammations, bruises, etc. The decoction of the root is diuretic and antiphlogistic and is used in Mauritius (30 grams root to 750 cc. water) as an internal remedy for gonorrhœa; indeed it is there regarded as a specific for that disease, checking the discharge and the “ardor urinæ.” It should be continued till the cure is complete. [201]

Applications.—The entire plant is soothing, and its main use is as a poultice for inflammation, bruises, and similar issues. The decoction of the root is a diuretic and anti-inflammatory and is used in Mauritius (30 grams of root to 750 cc. of water) as an internal treatment for gonorrhea; in fact, it's considered a specific remedy for that condition, helping to stop the discharge and alleviate the burning sensation when urinating. It should be taken until the cure is complete. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

The bruised leaves are used locally for eczema.

The bruised leaves are used in the area for eczema.

Botanical Description.—A plant 2–3° high of a reddish color. Leaves alternate, lanceolate, broad, notched at the apex, wavy, glabrous. Petioles with a pair of spines in their axils. Flowers small, yellow-green, in round axillary clusters and in long terminal spikes. The pistillate flowers are sometimes separated from the staminate, sometimes mixed with them in the lower part of the spike. Staminate: No corolla, calyx 2–5 parts, stamens 4–5. Pistillate: Style and stigma 2 or 3, otherwise the same as the staminate. Seed vessel with 1 seed.

Plant Description.—A plant 2–3° high with a reddish hue. Leaves are arranged alternately, lance-shaped, broad, notched at the tip, wavy, and smooth. The petioles have a pair of spines in their axils. Flowers are small, yellow-green, and grow in round clusters in the axils and in long terminal spikes. The female flowers are sometimes separate from the male flowers and sometimes mixed with them in the lower part of the spike. Male flowers: no petals, calyx with 2–5 parts, and 4–5 stamens. Female flowers: style and stigma with 2 or 3, otherwise the same as the male. Seed pod contains 1 seed.

Habitat.—Common in all parts. Blooms in October.

Habitat—Found everywhere. Blooms in October.

Achyranthes obtusifolia, Lam. (A. aspera, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Hangor, Hangot, Dokotdekot, Libay, Tag.; Angod, Pam.

Uses.—The plant has astringent and diuretic properties; the latter were observed by Dr. Cornish, who communicated the facts to Waring, calling special attention to the good service the drug had afforded him in dropsy. Other physicians in India have confirmed these observations of Cornish. The decoction is made of 60 grams of the entire plant to 750 cc. water, boiled till reduced one-half and strained under pressure. Dose, 60 cc. every 2 hours till diuresis is induced.

Uses.—The plant has astringent and diuretic properties; the latter were noted by Dr. Cornish, who shared his findings with Waring, emphasizing how effective the drug had been for him in treating dropsy. Other doctors in India have supported Cornish’s observations. To prepare the decoction, use 60 grams of the whole plant with 750 cc. of water, boil it down to half, and strain it under pressure. The dosage is 60 cc. every 2 hours until diuresis occurs.

The ashes of this plant, like those of the Amaranthus spinosus, L., contain a large quantity of potassa, and are used for washing clothes; on this account it has received its Sanscrit name Apamarga (the washer). The ashes are also mixed in an infusion of ginger and given internally in dropsy.

The ashes of this plant, similar to those of the Amaranthus spinosus, L., contain a significant amount of potash and are used for washing clothes; for this reason, it has been given its Sanskrit name Apamarga (the washer). The ashes are also combined in a ginger infusion and taken internally for treating dropsy.

The flowers are bruised and applied to the bites of snakes and other poisonous animals. In India there is a superstition that carrying these flowers about the person will keep off scorpions.

The flowers are bruised and used on snake bites and bites from other poisonous animals. In India, there's a belief that carrying these flowers with you will protect against scorpions.

Botanical Description.—A plant about 3° high, the stem angular and downy. Leaves opposite, downy, clasping the stem, lanceolate, very obtuse and wavy. Flowers bent [202]downward in a long spike bearing many flowerets. Calyx, 5 tough scales. Corolla wanting. Nectary much smaller than the calyx, monophyllous, 5-lobed. Stamens 5. Ovary top-shaped, upper part somewhat concave. Style same length as stamens. Stigma coarse, bifid. Fruit, a seed covered with 2 membranes, one enveloping it completely, the outer one adherent in only one part.

Plant Description.—A plant about 3 feet tall, with an angular and fuzzy stem. The leaves are opposite, fuzzy, wrapping around the stem, lance-shaped, very blunt and wavy. Flowers droop [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] down on a long spike with many small flowers. The calyx has 5 tough scales. There is no corolla. The nectary is much smaller than the calyx, single-leaved, and 5-lobed. There are 5 stamens. The ovary is shaped like a top, with a slightly concave upper part. The style is the same length as the stamens. The stigma is coarse and split. The fruit consists of a seed covered by 2 membranes, with one fully enveloping it and the outer one attached in only one spot.

Habitat.—Common in Luzon. Blooms in November.

Ecosystem.—Found commonly in Luzon. Flowers in November.

Chenopodiacæ.

Goosefoot Family.

Chenopodium ambrosioides, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Alpasotes, Sp.-Fil.; Pasotis, Apasotis, Tag.; American Worm-seed, Mexican Tea, Eng.

Uses.—This plant is a native of Mexico. It has a peculiar, somewhat offensive odor and an acrid, aromatic taste due to an essential oil resembling peppermint (?). According to Padre Mercado, “When the seeds are taken with wine, sensation is so dulled that the drinker may be whipped without feeling the lashes, and even if put to the torment, does not feel it.” These properties, if true, make this plant one of the most useful in the Philippines. The entire plant is stimulant. The infusion, given internally, causes sweating, excites the circulation, is diuretic, tonic, stomachic, and useful as well as an antispasmodic in nervous troubles. The leaves are employed in making the infusion, 8 grams to 200 of boiling water. It is widely used in bronchial catarrhs and in asthma on account of its sudorific and expectorant action. It seems also to possess emmenagogue properties. The seeds yield on distillation a yellow essential oil with a strong and disagreeable odor, density 0.908. Both seeds and flowers are vermifuge, and are used as such in Brazil in doses of 8 grams in infusion or with an equal dose of castor oil. The anthelmintic dose of the essential oil is 5–15 drops with powdered sugar. [203]

Applications.—This plant is native to Mexico. It has a distinctive, somewhat unpleasant smell and a sharp, aromatic taste because of an essential oil that’s similar to peppermint (?). According to Padre Mercado, “When the seeds are taken with wine, the drinker's sensitivity is so dulled that they can be whipped without feeling the lashes, and even if they are tortured, they do not feel it.” If this is true, these properties make this plant one of the most valuable in the Philippines. The entire plant acts as a stimulant. When used in an infusion internally, it causes sweating, stimulates circulation, acts as a diuretic, tonic, stomachic, and is also helpful as an antispasmodic for nervous issues. The leaves are used to create the infusion, with 8 grams mixed into 200 ml of boiling water. It is commonly used for bronchial catarrh and asthma due to its ability to induce sweating and help with expectoration. It also appears to have emmenagogue properties. The seeds produce a yellow essential oil upon distillation, which has a strong and unpleasant odor and a density of 0.908. Both the seeds and flowers are effective against worms and are used in Brazil in doses of 8 grams in infusion or with an equal amount of castor oil. The anthelmintic dose of the essential oil ranges from 5 to 15 drops with powdered sugar. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Rilliet and Barthez recommend the following potion for infantile chorea:

Rilliet and Barthez suggest this remedy for childhood chorea:

Leaves of chenopodium	4 grams.
Water	500 grams.

Make an infusion and add syrup of orange flowers 50 grams. Dose, several tablespoonfuls a day.

Make an infusion and add 50 grams of orange flower syrup. Take several tablespoons a day.

Botanical Description.—A plant 2° high; stem beset with hairs, many-angled. Leaves lanceolate, varying from entire to cut-pinnatifid. Flowers green, sessile, axillary, in small clusters. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla wanting. Stamens 5. Filaments flattened, inserted near the center of the flowers opposite the parts of the calyx. Anthers in 2 globose parts. Ovary superior, globose, depressed, unilocular, uniovulate. Style none. Stigmas, 2, 3 or 4, short, divergent. Fruit a lenticular seed covered by the membrane of the ovary.

Botanical Overview.—A plant 2 inches high; stem covered in hairs, with multiple angles. Leaves are lance-shaped, ranging from whole to deeply lobed. Flowers are green, sitting directly on the stem, in small clusters. The calyx has 5 parts. There is no corolla. There are 5 stamens. The filaments are flattened and positioned near the center of the flowers, opposite the calyx parts. Anthers are in 2 round sections. The ovary is located above, round, and slightly flattened, with one chamber and one egg. There is no style. Stigmas can be 2, 3, or 4, short and spreading. The fruit is a lens-shaped seed encased in the ovary membrane.

Habitat.—Common in gardens and fields. Blooms in May.

Environment.—Common in gardens and fields. Flowers in May.

Aristolochiaceæ.

Birthwort Family.

Aristolochia Indica, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Timbag̃an, Malaubi, Tag.; Indian Birthwort, Eng.

Uses.—The root has a wide use in medicine in the Philippines; it is bitter, of a nauseating odor and has the reputation of being a powerful antidote for the bites of poisonous serpents and insects. It has further use in the treatment of malarial fever, in dyspepsia, and in the flatulent colic of teething children. It is regarded as tonic and emmenagogue. In various forms of diarrhœa it appears to be effective and Dr. Gibson states that it is useful in intestinal disorders. In the Philippines it is not only given internally but also externally applied over the abdomen, mixed with hot cocoanut oil (10 grams of the powdered root to 100 oil). [204]

Uses.—The root is widely used in medicine in the Philippines; it has a bitter taste and an unpleasant smell, and it’s known to be a strong antidote for the bites of venomous snakes and insects. It’s also used to treat malaria, indigestion, and gas pain in teething children. It’s considered a tonic and a woman’s remedy. It seems effective for different types of diarrhea, and Dr. Gibson mentions that it’s helpful for intestinal issues. In the Philippines, this root is used both internally and externally, applied on the abdomen, mixed with hot coconut oil (10 grams of the powdered root to 100 ml of oil). [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

The first Portuguese settlers in India called the drug “Cobra Root,” because the natives regarded it as an antidote for the bite of the terrible “Cobra da Capello.” This reputation, however, seems not to have been deserved, judging from the fearful mortality in India and Ceylon due to the bite of the cobra.

The first Portuguese settlers in India referred to the drug as “Cobra Root” because the locals viewed it as a cure for the bite of the dreaded “Cobra da Capello.” However, this reputation doesn’t seem to have been warranted, considering the high death rate in India and Ceylon caused by cobra bites.

Dr. Imlach, a surgeon of Singapore, states that in one season in one collectorate, Shikapore, no less than 306 cases of snake bites were officially reported, the mortality being 63, or about 20.58 per cent. Other reports make it safe to conclude that in the entire province during the year no less than 300 deaths were due to this cause alone. Dr. Waring believes that if an antidote for snake bite exist in the vegetable kingdom it will most probably be found in the natural order Aristolochiaceæ.

Dr. Imlach, a surgeon in Singapore, reports that in one season in Shikapore, there were officially 306 cases of snake bites, with 63 fatalities, which is about 20.58 percent. Other reports suggest that throughout the entire province that year, there were at least 300 deaths caused by snake bites alone. Dr. Waring believes that if there is an antidote for snake bites in the plant world, it is most likely found in the family Aristolochiaceæ.

In North India this drug is used as emmenagogue and anti-arthritic, and in Banda for intermittent fevers and intestinal disorders. The juice of the leaves is emetic. The dose of the powdered root is 3–5 grams daily.

In North India, this drug is used as a menstrual stimulant and for arthritis, and in Banda for intermittent fevers and digestive issues. The juice from the leaves causes vomiting. The recommended dose of the powdered root is 3–5 grams daily.

Botanical Description.—A twining shrub, with leaves heart-shaped, ovate, acute, glabrous. Petioles short. Flowers dark reddish-gray, in panicles. Calyx wanting. Corolla globose below, the tube cylindrical, expanding at the top. Anthers 6, in pairs. Filaments, none. Styles 6, very coarse, a membrane at the base including all. Stigmas simple. Seed vessel inferior, 6-ribbed, 6 cells and many winged seeds. The seed vessel after casting the seeds resembles a pair of balance scales with its little plates or pans. Hence the Tagalo name Timbag̃an meaning “balance.”

Plant Description.—A climbing shrub with heart-shaped, pointed leaves that are smooth. The petioles are short. Flowers are dark reddish-gray and grow in clusters. There is no calyx. The corolla is round at the bottom, with a cylindrical tube that widens at the top. There are 6 anthers in pairs. There are no filaments. There are 6 very thick styles, with a membrane at the base that includes all of them. The stigmas are simple. The seed pod is located below, has 6 ribs, 6 chambers, and many winged seeds. After releasing the seeds, the seed pod looks like a set of balance scales with its small plates or pans. This is why it has the Tagalog name Timbag̃an, meaning "balance."

Habitat.—In Luzon and Panay. Blooms in November.

Ecosystem.—Found in Luzon and Panay. Flowers in November.

Piperaceæ.

Pepper Family.

Piper Betle, L. (Chavica Betle and C. auriculata, Miq.; Piper Betel, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Hojas de buyo, Sp.-Fil.; Itmó, Tag.; Mamin, Bic.; Buyo, Mamón, Vis.; Samat, Pam.; Betel Pepper, Eng. [205]

Nom. Vulg.—Hojas de buyo, Sp.-Fil.; Itmó, Tag.; Mamin, Bic.; Buyo, Mamón, Vis.; Samat, Pam.; Betel Pepper, Eng. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Uses.—A masticatory, used all over the extreme Orient, is composed of the leaves of this plant, a little slaked oyster-shell lime and a rounded slice of the bonga or areca nut; the Filipinos call this combination bayo, though the name is not of native origin; the Tagalos call it hitsú. The use of buyo by careless persons is decidedly repugnant, for the mixture of the lime and the pigment of the bonga imparts a blood-red or rather brick-red color to the saliva which they spit in mouthfuls into the streets and other public places with no thought of the feelings of others. Unless the mouth is carefully cleaned the teeth become encrusted with a sort of black enamel and the breath assumes a detestable odor. When used in small quantities and with proper toilet of the mouth, and this is the common practice among the Filipinos, buyo seems to be a very useful preservative of the teeth and a gingival and stomachic tonic. These properties are readily understood when we consider that the lime is antacid, the bonga astringent and tonic and the betel aromatic and stimulant.

Uses.—A chew, used throughout the Far East, is made from the leaves of this plant, a bit of slaked oyster-shell lime, and a round slice of the bonga or areca nut; Filipinos refer to this mix as bayo, although the term isn't native; the Tagalogs call it hitsú. The way careless individuals use buyo is quite off-putting, as the combination of the lime and the bonga's pigment turns their saliva a deep red or brick-red color, which they spit in mouthfuls into the streets and other public areas without considering how it affects others. If the mouth isn’t carefully cleaned, it results in a buildup of a sort of black enamel on the teeth, and the breath develops a terrible odor. However, when used in moderation and with proper mouth care— which is the common practice among Filipinos— buyo appears to be a very effective preservative for the teeth and acts as a tonic for the gums and stomach. These benefits make sense when we recognize that the lime is antacid, the bonga is astringent and tonic, and the betel is aromatic and stimulating.

The buyo leaf plays a very important part in the therapeutics of the infant of the Philippines: in its indigestions, colics and diarrhœas the heated leaves are applied to the abdomen previously anointed with hot cocoanut oil. In bronchitis and laryngitis the heated leaves are applied over the chest or neck after rubbing the parts with oil. It undoubtedly produces good effects and the physicians of India recommend it in the same cases and in the same form as in the Philippines. Applied to the breasts of parturient women it dries up the milk and in the same way tends to reduce any glandular enlargement.

The buyo leaf is very important in treating infants in the Philippines. For issues like indigestion, colic, and diarrhea, heated leaves are placed on the abdomen after it's been rubbed with warm coconut oil. For bronchitis and laryngitis, the heated leaves are applied to the chest or neck after the area is oiled. It clearly has positive effects, and doctors in India recommend it for the same conditions in the same way as in the Philippines. When applied to the breasts of women after childbirth, it helps dry up milk and can also reduce any swelling of the glands.

Dr. Kleinstück of Java recommends the essence of the leaves in all sorts of catarrhs and as an antiseptic in doses of one drop to 140 of the vehicle. This essence is obtained by distillation; it is dark in color, has an acrid taste and an odor resembling that of tea. Its density is 1.020. The dried leaves contain one-half per cent. of the essence and it is probable that the fresh ones contain a greater proportion. [206]

Dr. Kleinstück from Java recommends the leaf extract for various respiratory issues and as an antiseptic in doses of one drop for every 140 parts of the carrier. This extract is obtained through distillation; it's dark in color, has a sharp taste, and smells similar to tea. Its density is 1.020. The dried leaves contain half a percent of the extract, and it's likely that the fresh leaves have a higher concentration. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Botanical Description.—A plant with yellow flowers and scandent stem, climbing straight up trees or artificial supports. Leaves cleft at the base, acute, entire, glabrous, dark green. According to Blanco it is cultivated best in somewhat sandy soil. Pasay, near Manila, and Bauang, in Batangas, furnish a leaf most highly appreciated.

Plant Description.—A plant with yellow flowers and a climbing stem that grows straight up trees or artificial supports. The leaves are split at the base, pointed, smooth, and dark green. According to Blanco, it grows best in slightly sandy soil. Pasay, near Manila, and Bauang, in Batangas, provide leaves that are highly prized.

Piper nigrum, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Pimienta, Sp.; Paminta, Malisa, Tag.; Black Pepper, Eng.

Common Name—Pimienta, Spanish; Paminta, Malisa, Tagalog; Black Pepper, English.

Uses.—The berry-like fruit of the pepper is more extensively used as a condiment in cooking than in the treatment of disease. Used in moderation, however, it is of considerable value as a convenient stomachic and aid to digestion in tropical countries where the digestive functions readily become sluggish. Its abuse may lead to serious consequences, such as inflammation of the gastro-intestinal mucous membrane, of the portal system and the liver itself.

Uses.—The berry-like fruit of the pepper is used more widely as a spice in cooking than for treating illnesses. When used in moderation, it can be quite beneficial as a convenient remedy for the stomach and an aid to digestion in tropical regions where digestion often slows down. However, overuse can lead to serious issues, like inflammation of the gastrointestinal lining, the portal system, and the liver.

Pepper is used as a febrifuge in the various forms of malarial fevers, in the form of granules of 8 or 10 berries in a cup of brandy and anise (Spanish); this is taken by the patient in one dose at the beginning of the cold stage and followed by large quantities of water to relieve the thirst caused by the pepper. This treatment causes the cold stage to rapidly subside and more rapidly induces and intensifies the sweating stage. It is said that no further attack of fever follows.

Pepper is used as a fever reducer for different types of malaria. It’s taken in the form of granules made from 8 to 10 berries mixed in a cup of brandy and anise (Spanish); the patient takes this in one dose at the start of the chills and then drinks large amounts of water to ease the thirst caused by the pepper. This treatment quickly helps to reduce the chills and speeds up the sweating stage. It’s said that no further fever attack occurs afterward.

Piperin (C₁₇H₁₉NO₃) is febrifuge and is given in pill form internally in doses of 30–60 centigrams; the action of the crude drug is evidently due to this neutral principle.

Piperin (C₁₇H₁₉NO₃) is a fever reducer and is taken in pill form at doses of 30–60 milligrams; the effect of the raw drug clearly comes from this neutral compound.

Botanical Description.—The plant is a perennial, climbing shrub. Leaves oval, tapering at both extremities, 7-nerved. Flowers yellow, in a spike. Stigmas 2, bifid. Fruit globose, with one seed. [207]

Plant Overview.—The plant is a perennial climbing shrub. The leaves are oval, tapering at both ends, and have 7 veins. The flowers are yellow and grow in a spike. There are 2 bifid stigmas. The fruit is round and contains one seed. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Habitat.—The dried fruit of the pepper is universally familiar. It was at one time cultivated in the Philippines, especially in Batangas, and Gen. Basco promulgated a series of orders to encourage its cultivation. Padre Gainza, afterward Bishop of Nueva Cáceres, wrote a report about its cultivation, but since then the subject has entirely disappeared from notice.

Ecosystem.—The dried fruit of the pepper is well-known around the world. It used to be grown in the Philippines, especially in Batangas, and Gen. Basco issued several orders to promote its cultivation. Padre Gainza, who later became the Bishop of Nueva Cáceres, wrote a report on how to grow it, but since then, the topic has completely fallen off the radar.

Chloranthaceæ.

Chloranth Family.

Chloranthaceae.

Chloranthus officinalis, Bl. (C. Indicus, Wight.; C. inconspicuus, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Unknown.

Uses.—All parts of the plant are aromatic. The leaves and stems lose this property after drying, but the roots, if properly dried, preserve it for a long time. They have a camphoraceous odor and bitter, aromatic taste, reminding one of that of Aristolochia Serpentaria. The mountaineers of Java use an infusion of the powdered root and the bark of the Cinnamomum Culilowan to treat puerperal eclampsia. Combined with carminatives like anise and onion, they use it with some success in virulent small-pox of children. The infusion seems to be efficacious in fevers accompanied by debility and suppression of the function of the skin. It has also been prescribed in the intermittent fevers of Java, mixed with an infusion of the leaves of the Cedrela Toona. Blume states that it is one of the most powerful stimulants known.

Uses.—All parts of the plant have a pleasant aroma. The leaves and stems lose this quality once dried, but the roots, when dried properly, keep it for a long time. They have a camphor-like smell and a bitter, aromatic taste, similar to that of Aristolochia Serpentaria. The mountain inhabitants of Java use a tea made from the powdered root and the bark of the Cinnamomum Culilowan to treat puerperal eclampsia. When combined with carminatives like anise and onion, it has been used with some success for severe smallpox in children. The infusion seems to work well for fevers that involve weakness and reduced skin function. It has also been recommended for intermittent fevers in Java, mixed with a tea made from the leaves of the Cedrela Toona. Blume notes that it is one of the strongest stimulants known.

Botanical Description.—A plant 3–4° high. Stem quadrangular. Leaves opposite, broad, lanceolate, serrate, with stiff-pointed teeth and somewhat scaly beneath. Petioles very short, clasping the stem at their base, with 2 intermediate stipules ending in two awl-shaped points. Flowers compound in axillary spikes, which bear the flowerets in 2 ranks, each flower with a keeled bract. The corolla (if it may be so called) a [208]fleshy, 3-lobed lamina. Perianth wanting. Receptacle dome-shaped. Anthers 4, inserted on the surface of the lamina, 2-valved. Ovary 1-celled, with 1 ovule. Style short. Berry-like fruit, globose, with 1 seed covered by a somewhat brittle membrane.

Plant Description.—A plant 3–4° high. Stem with four sides. Leaves are opposite, broad, lance-shaped, serrated, with stiff-pointed teeth and slightly scaly underneath. Petioles are very short, wrapping around the stem at their base, with 2 intermediate stipules that end in two pointed tips. Flowers are clustered in axillary spikes, which display the flowerlets in 2 rows, each flower accompanied by a ridged bract. The corolla (if you can call it that) is a [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]fleshy, 3-lobed structure. There is no perianth. The receptacle is dome-shaped. There are 4 anthers that are attached to the surface of the lamina, and they are 2-valved. The ovary is 1-celled, with 1 ovule. The style is short. The fruit is berry-like, round, with 1 seed covered by a somewhat brittle membrane.

Habitat.—La Laguna and other provinces of Luzon. Blooms in September.

Ecosystem.—La Laguna and other provinces of Luzon. Flowers in September.

Lauraceæ.

Laurel Family.

Cinnamomum pauciflorum, Nees. (Laurus culilaban, Var., Blanco.)

C. tamala, Nees. (L. culilaban, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg. (of both).—Kalig̃ag, Makalig̃ag, Tag., Vis.; Kandaroma, Iloc; Cassia Lignea or Cassia, Eng.

Uses.—The bark of both species is known in pharmacy as Chinese cassia or Chinese cinnamon (cassia cinnamon). Indeed it is very like the cinnamon of Ceylon, comes in curled quills, has the same odor and taste though not so delicate; but it is darker in color, with a surface less clean and smooth. Its chemical composition is identical with that of the latter and nowadays it forms an important article of commerce.

Uses.—The bark of both species is recognized in pharmacies as Chinese cassia or Chinese cinnamon (cassia cinnamon). It resembles Ceylon cinnamon closely, coming in curled sticks, and has a similar smell and taste, although it's not as delicate. However, it is darker in color and has a surface that is less clean and smooth. Its chemical makeup is identical to that of Ceylon cinnamon, and today it is an important commercial product.

Cinnamon renders good service in therapeutics as a stimulant of the digestive tract and a heart tonic. In the atonic diarrhœas so common in the Philippines a tincture of cinnamon in doses of 8–10 grams a day, or the powder in cases where alcohol was contraindicated, have given me unhoped-for results.

Cinnamon is really helpful in medicine as a digestive aid and a heart tonic. In the common atonic diarrhea cases in the Philippines, a tincture of cinnamon taken in doses of 8–10 grams a day, or the powder when alcohol isn't an option, has produced results beyond my expectations.

In Spain and the Philippines it is very popular as a condiment in the kitchen of the confectionery and as a flavor for chocolate; in fact in those countries it takes the place of vanilla in France. It enters into the composition of several elixirs and compound tinctures, such as “Botot’s Water” [209](dentifrice), “Elixir of Garus” (tonic stimulant), “Balsam of Fioraventi” (external stimulant), laudanum and the elixir of the Grande Chartreuse (diffusible stimulant).

In Spain and the Philippines, it’s a popular condiment in sweets and as a flavor for chocolate; in fact, in those countries, it replaces vanilla like it does in France. It’s part of several elixirs and compound tinctures, such as “Botot’s Water” [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] (a dental product), “Elixir of Garus” (a tonic stimulant), “Balsam of Fioraventi” (an external stimulant), laudanum, and the elixir of the Grande Chartreuse (a stimulant).

Lately it has been demonstrated that the essence is a powerful antiseptic, in the presence of which typhoid fever bacilli cannot develop.

Lately, it has been shown that the essence is a strong antiseptic that prevents the growth of typhoid fever bacteria.

Botanical Description.—A tree, 15–20° high. Leaves opposite, lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire, glabrous. Flowers yellow, paniculate, umbellate. Common peduncles very long, those of the flowerets long. Calyx none. Corolla, 6 ovate, hairy petals. Stamens 9; 6 external to the rest and bearing the anthers, 4 on each filament, 2 below the others; the 3 inner stamens bear 2 anthers each.

Plant Description.—A tree, 15–20° tall. Leaves are opposite, lance-shaped, with 3 veins, smooth. Flowers are yellow, arranged in clusters, with umbel-like formations. The common stalks are very long, and those of the individual flowers are long as well. There is no calyx. The corolla has 6 oval, hairy petals. There are 9 stamens; 6 are external to the others and each has 4 anthers on its filament, with 2 positioned below the others; the 3 inner stamens each have 2 anthers.

In the second species the flowers form loose, terminal panicles. Stamens 9; 6 filaments inserted on the receptacle, spatulate, each bearing 4 anthers on the inferior face; the other 3 filaments thick, each bearing 4 anthers. Between the last filaments are 8 nearly globose glandules.

In the second species, the flowers create loose clusters at the ends of the stems. There are 9 stamens; 6 filaments attached to the receptacle, shaped like spatulas, each with 4 anthers on the underside; the other 3 filaments are thicker, each also with 4 anthers. In between the last filaments are 8 nearly round glands.

Habitat.—Both species are common in the forests of Luzon. The first species blooms in May, the second in January.

Ecosystem.—Both species are commonly found in the forests of Luzon. The first species flowers in May, while the second one blooms in January.

Cassytha filiformis, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Malabohok.

Uses.—This plant has no therapeutical uses in the Philippines. In Senegal it is employed, according to Dujardin-Beaumetz, mixed with lard to treat urethritis; its action is to decrease the ardor urinæ. It is not stated whether this mixture is used internally or externally.

Applications.—This plant has no medicinal uses in the Philippines. In Senegal, it is used, according to Dujardin-Beaumetz, in a mixture with lard to treat urethritis; its effect is to reduce burning during urination. It’s not specified whether this mixture is applied internally or externally.

In Cochin China the same writer states that it is used as an antisyphilitic. In India it is used for the piles and as an alterative for bilious disorders. It possibly acts as a circulatory stimulant.

In Cochin China, the same writer claims that it’s used as a treatment for syphilis. In India, it’s used for hemorrhoids and as a remedy for liver issues. It might also work as a stimulant for blood circulation.

Botanical Description.—A slender, thread-like, cylindrical vine, without leaves, that covers the trees like a mantle, [210]so luxuriant is its growth. Flowers yellow, in axillary spikes. Calyx small, 3 sepals. Corolla, 3 fleshy concave petals. Stamens 12 in 4 verticils, 9 fertile and 3 inner sterile. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled. Style cylindrical. Drupe globose, 1–2″ in diameter, covered by a fleshy envelope, formed by the receptacle. Seeds without albumen.

Plant Description.—A slender, thread-like, cylindrical vine with no leaves that wraps around trees like a cloak, [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]so abundant is its growth. The flowers are yellow and grow in clusters in the leaf axils. The calyx is small with 3 sepals. The corolla has 3 fleshy, concave petals. There are 12 stamens arranged in 4 whorls, with 9 being fertile and 3 being inner sterile. The ovary is one-celled with a single ovule. The style is cylindrical. The drupe is round, measuring 1–2″ in diameter, and is covered by a fleshy layer formed by the receptacle. The seeds lack albumen.

Habitat.—Luzon, Mindanao, Cebú, on the seashore.

Home.—Luzon, Mindanao, Cebu, along the shoreline.

Euphorbiaceæ.

Spurge Family.

Euphorbia Family.

Euphorbia pilulifera, L. (E. capitata, Lam.; E. hirta, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Golondrina, Sp.-Fil.; Gatasgatas, Batobatonis, Sayikan, Tag.; Buyayawa, Tawawa, Bowi, Vis.; Malismalis, Sisiwhan, Bolobotones, Magatas, Pam.

Nom. Vulg.—Golondrina, Spanish-Filipino; Gatasgatas, Batobatonis, Sayikan, Tagalog; Buyayawa, Tawawa, Bowi, Visayan; Malismalis, Sisiwhan, Bolobotones, Magatas, Pampanga.

Uses.—This plant has a reputation in the Philippines as a hæmostatic of great efficiency, for which purpose the whole plant is crushed and applied as a poultice over the wound. Like all members of this family it abounds in milky juice. We have had no occasion to employ it as a hæmostatic, but do not doubt its action in view of the effect that it exercises on the circulation and the heart when given internally. In toxic doses experiment has demonstrated that it kills animals by suspension of the respiratory movements and those of the heart, which at first beats faster but gradually more slowly. It has no effect upon any other organ and is eliminated by the liver.

Uses.—This plant is well-known in the Philippines for its powerful ability to stop bleeding. The entire plant is crushed and used as a poultice over the wound. Like others in this family, it contains a lot of milky juice. We haven't needed to use it as a bleeding stopper ourselves, but we believe in its effectiveness based on how it affects the circulation and heart when taken internally. In toxic doses, experiments have shown that it can kill animals by stopping their breathing and heart functions, which initially speeds up but then slows down over time. It doesn't affect any other organs and is processed by the liver.

Matheson recommends it as an antispasmodic and has employed it also in dyspnœa of cardiac origin. I have used it in both these conditions in Manila with highly satisfactory results. I have found the most convenient form of administration to be the tincture in doses of 15–40 drops a day given in an infusion of althæa every 3 or 4 hours; the vehicle should be used liberally as it diminishes the irritant action of the euphorbia on the stomach. A decoction of 15 grams of the [211]plant to 2 liters of water may be given in doses of from 6 to 12 tablespoonfuls daily. A proper dose of the alcoholic extract is 10 centigrams in 24 hours. Dr. Daruty, of Mauritius, gives the following formula:

Matheson recommends it as an antispasmodic and has also used it for cardiac-related shortness of breath. I've used it for both conditions in Manila with very good results. I found that the easiest way to take it is as a tincture, with doses ranging from 15 to 40 drops a day mixed in an infusion of marshmallow every 3 to 4 hours; it’s important to use enough of the infusion as it reduces the irritant effects of euphorbia on the stomach. A decoction made from 15 grams of the [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]plant in 2 liters of water can be taken in doses of 6 to 12 tablespoons daily. A suitable dose of the alcoholic extract is 10 centigrams in 24 hours. Dr. Daruty from Mauritius provides the following formula:

Euphorbia pilulifera dried in the shade	30 grams.
Water	1½ liters.
Boil till reduced to 1 liter, cool and add:
Rum or cognac	30 grams.

Dose.—1 wineglassful 3 times a day.

Dosage.—1 wineglass three times a day.

This decoction relieves the most obstinate asthma, as well as cough and bronchial irritation. It is necessary to use the entire plant. The decoction is usually given in the morning, fasting, in the middle of the afternoon and at bedtime. In very stubborn cases another dose may be given in the middle of the night. Frequently the relief is immediate and in some cases a liter of the decoction is enough to effect a cure. If the symptoms return, it is easy to abort them; they are less distressing and, according to the statements of patients, the medicine “gives them air.”

This herbal brew relieves even the most stubborn asthma, along with cough and bronchial irritation. You should use the whole plant. The brew is usually taken in the morning on an empty stomach, in the middle of the afternoon, and at bedtime. In really tough cases, an extra dose can be taken in the middle of the night. Often, relief is immediate, and in some cases, just a liter of the brew is enough for a cure. If the symptoms come back, it’s easy to manage them; they are less severe and, according to patients, the medicine “gives them air.”

Dr. Hicks Bunting found, in an analysis of the drug, 60 per cent. of insoluble residue, wax, “caucho,” resin, tannin, sugar, albuminoids, oxalate of calcium and other salts.

Dr. Hicks Bunting found, in an analysis of the drug, 60 percent insoluble residue, wax, “caucho,” resin, tannin, sugar, albuminoids, oxalate of calcium, and other salts.

Dr. Marsset states that the active principle is soluble in water, in dilute alcohol; insoluble in ether, chloroform, bisulphide of carbon, and turpentine, but does not give the reaction.

Dr. Marsset states that the active ingredient dissolves in water and in dilute alcohol; it does not dissolve in ether, chloroform, carbon disulfide, and turpentine, but does not provide the reaction.

The toxic dose is 1 gram of dried plant for each kilogram of weight of the animal.

The toxic dose is 1 gram of dried plant for every kilogram of the animal's weight.

Botanical Description.—A small creeping plant with milky juice. Stem 1–2° high, cylindrical, hairy and reddish in color. Leaves opposite, obliquely ovate, rhomboid, serrate, hairy. Petioles very short. Two pointed stipules at the base. Flowers yellowish in hemispherical umbels of 5 divisions, each subdivided in 2. Involucre universal. Calyx bell-shaped, [212]laciniate, in 5 parts. Corolla, 5 petals, inserted on the divisions of the calyx, fleshy, orbicular, with an orbicular appendix at the base, concave and differing from the corolla in color. Stamens 8, inserted on the base of the calyx; filaments unequal in length, each bearing 2 anthers. Four filaments lacking anthers. Ovary with stalk longer than the flower, curved downward. Styles 3, bifid. Stigmas simple. Seed vessels 3, united, hairy, 3-angled, each bearing 1 red globose seed with a wrinkled surface.

Plant Description.—A small creeping plant with milky sap. Stem 1–2 inches tall, cylindrical, hairy, and reddish. Leaves are opposite, obliquely ovate, rhomboid, serrated, and hairy. Petioles are very short. There are two pointed stipules at the base. Flowers are yellowish and form hemispherical clusters with 5 sections, each divided into 2. There is a universal involucre. The calyx is bell-shaped, [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]fringed, with 5 parts. The corolla has 5 petals, attached at the divisions of the calyx, fleshy, round, with a round appendage at the base, concave, and a different color from the corolla. There are 8 stamens, attached at the base of the calyx; filaments are of unequal length, each holding 2 anthers. Four filaments do not have anthers. The ovary has a stalk longer than the flower and curves downward. There are 3 styles, bifid. The stigmas are simple. Seed vessels are 3, fused, hairy, 3-angled, each containing 1 red, round seed with a wrinkled surface.

Habitat.—Common in all parts of the islands and well known to the natives. The name by which it is best known in Manila is “golondrina.”

Ecosystem.—Found throughout the islands and familiar to the locals. In Manila, it is commonly referred to as “golondrina.”

Euphorbia neriifolia, L. (E. ligularia, Roxb.; E. pentagona, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Sorosoro, Sorog-sorog, Bait, Tag., Pam.; Karambauaya, Iloc.; Lengua de perro, Sp.-Fil.

Nom. Vulg..—Sorosoro, Sorog-sorog, Bait, Tag., Pam.; Karambauaya, Iloc.; Lengua de perro, Sp.-Fil.

Uses.—The principal medicinal use of this plant in the Philippines is the introduction of the hot juice of its fleshy leaves into the external auditory canal in cases of otorrhœa or of simple earache, whatever its cause.

Uses.—The main medicinal use of this plant in the Philippines is to introduce the hot juice from its fleshy leaves into the outer ear canal for cases of ear discharge (otorrhea) or simple earache, regardless of the cause.

The root is regarded in India as an antidote for snake bite and, indeed, the plant is sacred to Munsa, the snake divinity. During the months of July and August in some parts of India the natives make offerings of rice, milk and sugar to this sacred tree every Tuesday and Thursday, praying for protection from the bites of serpents.

The root is seen in India as a remedy for snake bites, and the plant is actually sacred to Munsa, the snake deity. During July and August in certain areas of India, locals offer rice, milk, and sugar to this sacred tree every Tuesday and Thursday, praying for protection from snake bites.

The leaves contain an abundance of milky juice, acrid and very active, used in the treatment of several skin diseases. Like the species E. pilulifera it possesses antiasthmatic properties; Dr. S. C. Amcobury reports 6 cases treated with satisfactory results. Owing to the acrid quality of the juice great care should be maintained both in its internal and external use. The Sanscrit authors regard it as purgative and usually administer [213]it with other drugs of the same action to increase its effect. Ainslie states that the native herb-doctors of India give the juice in intestinal obstruction and in the œdema of malarial cachexia. The dose is 1.25 grams in 24 hours given in 300 cc. of sweetened water in divided doses. This dose is, in my opinion, dangerous; 40–60 centigrams a day is more prudent.

The leaves are full of a milky juice that is pungent and very potent, used to treat various skin conditions. Like the species E. pilulifera, it has anti-asthmatic properties; Dr. S. C. Amcobury shares 6 cases that were treated with good results. Because of the harsh nature of the juice, great care should be taken with both internal and external use. Sanskrit authors consider it a laxative and typically combine it with other drugs that have the same effect to enhance its results. Ainslie notes that local herbalists in India use the juice for intestinal obstruction and for swelling caused by malaria. The recommended dose is 1.25 grams over 24 hours mixed in 300 cc. of sweetened water in divided doses. In my view, this dosage is risky; 40–60 centigrams per day is a safer approach.

Botanical Description.—A small tree, from 5 to 6° high. Trunk erect, jointed, 5-sided, at the angles 2 rows of thorns. Leaves spatulate, fleshy. Flowers yellowish. Calyx bell-shaped, 5-lobed. Corolla, numerous imbricated, spatulate petals with ravelled or fringed ends. Stamens in groups. Styles 3. Stigma coarse. Seed vessel, 3 carpels on a stalk.

Plant Description.—A small tree, about 5 to 6 feet tall. The trunk is upright, jointed, and 5-sided, with two rows of thorns along the edges. The leaves are spoon-shaped and fleshy. The flowers are yellowish. The calyx is bell-shaped and has 5 lobes. The corolla consists of many overlapping, spoon-shaped petals with frayed or fringed edges. The stamens are grouped together. There are 3 styles, and the stigma is coarse. The seed vessel has 3 carpels on a stalk.

Habitat.—In all parts of Luzon.

Habitat.—Throughout Luzon.

Euphorbia Tirucalli, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Consuelda, Sp.-Fil.; Katwit, Suelda, Tag.

Uses.—The milky juice of this species is very caustic. It is used chiefly in India mixed with oil as an embrocation for rheumatism; given internally it is regarded as an antisyphilitic. Dr. J. Shortt states that it is an excellent alterant in syphilis in dose of 30 centigrams, morning and evening. It is further employed in malarial hypertrophy of the spleen, in asthma and as a purgative; in a word the same virtues are attributed to it as to the foregoing species.

Uses.—The milky sap from this plant is highly corrosive. It is mainly used in India, mixed with oil, as a treatment for rheumatism. When taken internally, it's considered an effective remedy for syphilis. Dr. J. Shortt mentions that it works well as an alternative treatment for syphilis when taken in a dose of 30 centigrams, twice daily. It's also used for treating an enlarged spleen due to malaria, in asthma, and as a laxative; in short, it’s believed to have the same benefits as the previous species.

Botanical Description.—Small trees, 9–12° high. Trunk erect. Branches cylindrical, stumpy (not tapering), several very small leaves at the ends. Flowers yellowish, in umbels. Calyx, 5 rounded, fleshy sepals. Corolla, 5 groups of woolly hairs on the divisions of the calyx. Stamens 5, inserted on the sepals, with double or irregular anthers. Seed vessel, 3 carpels each with one seed.

Plant Description.—Small trees, 9–12 feet high. Trunk straight. Branches cylindrical and thick (not tapering), with several tiny leaves at the ends. Flowers are yellowish, grouped in umbels. The calyx has 5 rounded, fleshy sepals. The corolla features 5 clusters of woolly hairs on the calyx divisions. There are 5 stamens attached to the sepals, with double or irregular anthers. The seed vessel has 3 carpels, each containing one seed.

Habitat.—Very common, especially in the suburbs of Manila where they serve as hedges.

Ecosystem.—Very common, especially in the suburbs of Manila where they act as hedges.

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Phyllanthus reticulatus, Müll. (Cica decandra, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Tinatinaan, Tintatintahan, Malinta, Tag.; Sug̃ot-olag̃, Vis.

Uses.—The natives eat the little berries of this species, which are dark purple before and black after maturity, and use their juice for ink. The leaves are diuretic and refreshing; the bark alterant. In the bazaars of India the bark is sold commonly in pieces 1° long and as thick as the wrist; its taste is slightly sweet, color dark and the alterative dose of its decoction is 120–150 grams a day. In Concan they make a compound pill of the leaf-juice, powdered cubebs and camphor, to be dissolved in the mouth for ulcerated, bleeding or scorbutic gums. The juice is also given internally for urticaria.

Uses.—The local people eat the small berries of this species, which are dark purple before ripening and turn black when fully ripe, and they use the juice for ink. The leaves have diuretic and refreshing properties; the bark is an alterative. In the markets of India, the bark is commonly sold in pieces about 1° long and as thick as a wrist; it has a slightly sweet taste and a dark color, with an alterative dosage of its decoction being 120–150 grams per day. In Concan, they prepare a compound pill made from leaf juice, powdered cubebs, and camphor, which is meant to be dissolved in the mouth for treating ulcerated, bleeding, or scurvy gums. The juice is also used internally for urticaria.

Botanical Description.—Small trees, 12° or more high, with leaves pinnate, oval, entire, alternate, glabrous, downy when young. Common petiole, 2 stipules at the base. Flowers monœcious. Staminate: calyx, 5 colored sepals; no corolla; filaments 4, coarse, somewhat shorter than the calyx, the middle one thicker and 2-parted; anthers 10, 4 on the middle filament and two on each of the others. Pistillate: calyx and corolla same as staminate; nectary, 5 glandules on the base of the ovary. Fruit, a black berry seated within the calyx, crowned with 2 erect styles, 6 or 8 compartments each with a single seed.

Plant Description.—Small trees, about 12 feet or more tall, with pinnate leaves that are oval, smooth, arranged alternately, and slightly hairy when young. They have a common petiole and 2 stipules at the base. The flowers are monoecious. Male flowers: calyx with 5 colored sepals; no corolla; 4 thick filaments that are a bit shorter than the calyx, with the middle one being thicker and divided into 2 parts; there are 10 anthers, with 4 on the middle filament and two on each of the other filaments. Female flowers: calyx and corolla similar to the male; there are 5 glandular nectaries at the base of the ovary. The fruit is a black berry situated within the calyx, topped with 2 upright styles, containing 6 or 8 compartments, each with a single seed.

Habitat.—Grows everywhere and is well known.

Ecosystem.—Grows in a variety of places and is widely recognized.

Phyllanthus Niruri, L.

P. urinaria, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Hierba de San Pablo, de San Pedro, Sp.

Nom. Vulg.—Saint Paul's herb, Saint Peter's herb, Sp.

Uses.—This species is not used medicinally in the Philippines, but in India is given for its diuretic effect and has great repute in the treatment of genito-urinary diseases, dropsy and gonorrhœa. The infusion of the leaves of P. Niruri with [215]Fenugreek seeds is a highly prized remedy for chronic dysentery, mentioned by Ainslie. The leaves are bitter and tonic and in Bombay they are in common use in gonorrhœa to correct the acidity of the urine. Bruised and mixed with salt they make a sort of jelly frequently used as an application for itch; without salt the same is used for contusions.

Uses.—This plant isn't used for medicine in the Philippines, but in India, it's known for its diuretic effects and is highly regarded for treating genito-urinary diseases, edema, and gonorrhea. The infusion of the leaves of P. Niruri with [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]fenugreek seeds is a well-respected remedy for chronic dysentery, as noted by Ainslie. The leaves are bitter and act as a tonic, and in Bombay, they are commonly used in treating gonorrhea to balance the acidity of urine. When bruised and mixed with salt, they create a type of jelly often used as a treatment for itching; without salt, it serves for bruises.

The dose of the leaf juice of both species, for internal use, is 15 grams a day in divided doses.

The daily dose of leaf juice from both species for internal use is 15 grams, taken in divided doses.

A decoction of the entire plant well dried and powdered, is given for jaundice in doses of 5 grams a day.

A decoction made from the whole plant, which should be well dried and powdered, is taken for jaundice in doses of 5 grams per day.

The milky juice of the stem is useful in the local treatment of ulcers. The bruised root is employed in Concan for neuralgia.

The milky sap from the stem is effective for treating ulcers locally. The crushed root is used in Concan for nerve pain.

Botanical Description.—P. Niruri is an herb with straight stem. Leaves alternate, pinnate with stylet in place of the odd leaflet. Leaflets nearly oval, glabrous, 2 stipules at the base. Flowers monœcious, greenish, axillary; the staminate growing along the common petiole above the pistillate. Staminate: Calyx, 5 lanceolate, entire sepals; no corolla; 1 filament with 1 anther. Pistillate: Calyx and corolla as above; ovary free, 3 biovulate cells; style with 2 stigma-bearing branches. Fruit capsular, globose.

Plant Description.—P. Niruri is an herb with a straight stem. The leaves are alternate, pinnate with a tiny leaf where the odd leaflet would be. The leaflets are almost oval, smooth, and there are 2 stipules at the base. The flowers are monoecious, greenish, and grow in the axils; the male flowers develop along the common petiole above the female ones. Male flowers: The calyx has 5 lance-shaped, whole sepals; there is no corolla; 1 filament with 1 anther. Female flowers: The calyx and corolla are as described above; the ovary is free with 3 compartments, each containing 2 ovules; the style has 2 branches that bear stigmas. The fruit is a capsule and round in shape.

P. urinaria may be distinguished by its sessile flowers and reddish stem.

P. urinaria can be identified by its stalkless flowers and reddish stem.

Habitat.—Very common in Manila and all over Luzon.

Ecosystem.—Very common in Manila and throughout Luzon.

Jatropha Curcas, L.

Jatropha Curcas, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Tuba, Tag.; Kasla, Vis.; Tawatawa, Iloc. (Seeds called “English Physic Nuts” in India.)

Nom. Vulg.—Tuba, Tag.; Kasla, Vis.; Tawatawa, Iloc. (Seeds referred to as “English Physic Nuts” in India.)

Uses.—The milky juice of the trunk and branches is a drastic purgative, too active for safety as a physic. Mixed with water it is used as a wash for atonic ulcers.

Uses.—The milky sap from the trunk and branches is a powerful laxative, too strong to be used safely as a medicine. When mixed with water, it serves as a rinse for weak ulcers.

The seeds yield 25–30 per cent. of a yellowish oil, more active than castor oil as a purgative but less certain. Ten or [216]twelve of the former equal in effect 30 to 40 drops of the latter. Its density is 0.919, and it differs from castor oil in being only slightly soluble in absolute alcohol. In some parts of the Philippines it is used for purposes of illumination, and it is exported to Europe to adulterate soaps and candles. It contains a little stearin which begins to be deposited at 9° and is entirely solidified at 0°.

The seeds produce 25–30% of a yellowish oil, which is a stronger laxative than castor oil but less reliable. Ten or [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]twelve of the former are equivalent to 30 to 40 drops of the latter. Its density is 0.919, and it differs from castor oil in that it is only slightly soluble in pure alcohol. In some areas of the Philippines, it is used for lighting, and it is exported to Europe to mix into soaps and candles. It contains a small amount of stearin, which starts to solidify at 9° and is completely solid at 0°.

The fruit is strongly purgative, and this action is not due to the oil but to a peculiar resin so active that 3 fruits produce drastic effects. Whatever purgative action the oil possesses is due to the resin which it contains in solution. It seems, therefore, preferable to treat the seeds with alcohol, thus dissolving the resin, and use the tincture thus obtained in place of the oil.

The fruit is very laxative, and this effect isn't caused by the oil but by a specific resin that's so powerful that just 3 fruits can have strong effects. Any laxative effect from the oil comes from the resin it contains. So, it seems better to soak the seeds in alcohol to dissolve the resin and use the resulting tincture instead of the oil.

The natives use the plant to intoxicate the fish in ponds and sluggish streams.

The locals use the plant to get the fish high in ponds and slow-moving streams.

The seeds of the species J. multifida, L., also called tuba in Tag., and mana, are likewise purgative in their action. Dr. Waring saw a case of poisoning with the fruit; the patient, a young man, suffered violent vomiting, intense pain in the stomach and head, and marked prostration. He recovered under the use of lime juice and stimulants.

The seeds of the species J. multifida, L., also known as tuba in Tagalog and mana, also have purgative effects. Dr. Waring encountered a case of poisoning from the fruit; the patient, a young man, experienced severe vomiting, intense stomach and head pain, and significant weakness. He recovered with the help of lime juice and stimulants.

Botanical Description.—The J. Curcas is a small tree growing as high as 9°. Leaves alternate, cordate, glabrous, 3–5 cut-lobed. Flowers yellowish-green, monœcious, in terminal umbels, staminate and pistillate flowers mingled without order. Staminate: Calyx, 5 unequal sepals; corolla bell-shaped, 5 petals, woolly within, a small notch at the end, bent downward; stamens 10, in 2 whorls of 5. Pistillate: Calyx and corolla as above; several tongue-like staminodes replace the stamens; ovary free, oblong, 3-celled, 1 ovule in each cell; style 3-branched. Seed vessel fleshy, of 3 capsules, each bearing 1 oval, coriaceous seed.

Plant Description.—The J. Curcas is a small tree that can reach up to 9 feet tall. Its leaves are arranged alternately, heart-shaped, smooth, and have 3–5 lobes. The flowers are yellowish-green, and it has both male and female flowers in mixed terminal clusters. Male flowers: The calyx has 5 uneven sepals; the corolla is bell-shaped with 5 petals that are fuzzy on the inside and have a small notch at the tip, bending downward; there are 10 stamens arranged in 2 circles of 5. Female flowers: The calyx and corolla are the same as the male flowers; several staminodes that resemble tongues replace the stamens; the ovary is separate, oblong, with 3 chambers, and has 1 ovule in each chamber; the style is divided into 3 branches. The seed pod is fleshy, consisting of 3 capsules, each containing 1 oval seed that is leathery.

Habitat.—Luzon and Visayas.

[217]

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Aleurites Moluccana, Willd. (A. triloba, Forst. and Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Lumbán, Kapili, Tag.; Belgaum or Indian Walnut, Indo-Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Lumbán, Kapili, Tag.; Belgaum or Indian Walnut, Indo-English.

Uses.—The kernels are rich in oil which is used for illumination and the manufacture of soap. For industrial purposes it is superior to linseed oil, according to the report of the Madras Drug Committee.

Applications.—The kernels are high in oil, which is used for lighting and making soap. For industrial applications, it is better than linseed oil, according to the report from the Madras Drug Committee.

Dr. O’Rocke states that in doses of 1–2 ounces it acts as a gentle and sure purgative, producing copious bilious evacuations after 3–6 hours, without causing nausea, colic or other similar effects. The municipal physician of Sampaloc, Señor Xerez, states that he has frequently used this oil in Manila, as a purgative, and he agrees perfectly with Dr. O’Rocke as to its effect.

Dr. O’Rocke says that in doses of 1–2 ounces it works as a mild and effective laxative, leading to large amounts of bile being expelled after 3–6 hours, without causing nausea, cramps, or any similar issues. The city doctor of Sampaloc, Señor Xerez, notes that he has often used this oil in Manila as a laxative and completely agrees with Dr. O’Rocke about its effects.

D. Anacleto del Rosario, the distinguished Filipino chemist, tells me that he once witnessed a case of poisoning by the fruit of the lumbán, the patient being a native boy. Doubtless the milky juice, so active in all the Euphorbiaceæ, was the cause of the symptoms. It is true that the kernel causes colic and copious alvine discharges.

D. Anacleto del Rosario, the renowned Filipino chemist, shared with me that he once saw a case of poisoning from the fruit of the lumbán, with the patient being a local boy. Surely, the milky sap, which is very potent in all Euphorbiaceae, was the reason for the symptoms. It is also true that the kernel leads to cramps and excessive bowel movements.

Nellino’s chemical analysis of the seeds is as follows:

Nellino's chemical analysis of the seeds is as follows:

Water	5.25
Fatty matter	62.97
Cellulose	28.99
Mineral matter	2.79

The ashes contain the following matters:

The ashes include the following substances:

Lime	28.69%
Magnesia	6.01%
Potash	11.23%
Phosphoric acid	20.30%

The oil is yellow, syrupy, transparent, odorless, insipid.

The oil is yellow, thick, clear, scentless, and bland.

Botanical Description.—A tree with leaves bunched or clustered, 3–5 lobulate with as many nerves. Petioles about [218]as long as the leaves. Flowers white, terminal in panicles, the pistillate mixed with the more numerous staminate flowers. Staminate: Calyx monophyllous, cylindrical, 2-toothed; corolla, 5 linear petals twice as long as the calyx; stamens 20 or more, joined in a column at their bases. Pistillate: Calyx and corolla as above; ovary of 2 or 3 uniovulate locules, encircled by a disk; style 2-or 3-branched. Seed vessel large, ovate, compressed, fleshy, 2 sutures at right angles, 2 compartments, in each a hard nut.

Plant Description.—A tree with leaves grouped or clustered, 3–5 lobed with as many veins. Petioles about [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]as long as the leaves. Flowers are white, located at the ends of branches in clusters, with the female flowers mixed among the more abundant male flowers. Male: Calyx is a single piece, cylindrical, with 2 teeth; corolla has 5 long, thin petals that are twice the length of the calyx; stamens are 20 or more, fused at their bases. Female: Calyx and corolla as described above; ovary contains 2 or 3 compartments, each with one seed, surrounded by a disk; style is 2 or 3-branched. Seed pod is large, oval, compressed, fleshy, with 2 seams at right angles, containing 2 sections, each with a hard seed.

Habitat.—Grows all over Luzon and is well known to the natives.

Ecosystem.—Grows throughout Luzon and is well known to the locals.

Croton Tiglium, L. (C. glandulosum, C. muricatum, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Tuba kamaisa, Tag.; The Purging Croton, Eng.

Uses.—The fruit is used by the Filipinos to intoxicate the fish in ponds and sluggish streams. The seeds contain an oil that is official in all Pharmacopœias as one of the most powerful hydragogue cathartics. As it is intensely irritating it should never be administered alone but combined with other substances, such as castor oil, or in pill form. The internal dose is 1 to 2 drops. It is considered a specific for lead colic and is indicated when not only purgation but active irritation of the digestive canal is desired.

Uses.—The fruit is used by Filipinos to intoxicate fish in ponds and slow-moving streams. The seeds contain an oil listed in all Pharmacopœias as one of the most powerful hydragogue laxatives. Because it is extremely irritating, it should never be used alone, but mixed with other substances, like castor oil, or in pill form. The internal dose is 1 to 2 drops. It is considered effective for lead colic and is recommended when both purging and active irritation of the digestive tract are needed.

Applied to the skin it is a strong irritant causing rapid and painful vesication. Great care should be exercised not to raise the hands to the eyes after touching the oil, as serious inflammation might result.

When applied to the skin, it is a strong irritant that causes quick and painful blisters. You should be very careful not to touch your eyes after handling the oil, as this could lead to serious inflammation.

Botanical Description.—A small tree, 8–9° high, with rough trunk. Leaves alternate, ovate, acute, minutely serrate, both surfaces beset with sharp hairs. Flowers yellowish-white, monœcious. Staminate: Fewer than the pistillate, growing above them; calyx 5-toothed; corolla, 5 woolly petals; stamens 16, joined in the center. Pistillate: Calyx 5-toothed; [219]corolla much less developed than in the staminate; ovary free, 3 uniovulate locules; styles 3, bifid. Seed vessel dry, with thin envelope bristling with stiff hairs; 3 carpels each containing a seed.

Plant Description.—A small tree, 8–9° high, with a rough trunk. Leaves are alternate, ovate, acute, and have tiny serrations, with both surfaces covered in sharp hairs. Flowers are yellowish-white and both male and female. Male flowers: Fewer than the female ones, located above them; the calyx has 5 teeth; the corolla has 5 woolly petals; there are 16 stamens joined in the center. Female flowers: Calyx with 5 teeth; [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] the corolla is much less developed than in the male flowers; the ovary is free, containing 3 chambers each with one ovule; there are 3 styles, which are bifid. The seed vessel is dry, with a thin covering that is covered in stiff hairs; it contains 3 carpels, each with one seed.

Habitat.—Common in Luzon.

Habitat. —Common in Luzon.

Acalypha Indica, L. (A. Caroliniana, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Not known.

Nom. Vulg.—Unknown.

Uses.—This plant is not used medicinally in the Philippines, but is very common in India. Dr. G. Bidie, of Madras, states that the expressed juice of the leaves is in great repute, wherever the plant grows, as an emetic for children and is safe, certain and speedy in its action. Like ipecacuanha it seems to have little tendency to act on the bowels or depress the vital powers, and it decidedly increases the secretion of the pulmonary organs. Probably an infusion of the dried leaves or an extract prepared from the green plant would retain all its active properties. The dose of the expressed juice for an infant is a teaspoonful.

Uses.—This plant isn't used for medicine in the Philippines, but it's very common in India. Dr. G. Bidie from Madras says that the juice from the leaves is highly regarded wherever the plant is found, used as an emetic for children, and is safe, effective, and quick-acting. Like ipecacuanha, it seems to have little effect on the bowels or to weaken vital functions, and it definitely boosts secretion in the lungs. An infusion of the dried leaves or an extract made from the green plant would likely keep all its active properties. The recommended dose of the juice for an infant is one teaspoon.

Dr. A. E. Ross speaks highly of its use as an expectorant, ranking it in this respect with senega; he found it especially useful in the bronchitis of children. He also makes favorable report of a cataplasm of the leaves as a local application to syphilitic ulcers and as a means of relieving the pain attendant on the bites of venomous insects.

Dr. A. E. Ross praises its effectiveness as an expectorant, placing it on par with senega; he discovered it particularly beneficial for treating bronchitis in children. He also notes that a poultice made from the leaves is helpful as a local treatment for syphilitic ulcers and for alleviating pain from venomous insect bites.

The alleged purgative action of the root noticed by Ainslie is confirmed by Dr. H. E. Busteed, who reports having used the expressed juice of the root and leaves as a laxative for children.

The supposed cleansing effect of the root observed by Ainslie is supported by Dr. H. E. Busteed, who notes that he has used the pressed juice of the root and leaves as a laxative for kids.

Langley, a military surgeon, states that in Canara the natives employ the leaf juice in congestive headache, soaking pledgets of cotton with it and introducing them into the nasal fossæ; the resultant nose bleed relieves the headache. The powder of the dry leaves is dusted on ulcers and putrid sores. In asthma [220]and bronchitis, both of children and adults, Langley has used this plant with good results, and he recommends 1.25–3.50 grams of the tincture (100 grams of the fresh plant to 500 of alcohol, 90°) repeated several times a day; the effect is expectorant, nauseant and, in large doses, emetic.

Langley, a military surgeon, notes that in Canara, locals use leaf juice for congestive headaches. They soak cotton pads in it and place them in the nasal passages; the resulting nosebleed helps relieve the headache. The powdered dry leaves are applied to ulcers and infected sores. For asthma [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]and bronchitis in both children and adults, Langley has seen positive results with this plant. He recommends 1.25–3.50 grams of the tincture (made from 100 grams of the fresh plant and 500 grams of 90° alcohol) taken several times a day; its effects include expectorant, nauseant, and, in large doses, emetic.

It must be noted that only the young, growing plants are active.

It should be noted that only the young, growing plants are active.

The flowers of another species, A. hispida, Burm., called bugos in Tag. and Vis., is used in India for the dysentery.

The flowers of another species, A. hispida, Burm., known as bugos in Tagalog and Visayan, are used in India to treat dysentery.

Botanical Description.—A little plant, about 3° high. Leaves alternate, broad, lanceolate, 5-nerved, serrate from middle to apex. Petioles much longer than the leaves, 2 stipules at their bases. Flowers greenish, monœcious in axillary spikes, pedunculate, as long as the leaves, crowned by a prolongation of the axis in the form of a cross. Staminate: Numerous, in upper part of spike; calyx 4 parts; no corolla; stamens 8–16, small, free. Pistillate: Less in number, at the base of the spike; perianth of 3 imbricated leaflets; ovary, 3 uniovulate locules; style, 3 branches which also subdivide. Capsule 3-celled, each cell containing a globose seed with cicatrix.

Plant Description.—A small plant, about 3 inches tall. Leaves are alternate, broad, lance-shaped, with 5 veins, and serrated from the middle to the tip. Petioles are much longer than the leaves, with 2 stipules at their bases. Flowers are greenish, monoecious, in axillary spikes, on pedicels as long as the leaves, topped by an extension of the axis that forms a cross. Staminate flowers: Numerous, located in the upper part of the spike; calyx has 4 parts; no corolla; stamens are 8–16, small, and free. Pistillate flowers: Fewer in number, found at the base of the spike; perianth consists of 3 overlapping leaflets; ovary has 3 chambers, each with a single ovule; style has 3 branches that further divide. The capsule is 3-celled, with each cell containing a round seed with a scar.

Habitat.—Luzon, Panay and Mindanao. Blooms in October.

Ecosystem.—Luzon, Panay, and Mindanao. Flowers in October.

Echinus Philippensis, H. Baillon. (Croton Philippense, Lamk.; Rottlera tinctoria, Roxb.; Mallotus Philippensis, Müll.)

Nom. Vulg.—Banato, Tag.; Buas, Vuas, Iloc.; Monkey-face Tree, Kamala or Kamala Dye, Indo-Eng.

N. Vulg.—Banato, Tag.; Buas, Vuas, Iloc.; Monkey-face Tree, Kamala or Kamala Dye, Indo-Eng.

Uses.—The capsular fruit of this plant is thickly beset with reddish glands and hairs, which, when brushed off and gathered in powder form, constitute the kamala dye of the Hindoos. It was mentioned by the Arabian physicians of the tenth century under the names of Kanbil and Wars. In India the powder is highly valued as a yellow dye-stuff for silk. Medicinally it [221]is used as an anthelmintic, the English physician Mackinnon, of the Bengal Hospital, having been the first to scientifically prove this property; he reported that it was successful in expelling the tape-worm. It is now official in the Pharmacopœia of India and also in the U. S. P. as an anthelmintic and purgative; in Switzerland it is commonly given to expel the bothriocephalus which abounds there, the lake fish acting as hosts.

Uses.—The fruit of this plant is covered with reddish glands and hairs, which, when brushed off and ground into powder, make the kamala dye used by Hindus. Arabian physicians in the tenth century referred to it as Kanbil and Wars. In India, the powder is highly valued as a yellow dye for silk. Medicinally, it [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]is used as an anthelmintic, with the English physician Mackinnon from the Bengal Hospital being the first to scientifically demonstrate this property. He reported that it successfully expelled tapeworms. It is now recognized in the Pharmacopœia of India and also in the U. S. P. as an anthelmintic and purgative; in Switzerland, it is commonly used to expel the bothriocephalus, a type of tapeworm that thrives in local lake fish.

The dose recommended by the Pharmacopœia of India is 8–12 grams, divided in 3 or 4 doses. This amount sometimes causes nausea and colic; in the third or fourth stool the tænia is commonly expelled in a lifeless condition. Dujardin-Beaumetz advises a dose of 30 grams of castor oil in case the tænia has not been expelled 2 hours after the last dose of kamala. The powder is efficacious but the tincture seems to be surer; the dose is 6 grams for children and 20 for adults, given in divided doses in aromatic water every hour for 6 hours. This tincture is prepared by macerating 200 grams of kamala in 500 cc. alcohol for 7 days; then filtering with expression and adding enough alcohol to complete the 500 cc.

The recommended dose according to the Pharmacopœia of India is 8–12 grams, divided into 3 or 4 doses. This amount can sometimes cause nausea and cramps; the tænia is usually expelled in a lifeless state during the third or fourth stool. Dujardin-Beaumetz suggests a dose of 30 grams of castor oil if the tænia hasn’t been expelled 2 hours after the last dose of kamala. The powder is effective, but the tincture appears to be more reliable; the dose is 6 grams for children and 20 for adults, given in divided doses with aromatic water every hour for 6 hours. This tincture is made by soaking 200 grams of kamala in 500 cc. of alcohol for 7 days; then it's filtered with pressure and enough alcohol is added to bring it back to 500 cc.

The powder is also used in India as a local application in herpes circinata. It is insoluble in water; in ether and alcohol it yields 80% of a red resin. Anderson noted that a concentrated ethereal solution of kamala after a few days formed a solid crystalline mass, yellow, very soluble in ether; this substance he named rottlerin, C₁₁H₁₀O₃.

The powder is also used in India as a topical treatment for herpes circinata. It doesn't dissolve in water; when mixed with ether and alcohol, it produces 80% of a red resin. Anderson observed that a concentrated ethereal solution of kamala formed a solid crystalline mass after a few days, which was yellow and very soluble in ether; he named this substance rottlerin, C₁₁H₁₀O₃.

Botanical Description.—A tree, 6–8 meters high, covered with stellate groups of short yellow hairs. Leaves alternate, petiolate, rhomboid-oval or lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, entire or slightly dentate, upper surface glabrous, lower surface covered with woolly hairs and powdery red glands. Flowers yellowish-green, small, diœcious, apetalous, in spikes. Staminate: By 3′s in the axil of each bract; perianth, 3 or 5 deeply cut, lanceolate lobules; stamens 15–25, free, inserted in the center of the flower. Pistillate: In the axil of each bract; [222]ovary, 3 locules each with 1 ovule, covered like the leaves with hairs and yellow, granular glands. Seed vessel globose, 3-celled, like ovary covered with hairs and glands.

Plant Description.—A tree, 6–8 meters tall, covered with groups of short yellow hairs arranged like stars. Leaves are alternate, on petioles, rhomboid-oval or lance-shaped, pointed, with 3 main veins, entire or slightly toothed, smooth on the upper side, and covered with woolly hairs and powdery red glands on the lower side. Flowers are yellowish-green, small, dioecious, without petals, and grow in spikes. Male flowers: In groups of 3 in the axil of each bract; perianth has 3 or 5 deeply cut, lance-shaped lobes; there are 15–25 free stamens inserted in the center of the flower. Female flowers: In the axil of each bract; [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]ovary has 3 chambers, each with 1 ovule, covered like the leaves with hairs and yellow, grainy glands. The seed pod is round, with 3 chambers, also covered with hairs and glands.

Habitat.—Mountains of Morong, San Mateo, Tarlak, Bosoboso, Ilocos Norte, Albay and Batangas.

Ecosystem.—Mountains of Morong, San Mateo, Tarlak, Bosoboso, Ilocos Norte, Albay, and Batangas.

Ricinus communis, L. (Variety microcarpus, Müll.)

Nom. Vulg.—Tag̃antag̃an, Lig̃asina, Tag.; Tag̃antag̃an, Tawatawasig̃a, Iloc.; Castor Oil Plant, Eng.

Uses.—A purgative oil is expressed from the seeds, called “Aceite de Ricino” (castor oil). It operates mechanically in the intestinal tract and its action is rapid and is indicated whenever it is desired simply to empty the intestines without producing any irritating effect; it is, therefore, a purgative indicated in diseases of children, in pregnancy, and in hemorrhoidal congestions where a non-irritating evacuation of the rectum is desired. It is an anthelmintic, though not ordinarily given alone, but in combination with other drugs of a purely anthelmintic action, the object being to expel the worms which have been attacked by the specific.

Applications.—A laxative oil is extracted from the seeds, known as “Castor Oil” (castor oil). It works mechanically in the digestive system, acting quickly and is suitable whenever you just want to empty the intestines without causing any irritation; thus, it is a laxative recommended for children, during pregnancy, and for hemorrhoidal issues where a gentle evacuation of the rectum is needed. It is also an anthelmintic, although it's not usually given on its own, but rather in combination with other purely anthelmintic medications to help expel the worms that have been targeted by the specific treatment.

Oil extracted simply by expression is less purgative than that obtained by treating the seeds with bisulphide of carbon and absolute alcohol; also less purgative than the seeds themselves, because it contains only a very small proportion of a drastic principle existing exclusively in the seeds; this principle is completely dissolved in the oil extracted by chemical process.

Oil obtained just by pressing is less purgative than oil that comes from treating the seeds with carbon disulfide and pure alcohol; it’s also less purgative than the seeds themselves, because it has only a tiny amount of a strong principle that exists only in the seeds; this principle is fully dissolved in the oil extracted through chemical methods.

It is pale yellow in color, very viscid, with a characteristic mouldy odor. The purgative dose is 10–30 grams. A small dose may purge as actively as a larger one provided that the patient drink abundantly after the administration of the drug. The best method of disguising its taste is by giving it in half a cup of very strong, hot coffee. Just before the dose, take a swallow of coffee to disguise the taste even more effectually. [223]

It is a pale yellow color, quite thick, and has a distinct moldy smell. The recommended purgative dose is 10–30 grams. A small dose can be just as effective as a larger one, as long as the patient drinks plenty of fluids after taking the medication. The best way to mask its taste is by mixing it in half a cup of very strong, hot coffee. Take a sip of coffee just before the dose to further cover up the taste. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Castor oil enters into the composition of elastic collodion (simple collodion, 30 grams, castor oil, 2 grams). The leaves pounded and boiled are applied as a poultice to foul ulcers.

Castor oil is part of the makeup of elastic collodion (simple collodion, 30 grams, castor oil, 2 grams). The leaves, when crushed and boiled, are used as a poultice for infected ulcers.

Botanical Description.—There are two forms of this variety in the Philippines, possessing the same properties and known by the same common name: R. viridis, Müll. (R. communis, Blanco) and R. subpurpurascens, Müll.; the former is the more common and has a glabrous, fistular stem. Leaves peltate, palmately cleft in 7 or 9 lobules, lanceolate, serrate. Petioles long. Flowers greenish, monœcious, the staminate ones in large panicled clusters below the pistillate. Filaments numerous, subdivided into several anther-bearing branches. Pistillate flowers, 3 sepals, 3 styles. Seed vessel, 3 prickly capsules, containing solitary seeds.

Plant Description.—There are two forms of this variety found in the Philippines, sharing the same properties and common name: R. viridis, Müll. (R. communis, Blanco) and R. subpurpurascens, Müll.; the first is more common and has a smooth, hollow stem. The leaves are peltate, with 7 or 9 lobes, lance-shaped, and serrated. The petioles are long. The flowers are greenish and have both male and female types, with the male flowers forming large clusters below the female ones. There are many filaments, each divided into several branches that bear anthers. The female flowers have 3 sepals and 3 styles. The seed vessel consists of 3 prickly capsules, each containing a single seed.

The R. subpurpurascens is distinguished from the former by bearing 2 glandules at the base of the leaves, the mulberry color of which latter suggests its common name, Tag̃antag̃an na morado, Tag., Vis.

The R. subpurpurascens is different from the previous one because it has 2 glands at the base of the leaves, and the mulberry color of those glands inspired its common name, Tag̃antag̃an na morado, Tag., Vis.

Habitat.—Very common in Luzon, Mindanao and other islands.

Ecosystem.—Very common in Luzon, Mindanao, and other islands.

Urticaceæ.

Nettle Family.

Artocarpus integrifolia, Willd.

Jackfruit, Willd.

Nom. Vulg.—Nag̃ka, Tag.; Jack Fruit Tree, Eng.

Uses.—The huge fruit of this tree is well known to the Filipinos and well liked by them as an article of food, eaten fresh or in sweet preserves. The arils and pulpy envelopes of the seeds are the parts eaten, also the seeds themselves, boiled or roasted. According to Padre Mercado the roasted seeds have an aphrodisiac action.

Uses.—The large fruit of this tree is well-known among Filipinos and is popular as food, eaten fresh or made into sweet preserves. The arils and fleshy coverings of the seeds are the parts eaten, along with the seeds themselves, which can be boiled or roasted. According to Padre Mercado, the roasted seeds have an aphrodisiac effect.

The heated and powdered leaves are applied to wounds and given internally for congestions. The resin of the trunk is a useful application to ulcers and in India they give it internally [224]to cure la melena, the dose, one “tola” mixed with the same amount of manga resin and a little lime water. The same resin if heated makes an excellent cement for broken china.

The heated and powdered leaves are used on wounds and taken internally for congestion. The tree's resin is useful for ulcers, and in India, it's given internally [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] to treat black tarry stools, with a dose of one “tola” mixed with an equal amount of manga resin and a bit of lime water. When heated, the same resin makes a great glue for broken ceramics.

Botanical Description.—A tree, 20° or more in height, with abundant milky sap. Leaves alternate, oval, acute at both ends, slightly wavy and revolute borders, tough, glabrous and dark green upper surface; light green, slightly rough under surface. Petioles short. Flowers greenish, monœcious, growing on root, trunk and branches. Calyx very small, monophyllous, of about 7 deciduous lobules. Staminate: On a club-shaped receptacle, 3′ or 4′ long, bristling with the stamens; filaments very short, anthers 2-celled. Pistillate: On a common, oblong receptacle which ripens to the great fruit; style 1, short; rarely 2 divergent styles; stigmas acute. Fruit about size and shape of a small watermelon, beset with many sharp eminences, containing many seeds enveloped in thick arils.

Plant Description.—A tree, 20 feet or more in height, with plenty of milky sap. The leaves are alternate, oval, pointed at both ends, slightly wavy with curled edges, tough, smooth on the top and dark green; the underside is light green and slightly rough. The petioles are short. The flowers are greenish, monoecious, growing on the roots, trunk, and branches. The calyx is very small, made of a single piece with about 7 deciduous lobes. Male flowers: On a club-shaped receptacle, 3 to 4 inches long, covered with stamens; the filaments are very short, and the anthers have 2 cells. Female flowers: On a common, oblong receptacle that develops into the large fruit; the style is short and usually has 1, rarely 2 divergent styles; the stigmas are pointed. The fruit is about the size and shape of a small watermelon, covered in many sharp bumps, containing numerous seeds wrapped in thick arils.

Habitat.—It grows in all parts of the Archipelago and is commonly known.

Ecosystem.—It grows throughout the Archipelago and is well-known.

Laportea gaudichaudiana, Wedd. (Urtica umbellata, U. ferox, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Lig̃aton, Lipa, Apariagua (?), Tag., Vis.; Lipag̃doton, Pam.

Uses.—The Padre Mercado writes as follows concerning the properties of this plant: “The leaves, applied with salt in the form of a plaster, purify dog bites, foul, putrid, malignant and cankerous ulcers; they cure boils, contusions and all abscesses; mixed with wax they may be applied for obstruction of the spleen; mashed with the juice and inserted in the nose they arrest nose-bleed; cooked with snails they soften the stomach, excite the secretion of urine and dissipate flatus; the juice given as a gargle aborts inflammation of the epiglottis. The seeds [225]mixed with wine are a sexual excitant and “clear out” the womb; taken with syrup they relieve dyspnœa, pain in the side and inflammation of the lungs and force up the humors from the chest; it may be mixed with medicines that corrupt the flesh (sic). The grated root drunk with wine relieves painful flatulence. I myself (continues the Padre Mercado) have experimented with a woman who suffered with painful flatulence and this remedy relieved her.”

Uses.—Father Mercado writes about the properties of this plant: “The leaves, when mixed with salt and used as a plaster, can heal dog bites, foul, putrid, malignant, and cankerous ulcers; they treat boils, bruises, and all abscesses; when combined with wax, they can help with spleen blockage; when mashed and applied with the juice to the nose, they stop nosebleeds; when cooked with snails, they soothe the stomach, promote urine production, and reduce gas; the juice used as a gargle can reduce inflammation of the epiglottis. The seeds [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] mixed with wine act as a sexual stimulant and “clean out” the womb; when taken with syrup, they relieve shortness of breath, side pain, and lung inflammation and help expel fluids from the chest; they can also be mixed with medicines that harm the flesh (sic). The grated root, when consumed with wine, helps relieve painful gas. I have personally (continues Father Mercado) tested this remedy on a woman who had painful gas, and it provided her with relief.”

We repeat that all the foregoing is copied from the writings of Padre Mercado and we offer it as a therapeutic curiosity.

We want to emphasize that everything mentioned above is taken from the writings of Padre Mercado, and we present it as an interesting therapeutic insight.

P. Blanco states that merely to touch the leaves causes an intolerable itching.

P. Blanco says that just touching the leaves makes you itch uncontrollably.

Botanical Description.—A small tree, 12–15° high, trunk richly branched. Leaves opposite, bunched at the ends of the branches, notched at the base, long, ovate, serrate, hairy on both surfaces. Flowers yellowish-white, diœcious. Staminate: In compound racemes; calyx 4 parts; corolla none; stamens 4, inserted on the base of the calyx. Pistillate: Flowers in 2-forked umbel, flat, very large; calyx, none; stamens none; stigma 1; seed heart-shaped.

Plant Description.—A small tree, 12–15 feet tall, with a well-branched trunk. Leaves are opposite, clustered at the ends of the branches, notched at the base, long, oval-shaped, jagged, and hairy on both sides. Flowers are yellowish-white and dioecious. Male flowers: arranged in compound racemes; calyx has 4 parts; no corolla; 4 stamens attached at the base of the calyx. Female flowers: in a 2-forked umbel, flat, and very large; no calyx; no stamens; 1 stigma; seed is heart-shaped.

Habitat.—Very common in all the fields and in the mountains. Blooms in June.

Habitat.—Very common in all the fields and in the mountains. It blooms in June.

Casuarineæ.

Beefwood Family.

Casuarina Sumatrana, Jung. (C. equisetifolia, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Agoho, Tag.; Malabohok, Agoho, Vis.; Aro, Karo, Agoó, Iloc.

Uses.—The bark is astringent by virtue of the large quantity of tannin it contains. Its principal use is in decoction in the treatment of diarrhœa, dysentery and hæmoptysis; it is also given in amenorrhœa, though it is apt to increase the pain. Externally it is used as a wash for contusions and ulcers. [226]

Uses.—The bark has astringent properties due to the high amount of tannin it contains. Its main application is in decoction for treating diarrhea, dysentery, and coughing up blood; it is also used for amenorrhea, although it can increase pain. Externally, it is applied as a wash for bruises and ulcers. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Another species, C. equisetifolia, Forst., confounded with the former species by the natives, has the same therapeutic applications.

Another species, C. equisetifolia, Forst., which the locals confuse with the previous species, has the same medical uses.

Botanical Description.—A tree with stellately arranged straight branches. Leaves stellate, long, narrow, linear, 4-grooved. They have been compared to the tail of a horse and the tail of a certain bird—the casobar. Staminate and pistillate flowers greenish, on different parts of the same stalk. Staminate, in small aments. Pistillate on small globose aments; calyx proper of the floweret, a coarse scale; corolla none; ovary conical; styles 2, flattened, divergent; stigmas acute. Fruit: Each floweret produces a woody seed-vessel, bivalved, ovate, glabrous, with a small seed ending in an oval wing; all these seed vessels joined form a small cone about 1′ long.

Plant Description.—A tree with branches that grow straight and are arranged in a star-like pattern. The leaves are star-shaped, long, narrow, and linear, with 4 grooves. They’ve been likened to a horse’s tail and the tail of a specific bird—the casobar. Male and female flowers are greenish and located on different parts of the same stalk. Male flowers are in small clusters. Female flowers are on small round clusters; the main part of the flower has a rough scale; there’s no corolla; the ovary is cone-shaped; there are 2 styles that are flattened and spread apart; the stigmas are pointed. Fruit: Each flower produces a woody seed pod, which is two-valved, oval, smooth, with a small seed that has an oval wing; all these seed pods together form a small cone about 1′ long.

Habitat.—Very common in Ilocos, Tarlak, Binangonang of Lampong and N. Ecija. [227]

Ecosystem.—Very common in Ilocos, Tarlak, Binangonang of Lampong, and N. Ecija. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

1 Do not grow in the Philippines.

2 Waring, loc. cit., p. 170.

2 Waring, cited work, p. 170.

3 Journal de Pharmacie, Vol. XIV., p. 441.

3 Journal of Pharmacy, Vol. XIV, p. 441.

4 L’Union Pharm., Vol. XXIII., p. 291.

[__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Monocotyledons.

Musaceæ.

Banana Family.

Musa paradisiaca, L.

M. sapientum, L.

M. sapientum, Latin.

Nom. Vulg. Plátano, Sp.; Sagig̃, Tag., etc.; Banana, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.. Banana, Sp.; Saging, Tag., etc.; Banana, Eng.

Uses.—The fruit produced by the various varieties of the banana plant constitutes one of the most wholesome and delicious of foods, appreciated by natives and Europeans alike. According to Boussingaul its nutritive value is greater than that of the potato and it may be used constantly without ill effects. Bananas contain a large percentage of sugar and mucilage. In India they dry them in the sun, as figs and grapes are treated in other countries and thus preserve them for long voyages by sea or land; eaten in conjunction with animal food they are a strong preventive of scurvy. If eaten when thoroughly ripe they have a laxative effect.

Uses.—The fruit from different varieties of the banana plant is one of the healthiest and tastiest foods, enjoyed by both locals and Europeans. According to Boussingaul, its nutritional value is higher than that of potatoes, and it can be consumed regularly without negative effects. Bananas have a high sugar and mucilage content. In India, they are sun-dried, similar to how figs and grapes are preserved in other countries, making them suitable for long journeys by sea or land; when eaten with animal products, they effectively help prevent scurvy. When consumed fully ripe, they act as a laxative.

The young and tender leaves are used in the Philippines as a protective dressing for ulcers, dermatitis, burns and cantharidal or other artificial blisters. Before applying to the affected surface the leaf is heated to make it more flexible and coated with a thin layer of cocoanut oil or other fatty substance.

The young and tender leaves are used in the Philippines as a protective covering for ulcers, dermatitis, burns, and cantharidal or other artificial blisters. Before applying them to the affected area, the leaf is heated to make it more flexible and is coated with a thin layer of coconut oil or another fatty substance.

In the dispensaries of India they also use the leaves in this way, thus protecting and at the same time maintaining the moisture of the part. Dr. Waring recommends the practice and Dr. Van Someren follows it in the application of water dressings, having substituted banana leaves for gutta-percha. [228]

In the clinics of India, they also use the leaves this way, helping to protect and keep the area moist. Dr. Waring supports this approach, and Dr. Van Someren uses it with water dressings, replacing gutta-percha with banana leaves. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

In Mauritius the fruit is used for dysentery, and the flowers, together with an equal quantity of those of Spilanthes Acmella, are made into a decoction and prescribed for dropsy.

In Mauritius, the fruit is used to treat dysentery, and the flowers, along with an equal amount of those from Spilanthes Acmella, are brewed into a decoction and recommended for dropsy.

Botanical Description.—The banana plant with its huge waving leaves and succulent stem is universally familiar. The flower stalk rises through the center developing a drooping spike, the flowers in short rows in the axils of its large purplish bracts. According to Blanco there are 57 varieties of this plant in the Philippines, the following being the most common edible varieties: bug̃ulag̃, lakatan, letondag̃, obispo, higo, morado, butuan, bentikohol, sabá, tampuhig̃.

Plant Description.—The banana plant, with its large, swaying leaves and juicy stem, is widely recognized. The flower stalk rises from the center, forming a drooping spike, with flowers arranged in short rows in the axils of its large purplish bracts. According to Blanco, there are 57 varieties of this plant in the Philippines, with the following being the most common edible varieties: bug̃ulag̃, lakatan, letondag̃, obispo, higo, morado, butuan, bentikohol, sabá, tampuhig̃.

Habitat.—Common everywhere in the islands.

Habitat.—Common throughout the islands.

Zingiberaceæ.

Ginger Family.

Zingiber officinale, L. (Amomum zingiber, L. and Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Ajengibre, Jengibre, Sp.; Luya, Tag.; Laya, Bic.; Ginger, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Ajengibre, Jengibre, Spanish; Luya, Tagalog; Laya, Bicolano; Ginger, English.

Uses.—The rhizome is used principally as a condiment in the Philippines. Its flavor is extremely agreeable, much appreciated in Europe by the English who are the greatest consumers of the condiment. In the Philippines a decoction is made of ginger and brown sugar, called tahu by the Chinese who drink it regularly as we do coffee in the early hours of the morning. It is an excellent drink, aromatic, tonic, stomachic and stimulant, and would probably be highly useful as well as economical as a part of the ration of European and native troops in the field. Hot tahú or tahu is an active diuretic; and during the last epidemic of cholera in Manila some physicians used it with very satisfactory results.

Uses.—The rhizome is mainly used as a seasoning in the Philippines. Its flavor is very pleasant and is highly enjoyed in Europe, particularly by the English, who are the largest consumers of this seasoning. In the Philippines, a brew made from ginger and brown sugar, called tahu by the Chinese, is consumed regularly in the mornings, much like we drink coffee. It’s an excellent beverage—aromatic, invigorating, good for digestion, and stimulating. It would likely be both beneficial and cost-effective as part of the rations for European and local troops in the field. Hot tahú or tahu acts as a strong diuretic; during the last cholera outbreak in Manila, some doctors found it to be quite effective.

Ginger is a good carminative and is official in the pharmacopœias of Europe, America and India. It is used with good effect in flatulent colic, atonic diseases of the intestines so common in the Philippines and in chronic rheumatism. [229]

Ginger is an effective carminative and is recognized in the pharmacopoeias of Europe, America, and India. It's used successfully for flatulent colic, atonic intestinal disorders commonly seen in the Philippines, and chronic rheumatism. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

The tincture is given in doses of 2–4 grams. The official infusion 30–60 grams.

The tincture is given in doses of 2–4 grams. The official infusion is 30–60 grams.

The rhizome contains a volatile oil1 (25 per cent.), a pale yellow liquid, specific gravity 0.878, the odor like that of the rhizome but lacking its strong and piquant taste. Its reaction is not acid; it dissolves slowly in alcohol. The burning taste is due to a resin that produces protocatechuic acid when melted with potassa.

The rhizome has a volatile oil1 (25 percent), a pale yellow liquid with a specific gravity of 0.878. It has a scent similar to that of the rhizome but doesn’t have its strong and spicy flavor. It isn't acidic and dissolves slowly in alcohol. The hot taste comes from a resin that forms protocatechuic acid when heated with potassa.

Botanical Description.—The only part employed is the rhizome, well known all over the islands and found in all their pharmacies and shops.

Plant Details.—The only part used is the rhizome, which is widely recognized throughout the islands and available in all their pharmacies and stores.

Several stems rise 2–3° directly from the peculiar, branched rhizome; long-lanceolate, acuminate, entire, glabrous, alternate leaves diverge stiffly from the sides of the stem; petiole proper very short, its broader extension ensheathing the stem; general appearance of a single stem is much like that of the Solomon’s seal so familiar in the U. S.

Several stems rise at a 2–3° angle directly from the unusual, branched rhizome; long, lance-shaped, pointed, smooth, and alternate leaves stick out stiffly from the sides of the stem; the petiole is very short, with a wider part wrapping around the stem; the overall look of a single stem is quite similar to that of the Solomon’s seal commonly found in the U.S.

Curcuma longa, L.

Curcuma longa

Nom. Vulg.—Dilaw, Tag.; Dulaw, Kalawaga, Kinamboy, Vis.; Ag̃ay, Pam.; Turmeric Plant, Eng.

Common Name.—Dilaw, Tag.; Dulaw, Kalawaga, Kinamboy, Vis.; Ag̃ay, Pam.; Turmeric Plant, Eng.

Uses.—The yellow rhizome called by some azafrán (saffron), is used as a condiment; its odor is remotely suggestive of vanilla. The Philippine herb-doctors give it internally for hæmoptysis, externally as a plaster or in infusion for acute dermatitis. The juice is prescribed in doses of 30–60 grams in bronchial catarrh. In India they inhale the fumes of burning turmeric paper for coryza, and with good effect according to the testimony of Dr. Waring.

Uses.—The yellow root known by some as azafrán (saffron) is used as a spice; its scent is somewhat reminiscent of vanilla. Herbalists in the Philippines use it internally for coughing up blood and externally as a plaster or infusion for acute skin inflammation. The juice is recommended in doses of 30–60 grams for bronchial irritation. In India, people inhale the smoke from burning turmeric paper to relieve nasal congestion, and this has proven effective according to Dr. Waring's reports.

The drug is official in the Pharmacopœia of India. It is carminative, stimulant and probably antiseptic. Its decoction is used as an eye-wash in catarrhal and purulent conjunctivitis. The Mohammedans of Deccan use it for jaundice upon the [230]theory that the yellow color of the skin in that disease is an indication for a remedy of the same color. The juice is also used in many parts of India to stain the face, nails and other parts of the body.

The drug is included in the Pharmacopœia of India. It's known to be carminative, a stimulant, and likely antiseptic. Its decoction is used as an eye wash for catarrhal and purulent conjunctivitis. The Muslims of Deccan use it for jaundice based on the theory that the yellow color of the skin in that condition signals the need for a remedy of the same color. The juice is also used in many areas of India to dye the face, nails, and other parts of the body.

The tincture is prepared by macerating 30 grams of bruised rhizome in 200 cc. alcohol for seven days, then filtering. Turmeric paper is prepared by impregnating unsized paper with this tincture, and then drying. Both tincture and paper are used to test for alkalies.

The tincture is made by soaking 30 grams of crushed rhizome in 200 cc of alcohol for seven days, then filtering it. Turmeric paper is created by soaking unsized paper in this tincture and then drying it. Both the tincture and the paper are used to test for alkali.

The rhizomes contain a pigment called curcumin, an essential oil and fæcula. Curcumin (C₁₄H₁₄O₄) is crystalline, yellow by direct light and blue by reflected light; it was studied by Jackson and Menke.

The rhizomes have a pigment known as curcumin, along with an essential oil and starch. Curcumin (C₁₄H₁₄O₄) is crystalline, appearing yellow in direct light and blue in reflected light; it was researched by Jackson and Menke.

In the Philippines it is used extensively as a diaphoretic and emmenagogue and in icterus, intestinal colic and dysmenorrhœa; externally for skin diseases, contusions and atonic ulcers.

In the Philippines, it is widely used as a sweat-inducing agent and to promote menstrual flow, as well as for jaundice, intestinal cramps, and painful periods; externally, it is applied for skin conditions, bruises, and inactive ulcers.

Gubler regards it as a diffusible stimulant. Its use is more extensive in England than in France and Spain; in India it forms an ingredient of curry, called carí in Manila. Curcumin is eliminated by the urine, which it colors yellow, and if at the same time an alkali be taken by the patient, especially a salt of calcium, the urine becomes red and may communicate this stain to the clothes. This fact should be borne in mind to avoid embarrassing mistakes in diagnosis or prognosis. Dose of powder, 2–5 grams.

Gubler sees it as a substance that energizes. Its use is more widespread in England than in France and Spain; in India, it’s a component of curry, known as carí in Manila. Curcumin is excreted through urine, which turns yellow, and if the patient also takes an alkali, especially a calcium salt, the urine can turn red and may stain clothing. This should be kept in mind to prevent confusing errors in diagnosis or prognosis. Recommended dose of the powder is 2–5 grams.

Botanical Description.—Leaves 2–4° long, rising in bush-like bunches directly from the rhizome, broad-lanceolate, acuminate, gradually tapering down the long petioles; numerous prominent nerves give a ribbed appearance to the blade. Rhizome cylindrical, irregular, bright yellow within.

Plant Details.—Leaves 2–4° long, growing in bushy clusters directly from the rhizome, broad-lanceolate, pointed, and gradually narrowing down the long stalks; many noticeable veins give the blade a ribbed look. Rhizome is cylindrical, uneven, and bright yellow on the inside.

Elettaria Cardamomum, White.

Cardamom, White.

Nom. Vulg.—Lag̃kuas, Lag̃kawas, Vis.; Cardamon, Eng. [231]

Common Name—Lag̃kuas, Lag̃kawas, Vis.; Cardamon, Eng. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Uses.—This plant, though official in several pharmacopœias, is not used as a medicine in the Philippines, probably on account of its scarcity here. The seeds are used as a condiment; they are stimulant and carminative and yield good results in atonic dyspepsia, nervous depression and spasmodic or flatulent affections of the intestine. The dose of the powdered seeds is from 0.60–1.50 grams in pill form; the tincture is, however, more convenient and is given in doses of from 4 to 8 grams.

Uses.—This plant, although recognized in several pharmacopoeias, isn't used as medicine in the Philippines, likely because it's rare here. The seeds act as a spice; they are stimulating and help with gas and bloating, showing good results in cases of weak digestion, nervous depression, and intestinal spasms or gas. The recommended dose of the powdered seeds is between 0.60 and 1.50 grams in pill form; however, the tincture is more practical, taken in doses of 4 to 8 grams.

Botanical Description.—A plant with a scaly rhizome and adventitious roots from which spring the stems, some of which bear leaves and others flowers. The leaves are alternate, in pairs; extended, lanceolate blade, with a short petiole. Branches bearing flowers, short, flexible and scaly. The flowers spring from the sheaths of the leaves. Calyx tubular, 3-toothed; second calyx with limb divided into 3 unequal lobules. Stamens 3. Ovary inferior, 3 many-ovuled compartments. Style simple. Stigma rounded. Fruit an oblong, ovoid capsule, 3-celled, trivalvate. Seeds blackish, albuminous.

Plant Description.—This plant has a scaly rhizome and roots that grow from it, producing stems that sometimes have leaves and sometimes have flowers. The leaves are arranged alternately in pairs, with elongated, lance-shaped blades and short petioles. The branches that produce flowers are short, flexible, and covered in scales. The flowers emerge from the leaf sheaths. The calyx is tubular with three teeth, and the second calyx has a limb divided into three uneven lobes. There are three stamens, and the ovary is located below, with three compartments filled with many ovules. The style is simple, and the stigma is rounded. The fruit is an oblong, oval-shaped capsule with three cells and three valves. The seeds are dark and contain albumen.

Habitat.—Visayan Islands.

Amaryllidaceæ.

Amaryllis Family.

Amaryllis Group.

Crinum Asiaticum, L. (C. giganteum, Blanco.)

Nom. Vulg.—Bakog̃, Tag.

Uses.—The decoction of the leaves is used in the Philippines as an expectorant. The plant is official in the Pharmacopœia of India as an emetic and in small doses is nauseant and diaphoretic. As an emetic the dose of the fresh juice of the root is 8–16 grams every 10 minutes till vomiting occurs. Dr. W. O’Shaughnessy, writing from Bengal, states that this is the only indigenous and abundant emetic plant of which he has experience, which acts without producing griping, purging, or other unpleasant symptoms. In a communication to Dr. Waring he [232]remarks that it is a good emetic and diaphoretic whenever ipecacuanha is not at hand but that it should be regarded not so much as a substitute for that article as a resource in case of need.

Uses.—The decoction of the leaves is used in the Philippines as an expectorant. The plant is listed in the Pharmacopoeia of India as an emetic and, in small doses, acts as a nauseant and diaphoretic. As an emetic, the dose of the fresh juice of the root is 8–16 grams every 10 minutes until vomiting occurs. Dr. W. O’Shaughnessy, writing from Bengal, notes that this is the only native and readily available emetic plant he has experience with, which works without causing cramping, diarrhea, or other unpleasant symptoms. In a message to Dr. Waring, he [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] mentions that it is a good emetic and diaphoretic when ipecacuanha is not available, but it should be seen more as a backup option rather than a direct substitute.

The leaf juice is used in India to drop into the ears for disease of these organs.

The juice from the leaves is used in India as ear drops for illnesses related to these organs.

One of the infinite remedies used by the Filipinos under the name of “contrapoisons,” without specifying or knowing what poison, is the powdered root of Crinum, given internally with a little water. They also use the leaves locally for the itch, bruising them and rubbing the affected parts energetically with them. I may note here in passing, what I have written before: that the Filipinos have from time immemorial been familiar with the sarcopt of scabies (Kahaw) which they pick out with a needle or spine of some fish or vegetable.

One of the many remedies used by Filipinos, known as "contrapoisons," without specifying or knowing the exact poison, is the powdered root of Crinum, taken internally with a bit of water. They also apply the leaves locally for itching, by bruising them and energetically rubbing the affected areas. I should mention here what I've said before: that Filipinos have long been familiar with the scabies mite (Kahaw), which they remove with a needle or a spine from some fish or a plant.

Botanical Description.—A plant with globose, scaly root. Leaves keeled or ridged. Flowers white, on a flattened stalk, on a spathe of 2 leaflets and several dry threads enclosing 4 flowerets. Corolla funnel-form, tube long and triangular; limb cut in 6 horizontal lanceolate lobes. Stamens 6, shorter than corolla. Anthers long. Stigma with 3 points. Seed vessel inferior, 3-celled, each cell containing a seed.

Plant Description.—A plant with a round, scaly root. Leaves are keeled or ridged. Flowers are white, growing on a flattened stalk, surrounded by a spathe with 2 leaflets and several dry threads enclosing 4 flowers. The corolla is funnel-shaped, with a long, triangular tube; the limb is divided into 6 horizontal lance-shaped lobes. There are 6 stamens, which are shorter than the corolla. The anthers are long. The stigma has 3 points. The seed pod is below the ovary, with 3 compartments, each containing a seed.

Habitat.—Very common on the seashore and in groves of mangrove trees. Blooms in July.

Habitat.—Very common along the coast and in mangrove forests. Blooms in July.

Liliaceæ.

Lily Family.

Aloes Barbadensis, Mill. (A. humilis, Blanco; A. vera, L.; A. vulgaris, Banck.; A. Indica, Royl.)

Aloe Vera, Mill. (A. humilis, Blanco; A. vera, L.; A. vulgaris, Banck.; A. Indica, Royl.)

Nom. Vulg.—Sabila, Tag.; Dilag̃ boaya, Vis.; Aloes, Eng.

Uses.—This species is one of those which produce the substance known in pharmacy as aloes, which is the juice of the leaf evaporated to the consistency of an extract. It is official [233]in all pharmacopoeias and its properties are known to the Filipino herb-doctors. They use the fresh juice of the leaves as a stimulant of the scalp in baldness and locally in contusions. Aloes is a slow purgative and its irritating action on the lower portion of the large intestine extends to the genito-urinary organs. It is, therefore, an emmenagogue and its prolonged use causes hemorrhoids, especially in man. It is contraindicated where there is disease of the genito-urinary organs or rectum. As it increases the secretion of bile it is useful in certain hepatic diseases. It is used in small doses as a tonic in dyspepsia. The tonic dose is ½–20 centigrams; purgative, 15–50 of the extract, preferably in pill form. It is customary to associate it with other purgatives.

Applications.—This species is one of those that produces the substance known in pharmacy as aloes, which is the juice of the leaf evaporated to the consistency of an extract. It is officially recognized [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] in all pharmacopoeias, and its properties are well-known to Filipino herbalists. They use the fresh juice of the leaves as a stimulant for the scalp in cases of baldness and locally for bruises. Aloes acts as a slow laxative, and its irritating effect on the lower part of the large intestine also affects the genito-urinary organs. Therefore, it serves as an emmenagogue, and prolonged use can lead to hemorrhoids, especially in men. It is not recommended for use when there are diseases of the genito-urinary organs or rectum. Since it increases bile secretion, it is beneficial in certain liver diseases. It is used in small doses as a tonic for indigestion. The tonic dose is ½–20 centigrams; for laxative effects, 15–50 of the extract, preferably in pill form. It is common to combine it with other laxatives.

Botanical Description.—A stemless plant, the leaves springing immediately from the root as in the pineapple, joined at the base, straight, ligulate, very fleshy and becoming thinner toward the end, with stiff thorns along the edges. Flowers between yellow and red outside and straw-colored inside, in racemes on a cylindrical scape 3° or more high, sometimes ramose, peduncles very short. Corolla cylindrical, somewhat incurved, cleft to the middle in 6 parts, 3 external, acute and superposed on the others, obtuse at the apex and of different color. Stamens 6, inserted at the nectiferous base of the ovary and of the same length as the corolla. Anthers erect. Ovary cylindrical with 6 furrows. Stigma obtuse, with raveled edges. The seed vessel ovoid, 3-valved, 3-celled, with 2 seeds in each, furnished with 3 spongy wings.

Plant Description.—This is a stemless plant, with leaves emerging directly from the root like a pineapple, connected at the base. The leaves are straight, strap-like, very thick, and tapering toward the tips, with stiff thorns along the edges. The flowers range from yellow to red on the outside and are straw-colored inside, arranged in clusters on a cylindrical stalk that is at least 3 feet tall, sometimes branching, with very short flower stems. The flower is cylindrical, slightly curved, split halfway into 6 parts: 3 outer parts that are pointed and layered over the others, which are blunt at the tip and colored differently. There are 6 stamens, attached at the nectar-producing base of the ovary, and they are the same length as the corolla. The anthers are upright. The ovary is cylindrical with 6 grooves. The stigma is blunt, with frayed edges. The seed pod is oval, has 3 valves, is divided into 3 compartments, with 2 seeds in each, and is equipped with 3 spongy wings.

Habitat.—Common in gardens.

Habitat.—Found frequently in gardens.

Allium sativum, L.

Garlic, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Ajo, Sp.; Bawag̃, Tag.; Garlic, Eng.

Allium Cepa, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Cebolla, Sp.; Lasuna, Sibuyas, Tag.; Onion, Eng. [234]

Nom. Vulg.—Onion, Sp.; Lasuna, Sibuyas, Tag.; Onion, Eng. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Uses.—The garlic and the onion are used to excess as condiments in Philippine as well as Spanish cooking. Both are difficult of digestion and communicate a very disagreeable odor to the breath, intolerable to those who are unaccustomed to it. Garlic possesses the singular property, familiar to many students and soldiers, of inducing a transient fever if introduced within the anus. When bruised and applied to the skin it has a counter-irritant action which makes it useful in the treatment of rheumatism, but the odor is so disagreeable that it is not worth while to use it for that purpose when we have so many other medicines which produce the same effect without being objectionable. It is also used locally for the bites of venomous animals.

Applications.—Garlic and onion are overused as spices in both Filipino and Spanish cooking. Both can be hard to digest and leave a very unpleasant smell on the breath, especially for those who aren’t used to it. Garlic has the unique ability, known to many students and soldiers, to cause a temporary fever if inserted into the anus. When crushed and applied to the skin, it has a counter-irritant effect, making it helpful in treating rheumatism, but the smell is so off-putting that it’s not worth using for that when there are many other medicines that provide the same benefits without the unpleasant odor. It’s also used locally for bites from poisonous animals.

The onion is used cooked as a poultice over the bladder and internally for various catarrhs. It is better to abstain from the therapeutic and culinary use of products so indigestible and so malodorous.

The onion is used cooked as a poultice over the bladder and internally for various respiratory issues. It's better to avoid using such difficult-to-digest and strongly-smelling products for therapy and cooking.

Botanical Description.—These plants are so well known in all parts of the world that a description of them would be superfluous.

Plant Description.—These plants are so widely recognized around the globe that describing them would be unnecessary.

Palmæ.

Palm Family.

Areca Catechu, L.

Areca Catechu, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Bog̃a, Tag.; Betel-nut Palm, Areca, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Bog̃a, Tag.; Betel Nut Palm, Areca, Eng.

Uses.—The seeds form part of a masticatory very common throughout the extreme Orient, known as Buyo and composed of a betel leaf, a little slaked lime, and a slice of the fruit of the bonga, known as Siri in Indo-China and among the Malays. It is so common that it is hard to find a man or woman who does not use it. The saliva of those who use it is red and of a strong odor, and its careless use in time blackens the teeth and makes the breath extremely disagreeable. Habitual chewers consider it a tonic of the mouth and stomach and a [235]general stimulant as well. It probably does possess these properties but they are reversed in the case of persons who use it immoderately for they lose appetite, become salivated, and the whole organism degenerates. The carbonized and powdered fruit is used as a dentifrice but its virtues are doubtless identical with those of any vegetable charcoal, i. e., absorbent and antiseptic.

Uses.—The seeds are part of a common chew from the Far East known as Buyo, which consists of a betel leaf, a bit of slaked lime, and a slice of the bonga fruit, called Siri in Indo-China and among Malays. It's so prevalent that it's rare to find a man or woman who doesn't use it. The saliva of users is red and has a strong smell, and careless use over time can blacken teeth and make breath really unpleasant. Regular chewers think of it as a tonic for the mouth and stomach, as well as a [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]general stimulant. It likely has these properties, but for those who use it excessively, the effects are the opposite—they lose their appetite, produce too much saliva, and their overall health deteriorates. The carbonized and powdered fruit is used as a toothpaste, but its benefits are probably the same as those of any vegetable charcoal, i.e., absorbent and antiseptic.

One unaccustomed to the use of bonga and chewing it for the first time, usually experiences a most disagreeable combination of symptoms; constriction of the œsophagus, a sensation of heat in the head and face, the latter becoming red and congested; at the same time dizziness and precordial distress are experienced. The same phenomena occur in certain persons after eating palmito salad or the tender central portion of the bonga and of other palms.

One who isn't used to bonga and chews it for the first time usually experiences a really unpleasant mix of symptoms: a tightness in the throat, a feeling of warmth in the head and face, which becomes red and congested; at the same time, they feel dizzy and have chest discomfort. The same symptoms happen in some people after eating palmito salad or the soft central part of bonga and other palms.

The flowers are eaten in salad like the above-mentioned palmito. The seed is astringent and tænifuge; for the latter purpose it is given internally as a powder in a dose of from 16 to 24 grams. Its action is uncertain. The catechu which is obtained in India from the Bonga differs from that obtained from the Acacia Catechu and is a tonic analogous to rhatany and cinchona.

The flowers are eaten in salads like the previously mentioned palmito. The seeds are astringent and have a tendency to expel worms; for this purpose, they are taken internally as a powder in doses ranging from 16 to 24 grams. Their effects are unpredictable. The catechu obtained in India from the Bonga differs from that sourced from the Acacia Catechu and acts as a tonic similar to rhatany and cinchona.

The seeds contain about 14% of a fatty crystalline material which melts at 39°, and after saponification yields a crystalline, fatty acid that may be regarded as a mixture of lauric and muriatic acids. They also contain about 14% of a red, amorphous tonic material which, after drying, is but slightly soluble in cold or hot water.

The seeds have around 14% of a fatty crystalline substance that melts at 39°, and after saponification produces a crystalline fatty acid that can be seen as a mix of lauric and muriatic acids. They also contain about 14% of a red, amorphous tonic substance that is only slightly soluble in both cold and hot water after it dries.

The lower part of the petiole of the leaves is thin and broad, ensheathing the trunk, is as tough as pasteboard when dry and is used in the Philippines as wrapping paper; Dr. Bholanauth Bose and other physicians of India use it as a material for splints in fractures, a practice which might well be imitated in Manila and especially in the country. [236]

The bottom part of the petiole of the leaves is thin and wide, wrapping around the trunk, and becomes as tough as cardboard when dry. In the Philippines, it's used as wrapping paper; Dr. Bholanauth Bose and other doctors in India use it for splints in fractures, a practice that could definitely be adopted in Manila, especially in rural areas. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Botanical Description.—A well-known palm with slender stem, surrounded by many circles; it grows to about the same height as the coco-nut palm or less. The flowers spring in bunches of long, thread-like spikes from the trunk a little below the crown of leaves at the base of the long, smooth, green, sheath-like petioles which clasp the trunk; each spike bears many staminate and a few pistillate flowers. The fruit is about the size and shape of a hen’s egg, the husk tow-like or filamentose, the kernel pinkish or light red.

Plant Description.—A well-known palm with a slender trunk, marked by numerous rings; it grows to about the same height as a coconut palm or slightly shorter. The flowers appear in clusters of long, thin spikes that emerge from the trunk just below the crown of leaves at the base of the long, smooth, green, sheath-like petioles that wrap around the trunk; each spike has many male flowers and a few female flowers. The fruit is roughly the size and shape of a chicken egg, with a fibrous or hair-like husk, and the kernel is pinkish or light red.

Habitat.—Grows throughout the islands.

Habitat.—Grows all over the islands.

Cocos nucifera, L.

Coconut, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Coco, Sp.-Fil.; Niog, Tag.; Coco-nut Palm, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Coconut, Sp.-Fil.; Niog, Tag.; Coconut Palm, Eng.

Uses.—This plant is, perhaps, the most useful in the Philippines. Without it and the bamboo plant the people of the Archipelago would not know how to live. It produces vinegar, an alcoholic drink called tuba or coco-wine, an oil, an edible nut, and its leaves are used instead of nipa to roof the huts.

Applications.—This plant is probably the most useful in the Philippines. Without it and the bamboo plant, the people of the Archipelago wouldn't know how to survive. It produces vinegar, an alcoholic drink called tuba or coco-wine, an oil, an edible nut, and its leaves are used instead of nipa for roofing the huts.

Tuba is an opaline, slightly sweet liquid, with an agreeable taste, which rapidly becomes acid under the influence of the heat. A flowering or fruit-bearing stalk, which has not been incised before, is chosen and encircled with several rings of rope or rattan. The stalk is then cut and a bamboo vessel called a bombón is hung to receive the sap which escapes during the night. This liquid is valuable as a drink for those who are debilitated, suffering from pulmonary catarrh, and even for consumptives, who are accustomed to drink it every morning, sometimes with marvelous results, according to reports. The heat of the day rapidly ferments the tuba, converting it into a mild vinegar, which is widely used for domestic purposes in the Philippines. When fermented and distilled it produces a weak alcohol of disagreeable taste called coco-wine. [237]

Tuba is a clear, slightly sweet liquid with a pleasant taste that quickly turns sour when heated. A flowering or fruit-bearing stalk that hasn't been cut before is selected and wrapped with several rings of rope or rattan. The stalk is then cut, and a bamboo container called a bombón is hung to collect the sap that drips out during the night. This liquid is valuable as a drink for those who are weak, suffering from respiratory ailments, and even for those with tuberculosis, who often drink it every morning, sometimes with amazing results, according to reports. The heat of the day quickly ferments the tuba, turning it into a mild vinegar that is commonly used for household purposes in the Philippines. When fermented and distilled, it creates a weak alcohol with an unpleasant taste known as coco-wine. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

The ripe fruit contains a rather soft and savory meat which is generally eaten mixed with the clear, sweet coco-nut milk. Later the meat becomes firmer and is used as a food and an oil much used in the islands is extracted from it. To extract the oil the meat is grated and pressed until all the juice is extracted. This is called the milk and when boiled is converted almost completely into oil. Cocoanut milk has an agreeable taste and may in some cases take the place of cow’s milk. It is apt to produce diarrhœa, however, which action may be bad for some but on the other hand good for others, such as the habitually constipated. Both the meat and the milk are widely used by the natives in making sweets.

The ripe fruit has a soft and tasty flesh that's usually enjoyed mixed with clear, sweet coconut milk. Over time, the flesh becomes firmer and is used as food, and oil widely extracted from it is used throughout the islands. To get the oil, the flesh is grated and pressed until all the juice is released. This juice is called milk, and when boiled, it turns almost entirely into oil. Coconut milk has a pleasant flavor and can sometimes be a substitute for cow’s milk. However, it can cause diarrhea, which might be problematic for some but beneficial for others, like those who are often constipated. Both the flesh and the milk are commonly used by locals to make sweets.

In the greater part of the islands it is the only oil used for illumination. As a medicine it is employed internally as a purgative and externally in the treatment of scores of troubles in which the good results obtained are due, not to the oil but to the massage used in rubbing it in. It has the reputation of stimulating the growth of the hair and all the natives and some Europeans use it lavishly as a hair ointment. When fresh its odor is agreeable, but it easily becomes rancid and assumes a most disagreeable odor. In the Visayan Islands they make an oil of a nauseous odor which they call in Manila Caracoa. It is used only for illumination and by the poor.

In most of the islands, it's the only oil used for lighting. As a medicine, it's taken internally as a laxative and applied externally for various ailments, where the positive effects are mainly because of the massage technique, not the oil itself. It’s known for promoting hair growth, and both locals and some Europeans use it heavily as a hair treatment. When fresh, it smells nice, but it can quickly go bad and develop a really unpleasant odor. In the Visayan Islands, they make a smelly oil called Caracoa in Manila. It's only used for lighting and is mostly used by the poor.

At a temperature of 20° or more the oil remains liquid; it is colorless when fresh and properly extracted. It solidifies at 18° and two kinds of soap are made of it; one soft and exceedingly cheap called “Quiapo”; the other hard, white, of a high quality, but as a rule containing an excess of lime which in time is deposited in a fluorescent film on its surface.

At a temperature of 20° or higher, the oil stays liquid; it's colorless when fresh and well-extracted. It solidifies at 18°, and two types of soap are made from it: one soft and very inexpensive called "Quiapo," and the other hard, white, high-quality soap. However, the latter typically contains too much lime, which eventually settles as a fluorescent film on its surface.

In India the root is employed in the treatment of dysentery.

In India, the root is used to treat dysentery.

Botanical Description.—A tree most familiar to every one.

Plant Description.—A tree that everyone recognizes.

Habitat.—Common in all parts of the Archipelago.

Habitat.—Located across the Archipelago.

[238]

[__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Nipa fruticans, Wurmb.

Nipa palm, Wurmb.

Nom. Vulg.—Nipa, Sp.-Fil.; Sasa, Tag.

Nom. Vulg.—Nipa, Spanish-Filipino; Sasa, Tagalog.

Uses.—The dry leaves of this palm are generally used in the villages of Manila Province, Pampanga, Bulacan and other provinces in the construction of roofs and walls of houses, which are therefore called “nipa houses.” The decoction of the fresh leaves is used as a lotion for indolent ulcers, and a popular preserve is made from the fruit.

Applications.—The dry leaves of this palm are commonly used in the villages of Manila Province, Pampanga, Bulacan, and other provinces for building roofs and walls of houses, which are known as “nipa houses.” A brew made from the fresh leaves is used as a lotion for slow-healing ulcers, and a popular preserve is made from the fruit.

Like the coco and following the same process the nipa yields a liquid also called tuba and possessing properties identical with those of the former plant. The weak alcohol distilled from it has some repute in the treatment of conjunctivitis, for which purpose a few drops are mixed with a small quantity of water and the eyes are washed with it several times a day. This alcohol, improperly called wine of nipa, has a characteristically unpleasant odor which makes it impracticable for medicinal or industrial use. Several chemists have attempted to remove the characteristic odor from nipa alcohol, but their results had always been negative because the odorous principle was distilled over at the same temperature as the alcohol. Finally a distinguished Filipino chemist, D. Anacleto del Rosario, perfected a process of producing from the nipa tuba an absolute alcohol perfectly free from the characteristic odor; an alcohol, in fact, possessing all the qualities of chemically pure alcohol, and of such a high grade that it was awarded the first prize at the last World’s Fair in Paris.

Like the coco, the nipa also produces a liquid known as tuba, which has the same properties as the former plant. The weak alcohol distilled from it is somewhat popular for treating conjunctivitis; for this, a few drops are mixed with a small amount of water, and the eyes are washed with it several times a day. This alcohol, mistakenly referred to as nipa wine, has a distinctly unpleasant smell that makes it unsuitable for medicinal or industrial use. Several chemists have tried to eliminate the characteristic odor from nipa alcohol, but their efforts were consistently unsuccessful because the odorous component distilled at the same temperature as the alcohol. Eventually, a notable Filipino chemist, D. Anacleto del Rosario, developed a method to create absolute alcohol from nipa tuba that is completely free of the characteristic odor; in fact, this alcohol possesses all the qualities of chemically pure alcohol and is of such high quality that it won first prize at the latest World’s Fair in Paris.

Botanical Description.—A palm about 6° high with long, pinnate leaves with leaflets which separate, at maturity, like those of the coco palm. Flowers monœcious, in a spathe. Fruit, many pyramidal drupes joined together, but easily separable. The outer covering of each drupe is hard, the inner part tow-like; seed enveloped in a sort of fleshy white meat.

Plant Description.—A palm about 6 feet tall with long, feathery leaves that have leaflets which separate when mature, similar to those of the coconut palm. The flowers are unisexual and found in a spathe. The fruit consists of many pyramid-shaped drupes that are attached but can be easily separated. The outer layer of each drupe is hard, while the inner part is fibrous; the seed is surrounded by a kind of fleshy white pulp.

Habitat.—Salt water marshes, especially in Pampanga and the Visayan Islands. [239]

Ecosystem.—Saltwater marshes, particularly in Pampanga and the Visayan Islands. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Cyperaceæ.

Sedge Family.

Cyperus rotundus, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Mutha, Tag.; Botobotones, Vis.; Mota, Malaapolid, Sursur, Onoran, Kusug̃, Omadiug̃, Galonalpas, Pam.; Nutgrass or Coco-grass, Eng.

Uses.—The root possesses stimulant, diaphoretic, diuretic and emmenagogue properties. In the Philippines it is used internally for dysentery, and in India for the same purpose and as a vermifuge. It is given as a tonic in gastro-intestinal diseases, and General Hardwick has reported good results with it in cholera; as he reported only two cases, his testimony is not of much value.

Uses.—The root has stimulant, sweat-inducing, diuretic, and menstrual-promoting properties. In the Philippines, it’s used internally for dysentery, and in India for the same situation as well as a remedy for worms. It’s given as a tonic for gastrointestinal diseases, and General Hardwick has reported good outcomes with it in cholera; however, since he only reported two cases, his evidence isn’t very strong.

The Chinese use the dry or roasted root, especially in inflammation of the viscera and uterine diseases. They also attribute to it diuretic, emmenagogue and anthelmintic properties. In Java and India they use it for gonorrhœa, and in Mauritius as a diaphoretic and astringent. In the Philippines the bruised root is applied to the face for toothache.

The Chinese use the dried or roasted root, especially for inflammation of the organs and uterine issues. They also attribute diuretic, menstrual-regulating, and anti-worm properties to it. In Java and India, it is used for gonorrhea, and in Mauritius, it acts as a sweat-inducing and tightening agent. In the Philippines, the crushed root is applied to the face for toothaches.

Botanical Description.—The root is ovoid, ranging in size from that of a hazel-nut to that of a walnut, composed of a white, spongy substance. Leaves sword-shaped, ensheathing the stem. Flowers in a compound umbel on the end of the stalk which is naked, long and triangular. The umbellets are alternate, awl-shaped, with distinct flowers. Calyx universal, with 2 sword-shaped leaflets. Calyx proper, a very small, ridged scale. Corolla none. Stamens 3. Filaments long, inserted on the base of the ovary. Anthers long and straight. Style 1. Stigmas 3, simple, revolute. Fruit 1. Seed oblong, 3-sided, glabrous.

Plant Description.—The root is oval-shaped, varying in size from a hazelnut to a walnut, made up of a white, spongy material. The leaves are sword-like, wrapping around the stem. The flowers grow in a compound cluster at the top of a long, naked, triangular stalk. The smaller flower clusters are arranged alternately, with pointed shapes and distinct flowers. The outer part of the flower has 2 sword-shaped leaflets. The actual calyx is a very small, ridged scale. There is no corolla. There are 3 stamens with long filaments attached to the base of the ovary. The anthers are long and straight. There is 1 style. The stigmas are 3, simple, and rolled back. The fruit is 1. The seed is elongated, triangular in shape, and smooth.

Habitat.—Common in Luzon and Panay. Blooms in June and July. [240]

Ecosystem.—Found frequently in Luzon and Panay. Flowers in June and July. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Gramineæ.

Grass Family.

Poaceae.

Zea Mays, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Maíz, Sp.; Maize, Corn, Eng.

Uses.—Corn is an extensive article of diet in the Philippines, but has the reputation of being indigestible. This is true when it is eaten in the grain, but in the form of meal it is easily digested and highly nutritious. The tassels have been used in the Philippines from time immemorial in decoction as a diuretic, for which property they received notice in the Medical World of Paris about the year 1876. The entire plant is diuretic and the natives give the decoction of the stalk for various diseases of the bladder and kidneys. An extract of the tassels has been put on the market, but it is better to administer a decoction made from 20 grams of tassel to 1 liter of water to be taken at will during the day. Rademaker and Fischer give the following chemical composition:

Applications.—Corn is a common part of the diet in the Philippines, but it's often seen as hard to digest. This is true when eaten in whole grain form, but when processed into meal, it's easily digested and very nutritious. The tassels have been used in the Philippines for ages in a decoction as a diuretic, which was noted in the Medical World of Paris around 1876. The whole plant has diuretic properties, and locals use a decoction of the stalk for various bladder and kidney issues. An extract of the tassels is available on the market, but it's better to make a decoction using 20 grams of tassels with 1 liter of water, which can be consumed throughout the day. Rademaker and Fischer provide the following chemical composition:

Fixed oil	5.25
Resin, crystalline matter and chlorophyl	3.25
Maizenic acid	2.25
Sugar and gum	19.50
Albuminoids	3.50
Salts and extracts	5.50
Cellulose	37.00
Water	20.00

The fixed oil is bright yellow, saponifiable by potash, soluble in chloroform and ether, insoluble in alcohol, solidifies at 10°.

The fixed oil is bright yellow, can be turned into soap with potash, dissolves in chloroform and ether, is not soluble in alcohol, and solidifies at 10°.

Habitat.—Very common in all parts of the islands.

Habitat.—Found all over the islands.

Andropogon Schoenanthes, L.

Andropogon Schoenanthes, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Salay, Tag̃lad, Tag.; Paja de Meca, Sp.-Fil.; Baliyoko, Vis.; Geranium Grass, Eng. [241]

Nom. Vulg.—Salay, Tag̃lad, Tag.; Paja de Meca, Sp.-Fil.; Baliyoko, Vis.; Geranium Grass, Eng. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Uses.—The Filipino women use the leaves to perfume their gogo hair-wash. The decoction of the leaves is used internally as a diuretic (10 grams to a liter of water) and also to bathe pregnant women. The roots also are diuretic.

Uses.—Filipino women use the leaves to scent their gogo hair-wash. The leaf decoction is consumed as a diuretic (10 grams per liter of water) and is also used to bathe pregnant women. The roots are also a diuretic.

A Manila pharmacist, D. Rosendo García, has obtained a good quality of the fixed oil of this plant. In India they call this essence rusa, geranium and gin-gembre (nimar oil, Eng.); the annual export from Bombay is over 40,000 English pounds. It is dextrogyrous and its formula is C₅H₄.

A pharmacist from Manila, D. Rosendo García, has sourced a high-quality fixed oil from this plant. In India, they refer to this essence as rusa, geranium, and gin-gembre (nimar oil, in English); the yearly export from Bombay exceeds 40,000 English pounds. It is dextrogyrous, and its chemical formula is C₅H₄.

Another species, the A. nardus, L., commonly called “raiz de mora” (mulberry root), “citronella,” Eng., possesses the same therapeutic properties as the former. It also possesses an agreeable perfume and yields an essential oil, which, like rusa, is used to adulterate Attar of Roses.

Another species, the A. nardus, L., commonly known as “raiz de mora” (mulberry root) or “citronella,” has the same therapeutic benefits as the previous one. It also has a pleasant fragrance and produces an essential oil, which, like rusa, is used to dilute Attar of Roses.

The dried root is widely used in the Philippines and in Europe as well, to preserve clothing from moths and other destructive insects, at the same time giving them a sweet odor. In India the decoction is used internally, 10 grams to a liter of water, in the treatment of rheumatism and as a diuretic.

The dried root is commonly used in the Philippines and Europe to protect clothes from moths and other damaging insects while also giving them a nice fragrance. In India, the decoction is taken internally, using 10 grams per liter of water, to treat rheumatism and as a diuretic.

Botanical Description.—An indigenous grass with sword-shaped leaves about 4° high, tapering at the base, possessing a sweet odor. Root thick, irregular, rough, formed by the union of several small rootlets.

Plant Description.—A native grass with sword-shaped leaves about 4° high, tapering at the base, that has a sweet smell. The root is thick, irregular, and rough, made up of several small rootlets joined together.

Saccharum officinarum, L.

Saccharum officinarum, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Cañamiel, Caña de azúcar, Caña dulc, Sp.; Tubo, Tag.; Sugar Cane, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Cañamiel, Caña de azúcar, Caña dulce, Sp.; Tubo, Tag.; Sugar Cane, Eng.

Uses.—The Filipinos are very fond of the fresh cane. The juice, which is extracted by means of primitive wooden presses, is used as a drink mixed with lemon juice or vino and is sold in markets and public places as a popular beverage on hot days. A tepid juice, extracted from heated cane is given for catarrhal troubles. This use of the juice is the only one peculiar to the Philippines. Its general use and properties [242]are universally familiar and are amply treated in the materia medica.

Uses.—Filipinos really enjoy fresh sugarcane. The juice, which is pressed using simple wooden devices, is mixed with lemon juice or wine and sold in markets and public places as a popular drink on hot days. A warm juice, made from heated cane, is used for colds and respiratory issues. This specific use of the juice is unique to the Philippines. Its general uses and properties [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] are widely known and thoroughly discussed in the materia medica.

Botanical Description.—This plant is so universally familiar that it is unnecessary to describe it. More than 20 varieties are found in the Philippines.

Plant Description.—This plant is so widely recognized that a description isn't needed. Over 20 varieties can be found in the Philippines.

Habitat.—Throughout the islands, especially in the Island of Negros and the Luzon Provinces of Pampanga, Bulacan and Nueva Ecija.

Ecosystem.—Across the islands, particularly on the Island of Negros and in the Luzon provinces of Pampanga, Bulacan, and Nueva Ecija.

Oriza, L.

Nom. Vulg.—Arroz, Sp.; Palay, Tag. (the plant and the unhusked rice); Bigas, Tag. (the husked rice); Rice, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Arroz, Spanish; Palay, Tagalog (the plant and the unhusked rice); Bigas, Tagalog (the husked rice); Rice, English.

Uses.—All the people of Indo-China, China, Japan and the greater part of the Indian Archipelago eat rice as Europeans do bread.

Uses.—Everyone in Indo-China, China, Japan, and most of the Indian Archipelago eats rice just like Europeans eat bread.

In the Philippines an immense variety of rice grows and in the World’s Fair at Paris, in 1889, Señor D. Regino García, of Manila, presented a unique collection of 147 varieties. The rice grown in high lands above irrigation is called “arroz de secano” and mountain rice, and that grown in low and irrigated land is called “arroz de sementera” and swamp rice. The two kinds are equally valuable as food.

In the Philippines, a vast variety of rice is cultivated, and at the World’s Fair in Paris in 1889, Señor D. Regino García from Manila showcased a unique collection of 147 different types. The rice grown in elevated, non-irrigated areas is known as “arroz de secano” or mountain rice, while the rice grown in low, irrigated fields is called “arroz de sementera” or swamp rice. Both types are equally valuable as food.

The proportion of starch in rice is large, but it contains but a small amount of gluten, and therefore a large amount must be eaten in order to obtain sufficient nutritive elements.

The starch content in rice is high, but it has only a small amount of gluten, so a significant quantity needs to be consumed to get enough nutrients.

Water	5.00
Starch	85.07
Parenchyma	4.80
Nitrogenous matter	3.68
Crystallizable sugar	0.29
Gummy matter	1.71
Oil	0.13
Phosphate of lime	0.40
Chloride of potash, phosphate of potash, acetic acid, calcareous vegetable salt, salt of potash, sulphur	Traces.

[243]

[__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

In the Filipino therapeutics rice has an extensive use, especially in the form of a decoction called cange, which is commonly given in the treatment of diarrhœa and dysentery, with good results. Cooked as a sort of mush it may be used as a substitute for linseed poultices and has the great advantage of not becoming rancid. Roasted and powdered it is dusted upon wounds or abrasions of the skin and forms a dry and absorbent covering under which they heal rapidly.

In Filipino medicine, rice is widely used, particularly as a decoction called cange, which is often given to treat diarrhea and dysentery with positive results. When cooked into a mush, it can be used as an alternative to linseed poultices and has the significant advantage of not going rancid. When roasted and powdered, it can be sprinkled on wounds or skin abrasions, creating a dry and absorbent covering that helps them heal quickly.

It has lately been claimed that beriberi is due to a microorganism found in rice under certain abnormal conditions; this claim is not yet firmly established and beriberi is still one of the many problems in medicine which are awaiting solution.

It has recently been suggested that beriberi is caused by a microorganism found in rice under certain unusual conditions; this claim is not yet fully established, and beriberi remains one of the many medical issues that are still looking for a solution.

Habitat.—All parts of the Archipelago.

Habitat.—Every part of the Archipelago.

Bambuseæ.

Bamboo Family.

Bamboo Fam.

Nom. Vulg.—Caña, Sp.; Bamboo, Eng.

Nom. Vulg.—Caña, Spanish; Bamboo, English.

Linnæus and Blanco include in the genus Bambus all the different species of bamboo to which the Spaniards have given the general name of caña. The plant is of incomparable value to the natives of the Philippines; they build their houses of it, make agricultural and industrial instruments of it, use it in all the varied apparatus of their fisheries and for a multitude of household utensils and furniture.

Linnæus and Blanco include in the genus Bambus all the various species of bamboo that the Spaniards refer to as caña. This plant is invaluable to the natives of the Philippines; they use it to build their homes, create agricultural and industrial tools, incorporate it into their fishing gear, and make a wide range of household items and furniture.

The variety B. arundinacea, Retz. (B. arundo, Blanco), Kawayag-totóo, Tag., is the largest and most generally employed in making houses and furniture. The tender shoots prepared in lime water are edible but have the deserved reputation of being difficult of digestion.

The variety B. arundinacea, Retz. (B. arundo, Blanco), Kawayag-totóo, Tag., is the largest and most commonly used for building houses and making furniture. The young shoots, when cooked in lime water, are edible but are known to be hard to digest.

The variety Schizostachyum acutiflorum, Munro (B. diffusa, Blanco), Osiw, Bokawy, Tag., is less used. The shoots are used to treat opacity of the cornea, for which purpose they are cut when about a palm in height, the outer leaves removed, [244]and the center soaked over night with a little sugar candy. The following day the water in the bottom of the jar is collected and used to paint the cornea.

The variety Schizostachyum acutiflorum, Munro (B. diffusa, Blanco), Osiw, Bokawy, Tag., is not used as much. The shoots are utilized to treat corneal opacity; for this purpose, they are cut when they're about the height of a hand, the outer leaves are removed, [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__] and the center is soaked overnight with a bit of sugar candy. The next day, the water that collects at the bottom of the jar is collected and used to paint the cornea.

The variety Dendrocalamus sericens, Munro (B. mitis, Blanco), Taywanak, Tag., is also used in medicine. Its abundant sap is given internally in the treatment of phthisis.

The variety Dendrocalamus sericens, Munro (B. mitis, Blanco), Taywanak, Tag., is also used in medicine. Its plentiful sap is taken internally to treat tuberculosis.

All of the above species and the Dendrocalamus flagellifer, Munro (B. levis, Blanco), Boho, Tag., produce at their joints a hard porcelain-like substance, friable, of opaline color, called “bamboo stone” or “tabashir” in India, where, as well as in the Philippines and Indo-China, it has great repute among the popular remedies. It is given in venereal diseases, hiccough, hemorrhage, fevers and other diseases. As a matter of fact, it is an almost inert substance, the imaginary virtues of which originated, doubtless, in the apparently remarkable fact that a stone (?) was produced inside of a vegetable.

All of the species mentioned above, along with Dendrocalamus flagellifer, Munro (B. levis, Blanco), Boho, Tag., produce a hard, porcelain-like substance at their joints. This substance, which is flaky and has an opaline color, is known as “bamboo stone” or “tabashir” in India. It is highly regarded as a popular remedy in India, the Philippines, and Indo-China. It is used for treating venereal diseases, hiccups, hemorrhages, fevers, and other ailments. In reality, it is almost an inert substance, and its supposed benefits likely stem from the surprising fact that a stone (?) forms within a plant.

The analysis of M. Guibourt is as follows:

The analysis from M. Guibourt is as follows:

Silicon	96.04
Water	2.94
Lime and potassium	0.13
Organic material	Traces.

1 European analyses make the amount 1–2.2 per cent.

1 European analyses estimate the figure to be 1–2.2 percent.

[__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Index of Plants

According to Therapeutic Properties.

Alteratives.—Anona muricata.—Tinospora crispa.—Raphanus sativus.—Bombax malabaricus.—Oxalis corniculata.—Citrus acida and C. Bigaradia.—Mangifera Indica.—Pongamia glabra.—Lawsonia alba.—Hydrocotyle Asiatica.—Alangium Lamarkii.—Oldenlandia corymbosa.—Calotropis gigantea.—Ehretia buxifolia.—Solanum nigrum.—Cassytha filiformis—Euphorbia Tirucalli.—Phyllanthus reticulatus.

Alteratives.—Annona muricata.—Tinospora crispa.—Raphanus sativus.—Bombax malabaricus.—Oxalis corniculata.—Citrus acida and C. Bigaradia.—Mangifera Indica.—Pongamia glabra.—Lawsonia alba.—Hydrocotyle Asiatica.—Alangium Lamarkii.—Oldenlandia corymbosa.—Calotropis gigantea.—Ehretia buxifolia.—Solanum nigrum.—Cassytha filiformis—Euphorbia Tirucalli.—Phyllanthus reticulatus.

Anthelmintics.1—Cleome viscosa.—Pangium edule.—Ruta graveolens.—Melia Azedarach.—Dysoxylum Blancoi.—Mangifera Indica.—Anacardium occidentale.—Mucuna pruriens.—Quisqualis Indica.—Punica Granatum.2—Jussiæa suffruticosa.—Carica Papaya.—Trichosanthes anguina and T. cucumerina.—Lagenaria.—Momordica.—Hydrocotyle Asiatica.—Sphæranthus Indicus.—Calotropis gigantea.—Tectona grandis.—Clerodendron infortunatum.—Chenopodium ambrosioides.—Echinus Philippinensis.—Cyperus rotundus.—Rhinacanthus communis.

Antispasmodics.—Sida carpinifolia.—Hibiscus Abelmoschus.—Ruta graveolens.—Citrus acida and C. Bigaradia.—Cedrela Toona.—Celastrus paniculata.—Cassia occidentalis.—Carum copticum.—Blumea balsamifera.—Artemisia vulgaris.—Solanum nigrum.—Datura alba.—Nicotiana Tabacum.—Adhatoda vasica.—Chenopodium ambrosioides.—Chloranthus officinalis.

Antiseptics.—Ruta graveolens.—Citrus acida and C. Bigaradia.—Mangifera Indica.—Anacardium occidentale.—Erythrina Indica.—Pongamia glabra.—Entada scandens.—Coffea Arabica.—Blumea balsamifera.—Spilanthes Acmella.—Nerium odorum.—Solanum nigrum.—Nicotiana Tabacum.—Tectona grandis.—Ocimum.—Piper Betle.—Cinnamomum.—Acalypha Indica.—Curcuma longa.—Areca Catechu.—Nipa fruticans. [246]

Astringents.—Tetracera macrophylla.—Michelia Champaca.—Anona squamosa, A. reticulata and A. muricata.—Nelumbium nucifera.—Bixa Orellana.—Garcinia mangostana, G. Cambogia.—Ochrocarpus pentapetalus.—Sida carpinifolia.—Thespesia populnea.—Bombax malabaricus.—Sterculia fœtida.—Murraya exotica.—Ægle decandra.—Feronia elephantum.—Melia Azedarach.—Sandoricum Indicum.—Caropa Moluccensis.—Rhamnus Wightii.—Mangifera Indica.—Odina Wodier.—Pterocarpus.—Cæsalpinia Sappan.—Acacia Farnesiana.—Terminalia Catappa and T. Chebula.—Psidium pomiferum.—Melastoma malabatrichum.—Punica Granatum.—Hymenodictyon Indicum.—Tectona grandis.—Achyranthes obtusifolia.—Artocarpus integrifolia.—Casuarina Sumatrana.—Areca Catechu.—Cyperus rotundus.

Acids or Refrigerants.—Oxalis corniculata.—Averrhoa Bilimbi and A. Carambola.—Citrus acida and C. Bigaradia.—Feronia elephantum.—Amaranthus spinosus.—Phyllanthus reticulatus.—Tamarindus Indica.

Balsams.—Calophyllum Inophyllum.—Dipterocarpus turbinatus. Garuga pinnata.—Canarium commune.

Carminatives.—Illicium anisatum.—Cleome viscosa.—Helicteres Isora.—Abroma fastuosa.—Feronia elephantum.—Terminalia Chebula.—Carum copticum.—Fœniculum vulgare.—Plumbago Zeylanica.—Coleus aromaticus.—Rosmarinus officinalis.—Aristolochia Indica.—Zingiber officinale.—Curcuma longa.—Elettaria Cardamomum.

Carminatives.—Illicium anisatum.—Cleome viscosa.—Helicteres Isora.—Abroma fastuosa.—Feronia elephantum.—Terminalia Chebula.—Carum copticum.—Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare).—Plumbago Zeylanica.—Coleus aromaticus.—Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis).—Aristolochia Indica.—Ginger (Zingiber officinale).—Turmeric (Curcuma longa).—Cardamom (Elettaria Cardamomum).

Convulsives.—Strychnos Ignatii.

Cosmetics.—Eriodendrum anfractuosum.—Cocos nucifera.

Cosmetics.—Eriodendrum anfractuosum.—Coconut.

Diaphoretics.—Cissampelos Pareira.—Sida carpinifolia.—Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis.—Gossypium herbaceum.—Ruta graveolens.—Xanthoxylum oxyphyllum.—Celastrus paniculata.—Hydrocotyle Asiatica. Eupatorium Ayapana.—Blumea balsamifera.—Plumbago Zeylanica. Calotropis gigantea.—Tylophora asthmatica.—Oroxylum Indicum.—Barleria Prionitis.—Justicia Gendarussa.—Ocimum.—Anisomeles ovata.—Crinum Asiaticum.—Cyperus rotundus.—Andropogon Schoenanthus and A. nardus.

Diaphoretics.—Cissampelos Pareira.—Sida carpinifolia.—Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis.—Cotton plant.—Ruta graveolens.—Xanthoxylum oxyphyllum.—Celastrus paniculata.—Hydrocotyle Asiatica. Eupatorium Ayapana.—Blumea balsamifera.—Plumbago Zeylanica. Calotropis gigantea.—Tylophora asthmatica.—Oroxylum Indicum.—Barleria Prionitis.—Justicia Gendarussa.—Ocimum.—Anisomeles ovata.—Crinum Asiaticum.—Cyperus rotundus.—Andropogon Schoenanthus and A. nardus.

Digestives.—Carica Papaya.

Digestives. — Carica Papaya.

Diuretics.—Cissampelos Pareira.—Abutilon Indicum.—Anacardium occidentale.—Abrus precatorius.—Erythrina Indica.—Clitoria ternata.—Cassia occidentalis.—Hydrocotyle Asiatica.—Pæderia fœtida.—Spilanthes Acmella.—Achras Sapota.—Ipomœa pes-capræ.—Solanum nigrum.—Limnophila Menthastrum.—Sesamum Indicum.—[247]Lippia nodiflora.—Tectona grandis.—Vitex.—Amaranthus spinosa.—Achyranthes obtusifolia.—Chenopodium ambrosioides.—Phyllanthus reticulatus and P. Niruri.—Allium Cepa.—Cyperus rotundus.—Zea Mays.—Andropogon Schoenanthus.

Diuretics.—Cissampelos Pareira.—Abutilon Indicum.—Anacardium occidentale.—Abrus precatorius.—Erythrina Indica.—Clitoria ternata.—Cassia occidentalis.—Hydrocotyle Asiatica.—Pæderia fœtida.—Spilanthes Acmella.—Achras Sapota.—Ipomœa pes-capræ.—Solanum nigrum.—Limnophila Menthastrum.—Sesamum Indicum.—[__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]Lippia nodiflora.—Tectona grandis.—Vitex.—Amaranthus spinosa.—Achyranthes obtusifolia.—Chenopodium ambrosioides.—Phyllanthus reticulatus and P. Niruri.—Allium Cepa.—Cyperus rotundus.—Zea Mays.—Andropogon Schoenanthus.

Emmenagogues.—Michelia Champaca.—Artabotrys odoratissimus.—Anamirta Cocculus.—Cissampelos Pareira.—Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis.—Gossypium herbaceum.—Abroma fastuosa.—Ruta graveolens.—Dysoxylum Blancoi.—Cæsalpinia Sappan and C. pulcherrima.—Citrullus Colocynthis.—Morinda citrifolia.—Blumea balsamifera.—Artemisia vulgaris.—Plumbago Zeylanica.—Plumeria acutifolia.—Sesamum Indicum.—Vitex.—Chenopodium ambrosioides.—Aristolochia Indica.—Casuarina Sumatrana.—Aloes Barbadensis.—Cyperus rotundus.

Emmenagogues.—Michelia Champaca.—Artabotrys odoratissimus.Understood! Please provide the text you'd like me to modernize.Anamirta Cocculus.—Cissampelos Pareira.—Hibiscus Rosa Sinensis.—Gossypium herbaceum.—Abroma fastuosa.—Ruta graveolens.—Dysoxylum Blancoi.—Cæsalpinia Sappan and C. pulcherrima.—Citrullus Colocynthis.—Morinda citrifolia.—Blumea balsamifera.—Artemisia vulgaris.—Plumbago Zeylanica.—Plumeria acutifolia.—Sesamum Indicum.—Vitex.—Chenopodium ambrosioides.—Aristolochia Indica.—Casuarina Sumatrana.—Aloes Barbadensis.—Cyperus rotundus.

Emetics.—Hibiscus tiliaceus.—Dysoxylum Blancoi.—Moringa pterygosperma.—Clitoria ternatea.—Entada scandens.—Trichosanthes anguina.—Lagenaria.—Alangium Lamarkii.—Randia dumetorum.—Pæderia fœtida.—Allamanda cathartica.—Thevetia neriifolia.—Cerbera Odallam.—Calotropis gigantea.—Tylophora asthmatica.—Justicia Gendarussa.—Acalypha Indica.—Crinum Asiaticum.

Emollients.—Sida carpinifolia.—Abutilon Indicum.—Urena sinuata.—Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis.—Gossypium herbaceum.—Eriodendron anfractuosum.—Helicteres Isora.—Biophytum sensitivum.—Zizyphus Jujuba.—Abrus precatorius.—Clitoria ternata.—Cæsalpinia pulcherrima.—Lawsonia alba.—Luffa Ægyptiaca.—Ipomœa pes-capræ.—Sesamum Indicum.—Acanthus ilicifolius.—Lippia nodiflora.—Plantago erosa.—Musa paradisiaca and M. sapientum.—Curcuma longa.—Allium Cepa.—Cocos nucifera.—Oriza.

Stimulants.—Illicium anisatum.—Artabotrys odoratissimus.—Brassica juncea.—Raphanus sativus.—Mesua ferrea.—Hibiscus Abelmoschus.—Helicteres Isora.—Ruta graveolens.—Xanthoxylum oxyphyllum.—Citrus acida.—Celastrus paniculata.—Moringa pterygosperma.—Cæsalpinia pulcherrima.—Hydrocotyle Asiatica.—Carum copticum.—Fœniculum vulgare.—Coffea Arabica.—Eupatorium Ayapana.—Blumea balsamifera.—Sphæranthus Indicus.—Spilanthes Acmella.—Artemisia vulgaris.—Mimusops Elengi.—Jasminum Sambac.—Capsicum fastigiatum.—Ocimum.—Rosmarinus officinalis.—Chenopodium ambrosioides.—Piper Betle and P. nigrum.—Chloranthus officinalis.—Cinnamomum.—Zingiber officinale.—Curcuma longa.—Allium sativum and A. Cepa.—Cyperus rotundus.—Andropogon Schoenanthus and A. nardus. [248]

Expectorants.—Hibiscus Rosa-Sinensis.—Biophytum sensitivum.—Trichosanthes cucumerina.—Blumea balsamifera.—Tylophora asthmatica.—Acanthus ilicifolius.—Barleria Prionitis.—Adhatoda vasica.—Vitex.—Ocimum.—Acalypha Indica.—Crinum Asiaticum.

Febrifuges.—Michelia Champaca.—Tinospora crispa.—Anamirta Cocculus.—Sida carpinifolia.—Melia Azedarach.—Dysoxylum Blancoi.—Carapa Moluccensis.—Cedrela Toona.—Erythrina Indica.—Cæsalpinia Bonducella and C. pulcherrima.—Cassia occidentalis.—Ammannia vesicatoria.—Trichosanthes cucumerina.—Hymenodictyon excelsum.—Ixora coccinea.—Morinda citrifolia.—Achras Sapota.—Mimusops Elengi.—Thevetia neriifolia.—Plumeria acutifolia.—Alstonia scholaris.—Vitex.—Clerodendron infortunatum.—Anisomeles ovata.—Aristolochia Indica.—Piper nigrum.—Chloranthus officinalis.

Galactagogues.—Gossypium herbaceum.

Galactagogues.—Cotton plant.

Antigalactagogues.—Jasminum Sambac.—Piper Betle.

Antigalactagogues.—Jasmine.—Betel Leaf.

Hemostatics.—Portulaca oleracea.—Tetracera macrophylla.—Mangifera Indica.—Pterocarpus.—Cæsalpinia Sappan.—Euphorbia pilulifera.

Hemostatics.—Portulaca oleracea.—Tetracera macrophylla.—Mangifera indica.—Pterocarpus.—Cæsalpinia sappan.—Euphorbia pilulifera.

Narcotics (sedatives and anodynes).—Anamirta Cocculus.—Argemone Mexicana.—Pangium edule.—Cassia occidentalis.—Solanum nigrum.—Datura alba.—Nicotiana Tabacum.—Vitex.

Narcotics (sedatives and pain relievers).—Anamirta Cocculus.—Argemone Mexicana.—Pangium edule.—Cassia occidentalis.—Solanum nigrum.—Datura alba.—Nicotiana Tabacum.—Vitex.

Nutritive Plants.—Anona squamosa, A. reticulata and A. muricata.—Nelumbium nucifera.—Pangium edule.—Portulaca oleracea.—Garcinia mangostana and G. Cambogia.—Sterculia fœtida.—Theobroma Cacao.—Averrhoa Bilimbi, A. Carambola.—Feronia elephantum.—Garuga pinnata.—Canarium commune.—Sandoricum Indicum.—Zizyphus Jujuba.—Mangifera Indica.—Anacardium occidentale.—Moringa pterygosperma.—Agati grandiflora.—Tamarindus Indica.—Bauhinia malabarica.—Parkia Roxburghii.—Psidium pomiferum.—Eugenia Jambolana.—Trichosanthes.—Lagenaria.—Momordica.—Achras Sapota.—Solanum nigrum.—Sesamum Indicum.—Artocarpus integrifolia.—Musa paradisiaca and M. sapientum.—Areca Catechu.—Cocos nucifera.—Zea Mays.—Saccharum officinarum.—Oriza.—Bambuseæ.

Nutritive Plants.—Anona squamosa, A. reticulata and A. muricata.—Nelumbium nucifera.—Pangium edule.—Portulaca oleracea.—Garcinia mangostana and G. Cambogia.—Sterculia fœtida.—Theobroma cacao.—Averrhoa bilimbi, A. carambola.—Feronia elephantum.—Garuga pinnata.—Canarium commune.—Sandoricum indicum.—Zizyphus jujuba.—Mangifera indica.—Anacardium occidentale.—Moringa pterygosperma.—Agati grandiflora.—Tamarindus indica.—Bauhinia malabarica.—Parkia roxburghii.—Psidium pomiferum.—Eugenia jambolana.—Trichosanthes.—Lagenaria.—Momordica.—Achras sapota.—Solanum nigrum.—Sesamum indicum.—Artocarpus integrafolia.—Musa paradisiaca and M. sapientum.—Areca catechu.—Cocos nucifera.—Zea mays.—Saccharum officinarum.—Oryza.—Bambuseae.

Purgatives.—Argemone Mexicana.—Garcinia morella.—Mesua ferrea.—Agati grandiflora.—Erythrina Indica.—Clitoria ternatea.—Cæsalpinia pulcherrima.—Cassia fistula and C. alata.—Tamarindus Indica.—Entada scandens.—Terminalia Chebula.—Jussiæa suffruticosa.—Carica Papaya.—Trichosanthes anguina and T. cucumerina.—[249]Lagenaria.—Luffa Ægyptiaca.—Momordica.—Citrullus Colocynthis.—Trianthema monogyna.—Morinda citrifolia.—Spilanthes Acmella.—Carthamus tinctorius.—Allamanda cathartica.—Cerbera Odallam.—Plumeria acutifolia.—Calotropis gigantea.—Ipomœa hederacea.—Ipomœa Turpethum.—Solanum nigrum.—Sesamum Indicum.—Tectona grandis.—Samadera Indica.—Mirabilis Jalapa.—Amaranthus spinosus.—Euphorbia neriifolia.—Euphorbia Tirucalli.—Jatropha Curcas.—Aleurites moluccana.—Croton Tiglium.—Acalypha Indica.—Ricinus communis.—Aloes Barbadensis.

Purgatives.—Argemone Mexicana.—Garcinia morella.—Mesua ferrea.—Agati grandiflora.—Erythrina Indica.—Clitoria ternatea.—Cæsalpinia pulcherrima.—Cassia fistula and C. alata.—Tamarindus Indica.—Entada scandens.—Terminalia Chebula.—Jussiæa suffruticosa.—Carica Papaya.—Trichosanthes anguina and T. cucumerina.—[__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]Lagenaria.—Luffa Ægyptiaca.—Momordica.—Citrullus Colocynthis.—Trianthema monogyna.—Morinda citrifolia.—Spilanthes Acmella.—Carthamus tinctorius.—Allamanda cathartica.—Cerbera Odallam.—Plumeria acutifolia.—Calotropis gigantea.—Ipomœa hederacea.—Ipomœa Turpethum.—Solanum nigrum.—Sesamum Indicum.—Tectona grandis.—Samadera Indica.—Mirabilis Jalapa.—Amaranthus spinosus.—Euphorbia neriifolia.—Euphorbia Tirucalli.—Jatropha Curcas.—Aleurites moluccana.—Croton Tiglium.—Acalypha Indica.—Ricinus communis.—Aloes Barbadensis.

Sialagogues.—Carum copticum.

Sialagogues. — Carum copticum.

Bitter Tonics.—Michelia Champaca.—Tinospora crispa.—Cissampelos Pareira.—Cratæva religiosa.—Mesua ferrea.—Sida carpinifolia.—Murraya exotica.—Citrus Bigaradia.—Samadera Indica.—Melia Azedarach.—Rhamnus Wightii.—Agati grandiflora.—Cæsalpinia Bonducella.—Cassia occidentalis.—Terminalia Chebula.—Trichosanthes cucumerina.—Momordica.—Hymenodictyon excelsum.—Morinda citrifolia.—Sphæranthus Indicus.—Achras Sapota.—Mimusops Elengi.—Alstonia scholaris.—Calotropis gigantea.—Strychnos Ignatii.—Limnophila Menthastrum.—Oroxylum Indicum.—Vitex.—Clerodendron infortunatum.—Anisomeles ovata.—Phyllanthus Niruri.—Aloes Barbadensis.—Areca Catechu.—Nerium odorum (cardiac).

Aromatic Tonics.—Feronia elephantum.—Sandoricum Indicum.—Fœniculum.—Coffea Arabica.—Eupatorium Ayapana.—Artemisia vulgaris.—Chenopodium ambrosioides, Cinnamomum.—Zingiber officinale.

Aromatic Tonics.—Feronia elephantum.—Sandoricum Indicum.—Fennel.—Coffea Arabica.—Eupatorium Ayapana.—Common Mugwort.—Chenopodium ambrosioides, Cinnamon.—Ginger.

Vesicants.—Anacardium occidentale.—Moringa pterygosperma.—Ammannia vesicatoria.—Plumbago Zeylanica.—Calotropis gigantea.—Euphorbia Tirucalli.

Rubefacients or Revulsives.—Moringa pterygosperma.—Plumeria acutifolia.—Croton Tiglium.—Jatropha Curcas.—Allium sativum.

Stimulants.—Sterculia urens.—Argemone Mexicana.—Kleinhovia hospitata.—Celastrus paniculata.—Pongamia glabra.—Cassia alata.—Entada scandens.—Kalanchoe laciniata.—Elettaria Cardamomum.

Antiherpetics, etc.—Sterculia fœtida.—Canarium commune.—Trichosanthes palmata. [251]

Antivirals, etc.—Sterculia fœtida.—Canarium commune.—Trichosanthes palmata. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

1 Including tænifuges.

1 Including tanifuges.

2 Names in italics are considered of especial importance by the author.

2 Names in italics are regarded as particularly significant by the author.

[__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Index of Plants

According to Special Diseases.

Aphthæ, Stomatitis, Glossitis.1—Tetracera macrophylla.—Feronia elephantum.—Pterocarpus santalinus, Indicus and erinaceus.—Melastoma malabatrichum.—Punica Granatum.—Mimusops Elengi.—Calotropis gigantea.—Tectona grandis.—Ocimum.—Achyranthes obtusifolia.—Phyllanthus reticulatus.

Aphthae, Stomatitis, Glossitis.1—Tetracera macrophylla.—Feronia elephantum.—Pterocarpus santalinus, Indicus and erinaceus.—Melastoma malabatrichum.—Punica Granatum.—Mimusops Elengi.—Calotropis gigantea.—Tectona grandis.—Ocimum.—Achyranthes obtusifolia.—Phyllanthus reticulatus.

Hemorrhoids.—Mesua ferrea.—Thespesia populnea.—Terminalia Chebula.—Punica Granatum.—Plumbago Zeylanica.—Capsicum fastigiatum.—Sesamum Indicum.—Aloes Barbadensis (for inducing the hemorrhoids).

Amenorrhœa and Dysmenorrhœa.—Abroma fastuosa.—Dysoxylum Blancoi.—Cæsalpinia Sappan.—Cæsalpinia pulcherrima.—Blumea balsamifera.—Artemisia vulgaris.—Plumeria acutifolia.—Sesamum Indicum.—Chenopodium ambrosioides.—Casuarina Sumatrana.—Aloes Barbadensis.

Amenorrhea and Dysmenorrhea.—Abroma fastuosa.—Dysoxylum Blancoi.—Cæsalpinia Sappan.—Cæsalpinia pulcherrima.—Blumea balsamifera.—Artemisia vulgaris.—Plumeria acutifolia.—Sesamum Indicum.—Chenopodium ambrosioides.—Casuarina Sumatrana.—Aloes Barbadensis.

Anasarca.—Plumbago Zeylanicum.—Coffea Arabica.—Plumeria acutifolia.—Calotropis gigantea.—Ipomœa pes-capræ.—Solanum nigrum.—Barlonia Prionitis.—Achyranthes obtusifolia.—Euphorbia neriifolia.—Phyllanthus Niruri.—Cissampelos Pareira.

Anal Fistula.—Pterocarpus.

Asthma.—Gossypium herbaceum.—Garuga pinnata.—Dysoxylum Blancoi.—Erythrina Indica.—Cæsalpinia pulcherrima.—Entada scandens.—Trichosanthes palmata.—Coffea Arabica.—Tylophora asthmatica.—Datura alba.—Acanthus ilicifolius.—Adhatoda vasica.—Coleus aromaticus.—Euphorbia pilulifera.—Euphorbia Tirucalli.—Euphorbia neriifolia.—Phyllanthus Niruri.

Spleen, Affections of.—Ammannia vesicatoria.—Lawsonia alba.—Momordica.

Beriberi.—Celastrus paniculata.—Vitex. [252]

Beriberi.—Celastrus paniculata.—Vitex. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Blenorrhœa, Gonorrhœa, Urethritis.—Nymphæa Lotus.—Argemone Mexicana.—Dipterocarpus turbinatus.—Sterculia fœtida.—Clitoria ternata.—Pterocarpus.—Trichosanthes palmata.—Mimusops Elengi.—Plumeria acutifolia.—Lippia nodiflora.—Ocimum.—Amaranthus spinosus.—Cassytha filiformis.—Cyperus rotundus.

Blenorrhea, Gonorrhea, Urethritis.—Nymphaea Lotus.—Argemone Mexicana.—Dipterocarpus turbinatus.—Sterculia foetida.—Clitoria ternata.—Pterocarpus.—Trichosanthes palmata.—Mimusops Elengi.—Plumeria acutifolia.—Lippia nodiflora.—Ocimum.—Amaranthus spinosus.—Cassytha filiformis.—Cyperus rotundus.

Bronchi and Lungs, Diseases of.—Anona muricata.—Calophyllum Inophyllum.—Dipterocarpus turbinatus.—Canarium commune.—Zizyphus Jujuba.—Abrus precatorius.—Erythrina Indica.—Cæsalpinia pulcherrima.—Trichosanthes cucumerina.—Lagenaria.—Ixora coccinea.—Blumea balsamifera.—Tylophora asthmatica.—Sesamum Indicum.—Barleria Prionitis.—Adhatoda vasica.—Vitex.—Coleus aromaticus.—Anisomeles ovata.—Chenopodium ambrosioides.—Euphorbia pilulifera.—Acalypha Indica.—Curcuma longa.

Cholera.—Artabotrys odoratissimus.—Samadera Indica.—Carum copticum.—Eupatorium Ayapana.—Zingiber officinale.—Cyperus rotundus.

Colic.—(a) Flatulent: Illicium anisatum.—Argemone Mexicana.—Cleome viscosa.—Helicteres Isora.—Dysoxylum Blancoi.—Terminalia Chebula.—Carum copticum.—Fœniculum.—Plumbago Zeylanica.—Ipomœa pes-capræ.—Ocimum.—Coleus aromaticus.—Rosmarinus officinalis.—Aristolochia Indica.—Piper Betle.—Elettaria Cardamomum. (b) Lead: Allamanda cathartica.

Colic.—(a) Flatulent: Illicium anisatum.—Argemone Mexicana.—Cleome viscosa.—Helicteres Isora.—Dysoxylum Blancoi.—Terminalia Chebula.—Carum copticum.—Fennel.—Plumbago Zeylanica.—Ipomœa pes-capræ.—Ocimum.—Coleus aromaticus.—Rosmarinus officinalis.—Aristolochia Indica.—Piper Betle.—Elettaria Cardamomum. (b) Lead: Allamanda cathartica.

Contusions.—Samadera Indica.—Plumeria acutifolia.—Aloes Barbadensis.—Casuarina sumatrana.

Bruises.—Samadera Indica.—Plumeria acutifolia.—Aloe Vera.—Casuarina sumatrana.

Heart, Diseases of.—Helicteres Isora.—Coffea Arabica.—Cinnamomum.

Heart Diseases.—Helicteres Isora.—Coffea Arabica.—Cinnamomum.

Coryza (rhinitis, nasal catarrh, ozœna).—Agati grandiflora.—Ocimum.—Curcuma longa.

Coryza (rhinitis, nasal congestion, ozena).—Agati grandiflora.—Ocimum.—Curcuma longa.

Diabetes.—Eugenia Jambolana.

Diarrhœa, Dysentery.—Anona squamosa.—Anona reticulata and A. muricata.—Nelumbium nucifera.—Bixa Orellana.—Garcinia mangostana.—Ochrocarpus pentapetalus.—Thespesia populnea.—Gossypium herbaceum.—Bombax malabaricum.—Averrhoa Bilimbi.—Averrhoa Carambola.—Murraya exotica.—Ægle decandra.—Feronia elephantum.—Sandoricum Indicum.—Carapa Moluccensis.—Cedrela Toona.—Rhamnus Wightii.—Mangifera Indica.—Pterocarpus.—Cæsalpinia Bonducella.—Bauhinia malabarica.—Kalanchoe laciniata.—Terminalia Catappa.—Psidium pomiferum.—Eugenia Jambolana.—Punica Granatum.—Jussiæa suffruticosa.—Carica Papaya.—Carum copticum. [253]

Diarrhea, Dysentery.—Anona squamosa.—Anona reticulata and A. muricata.—Nelumbium nucifera.—Bixa Orellana.—Garcinia mangostana.—Ochrocarpus pentapetalus.—Thespesia populnea.—Gossypium herbaceum.—Bombax malabaricum.—Averrhoa Bilimbi.—Averrhoa Carambola.—Murraya exotica.—Ægle decandra.—Feronia elephantum.—Sandoricum Indicum.—Carapa Moluccensis.—Cedrela Toona.Understood! Please provide the text you would like me to modernize.Rhamnus Wightii.—Mangifera Indica.—Pterocarpus.—Cæsalpinia Bonducella.—Bauhinia malabarica.—Kalanchoe laciniata.—Terminalia Catappa.—Psidium pomiferum.—Eugenia Jambolana.—Punica Granatum.—Jussiæa suffruticosa.—Carica Papaya.—Carum copticum. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Randia dumetorum.—Ixora coccinea.—Morinda citrifolia.—Sphæranthus Indicus.—Plumbago Zeylanica.—Mimusops Elengi.—Plumeria acutifolia.—Calotropis gigantea.—Tylophora asthmatica.—Oroxylum Indicum.—Anisomeles ovata.—Aristolochia Indica.—Piper Betle.—Phyllanthus Niruri.—Casuarina Sumatrana.—Zingiber officinale.—Cyperus rotundus.—Oriza.

Randia dumetorum. — Ixora coccinea. — Morinda citrifolia. — Sphæranthus Indicus. — Plumbago Zeylanica. — Mimusops Elengi. — Plumeria acutifolia. — Calotropis gigantea. — Tylophora asthmatica. — Oroxylum Indicum. — Anisomeles ovata. — Aristolochia Indica. — Piper Betle. — Phyllanthus Niruri. — Casuarina Sumatrana. — Zingiber officinale. — Cyperus rotundus. — Oriza.

Dyspepsia.—Illicium anisatum.—Sida carpinifolia.—Ægle decandra.—Samadera Indica.—Sandoricum Indicum.—Rhamnus Wightii.—Agati grandiflora.—Cæsalpinia Bonducella.—Cassia occidentalis.—Terminalia Chebula.—Carica Papaya.—Trichosanthes cucumerina.—Momordica.—Carum copticum.—Eupatorium Ayapana.—Blumea balsamifera.—Sphæranthus Indicus.—Artemisia vulgaris.—Alstonia scholaris.—Strychnos Ignatii.—Capsicum fastigiatum.—Acanthus ilicifolius.—Lippia nodiflora.—Tectona grandis.—Ocimum.—Rosmarinus officinalis.—Anisomeles ovata.—Chenopodium ambrosioides.—Aristolochia Indica.—Piper Betle.—Zingiber officinale.—Elettaria Cardamomum.—Aloes Barbadensis.

Gingivitis, Hemorrhage, etc.—Feronia elephantum.—Tectona grandis.—Plantago erosa.—Phyllanthus reticulatus. (See “Sore-throat.”)

Gingivitis, Bleeding, etc.—Feronia elephantum.—Tectona grandis.—Plantago erosa.—Phyllanthus reticulatus. (See “Sore-throat.”)

Scorbutics.—Anona muricata.—Raphanus sativus.—Oxalis corniculata.—Phyllanthus reticulatus.—Musa paradisiaca and M. sapientum.

Scurvy.—Anona muricata.—Raphanus sativus.—Oxalis corniculata.—Phyllanthus reticulatus.—Musa paradisiaca and M. sapientum.

Spermatorrhœa.—Sida carpinifolia.—Lawsonia alba.

Spermatorrhea. — Sida carpinifolia. — Lawsonia alba.

Constipation.—Ægle decandra.—Helicteres Isora.—Nicotiana Tabacum.—Sesamum Indicum.—Musa paradisiaca and M. sapientum. (See “Purgatives.”)

Fevers.—Michelia Champaca.—Sida carpinifolia.—Tinospora crispa.—Anamirta Cocculus.—Samadera Indica.—Melia Azedarach.—Dysoxylum Blancoi.—Carapa moluccensis.—Cedrela Toona.—Erythrina Indica.—Cassia occidentalis (malarial).—Ammannia vesicatoria.—Trichosanthes cucumerina.—Hymenodictyon excelsum.—Morinda citrifolia.—Pæderia fœtida.—Plumbago Zeylanica.—Mimusops Elengi.—Alstonia scholaris.

Fracture.—Sterculia urens.

Throat, Diseases of (anginas, amygdalitis, pharyngitis).—Feronia elephantum.—Mangifera Indica.—Odina Wodier.—Melastoma malabatrichum.—Punica Granatum.—Mimusops Elengi.

Throat, Diseases of (anginas, amygdalitis, pharyngitis).—Feronia elephantum.—Mangifera indica.—Odina wodier.—Melastoma malabathricum.—Punica granatum.—Mimusops elengi.

Gout.—Celastrus paniculata.—Momordica.

Gout.—Celastrus paniculata.—Bitter melon.

Hemorrhage.—Bixa Orellana.—Bombax malabaricum.—Mangifera Indica.—Pterocarpus.—Cæsalpinia Sappan. [254]

Hemorrhage.—Bixa Orellana.—Bombax malabaricum.—Mangifera indica.—Pterocarpus.—Cæsalpinia sappan. [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Hemoptysis.—Tetracera macrophylla.—Portulaca oleracea.—Cæsalpinia Sappan.—Casuarina Sumatrana.—Curcuma longa.

Herniæ.—Nicotiana Tabacum.

Hernias.—Nicotiana Tabacum.

Liver, Diseases of.—Anona muricata.—Kalanchoe laciniata.—Lawsonia alba.—Lagenaria.—Momordica.—Oldenlandia corymbosa.—Sphæranthus Indicus.—Carthamus tinctorius.—Solanum nigrum.

Cephalalgia.—Portulaca oleracea.—Coffea Arabica.—Blumea balsamifera.—Vitex.—Colus aromaticus.—Acalypha Indica.

Headache.—Purslane.—Arabica Coffee.—Blumea Balsamifera.—Vitex.—Aromatic Colus.—Acalypha Indica.

Laryngitis.—Mangifera Indica.—Capsicum fastigiatum.

Laryngitis.—Mango.—Columnar Pepper.

Leucorrhœa.—Garcinia mangostana.—Sandoricum Indicum.—Mangifera Indica.—Pterocarpus.—Acacia Farnesiana.—Terminalia Chebula.—Punica Granatum.

Leucorrhea.—Garcinia mangostana.—Sandoricum Indicum.—Mangifera Indica.—Pterocarpus.—Acacia Farnesiana.—Terminalia Chebula.—Punica Granatum.

Bloody Flux.—Artocarpus integrifolia.

Bloody Flux.—Jackfruit.

Menorrhagia, Metrorrhagia. See “Hemorrhages.”

Heavy periods, irregular bleeding. See “Hemorrhages.”

Bites of Insects and Poisonous Animals.—Feronia elephantum.—Carapa moluccensis.—Eupatorium Ayapana.—Tylophora asthmatica.—Rhinocanthus communis.—Coleus aromaticus.—Leucas aspera.—Aristolochia Indica.—Euphorbia neriifolia.—Acalypha Indica.—Allium sativum.

Nervous Diseases (chorea, epilepsy, convulsions, hysteria, etc.).—Sida carpinifolia.—Ruta graveolens.—Blumea balsamifera.—Artemisia vulgaris.—Solanum nigrum.—Datura alba.—Nicotiana Tabacum.—Coleus aromaticus.—Chenopodium ambrosioides.

Neuralgia.—Coffea Arabica.—Acanthus ilicifolius.

Neuralgia. — Coffea Arabica. — Acanthus ilicifolius.

Odontalgia.—Murraya exotica and M. Koenigi.—Pterocarpus.—Calotropis gigantea.—Plantago erosa.—Cyperus rotundus. (See “Ears.”)

Toothache.—Murraya exotica and M. Koenigi.—Pterocarpus.—Calotropis gigantea.—Plantago erosa.—Cyperus rotundus. (See “Ears.”)

Intestinal Obstruction.—Nicotiana Tabacum. (See “Purgatives.”)

Bowel Blockage.—Nicotiana Tabacum. (See “Laxatives.”)

Ears, Affections of.—Cleome viscosa.—Hibiscus tiliaceus.—Helicteres Isora.—Crinum Asiaticum. (See “Odontalgia.”)

Eyes, Affections of.—Argemone Mexicana.—Portulaca oleracea.—Calophyllum Inophyllum.—Garuga pinnata.—Abrus precatorius.—Erythrina Indica.—Jasminum Sambac.—Rosmarinus officinalis.—Curcuma longa.

Orchitis.—Calophyllum Inophyllum.—Sterculia urens.—Vitex.

Paralysis.—Celastrus paniculata.—Acanthus ilicifolius.—Ocimum.—Rosmarinus officinalis.

Paralysis.—Celastrus paniculata.—Acanthus ilicifolius.—Ocimum.—Rosemary.

Parasites (pediculi, etc.).—Anona squamosa.—Anamirta Cocculus.

Parasites (lice, etc.).—Sugar apple.—Anamirta Cocculus.

Skin, Affections of (lepra, itch, eczema, psoriasis).—Argemone Mexicana.—Pangium [255]edule.—Portulaca oleracea.—Urena sinuata.—Thespesia populnea.—Sterculia fœtida.—Kleinhovia hospitata.—Helicteres Isora.—Canarium commune.—Celastrus paniculata.—Mangifera Indica.—Anacardium occidentale.—Odina Wodier.—Pongamia glabra (itch).—Cassia fistula.—Cassia alata (herpes).—Entada scandens.—Psidium pomiferum.—Melastoma malabatrichum.—Lawsonia alba.—Carica Papaya.—Momordica.—Hydrocotyle Asiatica.—Alangium Lamarkii.—Oldenlandia corymbosa.—Ixora coccinea.—Spilanthes Acmella.—Plumbago Zeylanica.—Plumeria acutifolia.—Nerium odorum.—Calotropis gigantea.—Solanum nigrum.—Rhinacanthus communis.—Tectona grandis.—Leucas aspera.—Amaranthus spinosus.—Echinus Philippinensis.—Curcuma longa.

Skin Conditions (lepra, itch, eczema, psoriasis).—Argemone Mexicana.—Pangium [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]edule.—Portulaca oleracea.—Urena sinuata.—Thespesia populnea.—Sterculia fœtida.—Kleinhovia hospitata.—Helicteres Isora.—Canarium commune.—Celastrus paniculata.—Mangifera Indica.—Anacardium occidentale.—Odina Wodier.—Pongamia glabra (itch).—Cassia fistula.—Cassia alata (herpes).—Entada scandens.—Psidium pomiferum.—Melastoma malabatrichum.—Lawsonia alba.—Carica Papaya.—Momordica.—Hydrocotyle Asiatica.—Alangium Lamarkii.—Oldenlandia corymbosa.—Ixora coccinea.—Spilanthes Acmella.—Plumbago Zeylanica.—Plumeria acutifolia.—Nerium odorum.—Calotropis gigantea.—Solanum nigrum.—Rhinacanthus communis.—Tectona grandis.—Leucas aspera.—Amaranthus spinosus.—Echinus Philippinensis.—Curcuma longa.

Burns.—Eriodendron anfractuosum.—Lawsonia alba.

Rectum, Prolapsed.—Pterocarpus.—Acacia Farnesiana.—Psidium pomiferum.

Rheumatism.—Tinospora crispa.—Cratæva religiosa.—Ochrocarpus pentapetalus.—Mesua ferrea.—Sida carpinifolia.—Samadera Indica.—Celastrus paniculata.—Erythrina Indica.—Pongamia glabra.—Momordica.—Alangium Lamarkii.—Pæderia fœtida.—Blumea balsamifera.—Spilanthes Acmella.—Plumeria acutifolia.—Calotropis gigantea.—Ipomœa pes-capræ.—Datura alba.—Oroxylum Indicum.—Acanthus ilicifolius.—Justicia Gendarussa.—Vitex.—Ocimum.—Rosmarinus officinalis.—Anisomeles ovata.—Euphorbia Tirucalli.—Zingiber officinale.—Allium sativum.—Andropogon Schoenanthus and A. nardus.

Kidneys, Affections of.—Sida carpinifolia.—Zea Mays.

Kidney Issues.—Sida carpinifolia.—Zea Mays.

Syphilis.—Tinospora crispa.—Erythrina Indica.—Hydrocotyle Asiatica.—Alangium Lamarkii.—Nerium odorum.—Calotropis gigantea.—Ehretia buxifolia.—Cassytha filiformis.—Euphorbia Tirucalli.—Acalypha Indica.

Tæniæ. (See “Anthelmintics.”)

Phthisis.—Garuga pinnata.

Tumors.—Trichosanthes palmata.—Sphæranthus Indicus.—Ipomœa pes-capræ.

Ulcers, Wounds, Sores, etc.—Tinospora crispa.—Dipterocarpus turbinatus.—Hibiscus tiliaceus.—Sterculia fœtida.—Canarium commune.—Melia Azedarach.—Cedrela Toona.—Mangifera Indica.—Anacardium occidentale.—Odina Wodier.—Erythrina Indica.—Pongamia glabra.—Kalanchoe laciniata.—Terminalia Catappa and T. Chebula.—Psidium pomiferum.—Melastoma malabatrichum.—Hydrocotyle [256]Asiatica.—Morinda citrifolia.—Eupatorium Ayapana.—Blumea balsamifera.—Spilanthes Acmella.—Artemisia vulgaris.—Mimusops Elengi.—Ipomœa pes-capræ.—Solanum nigrum.—Nicotiana Tabacum.—Tectona grandis.—Phyllanthus Niruri.—Acalypha Indica.—Ricinus communis.—Artocarpus integrifolia.—Casuarina Sumatrana.—Nipa fruticans.—Carica Papaya.

Ulcers, Wounds, Sores, etc.—Tinospora crispa.—Dipterocarpus turbinatus.—Hibiscus tiliaceus.—Sterculia fœtida.—Canarium commune.—Melia Azedarach.—Cedrela Toona.—Mangifera Indica.—Anacardium occidentale.—Odina Wodier.—Erythrina Indica.—Pongamia glabra.—Kalanchoe laciniata.—Terminalia Catappa and T. Chebula.—Psidium pomiferum.—Melastoma malabatrichum.—Hydrocotyle [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]Asiatica.—Morinda citrifolia.—Eupatorium Ayapana.—Blumea balsamifera.—Spilanthes Acmella.—Artemisia vulgaris.—Mimusops Elengi.—Ipomœa pes-capræ.—Solanum nigrum.—Nicotiana Tabacum.—Tectona grandis.—Phyllanthus Niruri.—Acalypha Indica.—Ricinus communis.—Artocarpus integrifolia.—Casuarina Sumatrana.—Nipa fruticans.—Carica Papaya.

Urticaria.—Phyllanthus reticulatus.

Hives.—Phyllanthus reticulatus.

Bladder, Affections of.—Cissampelos Pareira.—Portulaca oleracea.—Dipterocarpus turbinatus.—Urena sinuata.—Abrus precatorius.—Clitoria ternata.—Pterocarpus.—Lawsonia alba.—Pæderia fœtida.—Spilanthus Acmella.—Allium sativum.—Zea Mays.

Vermes. (See “Anthelmintics.”) [257]

Worms. (See “Anti-parasitics.”) [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

1 I do not join these diseases because I consider them identical or due to the same pathogenic agent but because the plants that follow are used indifferently for the diseases.

1 I don’t group these diseases together because I think they’re the same or caused by the same pathogen, but because the plants that follow are used interchangeably for these diseases.

[__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Alphabetical Index

Of Systematic and Common Names of Plants

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

A

Abag̃abag̃, 183

Abag̃abag̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Abilo, 73

Abilo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Abroma angulata, 55
augusta, 55
communis, 55
fastuosa, 55

Abroma angulata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
augusta, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
communis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
fastuosa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__

Abrus precatorius, 88

Abrus precatorius, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Abutilon Indicum, 43

Abutilon Indicum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Acacia Arabica, 108
Catechu, 235
Farnesiana, 108
Indica, 108

Acacia Arabica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Catechu, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
Farnesiana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
Indica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__

Acalypha Caroliniana, 219
hispida, 220
Indica, 219

Acalypha Caroliniana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
hispida, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
Indica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Acanthaceæ, 185

Acanthaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Acanthus ilicifolius, 185

Acanthus ilicifolius, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Acapulco, 102

Acapulco, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Achiote, achuete, 32

Achiote, achiote, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Achras Sapota, 156

Sapodilla, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Achuiti, 32

Achuiti, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Achyranthes aspera, 201
obtusifolia, 201

Achyranthes aspera, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
obtusifolia, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Aconitum heterophyllum, 155

Aconitum heterophyllum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Adelfa, 165

Adelfa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Adhatoda vasica, 188

Adhatoda vasica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Adiantum lunulatum, 142

Adiantum lunulatum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ægle decandra, 67
Marmelos, 70

Ægle decandra, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Marmelos, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Agati grandiflora, 88

Agati grandiflora, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ag̃ay, 229

Begin, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Agí, 177

Act, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Agiw, 76

Agiw, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Agoho, agóo, 225

Agoho, agóo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Agonoy, 152

Agony, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Aguason, 171

Aguason, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ajengibre, 228

Ginger, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ajo, 233

Ajo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ajonjolì, 184

Hempseed, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Alag̃-ilag̃ Sonson, 20

Alag̃-ilag̃ Sonson, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Alag̃itg̃it, 173

Alag̃itg̃it, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Alangium decapetalum, 138
hexapetalum, 138
Lamarkii, 138
tomentosum, 138

Alangium decapetalum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
hexapetalum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
Lamarkii, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
tomentosum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__

Albahaca, 195

Basil, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Albohol, 176

Albohol, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Aleurites Moluccana, 217
triloba, 217

Aleurites Moluccana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
triloba, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Algodón, 48

Cotton, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Alibag̃bag̃, 105

Alibag̃bag̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Alibun, 150

Alibun, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Allamanda cathartica, 159

Allamanda cathartica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Allium Cepa, 233
sativum, 233

Allium Cepa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
sativum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Almendro, 110

Almond tree, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Almond, Indian, 110
tree, Java, 73

Almond, Indian, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Java Almond Tree, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Aloes, 232
Barbadensis, 232
humilis, 232
Indica, 232
vera, 232
vulgaris, 232

Aloes, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Barbadensis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
humilis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
Indica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__
vera, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__
vulgaris, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__

Alpasotes, 202

Alpasotes, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Alstonia scholaris, 163

Alstonia scholaris, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Althæa officinalis, 45

Althaea officinalis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Alusiman, 134

Alusiman, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Amaranth, thorny, 200

Amaranth, spiky, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Amaranthaceæ, 200

Amaranth family, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Amaranthus spinosus, 200, 201

Amaranthus spinosus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Amargoso, 132

Bittersweet, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Amaryllidaceæ, 231

Amaryllidaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ammannia baccifera, 117
blistering, 117
debilis, 117
Indica, 117
vesicatoria, 117

Ammannia baccifera, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
blistering, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
weak, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
Indica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__
vesicatoria, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__

Ammi copticum, 136
glaucifolium, 136

Ammi copticum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
glaucifolium, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Amomum zingiber, 228

Amomum zingiber, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ampalaya, ampalea, 132 [258]

Ampalaya, ampalea, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__]

Amugis, 86

Amugis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Anabo, 55

Anabo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Anacardiaceæ, 82

Anacardiaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Anacardium occidentale, 84

Anacardium occidentale, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Anamirta Cocculus, 24

Anamirta Cocculus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ananag̃tag̃, 76

Ananag̃tag̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Andropogon nardus, 241
Schoenanthes, 240

Andropogon nardus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Schoenanthes, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Anethum fœniculum, 137

Anethum fennel, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Angod, 201

Angod, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Anibog̃, 55

Anibog̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Anis, 137
estrellado, 18

Anis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
starred, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Anise, star, 18

Star anise, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Anisomeles ovata, 198

Anisomeles ovata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Annatto, 32

Annatto, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Anona muricata, 22
reticulata, 21
squamosa, 20
tuberosa, 20

Anona muricata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
reticulata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
squamosa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
tuberosa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__

Anonaceæ, 20

Anonaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Anonag̃, 21

Anonag̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Anonas, 21

Anonas, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Apalia, 132

Apalia, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Apalit, 93

Apalit, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Apalot, 148

Apalot, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Apamarga, 201

Apamarga, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Apana, 149

Apana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Apariagua, 224

Apariagua, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Apasotis, 202

Apasotis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Apocynaceæ, 159

Apocynaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Apoyapoyan, 31

Apoyapoyan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Apple, balsam, 132
bitter, 133

Apple, balsam, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
bitter, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Areca, 234
Catechu, 234

Areca, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Catechu, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Argemone Mexicana, 29

Argemone Mexicana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Aristolochia Indica, 203
Serpentaria, 207

Aristolochia Indica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Serpentaria, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Aristolochiaceæ, 203

Aristolochiaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Aro, 225

Aro, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Arodayday, 175

Arodayday, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Arog̃anan, 46

Arog̃anan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Aroma, 108

Fragrance, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Arroz, 242

Rice, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Artabotrys hamatus, 20
odoratissimus, 20
suaveolens, 20

Artabotrys hamatus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
odoratissimus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
suaveolens, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Artemisia Indica, 153
vulgaris, 153

Artemisia Indica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
vulgaris, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Artocarpus integrifolia, 223

Artocarpus integrifolia, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Asana, 93

Asana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Asclepiadaceæ, 167

Asclepiadaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Asclepias asthmatica, 169
gigantea, 167

Asclepias asthmatica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
gigantea, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Ates, 20

Ates, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Atsuiti, 32

Atsuiti, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Averrhoa Bilimbi, 60
Carambola, 60

Averrhoa Bilimbi, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Carambola, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Ayam, 134

Chicken, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ayantoto, 200

Ayantoto, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ayapan, 149

Ayapan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ayapana, 149

Ayapana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ayo, 58

Ayo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ayoban, 150

Awesome, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Azafrán, 229
de la tierra, 154

Saffron, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
from the land, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

B

Babebabe, 112

Babebabe, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Babay gubat, 47

Forest baby, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Badiana, 18

Badiana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bael fruit tree, 67

Bael fruit tree, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bag̃ar, 51

Bag̃ar, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bagasoa, 175

Bagasoa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bag̃ati, bag̃ati gikosgikos, 88

Bag̃ati, bag̃ati gikosgikos, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bagbag, 155

Bagbag, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bag̃kuro, 148

Bag̃kuro, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bait, 212

Bait, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bakog̃, 231

Bakog̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bakugan, 76

Bakugan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Balabalanoyan, 31

Balabalanoyan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Baladri, 165

Baladri, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Balanoy, 195

Balanoy, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Balasin, 24

Balasin, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Balay-namuk, 32

Balay-namuk, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Balibago, 46

Balibago, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Balikbalik, 95

Return, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Balimbin, 60

Balimbin, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Baliyoko, 240

Baliyoko, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Balogo, 106

Balogo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Balotag̃aso, 100

Balotag̃aso, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Baloyog̃, 99

Baloyog̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Balsamina, 132

Balsamina, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bamboo, 243

Bamboo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bambus arundinacea, 243
arundo, 243
diffusa, 243
levis, 244
mitis, 244

Bamboo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
reed, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
broadleaf, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
smooth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__
soft, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__

Bambuseae, 243

Bamboo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Banana, 227

Banana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Banato, 220

Banato, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Banilad, 52

Banilad, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Banilak, 110

Banilak, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bankundo, 148

Bankundo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Barbadoes flower-fence, 98

Barbados flower-fence, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Barleria Prionitis, 186

Barleria Prionitis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Barreliera Prionitis, 186

Barreliera Prionitis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Basil, sacred, 195
sweet, 195 [259]

Basil, holy, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
fragrant, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__ [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__]

Basiloag, 76

Basiloag, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Batobatonis, 210

Batobatonis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bauhinia malabarica, 105
tomentosa, 105

Bauhinia malabarica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
tomentosa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Bayabas, 113

Guava, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bayag̃-bayag̃, 200

Long time, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bayag-, Bayan-kambig̃, 96

Bayag-, Bayan-kambig̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bayati, 24

Bayati, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bayno, 28

Bayno, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bayogo, 106

Bayogo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bawag̃, 233

Bawag̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Belgaum, 217

Belgaum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bentikohol, 228

Bentikohol, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bergera Koenigi, 65

Bergera Koenigi, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Betel-nut palm, 234

Betel nut palm, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Betel pepper, 204

Betel leaf, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bias pogo, 117

Bias pogo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bigas, 242

Bigas, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bignonia Indica, 183
quadripinnata, 183

Bignonia Indica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
quadruple pinnate, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Bignoniaceæ, 183

Bignoniaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bilimbin, 60

Bilimbin, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bilogo, 80

Bilogo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Binukaw, 36

Woke up, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Biophytum cumiagiunum, 59
sensitivum, 59

Biophytum cumiagiunum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
sensitivum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Biri, 154

Someone, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Birthwort, Indian, 203

Indian Birthwort, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bitanhol, 38

Bitanhol, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bitaog, 38

Bitaog, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bitnog̃, 53

Bitnog̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bixa Orellana, 32

Bixa Orellana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bixineæ, 32

Bixineæ, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Blumea balsamifera, 150

Blumea balsamifera, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Boboy, 50

Boboy, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bobuy-gubat, 50

Forest explorer, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bog̃a, 234

Bog̃a, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Boho, 244

Bohemian, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bokawy, 243

Bokawy, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bolagtob, 176

Bolagtob, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bolobotones, 210

Bolobotones, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bombax Ceiba, 50
malabaricum, 50, 183
pentandrum, 50

Bombax Ceiba, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
malabaricum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
pentandrum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__

Bonak, 195

Bonak, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bonduc seeds, 96

Bonduc seeds, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Boraginaceæ, 173

Boraginaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Botobotones, 239

Botobotones, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bowi, 210

Bowie, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Brassica juncea, 30

Brassica juncea, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Brea blanca, 73

White wheat, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bryophyllum serratum, 109

Bryophyllum serratum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Buas, 220

Buas, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bucida cuminata, 111

Bucida cuminata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bugayon, 88

Bugayon, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bugo, 72

Bugo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bugos, 220

Bugos, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bulak, 48
kastila, 50
na bundok, 49
na totoo, 49

Bulak, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Spanish, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
in the mountains, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
that is real, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__

Bug̃ulag̃, 228

Bug̃ulag̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Bulakan, 47, 174

Bulakan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Bunlaw, 187

Bunlaw, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Burseraceæ, 72

Burseraceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Butog̃, 95

Butog̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Butterfly pea, 92

Butterfly pea, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Butuan, 228

Butuan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Buyayawa, 210

Buyayawa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Buyo, 204

Buyo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Buyok-buyok, 128

Buyok-buyok, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

C

Cabalonga, 171

Cabalonga, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Caballero, 98

Gentleman, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cacao, 55

Cacao, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cafe, 144

Cafe, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cagel, 66

Cagel, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cæsalpinia Bonduc, 96
Bonducella, 96
pulcherrima, 98
Sappan, 97

Cæsalpinia Bonduc, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Bonducella, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
pulcherrima, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
Sappan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__

Calabash, 129

Calabash, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Calabaza blanca, 130
de peregrino, 129

White pumpkin, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Pilgrim's, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Calachuche, 162

Calachuche, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Calophyllum apetalum, 39
Calaba, 39
Inophyllum, 38

Calophyllum apetalum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Calaba, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
Inophyllum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Calotrops gigantea, 167

Calotropis gigantea, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Calyptranthes Jambolana, 114

Calyptranthes Jambolana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cambogia binucao, 36
venulosa, 36

Cambodia binucao, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
venulosa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Campanelo, 159

Campanelo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Camphire, 118

Camphire, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Canarium album, 73
commune, 73, 110
Luzonicum, 73

Canarium album, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
commune, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
Luzonicum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__

Caña, 243
de azúcar, 241
dulc, 241

Sugar cane, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
of sugar, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
sweets, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Cañamiel, 241

Cañamiel, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cañafístula, 99

Cañafístula, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Capparidaceæ, 31

Capparidaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Capsicum, 177
annuum, 178
fastigiatum, 177
minimum, 177

Capsicum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
annuum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
fastigiatum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
minimum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__

Carapa Moluccensis, 78
Guianensis, 78

Carapa Moluccensis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Guianensis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Caraway, 136 [260]

Caraway, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__]

Cardamon, 230

Cardamom, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Carica Papaya, 123

Papaya, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Carmonea heterophylla, 173

Carmonea heterophylla, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Carpopogon pruriens, 90

Carpopogon pruriens, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Carthamus tinctorius, 154

Carthamus tinctorius, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Carum ajowan, 136
copticum, 136

Carom seeds, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
cumin, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Cashew nut, 84

Cashew, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cassia, 208
alata, 102
fistula, 99
lignea, 208
occidentalis, 99
purging, 99
sophera, 103
tora, 103

Cassia, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
alata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
fistula, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
lignea, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__
occidentalis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__
purging, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__
sophera, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_6__
tora, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_7__

Cassie flower, 108

Cassie flower, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cassuvium reniforme, 84

Cassuvium reniforme, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cassytha filiformis, 209

Cassytha filiformis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Castor oil plant, 222

Castor oil weed, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Casuarina equisetifolia, 225
Sumatrana, 225

Casuarina equisetifolia, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Sumatrana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Casuarineæ, 225

Casuarina, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cavallium urens, 52

Cavallium urens, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ceanothus Wightiana, 82

Ceanothus Wightiana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cebolla, 233

Onion, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cedrela odorata, 79
Toona, 79, 207

Cedrela odorata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Toona, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Celastraceæ, 80

Celastraceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Celastrus alnifolia, 80
paniculata, 80
Rothiana, 80

Celastrus alnifolia, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
paniculata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
Rothiana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Celosia mana, 117

Celosia flower, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cerbera manghas, 161
Odallam, 161
Thevetia, 159

Cerbera manghas, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Odallam, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
Thevetia, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Chachachachahan, 190

Chachachachahan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Champaca, 19

Champaca, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Chavica auriculata, 204
Betle, 204

Chavica auriculata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Betel, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Chenopodiaceæ, 202

Chenopodiaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Chenopodium ambrosioides, 202

Chenopodium ambrosioides, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Chico, chiko, 156

Chico, chiko, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Chili picante, 177

Spicy chili, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

China tree, 75

China tree, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Chinchaochinchauan, 26

Chinchaochinchauan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Chinchona excelsa, 140

Chinchona excelsa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Chloranthaceæ, 207

Chloranthaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Chloranthus inconspicuus, 207
Indicus, 207
officinalis, 207

Chloranthus inconspicuus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Indicus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
officinalis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Chondrodendron tomentosum, 26

Chondrodendron tomentosum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cica decandra, 214

Cica decandra, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cinamomo del país, 118

Cinamomo del país, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cinnamomum Culilowan, 207

Cinnamomum Culilowan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cinnamomum pauciflorum, 208
tamala, 208

Cinnamomum pauciflorum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
tamala, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Cissampelos Pareira, 26, 155

Cissampelos Pareira, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Citrullus Colocynthis, 133

Citrullus colocynthis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Citrus acida, 65
aurantium, 66
Bigaradia, 66
Decumana, 67
notissima, 65
reticulata, 67
vulgaris, 66

Citrus acida, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
aurantium, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
Bigaradia, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
Decumana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__
notissima, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__
reticulata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__
vulgaris, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_6__

Cleome alliacea, 31
alliodora, 31
icosandra, 31
pentaphylla, 31
viscosa, 31

Cleome alliacea, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
alliodora, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
icosandra, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
pentaphylla, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__
viscosa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__

Clerodendron fortunatum, 194
infortunatum, 194

Clerodendron fortunatum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
infortunatum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Clitoria ternatea, 92

Clitoria ternatea, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Clompanus major, 51

Clompanus major, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cocas de Levante, 24

Cocas de Levante, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cocculus crispus, 22
lacunosus, 24
suberosus, 24

Cocculus crispus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
lacunosus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
suberosus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Coco, 236

Coco, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Coco-grass, 239

Coco grass, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Coconut, 236

Coconut, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cocos nucifera, 236

Coconut, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Coffea Arabica, 144

Coffee Arabica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Coffee, 144
Negro, 100

Coffee, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Black, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Coleus aromaticus, 196
atropurpureus, 197
grandifolius, 197
suganda, 196

Coleus aromaticus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
atropurpureus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
grandifolius, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
suganda, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__

Colocynth, 133

Colocynth, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Coloquíntida, 133

Coloquíntida, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Colosanthes Indica, 183

Colosanthes Indica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Combretaceæ, 110

Combretaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cominos, 137

Cominos, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Compositæ, 149

Composites, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Connarus fœtens, 64
santaloides, 64

Connarus fœtens, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
santaloides, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Consuelda, 213

Consuelda, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Convolvulaceæ, 174

Convolvulaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Convolvulus maximus, 176
nil, 174
pes-capræ, 175
Turpethum, 176

Convolvulus maximus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
none, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
goat's foot, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
Turpethum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__

Conyza balsamifera, 150

Conyza balsamifera, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Coral tree, Indian, 91

Indian coral tree, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Coriander, 137

Cilantro, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Coriandrum sativum, 137

Cilantro, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Corn, 240

Corn, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cornaceæ, 138 [261]

Cornaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__]

Cotton, 48

Cotton, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cotyledon laciniata, 109

Cotyledon laciniata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Crassulaceæ, 109

Crassulaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cratæva religiosa, 32

Cratæva religiosa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Crinum Asiaticum, 231
giganteum, 231

Crinum Asiaticum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
giganteum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Croton glandulosum, 218
muricatum, 218
Philippense, 220
purging, 218
Tiglium, 218

Croton glandulosum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
muricatum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
Philippense, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
cleansing, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__
Tiglium, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__

Cruciferæ, 30

Cruciferous, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cucumis Colocynthis, 133

Cucumis colocynthis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cucurbita lagenaria oblonga, 129
villosa, 130

Cucurbita lagenaria oblonga, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
villosa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Cucurbitaceæ, 127

Cucurbitaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Culantro, 137

Culantro, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cuminum cynimum, 137

Cumin, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Curcuma longa, 229

Curcumin, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Custard apple, 20

Custard apple, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cyamus mysticus, 28
Nelumbo, 28

Cyamus mysticus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Nelumbo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Cyperaceæ, 239

Cyperaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Cyperus rotundus, 239

Cyperus rotundus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

D

Dalaw, 229

Visit, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Dallapawen, 163

Dallapawen, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Dalondón, 190

Dalondón, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Dalugdug, 96

Dalugdug, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Dalupan, 45

Dalupan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Damog̃hiya, 59

Damog̃hiya, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Damoro, 136

Damoro, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Dangla, 192

Dangla, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Dankagi, 171

Dankagi, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Dankalan, 38

Dankalan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Dapdap, 91

Dapdap, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Daraput, 71

Daraput, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Darasig, 58

Darasig, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Daripay, 175

Daripay, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Datura alba, 178
fastuosa, 179
Metel, 178
Stramonium, 178

Datura alba, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
fastuosa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
Metel, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
Stramonium, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__

Daucus anisodorus, 136
copticus, 136

Daucus anisodorus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
copticus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Dayap, 65

Dayap, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Daytanag, 93

Daytanag, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Dendrocalamus flagellifer, 244
sericens, 244

Dendrocalamus flagellifer, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
sericens, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Dhatura, 178

Dhatura, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Dianthera subserrata, 187

Dianthera subserrata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Dicotyledonous, Gamopetalous, 140
Polypetalous, 17

Dicot, fused petals, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Separate petals, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Diglas, dig̃las, 111

Diglas, dig̃las, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Dilag̃ boaya, 232

Do your best, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Dilaw, 229

Yellow, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Diliwariw, 185

Diliwariw, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Dilleniaceæ, 17

Dilleniaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Dinkalin, 38

Dinkalin, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Diosma serrata, 80

Diosma serrata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Dipterocarpeæ, 40

Dipterocarps, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Dipterocarpus alatus, 40
incanus, 40
Indicus, 40
Mayapis, 40
trinervis, 40
turbinatus, 40

Dipterocarpus alatus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
incanus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
Indicus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
Mayapis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__
trinervis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__
turbinatus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__

Dita, 163
tree, 163

Dita, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
tree, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Dokotdekot, 201

Dokotdekot, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Doldol, 50

Doldol, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Dolichos pruriens, 90

Dolichos pruriens, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Dolo-ariw, 185

Dolo-ariw, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Dool, 86

Dool, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Duhat, duat, 114

Duhat, duat, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Dukum, 45

Dukum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Dulawari, 185

Dulawari, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Dulupag̃, 43

Dulupag̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Dysoxylum Blancoi, 76
salutare, 76
schizochitoides, 77

Dysoxylum Blancoi, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
salutare, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
schizochitoides, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

E

Echinus Philippinensis, 220

Echinus Philippinensis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Echites scholaris, 163

Echites scholaris, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ehretia buxifolia, 173

Ehretia buxifolia, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Elemi, East Indian, 73

Elemi, East Indian, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Elettaria Cardamomum, 230

Cardamom, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Entada Pursætha, 106
scandens, 106

Entada Pursætha, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
climbing, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Eriodendron anfractuosum, 50

Eriodendron anfractuosum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Erythrina carnea, 91
corallodendron, 91
Indica, 91

Erythrina carnea, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
corallodendron, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
Indica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Eskobag̃haba, 42

Eskobag̃haba, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Eugenia Jambolana, 114

Eugenia Jambolana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Eupatorium Ayapana, 149, 182

Eupatorium Ayapana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Euphorbia capitata, 210
hirta, 210
ligularia, 212
neriifolia, 212
pentagona, 212
pilulifera, 210
Tirucalli, 213

Euphorbia capitata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
hirta, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
ligularia, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
neriifolia, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__
pentagona, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__
pilulifera, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__
Tirucalli, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_6__

Euphorbiaceæ, 210

Euphorbiaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Exile, the, 159

Exile, the, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Exostema Philippicum, 140

Exostema Philippicum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

F

Fagara piperita, 63

Fagara piperita, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Fennel, 137

Fennel, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Fever nut, 96 [262]

Fever nut, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__]

Fœniculum panmorium, 137
officinale, 137
vulgare, 137

Fennel, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
common, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
sweet, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Feronia elephantum, 69
ternata, 67

Feronia elephantum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
ternata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Ficoideæ, 134

Ficoideæ, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Flores y Rosas Caballero, 98

Flores y Rosas Caballero, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Four o’clock, 199

4 PM, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

G

Gabuen, 150

Gabuen, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Gadelupa maculata, 95

Gadelupa maculata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Galonalpas, 239

Galonalpas, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Gamagamatisan, 176

Gamagamatisan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Gamboge tree, 136

Gamboge tree, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Gamut sa buni, 102

Range of emotions, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Gandarussa vulgaris, 187

Gandarussa vulgaris, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Gapasgapas, 192

Gapasgapas, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Garcinia Cambogia, 36
Hanburii, 37
mangostana, 35
morella, 36
pedicellata, 36
venulosa, 36

Garcinia Cambogia, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Hanburii, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
mangostana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
morella, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__
pedicellata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__
venulosa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__

Gardenia spinosa, 142

Gardenia spinosa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Garlic, 233

Garlic, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Garuga floribunda, 72
Madagascarensis, 72
pinnata, 72

Garuga floribunda, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Madagascarensis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
pinnata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Gatasan pulá, 36

Gatasan also, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Gatasgatas, 210

Gatasgatas, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Gaway-gaway, 27

Gaway-gaway, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Geraniaceæ, 58

Geranium Family, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Geranium grass, 240

Geranium grass, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Gikosgikos, 88

Gikosgikos, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Gilalas, 199

Gilalas, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Gilig̃-gilig̃an, 43

Gilig̃-gilig̃an, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Gilla nuts, 106

Gilla nuts, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ginger, 228

Ginger, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Gintingintin, 150

Gintingintin, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Gogo, 106

Gogo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Gohog̃ bakay, 106

Gohog̃ bakay, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Golondrina, 210

Swallow, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Gossypium arboreum, 49
Barbadense, 48
Capas, 48
herbaceum, 48
Indicum, 48

Gossypium arboreum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Barbadense, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
Capas, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
herbaceum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__
Indicum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__

Gourd, bottle, 129
common, 129
pilgrim’s, 129
white, 130

Bottle gourd, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
common, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
pilgrim's, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
white, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__

Goyabano, guyabano, 22

Soursop, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Gramineæ, 240

Grasses, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Granada, 120

Granada, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Granatis, 116

Granatis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Guanábano, 22

Guanábano, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Guava, 113

Guava, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Guayabas, 113

Guavas, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Gubat, 194

Forest, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Guilandina Bonducella, 96
Moringa, 86

Guilandina Bonducella, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Moringa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Gumamila, 46

Gumamila, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Gurjun, 40

Gurjun, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Guttiferæ, 35

Guttiferae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Gynandropsis pentaphylla, 31

Gynandropsis pentaphylla, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

H

Hagonog, 152

Hagonog, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Halahala, 128

Halahala, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Hamitanago, 53

Hamitanago, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Hamlibon, 150

Hamlibon, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Hangor, 201

Hangor, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Hangot, 201

Hangout, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Helicteres chrysocalyx, 54
Isora, 54
Roxburghii, 54

Helicteres chrysocalyx, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Isora, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
Roxburghii, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Hemp, perennial Indian, 55

Indian hemp, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Hibiscus Abelmoschus, 45
Rosa-Sinensis, 46
tiliaceus, 46

Hibiscus Abelmoschus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Rosa-Sinensis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
tiliaceus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Hierba de San Pablo, de San Pedro, 214
mora, 176

St. John's Wort, St. Peter's Herb, 214
blackberry, 176

Higo, 228

Higo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Higotbalato, 42

Higotbalato, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Himamaw, 77

Himamaw, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Hitam, 110

Black, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Hojas de buyo, 204

Buyo leaves, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Horse radish tree, 86

Horseradish tree, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Huligaga, 140

Huligaga, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Hydnocarpus inebrians, 132
polyandra, 33

Hydnocarpus inebrians, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
polyandra, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Hydrocotyle Asiatica, 134, 142

Hydrocotyle Asiatica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Hymenodictyon excelsum, 140
Horsfieldii, 140

Hymenodictyon excelsum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Horsfieldii, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

I

Ibabaw, 99

Above, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Icica Abilo, 72

Icica Abilo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Igasud, 171

Igasud, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Igiw, 76

Igiw, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ignatia amara, 171
Philippinea, 171

Ignatia amara, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Philippinea, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Ilag̃-ilag̃ de China, 20

China's Lagging, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Illicium anisatum, 18

Illicium anisatum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ipomœa hederacea, 174
nil, 174
pes-capræ, 175
Turpethem, 176

Ipomœa hederacea, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
none, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
goat's foot, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
Turpethem, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__

Itmó, 204

Itmó, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ixora bandhuca, 143
coccinea, 143

Ixora bandhuca, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
coccinea, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

J

[__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__]

Jalap, Indian, 176

Jalap, Indian, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Jambul, 114

Jambul, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Jasmine, Arabian, 158

Jasmine, Arabian, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Jasmium Sambac, 158

Jasminum sambac, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Jatropha Curcas, 215
multifida, 216

Jatropha Curcas, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
multifida, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Jengibre, 228

Ginger, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Jequirity, 88

Jequirity, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Jujube tree, 81

Jujube tree, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Jussiæa erecta, 122
suffruticosa, 122
villosa, 122

Jussiæa erecta, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
suffruticosa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
villosa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Justicia adhatoda, 188
Gendarussa, 187
nasuta, 189

Justicia adhatoda, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Gendarussa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
nasuta, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

K

Kabalog̃an, 171

Kabalog̃an, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kabatiti, 82

Kabatiti, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kabiki, 157

Kabiki, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kabrab, 91

Kabrab, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kahel, kahil, 66

Red, dark red, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kala-danah, 174

Kala-danah, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kalambibit, 96

Kalambibit, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kalamias, 60

Kalamias, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kalanchoe laciniata, 109

Kalanchoe laciniata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kalantas, 79

Kalantas, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kalasusi, 162

Kalasusi, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kalatsutsi, 162

Kalatsutsi, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kalawaga, 229

Kalawaga, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kalayati, 190

Kalayati, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kalig̃ag, 208

Kalig̃ag, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kalisay, 110

Kalisay, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kalitis, 200

Kalitis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kalug̃ay, 86

Kalug̃ay, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kalumpag̃, 51
sa lati, 78

Kalumpag̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
on the side, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Kamala, 220

Kamala, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kamalagi, 104

Kamalagi, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kamalug̃ay, 86

Kamalug̃ay, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ka-María, 153

Ka-Maria, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kamela, 220

Kamela, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kamias, 60

Kamias, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kamigag, 175

Kamigag, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kamot-kabag, 96

Kamot-kabag, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kamunig̃, 64

Kamunig̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kanaasaga, 88

Kanaasaga, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kanbil, 220

Kanbil, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kandaroma, 208

Kandaroma, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kanlara, 171

Kanlara, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kantutæ, Kantutan, 149

Kantutæ, Kantutan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kanyin, 40

Kanyin, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kapal-kapal, 167

Ships, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kapanitulot, 187

Kapanitulot, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kapili, 217

Kapili, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Karambauaya, 212

Karambauaya, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Karo, 225

Karo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Karukansoli, 199

Karukansoli, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kasabba, 154

Kasabba, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kasindik, 91

Kasindik, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kasitás, 102

Hatred, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kasla, 215

Kasla, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kastio, kastiogan, 45

Kastio, kastiogan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kastuli, 45

Kastuli, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kastumba, 154

Kastumba, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kasubha, 154

Kasubha, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kasubhag̃-āso, 29

Kasubhag̃-āso, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kasupag̃it, 194

Kasupag̃it, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kasuy, 84

Cashew, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Katagkatag, 175

Katagkatag, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Katakatakā, 109

Katakatakā, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Katalog̃a, 171

Catalog, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Katandá, 102

Katandá, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Katbolog̃an, 171

Katbolog̃an, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Katsumba, 154

Katsumba, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Katuray, 88

Katuray, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Katwit, 213

Katwit, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kayag̃a, 46

Kayag̃a, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kayutana, 63

Kayutana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kawayag-totóo, 243

Kawayag-totóo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kilingiwa, 60

Kilingiwa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kilitis, 200

Kilitis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kinamboy, 229

Kinamboy, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kleinhovia hospitata, 53

Kleinhovia hospitata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kokog̃manok, 186

Kokog̃manok, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kolasiman, 34

Kolasiman, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kolokantig̃, kolokatig̃, 92

Kolokantig̃, kolokatig̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kolonkogon, 195

Kolonkogon, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kongi, 58

Kongi, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Konty, 176

Konty, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kopag̃, 107

Kopag̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kuakuakohan, 43

Kuakuakohan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kuanton, 200

Kuanton, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kukubitan, 128

Kukubitan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kulanta, 186

Kulanta, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kulit, 148

Skin, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kulutan, kulutkulutan, 44

Kulutan, kulutkulutan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kuragda, 128

Kuragda, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kusug̃, 239

Kusug̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Kuty, 176

Kuty, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

L

Labiatæ, 195

Lamiaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lagayray, 175

Lagayray, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lagenaria clavata, 130
courgourda, 129
Gourda, 129
vulgaris, 129

Lagenaria clavata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
courgourda, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
gourd, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
vulgaris, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__

Lag̃is, 184

Lag̃is, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lagiwlagiw, 185

Lagiwlagiw, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lag̃kawas, 230

Lag̃kawas, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lag̃kuas, 230 [264]

Lag̃kuas, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__]

Lago, 154

Lago, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lagpakon, 176

Lagpakon, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lagundi, 192

Lagundi, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lagundig̃ gayag̃, 192

Lagundig̃ gayag̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lakadbulan, 150

Lakadbulan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lakatan, 228

Lakatan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lakbanbulan, 150

Lakbanbulan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Laktag̃, 24

Laktag̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lalakdan, 150

Lalakdan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lambayog, 175

Lambayog, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lampayog, 175

Lampayog, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lamudio, 136

Lamudio, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lanigpa, 79

Lanigpa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lanta, 24

Lanta, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lantín, llantén, 199

Lantín, plantain, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Laportea Gaudichaudiana, 224

Laportea Gaudichaudiana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lasuna, 233

Lasuna, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lauraceæ, 208

Lauraceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Laurus culilaban, 208

Laurus culilaban, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lawas, 27

Lawas, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lawsonia alba, 118
inermis, 118
spinosa, 118

Lawsonia alba, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
inermis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
spinosa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Laya, 228

Laya, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Leadwort, white-flowered, 155

Leadwort, white-flowered, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Leguminosæ, Cesalpinaceæ, 96
Mimoseæ, 106
Papilionaceæ, 88

Legumes, Caesalpiniaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Mimosaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
Papilionaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Lemon, 65

Lemon, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lengua de perro, 212

Dog tongue, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Letondag̃, 228

Letondag̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Leucas aspera, 199

Leucas aspera, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Libáy, 201

Libay, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lig̃á, 184

Lig̃á, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lig̃aton, 224

Lig̃aton, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lig̃asina, 222

Lig̃asina, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Liktag̃, 24

Liktag̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Liliaceæ, 232

Liliaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lilitan, 149

Lilitan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Limnophila menthastrum, 182

Limnophila menthastrum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Limón, 65

Lemon, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Linatoganak, 71

Linatoganak, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lino, 148

Lino, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lintag̃ bagin, 24

Lintag̃ bagin, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lipa, 224

Lipa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lipag̃doton, 224

Lipag̃doton, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lipay, 90

Lipay, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lippia nodiflora, 190

Lippia nodiflora, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Live-for-ever, 109

Live forever, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Log̃á, 184

Log̃á, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Loganiaceæ, 171

Loganiaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lokoloko, 195

Lokoloko, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lombayog̃, 99

Lombayog̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lomboy, 114

Lomboy, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lotus, sacred, 28

Sacred Lotus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lubilubi, 176

Lubilubi, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Luffa Ægyptiaca, 131
pentandra, 131
petola, 131

Luffa Ægyptiaca, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
pentandra, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
petola, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Lugo, 110

Lugo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lukban, 67

Lukban, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lumban, 217

Lumban, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Luya, 228

Luya, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lythraceæ, 117

Lythraceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

M

Magatas, 210

Magatas, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Magnoliaceæ, 18

Magnolia family, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Mag̃it, 173

Mag̃it, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Mahihiin, 59

Mahihiin, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Maíz, 240

Corn, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Maize, 240

Corn, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Makabuhay, 22

Makabuhay, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Makahiya, 59

Sensitive plant, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Makalig̃ag, 208

Makalig̃ag, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Makasili, 76

Makasili, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Malaapolid, 239

Malaapolid, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Malabag̃aw, 76

Malabag̃aw, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Malabago, 46

Malabago, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Malabalugbug-dagis, 58

Malabalugbug-dagis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Malabohok, 209, 225

Malabohok, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Malabukbuk, 39

Malabukbuk, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Malakabuyaw, 67

Malakabuyaw, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Malakatmón, 17

Malakatmón, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Malapoko, 122

Malapoko, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Malaubi, 203

Malaubi, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Malawin, 192

Malawin, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Malinta, 214

Malinta, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Malis, 43

Malis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Malisa, 206

Malisa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Malismalis, 210

Malismalis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Mallotus Philippensis, 220

Mallotus Philippensis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Malug̃ay, 86

Chill, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Malug̃it, 86

Malug̃it, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Malvaceæ, 42

Malvaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Malvas de Castilla, 43

Malvas de Castilla, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Mamalis, 42

Mamalis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Mambog, 148

Mambog, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Mamin, 204

Mamin, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Mamón, 204

Mamón, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Mana, 216

Energy, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Mananaog, 171

Mananaog, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Manga, 82

Manga, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Mangifera Indica, 82

Mangifera Indica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Mangostán, 35

Mangosteen, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Mangosteen, 35

Mangosteen, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Manimanikan, 103

Manimanikan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Manungal, manunagl, 71

Manungal, manunagl, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Manungala pendula, 71

Manungala pendula, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Manzanitas, 81

Manzanitas, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Marapoto, 45 [265]

Marapoto, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__]

Maravillas, 199

Wonders, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Marikum, marukum, 45

Marikum, marukum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Marjoram, 196

Marjoram, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Marsh mallow, 45

Marshmallow, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Marvel of Peru, 199

Marvel of Peru, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Mayana, 197

Mayana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Mayapis, 40

Mayapis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Melastomaceæ, 116

Melastomataceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Melastoma aspera, 116
malabatrichum, 116
obvoluta, 116
obvolutum, 116

Melastoma aspera, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
malabatrichum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
obvoluta, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
obvolutum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__

Melia Azedarach, 75

Melia Azedarach, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Meliaceæ,75

Meliaceae, 75

Menispermaceæ, 22

Menispermaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Menispermum Cocculus, 22
crispum, 24
lacunosum, 24
rimosum, 22

Menispermum Cocculus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
crispum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
lacunosum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
rimosum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__

Mesua ferrea, 39, 143

Mesua ferrea, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Michelia Champaca, 19

Michelia Champaca, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Migi, 78

Migi, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Mimosa Farnesiana, 108
peregrina, 107

Mimosa Farnesiana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
peregrina, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Mimusops Elengi, 157

Mimusops Elengi, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Mirabilis Jalapa, 199
longiflora, 199

Mirabilis Jalapa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
longiflora, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Molawin, 194

Molawin, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Molopolo, 44

Molopolo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Momordica balsamina, 132
Charanta, 132
cylindrica, 132
muricata, 132
operculata, 131

Momordica balsamina, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Charanta, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
cylindrica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
muricata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__
operculata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__

Monkey-face tree, 220

Monkey face tree, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Monocotyledons, 227

Monocots, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Morado, 228

Purple, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Morinda bracteata, 148
citrifolia, 148
ligulata, 148
Royoc, 148
tinctoria, 149

Morinda bracteata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
citrifolia, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
ligulata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
Royoc, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__
tinctoria, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__

Moringa oleifera, 86
poligona, 86
pterigosperma, 86

Moringa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
poligona, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
pterigosperma, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Moringeæ, 86

Moringa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Mostaza, 30

Mustard, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Mota, 239

Mota, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Mucuma pruriens, 90
prurita, 90
utilis, 90

Mucuna pruriens, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
pruritic, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
useful, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Mudar, 167

Change, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Mulberry, Indian, 148

Indian Mulberry, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Murraya exotica, 64
Koenigi, 65

Murraya exotica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Koenigi, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Murraya odorata, 69
paniculata, 64

Murraya odorata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
paniculata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Musa paradisiaca, 227
sapientum, 227

Musa paradisiaca, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
banana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Musaceæ, 227

Musaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Musla-samul, 50

Musla-samul, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Mustard, 30
wild, 31

Mustard, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
wild, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Mutha, 239

Mom, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Myrobalans, 111

Myrobalans, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Myrtaceæ, 113

Myrtaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

N

Naga, 93

Naga, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Nagamulli, 189

Nagamulli, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Nagesur, Nag-kasar, 40

Nagesur, Nag-kasar, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Nag̃ka, 223

Nag̃ka, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Namakpakan, 38

Namakpakan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Naranjas, 67

Oranges, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Naranjas del país, 66

Local oranges, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Naranjita, 67

Naranjita, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Narra, 93

Narrate, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Nato, 110

NATO, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Nelumbium Asiaticum, 28
nucifera, 28
speciosum, 28

Nelumbo nucifera, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
speciosum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
nucifera, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Nerium odorum, 165
oleander, 165

Nerium odorum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
oleander, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Nicotiana Tabacum, 180

Nicotiana Tabacum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Nightshade, black or common, 176

Black nightshade, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Nigi, 78

Nigi, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Nino, 148

Nino, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Niog, 236

Niog, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Niogniogan, 112

Niogniogan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Niota tetrapela, 71

Niota tetrapela, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Nipa, 238
fruticans, 238

Nipa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
fruticans, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Nipay, 90

Nipay, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Nutgrass, 239

Nutgrass, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Nyctaginaceæ, 199

Nyctaginaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Nyctanthes Sambac, 158

Nyctanthes Sambac, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Nymphæa Lotus, 27

Nymphaea lotus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Nymphæaceæ, 27

Nymphaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

O

Obispo, 228

Obispo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ochrocarpus pentapetalus, 38

Ochrocarpus pentapetalus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ocimum Americanum, 195
basilicum, 195
flexuosum, 195
gratissimum, 195
sanctum, 195
virgatum, 195

Ocimum Americanum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
basil, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
flexuosum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
gratissimum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__
holy basil, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__
virgatum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__

Odina Wodier, 86

Odina Wodier, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Olasiman, 34

Olasiman, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Oldenlandia biflora, 141
burmaniana, 141 [266]

Oldenlandia biflora, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
burmaniana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__ [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__]

Oldenlandia corymbosa, 141
herbacea, 141
ramosa, 141
scabrida, 141

Oldenlandia corymbosa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
herbaceous, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
branching, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
rough, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__

Oleaceæ, 158

Oleaceæ, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Oleander, sweet-scented, 165
Yellow, 159

Oleander, fragrant, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Yellow, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Omadiug̃, 239

Omadiug̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Onagraceæ, 122

Onagraceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Onion, 233

Onion, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Onoran, 239

Onoran, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Onty, 176

Onty, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ophelia chirata, 194

Ophelia chirata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Opo, 130

Opo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Orange, 66

Orange, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Orayi, 200

Orayi, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Orégano, 196

Oregano, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Oriza, 242

Oriza, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Oroxylum Indicum, 183

Oroxylum Indicum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Osiw, 243

Osiw, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Oxalis Acetosella, 58
corniculata, 58
sensitivum, 59

Oxalis Acetosella, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
corniculata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
sensitive plant, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

P

Pæderia fœtida, 149
sessiflora, 149

Pæderia fœtida, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
sessiflora, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Paja de Meca, 240

Paja de Meca, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Pakayomkon-kastila, 102

Pakayomkon-Spanish, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Pakupis, 128

Pakupis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Palagarium, 71

Palagarium, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Palay, 242

Rice, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Palmæ, 234

Palm trees, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Palo del Brasil, 97
Maria, 38

Brazilian Stick, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Maria, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Palunay, 152

Palunay, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Pamalis, 42

Pamalis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Paminta, 206

Pepper, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Pamunoan, 69

Pioneer, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Panampat, 53

Panampat, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Pandan, 110

Pandan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Pangaguason, 171

Pangaguason, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Pangi, 33

Pangi, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Pangium edule, 33

Pangium edule, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Pankundo, 148

Pankundo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Panoan, 69

Panoan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Pansipansi, 199

Pansipansi, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Papaveraceæ, 29

Papaveraceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Papaw, 123

Grandpa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Papaya, 123

Papaya, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Paraiso, 75

Paradise, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Pareira brava, 26

Pareira brava, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Paria, 132

Paria, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Parkia biglobosa, 107
Brunonis, 107
Roxburghii, 107

Parkia biglobosa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Brunonis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
Roxburghii, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Pasotis, 202

Pasotis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Passifloraceæ, 123

Passionflower family, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Paypaysi, 199

Paypaysi, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Pedaliaceæ, 184

Pedaliaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Pennywort, Indian, 134

Indian Pennywort, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Pepita, 171
sa katbalog̃an, 171
sa katbolog̃an, 171

Pepita, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
in the background, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
in the foreground, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Pepper, black, 206
red, 177

Black pepper, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Red, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Pernambuko, 49

Pernambuca, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Phlomis alba, 198
Zeylanica, 199

Phlomis alba, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Zeylanica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Phyllanthus Niruri, 214
reticulatus, 214
urinaria, 214

Phyllanthus Niruri, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
reticulatus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
urinaria, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Physic nuts, English, 96

Physic nuts, English, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Pias, 60

Pias, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Picrorrhiza kurroa, 155

Picrorrhiza kurroa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Pili, pilis, 43, 73

Pili, pilis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Pimienta, 206

Pimienta, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Pinkapinka, 183

Pinkapinka, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Pinkapinkahan, 183

Pinkapinkahan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Piper Betel, 204
Betle, 204
nigrum, 206

Piper Betel, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Betel, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
black pepper, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Piperaceæ, 204

Piperaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Plantaginaceæ, 199

Plantain family, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Plantago crenata, 199
erosa, 199
media, 199

Plantago crenata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
erosa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
media, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Plantain, 199

Plantain, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Plátano, 227

Banana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Plum, black, 114

Black Plum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Plumbagineæ, 155

Plumbagineae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Plumbago viscosa, 155
Zeylanica, 155

Plumbago viscosa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Zeylanica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Plumeria acutifolia, 162
alba, 162

Plumeria acutifolia, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
white, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Poinciana pulcherrima, 98

Poinciana pulcherrima, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Polanisia viscosa, 31

Polanisia viscosa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Pomegranate, 120

Pomegranate, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Pongamia glabra, 95

Pongamia glabra, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Poppy, Mexican, 29

Poppy, Mexican, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Portulaca axiflora, 134
oleracea, 34
toston, 134

Portulaca axiflora, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
oleracea, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
toston, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Portulaceæ, 34

Portulaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Prayerbeads, 88

Prayer beads, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Pride of India, 75

Pride of India, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Psidium aromaticum, 113
pomiferum, 113
pyriferum, 113

Psidium aromaticum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
pomiferum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
pyriferum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Pterocarpus echinatus, 93
erinaceus, 93 [267]

Pterocarpus echinatus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
erinaceus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__ [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__]

Pterocarpus Indicus, 93
marsupium, 94
pallidus, 93
santalinus, 93

Pterocarpus Indicus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
marsupium, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
pallidus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
santalinus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__

Pukingag̃, 92

Pukingag̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Pukopukot, 128

Pukopukot, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Punica Granatum, 120

Punica Granatum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Purslane, 34

Purslane, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Q

Quisqualis Indica, 112
spinosa, 112
villosa, 112

Quisqualis Indica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
spinosa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
villosa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

R

Rábano, 30

Radish, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Rabasa, 134

Rabasa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Radish, 30

Radish, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Raiz de mora, 241

Mulberry root, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Randia aculeata, 142
dumetorum, 54, 142
longispina, 142
stipulosa, 142

Randia aculeata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
dumetorum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
longispina, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__
stipulosa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__

Raphanus sativus, 30

Raphanus sativus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Rhamnaceæ, 81

Rhamnaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Rhamnus Carolinianus, 81
Jujuba, 81
Wightii, 82

Rhamnus carolinianus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Jujuba, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
Wightii, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Rhinacanthus communis, 189

Rhinacanthus communis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Rice, 242

Rice, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ricinus communis, 222
microcarpus, 222
Subpurpurascens, 223
viridis, 223

Ricinus communis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
microcarpus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
Subpurpurascens, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
viridis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__

Robinia mitis, 95

Robinia mitis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Romero, 197

Romero, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Rosas-Caballero, 116

Rosas-Caballero, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Rose of China, 46

Chinese Rose, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Rosemary, 197

Rosemary, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Rosmarinus officinalis, 197

Rosemary, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Rottlera tinctoria, 220

Rottlera tinctoria, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Rubiaceæ, 140

Rubiaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ruda, 61

Ruda, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Rue, 61

Street, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ruta angustifolia, 61
graveolens, 61

Ruta angustifolia, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
graveolens, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Rutaceæ, 61

Rutaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

S

Sabá, 228

Sabá, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sabila, 232

Sabila, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Saccharum officinarum, 241

Saccharum officinarum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sacred lotus, 28

Sacred lotus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Safflower, dyer’s, 154

Safflower, dye plant, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Saffron, bastard, 154

Saffron, jerk, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Saga, 88

Saga, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sagamamin, 88

Sagamamin, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sagdikit, 155

Sagdikit, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sagig̃, 227

Sagig̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sage, Jerusalem, 198

Sage, Jerusalem, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sag̃ki, 18

Sag̃ki, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

St. Ignatius’ bean, 171

St. Ignatius' coffee bean, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sàladay, 63

Salad Day, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Salagsalag, 128

Slang, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Salay, 63, 240

Salay, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Salig̃bobag, 32

Salig̃bobag, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Salig̃-wok, 194

Salig̃-wok, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Salimpokot, 128

Salimpokot, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Samadera Indica, 71

Samadera Indica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Samat, 204

Samat, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sambak, 104

Sambak, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sambog̃-gala, 151

Sambog̃-gala, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sambon, 150

Sambon, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sampaga, 158

Sampaga, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sampaguitas, 158

Sampaguitas, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sampaka, 19

Sampaka, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sampalok, 104

Sampalok, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Samphire, 118

Samphire, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sandalwood tree, red, 93

Red sandalwood tree, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sandoricum Indicum, 77

Sandoricum Indicum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sansawsansawan, 26

Sansawsansawan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Santa María, 153

Santa María, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Santalum rubrum, 93

Sandalwood, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Santan, 143

Santan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Santol, 77

Santol, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sapag̃, 97

Sapag̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sapotaceæ, 156

Sapotaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sappan wood, 97

Sappan wood, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sasa, 238

Sasa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Saunders, red, 93

Saunders, red, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sayikan, 210

Sayikan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Schizostachyum acutiflorum, 243

Schizostachyum acutiflorum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Screw tree, Indian, 54

Indian screw tree, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Senna, western, 100

Senna, west, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sesamé, 184

Sesame, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sesamum Indicum, 184

Sesame, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sesbania grandiflora, 88

Sesbania grandiflora, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sibukao, 97

Sibukao, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sibuyas, 233

Onion, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sida acuta, 42
carpinifolia, 42
frutescens, 42
Indica, 43
stipulata, 42

Sida acuta, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
carpinifolia, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
frutescens, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
Indica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__
stipulata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__

Siempreviva, 109

Everlasting, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sili, 177

Sili, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Simarubaceæ, 71

Simaroubaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sinampaga, 142

Sinampaga, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sinapis alba, 30
juncea, 30
nigra, 30

Sinapis alba, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
juncea, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
nigra, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Sisiwhan, 210

Sisiwhan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sobsob, 150 [268]

Sobbing, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__]

Solanaceæ, 176

Solanaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Solanum Dulcamara, 177
nigrum, 176

Solanum Dulcamara, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
nigrum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Solasi, 195

Solasi, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Solasolasian, 199

Solasolasian, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sontig̃, suntig̃, 102

Sontig̃, suntig̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sorog-sorog, sorosoro, 212

Slightly, quietly, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sorrel, Indian, 58

Indian Sorrel, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sphœranthus hirtus, 151
Indicus, 151
mollis, 151

Sphœranthus hirtus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Indicus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
mollis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Spilanthes Acmella, 152, 228

Spilanthes Acmella, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Star anise, 18

Star anise, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sterculiaceæ, 51

Sterculiaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sterculia cordifolia, 52
fœtida, 51
polyphilla, 51
urens, 52

Sterculia cordifolia, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
fœtida, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
polyphilla, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
urens, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__

Strychnos Ignatii, 171
Philippensis, 171

Strychnos Ignatii, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Philippensis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Suelda, 213

Suelda, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Suganda, 196

Suganda, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sugar cane, 241

Sugarcane, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sug̃ot-olag̃, 214

Sug̃ot-olag̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Suha, 67

Suha, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sukaw, 28

Sukaw, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sulbag̃, 91

Sulbag̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Suma, 24

Suma, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sumalagi, 104

Sumalagi, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sursur, 239

Sursur, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Susog̃ damulog, 20

Talk to me, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Susokayoli, 58

Susokayoli, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Suspiros, 199

Sighs, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Swallow-wort, 167

Swallow-wort, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Swertia Chirata, 128

Swertia Chirata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Syzygium Jambolanum, 114

Syzygium Jambolanum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

T

Tabaco, 180

Tobacco, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tabayag, 129

Tabayag, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tabig̃, 43

Tabig̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tabigi, 78

Tabigi, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tabobog, 128

Tabobog, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tabog, 67

Tabog, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tacamahaca, 39

Tacamahaca, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tœ-tœ, 149

Tœ-tœ, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tagaktagak, 189

Tagaktagak, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tagaraw, 112

Tagaraw, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tagaray, 175

Tagaray, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Taghilaw, 183

Taghilaw, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Taglinaw, 50

Taglinaw, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tag̃antag̃an, 222
na morado, 223

Tag̃antag̃an, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
in purple, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Tag̃lad, 240

Tag̃lad, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tagudin, 38

Tagudin, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Taig̃an dogá, 58

Dog of Taig̃an, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Takbibug̃, 178

Takbibug̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Takip kohol, 134
suso, 134

Follow up, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
report, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Taklag̃-anak, 36

Taklag̃-anak, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Takpus, 148

Takpus, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Takurag̃an, 46

Takurag̃an, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tala, 182
odorata, 182

Tala, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
fragrant, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Talatala, 182

Talatala, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Talamponay, 178
na itim, 179

Talamponay, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
in black, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Talankaw, 155

Talankaw, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Talaylo, 27

Talaylo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Taliantar, 148

Taliantar, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Taliatan, 76

Taliatan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Taligharap, 198

Taligharap, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Talisay, 110

Talisay, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Talutu, 50

Talutu, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tamarind, 104

Tamarind, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tamarindo, 104

Tamarindo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tamarindus Indica, 104

Tamarind, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tamawian, 38

Tamawian, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tambalisa, 101

Tambalisa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tampuhig̃, 228

Tampuhig̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tanag, 53

Tanag, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tangolon, 112

Tangolon, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tapulag̃a, 46

Tapulag̃a, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Taramhampam, 182

Taramhampam, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Taratara, 182

Taratara, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tartaraw, 112

Tartaraw, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tawatawa, 215

Tawatawa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tawatawasig̃a, 222

Tawatawasig̃a, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tawawa, 210

Tawawa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tayabas, 113

Tayabas, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Taywanak, 244

Taywanak, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tea, Mexican, 202

Mexican Tea, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Teak tree, 190

Teak tree, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Teca, 190

Teca, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tectona grandis, 190

Tectona grandis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Terminalia Catappa, 110
Chebula, 111, 115, 127, 155
mauriciana, 110
moluccana, 110
reticulata, 111

Terminalia Catappa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Chebula, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__
mauriciana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__
moluccana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_6__
reticulata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_7__

Tetracera Assa, 17
macrophylla, 17
monocarpa, 17
Rheedi, 17
sarmentosa, 17

Tetracera Assa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
macrophylla, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
monocarpa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
Rheedi, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__
sarmentosa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__

Theobroma Cacao, 55

Theobroma Cacao, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Thespesia populnea, 47

Thespesia populnea, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Thevetia nerifolia, 159

Thevetia nerifolia, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tighiman, 100

Tighiman, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tig̃log, 185

Tig̃log, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tikla, 190 [269]

Click, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__ [__A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__]

Tilites, 200

Tilites, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Timbag̃an, 203

Timbag̃an, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tinatinaan, 214

Tinatinaan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tindag̃-bayag̃, 171

Tindag̃-bayag̃, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tinisas, 153

Tinisas, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tinospora cordifolia, 23
crispa, 22

Tinospora cordifolia, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
crispa, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Tintatintahan, 214

Tintatintahan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Titiw, 185

Titiw, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tobacco, 180

Cigarettes, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Toktok-kaló, 161

Toktok-kaló, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Toronjas, 67

Grapefruits, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Toston, 134

Toston, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tovomita pentapetala, 38

Tovomita pentapetala, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tree, alstonia or dita, 163
Black Myrobalan, 111
Jack fruit, 223

Trianthema monogyna, 134
obcordata, 134

Trianthema monogyna, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
obcordata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Trichosanthes amara, 128
anguina, 128
cucumerina, 128
lucioniana, 127
palmata, 127
tricuspis, 127

Trichosanthes amara, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
anguina, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
cucumerina, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
lucioniana, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__
palmata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_4__
tricuspis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_5__

Tsampaka, 19

Tsampaka, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tsatsatsatsahan, 190

Tsatsatsatsahan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tsiku, 156

Day, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tuba, 24, 215
kamaisa, 218

Tuba, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
shirt, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__

Tubó, 241

Tubó, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tumbog̃aso, 148

Tumbog̃aso, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tumboug̃ aso, kapay, 148

Let’s hang out, okay, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Tunas, 27

Tunas, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Turmeric plant, 229

Turmeric plant, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Turpeth root, 216

Turpeth root, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Turroea octandra, 77
virens, 76

Turroea octandra, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
virens, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Tylophora asthmatica, 169

Tylophora asthmatica, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

U

Umbelliferæ, 134

Umbellifers, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Unona uncinata, 20

Unona uncinata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Urena morifolia, 44
multifida, 44
muricata, 44
sinuata, 44

Urena morifolia, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
multifida, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
muricata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
sinuata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__

Urticaceæ, 223

Urticaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Urtica ferox, 224
umbellata, 224

Urtica ferox, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
umbellata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Uvaria Sinensis, 20

Uvaria Sinensis, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

V

Verbena capitata, 190
nodiflora, 190

Verbena capitata, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
nodiflora, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Verbenaceæ, 190

Verbenaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Verdolagas, 34

Verdolagas, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Vitex Leucoxylon, 192
Negundo, 192
repens, 192
trifolia, 192

Vitex Leucoxylon, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Negundo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__
repens, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_2__
trifolia, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_3__

Vuas, 220

Vuas, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

W

Walnut, Indian, 217

Indian Walnut, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Wars, 220

Conflicts, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Water lily, 27

Water lily, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Wawalisan, 42

Wawalisan, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Weed, styptic, 100

Marijuana, blood stopper, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Wood apple, 69

Wood apple, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Wormseed, American, 202

American Wormseed, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Wormwood, Indian, 153

Wormwood, Indian, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

X

Xanthoxylum oxyphyllum, 63
violaceum, 63

Xanthoxylum oxyphyllum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
violaceum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Xylocarpus granatum, 78

Xylocarpus granatum, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Y

Yate, 190

Yate, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Yayo, 58

Yayo, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Z

Zea Mays, 240

Zea Mays, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Zingiberaceæ, 228

Zingiberaceae, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Zingiber officinale, 228

Ginger, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Zizyphus Jujuba, 81
Mauritania, 81

Ziziphus Jujuba, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__
Mauritania, __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_1__

Notice
Translator’s Preface.
Preface.
Contents.
Explanation.
Abbreviations.
Dicotyledonous, Polypetalous.
Dicotyledonous, Gamopetalous.
Monocotyledons.
Index of Plants: According to Therapeutic Properties.
Index of Plants: According to Special Diseases.
Alphabetical Index: Of Systematic and Common Names of Plants
- A
- B
- C
- D
- E
- F
- G
- H
- I
- J
- K
- L
- M
- N
- O
- P
- Q
- R
- S
- T
- U
- V
- W
- X
- Y
- Z

Colophon

Availability

Scans of this book are available at Google Books, and at the Internet Archive (first copy, second copy).

Scans of this book can be found at Google Books, and at the Internet Archive (first copy, second copy).

U. S. P. = United States Pharmacopeia, still issued today.

Encoding

Revision History

2008-06-18 Started.

External References

Corrections

The following corrections have been applied to the text:

The following corrections have been made to the text:

Location	Source	Correction
Page xiii	Ixora	Isora
Page xv	Echimus	Echinus
Page 21	irrritant	irritant
Page 42	receptable	receptacle
Page 44	it	is
Page 54	Ixora	Isora
Page 76	;	:
Page 96	Schlagdenhaussen	Schlagdenhauffen
Page 101	Schlagdenhaufen	Schlagdenhauffen
Page 122	16	15
Page 131	[Not in source]	—
Page 145	Linneus	Linnæus
Page 176	[Not in source]	.
Page 209	Ine th	In the
Page 229	Decan	Deccan
Page 231	Visaya	Visayan
Page 238	Pampanag	Pampanga
Page 246	Isoara	Isora
Page 247	[Not in source]	—
Page 247	Ixora	Isora
Page 247	Ixora	Isora
Page 252	Ixora	Isora
Page 252	Ixora	Isora
Page 252	[Not in source]	—
Page 262	Ixora	Isora

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The Medicinal Plants of the Philippines

Philadelphia: P. Blakiston’s Son & Co. 1012 Walnut Street. 1901

Translator’s Preface.

Preface.

Contents.

Explanation.

Abbreviations.

Medicinal Plants of the Philippines

Dicotyledonous, Polypetalous.

Dilleniaceæ.

Magnoliaceæ

Anonaceæ.

Menispermaceæ.

Nymphæaceæ.

Papaveraceæ.

Cruciferæ.

Capparidaceæ.

Bixineæ.

Portulacaceæ.

Guttiferæ.

Dipterocarpeæ.

Malvaceæ.

Sterculiaceæ.

Geraniaceæ.

Rutaceæ.

Simarubaceæ.

Burseraceæ.

Meliaceæ.

Celastraceæ.

Rhamnaceæ.

Anacardiaceæ.

Moringeæ.

Leguminosæ. (Papilionaceæ.)

Leguminosæ.

Leguminosæ.

Crassulaceæ.

Combretaceæ.

Myrtaceæ.

Melastomaceæ.

Lythraceæ.

Onagraceæ.

Passifloraceæ.

Cucurbitaceæ.

Ficoideæ.

Umbelliferæ.

Cornaceæ.

Dicotyledonous, Gamopetalous.

Rubiaceæ.

Compositæ.

Plumbagineæ.

Sapotaceæ.

Oleaceæ.

Apocynaceæ.

Asclepiadaceæ.

Loganiaceæ.

Boraginaceæ.

Convolvulaceæ.

Solanaceæ.

Scrophulariaceæ.

Bignoniaceæ.

Pedaliaceæ.

Acanthaceæ.

Verbenaceæ.

Labiatæ.

Plantaginaceæ.

Nyctaginaceæ.

Amaranthaceæ.

Chenopodiacæ.

Aristolochiaceæ.

Piperaceæ.

Chloranthaceæ.

Lauraceæ.

Euphorbiaceæ.

Urticaceæ.

Casuarineæ.

Monocotyledons.

Musaceæ.

Zingiberaceæ.

Amaryllidaceæ.

Philadelphia:
P. Blakiston’s Son & Co.
1012 Walnut Street.
1901