This is a modern-English version of Color Key to North American Birds: with bibliographical appendix, originally written by Chapman, Frank M. (Frank Michler).
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| Order | Synopsis | Color | Systematic | |
| I. | PYGOPODES. Grebes, Loons, and Auks. | 9 | 42 | 285 |
| II. | LONGIPENNES. Gulls, Terns, Jaegers, Etc. | 10 | 49 | 258 |
| III. | TUBINARES. Albatrosses, Shearwaters, Petrels, Etc. | 12 | 61 | 260 |
| IV. | STEGANOPODES. Cormorants, Pelicans, Gannets, Man o' war birds, and Tropic-Birds. | 13 | 67 | 261 |
| V. | ANSERES. Ducks, Geese, and Swans. | 15 | 74 | 263 |
| VI. | ODONTOGLOSSÆ. Flamingoes. | 16 | 87 | 263 |
| VII. | HERODIONES Herons, Bitterns, Ibises, and Spoonbills. | 17 | 87 | 264 |
| VIII. | PALUDICOLÆ. Cranes, Rails, Coots, Gallinules, Etc. | 19 | 95 | 64 |
| IX. | LIMICOLÆ. Snipes, Sandpipers, Curlews, Plovers, Etc. | 21 | 100 | 265 |
| X. | GALLINÆ. Grouse, Partridges, Bob-Whites, Etc. | 25 | 113 | 268 |
| XI. | COLUMBÆ. Pigeons and Doves. | 27 | 123 | 269 |
| XII. | RAPTORES. Vultures, Hawks, and Owls. | 28 | 127 | 270 |
| XIII. | PSITTACI. Paroquets and Parrots. | 30 | 144 | 30 |
| XIV. | COCCYGES. Cuckoos, Trogons, Kingfishers, Etc. | 31 | 144 | 273 |
| XV. | PICI. Woodpeckers. | 32 | 148 | 273 |
| XVI. | MACROCHIRES. Goatsuckers, Swifts, and, Hummingbirds. | 33 | 155 | 275 |
| XVII. | PASSERES. Flycatchers, Jays, Blackbirds, Finches, Swallows, Warblers, Thrushes, and Other Perching Birds. | 34 | 162 | 276 |
of Natural History
With Bibliographical Appendix
BY
CURATOR OF ORNITHOLOGY
IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Author of "Handbook of Birds of Eastern North America,"
"Bird-Life," Etc.
With Upward of 800 Drawings
BY
CHESTER A REED, B. S.
Revised Edition
NEW YORK
D. APPLETON & COMPANY
1912
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE & CO.
1903
COPYRIGHT,
D. APPLETON & CO.
1912
Published November 1912
Printed in the United States
To learn to call a bird by its right name is the first step in the study of ornithology. We may propose to investigate the structure, food, and habits of the birds of the world, or desire merely a superficial knowledge of the species found in our garden, but in either case we are at once confronted by this question of identification.
To learn to identify a bird correctly is the first step in studying ornithology. Whether we aim to explore the structure, diet, and behavior of birds globally, or just want a basic understanding of the types found in our garden, we immediately face the challenge of identifying them.
From the scientific point of view there is but one satisfactory way to identify a bird. A specimen of it should be in hand in order that its form, color, and size may be accurately determined, when, with the aid of analytical keys, with which most text-books are provided, it is a simple matter to ascertain the bird's name.
From a scientific perspective, the only reliable way to identify a bird is to have a specimen in hand. This allows for accurate determination of its shape, color, and size. Using analytical keys, which are included in most textbooks, it's straightforward to figure out the bird's name.
Wide experience has shown the writer, however, that where one dead bird is identified, hundreds of attempts are made to name the living bird in nature. This is to be expected. It is the natural outcome of the recent remarkable interest in the study of birds which, fostered by Audubon Societies and nature study teachers, has assumed an ethical and educational importance of the first magnitude.
Wide experience has shown the writer, however, that where one dead bird is identified, hundreds of attempts are made to name the living bird in nature. This is to be expected. It is the natural outcome of the recent remarkable interest in the study of birds which, fostered by Audubon Societies and nature study teachers, has taken on an ethical and educational significance of the highest importance.
We cannot place a gun in the hands of these thousands of bird-lovers whom we are yearly developing; indeed most of them would refuse to use it. Specimens, therefore, are rarely available to them and we should make some special effort to meet their peculiar wants. The present volume has been prepared with this end in view. Identification of the bird in the bush is its sole end; an end, however, which we trust will prove but the beginning of a new and potent interest in nature.
We can't give a gun to the thousands of bird lovers we're nurturing every year; in fact, most of them would decline to use it. As a result, specimens are rarely accessible to them, and we should make a special effort to cater to their unique needs. This book has been created with that goal in mind. Its only purpose is to help identify the birds in the wild, but we hope this will be just the start of a new and powerful interest in nature.
American Museum of Natural History,
New York City, 1903.
In the present edition of the Color Key the body of the book, aside from the correction of typographical errors, remains as it was in the preceding edition. The Systematic Table has been reset and brought up to July, 1912, the date of the publication of the latest supplement to the third edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's 'Check-List of North American Birds.' Two Appendixes are added. The first includes all the changes in nomenclature and descriptions of new birds which have been accepted by the A. O. U. Committee on Classification and Nomenclature since the publication of the Color Key in 1903; the second contains a list of faunal ornithological papers which it is hoped will add greatly to the reference value of the book.
In this current edition of the Color Key, the main content of the book, aside from fixing typos, remains the same as in the previous edition. The Systematic Table has been updated to reflect changes up to July 1912, which is the date of the latest supplement to the third edition of the American Ornithologists' Union's 'Check-List of North American Birds.' Two appendices have been added. The first includes all the changes in naming and descriptions of new birds that the A.O.U. Committee on Classification and Nomenclature has accepted since the Color Key was published in 1903; the second provides a list of ornithological papers that will hopefully enhance the book’s reference value.
American Museum of Natural History,
New York City, October, 1912.
ILLUSTRATIONS
Illustrations
The illustrations in this volume are designed to aid the student in identifying birds in their haunts by giving, in color, those markings which most quickly catch the eye. They do not pretend to be perfect reproductions of every shade and tint of the plumage of the species they figure, but aim to present a bird's characteristic colors as they appear when seen at a distance. It was impracticable to draw all the birds to the same scale but all those on the same page are so figured. Reference should always be made, however, to the measurements given at the beginning at each description. The figures are based on the male bird.
The illustrations in this book are meant to help students identify birds in their natural habitats by showing, in color, the markings that stand out the most. They don't claim to perfectly capture every shade and hue of the birds' feathers, but they aim to display the characteristic colors of a bird as they look from a distance. It wasn't practical to draw all the birds to the same scale, but all the birds on the same page are drawn to the same size. However, it's always important to refer to the measurements provided at the start of each description. The illustrations are based on the male bird.
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
ABBREVIATIONS LIST.
♂. The sign of Mars, signifying male.
♂. The symbol for Mars, representing males.
♀. The sign of Venus, signifying female.
♀. The symbol for Venus, representing femininity.
Ad. Adult, a bird in fully mature plumage.
Ad. Adult, a bird with fully grown feathers.
Yng. Young, a fully grown bird which has not yet acquired the plumage of the adult.
Yng. Young, a fully grown bird that hasn’t developed adult feathers yet.
L. Length, the distance from the tip of the bill to the end of the tail. This measurement is made from dead birds, birds in life appear somewhat shorter.
L. Length, the distance from the tip of the beak to the end of the tail. This measurement is taken from deceased birds; living birds tend to appear a little shorter.
W. Wing, the distance from the 'bend' of the wing to the end of the longest feather.
W. Wing, the distance from the 'bend' of the wing to the tip of the longest feather.
T. Tail, the distance from the insertion of the tail-feathers to the end of the longest one.
T. Tail, the distance from where the tail feathers attach to the end of the longest feather.
Tar. Tarsus, the distance from the heel to the insertion of the toes, or of the so-called 'leg.'
Tar. Tarsus, the distance from the heel to where the toes connect, or the so-called 'leg.'
B. Bill, the distance from the feathers at the base of the bill above to its tip.
B. Bill, the distance from the feathers at the base of the bill above to its tip.
Note. All measurements are in inches and tenths, and a variation of about ten per cent. from the figures given may be expected. The number before the name of each species is that of the American Ornithologists' Union's 'Check-List of North American Birds.'
Note. All measurements are in inches and tenths, and you can expect a variation of about ten percent from the given figures. The number in front of each species name refers to the American Ornithologists' Union's 'Check-List of North American Birds.'
"How can I learn to know the birds?" is the first question of the seeker after bird-lore. The scientist's reply, "By shooting them and studying their structure and markings in detail," may do for the few who, like himself, desire to know the birds scientifically; but it is emphatically not the answer to give the ninety and nine who, while they desire to secure an intimate, accurate knowledge of birds, will not gain it at the sacrifice of bird-life.
"How can I learn to identify the birds?" is the first question from someone seeking knowledge about birds. The scientist's answer, "By shooting them and examining their structure and markings in detail," may work for the few who, like him, want to study birds scientifically; but it is definitely not the answer to give the ninety-nine others who, while they want to gain a close, accurate understanding of birds, won’t do so at the expense of their lives.
In the present volume, therefore, an attempt has been made so to group, figure, and describe our birds that any species may be named which has been definitely seen. The birds are kept in their systematic Orders, a natural arrangement, readily comprehended, but, further than this, accepted classifications have been abandoned and the birds have been grouped according to color and markings.
In this volume, an effort has been made to organize, illustrate, and describe our birds so that any species that has been definitely seen can be identified. The birds are categorized by their systematic Orders, which is a natural arrangement that's easy to understand. However, accepted classifications have been set aside, and the birds are grouped by color and markings.
A key to the Orders gives the more prominent characters on which they are based; telling for example, the external differences between a Duck and a Grebe. In comparatively few instances, however, will the beginner have much difficulty in deciding to what Order a bird belongs. Probably eight times, out of ten the unknown bird will belong to the Order Passeres, or Perching Birds, when one has only to select the color section in which it should be placed, choose from among the colored figures the bird whose identity is sought, and verify one's selection by reading the description of the bird's characteristics and the outline of its range.
A guide to the Orders highlights the main characteristics they're based on, such as the differences between a Duck and a Grebe. However, the beginner will usually have little trouble determining which Order a bird belongs to. In fact, about eight times out of ten, the unknown bird will fall into the Order Passerines, or Perching Birds. In that case, you just need to select the color section it fits into, choose from the colored images the bird you're trying to identify, and confirm your choice by reading the description of its features and range.
[Pg_2] In the case of closely related species, and particularly subspecies, the subjects of range and season are of the utmost importance. Most subspecies resemble their nearest allies too closely to be identified in life by color alone, and in such cases a bird's name is to be learned by its color in connection with its distribution and the season in which it is seen.
[Pg_2] When it comes to closely related species, especially subspecies, understanding their range and the time of year is really important. Most subspecies look so similar to their closest relatives that color alone isn’t enough to tell them apart while they’re alive, so to accurately identify a bird, you need to consider its color along with where it’s found and the time of year you spot it.
During the breeding period, unless one chance to be in a region where two races intergrade, subspecific names may be applied to the bird in nature with some certainty, for it is a law that only one subspecies of a species can nest in the same area; but during migrations and in the winter, when several subspecies of one species may be found associated, it is frequently impossible to name them with accuracy.
During the breeding season, unless you're in a place where two races mix, you can usually identify the bird's subspecies in the wild with some confidence, since there's a rule that only one subspecies of a species can breed in the same area. However, during migrations and in the winter, when several subspecies of the same species can be found together, it's often impossible to identify them accurately.
For example, during the summer one need have no hesitancy in calling the Robins of the lowlands of South Carolina the Southern Robin (Planesticus migratorius achrusterus) but later, when the Northern Robins (Planesticus migratorius migratorius) begin to appear, it would be difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish them in life from the resident birds.
For example, during the summer, you shouldn't hesitate to refer to the Robins in the lowlands of South Carolina as the Southern Robin (Planesticus migratorius achrusterus), but later, when the Northern Robins (Planesticus migratorius migratorius) start to show up, it becomes hard, if not impossible, to tell them apart from the local birds.
If it were possible to impress the student, who proposes to name the bird in the bush, with the absolute necessity for careful, definite observation he would be saved many disappointing and discouraging experiences.
If it were possible to impress the student, who plans to name the bird in the bush, with the absolute necessity for careful, definite observation, he would be spared many disappointing and discouraging experiences.
It is not possible to examine your bird too thoroughly. Never be satisfied with a superficial view and a general impression. Look at your bird, if you can, from several points of view; study its appearance in detail, its size, bill, crown, back, tail, wings, throat, breast, etc., and AT ONCE enter what you see in a note-book kept for that purpose. In this way, and this way alone, can you expect to compete with those who use the gun.
It’s impossible to examine your bird too closely. Don’t settle for just a quick glance or a vague impression. Take a good look at your bird from different angles; pay attention to its details like size, bill, crown, back, tail, wings, throat, breast, etc., and immediately jot down what you observe in a notebook designated for that purpose. This is the only way you can hope to compete with those who use a gun.
It does not follow, however, that because one does not collect specimens of birds one cannot study them scientifically. While the student may not be interested in the classification of birds purely from the standpoint of the systematist, he is strongly urged to acquaint himself with at least the arrangement of the Orders and Families of our birds and their leading structural characters.
It doesn't mean, though, that just because someone doesn't collect bird specimens, they can't study them scientifically. Even if a student isn't focused on classifying birds purely from a systematist's perspective, they are strongly encouraged to familiarize themselves with at least the organization of the Orders and Families of our birds and their main structural features.
[Pg_3] To the student who desires to prepare himself for his work afield such a study may well come before he attempts to name the birds. But where the chief end in view is to learn a bird's name, the more technical side of the subject may be deferred. In any event, it should not be neglected. This orderly arrangement of knowledge will not only be practical benefit in one's future labors but it will bring with it that sense of satisfaction which accompanies the assurance that we know what we know.
[Pg_3] For a student who wants to get ready for work in the field, studying the subject first can be helpful before trying to identify birds. However, if the main goal is just to learn a bird's name, the more technical aspects can be saved for later. Still, it shouldn’t be ignored. Organizing this knowledge will not only be useful in future tasks but also provide the satisfaction that comes from knowing what we really understand.
As one learns to recognize bird after bird it is an admirable plan to classify systematically one's list of bird acquaintances under their proper Orders and Families. These may be learned at once from the systematic table at the end of the book, where the numbers which precede each species are arranged serially, and hence systematically.
As you start to identify one bird after another, it's a great idea to systematically organize your list of bird sightings by their correct Orders and Families. You can find this information right away in the systematic table at the end of the book, where the numbers before each species are arranged in order and systematically.
In some instances, as an aid to identification in the field, descriptions of birds' notes have been included. It is not supposed that these descriptions will convey an adequate idea of a bird's song to a person who has never heard it, but it is hoped that they may occasionally lead to the recognition of calls or songs when they are heard.
In some cases, to help with identification in the field, we've included descriptions of bird calls. These descriptions aren't meant to give someone who has never heard the song a clear idea of what it sounds like, but we hope they might sometimes help in recognizing calls or songs when they are heard.
An adequate method of transcribing bird's notes has as yet to be devised and the author realizes only too well how unsatisfactory the data here presented will appear to the student. It is hoped, however, that they may sometimes prove of assistance in naming birds in life.
An effective way to transcribe bird calls hasn't been created yet, and the author understands how disappointing the data presented here may seem to students. However, it’s hoped that they might still help in identifying birds in real life.
As has been said before, the aim of this volume is to help students to learn the names of our birds in their haunts. But we should be doing scant justice to the possibilities of bird study if, even by silence, we should imply that they ended with the learning to know the bird. This is only the beginning of the quest which may bring us into close intimacy with the secrets of nature. The birds' haunts and food, their seasons and times of coming and going; their songs and habits during courtship, their nest-building, egg-laying, incubating and care of their young, these and a hundred other subjects connected with their lives may claim our attention and by increasing our knowledge of bird-life, add to our love of birds.
As mentioned before, the goal of this book is to help students learn the names of our birds in their natural environments. However, we would be missing out on the full potential of bird study if we suggested, even by omission, that it only revolves around recognizing birds. This is just the start of a journey that can lead us to a deeper understanding of nature's secrets. The habitats and diets of the birds, their seasonal patterns, the timing of their arrivals and departures, their songs and behaviors during courtship, their nest-building, egg-laying, incubating, and parenting—all of these, along with countless other aspects of their lives, deserve our attention. By expanding our knowledge of bird life, we can enhance our appreciation for these creatures.
Birds have two kinds of names. One is a common, vernacular, or popular name; the other is a technical or scientific name. The first is usually given to the living bird by the people of the country it inhabits. The second is applied to specimens of birds by ornithologists who classify them.
Birds have two types of names. One is a common, everyday name; the other is a technical or scientific name. The first is usually given to the living bird by the locals in the area where it lives. The second is used by ornithologists who classify bird specimens.
Common names in their origin and use know no law. Technical names are bestowed under the system of nomenclature established by Linnæus and their formation and application are governed by certain definite, generally accepted rules. The Linnæan system, as it is now employed by most American ornithologists, provides that a bird, in addition to being grouped in a certain Class, Order, Family, etc., shall have a generic and specific name which, together, shall not be applied to any other animal.
Common names in their origin and use follow no strict rules. Technical names are assigned according to the naming system established by Linnaeus, and their creation and application are regulated by specific, widely accepted guidelines. The Linnaean system, as used by most American ornithologists today, specifies that a bird, besides being classified in a certain Class, Order, Family, etc., must have both a generic and specific name that, together, should not be used for any other animal.
Our Robin, therefore, is classified and named as follows:
Our Robin is categorized and named like this:
CLASS AVES, Birds.
CLASS AVES, Birds.
ORDER PASSERES, Perching Birds.
ORDER PASSERINES, Perching Birds.
Suborder Oscines, Singing Perching Birds.
Suborder Oscines, Singing Songbirds.
Family Turdidæ Thrushes.
Family Turdidae Thrushes.
Subfamily Turdinæ Thrushes.
Subfamily Turdinæ Thrushes.
Genus, Planesticus, Thrushes.
Genus, Planesticus, Thrushes.
Species, migratorius American Robin.
Species, migratorius American Robin.
The Robin's distinctive scientific name, therefore, which it alone possesses, is Planesticus migratorius. There are numerous other members of the genus Planesticus, but not one of them is called migratorius and this combination of names, therefore, applied to only one bird.
The Robin's unique scientific name, which only it has, is Planesticus migratorius. There are many other members of the genus Planesticus, but none of them is named migratorius, making this name combination specific to just one bird.
[Pg_5] The questions Why use all these Latin terms? Why not call the bird "Robin" and be done with it? are easily answered. Widely distributed birds frequently have different names in different parts of their range. The Flicker (Colaptes auratus), for instance, has over one hundred common or vernacular names. Again, the same name is often applied to wholly different birds. Our Robin (Planesticus migratorius) is not even a member of the same family as the European Robin (Erithacus rubecola.) If, therefore, we should write of birds or attempt to classify them only by their common names, we should be dealing with such unfixed quantities that the result would be inaccurate and misleading. But by using one name in a language known to educated people of all countries, a writer may indicate, without danger of being misunderstood, the particular animal to which he refers. Among people speaking the same tongue, where a definite list of vernacular names of animals has been established, they can of course be used instead of the scientific names.
[Pg_5] The questions "Why use all these Latin terms? Why not just call the bird 'Robin' and move on?" have straightforward answers. Birds that are widely spread often have different names in different areas. The Flicker (Colaptes auratus), for example, has over a hundred common names. On the flip side, the same name can refer to completely different birds. Our Robin (Planesticus migratorius) isn't even in the same family as the European Robin (Erithacus rubecola). If we were to write about birds or try to classify them using only their common names, we would end up with such inconsistent references that it would be inaccurate and confusing. However, by using a single name in a language understood by educated individuals worldwide, a writer can clearly indicate the specific animal being discussed, minimizing the risk of misunderstanding. Among people who speak the same language, a fixed list of common names for animals can certainly be used instead of the scientific names.
Such a list of North American birds has been prepared by the American Ornithologists' Union. It furnishes a common as well as scientific name for each of our birds, and is the recognized standard of nomenclature among American ornithologists. The names and numbers of birds employed in this Color Key are those of the American Ornithologists' Union's 'Check-List of North American Birds.'
Such a list of North American birds has been created by the American Ornithologists' Union. It provides both a common name and a scientific name for each bird, and it is the accepted standard of naming among American ornithologists. The names and numbers of birds used in this Color Key are taken from the American Ornithologists' Union's 'Check-List of North American Birds.'
It will be observed that in this 'Check-List,' and consequently in the following pages, many birds have three scientific names, a generic, specific, and subspecific. The Western Robin, for example, appears as Planesticus migratorius propinquus. What is the significance of this third name?
It will be noticed that in this 'Check-List,' and therefore in the following pages, many birds have three scientific names: a genus, species, and subspecies. The Western Robin, for instance, is listed as Planesticus migratorius propinquus. What does this third name signify?
In the days of Linnæus, and for many years after, it was supposed that a species was a distinct creation whose characters never varied. But in comparatively recent years, as specimens have been gathered from throughout the country inhabited by a species, comparison frequently shows that specimens from one part of its range differ from those taken in another part of its range. At intervening localities, however, intermediate specimens will be found connecting the extremes.
In the time of Linnæus and for many years after, it was believed that a species was a specific creation whose traits never changed. However, in more recent years, as samples have been collected from across the regions where a species lives, comparisons often show that samples from one area differ from those taken in another area. Yet, in the local regions in between, you can find intermediate specimens linking the extremes.
[Pg_6] Generally, these geographical variations, as they are called, are the result of climatic conditions. For instance, in regions of heavy rainfall a bird's colors are usually much darker than they are where the rainfall is light. Song Sparrows, for example, are palest in the desert region of Arizona, where the annual rainfall may not reach eight inches, and darkest on the coast of British Columbia and Alaska, where the annual rainfall may be over one hundred inches. In going from one region, however, to the other the gradual changes in climate are accompanied by gradual changes in the colors of the Song Sparrows, and the wide differences between Arizona and Alaska Song Sparrows are therefore bridged by a series of intermediates.
[Pg_6] Generally, these geographical differences, as they're called, result from climate conditions. For example, in areas with heavy rainfall, a bird's colors tend to be much darker compared to places with lighter rainfall. Song Sparrows, for instance, are lightest in the desert region of Arizona, where the annual rainfall may not even reach eight inches, and darkest on the coast of British Columbia and Alaska, where the annual rainfall can exceed one hundred inches. However, as you move from one region to another, the gradual changes in climate come with gradual changes in the colors of the Song Sparrows, creating a series of intermediates that connect the stark differences between Arizona and Alaska Song Sparrows.
Variations of this kind are spoken of as geographic, racial, or subspecific and the birds exhibiting them are termed subspecies. In naming them a third name, or trinomial is employed, and the possession of such a name indicates at once that a bird is a geographic or racial representative of a species, with one or more representatives of which it intergrades.
Variations like these are referred to as geographic, racial, or subspecific, and the birds that show them are called subspecies. When naming them, a third name, or trinomial, is used, which signifies that a bird is a geographic or racial representative of a species, with one or more other representatives that it interbreeds with.
Returning now to the Robin. Our eastern Robins always have the outer pair of tail-feathers tipped with white and, in adults, the back is blotched with black; while Robins from the Rocky Mountains and westward have little or no white on the outer tail-feathers, and the back is dark gray, without black blotches. These extremes are connected by intermediate specimens sharing the characters; of both eastern and western birds. We do not, therefore, treat the latter as a species, but as a subspecies, and consequently, apply to it a subspecific name or trinomial, Planesticus migratorius propinquus, (propinquus, meaning nearly related.)
Returning now to the Robin. Our eastern Robins always have the outer pair of tail feathers tipped with white, and adult birds have a back that's blotched with black. In contrast, Robins from the Rocky Mountains and areas west have little or no white on the outer tail feathers, and their back is dark gray without any black blotches. These extremes are connected by intermediate specimens that share characteristics of both eastern and western birds. Therefore, we don't consider these intermediate forms a separate species, but rather a subspecies, and we refer to it by the subspecific name or trinomial, Planesticus migratorius propinquus, (propinquus, meaning closely related.)
A further study of our eastern Robin shows that in the southern parts of its breeding range (the Carolinas and Georgia), it varies from the northern type in being smaller in size and much paler and duller in color; and to this second geographical variety is applied the name Planesticus migratorius achrusterus, (achrusterus, meaning less highly colored).
A closer look at our eastern Robin reveals that in the southern parts of its breeding range (the Carolinas and Georgia), it is smaller and much paler and duller in color compared to the northern type. This second geographical variety is called Planesticus migratorius achrusterus (achrusterus means less brightly colored).
After the recognition of western and southern races of the Robin under three names (trinomial) it would obviously be inconsistent to apply only two [Pg_7] names (binomial) to our eastern bird, the former being no more subspecies of the latter than the latter is of the former. In other words, to continue to apply only generic and specific names to the Eastern Robin would imply that it was a full species, while the use of a trinomial for the Western or the Southern Robin shows them to be subspecies. As a matter of fact we know that there is but one species of true Robin in the United States, consequently in accordance with the logical and now generally accepted method, we apply to that species the name Planesticus migratorius, and this is equally applicable to Robins from east, south or west. When, however, we learn that the Eastern Robin is not a species but a subspecies, we repeat the specific name by which it was made known and call it Planesticus migratorius migratorius.
After recognizing the western and southern types of the Robin with three names (trinomial), it would clearly be inconsistent to use only two names (binomial) for our eastern bird, since the former are not subspecies of the latter, nor vice versa. In other words, if we continued to use just generic and specific names for the Eastern Robin, it would suggest that it was a full species, while the trinomial for the Western or Southern Robin indicates they are subspecies. In reality, we know there is only one true species of Robin in the United States. So, following the logical and now commonly accepted method, we assign the name Planesticus migratorius to that species, which applies to Robins from the east, south, or west. However, when we find out that the Eastern Robin is not a species but a subspecies, we repeat the specific name it was originally given and call it Planesticus migratorius migratorius.
It may be asked, Why give names to these geographical races? Why not call Eastern, Western and Southern Robins by one name, Planesticus migratorius, without regard to their climatic variations?
It might be questioned, why assign names to these geographical races? Why not just refer to Eastern, Western, and Southern Robins as one name, Planesticus migratorius, regardless of their climate differences?
In reply, two excellent reasons may be given for the recognition of subspecies by name; first, because in some cases they differ from one another far more than do many species, when it would clearly be inadvisable to apply the same name to what are obviously different creatures. For example, it has lately been discovered by Mr. E. W. Nelson that the small, black-throated, brown-breasted, Quails or Bob-whites of southern Mexico, through a long series of intermediates inhabiting the intervening region, intergrade with the large, white-throated, black-and-white breasted, Bob-white of our northern states. It would be absurd to call such wholly unlike birds by the same name, nor could we give a full specific name to the Mexican Bob-white since at no place can we draw a line definitely separating it from the northern Bob-white. Furthermore, the use of only two names would conceal the remarkable fact of the intergradation of two such strikingly different birds; a fact of the first importance to students of the evolution of species.
In response, there are two solid reasons to recognize subspecies by name. First, in some instances, they differ from each other much more than many species do, making it clearly unwise to use the same name for obviously different creatures. For example, Mr. E. W. Nelson recently discovered that the small, black-throated, brown-breasted quails, or Bob-whites, of southern Mexico gradually intergrade with the large, white-throated, black-and-white breasted Bob-white of our northern
For much the same reason we should name those birds which show less pronounced variations, such as are exhibited by the Robin. Here we have a species in the making, and in tracing the relation between cause and effect, [Pg_8] we learn something of the influences which create species. Thus, climate has been definitely proven so to alter a species, both in size and color that, as we have seen in the case of the Song Sparrows, marked climate changes are accompanied by correspondingly marked changes in the appearance of certain animals. In naming these animals we are, in effect, giving a 'handle to the fact' of their evolution by environment.
For pretty much the same reason, we should identify those birds that show less obvious variations, like the Robin. Here we have a species in the process of evolving, and by exploring the relationship between cause and effect, [Pg_8] we gain insight into the influences that lead to the creation of species. It's been clearly shown that climate can significantly change a species, both in size and color, so that, as we have observed with the Song Sparrows, notable climate shifts are linked to similarly significant changes in the appearance of certain animals. By naming these animals, we are effectively acknowledging the impact of their environment on their evolution.
Since it is evident that a bird may vary much or little, according to the governing conditions and its tendency to respond to them, no fixed rule can be laid down which shall decide just what degree of difference are deserving a name. It follows, therefore, that in some cases ornithologists do not agree upon a bird's claim to subspecific rank.
Since it's clear that a bird can differ greatly or slightly based on the conditions it faces and how it reacts to them, no strict rule can be established to determine what level of difference warrants a specific name. Consequently, there are times when ornithologists disagree on whether a bird qualifies for subspecies status.
In North America, however, questions of this kind are referred to a committee of seven experts of the American Ornithologists' Union, and their decision establishes a nomenclature, which is accepted as the standard by other American ornithologists and which has been adopted in this volume.
In North America, however, these kinds of questions are sent to a committee of seven experts from the American Ornithologists' Union, and their decision sets the standard for naming, which is accepted by other American ornithologists and has been adopted in this volume.
Foreign birds of wholly accidental occurrence, most of which have been found in North America but once or twice, are included in the systematic list of North American birds, but are not described or figured in the body of the book, where their presence would tend to convey an erroneous impression of their North American status. Furthermore, records of the presence of birds so rare as these can be properly based on only the capture of specimens.
Foreign birds that are rarely seen, most of which have only been found in North America once or twice, are included in the organized list of North American birds, but they are not described or illustrated in the main part of the book, as including them could give the wrong impression about their status in North America. Additionally, records of such rare birds should only rely on the capture of specimens.
In the preparation of the following pages both author and artist have had full access to the collections of the American Museum of Natural History, and they are also glad to acknowledge their indebtedness to William Brewster of Cambridge, Massachusetts, to Robert Ridgway, Curator of Birds in the United States National Museum, and to C. Hart Merriam, Chief of the Biologic Survey, for the loan of specimens for description and illustration.
In preparing the following pages, both the author and artist had complete access to the collections at the American Museum of Natural History. They also want to express their gratitude to William Brewster from Cambridge, Massachusetts, Robert Ridgway, the Curator of Birds at the United States National Museum, and C. Hart Merriam, the Chief of the Biologic Survey, for lending specimens for description and illustration.
Duck-like birds with the bill usually pointed, never wider than high, and without flutings, 'gutters,' or serrations on its side; wings short, never with a bright colored patch or 'speculum'; tail rudimentary, not noticeable; toes webbed or lobed. Color usually blackish above, white below; the throat often dark. The Grebes and Loons, when pursued, dive rather than fly; the Auks usually take wing.
Duck-like birds have a bill that is typically pointed and never wider than it is tall, without any grooves, "gutters," or serrations on its sides. Their wings are short and don’t have any bright colored patches or "specula." The tail is minimal and not noticeable, with toes that are either webbed or lobed. They are generally blackish on top and white underneath, and the throat is often dark. The Grebes and Loons dive when chased instead of flying, while Auks usually take to the air.
Toes four with lobate webs; tipped with a broad nail; tail wanting.
Toes four with webbed sides; tipped with a wide nail; no tail.
Toes four, webbed; toe-nails not broad and flat; tail present.
Toes four, webbed; toenails not wide and flat; tail present.
Toes three, webbed; toe-nails sharp; tail present.
Toes three, webbed; toenails sharp; tail present.
Birds generally seen on the wing, as a rule, over water. Bill strong, thick; hooked in the Gulls and Jaegers; sharply pointed in the Terns; often colored in part yellow or red; wings very long, the outer feathers much the longest; tail usually short and square in the Gulls, long and forked in the Terns; toes webbed. Color usually pearly gray above, white below in adult Gull and Terns; Jaegers and many young Gulls are dark.
Birds are usually seen flying, primarily over water. Their bills are strong and thick, hooked in Gulls and Jaegers, and sharply pointed in Terns. They are often partly colored yellow or red, with very long wings, the outer feathers being the longest. The tail is typically short and square in Gulls, while in Terns, it is long and forked. Their toes are webbed. Adult Gulls and Terns usually have a pearly gray color on top and white underneath, while Jaegers and many young Gulls are dark.
Toes four; three front ones webbed; bill with swollen, hooked tip, its base with a scaly shield.
Toes four; three front ones are webbed; bill with a swollen, hooked tip, its base has a scaly shield.
Toes usually four, three front ones webbed; upper mandible curved and hooked; tail usually square (Gulls, subfamily Larinæ). Bill straight and pointed; tail often forked (Terns, subfamily Sterninæ).
Toes usually four, with the three front ones webbed; upper bill curved and hooked; tail usually square (Gulls, subfamily Larinæ). Bill straight and pointed; tail often forked (Terns, subfamily Sterninæ).
Toes four, three front ones webbed; bill thin and blade like, the maxilla longer than the mandible; tail slightly forked.
Toes four, three front ones webbed; bill thin and blade-like, the upper jaw longer than the lower jaw; tail slightly forked.
Sea-birds keeping, as a rule, well off shore, and flying low, near the water, often skimming over the waves. Bill, with upper mandible hooked; nostrils opening through tubes; wings long and pointed; tail short; feet webbed; hind-toe rudimentary or absent. Color usually gray or black and white; no bright markings.
Sea birds generally stay far from shore, flying low over the water and often gliding just above the waves. They have a bill with a hooked upper mandible and nostrils that open through tubes. Their wings are long and pointed, tails are short, and feet are webbed, with a rudimentary or missing hind toe. Their color is usually gray or black and white, with no bright markings.
Nostrils opening through tubes, separated and on either side of the bill.
Nostrils opening through tubes, spaced apart and on either side of the beak.
Nostrils joined and situated on top of the bill.
Nostrils combined and located on top of the beak.
Large birds, two feet or more in length, varying widely in appearance and habits; in external structure agreeing only in having all four toes joined by webs.
Large birds, measuring two feet or more in length, with a wide variety of appearances and behaviors; they only share the common feature of having all four toes connected by webs.
Bill pointed, somewhat tern-like; central tail feathers much elongated; chin feathered.
Bill pointed, somewhat like a tern; the central tail feathers were much longer; the chin was feathered.
Bill stout, its tip not hooked; chin and eye space bare; tail pointed, its feathers not 'fluted.'
Bill stout, its tip not hooked; chin and eye area bare; tail pointed, its feathers not 'fluted.'
Bill straight and slender; chin and eye space bare; tail rounded; its middle feathers fluted.
Bill straight and slim; chin and space around the eyes bare; tail rounded; the middle feathers are fluted.
Bill with a hooked tip; a small pouch at its base; plumage usually black or blackish.
Bill with a hooked tip; a small pouch at its base; feathers typically black or dark.
Bill hooked at tip, with a large pouch; tail short, square; eye space bare.
Bill had a hooked tip, with a big pouch; his tail was short and square; the area around his eyes was bare.
Bill hooked; pouch small; tail long and forked; eye space feathered.
Bill hooked; pouch small; tail long and forked; eye space feathered.
Birds of familiar form; bill, except in Mergansers or Saw-billed Ducks, broad and with rows of 'strainers' or 'gutters' on either side; wings short, in the Ducks usually with a bright colored patch or speculum; tail generally short; legs short; feet webbed. Most species, unlike the Grebes, take wing rather than dive when pursued.
Birds that look familiar; their bills, except for Mergansers or Saw-billed Ducks, are broad with rows of "strainers" or "gutters" on each side; their wings are short, usually with a brightly colored patch or speculum in Ducks; their tails are generally short; their legs are short; their feet are webbed. Most species, unlike Grebes, will take off flying instead of diving when they are chased.
Bill long, narrow, and rounded with tooth-like projections along its sides. (Mergansers. Subfamily Merginæ.)
Bill long, narrow, and rounded with tooth-like projections along its sides. (Mergansers. Subfamily Merginæ.)
Bill broad, flattened, typically duck-like; tarsus or leg with transverse scales; hind toe without a lobe. (River Ducks. Subfamily Anatinæ.)
Bill wide and flat, usually resembling that of a duck; legs or tarsus with horizontal scales; hind toe lacking a lobe. (River Ducks. Subfamily Anatinæ.)
Bill and tarsus as in preceding, but hind toe with a broad lobe or flap. (Sea and Bay Ducks. Subfamily Fuligulinæ.)
Bill and tarsus as before, but the hind toe has a wide lobe or flap. (Sea and Bay Ducks. Subfamily Fuligulinæ.)
Bill proportionately narrower than in the River or Bay Ducks; gutters on its sides less developed; scales on front of tarsus rounded. (Geese. Subfamily Anserinæ.)
Bill is relatively narrower than in River or Bay Ducks; the gutters on its sides are less developed; scales on the front of the tarsus are rounded. (Geese. Subfamily Anserinæ.)
Large, usually white birds, with bare eye space. (Swans. Subfamily Cygninæ.)
Large, typically white birds with bare skin around their eyes. (Swans. Subfamily Cygninæ.)
Bright red or pink and white birds, standing four feet or more in height; side of the bill with gutters, its end bent downward; wings rather short; legs long; feet webbed.
Bright red or pink and white birds, standing four feet or taller; the sides of their beak have grooves, and the tip is curved downwards; wings are relatively short; legs are long; feet are webbed.
Characters of the Family similar to those of the Order.
Characters of the Family are similar to those of the Order.
Long-legged wading birds, generally found along shores or on muddy flats; bill variable; in the Herons straight and sharply pointed; in the Ibises, slender, rounded, and curved downward; in the Spoonbill, flattened: wings rounded; tail short; legs long; toes all on same level, long, slender, without webs. Herons and Bitterns fly with a fold in the neck, the head being drawn in; Ibises and Spoonbills fly with the neck straight, the head being extended.
Long-legged wading birds are usually seen along shores or in muddy flats. Their bills vary: in Herons, they are straight and sharply pointed; in Ibises, they are slender, rounded, and curve downward; in Spoonbills, they are flattened. These birds have rounded wings, short tails, and long legs. Their toes are all at the same level, long and slender, without webs. Herons and Bitterns fly with their necks folded and heads drawn in, while Ibises and Spoonbills fly with their necks straight and heads extended.
Bill flattened and much broadened at the end; crown and face bare in adults; toes partly webbed.
Bill is flattened and much wider at the end; the crown and face are bare in adults; toes are partially webbed.
Bill long and curved down; its side with grooves; toes partly webbed.
Bill long and curved down; its side has grooves; toes are partly webbed.
Bill stout, without grooves; tarsus reticulate.[Pg_19]
Bill is thick, smooth; tarsus has a net-like pattern.[Pg_19]
Bill usually straight and sharply pointed; lores naked; head feathered; tarsus with transverse scales; middle toe-nail pectinate or with a comblike edge.
Bill is usually straight and sharply pointed; lores are bare; head is feathered; tarsus has transverse scales; middle toe-nail is either serrated or has a comb-like edge.
Birds varying greatly in size and appearance, but all agreeing (and differing from Herodiones) in having the hind-toe elevated, that is, leaving the foot at a higher level than the front toes; tail short; legs usually long. All fly with the neck extended, a fact by which Cranes in flight may be known from Herons. Rails are short-winged skulkers in grassy marshes; Gallinules frequent reedy shores; Coots, which alone of the Order have webbed (lobate) toes, are as aquatic as Ducks, from which they may be known by their pointed, white bill, nodding motion of the head when swimming, and habit of pattering over the water when alarmed.
Birds vary widely in size and appearance, but they all share the characteristic of having an elevated hind toe, meaning their foot sits higher than the front toes. They generally have short tails and usually long legs. All of them fly with their necks extended, which is how you can tell Cranes apart from Herons in flight. Rails are short-winged birds that hide in grassy marshes; Gallinules hang out along reedy shores; Coots, the only ones in this group with webbed (lobate) toes, are just as aquatic as Ducks. You can distinguish them from Ducks by their pointed, white bill, the nodding motion of their head while swimming, and their tendency to patter over the water when they feel threatened.
Large birds over three feet in length; head partly bare in adults.
Large birds over three feet long; adults have partially bare heads.
Bill long and slender; head wholly feathered; toes not webbed.
Bill long and slim; head completely covered in feathers; toes not webbed.
Bill variable; toes always long, webbed (lobed) in only one species; wings short and rounded; tail short.
Bill variable; toes are always long, webbed (lobed) in only one species; wings are short and rounded; tail is short.
Generally long-legged, slender-billed birds of shores and mud flats, and sometimes fields. Most of them are under a foot in length; none are so large as the Ibises; wings long and pointed; tail short; toes long and slender, usually without webs; color generally brown or blackish above, mottled and streaked with whitish and buff. Many species utter characteristic piping whistles as they fly or when they take wing.
Generally, long-legged, slender-billed birds that inhabit shores, mud flats, and sometimes fields. Most of them are under a foot long; none are as large as the ibises. They have long, pointed wings, short tails, and long, slender toes, usually without webbing. Their color is typically brown or blackish on top, mottled and streaked with white and buff. Many species make distinctive piping whistles as they fly or when they take off.
Front toes with lobes or webs; tarsus flattened; plumage thick; swimming Snipe.
Front toes with lobes or webs; flattened ankle; thick feathers; swimming snipe.
Long legged, wading Snipe; in Avocets toes four, front three webbed; bill recurved; in Stilts toes three, almost unwebbed; bill straight.
Long-legged wading Snipe; in Avocets, four toes with the front three webbed; bill curved; in Stilts, three toes, almost unwebbed; bill straight.
Toes usually four; tarsus with transverse scales; bill generally long, slender, and soft, used as a probe.
Toes usually have four; the tarsus has transverse scales; the bill is generally long, slender, and soft, used for probing.
Toes usually three, or when four, the fourth rudimentary; tarsus with rounded scales, bill, as compared with that of Snipe, short and stout.
Toes are usually three, or four with the fourth being underdeveloped; the tarsus has rounded scales, and the bill, in comparison to that of a Snipe, is short and thick.
Toes four, tarsus with transverse scales; bill short, rather hard.
Toes four, tarsus with crosswise scales; bill short, fairly tough.
Toes three, webbed at base; tarsus stout, with rounded scales; bill heavy, compressed, and said to be used for opening shells.
Toes three, webbed at the base; tarsus thick, with rounded scales; bill large, flattened, and said to be used for opening shells.
Toes four, with their nails greatly elongated to support the bird while walking on aquatic vegetation; wing, with a sharp spur; bill with fleshy lobes at base and, in some species, on its sides.
Toes four, with their nails significantly lengthened to help the bird walk on aquatic plants; wing, with a sharp spur; bill with fleshy lobes at the base and, in some species, on the sides.
Ground-inhabiting birds of chicken-like form; bill stout, hen-like; wings short and rounded; tail variable; feet strong; hind-toe elevated. Color usually mixed brown, black, and buff, or bluish gray.
Ground-dwelling birds similar to chickens; thick, chicken-like beak; short, rounded wings; variable tail; strong feet; elevated hind toe. Color usually a mix of brown, black, and buff, or bluish gray.
Characters the same as those of the Order; tarsus naked in Partridges and Quails; more or less feathered in Grouse and Ptarmigan.
Characters the same as those of the Order; tarsus bare in Partridges and Quails; more or less feathered in Grouse and Ptarmigan.
Tarsus naked, often spurred, tail remarkably variable (for example, Turkey, Peacock); head often with a comb, wattles, or other excrescences.
Tarsus bare, often with spurs, tail highly variable (for instance, Turkey, Peacock); head frequently featuring a comb, wattles, or other growths.
Large tree-haunting, pheasant-like birds; toes four, all on same level.
Large birds that live in trees, looking like pheasants; they have four toes, all on the same level.
Walking birds, feeding both on the ground and in trees; bill slender, grooved, nostrils opening in a fleshy membrane; tail variable, short and square, or long and pointed; feet stout, often reddish. Color usually grayish brown. Call-notes a characteristic cooing.
Walking birds, feeding on the ground and in trees; slender bill with grooves, nostrils opening in a soft membrane; variable tail, either short and square or long and pointed; sturdy, often reddish feet. Usually grayish-brown in color. Their call is a distinctive cooing sound.
Characters those of the Order.
Order characters.
Generally large birds with hooked bill; strong, heavy feet, and long, curved nails; wings large; tail rather long, usually square.
Generally large birds with a curved beak; strong, heavy feet, and long, curved claws; large wings; tail is relatively long, usually squared off.
Bill not strongly hooked; toe-nails comparatively weak; nostrils large, piercing the bill; head and more or less of neck, bare.
Bill not very hooked; toe nails relatively weak; nostrils large, piercing the bill; head and most of the neck bare.
Nostrils opening in a cere at the base of the bill; hook of bill and claws well developed; plumage firm and close; tarsus usually largely bare.
Nostrils opening in a cere at the base of the beak; the hook of the beak and claws are well developed; plumage is tight and smooth; the tarsus is usually mostly bare.
Eyes black, set in a somewhat triangular facial disc; bill more or less concealed by feathers; nostril opening at the edge of a fleshy cere; inner edge of middle toe-nail serrate; no 'ears'; tarsus feathered.
Eyes black, shaped in a somewhat triangular face; bill mostly hidden by feathers; nostril opening at the edge of a soft, fleshy area; inner edge of middle toenail jagged; no 'ears'; legs covered in feathers.
Eyes yellow or black, set in a circular facial disc; bill more or less concealed by feathers; nostrils opening at the edge of a fleshy cere; tarsus feathered.
Eyes yellow or black, located in a round facial disc; bill mostly hidden by feathers; nostrils located at the edge of a fleshy cere; tarsus covered in feathers.
Usually bright green birds with, a heavy hooked bill, broad scoop-shaped lower mandible; long, pointed wings; tail, in Parrots, generally square; in Paroquets, pointed; feet heavy, two toes in front and two behind.
Usually bright green birds with a heavy hooked bill, broad scoop-shaped lower mandible; long, pointed wings; tail, in parrots, generally square; in parakeets, pointed; heavy feet with two toes in front and two behind.
Characters the same as those of Order.
Characters the same as those of Order.
A composite Order of several groups of birds bearing no close relation to each other. Cuckoos have slightly curved bills, long tails, and two toes in front and two behind. Trogons have short, rather broad, stout bills, and soft, loose plumage, often green above, red below; moderately long tails; small feet with two toes in front, two behind. Kingfishers have long, rather stout, pointed bills; wings, long; tail, medium; three toes in front and one behind; middle and outer toes joined for half their length.
A mixed group of different types of birds that aren't closely related. Cuckoos have slightly curved beaks, long tails, and two toes facing forward and two facing backward. Trogons have short, broad, thick beaks, and soft, loose feathers that are often green on top and red underneath; they have moderately long tails and small feet with two toes in front and two behind. Kingfishers have long, thick, pointed beaks; long wings; medium-length tails; and three toes facing forward and one backward, with the middle and outer toes connected for half their length.
Toes two in front, two behind; bill, usually, more or less decurved; tail, long and rounded, the outer feathers being, generally, much shorter than the middle pair.
Toes two in front, two in back; bill, typically, more or less curved downwards; tail, long and rounded, with the outer feathers usually much shorter than the middle pair.
Toes two in front, two behind; bill, short; upper mandible decurved and dentate; tail square; plumage, soft, loose, and generally shining green above.
Toes two in front, two behind; bill, short; upper mandible curved downwards and notched; tail square; feathers, soft, loose, and mostly shiny green on top.
Legs short; feet small; toes, three in front, one behind; third and fourth toes joined; bill, stout and long.
Legs are short; feet are small; toes consist of three in the front and one in the back; the third and fourth toes are joined; bill is thick and long.
Climbing birds with stout, pointed bills, bristly nostrils, pointed, stiffened tail feathers, strong feet and nails; two toes in front and two behind, except in Picoides, which has two in front and one behind. Prevailing colors, black and white, the males usually with red on the crown.
Climbing birds with thick, pointed beaks, bristly nostrils, stiff tail feathers, and strong feet with nails; they have two toes in front and two in back, except for Picoides, which has two in front and one in back. The main colors are black and white, and males usually have red on their crowns.
Characters the same as those of the Order.
Characters the same as those of the Order.
Bill, in the Goatsuckers and Swifts, small; mouth large; in the Hummingbirds, bill long, slender, needle-like; wings and tail variable; feet, in all three groups, small and weak. Color, in Goatsuckers, mixed brown, buff and black; in Swifts, black and white; in Hummingbirds, usually shining green above with resplendent throat-patches of varied hues.
Bill, in the Goatsuckers and Swifts, is small; the mouth is large; in the Hummingbirds, the bill is long, slender, and needle-like; wings and tail vary; feet, in all three groups, are small and weak. The color in Goatsuckers is a mix of brown, buff, and black; in Swifts, it's black and white; in Hummingbirds, it's generally a shiny green on top with vibrant throat patches in various colors.
Feet usually small and weak; toes, three in front, one behind; middle toe-nail pectinate or combed; bill small; mouth very large and usually beset by long bristles.
Feet are typically small and weak; toes have three in front and one behind; the middle toe's nail is comb-like or serrated; the bill is small; the mouth is very large and usually surrounded by long bristles.
Bill small, triangular when seen from above; mouth large, no bristles; tail variable, in Chætura with projecting spines; wings long and narrow; feet small and toes short; plumage usually dark.
Bill small and triangular when viewed from above; mouth large, no bristles; tail varies, with projecting spines in Chætura; wings long and narrow; feet are small and toes are short; plumage is usually dark.
Bill long and slender; feet slender; wings large and pointed; tail exceedingly variable, often assuming the most striking shapes.
Bill long and slim; feet narrow; wings big and pointed; tail highly variable, often taking on the most eye-catching shapes.
(18 families, about 325 species and 226 subspecies.)
(18 families, around 325 species and 226 subspecies.)
Bill, wings, and tail variable; feet with four toes not connected, the hind-toe as long as the middle one; its nail generally longer than that of the middle toe. This Order contains more species than the remaining sixteen Orders put together. In it will be found over 80 per cent. of the birds commonly seen by field students. It is difficult of definition, but almost any small perching bird may, with more or less certainty, be referred to the Passeres.
Bill, wings, and tail are variable; feet have four separate toes, with the hind toe being as long as the middle one; its nail is usually longer than that of the middle toe. This group has more species than the other sixteen groups combined. It includes over 80 percent of the birds that field students commonly observe. It's hard to define, but almost any small perching bird can, with varying degrees of certainty, be classified as a Passeres.
Bill broad, flat, hooked at tip, its base with bristles; wings rather pointed, the second to fourth primaries longest; tarsus rounded behind as well as in front; feathers of crown generally somewhat lengthened, forming when erected, a small crest; pose, when perching, erect; food of insects usually captured on the wing; voice generally unmusical.
Bill broad and flat, with a hooked tip and bristles at the base; wings are somewhat pointed, with the second to fourth primaries being the longest; the tarsus is rounded both behind and in front; the feathers on the crown are usually somewhat elongated, forming a small crest when raised; when perching, it has an upright posture; mainly feeds on insects caught mid-air; its call is generally not melodic.
Hind toe-nail much lengthened; bill rounded, straight; tarsus rounded behind as well as in front; our species with a tuft of feathers on either side of the head; outer primary short or rudimentary; walking birds, singing while on the wing.
Hind toe-nail is much longer; the bill is rounded and straight; the tarsus is rounded both behind and in front; our species has a tuft of feathers on each side of the head; the outer primary is short or underdeveloped; these are walking birds that sing while in flight.
Large perching birds, usually twelve inches or more in length; bill stout; nostrils covered by projecting bristles; feet heavy; outer tail-feathers usually shortest; fourth to fifth primary longest, first about half as long.
Large perching birds, usually over twelve inches long; strong bill; nostrils covered by sticking-out bristles; heavy feet; outer tail feathers usually the shortest; fourth to fifth primary feathers the longest, first about half as long.
Base of bill, between nostrils, extending back and dividing feathers on forehead; nostrils not concealed by bristles; first three primaries of equal length.
Base of the bill, between the nostrils, extends back and separates the feathers on the forehead; nostrils aren’t covered by bristles; the first three primary feathers are all the same length.
Bill short, stout, conical; third or fourth primaries longest; first about half an inch shorter; the majority are small birds and but few are over eight inches in length.
Bill is short, thick, and cone-shaped; the third or fourth primary feathers are the longest; the first is about half an inch shorter; most of these birds are small, with only a few exceeding eight inches in length.
Bill somewhat finch-like but more swollen in outline; the upper mandible, in typical forms, toothed or dentate.
Bill is somewhat finch-like but with a more rounded shape; the upper beak, in typical forms, is notched or serrated.
Bill short, broad and flat; feet small and weak; wings long and narrow; tail notched and sometimes forked; birds of the air, feeding while on the wing.
Bill short, broad, and flat; feet small and weak; wings long and narrow; tail notched and sometimes forked; birds of the air, feeding while in flight.
Bill short, stout, and rounded, its tip notched; wings rather long; head crested.
Bill short, thick, and rounded, with a notch at the tip; wings relatively long; head with a crest.
Bill stout, its mandible hooked and hawk-like; feet truly Passerine; pose, in perching, erect; solitary grayish birds.
Bill stout, with a hooked, hawk-like beak; feet definitely bird-like; standing tall when perched; solitary grayish birds.
Bill small, but distinctly hooked; outer primary usually very small and sometimes apparently wanting; olive-green gleaners among the leaves.
Bill small, but clearly hooked; outer primary usually very small and sometimes seemingly absent; olive-green birds foraging among the leaves.
Bill, in most of the species, slender, sharply pointed, and without a notch or hook at the tip; in the genera Wilsonia and Setophaga, flat and flycatcher-like; in Icteria stout; back of tarsus compressed into a thin ridge; three outer primaries of nearly equal length.
Bill, in most species, is slim, sharply pointed, and has no notch or hook at the tip; in the genera Wilsonia and Setophaga, it's flat and resembles a flycatcher; in Icteria it’s thicker; the back of the tarsus is compressed into a thin ridge; the three outer primaries are nearly the same length.
Hind toe-nail much lengthened; bill slender, nostril not covered with bristles, as in true Larks; back of tarsus thin, not rounded; terrestrial, walking with a wagging motion of the tail.
Hind toe-nail is much longer; the bill is slender, and the nostril isn't covered with bristles like in true larks; the back of the tarsus is thin, not rounded; it’s terrestrial, walking with a wagging motion of the tail.
Thick-set birds with short wings and tail; plumage thick and water-proof; tarsus scaled; semi-aquatic in habit, haunting mountain streams.
Thick-set birds with short wings and tails; their feathers are dense and waterproof; their legs are scaled; they are semi-aquatic and prefer to inhabit mountain streams.
Tarsus scaled; tail rounded, the outer feathers being shortest; third to fourth primary longest, the outer half as long; bill in Thrashers often decurved, its base with bristles; In Wrens, bill without bristles; brown or grayish inhabitants of lower growth.
Tarsus is scaled; the tail is rounded, with the outer feathers being the shortest; the third to fourth primary feathers are the longest, with the outer half being as long; the bill in Thrashers is often curved downwards, with bristles at its base; in Wrens, the bill has no bristles; they are brown or grayish and live in lower vegetation.
Bill slender and much decurved; tail usually pointed and stiffened.
Bill is slim and curved, with a tail that is usually pointed and rigid.
Fourth or fifth primary longest; first an inch or less in length. Chickadees (subfamily Parinæ) have a short, stout bill, the nostrils covered with bristles; the tail is rather long and rounded. Nuthatches (subfamily Sittinæ) have a long, slender bill, short, square tail, and large feet.
Fourth or fifth primary longest; first an inch or less in length. Chickadees (subfamily Parinæ) have a short, thick bill, with bristles covering their nostrils; their tail is fairly long and rounded. Nuthatches (subfamily Sittinæ) have a long, thin bill, a short, square tail, and large feet.
Bill slender and Warbler-like, but first primary only one-third as long as the fourth.
Bill is slender and bird-like, but the first primary feather is only a third the length of the fourth.
Tarsus 'booted', without scales, (see foot of Robin under Synopsis of Order Passeres); tail square; mandible notched and slightly hooked; outer primary an inch or less in length; second to fourth of about equal length.
Tarsus 'booted', without scales, (see foot of Robin under Synopsis of Order Passeres); tail square; beak notched and slightly hooked; outer primary about an inch or less long; second to fourth about the same length.
| Family 1. | GREBES. | Podicipidæ. | 6 species. |
| Family 2. | LOONS. | Gaviidæ. | 5 species. |
| Family 3. | AUKS, MURRES, and PUFFINS. | Alcidæ. | 21 species, 3 subspecies. |
Grebes are at home in reed-grown ponds or sloughs where their nests are made on rafts or islets of water-soaked vegetation. Their eggs number from four to eight, are dull white in color, and are usually covered by the bird with a portion of the nesting material when it leaves its home. Grebes occasionally rest on the shore, but are rarely found far from the water. When on land they may lie flat on their breasts or sit erect on their tails and entire foot, or tarsus. Their progress on land, as a rule, is awkward and they may use their wings as fore feet to assist them. In diving, Grebes sometimes spring partly from the water and then plunge downward head first, or they may quietly sink with scarce a ripple to mark the place of their disappearance.
Grebes are comfortable in ponds or marshes filled with reeds, where they build their nests on floating patches or islands of waterlogged plants. They typically lay between four to eight dull white eggs, which they usually cover with some nesting material when they leave. While grebes sometimes rest on land, they are rarely found far from water. When on land, they may lie flat on their chests or sit up straight on their tails and entire feet, or tarsus. Generally, their movement on land is clumsy, and they might use their wings as additional support. When diving, grebes sometimes leap partially out of the water before diving down headfirst, or they may quietly sink with hardly a ripple to indicate where they went under.
Loons generally pass the summer on some large lake, and in the winter many of them live at sea. They nest, as a rule, on the shore, but so near the water that the parent bird may slide off its two dark brown, mottled eggs into its favorite element. Like the Grebes, Loons are expert divers, and birds of both families so often seek safety under the water rather than in the air that it is frequently difficult to make them fly. The young of both Grebes and Loons are born covered with feathers and take to the water shortly after birth, often using the back of the parent bird as an ever present island on which they may rest at will.
Loons typically spend the summer on a large lake, and in winter, many live at sea. They usually nest on the shore, but close enough to the water that the parent bird can easily slide off its two dark brown, mottled eggs into the water. Like Grebes, Loons are great divers, and birds from both families often prefer to seek safety underwater rather than in the sky, making it hard to get them to fly. The young Grebes and Loons are born feathered and jump into the water shortly after they’re born, often riding on their parent's back like a resting island whenever they want.
The Auks, Murres, and Puffins are sea birds which nest usually in large colonies on isolated islets or rocky, inaccessible shores of the northern part of the northern hemisphere. They lay one or two eggs, sometimes in an exposed position among the rocks with no attempt at nest-building, sometimes at the end of a burrow excavated by the birds. In the latter case, the young are reared in the nest; in the former, they sometimes enter the water at an early age.
The Auks, Murres, and Puffins are seabirds that typically nest in large groups on remote islets or steep, hard-to-reach shores in the northern part of the northern hemisphere. They lay one or two eggs, sometimes in plain sight among the rocks without trying to build a nest, and other times at the end of a burrow dug by the birds. In the latter scenario, the chicks are raised in the nest; in the former, they might enter the water at a young age.
The one egg laid by Murres is remarkable both in color and in shape. In color it varies from bluish green to buff, and is usually heavily scrawled with black. In outline it is pyriform or pear-shaped. When moved it does not roll away as would a hen's egg but revolves about its own tip. In this manner it retains its place on the narrow ledges often chosen by Murres for nesting-sites.
The single egg laid by Murres is impressive both in color and shape. It ranges from bluish-green to tan and is usually covered with heavy black markings. In shape, it is pear-shaped. When it’s moved, it doesn’t roll away like a hen's egg; instead, it spins around its own tip. This way, it stays in place on the narrow ledges that Murres often use for nesting.
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2. Holbœll Grebe (Colymbus holbœlli). L. 19. Ads. Crown and hindneck glossy black; back blackish; throat, cheeks, and underparts white; foreneck and sides rufous. Winter. Above blackish brown; throat and underparts white; foreneck pale rufous. Yng. Similar but no rufous. Notes. "An explosive kup" and "An exceedingly loud harsh voice not unlike that of an angry Crow, but of much greater volume. The calls were also given more slowly and indeed with singular deliberation, car, car, three or four times, sometimes lengthened to caar, and again, broken and quavering like ca-a-a-r or ca-a-a-a-r." (Brewster.) 2. Holbœll Grebe (Colymbus holbœlli). L. 19. Ads. The crown and back of the neck are shiny black; the back is dark brown; the throat, cheeks, and underside are white; the front of the neck and sides are reddish brown. Winter. The top is dark brown; the throat and underside are white; the front of the neck is light reddish brown. Yng. Similar but without any reddish color. Notes. "A sharp kup" and "An extremely loud, harsh voice similar to that of an angry crow, but much louder. The calls are also given more slowly and with distinct deliberation, car, car, three or four times, sometimes elongated to caar, and again, broken and wavering like ca-a-a-r or ca-a-a-a-r." (Brewster.) Range.—North America, eastern Siberia, and Japan; breeds locally in the interior from about Lat. 50° northward; winters from Maine and British Columbia southward to South Carolina, Nebraska and Southern California, chiefly on the coasts. Range.—North America, eastern Siberia, and Japan; breeds locally in the interior starting at about 50° latitude northward; winters from Maine and British Columbia down to South Carolina, Nebraska, and Southern California, mainly along the coasts. 3. Horned Grebe (Colymbus auritus). L. 13.5. Ads., summer. Crown, hindneck, and throat glossy black; plumes behind eye deep buff; back and wings blackish; foreneck, breast, sides, and lores chestnut; abdomen white. Winter. Above grayish black; below white. 3. Horned Grebe (Colymbus auritus). L. 13.5. Adults, summer. The crown, hindneck, and throat are shiny black; the plumes behind the eye are a rich buff color; the back and wings are dark blackish; the foreneck, breast, sides, and lores are chestnut; the abdomen is white. Winter. The upper part is grayish black; the underside is white. Range.—Northern Hemisphere; breeds largely in the interior from eastern Quebec, northern Illinois, St. Clair Flats, North Dakota, and British Columbia northward; winters from Maine and British Columbia south to Gulf States and southern California. Range.—Northern Hemisphere; breeds mostly in the interior from eastern Quebec, northern Illinois, St. Clair Flats, North Dakota, and British Columbia northward; winters from Maine and British Columbia south to the Gulf States and southern California. 4. American Eared Grebe (Colymbus nigricollis californicus). L. 13. Ads. Above, neck all around, and upper breast brownish black; cheek tufts yellowish brown; flanks chestnut; belly white. Winter. Grayish brown above; white below. 4. American Eared Grebe (Colymbus nigricollis californicus). Length: 13 inches. Adult. The top and neck all around, and the upper breast are brownish-black; the cheek tufts are yellowish-brown; the flanks are chestnut; the belly is white. Winter. Grayish-brown on top; white below. Range.—Western North America east to Kansas; breeds locally from Texas and middle California north to Manitoba and British Columbia; winters from British Columbia, on the Pacific coast, and Texas southward. Range.—Western North America east to Kansas; breeds locally from Texas and central California north to Manitoba and British Columbia; winters from British Columbia on the Pacific coast and Texas southward. 5. Least Grebe (Colymbus dominicus brachypterus). L. 10. Ads. Throat black; cheeks slaty, above blackish; below grayish. Winter. Similar but no black or slate on throat or cheeks. Smallest of our Grebes. 5. Least Grebe (Colymbus dominicus brachypterus). L. 10. Ads. The throat is black; cheeks are slaty, and the top is blackish; below is grayish. Winter. Similar but lacks black or slate on the throat or cheeks. The smallest of our Grebes. Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southern Lower California south to northern South America. Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southern Baja California south to northern South America. 6. Pied-billed Grebe (Podilymbus podiceps). L. 13.5. Ads., summer. Above brownish black; throat and band on bill black; foreneck, breast, and sides brownish; belly white. Winter. The same, but throat white, breast more rusty, bill without black band. Notes. A loud, sonorous, "cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-uh, cow-uh, cow-uh, cow-uh." 6. Pied-billed Grebe (Podilymbus podiceps). L. 13.5. Adults, summer. The upper parts are brownish black; the throat and the band on the bill are black; the foreneck, breast, and sides are brownish; the belly is white. Winter. Similar, but the throat is white, the breast has more rusty tones, and the bill lacks the black band. Notes. A loud, resonant, "cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-cow-uh, cow-uh, cow-uh, cow-uh." Range.—Argentine Republic; north through Mexico and West Indies to Lat. of Hudson Bay; breeds locally throughout its range, but chiefly northward; winters from New Jersey, Illinois, and southern California southward. Range.—Argentina; north through Mexico and the Caribbean to the latitude of Hudson Bay; it breeds locally throughout its range, but mainly to the north; it winters from New Jersey, Illinois, and Southern California southward. |
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1. Western Grebe; Swan Grebe (Æchmophorus occidentalis). L. 26. Ads., summer. Crown and hindneck black; back grayish brown; sides of head and under parts white. Winter. Crown and hindneck like back. Notes. A loud, rattling, grating whistle. 1. Western Grebe; Swan Grebe (Æchmophorus occidentalis). L. 26. Adults, summer. Crown and back of the neck are black; the back is grayish-brown; the sides of the head and the underside are white. Winter. Crown and back of the neck match the back. Notes. A loud, rattling, grating whistle. Range.—Western North America; In summer eastward to Shoal Lake, Manitoba; northward to southern Alaska; breeds locally from northern California and North Dakota northward; winters from British Columbia to central Mexico. Range.—Western North America; in summer, it extends east to Shoal Lake, Manitoba; north to southern Alaska; breeds locally from northern California and North Dakota northward; winters from British Columbia to central Mexico. 7. Loon (Gavia imber). L. 32. Ads., summer. Above, including whole neck, glossy black; throat and neck with white streaks; back and wings with white spots or bars; belly white. Winter. Above blackish margined with grayish; no white spots; below white. Notes. A loud, maniacal laugh. 7. Loon (Gavia imber). Length: 32 inches. Summer plumage. The top, including the entire neck, is glossy black; the throat and neck have white streaks; the back and wings feature white spots or bars; the belly is white. Winter plumage. The top is blackish with grayish edges; there are no white spots; the underside is white. Sound. A loud, crazy laugh. Range.—Northern hemisphere; in North America, breeds from Maine, northern Illinois, Minnesota, and northern California north to Greenland and Alaska; winters from about southern limit of breeding range south to Gulf of Mexico, chiefly on coasts. Range.—Northern hemisphere; in North America, breeds from Maine, northern Illinois, Minnesota, and northern California north to Greenland and Alaska; winters from about the southern edge of its breeding range south to the Gulf of Mexico, mainly along the coasts. 8. Yellow-billed Loon (Gavia adamsii). L. 36. Similar to No. 7, but larger and bill yellowish or whitish. Notes. Similar to those of No. 7, but harsher. (Murdoch.) 8. Yellow-billed Loon (Gavia adamsii). L. 36. Similar to No. 7, but larger with a yellowish or whitish bill. Notes. Similar to those of No. 7, but harsher. (Murdoch.) Range.—"Arctic America west of Hudson Bay, and northern Asia; casual in northern Europe." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Arctic America west of Hudson Bay, and northern Asia; occasionally seen in northern Europe." (A. O. U.) 9. Black-throated Loon (Gavia arctica). L. 27; W. 12. Ads., summer. Foreneck and back bluish black; throat, neck, and back streaked or barred with white; crown and nape gray; belly white. Winter. Similar to No. 7, but smaller. Notes. A dismal "too-too-e-e." (Turner.) 9. Black-throated Loon (Gavia arctica). L. 27; W. 12. Ads., summer. The forehead and back are bluish black; the throat, neck, and back have white streaks or bars; the crown and nape are gray; the belly is white. Winter. Similar to No. 7, but smaller. Notes. A gloomy "too-too-e-e." (Turner.) Range—Northern part of northern hemisphere; in America breeds from Hudson Bay north to Arctic coast; winters south to British Columbia, the Great Lakes and, casually, to Long Island. Range—Northern part of the northern hemisphere; in America, it breeds from Hudson Bay north to the Arctic coast; winters south to British Columbia, the Great Lakes, and occasionally, to Long Island. 10. Pacific Loon (Gavia pacifica). Similar to No. 9, but foreneck in summer reflecting deep blue or green; hindneck paler; smaller, W. 11. Notes. A harsh "kok, kok, kok." (Murdoch.) 10. Pacific Loon (Gavia pacifica). Similar to No. 9, but the front of the neck in summer shows a deep blue or green color; the back of the neck is lighter; it's smaller, W. 11. Notes. A harsh "kok, kok, kok." (Murdoch.) Range.—Western North America; breeds at Point Barrow, Alaska, and eastward; winters south along Pacific Coast to Mexico. Range.—Western North America; breeds at Point Barrow, Alaska, and to the east; winters south along the Pacific Coast to Mexico. 11. Red-throated Loon (Gavia lumme). L. 25. Ads., summer. Foreneck chestnut, head and neck ashy. Winter. Similar to No. 7, in winter, but back spotted with white. Notes. A harsh "gr-r ga, gr-r, gr-r-ga, gr-r." (Nelson.) 11. Red-throated Loon (Gavia lumme). L. 25. Breeding season. Chestnut-colored front, head and neck are gray. Winter. Similar to No. 7, but has a white-spotted back in winter. Calls. A harsh "gr-r ga, gr-r, gr-r-ga, gr-r." (Nelson.) Range.—Northern part of northern hemisphere; in North America breeds from New Brunswick to Greenland and Hudson Bay, and northwest to Alaska; winters south to South Carolina and southern California. Range.—Northern part of the northern hemisphere; in North America, it breeds from New Brunswick to Greenland and Hudson Bay, and northwest to Alaska; winters south to South Carolina and southern California. |
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12. Tufted Puffin (Lunda cirrhata). L. 15. Ads., summer. Cheeks white; a pair of long straw color plumes from behind eyes; rest of plumage sooty. Winter. Cheeks sooty, plumes usually absent. Yng. Similar to winter adult, but breast and belly whitish. 12. Tufted Puffin (Lunda cirrhata). L. 15. Ads., summer. White cheeks; a pair of long straw-colored plumes behind the eyes; the rest of the plumage is dark. Winter. Cheeks are dark, plumes are usually missing. Yng. Similar to winter adult, but with a whitish breast and belly. Range.—Northern Pacific; resident locally from Santa Barbara Islands north to Alaska. Accidental in Maine. Range.—Northern Pacific; found locally from the Santa Barbara Islands up to Alaska. Rarely seen in Maine. Range.—North Atlantic; breeds from Bay of Fundy north to Greenland; winters south to Long Island. Range.—North Atlantic; breeds from the Bay of Fundy north to Greenland; winters south to Long Island. 13a. Large-billed Puffin (F. a. glacialis). W. 7; B. 2.1. Similar to No. 13, but larger. 13a. Large-billed Puffin (F. a. glacialis). W. 7; B. 2.1. Similar to No. 13, but bigger. Range.—Arctic Ocean from Spitzenbergen to northern Greenland. Range.—Arctic Ocean from Spitsbergen to northern Greenland. 14. Horned Puffin (Fratercula corniculata). Similar to No. 13, but in summer with the throat blackish. Notes. "A hoarse snuffling, rattling note" (Nelson.) 14. Horned Puffin (Fratercula corniculata). Similar to No. 13, but in the summer, its throat is dark. Notes. "A harsh, snuffling, rattling sound" (Nelson.) Range.—"Northern Pacific from Kuril Islands to British Columbia." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Northern Pacific from the Kuril Islands to British Columbia." (A. O. U.) 15. Rhinoceros Auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata). L. 15.5. Ads., summer. A horn on base of bill; two pairs of white tufts; above blackish; throat and breast grayish; belly white. Winter. Similar, but no horn. Yng. Similar to winter ad. but no tufts. 15. Rhinoceros Auklet (Cerorhinca monocerata). L. 15.5. Adults, summer. A horn at the base of the bill; two pairs of white tufts; dark above; throat and breast grayish; belly white. Winter. Similar, but without the horn. Young. Similar to winter adults, but no tufts. Range.—"North Pacific: breeding south (formerly) to the Farallones; in winter south to Lower California and Japan." (A. O. U.) Range.—"North Pacific: breeding formerly as far south as the Farallones; in winter migrating south to Lower California and Japan." (A. O. U.) |
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16. Cassin Auklet. (Ptycoramphus aleuticus). L. 9. Ads. A white spot above eye; above blackish; throat and breast grayish; belly white. Notes. A shrill, squealing "Come bear-r-r, come bear-r-r." 16. Cassin Auklet. (Ptycoramphus aleuticus). L. 9. Ads. There's a white spot above the eye; the upper body is blackish; the throat and breast are grayish; the belly is white. Notes. It has a sharp, squealing "Come bear-r-r, come bear-r-r." Range.—"Pacific Coast of North America from Aleutian Islands to Lower California; breeding south to San Geronimo Island (Lat. 30°)." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Pacific Coast of North America from the Aleutian Islands to Lower California; breeding as far south as San Geronimo Island (Lat. 30°)." (A. O. U.) 23. Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus). L. 9.7. Ads., summer. No crest; above dark brown, finely mixed with rusty; below white, all feathers edged with brown. Winter. Wholly different; above gray; head dark; below white; a nearly complete white nuchal collar. Yng. Similar to winter ad. but blacker above; sprinkled with blackish below. 23. Marbled Murrelet (Brachyramphus marmoratus). L. 9.7. Adults, summer. No crest; upper body dark brown, finely mixed with rusty tones; underneath white, with all feathers edged in brown. Winter. Completely different; upper body gray; head dark; underneath white; features a nearly complete white nuchal collar. Young. Similar to winter adults but darker above; sprinkled with blackish tones below. Range.—North Pacific; breeds from Vancouver north to Aleutian Islands; winters south to southern California. Range.—North Pacific; breeds from Vancouver north to the Aleutian Islands; winters south to Southern California. 24. Kittlitz Murrelet (Brachyramphus brevirostris). L. 9.5; B., from feathers on top, .4. Ads., summer. Above gray, mottled with buff; breast and sides mottled with buff and black; belly white. Winter. Sides of head, to above eye, and lower parts white; above gray; outer tail-feathers white. 24. Kittlitz Murrelet (Brachyramphus brevirostris). Length 9.5 inches; Wingspan, from feathers on top, .4. Adults, summer. The upper body is gray, mixed with buff; the breast and sides are speckled with buff and black; the belly is white. Winter. The sides of the head, above the eye, and the lower parts are white; the upper body is gray; the outer tail feathers are white. Range.—Northern Japan, Kamchatka and Aleutian Islands, east to Unalaska. (A. O. U.) Range.—Northern Japan, Kamchatka, and the Aleutian Islands, stretching east to Unalaska. (A. O. U.) 25. Xantus Murrelet (Brachyramphus hypoleucus). L. 10. Bill slender. Ads. Above slaty black; under surface of wing white; inner webs of outer primaries white. 25. Xantus Murrelet (Brachyramphus hypoleucus). L. 10. The bill is slender. Adults: The upper side is slate black; the underside of the wing is white; the inner webs of the outer primaries are white. Range.—Pacific Coast from Monterey south to Cape St. Lucas; breeding as far north as Santa Barbara Island. Range.—Pacific Coast from Monterey south to Cape San Lucas; breeding as far north as Santa Barbara Island. 26. Craveri Murrelet (Brachyramphus craveri). L. 10. Bill slender. Ads. Above slaty or brownish black; sides slaty; under surface of wings dusky, sometimes mixed with white. 26. Craveri Murrelet (Brachyramphus craveri). L. 10. Bill is slim. Adults. The back is slate or brownish black; the sides are slate; the underside of the wings is dark, sometimes mixed with white. Range,—Coasts of Lower California, from Cape St. Lucas north to Espiritu Santo Island in the Gulf of California, and to Natividad Island (lat. 28°) on the Pacific side. (A. O. U.) Range,—Coasts of Lower California, from Cape St. Lucas north to Espiritu Santo Island in the Gulf of California, and to Natividad Island (lat. 28°) on the Pacific side. (A. O. U.) 34. Dovekie (Alle alle). L. 8. Ads., summer. Above blackish; inner wing feathers tipped with white; throat and breast blackish brown. Winter. Similar, but throat and breast white or mixed grayish. 34. Dovekie (Alle alle). L. 8. Ads., summer. The top is dark; the inner wing feathers have white tips; the throat and chest are dark brown. Winter. Similar, but the throat and chest are white or have a mix of gray. Range—North Atlantic and East Arctic; in America breeds from Lat. 68° northward; winters south to Long Island, rarely to Virginia. Accidental in Michigan. Range—North Atlantic and East Arctic; in America breeds from Lat. 68° northward; winters south to Long Island, rarely to Virginia. Accidental in Michigan. |
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17. Paroquet Auklet (Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus). L. 10. Ads., summer. No crest; a white plume from behind eye; above blackish; throat grayer, rest of under parts white. Winter. Throat white. Notes. "A low, sonorous, vibrating whistle." (Nelson.) 17. Paroquet Auklet (Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus). L. 10. Adults, summer. No crest; a white plume from behind the eye; top is blackish; throat is grayer, rest of the underparts are white. Winter. Throat is white. Notes. "A low, sonorous, vibrating whistle." (Nelson.) Range.—"North Pacific, from Sitka and the Kuril Islands northward." (A. O. U.) Five records for coast off San Francisco in winter. Range.—"North Pacific, from Sitka and the Kuril Islands to the north." (A. O. U.) Five sightings for the coast off San Francisco in winter. 18. Crested Auklet (Simorhynchus cristatellus). L. 10. Ads., summer. Bill red; a crest of slender recurved feathers; a pair of white tufts from behind eye; above sooty black; below grayer. Yng. Similar but bill brown; no crest or tufts. Notes. "A chirping note," (Nelson.) 18. Crested Auklet (Simorhynchus cristatellus). L. 10. Adults, summer. Red bill; a crest of slender, curved feathers; a pair of white tufts behind the eye; above, sooty black; below, grayer. Young. Similar but with a brown bill; no crest or tufts. Notes. "A chirping note," (Nelson.) Range.—North Pacific from Kadiak and Japan northward." (A. O. U.) Range.—North Pacific from Kodiak and Japan northward." (A. O. U.) 19. Whiskered Auklet (Simorhynchus pygmæus). L. 7.5. Ads., summer. White feathers at base of sides of bill and, much lengthened, from above and below eye; a crest of slender recurved feathers; above, and throat dark slate fading into white belly. Yng. Similar but no crest; little or no white on head. Notes. "A low chattering note." (Nelson.) 19. Whiskered Auklet (Simorhynchus pygmæus). L. 7.5. Adults, summer. White feathers at the base of the sides of the bill and, elongated, from above and below the eye; a crest of slender, curved feathers; the top is dark slate that fades into a white belly. Young. Similar, but without a crest; minimal to no white on the head. Notes. "A low chattering note." (Nelson.) Range—"North Pacific, from Unalaska through the Aleutian chain to Kamchatka." (A. O. U.) Range—"North Pacific, from Unalaska through the Aleutian Islands to Kamchatka." (A. O. U.) 20. Least Auklet (Simorhynchus pusillus). L. 6.5. Ads., summer. No crest; sides of head with white feathers; above blackish; chin sooty; throat white; under parts white, marked irregularly with sooty. Winter. Little or no sooty on breast. Yng. Similar to winter ad., but no white plumes. 20. Least Auklet (Simorhynchus pusillus). Length: 6.5 inches. Adults, summer. No crest; sides of the head have white feathers; back is blackish; chin is dark; throat is white; underparts are white, irregularly marked with dark spots. Winter. Little to no dark on the breast. Young. Similar to winter adults, but lacks white plumes. Range.—"North Pacific, from Sitka and Japan north to Bering Strait." (A. O. U.) Range.—"North Pacific, from Sitka and Japan north to Bering Strait." (A. O. U.) 21. Ancient Murrelet (Synthliboramphus antiquus). L. 10.5. Ads., summer. No crest; head and throat black; broad white stripes behind eye; back gray; breast and belly white. Winter. Similar but throat white; no white head stripes. Notes. "A low plaintive whistle." (Nelson.) 21. Ancient Murrelet (Synthliboramphus antiquus). L. 10.5. Ads., summer. No crest; head and throat are black; broad white stripes behind the eye; back is gray; breast and belly are white. Winter. Similar, but throat is white; no white head stripes. Notes. "A low plaintive whistle." (Nelson.) Range.—North Pacific, from southern Vancouver Island and Japan northward; south in winter to Monterey, California; accidental in Wisconsin. Range.—North Pacific, from southern Vancouver Island and Japan northwards; migrating south in winter to Monterey, California; occasional sightings in Wisconsin. |
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27. Black Guillemot (Cepphus grylle). L. 13. Ads., summer. Black; greater wing-coverts white, black at base; under surface of wings white. Winter. Above gray or black tipped with white; below white. 27. Black Guillemot (Cepphus grylle). Length 13. Ads., summer. Black; greater wing-coverts are white, black at the base; the underside of the wings is white. Winter. The top is gray or black with white tips; the underside is white. Range.—Coasts of northern Europe and North Atlantic; in America breeds from Knox Co., Maine north to southern Greenland; winters south to Quebec and Massachusetts; rarely to Toronto, Connecticut, and Long Island. Range.—Coasts of northern Europe and the North Atlantic; in America, it breeds from Knox County, Maine, north to southern Greenland; winters as far south as Quebec and Massachusetts; rarely found in Toronto, Connecticut, and Long Island. 28. Mandt Guillemot (Cepphus mandtii). Similar to No. 27, but bases of greater wing-coverts white. 28. Mandt Guillemot (Cepphus mandtii). Similar to No. 27, but the bases of the greater wing-coverts are white. Range.—Arctic regions; breeds from Labrador and Hudson Bay north to northern Greenland and northern Alaska; in winter migrates but little southward; no satisfactory United States record. Range.—Arctic regions; breeds from Labrador and Hudson Bay north to northern Greenland and northern Alaska; in winter migrates very little southward; no reliable record in the United States. 29. Pigeon Guillemot (Cepphus columba). Similar to No. 27, but inner surface of wings sooty gray. Notes. A squealing, vibrant whistle. 29. Pigeon Guillemot (Cepphus columba). Similar to No. 27, but the inner surface of the wings is sooty gray. Notes. A loud, lively whistle. Range.—North Pacific; breeds from Santa Catalina Island north to Bering Strait, west through Aleutian Islands to Kamchatka and northern Japan; winters in same region. Range.—North Pacific; breeds from Santa Catalina Island north to Bering Strait, west through the Aleutian Islands to Kamchatka and northern Japan; winters in the same region. 30. Murre (Uria troile). L. 16; B. 1.7. Ads., summer. Above and neck sooty brown; under parts and tips of secondaries white; sides with blackish streaks. Winter. Similar, but throat white washed with sooty. Notes. A hoarse murre and squawking a-r-r-r-r-r-rh. 30. Murre (Uria troile). L. 16; B. 1.7. Ads., summer. The upper body and neck are a dark brown color; the underside and tips of the secondary feathers are white; the sides have blackish streaks. Winter. Similar, but the throat is white with a sooty wash. Notes. A rough-sounding murre that squawks a-r-r-r-r-r-rh. Range.—North Atlantic; breeds in North America from Bird Rock, Magdalen Islands, north to southern Greenland; winters south to Maine and, rarely, Ontario. Range.—North Atlantic; breeds in North America from Bird Rock, Magdalen Islands, north to southern Greenland; winters south to Maine and, occasionally, Ontario. 30a. California Murre (U. t. californica). Similar to No. 30 but larger, W. 8.2; B. 1.9. 30a. California Murre (U. t. californica). Similar to No. 30 but larger, W. 8.2; B. 1.9. Range.—North Pacific; breeds from Pribilof Islands south to Farallones; winters south to southern California. Range.—North Pacific; breeds from the Pribilof Islands down to the Farallones; winters further south to southern California. 31. Brunnich Murre (Uria lomvia). Similar to No. 30, but bill shorter, 1.2. In summer, head and throat browner, lower mandible swollen at sides and grayish at base. 31. Brunnich Murre (Uria lomvia). Similar to No. 30, but with a shorter bill, 1.2. In summer, the head and throat are browner, and the lower mandible is swollen at the sides and grayish at the base. Range.—North Atlantic and eastern Arctic; breeds in North America from Bird Rock, Magdalen Islands, north to Greenland; winters south to New Jersey and along St. Lawrence to Lakes Champlain and Ontario, rarely to Lake Michigan. Range.—North Atlantic and eastern Arctic; breeds in North America from Bird Rock, Magdalen Islands, north to Greenland; winters south to New Jersey and along the St. Lawrence to Lakes Champlain and Ontario, rarely to Lake Michigan. 31a. Pallas Murre (U. l. arra). Similar to No. 31, but larger; W. 8.6; B. 1.5. Notes. "A peculiar growling or hoarse chattering note." (Nelson.) 31a. Pallas Murre (U. l. arra). Similar to No. 31, but larger; W. 8.6; B. 1.5. Notes. "A strange growling or rough chattering sound." (Nelson.) Range.—North Pacific; south to Kadiak and Kamchatka. Range.—North Pacific; extending south to Kodiak and Kamchatka. 32. Razor-billed Auk (Alca torda). L. 16.5. Ads., summer. Above sooty black, foreneck browner; tips of secondaries, line from bill to eye, and under parts, white. Winter. Similar, but foreneck white. Yng. Similar to winter ad. but without eye line. Notes. A hoarse grunt or groan. 32. Razor-billed Auk (Alca torda). L. 16.5. Adults, summer. The top is sooty black, with a browner front neck; the tips of the secondary feathers, the line from the bill to the eye, and the underparts are white. Winter. Similar, but the front neck is white. Young. Similar to the winter adult but lacking the eye line. Notes. A hoarse grunt or groan. Range.—North Atlantic; breeds from Bird Rock, Magdalen Islands, north to Greenland; winters south to Long Island and, rarely, to Ontario and North Carolina. Range.—North Atlantic; breeds from Bird Rock, Magdalen Islands, north to Greenland; winters south to Long Island and, infrequently, to Ontario and North Carolina. 33. Great Auk (Plautus impennis). L. 29; W. 5.7. Ads. Above blackish; a large white spot before the eye; secondaries tipped with white; sides of neck and the throat seal brown; belly, white. Resembling No. 32 in general appearance but body much larger; wing, however, shorter. 33. Great Auk (Plautus impennis). L. 29; W. 5.7. Ads. The upper body is dark, with a large white spot in front of the eye; the secondary feathers have white tips; the sides of the neck and the throat are a dark brown; the belly is white. It looks similar to No. 32 overall, but its body is much larger; however, its wing is shorter. Range.—Formerly, the coasts and islands of North Atlantic, south on American side to Florida (in winter?); now extinct. Range.—Used to be found along the coasts and islands of the North Atlantic, extending south along the American side to Florida (in winter?); now extinct. |
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| Family 1. | SKUAS and JAEGERS. | Stercorariidæ. | 4 species. |
| Family 2. | GULLS and TERNS. | Laridæ. | 37 species, 1 subspecies. |
| Family 3. | SKIMMERS. | Rynchopidæ. | 1 species. |
Skuas and Jaegers are pirates among the birds of the high seas. Bold and dashing, they pursue the swift flying Terns or much larger Gulls with equal success, forcing them to drop the fish they have captured and catching it ere it reaches the water.
Skuas and Jaegers are like pirates among the birds of the open ocean. Daring and fearless, they chase after the fast-flying Terns or even the much larger Gulls with the same level of success, making them drop the fish they've caught and snatching it before it hits the water.
Gulls (Subfamily Larinæ) are usually considered so characteristic of the sea that 'Sea Gull' is the name popularly applied to all members of the subfamily to which they belong. Several species, however, are equally at home, both in the winter and when nesting, on the larger bodies of water in the interior, and one species is rarely or never found on our sea coasts.
Gulls (Subfamily Larinæ) are usually seen as so typical of the sea that 'Sea Gull' is the name commonly used for all members of their subfamily. However, several species feel equally at home both in the winter and during nesting on larger inland bodies of water, and one species is rarely or never found on our coastlines.
Gulls nest on the ground, on drifts of marsh-grass, on cliffs, and one species, at least, among American Gulls (the Herring Gull) has as a result of persecution, acquired the habit of nesting in trees.
Gulls nest on the ground, on clumps of marsh grass, on cliffs, and at least one species among American Gulls (the Herring Gull) has, due to being hunted, developed the habit of nesting in trees.
Gulls feed from the surface of the water, picking up their food with their strongly curved bills in passing or while hovering, not by plunging into the water, as do the Terns. They are, in fact, the scavengers of the water, and perform a service of great value to mankind by devouring the bodies of various forms of aquatic animals which, in dying, come to the surface and, if cast ashore, might, in decaying, prove a source of disease.
Gulls feed from the water's surface, grabbing their food with their curved beaks as they pass by or hover, rather than diving into the water like Terns. They are basically the scavengers of the water, providing a valuable service to humans by eating the remains of various aquatic animals that float to the surface after dying. If these bodies wash ashore and decay, they could potentially cause disease.
For this reason it was especially unfortunate that the plumage of these birds became fashionable for millinery purposes, with the result that thousands of them were destroyed for their wings and breasts. In this country, however, through the efforts of the American Ornithologists' Union and the Audubon Societies, laws have been passed prohibiting the killing of these beautiful and useful birds, and wardens have been placed on their nesting grounds to protect them.
For this reason, it was particularly unfortunate that the feathers of these birds became trendy for hats, leading to the death of thousands for their wings and breasts. In this country, however, thanks to the work of the American Ornithologists' Union and the Audubon Societies, laws have been enacted that ban the killing of these beautiful and useful birds, and wardens have been assigned to their nesting areas to protect them.
Gulls often rest in great flocks on the water, sitting high up and riding the waves buoyantly, but the Terns (Subfamily Sterninæ), after they have acquired the power of flight, are rarely seen on the water. They are lighter, more active birds than the Gulls, with longer wings and tails, and sharper, more pointed bills. They feed largely on small [Pg_50] fish (the species called silversides being a favorite) of no value to man, which they secure by darting from the air with great speed and directness. When looking for food, Terns usually fly with the bill downward, a habit which will aid in distinguishing them from the Gulls, whose bill is carried in a line with the body.
Gulls often rest in large groups on the water, sitting high and riding the waves with ease, but Terns (Subfamily Sterninæ), once they can fly, are rarely found on the water. They are lighter and more agile than Gulls, with longer wings and tails, and sharper, more pointed beaks. They mostly feed on small fish (they particularly like silversides), which are not valuable to humans, catching them by swooping down from the air with incredible speed and precision. When searching for food, Terns typically fly with their beaks pointed downward, which helps to tell them apart from Gulls, whose beaks are aligned with their bodies.
Terns usually nest in large colonies on the beach of some isolated islet either on our sea coasts or in the interior. The nest is generally composed of a few wisps of sea-weed or grass, or the two or three eggs are not infrequently laid in a slight hollow in the sand or among the shells and pebbles.
Terns typically nest in large groups on the beaches of some remote islands, either along our coastlines or inland. Their nests usually consist of a few strands of seaweed or grass, and it's common for their eggs to be laid in a small depression in the sand or among shells and pebbles.
Like the Gulls, Terns have been slaughtered in enormous numbers for millinery purposes; but in this country, at least, effective efforts are now being made to preserve them.
Like the gulls, terns have been killed in huge numbers for the hat industry, but at least in this country, effective efforts are now being made to protect them.
Skimmers nest in numbers on our Atlantic Coast from Virginia southward, laying their four eggs in a slight depression in the sand. In feeding, their mouth is held open and the longer, thin, lower mandible is dropped beneath the surface of the water, when, flying rapidly, they readily pick up food.
Skimmers nest in groups along our Atlantic Coast from Virginia down to the south, laying four eggs in a slight dip in the sand. When feeding, they keep their mouth open, and the longer, thinner lower beak dips below the water's surface, allowing them to quickly grab food while flying fast.
In young Skimmers, however, the two mandibles are of equal length and the lower mandible does not become appreciably longer than the upper one until the birds begin to fly. During the flightless period of the bird's life, the bill may be used to pick up food along the shore, but when the power of flight is acquired and with it ability to feed in the characteristic Skimmer manner, then the peculiar bill of these birds becomes fully developed.
In young Skimmers, though, both mandibles are the same length, and the lower mandible doesn’t noticeably grow longer than the upper one until the birds start to fly. During the time when the bird can’t fly, the bill can be used to pick up food along the shore, but once they gain the ability to fly—and with that, the skill to feed like typical Skimmers—their unique bill becomes fully developed.
The young of all the Gulls and Terns are born covered with down and can leave the nest a few hours after birth. The Noddy, however, is said to be several weeks in its stick nest, which, unlike other members of its group, it often builds in bushes.
The young of all the gulls and terns are born covered in down and can leave the nest just a few hours after they hatch. The noddy, on the other hand, is said to stay in its stick nest for several weeks, which, unlike other birds in its group, it often builds in bushes.
The young are colored to harmonize with their usual surroundings. Young Skimmers are pale, sandy brown, of the same color as the sand in which they are hatched. Young Terns are darker, and young Laughing Gulls born in nests of reeds or meadow grasses, are the darkest of the three.
The young are colored to blend in with their typical environments. Young Skimmers are a light, sandy brown, matching the sand they hatch in. Young Terns are darker, while young Laughing Gulls that are born in nests made of reeds or meadow grasses are the darkest of the three.
All young Gulls and Terns have the habit of squatting low near the ground in the presence of danger and remaining motionless until actually touched when they seem to realize that they have been seen and trust to their legs for safety.
All young Gulls and Terns tend to squat low to the ground when there's danger and stay completely still until they're actually touched. At that point, they seem to understand they've been spotted and rely on their legs to escape.
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35. Skua (Megalestris skua). L. 22. Ads. Above dark, dirty brown; below paler. Yng. Similar, but more distinctly streaked with yellowish, especially on head and neck. 35. Skua (Megalestris skua). L. 22. Ads. The upper side is a dark, dingy brown; the underside is lighter. Yng. Similar, but with more noticeable yellowish streaks, particularly on the head and neck. Range.—North Atlantic, chiefly eastern; breeds from Shetland Islands northward; winters south to Gibraltar, and rarely Long Island. One specimen from California coast. Range.—North Atlantic, mainly in the east; breeds from the Shetland Islands and north; winters as far south as Gibraltar, and occasionally Long Island. One specimen from the California coast. 36. Pomarine Jaeger (Stercorarius pomarinus). L. 20; B. 1.5. Middle tail feathers rounded. Ads. light phase. Cap black; throat, breast, and neck, all around, white tinged with straw; back, lower belly, upper and under tail coverts brownish slate. Ads. dark phase. Dark brown, paler below. Yng. Above blackish brown margined with rusty; below white margined with dusky and buffy. Notes. "A low, hoarse, chattering cry." (Nelson.) 36. Pomarine Jaeger (Stercorarius pomarinus). L. 20; B. 1.5. The middle tail feathers are rounded. Adult light phase. The cap is black; the throat, breast, and neck are all around white with a straw tint; the back, lower belly, and upper and under tail coverts are brownish slate. Adult dark phase. Dark brown, lighter below. Young. The top is blackish brown edged with rusty; below is white edged with dark and buff. Notes. "A low, hoarse, chattering cry." (Nelson.) Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds north of Lat. 70°; winters, mainly at sea, south to South America, southern Africa and Australia. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds north of Lat. 70°; winters mainly at sea, south to South America, southern Africa, and Australia. 37. Parasitic Jaeger (Stercorarius parasiticus). L. 17; B. 1.1; its scaly shield longer than distance from end of shield to tip of bill. Ads. Both phases similar in color to No. 36, but central tail feathers pointed, 8.6 long. Yng. Similar in color to No. 36 but smaller, bill shorter, middle tail feathers more pointed. Notes. "Loud wailing cries, interspersed with harsh shrieks." (Nelson.) 37. Parasitic Jaeger (Stercorarius parasiticus). L. 17; B. 1.1; its scaly shield is longer than the distance from the end of the shield to the tip of the bill. Ads. Both color phases are similar to No. 36, but the central tail feathers are pointed, measuring 8.6 long. Yng. Similar in color to No. 36 but smaller, with a shorter bill and more pointed middle tail feathers. Notes. "Loud wailing cries, mixed with harsh shrieks." (Nelson.) Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters mainly at sea, from California, Great Lakes, and Massachusetts south to South America. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters mostly at sea, from California, the Great Lakes, and Massachusetts down to South America. 38. Long-tailed Jaeger (Stercorarius longicaudus). L. 21; B. 1, its scaly shield shorter than the distance from its end to the tip of bill. Ads. In both phases resembling No. 36 but central tail feathers pointed and 12 in. long. Yng. Like No. 36 and No. 37, but to be distinguished by differences in bill measurements. Notes. "A hoarse qua, a shrill phĕū-phĕū-phĕū-pheo, when flying; or a rattling kr-r-r-r-, kr-r-r-r, kr-r-r, krē-krē-, krē-krē, the latter syllables shrill and querulous." (Nelson.) 38. Long-tailed Jaeger (Stercorarius longicaudus). Length: 21 inches; Bill: 1 inch, its scaly shield shorter than the distance from its end to the tip of the bill. Adults. In both color phases, it resembles No. 36, but the central tail feathers are pointed and 12 inches long. Young. Similar to No. 36 and No. 37, but can be distinguished by differences in bill measurements. Notes. "A hoarse qua, a shrill phĕū-phĕū-phĕū-pheo when flying; or a rattling kr-r-r-r-, kr-r-r-r, kr-r-r, krē-krē-, krē-krē, the latter syllables are shrill and querulous." (Nelson.) Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters mainly at sea, south to Gibraltar and Gulf of Mexico; one California record. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters mainly at sea, extending south to Gibraltar and the Gulf of Mexico; there is one record from California. |
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39. Ivory Gull (Pagophila alba). L. 17. Ads. Pure white; bill yellow; feet black. Yng. Similar, but wings and tail tipped with blackish; throat dusky. 39. Ivory Gull (Pagophila alba). L. 17. Ads. Bright white; yellow bill; black feet. Yng. Similar, but wings and tail have blackish tips; throat is dark. Range.—Breeds in Arctic regions; winters south to Great Lakes and British Columbia; rarely to Massachusetts. Range.—Breeds in Arctic regions; winters south to the Great Lakes and British Columbia; rarely to Massachusetts. 40. Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla). L. 16. Hind toe a knob. Ads. Head, neck all around, underparts, and tail white; 3 in. or less, of tips of primaries black. Yng. Tip of tail, ear-coverts, nape, and wing-coverts with black; bill black; inner web of primaries with white. Notes. A rapidly uttered 'kit-a-wake, 'kit-a-wake. 40. Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla). Length 16 inches. The hind toe has a knob. Adult. Head, neck all around, underparts, and tail are white; 3 inches or less of the tips of primaries are black. Young. The tip of the tail, ear-coverts, nape, and wing-coverts are black; bill is black; inner web of primaries has white. Notes. A rapid call sounds like 'kit-a-wake, 'kit-a-wake. Range.—North Atlantic and eastern Arctic regions; breeds in America, from Gulf of St. Lawrence to Greenland; winters south to Great Lakes, Long Island and, rarely, Virginia. Range.—North Atlantic and eastern Arctic regions; breeds in America, from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Greenland; migrates south to the Great Lakes, Long Island, and, rarely, Virginia. 40a. Pacific Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla pollicaris). Similar to No. 40, but hind toe more developed; black tips to 3 outer primaries, 3 in. or more in length. Notes. "A shrill, harsh cry when disturbed and a low whistle when communicating with each other." (Nelson.) 40a. Pacific Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla pollicaris). Similar to No. 40, but the hind toe is more developed; black tips on 3 outer primaries, at least 3 inches long. Notes. "A sharp, loud cry when disturbed and a soft whistle for communication with each other." (Nelson.) Range.—"North Pacific and Bering Sea; south in winter, casually to southern California." (A. O. U.) Range.—"North Pacific and Bering Sea; migrates south in winter, occasionally reaching southern California." (A. O. U.) 41. Red-legged Kittiwake (Rissa brevirostris). Ads. Similar to Ad. of No. 40, but legs red, back and inner web of primaries darker; bill shorter, 1.2. Yng. Similar to No. 40, but no black on tail or wings. 41. Red-legged Kittiwake (Rissa brevirostris). Adult. Similar to the adult of No. 40, but with red legs, a darker back, and darker inner web of the primaries; the bill is shorter, 1.2. Young. Similar to No. 40, but without any black on the tail or wings. "Range.—Coasts and Islands of Bering Sea." (A. O. U.) "Range.—Coasts and Islands of Bering Sea." (A. O. U.) 54. Ring-billed Gull (Larus delawarensis). L. 18. Ads., summer. Rill greenish yellow, a black band across tip; ends of primaries black, a white spot near tip of outer one. Ads. Winter. Similar, but head and neck streaked with grayish. Yng. Tail grayish with a broad black band; primaries black; back brownish gray and whitish; belly white; end half of bill black. 54. Ring-billed Gull (Larus delawarensis). L. 18. Adults, summer. Bill greenish yellow with a black band at the tip; the ends of the primaries are black, with a white spot near the tip of the outer one. Adults, winter. Similar, but the head and neck are streaked with gray. Young. Tail is gray with a wide black band; primaries are black; back is brownish-gray and white; belly is white; the outer half of the bill is black. Range.—North America, coast and interior; breeds from Newfoundland, southern Minnesota, and British Columbia northward; winters from Nova Scotia and British Columbia south to Cuba and Lower California. Range.—North America, both coast and inland; breeds from Newfoundland, southern Minnesota, and British Columbia to the north; winters from Nova Scotia and British Columbia to the south down to Cuba and Lower California. 55. Short-billed Gull (Larus brachyrhynchus). L. 17; B. 1.50 Ads., summer. Head, neck, tail, and underparts white. Two outer primaries tipped with black, their white spaces followed by black; remaining primaries tipped with white. Yng. Grayish brown; basal half of tail pearl. Notes. "A sharp querulous kwew-kwew," (Nelson.) 55. Short-billed Gull (Larus brachyrhynchus). L. 17; B. 1.50 Adults, summer. The head, neck, tail, and underparts are white. The two outer primary feathers have black tips, with white areas followed by black; the other primary feathers have white tips. Young. Grayish brown; the base of the tail is pearl-colored. Notes. "A sharp, complaining kwew-kwew," (Nelson.) Range.—North Pacific; breeds in Alaska and interior of northern British Columbia; winters on coast from British Columbia to southern California. Range.—North Pacific; breeds in Alaska and the interior of northern British Columbia; winters along the coast from British Columbia to southern California. |
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42. Glaucous Gull (Larus glaucus). L. 28; W. 17.1; B. 2.35. No black in plumage. Ads. Primaries white tinted with pearl; bill with red spot at end of lower mandible. Yng. Dirty white or gray, mottled with dusky and buffy, chiefly above; primaries white; outer webs brownish. 42. Glaucous Gull (Larus glaucus). Length 28 inches; Wingspan 17.1 inches; Bill 2.35 inches. No black in the feathers. Adults. Primary feathers are white with a pearly tint; the bill has a red spot at the end of the lower mandible. Young. Dirty white or gray, with mottling of dark and light brown, mainly on top; primary feathers are white; outer webbing is brownish. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in America, from Labrador northward; winters south to middle California, Great Lakes and Long Island. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in America, from Labrador northward; winters south to central California, the Great Lakes, and Long Island. 42.1. Point Barrow Gull (Larus barrovianus). Similar to No. 42, but bill through angle not so deep, (.8 as compared with .9 in glaucus); primaries more distinctly tipped with white. Notes. "kû-kû-kû, kû-kû-kû, kû-lēē-ōō, kû-lēē-ōō, kû-lēē-ōō, kû-kû-kû, kû-kû-kû, the kû-kû hoarse, the rest a shrill screaming." (Nelson.) 42.1. Point Barrow Gull (Larus barrovianus). Similar to No. 42, but the angle of the bill is not as deep (0.8 compared to 0.9 in glaucus); primaries are more distinctly tipped with white. Notes. "kû-kû-kû, kû-kû-kû, kû-lēē-ōō, kû-lēē-ōō, kû-lēē-ōō, kû-kû-kû, kû-kû-kû, the kû-kû is hoarse, and the rest is a shrill scream." (Nelson.) Range.—"Bering Sea and contiguous waters; northeast to Point Barrow, southwest to Japan." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Bering Sea and nearby waters; northeast to Point Barrow, southwest to Japan." (A. O. U.) Range.—Atlantic; breeds in Greenland; winters south in America to Great Lakes, and rarely, Long Island. Range.—Atlantic; breeds in Greenland; winters in the southern areas of America to the Great Lakes, and occasionally, Long Island. 44. Glaucous-winged Gull (Larus glaucescens). L. 27. Ads., summer. Head, tail, and underparts white; back pearl; primaries pearl, tipped with white. Ads., winter. Head and neck streaked with brownish. Yng. Brownish gray, more or less mixed with white, including wings and tail. 44. Glaucous-winged Gull (Larus glaucescens). L. 27. Adults, summer. Head, tail, and underparts are white; back is pearl; primaries are pearl with white tips. Adults, winter. Head and neck have brownish streaks. Young. Brownish gray, with varying amounts of white mixed in, including on the wings and tail. Range.—North Pacific; breeds from British Columbia to Bering Straits; winters south to southern California. Range.—North Pacific; breeds from British Columbia to the Bering Straits; winters as far south as Southern California. 45. Kumlien Gull (Larus kumlieni). W. 16.2; B. 1.75. Similar to No. 43, but primaries with well defined ashy gray spaces; outer primary tipped with white, with ashy gray on outer web and shaft part of inner web; second primary ashy gray on only shaft part of outer web. 45. Kumlien Gull (Larus kumlieni). W. 16.2; B. 1.75. Similar to No. 43, but the primary feathers have clearly defined ashy gray areas; the outer primary is tipped with white, featuring ashy gray on the outer web and the shaft of the inner web; the second primary is ashy gray only on the shaft of the outer web. Range.—"North Atlantic coast of North America, breeding in Cumberland Gulf; south in winter to the coast of the Middle States." (A. O. U.) Range.—"North Atlantic coast of North America, breeding in Cumberland Gulf; south in winter to the coast of the Mid-Atlantic States." (A. O. U.) 46. Nelson Gull (Larus nelsoni). "Wing 18.25, culmen 2.35. Ads. In plumage exactly like L. kumlieni; depth of bill through angle .80; tarsus 3.05; middle toe (without claw) 2.40." (Ridgway.) 46. Nelson Gull (Larus nelsoni). "Wing 18.25, bill length 2.35. Adult. In plumage exactly like L. kumlieni; depth of bill at the angle .80; tarsus 3.05; middle toe (without claw) 2.40." (Ridgway.) Range.—"Coast of Norton Sound, Alaska." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Coast of Norton Sound, Alaska." (A. O. U.) |
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47. Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus). L. 29. Ads., summer. Back and wings slaty black; wing feathers tipped with white. Ads., winter. Similar, but head and neck streaked with dusky. Yng. Back grayish brown margined with buffy white; rump whiter; primaries black; below white more or less marked with dusky. Notes. "A braying ha-ha-ha, a deep keow, keow, a short barking note, and a long-drawn groan, very loud and decidedly impressive." (Brewster.) 47. Great Black-backed Gull (Larus marinus). L. 29. Adults, summer. Back and wings are slate black; wing feathers are tipped with white. Adults, winter. Similar, but the head and neck are streaked with dark tones. Young. Back is grayish-brown with a buffy white margin; rump is whiter; primaries are black; underneath is white, marked here and there with dark spots. Notes. "A braying ha-ha-ha, a deep keow, keow, a short barking sound, and a long, drawn-out groan, very loud and quite impressive." (Brewster.) Range.—North Atlantic and northern Europe; breeds in North America from Nova Scotia to Greenland; winters south to Great Lakes and South Carolina. Range.—North Atlantic and northern Europe; breeds in North America from Nova Scotia to Greenland; winters as far south as the Great Lakes and South Carolina. 48. Slaty-backed Gull (Larus schistisagus). L. 26. Ads., summer. General appearance of No. 47; back lighter; primaries as figured. Ads., winter. Head and neck streaked. Yng. Above brown margined with buff and white; primaries brown; tail brown with little or no mottling; below brown. 48. Slaty-backed Gull (Larus schistisagus). L. 26. Adults, summer. Looks similar to No. 47; back is lighter; primaries are as shown. Adults, winter. Head and neck are streaked. Young. Brown above with buff and white edges; primaries are brown; tail is brown with little or no mottling; underneath is brown. Range.—"North Pacific, chiefly on the Asiatic side; Herald Island, Arctic Ocean, and Alaskan coast of Bering Sea." (A. O. U.) Range.—"North Pacific, mainly on the Asian side; Herald Island, Arctic Ocean, and the Alaskan coast of Bering Sea." (A. O. U.) 49. Western Gull (Larus occidentalis). L. 24. Ads., summer. Head, neck, tail, and underparts white; back slaty gray; outer primaries black, a large white spot near tip of first one. Ads., winter. Crown and hind neck streaked with brownish. Yng. Grayish brown mixed with white; wings and tail fuscous. Notes. Ooēēk, ooēēk, ooēēk; ca-ca-ca, and other calls. 49. Western Gull (Larus occidentalis). L. 24. Adult, summer. Head, neck, tail, and underparts are white; back is slate gray; outer primaries are black with a large white spot near the tip of the first one. Adult, winter. Crown and back of the neck are streaked with brownish. Young. Grayish brown mixed with white; wings and tail are dark. Notes. Ooēēk, ooēēk, ooēēk; ca-ca-ca, and other calls. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds and winters from Lower California to British Columbia. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds and winters from Southern California to British Columbia. 57. Heermann Gull (Larus heermanni). L. 17. Ads., summer. Bill red; head and throat white, shading into slate above and below; tail blackish, tipped with white; primaries black. Ads., winter. Head and neck streaked with grayish brown. Yng. Uniform grayish brown. 57. Heermann Gull (Larus heermanni). Length 17 inches. Adult, summer. Bill is red; head and throat are white, fading into slate above and below; tail is dark with a white tip; primary feathers are black. Adult, winter. Head and neck have streaks of grayish brown. Young. Uniform grayish brown. Range.—Pacific coast of North America; breeds from Mazatlan, Mexico, north to Lower California; occurs regularly north to Vancouver Island; winters south to Panama. Range.—Pacific coast of North America; breeds from Mazatlán, Mexico, north to Baja California; regularly found north to Vancouver Island; winters south to Panama. |
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51. Herring Gull (Larus argentatus). L. 24. Ads., summer. White spaces at end of outer primaries sometimes joined. Ads., winter. Similar, but head and neck, streaked with grayish. Yng. Above ashy brown, margined and marked with buffy; wings brownish black; tail the same; sometimes margined with buffy; below ashy brown, sometimes lightly barred or streaked with dusky. Notes. Cack-cack-cack; hah, hah, hah, and other notes. 51. Herring Gull (Larus argentatus). Length 24 inches. Adult, summer. White patches at the ends of the outer primary feathers are sometimes connected. Adult, winter. Similar, but the head and neck are streaked with gray. Young. The upper body is light brown, edged and marked with tan; wings are dark brown; tail is the same, sometimes edged with tan; underneath is light brown, occasionally with faint bars or streaks of dark brown. Calls. Cack-cack-cack; hah, hah, hah, and other calls. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in America from Maine, Great Lakes, Minnesota, and British Columbia northward; winters south to Cuba and Lower California. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in America from Maine, the Great Lakes, Minnesota, and British Columbia northward; winters south to Cuba and Baja California. 52. Vega Gull (Larus vegæ). Similar to No. 51, but back said to be darker; feet yellow. 52. Vega Gull (Larus vegæ). Similar to No. 51, but its back is said to be darker; feet are yellow. Range.—"Bering Sea and adjacent waters; south in winter to California and Japan." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Bering Sea and nearby waters; south in winter to California and Japan." (A. O. U.) 53. California Gull (Larus californicus). L. 20. Ads. Similar to No. 54 but larger; a red spot near tip of lower mandible; white spot on outer primary, larger and nearer end. Yng. Similar to No. 54 but darker; tail nearly uniform fuscous. 53. California Gull (Larus californicus). L. 20. Ads. Similar to No. 54 but bigger; a red dot near the tip of the lower beak; white spot on the outer primary, larger and closer to the end. Yng. Similar to No. 54 but darker; tail almost completely brown. Range.—Western North America; breeds chiefly in interior, from Utah to Lat. 68°, 30'; winters from British Columbia to Mexico. Range.—Western North America; primarily breeds in the interior, from Utah to Latitude 68°, 30'; winters from British Columbia to Mexico. |
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58. Laughing Gull (Larus atricilla). L. 16. Ads., summer. Head dark slate; tail white; bill with reddish. Ads., winter. Similar, but head and throat white with grayish on nape and behind eyes. Yng. Tail grayish with a broad black band; nape and back ashy brown; forehead and under parts white. Notes. A nasal cow-ow, also cuk-cuk-cuk, and a high, long-drawn laugh. 58. Laughing Gull (Larus atricilla). L. 16. Adult, summer. The head is dark slate; the tail is white; the bill has a reddish tint. Adult, winter. Similar, but the head and throat are white with grayish on the nape and behind the eyes. Young. The tail is grayish with a broad black band; the nape and back are ashy brown; the forehead and underparts are white. Notes. A nasal cow-ow, also cuk-cuk-cuk, and a high, drawn-out laugh. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Texas and Florida to Maine and Nova Scotia; rare in interior; winters from South Carolina to northern South America. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Texas and Florida to Maine and Nova Scotia; rare in the interior; winters from South Carolina to northern South America. 59. Franklin Gull (Larus franklini). L. 15. Ads., summer. Breast with a rosy tinge; outer primaries with wide black spaces near ends, bordered at base and tip with white. Ads., winter. "Head mainly white, with [its] sides and back grayish dusky." Yng. "Top and sides of head and back grayish brown; quills dusky, tipped with white; tail with subterminal band of dusky; rest of tail, under parts, forehead, and eyelids white." (Bailey.) 59. Franklin Gull (Larus franklini). Length 15 inches. Adult, summer. Breast has a rosy hue; outer wing feathers have prominent black areas near the tips, with white at the base and the ends. Adult, winter. "Head is mostly white, with grayish dusky sides and back." Young. "Top and sides of the head and back are grayish brown; wing feathers are dusky with white tips; tail has a dark subterminal band; the rest of the tail, underparts, forehead, and eyelids are white." (Bailey.) Range.—Interior of North America; breeds from Iowa and Minnesota northward to Great Bear Lake; winters from west Gulf States to South America. Range.—Interior of North America; breeds from Iowa and Minnesota north to Great Bear Lake; winters from the western Gulf States to South America. 60. Bonaparte Gull (Larus philadelphia). L. 14. Ads., summer. Outer web of outer primaries and tip black; inner web and shaft white; bill black. Ads., winter. Similar, but throat and head white, its back grayish. Yng. Tail white, tipped with black; outer primary black, inner two-thirds of inner web and space near tip white; rest of plumage much as in young of No. 58. 60. Bonaparte's Gull (Larus philadelphia). L. 14. Adults, summer. The outer web of the outer primaries and the tip are black; the inner web and shaft are white; the bill is black. Adults, winter. Similar, but the throat and head are white, and the back is grayish. Young. The tail is white, tipped with black; the outer primary is black, while the inner two-thirds of the inner web and the area near the tip are white; the rest of the plumage is similar to that of the young of No. 58. Range.—North America; breeds in interior from Hudson Bay and Manitoba west to the Yukon; winters from British Columbia and Maine to Lower California and Gulf of Mexico. Range.—North America; breeds in the interior from Hudson Bay and Manitoba west to the Yukon; winters from British Columbia and Maine to Southern California and the Gulf of Mexico. 61. Ross Gull (Rhodostethia rosea) L. 13.5. Bill small, .7; middle tail feathers longest. Ads., summer. White areas tinged with pink; a black collar. Ads., winter. No collar; a black spot before eye. Yng. Lesser coverts black, margined with whitish; tail white, central feathers tipped with black; back pearl; ear spot and space about eye dusky; crown white, washed with pearl. 61. Ross Gull (Rhodostethia rosea) L. 13.5. Bill small, 0.7; middle tail feathers are the longest. Adults, summer. White areas with a hint of pink; a black collar. Adults, winter. No collar; a black spot in front of the eye. Young. Lesser coverts are black, edged with white; tail is white with central feathers tipped in black; back is pearlescent; ear spot and area around the eye are dark; crown is white, washed with pearl. Range.—"Arctic regions; south in autumn and winter to Kamchatka, Point Barrow, Alaska and Disco Bay, Greenland." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Arctic regions; migrating south in autumn and winter to Kamchatka, Point Barrow, Alaska, and Disco Bay, Greenland." (A. O. U.) 62. Sabine Gull (Xema sabinii). L. 14. Tail slightly forked. Ads., summer. Head and throat slaty black, margined behind with black; bill black, tipped with yellow; outer primaries black, small tip and inner half of inner web white. Ads., winter. Similar, but head and throat white; nape region dusky. Yng. Tail white, tipped with black; crown and back ashy brown; forehead and underparts white. Notes. "A single harsh grating note." (Nelson.) 62. Sabine's Gull (Xema sabinii). Length 14 inches. Tail is slightly forked. Adults, summer. Head and throat are slate black, bordered in back with black; bill is black, with a yellow tip; outer primaries are black, with a small tip and the inner half of the inner web being white. Adults, winter. Similar, but head and throat are white; nape area is dusky. Young. Tail is white, tipped with black; crown and back are ashy brown; forehead and underparts are white. Notes. "A single harsh grating note." (Nelson.) Range.—Arctic regions: breeds in America from St. Michaels, Alaska and Melville Bay, Greenland, northward; winters south on Atlantic coast, rarely to New York; casually to Texas, and on Pacific coast to Peru. Range.—Arctic regions: breeds in America from St. Michaels, Alaska, and Melville Bay, Greenland, going north; winters south along the Atlantic coast, rarely reaching New York; occasionally to Texas, and along the Pacific coast to Peru. |
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64. Caspian Tern (Sterna caspia). L. 21. T. 6., forked 1.5. Largest of our Terns. Ads., breeding. Bill red; cap black; above pearl; below-white; primaries frosty black. After breeding, crown streaked black and white; bill more orange. Yng. Similar to last but wings and tail with blackish. Notes. A loud, harsh "kay-awk" or "key-rak." 64. Caspian Tern (Sterna caspia). Length: 21 in. Tail: 6 in. This is the largest of our terns. Adults, breeding. The bill is red; the cap is black; the back is a pearl color; and the underside is white; the primaries are a frosty black. After breeding, the crown has black and white streaks, and the bill turns more orange. Young. Similar to adults but with blackish wings and tail. Notes. A loud, harsh "kay-awk" or "key-rak." Range.—Cosmopolitan; breeds in North America, locally from Texas to Newfoundland and Great Slave Lake; winters mostly south of United States; three California winter records. Range.—Found worldwide; breeds in North America, specifically from Texas to Newfoundland and Great Slave Lake; mostly spends winter south of the United States; three records of wintering in California. 65. Royal Tern (Sterna maxima). L. 19; T. 7, forked 3.5; B. 2.5. Ads., summer. Primaries frosty black, white on inner two-thirds of inner web except at tip, where frosty; bill orange red; crown black; above pearl; below white. Ads., winter. The same, but head white with black streaks. Yng. Similar to winter ad. but wings and tail with grayish. 65. Royal Tern (Sterna maxima). L. 19; T. 7, forked 3.5; B. 2.5. Adults, summer. Primaries are frosty black, white on the inner two-thirds of the inner web except at the tip, where it’s frosty; bill is orange-red; crown is black; back is pearl; belly is white. Adults, winter. Same as summer but with a white head that has black streaks. Young. Similar to winter adults but with grayish wings and tail. Range.—Middle America; breeds from southern Brazil and Peru to Gulf States, Virginia, and California; wanders north to Great Lakes and Massachusetts; winters from Gulf States and California southward. Range.—Middle America; breeds from southern Brazil and Peru to the Gulf States, Virginia, and California; roams north to the Great Lakes and Massachusetts; winters from the Gulf States and California southward. 66. Elegant Tern (Sterna elegans). L. 16.5; B. 2.7. Similar to No. 65, but smaller; bill longer and more slender. Ads. Tinged with shell pink below. 66. Elegant Tern (Sterna elegans). L. 16.5; B. 2.7. Similar to No. 65, but smaller; bill longer and more slender. Ads. Tinged with shell pink below. Range.—"Pacific coast of America from California to Chili." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Pacific coast of America from California to Chile." (A. O. U.) 67. Cabot Tern (Sterna sandvicensis acuflavida). L. 16; T. 5.5, forked 2.7. Ads., breeding. Bill black, the tip yellow; crown black; above pearl; below white; primaries much as in No. 65. After breeding, head white; nape with black streaks. Yng. Similar to last but with back and tail with blackish; tip of bill less yellow. 67. Cabot Tern (Sterna sandvicensis acuflavida). Length 16 in; Tail 5.5 in, forked 2.7 in. Adults, breeding. Bill is black, with a yellow tip; crown is black; above is pearl; below is white; primaries are similar to No. 65. After breeding, the head is white; the nape has black streaks. Young. Similar to the adult but with a blackish back and tail; tip of the bill is less yellow. Range.—Tropical America; breeds on east side of Mexico north along Gulf Coast to Florida, and Atlantic coast to South Carolina; wanders to Massachusetts; winters south of United States to West Indies and Central America. Range.—Tropical America; breeds on the east side of Mexico and extends north along the Gulf Coast to Florida, and along the Atlantic coast to South Carolina; occasionally found as far north as Massachusetts; winters south of the United States in the West Indies and Central America. |
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63. Gull-billed Tern (Gelochelidon nilotica). L. 14.5; T. 5.5. Ads., summer. Bill thick, short, black; tail short, forked only 1.5; crown black; above pearl; below white. Ads., winter. Head white, with black patch before and behind eye. Yng. Similar, but above edged with buffy; head and neck streaked with grayish. Notes. A high, thin, somewhat reedy tee-tee-tee, sometimes suggesting a weak-voiced katydid. 63. Gull-billed Tern (Gelochelidon nilotica). L. 14.5; T. 5.5. Adults, summer. Bill is thick, short, and black; tail is short, forked only 1.5; crown is black; upper body is pearl; underbody is white. Adults, winter. Head is white, with black patches in front of and behind the eye. Young. Similar, but the upper body is edged with buffy; head and neck have grayish streaks. Notes. A high, thin, somewhat reedy tee-tee-tee, sometimes reminding you of a weak-voiced katydid. Range.—Cosmopolitan; breeds in North America from Mexico to Florida and north to Virginia; wanders north rarely to New Brunswick; winters from southern Texas southward. Range.—Found worldwide; breeds in North America from Mexico to Florida and north to Virginia; occasionally wanders as far north as New Brunswick; winters from southern Texas and further south. 73. Aleutian Tern (Sterna aleutica). L. 14. T. 6.7, forked 3. Ads., summer. Above and below pearl gray, browner below; throat white; crown black; forehead white; line from bill to eye black. Ads., winter. "With rather more white on forehead." (Cat. B. M.) Notes. "A thin, clear, trilling whistle." (Nelson.) 73. Aleutian Tern (Sterna aleutica). L. 14. T. 6.7, forked 3. Adults, summer. Above and below pearl gray, browner below; throat white; crown black; forehead white; line from bill to eye black. Adults, winter. "With a bit more white on the forehead." (Cat. B. M.) Notes. "A thin, clear, trilling whistle." (Nelson.) Range.—Alaska from Kadiak to Bering Strait, southwest to Japan. Range.—Alaska from Kodiak to Bering Strait, southwest to Japan. 74. Least Tern (Sterna antillarum). L. 9; T. 3.5, forked 1.7. Ads., summer. Bill yellow, black at tip; forehead white; a black line from bill to eye; crown black; above pearl; below white. Ads., winter. Crown white; nape black; bill dark; tail shorter. Yng. Similar to last, but above with buffy or brownish. Notes. "A sharp squeak much like the cry of a very young pig following its mother." 74. Least Tern (Sterna antillarum). Length 9 inches; Tail 3.5 inches, forked 1.7 inches. Adults, summer. Bill is yellow, black at the tip; forehead is white; there’s a black line from bill to eye; crown is black; above is pearl; below is white. Adults, winter. Crown is white; nape is black; bill is dark; tail is shorter. Young. Similar to the adult in winter, but above has buffy or brownish tones. Notes. "A sharp squeak that sounds like the cry of a very young pig following its mother." Range.—Western hemisphere; breeds locally from northern South America northward to Massachusetts, Dakota, and southern California; winters south of United States. Range.—Western hemisphere; breeds locally from northern South America north to Massachusetts, Dakota, and southern California; winters south of the United States. 76. Bridled Tern (Sterna anæthetus). L. 15. Ads. Forehead and line over eye white; lores and crown black; nape whitish; back sooty gray or sooty brown; outer tail feathers white, except at tip; inner ones grayish brown. Notes. A soft qua. 76. Bridled Tern (Sterna anæthetus). L. 15. Ads. The forehead and the line above the eye are white; the lores and crown are black; the nape is whitish; the back is sooty gray or sooty brown; the outer tail feathers are white, except for the tip; the inner ones are grayish brown. Notes. A soft qua. Range.—Tropical regions; north in Atlantic to the Bahamas; casual in Florida. Range.—Tropical areas; north in the Atlantic to the Bahamas; occasional in Florida. |
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69. Forster Tern (Sterna forsteri). L. 15; T. 7, forked. 4. Ads., summer. Inner web of outer tail feather dusky; below pure white; bill orange, blackish at end; crown black; back pearl. Ads., winter. Crown white or grayish; a large black spot about eyes; bill black. Yng. Similar to winter ad. but above with brownish. Notes. A long drawn, deep, reedy cack and tweet-tweet-tweet-tweet. 69. Forster Tern (Sterna forsteri). Length: 15 inches; Tail: 7 inches, forked. Adult, summer. The inner web of the outer tail feather is dark; underneath it’s pure white; bill is orange, dark at the tip; crown is black; back is a pearly color. Adult, winter. Crown is white or grayish; there’s a large black spot around the eyes; bill is black. Young. Similar to the winter adult but has a brownish tint on top. Notes. A long, deep, reedy cack and tweet-tweet-tweet-tweet. Range.—North America; breeds locally north to California, and from Texas along coast to Virginia and in interior to Manitoba; wanders to Massachusetts; winters from southern California and Texas south to Brazil. Range.—North America; breeds locally as far north as California, and from Texas along the coast to Virginia and into the interior as far as Manitoba; strays to Massachusetts; winters from southern California and Texas down to Brazil. 70. Common Tern (Sterna hirundo). L. 15; T. 5.5, forked, 3.2 Ads., summer. Outer web of outer tail feather dusky; below white, washed with dusky; bill red, blackish at end; crown black; back pearl. Ads., winter. Forehead and underparts white; bill black. Yng. Similar to last, but above with brownish; tail shorter. Notes. A vibrant, purring, tearrr, and other calls. 70. Common Tern (Sterna hirundo). Length 15 inches; Tail 5.5 inches, forked, 3.2 inches Adults, summer. The outer web of the outer tail feather is dark; underside is white, tinged with dark; bill is red, dark at the tip; crown is black; back is a pearl color. Adults, winter. Forehead and underparts are white; bill is black. Young. Similar to adults, but the upper parts are brownish; tail is shorter. Notes. A lively, purring sound, tearrr, and other calls. Range.—Northern hemisphere; in America, chiefly east of Plains; breeds locally on coast and in interior from Gulf States to Barren Grounds and Greenland; winters south of United States to Brazil. Range.—Northern hemisphere; in America, mainly east of the Plains; breeds in specific areas along the coast and in the interior from the Gulf States to the Barren Grounds and Greenland; winters from south of the United States to Brazil. 71. Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisæa). L. 15.5; T. 7.2 forked 4.5. Similar to No. 70, but summer ad. with bill wholly bright red; tail longer; tarsus shorter, .6 instead of .7. Notes. Like tearr of No. 70, but shriller, ending in rising inflection, like squeal of a pig. (Brewster.) 71. Arctic Tern (Sterna paradisæa). Length 15.5 inches; wingspan 7.2 inches, forked tail 4.5 inches. Similar to No. 70, but in summer with a completely bright red bill; longer tail; shorter tarsus, 0.6 inches instead of 0.7 inches. Notes. Like the tearr of No. 70, but sharper, ending with a rising tone, similar to a pig's squeal. (Brewster.) Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds from Massachusetts north to Greenland and northwest to Aleutian Islands and Alaska; winters south to California and Virginia. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds from Massachusetts north to Greenland and northwest to the Aleutian Islands and Alaska; winters south to California and Virginia. 72. Roseate Tern (Sterna dougalli). L. 15.5; T. 7.5, forked, 5.2. Ads., summer. Bill black, reddish only at the base; below white tinged with shell pink; tail wholly white; crown black; back pearl. Ads., winter. Forehead with white; no pink below. Notes. A reedy cack. 72. Roseate Tern (Sterna dougalli). L. 15.5; T. 7.5, forked, 5.2. Adults, summer. Bill is black, reddish only at the base; underparts are white with a hint of shell pink; tail is completely white; crown is black; back is pearly. Adults, winter. Forehead is white; no pink below. Notes. A reedy cackle. Range.—Temperate and tropical regions; breeds in North America on east coast only, from Florida north to Nova Scotia; rare north of Virginia; winters south of United States to Venezuela. Range.—Temperate and tropical regions; breeds in North America only on the east coast, from Florida north to Nova Scotia; rare north of Virginia; winters south of the United States to Venezuela. |
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75. Sooty Tern (Sterna fuliginosa). L. 17. Ads., summer. Above blackish, forehead and underparts white; tail black, except outer feathers which are mostly white. Yng. Sooty slate; linings of wings white; scapulars, upper tail coverts, and tail feathers tipped with white. Notes. A squeaky quack, a nasal ker-wacky-wak, and other calls. 75. Sooty Tern (Sterna fuliginosa). L. 17. Ads., summer. Above dark gray, with a white forehead and underparts; black tail, except for the outer feathers, which are mostly white. Yng. Dark slate gray; wing linings are white; scapulars, upper tail coverts, and tail feathers have white tips. Notes. Produces a squeaky quack, a nasal ker-wacky-wak, and other sounds. Range.—"Tropical and subtropical coasts of the globe. In America from Chili to western Mexico and the Carolinas, and casually to New England." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Tropical and subtropical coasts around the world. In America, from Chile to western Mexico and the Carolinas, and occasionally to New England." (A. O. U.) 77. Black Tern (Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis). L. 10. Ads., summer. Head and underparts black; back, wings, and tail slate. Ads., winter. Forehead, nape, and underparts white; head gray. Yng. Similar to last, but above with brownish margins. Notes. A sharp peek. 77. Black Tern (Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis). L. 10. Adults, summer. Head and underparts are black; back, wings, and tail are slate. Adults, winter. Forehead, nape, and underparts are white; head is gray. Young. Similar to the last, but the upper side has brownish margins. Notes. A sharp peek. Range.—Temperate and tropical America; breeds in interior from California, Kansas, and Illinois to Alaska; irregular migrant on Atlantic coast from New Brunswick southward; winters south of United States to Chili. Range.—Temperate and tropical America; breeds in the interior from California, Kansas, and Illinois to Alaska; irregular migrant on the Atlantic coast from New Brunswick to the south; winters south of the United States to Chile. 79. Noddy (Anous stolidus). L. 15. Ads. Crown silvery white; rest of plumage sooty brown. Yng. Similar, but all sooty brown except white line from bill to eye. Notes. A low reedy cack increasing to a hoarse, guttural k-r-r-r-r-r-r-r. 79. Noddy (Anous stolidus). L. 15. Ads. The crown is silvery white; the rest of the plumage is sooty brown. Yng. Similar, but entirely sooty brown except for a white line running from the bill to the eye. Notes. A low, reedy cack that builds to a hoarse, guttural k-r-r-r-r-r-r-r. Range.—"Tropical and subtropical regions; in America from Brazil and Chili north to the Gulf and South Atlantic States." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Tropical and subtropical regions; in America from Brazil and Chile up to the Gulf and South Atlantic States." (A. O. U.) 80. Black Skimmer (Rynchops nigra). L. 18. Ads. Lower mandible longer than upper; forehead, underparts, part of secondaries, and tail white; rest of plumage black. Yng. Plumage widely margined with buffy. Notes. Varied, nasal, penny-trumpet-like; also ca-you, ca-you, like a hound's voice. 80. Black Skimmer (Rynchops nigra). Length 18 inches. Characteristics: The lower mandible is longer than the upper; the forehead, underparts, part of the secondaries, and tail are white; the rest of the plumage is black. Juvenile: Plumage is broadly edged with buffy color. Calls: Varied, nasal, resembling a penny trumpet; also sounds like ca-you, ca-you, similar to a hound's bark. Range.—North America, chiefly eastern; breeds from southern New Jersey southward; wanders rarely to Nova Scotia; winters from Gulf States to northern South America. Range.—North America, mainly the eastern part; breeds from southern New Jersey downwards; occasionally goes as far as Nova Scotia; winters from the Gulf States to northern South America. |
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| Family 1. | ALBATROSSES. | Diomedeidæ. | 4 species. |
| Family 2. | FULMARS, SHEARWATERS, and PETRELS. | Procellariidæ. | 26 species, 1 subspecies. |
The Albatrosses, of which about ten species are known, are birds of far southern seas, where they nest on isolated islands. After the young are reared, several species migrate northward and are found off our Pacific coast. The largest known species, the Wandering Albatross, which has been made famous by Coleridge's "Rime of the Ancient Mariner," measures from twelve to fourteen feet in expanse of wing, and, like other members of this family, is a tireless ocean wanderer.
The Albatrosses, with about ten known species, are birds that inhabit the far southern seas, where they nest on remote islands. After raising their young, several species migrate north and can be found off our Pacific coast. The largest known species, the Wandering Albatross, famously featured in Coleridge's "Rime of the Ancient Mariner," has a wingspan measuring from twelve to fourteen feet and, like others in this family, is a relentless ocean traveler.
In the museum of Brown University, there is a mounted Wandering Albatross, killed off the coast of Chili by Capt. Hiram Luther, December 20, 1847. When captured, a small bottle was found tied around the bird's neck, containing a slip of paper from which it was learned that the bottle had been attached to the bird December 12, 1847, by Capt. Edwards of the New Bedford Whaler, "Euphrates," when about 800 miles off the coast of New Zealand, or about 3,400 miles from the point at which, eight days later, the bird was secured.
In the museum at Brown University, there’s a mounted Wandering Albatross, caught off the coast of Chile by Captain Hiram Luther on December 20, 1847. When it was captured, a small bottle was found tied around its neck, containing a note that revealed the bottle had been attached to the bird on December 12, 1847, by Captain Edwards of the New Bedford Whaler, "Euphrates," when it was about 800 miles off the coast of New Zealand, or about 3,400 miles from where the bird was captured eight days later.
The Fulmars, (genus Fulmarus), are northern birds and nest in immense numbers on isolated islets, somewhat like certain Gulls.
The Fulmars, (genus Fulmarus), are northern birds that nest in large colonies on remote islets, similar to some types of Gulls.
Comparatively little is known of the nesting places of our Shearwaters, but it is believed that most of them breed on the islands of the South Atlantic and South Pacific, and pass their winter, (our summer) off our coasts.
Comparatively little is known about where our Shearwaters nest, but it's believed that most of them breed on the islands of the South Atlantic and South Pacific, and spend their winter (our summer) off our coasts.
One of the Petrels, (Wilson Petrel), is known to have this habit. It has been found nesting on Kerguelen Island, in S. Lat. 49° 54', in February, and in May it appears off our coasts for the summer.
One of the petrels, the Wilson's petrel, is known to have this habit. It has been found nesting on Kerguelen Island, at S. Lat. 49° 54', in February, and in May it appears off our coasts for the summer.
Petrels nest in holes in the ground, laying one white egg. They are never seen near their homes during the day, the bird then on the nest waiting until night to feed, when the one which has been at sea returns to assume its share of the task of incubation. Those birds are therefore both diurnal and nocturnal.
Petrels nest in burrows in the ground, laying one white egg. They are never seen near their nests during the day, with one bird on the nest waiting until night to feed, when the one that has been at sea comes back to take turns incubating. So, these birds are both active during the day and at night.
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81. Black-footed Albatross (Diomedea nigripes). L. 32. Ads. Sooty brown, lighter below; region about base of bill whitish; upper mandible broad and rounded at its base. Notes. A whining groan, uttered when contesting for food. (Turner). 81. Black-footed Albatross (Diomedea nigripes). L. 32. Ads. Dark brown on top, lighter underneath; the area around the base of the bill is white; the upper mandible is wide and rounded at its base. Notes. A whining groan is made when competing for food. (Turner). Range.—North Pacific; north to Lat. 52°; south at least to Lower California. Range.—North Pacific; north to Lat. 52°; south at least to Baja California. 82. Short-tailed Albatross (Diomedea albatrus). L. 36. Ads. White; the head straw; tail and primaries gray brown; upper mandible broad and rounded at base. 82. Short-tailed Albatross (Diomedea albatrus). L. 36. Ads. White; the head is light yellow; tail and primary feathers are gray-brown; the upper beak is broad and rounded at the base. Range.—North Pacific, north to Bering Strait; south, at least, to Lower California. Range.—North Pacific, as far north as Bering Strait; south, at least, to Lower California. 82.1. Laysan Albatross (Diomedea immutabilis). L. 32. Ads. Head, neck, rump, upper tail coverts, and whole under surface white; lores next to the eye sooty black; back, wings, and end of the tail dark sooty brown; interscapular region paler; base of the tail whitish. (Cat. B. M.) 82.1. Laysan Albatross (Diomedea immutabilis). L. 32. Ads. The head, neck, rump, upper tail coverts, and entire underside are white; the area around the eyes is sooty black; the back, wings, and tip of the tail are dark sooty brown; the interscapular region is lighter; and the base of the tail is whitish. (Cat. B. M.) Range.—Laysan Island, Pacific Ocean; casual off the coast of Lower California. Range.—Laysan Island, Pacific Ocean; occasionally seen off the coast of Baja California. 83. Yellow-nosed Albatross (Thalassogeron culminatus). L. 36. Ads. Above slate brown, grayer on head; rump white; below white; neck sometimes grayish; tail gray. 83. Yellow-nosed Albatross (Thalassogeron culminatus). L. 36. Ads. The upper body is slate brown, with a grayer head; the rump is white; the underside is white; the neck can sometimes be grayish; the tail is gray. Range.—"Indian and southern Pacific Oceans; casual off the coast of Oregon; accidental in the Gulf of St. Lawrence." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Indian and southern Pacific Oceans; occasionally off the coast of Oregon; accidental in the Gulf of St. Lawrence." (A. O. U.) 84. Sooty Albatross (Phœbetria fuliginosa). L. 35. Ads. Sides of lower mandible conspicuously grooved; entire plumage sooty brown, except a white eye-ring. 84. Sooty Albatross (Phœbetria fuliginosa). L. 35. Ads. Sides of the lower mandible have noticeable grooves; overall plumage is a dark brown, except for a white eye-ring. Range.—"Oceans of southern hemisphere, north to the coast of Oregon." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Oceans in the southern hemisphere, north to the coast of Oregon." (A. O. U.) |
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Range.—North Atlantic, breeds from Lat. 69° northward; winters south to Lat. of Massachusetts, and rarely to Virginia. Range.—North Atlantic, breeds from 69° N latitude and winters as far south as Massachusetts, and occasionally to Virginia. 86b. Pacific Fulmar (F. g. glupischa). Similar to No. 86, but nasal tubes light. 86b. Pacific Fulmar (F. g. glupischa). Similar to No. 86, but the nasal tubes are lighter. Range.—North Pacific; breeds from Bering Sea north; winters south to Mexico. Range.—North Pacific; breeds from Bering Sea to the north; winters south to Mexico. 86.1. Rodger Fulmar (Fulmarus rodgersii). Similar to light phase of No. 86, but back with white feathers; no dark phase. 86.1. Rodger Fulmar (Fulmarus rodgersii). Similar to the light phase of No. 86, but the back has white feathers; there's no dark phase. Range.—"Bering Sea and adjacent parts of North Pacific." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Bering Sea and nearby areas of the North Pacific." (A. O. U.) 87. Slender-billed Fulmar (Priocella glacialoides). L. 18.5. Ads. Head and underparts white; back and tail pearl; primaries black, white on inner web. 87. Slender-billed Fulmar (Priocella glacialoides). L. 18.5. Ads. Head and underparts are white; back and tail are pearl-colored; primaries are black, with white on the inner web. Range.—Southern Seas; north on Pacific coast to Washington. Range.—Southern Seas; north along the Pacific coast to Washington. 94. Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus fuliginosus). L. 17. Ads. Sooty gray, lighter below. 94. Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus fuliginosus). L. 17. Ads. Sooty gray, lighter underneath. Range.—"Atlantic Ocean, breeding in the southern hemisphere; a summer visitor off our coast, from South Carolina northward." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Atlantic Ocean, breeding in the southern hemisphere; a summer visitor off our coast, from South Carolina northward." (A. O. U.) 95. Dark-bodied Shearwater (Puffinus griseus). L. 17. Ads. Above dusky black or brownish, paler below; under wing coverts white and dusky; bill black. 95. Dark-bodied Shearwater (Puffinus griseus). L. 17. Ads. The upper body is a dark black or brownish color, while the underside is lighter; the under wing coverts are white and dark; and the bill is black. Range.—South Pacific; north in summer on the American coast to California. Range.—South Pacific; north in summer on the American coast to California. 96.1. Wedge-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus cuneatus). L. 17. T. 5.4, pointed. Ads. Above brown; below white; sides of neck mottled with gray; middle tail feathers nearly 2. longer than lateral ones. (Cat. B. M.) 96.1. Wedge-tailed Shearwater (Puffinus cuneatus). Length 17 inches. Tail 5.4 inches, pointed. Adults: Brown on top; white underneath; sides of neck speckled with gray; middle tail feathers nearly 2 inches longer than the side ones. (Cat. B. M.) Range.—"North Pacific Ocean, from the Hawaiian Islands north to the Bonin Group and Lower California." (A. O. U.) Range.—"North Pacific Ocean, from the Hawaiian Islands up to the Bonin Islands and Baja California." (A. O. U.) |
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88. Cory Shearwater (Puffinus borealis). L. 21. Ads. Above grayish brown; below, including under wing coverts and under tail coverts, white. 88. Cory Shearwater (Puffinus borealis). L. 21. Ads. Above grayish-brown; below, including under wing coverts and under tail coverts, white. Range.—North Atlantic; recorded only off the coast from Massachusetts to Long Island. Range.—North Atlantic; found only off the coast from Massachusetts to Long Island. 89. Greater Shearwater (Puffinus gravis). L. 20. Ads. Above grayish brown or blackish; tips of longer upper tail coverts white; below white; middle of belly and under tail coverts ashy gray. 89. Greater Shearwater (Puffinus gravis). L. 20. Ads. The top is grayish brown or blackish; the tips of the longer upper tail feathers are white; underneath is white; the middle of the belly and under tail feathers are ashy gray. Range.—"Atlantic Ocean, from Cape Horn and Cape of Good Hope north to Arctic Circle." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Atlantic Ocean, from Cape Horn and the Cape of Good Hope north to the Arctic Circle." (A. O. U.) 91. Pink-footed Shearwater (Puffinus creatopus). L. 19.5. Ads. Above dusky gray or brown; below white; sides and lower belly with grayish; longer under tail coverts dusky brown; feet, flesh-color; bill yellowish. 91. Pink-footed Shearwater (Puffinus creatopus). L. 19.5. Ads. The upper side is a dark gray or brown; the underside is white; the sides and lower belly have a grayish tint; the longer under tail coverts are dark brown; the feet are flesh-colored; and the bill is yellowish. Range.—Pacific Ocean north on the American coast in summer and fall to middle California. Range.—Pacific Ocean, moving north along the American coast in the summer and fall to central California. 92. Audubon Shearwater (Puffinus lherminieri). L. 12. Ads. Above black or brownish black; below white; under tail coverts sooty. 92. Audubon Shearwater (Puffinus lherminieri). L. 12. Ads. The upper side is black or dark brown; the underside is white; the under tail coverts are dark gray. Range.—Middle Atlantic; breeds in West Indies and Bahamas; wanders north to Long Island. Range.—Middle Atlantic; breeds in the West Indies and the Bahamas; travels north to Long Island. Range.—"Pacific Ocean, chiefly southward; coast of Lower California north to Santa Cruz, Cal." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Pacific Ocean, primarily to the south; from the coast of Lower California up to Santa Cruz, California." (A. O. U.) 93.1. Townsend Shearwater (Puffinus auricularis). Similar to No. 93, but bill and feet smaller, B. 1.2; above darker, nearly black; black of head extending below eye. (Townsend.) 93.1. Townsend Shearwater (Puffinus auricularis). Similar to No. 93, but with a smaller bill and feet, B. 1.2; darker on top, almost black; black on the head extends below the eye. (Townsend.) Range.—Pacific Ocean (Clarion Island, Lower California). Range.—Pacific Ocean (Clarion Island, Baja California). 96. Slender-billed Shearwater (Puffinus tenuirostris). L. 13., bill slender 1.2 Ads. "Above dark sooty slate; beneath deep sooty gray, paler on throat where sometimes inclining to whitish." (Ridgw.) 96. Slender-billed Shearwater (Puffinus tenuirostris). L. 13., bill slender 1.2 Ads. "Above dark sooty slate; beneath deep sooty gray, lighter on the throat where it sometimes has a whitish tint." (Ridgw.) Range.—North Pacific, from Japan and Kotzebue Sound south on the American coast to middle California. Range.—North Pacific, from Japan and Kotzebue Sound south along the American coast to central California. |
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98. Black-capped Petrel (Æstrelata hasitata). L. 15. Ads. Above sooty brown; back of neck and upper tail coverts white; base of tail white. 98. Black-capped Petrel (Æstrelata hasitata). L. 15. Ads. The top is a dark brown color; the back of the neck and the upper tail feathers are white; the base of the tail is white. Range.—Tropical Atlantic; irregular in United States (Florida, Virginia, New York, Kentucky, Vermont, and Ontario.) Range.—Tropical Atlantic; irregular in the United States (Florida, Virginia, New York, Kentucky, Vermont, and Ontario.) 103. Least Petrel (Halocyptena microsoma). L. 5.7. Ads. Sooty blackish brown, lighter below. 103. Least Petrel (Halocyptena microsoma). L. 5.7. Ads. Dark brownish-black, lighter underneath. Range.—"Coast of Lower California south to Panama." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Coast of Lower California down to Panama." (A. O. U.) 105. Forked-tailed Petrel (Oceanodroma furcata). L. 8. 7. Ads. Tail forked; bluish gray, wings darker; a blackish space about eye. 105. Forked-tailed Petrel (Oceanodroma furcata). Length: 8.7. Adults. The tail is forked; bluish gray color with darker wings; there’s a blackish area around the eye. Range.—North Pacific; breeds in Aleutian Islands; recorded north to Bering Strait; winters south to California. Range.—North Pacific; breeds in the Aleutian Islands; recorded as far north as the Bering Strait; winters as far south as California. 105.1. Kaeding Petrel (Oceanodroma kaedingi). W. 6. Ads. Similar to O. leucorrhoa, but much smaller with much less deeply forked tail. (Anthony.) 105.1. Kaeding Petrel (Oceanodroma kaedingi). W. 6. Ads. Similar to O. leucorrhoa, but considerably smaller with a much shallower fork in the tail. (Anthony.) Range.—Pacific Ocean; (Socorro Islands, Lower California.) Range.—Pacific Ocean; (Socorro Islands, Baja California.) Range.—"Coast of California; breeds on the Santa Barbara and Farallone Islands." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Coast of California; breeds on the Santa Barbara and Farallone Islands." (A. O. U.) |
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104. Stormy Petrel; Mother Carey's Chicken (Procellaria pelagica). L. 5.5. Ads. Sooty black, browner below; upper tail coverts white, tipped with black. 104. Stormy Petrel; Mother Carey's Chicken (Procellaria pelagica). L. 5.5. Ads. Dark black, with a browner underside; the upper tail feathers are white, edged with black. Range.—North Atlantic; winters south to western Africa and New Brunswick. Range.—North Atlantic; winters south to western Africa and New Brunswick. 106. Leach Petrel; Stormy Petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa). L. 8., W. 6.2. Ads. Tail forked; above sooty brownish black; below browner; lesser wing coverts grayish brown; longer upper tail coverts not tipped with black. Notes. An elfin-like crow of eight notes. 106. Leach Petrel; Stormy Petrel (Oceanodroma leucorhoa). Length 8 inches, Wingspan 6.2 inches. Identification. Tail is forked; upper body is a sooty brownish-black; underbody is browner; lesser wing coverts are grayish-brown; longer upper tail coverts are not tipped with black. Notes. It has a unique, elf-like call with eight notes. Range.—North Atlantic and North Pacific; breeds from Maine to Greenland and from Farallone to Aleutian Islands; winters south to Virginia and California. Range.—North Atlantic and North Pacific; breeds from Maine to Greenland and from the Farallon Islands to the Aleutian Islands; winters as far south as Virginia and California. 106.1. Guadalupe Petrel (Oceanodroma macrodactyla). L. 8.4; W. 6.4; T. 3.9, fork 1 in. deep. Ads. Similar to O. leucorhoa, but with much longer and more deeply forked tail, larger feet, shorter bill, and very broad dusky tips to the upper tail coverts. (Ridgw. in Cat. B. M.) 106.1. Guadalupe Petrel (Oceanodroma macrodactyla). L. 8.4; W. 6.4; T. 3.9, fork 1 in. deep. Ads. Similar to O. leucorhoa, but with a much longer and more deeply forked tail, larger feet, a shorter bill, and very broad dark tips on the upper tail coverts. (Ridgw. in Cat. B. M.) Range.—Pacific Ocean; (Guadalupe Island, Lower California.) Range.—Pacific Ocean; (Guadalupe Island, Baja California.) 107. Black Petrel (Oceanodroma melania.) L. 9. Ads. Sooty black, paler below; wing-coverts grayish, tail forked. 107. Black Petrel (Oceanodroma melania.) L. 9. Ads. Deep black with a lighter underside; wing coverts are grayish, tail is forked. Range.—South Pacific, north to Santa Barbara Islands; breeds on Coronados Islands, southern California. Range.—South Pacific, north to the Santa Barbara Islands; breeds on the Coronados Islands, Southern California. 108.1 Socorro Petrel (Oceanodroma socorroensis). W. 5.5. Ads. Similar to No. 108, but wings longer; tail shorter and less deeply forked; sides of rump whitish; no white on under surface of wing. (Towns.) 108.1 Socorro Petrel (Oceanodroma socorroensis). W. 5.5. Ads. Similar to No. 108, but with longer wings; tail shorter and not as deeply forked; sides of the rump whitish; no white on the undersurface of the wing. (Towns.) Range.—Pacific Ocean; (Socorro Island, southern California.) Range.—Pacific Ocean; (Socorro Island, Southern California.) 109. Wilson Petrel; Stormy Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus). L. 7. Ads. Webs of feet with yellow patch: tail not forked; longer upper tail coverts not tipped with black. Notes. A weak weet, weet, and a hoarse chattering patret-tu-cuk-cuk-tu-tu. (Wilson.) 109. Wilson Petrel; Stormy Petrel (Oceanites oceanicus). L. 7. Ads. Feet have yellow patches on the webs; tail is not forked; longer upper tail feathers are not tipped with black. Notes. A weak weet, weet, and a hoarse chattering patret-tu-cuk-cuk-tu-tu. (Wilson.) Range.—Atlantic Ocean; breeds in Southern seas, (Kerguelen Island in February), and migrates north to Newfoundland, spending summer off coast of eastern United States. Range.—Atlantic Ocean; breeds in southern seas (Kerguelen Island in February) and migrates north to Newfoundland, spending summer off the coast of the eastern United States. |
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| Family 1. | TROPIC BIRDS. | Phaëthontidæ. | 2 species. |
| Family 2. | GANNETS. | Sulidæ. | 6 species. |
| Family 3. | DARTERS. | Anhingidæ. | 1 species. |
| Family 4. | CORMORANTS. | Phalacrocoracidæ. | 6 species, 5 subspecies. |
| Family 5. | PELICANS. | Pelecanidæ. | 3 species. |
| Family 6. | MAN-O'-WAR-BIRDS. | Fregatidæ. | 1 Species. |
The members of this Order agree in having all four toes connected by webs, but in other respects they differ widely in structure and, consequently, in habit. The young of all the Steganopodes are born naked, unlike the young of most of the other water birds, which, as a rule, are hatched covered with feathers and can swim or run about soon after birth. The nests of the Steganopodes are, of necessity, therefore, more complex structures than those of birds whose nests are merely incubators and not cradles as well.
The members of this Order all have their four toes connected by webs, but they vary greatly in structure and, as a result, in behavior. The young of all the Steganopodes are born without feathers, unlike most other water birds, which are typically hatched with feathers and can swim or move around shortly after they’re born. Therefore, the nests of the Steganopodes have to be more complex than those of birds whose nests serve only as incubators and not as cradles too.
Tropic Birds resemble the larger Terns, when in the air, but their wing strokes are more rapid. They usually nest in holes in the face of cliffs, and lay one whitish egg, marked with chocolate.
Tropic Birds look similar to larger Terns when flying, but they flap their wings faster. They typically make their nests in crevices on cliff faces and lay one pale egg that has chocolate-colored markings.
Gannets are true sea birds, but, as a rule, do not live very far from the land. When breeding, Gannets are usually associated in great numbers. Their nests, as a rule, are placed on the ground or on cliffs, and one or two chalky white eggs are laid. At this season the birds are exceedingly tame and in localities where they have not been much molested, one may walk about among the sitting birds without their taking flight. Gannets are powerful birds on the wing. Their vigorous wing strokes are interrupted at intervals by short sails. They feed on fish which they capture by diving from the air.
Gannets are true sea birds, but generally, they don’t live very far from land. When they breed, Gannets usually gather in large groups. Their nests are typically found on the ground or on cliffs, and they lay one or two chalky white eggs. During this time, the birds are extremely tame, and in areas where they haven’t been disturbed much, you can walk among the sitting birds without them flying away. Gannets are strong fliers. Their powerful wing beats are occasionally interrupted by brief glides. They feed on fish, which they catch by diving from the air.
The Darters or Anhingas number four species, distributed throughout the tropical parts of the globe, only one species inhabiting America. This is generally called the Snakebird or Water Turkey in Florida, where it is a common species on the more isolated rivers and lakes. [Pg_68] The name Snakebird is derived from the bird's habit of swimming with the body submerged, when the long, sinuous neck, appearing above the water, readily suggests a snake. At other times Snakebirds mount high in the air and sail about, like Hawks, in wide circles. They build a large, well-made nest in a bush or tree, generally over the water, and lay four bluish white, chalky eggs.
The Darters, or Anhingas, include four species found in tropical regions around the world, with only one species residing in America. This species is commonly called the Snakebird or Water Turkey in Florida, where it is frequently seen in more remote rivers and lakes. [Pg_68] The name Snakebird comes from its behavior of swimming with its body submerged, making its long, slender neck visible above the water, resembling a snake. Occasionally, Snakebirds soar high in the air and glide around in wide circles, similar to Hawks. They create large, well-constructed nests in bushes or trees, usually above the water, and lay four bluish-white, chalky eggs.
Cormorants nest in large colonies, generally on isolated islets, but sometimes in remote swamps. The nests are placed closely together on the ground, in bushes, and less frequently in trees, according to the nature of the bird's haunts.
Cormorants nest in large groups, usually on isolated islands, but sometimes in remote swamps. The nests are built close together on the ground, in bushes, and less often in trees, depending on where the birds prefer to live.
Cormorants feed on fish which they catch by pursuing them under the water. They dive from the surface of the water like Ducks, or from a low perch, but not from the air, as do the Gannets.
Cormorants eat fish by chasing them underwater. They dive from the water's surface like ducks or from a low perch, but not from the air like gannets do.
Pelicans nest in colonies, generally on some small island, building their nests on the ground or in bushes, and laying two or three large, white, chalky eggs.
Pelicans nest in groups, usually on a small island, creating their nests on the ground or in bushes, and they lay two or three large, white, chalky eggs.
Brown Pelicans secure their food by plunging on it from the air, generally from about twenty feet above the water. The sides of the bill are then bowed outward, the opening widened, forming, with the pouch, an effective net in which fish, twelve and fourteen inches long, are captured.
Brown Pelicans catch their food by diving down from the air, usually from around twenty feet above the water. The sides of their bill curve outward, and the opening expands, creating a sort of net with the pouch that effectively traps fish that are twelve to fourteen inches long.
White Pelicans, on the contrary, feed from the water, scooping up fishes as they swim. At times a flock of these birds may surround a school of small fish in shallow water and drive them shoreward, at the same time actively filling their pouches.
White pelicans, on the other hand, feed from the water, scooping up fish as they swim. Sometimes, a group of these birds may surround a school of small fish in shallow water and drive them toward the shore while actively filling their pouches.
Young Pelicans are fed on fish which they take from the pouch of the parent bird by thrusting their bills and heads well into it and prodding actively about for the food to be found there. Young Cormorants secure their food in a similar manner.
Young pelicans are fed on fish that they take from their parent’s pouch by pushing their bills and heads deep inside and actively searching for food. Young cormorants get their food in a similar way.
Frigate Birds, of which only two species are known, have a greater expanse of wing in proportion to the weight of their body than any other bird. Their power of flight is consequently unexcelled and they may spend days in the air without tiring. Their feet are as weak as their wings are strong, and are of use only in perching.
Frigate birds, of which only two species are known, have a greater wingspan relative to their body weight than any other bird. As a result, their flying ability is unmatched, and they can spend days in the air without getting tired. Their feet are as weak as their wings are strong and are only useful for perching.
The food of Frigate Birds consists chiefly of fish, which they catch from near the surface of the water, or rob from Gulls and Terns by pursuing them, forcing them to disgorge their prey, and catching it ere it reaches the water.
The Frigate Birds' diet mainly includes fish, which they catch from just below the surface of the water, or they steal from Gulls and Terns by chasing them, making them spit out their catch, and grabbing it before it hits the water.
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112. Yellow-billed Tropic Bird (Phaëthon americanus). L. 30; T. 19. Ads. Bill yellow; no bars above; middle tail feathers lengthened. Yng. Above barred with black; middle tail feathers not lengthened. 112. Yellow-billed Tropic Bird (Phaëthon americanus). L. 30; T. 19. Ads. Bill is yellow; no bars on top; middle tail feathers are longer. Yng. Above has black bars; middle tail feathers are not longer. Range.—Tropical coasts; breeds in West Indies, Bahamas and Bermudas; casual in Florida; accidental in western New York and Nova Scotia. Range.—Tropical coasts; breeds in the West Indies, Bahamas, and Bermuda; occasionally seen in Florida; rare in western New York and Nova Scotia. 113. Red-billed Tropic Bird (Phaëthon æthereus). L. 30; T. 20. Ads. Bill red; above barred with black; long middle tail feathers pure white. 113. Red-billed Tropic Bird (Phaëthon æthereus). L. 30; T. 20. Ads. The bill is red; it has black bars on its back; the long middle tail feathers are pure white. Range.—"Coasts of tropical America, north on the Pacific coast to Cape Colnett, Lower California; accidental on the Newfoundland Banks. Breeds on San Pedro Martir and other Islands in the Gulf of California." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Coasts of tropical America, north on the Pacific coast to Cape Colnett, Lower California; accidental on the Newfoundland Banks. Breeds on San Pedro Martir and other islands in the Gulf of California." (A. O. U.) 117. Gannet (Sula bassana). L. 35. Ads. White; head and neck tinged with straw; primaries blackish. Yng. Grayish brown with white spots. Notes. A harsh gor-r-r-rok. 117. Gannet (Sula bassana). L. 35. Ads. White; head and neck tinged with straw; primaries blackish. Yng. Grayish brown with white spots. Notes. A harsh gor-r-r-rok. Range.—North Atlantic; breeds, in America, only on Bird Rock and Bonaventure Islands, Gulf of St. Lawrence; winters off the coast, south to Florida. Range.—North Atlantic; breeds in America only on Bird Rock and Bonaventure Islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence; spends the winter off the coast, as far south as Florida. |
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114. Blue-faced Booby (Sula cyanops). L. 28. Ads. Body and lesser wing coverts white; central tail feathers whitish, others dark brown. Yng. Above plain dark grayish brown with some grayish streaks; below white; flanks streaked with grayish. 114. Blue-faced Booby (Sula cyanops). L. 28. Ads. The body and smaller wing coverts are white; the central tail feathers are off-white, while the others are dark brown. Yng. The upper side is a simple dark grayish-brown with some grayish streaks; the underside is white, with grayish streaks on the flanks. Range.—Tropical seas; north in America to Lower California and Bahamas; casual in southern Florida. Range.—Tropical seas; found in America as far north as Lower California and the Bahamas; occasionally seen in southern Florida. 114.1. Blue-footed Booby (Sula nebouxii). L. 33. Ads. Head, neck, and underparts white, the first two streaked with grayish; back dusky brownish, tipped with whitish; legs and feet bright blue. (Goss.) 114.1. Blue-footed Booby (Sula nebouxii). L. 33. Ads. The head, neck, and underparts are white, with the first two having grayish streaks; the back is a dark brownish color, with white tips; the legs and feet are bright blue. (Goss.) Range:—Pacific coast of America, from Gulf of California to Galapagos and Chili. (Cat. B. M.) Range:—Pacific coast of America, from the Gulf of California to the Galapagos and Chile. (Cat. B. M.) Range.—"Atlantic coasts of tropical and subtropical America, north to Georgia. Also, West Pacific and Indian Oceans." (A. O. U.) Accidental on Long Island. No United States breeding record. Range.—"Atlantic coasts of tropical and subtropical America, north to Georgia. Also, West Pacific and Indian Oceans." (A. O. U.) Rarely found on Long Island. No breeding records in the United States. 115.1. Brewster Booby (Sula brewsteri). L. 30. Ads. Similar to No. 115, but head and neck paler, bill blue, feet greenish. 115.1. Brewster Booby (Sula brewsteri). L. 30. Ads. Similar to No. 115, but head and neck are lighter, bill is blue, and feet are greenish. Range,—"Coasts and Islands of the eastern south Pacific Ocean, north to Lower California; breeding as far north as Georges Island at the head of the Gulf of California." (A. O. U.) Range,—"Coasts and Islands of the eastern South Pacific Ocean, north to Lower California; breeding as far north as Georges Island at the head of the Gulf of California." (A. O. U.) 116. Red-footed Booby (Sula piscator). L. 28. Feet reddish. Ads. White; head and nape straw color; primaries hoary grayish brown; tail white. Yng. Above sooty brown; head, neck, and lower parts light smoky gray. (Ridgw.) 116. Red-footed Booby (Sula piscator). L. 28. Feet reddish. Adults: White; head and nape straw color; primaries hoary grayish brown; tail white. Young: Above sooty brown; head, neck, and lower parts light smoky gray. (Ridgw.) Range.—Tropical seas, except Pacific coast of America (Cat. B. M.); north in Atlantic to Bahamas and, rarely, southern Florida. Range.—Tropical seas, except for the Pacific coast of America (Cat. B. M.); to the north in the Atlantic as far as the Bahamas and, occasionally, southern Florida. |
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119. Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo). L. 36; T. 7.5, of 14 feathers. Ads. Chin and sides of throat whitish; back glossy brownish, distinctly margined with black; below uniform shining black. Breeding plumage. Head and throat with white plumes; a white patch on flanks. Yng. Belly white; above olive grayish brown, margined with black; throat whitish; neck brownish. 119. Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo). Length 36 inches; Tail 7.5 inches, with 14 feathers. Adult. Chin and sides of the throat are whitish; back is glossy brownish, clearly edged with black; below is a uniform shining black. Breeding plumage. Head and throat have white plumes; a white patch is present on the flanks. Young. Belly is white; above is olive grayish-brown, edged with black; throat is whitish; neck is brownish. Range.—North Atlantic; breeds from Nova Scotia to Greenland; winters south to Carolinas. Range.—North Atlantic; breeds from Nova Scotia to Greenland; winters south to the Carolinas. 120. Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax dilophus). L. 30; W. 12.5; T. 6.2, of 12 feathers. Ads. Back brownish with distinct black margins; below shining black. Breeding plumage. With tufts on either side of head black, sometimes mixed with white; throat pouch orange. Yng. Back browner; head, neck, and lower belly brown; breast whitish. 120. Double-crested Cormorant (Phalacrocorax dilophus). Length 30 inches; Wingspan 12.5 inches; Tail 6.2 inches, with 12 feathers. Adults. Back is brownish with clear black edges; underside is shiny black. Breeding plumage. Features tufts on both sides of the head that are black, sometimes mixed with white; throat pouch is orange. Young. Back is browner; head, neck, and lower belly are brown; breast is whitish. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds locally from Bay of Fundy, Minnesota, North Dakota, northward; west to Assiniboia; winters from southern Illinois and Virginia southward. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds locally from the Bay of Fundy, Minnesota, North Dakota, northward; west to Assiniboia; winters from southern Illinois and Virginia southward. 120a. Florida Cormorant (P. d. floridanus). Similar to No. 120, but blacker and smaller. L. 25. 120a. Florida Cormorant (P. d. floridanus). Similar to No. 120, but darker and smaller. Length: 25 inches. Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf States; breeds north to North Carolina and southern Illinois. Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf States; breeds as far north as North Carolina and southern Illinois. 120b. White-crested Cormorant (P. d. cincinatus). Similar to No. 120, but larger, L. 36; nuptial crests white. 120b. White-crested Cormorant (P. d. cincinatus). Similar to No. 120, but larger, Length 36; mating crests white. Range.—Pacific coasts; breeds in Alaska; winters south to California. Range.—Pacific coasts; breeds in Alaska; winters as far south as California. 120c. Farallone Cormorant (P. d. albociliatus). Similar to 120b., but smaller, L. 28. 120c. Farallone Cormorant (P. d. albociliatus). Similar to 120b., but smaller, L. 28. Range.—Breeds on California coast and in interior, south to Socorro Island. (Ridgw.) Range.—Breeds on the California coast and in the interior, extending south to Socorro Island. (Ridgw.) 121. Mexican Cormorant (Phalacrocorax mexicanus). L. 25. W. 10. Ads. Narrow border at base of pouch white. Breeding plumage. Neck with white plumes. Yng. Head and hindneck brownish; back grayish, margined with black; throat, foreneck and breast brownish white; belly black. 121. Mexican Cormorant (Phalacrocorax mexicanus). L. 25. W. 10. Ads. Narrow white border at the base of the pouch. Breeding plumage. Neck has white plumes. Yng. Head and back of the neck are brownish; back is grayish with black edges; throat, front of the neck, and breast are brownish white; belly is black. Range.—Breeds In West Indies and Central America to west Gulf States; north in summer rarely to Kansas and southern Illinois. Range.—Breeds in the West Indies and Central America, extending to the western Gulf States; in summer, it rarely goes as far north as Kansas and southern Illinois. |
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122. Brandt Cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus). L. 35; T. 6. Chin and sides of throat buffy white or brownish. Ads. Above blue black, faintly margined with black; below green black. Breeding plumage. With white, hair-like plumes from back and neck; no white on flanks; throat pouch blue. Yng. Above dark brown; throat and belly whitish; breast and sides brown. 122. Brandt Cormorant (Phalacrocorax penicillatus). L. 35; T. 6. Chin and sides of throat buffy white or brownish. Adults. Above blue-black, lightly edged with black; below green-black. Breeding plumage. Featuring white, hair-like plumes from the back and neck; no white on the flanks; throat pouch is blue. Young. Above dark brown; throat and belly are whitish; breast and sides are brown. Range.—Pacific coast from Cape St. Lucas to Washington; resident. Range.—Pacific coast from Cape St. Lucas to Washington; permanent resident. 123. Pelagic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagicus). L. 28; W. 10; T. 6.2. Forehead feathered; back feathers not margined. Ads. Above glossy green and purplish black; below bottle green. Breeding plumage. With white plumes on neck and rump and white patches on flanks; nape and forehead, crested. Yng. Above greenish dusky brown, less green below. 123. Pelagic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax pelagicus). L. 28; W. 10; T. 6.2. Forehead feathered; back feathers not margined. Adults. Above glossy green and purplish black; below bottle green. Breeding plumage. With white plumes on the neck and rump and white patches on the sides; nape and forehead, crested. Young. Above greenish dusky brown, less green below. Range.—"Aleutian and Kuril Islands, and Kamchatka, south to Japan." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Aleutian and Kuril Islands, and Kamchatka, south to Japan." (A. O. U.) 123a. Violet-green Cormorant (P. p. robustus). Similar to No. 123, but larger; bill stouter, W. 10.8. 123a. Violet-green Cormorant (P. p. robustus). Similar to No. 123, but larger; bill thicker, W. 10.8. Range.—"Coast of Alaska, from Norton Sound south to Washington." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Coast of Alaska, from Norton Sound down to Washington." (A. O. U.) 123b. Baird Cormorant (P. p. resplendens). Similar to No. 123, but smaller; bill slenderer; W. 9.5. Notes. A croaking, guttural note. 123b. Baird Cormorant (P. p. resplendens). Similar to No. 123, but smaller; bill is slimmer; W. 9.5. Notes. A deep, croaking sound. Range.—Pacific coast from Washington south to Mazatlan, Mexico. Range.—Pacific coast from Washington south to Mazatlán, Mexico. 124. Red-faced Cormorant (Phalacrocorax urile). L. 34. Forehead as well as lores bare. Ads. Above green and purple; head and neck blue black; belly green. Breeding plumage. With forehead and nape crests and white patches on flanks. Notes. "A low, droning croak." (Nelson.) 124. Red-faced Cormorant (Phalacrocorax urile). L. 34. Forehead and lores are bare. Adults. The upper body is green and purple; head and neck are blue-black; belly is green. Breeding plumage. Features crests on the forehead and nape, along with white patches on the flanks. Notes. "A low, droning croak." (Nelson.) Range.—"Pribilof, Aleutian, and Kuril Islands, and coast of Kamchatka. South in winter to northern Japan." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Pribilof, Aleutian, and Kuril Islands, and the coast of Kamchatka. South in winter to northern Japan." (A. O. U.) |
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118. Anhinga; Snakebird; Water Turkey (Anhinga anhinga). L. 36. Ad. ♂. Black; grayish head and neck plumes which, in winter, are absent. Ad. ♀. Resembles male but whole head, neck, and breast brownish. Yng. Similar to ♀ but black parts duller. Notes. A rasping, clattering croak, uttered when fighting or in coming to the nest. 118. Anhinga; Snakebird; Water Turkey (Anhinga anhinga). Length: 36 inches. Adult Male: Black with grayish head and neck feathers that are missing in winter. Adult Female: Looks like the male but has a brownish head, neck, and breast. Young: Similar to the female but with duller black areas. Notes: Produces a harsh, clattering croak, often heard during fights or when approaching the nest. Range.—Tropical and subtropical America; breeds north to southern Illinois and South Carolina; winters from Gulf States southward. Range.—Tropical and subtropical America; breeds as far north as southern Illinois and South Carolina; winters from the Gulf States to the south. 125. American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos). L. 60. Ads. White; primaries black; bill in breeding season with a knob. Yng. With crown brownish. 125. American White Pelican (Pelecanus erythrorhynchos). L. 60. Ads. White; primary feathers are black; bill has a knob during breeding season. Yng. Has a brownish crown. Range:—North America; breeds in interior from eastern California, Utah, Yellowstone Park, Minnesota (?) northward to Lat. 61°; winters from Gulf States and southern California, south to Central America. Range:—North America; breeds in the interior from eastern California, Utah, Yellowstone Park, Minnesota (?) northward to Lat. 61°; winters from the Gulf States and southern California, south to Central America. 126. Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis). L. 50; W. 19.5. Ads. Pouch greenish; head white, rarely yellowish; neck brown. In fall, no brown on neck. Yng. Brownish gray, white below. Notes. Adults as a rule silent; young before flying, very noisy. 126. Brown Pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis). Length 50 inches; Wingspan 19.5 inches. Adult: Pouch is greenish; head is white, sometimes yellowish; neck is brown. In the fall, there’s no brown on the neck. Young: Brownish gray, white underneath. Notes: Adults are usually silent; the young ones before they can fly are very noisy. Range:—Atlantic and Gulf coast of tropical and subtropical America; breeds from northern South America to South Carolina; has strayed to Illinois and Nova Scotia; winters from Gulf States southward. Range:—Atlantic and Gulf coast of tropical and subtropical America; breeds from northern South America to South Carolina; has strayed to Illinois and Nova Scotia; winters from Gulf States southward. 127. California Brown Pelican (Pelecanus californicus). Similar to No. 126, but larger. L. 54; W. 21; pouch in breeding season, red. 127. California Brown Pelican (Pelecanus californicus). Similar to No. 126, but bigger. Length: 54 inches; Wingspan: 21 inches; pouch turns red during breeding season. Range.—Pacific coast from Galapagos north to British Columbia; breeds north only to Los Coronados Islands. Range.—Pacific coast from the Galapagos north to British Columbia; breeds only north to the Los Coronados Islands. 128. Man-o'-War Bird; Frigate Bird (Fregata aquila). L. 40. Ad. ♂. Black, glossy above; pouch "scarlet or orange." Ad. ♀. Browner; breast and belly white. Yng. Similar to ♀, but head and neck white. Notes. Usually silent; rarely a croaking note. 128. Man-o'-War Bird; Frigate Bird (Fregata aquila). L. 40. Ad. ♂. Black and shiny on top; pouch "scarlet or orange." Ad. ♀. More brown; breast and belly are white. Yng. Similar to ♀, but with a white head and neck. Notes. Usually quiet; occasionally makes a croaking sound. Range:—Tropical and subtropical coasts; in America north to Florida, Texas, and southern California; casually to Kansas, Ohio and Nova Scotia; winters from southern Florida and Lower California southward. Range:—Tropical and subtropical coastlines; in America, as far north as Florida, Texas, and southern California; occasionally reaching Kansas, Ohio, and Nova Scotia; winters from southern Florida and Lower California southward. |
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| Family 1. | DUCKS, GEESE, and SWANS. | Anatidæ. | 49 species, 6 subspecies. |
The Anatidæ of North America are placed in five well-marked subfamilies, the Mergansers (Merginæ), River Ducks (Anatinæ), Sea Ducks (Fuligulinæ), Geese (Anserinæ), and Swans (Cygninæ).
The Anatidæ of North America are divided into five distinct subfamilies: Mergansers (Merginæ), River Ducks (Anatinæ), Sea Ducks (Fuligulinæ), Geese (Anserinæ), and Swans (Cygninæ).
The Mergansers, Saw-bills, or Shelldrakes are fish-eating Ducks and their rounded bills, set with tooth-like projections along the sides, are of evident use to them in holding their prey.
The Mergansers, Saw-bills, or Shelldrakes are fish-eating ducks, and their rounded bills, equipped with tooth-like projections along the sides, clearly help them hold onto their catch.
The River Ducks include such well-known species as the Mallard, Black Duck, and Widgeon. They differ from the Bay or Sea Ducks in not having a well-developed web or flap on the hind-toe. As a rule they feed in shallow water by tipping, standing on their heads, as it were, while reaching the bottom for food.
The River Ducks include popular species like the Mallard, Black Duck, and Widgeon. They differ from Bay or Sea Ducks because they don't have a well-developed web or flap on their hind toe. Generally, they feed in shallow water by tipping over, essentially standing on their heads, while reaching down to the bottom for food.
The Bay or Sea Ducks have the hind-toe webbed. They feed, as a rule, in deeper water than the River Ducks, sometimes descending to the bottom in water over one hundred feet deep. During the winter they gather in flocks often of several thousand individuals, and frequent the larger bodies of water.
The Bay or Sea Ducks have a webbed hind toe. Generally, they feed in deeper water than River Ducks, sometimes diving to the bottom in water over one hundred feet deep. In winter, they gather in flocks that can number in the thousands and often hang out in larger bodies of water.
With both the River and Bay Ducks the sides of the broad, flat bill are set with gutters which serve as strainers, retaining the mollusks, seeds and roots of aquatic plants on which these Ducks feed, while the mud or water taken in with the food is forced out the sides of the bill as it closes.
With both the River and Bay Ducks, the sides of their wide, flat bills have grooves that act as strainers, trapping the mollusks, seeds, and roots of aquatic plants that these Ducks eat, while the mud or water taken in with the food is pushed out the sides of the bill as it closes.
Geese are more terrestrial than Ducks and often visit the land to nip the grass. This is particularly true in the west where large flocks of, Geese, especially Snow Geese, may be seen feeding on the prairies. On the water they feed over shallows by tipping and probing the bottoms.
Geese are more grounded than ducks and often go on land to graze on grass. This is especially common in the west, where you can see large flocks of geese, particularly snow geese, feeding on the prairies. In the water, they feed in shallow areas by tipping and probing the bottoms.
Swans also feed from the surface of the water either by simply immersing the head and neck or by half submerging the body, when, with the tail pointed to the zenith, the length of their reach is greatly increased.
Swans also feed from the surface of the water either by just dipping their head and neck in or by partially submerging their body. When they do this, with their tail pointing up, it really extends how far they can reach.
In spite of their comparatively short wings the large muscles attached to them give to the Anatidæ great power of flight. Not only do they make extended journeys, when migrating, without a rest, but they attain a speed which is surpassed by but few birds. Some of the smaller species, when alarmed, doubtless flying at the rate of one hundred miles an hour.
In spite of their relatively short wings, the large muscles connected to them give the Anatidæ incredible power to fly. They not only make long journeys during migration without stopping, but they also reach speeds that are only exceeded by a few other birds. Some of the smaller species, when scared, can probably fly at a speed of one hundred miles per hour.
In common with other diving water birds the Ducks, when molting, lose most of their wing feathers all at once, and for a time are therefore unable to fly. During this comparatively helpless period the brightly colored males assume in part the plumage of the females and [Pg_75] are thereby rendered less conspicuous. With the return of the power of flight, however, they regain their distinctive, male plumage, which is usually brighter than that of the female. With our Geese and Swans there is no sexual difference in color.
Like other diving water birds, Ducks lose most of their wing feathers all at once during molting, making them unable to fly for a while. During this vulnerable time, the brightly colored males partly take on the females’ plumage and [Pg_75] become less noticeable. However, once they can fly again, they regain their distinctive male feathers, which are usually brighter than the females’. In Geese and Swans, there’s no difference in color between the sexes.
Most of our Ducks and Geese breed in the north, some within the Arctic Circle, and winter from the southern limit of frozen water southward. The American Merganser, Hooded Merganser, Wood Duck, Buffle-head, Golden-Eyes, Tree Ducks, and possibly Harlequin Duck nest in hollow trees, at times some distance from the water. The young of the American Golden-eye and of the Wood Duck have been seen to reach the water by jumping from the nest-hole and fluttering down in response to the calls of the parent below. It is said that they are also brought down in the bill of the old bird, but this statement apparently lacks confirmation.
Most of our ducks and geese breed up north, some even within the Arctic Circle, and they winter from the southern edge of frozen water and southward. The American Merganser, Hooded Merganser, Wood Duck, Bufflehead, Goldeneyes, Tree Ducks, and possibly the Harlequin Duck nest in hollow trees, sometimes quite a distance from the water. The young American Goldeneye and Wood Duck have been observed reaching the water by jumping from the nest hole and fluttering down in response to calls from the parent below. It’s said that they are also carried down in the bill of the adult bird, but this claim doesn't seem to be confirmed.
The remaining species of our Ducks, Geese, and Swans, nest as a rule, on the ground generally near water. From five to fifteen and, in the case of the Fulvous Tree Duck, possibly as many as thirty eggs are laid. In color they vary from white to buffy and pale olive and are always uniformly colored. Incubation is performed by the female alone. The males at this period among most Ducks deserting their mate to undergo the partial molt before mentioned. While incubating the females surround their nest with soft down plucked from their bodies and when leaving the nest to feed, this down is drawn over the eggs with the double object, doubtless, of concealing them and of keeping them warm.
The remaining species of our ducks, geese, and swans generally nest on the ground, usually close to water. They lay between five to fifteen eggs, and in the case of the Fulvous Tree Duck, possibly up to thirty. The eggs range in color from white to buff and pale olive, and are always a solid color. The female does all the incubation alone. During this time, the males of most duck species leave their mates to undergo the mentioned partial molt. While incubating, the females line their nests with soft down plucked from their bodies and, when they leave the nest to feed, they cover the eggs with this down, likely to hide them and keep them warm.
With Eider Ducks this down constitutes the larger part of, if not the entire nest. Saunders states that in Iceland the down in each nest weighs about one-sixth of a pound. This is gathered by the natives, who, however, are careful to afford the sitting bird an opportunity to raise her brood without further molestation.
With Eider Ducks, this down makes up most, if not all, of the nest. Saunders notes that in Iceland, the down in each nest weighs around one-sixth of a pound. The locals collect this down, but they are careful to give the sitting bird a chance to raise her chicks without any disturbances.
The collection of Eider down thus furnishes an admirable illustration of proper economic relations between man and birds. The down is an important source of income to the natives of the comparatively barren, northern countries in which the Eiders nest. So long as man can remember it has been gathered annually. Still the Ducks continue to return in numbers year after year to the same region, perhaps the exact spot in which they nested the year before.
The gathering of Eider down provides a great example of the right economic relationship between humans and birds. The down is a significant source of income for the locals in the relatively barren northern countries where Eiders nest. People have been collecting it every year for as long as anyone can remember. Yet, the ducks keep coming back in large numbers year after year to the same area, maybe even the exact spot where they nested the previous year.
Less intelligent methods would perhaps rob the bird of its second, as well as of its first nest and, unable to reproduce its kind, the species would become extinct within a comparatively short period.
Less intelligent methods might take away the bird's second nest, as well as its first, and if it couldn't reproduce, the species would become extinct in a relatively short time.
The evils which would follow such a course are, however, thoroughly understood. The Ducks, in the first place, are encouraged in every way. It is said that should one walk into a peasant's cabin and preempt his cot as a nesting-site, the peasant would gladly give up his bed to so valuable a visitor.
The problems that would arise from such a path are well understood. First of all, the Ducks are supported in every possible way. It's said that if someone were to enter a peasant's cabin and take over a corner as a nesting spot, the peasant would happily give up his bed for such an important guest.
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129. American Merganser (Merganser americanus). L. 25; B. from nostril, 1.5; nostril midway between eye and tip of bill. Ad. ♂. No band of streaks on breast; no crest. Ad. ♀. and Yng. Chin white; crown and throat reddish brown; rest of underparts and speculum white; above and tail ashy. 129. American Merganser (Merganser americanus). Length: 25 inches; Bill length from nostril: 1.5 inches; nostril located halfway between the eye and the tip of the bill. Adult ♂. No streaked band on the breast; no crest. Adult ♀ and Young. Chin white; crown and throat reddish-brown; remaining underparts and speculum white; back and tail are ashy. Range.—North America; breeds from New Brunswick, rarely mountains of Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and mountains of Colorado and California northward; winters from Maine and British Columbia south to South Carolina and southern California. Range.—North America; breeds from New Brunswick, occasionally in the mountains of Pennsylvania, Minnesota, and the mountains of Colorado and California northward; winters from Maine and British Columbia south to South Carolina and southern California. 130. Red-breasted Merganser (Merganser serrator). L. 22; B. from nostril, 1.8; nostril nearer to eye than to tip of bill. Ad. ♂. Breast with a broad cinnamon band streaked with black; head feathers lengthened. Ad. ♀ and Yng. Crown grayish brown, washed with rusty. Chin and throat paler; rest of underparts and speculum white: back and tail ashy. Notes. When alarmed, several low, guttural croaks. (Elliot.) 130. Red-breasted Merganser (Merganser serrator). Length: 22 inches; Bill length from nostril: 1.8 inches; nostril positioned closer to the eye than to the tip of the bill. Adult. ♂. The breast features a wide cinnamon band with black streaks; head feathers are elongated. Adult. ♀ and Young. The crown is a grayish-brown with rusty shades. The chin and throat are lighter; the rest of the underparts and speculum are white, while the back and tail are ashy. Notes. When startled, it makes several low, guttural croaks. (Elliot.) Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds, in America, from New Brunswick and northern Illinois north to Greenland and Alaska; winters from southern breeding limits, south to Cuba and Lower California. Range.—Northern Hemisphere; breeds in America from New Brunswick and northern Illinois north to Greenland and Alaska; winters from the southern breeding limits south to Cuba and Baja California. 131. Hooded Merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus). L. 17.5. Ad. ♂. A large, circular black and white crest. Ad. ♀ Yng. A small cinnamon crest, head, neck and breast grayish brown; back, blackish; belly white. Notes. "A hoarse croak, like a small edition of that of the Red-breasted Merganser." (Elliot.) 131. Hooded Merganser (Lophodytes cucullatus). L. 17.5. Ad. ♂. A large, circular black and white crest. Ad. ♀ Yng. A small cinnamon crest, with the head, neck, and breast being grayish brown; the back is blackish; the belly is white. Notes. "A hoarse croak, similar to a smaller version of the Red-breasted Merganser's." (Elliot.) Range.—North America from Cuba and Lower California north to Labrador and Alaska; breeds locally throughout its range, chiefly in interior of British America; winters from British Columbia, Illinois, and Massachusetts southward. Range.—North America from Cuba and Lower California north to Labrador and Alaska; breeds locally throughout its range, mainly in the interior of British America; winters from British Columbia, Illinois, and Massachusetts southward. 132. Mallard (Anas boschas). L. 23. Speculum (patch in wing) purple bordered by black and white; under surface of wing pure white. Ad. ♂. Head green; breast chestnut, a white neck-ring. Ad. ♀. Above blackish and buffy, below rusty buff mottled with dusky grayish brown. Notes. The familiar quack of the barn-yard Duck. 132. Mallard (Anas boschas). L. 23. The speculum (patch in the wing) is purple with a black and white border; the underside of the wing is completely white. Adult. ♂. The head is green; the breast is chestnut, featuring a white neck-ring. Adult. ♀. The upper body is blackish and buffy, while the lower part is a rusty buff mottled with dusky grayish brown. Notes. The common quack of the farmyard duck. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds, in America, from Labrador, Indiana, Iowa, and California north to Greenland and Alaska; winters from British Columbia, Kansas, and New Jersey to Central America and West Indies. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in America from Labrador, Indiana, Iowa, and California north to Greenland and Alaska; winters from British Columbia, Kansas, and New Jersey to Central America and the West Indies. 143. Pintail (Dafila acuta). L. ♂, 28; ♀, 22. Ad. ♂. Central tail feathers black, 7.5 long, pointed. Ad. ♀. Tail 3.5,; feathers sharply pointed; brownish black, with buff bars; under wing-coverts dusky and buff; back blackish with internal buff loops. Notes. A loud quack, less sonorous than that of the Mallard; a low mellow whistle, and a harsh rolling note. (Nelson.) 143. Pintail (Dafila acuta). L. ♂, 28; ♀, 22. Ad. ♂. The central tail feathers are black, 7.5 inches long, and pointed. Ad. ♀. The tail is 3.5 inches; feathers are sharply pointed; brownish-black with buff bars; underwing coverts are dusky and buff; back is blackish with internal buff loops. Notes. It has a loud quack, which is less resonant than that of the Mallard; it also produces a low mellow whistle and a harsh rolling note. (Nelson.) Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds, in America, from New Brunswick, Iowa, Illinois, and British Columbia northward; winters from British Columbia, Illinois, and Virginia, south to Central America and West Indies. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in America from New Brunswick, Iowa, Illinois, and British Columbia northward; winters from British Columbia, Illinois, and Virginia south to Central America and the West Indies. |
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133. Black Duck (Anas obscura). L. 22. Ads. Speculum bluish purple tipped with black; no white in wing; lining of wing white and dusky; crown without paler margins; throat, usually, without markings; legs "olivaceous brown," bill "greenish black, dusky olive, or olive-green." Notes. A quack resembling that of the Mallard. 133. Black Duck (Anas obscura). L. 22. Ads. The speculum is a bluish-purple color with black tips; there’s no white in the wing; the lining of the wing is white and dusky; the crown has no paler edges; the throat usually has no markings; legs are "olivaceous brown," and the bill is "greenish-black, dusky olive, or olive-green." Notes. It has a quack similar to that of the Mallard. Range.—Eastern North America; chiefly east of Mississippi; breeds locally from New Jersey and Illinois north to Labrador and Hudson Bay; winters from Maine to West Indies. Range.—Eastern North America; mainly east of the Mississippi; breeds locally from New Jersey and Illinois north to Labrador and Hudson Bay; winters from Maine to the West Indies. 133a. Red-legged Black Duck (A. o. rubripes). Similar to No. 133 but larger; crown edged with buff or gray; throat spotted; legs red; bill yellow. 133a. Red-legged Black Duck (A. o. rubripes). Similar to No. 133 but larger; crown has buff or gray borders; throat is spotted; legs are red; bill is yellow. Range.—Summer range not definitely known, but breeding specimens have been taken in northern Labrador, James Bay, and west shore of Hudson Bay; in winter south to Virginia and Arkansas. Range.—The summer range isn't clearly defined, but breeding specimens have been collected in northern Labrador, James Bay, and the west shore of Hudson Bay; during winter, they move south to Virginia and Arkansas. 134. Florida Duck (Anas fulvigula). L. 20. Ads. Throat and front of neck plain buff, usually unmarked; speculum sometimes tipped with white; belly rusty buff; broadly streaked with black. Notes. A quack similar to that of No. 133. 134. Florida Duck (Anas fulvigula). L. 20. Ads. The throat and front of the neck are a plain buff color, usually unmarked; the speculum is sometimes tipped with white; the belly is a rusty buff; broadly streaked with black. Notes. It has a quack similar to that of No. 133. Range.—Florida to coast of Louisiana; resident. Range.—From Florida to the coast of Louisiana; permanent resident. 134a. Mottled Duck (A. f. maculosa). Similar to No. 134, but underparts mottled with black, the markings being rounder. 134a. Mottled Duck (A. f. maculosa). Similar to No. 134, but the underparts are mottled with black, and the markings are rounder. Range.—Eastern Texas; breeds (at least) from Corpus Christi north to Kansas; winters on west Gulf Coast. Range.—Eastern Texas; breeds (at least) from Corpus Christi north to Kansas; winters on the west Gulf Coast. 135. Gadwall (Chaulelasmus streperus), L. 19.5. Under wing coverts and axillars pure white. Ad. ♂. Wing-coverts chestnut; breast ringed with white. Ad. ♀. Head and throat as in ♂, back fuscous and buffy; breast and sides ochraceous thickly spotted with blackish; speculum ashy gray and white. Notes. A quack like that of the Mallard but shriller and more often repeated. 135. Gadwall (Chaulelasmus streperus), L. 19.5. Under the wing coverts and axillars pure white. Male. ♂. Wing coverts are chestnut; the breast is ringed with white. Female. ♀. Head and throat are like the male, back is dark brown and buffy; breast and sides are ochre with thick black spots; speculum is gray and white. Notes. Makes a quack similar to the Mallard but is higher-pitched and repeats more frequently. Range.—Northern hemisphere; in America, breeds in the interior from Kansas and California north to Manitoba and Assiniboia; winters from Maryland to Florida, rare in northeastern Atlantic States. Range.—Northern hemisphere; in America, it breeds in the interior from Kansas and California north to Manitoba and Assiniboia; winters from Maryland to Florida, rare in the northeastern Atlantic States. 136. Widgeon (Mareca penelope). L. 18.5. Ad. ♂. Head and neck reddish brown; crown buff; sides with wavy black and white lines. Ad. ♀. Head and throat rusty, finely streaked and barred with black; breast and sides rusty; speculum blackish. Notes. Of male, a shrill, whistling whee-you; of female, a low, purring growl. (Saunders.) 136. Widgeon (Mareca penelope). L. 18.5. Ad. ♂. The male has a reddish-brown head and neck; the crown is tan; the sides have wavy black and white lines. Ad. ♀. The female has a rusty head and throat, finely streaked and barred with black; her breast and sides are rusty; the speculum is dark. Notes. The male's call is a shrill, whistling whee-you; the female's call is a low, purring growl. (Saunders.) Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in America, only in the Aleutian Islands; casual in migrations and in winter in California and on Atlantic coast from North Carolina to Greenland. Range.—Northern Hemisphere; breeds in America, only in the Aleutian Islands; occasionally seen during migrations and in winter in California and along the Atlantic coast from North Carolina to Greenland. 137. Baldpate (Mareca americana). L. 19. No rusty on head. Ad. ♂. Under tail-coverts black; streak from eye to nape glossy green. Ad. ♀. Head and throat whitish finely marked with black; breast and sides rusty washed with grayish. Notes. "A low, soft whistle." (Elliot.) 137. Baldpate (Mareca americana). Length 19. No rust on the head. Adult ♂. Under tail-coverts are black; a glossy green streak runs from the eye to the nape. Adult ♀. Head and throat are whitish with fine black markings; breast and sides are rusty with a grayish wash. Notes. "A low, soft whistle." (Elliot.) Range.—North America; breeds in the interior from Minnesota and British Columbia north to Alaska; winters from British Columbia and Virginia south to South America; only a migrant on northeast Atlantic coast to Labrador. Range.—North America; breeds in the interior from Minnesota and British Columbia north to Alaska; winters from British Columbia and Virginia south to South America; only a migrant on the northeast Atlantic coast to Labrador. |
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139. Green-winged Teal (Nettion carolinensis). L. 14.5. Wing-coverts gray, tipped with buff or white. Ad. ♂. A white crescent in front of wing; speculum (wing-patch) green bordered by black tipped with white. Ad. ♀. Wings as in ♂; throat and sides of neck white, finely spotted with black; breast and sides washed with rusty, marked with black. Notes. A "peculiar chirping almost a twittering" as they fly. (Seton.) 139. Green-winged Teal (Nettion carolinensis). L. 14.5. Wing-coverts are gray, with buff or white tips. Ad. ♂. There's a white crescent in front of the wing; the speculum (wing-patch) is green, bordered with black and tipped with white. Ad. ♀. Wings are the same as the male; the throat and sides of the neck are white, with fine black spots; the breast and sides are a rusty color, marked with black. Notes. It has a "peculiar chirping almost like twittering" when they fly. (Seton.) Range.—North America; breeds from New Brunswick, Minnesota, and British Columbia north to Greenland and Alaska; winters from Virginia, Kansas, and British Columbia south to Central America and West Indies. Range.—North America; breeds from New Brunswick, Minnesota, and British Columbia north to Greenland and Alaska; winters from Virginia, Kansas, and British Columbia down to Central America and the West Indies. 140. Blue-winged Teal (Querquedula discors). Wing-coverts blue. Ad. ♂. Cheek patch white. Ad. ♀. Resembles ♀ of No. 139, but wing-coverts blue; speculum greenish brown not distinctly tipped with white. L. 16. 140. Blue-winged Teal (Querquedula discors). The wing-coverts are blue. Adult male. Has a white cheek patch. Adult female. Looks similar to the female of No. 139, but with blue wing-coverts; the speculum is greenish brown without distinct white tips. Length: 16 inches. Range.—North America; chiefly east of Rockies; breeds from New Brunswick, Kansas, southern Illinois and northern Ohio, north to Alaska, mainly in interior; winters from Virginia and Lower Mississippi Valley to northern South America, California, and Lower California. Range.—North America; mainly east of the Rockies; breeds from New Brunswick, Kansas, southern Illinois, and northern Ohio, north to Alaska, primarily in the interior; winters from Virginia and the Lower Mississippi Valley to northern South America, California, and Baja California. 141. Cinnamon Teal (Querquedula cyanoptera). Ad. ♂. Head and neck, breast and sides reddish brown. Ad. ♀. Resembles ♀ of No. 140, but the underparts, including throat, are usually suffused with rusty; the throat often being blackish or speckled with dusky. Notes. A rather thin, nasal quack. L. 16. 141. Cinnamon Teal (Querquedula cyanoptera). Adult. ♂. Head and neck, breast, and sides are reddish-brown. Adult ♀. Looks similar to the ♀ of No. 140, but the underparts, including the throat, usually have a rusty tint; the throat is often blackish or speckled with dark spots. Notes. Produces a rather thin, nasal quack. Length: 16 inches. Range.—Western North America from British Columbia south to South America, east to Rockies and south Texas; rarely to Florida. Range.—Western North America from British Columbia down to South America, east to the Rockies and south to Texas; rarely found in Florida. 142. Shoveller (Spatula clypeata). L. 20. Bill much broader at tip than at base. Ad. ♂. Belly chestnut; breast around to back white. Ad. ♀. Wing-coverts blue; back conspicuously margined with buff. Notes. "Occasionally a few feeble quacks." (Elliot.) 142. Shoveller (Spatula clypeata). L. 20. The bill is much wider at the tip than at the base. Ad. ♂. The belly is chestnut; the breast is white around to the back. Ad. ♀. The wing-coverts are blue; the back is distinctly edged with buff. Notes. "Sometimes you hear a few weak quacks." (Elliot.) Range.—Northern hemisphere; in America chiefly in interior; breeds locally from Texas, and regularly from Minnesota and British Columbia north to Alaska and Barren Grounds; winters from British Columbia, Illinois, and Maryland south to northern South America. Range.—Northern hemisphere; in America mainly in the interior; breeds locally from Texas, and consistently from Minnesota and British Columbia north to Alaska and the Barren Grounds; winters from British Columbia, Illinois, and Maryland south to northern South America. 144. Wood Duck (Aix sponsa). L. 18.5. Ad. ♂. Head crested; green, blue, and purple with white stripes. Ad. ♀. A white streak through and behind eye; crown glossy purplish brown; back olive-brown glossed with greenish. Notes. A frightened, plaintive, oo-eek. 144. Wood Duck (Aix sponsa). L. 18.5. Ad. ♂. The male has a crested head; it's green, blue, and purple with white stripes. Ad. ♀. The female has a white streak through and behind the eye; her crown is glossy purplish-brown; the back is olive-brown with a greenish sheen. Notes. A scared, mournful, oo-eek. Range.—North America; breeds locally from Florida to Labrador and British Columbia, winters from British Columbia, southern Illinois, and southern New Jersey, south to southern California and Cuba. Range.—North America; breeds locally from Florida to Labrador and British Columbia, winters from British Columbia, southern Illinois, and southern New Jersey, south to southern California and Cuba. |
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Range.—North America; breeds chiefly in interior from Maine, Minnesota, and California north to Labrador and British Columbia; winters from British Columbia and Maryland south to Lower California and West Indies. Range.—North America; breeds mainly in the interior from Maine, Minnesota, and California north to Labrador and British Columbia; winters from British Columbia and Maryland south to Lower California and the West Indies. 147. Canvas-back (Aythya vallisneria). L. 21. Ad. ♂. Head and whole neck dull reddish brown. Ad. ♀. Head and neck rusty grayish brown; back grayish brown, finely barred with black and white. Notes. "A harsh guttural croak." (Elliot.) 147. Canvas-back (Aythya vallisneria). L. 21. Adult. ♂. Head and entire neck are a dull reddish brown. Adult. ♀. Head and neck are rusty grayish brown; back is grayish brown, with fine black and white bars. Notes. "A harsh, guttural croak." (Elliot.) Range.—North America; breeds only in interior from Minnesota and Oregon north to Alaska and the Barren Grounds; winters from British Columbia and Maryland south to southern California, Mexico and West Indies. Range.—North America; breeds only in the interior from Minnesota and Oregon north to Alaska and the Barren Grounds; winters from British Columbia and Maryland south to Southern California, Mexico, and the West Indies. 148. American Scaup Duck (Aythya marila). L. ♂, 18.5; ♀, 17.5. Ad. ♂. Head glossed with greenish; sides without distinct black bars. Ad. ♀. Feathers about base of bill white; breast and back rusty grayish brown; speculum white. Notes. "Similar to the guttural sound made by the Canvas-back, Redhead and other diving Ducks." (Elliot.) 148. American Scaup Duck (Aythya marila). L. ♂, 18.5; ♀, 17.5. Adult. ♂. The head has a greenish shine; sides lack distinct black bars. Adult ♀. Feathers around the base of the bill are white; the breast and back are rusty grayish-brown; speculum is white. Notes. "Similar to the guttural sound made by the Canvas-back, Redhead, and other diving ducks." (Elliot.) Range.—Northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America, breeds in the interior rarely from Minnesota, and regularly from North Dakota northward; winters from Long Island to northern South America. Range.—Northern parts of the northern hemisphere; in America, breeds in the interior, rarely as far south as Minnesota, and regularly from North Dakota northward; winters from Long Island to northern South America. 149. Lesser Scaup Duck (Aythya affinis). L. ♂ 17; ♀, 16.5. Ad. ♂. Head glossed with purplish; sides with distinct black bars. Ad. ♀. Similar to ♀ of No. 148, but smaller. 149. Lesser Scaup Duck (Aythya affinis). L. ♂ 17; ♀, 16.5. Ad. ♂. Head has a purplish sheen; sides have noticeable black bars. Ad. ♀. Similar to ♀ of No. 148, but smaller. Range.—North America; breeds only in interior from Iowa rarely, North Dakota commonly, and British Columbia, north to Barren Grounds; winters from British Columbia and Virginia south to Guatemala and West Indies. Range.—North America; breeds primarily in the interior from Iowa, less frequently in North Dakota, and commonly in British Columbia, extending north to the Barren Grounds; winters from British Columbia and Virginia down to Guatemala and the West Indies. 150. Ring-necked Duck (Aythya collaris). L. 16.5. Ad. ♂. A chestnut neck-ring; chin white; back black; speculum gray. Ad. ♀. Feathers about sides of base of bill and throat white, back and breast rusty grayish brown; speculum gray. Resembles ♀ of No. 146, but is smaller and rustier. 150. Ring-necked Duck (Aythya collaris). L. 16.5. Adult. ♂. Has a chestnut neck ring; chin is white; back is black; speculum is gray. Adult. ♀. Feathers around the sides of the base of the bill and throat are white, while the back and breast are rusty grayish-brown; speculum is gray. Looks similar to ♀ of No. 146, but is smaller and has a rustier appearance. Range.—North America: breeding only in the interior from Minnesota northward; winters from Maryland and British Columbia south to Guatemala and West Indies; rare on Atlantic coast north of Maryland. Range.—North America: breeds exclusively in the interior from Minnesota northward; winters from Maryland and British Columbia south to Guatemala and the West Indies; uncommon on the Atlantic coast north of Maryland. |
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151. American Golden-eye (Clangula clangula americana). L. 20. Ad. ♂. Head greenish; white patch at base of bill circular. Ad. ♀. Head and throat brown; breast and back gray, a white throat-ring; belly and speculum white. Notes. Rarely a low croak; a high whistling sound produced by wings in flight. 151. American Golden-eye (Clangula clangula americana). L. 20. Ad. ♂. Head greenish; white patch at the base of the bill circular. Ad. ♀. Head and throat brown; breast and back gray, with a white throat-ring; belly and speculum white. Notes. Rarely emits a low croak; makes a high whistling sound when flying. Range.—North America; breeds from Maine, northern Minnesota, and Alberta, north to Arctic Regions; winters from southern Alaska, the Great Lakes and Maine, south to Mexico and Cuba. Range.—North America; breeds from Maine, northern Minnesota, and Alberta, north to Arctic Regions; winters from southern Alaska, the Great Lakes, and Maine, south to Mexico and Cuba. 152. Barrow Golden-eye (Clangula islandica). L. 20. Ad. ♂. Head purplish blue; white patch at base of bill twice as high as wide. Ad. ♀. Resembles ♀ of No. 151. Notes. A high whistling made by wings in flight, probably also a low croaking as in No. 151. 152. Barrow Golden-eye (Clangula islandica). L. 20. Ad. ♂. Head purplish blue; white patch at the base of the bill twice as high as wide. Ad. ♀. Looks like ♀ of No. 151. Notes. A high whistling sound made by wings during flight, likely also a low croaking similar to No. 151. Range.—Northern North America; breeds from Gulf of St. Lawrence, and mountains of Colorado north to southern Greenland; winters south to Virginia, Illinois, and California. Range.—Northern North America; breeds from the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the mountains of Colorado up to southern Greenland; winters as far south as Virginia, Illinois, and California. 153. Buffle-head (Charitonetta albeola). L. 14.7. Ad. ♂. Head blue, purple, and green; a white band from eye to eye across nape. Ad. ♀. A whitish patch on either side of head; throat and upper parts grayish brown; belly and speculum white. Notes. A single guttural note like a small edition of the Canvas-back's roll. (Elliot.) 153. Bufflehead (Charitonetta albeola). L. 14.7. Ad. ♂. The male has a head that is blue, purple, and green, with a white band from eye to eye across the back of the neck. Ad. ♀. The female shows a whitish patch on either side of the head; the throat and upper parts are grayish-brown; the belly and speculum are white. Notes. Produces a single guttural note similar to a smaller version of the Canvas-back's roll. (Elliot.) Range.—North America; breeds from Maine, Iowa, and British Columbia northward; winters from southern limit of breeding range to West Indies and Mexico. Range.—North America; breeds from Maine, Iowa, and British Columbia to the north; winters from the southern edge of its breeding range to the West Indies and Mexico. 167. Ruddy Duck (Erismatura jamaicensis). L. 15. Tail-feathers narrow and stiff; bill short (1.5) and broad. Ad. ♂. Cheeks white, cap black, back reddish brown. Ad. ♀. A whitish streak through dusky cheeks; back grayish brown with fine buffy bars; belly silvery whitish. Yng. ♂. Similar, but cheeks all white or whitish. 167. Ruddy Duck (Erismatura jamaicensis). L. 15. Tail feathers are narrow and stiff; the bill is short (1.5) and wide. Ad. ♂. The cheeks are white, the cap is black, and the back is reddish-brown. Ad. ♀. There’s a white streak through the dusky cheeks; the back is grayish-brown with fine buffy bars; the belly is silvery white. Yng. ♂. Similar, but the cheeks are all white or whitish. Range.—Western hemisphere from northern South America to Hudson Bay; breeds locally throughout its range, but chiefly northward; winters from New Jersey, southern Illinois and California southward. Range.—Western hemisphere from northern South America to Hudson Bay; breeds locally throughout its range, but mainly to the north; winters from New Jersey, southern Illinois, and California southward. 168. Masked Duck (Nomonyx dominicus). L. 14. Tail-feathers long, (4.5) narrow, stiff and pointed. Ad. ♂. Front of head black; behind it reddish brown all around; white in wing. Ad. ♀. A brownish streak through eye: buffy streaks above and below it; back blackish regularly barred with buff; below washed with rusty. 168. Masked Duck (Nomonyx dominicus). L. 14. Tail feathers are long, (4.5), narrow, stiff, and pointed. Ad. ♂. The front of the head is black; behind it, there is reddish-brown all around; white in the wing. Ad. ♀. A brownish streak runs through the eye, with buffy streaks above and below it; the back is blackish with regular buff bars; the underside is washed with rusty color. Range—Tropical America north to Lower Rio Grande; accidental in Wisconsin, Lake Champlain, and Massachusetts. Range—Tropical America north to the Lower Rio Grande; occasionally found in Wisconsin, Lake Champlain, and Massachusetts. |
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154. Old-squaw (Harelda hyemalis). L. ♂, 21; ♀, 16; T. ♂, 8; ♀, 2.5. No colored speculum. Ad. ♂. Central tail-feathers much lengthened; in winter, crown, nape, throat, and neck all around white. In summer, black, with rusty markings on back. Ad. ♀. winter. Cheeks, neck all around, and underparts white; breast and sides of neck dusky. In summer, crown, cheeks and nape blackish, throat and breast dusky; a whitish patch back of eye. Notes. In spring, a rich, musical a-leedle-a, frequently repeated in deep, reed-like tones. (Nelson.) Also "o-onc-o-onc-ough-egh-ough-egh." (Mackay.) 154. Old-squaw (Harelda hyemalis). L. ♂, 21; ♀, 16; T. ♂, 8; ♀, 2.5. No colored speculum. Ad. ♂. Central tail feathers are much longer; in winter, the crown, nape, throat, and neck all around are white. In summer, they are black with rusty markings on the back. Ad. ♀. In winter, the cheeks, neck all around, and underparts are white; the breast and sides of the neck are dusky. In summer, the crown, cheeks, and nape are blackish, while the throat and breast are dusky with a whitish patch behind the eye. Notes. In spring, it has a rich, musical a-leedle-a, frequently repeated in deep, reed-like tones. (Nelson.) Also "o-onc-o-onc-ough-egh-ough-egh." (Mackay.) Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds from northern Labrador and Aleutian Islands north to Arctic Ocean; winters south to Virginia, Upper Mississippi Valley, and California, "rarely to Florida and Texas." Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds from northern Labrador and the Aleutian Islands north to the Arctic Ocean; winters south to Virginia, the Upper Mississippi Valley, and California, "rarely to Florida and Texas." 155. Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus). L. 17. Ad. ♂. Back and breast slaty blue; head darker. Ad. ♀. Front half of cheeks and spot over ears whitish, above blackish brown; below dusky and whitish. Notes. "A confusion of low gabbling and chattering notes." (Nelson.) 155. Harlequin Duck (Histrionicus histrionicus). L. 17. Ad. ♂. Back and chest are slaty blue; head is darker. Ad. ♀. The front half of the cheeks and the spot above the ears are whitish, with dark brown above; below is dusky and whitish. Notes. "A mix of low murmurs and chattering sounds." (Nelson.) Range.—"Northern North America, breeding from Newfoundland, the northern Rocky Mountains, and the Sierra Nevadas (latitude 38°), northward; south in winter to the Middle States and California; eastern Asia, Iceland." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Northern North America, breeding from Newfoundland, the northern Rocky Mountains, and the Sierra Nevadas (latitude 38°), northward; migrating south in winter to the Midwestern states and California; eastern Asia, Iceland." (A. O. U.) 156. Labrador Duck (Camptolaimus labradorius). L. 20. Ad. ♂. Primaries blackish; rest of wing white. Ad. ♀. Ashy gray: speculum white. Yng. ♂. Like ♀ but throat and ends of greater wing-coverts white. 156. Labrador Duck (Camptolaimus labradorius). L. 20. Adult ♂. Primaries are blackish; the rest of the wing is white. Adult ♀. Ashy gray: speculum is white. Young ♂. Similar to ♀ but with a white throat and white ends of the greater wing-coverts. Range.—Formerly North Atlantic coast; bred from Labrador northward; wintered south to New Jersey; believed to be extinct; last records, Grand Menan, New Brunswick, 1871; Long Island, 1875. Range.—Previously along the North Atlantic coast; bred from Labrador northward; wintered as far south as New Jersey; believed to be extinct; last sightings recorded at Grand Manan, New Brunswick, in 1871; Long Island in 1875. 157. Steller Eider (Eniconetta stelleri). L. 18. Ad. ♂. Throat and neck black nearly divided by a white ring; top and sides of head white, forehead and nape greenish; breast chestnut. Ad. ♀. Above and below black and rusty, speculum purple bordered with white; tail feathers pointed. 157. Steller Eider (Eniconetta stelleri). L. 18. Ad. ♂. The throat and neck are black, almost split by a white ring; the top and sides of the head are white, and the forehead and nape have a greenish tint; the breast is chestnut. Ad. ♀. The upper and lower parts are black and rusty, with a purple speculum edged in white; the tail feathers are pointed. Range.—"Arctic and subarctic coasts of the northern hemisphere, Aleutian Islands, east to Unalaska and Kadiak; Kenai Peninsula." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Arctic and subarctic coasts of the northern hemisphere, Aleutian Islands, east to Unalaska and Kodiak; Kenai Peninsula." (A. O. U.) |
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158. Spectacled Eider (Arctonetta fischeri). L. 21. Ad. ♂. Front of head plush-like; cushiony pads around eyes; above largely white; breast slaty black; belly black. 158. Spectacled Eider (Arctonetta fischeri). L. 21. Ad. ♂. The front of the head has a plush-like texture; there are soft pads around the eyes; the top is mostly white; the breast is slate black; and the belly is black. Range.—"Alaskan coast of Bering Sea and north to Point Barrow." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Alaskan coast of Bering Sea and north to Point Barrow." (A. O. U.) 159. Greenland Eider (Somateria mollissima borealis). L. 23. Feathers on sides of bill reaching to nostrils, bare spaces on either side of feathers on culmen pointed at base (posteriorly.) Ad. ♂. Crown black with a white wedge. Ad. ♀. Brownish black above margined with rusty and buff; below dusky finely margined with buff. Yng. ♂. Similar to ♀ but more buffy. Notes. "A sort of cooing sound" in the breeding season. (Elliot.) A raucous, moaning, 'ha ho, 'ha ho; female's like that of Mallard. (Brunnich.) 159. Greenland Eider (Somateria mollissima borealis). L. 23. Feathers on the sides of the bill reach the nostrils, with bare areas on either side of the feathers on the culmen that are pointed at the base (toward the back). Ad. ♂. The crown is black with a white wedge. Ad. ♀. Brownish black on top edged with rusty and buff colors; underneath, it's dusky with fine buff edges. Yng. ♂. Similar to ♀ but more buff-colored. Notes. Makes "a sort of cooing sound" during the breeding season. (Elliot.) Produces a raucous, moaning sound, 'ha ho, 'ha ho; the female's call is similar to that of the Mallard. (Brunnich.) Range.—Northeastern North America; breeds from Labrador to Greenland; winters south to Massachusetts. Range.—Northeastern North America; breeds from Labrador to Greenland; winters as far south as Massachusetts. 160. American Eider (Somateria dresseri). L. 23. Similar in color to No. 159, but bare spaces on either side of feathers of culmen rounded at the base (posteriorly). 160. American Eider (Somateria dresseri). L. 23. Similar in color to No. 159, but with bare areas on both sides of the feathers of the culmen that are rounded at the base (toward the back). Range.—Northeastern North America; breeds from Isle au Haut, Maine, to Labrador; winters south to New Jersey and Great Lakes. Range.—Northeastern North America; breeds from Isle au Haut, Maine, to Labrador; winters south to New Jersey and the Great Lakes. 161. Pacific Eider (Somateria v-nigra). Similar to No. 159, but Ad. ♂ with a black V on throat; sides of bill more broadly feathered, distance from end of feathers to base of bare space on culmen less than distance from same place to end of bill. Notes. "A low guttural note." (Nelson.) 161. Pacific Eider (Somateria v-nigra). Similar to No. 159, but Ad. ♂ has a black V on its throat; the sides of the bill are more widely feathered, and the distance from the end of the feathers to the base of the bare space on the culmen is less than the distance from that same spot to the end of the bill. Notes. "A low guttural note." (Nelson.) Range.—North Pacific from Aleutian Islands north to Arctic Ocean east to Great Slave Lake. Range.—North Pacific from the Aleutian Islands north to the Arctic Ocean, east to Great Slave Lake. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds from Labrador and St. Michaels, Alaska north to Greenland and Arctic Ocean; winters south to New Jersey (rarely Ga.), and Great Lakes; one California record. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds from Labrador and St. Michaels, Alaska, north to Greenland and the Arctic Ocean; winters south to New Jersey (rarely Georgia) and the Great Lakes; one record from California. |
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163. American Scoter (Oidemia americana). L. 19. Feathers at base of bill not extending forward on sides or top. Ad. ♂. Wholly black; bill black, yellow at base. Ad. ♀. Brownish above, lighter below; no white on wing or on sides of head. Notes. A long musical whistle. (Elliot.) 163. American Scoter (Oidemia americana). L. 19. Feathers at the base of the bill don't extend forward on the sides or top. Ad. ♂. Completely black; bill is black with yellow at the base. Ad. ♀. Brownish on top, lighter underneath; no white on the wing or sides of the head. Notes. A long musical whistle. (Elliot.) Range.—Northern North America; breeds from Labrador and Alaskan shores of Bering Sea northward; winters south to Virginia, Great Lakes, Colorado, and California. Range.—Northern North America; breeds from Labrador and the Alaskan shores of the Bering Sea northward; winters as far south as Virginia, the Great Lakes, Colorado, and California. 166. Surf Scoter (Oidemia perspicillata). L. 20. Feathers extending forward on top of bill. Ad. ♂. Black, nape and crown white; bill orange, yellow, and white, a round black patch on its sides. Ad. ♀. Above black, throat and breast paler; belly whitish; a whitish patch at base of bill. Yng. Similar but with white patches on ears. 166. Surf Scoter (Oidemia perspicillata). L. 20. Feathers extending forward on top of the bill. Ad. ♂. Black, nape and crown white; bill orange, yellow, and white, with a round black patch on its sides. Ad. ♀. Above black, throat and breast lighter; belly whitish; a whitish patch at the base of the bill. Yng. Similar but with white patches on the ears. Range.—Northern North America; breeds from Newfoundland northward; winters south to Virginia, Florida, Illinois, and Lower California. Range.—Northern North America; breeds from Newfoundland northward; winters south to Virginia, Florida, Illinois, and Southern California. 165. White-winged Scoter (Oidemia deglandi). L. 22. A white patch on wing; feathers extending forward along sides and top of bill nearly to nostrils. Ad. ♂. Black, a white spot about eye; bill orange, black at base. Ad. ♀. Dusky brown above; lighter below. Yng. ♂. Similar but sides and front of head whitish. 165. White-winged Scoter (Oidemia deglandi). L. 22. A white patch on the wing; feathers extend forward along the sides and top of the bill almost to the nostrils. Ad. ♂. Black, with a white spot around the eye; bill is orange, black at the base. Ad. ♀. Dusky brown on top; lighter underneath. Yng. ♂. Similar but with the sides and front of the head being whitish. Range.—Northern North America; breeds from Labrador and North Dakota northward; winters south to Virginia, southern Illinois, and Lower California. Range.—Northern North America; breeds from Labrador and North Dakota northward; winters as far south as Virginia, southern Illinois, and Lower California. 177. Black-bellied Tree Duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis). L. 22. Ads. belly and tail coverts black: foreback and breast gray; greater wing-coverts whitish. Notes. A shrill whistle. (Elliot.) 177. Black-bellied Tree Duck (Dendrocygna autumnalis). L. 22. Ads. belly and tail coverts black: foreback and breast gray; greater wing-coverts whitish. Notes. A sharp whistle. (Elliot.) Range.—Tropical America north to southern Texas. Range.—Tropical America up to southern Texas. 178. Fulvous Tree Duck (Dendrocygna fulva). L. 22. Ads. Belly uniform rusty brown; upper tail coverts white; a black streak on hindneck; no white in wing. Notes. A squealing whistle. 178. Fulvous Tree Duck (Dendrocygna fulva). L. 22. Ads. The belly is a consistent rusty brown; the upper tail coverts are white; there's a black streak on the hindneck; no white in the wing. Notes. It makes a squealing whistle. Range.—Tropical America, north in summer to Texas, Louisiana, Nevada and central California. "Casual in North Carolina and Missouri." (A. O. U.) Range.—Tropical America, extending north in summer to Texas, Louisiana, Nevada, and central California. "Occasionally found in North Carolina and Missouri." (A. O. U.) |
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Range.—"Pacific coast to the Mississippi Valley, breeding in Alaska; south in winter to southern Illinois and southern California; casually to New England." (A. O. U.) Range.—"From the Pacific coast to the Mississippi Valley, nesting in Alaska; migrating south in winter to southern Illinois and southern California; occasionally seen in New England." (A. O. U.) 169a. Greater Snow Goose (C. h. nivalis). Similar to No. 169, but larger, L. 30-38. 169a. Greater Snow Goose (C. h. nivalis). Similar to No. 169, but bigger, L. 30-38. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters from Chesapeake, New Jersey (rarely) south to Cuba; rare on Atlantic coast north of Maryland. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters from Chesapeake, New Jersey (rarely) south to Cuba; rare on the Atlantic coast north of Maryland. 170. Ross Snow Goose (Chen rossii). L. 21; B. 1.6. Similar in color to No. 169, but much smaller; bill particularly smaller. 170. Ross Snow Goose (Chen rossii). L. 21; B. 1.6. Similar in color to No. 169, but much smaller; bill particularly smaller. Range.—Arctic America in summer; Pacific coast to southern California and east to Montana in winter. Range.—Arctic America in summer; Pacific coast to southern California and east to Montana in winter. 180. Whistling Swan (Olor columbianus). L. 55. Nostril nearer to tip of bill than to eye. Ads. White, bill and feet black; a small yellow spot before the eye. Yng. Head and neck brownish, rest of plumage washed with grayish. Notes. 'whoogh, 'whoogh, very loud and shrill. (Nuttall.) 180. Whistling Swan (Olor columbianus). L. 55. The nostril is closer to the tip of the bill than to the eye. Adults: White, with a black bill and feet; a small yellow spot in front of the eye. Young: Brownish head and neck, with the rest of the feathers having a grayish wash. Notes: 'whoogh, 'whoogh, very loud and shrill. (Nuttall.) Range.—North America; breeds within Arctic Circle; winters from British Columbia (?) Lower Mississippi Valley, Chesapeake Bay, south to Gulf of Mexico; rare on Atlantic Coast north of Virginia. Range.—North America; breeds within the Arctic Circle; winters from British Columbia (?) to the Lower Mississippi Valley, Chesapeake Bay, and as far south as the Gulf of Mexico; rare on the Atlantic Coast north of Virginia. 181. Trumpeter Swan (Clor buccinator). L. 65. Nostril about in middle of bill. Ads. White, bill and feet black; no yellow on lores. Yng. Head and neck brownish; rest of plumage washed with grayish. Notes. Loud and sonorous in tone like those of a French horn. (Elliot.) 181. Trumpeter Swan (Clor buccinator). L. 65. Nostrils located in the middle of the bill. Adult: White, with a black bill and feet; no yellow on the lores. Young: Head and neck are brownish; the rest of the feathers have a grayish wash. Notes: Loud and resonant in tone, similar to a French horn. (Elliot.) Range.—"Chiefly the Interior of North America, from the Gulf Coast to the Fur Countries, breeding from Iowa and the Dakotas northward; west to the Pacific Coast; rare or casual on the Atlantic." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Mainly the interior of North America, from the Gulf Coast to the fur-producing regions, breeding from Iowa and the Dakotas northward; west to the Pacific Coast; rare or occasional on the Atlantic." (A. O. U.) |
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169.1. Blue Goose (Chen cærulescens). L. 28. Ads. Head and neck white; below brownish gray; foreback like breast; rump gray. Yng. Similar but head and neck grayish brown. 169.1. Blue Goose (Chen cærulescens). L. 28. Ads. The head and neck are white; the underside is brownish gray; the foreback matches the breast; the rump is gray. Yng. Similar, but the head and neck are grayish brown. Range.—North America; breeds in Hudson Bay region; winters on west coast of the Gulf of Mexico; two California records; said to have occurred in New Jersey. Range.—North America; breeds in the Hudson Bay area; winters on the west coast of the Gulf of Mexico; two records from California; reported to have been seen in New Jersey. 171a. American White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons gambeli). L. 28. Ads. Forehead and rump white; below spotted with black. Yng. Similar but no white on head no black below. 171a. American White-fronted Goose (Anser albifrons gambeli). L. 28. Adults. White forehead and rump; underbody spotted with black. Young. Similar but lacks white on the head and has no black underneath. Range.—North America; breeds in Arctic region; winters on Gulf Coast, California and Mexico; rare on Atlantic coast. Range.—North America; breeds in the Arctic region; winters on the Gulf Coast, California, and Mexico; rare on the Atlantic coast. 176. Emperor Goose (Philacte canagica). L. 26. Ads. Foreneck blackish; rest of head and neck white sometimes tinged with rusty; tail mostly white. Yng. Body less distinctly scaled; head and hindneck spotted with grayish. Notes. When flying, a deep, hoarse, strident clâ-hâ, clâ-hâ, clâ-hâ; when alarmed and about to fly, a ringing û-lûgh,-ûlûgh. (Nelson.) 176. Emperor Goose (Philacte canagica). L. 26. Ads. The foreneck is dark; the rest of the head and neck are white, sometimes with a rusty tint; the tail is mostly white. Yng. The body is less distinctly scaled; the head and back of the neck have grayish spots. Notes. In flight, it makes a deep, hoarse, strident clâ-hâ, clâ-hâ, clâ-hâ; when startled and about to take off, it produces a ringing û-lûgh,-ûlûgh. (Nelson.) Range.—"Coast and islands of Alaska north of the Peninsula; chiefly about Norton Sound and Valley of the Lower Yukon; Commander Islands, Kamchatka; casually south to Humboldt Bay, California." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Coast and islands of Alaska north of the Peninsula; mainly around Norton Sound and the Valley of the Lower Yukon; Commander Islands, Kamchatka; occasionally south to Humboldt Bay, California." (A. O. U.) |
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Geese Geese Range.—North America; breeds from Labrador, Minnesota and British Columbia, north chiefly in the interior, to Alaska; winters from Long Island, Illinois and British Columbia south to Mexico and southern California. Range.—North America; breeds from Labrador, Minnesota, and British Columbia, primarily in the interior, to Alaska; winters from Long Island, Illinois, and British Columbia down to Mexico and southern California. 172a. Hutchins Goose (B. c. hutchinsii). Similar to No. 172, but smaller; L. 30; tail feathers, 14-16. 172a. Hutchins Goose (B. c. hutchinsii). Similar to No. 172, but smaller; Length 30; tail feathers, 14-16. Range.—Western North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters from British Columbia and Kansas south to Lower California and Mexico. Range.—Western North America; breeds in Arctic areas; winters from British Columbia and Kansas down to Southern California and Mexico. 172b. White-cheeked Goose (B. c. occidentalis). Size of No. 172, but throat blackish, lower neck with white collar. 172b. White-cheeked Goose (B. c. occidentalis). Size of No. 172, but with a dark throat and a white collar on the lower neck. Range.—"Pacific coast region, from Sitka, south in winter to California." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Pacific coast region, from Sitka, south in winter to California." (A. O. U.) 172c. Cackling Goose (B. c. minima). Similar to No. 172b, but smaller, L. 24; tail feathers 14-16. 172c. Cackling Goose (B. c. minima). Similar to No. 172b, but smaller, Length 24; tail feathers 14-16. Range.—Western North America; breeds in Alaska; winters from British Columbia southward; east rarely to Wisconsin. Range.—Western North America; breeds in Alaska; winters from British Columbia south; rarely east to Wisconsin. 173. Brant (Branta bernicla glaucogastra). L. 26. Ads. Sides of neck with white markings; belly whitish. Notes. A guttural car-r-rup, or r-r-r-rouk. (Elliot.) 173. Brant (Branta bernicla glaucogastra). L. 26. Ads. Sides of neck have white markings; belly is whitish. Notes. A guttural car-r-rup or r-r-r-rouk. (Elliot.) Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters in America, from Mississippi Valley east, and from Illinois and Massachusetts southward; rare in interior. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds in Arctic regions; winters in America, from the Mississippi Valley east and from Illinois and Massachusetts southward; rare in the interior. 174. Black Brant (Branta nigricans). L. 26. Ads. Sides and front of neck with white markings; belly nearly as dark as back. Notes. A low guttural gr-r-r-r-r; on alarm repeated often with emphasis. (Nelson.) 174. Black Brant (Branta nigricans). L. 26. Ads. Sides and front of neck have white markings; belly is almost as dark as the back. Notes. A low guttural gr-r-r-r-r; when alarmed, this sound is repeated frequently with emphasis. (Nelson.) Range.—Western North America; breeds in northern Alaska and eastward; winters from British Columbia to Lower California; occasional on Atlantic Coast. Range.—Western North America; breeds in northern Alaska and eastward; winters from British Columbia to Southern California; occasionally seen on the Atlantic Coast. |
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| Family 1. | FLAMINGOES. | Phœnicopteridæ. | 1 species. |
Flamingoes might be called long-legged Ducks. Their feet are webbed, and their bill is set with ridges, which serve as sieves or strainers, as do the 'gutters' on a Duck's bill. They are, however, wading birds and their webbed feet are of use in supporting them on the soft mud of shallow lagoons or bays where they search for the favorite food of small mollusks. In feeding the flat top of the bill is pressed into the mud when its tip points upward toward the bird's body. Flamingoes fly with the neck and legs stretched to the utmost presenting on the wing a picturesque, but by no means so graceful an appearance as do the Herons. Their voice is a vibrant honking like that of a Goose.
Flamingos could be called long-legged ducks. They have webbed feet, and their bill has ridges that act like sieves or strainers, similar to the 'gutters' on a duck's bill. However, they are wading birds, and their webbed feet help them balance on the soft mud of shallow lagoons or bays where they look for their favorite food: small mollusks. When feeding, the flat top of their bill is pressed into the mud with the tip pointing upward toward their body. Flamingos fly with their neck and legs fully extended, creating a striking but not nearly as graceful appearance as herons. Their call is a vibrant honking sound, similar to that of a goose.
| Family 1. | SPOONBILLS. | Plataleidæ | 1 species. |
| Family 2. | IBISES. | Ibididæ. | 3 species. |
| Family 3. | STORKS and WOOD IBISES. | Ciconiidæ. | 1 species. |
| Family 4. | BITTERNS, HERONS, ETC. | Ardhidæ. | 14 species, 3 subspecies. |
The Roseate Spoonbill was formerly a common bird in Florida and along the Gulf coast, but so many have been killed for their plumage that in the United States the species is now exceedingly rare except in the most remote parts of southern Florida.
The Roseate Spoonbill used to be a common bird in Florida and along the Gulf coast, but so many have been killed for their feathers that in the United States, the species is now extremely rare, except in the most isolated areas of southern Florida.
Spoonbills build a rude nest of sticks in mangrove bushes or small trees and lay three to five whitish eggs speckled with shades of brown.
Spoonbills create a basic nest using sticks in mangrove bushes or small trees and typically lay three to five whitish eggs that are speckled with brown shades.
Ibises are usually found in flocks along the shore of lagoons, lakes, etc., or in marshy places. They fly with the neck outstretched and are generally silent. Their nests of reeds, weed stalks, etc., are sometimes [Pg_88] placed in low bushes, at others in grassy marshes. The eggs number from three to five. They are plain blue in the Glossy Ibis, greenish white with chocolate markings, in the White Ibis.
Ibises are typically seen in groups along the edges of lagoons, lakes, and other wet areas, or in marshy locations. They fly with their necks stretched out and are mostly quiet. Their nests, made of reeds and plant stems, are sometimes built in low bushes and other times in grassy marshes. They usually lay between three to five eggs. The eggs are solid blue in the case of the Glossy Ibis and greenish white with brown markings in the White Ibis.
The Storks are largely Old World birds, only three of the some twenty known species inhabiting the Western Hemisphere. But one of these is found regularly north of the Rio Grande, the so-called Wood Ibis which is abundant in southern Florida. It lives in flocks and builds a nest of sticks usually in cypress trees, often forty feet from the ground, laying two or three white eggs. When flying the neck is extended. It progresses by alternate flapping and sailing and occasionally soars high overhead in circles, like a Vulture.
The Storks are mainly birds from the Old World, with only three out of about twenty known species found in the Western Hemisphere. One of these, the Wood Ibis, is regularly seen north of the Rio Grande and is quite common in southern Florida. They live in flocks and build nests out of sticks, usually in cypress trees, often forty feet off the ground, where they lay two or three white eggs. When they fly, their necks are extended. They move by alternating between flapping their wings and gliding, and sometimes they soar high in circles like a vulture.
The Bitterns and Herons unlike our other long-legged wading birds, fly with a fold in the neck. They belong in two subfamilies, the Botaurinæ and Ardeinæ, respectively. The Bitterns are usually solitary birds inhabiting grassy or reedy marshes where their colors harmonize with their surroundings and render them difficult to see. The American Bittern nests on the ground and lays three to five pale brownish eggs. The Least Bittern usually weaves a platform nest of reeds among rushes growing in the water and lays four or five bluish white eggs.
The Bitterns and Herons, unlike our other long-legged wading birds, fly with their necks folded. They belong to two subfamilies, the Botaurinæ and Ardeinæ, respectively. Bitterns are usually solitary birds that live in grassy or reedy marshes, where their colors blend in with the environment, making them hard to spot. The American Bittern builds its nest on the ground and lays three to five pale brownish eggs. The Least Bittern typically creates a platform nest out of reeds among rushes that grow in the water and lays four or five bluish-white eggs.
Herons feed along the shore and are consequently more often seen than Bitterns. With the exception of the Green Heron and the Yellow-crowned Night Heron, which usually nest in isolated pairs, our species gather in colonies to nest. Several hundred pairs occupying a limited area in some wooded or bushy swamp to which, when undisturbed, they return year after year.
Herons feed along the shore and are therefore seen more often than Bitterns. Except for the Green Heron and the Yellow-crowned Night Heron, which typically nest in isolated pairs, our species tend to gather in colonies to nest. Several hundred pairs occupy a small area in some wooded or bushy swamp, returning year after year when they are undisturbed.
Herons build a rude platform nest of sticks, sometimes placing it in bushes, sometimes in the tallest trees, and at others on the ground or beds of reeds in marshes. The eggs are greenish blue in color and usually four in number. It is among those Herons, which in nesting time are adorned with delicate plumes or aigrettes, that the greatest ravages of the millinery hunter have been made. Attacking these birds when they have gathered on the nesting ground, they are not permitted to rear their young and the species is thus exterminated branch and root.
Herons create basic platform nests out of sticks, sometimes in bushes, other times in tall trees, and occasionally on the ground or reed beds in marshes. The eggs are a greenish-blue color and typically number around four. Among these herons, which sport delicate feathers or aigrettes during nesting season, the worst impacts of the millinery trade have occurred. By targeting these birds at their nesting sites, hunters prevent them from raising their young, leading to the complete extinction of the species.
The voice of Herons is a harsh squawk varying in depth of tone with the size of the bird.
The voice of herons is a harsh squawk that changes in tone depth based on the size of the bird.
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182. Flamingo (Phœnicopterus ruber). L. 45; from toe to bill, 60. Ads. Rosy red, lighter on back; primaries and secondaries black. Yng. Smaller, grayish brown; lighter below. Notes. A honk resembling that of a Canada Goose. 182. Flamingo (Phœnicopterus ruber). Length 45 inches; from toe to bill, 60 inches. Adults: Rosy red, lighter on the back; primary and secondary feathers are black. Young: Smaller, grayish brown; lighter underneath. Notes: A honk similar to that of a Canada Goose. Range.—Atlantic coasts of tropical and subtropical America; resident (breeding?) in southwestern Florida (Monroe county); casual west to Texas, north to South Carolina. Range.—Atlantic coasts of tropical and subtropical America; resident (breeding?) in southwestern Florida (Monroe County); occasionally found west to Texas, north to South Carolina. 183. Roseate Spoonbill (Ajaia ajaja). L. 32. Ads. Head and throat bare; sides of breast and end of tail rusty buff; lesser wing-coverts, upper and under tail-coverts carmine. Yng. Head feathered, buff and carmine replaced by pink. 183. Roseate Spoonbill (Ajaia ajaja). L. 32. Ads. The head and throat are bare; the sides of the breast and tail tip are rusty buff; the lesser wing coverts and upper and lower tail coverts are carmine. Yng. The head is feathered, with buff and carmine replaced by pink. Range.—Tropical and subtropical America; north to Gulf States. Range.—Tropical and subtropical America; extends north to the Gulf States. 185. Scarlet Ibis (Guara rubra). L. 24. Ads. Scarlet: tips of primaries black. Yng. Grayish brown, lower back, rump, and upper tail-coverts white; underparts dull white. 185. Scarlet Ibis (Guara rubra). L. 24. Ads. Scarlet: tips of primary feathers are black. Yng. Grayish brown, lower back, rump, and upper tail feathers are white; underparts are dull white. Range.—"Florida, Louisiana and Texas, southward to the West Indies and northern South America. No record of its recent occurrence in the United States." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Florida, Louisiana, and Texas, extending south to the West Indies and northern South America. There are no recent records of its presence in the United States." (A. O. U.) |
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184. White Ibis (Guara alba). L. 25. Ads. White, tips of outer primaries black, face orange red. Yng. Grayish brown, rump, breast and belly white. Notes. When near nest, crook, croc, croo; when disturbed, a loud, hoarse, bunk, bunk, hunk. (Audubon). 184. White Ibis (Guara alba). Length: 25 inches. Adult. White, with the tips of the outer wing feathers black and the face orange-red. Young. Grayish-brown, with the rump, breast, and belly white. Notes. When near the nest, makes a sound like “crook,” “croc,” “croo”; when disturbed, a loud, hoarse “bunk,” “bunk,” “hunk.” (Audubon). Range.—Tropical America; breeds north to Lower California, southern Indiana, southern Illinois and South Carolina; winters from Gulf southward; accidental in South Dakota, Connecticut and Long Island; Range.—Tropical America; breeds north to Lower California, southern Indiana, southern Illinois, and South Carolina; winters from the Gulf southward; occasionally seen in South Dakota, Connecticut, and Long Island; Range.—Tropical and subtropical regions in America; rare or local in southeastern United States; casual north to Massachusetts and Illinois. Range.—Tropical and subtropical areas in America; uncommon or limited in the southeastern United States; occasional sightings as far north as Massachusetts and Illinois. 187. White-faced Glossy Ibis (Plegadis guarauna). L. 24. Ads. Front of head white. Yng. Resembles young of No. 186. 187. White-faced Glossy Ibis (Plegadis guarauna). L. 24. Ads. The front of the head is white. Yng. Looks like the young of No. 186. Range.—Tropical and subtropical America; north to California, (rarely British Columbia), Texas, Kansas, east rarely to Florida; winters south of United States. Range.—Tropical and subtropical America; north to California, (rarely British Columbia), Texas, Kansas, and occasionally east to Florida; winters occur south of the United States. 188. Wood Ibis (Tantalus loculator). L. 40. Ads. Head and neck bare; white, primaries, secondaries and tail blackish. Yng. Resembles ad. but head and neck feathered, grayish brown. Note. When alarmed, a rough, guttural croak. (Audubon.) 188. Wood Ibis (Tantalus loculator). Length 40 inches. Adult. Head and neck are bare; they are white, while the primary feathers, secondary feathers, and tail are blackish. Young. Looks like the adult but has feathers on the head and neck, which are grayish brown. Note. When scared, it makes a rough, guttural croak. (Audubon.) Range.—Tropical and subtropical America; breeds In Gulf States, (Lower California?), and later may stray as far north as New York, Wisconsin, and California. Range.—Tropical and subtropical America; breeds in the Gulf States, (Lower California?), and later may wander as far north as New York, Wisconsin, and California. |
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190. American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus). L. 28. Ads. A glossy black streak on either side of the neck. Yng. Similar to ad. but colors much deeper, more rusty. Notes. Call, quawk; song, pump-er-lunk. 190. American Bittern (Botaurus lentiginosus). L. 28. Adult. A shiny black stripe on both sides of the neck. Young. Similar to the adult but with much deeper, rustier colors. Notes. Call, quawk; song, pump-er-lunk. Range.—North America north to Labrador and British Columbia, breeding chiefly north of latitude 35°; winters from about latitude 35° southward. Range.—North America, extending north to Labrador and British Columbia, primarily breeding north of latitude 35°; winters from around latitude 35° southward. 191. Least Bittern (Ardetta exilis). L. 13. Ad. ♂. Hindneck rufous, foreneck, underparts, and under tail-coverts white and buff. Ad. ♀. Similar, but crown and back brown, below streaked with brownish. Notes. Call, an explosive quab; song, a soft coo repeated four or five times. 191. Least Bittern (Ardetta exilis). Length 13 inches. Adult ♂. The hindneck is reddish-brown, while the foreneck, underparts, and under tail-coverts are white and buff. Adult ♀. Similar, but the crown and back are brown, and the underside is streaked with brownish color. Notes. Call is an explosive quab; song is a soft coo repeated four or five times. Range.—North America; breeds from Gulf States to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Gulf States southward. "Less common west of Rocky Mountains; on the Pacific coast north to northern California." (A. O. U.) Range.—North America; breeds from the Gulf States to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from the Gulf States south. "Less common west of the Rocky Mountains; on the Pacific coast north to northern California." (A. O. U.) 191.1. Cory Bittern (Ardetta neoxena). L. 13. Ad. ♂. Hindneck black, foreneck chestnut, belly mixed black and chestnut, under tail-coverts black. Ad. ♀. Similar, but crown and back duller. 191.1. Cory Bittern (Ardetta neoxena). L. 13. Ad. ♂. The hind neck is black, the front neck is chestnut, the belly is a mix of black and chestnut, and the under tail-coverts are black. Ad. ♀. Similar, but the crown and back are duller. Range.—Eastern North America; recorded from Florida, Ontario, (breeding), Massachusetts, and Michigan; about 20 specimens known. Range.—Eastern North America; recorded from Florida, Ontario (breeding), Massachusetts, and Michigan; about 20 specimens known. |
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192. Great White Heron (Ardea occidentalis). Ads. White, no "aigrette" plumes. A white Heron about the size of a Great Blue Heron. What is supposed to be a gray-blue phase of this bird has been called Ardea wuerdmanni, a bird which resembles No. 194, but has the head and neck whitish. 192. Great White Heron (Ardea occidentalis). Ads. White, without "aigrette" feathers. A white heron roughly the size of a Great Blue Heron. What is thought to be a gray-blue phase of this bird has been named Ardea wuerdmanni, which looks like No. 194, but has a whitish head and neck. Range.—Southern Florida, Cuba and Jamaica. Range: Southern Florida, Cuba, and Jamaica. 196. American Egret (Herodias egretta). L. 41. Ads. White, about 50 straight "aigrette" plumes grow from the back between the wings; legs and feet black. Ads. when not breeding and Yng., the same, but no plumes. 196. American Egret (Herodias egretta). L. 41. Adult. White, with about 50 straight "aigrette" plumes growing from the back between the wings; legs and feet are black. Adults when not breeding and young, look the same, but have no plumes. Range.—Tropical and temperate America; breeds north to Virginia, southern Illinois, and California; later strays to New Brunswick, Minnesota, and Oregon; winters from southern California and Gulf States southward. Range.—Tropical and temperate America; breeds as far north as Virginia, southern Illinois, and California; later strays to New Brunswick, Minnesota, and Oregon; winters from southern California and the Gulf States southward. 197. Snowy Heron (Egretta candidissima). L. 24. Ads. White, about 50 recurved "aigrette" plumes grow from back between the wings; legs black, feet yellow. Ads. when not breeding and Yng. The same, but no plumes. 197. Snowy Heron (Egretta candidissima). L. 24. Adults: White, with about 50 curved "aigrette" feathers growing from the back between the wings; legs are black, and feet are yellow. Adults when not breeding and Young: The same, but without the feathers. Range.—Tropical and temperate America; bred formerly north to Long Island, southern Illinois and California; now very rare in eastern North America; winters from Gulf States and southern California southward. Range.—Tropical and temperate regions of America; previously bred as far north as Long Island, southern Illinois, and California; now very rare in eastern North America; winters from the Gulf States and southern California southward. |
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Range—Northern South America north to Arctic regions; breeds locally throughout most of North America range; winters from about latitude 42° southward. Range—Northern South America up to the Arctic regions; breeds locally throughout most of North America; winters from around latitude 42° southward. 194a. Northwest Coast Heron (A. h. fannini). Similar to No. 194 but much darker; upperparts bluish slate black; tarsus shorter, 5.3. 194a. Northwest Coast Heron (A. h. fannini). Similar to No. 194 but much darker; upperparts are a bluish slate black; tarsus is shorter, 5.3. Range.—Pacific coast from Vancouver to Sitka. Range.—Pacific coast from Vancouver to Sitka. 194b. Ward Heron (A. h. wardi). Similar to No. 194 but whiter below, neck darker; legs olive; larger, L. 52; W. 20; B. 6.5; Tar. 8. 194b. Ward Heron (A. h. wardi). Similar to No. 194 but has a whiter underside, darker neck; olive legs; larger size, L. 52; W. 20; B. 6.5; Tar. 8. Range.—Florida; coast of Texas. Range: Florida; Texas coastline. 202. Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax nævius). L. 24. Ads. Crown and back greenish black lower back, wings and tail ashy; head with two or three rounded white plumes, except just after breeding season. Yng. Grayish brown streaked with white; below white streaked with blackish; outer webs of primaries, pale rufous. Notes. An explosive qûawk. 202. Black-crowned Night Heron (Nycticorax nycticorax nævius). L. 24. Ads. The crown and back are greenish-black, with the lower back, wings, and tail being ashy; the head features two or three rounded white feathers, except right after the breeding season. Yng. Grayish-brown with white streaks; underneath it’s white with blackish streaks; the outer edges of the primary feathers are pale rufous. Notes. It makes an explosive qûawk. Range.—Western hemisphere; breeds in North America north to New Brunswick, Quebec, Manitoba, and Oregon; winters from California and Gulf States southward. Range.—Western hemisphere; breeds in North America from New Brunswick, Quebec, Manitoba, and Oregon; winters from California and the Gulf States southward. 203. Yellow-crowned Night Heron (Nyctanassa violaceus). L. 23. Ads. Blue-gray; crown and ear-coverts whitish, rest of head black; scapulars streaked with black; head with two or three rounded, white plumes, except just after nesting season. Yng. Crown black, streaked with whitish; primaries bluish slate, no rufous; back brownish streaked with white; below whitish streaked with blackish. 203. Yellow-crowned Night Heron (Nyctanassa violaceus). Length: 23 inches. Adults: Blue-gray; crown and ear feathers are white, while the rest of the head is black; scapulars are streaked with black; the head has two or three rounded white plumes, except just after the nesting season. Young: Crown is black, streaked with white; primaries are bluish slate, with no rufous; back is brownish streaked with white; underparts are white streaked with blackish. Range.—Tropical and subtropical America; breeds north to South Carolina, southern Illinois, and Lower California; strays to Massachusetts and Colorado; winters from Gulf States southward. Range.—Tropical and subtropical America; breeds as far north as South Carolina, southern Illinois, and Lower California; occasionally found in Massachusetts and Colorado; winters from the Gulf States southward. |
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198. Reddish Egret (Dichromanassa rufescens). L. 29. Two color phases independent of age. Ads. Dark phase, Head and neck rufous; back slate; about 30 "aigrette" plumes. White phase. White, including plumes; tips of primaries sometimes speckled with gray. Yng. Rufous and gray, or white, without plumes. 198. Reddish Egret (Dichromanassa rufescens). L. 29. Two color phases that are not related to age. Adults. Dark phase: Head and neck are reddish; back is slate; has about 30 "aigrette" plumes. White phase: White all over, including plumes; tips of primaries may be speckled with gray. Young: Reddish and gray, or white, with no plumes. Range.—West Indies and Central America north to coasts of Gulf States, Illinois (rarely), and Lower California. Range.—West Indies and Central America extending north to the Gulf Coast states, Illinois (rarely), and Lower California. 199. Louisiana Heron (Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis). L. 26. Ads. "Aigrette" plumes, short, dirty gray; rump and belly white; legs blackish. Yng. Head and neck brownish; throat and line down foreneck white; above slaty washed with brownish, rump, and belly white. 199. Louisiana Heron (Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis). L. 26. Ads. "Aigrette" feathers, short, dirty gray; rump and belly are white; legs are blackish. Yng. Head and neck are brownish; throat and line down the front of the neck are white; above is slate colored with a brownish wash, rump, and belly are white. Range.—West Indies and Central America north to Gulf States, casually to Long Island and Indiana. Range.—West Indies and Central America, north to the Gulf States, occasionally seen in Long Island and Indiana. 200. Little Blue Heron (Florida cœrulea). L. 22. Ads. Head and neck maroon; rest of plumage slaty blue. Yng. White, tips of primaries bluish, legs greenish yellow. 200. Little Blue Heron (Florida cœrulea). L. 22. Adults: Head and neck are maroon; the rest of the feathers are slaty blue. Young: White, with bluish tips on the primary feathers, and legs are greenish yellow. Range.—Tropical America and eastern United States; breeds north to Virginia and Illinois, later may stray north as far as Nova Scotia; winters from South Atlantic and Gulf States southward. Range.—Tropical America and the eastern United States; nests as far north as Virginia and Illinois, and may later wander north to Nova Scotia; spends the winter from the South Atlantic states and Gulf states to points further south. 201. Little Green Heron (Butorides virescens). L. 17. Smallest of our Herons. Ads. Crown, glossy green-black; throat and line down foreneck buffy; rest of head and neck purplish chestnut; back green washed with bluish gray. Yng. Neck and below streaked with blackish; back-feathers not lengthened; duller. Notes. A rattling oc-oc-oc-oc-oc, a startling scow, and, more rarely, a deep, hollow groan. (Brewster.) 201. Little Green Heron (Butorides virescens). L. 17. The smallest heron in our area. Adults. The crown is glossy green-black; the throat and line down the front of the neck are light buff; the rest of the head and neck are purplish chestnut; the back is green with a hint of bluish gray. Young. The neck and underside are streaked with black; the back feathers are not elongated; the colors are duller. Notes. A rattling oc-oc-oc-oc-oc, a surprising scow, and, less frequently, a deep, hollow groan. (Brewster.) Range.—Tropical and temperate North America; breeds from Gulf States north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters from Gulf States southward to northern South America. Range.—Tropical and temperate North America; breeds from the Gulf States north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters from the Gulf States south to northern South America. 201a. Frazar Green Heron (B. v. frazari). Similar to No. 201, but rather larger and darker, neck more purplish, light stripings on throat and foreneck more restricted. (Brewster.) 201a. Frazar Green Heron (B. v. frazari). Similar to No. 201, but larger and darker, with a more purplish neck and lighter striping on the throat and foreneck that is more limited. (Brewster.) Range.—Lower Califorinia. Range.—Lower California. 201b. Anthony Green Heron (B. v. anthonyi). Similar to No. 201, but slightly larger, and paler, light markings of wings, neck, and throat less restricted and whiter. (Mearns.) 201b. Anthony Green Heron (B. v. anthonyi). Similar to No. 201, but a bit bigger, and lighter, with less restricted and whiter markings on the wings, neck, and throat. (Mearns.) Range.—Arid portions of southwestern United States, south into Mexico. Range.—Dry areas of the southwestern United States, extending into Mexico. |
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| Family 1. | CRANES. | Gruidæ. | 3 species. |
| Family 2. | COURLANS. | Aramidæ. | 1 species. |
| Family 3. | RAILS, GALLINULES, and COOTS. | Rallidæ. | 12 species, 3 subspecies. |
Cranes bear a general resemblance to Herons in that they are long-legged, long-necked birds, but when on the wing, they carry the neck fully extended, a habit which will readily distinguish them from the curved neck Herons. Cranes are less aquatic than Herons and are often found feeding on the prairies or pine-barrens where worms, grasshoppers, lizards, roots, etc., form their fare. They nest on the ground laying two buffy eggs thickly marked with brown. The young, unlike the nearly naked, helpless young of Herons, are born covered with down and can soon follow their parents. The Cranes have loud sonorous voices; the Herons raucous croaks.
Cranes look similar to herons because they’re both long-legged and long-necked birds, but when they’re flying, cranes keep their neck fully extended, which makes it easy to tell them apart from herons with their curved necks. Cranes are less dependent on water than herons and are often seen foraging in prairies or pine barrens, where they eat worms, grasshoppers, lizards, roots, and more. They nest on the ground, laying two buff eggs that are heavily marked with brown. Unlike the almost naked and helpless young herons, crane chicks are born covered in down and can quickly follow their parents. Cranes have loud, resonant voices, while herons have harsh croaks.
The Limpkin is a singular inhabitant of the more retired Florida swamps. It feeds upon the ground largely upon a kind of land shell, but also perches in trees. Its nest of twigs is placed in a small tree or bush, and it lays from four to seven pale buffy eggs stained and speckled with cinnamon brown.
The Limpkin is a unique resident of the quieter Florida swamps. It mainly feeds on a type of land snail found on the ground, but it also perches in trees. Its nest, made of twigs, is situated in a small tree or bush, and it lays four to seven pale buff-colored eggs that are stained and speckled with cinnamon brown.
The Rails (Subfamily Rallinæ) are inhabitants of grassy marshes where, trusting to their long legs, they more often escape observation by running than by flying. One may hear their characteristic notes coming from the dense growth only a few yards distant and still be unable to catch a glimpse of their maker.
The Rails (Subfamily Rally) live in grassy marshes where they rely on their long legs to evade notice by running instead of flying. You can hear their distinctive calls coming from the thick vegetation just a few yards away and still not be able to see them.
Rails nest on the ground laying six to twelve or fifteen buffy eggs spotted with reddish brown. The young of all our species are born covered with a shining black down.
Rails nest on the ground, laying six to twelve or fifteen light brown eggs spotted with reddish-brown. The young of all our species are born covered in shiny black down.
The Gallinules (Subfamily Gallinulinæ) are more aquatic than the Rails and are consequently less difficult to observe.
The Gallinules (Subfamily Gallinulinae) are more aquatic than the Rails and are therefore easier to spot.
The Coots (Subfamily Fulicinæ) are still more aquatic than the Gallinules, as might be supposed from their lobed toes, in fact are as much at home in the water as though they were Ducks. Both Gallinules and Coots lay eight to sixteen buffy, thickly speckled eggs in a nest of reeds often built on a pile of rushes in the reeds.
The Coots (Subfamily Fulicinæ) are even more aquatic than the Gallinules, which is expected considering their lobed toes; they are just as comfortable in the water as if they were Ducks. Both Gallinules and Coots lay eight to sixteen buff, heavily speckled eggs in a nest made of reeds, often built on a pile of rushes in the reeds.
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204. Whooping Crane (Grus americana). L. 50. Ads. White; skin of top of head dull red; primaries black. Yng. Head feathered, plumage more or less washed with rusty. 204. Whooping Crane (Grus americana). L. 50. Ads. White; the skin on the top of the head is a dull red; primaries are black. Yng. Head is feathered, plumage is somewhat washed with rusty colors. Range.—Interior of North America: breeds from northern Mississippi Valley north to Arctic regions; winters from Gulf States southward. Range.—Interior of North America: breeds from northern Mississippi Valley up to the Arctic regions; winters from the Gulf States southward. Range.—"Northern North America from Hudson Bay to Alaska, migrating south through western United States east of Rocky Mountains to Mexico." (Ridgway.) Range.—"Northern North America from Hudson Bay to Alaska, migrating south through the western United States east of the Rocky Mountains to Mexico." (Ridgway.) 206. Sandhill Crane (Grus mexicana). Similar to No. 205, but larger. L. 44: W. 20; B. 5. Notes. A loud, sonorous, grating, krrrow, repeated five or more times. 206. Sandhill Crane (Grus mexicana). Similar to No. 205, but bigger. L. 44: W. 20; B. 5. Notes. A loud, resonant, grating, krrrow, repeated five or more times. Range.—North America; breeds locally from Texas, Cuba, Florida north through Mississippi Valley to Manitoba, British Columbia, and Oregon; winters from northern California and Gulf States southward. Range.—North America; breeds locally from Texas, Cuba, and Florida north through the Mississippi Valley to Manitoba, British Columbia, and Oregon; winters from northern California and the Gulf States southward. 207. Limpkin (Aramus giganteus). L. 28. Ads. Glossy olive-brown, striped with white; wings and tail more bronzy. Notes. A loud wah-ree-ow, repeated and the last note prolonged into a wail. 207. Limpkin (Aramus giganteus). L. 28. Ads. Shiny olive-brown, marked with white stripes; wings and tail appear more bronzy. Notes. A loud wah-ree-ow, repeated with the last note stretched into a wail. Range.—Central America and West Indies north to southern Texas and Florida. Range.—Central America and the West Indies, extending north to southern Texas and Florida. |
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208. King Rail (Rallus elegans). L. 15. Ads. Above olive-brown, black, and olive-gray; wing-coverts reddish brown; neck and breast cinnamon; belly and sides blackish, sharply and broadly barred with white. Notes. A loud bup, bup, bup, repeated and ending in a roll. 208. King Rail (Rallus elegans). L. 15. Ads. The upper body is olive-brown with black and olive-gray; the wing coverts are reddish-brown; the neck and chest are cinnamon; the belly and sides are blackish, with broad and sharp white bars. Notes. It makes a loud bup, bup, bup, repeated and finishing with a roll. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Florida north to Connecticut and South Dakota; strays to Maine; winters from Virginia and Lower Mississippi Valley south to Gulf States. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Florida north to Connecticut and South Dakota; occasionally found in Maine; winters from Virginia and the Lower Mississippi Valley south to the Gulf States. 209. Belding Rail (Rallus beldingi). Similar to No. 208, but paler; flank-bars narrower. 209. Belding Rail (Rallus beldingi). Similar to No. 208, but lighter in color; the bars on the flanks are narrower. Range.—Lower California. Range: Baja California. 210. California Clapper Rail (Rallus obsoletus). L. 17. Above grayish olive-brown streaked with blackish brown; breast cinnamon; flanks dusky brown narrowly banded with white. Margins to back feathers much broader than in forms of crepitans. 210. California Clapper Rail (Rallus obsoletus). L. 17. The upper body is a grayish olive-brown with blackish brown streaks; the breast is a cinnamon color; and the flanks are a dusky brown with narrow white bands. The edges of the back feathers are much wider than those in the crepitans forms. Range.—Salt Marshes of Pacific coast north to Washington. Range.—Salt marshes along the Pacific coast up to Washington. 212. Virginia Rail (Rallus virginianus). L. 9.5; B. 1.5. Ads. Above blackish and grayish brown; wing-coverts reddish brown; below cinnamon, flanks black and white. Resembling a King Rail in color, but much smaller. Notes. Calls, kep or kik; song, a grunting sound and cut, cûtta-cûtta-cûtta. (Brewster.) 212. Virginia Rail (Rallus virginianus). Length 9.5 inches; Wingspan 1.5 feet. Appearance: The upper body is a dark blackish and grayish brown; wing coverts are reddish brown; underneath is cinnamon with black and white flanks. It looks similar to a King Rail in color but is much smaller. Sounds: Calls include kep or kik; song is a grunting sound followed by cut, cûtta-cûtta-cûtta. (Brewster.) Range.—North America; breeds from Pennsylvania, Long Island, northern Illinois, and middle California north to Labrador, Manitoba, and British Columbia; winters from about its southern breeding limits south to Cuba and Guatemala. Range.—North America; breeds from Pennsylvania, Long Island, northern Illinois, and central California north to Labrador, Manitoba, and British Columbia; winters from around its southern breeding limits south to Cuba and Guatemala. 215. Yellow Rail. (Porzana noveboracensis). L. 7; B. .5. Ads. Above black and buffy barred with white; breast buffy; sides brownish barred with white. Notes. An abrupt cackling, 'krék, 'krek, 'krek, 'krek, kûk, 'k'k'k. (Nuttall.) 215. Yellow Rail. (Porzana noveboracensis). L. 7; B. .5. Ads. The upper body is black and buffy with white bars; the breast is buffy; the sides are brownish with white bars. Notes. It has a sharp cackling sound, 'krék, 'krek, 'krek, 'krek, kûk, 'k'k'k. (Nuttall.) Range.—Eastern North America north to New Brunswick, Quebec, and Hudson Bay, west to Manitoba and rarely California; probably breeds chiefly north; winters in southern States. Range.—Eastern North America, from New Brunswick, Quebec, and Hudson Bay, moving west to Manitoba and, rarely, California; likely breeds mainly in the north; spends winters in the southern states. |
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211. Clapper Rail, Marsh Hen (Rallus crepitans). L. 14.5; W. 5; B. 2.5. Ads. Above pale olive bordered by gray; wing-coverts pale grayish brown; breast pale cinnamon; flanks barred gray and white. Notes. Gkak, gkak, gkak, at first loud and rapid, ending lower and slower. 211. Clapper Rail, Marsh Hen (Rallus crepitans). L. 14.5; W. 5; B. 2.5. Ads. The upper part is a light olive with gray edges; the wing coverts are a light grayish brown; the breast is a light cinnamon; and the flanks have gray and white bars. Notes. The call sounds like Gkak, gkak, gkak, starting loud and fast, then finishing lower and slower. Range.—Salt marshes of the Atlantic coast; breeds from North Carolina to Connecticut; winters from Long Island (rarely) southward, north casually to Massachusetts; south casually to Louisiana. Range.—Salt marshes along the Atlantic coast; nests from North Carolina to Connecticut; migrates in winter from Long Island (rarely) southward, occasionally as far north as Massachusetts; and casually south to Louisiana. 211a. Louisiana Clapper Rail (R. c. saturatus). Similar to No. 211, but above rich brown edged with olive; breast darker cinnamon; bill more slender, 2.3. 211a. Louisiana Clapper Rail (R. c. saturatus). Similar to No. 211, but the upper feathers are a rich brown with olive edges; the breast is a darker cinnamon color; and the bill is more slender, 2.3. Range.—Coast of Louisiana. Range.—Louisiana coast. 211b. Scott Clapper Rail (R. c. scotti). Similar to No. 211, but much darker; sooty brown or black above edged with olive-brown or olive-gray; breast and neck cinnamon, washed with brownish; flanks brown and white. Darkest bird of group. 211b. Scott Clapper Rail (R. c. scotti). Similar to No. 211, but much darker; sooty brown or black on top with olive-brown or olive-gray edges; chest and neck are cinnamon, blended with brown; sides are brown and white. The darkest bird in the group. Range.—Gulf coast of Florida. Range.—Gulf Coast, Florida. 211c. Wayne Clapper Rail (R. c. waynei). Similar to No. 211, but darker, back rich olive-brown edged with gray; breast more ashy. 211c. Wayne Clapper Rail (R. c. waynei). Similar to No. 211, but darker, with a rich olive-brown back edged in gray; breast is more ashy. Range.—Atlantic coast, North Carolina to eastern Florida. Range.—Atlantic coast, North Carolina to eastern Florida. 211.2. Caribbean Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris caribæus). L. 14; W. 5.7; B. 2.4. Ads. Above olive-brown edged with olive-ashy, breast cinnamon; flanks brown and white. 211.2. Caribbean Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris caribæus). Length 14; Weight 5.7; Beak 2.4. Ads. The top is olive-brown with olive-gray edges, the breast is cinnamon; sides are brown and white. Range.—West Indies; coast of southeastern Texas (and northeastern Mexico?). Range.—West Indies; coast of southeastern Texas (and northeastern Mexico?). 214. Carolina Rail (Porzana carolina). L. 8.5; B. 8. Ads. Region about base of bill black. Yng. Similar, but no black about base of bill; breast more cinnamon. Notes. Calls, kuk or peep, song, ker-wee; and a high, rolling whinny. 214. Carolina Rail (Porzana carolina). Length: 8.5 inches; Wingspan: 8 inches. Adults. The area around the base of the bill is black. Young. Similar, but no black around the base of the bill; the breast is more cinnamon-colored. Notes. Calls include kuk or peep, and the song sounds like ker-wee; it also has a high, rolling whinny. Range.—North America; breeds from Long Island, Illinois, Kansas, and southern California, north to Newfoundland, Hudson Bay region, and British Columbia; winters from South Carolina, southern Illinois, and northern California south to South America. Range.—North America; breeds from Long Island, Illinois, Kansas, and Southern California, north to Newfoundland, the Hudson Bay area, and British Columbia; winters from South Carolina, southern Illinois, and northern California south to South America. 216. Little Black Rail (Porzana jamaicensis): L. 5; B. 6. Ads. Head, breast, and belly slate; back blackish brown barred with white; nape reddish brown. Notes. Probably, kik-kik-kik, quee'ah, or kik-ki-ki-ki, ki, quee'ah, or variants. (Brewster.) 216. Little Black Rail (Porzana jamaicensis): Length 5 inches; Wingspan 6 inches. Appearance: Head, breast, and belly are slate-colored; back is blackish brown with white bars; nape is reddish brown. Calls: Likely sounds like kik-kik-kik, quee'ah, or kik-ki-ki-ki, ki, quee'ah, or variations. (Brewster.) Range.—"Temperate North America north to Massachusetts, northern Illinois, and Oregon: south to West Indies and Guatemala." (A. O. U.) Probably breeds throughout its North American range (Connecticut, Illinois, Kansas). Range.—"Temperate North America, reaching as far north as Massachusetts, northern Illinois, and Oregon; extending south to the West Indies and Guatemala." (A. O. U.) Likely breeds across its North American range (Connecticut, Illinois, Kansas). |
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218. Purple Gallinule (Ionornis martinica). L. 13. Ads. Crown-plate bluish, bill carmine tipped with greenish; back shining green; below purplish blue; under tail-coverts white. Yng. Above browner; below with white; no red on bill. 218. Purple Gallinule (Ionornis martinica). Length 13 inches. Adult. The crown plate is bluish, with a carmine bill tipped in green; the back is shining green; the underside is a purplish blue; under tail coverts are white. Young. More brown on top; white underneath; no red on the bill. Range.—Tropical and subtropical America; breeds only in eastern North America north to southern Illinois and South Carolina, strays to Maine and Wisconsin; winters from southern Florida south to South America. Range.—Tropical and subtropical America; breeds only in eastern North America, extending north to southern Illinois and South Carolina, occasionally reaching Maine and Wisconsin; winters from southern Florida down to South America. 219. Florida Gallinule (Gallinula galeata). L. 13.5. Ad. Crown-plate red, bill red tipped with greenish; legs green with a red ring; back olive-brown; flanks slate streaked with white. Yng. Crown-plate smaller with bill brownish; no red on legs; below grayish. Notes. An explosive chuck and many loud and varied calls suggesting a disturbed brooding hen, the squawking of a struggling hen, etc. 219. Florida Gallinule (Gallinula galeata). L. 13.5. Ad. The crown is red, the bill is red with a greenish tip; the legs are green with a red ring; the back is olive-brown; the flanks are slate streaked with white. Yng. The crown is smaller with a brownish bill; there’s no red on the legs; underneath, it’s grayish. Notes. Produces an explosive chuck and many loud and varied calls that sound like a disturbed brooding hen, the squawking of a struggling hen, etc. Range.—Temperate and tropical America; breeds locally north to Maine, Montreal, Minnesota, and northern California; winters from Gulf States and California southward. Range.—Temperate and tropical America; breeds locally as far north as Maine, Montreal, Minnesota, and northern California; winters from the Gulf States and California southward. 221. American Coot (Fulica americana). L. 15. Toes with scallops. Ads. Bill whitish; crown-plate and two spots on bill brownish; head and neck black; rest of plumage slate. Yng. Whiter below, browner above, crown-plate smaller. Notes. An explosive cuck and noisy cackling notes. 221. American Coot (Fulica americana). L. 15. Toes have scalloped edges. Adult. Bill is whitish; crown-plate and two spots on the bill are brownish; head and neck are black; the rest of the plumage is slate. Young. Whiter underneath, browner on top, with a smaller crown-plate. Notes. Produces explosive cuck sounds and noisy cackling notes. Range.—North America; breeds in the interior (chiefly northward) north to the Mackenzie and on Pacific coast to British Columbia; winters from British Columbia and Gulf States south to Central America and West Indies. Range.—North America; breeds in the interior (mainly to the north) up to the Mackenzie and along the Pacific coast to British Columbia; winters from British Columbia and the Gulf States down to Central America and the West Indies. |
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| Family 1. | PHALAROPES. | Phalaropodidæ. | 3 species. |
| Family 2. | AVOCETS AND STILTS. | Recurvirostridæ | 2 species. |
| Family 3. | SNIPES, SANDPIPERS, ETC. | Scolopacidæ | 33 species, 2 subspecies. |
| Family 4. | PLOVERS. | Charadriidæ. | 9 species, 2 subspecies. |
| Family 5. | SURF BIRDS AND TURNSTONES. | Aphrizidæ. | 4 species. |
| Family 6. | OYSTER-CATCHERS. | Hæmatopodidæ. | 3 species. |
| Family 7. | JACANAS. | Jacanidæ. | 1 species. |
The Phalaropes are swimming Snipes. The Northern and Red Phalaropes, both of which have well-developed lobes or scalloped webs on their toes, except when nesting, live at sea a hundred miles or more off shore, where they find an abundance of food in small forms of marine life. The Wilson Phalarope is a bird of the interior and consequently, is far less aquatic than the remaining species of the family; nevertheless it readily takes to water, swimming buoyantly and gracefully.
The Phalaropes are swimming Snipe. The Northern and Red Phalaropes, both of which have well-developed lobes or scalloped webs on their toes, except when nesting, live at sea a hundred miles or more offshore, where they find plenty of small marine life to eat. The Wilson Phalarope is a bird of the interior and is therefore much less aquatic than the other species in the family; however, it easily takes to the water, swimming buoyantly and gracefully.
Contrary to the general rule, the female Phalarope is larger and more brightly colored than the male and this difference in size and plumage is accompanied by similarly unusual habits; the female taking the place of the male in the Phalarope household. The female of necessity lays the eggs, but they are hatched by the male alone, who it is said, cares for the young, also without the assistance of his mate.
Unlike most species, the female Phalarope is bigger and more colorful than the male, and this size and color difference is matched by some unusual behaviors; the female takes on the role typically held by the male in the Phalarope family. The female lays the eggs, but only the male hatches them, and it's said that he also takes care of the chicks on his own, without help from the female.
The Avocets and Stilts are wading Snipes. The Stilts secure their food by quick thrusts of the bill, but the Avocets use their singular, upturned member in a more interesting manner. When in water two or three inches deep, the bill is dropped below the surface, until the curved lower mandible evidently touches the bottom; then walking rapidly, or even running, the bill is swung from side to side and the bird thus explores the mud in its search for food, which, when it is felt, is picked up in the usual way.
The Avocets and Stilts are wading birds. The Stilts catch their food with quick jabs of their beaks, while the Avocets use their unique, upward-curved bills in a more interesting way. When they're in water that's two or three inches deep, they dip their bill below the surface until the curved lower part touches the bottom. Then, they walk quickly or even run, swinging their bill from side to side to sift through the mud as they look for food, which they pick up in the usual way when they sense it.
Many of the members of the family Scolopacidæ are probing Snipe. The Woodcock, Wilson Snipe, and Dowitcher are good examples. [Pg_101] Their bill is long and sensitive and they can curve or move its tip without opening it at the base. When the bill is thrust into the mud the tip may therefore grasp a worm and it thus becomes a finger as well as a probe.
Many members of the family Scolopacidæ are probing snipe. The woodcock, Wilson snipe, and dowitcher are good examples. [Pg_101] Their bill is long and sensitive, and they can curve or move the tip without opening it at the base. When the bill is pushed into the mud, the tip can grab a worm, making it work like a finger as well as a probe.
Though not ranked as song birds, many of the Snipes and Plovers have pleasing calls and whistles and in the breeding season they become highly musical or indulge in singular vocal performances.
Though not classified as songbirds, many of the Snipes and Plovers have nice calls and whistles, and during the breeding season, they become quite musical or engage in unique vocal performances.
The song of the Bartramian Sandpiper would attract the attention of the least observant and the singular aërial evolutions of the Snipe and Woodcock lend an unusual interest to the study of these birds in the spring. The Pectoral Sandpiper was observed by Nelson in Alaska, in May, to fill its œsophagus with air dilating the skin of the neck and breast and forming a sack as large as the body. Then in the air or on the ground the bird produced a series of hollow booming notes, constituting its love song.
The call of the Bartramian Sandpiper would catch the attention of even the most inattentive observers, and the unique aerial displays of the Snipe and Woodcock add an unusual interest to studying these birds in the spring. Nelson observed the Pectoral Sandpiper in Alaska in May, filling its esophagus with air, which expanded the skin on its neck and breast, creating a pouch as large as its body. Then, whether in the air or on the ground, the bird produced a series of hollow booming sounds that made up its love song.
The Plovers have shorter, harder bills than the true Snipe and several of our species frequent the uplands rather than muddy shore or tidal flats.
The Plovers have shorter, tougher beaks than true Snipes, and several of our species prefer the uplands instead of muddy shores or tidal flats.
The Turnstones are true shore birds. Their home with us is on the seacoast where they feed along the beach turning over shells and pebbles in their search for food.
The Turnstones are true shorebirds. They live with us on the coast, where they feed along the beach, flipping over shells and pebbles in search of food.
The Oyster-catchers are also strictly maritime. They frequent bars left bare by the tide and, it is said, use their stout bills to force open mussels; oysters, or other bivalves left exposed by the water. This belief, however, does not appear to rest on careful, definite observation.
The Oyster-catchers are also strictly coastal. They often visit areas left dry by the tide and, it’s said, use their strong bills to pry open mussels, oysters, or other bivalves left uncovered by the water. However, this belief does not seem to be based on thorough, solid observation.
The Jacana belongs to a small family of birds with representatives throughout the tropics. All its members are remarkable for the length of their toes, the wide extent of which enable these birds to walk over aquatic vegetation. So, for instance, I have seen them running over small lily leaves which, sinking slightly beneath the surface, made the birds appear to be walking on the water.
The Jacana is part of a small family of birds found in tropical regions. All of them are known for their long toes, which allow these birds to walk on aquatic plants. For example, I've seen them running on small lily pads that sink a little below the surface, making it look like they were walking on water.
The Limicolæ, as a rule, nest on the ground. The Phalaropes, Snipes, and Plovers lay four eggs, the Oyster-catcher three, the Jacanas, it is said, four in some species to ten in others. The eggs of all are proportionately large and pointed or pear-shaped and are usually thickly marked with dark spots. The young are born covered with down and leave the nest just after hatching.
The Limicolæ generally nest on the ground. The Phalaropes, Snipes, and Plovers typically lay four eggs, while the Oyster-catcher lays three. The Jacanas are said to lay anywhere from four to ten eggs, depending on the species. All of these eggs are relatively large, pointed or pear-shaped, and usually have thick dark spots on them. The chicks are born covered in down and leave the nest shortly after hatching.
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222. Red Phalarope (Crymophilus fulicarius). L. 8.10; B. 9. Bill heavy, wider than deep. Ad. ♀. Below entirely reddish brown; cap black, back black and buff. Ad. ♂. Similar, but smaller; crown and back streaked with brown, black, and buff. Yng. Resemble ♂, but upper tail-coverts plumbeous, underparts white. Winter. Crown and underparts white, hindneck black, back gray. Notes. A musical clink, clink. (Nelson.) 222. Red Phalarope (Crymophilus fulicarius). L. 8.10; B. 9. The bill is thick and wider than it is deep. Adult ♀. The underside is entirely reddish-brown; the cap is black, and the back is a mix of black and buff. Adult ♂. Similar but smaller; the crown and back have streaks of brown, black, and buff. Young. Similar to the male, but the upper tail-coverts are grayish, and the underparts are white. Winter. The crown and underparts are white, with a black hindneck and a gray back. Notes. It produces a musical clink, clink. (Nelson.) Range.—"Northern parts of northern hemisphere, breeding in the Arctic regions and migrating south in winter; in the United States south to the Middle States. Ohio Valley, and Cape St. Lucas; chiefly maritime." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Northern parts of the northern hemisphere, breeding in the Arctic regions and migrating south for the winter; found in the United States down to the Middle States, Ohio Valley, and Cape St. Lucas; mainly along the coast." (A. O. U.) 223. Northern Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus). L. 7.7; B. .8. Bill short, slender, sharply pointed. Ad. ♀. Breast rufous; above slaty gray mixed with ochraceous on back. Ad. ♂. Smaller, less rufous; on throat; above blackish streaked with rusty. Yng. Underparts and forehead white; crown sooty; back blackish streaked with straw-color. Winter. Upperparts gray mixed with white; underparts white. Notes. A low chippering, clicking note. 223. Northern Phalarope (Phalaropus lobatus). Length: 7.7 inches; Bill: 0.8 inches. Bill is short, slim, and sharply pointed. Adult Female. Breast is reddish; back is slaty gray mixed with ochre. Adult Male. Smaller, less reddish; throat is more distinct; back is dark with rusty streaks. Young. Underparts and forehead are white; crown is dark; back is dark with straw-colored streaks. Winter. Upperparts are gray mixed with white; underparts are white. Notes. Produces a low chippering, clicking sound. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds from Labrador and northern British America north to Greenland and Alaska; winters apparently south of United States where it is known as a migrant chiefly off the coasts. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds from Labrador and northern British America north to Greenland and Alaska; winters mostly south of the United States where it is mostly found as a migrant off the coasts. 224. Wilson Phalarope (Steganopus tricolor). L. 9.5; B. 1.3. Bill long. Ad. ♀. Sides of neck black and chestnut; crown and back gray. Ad. ♂. Smaller; chestnut and black much less and duller; crown and back blackish, latter sometimes with rufous. Yng. Below white; crown and back black margined with ochraceous; nape brownish gray. Winter. Above gray, upper tail-coverts white; below white. Notes. A soft, trumpet yna, yna. 224. Wilson Phalarope (Steganopus tricolor). Length 9.5 inches; Bill 1.3 inches. Bill is long. Adult ♀. Sides of neck are black and chestnut; crown and back are gray. Adult ♂. Smaller; chestnut and black are much less prominent and duller; crown and back are blackish, with the back sometimes having a reddish tint. Young. Underside is white; crown and back are black edged with a yellow-brown color; nape is brownish gray. Winter. Above is gray, upper tail-coverts are white; below is white. Notes. A soft, trumpet-like yna, yna. Range.—North America, chiefly in the interior; breeds from northern Illinois (rarely), Minnesota and Central California, north to latitude 55°; winters south of United States to southern South America. Range.—North America, mainly in the interior; breeds from northern Illinois (rarely), Minnesota, and Central California, north to latitude 55°; winters south of the United States to southern South America. 283. Turnstone (Arenaria interpres). Similar to 283.1 but larger, W. 6., and upperparts in ad. with black prevailing. Yng. Blacker than young of 283.1. 283. Turnstone (Arenaria interpres). Similar to 283.1 but larger, W. 6., and the upperparts in ad. are mostly black. Yng. Darker than the young of 283.1. Range.—Eastern hemisphere, in America, only in Greenland and Alaska. Range.—Eastern hemisphere, in America, only in Greenland and Alaska. 283.1. Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria morinella). L. 9.5; W. 5.7. Ads. Reddish brown prevailing in upper surface. Yng. Above and breast grayish brown margined with buffy, throat, abdomen, rump and long upper tail-coverts white as in ad.; shorter upper tail-coverts black. Notes. When flying, a loud twittering note. (Nuttall.) 283.1. Ruddy Turnstone (Arenaria morinella). L. 9.5; W. 5.7. Adults. Reddish brown is dominant on the upper surface. Young. The back and breast are grayish brown with buffy edges, while the throat, abdomen, rump, and longer upper tail-coverts are white, like in adults; the shorter upper tail-coverts are black. Notes. In flight, it makes a loud twittering sound. (Nuttall.) Range.—Nearly cosmopolitan; breeds in Arctic regions; winters in America south of United States to Patagonia. Range.—Almost worldwide; breeds in Arctic areas; winters in America, from south of the United States to Patagonia. 288. Mexican Jacana (Jacana spinosa). L. 8. Toes over 1.5. Ads. Chestnut and black; wings mostly greenish. Yng. Forehead, line over eye, and below white. Above grayish brown, sometimes with rump chestnut, nape black. Notes. A harsh, rapidly repeated eep, eep, eep. 288. Mexican Jacana (Jacana spinosa). L. 8. Toes over 1.5. Ads. Chestnut and black; wings mostly greenish. Yng. Forehead, line over the eye, and below are white. Above is grayish brown, sometimes with a chestnut rump, nape black. Notes. A harsh, rapidly repeated eep, eep, eep. Range.—Central America and Mexico north to Lower Rio Grande Valley, Cuba and Haiti. Range.—Central America and Mexico up to the Lower Rio Grande Valley, including Cuba and Haiti. |
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225. American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana). L. 16.5; B. 3.7. Ads. Head and neck rufous; belly white; wings black and white. Yng. and Ads. in winter. Similar, but head and neck grayish or whitish. Notes. A rather musical, loud plēē-ēēk hurriedly repeated. 225. American Avocet (Recurvirostra americana). L. 16.5; B. 3.7. Adults. Head and neck reddish; belly white; wings black and white. Young and Adults in winter. Similar, but head and neck are grayish or whitish. Notes. A pretty musical, loud plēē-ēēk that’s repeated quickly. Range.—North America west of Mississippi; breeds from northern States, central California and rarely Texas, north in the interior to latitude 54°: winters from southern California and western Gulf States to Central America and West Indies; casual on Atlantic coast. Range.—North America west of the Mississippi; breeds in the northern States, central California, and occasionally Texas, moving north in the interior to latitude 54°; winters from southern California and the western Gulf States to Central America and the West Indies; occasionally seen on the Atlantic coast. 264. Long-billed Curlew (Numenius longirostris). L. 24; B. 6., longest among our Snipe. Ads. Above black and buffy; tail barred buffy and black; below buffy, neck and breast finely streaked with dusky. Yng. Similar, but buff deeper. 264. Long-billed Curlew (Numenius longirostris). Length 24; Bill 6, the longest among our Snipe. Adults: Above black and brownish-yellow; tail has brownish-yellow and black bars; below is brownish-yellow, with the neck and breast finely streaked with dark. Young: Similar, but with a richer brownish-yellow. Range.—North America; breeds on Atlantic coast from Florida to North Carolina; in interior north to Manitoba and British Columbia; later strays casually to Newfoundland and Ontario; winters from Gulf States and southern California southward. Range.—North America; breeds along the Atlantic coast from Florida to North Carolina; in the interior north to Manitoba and British Columbia; later occasionally wanders to Newfoundland and Ontario; winters from the Gulf States and southern California southward. 265. Hudsonian Curlew (Numenius hudsonicus). L. 17; B. 3.7. Ads. Less buff than No. 264; above dark grayish brown and brownish gray; tail barred with same; below white, breast streaked; sides barred with blackish. 265. Hudsonian Curlew (Numenius hudsonicus). L. 17; B. 3.7. Ads. Not as buff as No. 264; dark grayish brown and brownish gray on top; tail has similar barring; underside is white, with a streaked breast; sides are barred with blackish. Range.—North America; breeds in Arctic region; winters south of United States to South America. Range.—North America; breeds in the Arctic region; winters from the southern United States to South America. 266. Eskimo Curlew (Numenius borealis). L. 13.5; B. 2. Ads. Tail barred with grayish brown and black; above blackish and buffy; below buffy, the breast thickly streaked; sides barred with blackish. 266. Eskimo Curlew (Numenius borealis). Length 13.5 inches; Wingspan 2 feet. Notes: The tail has bars of grayish brown and black; the upper body is a mix of blackish and buffy colors; the underside is buffy, with thick streaks on the breast; and the sides have blackish bars. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds In Arctic regions; winters south of United States to South America; migrates chiefly through interior. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters south of the United States to South America; migrates mainly through the interior. |
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226. Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus). L. 15; Tar 4.10. Ad. ♂. Forehead, lower back, and underparts white; crown, hindneck, upper back, and wings black. Ad. ♀. Similar, but upper back and scapulars grayish brown. Yng. Similar to ♀, but brown and black feathers lightly margined with buffy. Notes. A sharp, rapidly uttered ip-ip-ip when flying; a hoarse k-r-r-r-r-ing note when on the ground. 226. Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus). L. 15; Tar 4.10. Adult ♂. Forehead, lower back, and underparts are white; crown, hindneck, upper back, and wings are black. Adult ♀. Similar, but the upper back and scapulars are grayish-brown. Young. Similar to ♀, but brown and black feathers have light buffy edges. Notes. A sharp, quick ip-ip-ip sound when flying; a hoarse k-r-r-r-r-ing call when on the ground. Range.—Temperate and tropical America; breeds north to Gulf States, (locally and rarely in Mississippi Valley to Minnesota) and California; winters from southern California and West Indies to northern South America; rare east of Mississippi except in Gulf States. Range.—Temperate and tropical America; breeds north to the Gulf States, (locally and rarely in the Mississippi Valley to Minnesota) and California; winters from southern California and the West Indies to northern South America; rare east of the Mississippi except in the Gulf States. 286. American Oyster-catcher (Hæmatopus palliatus). L. 19. Ads. Base of tail and longer upper tail-coverts white, shorter coverts and all back blackish brown; white in wings conspicuous in flight. Yng. Similar but feathers above with buffy margins. Notes. A sharp eep, eep. 286. American Oystercatcher (Hæmatopus palliatus). L. 19. Ads. The base of the tail and longer upper tail feathers are white, with shorter feathers and all of the back being blackish brown; white in the wings is noticeable during flight. Yng. Similar but feathers above have buffy edges. Notes. A sharp eep, eep. Range.—Temperate and tropical America; breeds on sea coasts only, north to Virginia and western Mexico; winters south of United States to South America; casual north to Nova Scotia. Range.—Temperate and tropical America; breeds only on coastlines, as far north as Virginia and western Mexico; winters south of the United States down to South America; occasionally found as far north as Nova Scotia. 286.1. Frazar Oyster-catcher (Hæmatopus frazari). Similar to No. 286, but darker above, black breast passing into white belly through a mottled black and white band; upper tail coverts with brown markings. 286.1. Frazar Oyster-catcher (Hæmatopus frazari). Similar to No. 286, but darker on top, with a black breast that transitions into a white belly through a patterned black and white band; the upper tail coverts have brown markings. Range.—"Lower California (both coasts), north to Los Coronados Islands." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Lower California (both coasts), north to Los Coronados Islands." (A. O. U.) 287. Black Oyster-catcher (Hæmatopus bachmani). L. 17. Ads. Black. Yng. Somewhat browner. Notes. A musical, piping whistle. 287. Black Oyster-catcher (Hæmatopus bachmani). L. 17. Ads. Black. Yng. A bit browner. Notes. A melodic, piping whistle. Range.—"Pacific coast of North America from Aleutian Islands to La Paz, Lower California." Range.—"Pacific coast of North America from the Aleutian Islands to La Paz, Baja California." |
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228. American Woodcock (Philohela minor). L. 11. Ads. Below ochraceous-rufous; no bars; forehead slaty crown black with rusty bars; back mixed black, rusty and slaty. Notes. A nasal peent or paip; a whistling of wings and a twittering whistle. 228. American Woodcock (Philohela minor). L. 11. Ads. Underneath ochre-red; no bars; forehead is slate-colored, crown is black with rusty bars; back is a mix of black, rusty, and slate. Notes. A nasal peent or paip; a whistling of wings and a twittering sound. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds locally from Florida to Labrador and Manitoba, but chiefly northward; winters from southern New Jersey and southern Illinois to Gulf States. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds locally from Florida to Labrador and Manitoba, but mostly to the north; winters from southern New Jersey and southern Illinois to the Gulf States. 230. Wilson Snipe (Gallinago delicata). L. 11.2. Ads. Throat and belly white or whitish; breast rusty buff indistinctly streaked; sides barred; above streaked black and cream-buff; tail black and rusty; outer feathers barred black and white. Notes. When taking flight several sudden, hoarse scaipes; a tremulous, penetrating bleating, thought to be produced by air rushing through the birds wings; a kûk-kûk-kûk. (Brewster.) 230. Wilson Snipe (Gallinago delicata). L. 11.2. Ads. Throat and belly are white or off-white; breast is a rusty buff with vague streaks; sides are barred; above, it has black and cream-buff streaking; tail is black with rusty tones; outer feathers are barred in black and white. Notes. When it takes off, it makes several abrupt, harsh scaipes; a shaky, piercing bleat thought to come from air rushing through the bird’s wings; a kûk-kûk-kûk. (Brewster.) Range.—North America; breeds from northern New England (rarely Connecticut), northern Illinois and northern California north to Labrador, Hudson Bay, and Alaska; winters from California, southern Illinois, and South Carolina to northern South America. Range.—North America; breeds from northern New England (rarely Connecticut), northern Illinois, and northern California north to Labrador, Hudson Bay, and Alaska; winters from California, southern Illinois, and South Carolina to northern South America. 261. Bartramian Sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda). L. 11.5. Outer primary barred black and white. Ads. Above black, ochraceous, and brownish gray; breast and sides with dusky arrowheads; throat and belly whitish. Yng. Similar, but more buffy. Notes. Call, a soft, bubbling whistle; song, a prolonged, mournful, mellow whistle, "chr-r-r-r-r-ee-e-e-e-e-e-oo-oo-o-oo." 261. Bartramian Sandpiper (Bartramia longicauda). L. 11.5. Outer primary has black and white bars. Ads. The adult is black, ochraceous, and brownish gray on top; breast and sides display dusky arrowheads; throat and belly are whitish. Yng. The young are similar but more buffy. Notes. Call is a soft, bubbling whistle; song is a prolonged, mournful, mellow whistle, "chr-r-r-r-r-ee-e-e-e-e-e-oo-oo-o-oo." Range.—North America chiefly interior; breeds locally from Kansas and Virginia to Alaska and Nova Scotia; winters south of United States to South America. Range.—Primarily in the interior of North America; breeds locally from Kansas and Virginia up to Alaska and Nova Scotia; winters from the southern United States down to South America. 262. Buff-breasted Sandpiper (Tryngites subruficollis). L. 8.5. Inner border of inner web of primaries beautifully speckled with black and white. Ads. Above black widely margined with grayish brown; below ochraceous-buff; a few black spots. Yng. Above blackish brown, finely and evenly margined with whitish; below much as in adult. 262. Buff-breasted Sandpiper (Tryngites subruficollis). L. 8.5. The inner edge of the inner web of the primaries is beautifully speckled with black and white. Ads. The upper side is black with wide grayish-brown margins; the underside is ochraceous-buff with a few black spots. Yng. The upper side is dark brown with fine, even white margins; the underside resembles that of the adult. Range.-"North America especially in the interior; breeds in the Yukon district and the interior of British America north to the Arctic coast; south in winter as far as Uruguay and Peru." (A. O. U.) Range.-"North America, especially in the interior; breeds in the Yukon region and the interior of British America, extending north to the Arctic coast; migrates south in winter as far as Uruguay and Peru." (A. O. U.) 281. Mountain Plover (Podasocys montana). L. 9. No black on breast. Ads. Lores and crown-band black; above grayish brown washed with pale rusty. Yng. Similar, but no black, rusty wash deeper. Winter. Same as last but rusty paler. 281. Mountain Plover (Podasocys montana). L. 9. No black on the chest. Adults: The lores and crown band are black; the upper parts are grayish-brown with a light rusty wash. Young: Similar, but lacking black; the rusty wash is more pronounced. Winter: Same as the young, but the rusty color is lighter. Range.—Western United States; breeds from Kansas to North Dakota; winters westward to California, south to Lower California and Mexico; accidental in Florida. Range.—Western United States; breeds from Kansas to North Dakota; winters west to California, south to Baja California and Mexico; occasionally found in Florida. |
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231. Dowitcher (Macrorhamphus griseus) L. 10.5; B. 2.1, pitted at tip. Ads. Rump, tail, under wing-coverts, and axillars barred black and white; above black margined with rusty; rump, white; below reddish brown, spotted and barred with black. Yng. Similar, but breast gray tinged with rusty; belly white. Winter. Above gray, breast gray mixed with dusky, belly white. 231. Dowitcher (Macrorhamphus griseus) L. 10.5; B. 2.1, pitted at the tip. Adults: Rump, tail, under wing-coverts, and axillars are barred in black and white; above, black edged with rusty; rump is white; below, reddish brown, spotted and barred with black. Young: Similar, but the breast is gray with a rusty tint; belly is white. Winter: Above is gray, breast is gray mixed with dusky, and the belly is white. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds chiefly north and northwest of Hudson Bay; winters from Florida to northern South America. Range.—Eastern North America; primarily breeds north and northwest of Hudson Bay; winters from Florida to northern South America. 232. Long-billed Dowitcher (Macrorhamphus scolopaceus). B. 2.1 to 2.9. Similar to preceding but larger, bill longer; in adult spring plumage more barred below. Notes. A lisping, energetic musical, peet-peet; pĕe-ter-wĕe-too; wĕe-too repeated. (Nelson.) 232. Long-billed Dowitcher (Macrorhamphus scolopaceus). B. 2.1 to 2.9. Similar to the previous one but larger, with a longer bill; in adult spring plumage, it has more barring below. Notes. A lisping, energetic musical sound, peet-peet; pĕe-ter-wĕe-too; wĕe-too repeated. (Nelson.) Range.—"Western North America, breeding in Alaska to the Arctic coast, migrating south in winter through western United States (including Mississippi Valley) to Mexico, and less commonly along Atlantic coast." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Western North America, breeding in Alaska to the Arctic coast, migrating south in winter through the western United States (including the Mississippi Valley) to Mexico, and less commonly along the Atlantic coast." (A. O. U.) 233. Stilt Sandpiper (Micropalama himantopus). L. 8.2; tarsus long, 1.6. Ads. Entire underparts and upper tail-coverts white barred with black; tail not barred. Yng. Resembles ad. but below white, breast lightly streaked: rump white no bars. Winter. Similar to yng. but back gray. 233. Stilt Sandpiper (Micropalama himantopus). L. 8.2; tarsus long, 1.6. Adult. Entire underparts and upper tail-coverts are white with black bars; tail is not barred. Young. Looks like the adult but has white below, with a lightly streaked breast; rump is white with no bars. Winter. Similar to the young but with a gray back. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds within Arctic Circle; winters from Florida to South America. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds within the Arctic Circle; winters from Florida to South America. 234. Knot (Tringa canutus). L. 10.5; B. 1.3. Upper tail-coverts with black bars and loops; tail feathers without bars narrowly margined with white. Ads. Mixed black, gray and reddish brown above, reddish brown below. Yng. Above gray, margined with cream-white and black; below white; breast lightly streaked. Winter. Similar, but above gray. 234. Knot (Tringa canutus). Length 10.5; Wingspan 1.3. Upper tail-coverts have black bars and loops; tail feathers lack bars and have narrow white edges. Adult. Mixed black, gray, and reddish-brown on top, reddish-brown underneath. Juvenile. Gray on top with cream-white and black edges; white below; lightly streaked on the breast. Winter. Similar but gray on top. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds within Arctic circle; winters from Florida to South America: migrates chiefly along the coasts, rare on Pacific coast of United States. Range.—Northern hemisphere; breeds within the Arctic Circle; winters from Florida to South America: migrates mostly along the coasts, rare on the Pacific coast of the United States. 244. Curlew Sandpiper (Erolia ferruginea). L. 8; B. 1.5, slightly curved. Ads. Below chestnut-rufous, above rusty and black. Yng. Above brownish gray margined with whitish; back blacker; below white. Winter. Above plain brownish gray; below white. 244. Curlew Sandpiper (Erolia ferruginea). L. 8; B. 1.5, slightly curved. Ads. Below chestnut-rufous, above rusty and black. Yng. Above brownish gray edged with white; back darker; below white. Winter. Above simple brownish gray; below white. Range.—"Old World in general; occasional in Eastern North America and Alaska." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Found mainly in the Old World; occasionally in Eastern North America and Alaska." (A. O. U.) |
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235. Purple Sandpiper (Arquatella maritima). L. 9. Ads. Above black, margined with rusty and cream-buff; below white, breast and sides heavily marked with black. Winter. Head, neck, and breast, slaty; back blacker, margined with slaty; central secondaries largely white. 235. Purple Sandpiper (Arquatella maritima). L. 9. Ads. The top is black, edged with rusty and cream-buff; the underside is white, with the breast and sides heavily marked in black. Winter. The head, neck, and breast are slate gray; the back is darker black with slate edges; the central secondaries are mostly white. Range.—"Northern portions of the northern hemisphere; in North America chiefly the northeastern portions, breeding in the high north, migrating in winter to the Eastern and Middle States (casually to Florida), the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi Valley." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Northern parts of the northern hemisphere; in North America mainly the northeastern areas, breeding in the far north, migrating in winter to the Eastern and Middle States (occasionally to Florida), the Great Lakes, and Upper Mississippi Valley." (A. O. U.) 236. Aleutian Sandpiper (Arquatella couesi). L. 8.5. Similar to No. 235, but ad. and yng. with more ochraceous; in winter grayish margins to back lighter and wider. Notes. When flying, a low, clear, musical tweo-tweo-tweo; when feeding, clū-clū-clū. (Nelson.) 236. Aleutian Sandpiper (Arquatella couesi). L. 8.5. Similar to No. 235, but adults and young have more ochre tones; in winter, the grayish edges on the back are lighter and broader. Notes. When flying, it makes a low, clear, musical tweo-tweo-tweo; when feeding, clū-clū-clū. (Nelson.) Range.—"Aleutian Islands and coast of Alaska, north to Kowak River, west to Commander Islands, Kamchatka." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Aleutian Islands and the coast of Alaska, extending north to Kowak River, and west to the Commander Islands, Kamchatka." (A. O. U.) 256. Solitary Sandpiper (Helodromas solitarius). L. 8.4. Under wing-coverts, axillars, and all but middle tail-feathers barred black and white. Ads. Above fuscous with a faint greenish tinge; head and neck streaked, back spotted with whitish; below white; throat and breast distinctly streaked with dusky. Yng. Fewer spots and streaks above; breast markings fused. Winter. Practically no white markings above. 256. Solitary Sandpiper (Helodromas solitarius). L. 8.4. The wing coverts, axillars, and all but the middle tail feathers are patterned with black and white bars. Adults. The upper body is dark brown with a slight greenish tint; the head and neck have streaks, and the back has white spots; the underside is white; and the throat and breast are clearly streaked with dark markings. Young. Has fewer spots and streaks on top; the breast markings are blended. Winter. Almost no white markings on top. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Northern States (rarely and sporadically) northward; little known of breeding habits; winters south of United States to South America. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from the Northern States (rarely and sporadically) northward; not much is known about breeding habits; winters from the southern United States down to South America. 256a. Western Solitary Sandpiper (H. s. cinnamomeus). Similar to No. 256, but spots above buffy, especially in fall; inner margin of outer primary speckled black and white. 256a. Western Solitary Sandpiper (H. s. cinnamomeus). Similar to No. 256, but the spots on its back are a buff color, especially in the fall; the inner edge of the outer primary feather is marked with black and white speckles. Range.—Western North America; breeds in British Columbia (exact breeding range unknown); winters south of United States. Range.—Western North America; breeds in British Columbia (exact breeding range unknown); winters south of the United States. 263. Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia). L. 7.5. Ads. Below white thickly spotted with black; above brownish gray with a faint greenish lustre, lightly marked with black. Yng. Similar above but faintly margined with dusky and buff; below white, breast grayer; no black marks. Winter. Same but no margins above. Notes. Peet-weet, repeated. 263. Spotted Sandpiper (Actitis macularia). L. 7.5. Adults. Below is white thickly spotted with black; above is brownish gray with a slight greenish sheen, lightly marked with black. Young. Similar above but with faint dusky and buff edges; below is white, with a grayer breast; no black marks. Winter. Same as above but without margins. Notes. Peet-weet, repeated. Range.—North America, north to Hudson Bay; breeds throughout its North American range; winters from southern California and West Indies to South America. Range.—North America, up to Hudson Bay; breeds across its North American range; winters from southern California and the West Indies to South America. 284. Black Turnstone (Arenaria melanocephala). L. 9. No rusty; lower back, longer upper tail-coverts and base of tail white; shorter upper tail-coverts black. Ads. Above and breast brownish black; belly white. Yng. Browner margined with whitish. Winter. Same as Yng, but no margins. Notes. A sharp, weet, weet, too-weet. (Nelson.) 284. Black Turnstone (Arenaria melanocephala). L. 9. No rusty; lower back, longer upper tail-coverts and base of tail white; shorter upper tail-coverts black. Adult. Above and breast brownish-black; belly white. Young. Browner with white edges. Winter. Same as young, but without the edges. Notes. A sharp, weet, weet, too-weet. (Nelson.) Range.—"Pacific coast of North America from Point Barrow, Alaska to Santa Margarita Island, Lower California; breeding from Alaska to British Columbia." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Pacific coast of North America from Point Barrow, Alaska to Santa Margarita Island, Baja California; breeding from Alaska to British Columbia." (A. O. U.) |
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237. Pribilof Sandpiper (Arquatella ptilocnemis). L. 10. Ads. Similar to No. 236 above but crown much lighter; breast with a black patch. Yng. Resemble adult above but breast grayish indistinctly streaked and with a pale buff band; belly white. Winter. Similar to yng. but slaty gray above. 237. Pribilof Sandpiper (Arquatella ptilocnemis). L. 10. Adults. Similar to No. 236 above but the crown is much lighter; breast has a black patch. Young. Resemble adults above but the breast is grayish with faint streaks and has a pale buff band; belly is white. Winter. Similar to young but with slaty gray on top. Range.—"Breeding in the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, and migrating to coast of adjacent mainland south of Norton Sound." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Breeding in the Pribilof Islands, Alaska, and migrating to the coast of the nearby mainland south of Norton Sound." (A. O. U.) 243a. Red-backed Sandpiper (Pelidna alpina pacifica). L. 8; B. 1.5; slightly curved. Ads. Belly black; back chiefly rusty. Yng. Breast buffy, lightly streaked with dusky; belly white spotted with black; back black, rusty, and buff. Winter. Above brownish gray; below white; breast grayish, indistinctly streaked. 243a. Red-backed Sandpiper (Pelidna alpina pacifica). L. 8; B. 1.5; slightly curved. Adults. Belly is black; back is mostly rusty. Young. Breast is buffy, lightly streaked with dusky; belly is white spotted with black; back is black, rusty, and buff. Winter. Above is brownish gray; below is white; breast is grayish, with faint streaks. Range.—North America; breeds in Arctic regions and winters from Gulf States and California to South America. Range.—North America; breeds in Arctic areas and spends the winter from the Gulf States and California down to South America. 246. Semipalmated Sandpiper (Ereunetes pusillus). L. 6.3; B. .6 to .8. Toes webbed at base. Ads. Above brownish gray and black; little or no rusty; below white, breast indistinctly streaked. Yng. Above with rusty and whitish margins; below white, breast grayish no streaks. Winter. Above brownish gray with black shaft streaks; below white. Notes. weet-weet. 246. Semipalmated Sandpiper (Ereunetes pusillus). L. 6.3; B. .6 to .8. Toes webbed at the base. Adults. The upper body is brownish gray and black; with little or no rusty color; the underside is white, with an indistinct streaked breast. Young. The upper body has rusty and whitish edges; the underside is white, with a grayish breast and no streaks. Winter. The upper body is brownish gray with black shaft streaks; the underside is white. Notes. weet-weet. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters from Gulf States to South America. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters from the Gulf States to South America. 247. Western Sandpiper (Ereunetes occidentalis). Similar to preceding but bill longer .8 to 1.2; ads. more rusty above, breast streaks more distinct, and more numerous. Notes. Call, a soft weet-weet; song, uttered on the wing, "a rapid, uniform series of rather musical trills." (Nelson.) 247. Western Sandpiper (Ereunetes occidentalis). Similar to the previous species but with a longer bill measuring 0.8 to 1.2 inches; adults have more rusty color on top, with clearer and more numerous streaks on the breast. Notes. Call is a soft weet-weet; the song, sung in flight, consists of "a fast, steady series of fairly musical trills." (Nelson.) Range.—North America, chiefly west of Mississippi Valley; breeds in Arctic regions; winters from Gulf States to South America. Range.—North America, mostly west of the Mississippi Valley; breeds in the Arctic regions; winters from the Gulf States to South America. 248. Sanderling (Calidris arenaria). L. 8. Three toes, tarsus scaled. Ads. Above rusty, black and grayish; below white, breast spotted with black and washed with rusty. Yng. Nape grayish, back black, feathers with two white or yellowish white terminal spots; below silky white. Winter. Above brownish gray with dusky shaft streaks; below silky white. 248. Sanderling (Calidris arenaria). L. 8. Three toes, tarsus scaled. Adults. The upper part is rusty, black, and grayish; the underside is white, with a breast spotted in black and tinged with rusty. Young. The nape is grayish, the back is black, with feathers that have two terminal spots that are white or yellowish white; the underside is silky white. Winter. The upper part is a brownish gray with dark shaft streaks; the underside is silky white. Range.—"Nearly cosmopolitan, breeding in Arctic and Sub-Arctic regions, migrating, in America, south to Chili and Patagonia." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Almost found everywhere, nesting in Arctic and Sub-Arctic areas, migrating in America all the way down to Chile and Patagonia." (A. O. U.) |
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238. Sharp-tailed Sandpiper (Actodromas acuminata). L. 8.7. Tail feathers pointed. Ads. A white line over eye; breast buff streaked with blackish. Yng. Crown as in ad., back black and rusty; below white, breast buffy, no streaks. Winter. Back grayish brown streaked with blackish; below as in yng., but breast grayer and with indistinct streaks. Notes. A soft metallic pleep-pleep. (Nelson.) 238. Sharp-tailed Sandpiper (Actodromas acuminata). L. 8.7. Tail feathers are pointed. Adult. A white line over the eye; breast is buff streaked with blackish. Young. Crown like the adult, back has black and rusty colors; underneath is white, breast is buffy with no streaks. Winter. Back is grayish brown streaked with blackish; underneath like the young, but breast is grayer with faint streaks. Notes. A soft metallic pleep-pleep. (Nelson.) Range.—"Eastern Asia, and coast of Alaska, migrating south to Java and Australia." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Eastern Asia and the coast of Alaska, migrating south to Java and Australia." (A. O. U.) 239. Pectoral Sandpiper (Actodromas maculata). L. 9. Ads. Middle tail-feathers longest, pointed, blackish margined with rusty; above black and rusty; below white, breast thickly streaked; upper tail-coverts black. Yng. and in winter much the same. Notes. Call, a grating whistle; song, a hollow, resonant, musical tōō-ū, repeated eight times, made after filling æsophagus with air until it is puffed out to size of the body. (Nelson.) 239. Pectoral Sandpiper (Actodromas maculata). L. 9. Adult. The middle tail feathers are the longest, pointed, dark with rusty edges; above, the feathers are black and rusty; below, they're white with a thick streaked breast; the upper tail coverts are black. Young and in winter look similar. Notes. The call is a grating whistle; the song is a hollow, resonant, musical tōō-ū, repeated eight times, produced by filling the esophagus with air until it swells to the size of the body. (Nelson.) Range.—North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters south of United States to South America; rare on Pacific coast. Range.—North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters south of the United States to South America; rare on the Pacific coast. 240. White-rumped Sandpiper (Actodromas fuscicollis). L. 7.5. Longer upper tail-coverts white. Ads. Breast white, distinctly spotted or streaked. Yng. More rufous above; breast less distinctly streaked. Winter. Brownish gray above; similar to yng. below. 240. White-rumped Sandpiper (Actodromas fuscicollis). L. 7.5. Longer upper tail-coverts are white. Adults: Breast is white, distinctly spotted or streaked. Juveniles: More rufous above; breast is less distinctly streaked. In winter: Brownish gray above; similar to juveniles below. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds in the interior north of Hudson Bay; winters south of United States to southern South America; rare on Pacific coast. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds in the interior north of Hudson Bay; winters south of the United States to southern South America; rare on the Pacific coast. 241. Baird Sandpiper (Actodromas bairdii). L. 7.5. No rusty in plumage. Ads. Longest upper tail-coverts blackish; breast buffy, faintly streaked. Yng. Similar, but back conspicuously margined with whitish. Winter. Above "buffy grayish brown," no white margins. 241. Baird Sandpiper (Actodromas bairdii). L. 7.5. No rust in plumage. Adults. Longest upper tail-coverts blackish; breast buffy, lightly streaked. Young. Similar, but back clearly edged with whitish. Winter. Above "buffy grayish brown," no white edges. Range.—Interior of North America; breeds in the Arctic regions and winters south of United States to southern South America. Range.—Interior of North America; breeds in the Arctic regions and winters south of the United States to southern South America. 242. Least Sandpiper (Actodromas minutilla). L. 6. Smartest of our Sandpipers. Ads. Above black, buff and rufous; below white breast lightly streaked. Yng. Similar, but breast less distinctly streaked. Winter. Above brownish gray, often streaked with black, below white. Notes. Peep-peep. 242. Least Sandpiper (Actodromas minutilla). L. 6. The smartest of our Sandpipers. Adults. The upper body is black, buff, and rufous; the underside has a white breast that is lightly streaked. Young. Similar, but the breast is less distinctly streaked. Winter. The upper body is brownish-gray, often streaked with black, and the underside is white. Notes. Peep-peep. Range.—North America; breeds from Sable Island and Magdalens northward; winters from Gulf States and California south to South America. Range.—North America; breeds from Sable Island and the Magdalen Islands northward; winters from the Gulf States and California south to South America. |
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249. Marbled Godwit (Limosa fedoa). L. 18; B. 4; slightly recurved. Tail barred, cinnamon and black; under wing-coverts cinnamon with more or less fine black markings. Ads. Above black and ochraceous; below buffy white finely and uniformly barred with black. Yng. Similar, but with no or with but few bars below. 249. Marbled Godwit (Limosa fedoa). Length: 18 inches; Bill: 4 inches; slightly curved. Tail has cinnamon and black bars; under wing coverts are cinnamon with varying amounts of fine black markings. Adult. The upper body is black and ochre; the underside is buffy white, evenly and finely barred with black. Young. Similar, but may have few or no bars underneath. Range.—North America; breeds in the interior from western Minnesota, rarely Iowa and Nebraska northward; winters south of United States to Central America and West Indies. Range.—North America; it breeds in the interior from western Minnesota, rarely in Iowa and Nebraska northward; winters south of the United States to Central America and the West Indies. 250. Pacific Godwit (Limosa lapponica baueri). L. 16. B. 3.7, slightly recurved, tail barred black and white; under wing-coverts black and white. Ads. "Head, neck and lower parts, plain cinnamon color." (Ridgw.) Winter. Above black, grayish and rusty, former prevailing; below white; throat streaked, elsewhere with irregular, black bars. Notes. "A loud ringing kû-we'w, repeated." 250. Pacific Godwit (Limosa lapponica baueri). Length 16 inches. Bill 3.7 inches, slightly curved, tail with black and white bars; under wing-coverts black and white. Adult. "Head, neck, and underparts are a solid cinnamon color." (Ridgw.) Winter. Upper body is black, grayish, and rusty, with the first color being dominant; underneath is white; throat has streaks, with irregular black bars elsewhere. Calls. "A loud ringing kû-we'w, repeated." Range.—"Shores and Islands of the Pacific Ocean, from New Zealand and Australia to Kamchatka and Alaska. On the American coast recorded south of Alaska only from La Paz, Lower California." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Shores and Islands of the Pacific Ocean, from New Zealand and Australia to Kamchatka and Alaska. On the American coast recorded south of Alaska only from La Paz, Lower California." (A. O. U.) 251. Hudsonian Godwit (Limosa hæmastica). L. 15; B. 3.2, slightly recurved. Under wing-coverts dusky; upper tail-coverts black and white; tail black at end, white at base. Ads. Above black, rusty and grayish, below chestnut-red barred with blackish and faintly tipped with white. Yng. Similar, but below buffy whitish, breast grayer. Winter. Similar below but above brownish gray. 251. Hudsonian Godwit (Limosa hæmastica). Length 15; Bill 3.2, slightly curved. Under wing-coverts dusky; upper tail-coverts black and white; tail black at the end, white at the base. Adult. Above, black, rusty, and grayish; below, chestnut-red with black bars and faint white tips. Young. Similar, but below buffy white and the breast is grayer. Winter. Similar below, but brownish gray above. Range.—Eastern North America chiefly interior; breeds in Arctic Regions; winters south of United States to South America. Range.—Primarily found in the interior of Eastern North America; breeds in Arctic regions; winters from the southern United States to South America. 270. Black-bellied Plover (Squatarola squatarola). L. 11. Hind-toe present, small. Ads. Above black and white, no yellowish; below black. Yng. Above grayish brown spotted with white and some yellowish; below white. Winter. Similar to preceding but nearly uniform brownish above. 270. Black-bellied Plover (Squatarola squatarola). L. 11. Hind toe present, small. Adult. Top side black and white, no yellowish; underside black. Young. Top side grayish-brown with white spots and some yellowish; underside white. Winter. Similar to the previous but almost uniformly brownish on top. Range.—Northern Hemisphere; breeds in Arctic Regions, winters in America from Florida to Brazil. Range.—Northern Hemisphere; breeds in Arctic Regions, winters in America from Florida to Brazil. 272. American Golden Plover (Charadrius dominicus). L. 10.5; W. 7. No hind-toe; axillars dusky. Ads. Above conspicuously spotted with yellow; below black, sides of breast white. Yng. Duller above, below grayish white with dusky marks and yellowish wash. Winter. Similar but no yellow below. Notes. Call, a plaintive too-lee-e; song, a marvelously harmonious succession of notes. (Nelson.) 272. American Golden Plover (Charadrius dominicus). L. 10.5; W. 7. No hind toe; axillaries are dusky. Adults. Top is noticeably spotted with yellow; underneath is black, with white on the sides of the breast. Young. Duller on top, underneath grayish white with darker marks and a yellowish tinge. Winter. Similar but without yellow underneath. Notes. Call is a plaintive too-lee-e; song is a beautifully harmonious sequence of notes. (Nelson.) Range.—Western Hemisphere; breeds in Arctic Regions; winters from Florida to Patagonia, rare on Pacific coast. Range.—Western Hemisphere; breeds in the Arctic regions; winters from Florida to Patagonia, uncommon on the Pacific coast. 272a. Pacific Golden Plover (C. d. fulvus). Similar to No. 272 but wing shorter, 6.5; yellow richer. 272a. Pacific Golden Plover (C. d. fulvus). Similar to No. 272 but with shorter wings, measuring 6.5; the yellow is deeper. Range.—"Breeding from northern Asia to the Pribilof Islands and coast of Alaska, south in winter through China and India to Australia and Polynesia." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Breeding from northern Asia to the Pribilof Islands and the coast of Alaska, migrating in winter through China and India to Australia and Polynesia." (A. O. U.) |
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273. Killdeer (Oxyechus vociferus). L. 10.5. Rump and upper tail-coverts rusty. Ads. Above grayish brown and rusty; below white with two black rings. Notes. A noisy kildeē, kildeē. 273. Killdeer (Oxyechus vociferus). L. 10.5. Rump and upper tail feathers are rusty. Adults. Top side is grayish brown and rusty; underside is white with two black rings. Notes. A loud kill-deer, kill-deer. Range.—North America, north to Newfoundland, Manitoba and British Columbia; (rare on North Atlantic coast); breeds locally throughout its range; winters from Virginia, Lower Mississippi Valley and California south to South America. Range.—North America, extending to Newfoundland, Manitoba, and British Columbia; (rare along the North Atlantic coast); breeds locally throughout its area; winters from Virginia, the Lower Mississippi Valley, and California down to South America. 274. Semipalmated Plover (Ægialitis semipalmata). L. 6.7. Web between bases of inner and middle toes. Ads. One black ring around neck; a white ring in front of it. Yng. Similar, but black parts brownish; back margined with whitish. Winter. Same as last but no whitish margins. 274. Semipalmated Plover (Ægialitis semipalmata). L. 6.7. Webbing between the bases of the inner and middle toes. Adults. One black ring around the neck; a white ring in front of it. Young. Similar, but the black parts are brownish; back edged with whitish. Winter. Same as the last but without the whitish edges. Range.—Breeds from Labrador northward; winters from Gulf States to Brazil. Range.—Breeds from Labrador to the north; winters from the Gulf States to Brazil. 275. Ring Plover (Ægialitis hiaticula). L. 7.5. No webs between toes. Similar to 274 but larger, bill yellow at base, black or brown bands wider. 275. Ring Plover (Ægialitis hiaticula). L. 7.5. No webbing between the toes. Similar to 274 but larger, with a bill that is yellow at the base and wider black or brown bands. Range.—"Northern parts of Old World and portions of Arctic America, breeding on the west shore of Cumberland Gulf." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Northern parts of the Old World and some areas of Arctic America, breeding on the west side of Cumberland Gulf." (A. O. U.) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia to Newfoundland; winters from Florida southward. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia to Newfoundland; winters from Florida southward. 277a. Belted Piping Plover (Æ. m. circumcincta). Similar to No. 277 but black on sides of breast meeting to form a breast band. 277a. Belted Piping Plover (Æ. m. circumcincta). Similar to No. 277 but has black on the sides of its breast that come together to form a breast band. Range.—Mississippi Valley; breeds from northern Illinois and Nebraska north to Lake Winnipeg, east to Magdalen and Sable Islands; winters from Gulf southward; casual migrant on Atlantic coast. Range.—Mississippi Valley; breeds from northern Illinois and Nebraska north to Lake Winnipeg, east to Magdalen and Sable Islands; winters from the Gulf southward; occasional migrant on the Atlantic coast. 278. Snowy Plover (Ægialitis nivosa). L. 6.5. No complete ring. Ads. Black on crown; ear-coverts and sides of breast black. Yng. The same, but no black; above margined with whitish. Winter. Same as last but no whitish margins. 278. Snowy Plover (Ægialitis nivosa). L. 6.5. No complete ring. Adults. Black on the crown; ear coverts and sides of the breast are black. Young. Similar, but without black; above has white edges. Winter. Same as the last but without the white edges. Range.—Western United States east to Texas and Kansas; breeds from Indian Territory and southern California northward; winters from Texas and southern California southward. Range.—Western United States east to Texas and Kansas; breeds from Oklahoma and Southern California northward; winters from Texas and Southern California southward. 280. Wilson Plover (Ochthodromus wilsonius). L. 7.5; B. .8. No black on hindneck. Ad. ♂. One black breast-and crown-band; some rusty about head. Ad. ♀. Similar but black areas brownish gray. Yng. Same as last, but above margined with whitish. Winter. No whitish margins. 280. Wilson Plover (Ochthodromus wilsonius). L. 7.5; B. .8. No black on the back of the neck. Ad. ♂. One black band across the breast and crown; some rust color around the head. Ad. ♀. Similar but black areas are brownish-gray. Yng. Same as the last, but above edged with whitish. Winter. No whitish edges. Range.—Tropical and temperate America; breeds north to Virginia, Gulf States, and Lower California; winters southward to Brazil; casual north to Nova Scotia. Range.—Tropical and temperate America; breeds as far north as Virginia, the Gulf States, and Lower California; winters down to Brazil; occasionally found as far north as Nova Scotia. |
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| Family 1. | GROUSE, PARTRIDGES, etc. | Tetraonidæ. | 21 species, 22 subspecies. |
| Family 2. | TURKEYS, PHEASANTS, etc. | Phasianidæ. | 1 species. 3 subspecies. |
| Family 3. | CURASSOWS and GUANS. | Cracidæ. | 1 species. |
The members of the family Tetraonidæ are usually placed in three subfamilies as follows: (1.) Perdicinæ, containing the true Quails and Partridges of the Old World and with no species in America. (2.) Odontophorinæ, including the Bob-whites and so-called 'Quails' and 'Partridges' of the New World, and with no species in the eastern hemisphere. (3.) Tetraoninæ, the Grouse, with representatives in the northern parts of both hemispheres. All the members of the first two families have the legs bare, while the Grouse have the legs, and often even the toes, more or less feathered.
The members of the Tetraonidae family are typically classified into three subfamilies as follows: (1) Perdicinae, which includes the true quails and partridges of the Old World with no species found in America. (2) Odontophorinae, which encompasses the bobwhites and the so-called 'quails' and 'partridges' of the New World, with no species in the Eastern Hemisphere. (3) Tetraoninae, the grouse, which have representatives in the northern regions of both hemispheres. All members of the first two families have bare legs, while grouse have legs that are often feathered, and sometimes even the toes are too.
The application of different names to the members of this family, in various parts of the country, often make it uncertain just what species is referred to under a given title. Our Bob-white, for example, is a 'Quail' at the north and a 'Partridge' at the south. As a matter of fact it is, strictly speaking, neither a true Quail nor Partridge but a member of a family restricted to America.
The different names used for the members of this family in various parts of the country often make it unclear which species is being referred to by a specific name. For instance, our Bob-white is called a 'Quail' in the north and a 'Partridge' in the south. In reality, it’s technically neither a true Quail nor Partridge but a member of a family that’s specific to America.
Again, the Ruffed Grouse is a 'Partridge' at the north and a 'Pheasant' at the south, whereas in truth it is neither one nor the other. So far as the application of these local names goes, it is to be noted that where the Bob-white is called 'Quail' the Grouse is called 'Partridge' and that where it is called 'Partridge' the Grouse is known as 'Pheasant'.
Again, the Ruffed Grouse is called a 'Partridge' in the north and a 'Pheasant' in the south, even though it is neither one. It's worth noting that in places where the Bob-white is referred to as 'Quail,' the Grouse is called 'Partridge,' and in areas where it’s referred to as 'Partridge,' the Grouse is known as 'Pheasant.'
All the Tetraonidæ are ground-inhabiting birds, and their plumage of blended browns, buffs and grays brings them into such close harmony with their surroundings that, as a rule, we are unaware of the presence of one of these birds until, with a whirring of short, stiff, rounded wings it springs from the ground at our feet. It is this habit of 'lying close,' as sportsmen term it, in connection with their excellent flesh, which makes the members of this family the favorites of the hunter and epicure and only the most stringent protective measures will prevent their extinction as their haunts become settled.
All Tetraonidae are birds that live on the ground, and their feathers, which mix browns, tans, and grays, blend so well with their environment that we usually don’t notice one of these birds until it suddenly takes off from the ground at our feet with a whirring of short, stiff wings. This behavior of 'lying low,' as hunters call it, along with their delicious meat, makes these birds favorites among hunters and food lovers. Only the strictest protection measures will stop them from disappearing as their habitats become developed.
[Pg_114] With the Ptarmigan this harmony in color is carried to a remarkable extreme, the birds being white in winter and brown, buff and black in summer; while during the early fall they assume a grayish, neutral tinted plumage to bridge over the period from the end of the nesting season, in July, to the coming of the snow in September.
[Pg_114] The Ptarmigan takes color balance to an impressive level, with the birds being white in winter and brown, tan, and black in summer; during early fall, they transition to a grayish, neutral plumage to cover the time between the end of the nesting season in July and the arrival of snow in September.
The Tetraonidæ all nest on the ground, laying usually from ten to twenty eggs. The young, like those of their relative, the domestic fowl, are born covered with downy feathers and can run about shortly after birth.
The Tetraonidæ all nest on the ground, usually laying between ten to twenty eggs. The young, similar to those of their relative, the domestic chicken, are born covered in downy feathers and can walk around shortly after they hatch.
The Turkey is the only wild member of the Phasianidæ in this country, but the family is well-represented in the domesticated Chickens, Peacocks, and Pheasants, all of which have descended from Old World ancestors. Our domesticated Turkey is derived from the Wild Turkey of Mexico, which was introduced into Europe shortly after the Conquest and was thence brought to eastern North America. It differs from the Wild Turkey of the eastern United States chiefly in the color of the tips of the upper tail-coverts. These are whitish in the domesticated Turkey, as they are in the Mexican race from which, it has descended, and rusty brown in the Eastern Wild Turkey.
The turkey is the only wild member of the Phasianidæ family in this country, but the family is well-represented by domesticated chickens, peacocks, and pheasants, all of which have ancestors from the Old World. Our domesticated turkey comes from the wild turkey of Mexico, which was brought to Europe shortly after the Conquest and then taken to eastern North America. It mainly differs from the wild turkey in the eastern United States by the color of the tips of the upper tail feathers. In the domesticated turkey, these are whitish, like in the Mexican variety it descended from, while in the eastern wild turkey, they are rusty brown.
Besides the five races of Wild Turkey described beyond, another species of Turkey is found in America. This is the Honduras or Yucatan Turkey, now largely confined to the peninsula of Yucatan. It is not so large as our bird, but is even more beautifully colored, its plumage being a harmonious combination of blue, gray and copper.
Besides the five types of Wild Turkey mentioned earlier, there's another species of Turkey found in America. This is the Honduras or Yucatan Turkey, which is now mostly limited to the Yucatan Peninsula. It isn't as large as our bird, but it's even more vibrant in color, with feathers that are a beautiful mix of blue, gray, and copper.
Ring-necked and 'English' Pheasants have been introduced into various parts of the United States, and in Oregon and Washington and in the east, on various private game preserves, they have become naturalized. The true English Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) is believed to have been introduced into England from Asia Minor probably by the Romans. Unlike the Ring-necked Pheasant (Phasianus torquatus) it has no white collar. The last named species, however, has also been introduced into England where it freely interbreeds with the earlier established English Pheasant and individuals without at least a trace of white on the neck are now comparatively rare.
Ring-necked and 'English' Pheasants have been brought to different areas of the United States, and in Oregon, Washington, and the eastern states, some private game preserves have allowed them to thrive. The true English Pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) is thought to have been brought to England from Asia Minor, likely by the Romans. Unlike the Ring-necked Pheasant (Phasianus torquatus), it doesn’t have a white collar. However, the Ring-necked Pheasant has also been introduced to England, where it easily breeds with the more established English Pheasant, making individuals without at least a hint of white on the neck relatively rare now.
The Curassows and Guans are tropical American birds, only one species reaching the southern border of the United States. They are arboreal in habit and form an interesting link between the Partridges, etc. and the Pigeons.
The Curassows and Guans are tropical birds from the Americas, with only one species found at the southern border of the United States. They live in trees and provide an interesting connection between Partridges and Pigeons.
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289. Bob-white; 'Quail;' 'Partridge' (Colinus virginianus). L. 10. Ad. ♂. Throat, forehead and line over eye white. Ad. ♀. Throat, forehead and line over eye buff. Notes. Song, a ringing, whistled Bob-white or buck-wheat-ripe; calls, a conversational quit-quit and a whistled where-are-you and I'm here, repeatedly uttered when the individuals of a flock are separated. 289. Bob-white; 'Quail;' 'Partridge' (Colinus virginianus). L. 10. Ad. ♂. The throat, forehead, and line above the eye are white. Ad. ♀. The throat, forehead, and line above the eye are buff. Notes. The song is a ringing, whistled Bob-white or buck-wheat-ripe; calls include a conversational quit-quit and a whistled where-are-you and I'm here, repeated often when members of a flock are separated. Range.—Eastern North America, resident from southern Dakota, southern Minnesota, southern Ontario, southern Vermont, New Hampshire and Maine, south to Georgia and western Florida; west to South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and eastern Texas. "Introduced at various points in Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Idaho, California and Washington." (A. O. U.) Range.—Eastern North America, found from southern Dakota, southern Minnesota, southern Ontario, southern Vermont, New Hampshire, and Maine, down to Georgia and western Florida; west to South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and eastern Texas. "Introduced at various locations in Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, Idaho, California, and Washington." (A. O. U.) 289a. Florida Bob-white (C. v. floridanus). Similar to No. 289, but smaller, L. 8.5, and much darker; black bars below more numerous. 289a. Florida Bob-white (C. v. floridanus). Similar to No. 289, but smaller, length 8.5, and much darker; there are more black bars below. Range.—Florida; typical only in southern half of peninsula, grading into No. 289 in northern and western parts of the state. Range.—Florida; typical only in the southern half of the peninsula, transitioning into No. 289 in the northern and western parts of the state. 289b. Texan Bob-white (C. v. texanus). Similar to No. 289, but brown and buff areas paler; black bars below wider. 289b. Texan Bob-white (C. v. texanus). Similar to No. 289, but the brown and buff areas are lighter; the black bars below are thicker. Range.—Texas, except western part, rarely to western Kansas, south to Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas, Mexico. Range.—Texas, except for the western part, rarely extending to western Kansas, and south to Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas, Mexico. 291. Masked Bob-white (Colinus ridgwayi). L. 9. Ad. ♂. Throat black; breast and belly reddish brown. Ad. ♀. Resembles ♀ of No. 289b. Notes. Song, Bob-white; call, when the birds are scattered, hoo-we. (H. Brown.) 291. Masked Bob-white (Colinus ridgwayi). L. 9. Ad. ♂. Throat is black; breast and belly are reddish-brown. Ad. ♀. Looks like ♀ of No. 289b. Notes. Song, Bob-white; call, when the birds are spread out, hoo-we. (H. Brown.) Range.—Northern Sonora, Mexico, north to Pima County, Arizona. Range.—Northern Sonora, Mexico, extending north to Pima County, Arizona. 296. Mearns Partridge (Cyrtonyx montezumæ mearnsi). L. 9. Ad. ♂. Sides with numerous, large, crowded white spots. Ad. ♀. Pinkish brown, above streaked with buffy and marked with chestnut and black, below with a few broken black bars. Notes. A low, murmuring whine; a clear dsiup-chiur, when alarmed, chuk-chuk-chuk. (Bendire.) 296. Mearns Partridge (Cyrtonyx montezumæ mearnsi). L. 9. Adult. Male has sides covered in numerous large white spots. Adult. Female is pinkish brown, with a streaked pattern of buffy tones and marked with chestnut and black on top, and a few broken black bars underneath. Notes. Produces a low, murmuring whine; a clear dsiup-chiur when startled, followed by chuk-chuk-chuk. (Bendire.) Range.—Northern Mexico, western Texas, southern New Mexico and southern Arizona. Range.—Northern Mexico, western Texas, southern New Mexico, and southern Arizona. |
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292. Mountain Partridge (Oreortyx pictus). L. 11. Ads. Hindhead and nape same color as back; inner margins of tertials buff. Notes. Song, an explosive whistle ending in a throaty tone; call, a rapidly repeated cuh-cuh-cuh-cuh, and a sharp pit-pit. 292. Mountain Partridge (Oreortyx pictus). L. 11. Ads. Hindhead and nape the same color as the back; inner margins of tertials are buff. Notes. The song is an explosive whistle that ends in a throaty tone; the call is a rapidly repeated cuh-cuh-cuh-cuh, followed by a sharp pit-pit. Range.—Pacific coast from Santa Barbara, California, north to southern Washington. Range.—Pacific coast from Santa Barbara, California, north to southern Washington. Range.—Sierra Nevada (both slopes), east to Panamint Mountains; and to Mount Magruder, Nevada; south in the coast ranges from San Francisco Bay to Lower California (Campos). (A. O. U.) Range.—Sierra Nevada (both sides), east to Panamint Mountains; and to Mount Magruder, Nevada; south in the coastal ranges from San Francisco Bay to Lower California (Campos). (A. O. U.) 292b. San Pedro Partridge (O. p. confinis). Similar to No. 292a, but upperparts much grayer, the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts being gray very slightly tinged with olive; bill stouter. (Ridgway.) 292b. San Pedro Partridge (O. p. confinis). Similar to No. 292a, but the upper parts are much grayer, with the back, rump, and upper tail-coverts being gray with a slight olive tint; the bill is thicker. (Ridgway.) Range.—San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California. Range.—San Pedro Martir Mountains, Baja California. Range.—"Tableland of Mexico, from the Valley of Mexico, north to central and western Texas, Santa Fe, New Mexico and southern Arizona." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Tableland of Mexico, from the Valley of Mexico, north to central and western Texas, Santa Fe, New Mexico, and southern Arizona." (A. O. U.) Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley, northwest to Eagle Pass, Texas; south into northeastern Mexico. Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley, northwest to Eagle Pass, Texas; south into northeastern Mexico. 294. California Partridge (Lophortyx californica). L. 10. Ad. ♂. Above olive-brown; belly patch chestnut. Ad. ♀. Plumes shorter; throat whitish streaked with dusky; no distinct chestnut patch on belly. Notes. Song, a pheasant like crow and a crowing, emphatic sit-right-down', sit-right-down'; calls, a sharp pit-pit pit, and a note like that of a young Robin. 294. California Partridge (Lophortyx californica). L. 10. Ad. ♂. Top feathers olive-brown; belly patch is chestnut. Ad. ♀. Feathers are shorter; throat has a whitish streak with dark spots; no clear chestnut patch on the belly. Notes. Song sounds like a pheasant-like crow and a loud, emphatic sit-right-down', sit-right-down'; calls include a sharp pit-pit pit, and a note similar to that of a young Robin. Range.—"Coast region of California south to Monterey, introduced in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Coast region of California down to Monterey, introduced in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia." (A. O. U.) 294a. Valley Partridge (L. c. vallicola). Similar to No. 294, but much grayer above; sometimes plain bluish gray without brown tinge. 294a. Valley Partridge (L. c. vallicola). Similar to No. 294, but much grayer on top; sometimes just a plain bluish gray without any brown tones. Range.—"From western and southern Oregon, except near the coast, south through western Nevada and the interior of California to Cape St. Lucas." (Bendire.) Range.—"From western and southern Oregon, except near the coast, south through western Nevada and the interior of California to Cape St. Lucas." (Bendire.) 295. Gambel Partridge (Lophortyx gambelii). L. 10. Ad. ♂. Throat, forehead and belly patch black; hindhead chestnut. Ad. ♀. Similar, but throat grayish buff; forehead gray; no black on belly; hind head brownish; crest smaller. Notes. Song, yuk-käe-ja. 295. Gambel Partridge (Lophortyx gambelii). Length: 10 inches. Adult. Male: Throat, forehead, and belly patch are black; hindhead is chestnut. Adult. Female: Similar, but throat is grayish buff; forehead is gray; no black on the belly; hindhead is brownish; crest is smaller. Notes. Song is yuk-käe-ja. Range.—"Western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southern Utah, southern Nevada, southern California in the Colorado Valley and south into northwestern Mexico." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Western Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southern Utah, southern Nevada, southern California in the Colorado Valley, and extending south into northwestern Mexico." (A. O. U.) |
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297. Dusky Grouse (Dendragapus obscurus). L. ♂, 20. ♀, 18. Ad. ♂. Gray tail-band over one inch wide on middle feather; below grayish slate; above blackish with fine rusty and grayish markings. Ad. ♀. With more white below; foreback regularly barred with buffy; middle tail-feathers irregularly barred with buff or grayish; terminal gray band finely marked with black. Notes. A loud, ventriloquial, hooting or booming. 297. Dusky Grouse (Dendragapus obscurus). L. ♂, 20. ♀, 18. Ad. ♂. Gray tail band over one inch wide on the middle feather; underneath grayish slate; above, blackish with fine rusty and grayish markings. Ad. ♀. With more white underneath; foreback regularly barred with buff; middle tail feathers irregularly barred with buff or grayish; terminal gray band finely marked with black. Notes. A loud, ventriloquial hooting or booming. Range.—"Rocky Mountains, from central Montana and southeastern Idaho to New Mexico and Arizona; east to the Black Hills, South Dakota and west to East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Rocky Mountains, from central Montana and southeastern Idaho to New Mexico and Arizona; east to the Black Hills, South Dakota, and west to the East Humboldt Mountains, Nevada." (A. O. U.) 297a. Sooty Grouse (D. o. fuliginosus). Similar to No. 297, but slightly darker, gray band on central tail feather less than one inch wide. 297a. Sooty Grouse (D. o. fuliginosus). Similar to No. 297, but a bit darker, with a gray band on the central tail feather less than one inch wide. Range.—"Northwest Coast Mountains, from California to Sitka, east to Nevada, western Idaho and portions of British Columbia." (A.O.U.) Range.—"Northwest Coast Mountains, from California to Sitka, east to Nevada, western Idaho, and parts of British Columbia." (A.O.U.) 297b. Richardson Grouse (D. o. richardsonii). Similar to No. 297a, but no tail band, or, if showing indistinctly from above, not visible from below. 297b. Richardson Grouse (D. o. richardsonii). Similar to No. 297a, but no tail band, or, if it appears indistinctly from above, it’s not visible from below. Range.—"Rocky Mountains, especially on the eastern slopes, from central Montana, northern Wyoming and southeastern Idaho, into British America to Liard River." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Rocky Mountains, particularly on the eastern slopes, from central Montana, northern Wyoming, and southeastern Idaho, extending into British Columbia to the Liard River." (A. O. U.) 298. Hudsonian Spruce Grouse (Canachites canadensis). L. 15. Ad. ♂. Tail-feathers tipped with brown; foreback margined with bluish gray. Ad. ♀. Above, bases of feathers more or less barred with rusty especially on foreback; throat and breast barred with rusty and black; belly as in male. Notes. A drumming sound produced by the beating of the wings. (Bendire.) 298. Hudsonian Spruce Grouse (Canachites canadensis). L. 15. Ad. ♂. Tail feathers are tipped with brown; the foreback has a margin of bluish gray. Ad. ♀. The top is more or less barred with rusty color, especially on the foreback; the throat and breast are barred with rusty and black colors; the belly is like the male's. Notes. It produces a drumming sound from the beating of its wings. (Bendire.) Range.—Labrador and Hudson Bay region. Range.—Labrador and Hudson Bay area. Range.—Alaska. Range: Alaska. Range.—Northern New England, northern New York, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia and Quebec west to northern Minnesota. Range.—Northern New England, northern New York, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Quebec west to northern Minnesota. 299. Franklin Grouse (Canachites franklinii). Resembles No. 298, but tail without brown tips, sometimes tipped with white. 299. Franklin Grouse (Canachites franklinii). Looks like No. 298, but its tail doesn't have brown tips, and it may sometimes have white tips instead. Range.—"Northern Rocky Mountains, from northwestern Montana to the coast ranges of Oregon and Washington, and northward in British America, reaching the Pacific coast of southern Alaska (latitude 60°)." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Northern Rocky Mountains, from northwestern Montana to the coastal ranges of Oregon and Washington, and extending northward in Canada, reaching the Pacific coast of southern Alaska (latitude 60°)." (A. O. U.) |
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300. Ruffed Grouse; 'Partridge;' 'Pheasant' (Bonasa umbellus). L. 17. Ad. ♂. Prevailing color above rusty brown; tail rusty or gray. Ad. ♀. Similar but neck-tufts smaller. Notes. The male produces a drumming sound by rapidly beating its wings; the female utters a cluck and when defending her brood, a singular low whining sound. 300. Ruffed Grouse; "Partridge;" "Pheasant" (Bonasa umbella). Length 17 inches. Adult ♂. The typical color on top is rusty brown; the tail is rusty or gray. Adult ♀. Similar but has smaller neck tufts. Notes. The male makes a drumming sound by quickly flapping its wings; the female makes a cluck and when protecting her chicks, she produces a unique low whining sound. Range.—Eastern United States from Minnesota, southern Ontario, southern New Hampshire and southern Vermont, south to Virginia and along the Alleghanies to Georgia; west to northwestern Arkansas. Range.—Eastern United States from Minnesota, southern Ontario, southern New Hampshire, and southern Vermont, south to Virginia and along the Appalachian Mountains to Georgia; west to northwestern Arkansas. 300a. Canadian Ruffed Grouse (B. u. togata). Similar to No. 300, but slightly grayer above; tail generally gray; bars on breast and belly darker and better defined. 300a. Canadian Ruffed Grouse (B. u. togata). Similar to No. 300, but a bit grayer on top; tail usually gray; stripes on the breast and belly are darker and more distinct. Range.—Spruce forests of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine northern New Hampshire, northern Vermont and south to higher mountains of Massachusetts and northern New York; west to eastern slope of coast ranges of Oregon, Washington and British Columbia; north to James Bay. Range.—Spruce forests are found in New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Maine, northern New Hampshire, northern Vermont, and extending south to the higher mountains of Massachusetts and northern New York; west to the eastern slope of the coastal ranges in Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia; and north to James Bay. 300b. Gray Ruffed Grouse (B. u. umbelloides). Similar to No. 300a, but grayer; prevailing color of upperparts, including crown, gray; tail always gray. 300b. Gray Ruffed Grouse (B. u. umbelloides). Similar to No. 300a, but noticeably grayer; the main color of the upperparts, including the crown, is gray; the tail is always gray. Range.—Rocky Mountains, from Colorado north to latitude 65° in Alaska, east to Mackenzie and poplar woods of western Manitoba. Range.—Rocky Mountains, from Colorado north to latitude 65° in Alaska, east to Mackenzie and poplar forests of western Manitoba. 300c. Oregon Ruffed Grouse (B. u. sabini). Similar to No. 300, but much darker, prevailing color of upper parts rusty brown; tail always rusty brown. 300c. Oregon Ruffed Grouse (B. u. sabini). Similar to No. 300, but much darker, with the main color of the upper parts being rusty brown; the tail is always rusty brown. Range.—Pacific coast ranges from Cape Mendocino, California, north to British Columbia. Range.—The Pacific coast stretches from Cape Mendocino in California, up to British Columbia. |
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301. Willow Ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus). L. 15. Bill large, more than .4 deep at base; tail black, narrowly tipped with white. Ad. ♂ Summer. Throat and upper breast rusty brown. Ad. ♂ Fall. Rustier and more finely marked above. Ad. ♀. Summer. Above black barred with buff and tipped with white; below buff barred with black; middle of belly whitish. Ad. ♀. Fall. Much like fall male. Ads., Winter. White, tail black tipped with white; no black before eye. Notes. Song, kû-kû-kû-kû while ascending five or ten yards in the air; a hard rolling kr-r-r-r when descending. (Nelson.) 301. Willow Ptarmigan (Lagopus lagopus). L. 15. Bill large, more than .4 deep at the base; tail black with a narrow white tip. Ad. ♂ Summer. Throat and upper breast are rusty brown. Ad. ♂ Fall. Rustier and more finely marked on top. Ad. ♀. Summer. Top is black with buff bars and white tips; underneath is buff with black bars; middle of the belly is whitish. Ad. ♀. Fall. Very similar to the fall male. Ads., Winter. White, tail black tipped with white; no black in front of the eye. Notes. Song, kû-kû-kû-kû while going up five or ten yards in the air; a hard rolling kr-r-r-r when coming down. (Nelson.) Range.—Arctic Regions; in America breeding south to Lat. 55° in winter migrating south to Lat. 50°; recorded once from Penobscot Co., Maine, and once from Manchester, Mass. Range.—Arctic Regions; in America breeding south to Lat. 55° in winter migrating south to Lat. 50°; recorded once from Penobscot Co., Maine, and once from Manchester, Mass. 301a. Allen Ptarmigan (L. l. alleni). Similar to No. 301, but ♀ more finely marked; shafts of primaries, at all seasons, strongly black spreading to the web of the feather. 301a. Allen Ptarmigan (L. l. alleni). Similar to No. 301, but the female is more finely marked; the shafts of the primary feathers are strongly black throughout the year, extending to the web of the feather. Range.—Newfoundland. Range: Newfoundland. 302. Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus rupestris). L. 14. Bill less than .4 deep at base; tail black. Always to be known from No. 301 by its smaller bill. Ad. ♂ Summer. Above irregularly barred and mottled with gray and rusty buff; below barred black and white and rusty buff. Ad. ♂ Fall. Above minutely speckled black, gray and buff, the prevailing color being grayish brown. Ad. ♂ Winter. White, lores and tail black. Ad. ♀ Summer. Above black barred with rusty and margined with whitish; below rusty barred with black and tipped with whitish. Ad. ♀ Fall. Like fall ♂. Ad. ♀ Winter. Like winter ♂ but no black before eye. 302. Rock Ptarmigan (Lagopus rupestris). L. 14. Bill less than .4 deep at the base; tail is black. Always identifiable from No. 301 by its smaller bill. Ad. ♂ Summer. The top is irregularly barred and mottled with gray and rusty buff; the underside is barred with black, white, and rusty buff. Ad. ♂ Fall. The top is minutely speckled with black, gray, and buff, with grayish brown as the main color. Ad. ♂ Winter. The bird is white, with black lores and tail. Ad. ♀ Summer. The top is black barred with rusty and edged with whitish; the bottom is rusty barred with black and tipped with whitish. Ad. ♀ Fall. Similar to fall ♂. Ad. ♀ Winter. Similar to winter ♂ but lacks the black before the eye. Range.—North America from Gulf of St. Lawrence and higher mountains of British Columbia north to Arctic Regions (except northern Labrador) west through Alaska to Aleutian Islands. Range.—North America from the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the higher mountains of British Columbia north to the Arctic Regions (except northern Labrador), west through Alaska to the Aleutian Islands. 302a. Reinhardt Ptarmigan (L. r. reinhardti). Ad. ♂ Summer. Similar to No. 302, but "less regularly and coarsely barred above" (Ridgw.) Ad. ♀ Summer. Resembles ♀ of No. 302. Ads. Fall. Much grayer than No. 302 in fall. Ads. Winter. Like No. 302 in winter. Notes. When courting the male utters a growling kurr-kurr. (Turner.) 302a. Reinhardt Ptarmigan (L. r. reinhardti). Ad. ♂ Summer. Similar to No. 302, but "less regular and coarser barred above" (Ridgw.) Ad. ♀ Summer. Looks like ♀ of No. 302. Ads. Fall. Much grayer than No. 302 in fall. Ads. Winter. Similar to No. 302 in winter. Notes. During courtship, the male makes a growling kurr-kurr. (Turner.) Range.—Northern Labrador north to Greenland. Range.—Northern Labrador to Greenland. 302b. Nelson Ptarmigan (L. r. nelsoni). Ad. ♂, Summer. Ground color of upperparts deep umber-brown, very finely and densely vermiculated; chest barred with bright tawny brown and black. Ad. ♀, Summer. Similar to ♂ of No. 302. (Ridgw.) 302b. Nelson Ptarmigan (L. r. nelsoni). Adult. Male, Summer. The upperparts are a rich dark brown with very fine and dense markings; the chest is striped with bright orange-brown and black. Adult. Female, Summer. Similar to the male of No. 302. (Ridgw.) Range.—Unalaska, Aleutian Islands. Range: Unalaska, Aleutian Islands. |
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302c. Turner Ptarmigan (L. r. atkhensis). Lighter in general hue than 302d and without black blotches on upperparts. (Elliot.) Ad. ♂, Summer. "Ground color of upperparts pale raw-umber brown, mixed with pale grayish; chest and neck barred with pale brownish ochre and black." Ad. ♀, Summer. Ground color of upperparts rusty, mixed with pale grayish buff, narrowly and irregularly barred with black; chest and neck coarsely barred with rusty and black. (Ridgw.) 302c. Turner Ptarmigan (L. r. atkhensis). Lighter in color overall than 302d and lacking black spots on its upper body. (Elliot.) Adult ♂, Summer. "The ground color of the upper body is a light raw-umber brown, mixed with light gray; the chest and neck are marked with light brownish ochre and black." Adult ♀, Summer. The ground color of the upper body is rusty, mixed with light grayish buff, with narrow and irregular black barring; the chest and neck are heavily barred with rusty and black. (Ridgw.) Range.—Atka, Aleutian Islands. Range: Atka, Aleutian Islands. 302d. Townsend Ptarmigan (L. r. townsendi). Ad. ♂, Summer. Above, breast and flanks raw umber finely vermiculated with black on back; with black blotches on head, neck and upperpart of back and wings. Ad. ♀, Summer. Above ochraceous, blotched and barred with black; lighter below. (Elliot.) 302d. Townsend Ptarmigan (L. r. townsendi). Adult. Male, Summer. The upper body, chest, and sides are raw umber with fine black markings on the back; features black spots on the head, neck, and upper back and wings. Adult. Female, Summer. The upper body is ochre with black blotches and bars; lighter underneath. (Elliot.) Range.—Kyska and Adak, Aleutian Islands. Range.—Kyska and Adak, Aleutian Islands. 302.1. Evermann Ptarmigan (Lagopus evermanni). L. 13.9. Ad. ♂, Summer. Above and breast black slightly marked with rusty. Ad. ♀, Summer. Entire body plumage, ochraceous, blotched and barred with black and above tipped with white or ochraceous: below black bars wider and no white tips. (Elliot.) 302.1. Evermann Ptarmigan (Lagopus evermanni). L. 13.9. Ad. ♂, Summer. The top and breast are black, with some rusty markings. Ad. ♀, Summer. The whole body is ochre-colored, with black blotches and bars; the top is tipped with white or ochre. Below, the black bars are wider, and there are no white tips. (Elliot.) Range.—Attu, Aleutian Islands. Range—Attu, Aleutian Islands. 303. Welch Ptarmigan (Lagopus welchi). L. about 14. Bill and tail as in No. 302; plumage grayer than in No. 302. Ad. ♂, Summer. Above black finely and irregularly marked with wavy lines of buff and white. Ad. ♀, Summer. Above black finely and irregularly barred with buffy, grayish and white. 303. Welch Ptarmigan (Lagopus welchi). Length about 14 inches. Bill and tail similar to No. 302; plumage is grayer than in No. 302. Adult. Male, Summer. The upper body is black, finely and irregularly marked with wavy lines of buff and white. Adult. Female, Summer. The upper body is black, finely and irregularly barred with buffy, grayish, and white. Range.—Newfoundland. Range: Newfoundland. 304.? White-tailed Ptarmigan (Lagopus leucurus). L. 13. Tail white. Ad. ♂, Summer. Breast barred, black and white. Ad. ♀, Summer. Above black barred with rich buff; below rich buff barred with black. Ads., Fall. Above and breast rich buff finely vermiculated with black. Ads., Winter. Entirely white. Notes. When about to fly and at the beginning of flight a sharp cackle like that of a frightened hen. (Grinnell.) 304.? White-tailed Ptarmigan (Lagopus leucurus). L. 13. Tail white. Adult ♂, Summer. Breast with black and white bars. Adult ♀, Summer. Upper body black barred with rich buff; underneath rich buff barred with black. Adults, Fall. Upper body and breast rich buff finely speckled with black. Adults, Winter. Completely white. Notes. Just before flying and at the start of flight, it makes a sharp cackle similar to that of a scared hen. (Grinnell.) Range.—"Alpine summits of Rocky Mountains; south to New Mexico; north into British America (as far as Fort Halkett, Liard River); west to higher ranges of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia." (Bendire.) Range.—"Alpine peaks of the Rocky Mountains; extending south to New Mexico; north into Canada (up to Fort Halkett, Liard River); west to the higher ranges of Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia." (Bendire.) 304a.? Kenai White-tailed Ptarmigan (L. l. peninsularis). Similar to No. 304, but in summer buff markings much paler; in fall, colors much grayer. 304a.? Kenai White-tailed Ptarmigan (L. l. peninsularis). Similar to No. 304, but in summer, the buff markings are much lighter; in fall, the colors are much grayer. Range.—Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Range: Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. |
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Range.—"Prairies of Mississippi Valley; south to Louisiana and Texas; east to Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan and Ontario; west through eastern portions of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas and Indian Territory; north to Manitoba; general tendency to extension of range westward and contraction eastward; migration north and south in Minnesota, Iowa and Missouri." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Prairies of the Mississippi Valley; south to Louisiana and Texas; east to Kentucky, Indiana, Ohio, Michigan, and Ontario; west through the eastern parts of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Indian Territory; north to Manitoba; general tendency to expand westward and shrink eastward; migration north and south in Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri." (A. O. U.) 305a. Attwater Prairie Hen (T. a. attwateri). Similar to No. 305>, but smaller and darker; neck-tufts proportionately wide; tarsus not fully feathered. 305a. Attwater Prairie Hen (T. a. attwateri). Similar to No. 305>, but smaller and darker; neck tufts are relatively wide; tarsus is not fully feathered. Range.—Southwestern Louisiana and eastern Texas. Range.—Southwest Louisiana and East Texas. 306. Heath Hen (Tympanuchus cupido). Similar to No. 305, but smaller; scapulars more broadly tipped with buff; neck-tuft of less than ten feathers; obtusely pointed; axillars barred with dusky. 306. Heath Hen (Tympanuchus cupido). Similar to No. 305, but smaller; scapulars have broader buff tips; neck tuft has fewer than ten feathers; ends are bluntly pointed; axillars are barred with dark tones. Range.—Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts. Range.—Martha's Vineyard, MA. Range.—Southwestern parts of Kansas and western Indian Territory, western (and southern?) Texas. (Bendire.) Range.—Southwestern Kansas and western Oklahoma, western (and maybe southern?) Texas. (Bendire.) Range—Interior of British America, east to Rocky Mountains, about James Bay (Moose Factory) and the west shore of Hudson Bay, northern Manitoba, north at least to Fort Simpson, Mackenzie River, northwest territory. (Bendire.) Range—Interior of British America, east to the Rocky Mountains, about James Bay (Moose Factory) and the west shore of Hudson Bay, northern Manitoba, north at least to Fort Simpson, Mackenzie River, northwestern territory. (Bendire.) 308a. Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse (P. p. columbianus). Similar to No. 308, but prevailing color above buffy. 308a. Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse (P. p. columbianus). Similar to No. 308, but the main color above is light brown. Range.—"Northwest United States; south to northeastern California, northern Nevada and Utah; east to Montana and Wyoming, west to Oregon and Washington; north, chiefly west of Rocky Mountains, through British Columbia to central Alaska (Fort Yukon)" (Bendire.) Range.—"Northwest United States; south to northeastern California, northern Nevada, and Utah; east to Montana and Wyoming, west to Oregon and Washington; north, mostly west of the Rocky Mountains, through British Columbia to central Alaska (Fort Yukon)" (Bendire.) 308b. Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse (P. p. campestris). Similar to No. 308a, but more rusty. Notes. Song, a bubbling crow, a rattling of tail-feathers, and stamping of feet. Calls, when disturbed, cack, cack, cack; a soft clear whistle and a grunt of alarm. (Seton.) Call of mother to young and of young in reply a guttural, raucous croak. (Grinnell.) 308b. Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse (P. p. campestris). Similar to No. 308a, but more rusty. Notes. Song consists of a bubbling crow sound, a rattling of tail feathers, and stamping of feet. When disturbed, they make calls like cack, cack, cack; a soft clear whistle and an alarm grunt. (Seton.) The call of the mother to her young and the response from the young is a guttural, raspy croak. (Grinnell.) Range—"Plains and prairies of United States, north to Manitoba; east to Wisconsin and northern Illinois; west to eastern Colorado; south to eastern New Mexico." (Bendire.) Range—"Plains and prairies of the United States, extending north to Manitoba; east to Wisconsin and northern Illinois; west to eastern Colorado; south to eastern New Mexico." (Bendire.) |
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309. Sage Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). Ad. ♂, L. 29; Ad. ♀, L. 22. Similar to ♂, but smaller, throat whiter; breast barred black and whitish. Notes. When courting, low, grunting, guttural sounds; when alarmed, a sort of cackle, käk, käk. (Bendire.) 309. Sage Grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus). Adult. Male, Length 29 inches; Adult. Female, Length 22 inches. Similar to the male, but smaller, with a whiter throat; breast has black and white bars. Notes. During courtship, they produce low, grunting, guttural sounds; when threatened, they make a cackling noise, käk, käk. (Bendire.) Range.—"Sage regions of the Rocky Mountain Plateau, and west chiefly within the United States, but north to Assiniboia and the dry interior of British Columbia; east to North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska and Colorado; south to northern New Mexico, Utah and Nevada; west in California, Oregon and Washington, to the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Sage areas of the Rocky Mountain Plateau, primarily in the United States, extending north to Assiniboia and the dry interior of British Columbia; east to North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and Colorado; south to northern New Mexico, Utah, and Nevada; and west in California, Oregon, and Washington, reaching the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Range." (A. O. U.) Pheasant (Phasianus torquatus × P. colchicus). An introduced species, see remarks on page 114. Pheasant (Phasianus torquatus × P. colchicus). A species that was brought in, see remarks on page 114. Range.—Eastern United States from Pennsylvania south to central Florida; west to Nebraska and northeastern Texas. Range.—Eastern United States from Pennsylvania down to central Florida; west to Nebraska and northeastern Texas. 310a. Merriam Turkey (M. g. merriami). Similar to No. 310, but tail and upper tail-coverts tipped with whitish. 310a. Merriam Turkey (M. g. merriami). Similar to No. 310, but the tail and upper tail-coverts have whitish tips. Range.—"Mountains of southern Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona and western Texas; and northern Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico." (Bailey.) Range.—"Mountains in southern Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, and western Texas; as well as northern Chihuahua and Sonora, Mexico." (Bailey.) 310b. Florida Wild Turkey (M. g. osceola). Similar to No. 310, but smaller; primaries with narrow broken bars not reaching across feather. 310b. Florida Wild Turkey (M. g. osceola). Similar to No. 310, but smaller; primary feathers have narrow broken bars that don’t extend all the way across the feather. Range.—Southern Florida. Range: Southern Florida. Range.—"Lowlands of southern Texas and northeastern Mexico." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Lowlands of southern Texas and northeastern Mexico." (A. O. U.) 311. Chachalaca (Ortalis vetula maccalli). L. 21. Ads. Above olive-brown; tail blacker, all but middle-feathers bordered with whitish; belly brownish. Notes. A loud, trumpeting cha-cha-laca, repeated a number of times. 311. Chachalaca (Ortalis vetula maccalli). L. 21. Ads. The upper body is olive-brown; the tail is darker, with all but the middle feathers edged in white; the belly is brownish. Notes. It has a loud, trumpeting cha-cha-laca call that is repeated several times. Range.—Tropical portions of eastern Mexico, from Vera Cruz north to Lower Rio Grande Valley. Range.—Tropical areas of eastern Mexico, from Veracruz north to the Lower Rio Grande Valley. |
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| Family 1. | PIGEONS and DOVES. | Columbidæ. | 13 species, 3 subspecies. |
Pigeons are distributed throughout the greater part of the globe, but their center of abundance appears to be in the Malay Archipelago, where about one hundred and twenty of the some three hundred known species are found. One hundred or more species have been described from the New World but only twelve of these inhabit North America.
Pigeons are found in most parts of the world, but they seem to be most abundant in the Malay Archipelago, where around one hundred and twenty of the roughly three hundred known species are located. More than a hundred species have been identified in the New World, but only twelve of these live in North America.
The various races of domestic Pigeons, 'Pouters,' 'Fantails,' etc. are descendants of the Rock Dove of Europe, modified in form and habit through the selection by the breeder or 'fancier.'
The different breeds of domestic pigeons, like 'Pouters' and 'Fantails,' are descendants of the Rock Dove from Europe, altered in shape and behavior through the choices made by breeders or 'fanciers.'
Pigeons build a flimsy, platform nest of twigs and lay two white eggs. Both sexes incubate, one relieving the other at certain hours each day. The young are born naked and are fed by regurgitation, on 'Pigeons' milk,' the parent thrusting its bill into the mouth of its young and discharging therein food which has been softened in its own crop.
Pigeons make a simple nest out of twigs and lay two white eggs. Both the male and female take turns incubating, switching off at specific times each day. The chicks are born without feathers and are fed by the parents' regurgitation, known as 'pigeon milk,' where the parent puts its beak into the mouth of the chick and releases food that has been softened in its own crop.
Some species of Pigeons nest in isolated pairs, others in large colonies, but it is the habit of many species to gather in large flocks after the nesting season.
Some types of pigeons mate in isolated pairs, while others form large colonies, but many species tend to come together in big flocks after the nesting season.
The Wild or Passenger Pigeon, once so abundant in this county, was found in flocks throughout the year. Alexander Wilson, the 'father of American Ornithology' writing about 1808, estimated that a flock of Wild Pigeons seen by him near Frankfort, Kentucky, contained at least 2,230,272,000 individuals. Audubon writes that in 1805 he saw schooners at the wharves in New York city loaded in bulk with Wild Pigeons caught up the Hudson River, which were sold at one cent each.
The Wild or Passenger Pigeon, which used to be incredibly common in this area, could be seen in large flocks all year round. Alexander Wilson, known as the 'father of American Ornithology,' estimated around 1808 that a flock of Wild Pigeons he observed near Frankfort, Kentucky, contained at least 2,230,272,000 birds. Audubon noted that in 1805, he saw schooners at the wharves in New York City filled with Wild Pigeons caught in the Hudson River, selling for just a penny each.
As late as 1876 or 1877 there was a colony of nesting Wild Pigeons in Michigan, which was twenty-eight miles long and averaged three or four miles in width, and in 1881 the birds were still so abundant in parts of the Mississippi Valley that the writer saw thousands of birds, trapped in that region, used in a Pigeon match near New York City.
As late as 1876 or 1877, there was a colony of nesting Wild Pigeons in Michigan that stretched twenty-eight miles long and averaged three or four miles in width. By 1881, the birds were still so plentiful in parts of the Mississippi Valley that the writer saw thousands of them, caught in that area, used in a Pigeon match near New York City.
Today, however, as a result of constant persecution, the Wild Pigeon is so rare that the observation of a single individual is noteworthy.
Today, however, due to ongoing persecution, the Wild Pigeon is so rare that spotting even one is significant.
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312. Band-tailed Pigeon (Columba fasciata). L. 15. Ad. ♂. Tail-band ashy above, whiter below; a white nape-band; tail square. Ad. ♀. Similar, or in some specimens, nape band absent; pinkish of crown and breast dingy. Notes. An owl-like hooting, sometimes a calm whoó-hoo-hoo, whoó-koo-hoo, at others a spirited hoóp-ah-whóo, and again wh'oo-ugh. (Bailey.) 312. Band-tailed Pigeon (Columba fasciata). L. 15. Ad. ♂. The tail band is grayish on top and whiter underneath; there’s a white band on the nape; the tail is square. Ad. ♀. Similar, although in some specimens the nape band is missing; the crown and breast are a dull pink. Notes. An owl-like hooting, sometimes a soft whoó-hoo-hoo, whoó-koo-hoo, at other times a lively hoóp-ah-whóo, and again wh'oo-ugh. (Bailey.) Range.—"Western United States from Rocky Mountains to the Pacific: north to Washington and British Columbia; south to Mexico and the highlands of Guatemala; distribution irregular, chiefly in wooded mountain regions." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Western United States from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific: north to Washington and British Columbia; south to Mexico and the highlands of Guatemala; distribution irregular, mainly in forested mountain areas." (A. O. U.) 312a. Viosca Pigeon (C. f. vioscæ). Similar to no. 312, but paler, more clearly bluish slate above; pink of crown and breast with a grayish bloom. 312a. Viosca Pigeon (C. f. vioscæ). Similar to no. 312, but lighter, more distinctly bluish gray on top; pink on the crown and breast with a grayish bloom. Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. Range.—Cape Region of Baja California. 313. Red-billed Pigeon (Columba flavirostris). L. 15. Ads. No tail-band; wings, tail, and belly slate; head and neck purplish pink; no iridescent markings. Notes. A fine, loud, coo-whoo-er-whoo. 313. Red-billed Pigeon (Columba flavirostris). L. 15. Ads. No tail band; wings, tail, and belly are slate gray; head and neck are purplish pink; no shiny markings. Notes. A nice, loud, coo-whoo-er-whoo. Range.—Costa Rica migrating north to southern Texas, New Mexico and Arizona. Range.—Costa Rica migrating north to southern Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. 314. White-crowned Pigeon (Columba leucocephala). L. 13.5 Ad. ♂. Crown white; body slate; lower hindneck iridescent; nape maroon. Ad. ♀. Much paler; crown ashy. 314. White-crowned Pigeon (Columba leucocephala). L. 13.5 Ad. ♂. The crown is white; the body is slate; the lower hindneck is iridescent; the nape is maroon. Ad. ♀. Much paler; the crown is ashy. Range.—Greater Antilles and Islands about Anegada Channel, coast of Honduras, Bahamas and certain Florida Keys. Range.—Greater Antilles and the islands around the Anegada Channel, the coast of Honduras, the Bahamas, and some of the Florida Keys. |
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315. Passenger Pigeon, Wild Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius). L. 16. Outer tail-feathers chestnut at base of inner web. Ad. ♂. Chin, whole head., and lower back bluish slate. Ad. ♀. Browner above, breast brownish ashy; neck feathers less iridescent. Notes. An explosive, squeaky, squawk. 315. Passenger Pigeon, Wild Pigeon (Ectopistes migratorius). Length 16 inches. Outer tail feathers are chestnut at the base of the inner web. Adult ♂. Chin, entire head, and lower back are bluish slate. Adult ♀. Browner on top, breast is brownish ash; neck feathers are less iridescent. Notes. Produces a loud, squeaky squawk. Range.—Formerly eastern North America north to Hudson Bay; now exceedingly rare, less so in the upper Mississippi valley than elsewhere. Range.—Previously found in eastern North America up to Hudson Bay; now extremely rare, with a slightly higher presence in the upper Mississippi valley than in other areas. 316. Mourning Dove, Carolina Dove (Zenaidura macroura). L. 11.8. Outer tail-feathers slate color at base of inner web. Ad. ♂. Chin whitish; sides of head buffy; a black ear mark. Ad. ♀. Similar but paler, breast more ashy brown, neck-feathers less iridescent. Notes. Coo-o-o-ah, coo-o-o-coo-o-o-coo-o-o. 316. Mourning Dove, Carolina Dove (Zenaidura macroura). Length 11.8 inches. Outer tail feathers are slate gray at the base of the inner web. Adult Male. Chin is whitish; sides of the head are light brown; a black ear patch. Adult Female. Similar but lighter, with a more ashy brown breast, and the neck feathers are less shiny. Notes. Coo-o-o-ah, coo-o-o-coo-o-o-coo-o-o. Range.—North America, breeding from West Indies and Mexico north to southern Maine, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba and British Columbia; winters from southern New York, southern Illinois, Kansas and southern California southward. Range.—North America, breeding from the West Indies and Mexico north to southern Maine, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and British Columbia; winters from southern New York, southern Illinois, Kansas, and southern California southward. 317. Zenaida Dove (Zenaida zenaida). L. 10. Ad. ♂. Tail short, without white markings; all but central pair of feathers tipped with ashy blue; secondaries tipped with white. Ad. ♀. Similar but pinkish of crown and underparts brownish; neck feathers less iridescent. Notes. Resemble those of No. 316, but are louder and deeper. 317. Zenaida Dove (Zenaida zenaida). L. 10. Adult Male. Tail is short, lacking white markings; all but the central pair of feathers have ashy blue tips; secondaries are tipped with white. Adult Female. Similar but with a pinkish crown and brownish underparts; neck feathers are less iridescent. Notes. Their calls are similar to those of No. 316, but are louder and deeper. Range.—Greater Antilles, coast of Yucatan and Bahamas, north in April to Florida Keys. Range.—Greater Antilles, Yucatan coast, and the Bahamas, extending north in April to the Florida Keys. 318. White-fronted Dove (Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera). L. 12. No black ear-mark; under wing-coverts rusty chestnut. Ad. ♂. Forehead whitish; all but central pair of tail-feathers tipped with white. Ad. ♀. Forehead dingier; breast brownish ashy; neck feathers less iridescent. Notes. A short, soft coo. 318. White-fronted Dove (Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera). L. 12. No black ear mark; under wing coverts rusty chestnut. Ad. ♂. Forehead whitish; all but the central pair of tail feathers tipped with white. Ad. ♀. Forehead more muted; breast brownish-gray; neck feathers less shiny. Notes. A short, soft coo. Range.—Central America and Mexico, north in February to valley of Lower Rio Grande. Range.—Central America and Mexico, moving north in February to the valley of the Lower Rio Grande. |
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319. White-winged Dove (Melopelia leucoptera). L. 12. Wing-coverts, externally, widely margined with white; large black ear marks. Ads. All but central pair of tail-feathers bluish slate with a black band and whitish tip. Notes. A loud, crowing cookeree-cookeree-coo-ree-coo, crow-co-er-coo, crow-co-er-coo. 319. White-winged Dove (Melopelia leucoptera). L. 12. The wing-coverts have broad white edges on the outside; large black ear markings. Ads. All of the tail feathers except for the central pair are a bluish slate color with a black band and a whitish tip. Notes. A loud, crowing cookeree-cookeree-coo-ree-coo, crow-co-er-coo, crow-co-er-coo. Range.—Southern border of United States from Texas to Arizona south to Lower California and Central America, Cuba and Jamaica, casual at Key West, Florida. Range.—Southern border of the United States from Texas to Arizona, extending south to Baja California and Central America, including Cuba and Jamaica, occasionally seen at Key West, Florida. 320. Ground Dove; Mourning Dove (Columbigallina passerina terrestris). L. 6.7. Smallest of our Doves. Ad. ♂. Forehead and underparts deep vinaceous pink; hindhead and nape ashy blue margined with dusky; base of bill coral, tip black. Ad. ♀. Forehead and breast brownish gray; breast feathers with dusky centers and margins. Notes. A soft, crooning coo. 320. Ground Dove; Mourning Dove (Columbigallina passerina terrestris). L. 6.7. The smallest of our doves. Ad. ♂. The forehead and underparts are a deep pink; the hindhead and nape are ashy blue with darker edges; the base of the bill is coral, and the tip is black. Ad. ♀. The forehead and breast are brownish gray; the breast feathers have darker centers and edges. Notes. A soft, crooning coo. Range.—Atlantic and Gulf States north to northern North Carolina, west to eastern Texas; more common near coast. Range.—Atlantic and Gulf States up to northern North Carolina, west to eastern Texas; more commonly found near the coast. 320a. Mexican Ground Dove (C. p. pallescens). Similar to No. 320, but forehead and underparts much paler; back grayer. 320a. Mexican Ground Dove (C. p. pallescens). Similar to No. 320, but the forehead and underparts are much paler; the back is grayer. Range.—Texas to southern California and south to Central America. Range.—From Texas to Southern California and down to Central America. 320b. Bermuda Ground Dove (C. p. bermudiana). Similar to 320a, but smaller and paler; bill wholly black. (Bangs and Bradlee.) 320b. Bermuda Ground Dove (C. p. bermudiana). Similar to 320a, but smaller and lighter in color; bill entirely black. (Bangs and Bradlee.) Range.—Bermuda. Range: Bermuda. 321. Inca Dove (Scardafella inca). L. 8. Ads. Tail long, outer feathers tipped with white; plumage above and below margined with dusky, giving a scaled appearance. 321. Inca Dove (Scardafella inca). L. 8. Ads. The tail is long, with the outer feathers having white tips; the feathers on the top and bottom are edged with dark, creating a scaled look. Range.—Southern Texas (San Antonio), southern Mexico and southern Arizona south to Lower California and Central America. Range.—Southern Texas (San Antonio), southern Mexico, and southern Arizona, extending south to Baja California and Central America. 322. Key West Quail-Dove (Geotrygon chrysia). L. 12. Ads. A white line below eye; belly white; back rich rusty with beautiful, metallic, purplish, green and blue reflections; tail rusty with no white. 322. Key West Quail-Dove (Geotrygon chrysia). L. 12. Ads. There's a white line below the eye; the belly is white; the back is a rich rusty color with stunning, metallic purplish, green, and blue reflections; the tail is rusty with no white. Range.—Cuba, Hayti, Bahamas and, rarely, Florida Keys. Range — Cuba, Haiti, the Bahamas, and, occasionally, the Florida Keys. 322.1. Ruddy Quail-Dove (Geotrygon montana). L. 11. Ad. ♂. No white line below eye; breast dull pinkish; belly deep buff; back rich rusty with purplish reflections, tail rusty without white. Ad. ♀. Above olive-brown with greenish reflections; below rusty buff. 322.1. Ruddy Quail-Dove (Geotrygon montana). L. 11. Ad. ♂. No white line under the eye; breast is a dull pinkish color; belly is a deep buff; back is a rich rusty color with purplish reflections, tail is rusty without any white. Ad. ♀. The upper side is olive-brown with greenish reflections; the underside is rusty buff. Range.—Mexico south to Brazil; West Indies; casual at Key West Florida. Range: Mexico to Brazil; West Indies; occasionally in Key West, Florida. 323. Blue-headed Quail Dove (Starnœnas cyanocephala). L. 12. Ads. Crown and sides of throat dull blue; middle of upper breast black with white bars and pinkish tips; belly rusty brown, lower back as in No. 316. Notes. A hollow sounding hu-up, the first syllable long, the second short. (Gundlach.) 323. Blue-headed Quail Dove (Starnœnas cyanocephala). L. 12. Ads. The crown and sides of the throat are a dull blue; the middle of the upper breast is black with white bars and pinkish tips; the belly is rusty brown, and the lower back is as in No. 316. Notes. It makes a hollow-sounding hu-up, with the first syllable long and the second short. (Gundlach.) Range.—Cuba, and rarely Florida Keys. Range: Cuba, and occasionally Florida Keys. |
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| Family 1. | AMERICAN VULTURES. | Cathartidæ. | 3 species. |
| Family 2. | FALCONS, HAWKS, EAGLES, etc. | Falconidæ. | 33 species, 13 subspecies. |
| Family 3. | BARN OWLS. | Strigidæ. | 1 species. |
| Family 4. | HORNED OWLS. | Bubonidæ. | 19 species, 20 subspecies. |
In the Raptores we have a group of birds of great value to man but whose services for the most part, are so little appreciated that, far from protecting these birds, we have actually persecuted them.
In the Raptors, we have a group of birds that are incredibly valuable to humans, yet their contributions are mostly so unappreciated that instead of protecting them, we have actually hunted them.
The Vultures, it is true, are given credit for their good work as scavengers and they are protected both by law and by public sentiment. Every one knows that a living Vulture is infinitely more useful than a dead one. As a result throughout countries inhabited by these birds they are usually both abundant and tame, entering the cities to feed in the streets with an assurance born of years of immunity from harm.
The Vultures are recognized for their valuable role as scavengers, and they are protected by laws and public opinion. Everyone knows that a living Vulture is far more beneficial than a dead one. As a result, in areas where these birds are found, they are generally both plentiful and unafraid, coming into cities to feed in the streets with a confidence developed from years of being safe from danger.
But how differently their kin of the family Falconidæ act in their relations to man! 'Wild as a Hawk' has become an adage. These birds are universally condemned. To kill one is a commendable act. Every ones hand is raised against them. In some localities a price has actually been set upon their heads.
But man, how differently their relatives in the Falconidae family behave toward humans! 'Wild as a Hawk' has turned into a saying. These birds are widely criticized. Killing one is seen as a worthy deed. Everyone is against them. In some places, there's even a bounty on their heads.
A fondness for chickens, it is alleged, is the chief crime of Hawks, and in popular parlance all Hawks are 'Chicken Hawks' and as such are to be killed on sight.
A love for chickens, it's said, is Hawks' main offense, and in common slang, all Hawks are 'Chicken Hawks' and should be taken out on sight.
Naturalists have long been aware that only one of our common Hawks habitually preys upon poultry while most of our species, by feeding largely on meadow mice, are actually beneficial. It was not, however, until this matter received the attention of the Biological Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture, that the economic status of Hawks, as well as of Owls, was placed on a sound scientific basis. In Dr. A. K. Fisher's report on the food of Hawks and Owls, issued by the Biologic Survey in 1893, the results of the examination of the contents of several thousands stomachs of these birds is tabulated. It is stated, for example, that only three out of two hundred and twenty stomachs of the so-called 'Chicken' or Red-shouldered [Pg_128] Hawk contained the remains of poultry, while mice were found in no less than one hundred and two, and insects in ninety-two.
Naturalists have long recognized that only one of our common hawks regularly preys on poultry, while most of our species, which primarily feed on meadow mice, are actually helpful. However, it wasn't until the Biological Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture looked into this issue that the economic impact of hawks and owls was scientifically established. In Dr. A. K. Fisher's report on the diets of hawks and owls, published by the Biological Survey in 1893, the findings from the examination of several thousand stomachs of these birds are detailed. For instance, it's noted that only three out of two hundred and twenty stomachs of the so-called 'Chicken' or Red-shouldered Hawk contained poultry remains, while mice were found in one hundred and two, and insects in ninety-two.
That the Sparrow Hawk is also wrongly named is clear from a study of its food, only fifty-four out of three hundred and twenty stomachs examined containing remains of birds, while insects were found in two hundred and fifteen.
That the Sparrow Hawk is also misnamed is evident from a study of its diet; only fifty-four out of three hundred and twenty stomachs examined contained remains of birds, while two hundred and fifteen had insects.
As a matter of fact, among our commoner Hawks, the Cooper and Sharp-shinned are the only ones feeding largely on birds and poultry, and if the farmer will take the pains to ascertain what kind of Hawk it is that pays unwelcome visits to his barn-yard, he will be spared the injustice of condemning all Hawks for the sins of one or two.
In reality, among the common Hawks, the Cooper's Hawk and the Sharp-shinned Hawk are the only ones that mainly eat birds and poultry. If farmers take the time to figure out which type of Hawk is visiting their barnyard, they can avoid unfairly blaming all Hawks for the actions of just one or two.
Feeding after sunset, when the small mammals are most active, Owls are even more beneficial than Hawks. The Great Horned Owl, it is true, has an undue fondness for poultry, but the bird is generally so rare near thickly populated regions that on the whole it does comparatively little harm.
Feeding after sunset, when the small mammals are most active, owls are even more helpful than hawks. The Great Horned Owl, to be fair, has a strong liking for poultry, but this bird is usually so rare around densely populated areas that overall, it does relatively little damage.
Fortunately, it is those Owls which are most common in settled regions which are of most value to man. Thus, our little Screech Owl feeds chiefly on mice and insects. Only one of the two hundred and fifty-five stomachs examined by Dr. Fisher contained the remains of poultry while mice were found in ninety-one and insects in one hundred. Of the Short-eared or Marsh Owl, seventy-seven out of one hundred and one stomachs contained mice remains, and the same injurious little rodents were found in eighty-four out of one hundred and seven stomachs of the Long-eared Owl.
Fortunately, it's the Owls that are most common in settled areas that are the most valuable to humans. For example, our little Screech Owl mainly eats mice and insects. Only one of the two hundred fifty-five stomachs examined by Dr. Fisher had poultry remains, while mice were found in ninety-one and insects in one hundred. Of the Short-eared or Marsh Owl, seventy-seven out of one hundred one stomachs had mouse remains, and the same harmful little rodents were found in eighty-four out of one hundred seven stomachs of the Long-eared Owl.
The bones and hair of the small mammals eaten by Owls are rolled into oblong pellets in the stomach and are ejected at the mouth. These pellets may often be found in large numbers beneath the roosts in which Owls pass the day. In 200 such castings of the Barn Owl Dr. Fisher found the remains of 454 small mammals of which no less than 225 were meadow mice.
The bones and fur of the small mammals that Owls eat get compacted into elongated pellets in their stomachs and are then expelled from their mouths. You can often find these pellets in large quantities under the spots where Owls rest during the day. In 200 pellets of the Barn Owl, Dr. Fisher discovered the remains of 454 small mammals, with at least 225 of them being meadow mice.
Hawks build large-bulky nests of sticks placing them usually well up in large trees, and lay, as a rule, four eggs which are generally whitish, blotched with brown. The Marsh Hawk is an exception. Its nest built largely of grasses, is placed on the ground in marshes and the eggs, often numbering six and rarely eight, are bluish white unmarked.
Hawks create large, sturdy nests made of sticks, typically high up in tall trees, and they usually lay four eggs that are mostly whitish with brown spots. The Marsh Hawk is different. Its nest, primarily made of grasses, is located on the ground in marshes, and the eggs can often number six, and sometimes even eight, and are bluish-white without any markings.
The Owls nest in holes in trees or banks, or, in some instances, an old Hawk or Crow nest may be occupied. The eggs usually number three to five and are always pure white.
The owls nest in holes in trees or banks, or sometimes they take over an old hawk or crow nest. The eggs typically range from three to five and are always pure white.
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324. California Vulture (Gymnogyps californianus). L. 44-55; Ex. 8 1-2 to nearly 11 feet. (Ridgw.) Ads. Head and neck orange, blue, and red, unfeathered; feathers around neck and on underparts narrow and stiffened; greater wing-coverts tipped with white; under wing-coverts white. 324. California Vulture (Gymnogyps californianus). Length 44-55 inches; wingspan 8.5 to nearly 11 feet. (Ridgw.) Ads. The head and neck are orange, blue, and red, without feathers; the feathers around the neck and on the underside are narrow and stiff; the greater wing coverts are tipped with white; the under wing coverts are white. Range.—"Coast ranges of southern California from Monterey Bay, south to Lower California and east to Arizona" (Bailey). Recorded from Burrard Inlet, British Columbia (Fannin). Range.—"Coast ranges of southern California from Monterey Bay, south to Lower California and east to Arizona" (Bailey). Recorded from Burrard Inlet, British Columbia (Fannin). 325. Turkey Vulture; Turkey Buzzard (Cathartes aura). L. 30; T. 11. Ads. Head and neck red unfeathered; brownish black; no white in plumage; bill whitish. Notes. A low hissing sound when disturbed. 325. Turkey Vulture; Turkey Buzzard (Cathartes aura). L. 30; T. 11. Ads. Head and neck red and featherless; brownish-black; no white in the feathers; bill is whitish. Notes. A low hissing sound when it feels threatened. Range—Western Hemisphere from central and northeast New Jersey, central Illinois, northern Minnesota, the Saskatchewan region and British Columbia, south to Patagonia; winters from southern New Jersey, southern Illinois and southern California southward. Range—Western Hemisphere from central and northeast New Jersey, central Illinois, northern Minnesota, the Saskatchewan region and British Columbia, south to Patagonia; winters from southern New Jersey, southern Illinois, and southern California southward. 326. Black Vulture; Carrion Crow (Catharista urubu). L. 24. T. 8. Ads. Head and neck unfeathered, black, plumage black; under surface of wings silvery. Notes. A low grunting sound when disturbed. 326. Black Vulture; Carrion Crow (Catharista urubu). L. 24. T. 8. Ads. Head and neck without feathers, black, with black feathers; underside of wings is silvery. Notes. Makes a low grunting sound when startled. Range.—Tropical America, north, as a resident to North Carolina, southern Illinois and southern Kansas; west to the Plains, south to northern South America, strays as far north as Maine and South Dakota. Range.—Tropical America, north, as a resident to North Carolina, southern Illinois, and southern Kansas; west to the Plains, south to northern South America, strays as far north as Maine and South Dakota. 364. American Osprey; Fish Hawk (Pandion haliaëtus carolinensis). L. 23. Nape white; feet large; no bars on primaries. Ad. ♂. Below white with few or no spots on breast. Ad. ♀. Similar, but breast with numerous grayish brown spots and streaks. Notes. Loud, plaintive, whistles. 364. American Osprey; Fish Hawk (Pandion haliaëtus carolinensis). Length 23 inches. The nape is white; feet are large; there are no bars on the primary feathers. Adult ♂. Underneath white with few or no spots on the breast. Adult ♀. Similar, but the breast has numerous grayish-brown spots and streaks. Notes. Loud, plaintive whistles. Range.—America; breeds from Florida, Texas and Lower California, north to Labrador, Great Slave Lake and northern Alaska; winters from South Carolina and Lower Mississippi Valley to northern South America. Range.—America; breeds from Florida, Texas, and Lower California, north to Labrador, Great Slave Lake, and northern Alaska; winters from South Carolina and the Lower Mississippi Valley to northern South America. |
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327. Swallow-tailed Kite (Elanoides forficatus). L. 24. Ads. Back purplish black, wings and tail blue-black. Notes. A shrill, keen, e-e-e or we-we-we. (Bendire.) 327. Swallow-tailed Kite (Elanoides forficatus). L. 24. Ads. Back is purplish black, wings and tail are blue-black. Notes. A sharp, piercing, e-e-e or we-we-we. (Bendire.) Range.—Middle America; summers north to Virginia, central Illinois, northern Minnesota, Manitoba and Dakota; west to central Kansas, rarely to Colorado; winters in Central and South America. Range.—Middle America; during the summer, it extends north to Virginia, central Illinois, northern Minnesota, Manitoba, and Dakota; it reaches west to central Kansas, and is rarely found in Colorado; it winters in Central and South America. 328. White-tailed Kite (Elanus leucurus). L. 15.5. Ads. Shoulders black; back and middle tail-feathers ashy gray; rest of tail-feathers, forehead and underparts white. Yng. Upperparts with rusty. Notes. A plaintive, musical whistle. (Barlow.) 328. White-tailed Kite (Elanus leucurus). L. 15.5. Ads. Shoulders are black; back and middle tail feathers are ashy gray; the rest of the tail feathers, forehead, and underparts are white. Yng. Upperparts have a rusty color. Notes. A plaintive, musical whistle. (Barlow.) Range.—Middle America north to South Carolina, southern Illinois, Indian Territory, western Texas, Arizona and central California; south to Argentine Republic; rare east of the the Mississippi. Range.—Middle America north to South Carolina, southern Illinois, Indian Territory, western Texas, Arizona and central California; south to Argentina; rare east of the Mississippi. 329. Mississippi Kite (Ictinia mississippiensis). L. 14. Ads. Head, ends of secondaries, and underparts bluish gray; back bluish slate; tail black without bars. Yng. Head streaked black and white; back blackish, tipped with rusty; tail with three or four broken white bars; underparts buffy, streaked with rusty and blackish. 329. Mississippi Kite (Ictinia mississippiensis). L. 14. Ads. Head, tips of secondary feathers, and underparts are bluish gray; back is bluish slate; tail is black with no bars. Yng. Head has black and white streaks; back is dark with rusty tips; tail features three or four broken white bars; underparts are buffy, streaked with rusty and dark colors. Range.—Middle America; breeds north to South Carolina, southern Illinois and Kansas; winters in tropics. Range.—Middle America; breeds as far north as South Carolina, southern Illinois, and Kansas; winters in the tropics. 330. Everglade Kite; Snail Hawk (Rostrhamus sociabilis). L. 18. Longer upper tail-coverts and base of tail white. Ads. Slaty black; end of tail with brownish and whitish bands. Yng. Above blackish brown tipped with rusty; below mottled rusty, blackish and buff. 330. Everglade Kite; Snail Hawk (Rostrhamus sociabilis). L. 18. The upper tail-coverts and the base of the tail are white. Adults: Slaty black; the end of the tail has brownish and white bands. Young: Above, dark brown tipped with rusty; below, a mix of rusty, dark, and buff mottling. Range.—Tropical America north to southern Florida and eastern Mexico; south to Argentine Republic. Range.—Tropical America, extending north to southern Florida and eastern Mexico; south to Argentina. 331. Marsh Hawk; Harrier (Circus hudsonius). L. ♂, 19; ♀, 22. Upper tail-coverts and base of tail white. Ad. ♂. Above gray or ashy; underparts with rusty spots. Ad. ♀, and Yng. Above brownish black with more or less rusty, particularly on the nape; below brownish rusty with black streaks on breast. Notes. A peevish scream and peculiar clucking or cackling. (Preston.) 331. Marsh Hawk; Harrier (Circus hudsonius). L. ♂, 19; ♀, 22. The upper tail-coverts and the base of the tail are white. Ad. ♂. The top is gray or ashy; the underparts have rusty spots. Ad. ♀, and Yng. The top is brownish black with varying amounts of rust, especially on the nape; below it's brownish rusty with black streaks on the breast. Notes. A nagging scream and a strange clucking or cackling. (Preston.) Range.—North America; breeds locally north to about latitude 60°; winters from southern New York, northern Illinois, northern Kansas, Colorado and British Columbia south to Central America. Range.—North America; breeds locally north to around latitude 60°; winters from southern New York, northern Illinois, northern Kansas, Colorado, and British Columbia south to Central America. |
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332. Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter velox). L. ♂, 11.2; ♀, 13.5; T. ♂, 5.5; ♀, 7. Tail square at end. Ads. Above slaty gray; crown darker; below barred white and rusty brown. Yng. Above blackish brown lightly margined with rusty; below white streaked with brown. Note the relatively long tail in this and the two following species. Notes. Cac-cac-cac. (Ralph.) 332. Sharp-shinned Hawk (Accipiter velox). L. ♂, 11.2; ♀, 13.5; T. ♂, 5.5; ♀, 7. Tail square at the end. Ads. Above slate gray; crown darker; below barred white and rusty brown. Yng. Above dark brown lightly edged with rusty; below white streaked with brown. Note the relatively long tail in this and the next two species. Notes. Cac-cac-cac. (Ralph.) Range.—North America; breeds throughout its range but chiefly northward; winters from Massachusetts and Vancouver Island southward. Range.—North America; breeds across its entire range but mainly in the north; winters from Massachusetts and Vancouver Island down south. 333. Cooper Hawk (Accipiter cooperii). L. ♂, 15.5; ♀, 19; T. ♂, 7.7; ♀, 9. Similar in color to No. 332, but tail rounded; adult with crown blacker. Notes. A cackling or chattering. (Bendire.) 333. Cooper Hawk (Accipiter cooperii). Male, 15.5; Female, 19; Tail length: Male, 7.7; Female, 9. Similar in color to No. 332, but the tail is rounded; adults have a darker crown. Notes. It produces a cackling or chattering sound. (Bendire.) Range.—North America; breeds from southern Mexico north to British America; winters from Massachusetts, Lower Mississippi Valley and Oregon southward. Range.—North America; breeds from southern Mexico north to British Columbia; winters from Massachusetts, the Lower Mississippi Valley, and Oregon southward. 334. American Goshawk (Accipiter atricapillus). L. ♂, 22; ♀, 24; T. ♂, 10; ♀, 11.5. Ads. Above bluish slate; crown darker; a whitish line over the eye to the nape; below finely marked with gray and white. Yng. Above blackish brown, rusty and buff; below buffy white streaked with blackish. 334. American Goshawk (Accipiter atricapillus). L. ♂, 22; ♀, 24; T. ♂, 10; ♀, 11.5. Ads. The adult has a bluish slate color on top; a darker crown; a whitish line that goes from the eye to the nape; underneath it is finely marked with gray and white. Yng. The young bird is blackish brown on top, rusty and buff; below it is buffy white with blackish streaks. Range.—North America; breeds chiefly north of United States; winters south to New Jersey, rarely Virginia, Illinois, Missouri and Kansas; west to Oregon. Range.—North America; breeds mainly north of the United States; winters south to New Jersey, occasionally Virginia, Illinois, Missouri, and Kansas; west to Oregon. 334a. Western Goshawk (A. a. striatulus). Similar to No. 334, but Ad. dark plumbeous above, markings on lower parts heavier and darker. Stripes on lower parts of Yng. broader and blacker. (Ridgw.) Notes. A shrill scream and a frequently repeated keeah or kreeah. (Bendire.) 334a. Western Goshawk (A. a. striatulus). Similar to No. 334, but Adult has dark grayish plumage on top, with heavier and darker markings on the underside. The stripes on the underside of Young are broader and blacker. (Ridgw.) Notes. It has a shrill scream and often repeats a keeah or kreeah. (Bendire.) Range.—"Western North America; north to Sitka, Alaska; south to California; east to Idaho. Breeds in the Sierra Nevada south to latitude 38°." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Western North America; north to Sitka, Alaska; south to California; east to Idaho. Breeds in the Sierra Nevada south to latitude 38°." (A. O. U.) 346. Mexican Goshawk (Asturina plagiata). L. 17. Ads. Above slaty gray; below barred slaty-gray and white. Yng. Above blackish brown with rusty markings, particularly on wing-coverts; longer upper tail-coverts white with black spots or bars; tail brownish with numerous black bars; below whitish with large elongate spots. Notes. A peculiar piping note uttered while hovering in the air. (Bendire.) 346. Mexican Goshawk (Asturina plagiata). L. 17. Adult. The upper body is slaty gray; the underside is barred with slaty gray and white. Young. The upper body is blackish brown with rusty markings, especially on the wing coverts; the longer upper tail coverts are white with black spots or bars; the tail is brownish with many black bars; the underside is whitish with large elongated spots. Notes. It makes a unique piping sound when hovering in the air. (Bendire.) Range.—Middle America, from Panama north, in March, to Mexican border of United States. Range.—Central America, from Panama up north in March to the U.S.-Mexico border. |
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335. Harris Hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi). L. ♂, 19; ♀, 22. Longer upper tail-coverts, base and tip of tail white. Ads. Shoulders, thighs and under wing-coverts, reddish brown; under tail-coverts white. Yng. Similar but streaked below with rusty, buff and black; legs barred with white. Notes. A long, harsh, Buteo-like scream. (V. Bailey.) 335. Harris Hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi). Males: 19 inches; females: 22 inches. Longer upper tail feathers, with white at the base and tip of the tail. Adults. Shoulders, thighs, and under wing feathers are reddish-brown; under tail feathers are white. Young. Similar but streaked below with rusty, buff, and black; legs have white barring. Notes. A long, harsh scream similar to that of a Buteo. (V. Bailey.) Range.—Middle America from Panama north to southern Texas, rarely Mississippi and southern California. Range.—Middle America from Panama north to southern Texas, occasionally extending into Mississippi and southern California. 337 Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo borealis). L. ♂, 20; ♀, 23. Four outer primaries notched. Ads. Tail rusty brown with a black band, sometimes broken, near its tip; below buffy white, a band of spots across the belly; legs usually without bars. Yng. Tail grayish brown with a rusty tinge and numerous blackish bars; upper tail-coverts barred black and white; below less buffy than in adult; legs more often barred. Notes. A shrill whistle, suggesting the sound of escaping steam. 337 Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo borealis). L. ♂, 20; ♀, 23. Four outer primaries notched. Adults. Tail rusty brown with a black band, which can be broken near the tip; underneath buffy white with a band of spots across the belly; legs usually without bars. Young. Tail grayish brown with a rusty hint and many blackish bars; upper tail-coverts barred black and white; underneath less buffy than in adults; legs more often barred. Notes. A sharp whistle, similar to the sound of steam escaping. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Great Plains, north to about latitude 60°; breeds throughout its range; winters from Massachusetts, Illinois and South Dakota southward. Range.—Eastern North America, extending west to the Great Plains and north to around latitude 60°; breeds across its entire range; winters from Massachusetts, Illinois, and South Dakota southward. 337a. Krider Hawk (B. b. kriderii). Similar to No. 337, but nearly or wholly white below. Ads. Usually without black tail band. 337a. Krider Hawk (B. b. kriderii). Similar to No. 337, but almost completely white underneath. Ads. Usually lacks a black band on the tail. Range.—"Great Plains of United States from Minnesota to Texas;, east irregularly or casually to Iowa and northern Illinois." (Bendire). Range.—"Great Plains of the United States from Minnesota to Texas; eastward irregularly or occasionally to Iowa and northern Illinois." (Bendire). 337b. Western Red-tail (B. b. calurus). Very variable in color. Ads. Sometimes sooty brown above and below with more or less rusty; in light phase resembles No. 337, but tail averages paler and sometimes has more than one bar; the underparts are deeper and legs are usually barred with rusty. Yng. Similar to Yng. of No. 337, but markings below heavier; flanks more barred. 337b. Western Red-tail (B. b. calurus). Highly variable in color. Adults. Sometimes a sooty brown on top and underneath with varying amounts of rust; in the light phase, it looks like No. 337, but the tail is usually lighter and might have more than one band; the underparts are darker and the legs are often striped with rusty. Juveniles. Similar to the Juveniles of No. 337, but with heavier markings underneath; the flanks are more banded. Range.—Western North America from Rocky Mountains to Pacific; north to British Columbia, south to central America; generally resident. Range.—Western North America from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific; north to British Columbia, south to Central America; generally resident. 337d. Harlan Hawk (B. b. harlani). Ads. Above sooty brown; tail closely mottled with blackish, rusty and whitish; below varying from white, more or less-spotted on belly to sooty brown. Yng. Similar, but tail barred with blackish, gray, rusty or whitish. 337d. Harlan Hawk (B. b. harlani). Adults. The upper body is a dark brown; the tail has close mottling of black, rusty, and white; the underside ranges from white, with varying spotting on the belly, to a sooty brown. Young. Similar, but the tail has bars of black, gray, rusty, or white. Range.—"Gulf States and Lower Mississippi Valley, north (casually) to Kansas, Iowa, Illinois and Pennsylvania; east to Georgia, and Florida." (Bendire). Range.—"Gulf States and Lower Mississippi Valley, stretching casually north to Kansas, Iowa, Illinois, and Pennsylvania; east to Georgia and Florida." (Bendire). |
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339. Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus). L. ♂, 18.3; ♀, 20.3. Four outer primaries notched. Ads. Lesser wing-coverts bright reddish brown. Yng. Below whitish streaked with brownish; lesser wing-coverts less reddish; primaries with rusty buff. Notes. A loud screaming keé-yer, keé-yer. 339. Red-shouldered Hawk (Buteo lineatus). L. ♂, 18.3; ♀, 20.3. Four outer primaries have notches. Adults. The lesser wing-coverts are bright reddish-brown. Young. Underneath is whitish streaked with brown; lesser wing-coverts are less reddish; primaries show rusty buff. Calls. A loud screaming keé-yer, keé-yer. Range.—Eastern United States to Oklahoma, eastern Kansas, eastern Nebraska and Minnesota, north to Maine, south to northern Florida; generally resident. Range.—Eastern United States to Oklahoma, eastern Kansas, eastern Nebraska, and Minnesota, north to Maine, south to northern Florida; generally resident. 339a. Florida Red-shouldered Hawk (B. l. alleni). Smaller than No. 339. (W. ♂, 11.) Ad. Much grayer above, no rusty on head, much paler below. 339a. Florida Red-shouldered Hawk (B. l. alleni). Smaller than No. 339. (W. ♂, 11.) Ad. Much grayer on top, no rust on the head, and a lot lighter underneath. Range.—Florida north along coast to South Carolina; west along coast to eastern Texas. Range.—From Florida up the coast to South Carolina; west along the coast to eastern Texas. 339b. Red-bellied Hawk (B. l. elegans). Similar to No. 339, but rusty of breast usually unbroken. Young with lower parts deep brownish or dusky prevailing; less buff on primaries. (Ridgw.) 339b. Red-bellied Hawk (B. l. elegans). Similar to No. 339, but the breast is usually a solid rusty color. Young ones have dark brown or dusky underparts, with less buff on the primary feathers. (Ridgw.) Range.—Pacific coast from Lower California north to British Columbia; east rarely to Colorado and western Texas. Range.—Pacific coast from Southern California north to British Columbia; rarely found east to Colorado and western Texas. 342. Swainson Hawk (Buteo swainsoni). L. ♂, 20. Three outer primaries notched. Ad. ♂. Breast patch rusty brown. Ad. ♀. Breast-patch grayish brown. Dark phase. Brownish black more or less varied with rusty; tail obscurely barred. Yng. Below rich rusty buff with elongate black spots. Notes. Pi-tick, pi-tick, frequently repeated. (Bendire.) 342. Swainson Hawk (Buteo swainsoni). L. ♂, 20. Three outer primaries notched. Adult ♂. Breast patch rusty brown. Adult ♀. Breast patch grayish brown. Dark phase. Brownish black, with varying amounts of rusty; tail has subtle barring. Young. Below rich rusty buff with long black spots. Notes. Pi-tick, pi-tick, often repeated. (Bendire.) Range.—"Western North America from Wisconsin, Illinois, Arkansas and Texas to the Pacific coast; north to Arctic regions and south to Argentine Republic, casual east to Maine and Massachusetts. Breeds nearly throughout its North American range." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Western North America from Wisconsin, Illinois, Arkansas, and Texas to the Pacific coast; north to Arctic regions and south to Argentina, occasionally found as far east as Maine and Massachusetts. Breeds almost throughout its entire range in North America." (A. O. U.) 343. Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus). L. ♂, 15.8; ♀, 16.7. Three outer primaries notched. Ads. Tail with two whitish bands and a brownish tip; below barred with rusty brown. Yng. No buff in primaries; tail brownish with several black bars; below whitish, streaked with blackish. Notes. A high, sharp, keen, penetrating whistle. 343. Broad-winged Hawk (Buteo platypterus). L. ♂, 15.8; ♀, 16.7. Three outer primaries are notched. Adults. The tail has two whitish bands and a brownish tip; underneath it is barred with rusty brown. Young. No buff in primaries; the tail is brownish with several black bars; underneath it is whitish, streaked with blackish. Notes. A high, sharp, keen, penetrating whistle. Range.—Eastern North America, breeds west to Plains, north to New Brunswick and Saskatchewan; winters from southern New Jersey south to northern South America. Range.—Eastern North America, breeds west to the Plains, north to New Brunswick and Saskatchewan; winters from southern New Jersey down to northern South America. |
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340. Zone-tailed Hawk (Buteo abbreviatus). L. ♂, 19; ♀, 21. Ads. Tail with little if any white tip; inner webs of all but middle feathers with black and white bars. Yng. Browner; tail grayish brown; white on inner webs, with numerous blackish bars. Notes. Not unlike those of Buteo borealis. (Belding.) 340. Zone-tailed Hawk (Buteo abbreviatus). Male, 19; female, 21. Adults: Tail has little to no white tip; inner webs of all but the middle feathers feature black and white bars. Young: More brown; tail is grayish-brown; white on inner webs with many blackish bars. Notes: Sounds are similar to those of Buteo borealis. (Belding.) Range.—Tropical America north to southern Texas, southern Arizona and southern California. Range.—Tropical America, extending to southern Texas, southern Arizona, and southern California. 344. Short-tailed Hawk (Buteo brachyurus). L. 17; T. 7. Ads. Above slaty gray, tail barred with black and tipped with white; sides of breast rusty; rest of underparts white. Dark phase. Blackish, forehead whitish; tail lighter than back, barred with black. Yng. Above blackish brown, below cream buff, without black markings. Notes. Somewhat resembling the scream of the Red-shouldered Hawk, but more prolonged. (Pennock.) 344. Short-tailed Hawk (Buteo brachyurus). L. 17; T. 7. Ads. The upper side is slaty gray, the tail is barred with black and tipped with white; the sides of the breast are rusty, while the rest of the underparts are white. Dark phase: blackish, with a whitish forehead; the tail is lighter than the back, barred with black. Yng. The upper side is blackish brown, and the under side is cream buff, without any black markings. Notes. It somewhat resembles the scream of the Red-shouldered Hawk, but it is longer. (Pennock.) Range.—Tropical America, north to eastern Mexico; rare in Florida. Range.—Tropical America, extending north to eastern Mexico; uncommon in Florida. 345. Mexican Black Hawk (Urubitinga anthracina). L. ♂, 19; ♀, 21. Ads. Tail with a white tip and broad white band across all the feathers. Yng. Above brownish black, buff and rusty; below buffy striped with blackish; tail with several black and whitish bars. Notes. Piping cries like the spring whistle of Numenius longirostris. (Bendire.) 345. Mexican Black Hawk (Urubitinga anthracina). L. ♂, 19; ♀, 21. Ads. The tail has a white tip and a broad white band across all the feathers. Yng. The upper part is brownish black, with buff and rusty tones; the underside is buffy striped with blackish; the tail has several black and whitish bars. Notes. It makes piping cries similar to the spring whistle of Numenius longirostris. (Bendire.) Range.—"Tropical America in general, north to central Arizona, and the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas." (Bendire). Range.—"Tropical America overall, extending north to central Arizona, and the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas." (Bendire). 362. Audubon Caracara (Polyborus cheriway). L. 22. Tail white with a black end and numerous black bars. Ads. Breast and hindneck barred; belly black. Yng. Crown, back, and belly dark brown; hindneck, breast and belly streaked with buffy. Notes. Generally silent, but sometimes utters a prolonged cackling note. (B. F. Goss.) 362. Audubon Caracara (Polyborus cheriway). L. 22. The tail is white with a black tip and has many black bars. Adults. The breast and hindneck have bars, and the belly is black. Young. The crown, back, and belly are dark brown; the hindneck, breast, and belly are streaked with light tan. Notes. Generally quiet, but occasionally makes a long cackling sound. (B. F. Goss.) Range.—Northern South America, north to southern Texas, southern Arizona and Lower California; interior of southern Florida; resident. Range.—Northern South America, up to southern Texas, southern Arizona, and Baja California; interior of southern Florida; resident. 363. Guadalupe Caracara (Polyborus lutosus). Resembles No. 362, but has rump and upper tail-coverts dull brownish buff broadly barred with dull brown; tail brownish buff with broad bars of grayish brown bordered by narrower zigzag bars or lines of dusky; terminal band less than 2.00 wide. (Ridgway.) 363. Guadalupe Caracara (Polyborus lutosus). Looks like No. 362, but has a dull brownish buff rump and upper tail-coverts that are broadly barred with dull brown; the tail is brownish buff with wide grayish brown bars bordered by narrower zigzag dusky lines; the terminal band is less than 2.00 wide. (Ridgway.) Range.—Guadalupe Island, west of Lower California. Range.—Guadalupe Island, located west of Baja California. |
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341. Sennett White-tailed Hawk (Buteo albicaudatus sennetti). L. ♂, 21; ♀, 23. Three outer primaries cut. Ads. Grayish slate above. Yng. Above brownish black; breast usually white, throat blackish, belly heavily marked with rusty and blackish; sometimes wholly black below; tail generally silvery gray., white on inner webs with numerous indistinct blackish bars. Notes. A cry much like the bleating of a goat (Merrill.) 341. Sennett White-tailed Hawk (Buteo albicaudatus sennetti). Males measure 21 inches; females measure 23 inches. Three outer primaries are cut. Adults. Grayish slate above. Young. Brownish black on top; usually white on the breast, with a blackish throat and a belly marked heavily with rusty and blackish colors; sometimes completely black underneath; tail is usually silvery gray, white on the inner webs with many faint blackish bars. Notes. Its call sounds much like a goat bleating (Merrill.) Range.—"From southern Texas and Arizona south to Mexico." (Bailey.) Range.—"From southern Texas and Arizona down to Mexico." (Bailey.) 347a. American Rough-legged Hawk (Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis). B. .7 deep, smaller than in No. 348. L. ♂, 21; ♀, 23. Legs feathered to the toes. Ads. Basal half of tail white, end half barred with black; belly with more or less black. Yng. No black bars on end half of tail; buffier below, more black on belly. Black phase. Black more or less varied with brown and rusty as it approaches light plumage of ad. or yng; but to be known by feathered legs. 347a. American Rough-legged Hawk (Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis). B. .7 deep, smaller than in No. 348. L. ♂, 21; ♀, 23. Legs are feathered to the toes. Ads. The basal half of the tail is white, and the end half is barred with black; the belly has varying amounts of black. Yng. There are no black bars on the end half of the tail; it's buffier below, with more black on the belly. Black phase. Black is more or less mixed with brown and rusty as it approaches the light plumage of adults or young; but it can be identified by its feathered legs. Range.—North America; breeds north of United States; winters south to Virginia, Missouri and central California. Range.—North America; breeds north of the United States; winters south to Virginia, Missouri, and central California. 348. Ferruginous Rough-Leg (Archibuteo ferrugineus). B. 1. deep, larger than in No. 347a; L. ♂, 22; ♀, 24. Legs feathered to toes. Ads. Above rich rusty streaked with black; legs rusty barred with black; tail grayish sometimes washed with rusty. Yng. Above blackish brown margined with rusty; below white; breast with a few streaks; legs spotted; tail with inner webs and base white; outer webs grayish. Dark phase. Sooty brown more or less varied with rusty; tail as in ad. 348. Ferruginous Rough-Leg (Archibuteo ferrugineus). B. 1. deep, larger than in No. 347a; L. ♂, 22; ♀, 24. Legs feathered down to the toes. Ads. The upper body is a rich rusty color streaked with black; legs are rusty with black bars; tail is grayish, sometimes tinged with rusty. Yng. The upper body is blackish-brown edged with rusty; below it’s white; the breast has a few streaks; legs are spotted; the tail has white on the inner webs and base; outer webs are grayish. Dark phase. Sooty brown with some variations of rusty; tail as in ad. Range.—"Western North America from the Plains (east North Dakota to Texas), west to the Pacific and from the Saskatchewan region south into Mexico; casually east to Illinois. Breeds from Utah, Colorado and Kansas north to the Saskatchewan Plains." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Western North America from the Plains (east North Dakota to Texas), west to the Pacific and from the Saskatchewan region south into Mexico; occasionally east to Illinois. Breeds from Utah, Colorado, and Kansas north to the Saskatchewan Plains." (A. O. U.) 355. Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus). L. ♂, 17; ♀, 20. A blackish patch on the sides. Ad. ♂. Above including middle tail feathers, grayish brown; back with more or less concealed buffy bars. Ad. ♀. No buffy bars on back. Yng. Above margined with rusty and whitish; head much as in ad. Notes. Kee, kée, kee and a sort of cackle. (Bendire.) 355. Prairie Falcon (Falco mexicanus). L. ♂, 17; ♀, 20. A dark patch on the sides. Adult. ♂. The upper body, including the middle tail feathers, is grayish-brown; the back has somewhat hidden buffy bars. Adult. ♀. No buffy bars on the back. Young. The upper body is bordered with rusty and white; the head resembles that of the adult. Notes. Kee, kée, kee, and a kind of cackle. (Bendire.) Range.—"United States from the eastern border of the Plains to the Pacific and from the Dakotas south into Mexico; casual east to Illinois. Breeds throughout its United States range." (A. O. U.) Range.—"United States from the eastern border of the Plains to the Pacific and from the Dakotas south into Mexico; occasionally east to Illinois. Breeds throughout its range in the United States." (A. O. U.) |
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349. Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaëtos). L. ♂, 30-35; ♀, 35-40; Ex. ♂, 78-84; ♀, 84-90. (Ridgw.) Legs feathered to toes. Ads. Back of head and nape paler than body; basal two-thirds of tail white. Yng. Base of tail with broken grayish bars. Notes. A shrill, kee-kee-kee, and, when alarmed, kiah-kiah repeated a number of times. (Bendire.) 349. Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaëtos). Male: 30-35 inches; Female: 35-40 inches; Example Male: 78-84 inches; Female: 84-90 inches. (Ridgw.) Legs are feathered down to the toes. Adults. The back of the head and nape are lighter than the body; the base two-thirds of the tail is white. Young. The base of the tail has broken grayish bars. Notes. A sharp, kee-kee-kee, and when alarmed, a kiah-kiah sound repeated multiple times. (Bendire.) Range—Northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America south into Mexico; rare east of Mississippi, more common in Rocky Mountains and mountains of Pacific coast. Range—Northern areas of the northern hemisphere; in America, it extends south into Mexico; it's rare east of the Mississippi River but more common in the Rocky Mountains and the mountains along the Pacific coast. 352. Bald Eagle (Haliæetus leucocephalus). L. ♂, 33; ♀ 35; Ex. ♂, 84; ♀, 89. Legs not feathered to toes. Ads. Head, neck and tail white. Yng. Head and body blackish, more or less varied with white; tail blackish mottled with white. Notes. Of the male, a loud, clear cac cac-cac; of the female harsh and broken. (Ralph.) 352. Bald Eagle (Haliæetus leucocephalus). L. ♂, 33; ♀ 35; Ex. ♂, 84; ♀, 89. Legs not feathered to toes. Ads. Head, neck, and tail are white. Yng. Head and body are dark with some white variations; tail is dark with white markings. Notes. The male has a loud, clear cac cac-cac; the female's call is harsh and broken. (Ralph.) Range.—North America breeding locally throughout its range, more frequently near the Atlantic coast; resident in United States. Range.—North America, breeding locally across its range, more often near the Atlantic coast; a resident in the United States. 352a. Alaska Bald Eagle (H. l. alascanus). Similar to No. 352, but larger. W. ♂, 23.8; ♀, 24.6; T. ♂, 11.5; ♀, 12; Tar. ♂, 4.1; ♀, 3.7. (Townsend.) 352a. Alaska Bald Eagle (H. l. alascanus). Similar to No. 352, but bigger. W. ♂, 23.8; ♀, 24.6; T. ♂, 11.5; ♀, 12; Tar. ♂, 4.1; ♀, 3.7. (Townsend.) Range.—Alaska. Range: Alaska. 353. White Gyrfalcon (Falco islandus). L. ♂, 22; ♀, 24. Tarsus feathered in front nearly to toes; only outer primary notched. Under tail coverts pure white. Ads. Below white with few or no black markings. Yng. Dark areas above larger, below with elongate blackish spots. 353. White Gyrfalcon (Falco islandus). L. ♂, 22; ♀, 24. The front of the tarsus is feathered nearly to the toes; only the outer primary is notched. The under tail coverts are pure white. Ads. Below, it's white with few or no black markings. Yng. Dark areas above are larger, below with long blackish spots. Range.—Arctic regions, in America south in winter casually to Maine. Range.—Arctic regions, in America occasionally found in winter as far south as Maine. 354. Gray Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus). L. ♂, 22; ♀, 24. Tarsus feathered in front nearly to toes; only outer primary notched. Under tail coverts with dusky margins. Ads. Crown usually more white than dusky; above barred with blackish and grayish; below white, breast streaked; sides and legs barred with dusky. Yng. Above dark brown with broken buffy bars and margins: tail with white and brown bars of nearly equal width, below white everywhere streaked with blackish. 354. Gray Gyrfalcon (Falco rusticolus). L. ♂, 22; ♀, 24. The tarsus is feathered in front almost to the toes; only the outer primary is notched. The under tail coverts have dusky edges. Ads. The crown is usually more white than dusky; the back is barred with blackish and grayish; below, it’s white with a streaked breast; the sides and legs are barred with dusky. Yng. The upper parts are dark brown with broken buffy bars and edges: the tail has white and brown bars of nearly equal width, and below it’s white everywhere streaked with blackish. Range.—Arctic regions; south in winter to the northern border of the United States; casually as far as Kansas and Maine. Range.—Arctic regions; in winter, it moves south to the northern border of the United States; occasionally as far as Kansas and Maine. 354a. Gyrfalcon (F. r. gyrfalco). Similar to No. 354, but head usually with more dusky than white; back in ad. indistinctly barred with grayish. Yng. With dark stripes of lower parts usually about equal in width to white interspaces. 354a. Gyrfalcon (F. r. gyrfalco). Similar to No. 354, but the head usually has more dark feathers than white; the back in adults is indistinctly barred with grayish. Young birds have dark stripes on the lower parts that are typically about the same width as the white spaces in between. Range.—"Northern Europe and Arctic America, from northern Labrador and coasts of Hudson Bay to Alaska" (Ridgw.); south in winter casually, to northern border of United States as far as Long Island. Range.—"Northern Europe and Arctic America, from northern Labrador and the coasts of Hudson Bay to Alaska" (Ridgw.); south in winter occasionally, to the northern border of the United States as far as Long Island. 354b. Black Gyrfalcon (F. r. obsoletus). Similar to No. 354, but much darker; above plain dusky with few or no buffy markings; below dusky margined with buffy, the former prevailing. Notes. A chattering ke-a, ke-a, ke-a, blending into a rattling scream. (Turner.) 354b. Black Gyrfalcon (F. r. obsoletus). Similar to No. 354, but much darker; the upper parts are a solid dusky color with few or no buff markings; the underside is dusky with buffy margins, but the dusky color is more dominant. Notes. A chattering ke-a, ke-a, ke-a, that blends into a rattling scream. (Turner.) Range.—Labrador: south in winter to northern New England; casually to Long Island. Range.—Labrador: migrates south in winter to northern New England; occasionally to Long Island. |
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356. Duck Hawk (Falco peregrinus anatum). L. ♂, 16; ♀, 19. Sides of throat black. Ads. Above bluish slate; below buffy. Yng. Above blackish margined with rusty; tail with broken rusty bars and whitish tip; below deep rusty buff streaked with blackish; under surface of wing uniformly barred. Notes. Loud screams and noisy cacklings. (Bendire.) 356. Duck Hawk (Falco peregrinus anatum). L. ♂, 16; ♀, 19. Sides of the throat are black. Adults. Upper body is bluish slate; underbelly is buffy. Young. Upper body is blackish with rusty edges; tail has broken rusty bars and a whitish tip; underneath is deep rusty buff streaked with blackish; undersides of the wings are uniformly barred. Notes. Loud screams and noisy cackling. (Bendire.) Range.—Western Hemisphere; breeds locally from Southern States to Arctic regions; winters from Northern States southward; more common west of Rocky Mountains. Range.—Western Hemisphere; breeds locally from the Southern States to Arctic regions; winters from the Northern States southward; more common west of the Rocky Mountains. 356a. Peale Falcon (F. p. pealei). Ads. Crown uniform with back; chest heavily spotted with blackish; bars of remaining underparts very broad. (Ridgw.) 356a. Peale Falcon (F. p. pealei). Ads. Crown uniform in color with the back; chest has heavy blackish spots; bars on the rest of the underparts are very wide. (Ridgw.) Range.—"Pacific coast region of North America from Oregon to the Aleutian and Commander Islands, breeding throughout its range." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Pacific coast region of North America from Oregon to the Aleutian and Commander Islands, breeding throughout its range." (A. O. U.) 357. Pigeon Hawk (Falco columbarius). L. ♂, 10.5; ♀, 13. Two outer primaries notched. Ad. ♂. Above slaty blue; middle tail feather with not more than four black bands. Ad. ♀ and Yng. Above dark blackish brown; bars in middle tail feather five or less; below more heavily barred than in ♂. 357. Pigeon Hawk (Falco columbarius). L. ♂, 10.5; ♀, 13. The two outer primaries have notches. Ad. ♂. The upper body is a slaty blue; the middle tail feather has no more than four black bands. Ad. ♀ and Yng. The upper body is dark brown; the middle tail feather has five or fewer bars; the underside is more heavily barred than in ♂. Range.—North America; breeds chiefly north of United States from Rocky Mountains and westward; breeds from Colorado and California north to Alaska; winters from Gulf States, Colorado and California, south to northern South America. Range.—North America; primarily breeds north of the United States from the Rocky Mountains and westward; breeds from Colorado and California north to Alaska; winters from the Gulf States, Colorado and California, down to northern South America. 357a. Black Merlin (F. c. suckleyi). Similar to No. 357, but much darker above and more heavily, marked below; bars on tail and under side of wing nearly obsolete. 357a. Black Merlin (F. c. suckleyi). Similar to No. 357, but much darker on top and more distinctly marked underneath; the bars on the tail and the underside of the wing are almost nonexistent. Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to Sitka; east to eastern Oregon and Washington. Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to Sitka; east to eastern Oregon and Washington. 358. Richardson Merlin (Falco richardsonii). Resembles No. 357, but is paler and has the central tail feather crossed by six light bars, counting the terminal one. 358. Richardson Merlin (Falco richardsonii). Looks like No. 357, but it's lighter in color and has the central tail feather marked by six light bars, including the last one. Range.—Interior of North America from eastern border of Great Plains west; rare west of Rockies; north to, at least, latitude 53°; south to Mexico. Range.—Interior of North America, from the eastern edge of the Great Plains to the west; uncommon west of the Rockies; north to at least latitude 53°; south to Mexico. 359. Aplomado Falcon (Falco fusco-cærulescens). L. ♂, 16; ♀, 17.5. Middle of belly black. Ads. Above slaty gray; breast buff, lower belly rusty. Yng. Similar but grayish brown above, belly paler. 359. Aplomado Falcon (Falco fusco-cærulescens). L. ♂, 16; ♀, 17.5. The middle of the belly is black. Ads. The upper body is slate gray; the breast is buff, and the lower belly is rusty. Yng. Similar but brownish-gray above, and the belly is lighter. Range.—South and Central America north to southern border of the United States. Range.—South and Central America up to the southern border of the United States. Range.—Eastern North America west to Rocky Mountains; breeds from Gulf States to Hudson Bay; winters from southern Illinois and New Jersey southward. Range.—Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains; breeds from the Gulf States to Hudson Bay; winters from southern Illinois and New Jersey south. |
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360a. Desert Sparrow Hawk (F. s. phalæna). Similar to No. 360, but slightly larger and appreciably paler; ♀ with black bars above narrower; streakings of underparts finer and more rusty. ♂, L. 10.6; W. 7.5; T. 5.3; ♀, L. 10.8; W. 7.7; T. 5.3. (Mearns.) 360a. Desert Sparrow Hawk (F. s. phalæna). Similar to No. 360, but a bit larger and noticeably paler; ♀ has narrower black bars on top; streaks on the underparts are finer and more rusty. ♂, L. 10.6; W. 7.5; T. 5.3; ♀, L. 10.8; W. 7.7; T. 5.3. (Mearns.) Range.—"Western United States, north to western British Columbia and western Montana south, to Mazatlan in northwestern Mexico." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Western United States, from western British Columbia and western Montana in the north, down to Mazatlan in northwestern Mexico." (A. O. U.) Range—Lower California (Cape Region only?) Range—Lower California (Cape Region only?) 365. Barn Owl; Monkey-faced Owl (Strix pratincola). L. 18. No ear-tufts; eyes black. Ads. Above gray and yellowish buff; below white more or less washed with buff and spotted with black. Yng. More buffy below. Notes. A sudden, harsh scream and a screaming cr-r-r-r-e-e, repeated several times generally when flying. 365. Barn Owl; Monkey-faced Owl (Strix pratincola). Length 18 inches. No ear tufts; eyes are black. Adults. The upper body is gray and yellowish buff; the underside is white, with variations of buff and spots of black. Young. More buffy below. Notes. A sudden, harsh scream and a repeated screaming cr-r-r-r-e-e, usually heard while flying. Range.—United States north to Long Island, (rarely Massachusetts), southern Ontario, Minnesota and Oregon; migrates slightly south and winters south to Mexico. Range.—United States north to Long Island, (rarely Massachusetts), southern Ontario, Minnesota, and Oregon; migrates slightly south and winters in Mexico. 366. American Long-eared Owl (Asio wilsonianus). L. 14.8. Ear-tufts long; eyes yellow. Ads. Above varied with gray; belly barred. Notes. Usually silent except during the breeding season when they utter a soft toned, slow wu-hunk, wu-hunk and a low, twittering, whistling dicky, dicky, dicky. (Bendire.) 366. American Long-eared Owl (Asio wilsonianus). L. 14.8. Ear tufts are long; eyes are yellow. Ads. The top is varied with gray; the belly is barred. Notes. Typically silent except during the breeding season, when they make a soft, slow wu-hunk, wu-hunk and a low, twittering, whistling dicky, dicky, dicky. (Bendire.) Range.—North America; breeds from Nova Scotia, Manitoba, and British Columbia south into Mexico. Range.—North America; breeds from Nova Scotia, Manitoba, and British Columbia down into Mexico. 367. Short-eared Owl (Asio accipitrinus). L. 15.5. Ear tufts short; eyes yellow. Ads. No gray above; belly streaked. Notes. A shrill barking call like the ki-yi of a small dog. (Lawrence.) 367. Short-eared Owl (Asio accipitrinus). L. 15.5. Ear tufts are short; eyes are yellow. Ads. No gray on the back; belly is streaked. Notes. A sharp barking call that sounds like the ki-yi of a small dog. (Lawrence.) Range.—"Nearly cosmopolitan;" in America breeds locally from Virginia, northern Mississippi Valley, and Dakotas northward; winters from northern United States southward. Range.—"Almost worldwide;" in America, it breeds locally from Virginia, the northern Mississippi Valley, and the Dakotas northward; winters in the northern United States and southward. 378. Burrowing Owl (Speotyto cunicularia hypogæa). L. 10. Tarsi bare behind. Ads. Spotted above with buffy; belly barred; chin and breast-patch white. Yng. Less distinctly spotted above; belly without bars. Notes. A mellow, sonorous coo-c-o-o; a chattering note uttered when flying, and a short, shrill alarm-note, tzip-tzip. (Bendire.) 378. Burrowing Owl (Speotyto cunicularia hypogæa). L. 10. The legs are bare behind. Adult. Spotted on top with a light brown color; the belly has bars; the chin and breast patch are white. Young. Less distinctly spotted on top; the belly has no bars. Notes. A soft, resonant coo-c-o-o; a chattering sound made when flying, and a brief, sharp alarm note, tzip-tzip. (Bendire.) Range.—Western North America from humid coast region east to prairies of Mississippi Valley (western Nebraska, central Kansas, western Minnesota); north to about line of Canadian Pacific R. R.; south to Central America. Range.—Western North America from the humid coastal region east to the prairies of the Mississippi Valley (western Nebraska, central Kansas, western Minnesota); north to about the line of the Canadian Pacific R. R.; south to Central America. 378a. Florida Burrowing Owl (S. c. floridana). Similar to No. 378, but slightly smaller and whiter throughout; spots above white with little if any buff; tarsi nearly bare. 378a. Florida Burrowing Owl (S. c. floridana). Similar to No. 378, but a bit smaller and whiter overall; spots on top are white with little to no buff; legs are almost bare. Range.—Interior of southern Florida. Range.—Southern Florida interior. |
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368. Barred Owl (Syrnium varium). L. 80. No ear-tufts; eyes black. Ads. Head, back and breast barred; toes feathered nearly if not quite to the nails. Notes. A loud, sonorous whoo-whoo-whoo-too-whoo, to-whoo-ah; a long-drawn, whoo-ah; rarely a wild scream; and when two individuals meet, a remarkable medley of hoots and ha-has. 368. Barred Owl (Syrnium varium). Length 80 cm. No ear tufts; black eyes. Adults. Head, back, and breast barred; toes nearly or completely feathered to the nails. Calls. A loud, deep whoo-whoo-whoo-too-whoo, to-whoo-ah; a long whoo-ah; rarely a wild scream; and when two individuals meet, a remarkable mix of hoots and ha-has. Range.—Eastern North America except Gulf Coast; north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; west to Colorado; resident, except at northern limit of range. Range.—Eastern North America excluding the Gulf Coast; north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; west to Colorado; resident, except at the northern limit of the range. 368a. Florida Barred Owl (S. v. alleni). Similar to No. 368, but smaller, darker; black bars especially on breast, wider; toes nearly if not quite bare. 368a. Florida Barred Owl (S. v. alleni). Similar to No. 368, but smaller and darker; has black bars, especially on the breast, which are wider; toes are almost completely bare. Range.—Florida; north along coast to South Carolina; west along coast to Texas. Range.—Florida; north along the coast to South Carolina; west along the coast to Texas. Range.—Southern Texas. Range: Southern Texas. Range.—Western United States from southern Colorado and New Mexico, west to California, south to Lower California and Guanajuato, Mexico. Range.—Western United States from southern Colorado and New Mexico, west to California, and south to Baja California and Guanajuato, Mexico. 369a. Northern Spotted Owl (S. o. caurinum). Similar to No. 369, but darker; white markings smaller; white spots on head and neck reduced to minimum; white tips to primaries nearly obsolete. (Merriam.) 369a. Northern Spotted Owl (S. o. caurinum). Similar to No. 369, but darker; smaller white markings; white spots on the head and neck reduced to a minimum; white tips on the primaries are almost gone. (Merriam.) Range.—Western Washington and British Columbia. Range.—Western Washington & British Columbia. 370. Great Gray Owl (Scotiaptex nebulosa). L. 27. No ear-tufts; eyes yellow. Ads. Above black finely and irregularly marked with white; breast streaked; feet feathered to toe-nails. Notes. Said to be a tremulous, vibrating sound. (Fisher.) 370. Great Gray Owl (Scotiaptex nebulosa). L. 27. No ear tufts; yellow eyes. Ads. The upper body is black with fine and irregular white markings; the breast is streaked; feet are feathered to the toe nails. Notes. It’s said to make a tremulous, vibrating sound. (Fisher.) Range.—North America; breeds north of Lat. 55°; winters south to northern border of United States casually as far as New Jersey, Illinois, Minnesota, Idaho, and northern California. Range.—North America; breeds north of Lat. 55°; winters south to the northern border of the United States occasionally reaching as far as New Jersey, Illinois, Minnesota, Idaho, and northern California. 371. Richardson Owl (Nyctala tengmalmi richardsoni). L. 10. Ads. Above grayish brown with numerous white spots, particularly on head; feet feathered to toes and usually with indistinct, dusky bars. Notes. A musical, soft whistle. (Wheelright.) A peculiar grating cry. (Nelson.) (See next page.) 371. Richardson Owl (Nyctala tengmalmi richardsoni). L. 10. Ads. The upper body is grayish brown with many white spots, especially on the head; the feet are feathered down to the toes and typically have faint, dark bars. Notes. A musical, soft whistle. (Wheelright.) A distinctive grating sound. (Nelson.) (See next page.) Range.—Northern North America; breeds from Gulf of St. Lawrence and Manitoba northward; winters south to northern border of United States, casually to Massachusetts, Iowa, and Colorado; no Pacific coast record (?). Range.—Northern North America; breeds from the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Manitoba northward; winters south to the northern border of the United States, occasionally as far as Massachusetts, Iowa, and Colorado; no records from the Pacific coast (?). |
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372. Saw-whet Owl; Acadian Owl (Nyctala acadica). L. 8. Ads. Above cinnamon brown; forehead with many, hindhead with few streaks; back with white spots; feet and legs less heavily feathered than in No. 371 and without dusky bars. Yng. Breast and back cinnamon brown with few white markings; belly rusty buff, unstreaked. Notes. A frequently repeated whistle; sometimes high, sometimes low; generally begins slow and ends rapidly; resembles noise of saw-filing. (Ralph.) 372. Saw-whet Owl; Acadian Owl (Nyctala acadica). L. 8. Ads. The upper part is a cinnamon brown; the forehead has many streaks, while the hindhead has fewer; the back is marked with white spots; the feet and legs are less heavily feathered compared to No. 371 and don't have dusky bars. Yng. The breast and back are cinnamon brown with a few white markings; the belly is rusty buff and unstreaked. Notes. It produces a repetitive whistle; sometimes high, sometimes low; usually starts slow and ends quickly; it sounds similar to the noise of saw-filing. (Ralph.) Range.—North America; breeds from mountains of Pennsylvania, Massachusetts (rarely), northern New York, northern Illinois; and, in Rocky Mountains, from Mexico northward; winters south to Virginia, Kansas and central California. Range.—North America; breeds in the mountains of Pennsylvania, Massachusetts (rarely), northern New York, and northern Illinois; and, in the Rocky Mountains, from Mexico northward; winters as far south as Virginia, Kansas, and central California. 372a. Northwest Saw-whet Owl (N. a. scotæa). Similar to No. 372, but darker both above and below, dark markings everywhere heavier; flanks, legs and feet more rufescent. (Osgood.) 372a. Northwest Saw-whet Owl (N. a. scotæa). Similar to No. 372, but darker on both the top and bottom, with darker markings all over; the sides, legs, and feet are more reddish. (Osgood.) Range.—Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Range.—Haida Gwaii, British Columbia. Range.—"Timbered regions of western North America, from southern Rocky Mountains in Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona," west to California, Oregon, and Washington, except coast belt, south into Mexico. Range.—"Forest areas of western North America, from the southern Rocky Mountains in Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona," west to California, Oregon, and Washington, excluding the coastal region, and extending south into Mexico. 379a. California Pygmy Owl (G. g. californicum). Similar to No. 379, but darker; spots above buff or rusty. 379a. California Pygmy Owl (G. g. californicum). Similar to No. 379, but darker; spots above are buff or rusty. Range.—Humid coast region from Monterey, California, north to British Columbia. Range.—Humid coastal area from Monterey, California, up to British Columbia. 379.1. Hoskin Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium hoskinsii). Similar to No. 379a, but smaller and grayer, the forehead and facial disc with more white, the upperparts less distinctly spotted. (Brewst.) 379.1. Hoskin Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium hoskinsii). Similar to No. 379a, but smaller and grayer, with a whiter forehead and facial disc, and the upperparts are less distinctly spotted. (Brewst.) Range.—Southern Lower California. Range.—Southern Baja California. 380. Ferruginous Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium phalænoides). L. 7. Top of head streaked. Ads. Above varying from grayish brown marked with whitish to plain reddish brown without marks; below white streaked with grayish brown or reddish brown. Yng. No streaks on head. Notes. A softly whistled coo repeated many times at intervals of about one second. 380. Ferruginous Pygmy Owl (Glaucidium phalænoides). L. 7. The top of its head is streaked. Adults. The upper body ranges from grayish-brown with white markings to solid reddish-brown without markings; the underside is white with streaks of grayish-brown or reddish-brown. Young. No streaks on the head. Notes. A soft whistled coo that is repeated many times at intervals of about one second. Range.—Tropical America; from Brazil north to Mexican border of United States. Range.—Tropical America; from Brazil up to the Mexican border of the United States. 381. Elf Owl (Micropallas whitneyi). L. 6. Smallest of our Owls. Ads. Above grayish brown, head spotted; back barred with rusty; below mixed rusty, white and grayish. Notes. A tremulous cha-cha, cha-cha, in different keys, sometimes low, sometimes distinct. (Bendire.) 381. Elf Owl (Micropallas whitneyi). L. 6. The smallest of our owls. Ads. The upper body is grayish-brown, with a spotted head; the back is barred with rusty color; the underside is a mix of rusty, white, and grayish tones. Notes. Produces a shaky cha-cha, cha-cha, in various pitches, sometimes soft, sometimes clear. (Bendire.) Range.—Tableland of Mexico from Puebla north to Mexican border of United States; Lower California, and (rarely) California. Range.—Tableland of Mexico from Puebla north to the U.S. border; Lower California, and (rarely) California. |
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373. Screech Owl (Megascops asio). L. 9.4; W. 6.4; T. 3. Two color phases; with ear-tufts; eyes yellow. Ad. Gray phase. Above buffy gray irregularly marked with black; below gray, white, rusty and black. Ad. Red phase. Above bright rusty brown with a few black streaks; below white streaked with black and barred with rusty brown. Yng. Above gray or rusty barred with black and white; below white thickly barred with blackish. Notes. A frequently repeated tremulous, wailing whistle; often followed by a slower refrain-like call; a castanet-like snapping of the mandibles. 373. Screech Owl (Megascops asio). L. 9.4; W. 6.4; T. 3. Two color variations; with ear tufts; yellow eyes. Ad. Gray phase. Back is buffy gray with irregular black markings; underparts are gray, white, rusty, and black. Ad. Red phase. Back is bright rusty brown with a few black streaks; underparts are white with black streaks and barred with rusty brown. Yng. Back is gray or rusty with black and white barring; underparts are white heavily barred with black. Notes. A repeated, trembling, wailing whistle; often followed by a slower, song-like call; a castanet-like snapping of the jaws. Range.—Eastern North America from Florida north to New Brunswick, Ontario and Minnesota, west to the Great Plains; resident. Range.—Eastern North America from Florida up to New Brunswick, Ontario, and Minnesota, and extending west to the Great Plains; resident. Range.—Florida, north along coast to South Carolina; west along coast to Louisiana. Range.—Florida, north along the coast to South Carolina; west along the coast to Louisiana. 373b. Texas Screech Owl (M. a. mccalli). Similar to No. 373, but smaller, W. 6.1; underparts, especially sides of belly, with more black bars; toes barer. I have seen only a gray phase. 373b. Texas Screech Owl (M. a. mccalli). Similar to No. 373, but smaller, W. 6.1; the underparts, especially the sides of the belly, have more black bars; the toes are less feathered. I have only seen a gray phase. Range.—"From western and southern Texas across east border of tablelands of Mexico." (Bailey.) Range.—"From western and southern Texas across the eastern border of the tablelands of Mexico." (Bailey.) Range.—California and southern Oregon. Range—California and southern Oregon. 373d. Kennicott Screech Owl (M. a. kennicottii). L. 10; W. 7.25. Ads. Sooty brown prevailing above; blackish markings below nearly if not fully as wide as white ones; darkest of our Screech Owls. 373d. Kennicott Screech Owl (M. a. kennicottii). L. 10; W. 7.25. Ads. Mostly sooty brown on top; dark markings on the bottom are almost as wide as the white ones; it's the darkest of our Screech Owls. Range.—Pacific coast from Oregon to Sitka. Range.—Pacific coast from Oregon to Sitka. Range.—"Foothills and adjacent plains of the east Rocky Mountains from Colorado north to Montana" (Bendire). Range.—"Foothills and nearby plains of the eastern Rocky Mountains from Colorado up to Montana" (Bendire). |
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Range.—"New Mexico, Arizona, Lower California, and western Mexico." (A. O. U.) Range.—"New Mexico, Arizona, Baja California, and western Mexico." (A. O. U.) 373g. Aiken Screech Owl (M. a. aikeni). A gray color phase only. W. 6.5. Similar to 373f, but still grayer; almost no buff above; black markings wider on head, back, and underparts. 373g. Aiken Screech Owl (M. a. aikeni). Only a gray color phase. W. 6.5. Similar to 373f, but even grayer; hardly any buff on top; black markings are broader on the head, back, and underside. Range.—"Plains, El Paso County, Colorado, south probably to central New Mexico and northeastern Arizona." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Plains, El Paso County, Colorado, likely extending south to central New Mexico and northeastern Arizona." (A. O. U.) 373h. MacFarlane Screech Owl (M. a. macfarlanei). A gray color phase only. Ads. Of the size of kennicottii, but with color and markings of bendirei. W. 7.2; T. 3.8. (Brewst.) 373h. MacFarlane Screech Owl (M. a. macfarlanei). This is a gray color phase only. Adults. They are the same size as kennicottii, but have the color and markings of bendirei. W. 7.2; T. 3.8. (Brewst.) Range.—"Eastern Washington and Oregon to western Montana and probably intermediate regions, and north to the interior of British Columbia." (Bailey.) Range.—"From eastern Washington and Oregon to western Montana, and likely the areas in between, extending north to the interior of British Columbia." (Bailey.) 373.1. Spotted Screech Owl (Megascops trichopsis). L. 7.7. Ads. Above mixed black, grayish brown and buff; black prevailing on head; feathers of foreback with buffy white spots on either side near the end; below much as in No. 373f. 373.1. Spotted Screech Owl (Megascops trichopsis). L. 7.7. Ads. The upper body is a mix of black, grayish-brown, and buff; with black dominating the head; the feathers on the upper back have buffy white spots on either side towards the end; the underside is quite similar to No. 373f. Range.—Southern Arizona and southward into northern Mexico. Range.—Southern Arizona and extending into northern Mexico. 373.2. Xantus Screech Owl (Megascops xantusi). W. 5.3. Ad. ♂. Above drab, back tinged with pinkish rusty and faintly vermiculated with reddish brown; breast paler ashy faintly suffused with pinkish or rusty; belly whitish; underparts finely barred with reddish brown and streaked with clove-brown. (Brewst.) 373.2. Xantus Screech Owl (Megascops xantusi). W. 5.3. Ad. ♂. The upper body is dull with a slight pinkish rusty tint and faint reddish-brown markings; the breast is a lighter gray with a hint of pink or rusty tones; the belly is white; the underparts have fine bars of reddish brown and are streaked with dark brown. (Brewst.) Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. Range.—Cape Region of Baja California. Range.—Mountains of Guatemala north to Colorado (11 specimens, 7 from Boulder County, Cook), west rarely to California (2 specimens). Range.—Mountains of Guatemala north to Colorado (11 specimens, 7 from Boulder County, Cook), west occasionally to California (2 specimens). 374a. Dwarf Screech Owl (M. f. idahoensis). Similar to No. 374, but slightly smaller and paler, especially on underparts where ground color is white and black markings are restricted. 374a. Dwarf Screech Owl (M. f. idahoensis). Similar to No. 374, but a bit smaller and lighter, particularly on the underside where the base color is white and the black markings are limited. Range.—Idaho, eastern Oregon and California (San Bernardino Mountains, 3 specimens, Grinnell). Range.—Idaho, eastern Oregon, and California (San Bernardino Mountains, 3 specimens, Grinnell). |
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375. Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus). ♂, L. 22; W. 15. Ads. Ears conspicuous; the feathers nearly throughout the body rusty basally; facial disc rich rusty. Notes. A loud, low, deep-toned whoo, hoo-hoo-hoo, whooo-whooo, variable, but usually on the same note; rarely a hair-raising scream. 375. Great Horned Owl (Bubo virginianus). ♂, L. 22; W. 15. Ads. Ears are prominent; the feathers are mostly rusty at the base; facial disc is a deep rusty color. Notes. A loud, low, deep-toned whoo, hoo-hoo-hoo, whooo-whooo, which varies, but is usually consistent in tone; rarely produces a chilling scream. Range.—Eastern North America; north to Labrador, south to Central America; resident. Range.—Eastern North America; north to Labrador, south to Central America; resident. 375a. Western Horned Owl (B. v. pallescens). Smaller and paler than No. 375, W. 13.7; facial disc washed with rusty. 375a. Western Horned Owl (B. v. pallescens). Smaller and lighter than No. 375, wingspan 13.7 inches; facial disc has a rusty tint. Range.—Western United States, except Pacific coast region, east to Great Plains; casually Wisconsin and Illinois north to Manitoba and British Columbia; south to Mexico. Range.—Western United States, except for the Pacific coast region, extending east to the Great Plains; occasionally found in Wisconsin and Illinois, north to Manitoba and British Columbia; south to Mexico. Range.—Interior of Arctic America, from Rocky Mountains east to Hudson Bay; breeds north of Lat. 51°; in winter straggles southward to adjacent border of United States; rarely to Wyoming and Nebraska. Range.—Interior of Arctic America, from the Rocky Mountains east to Hudson Bay; breeds north of latitude 51°; in winter it moves southward to the nearby border of the United States; rarely to Wyoming and Nebraska. 375c. Dusky Horned Owl (B. v. saturatus). Size of No. 375b, but much darker; black bars below equalling white ones in width; darkest bird of group. 375c. Dusky Horned Owl (B. v. saturatus). Size of No. 375b, but much darker; black bars below match the width of the white ones; the darkest bird in the group. Range.—"Pacific coast region from Monterey Bay, California, north to Alaska; east to Hudson Bay and Labrador." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Pacific coast region from Monterey Bay, California, north to Alaska; east to Hudson Bay and Labrador." (A. O. U.) Range.—California, except humid coast region; east to Arizona. Range.—California, except for the humid coastal areas; extends east to Arizona. 375e. Dwarf Horned Owl (B. v. elachistus). Similar to No. 375c, but very much smaller. W. ♂, 12.8; ♀, 13.4. (Brewster.) 375e. Dwarf Horned Owl (B. v. elachistus). Similar to No. 375c, but much smaller. W. ♂, 12.8; ♀, 13.4. (Brewster.) Range.—Lower California. Range: Baja California. 376. Snowy Owl (Nyctea nyctea). L. 25. Ad. ♂. White more or less barred with blackish. Ad. ♀. Similar, but more heavily barred. 376. Snowy Owl (Nyctea nyctea). L. 25. Ad. ♂. White with some blackish bars. Ad. ♀. Similar, but with more prominent bars. Range.—Northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America breeds from Lat. 50° northward; winters south to northern United States; straggles as far as Texas and California. Range.—Northern parts of the northern hemisphere; in America, it breeds from 50° N latitude and winters as far south as the northern United States; it has been spotted as far as Texas and California. 377a. American Hawk Owl (Surnia ulula caparoch). L. 15; T. 7.2 long and rounded. Ads. Above brownish black, crown thickly spotted, scapulars conspicuously margined with white; chin blackish; belly barred. Notes. A shrill cry generally uttered while flying. (Fisher.) 377a. American Hawk Owl (Surnia ulula caparoch). Length: 15 inches; Tail: 7.2 inches long and rounded. Adults. The upper parts are brownish-black, with a crown that's heavily spotted, and scapulars that are clearly edged with white; the chin is blackish; the belly has bars. Notes. It has a shrill call usually made while flying. (Fisher.) Range.—Northern North America: breeds from Newfoundland and northern Montana northward; winters south to northern United States, rarely to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Illinois; rare on Pacific coast. Range.—Northern North America: breeds from Newfoundland and northern Montana northward; winters south to the northern United States, rarely reaching New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Illinois; rare on the Pacific coast. |
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| Family 1. | PARROTS and PAROQUETS. | Psittacidæ. | 2 species. |
Parrots are found throughout the warmer parts of the earth. About one hundred and fifty of the some five hundred known species inhabit America. The Carolina Paroquet, practically the only member of this family found in the United States, since the Thick-billed Parrot barely reaches our border in Arizona, was once an abundant bird in the Southern States, but it is now restricted to a few localities in Florida and possibly Indian Territory.
Parrots are found in warmer areas around the world. About one hundred and fifty of the roughly five hundred known species live in America. The Carolina Paroquet, which is practically the only member of this family in the United States—since the Thick-billed Parrot barely makes it to our border in Arizona—was once common in the Southern States, but is now limited to a few places in Florida and possibly Indian Territory.
| Family 1. | CUCKOOS, ANIS, etc. | Cuculidæ. | 5 species 2 subspecies. |
| Family 2. | TROGONS. | Trogonidæ. | 1 species. |
| Family 3. | KINGFISHERS. | Alcedinidæ. | 2 species. |
The Cuckoos are a group of world-wide distribution, but are more numerous in the eastern than in the western hemisphere where only thirty-five of the some one hundred and seventy-five species are found. The habit of the European Cuckoo in placing its eggs in the nest of other birds is well known. The American species, however, build nests of their own though it is true they are far from well made structures. With the Anis one nest serves for several females who may deposit as many as thirty eggs, incubation and the care of the young being subsequently shared by the members of this singular family.
The Cuckoos are found all over the world, but they're more common in the eastern hemisphere than in the western, where only thirty-five out of about one hundred seventy-five species exist. It's well known that the European Cuckoo lays its eggs in the nests of other birds. In contrast, American Cuckoos make their own nests, though they aren't very well built. With the Anis, one nest is used by several females, who can lay up to thirty eggs, with incubation and taking care of the young shared among the members of this unique family.
Trogons are found in the tropics of both the Old and New Worlds. They are quiet, sedentary birds inhabiting forests and feeding largely on fruit. So far as is known they nest in hollow trees.
Trogons are found in the tropical regions of both the Old and New Worlds. They are quiet, stationary birds that live in forests and primarily eat fruit. As far as we know, they nest in hollow trees.
Only eight of the one hundred and eighty or more known Kingfishers are found in America, the remaining species being confined to the Old World where they are most numerous in the Malay Archipelago.
Only eight of the more than one hundred and eighty known Kingfishers are found in America; the other species are mostly located in the Old World, where they are most abundant in the Malay Archipelago.
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382.1. Thick-billed Parrot (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha). L. 16.5. Ads. Forehead, loral region, stripe over eye, bend of wing and thighs red; greater under wing-coverts yellow; rest of plumage green. 382.1. Thick-billed Parrot (Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha). L. 16.5. Ads. The forehead, area around the beak, stripe over the eye, bend of the wing, and thighs are red; the larger under wing-coverts are yellow; the rest of the plumage is green. Range—Central Mexico north rarely to southern Arizona. Range—Central Mexico, occasionally extending to southern Arizona. 382. Carolina Paroquet (Conurus carolinensis). L. 12.5 Ads. Forehead and cheeks deep orange, rest of head yellow. Yng. Forehead and loral region orange; rest of head green like back; no yellow on bend of wing. Notes. A sharp, rolling kr-r-r-r-r-r. 382. Carolina Paroquet (Conurus carolinensis). L. 12.5 Ads. Forehead and cheeks bright orange, the rest of the head yellow. Yng. Forehead and loral area orange; the rest of the head is green like the back; no yellow on the bend of the wing. Notes. A sharp, rolling kr-r-r-r-r-r. Range.—Formerly eastern United States, north to Maryland, Great Lakes, and Iowa; west to Colorado, Oklahoma and eastern Texas; now restricted to southern Florida and parts of Indian Territory. Range.—Previously found in the eastern United States, extending north to Maryland, the Great Lakes, and Iowa; west to Colorado, Oklahoma, and eastern Texas; now limited to southern Florida and parts of Indian Territory. |
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383. Ani (Crotophaga ani). Resembling No. 384 but upper mandible without grooves. Notes. A complaining whistled oo-eeek, oo-eeek. 383. Ani (Crotophaga ani). Looks similar to No. 384 but has a smooth upper bill. Notes. It makes a whiny whistled oo-eeek, oo-eeek. Range eastern South America; north to West Indies and Bahamas, rarely to southern Florida; accidental in Louisiana and Pennsylvania. Range includes eastern South America, north to the West Indies and Bahamas, rarely reaching southern Florida; occasional sightings in Louisiana and Pennsylvania. Range.—Northwestern South America, north through Mexico to Lower California and southeastern Texas; casually Arizona, Louisiana and Florida. Range.—Northwestern South America, extending north into Mexico, Lower California, and southeastern Texas; occasionally found in Arizona, Louisiana, and Florida. 385. Road-runner (Geococcyx californianus). L. 23. Toes two in front, two behind. Ads. Above glossy olive-brown with whitish and rusty margins, tail much rounded, outer tail-feathers tipped with white. Notes. A soft cooing and a low chittering note produced by striking the mandibles together. Bendire mentions a note like that of a hen calling her brood. 385. Road-runner (Geococcyx californianus). Length: 23 inches. It has two toes in front and two behind. Ads. The upper body is a shiny olive-brown with white and rusty edges, and its tail is quite rounded, with the outer tail feathers having white tips. Notes. It makes a soft cooing sound and a low chittering noise by snapping its beak together. Bendire notes that it has a call similar to a hen calling her chicks. Range central Mexico north, rarely to southwestern Kansas, southern Colorado, and Sacramento Valley, California, rarely to southern Oregon. Range extends from central Mexico northward, rarely reaching southwestern Kansas, southern Colorado, and the Sacramento Valley in California, and infrequently to southern Oregon. Range.—Northern South America, north through Central America, Mexico and Greater Antilles (except Porto Rico?) to Florida and Louisiana, migrating south in fall. Range.—Northern South America, north through Central America, Mexico, and the Greater Antilles (except Puerto Rico?) to Florida and Louisiana, migrating south in the fall. 386a. Maynard Cuckoo (C. m. maynardi). Similar to No. 386, but underparts paler, the throat and forebreast more or less ashy white. 386a. Maynard Cuckoo (C. m. maynardi). Similar to No. 386, but the underparts are lighter, with the throat and forebreast being somewhat ashy white. Range.—Bahamas and (eastern?) Florida Keys. Range.—Bahamas and Florida Keys. 387. Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus). L. 12.2. Ads. Below white; lower mandible largely yellow, tail black, outer feathers widely tipped with white. Notes. Tut-tut, tut-tut, tut-tut, tut-tut, cl-uck, cl-uck, cl-uck, cl-uck, cl-uck, cl-uck, cow, cow, cow, cow, cow, cow, usually given in part. 387. Yellow-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus americanus). L. 12.2. Ads. Underneath white; the lower mandible mostly yellow, tail black, outer feathers broadly tipped with white. Notes. Tut-tut, tut-tut, tut-tut, tut-tut, cl-uck, cl-uck, cl-uck, cl-uck, cl-uck, cl-uck, cow, cow, cow, cow, cow, cow, usually expressed in part. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Florida to New Brunswick and Minnesota; winters in Central and South America. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Florida to New Brunswick and Minnesota; spends winters in Central and South America. 387a. California Cuckoo (C. a. occidentalis). Similar to No. 387 but somewhat grayer and larger; the bill slightly longer, 1.05. 387a. California Cuckoo (C. a. occidentalis). Similar to No. 387 but a bit grayer and larger; the bill is slightly longer, measuring 1.05. Range.—Western North America; north to southern British Columbia; east to Western Texas; winters south into Mexico. Range.—Western North America; north to southern British Columbia; east to Western Texas; winters south into Mexico. 388. Black-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus erythrophthalmus). L. 11.8. Ads. White below; bill black; tail, seen from below, grayish narrowly tipped with white; above, especially on crown, browner than No. 387. Notes. Similar to those of No. 387, but softer, the cow notes connected. 388. Black-billed Cuckoo (Coccyzus erythrophthalmus). L. 11.8. Ads. White underneath; bill black; tail, viewed from underneath, has a grayish narrowly tipped with white; on top, particularly on the crown, it's browner than No. 387. Notes. Similar to those of No. 387, but softer, with the cow notes connected. Range.—Eastern North America; west to Rocky Mountains; breeds north to Labrador and Manitoba; winters south of United States to Brazil. Range.—Eastern North America; west to the Rocky Mountains; breeds north to Labrador and Manitoba; winters south of the United States to Brazil. |
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389. Coppery-tailed Trogon (Trogon ambiguus). L. 12. Ad. ♂. Wing-coverts finely vermiculated; tail coppery tipped with black; outer web and end of outer feathers white, mottled with black. Ad. ♀. Ear-coverts gray; back grayish brown; middle tail-feathers rusty brown tipped with black; breast brownish; upper belly grayish; ventral region pink. Notes. Resemble those of a hen Turkey. (Fisher.) 389. Coppery-tailed Trogon (Trogon ambiguus). L. 12. Ad. ♂. Wing feathers have a delicate pattern; tail is coppery with black tips; the outer edge and ends of the outer feathers are white, speckled with black. Ad. ♀. Ear feathers are gray; back is grayish-brown; middle tail feathers are rusty brown with black tips; breast is brownish; upper belly is grayish; underside is pink. Notes. Sounds similar to those of a hen turkey. (Fisher.) Range.—Southern Mexico north to Lower Rio Grande and Arizona. Range.—Southern Mexico up to the Lower Rio Grande and Arizona. 390. Belted Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon). L. 13. Ad. ♂. Breast-band and sides like back. Ad. ♀. Breast-band and sides rusty. Notes. A loud, harsh rattle. 390. Belted Kingfisher (Ceryle alcyon). L. 13. Ad. ♂. Breast band and sides match the back. Ad. ♀. Breast band and sides are rusty. Notes. A loud, harsh rattle. Range.—North America; breeds from Florida, Texas, and California north to Arctic regions; winters from Virginia, Kansas, and southern California south to northern South America. Range.—North America; breeds from Florida, Texas, and California north to the Arctic regions; winters from Virginia, Kansas, and southern California down to northern South America. 391. Texas Kingfisher (Ceryle americana septentrionalis). L. 8.7. Ad. ♂. Breast rusty brown; back greenish; a white collar. Ad. ♀. Throat and breast white, sometimes tinged with buffy; a breast and belly band of greenish spots. Notes. When flying, a sharp, rattling twitter; when perching, a rapid, excited ticking. 391. Texas Kingfisher (Ceryle americana septentrionalis). L. 8.7. Ad. ♂. Chest rusty brown; back greenish; has a white collar. Ad. ♀. Throat and chest white, sometimes having a buffy tint; a band of greenish spots on the chest and belly. Notes. When flying, a sharp, rattling twitter; when perched, a fast, excited ticking. Range.—Tropical America, from Panama north to southern Texas. Range.—Tropical America, from Panama north to southern Texas. |
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| Family 1. | WOODPECKERS. | Picidæ. | 24 species, 22 subspecies. |
The some three hundred and fifty known species of Woodpeckers are distributed throughout the wooded parts of the world, except in Australia and Madagascar, nearly one half of this number being found in the New World. Feeding largely upon the eggs and larvæ of insects, which they can obtain at all seasons, most of the North American species are not highly migratory but are represented in the more northern parts of their range at all times of the year.
The roughly three hundred and fifty known species of woodpeckers are spread across the forested areas of the world, except in Australia and Madagascar, with nearly half of them found in the Americas. They primarily feed on the eggs and larvae of insects, which are available year-round. Most North American species aren't very migratory and can be found in the northern parts of their range throughout the year.
Woodpeckers nest in holes in trees generally excavated by themselves. The eggs, four to eight or nine in number, like those of most birds that lay in covered situations, are pure white. The young are born naked and are reared in the nest.
Woodpeckers make their nests in holes in trees that they usually dig out themselves. The eggs, which number between four and nine, are pure white, like those of most birds that lay in protected places. The chicks are born naked and are raised in the nest.
In few birds is the close relation between structure and habit more strikingly illustrated than in the Woodpeckers. Their lengthened toes placed two before and two behind (except in one genus) and armed with strong nails enable them readily to grasp the bark of trees up which they climb. Their stiffened, pointed tail-feathers are also of assistance to them in retaining their position on tree trunks, serving as a prop on which they may rest while chiseling out their homes or laying bare the tunnels of the grubs of wood boring beetles. For this purpose they use their bill, a marvellously effective tool with which some of the large Woodpeckers perform astonishing feats. I have seen an opening made by a Pileated Woodpecker in a white pine tree, twelve inches long, four inches wide, and eight inches deep, through perfectly sound wood to reach the larvæ at work in the heart of the tree. The bill is also used as a musical instrument, the 'song' of Woodpeckers being a rolling tattoo produced by rapid tappings on some resonant limb.
In few birds is the close relationship between structure and behavior more clearly seen than in Woodpeckers. Their elongated toes, with two facing forward and two backward (except for one type), equipped with strong claws, allow them to easily grip the bark of trees as they climb. Their stiff, pointed tail feathers also help them hold their position on tree trunks, acting as a support while they carve out their homes or expose the tunnels of wood-boring beetle larvae. For this, they use their beak, an incredibly effective tool that allows some of the larger Woodpeckers to perform astonishing tasks. I've seen a Pileated Woodpecker create an opening in a white pine tree that was twelve inches long, four inches wide, and eight inches deep, made through perfectly healthy wood to reach the larvae inside the tree. The beak is also used as a musical instrument; the "song" of Woodpeckers is a rolling rhythm produced by rapid pecking on a resonant branch.
As might be supposed the Woodpeckers are great of economic value. Professor Beal states that at least two-thirds to three-fourths of the food of our common Downy and Hairy Woodpeckers consists chiefly of noxious insects.
As you might expect, woodpeckers are extremely valuable economically. Professor Beal says that at least two-thirds to three-quarters of the diet of our common Downy and Hairy Woodpeckers primarily consists of harmful insects.
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392. Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis). L. 20; B. 2.7, ivory white. Ad. ♂. Crest scarlet. Ad. ♀. Similar to the ♂, but crest black. Notes. A sharp, penny trumpet-like yap-yap. 392. Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis). L. 20; B. 2.7, ivory white. Ad. ♂. Crest scarlet. Ad. ♀. Similar to the ♂, but crest black. Notes. A sharp, penny trumpet-like yap-yap. Range.—Florida west to eastern Texas; north to southern Missouri and Oklahoma; formerly north to North Carolina, Illinois, and Indiana. Range.—Florida west to eastern Texas; north to southern Missouri and Oklahoma; previously north to North Carolina, Illinois, and Indiana. 400. Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides arcticus). L. 9.5. Back shining black without white; toes two in front, one behind Ad. ♂. Crown yellow. Ad. ♀. Crown black. Notes. A sharp, shrill, chirk, chirk. (Hardy.) 400. Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides arcticus). Length: 9.5 inches. Back is a shiny black without any white; has two toes in front and one behind. Adult Male: Crown is yellow. Adult Female: Crown is black. Notes: A sharp, shrill chirk, chirk. (Hardy.) Range.—"Northern North America, from the Arctic regions south to northern United States, (New England, New York, Michigan, Minnesota and Idaho), and in the Sierra Nevadas to Lake Tahoe." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Northern North America, from the Arctic regions down to the northern United States (New England, New York, Michigan, Minnesota, and Idaho), and in the Sierra Nevadas to Lake Tahoe." (A. O. U.) Range.—Northern North America; west to Rocky Mountains; breeds from Maine, mountains of New Hampshire, northern New York, and northern Minnesota northward; south in winter, rarely to Massachusetts, central New York, and northern Illinois. Range.—Northern North America; west to the Rocky Mountains; breeds from Maine, the mountains of New Hampshire, northern New York, and northern Minnesota northward; south in winter, rarely to Massachusetts, central New York, and northern Illinois. 401a. Alaskan Three-toed Woodpecker (P. a. fasciatus). Similar to No. 401, but white bars on back confluent forming a more or less continuous white patch. 401a. Alaskan Three-toed Woodpecker (P. a. fasciatus). Similar to No. 401, but the white bars on the back merge to create a mostly continuous white patch. Range.—"Alaska Territory; casually? south through western British Columbia to northwestern Washington (vicinity of Mt. Baker); east irregularly to Great Bear Lake and the Mackenzie River Valley, Northwest Territory." (Bendire.) Range.—"Alaska Territory; casually south through western British Columbia to northwestern Washington (near Mt. Baker); east irregularly to Great Bear Lake and the Mackenzie River Valley, Northwest Territory." (Bendire.) 401 b. Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker (P. a. dorsalis). Similar to No. 401a, but larger. W. 5; bill narrower. Notes. A harsh, nasal cry; a sudden, sharp whip, whip, whip, (Mearns.) 401 b. Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker (P. a. dorsalis). Similar to No. 401a, but bigger. W. 5; bill is narrower. Notes. A harsh, nasal call; a sudden, sharp whip, whip, whip, (Mearns.) Range.—"Rocky Mountain region from British Columbia and Idaho south into New Mexico." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Rocky Mountain region from British Columbia and Idaho south to New Mexico." (A. O. U.) 405. Pileated Woodpecker (Ceophlœus pileatus). L. 17. W. 8.9. Ad. ♂. Crown, crest, and streaks on sides of throat red; sides of neck and patch on wing white. Ad. ♀. Forehead brownish, no red on sides of throat. Notes. A sonorous cow-cow-cow, repeated slowly many times and a wichew call when two birds meet; both suggesting calls of the Flicker. 405. Pileated Woodpecker (Ceophlœus pileatus). L. 17. W. 8.9. Adult. ♂. The crown, crest, and streaks on the sides of the throat are red; the sides of the neck and patch on the wing are white. Adult. ♀. The forehead is brownish, with no red on the sides of the throat. Notes. It makes a deep cow-cow-cow sound, repeated slowly multiple times, and a wichew call when two birds meet; both calls are similar to those of the Flicker. Range.—Southern United States, north to South Carolina. Range.—Southern U.S., north to South Carolina. 405a. Northern Pileated Woodpecker (C. p. abieticola). Similar to No. 405, but slightly larger, W. 9; T. 6.2. 405a. Northern Pileated Woodpecker (C. p. abieticola). Similar to No. 405, but a bit larger, W. 9; T. 6.2. Range.—Locally distributed throughout more heavily wooded regions of North America, except in southern United States, north to Lat. 63°. Range.—Found locally in more densely forested areas of North America, except in the southern United States, extending north to Lat. 63°. |
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393. Hairy Woodpecker (Dryobates villosus). L. 9; W. 4.7 Outer tail-feathers white without terminal black marks. Ad. ♂. Wing-coverts spotted, underparts white; nape with a red band. Ad. ♀. Similar but nape band white. Notes. A sharp peek and a Kingfisher-like rattle. 393. Hairy Woodpecker (Dryobates villosus). L. 9; W. 4.7 Outer tail feathers are white without any terminal black marks. Adult. ♂. Wing coverts are spotted, underparts are white; the nape has a red band. Adult. ♀. Similar but the nape band is white. Notes. Produces a sharp peek and a rattle similar to that of a Kingfisher. Range.—Eastern United States from North Carolina to Canada. Range.—Eastern United States from North Carolina to Canada. 393a. Northern Hairy Woodpecker (D. v. leucomelas). Similar to No. 393, but larger; L. 10; W. 5.2. 393a. Northern Hairy Woodpecker (D. v. leucomelas). Similar to No. 393, but bigger; Length 10; Width 5.2. Range.—British America north to Alaska. Range.—Britain to Alaska. 393b. Southern Hairy Woodpecker (D. v. audubonii). Similar to No. 393, but smaller; L. 8; W. 4.2. 393b. Southern Hairy Woodpecker (D. v. audubonii). Similar to No. 393, but smaller; Length 8; Width 4.2. Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf States, north to South Carolina. Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf States, extending north to South Carolina. 393c. Harris Woodpecker (D. v. harrisi). Similar to No. 393, but wing-coverts usually without white spots; underparts dirty, dusky, brownish. 393c. Harris Woodpecker (D. v. harrisi). Similar to No. 393, but the wing coverts usually lack white spots; the underparts are dirty, dark brownish. Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to British Columbia. Range.—Pacific coast from Northern California to British Columbia. 393d. Cabanis Woodpecker (D. v. hyloscopus). Similar to No. 393c, but whiter below. 393d. Cabanis Woodpecker (D. v. hyloscopus). Similar to No. 393c, but has a whiter underside. Range.—California, east to Arizona. Range: California, east to Arizona. Range.—Rocky Mountain region from northern New Mexico north to British Columbia. Range.—Rocky Mountain region from northern New Mexico up to British Columbia. 393f. Queen Charlotte Woodpecker (D. v. picoideus) Similar to No. 393c, but middle of back barred and spotted with black; flanks streaked with black. (Osgood.) 393f. Queen Charlotte Woodpecker (D. v. picoideus) Similar to No. 393c, but the middle of the back has black bars and spots; sides are streaked with black. (Osgood.) Range.—Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Range—Haida Gwaii, British Columbia. 394. Southern Downy Woodpecker (Dryobates pubescens). L. 6; W. 3.5. Outer tail-feathers white with terminal black marks. Ad. ♂. Nape-band red; smallest of group, underparts dingier than in No. 394c; white of less extent; wing-coverts spotted. Ad. ♀. Similar but nape-band white. Notes. A sharp peek and a rattle similar to that of No. 393, but not so loud. 394. Southern Downy Woodpecker (Dryobates pubescens). Length 6 inches; Wingspan 3.5 inches. Outer tail feathers are white with black tips. Adult Male: Red nape band; the smallest in the group, underparts are duller than in No. 394c; white areas are smaller; wing coverts are spotted. Adult Female: Similar but has a white nape band. Notes: A sharp peek and a rattle that sounds like No. 393, but not as loud. Range.—South Carolina, Georgia, and Gulf States to Texas. Range.—South Carolina, Georgia, and the Gulf States to Texas. 394a. Gairdner Woodpecker (D. p. gairdnerii). Similar to No. 394b, but underparts sooty gray; the darkest below of any form in the group. 394a. Gairdner Woodpecker (D. p. gairdnerii). Similar to No. 394b, but the underparts are dark gray; the darkest below of any type in the group. Range.—Pacific coast from northern California north to British Columbia. Range.—Pacific coast from northern California up to British Columbia. 394b. Batchelder Woodpecker (D. p. homorus). Similar to No. 394c, but wing-coverts with few or no white spots, under tail-coverts without dusky streaks. 394b. Batchelder Woodpecker (D. p. homorus). Similar to No. 394c, but wing coverts have few or no white spots, and the under tail coverts lack dusky streaks. Range.—"Rocky Mountain region of the United States." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Rocky Mountain region of the United States." (A. O. U.) 394c. Northern Downy Woodpecker (D. p. medianus). L. 6.5; W. 3.7. Similar to No. 394, but larger; whiter below; white markings of greater extent. 394c. Northern Downy Woodpecker (D. p. medianus). L. 6.5; W. 3.7. Similar to No. 394, but bigger; whiter underneath; with more extensive white markings. Range.—Eastern North America south to South Carolina. Range.—Eastern North America, extending south to South Carolina. 394d. Alaskan Downy Woodpecker (D. p. nelsoni). W. 4. Similar to No. 394c, but still larger and whiter; largest of the group. 394d. Alaskan Downy Woodpecker (D. p. nelsoni). W. 4. Similar to No. 394c, but even larger and whiter; the biggest of the group. Range.—Alaska. Range: Alaska. |
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394e. Willow Woodpecker (D. p. turati). Similar to No. 394a, but smaller, W. 3.8. superciliary patch and underparts whiter; tertials always more or less spotted with white. (W. K. Fisher.) 394e. Willow Woodpecker (D. p. turati). Similar to No. 394a, but smaller, W. 3.8. The superciliary patch and underparts are whiter; the tertials are always somewhat spotted with white. (W. K. Fisher.) Range.—"California, except: desert ranges and eastern slope of Sierra Nevada, coast region north of Marin Co., and region north of upper end of Sacramento Valley." (W. K. Fisher.) Range.—"California, except: desert ranges and eastern slope of Sierra Nevada, coastal region north of Marin County, and region north of the upper end of Sacramento Valley." (W. K. Fisher.) 395. Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Dryobates borealis). L. 8.4. Sides of head and neck white bordered by black below. Ad. ♂. A nearly concealed red tuft on either side of the hindhead. Ad. ♀. Similar, but no red on head. Notes. A loud, hoarse, yank, yank. 395. Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Dryobates borealis). L. 8.4. The sides of the head and neck are white with black edges below. Ad. ♂. There’s a nearly hidden red tuft on each side of the back of the head. Ad. ♀. Similar, but without red on the head. Notes. A loud, hoarse, yank, yank. Range.—Southern United States; west to eastern Texas; north to Virginia and Arkansas. Range.—Southern United States; west to eastern Texas; north to Virginia and Arkansas. 396. Texan Woodpecker (Dryobates scalaris bairdi). L. 7.5. Outer tail-feathers barred to their base; nasal tufts brownish. Ad. ♂. All crown feathers tipped with red; back barred: below brownish white, spotted and streaked with black. Ad. ♀. Similar but top of head wholly black. 396. Texan Woodpecker (Dryobates scalaris bairdi). L. 7.5. Outer tail feathers are barred to their base; nasal tufts are brownish. Ad. ♂. All crown feathers are tipped with red; back is barred: below brownish white, spotted and streaked with black. Ad. ♀. Similar but the top of the head is entirely black. Range.—Northern Mexico, north to Texas boundary, New Mexico, southern Colorado, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, and southeastern California. Range.—Northern Mexico, up to the Texas border, New Mexico, southern Colorado, southern Nevada, southwestern Utah, and southeastern California. 396a. Saint Lucas Woodpecker (D. s. lucasanus). Similar to No. 396, but outer tail-feather barred with black only on terminal half or less, except sometimes on inner web. (Ridgw.) 396a. Saint Lucas Woodpecker (D. s. lucasanus). Similar to No. 396, but the outer tail feather is barred with black only on the terminal half or less, except sometimes on the inner web. (Ridgw.) Range.—Lower California, north, rarely to Colorado Desert, California. Range.—Lower California, north, rarely extending to the Colorado Desert, California. 397. Nuttall Woodpecker (Dryobates nuttallii). L. 7.5. Below white only slightly soiled; outer tail-feather barred only on end half. Ad. ♂. Crown black streaked with white; nape red. Ad. ♀. Similar but top of head entirely black, usually, with a few white spots. Yng. Top of head dull red. Notes. A sharp quee-quee-quee-queep; a diminutive chittah. Bailey. Loud rattling notes. (Henshaw.) 397. Nuttall Woodpecker (Dryobates nuttallii). L. 7.5. Below white only slightly dirty; outer tail feather barred only on the end half. Ad. ♂. Crown black streaked with white; nape red. Ad. ♀. Similar but the top of the head is mostly black, usually with a few white spots. Yng. Top of head dull red. Notes. A sharp quee-quee-quee-queep; a small chittah. Bailey. Loud rattling notes. (Henshaw.) Range.—Northern Lower California, north locally, to southern Oregon. Range.—Northern Lower California, extending locally north to southern Oregon. 398. Arizona Woodpecker (Dryobates arizonæ). L. 8.2. Above brown, below spotted. Ad. ♂. A red nape band. Ad. ♀. Similar but no red on nape, brown of crown continuous with that of back. Yng. Whole crown red. 398. Arizona Woodpecker (Dryobates arizonæ). L. 8.2. The top is brown, and the bottom is spotted. Ad. ♂. Features a red band on the back of the neck. Ad. ♀. Similar, but without the red on the neck; the brown of the crown blends into the brown of the back. Yng. The entire crown is red. Range.—Northwestern Mexico north to southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. Range.—Northwestern Mexico up to southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. 399. White-headed Woodpecker (Xenopicus albolarvatus). L. 9. Whole head and part of wings white. Ad. ♂. Nape red. Ad. ♀. Nape white. Notes. A sharp, clear witt-witt; a rather silent bird. (Bendire.) 399. White-headed Woodpecker (Xenopicus albolarvatus). L. 9. The entire head and part of the wings are white. Ad. ♂. The nape is red. Ad. ♀. The nape is white. Notes. A sharp, clear witt-witt; a fairly quiet bird. (Bendire.) Range.—Mountains of western United States from southern California north to southern British Columbia; east to western Idaho and western Nevada. Range.—Mountains of the western United States from southern California north to southern British Columbia; east to western Idaho and western Nevada. |
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402. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius). L. 8.5; W. 4.8. Ad. ♂. Crown and throat red; a whitish band from eye to eye across nape; belly washed with yellow; breast patch black Ad. ♀. Similar, but throat white; crown rarely black. Yng. Breast grayish with internal dark rings or bars; crown dirty yellowish margined with dusky; red feathers soon appear on throat and crown. Notes. A clear ringing cleur repeated; a low snarling cry resembling mew of Catbird. (Brewster.) 402. Yellow-bellied Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus varius). L. 8.5; W. 4.8. Ad. ♂. The crown and throat are red; there's a whitish band stretching from eye to eye across the nape; the belly has a yellow wash; the breast patch is black. Ad. ♀. Similar, but the throat is white; the crown is rarely black. Yng. The breast is grayish with dark rings or bars; the crown is a dirty yellow with dusky edges; red feathers start to show on the throat and crown. Notes. Emits a clear, ringing cleur repeated; a low snarling cry similar to the mew of a Catbird. (Brewster.) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Massachusetts and northern Illinois north to about Lat. 63° 30'; south in Alleghanies to northwest Georgia; winters from southern Illinois and southern Virginia to Central America. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Massachusetts and northern Illinois north to about Lat. 63° 30'; south in the Alleghanies to northwest Georgia; winters from southern Illinois and southern Virginia to Central America. 402a. Red-naped Sapsucker (S. v. nuchalis). Similar to No. 402, but slightly larger. W. 5; the nape band red; red of throat encroaching on black bordering streaks; female the same but chin white. 402a. Red-naped Sapsucker (S. v. nuchalis). Similar to No. 402, but a bit larger. W. 5; the nape has a red band; the red on the throat overlaps with black bordering streaks; the female is the same but has a white chin. Range.—Rocky Mountain region; breeds from Colorado and northeastern California (?), north to British Columbia; winters from southern California south to northwestern Mexico. Range.—Rocky Mountain region; breeds from Colorado and northeastern California (?), north to British Columbia; winters from southern California down to northwestern Mexico. 403. Red-breasted Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus ruber). L. 9. Ads. Crown, whole throat and breast dull red; in other respects resembling No. 402. Notes. Jay or chaē, peeye, pinck, and peurr: (Bendire.) 403. Red-breasted Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus ruber). L. 9. Ads. The crown, entire throat, and breast are a dull red; in other ways, it looks like No. 402. Notes. Jay or chaē, peeye, pinck, and peurr: (Bendire.) Range.—Breeds in mountains from northern Lower California north to southern Oregon. Range.—Breeds in the mountains from northern Lower California up to southern Oregon. 403a. Northern Red-breasted Sapsucker (S. r. notkensis). Similar to No. 403, but colors deeper, red brighter; belly yellower. 403a. Northern Red-breasted Sapsucker (S. r. notkensis). Looks like No. 403, but has richer colors, brighter red; belly is more yellow. Range.—Pacific coast region from Santa Cruz Mountains, California, north to southern Alaska. Range.—Pacific coast region from the Santa Cruz Mountains in California, north to southern Alaska. 404. Williamson Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus thyroideus). L. 9. Belly bright yellow; rump white. Ad. ♂. Above black;, a red stripe on throat; lesser wing-coverts white. Ad. ♀. Crown and throat brownish; back and lesser wing-coverts barred black and whitish. Yng. Similar to ♀, but breast barred like sides. Notes. A shrill huit-huit uttered when flying. (Bendire.) The roll of this Woodpecker is not continuous, but is broken or interrupted. 404. Williamson Sapsucker (Sphyrapicus thyroideus). L. 9. Belly bright yellow; rump white. Ad. ♂. Above black; a red stripe on the throat; lesser wing-coverts white. Ad. ♀. Crown and throat brownish; back and lesser wing-coverts barred black and whitish. Yng. Similar to ♀, but breast barred like the sides. Notes. A shrill huit-huit is heard when flying. (Bendire.) The roll of this Woodpecker isn’t continuous but is broken or interrupted. Range.—Higher mountain ranges of western United States; breeds from northern New Mexico, Arizona, and southeastern California north to Wyoming and southern British Columbia; winters from southern California and western Texas into Mexico. Range.—Higher mountain ranges of the western United States; breeds from northern New Mexico, Arizona, and southeastern California north to Wyoming and southern British Columbia; winters from southern California and western Texas into Mexico. 408. Lewis Woodpecker (Asyndesmus torquatus). L. 11. Ads. Breast and a collar around the neck gray; region about base of bill dark red; belly pinkish red; above shining green black. Yng. No gray collar; crown suffused with red. Notes. A weak, peeping twitter. (Lawrence). Generally a silent bird. 408. Lewis Woodpecker (Asyndesmus torquatus). L. 11. Ads. The breast and a collar around the neck are gray; the area around the base of the bill is dark red; the belly is pinkish red; and the back is a shiny green-black. Yng. There’s no gray collar; the crown has a reddish tint. Notes. It makes a weak, peeping twitter. (Lawrence). It's usually a quiet bird. Range.—Western United States; breeds from New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California north to southern Alberta and British Columbia; winters from southern Oregon and Colorado south to western Texas and southern California. Range.—Western United States; breeds from New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California north to southern Alberta and British Columbia; winters from southern Oregon and Colorado south to western Texas and southern California. |
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406. Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus). L. 9.7. Ads. Whole head and breast red; end half of secondaries white. Yng. Whole head and breast grayish streaked with blackish; back black margined with grayish; end half of secondaries white with black bars. Notes. A tree-toad-like ker-r-ruck, ker-r-ruck. 406. Red-headed Woodpecker (Melanerpes erythrocephalus). L. 9.7. Ads. Entire head and chest are red; the outer half of the secondaries is white. Yng. Entire head and chest are gray with black streaks; back is black edged with gray; the outer half of the secondaries is white with black bars. Notes. Sounds like a tree frog: ker-r-ruck, ker-r-ruck. Range.—Eastern United States west to Rocky Mountains: breeds from Florida and Texas north to New York and Manitoba; local and irregular in northern parts of range; winters from Virginia, and occasionally from New York, southward. Range.—Eastern United States west to the Rocky Mountains: breeds from Florida and Texas north to New York and Manitoba; local and irregular in northern parts of the range; winters from Virginia, and occasionally from New York, southward. 407. Striped-breasted Woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus). L. 9.5. Breast band streaked with white; rump white. Ad. ♂. Forehead, white, crown, nape, and breast-spot red. Ad. ♀. Center of crown with a black band of same width as white band on forehead. Notes. A loud tchurr, tchurr. 407. Striped-breasted Woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus). Length: 9.5 inches. Breast band streaked with white; rump is white. Adult ♂. Forehead is white, crown, nape, and breast spot are red. Adult ♀. The center of the crown has a black band that is the same width as the white band on the forehead. Notes. It has a loud tchurr, tchurr. Range.—Mexico north to southwest Texas and Arizona. Range.—Mexico north to southwest Texas and Arizona. 407a. Californian Woodpecker (M. f. bairdi). Similar to No. 407, but black breast-band with white only on its posterior margin. 407a. Californian Woodpecker (M. f. bairdi). Similar to No. 407, but has a black breast band with white only on its back edge. Range.—Pacific coast region from northern California to southern Oregon. Range.—Pacific coast region from northern California to southern Oregon. 407b. Narrow-fronted Woodpecker (M. f. angustifrons). Ad. ♂. Similar to No. 407, but smaller, W. 5.2; the throat brighter yellow. Ad. ♀. With black crown-band wider than white forehead band. 407b. Narrow-fronted Woodpecker (M. f. angustifrons). Ad. ♂. Similar to No. 407, but smaller, W. 5.2; the throat is a brighter yellow. Ad. ♀. Has a black crown band that is wider than the white forehead band. Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. Range.—Baja California Peninsula. 409. Red-bellied Woodpecker (Centurus carolinus). L. 9.5. Center of belly reddish. Ad. ♂. Top of head and nape entirely red. Ad. ♀. Nape red, crown grayish, forehead tinged with red. Notes. A hoarse, chûh-chûh. 409. Red-bellied Woodpecker (Centurus carolinus). L. 9.5. The center of the belly is reddish. Adult ♂. The top of the head and the nape are completely red. Adult ♀. The nape is red, the crown is grayish, and the forehead has a hint of red. Notes. A hoarse, chûh-chûh. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from Florida and Texas to Maryland, Ontario, and South Dakota; winters from Virginia and southern Ohio southward; casually north as far as Massachusetts. Range.—Eastern United States, extending west to the Plains; breeds from Florida and Texas up to Maryland, Ontario, and South Dakota; winters from Virginia and southern Ohio southward; occasionally found as far north as Massachusetts. 410. Golden-fronted Woodpecker (Centurus aurifrons). L. 10.5; center of belly yellow. Ad. ♂. Forehead yellow, crown-patch red, nape orange. Ad. ♀. Forehead and nape yellow, crown entirely gray. Notes. Loud and penetrating. (Bailey.) 410. Golden-fronted Woodpecker (Centurus aurifrons). Length 10.5 inches; center of the belly is yellow. Adult. Male: Forehead is yellow, crown patch is red, nape is orange. Adult. Female: Forehead and nape are yellow, crown is completely gray. Notes. Loud and piercing. (Bailey.) Range.—Mexico, north to central Texas. Range.—Mexico, northern central Texas. 411. Gila Woodpecker (Centurus uropygialis). L. 10. Center of belly yellow. Ad. ♂. Top of head and nape sooty gray; a red-crown patch. Ad. ♀. Top of head and nape entirely sooty gray. Notes. Dchūrr, dchūrr; when flying, a shrill huit like call-note of Phainopepla. (Bendire.) 411. Gila Woodpecker (Centurus uropygialis). L. 10. The center of the belly is yellow. Adult. ♂. The top of the head and nape are a dark gray; there’s a patch of red on the crown. Adult. ♀. The top of the head and nape are completely dark gray. Notes. Dchūrr, dchūrr; in flight, it makes a sharp huit call similar to that of the Phainopepla. (Bendire.) Range.—Northwestern Mexico, north to southwestern New Mexico, and Lower California. Range.—Northwestern Mexico, extending north to southwestern New Mexico and Baja California. |
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412. Southern Flicker (Colaptes auratus). Smaller than No. 412a, W. 5.6. 412. Southern Flicker (Colaptes auratus). Smaller than No. 412a, W. 5.6. Range.—Southeastern United States north to South Carolina. Range.—Southeastern United States, reaching up to South Carolina. 412a. Northern Flicker (C. a. luteus). L. 13; W. 6.4. Crown bluish gray; throat pinkish brown; a scarlet nape-band; lining of wings and tail yellow. Ad. ♂. With black patches on the sides of the throat. Ad. ♀. Without black throat patches. Notes. A loud, emphatic keé-yer; a low chuckle when taking flight; a weéchew repeated and used only when two or more birds are together; and a mellow cûh-cûh-cûh-cûh, repeated, doubtless a song. 412a. Northern Flicker (C. a. luteus). Length 13; Wingspan 6.4. The crown is bluish gray; the throat is pinkish brown; there’s a scarlet band on the nape; the lining of the wings and tail is yellow. Adult ♂. Has black patches on the sides of the throat. Adult ♀. Lacks black throat patches. Notes. A loud, pronounced keé-yer; a low chuckle when taking off; a weéchew that’s repeated, used only when two or more birds are together; and a soft cûh-cûh-cûh-cûh, repeated, likely a song. Range.—Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains and Alaska; rare on the Pacific coast; apparently hybridizing with No. 413 at the western border of its range. Range.—Eastern North America, reaching to the Rocky Mountains and Alaska; uncommon on the Pacific coast; seems to be hybridizing with No. 413 at the western edge of its range. 413. Red-shafted Flicker (Colaptes cafer collaris). L. 13. No red nape band; crown brownish; throat bluish gray; lining of wings and tail reddish. Ad. ♂. Patches at side of throat red. Ad. ♀. No red throat patches. Notes. Resemble those of No. 412. 413. Red-shafted Flicker (Colaptes cafer collaris). L. 13. No red nape band; crown is brownish; throat is bluish gray; lining of wings and tail are reddish. Ad. ♂. Patches on the sides of the throat are red. Ad. ♀. No red throat patches. Notes. They resemble those of No. 412. Range.—Western United States, except northwest coast region; east to the Rocky Mountain region; apparently hybridizing with No. 412 at the eastern border of its range. Range.—Western United States, except for the northwest coast region; east to the Rocky Mountain region; apparently hybridizing with No. 412 at the eastern edge of its range. 413a. Northwestern Flicker (C. c. saturatior). Similar to No. 413, but much darker throughout, back vinous-brown. 413a. Northwestern Flicker (C. c. saturatior). Similar to No. 413, but much darker overall, with a vinous-brown back. Range.—Pacific coast region; breeds from Oregon north to southern Alaska; winters south to northwest California. Range.—Pacific coast region; breeds from Oregon north to southern Alaska; winters south to northwest California. 414. Gilded Flicker (Colaptes chrysoides). L. 12; W. 5.7. Crown cinnamon; under surface of wings and tail yellow. Ad. ♂. No red band on nape; throat bluish gray, its sides with a red patch. Ad. ♀. No red on sides of throat. Notes. Resemble those of No. 412. (Bendire.) 414. Gilded Flicker (Colaptes chrysoides). Length 12 inches; Wingspan 5.7 inches. Crown is cinnamon; the underside of wings and tail is yellow. Adult Male. No red band on the back of the neck; throat is bluish gray with a red patch on the sides. Adult Female. No red on the sides of the throat. Notes. Similar to those of No. 412. (Bendire.) Range.—"Central and southern Arizona from Lat. 34° to southern Sonora, and Lower California south of Lat. 30°." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Central and southern Arizona from Lat. 34° to southern Sonora, and Lower California south of Lat. 30°." (A. O. U.) 414a. Brown Flicker (C. c. brunnescens). Similar to No. 414, but slightly smaller; upperparts darker. (Anthony). 414a. Brown Flicker (C. c. brunnescens). Similar to No. 414, but a bit smaller; upperparts are darker. (Anthony). Range.—Lower California north of Lat. 30°. Range.—Lower California north of Lat. 30°. 415. Guadalupe Flicker (Colaptes rufipileus). Similar to No. 413, but bill 1.6 or more; more slender, wing averaging less than 6.2; crown cinnamon-brown; rump vinaceous-white. (Ridgw.) 415. Guadalupe Flicker (Colaptes rufipileus). Similar to No. 413, but bill 1.6 or more; more slender, wing averaging less than 6.2; crown cinnamon-brown; rump vinaceous-white. (Ridgw.) Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California. Range: Guadalupe Island, Baja California. |
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| Family 1. | GOATSUCKERS. | Caprimulgidæ. | 6 species, 6 subspecies. |
| Family 2. | SWIFTS. | Micropodidæ. | 4 species. |
| Family 3. | HUMMINGBIRDS. | Trochilidæ. | 17 species. |
The Goatsuckers are birds of the dusk and early morning. They live chiefly on insects which they capture on the wing, their enormous mouths being especially well adapted to this kind of hunting. Our species build no nest but lay their two mottled eggs on the bare ground or leaves. The young are hatched covered with down and can follow their parents about long before they acquire the power of flight. Goatsuckers are noted for their singular calls, most of the species uttering loud, characteristic notes which, heard at night, are especially effective.
The Goatsuckers are birds of twilight and early morning. They primarily feed on insects that they catch in mid-air, and their large mouths are perfectly suited for this type of hunting. Our species doesn’t build a nest but lays their two speckled eggs directly on the bare ground or on leaves. The chicks hatch with down and can follow their parents around long before they can fly. Goatsuckers are known for their unique calls, with most species producing loud, distinctive sounds that are particularly striking when heard at night.
Swifts are birds of world-wide distribution; about half the seventy-five known species being found in America. They are pre-eminently birds of the air with wings so well developed that few birds can surpass them in power of flight, but with feet so weak and small that many species cannot perch as do most birds, but, when resting, cling to a vertical surface and use their tail to aid their feet in supporting themselves. Their nests are often marvels of architectural skill and constructive ability. The eggs, four to six in number, are white.
Swifts are birds found all around the world, with about half of the seventy-five known species located in America. They are primarily airborne birds, possessing wings so well-developed that few other birds can match their flying ability. However, their feet are weak and small, so many species can't perch like most birds; instead, when resting, they cling to vertical surfaces and use their tails to help support themselves. Their nests are often impressive examples of architectural skill and craftsmanship. The eggs, usually numbering four to six, are white.
Hummingbirds are found only in America where they range from Patagonia to Alaska, but the larger part of the some five hundred known species are found in the Andean region of Columbia and Ecuador. Only one species is found east of the Mississippi, and nine of our sixteen western species advance but little beyond our Mexican border.
Hummingbirds are only found in the Americas, ranging from Patagonia to Alaska, but most of the approximately five hundred known species are located in the Andean region of Colombia and Ecuador. Only one species is found east of the Mississippi River, and nine out of our sixteen western species barely move beyond the Mexican border.
Hummingbirds nests are the most exquisite of birds' homes. Their eggs, so far as is known, number two, and are pure white. The young are born naked and, in the case of our Ruby-throat, at least, spend about three weeks in the nest.
Hummingbird nests are the most beautiful of all bird homes. Their eggs, as far as we know, usually number two and are pure white. The chicks are born naked and, at least for our Ruby-throat, stay in the nest for about three weeks.
The notes of some tropical Hummingbirds are sufficiently varied to be classed as songs but our species utter only sharp squeaks and excited chipperings.
The calls of some tropical hummingbirds are varied enough to be considered songs, but our species only make sharp squeaks and excited chirps.
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416. Chuck-will's-widow (Antrostomus carolinensis). L. 12. Mouth bristles with fine, hair-like branches near their base. Ad. ♂. End half of outer tail-feathers white, rusty, and black on outer webs; chin chiefly rusty; throat-patch buffy. Ad. ♀. No white in tail. Notes. A loudly whistled chuck-will's-widow, repeated many times. 416. Chuck-will's-widow (Antrostomus carolinensis). L. 12. Mouth bristles with fine, hair-like branches near their base. Ad. ♂. The end half of the outer tail feathers is white, rusty, and black on the outer webs; chin is mostly rusty; throat patch is buffy. Ad. ♀. No white in the tail. Notes. A loud, whistled chuck-will's-widow, repeated many times. Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf States; breeds north to Virginia and Illinois; west to Kansas and central Texas; winters from southern Florida southward. Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf States; breeds north to Virginia and Illinois; west to Kansas and central Texas; winters from southern Florida and further south. 417. Whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus). L. 9.7. Mouth bristles without branches. Ad. ♂. Three outer tail-feathers broadly tipped with white; white on inner vane of outer feather 1.4 or more wide; throat patch white; chin chiefly black. Ad. ♀. Three outer tail-feathers narrowly tipped with rusty buff; throat patch rusty buff. Notes. A rapid, vigorous, whistled whip-poor-will, repeated many times. 417. Whip-poor-will (Antrostomus vociferus). L. 9.7. Mouth bristles without branches. Adult. ♂. Three outer tail feathers are broadly tipped with white; white on the inner vane of the outer feather is 1.4 or more wide; throat patch is white; chin is mostly black. Adult. ♀. Three outer tail feathers are narrowly tipped with rusty buff; throat patch is rusty buff. Notes. A fast, strong, whistled whip-poor-will, repeated many times. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Gulf States north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Gulf States southward. Range.—Eastern North America, extending to the Plains; breeds from the Gulf States north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from the Gulf States southward. 417a. Stephens Whip-poor-will (A. v. macromystax). Similar to No. 417, but slightly larger, W. 6.5; mouth bristles much longer; male with throat-patch rusty; white on inner web of outer feather less than 1.3 wide. 417a. Stephens Whip-poor-will (A. v. macromystax). Similar to No. 417, but slightly larger, W. 6.5; mouth bristles much longer; male with a rusty throat patch; white on the inner web of the outer feather less than 1.3 wide. Range.—"Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Texas, south over mountains bordering tablelands of Mexico to Guatemala." (Bailey.) Range.—"Arizona, New Mexico, and southwestern Texas, extending south over the mountains that border the tablelands of Mexico to Guatemala." (Bailey.) 418. Poor-will (Phalænoptilus nuttallii). L. 7.7. Primaries rusty barred with black. Ad. ♂. Three outer tail-feathers evenly tipped with white; a large white throat patch; plumage above suggesting in color the wings of certain moths. Ad. ♀. Similar, but tail-tips buffy. Notes. Variously rendered poor-will, cow-day, pearl-rob-it, puir-whee-er. 418. Poor-will (Phalænoptilus nuttallii). L. 7.7. Primary feathers are rusty with black barring. Adult ♂. Three outer tail feathers are evenly tipped with white; a large white patch on the throat; the plumage on top resembles the colors of some moth wings. Adult ♀. Similar, but with buffy tail tips. Notes. Also known as poor-will, cow-day, pearl-rob-it, puir-whee-er. Range.—Western United States; breeds from Kansas, Nebraska, and Dakota west to eastern slope of Sierra Nevadas: north to Montana and British Columbia; winters from Mexican border southward. Range.—Western United States; breeds from Kansas, Nebraska, and Dakota west to the eastern slope of the Sierra Nevadas: north to Montana and British Columbia; winters from the Mexican border southward. 418a. Frosted Poor-will (P. n. nitidus). Similar to No. 418, but paler, the upperparts especially whiter, more frosty. 418a. Frosted Poor-will (P. n. nitidus). Similar to No. 418, but lighter, with the upperparts being particularly whiter and more frosty. Range.—"Texas to Arizona and from western Kansas south to northern Mexico." (Bailey.) Lower California. Range.—"From Texas to Arizona and from western Kansas down to northern Mexico." (Bailey.) Lower California. 418b. California Poor-will (P. n. californicus). Similar to No. 418, but darker. 418b. California Poor-will (P. n. californicus). Similar to No. 418, but with a darker appearance. Range.—Breeds on coast of California, north to Butte County; winters from southern California southward. Range.—Breeds along the coast of California, extending north to Butte County; winters from southern California and further south. |
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419. Merrill Parauque (Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli). L. 12; T. 6.2. Outer tail-feather without white. Two color phases, one gray, one rusty. Ad. ♂. Outer tail-feather black with sometimes a little rusty, next feather white on inner web, third feather white except at base. Ad. ♀. Outer tail-feathers brownish with broken rusty bars; next two with white at tip. Notes. A vigorous ker-whee-you repeated and sometimes running into a whit-whit-whit, ker-whee-you. 419. Merrill Parauque (Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli). Length 12; Tail 6.2. The outer tail feather has no white. There are two color phases: one gray and one rusty. Adult ♂. The outer tail feather is black with occasional rusty tones, the next feather has white on the inner web, and the third feather is white except at the base. Adult ♀. The outer tail feathers are brownish with broken rusty bars; the next two have white tips. Notes. A strong ker-whee-you call is repeated and sometimes blends into a whit-whit-whit, ker-whee-you. Range.—Mexico north to southern Texas; winters chiefly south of Rio Grande. Range.—Mexico north to southern Texas; primarily winters south of the Rio Grande. 420. Nighthawk (Chordeiles virginianus). L. 10; W. 7.8. Primaries blackish with a white bar and no rusty spots; darkest of our Nighthawks. Ad. ♂. Above black with white and buff markings; throat and band near end of tail white. Ad. ♀. Throat rusty, no white band in tail. Notes. A nasal peent; and in the breeding season, a booming sound produced by diving from a height earthward. 420. Nighthawk (Chordeiles virginianus). Length: 10 inches; Wingspan: 7.8 inches. Primaries are dark with a white bar and no rusty spots; it's the darkest of our Nighthawks. Adult Male. The upper body is black with white and buff markings; the throat and the band near the end of the tail are white. Adult Female. The throat is rusty, and there’s no white band on the tail. Notes. It has a nasal peent; during the breeding season, it makes a booming sound by diving downward from a height. Range.—Eastern United States, chiefly, breeds from Florida to Labrador, west and northwest to northern California, British Columbia, and Alaska; winters south of United States. Range.—Eastern United States, primarily, breeds from Florida to Labrador, moving west and northwest to northern California, British Columbia, and Alaska; winters south of the United States. 420a. Western Nighthawk (C. v. henryi). Similar to No. 420, but markings above rusty and more numerous; belly washed with rusty. 420a. Western Nighthawk (C. v. henryi). Similar to No. 420, but the markings on its back are rustier and more abundant; the belly has a rusty tint. Range.—Western United States, east to the Plains, wintering south of United States; exact distribution unknown. Range.—Western United States, extending east to the Plains, wintering south of the United States; exact distribution unknown. 420b. Florida Nighthawk (C. v. chapmani). Similar to No. 420, but smaller (L. 8.6; W. 7.1;) and paler; white and buff markings above larger and more numerous. 420b. Florida Nighthawk (C. v. chapmani). Similar to No. 420, but smaller (L. 8.6; W. 7.1;) and lighter in color; the white and buff markings on top are larger and more numerous. Range.—Florida, west along Gulf Coast to eastern Texas; south in winter to South America. Range.—Florida, west along the Gulf Coast to eastern Texas; migrating south in winter to South America. 420c. Sennett Nighthawk (C. v. sennetti). Similar to No. 420b, but still paler, white and buff prevailing on back and scapulars; palest of our Nighthawks. 420c. Sennett Nighthawk (C. v. sennetti). Similar to No. 420b, but even lighter, with white and buff dominating the back and scapulars; the lightest of our Nighthawks. Range.—Great Plains north to Saskatchewan; winters south of the United States. Range.—Great Plains north to Saskatchewan; winters south of the United States. 421. Texan Nighthawk (Chordeiles acutipennis texensis). Wing quills with rusty spots; outer primary shorter than one next to it; belly conspicuously washed with rusty buff. Ad. ♂. Throat-patch and band near end of tail white. Ad. ♀. No white band in tail. Notes. A mewing call and a tapping accompanied by a humming sound. (Merrill.) 421. Texan Nighthawk (Chordeiles acutipennis texensis). Wing feathers have rusty spots; the outer primary is shorter than the one next to it; the belly is noticeably washed with rusty buff. Adult. ♂. Throat patch and band near the end of the tail are white. Adult. ♀. No white band in the tail. Notes. A mewing call and a tapping sound accompanied by a humming noise. (Merrill.) Range.—Central America; breeding north to southern Texas, southern New Mexico, southern Utah, southern Nevada, and Lat. 38° in California; winters south of United States. Range.—Central America; breeds north to southern Texas, southern New Mexico, southern Utah, southern Nevada, and Lat. 38° in California; winters south of the United States. |
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422. Black Swift (Cypseloides niger borealis). L. 7; W. 6.5. Tail without spines, slightly forked. Ads. Sooty black, paler below; a black spot before the eye; forehead whitish. Notes. Generally silent. (Bendire.) 422. Black Swift (Cypseloides niger borealis). Length 7 inches; Wingspan 6.5 inches. Tail is slightly forked and has no spines. Adults. Sooty black above, lighter underneath; there's a black spot in front of the eye; forehead is whitish. Notes. Usually silent. (Bendire.) Range.—Breeds from Central America north, in mountains of western United States, to British Columbia; east to Colorado; winters south of United States; more common in Pacific coast states. Range.—Breeds from Central America north, in the mountains of the western United States, to British Columbia; east to Colorado; winters south of the United States; more common in the Pacific coast states. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Florida to Labrador and Manitoba; winters south of United States, to Central America. Range.—Eastern North America, extending west to the Plains; breeds from Florida to Labrador and Manitoba; winters south of the United States, down to Central America. Range.—Western United States; breeds on Pacific coast, locally, north to British Columbia; east casually to Montana and Arizona; winters south of United States to Central America. Range.—Western United States; breeds on the Pacific coast, locally, north to British Columbia; east occasionally to Montana and Arizona; winters south of the United States down to Central America. 425. White-throated Swift (Aëronautes melanoleucus). L. 6.5. Tail forked, without spines. Ads. Above sooty brownish black; breast, middle of belly and flank patches white. Notes. A sharp, metallic twitter. 425. White-throated Swift (Aëronautes melanoleucus). L. 6.5. Tail is forked, no spines. Ads. Above is a sooty brownish-black; breast, middle of belly, and flank patches are white. Notes. A sharp, metallic twitter. Range.—Western United States; east to western Nebraska and Black Hills; breeds in Rocky Mountains north to Montana; on Pacific coast north to Lat. 38°; winters south of United States to Central America. Range.—Western United States; east to western Nebraska and Black Hills; breeds in the Rocky Mountains north to Montana; on the Pacific coast north to Lat. 38°; winters south of the United States to Central America. |
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426. Rivoli Hummingbird (Eugenes fulgens). L. 5.1. A small white spot behind eye. Ad. ♂. Crown purple, throat bright green, back bronzy green; tail somewhat more bronzy. Ad. ♀. Above bronzy green, all but central tail-feathers with blackish ends and narrow grayish tips; below grayish, all but throat feathers green centrally. Yng. ♂. Throat with more or less green, belly and above more bronzy than in ♀. 426. Rivoli Hummingbird (Eugenes fulgens). L. 5.1. A small white spot behind the eye. Adult ♂. The crown is purple, the throat is bright green, and the back is bronzy green; the tail is somewhat more bronzy. Adult ♀. The upper side is bronzy green, with all but the central tail feathers having blackish ends and narrow grayish tips; below, it is grayish, with all but the throat feathers being green centrally. Young ♂. The throat has more or less green, and the belly and upper side are more bronzy than in ♀. Range.—Nicaragua, north in mountains to mountains of southeastern Arizona, and southwest New Mexico; winters south of United States. Range.—Nicaragua, north in the mountains to the mountains of southeastern Arizona, and southwest New Mexico; winters south of the United States. 429. Black-chinned Hummingbird (Trochilus alexandri). L. 3.5; W. 1.7. Ad. ♂. Chin and upper throat black, lower throat amethyst; tail forked, feathers pointed. Ad. ♀. Throat grayish white; chin buffy; tail feathers more rounded, three outer ones tipped with white. Yng. ♂. Similar ♀, but throat with dusky spots. 429. Black-chinned Hummingbird (Trochilus alexandri). L. 3.5; W. 1.7. Adult ♂. Chin and upper throat are black, lower throat is amethyst; tail is forked with pointed feathers. Adult ♀. Throat is grayish white; chin is buffy; tail feathers are more rounded, with the three outer ones tipped in white. Young ♂. Similar to ♀, but throat has dusky spots. Range.—Western United States; breeds from San Antonio, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California north to Montana and British Columbia; rare on Pacific coast north of southern California; winters south of United States. Range.—Western United States; breeds from San Antonio, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and California north to Montana and British Columbia; rare on the Pacific coast north of southern California; winters south of the United States. 430. Costa Hummingbird (Calypte costæ). L. 3.1. No rusty in plumage. Ad. ♂. Crown, throat and lengthened neck-feathers amethyst, back dull green. Ad. ♀. Below grayish white; above grayish green; outer tail-feathers gray at base, then black and at tip white. Yng. ♂. Similar to ♀, but throat usually with some amethyst spots; tip of outer tail-feather grayish. 430. Costa Hummingbird (Calypte costæ). L. 3.1. There's no rust in the plumage. Adult ♂. The crown, throat, and elongated neck feathers are amethyst, while the back is a dull green. Adult ♀. The underside is a grayish white; the top side is grayish green; the outer tail feathers are gray at the base, then black, and white at the tip. Young ♂. Similar to ♀ but usually has some amethyst spots on the throat; the tip of the outer tail feather is grayish. Range.—Northwestern Mexico; breeds north throughout Lower California, to southern California, northern Nevada, southwestern Utah, and southwestern New Mexico; winters from Mexican border southward. Range.—Northwestern Mexico; breeds north through Lower California, into southern California, northern Nevada, southwestern Utah, and southwestern New Mexico; winters from the Mexican border southward. 437. Lucifer Hummingbird (Calothorax lucifer). L. 3.6; B. .8. Ad. ♂. Throat purplish pink, feathers at its side much lengthened; tail feathers very narrow, the outer ones less than .05 in. wide on end half. Ad. ♀. Below nearly uniform rusty buff, above bronzy green; tail-feathers white-tipped. 437. Lucifer Hummingbird (Calothorax lucifer). L. 3.6; B. .8. Ad. ♂. Throat is a purplish pink, with elongated feathers on its sides; tail feathers are very narrow, the outer ones less than .05 in. wide at the end half. Ad. ♀. Underneath is almost entirely rusty buff, while above it is bronzy green; tail feathers are tipped with white. Range.—"From western Texas and southern Arizona south to the city of Mexico and Puebla." (Bailey.) Range.—"From western Texas and southern Arizona down to Mexico City and Puebla." (Bailey.) 440. Xantus Hummingbird (Basilinna xantusi). L. 3.6. A white streak behind eye. Ad. ♂. Chin, forehead and cheeks black; throat green; tail rusty brown. Ad. ♀. Below uniform rusty, above green; outer tail-feathers rusty brown. 440. Xantus Hummingbird (Basilinna xantusi). L. 3.6. There’s a white streak behind the eye. Ad. ♂. Chin, forehead, and cheeks are black; throat is green; tail is rusty brown. Ad. ♀. Below is a uniform rusty color, above is green; outer tail feathers are rusty brown. Range.—Lower California, north to Lat. 29°; most common in Cape Region. Range.—Lower California, north to Latitude 29°; most common in the Cape Region. |
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427. Blue-throated Hummingbird (Cœligena clemenciæ). L. 5.2. A white stripe behind, and a smaller one before eye. Ad. ♂. Throat blue; belly grayish; back green; tail blue-black, outer feathers broadly white tipped. Ad. ♀. Similar but throat dusky gray. 427. Blue-throated Hummingbird (Cœligena clemenciæ). L. 5.2. A white stripe behind, and a smaller one in front of the eye. Ad. ♂. Throat is blue; belly is grayish; back is green; tail is blue-black, with the outer feathers having broad white tips. Ad. ♀. Similar but with a dusky gray throat. Range.—Southern Mexico north. In mountains to mountains of southwestern New Mexico and southern Arizona; winters south of United States. Range.—Southern Mexico to the north. In the mountains from southwestern New Mexico to southern Arizona; winters south of the United States. Range.—Northern South America; north, rarely, to Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. Range.—Northern South America; occasionally extends north to the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. 439. Buff-bellied Hummingbird (Amazilis cerviniventris chalconota). Similar to No. 438, but belly rusty gray, tail forked and broadly margined with coppery green. 439. Buff-bellied Hummingbird (Amazilis cerviniventris chalconota). Similar to No. 438, but the belly is rusty gray, and the tail is forked with broad margins in coppery green. Range.—Central America, north, in spring, to Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. Range.—Central America, moving north in spring to the Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas. 440.1. White-eared Hummingbird (Basilinna leucotis). L. 3.7. A white line behind eye. Ad. ♂. Chin, forehead and cheeks blue, throat and breast green, tail blackish bronzy green. Ad. ♀. Crown rusty, back bronzy green, below gray spotted with green; outer tail-feathers tipped with gray. Yng. ♂. Similar. 440.1. White-eared Hummingbird (Basilinna leucotis). Length: 3.7 inches. There’s a white line behind the eye. Adult ♂. Chin, forehead, and cheeks are blue, with a green throat and breast, and the tail is a blackish bronzy green. Adult ♀. The crown is rusty, the back is bronzy green, and the underside is gray with green spots; the outer tail feathers are gray-tipped. Young ♂. Similar. Range.—Nicaragua north, in spring, through mountains to southern Arizona. Range.—Nicaragua north, in spring, through the mountains to southern Arizona. 441. Broad-billed Hummingbird (Iache latirostris). L. 4. Ad. ♂. Above green; below darker; throat purplish blue; tail darker. Ad. ♀. Below gray; outer tail-feathers green at base, then bluish black tipped with gray. Yng. ♂. Similar to Ad. ♀, but tail blue black with faint gray tips; throat with metallic green feathers. 441. Broad-billed Hummingbird (Iache latirostris). L. 4. Ad. ♂. Top side is green; underparts are darker; throat is purplish blue; tail is darker. Ad. ♀. Underparts are gray; outer tail feathers are green at the base, then bluish black tipped with gray. Yng. ♂. Similar to Ad. ♀, but tail is blue-black with faint gray tips; throat has metallic green feathers. Range.—Southern Mexico; breeds north through mountains to southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. Range.—Southern Mexico; breeds north through the mountains to southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. 428. Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Trochilus colubris). L. 3.5; W. 1.5. Ad. ♂. Throat ruby, chin blackish; tail forked, the feathers pointed. Ad. ♀. Throat grayish, tail-feathers rounded, three outer ones tipped with white. Yng. ♂. Like ♀ but throat with dusky spots. (See next page) 428. Ruby-throated Hummingbird (Trochilus colubris). L. 3.5; W. 1.5. Ad. ♂. Throat is ruby, chin is blackish; tail is forked with pointed feathers. Ad. ♀. Throat is grayish, tail feathers are rounded, with the three outer ones tipped in white. Yng. ♂. Similar to ♀ but throat has dusky spots. (See next page) Range.—Eastern North America, west to about Long. 100°; breeds from Florida and eastern Mexico, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters from southern Florida to Central America. Range.—Eastern North America, west to about Long. 100°; breeds from Florida and eastern Mexico, north to Labrador and the Hudson Bay area; winters from southern Florida to Central America. |
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431. Anna Hummingbird (Calypte annæ). L. 3.6. Ad. ♂. Crown and throat glittering purplish pink; feathers at sides of throat much lengthened. Ad. ♀. Above green; below grayish washed with green; throat usually with pink feathers; tail with a narrow white tip. Yng. Similar but browner above. 431. Anna Hummingbird (Calypte annæ). L. 3.6. Adult ♂. Crown and throat sparkling purplish-pink; feathers on the sides of the throat are much longer. Adult ♀. The upper parts are green; the lower parts are grayish with a green wash; the throat usually has pink feathers; the tail has a narrow white tip. Young. Similar but browner on top. Range.—Western United States, from northern Lower California north to northern California; east to southern Arizona; south in winter to Mexico; recorded from Guadalupe Island. Range.—Western United States, from northern Lower California north to northern California; east to southern Arizona; south in winter to Mexico; recorded from Guadalupe Island. 432. Broad-tailed Hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus). L. 4. Ad. ♂. Outer primary very narrow, end sharp; crown green, throat pink; tail green above, purplish below without white tips. Ad. ♀. Outer tail-feathers rusty at base, then black with a broad white tip; middle feathers entirely green; above bronzy green; throat feathers with dusky centers; sides rusty. 432. Broad-tailed Hummingbird (Selasphorus platycercus). L. 4. Ad. ♂. The outer primary is very narrow, with a sharp end; the crown is green, and the throat is pink; the tail is green on top and purplish underneath, without white tips. Ad. ♀. The outer tail feathers have a rusty base, then black with a broad white tip; the middle feathers are entirely green; the upper side is bronzy green; the throat feathers have dark centers; the sides are rusty. Range.—Rocky Mountains: west, rarely to eastern California; north to southern Wyoming and Idaho; winters south of United States. Range.—Rocky Mountains: west, rarely extending to eastern California; north to southern Wyoming and Idaho; winters in areas south of the United States. 433. Rufous Hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus), L. 3.6. Ad. ♂. Next to middle pair of tail-feathers notched near tip of inner web; back reddish brown sometimes washed with green. Ad. ♀. Sides rusty, back green, throat spotted with green and sometimes ruby, outer tail-feathers rusty at base, then black and a white tip, the feather more than .12 wide; middle tail-feathers green at base, end black. Yng. ♂. Similar to ♀ but all tail-feathers rusty at base. 433. Rufous Hummingbird (Selasphorus rufus), L. 3.6. Ad. ♂. The next to last pair of tail feathers is notched near the tip of the inner web; the back is reddish brown and sometimes has a greenish tint. Ad. ♀. The sides are rusty, the back is green, and the throat has green and sometimes ruby spots. The outer tail feathers are rusty at the base, then black with a white tip, and each feather is more than .12 wide; the middle tail feathers are green at the base and black at the end. Yng. ♂. Similar to ♀ but has all tail feathers rusty at the base. Range.—Western United States; breeds from the higher mountains of southern California and Arizona, north to Lat. 61° in Alaska; during migrations east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, and western Texas; winters in southern Mexico. Range.—Western United States; breeds in the higher mountains of southern California and Arizona, north to Lat. 61° in Alaska; during migrations east to Montana, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, and western Texas; winters in southern Mexico. 434. Allen Hummingbird (Selasphorus alleni). L. 3.6. Ad. ♂. Crown and back green, and tail rusty tipped with dusky, no notch in tail-feathers; in other respects like No. 433. Ad. ♀ and Yng. ♂. Like the same of No. 433, but outer tail-feather less than .12 in. wide. 434. Allen Hummingbird (Selasphorus alleni). L. 3.6. Ad. ♂. The crown and back are green, and the tail is rusty tipped with dark shades, with no notch in the tail feathers; in other ways, it's similar to No. 433. Ad. ♀ and Yng. ♂. Similar to the same of No. 433, but the outer tail feather is less than .12 in. wide. Range.—Pacific coast, from Monterey, California, north to British Columbia; migrates south through Arizona, and southern California to Mexico. Range.—Pacific coast, from Monterey, California, north to British Columbia; migrates south through Arizona and southern California to Mexico. 435. Morcom Hummingbird (Atthis morcomi). L. 2.9. Ad. ♀. Above bronzy green; middle tail-feathers bronzy green tinged with rusty on basal half; rest of tail-feathers rusty brown, then green, then black and tipped with white; below white, sides rusty, throat spotted with bronze-green. (Ridgw.) Male unknown. 435. Morcom Hummingbird (Atthis morcomi). L. 2.9. Ad. ♀. The upper part is bronzy green; the middle tail feathers are bronzy green with a rusty tint on the base half; the remaining tail feathers are rusty brown, then green, then black, and tipped with white; the underside is white, the sides are rusty, and the throat has bronze-green spots. (Ridgw.) Male is unknown. Range.—Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona, (known from one specimen.) Range.—Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona, (known from one specimen.) 436. Calliope Hummingbird (Stellula calliope). L. 3. Ad. ♂. Throat purplish pink, white at base showing through; above green. Ad. ♀. Sides rusty, throat with green spots, above green, outer tail-feathers gray at base, then black, then white in nearly equal amounts. Yng. ♂. Similar to ♀. 436. Calliope Hummingbird (Stellula calliope). L. 3. Adult. Male. Throat is purplish pink, with white at the base visible; upper parts are green. Adult. Female. Sides are rusty, throat has green spots, upper parts are green, outer tail feathers are gray at the base, then black, then white in nearly equal amounts. Young. Male. Similar to female. Range.—Mountains of western United States; breeds north to Montana, Idaho, and British Columbia; west to eastern Oregon and eastern California; winters, south of United States; rare on Pacific coast of United States. Range.—Mountains of the western United States; breeds north to Montana, Idaho, and British Columbia; west to eastern Oregon and eastern California; winters south of the United States; rare on the Pacific coast of the United States. |
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| Family 1. | FLYCATCHERS. | Tyrannidæ. | 32 species, 7 subspecies. |
| Family 2. | LARKS. | Alaudidæ. | 1 species, 13 subspecies. |
| Family 3. | CROWS AND JAYS. | Corvidæ. | 21 species, 14 subspecies. |
| Family 4. | BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, ETC. | Icteridæ. | 18 species, 14 subspecies. |
| Family 5. | FINCHES, SPARROWS, ETC. | Fringillidæ. | 87 species, 92 subspecies. |
| Family 6. | TANAGERS. | Tanagridæ. | 4 species, 1 subspecies. |
| Family 7. | SWALLOWS. | Hirundinidæ. | 9 species, 2 subspecies. |
| Family 8. | WAXWINGS. | Ampelidæ. | 3 species. |
| Family 9. | SHRIKES. | Laniidæ. | 2 species, 3 subspecies. |
| Family 10. | VIREOS. | Vireonidæ. | 13 species, 10 subspecies. |
| Family 11. | WARBLERS. | Mniotiltidæ. | 55 species, 18 subspecies. |
| Family 12. | WAGTAILS. | Motacillidæ. | 3 species. |
| Family 13. | DIPPERS. | Cinclidæ. | 1 species. |
| Family 14. | WRENS, THRASHERS, ETC. | Troglodytidæ. | 26 species, 24 subspecies. |
| Family 15. | CREEPERS. | Certhiidæ. | 1 species, 4 subspecies. |
| Family 16. | NUTHATCHES AND TITS. | Paridæ. | 21 species, 20 subspecies. |
| Family 17. | KINGLETS, GNATCATCHERS, ETC. | Sylviidæ. | 7 species, 3 subspecies. |
| Family 18. | THRUSHES, BLUEBIRDS, ETC. | Turdidæ. | 13 species, 14 subspecies. |
The North American members of the Order PASSERES are placed in two Suborders, the Clamatores, or so-called Songless Perching Birds, which includes all the Flycatchers, and the Suborder Oscines, or Singing Perching Birds, which includes all our remaining Perching Birds. While the Flycatchers are therefore technically classed as songless birds, it does not follow that they have no songs. Sing they do, but because of the less developed condition of their voice-producing organ, they cannot give utterance to the longer and more musical songs of the Oscines, which are supplied with a better musical instrument.
The North American members of the Order PASSERES are divided into two Suborders: the Clamatores, or the so-called Songless Perching Birds, which includes all the Flycatchers, and the Suborder Oscines, or Singing Perching Birds, which includes all our other Perching Birds. While the Flycatchers are technically classified as songless birds, that doesn't mean they don't sing. They do sing, but because their voice-producing organs are less developed, they can't produce the longer and more melodic songs that the Oscines can, which have a better musical apparatus.
The Flycatchers, (Family Tyrannidæ) number somewhat over three hundred and fifty species, and are found only in America, where they are most abundant in the tropics. Feeding almost exclusively on insects, those species which visit the United States are of necessity migratory, not more than half a dozen of the thirty species which nest with us, remaining in the United States during the winter, and these are found only on our southern borders.
The Flycatchers, (Family Tyrannidæ), have over three hundred and fifty species and are only found in America, where they are most common in tropical regions. Feeding almost entirely on insects, the species that come to the United States have to migrate; only about six out of the thirty species that nest here stay during the winter, and these are found only in our southern regions.
Flycatchers as a rule, capture their prey on the wing. When perching, their pose is usually erect and hawk-like. They often raise their crown feathers, which in many species are somewhat lengthened, a habit giving them a certain big-headed appearance.
Flycatchers typically catch their prey while flying. When they perch, they tend to stand upright and resemble hawks. They often lift their crown feathers, which are somewhat elongated in many species, creating a somewhat big-headed look.
Flycatchers are most useful birds. The food of the Kingbird, for example, a species which is erroneously believed to destroy honey bees, has been found to consist of 90 per cent. insects, mostly injurious species, while only fourteen out of two hundred and eighty-one stomachs contained the remains of honey bees; forty of the fifty bees found being drones.
Flycatchers are incredibly useful birds. The Kingbird, for instance, a species mistakenly thought to harm honey bees, has been found to eat 90 percent insects, mostly harmful ones, while only fourteen out of two hundred eighty-one stomachs had honey bee remains; forty of the fifty bees found were drones.
The true Larks, (Family Alaudidæ) are chiefly Old World birds, the Skylark being the best known member of the Family. In America we have only the Horned or Shore Larks, one species of which shows so much climatic variation in color throughout its wide range, that no less than thirteen subspecies or geographical races of it are recognized in the United States.
The true Larks (Family Alaudidæ) are mainly birds found in the Old World, with the Skylark being the most well-known member of this family. In America, we only have the Horned or Shore Larks, and one species of these varies so much in color due to different climates across its large range that there are thirteen recognized subspecies or geographical races in the United States.
The Horned Lark is a bird of the plains and prairies and is less common in the Atlantic States than westward. Like the Skylark it sings in the air, but its vocal powers are limited and not to be compared with those of its famous relative.
The Horned Lark is a bird found in the plains and prairies and is less common in the Atlantic States than in the west. Like the Skylark, it sings while flying, but its singing abilities are limited and can't compare to those of its famous relative.
The Crows and Jays, (Family Corvidæ) number about two hundred species of which some twenty-five inhabit the western hemisphere. To this family belong the Raven, Rook, Magpie and Jackdaw, all birds of marked intelligence; and our Crows and Jays are fully worthy of being classed with these widely known and distinguished members of their family.
The Crows and Jays, (Family Corvidæ), consist of about two hundred species, with around twenty-five found in the western hemisphere. This family includes the Raven, Rook, Magpie, and Jackdaw, all of which are known for their high intelligence. Our Crows and Jays are certainly deserving of being grouped with these well-known and esteemed members of their family.
The Crows and Jays, by varying their food with the season, are rarely at loss for supplies of one kind or another and most species are represented throughout their ranges at all times of the year. In the more northern parts of their homes, however, some of these birds are [Pg_164] migratory, and Crows, as is well known, gather in great flocks during the winter, returning each night to a roost frequented, in some instances, by two or three hundred thousand Crows.
The Crows and Jays, by changing their diet with the seasons, usually have plenty of food available and most species can be found throughout their ranges all year round. However, in the northern areas of their habitats, some of these birds are [Pg_164] migratory, and Crows, as everyone knows, come together in huge flocks during the winter, returning each night to a roost that, in some cases, is visited by two or three hundred thousand Crows.
While the Crows and Jays are technically 'Song Birds' their voices are far from musical. Nevertheless they possess much range of expression and several species learn to enunciate words with more or less ease.
While Crows and Jays are technically considered 'Song Birds,' their voices are far from melodic. However, they have a wide range of expression, and several species can learn to articulate words with varying degrees of ease.
The Starlings, (Family Sturnidæ) are Old World birds represented in America only by the European Starling which was introduced into Central Park, New York City, in 1890 and is now common in the surrounding country.
The Starlings, (Family Sturnidæ), are Old World birds found in America only by the European Starling, which was brought to Central Park, New York City, in 1890 and is now widespread in the nearby areas.
The Blackbirds, Orioles, and Meadowlarks, (Family Icteridæ) number about one hundred and fifty species and are found only in the New World. The Blackbirds are most numerous in North America, where, migrating in vast armies and often living in large colonies, they become among the most characteristic and conspicuous of our birds.
The Blackbirds, Orioles, and Meadowlarks (Family Icteridæ) consist of around one hundred and fifty species and are found only in the New World. Blackbirds are most abundant in North America, where they migrate in large groups and often live in big colonies, making them some of the most recognizable and noticeable birds we have.
The Orioles are most numerous in the tropics, where some thirty species are known. Apparently all of them are remarkable as nest builders, the large Cassiques, nearly related, great yellow and black birds, weaving pouches three and four feet long, several dozen of which, all occupied, may be seen swinging from the branches of a single tree.
The Orioles are most common in the tropics, where around thirty species are recognized. It seems that all of them are impressive nest builders, especially the large Cassiques, closely related great yellow and black birds, which weave pouches three to four feet long. You can often see several dozen of these nests, all occupied, swinging from the branches of a single tree.
The Finches, Sparrows, Grosbeaks, etc., (Family Fringillidæ) number nearly six hundred species, a greater number than is contained in any other family of birds. They are distributed throughout the world, except in the Australian region, some ninety odd species inhabiting North America.
The Finches, Sparrows, Grosbeaks, and others (Family Fringillidæ) include nearly six hundred species, which is more than any other bird family. They are found all over the world, except in Australia, with around ninety species living in North America.
Varying widely in color, the Fringillidæ all agree in possessing stout, conical bills, which are of service to them in crushing the seeds on which they feed so largely.
Varying widely in color, the Fringillidæ all share a common feature: they have strong, cone-shaped beaks that help them crush the seeds they primarily feed on.
The streaked, brownish Sparrows, often so difficult of identification, are usually inhabitants of plains, fields, or marshes, where they are rendered inconspicuous by their dull colors. The more gayly attired Grosbeaks, Buntings, Cardinals etc., frequent trees or bushy growths, where their plumage either harmonizes with their surroundings or where they have the protection afforded by the vegetation.
The streaked, brownish sparrows, which are often hard to identify, usually live in plains, fields, or marshes, where their dull colors blend in. The more brightly dressed grosbeaks, buntings, cardinals, etc., tend to hang out in trees or dense bushes, where their feathers either blend in with their environment or are hidden by the foliage.
Most of the members of this family are good singers, some of them [Pg_165] indeed being noted for their powers of song. They are less migratory than insect-eating birds and some species are with us at all seasons. Their abundance, musical gifts, and constant presence render them, from the field student's point of view, highly important members of the great class Aves.
Most of the members of this family are great singers, with some of them [Pg_165] being particularly recognized for their singing talent. They move around less than insect-eating birds, and some species are around year-round. Their numbers, musical abilities, and year-round presence make them, from a field student's perspective, very important members of the class Aves.
From an economic standpoint the Fringillidæ are no less deserving of our esteem. Some species are of incalculable value as destroyers of the seeds of noxious weeds. Fifteen hundred seeds have been found in the stomach of one Snowflake or Snowbunting, and it has been estimated by Professor Beal, of the Biological Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture, that during the winter season, in the single State of Iowa, where his studies were made, Tree Sparrows devour no less than 875 tons of weed seeds, chiefly of the ragweed.
From an economic perspective, the Fringillidæ deserve our respect just as much. Some species are incredibly valuable for getting rid of harmful weed seeds. In fact, fifteen hundred seeds were found in the stomach of one Snowflake or Snowbunting. Professor Beal from the Biological Survey of the United States Department of Agriculture estimated that during the winter season, in just the state of Iowa where he conducted his studies, Tree Sparrows consume around 875 tons of weed seeds, mainly ragweed.
The Tanagers, (Family Tanagridæ) are found only in the New World, where they are most numerously represented in the tropics. As a family they are remarkable for the brilliancy of their colors; the common, but mistaken idea that most tropical birds are brightly clad being in no small part due to the abundance of Tanagers and beauty of their plumage.
The Tanagers (Family Tanagridæ) are found only in the New World, where they are most commonly found in tropical regions. This family is notable for the vibrancy of their colors; the common but incorrect belief that most tropical birds are brightly colored is largely due to the large number of Tanagers and the beauty of their plumage.
Only five of the some three hundred and fifty known species reach the United States and these are migratory, coming to us in the spring and returning to the tropics in the fall. Tanagers, as a rule, are not possessed of much vocal ability, our species ranking high in their family as songsters, the notes of many species being far less musical.
Only five of the about three hundred and fifty known species make it to the United States, and these are migratory, arriving in spring and heading back to the tropics in the fall. Tanagers generally aren't great singers, but our species stands out in their family as better songsters, with many species having much less musical notes.
Like most gaily costumed birds the plumages of many Tanagers undergo striking changes in color with age and season. The male of our Scarlet Tanager, for example, is olive-green with black wing-coverts during his first winter, the scarlet plumage not being acquired until the following spring. It is worn, however, only during the nesting season after which the less conspicuous olive-green dress is again acquired, the wings and tail, however, remaining black.
Like many brightly colored birds, the plumage of several Tanagers changes dramatically in color as they age and with the seasons. For instance, the male Scarlet Tanager starts off as olive-green with black wing feathers during his first winter, and he doesn't get his vibrant scarlet plumage until the following spring. However, he only wears the bright color during the nesting season; afterward, he goes back to the less noticeable olive-green, although his wings and tail stay black.
Swallows, (Family Hirundinidæ) are of world-wide distribution, and as might be expected in birds possessing such remarkable powers of flight, many of the species have unusually extended ranges. Our Barn Swallow, for example, is found throughout North America in summer, and in the winter it migrates as far south as southern Brazil.
Swallows, (Family Hirundinidæ) are found all over the world, and as you would expect from birds with such amazing flying abilities, many species have very large ranges. Our Barn Swallow, for instance, is present throughout North America in the summer, and in the winter, it migrates all the way down to southern Brazil.
Birds of the air, the aërial habits of Swallows are reflected in their [Pg_166] long wings and small, weak feet; while their small bills and broad, widely opening mouths indicate their manner of feeding.
Birds of the air, the flying habits of Swallows are shown in their [Pg_166] long wings and small, delicate feet; while their tiny bills and wide, open mouths suggest how they feed.
In spite of their poor equipment of tools, Swallows take high rank as nest builders, and it is interesting to observe that although the birds are structurally much alike, their nests often differ widely in character. Compare for instance, the mud-made dwellings of the Barn and Cliff Swallows with the tunneled hole of the Bank Swallow and one realizes how little the character of a bird's home may depend on the structure of it's builder.
Despite their limited tools, swallows are known for being exceptional nest builders, and it's fascinating to see that even though these birds are quite similar in structure, their nests can vary greatly in style. For example, if you compare the mud-made homes of Barn Swallows and Cliff Swallows with the tunneled holes of Bank Swallows, you can see how much a bird's home can differ from the structure of the bird that creates it.
The food of Swallows, remarks Professor Beal, "consists of many small species of beetles which are much on the wing, many species of diptera (mosquitoes and their allies), with large quantities of flying ants and a few insects of similar kinds. Most of them are either injurious or annoying, and the numbers destroyed by Swallows are not only beyond calculation, but almost beyond imagination."
The food of swallows, Professor Beal notes, "is made up of many small types of beetles that are frequently in the air, many species of diptera (mosquitoes and their relatives), along with large amounts of flying ants and a few insects like them. Most of these insects are either harmful or bothersome, and the number taken down by swallows is not just hard to calculate, but almost impossible to fathom."
The true Waxwings, (Family Ampelidæ) number only three species with representatives in the northern parts of both hemispheres. Their notes, as a rule are limited to a few unmusical calls, which, with our Cedar Waxwing, are usually uttered when the bird is about to fly.
The true Waxwings (Family Ampelidæ) consist of only three species, found in the northern regions of both hemispheres. Generally, their sounds are restricted to a few unmelodious calls, which, in the case of our Cedar Waxwing, are typically made just before the bird takes off.
Waxwings are found in small flocks during the greater part of the year and roam about the country as though they were quite as much at home in one place as in another, provided food be plenty. Small fruits, chiefly wild ones, constitute their usual fare, but they also feed on insects, the injurious elm beetle being among their victims.
Waxwings are usually found in small flocks for most of the year and move around the country as if they feel just as comfortable in one place as in another, as long as there's plenty of food. Their typical diet consists mainly of small fruits, especially wild ones, but they also eat insects, including harmful elm beetles among their prey.
The Shrikes, (Family Laniidæ) are represented in America by only two species, the remaining two hundred or more members of this family being found in the Old World. Shrikes are noted for their singular habit of impaling their prey on thorns or similarly sharp-pointed growths, or occasionally they may hang it in the crotch of a limb. This proceeding enables them to tear it to pieces more readily, for it will be observed that while Shrikes have a hawk-like bill, their feet are comparatively weak and sparrow-like and evidently of no assistance to them in dissecting their food.
The Shrikes, (Family Laniidæ), are only represented by two species in America, while the other two hundred or more members of this family are found in the Old World. Shrikes are known for their unique habit of impaling their prey on thorns or other sharp-pointed growths, or sometimes they might hang it in the fork of a limb. This behavior helps them tear their food apart more easily, as you’ll notice that while Shrikes have a hawk-like beak, their feet are relatively weak and sparrow-like, clearly offering them no help in breaking down their meals.
Our Northern Shrike, or Butcherbird, feeds chiefly on small birds and mice, while the southern species, or Loggerhead, is a great destroyer of grasshoppers and he also eats lizards and small snakes.
Our Northern Shrike, or Butcherbird, mainly feeds on small birds and mice, while the southern species, or Loggerhead, is a major predator of grasshoppers and also eats lizards and small snakes.
The Vireos, (Family Vireonidæ) number fifty species, all American. [Pg_167] They search the foliage carefully for leaf-eating insects and their eggs, and examine the crevices in the bark for eggs of the injurious wood-boring insects. They are therefore unusually beneficial birds.
The Vireos, (Family Vireonidæ) consist of fifty species, all found in America. [Pg_167] They meticulously search through the leaves for insects that eat plants and their eggs, and look into the bark for the eggs of harmful wood-boring insects. Because of this, they are particularly helpful birds.
Bearing a general resemblance in size and color to many of the Warblers, Vireos are sometimes confused with members of that family. They are, however, as a rule, more deliberate in their motions and not such active flutterers as are many of the Warblers. They are also more musical, all the Vireos having characteristic songs, which if not always highly musical, are generally noticeable, pronounced and unmistakable.
Bearing a general resemblance in size and color to many of the Warblers, Vireos are sometimes confused with members of that family. They are, however, usually more deliberate in their movements and not as active flutterers as many of the Warblers. They are also more musical, with all the Vireos having distinct songs that, while not always highly melodic, are generally noticeable, pronounced, and unmistakable.
The nests of all our Vireos are pendant, deeply cup-shaped structures usually hung between the forks of a crotch, to the arms of which they are most skilfully woven.
The nests of all our Vireos are hanging, deeply cup-shaped structures typically attached between the branches of a fork, to which they are expertly woven.
The Warblers, (Family Mniotiltidæ) like the Vireos are distinctly American birds, indeed they may be called characteristic North American birds since most of the one hundred odd species are found north of Mexico. Between thirty and forty species of these active, beautiful little creatures may be found in the course of a year at a single locality in the Eastern States and they therefore constitute an exceedingly important element in our bird-life. Most of them come in May at the height of the spring migration; when the woods often swarm with them as they flit from limb to limb in pursuit of their insect food. The larger number of them pass onward to their northern homes and in September they return to us in increased numbers.
The Warblers (Family Mniotiltidæ), like the Vireos, are uniquely American birds; in fact, they can be considered characteristic North American birds since most of the over one hundred species are found north of Mexico. Throughout the year, you can find between thirty and forty species of these lively, beautiful little creatures in one location in the Eastern States, making them a crucial part of our birdlife. Most of them arrive in May during the peak of spring migration when the woods are often filled with them as they flit from branch to branch in search of insects. The majority of them continue on to their northern homes, and in September, they return to us in even greater numbers.
The beauty of their plumage, the briefness but regularity of their visits, the rarity of certain species, combine to make the Warblers especially attractive to the field student and their charms are heightened by the difficulty with which many of them are identified. Study them as we may there are still species which have escaped us.
The beauty of their feathers, the short yet consistent nature of their visits, and the rarity of certain species all come together to make Warblers particularly appealing to students of the outdoors, and their allure is amplified by how challenging it is to identify many of them. No matter how much we study them, there are still species that remain elusive to us.
By far the larger number of Warblers may be described as flutterers that feed agilely about the terminal branches, (genera Dendroica and Helminthophila); others are true flycatchers, so far as feeding habit is concerned, (genera Setophaga and Wilsonia,) while others still feed in the undergrowth or on the ground, (genera Geothlypis and Seiurus). Insects constitute almost their entire fare and they are among our most beneficial birds.
The majority of Warblers can be classified as flutterers that quickly feed around the terminal branches (genera Dendroica and Helminthophila); others act like true flycatchers when it comes to their feeding habits (genera Setophaga and Wilsonia), while some feed in the undergrowth or on the ground (genera Geothlypis and Seiurus). Insects make up almost their entire diet, and they are among our most beneficial birds.
Most of the Wagtails (Family Motacillidæ), are inhabitants of the [Pg_168] Old World, only three of the sixty odd species being found in this country. Our Pipit or Titlark is our best known, most widely distributed species.
Most Wagtails (Family Motacillidæ) live in the [Pg_168] Old World, with only three out of more than sixty species found in this country. Our Pipit or Titlark is the most well-known and widely distributed species.
Like other members of its family it has the habit of wagging or tipping its tail both when walking (for it should be noted that these birds are ground-inhabiting and walkers) and at rest.
Like other members of its family, it has a habit of wagging or tipping its tail both when walking (it's important to note that these birds live on the ground and walk) and when at rest.
The Dippers (Family Cinclidæ) though numbering only twelve species are distributed throughout the larger part of the world from the Andes of South America to the mountains of Alaska, Europe, Asia and Africa.
The Dippers (Family Cinclidæ), though they only have twelve species, are found in many parts of the world, from the Andes in South America to the mountains of Alaska, Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Everywhere they are haunters of streams, usually dashing mountain torrents, over and under which they seem equally at home. Darting into the rushing waters they fly beneath the surface or feed on the bottom with perfect ease, their thick, dense plumage evidently forming a water-proof covering. Their nests are great balls of moss often placed so near some boiling cascade as to receive frequent showers of spray. The opening, however, is at the side, and the eggs and young are well protected by an effective roof.
Everywhere, they inhabit streams, typically fast-flowing mountain torrents, where they appear to be equally at home both above and below the surface. They dive into the rushing waters, effortlessly swimming beneath the surface or foraging along the bottom, thanks to their thick, water-resistant feathers. Their nests are large clumps of moss often situated close to turbulent waterfalls, subjecting them to regular sprays of mist. However, the entrance is on the side, and the eggs and chicks are well shielded by a sturdy roof.
The Wrens, Thrashers, and Mockingbirds, (Family Troglodytidæ) form two well defined subfamilies. The Wrens, (Subfamily Troglodytinæ) number about one hundred and fifty species all but a dozen of which are confined to America. The Thrashers and Mockingbirds, (Subfamily Miminæ) number some fifty species, all of which are confined to America.
The Wrens, Thrashers, and Mockingbirds (Family Troglodytidæ) are divided into two distinct subfamilies. The Wrens (Subfamily Troglodytinæ) consist of about one hundred and fifty species, with nearly all but a dozen found in America. The Thrashers and Mockingbirds (Subfamily Miminæ) include around fifty species, all of which are also found in America.
As their dull, neutral colors would lead us to suppose, both Wrens and Thrashers are inhabitants of the lower growth rather than of the tree-tops, and while they may seek an elevated perch whence to deliver their song, their food is secured and their time consequently largely passed near or on the ground.
As their muted, neutral colors suggest, both Wrens and Thrashers prefer to live in lower vegetation rather than in the treetops. Although they might look for a high spot to sing from, they find their food and spend most of their time close to or on the ground.
Few families of birds contain so many noted musicians, nearly every member of this family being a singer of more than usual ability.
Few bird families have as many talented musicians, with nearly every member of this family being a singer with exceptional skill.
The Creepers, (Family Certhiidæ) number twelve species, only one of which is found in America. This, however has a wide range and, presenting more or less climatic variation in color, is recognized under several subspecific names. Its habits, nevertheless, are much the same everywhere. It climbs the trees of the mountains of Mexico or of California with the same ceaseless energy it shows in Maine.
The Creepers, (Family Certhiidæ), consist of twelve species, with only one found in America. This species, however, has a broad range and displays various color variations depending on the climate, which is why it has several subspecific names. Its behavior, nonetheless, is quite consistent across different locations. It climbs the trees of the mountains in Mexico or California with the same relentless energy it exhibits in Maine.
The sharply-pointed, stiffened tail-feathers of the Creeper are of evident use to it as it ascends trees and pauses here and there to pick [Pg_169] out an insect's egg from the bark. The same type of tail feather is shown by Woodpeckers, an excellent illustration of similar structure accompanying similar habits in birds not at all closely related.
The sharp, stiff tail feathers of the Creeper are clearly useful as it climbs trees and stops occasionally to pick out an insect's egg from the bark. Woodpeckers have the same type of tail feathers, which is a great example of different bird species developing similar structures due to similar behaviors, even though they aren't closely related.
The Nuthatches and Titmice, (Family Paridæ), like the Wrens and Thrashers, belong in two well marked Subfamilies; The Nuthatches, (Subfamily Sittinæ) number about twenty species, only four of which inhabit America; the Titmice, (Subfamily Parinæ) number some seventy-five species, of which thirteen are American.
The Nuthatches and Titmice (Family Paridæ), similar to the Wrens and Thrashers, are divided into two distinct Subfamilies. The Nuthatches (Subfamily Sittinæ) have around twenty species, with only four found in America. The Titmice (Subfamily Parinæ) consist of about seventy-five species, thirteen of which are native to America.
Nuthatches are tree-creepers, but climbing up or down with equal ease, their tail is not employed as a prop, and consequently shows no special development of pointed or stiffened feathers. Their toes, however, are long, and their nails large and strong, evidently giving them a firm grip on the bark of trees.
Nuthatches are tree climbers, effortlessly moving up or down. Their tails aren't used for support, so they don't have specially developed pointed or stiff feathers. However, they have long toes and big, strong nails, which clearly give them a solid grip on tree bark.
The Chickadees are generally resident birds and, as a rule, whatever species we find in a given locality are apt to be there throughout the year. We therefore become better acquainted with some of these lairds than with others which are with us only a short season. This is especially true of our eastern Black-capped Chickadee, which comes familiarly about our homes in winter to partake of the feast of nuts and suet which we spread for him at that season.
The chickadees are typically year-round residents, and in general, the species we find in a specific area are likely to stay there all year. Because of this, we tend to get to know some of these birds better than others that are only around for a short time. This is especially true for our eastern Black-capped Chickadee, which often visits our homes in winter to enjoy the nuts and suet we put out for them during that season.
Feeding largely on the eggs or larvæ of insects particularly injurious to trees, the Nuthatches and Titmice are of great value to man.
Feeding mainly on the eggs or larvae of insects that are especially harmful to trees, the Nuthatches and Titmice are very beneficial to humans.
The Kinglets, Gnatcatchers, and Old World Warblers, (Family Sylviidæ) number about one hundred and twenty-five species, which are divided among the following well-defined subfamilies: The Kinglets, (Subfamily Regulinæ) seven species, three of which are American; the Gnatcatchers, (Subfamily Polioptilinæ) some fifteen species, all American; the Old World Warblers, (Subfamily Sylviinæ) about one hundred species, all Old World except one which inhabits the Bering Sea coast of Alaska.
The Kinglets, Gnatcatchers, and Old World Warblers (Family Sylviidæ) consist of around one hundred and twenty-five species, which are categorized into several distinct subfamilies: The Kinglets (Subfamily Regulinæ) with seven species, three of which are found in America; the Gnatcatchers (Subfamily Polioptilinæ) with about fifteen species, all of which are American; and the Old World Warblers (Subfamily Sylviinæ) with roughly one hundred species, all from the Old World except for one that lives along the Bering Sea coast of Alaska.
The Kinglets are small, olive green birds which may be mistaken for Warblers but, aside from structural differences not evident in the field, they may be known by their smaller size, greater tameness, and habit of nervously flitting their wings at frequent intervals. One of our species, the Ruby-crown, possesses a remarkably loud, clear, and musical song, a surprising performance for so tiny a songster. Kinglets build large nests of moss and feathers and lay as many as ten eggs.
The Kinglets are small, olive-green birds that can be confused with Warblers, but they can be identified by their smaller size, friendlier behavior, and tendency to nervously flick their wings often. One of our species, the Ruby-crowned Kinglet, has an impressively loud, clear, and musical song, which is a surprising talent for such a tiny singer. Kinglets build large nests made of moss and feathers and can lay up to ten eggs.
The Gnatcatchers are small, slender, grayish birds which once well seen will not be confused with other species. The Gnatcatchers, like the Kinglets, are architects of more than usual ability, building a nest beautifully covered with lichens.
The Gnatcatchers are small, slim, grayish birds that, once you see them well, can’t be mistaken for other species. Like Kinglets, Gnatcatchers are skilled builders, creating nests that are beautifully covered in lichens.
[Pg_170] The Thrushes, (Family Turdidæ) are variously classified by different ornithologists, but under the ruling of the American Ornithologists' Union they are grouped in the same family with the Bluebird, Solitaires, and Stonechats. This family numbers about three hundred species, of which about one-half are true Thrushes (Subfamily Turdinæ). The members of this subfamily are, as a rule, fine singers, many of them being among the best known song birds, and from a musical point of view the group, as a whole, is usually given the first place among birds. If, however, all the fifteen known species of Solitaires sing as well as the four species it has been my privilege to hear, I am assured that no one would dispute their claim to the highest rank which can be awarded singing birds.
[Pg_170] Thrushes (Family Turdidæ) are classified differently by various ornithologists, but according to the American Ornithologists' Union, they are grouped with the Bluebird, Solitaires, and Stonechats in the same family. This family includes about three hundred species, with roughly half being true Thrushes (Subfamily Turdinæ). Typically, members of this subfamily are excellent singers, and many are among the most recognized songbirds. Overall, this group is usually considered the top tier of birds in terms of musicality. However, if all fifteen known species of Solitaires sing as well as the four species I’ve had the privilege to hear, I’m confident that no one would argue against their claim to the highest rank among singing birds.
In the succeeding pages, the five hundred and fifty odd species and subspecies included in the preceding families of the Order Passeres are grouped according to some obvious color character in order to facilitate their identification in life. A satisfactory arrangement of this kind is out of the question. Lines sharply separating the groups proposed do not exist and some species appear to fit in one section as well as in another. Nevertheless, it is hoped that in most instances, the system will be found to serve the purpose intended. Under its ruling our Perching Birds are grouped as follows:
In the following pages, the five hundred and fifty or so species and subspecies included in the previous families of the Order Passeres are organized based on some obvious color traits to make it easier to identify them in real life. A perfect arrangement like this isn’t really possible. Clear boundaries between the proposed groups don’t actually exist, and some species seem to fit into one category just as well as another. Still, it’s hoped that in most cases, this system will work as intended. According to this classification, our Perching Birds are grouped as follows:
- With red markings.
- With blue markings.
- With orange or yellow markings.
- With reddish brown or chestnut markings, chiefly in the form of patches or uniformly colored areas.
- Brownish, generally streaked birds.
- Dull, inconspicuously colored birds, without prominent markings.
- Gray, black, or black and white birds.
While the first object of the bird student is to learn to name birds I would again urge him to acquaint himself with at least the arrangement of the Orders and Families of our birds and their leading structural characters. (see page 2.)
While the main goal of the bird student is to learn to identify birds, I would again encourage him to familiarize himself with at least the classification of Orders and Families of our birds and their key structural features. (see page 2.)
Having identified a bird, its family may always be determined by referring to its number in the systematic list of birds at the end of the book; and the more important characters of its Order and Family will be found in the synopsis of Orders and Families beginning on page 9.
Having identified a bird, you can always find its family by checking its number in the systematic list of birds at the end of the book. The key features of its Order and Family are summarized in the section on Orders and Families starting on page 9.
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607. Louisiana Tanager (Piranga ludoviciana). L. 7.5. Ad. ♂. Yellow; back, wings, and tail black, head more or less red. Ad. ♀. Above olive-green, head rarely red-tinged; below dusky greenish yellow; wings and tail brownish edged with greenish, two yellowish white wing-bars. Yng. ♂. Like ♀, but head and rump greener, underparts yellower. Notes. Call, clit-tuck; song, resembles that of No. 608. 607. Louisiana Tanager (Piranga ludoviciana). L. 7.5. Ad. ♂. Yellow; back, wings, and tail are black, head is more or less red. Ad. ♀. Olive-green above, head rarely tinted red; below is a dusky greenish yellow; wings and tail are brownish with greenish edges, featuring two yellowish-white wing bars. Yng. ♂. Similar to ♀, but head and rump are greener, underparts are yellower. Notes. Call, clit-tuck; song resembles that of No. 608. Range.—Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific; breeds from Arizona to British Columbia; winters in Mexico and Central America. Range.—Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific; breeds from Arizona to British Columbia; winters in Mexico and Central America. 608. Scarlet Tanager (Piranga erythromelas). L. 7.4. Ad. ♂. Scarlet; wings and tail black. Ad. ♀. Olive-green, yellower below, wings and tail blackish brown, no wing-bars. Yng. ♂. Like ♀, but brighter, wing-coverts black. Ad. ♂, Winter. Like Yng. ♀, but wings and tail black. Notes. Call, chip-churr; song, a rather forced whistle, suggesting a Robin's song, but less musical, Look-up, way-up, look-at-me, tree-top; repeated with pauses. 608. Scarlet Tanager (Piranga erythromelas). L. 7.4. Ad. ♂. Bright red; wings and tail are black. Ad. ♀. Olive-green, yellowish below, wings and tail are dark brown, no wing bars. Yng. ♂. Similar to ♀, but brighter, wing coverts are black. Ad. ♂, Winter. Similar to Yng. ♀, but wings and tail are black. Notes. Call, chip-churr; song, a somewhat forced whistle that resembles a Robin's song but is less melodic, Look-up, way-up, look-at-me, tree-top; repeated with pauses. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains: breeds from Virginia and southern Illinois north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters in Central and South America. Range.—Eastern United States, extending west to the Plains: breeds from Virginia and southern Illinois up to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters in Central and South America. 609. Hepatic Tanager (Piranga hepatica). L. 7.8. Bill large. Ad. ♂. Vermilion, back grayish; tail dull red. Ad. ♀. No wing-bars; above grayish olive; crown and tail greener; below dusky yellow. Yng. ♂. Like ♀. and variously intermediate between it and ad. ♂. Notes. Call, clut-tuck; song, like that of No. 608, but somewhat more robin-like. 609. Hepatic Tanager (Piranga hepatica). L. 7.8. The bill is large. Adult ♂. Vermilion, back is grayish; tail is dull red. Adult ♀. No wing-bars; above is grayish olive; crown and tail are greener; below is dusky yellow. Young ♂. Similar to ♀, and varies between it and adult ♂. Notes. Call is clut-tuck; song is similar to that of No. 608, but somewhat more like a robin. Range.—From Guatemala north in spring to New Mexico and Arizona; winters in Mexico and Central America. Range.—From Guatemala, moving north in spring to New Mexico and Arizona; spends winters in Mexico and Central America. 610. Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra). L. 7.5; W. 3.8. Ad. ♂. Rosy red. Ad. ♀. 9. Olive-yellow above, dusky saffron below. Yng. ♂. Variously intermediate between Ad. ♂ and ♀. Notes. Call, chicky-tucky-tuck; song, resembles in form that of No. 608 but is more musical and less forced. 610. Summer Tanager (Piranga rubra). Length: 7.5 inches; Wingspan: 3.8 inches. Adult ♂. Bright rosy red. Adult ♀. Olive-yellow on top, dusky saffron below. Young ♂. Various shades between the adult male and female. Notes. Call, chicky-tucky-tuck; song is similar in form to that of No. 608 but is more melodious and less strained. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from Florida and western Texas north to southern New Jersey, southern Illinois, and Kansas; winters in Central and South America. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from Florida and western Texas north to southern New Jersey, southern Illinois, and Kansas; winters in Central and South America. 610a. Cooper Tanager (P. r. cooperi). Similar to No. 610, but larger; W. 4; bill more swollen, colors paler. 610a. Cooper Tanager (P. r. cooperi). Similar to No. 610, but larger; W. 4; bill more rounded, colors lighter. Range.—"Breeds from southwestern Texas to the Colorado Valley, California, and from Arizona and New Mexico to northwestern Mexico; south in winter to western Mexico; casually to Colorado." Range.—"Breeds from southwestern Texas to the Colorado Valley, California, and from Arizona and New Mexico to northwestern Mexico; migrates south in winter to western Mexico; occasionally seen in Colorado." |
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593. Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis). L. 9; W. 3.7; T. 4.1. Ad. ♂. Forehead with a well-defined black band; feathers of back (except in worn plumage) tipped with olive-brown or olive-gray. Ad. ♀. Above olive-brown; crest, wings and tail dull red edged with olive-brown; throat and region at base of bill gray; breast buffy, sometimes tinged with red; belly whiter. Notes. Call, a sharp, insignificant tsip; song, a rich, sympathetic whistle, whe-e-e-you, whe-e-e, hurry-hurry-hurry, quick-quick-quick, and other notes. 593. Cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis). L. 9; W. 3.7; T. 4.1. Male. Forehead with a distinct black band; back feathers (except in worn plumage) tipped with olive-brown or olive-gray. Female. Overall olive-brown; crest, wings, and tail dull red with olive-brown edges; throat and area at base of bill gray; breast buff, sometimes with a hint of red; belly whiter. Notes. Call is a sharp, insignificant tsip; song is a rich, pleasant whistle, whe-e-e-you, whe-e-e, hurry-hurry-hurry, quick-quick-quick, and other variations. Range.—Eastern United States; resident from northern Florida and eastern Texas north to southern New York and Iowa. Range.—Eastern United States; found in northern Florida and eastern Texas, extending north to southern New York and Iowa. 593a. Arizona Cardinal (C. c. superbus). Largest of our Cardinals, L. 9.5; W. 4; T. 4.9. Ad. ♂. Paler, more rosy, than No. 593; margins to back feathers usually gray; black on forehead usually separated by base of culmen. Ad. ♀. Gray above like No. 593c, but breast richer, much as in No. 593d; gray of throat more restricted and often confined to the chin. 593a. Arizona Cardinal (C. c. superbus). The largest of our Cardinals, Length 9.5; Width 4; Tail 4.9. Adult ♂. Lighter and more rosy than No. 593; edges of back feathers are usually gray; black on the forehead is typically separated by the base of the culmen. Adult ♀. Gray on top like No. 593c, but the breast is deeper in color, similar to No. 593d; the gray on the throat is more limited and often just covers the chin. Range.—Southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico. Range.—Southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico. 593b. Saint Lucas Cardinal (C. c. igneus). Similar to No. 593a, but smaller; W. 3.6; T. 4; ♂ with even less, sometimes almost no black on forehead; ♀ paler; gray on chin and about base of bill less defined. 593b. Saint Lucas Cardinal (C. c. igneus). Similar to No. 593a, but smaller; W. 3.6; T. 4; ♂ has even less black, sometimes almost no black on the forehead; ♀ is paler; gray on the chin and around the base of the bill is less defined. Range.—Southern Lower California. Range: Southern Baja California. Range.—Texas, except western and northeastern parts, and northeastern Mexico. Range.—Texas, except for the western and northeastern parts, and northeastern Mexico. 593d. Florida Cardinal (C. c. floridanus). Smaller than No. 593, W. 3.4; ♂ averaging deeper red; ♀ darker and richer in color, particularly on breast. 593d. Florida Cardinal (C. c. floridanus). Smaller than No. 593, W. 3.4; ♂ usually brighter red; ♀ darker and more vibrant in color, especially on the breast. Range.—Southern half of Florida. Range: Southern Florida. 594. Arizona Pyrrhuloxia (Pyrrhuloxia sinuata). L. 9; W. 3.6; T. 4.1. Ad. ♂. Gray; in fresh plumage washed with brownish; crest, wings and tail externally dull red; under wing-coverts, center of breast and of belly, throat, and region about base of bill, rosy red. Ad. ♀. Usually little or no red about bill or on underparts. Notes. Call, several flat, thin notes; song, a clear, straight whistle. (Bailey.) 594. Arizona Pyrrhuloxia (Pyrrhuloxia sinuata). L. 9; W. 3.6; T. 4.1. Ad. ♂. Gray; in fresh plumage washed with a brownish tint; crest, wings, and tail are dull red on the outside; under wing-coverts, center of the breast and belly, throat, and area around the base of the bill are rosy red. Ad. ♀. Usually has little to no red around the bill or on the underparts. Notes. Call consists of several flat, thin notes; song is a clear, straight whistle. (Bailey.) Range.—Northwestern Mexico, north to western Texas, southwestern New Mexico, and Arizona. Range.—Northwestern Mexico, extending north to western Texas, southwestern New Mexico, and Arizona. 594a. Texas Pyrrhuloxia (P. s. texana). Similar to No. 594, but bill larger; underparts averaging slightly grayer; red before eyes averaging duskier. 594a. Texas Pyrrhuloxia (P. s. texana). Similar to No. 594, but has a bigger bill; underparts are usually a bit grayer; red in front of the eyes tends to be darker. 594b. Saint Lucas Pyrrhuloxia (P. s. peninsulæ). Similar in color to No. 594, but decidedly smaller, with the bill larger; W. 3.4; T. 3.7. (Ridgw.) 594b. Saint Lucas Pyrrhuloxia (P. s. peninsulæ). Similar in color to No. 594, but definitely smaller, with a larger bill; W. 3.4; T. 3.7. (Ridgw.) Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. Range.—Southern California Coast. |
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515. Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator leucura). L. 8.5; W. 4.6. Ad. ♂. Rosy red in varying amounts; belly gray; wings, tail and center of back feathers blackish brown; two white wing-bars. Ad. ♀. Gray, head and rump greenish; breast tinged with greenish. Yng. ♂. Like ♀, but with head and rump reddish. Notes. Song, sweet; in winter strong and cheery; in spring tender and plaintive. (Chamberlain.) 515. Pine Grosbeak (Pinicola enucleator leucura). L. 8.5; W. 4.6. Ad. ♂. Rosy red in different shades; belly gray; wings, tail, and center back feathers are blackish-brown; two white wing bars. Ad. ♀. Gray, with a greenish head and rump; breast has a greenish tint. Yng. ♂. Similar to ♀, but with a reddish head and rump. Notes. The song is sweet; during winter it's strong and cheerful; in spring, it's tender and wistful. (Chamberlain.) Range.—Northeastern North America; breeds from New Brunswick and northern New England northward; winters south, irregularly, to southern New England, Ohio, and Manitoba, and casually to District of Columbia and Kansas. Range.—Northeastern North America; breeds from New Brunswick and northern New England northward; winters south, irregularly, to southern New England, Ohio, and Manitoba, and occasionally to the District of Columbia and Kansas. 515a. Rocky Mountain Pine Grosbeak (P. e. montana). Similar to No. 515b, but decidedly larger, W. 4.8, and coloration slightly darker; the adult male with the red of a darker, more carmine hue. (Ridgw.) 515a. Rocky Mountain Pine Grosbeak (P. e. montana). Similar to No. 515b, but definitely larger, W. 4.8, and the color is slightly darker; the adult male has a deeper, more carmine shade of red. (Ridgw.) Range.—"Rocky Mountains of United States, from Montana and Idaho to New Mexico." (Ridgway.) Range.—"Rocky Mountains of the United States, from Montana and Idaho to New Mexico." (Ridgway.) 515b. California Pine Grosbeak (P. e. californica). Similar to No. 515, but ♂ with red much brighter; feathers of back plain ashy gray without darker centers; ♀ with little if any greenish on rump. 515b. California Pine Grosbeak (P. e. californica). Similar to No. 515, but the male has much brighter red; feathers on the back are a plain ashy gray without darker centers; the female has little to no greenish color on the rump. Range.—Higher parts of "Central Sierra Nevada, north to Placer County and south to Fresno County, California." (Grinnell.) Range.—Higher areas of the "Central Sierra Nevada, from Placer County in the north to Fresno County in the south, California." (Grinnell.) 515c. Alaskan Pine Grosbeak (P. e. alascensis). Similar to No. 515, but decidedly larger with smaller or shorter bill and paler coloration, both sexes having the gray parts of the plumage distinctly lighter, more ashy. (Ridgw.) 515c. Alaskan Pine Grosbeak (P. e. alascensis). Similar to No. 515, but definitely larger with a smaller or shorter bill and lighter coloration, both males and females have the gray areas of their feathers noticeably lighter, more ashy. (Ridgw.) Range.—"Northwestern North America except Pacific coast, breeding in interior of Alaska; south, in winter, to eastern British Columbia, Montana (Bitterroot Valley), etc." (Ridgway.) Range.—"Northwestern North America except for the Pacific coast, breeding in the interior of Alaska; south, in winter, to eastern British Columbia, Montana (Bitterroot Valley), and so on." (Ridgway.) 515d. Kadiak Pine Grosbeak (P. e. flammula). Similar to No. 515, but with much larger, relatively longer and more strongly hooked bill; wings and tail grayish brown instead of dull blackish. 515d. Kadiak Pine Grosbeak (P. e. flammula). Similar to No. 515, but with a much larger, longer, and more strongly hooked bill; wings and tail are grayish brown instead of dull blackish. Range.—"Kadiak Island and south on the coast to Sitka, Alaska." (Ridgway.) Range.—"Kadiak Island and along the coast down to Sitka, Alaska." (Ridgway.) 521. American Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra minor). L. 6.1; W. 3.4; B. .66. Tips of mandibles crossed. Ad. ♂. Red, more or less suffused with greenish or yellow. Ad. ♀. Olive-green, rump and underparts yellower. Yng. Resemble Ad. ♀. Notes. Calls, when feeding, a conversational twittering; louder and more pronounced when flying; song, sweet, varied and musical, but of small volume. 521. American Crossbill (Loxia curvirostra minor). L. 6.1; W. 3.4; B. .66. Tips of the beak are crossed. Ad. ♂. Red, sometimes mixed with greenish or yellow tones. Ad. ♀. Olive-green, with the rump and underparts being yellower. Yng. Similar to Ad. ♀. Notes. Calls while feeding are a soft twitter; louder and more distinct when flying; song is sweet, varied, and musical, but has a low volume. Range.—Northern North America, chiefly eastward; breeds from northern New England (in Alleghanies from Georgia) north and west to Alaska; winters south irregularly to Virginia and Nevada; casually to South Carolina and Louisiana. Range.—Northern North America, mostly toward the east; breeds from northern New England (in the Appalachians from Georgia) north and west to Alaska; winters south unpredictably to Virginia and Nevada; occasionally to South Carolina and Louisiana. 521a. Mexican Crossbill (L. c. stricklandi). Similar to No. 521, but larger; W. 4; B. .78. 521a. Mexican Crossbill (L. c. stricklandi). Similar to No. 521, but bigger; W. 4; B. .78. Range.—"Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado, west to the Sierra Nevada, and south through New Mexico, Arizona and the tablelands of Mexico to Guatemala." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado, west to the Sierra Nevada, and south through New Mexico, Arizona, and the highlands of Mexico to Guatemala." (A. O. U.) |
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522. White-winged Crossbill (Loxia leucoptera). L. 6. Tips of mandibles crossed. Ad. ♂. Rose-pink; middle of back black; wings with two white bars. Ad. ♀. Olive-green and dusky; rump and underparts yellower; wings with two white bars. Yng. Like Ad. ♀. Notes. Resemble those of No. 521. 522. White-winged Crossbill (Loxia leucoptera). L. 6. Tips of the beak crossed. Adult. ♂. Rose-pink; middle of the back is black; wings have two white bars. Adult. ♀. Olive-green and dark; rump and underparts are yellower; wings have two white bars. Young. Similar to Adult ♀. Notes. Sound resembles that of No. 521. Range.—Northern North America; breeds from northern New England, northern New York and northern Michigan northward; winters south irregularly to Virginia, Illinois, British Columbia, and Nevada. Range.—Northern North America; breeds from northern New England, northern New York, and northern Michigan northward; winters irregularly south to Virginia, Illinois, British Columbia, and Nevada. 595. Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Zamelodia ludoviciana). L. 8. Ad. ♂. Black; rump, belly, tips of inner vanes of outer tail-feathers and patch in wing white; under wing-coverts and breast rose. Ad. ♀. Under wing-coverts saffron; above streaked brown and black; below whitish streaked with blackish; a white line over eye; two white wing-bars. Yng. ♂. Resembles ♀, but under wing-coverts rose; breast more or less rose-tinged. Notes. Call, a sharp, steely peek; song, a rich, fluent, joyous carol. 595. Rose-breasted Grosbeak (Zamelodia ludoviciana). L. 8. Ad. ♂. Black; rump, belly, tips of inner vanes of outer tail-feathers, and wing patch are white; under wing-coverts and breast are rose. Ad. ♀. Under wing-coverts are saffron; above, they have brown and black streaks; below, it's whitish streaked with blackish; a white line over the eye; two white wing-bars. Yng. ♂. Looks like ♀, but under wing-coverts are rose; breast is somewhat rose-tinged. Notes. Call is a sharp, steely peek; song is a rich, flowing, joyful melody. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from northern New Jersey, northern Ohio, and northern Indiana (and south in Alleghanies to North Carolina), north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters in Central and South America. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from northern New Jersey, northern Ohio, and northern Indiana (and south in the Alleghenies to North Carolina), north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters in Central and South America. 517. Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpureus). L. 6.2; W. 3.2. Bill swollen and rounded; nostrils large, partially covered by projecting, grayish, bristly feathers; tail slightly forked. Ad. ♂. Dull rose, head and rump brightest; back brownish; lower belly white. Ad. ♀. Above grayish brown, slightly edged with whitish and brownish ashy; below white streaked with dark brownish; a more or less distinct whitish stripe over the eye. Yng. Resemble Ad. ♀. Notes. Call, creak, creak, and a querulous whistle; song, a sweet, rapidly flowing warble. (See page 175.) 517. Purple Finch (Carpodacus purpureus). Length 6.2 inches; Wingspan 3.2 inches. Bill is swollen and rounded; nostrils are large, partially covered by projecting, grayish, bristly feathers; tail is slightly forked. Adult. Male: Dull rose, with the head and rump being the brightest; back is brownish; lower belly is white. Adult. Female: Above is grayish brown, slightly edged with whitish and brownish ash; below is white streaked with dark brown; there is a more or less distinct whitish stripe over the eye. Young. Resemble Adult Female. Notes. Call sounds like creak, creak, and has a querulous whistle; song is a sweet, rapidly flowing warble. (See page 175.) Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from northern New Jersey, the mountains of Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois northward; winters from the northern States to the Gulf of Mexico. Range.—Eastern North America, extending to the Plains; breeds from northern New Jersey, the mountains of Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois northward; winters from the northern states to the Gulf of Mexico. Range.—Pacific coast region; breeds in the mountains of California; west of the Sierra north to British Columbia; winters from central Oregon to southern Arizona. Range.—Pacific coast region; breeds in the mountains of California; west of the Sierra north to British Columbia; winters from central Oregon to southern Arizona. |
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518. Cassin Purple Finch (Carpodacus cassini). L. 6.5. Ad. ♂. Similar to Ad. ♂ of No. 517 and No. 517a, but back much blacker, streaks more sharply defined; crown as bright but appearing like a cap; below much paler. Ad. ♀. Similar to Ad. ♀ of No. 517a, but larger and more sharply streaked with black, both above and below. Notes. Resemble those of No. 517. 518. Cassin Purple Finch (Carpodacus cassini). L. 6.5. Ad. ♂. Similar to adult ♂ of No. 517 and No. 517a, but the back is much blacker, with streaks more sharply defined; the crown is as bright but looks like a cap; the underparts are much paler. Ad. ♀. Similar to adult ♀ of No. 517a, but larger and has more sharply defined black streaks, both above and below. Notes. Their notes resemble those of No. 517. Range.—Western United States, east to the eastern base of the Rockies, west to the Pacific; breeds in the mountains from New Mexico north to British Columbia. Range.—Western United States, east to the eastern base of the Rockies, west to the Pacific; breeds in the mountains from New Mexico north to British Columbia. 519. House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis). L. 6.1; W. 3.1. Ad. ♂. Throat, breast, forehead, line over eye, and rump, bright rose-red; back grayish brown tinged with red; belly white, streaked with brownish. Ad. ♀. Above brownish gray obscurely streaked with brownish, no olive tint; below white streaked with brownish. Ad. ♂ in Winter. Red areas dull purplish pink tipped with grayish. Yng. Resemble Ad. ♀. Notes. Call, nasal, in chorus, chattering; song, a musical cheery, varied warble, reminding one of that of No. 517, but recognizably different. 519. House Finch (Carpodacus mexicanus frontalis). L. 6.1; W. 3.1. Ad. ♂. The throat, breast, forehead, line over the eye, and rump are bright rose-red; the back is grayish-brown with a hint of red; the belly is white, marked with brown streaks. Ad. ♀. The upper side is brownish-gray with subtle brown streaks, no olive tint; the underside is white with brown streaks. Ad. ♂ in Winter. The red areas appear as a dull purplish-pink tipped with grayish. Yng. They look like Ad. ♀. Notes. The call is nasal, often in chorus and chattering; the song is a cheerful, varied musical warble, reminiscent of No. 517, but distinctly different. Range.—Western United States, east to the Plains, west to the Pacific, and from northern Mexico north to southern Wyoming and Oregon. Range.—Western United States, extending east to the Plains, west to the Pacific, and from northern Mexico up to southern Wyoming and Oregon. 519b. St. Lucas House Finch (C. m. ruberrimus). Similar to No. 519, but smaller, W. 2.8; red more extended, always showing in males on under tail-coverts. 519b. St. Lucas House Finch (C. m. ruberrimus). Similar to No. 519, but smaller, W. 2.8; the red is more pronounced, always visible in males on the under tail-coverts. Range.—Southern Lower California. Range: Southern Baja California. 519c. San Clemente House Finch (C. m. clementis). Similar to No. 519, but wing and tail averaging shorter, the bill decidedly, and feet slightly larger; coloration somewhat darker. W. 3; B. .48. (Ridgw.) 519c. San Clemente House Finch (C. m. clementis). Similar to No. 519, but with shorter wings and tail on average, the bill noticeably larger, and the feet slightly larger; coloration is a bit darker. W. 3; B. .48. (Ridgw.) Range.—Santa Barbara Island, California; Todos Santos Island, Lower California. Range.—Santa Barbara Island, California; Todos Santos Island, Baja California. 520. Guadalupe House Finch (Carpodacus amplus). Similar to No. 519, but red deeper; back dark brown without red suffusion. 520. Guadalupe House Finch (Carpodacus amplus). Similar to No. 519, but with a deeper red; back is dark brown without any red tint. Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California. Range: Guadalupe Island, Baja California. 520.1 San Benito House Finch (Carpodacus mcgregori). Similar to No. 519, but much larger with relatively shorter wings and tail; above much grayer and more distinctly streaked; red areas paler, more flesh-colored, often dull yellow; W. 3.2; T. 2.5; B. .5. (Ridgw.) 520.1 San Benito House Finch (Carpodacus mcgregori). Similar to No. 519, but much larger with relatively shorter wings and tail; the upper parts are much grayer and more distinctly streaked; red areas are paler, more flesh-colored, often dull yellow; W. 3.2; T. 2.5; B. .5. (Ridgw.) Range.—San Benito Island, Lower California. Range: San Benito Island, Baja California. |
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527. Greenland Redpoll (Acanthis hornemannii). L. 6.1; W. 3.3. A red crown-patch. Ad. ♂. Rump, lower breast, sides and belly white, generally unstreaked; breast and rump sometimes faintly tinged with pink. In winter. Throat, breast, and above washed with buff. Ad. ♀. Similar to ♂, but no pink on breast or rump, sides sometimes lightly streaked. 527. Greenland Redpoll (Acanthis hornemannii). L. 6.1; W. 3.3. Features a red crown patch. Adult ♂. Rump, lower breast, sides, and belly white, usually unstreaked; breast and rump may have a slight pink tint. In winter, the throat, breast, and upper parts are washed with buff. Adult ♀. Similar to the male, but lacks pink on the breast or rump, and the sides may be lightly streaked. Range.—Breeds in Greenland; winters south to Labrador. Range.—Nests in Greenland; migrates south to Labrador for the winter. 527a. Hoary Redpoll (A. h. exilipes). Similar to No. 527 but smaller and darker; rump still white, but with sides more apt to be streaked; L. 5; W. 3; T. 2.3; B. .3. 527a. Hoary Redpoll (A. h. exilipes). Similar to No. 527 but smaller and darker; the rump is still white, but the sides are more likely to be streaked; L. 5; W. 3; T. 2.3; B. .3. Range.—Breeds in Arctic regions; in America, winters south irregularly to Massachusetts, Ontario, northern Illinois, and Michigan. Range.—Breeds in Arctic regions; in America, winters irregularly as far south as Massachusetts, Ontario, northern Illinois, and Michigan. 528. Redpoll (Acanthis linaria). L. 5.3; W. 2.8; T. 2.3. B. .36. Crown-cap red. Ad. ♂. Above blackish brown edged with yellowish brown and some whitish; rump heavily streaked with blackish edged with whitish and tinged with rose; breast rose; sides heavily streaked. Ad. ♀. Similar, but no pink on rump or breast. Yng. ♂. Like female. Notes. Call like that of Goldfinch or Siskin and chit; song like that of American Goldfinch but distinct. (Minot.) 528. Redpoll (Acanthis linaria). L. 5.3; W. 2.8; T. 2.3. B. .36. Crown-cap red. Ad. ♂. The male is brownish-black above with yellowish-brown edges and some white; the rump is heavily streaked with black and has white edges with a hint of rose; the breast is rose-colored; the sides are heavily streaked. Ad. ♀. The female is similar but lacks pink on the rump or breast. Yng. ♂. Looks like the female. Notes. Call is similar to that of the Goldfinch or Siskin and sounds like "chit"; the song resembles that of the American Goldfinch but is distinct. (Minot.) Range.—Breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America, winters south to northern United States, irregularly to Virginia, Alabama, Kansas, Colorado, and northern California. Range.—Breeds in the northern regions of the Northern Hemisphere; in America, winters as far south as the northern United States, irregularly reaching Virginia, Alabama, Kansas, Colorado, and northern California. 528a. Holbœll Redpoll (A. l. holbœllii). Similar to No. 528, but larger, the bill longer; W. 3.2; T. 2.3; B. .38. 528a. Holbœll Redpoll (A. l. holbœllii). Similar to No. 528, but larger, with a longer bill; W. 3.2; T. 2.3; B. .38. Range.—Breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere; in America, winters south, casually to northern United States, (Quebec, Ontario, and Massachusetts.) Range.—Breeds in the northern regions of the northern hemisphere; in America, winters further south, occasionally reaching the northern United States, (Quebec, Ontario, and Massachusetts.) 528b. Greater Redpoll (A. l. rostrata). Similar to No. 528, but larger, above darker; L. 5.5; W. 3.2; T. 2.5; B. .35; depth at base, .28. 528b. Greater Redpoll (A. l. rostrata). Similar to No. 528, but larger, with a darker upper body; Length: 5.5; Wingspan: 3.2; Tail: 2.5; Bill: .35; depth at base: .28. Range.—"Southern Greenland in summer, migrating south in winter, through Labrador to (sparingly) the northern border of the United States, (New England, lower Hudson Valley, northern Illinois, etc.), and west to Manitoba." (Ridgway.) Range.—"Southern Greenland in summer, migrating south in winter, through Labrador to (sparsely) the northern border of the United States, (New England, lower Hudson Valley, northern Illinois, etc.), and west to Manitoba." (Ridgway.) 749. Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula). L. 4.4. A conspicuous whitish eye-ring. Ad. ♂. A more or less concealed vermilion crown-patch; back olive-green; underparts soiled whitish more or less tinged with buffy; two white wing-bars. Ad. ♀ and Yng. Similar, but no crown-patch. Notes. Call, a wren-like cack; song, a surprisingly loud, rich, musical, varied, flute-like whistle. 749. Ruby-crowned Kinglet (Regulus calendula). L. 4.4. A noticeable white eye-ring. Adult ♂. A somewhat hidden red crown patch; back is olive-green; underparts are dirty white with some buffy tint; two white wing bars. Adult ♀ and Young. Similar, but without the crown patch. Notes. Call sounds like a wren's cack; song is surprisingly loud, rich, musical, with varied, flute-like whistles. Range.—North America; breeds from the northern border of the United States northward and south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and on the Sierra Nevada of California; winters from South Carolina and Oregon southward to Central America. Range.—North America; breeds from the northern border of the United States northward and south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona and in the Sierra Nevada of California; winters from South Carolina and Oregon southward to Central America. 749a. Sitkan Kinglet (R. c. grinnelli). Similar to No. 749, but more olive-green above, more buffy below. 749a. Sitkan Kinglet (R. c. grinnelli). Similar to No. 749, but with a more olive-green back and a lighter buff color underneath. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds In southern Alaska; winters southward to California. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds in southern Alaska; winters south to California. |
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Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California. Range: Guadalupe Island, Baja California. —European Goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis). L. 5.50. Feathers at base of bill red; crown and neck-stripe black; back brownish; wings with a yellow band; inner webs of tail-feathers tipped with white; below white tinged with brownish. Notes. Call, twit; song, "sweet and varied." (See page 176.) —European Goldfinch (Carduelis carduelis). L. 5.50. Feathers at the base of the bill are red; the crown and neck stripe are black; the back is brownish; the wings have a yellow band; the inner edges of the tail feathers are tipped with white; the underside is white with a brownish tint. Notes. Call, twit; song, "sweet and varied." (See page 176.) Range.—Introduced in this country near Hoboken, N. J., in 1878; now not uncommon near New York City. Range.—Brought into this country near Hoboken, NJ, in 1878; now fairly common around New York City. 443. Scissor-tailed Flycatcher (Muscivora forficata). L. 14.5. Ad. ♂. Above gray, back washed with red or yellow; crown-patch red. Ad. ♀. Similar, but tail shorter, red less bright, back grayer. Notes. Loud, harsh, chattering notes uttered on the wing. 443. Scissor-tailed Flycatcher (Muscivora forficata). Length: 14.5 inches. Males. The upper parts are gray, with a back tinged red or yellow; there’s a red patch on the crown. Females. Similar but with a shorter tail, less bright red, and a grayer back. Notes. Loud, harsh chattering sounds made while flying. Range.—Central America and Mexico; breeds through Texas north to southern Kansas and western Louisiana, and winters south to Central America: accidental in Florida and as far north as Connecticut and Hudson Bay. Range.—Central America and Mexico; breeds through Texas north to southern Kansas and western Louisiana, and winters south to Central America: accidental in Florida and as far north as Connecticut and Hudson Bay. 471. Vermilion Flycatcher (Pyrocephalus rubineus mexicanus). L. 6. Ad. ♂. Crown and underparts red; back grayish brown. Ad. ♀. Above brownish, below white, breast streaked with dusky, belly red or yellow. Yng. ♂. Similar to ♀ but spotted with red below and on crown. Notes. A shrill zi-bréé, zi-bréé, uttered while the bird hovers twenty or thirty feet up in the air. (Bendire.) 471. Vermilion Flycatcher (Pyrocephalus rubineus mexicanus). L. 6. Ad. ♂. The crown and underparts are red; the back is grayish-brown. Ad. ♀. The upper side is brownish, the underside is white, with a dusky streak on the breast and a red or yellow belly. Yng. ♂. Similar to the ♀ but has red spots below and on the crown. Notes. A sharp zi-bréé, zi-bréé, is produced while the bird hovers twenty or thirty feet in the air. (Bendire.) Range.—Central America and Mexico, breeding north to southern Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, southwestern Utah (rarely); "winter visitant to southern California." (Grinnell.) Range.—Central America and Mexico, breeding as far north as southern Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and rarely southwestern Utah; "winter visitor to southern California." (Grinnell.) 688. Painted Redstart (Setophaga picta). L. 5.4. Ads. Black; center of breast and belly deep red, patch in wings and outer tail-feathers white. 688. Painted Redstart (Setophaga picta). L. 5.4. Ads. Black; center of the chest and belly bright red, with white patches on the wings and outer tail feathers. Range—Mexican Plateau north to southwest New Mexico and Arizona. Range—Mexican Plateau from northern to southwestern New Mexico and Arizona. 690. Red-faced Warbler (Cardellina rubrifrons). L. 5.2. Ads. Forehead, face, throat and sides of neck red, crown and ear-coverts black, nape band and rump whitish; back gray; no white in wings or tail. Notes. A prolonged, very clear, whistled song. (Scott.) 690. Red-faced Warbler (Cardellina rubrifrons). L. 5.2. Ads. The forehead, face, throat, and sides of the neck are red, the crown and ear-coverts are black, and there is a whitish band on the nape and rump; the back is gray; there’s no white in the wings or tail. Notes. A long, very clear, whistled song. (Scott.) Range.—From Guatemala north over the Mexican Plateau to southern Arizona and western New Mexico. Range.—From Guatemala north through the Mexican Plateau to southern Arizona and western New Mexico. |
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498. Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phœniceus). L. ♂, 9.5; W. 4.7; B. .88; depth at base, .5. Ad. ♂. Black, in winter more or less tipped with rusty; lesser wing-coverts scarlet; median wing-coverts buff, tips in summer whitish. Ad. ♀. Above brownish black, widely margined with buffy and rusty; below whitish heavily streaked with black; throat tinged with orange or yellow; lesser wing-coverts tinged with red. Yng. ♂. Similar to Ad. ♂, but heavily margined with rusty above and less so below; lesser wing-coverts duller and narrowly edged with black. Notes. Call, chût, chûck, a reedy cack; song, a chorus song, a liquid kong-quĕr-rēē; alarm note a shrill chee-e-e-e-e. The notes of this species are subject to much variation with locality, but I find it impossible to express on paper differences perfectly apparent when heard. 498. Red-winged Blackbird (Agelaius phœniceus). L. ♂, 9.5; W. 4.7; B. .88; depth at base, .5. Ad. ♂. Black, sometimes with a rusty tint in winter; the lesser wing-coverts are scarlet; the median wing-coverts are buff, with summer tips being whitish. Ad. ♀. Above, brownish-black, with wide buffy and rusty margins; below, whitish heavily streaked with black; throat has a hint of orange or yellow; lesser wing-coverts have a touch of red. Yng. ♂. Similar to Ad. ♂, but with more rusty margins above and less so below; lesser wing-coverts are duller and narrowly edged with black. Notes. Call: chût, chûck, a reedy cack; song: a chorus song, a liquid kong-quĕr-rēē; alarm note is a sharp chee-e-e-e-e. The sounds of this species vary greatly by location, but I find it impossible to capture the differences perfectly on paper that are obvious when heard. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Gulf of Mexico north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and southern Illinois southward. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from the Gulf of Mexico north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and southern Illinois southward. 498a. Sonoran Red-wing (A. p. sonoriensis). Similar to No. 498, but larger, bill more slender; ♀ paler, streaking below browner. W. ♀, 4.8; B. .95; depth at base .5. 498a. Sonoran Red-wing (A. p. sonoriensis). Similar to No. 498, but larger, with a slimmer bill; the female is paler, with browner streaking below. Wingspan for the female is 4.8; Beak is .95; depth at the base is .5. Range.—Lower Colorado Valley in California and Arizona, southern Arizona and south over coast plain of Sonora; Cape St. Lucas. Range.—Lower Colorado Valley in California and Arizona, southern Arizona, and south over the coastal plain of Sonora; Cape St. Lucas. 498b. Bahaman Red-wing (A. p. bryanti). Similar to No. 498, but bill slightly longer, the female streaked below with brownish instead of black. 498b. Bahaman Red-wing (A. p. bryanti). Similar to No. 498, but the bill is slightly longer, and the female is streaked below with brownish instead of black. Range.—Bahamas and southern Florida. Range: Bahamas and South Florida. 498c. Florida Red-wing (A. p. floridanus). Similar to No. 498, but smaller, the bill longer and more slender; ♂, W. 4.2; B. .9; depth at base .4. 498c. Florida Red-wing (A. p. floridanus). Similar to No. 498, but smaller, with a longer and slimmer bill; ♂, W. 4.2; B. .9; depth at base .4. Range.—Florida, except extreme southern portion; west along Gulf coast to Texas. Range.—Florida, except for the very southern part; west along the Gulf coast to Texas. 498d. Thick-billed Red-wing (A. p. fortis). Similar to No. 498, but larger, bill shorter and proportionately thicker. W. 5; B. .8; depth at base .5. 498d. Thick-billed Red-wing (A. p. fortis). Similar to No. 498, but larger, with a shorter and proportionately thicker bill. W. 5; B. .8; depth at base .5. Range.—Breeds on Mackenzie River, Athabasca, and other interior districts of British America; during migrations Great Plains, from Rockies to Minnesota, Iowa, western Illinois, northern Kentucky, and southwest to western Texas and Arizona. (Ridgway.) Range.—Breeds in the Mackenzie River, Athabasca, and other interior areas of British America; during migrations, it moves through the Great Plains, from the Rockies to Minnesota, Iowa, western Illinois, northern Kentucky, and southwest to western Texas and Arizona. (Ridgway.) 498e. San Diego Red-wing (A. p. neutralis). Similar to No. 498a, but slightly smaller, the ♀ with streaks below wider. W. 4.7; B. .95; depth at base .5. 498e. San Diego Red-wing (A. p. neutralis). Similar to No. 498a, but slightly smaller, the female has wider streaks below. Wingspan 4.7; Bill .95; depth at base .5. Range.—Great Basin region from southern British Columbia south to Mexico, western Texas, to southern California and northern Lower California; in winter as far east as Brownsville, Texas. (Ridgway.) Range.—Great Basin region from southern British Columbia south to Mexico, western Texas, to southern California and northern Lower California; in winter as far east as Brownsville, Texas. (Ridgway.) 498f. Northwestern Red-wing (A. p. caurinum). Similar to No. 498, but slightly larger, bill somewhat longer and more slender, the ♂ with median wing-coverts deeper buff, the ♀ much darker, streaks below wider, darkest ♀ of group. W. 4.8; B. .9; depth at base .45. 498f. Northwestern Red-wing (A. p. caurinum). Similar to No. 498, but slightly larger, with a somewhat longer and more slender bill. The male has median wing-coverts that are a deeper buff, while the female is much darker, with wider streaks below, making her the darkest female in the group. Wing length 4.8; Bill length .9; Depth at base .45. Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to British Columbia; south in winter to southern California. Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to British Columbia; south in winter to southern California. |
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499. Bicolored Blackbird (Agelaius gubernator californicus). Ad. ♂. Similar to No. 498, but median wing-coverts darker and broadly tipped with black, concealing as a rule, their brownish bases. Ad. ♀. Very different from ♀ of No. 498; above and below blackish slightly edged with rusty. Notes. Similar in character to those of No. 498, but with easily recognizable differences. (See page 178.) 499. Bicolored Blackbird (Agelaius gubernator californicus). Adult. Male. Similar to No. 498, but the median wing coverts are darker and widely tipped with black, usually hiding their brownish bases. Adult. Female. Very different from the female of No. 498; overall blackish with slight rusty edges above and below. Notes. Similar in character to those of No. 498, but with easily noticeable differences. (See page 178.) Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from northern Lower California northward, west of Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges, to Washington; migratory at north part of range. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from northern Lower California northward, west of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade ranges, to Washington; migratory at the northern part of its range. 500. Tricolored Blackbird (Agelaius tricolor). Ad. ♂. Similar to No. 498, but glossier, lesser wing-coverts darker, median wing-coverts white; in winter black more or less edged with grayish brown; median wing-coverts dingy. Ad. ♀. No rusty; above blackish edged with grayish; below black bordered with whitish. Notes. "Said to be quite different" from those of No. 498. (Bendire.) (See page 178.) 500. Tricolored Blackbird (Agelaius tricolor). Adult. Male. Similar to No. 498, but shinier, with darker lesser wing coverts and median wing coverts that are white; in winter, black is more or less edged with grayish brown; median wing coverts appear dull. Adult. Female. No rusty coloration; above is blackish edged with grayish; below is black bordered with whitish. Notes. "Reported to be quite different" from those of No. 498. (Bendire.) (See page 178.) Range.—Northern Lower California north to southern Oregon; local in valleys of interior. Range.—Northern Lower California north to southern Oregon; local in valleys of the interior. 523. Aleutian Leucosticte (Leucosticte griseonucha). Like No. 524a, but much darker, breast chestnut-chocolate; larger, W. 4.4. 523. Aleutian Leucosticte (Leucosticte griseonucha). Similar to No. 524a, but significantly darker, with a chestnut-chocolate breast; larger, W. 4.4. Range.—Islands of Bering Sea (resident); in winter, Shumagin Islands, lower portion of Alaska Peninsula and Kadiak Island. Range.—Islands of Bering Sea (permanent residents); in winter, Shumagin Islands, the lower part of the Alaska Peninsula, and Kodiak Island. 524. Gray-crowned Leucosticte (Leucosticte tephrocotis). L. 6.7; W. 4.1. Ad. ♂. Reddish brown more or less tipped with grayish; rump, upper tail-coverts, lesser wing-coverts, outer edges of primaries, and lower belly tipped with pink; forecrown black; hindhead gray; cheeks down to blackish throat brown. Ad. ♀. Similar but duller. Yng. Nearly uniform brownish; margins of primaries showing some pink. Notes. A quick alarm note, qui, qui. (Silloway.) 524. Gray-crowned Leucosticte (Leucosticte tephrocotis). L. 6.7; W. 4.1. Ad. ♂. Reddish brown with some grayish tips; rump, upper tail-coverts, lesser wing-coverts, outer edges of primaries, and lower belly tipped with pink; forecrown black; hindhead gray; cheeks transitioning to a brownish black throat. Ad. ♀. Similar but less vibrant. Yng. Almost uniform brownish; margins of primaries showing some pink. Notes. A quick alert call, qui, qui. (Silloway.) Range.—Western United States; breeds in higher parts of Sierra Nevada of California, from Mt. Shasta south to Mt. Whitney, and on White Mountains (Grinnell); north in Rocky Mountains to British Columbia; in winter east to Manitoba, Colorado, and Nebraska. Range.—Western United States; breeds in the higher areas of the Sierra Nevada in California, from Mt. Shasta south to Mt. Whitney, and in the White Mountains (Grinnell); north in the Rocky Mountains to British Columbia; in winter, it migrates east to Manitoba, Colorado, and Nebraska. 524a. Hepburn Leucosticte (L. t. littoralis). Similar to No. 524, but cheeks gray like hindhead; throat often grayish. 524a. Hepburn Leucosticte (L. t. littoralis). Similar to No. 524, but the cheeks are gray like the back of the head; throat often has a grayish tint. Range.—Higher mountains of Washington and British Columbia; north to Alaska; winters south to Colorado and, on Pacific Coast, as far north as Kadiak Island. Range.—Higher mountains of Washington and British Columbia; north to Alaska; winters south to Colorado and, on the Pacific Coast, as far north as Kadiak Island. 525. Black Leucosticte (Leucosticte atrata). Similar to No. 524, but brown replaced by brownish black in Ad. ♂, or dusky slate brownish in Ad. ♀ and Yng. 525. Black Leucosticte (Leucosticte atrata). Similar to No. 524, but the brown is replaced by brownish black in Adult male, or dusky slate brownish in Adult female and Young. Range.—Breeds on higher mountains of Idaho and Wyoming; winters south to Colorado and Utah. Range.—Nests in the higher mountains of Idaho and Wyoming; winters in Colorado and Utah. 526. Brown-capped Leucosticte (Leucosticte australis). Resembles No. 524, but little or no gray on hindhead, the black of forehead passing gradually into brown of nape and back. 526. Brown-capped Leucosticte (Leucosticte australis). Looks like No. 524, but has little to no gray on the back of its head, with the black on the forehead blending gradually into the brown on the neck and back. Range.—Breeds in mountains of Colorado at about 12000 feet altitude, winters at lower altitudes and south to New Mexico. Range.—Breeds in the mountains of Colorado at around 12,000 feet elevation, winters at lower elevations and travels south to New Mexico. |
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599. Lazuli Bunting (Cyanospiza amœna). L. 5.5. Ad. ♂. Two white wing-bars; breast cinnamon, throat and upperparts light blue; back blacker. In winter more or less tipped with rusty. Ad. ♀. Middle wing-coverts tipped with whitish; above grayish brown with generally a blue tinge, strongest on rump and lesser wing-coverts; below whitish, breast buff. Yng. Like ♀, but browner, no blue. Notes. Suggest those of the Indigo Bunting. 599. Lazuli Bunting (Cyanospiza amœna). L. 5.5. Ad. ♂. Two white wing bars; chest cinnamon, throat and upperparts light blue; back darker black. In winter, it has rusty tips. Ad. ♀. Middle wing coverts tipped with whitish; above grayish brown with a blue tint, most noticeable on the rump and lesser wing coverts; underside whitish, breast buff. Yng. Similar to ♀, but browner with no blue. Notes. Sounds like the Indigo Bunting. Range.—Western United States, east to western Kansas; breeds north to Montana and British Columbia; winters in Mexico. Range.—Western United States, east to western Kansas; breeds north to Montana and British Columbia; winters in Mexico. 600. Varied Bunting (Cyanospiza versicolor). L. 5.5. Ad. ♂. Reddish purple, crown and rump blue, nape red. Ad. ♀. Above brownish gray; below whitish washed with buff; a slight tinge of blue on rump, wings and tail. Much like ♀ of No. 598, but less brown above and no streaks below. Yng. Resemble ♀. 600. Varied Bunting (Cyanospiza versicolor). L. 5.5. Adult ♂. Reddish purple, crown and rump blue, nape red. Adult ♀. Brownish gray on top; whitish underneath with a hint of buff; a slight touch of blue on the rump, wings, and tail. Very similar to ♀ of No. 598, but less brown on top and no streaks below. Young. Look like ♀. Range.—Mexico; breeding north to southern Texas and southern Arizona; winters south of United States. Range.—Mexico; breeding north to southern Texas and southern Arizona; winters south of the United States. 600a. Beautiful Bunting (C. v. pulchra). Similar to No. 600, but slightly smaller, rump more purple, throat with less red. 600a. Beautiful Bunting (C. v. pulchra). Similar to No. 600, but a bit smaller, with a more purple rump and less red on the throat. Range.—Southern Lower California. Range.—Southern Baja California. 601. Painted Bunting; Nonpareil (Cyanospiza ciris). L. 5.4. Ad. ♂. Below red, rump duller, back green, head dark blue. Ad. ♀. Bright, shining olive-green above; greenish yellow below. Yng. ♂. Like ♀; second year variously intermediate between Ad. ♂ and ♀. Notes. Resemble those of the Indigo Bunting but possess less volume. 601. Painted Bunting; Nonpareil (Cyanospiza ciris). L. 5.4. Adult ♂. Red below, duller on the rump, green back, dark blue head. Adult ♀. Bright, shiny olive-green on top; greenish-yellow below. Young ♂. Similar to ♀; in the second year, shows a mix between Adult ♂ and ♀. Notes. Their calls are similar to those of the Indigo Bunting but are less intense. Range.—Southern United States; breeds north to North Carolina, southern Illinois, and Kansas, and west to southern Arizona; winters in Mexico and Central America. Range.—Southern United States; breeds north to North Carolina, southern Illinois, and Kansas, and west to southern Arizona; winters in Mexico and Central America. 654. Black-throated Blue Warbler (Dendroica cærulescens). L. 5.2. A white patch or spot at base of primaries. Ad. ♂. Throat and sides black; belly white; above dark grayish blue; outer tail-feathers with white. Ad. ♀. Grayish olive-green; below yellowish white; a narrow white line over eye; white wing-patch small, sometimes barely showing above coverts; tail with a bluish tinge. Yng. ♂. Like Ad. ♀, but greenish above; black areas smaller and tipped with whitish. Notes. Call, a sharp, characteristic chip; song, usually, zwee-zwee-zwee in an ascending scale. 654. Black-throated Blue Warbler (Dendroica cærulescens). L. 5.2. A white patch or spot at the base of the primaries. Ad. ♂. Black throat and sides; white belly; dark grayish-blue above; outer tail feathers have white. Ad. ♀. Grayish olive-green; yellowish white below; a narrow white line over the eye; small white wing patch, sometimes barely visible above the coverts; tail has a bluish tint. Yng. ♂. Similar to Ad. ♀, but greenish above; smaller black areas tipped with whitish. Notes. Call is a sharp, characteristic chip; song is usually zwee-zwee-zwee in an ascending scale. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern Connecticut, mountains of Pennsylvania, southern Michigan, and northern Minnesota, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters in Central and South America. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern Connecticut, the mountains of Pennsylvania, southern Michigan, and northern Minnesota, north to Labrador and the Hudson Bay area; winters in Central and South America. 654a. Cairns Warbler (D. c. cairnsi). Similar to No. 654, but ♂ darker, the back with more or less black; ♀ darker and duller. 654a. Cairns Warbler (D. c. cairnsi). Similar to No. 654, but the male is darker, with more or less black on the back; the female is darker and more subdued. Range.—Breeds in higher portions of southern Alleghanies; winters south of United States. Range.—Breeds in the higher areas of the southern Appalachians; winters south of the United States. |
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658. Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea). L. 5. Ad. ♂. A gray-blue breast band; above bright gray-blue streaked with black; wing-bars and spots in tail white. Ad. ♀ and Yng. ♂. Above blue-gray washed with greenish, below yellowish white; a whitish line over eye. Notes. Call, a warbler lisp and tchip of the Myrtle Warbler; song resembling that of Parula Warbler. (Brewster.) (See page 180.) 658. Cerulean Warbler (Dendroica cerulea). L. 5. Adult. ♂. Has a gray-blue band on the chest; upper body is bright gray-blue with black streaks; wing bars and tail spots are white. Adult. ♀ and Young. ♂. Upper body is blue-gray with a greenish wash, and below is yellowish white; there’s a whitish line above the eye. Notes. Call sounds like a warbler lisp and tchip similar to the Myrtle Warbler; song is similar to that of the Parula Warbler. (Brewster.) (See page 180.) Range.—Mississippi Valley, breeding north to Minnesota and east to Cayuga County, New York, Maryland, and West Virginia; generally rare east of Alleghanies; migrates south through Texas and winters in Central and South America. Range.—Mississippi Valley, breeding as far north as Minnesota and as far east as Cayuga County, New York, Maryland, and West Virginia; generally uncommon east of the Appalachian Mountains; migrates south through Texas and winters in Central and South America. 597. Blue Grosbeak (Guiraca cærulea). L. 7; W. 3.4. Ad. ♂. Deep, dark blue, back blacker and sometimes with brownish edgings; lesser wing-coverts broadly, greater wing-coverts narrowly tipped with chestnut. In winter more or less tipped with brownish above and below. Ad. ♀. Above grayish brown, deepest on head; below grayish white washed with buffy; wing-bars buff. Some specimens show more or less blue, particularly about head. Yng. ♂. Like ♀, but browner. Notes. Call, a strong, harsh, ptchick; song, a beautiful but feeble warble, somewhat like that of Purple Finch and with a slight resemblance to that of Rose-breasted Grosbeak. (Ridgw.) 597. Blue Grosbeak (Guiraca cærulea). L. 7; W. 3.4. Ad. ♂. Deep, dark blue, with a blacker back and sometimes brownish edges; lesser wing-coverts are broadly tipped with chestnut, and greater wing-coverts are narrowly tipped with chestnut. In winter, the feathers are more or less tipped with brown above and below. Ad. ♀. Above is grayish brown, darkest on the head; below is grayish white with a buff wash; wing-bars are buff. Some specimens show varying amounts of blue, especially around the head. Yng. ♂. Similar to ♀, but with browner tones. Notes. Call is a strong, harsh ptchick; song is a beautiful but weak warble, somewhat resembling that of the Purple Finch and with a slight similarity to the Rose-breasted Grosbeak. (Ridgw.) Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf north to Maryland and southern Illinois; winters south of United States into Mexico and Central America; casually north as far as Maine and Quebec. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf up to Maryland and southern Illinois; winters south of the United States into Mexico and Central America; occasionally seen north as far as Maine and Quebec. 597a. Western Blue Grosbeak (G. c. lazula). Similar to No. 597, but larger, W. 3.6; male brighter blue; back blacker; tips of wing-coverts paler, those of greater coverts usually decidedly paler than those of lesser coverts and averaging wider than those of No. 597. Female averaging paler, less brown. 597a. Western Blue Grosbeak (G. c. lazula). Similar to No. 597, but larger, W. 3.6; males are a brighter blue; the back is blacker; the tips of the wing-coverts are lighter, and the tips of the greater coverts are usually noticeably lighter than those of the lesser coverts and generally wider than those of No. 597. Females are usually paler and less brown. Range.—Western United States; breeds from Mexico north to Kansas, southern Nebraska, Colorado, and northern California; winters in Mexico and Central America. Range.—Western United States; breeds from Mexico north to Kansas, southern Nebraska, Colorado, and northern California; winters in Mexico and Central America. 598. Indigo Bunting (Cyanospiza cyanea). L. 5.4. No white wing-bars. Ad. ♂. Deep blue, darkest on head. In winter brown, paler below, more or less mixed with blue. Ad. ♀. Above brown; below whitish washed with brown with a suggestion of streaks; lesser wing-coverts and margins of tail-feathers usually tinged with blue. Yng. Similar to ♀ but below more streaked; browner, and generally without blue tinge. Notes. Call, a sharp pit; song, a tinkling, unsympathetic, rapid warble, July, July, summer-summer's here; morning, noontide, evening, list to me. 598. Indigo Bunting (Cyanospiza cyanea). L. 5.4. No white wing-bars. Ad. ♂. Deep blue, darkest on the head. In winter, brown, lighter underneath, mixed with some blue. Ad. ♀. Brown on top; underneath whitish with a brown wash and a hint of streaks; lesser wing-coverts and edges of tail feathers usually have a blue tint. Yng. Similar to ♀ but with more streaks underneath; browner and usually without a blue tint. Notes. Call, a sharp pit; song, a tinkling, unappealing, rapid warble, July, July, summer-summer's here; morning, noon, evening, listen to me. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains, casually to Colorado; breeds north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters in Central America. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains, occasionally to Colorado; breeds north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters in Central America. |
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766. Bluebird (Sialia sialis). L. 7. Ad. ♂. Above, including wings and tail, bright blue; throat and breast rusty brown, belly whitish. Ad. ♀. Above grayer, below paler. In winter specimens of both sexes have upperparts tipped with rusty. Notes. Call, tur-wee, tur-wee; song, a rich and sweet but short warble. 766. Bluebird (Sialia sialis). L. 7. Adult. Male. The upper body, including wings and tail, is bright blue; throat and breast are rusty brown, and the belly is whitish. Adult. Female. The upper body is grayer, and the underside is paler. In winter, both males and females have their upper parts tipped with rusty colors. Notes. Call: tur-wee, tur-wee; song: a rich, sweet, but short warble. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters from southern New England and southern Illinois southward. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States to Nova Scotia and Manitoba; winters from southern New England and southern Illinois southward. 766a. Azure Bluebird (S. s. azurea). Similar to No. 766, but breast paler, upperparts less deep, more cerulean. 766a. Azure Bluebird (S. s. azurea). Similar to No. 766, but the breast is lighter, the upper parts are less deep, and more cerulean. Range.—Mountains of eastern Mexico north to southern Arizona. Range.—Mountains in eastern Mexico extending north to southern Arizona. 767. Western Bluebird (Sialia mexicana occidentalis). L. 7. Ad. ♂. Above bright blue, foreback with more or less rust-brown, but rarely wholly chestnut; throat blue, breast rust-brown, belly bluish gray. Ad. ♀. Above grayish blue; rust on foreback faintly indicated; throat bluish gray, breast paler than in ♂. Notes. Call, suggests that of No. 766, but is louder and wilder. 767. Western Bluebird (Sialia mexicana occidentalis). L. 7. Adult. ♂. Bright blue on top, with some rust-brown on the foreback, but rarely completely chestnut; throat blue, breast rust-brown, belly bluish gray. Adult ♀. Grayish blue on top; rust on foreback is faintly noticeable; throat bluish gray, breast lighter than in ♂. Notes. The call is similar to that of No. 766, but it's louder and more energetic. Range.—Pacific coast region from northern Lower California north to British Columbia, east to western Nevada and casually, during migrations, to New Mexico. (Ridgway.) Range.—Pacific coast region from northern Lower California up to British Columbia, east to western Nevada and occasionally, during migrations, to New Mexico. (Ridgway.) 767a. Chestnut-backed Bluebird (S. m. bairdi). Similar to No. 767, but foreback wholly rust-brown. 767a. Chestnut-backed Bluebird (S. m. bairdi). Similar to No. 767, but the back is entirely rust-brown. Range.—Rocky Mountain region from Wyoming south into Mexico. Range.—Rocky Mountain area from Wyoming down into Mexico. 767b. San Pedro Bluebird (S. m. anabelæ). Rust-brown of back and breast greatly reduced in extent, usually wholly wanting or barely indicated on back, and divided into two patches on breast by backward extension of blue of throat; W. 4.2. (Ridgw.) 767b. San Pedro Bluebird (S. m. anabelæ). The rust-brown color on the back and breast is significantly diminished, often totally absent or just barely present on the back, and divided into two patches on the breast by the backward extension of the blue from the throat; W. 4.2. (Ridgw.) Range.—San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California. Range.—San Pedro Martir Mountains, Baja California. 768. Mountain Bluebird (Sialia arctica). L. 7.5. Ad. ♂. Above beautiful cerulean blue, throat and breast paler, belly whitish. Winter specimens are more or less tipped with brownish. Ad. ♀. Above brownish gray, rump blue, throat and breast grayish buff; belly whitish. Notes. Call, suggests that of No. 766, but in fall is merely a feeble chirp. (Ridgw.) 768. Mountain Bluebird (Sialia arctica). Length: 7.5 inches. Adult. Male: Bright cerulean blue on top, paler throat and chest, whitish belly. Winter specimens have some brownish tips. Adult. Female: Brownish gray on top, blue rump, grayish buff throat and chest; whitish belly. Notes. Call resembles that of No. 766, but in fall it is just a weak chirp. (Ridgw.) Range.—Western United States, except Pacific coast; breeds from the Sierra Nevada east to the Plains and from New Mexico north to the Great Slave Lake region; winters from the Mexico boundary states south into Mexico. Range.—Western United States, excluding the Pacific coast; breeds from the Sierra Nevada east to the Plains and from New Mexico north to the Great Slave Lake area; winters from the border states with Mexico south into Mexico. |
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477. Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata). L. 11.7. Ads. Above gray-blue, breast and sides washed with grayish; white tip to outer tail-feather rarely less than one inch long. Notes. Varied; commonly a loud harsh jay jay; often whistling calls and imitations of the notes of other birds, particularly of common Hawks. 477. Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata). Length 11.7. Ads. The upper body is gray-blue, with the breast and sides having a grayish wash; the white tip of the outer tail feather is usually at least one inch long. Notes. Varied; typically a loud, harsh jay jay; often produces whistling calls and mimics the sounds of other birds, especially common Hawks. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Georgia and northern Texas north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; resident, except at northern part of range. Range.—Eastern North America, extending west to the Plains; breeds from Georgia and northern Texas up to Labrador and the Hudson Bay area; it remains year-round, except in the northern part of its range. 477a. Florida Blue Jay (C. c. florincola). Similar to No. 477, but smaller, L. 10; blue above with a purplish tinge; greater wing-coverts more narrowly barred with black and tipped with white. 477a. Florida Blue Jay (C. c. florincola). Similar to No. 477, but smaller, L. 10; blue on top with a purplish hue; greater wing-coverts more narrowly striped with black and tipped with white. Range.—Florida and Gulf Coast to southeastern Texas. Range.—Florida and the Gulf Coast to southeastern Texas. 482. Arizona Jay (Aphelocoma sieberii arizonæ). L. 13; W. 6.3; T. 5.8. Ads. Above grayish blue, head, wings and tail brighter than back; below unstreaked, gray breast tinged with bluish; belly whiter. Notes. Noisy, harsh, and far-reaching. (Bendire.) 482. Arizona Jay (Aphelocoma sieberii arizonæ). L. 13; W. 6.3; T. 5.8. Ads. The back is a grayish blue, but the head, wings, and tail are brighter than the back; underneath is unstreaked, with a gray breast that has a bluish tint; the belly is whiter. Notes. Noisy, harsh, and can be heard from far away. (Bendire.) Range.—Northern Mexico, north to southern New Mexico and Arizona. Range.—Northern Mexico, extending north to southern New Mexico and Arizona. 482a. Couch Jay (A. s. couchi). Similar to No. 482, but smaller; W. 5.8; T. 5.3; bluer above, throat whiter. 482a. Couch Jay (A. s. couchi). Similar to No. 482, but smaller; W. 5.8; T. 5.3; has a bluer color on top and a whiter throat. Range.—"Eastern Mexico, extending to western Texas in the Chisos Mountains." (Bailey.) Range.—"Eastern Mexico, stretching into western Texas in the Chisos Mountains." (Bailey.) 492. Pinon Jay (Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus). L. 11; T. 4.8. Ads. Above nearly uniform grayish blue, head slightly darker; below slightly paler, throat streaked with white. Notes. Variable, some as harsh as those of No. 491, others like gabble of Magpie; others like Jays' common call a shrill, querulous, peeh, peeh; when on ground maintain a constant chatter. (Bendire.) 492. Pinon Jay (Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus). L. 11; T. 4.8. Ads. The upper body is mostly a consistent grayish blue, with a slightly darker head; the underside is a bit lighter, and the throat has white streaks. Notes. Their calls vary; some are as harsh as those of No. 491, while others sound like the chatter of a Magpie. They also have a common shrill, querulous call that goes peeh, peeh; when on the ground, they continue to chat non-stop. (Bendire.) Range.—Western North America, from New Mexico and Lower California north to southern British Columbia; east to Rockies, west to Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges. Range.—Western North America, from New Mexico and Lower California north to southern British Columbia; east to the Rockies, west to the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges. |
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479. Florida Jay (Aphelocoma cyanea). L. 11.5. Ads. foreback clay-color or pale brownish gray; head, nape, wings, tail, sides of throat and faint breast-streaks blue; a grayish line over eye; throat gray; belly dingier; forehead usually hoary. Notes. Harsh and unmusical calls. 479. Florida Jay (Aphelocoma cyanea). Length 11.5 inches. Ads. Upper body is clay-colored or light brownish-gray; head, back of the neck, wings, tail, sides of the throat, and faint streaks on the breast are blue; there’s a grayish line above the eye; throat is gray; belly is duller; forehead is usually grayish. Notes. Produces harsh and unmusical calls. Range.—Florida; confined mostly to coast of the middle portions of the peninsula. Range.—Florida; mostly limited to the coast of the central parts of the peninsula. 480. Woodhouse Jay (Aphelocoma woodhousei). L. 12; W. 5. Ads. Back grayish or brownish blue, usually not sharply defined from nape; crown, nape, wings and tail blue; throat gray; belly dingier; breast streaked with blue; under tail-coverts blue; a narrow white line over eye. Resembles No. 479, but is larger, back bluer, forehead not hoary; line over eye sharper. 480. Woodhouse Jay (Aphelocoma woodhousei). L. 12; W. 5. Ads. The back is grayish or brownish blue, usually blending smoothly with the nape; the crown, nape, wings, and tail are blue; the throat is gray; the belly is duller; the breast has blue streaks; under tail-coverts are blue; there’s a narrow white line above the eye. It looks like No. 479, but it’s larger, has a bluer back, and the forehead is not gray; the line over the eye is more distinct. Range.—Western United States (chiefly Great Basin region), from northern Mexico north to southeastern Oregon and southern Wyoming; east to western Texas and Colorado; west to California, east of the Sierras. Range.—Western United States (mainly Great Basin region), from northern Mexico north to southeastern Oregon and southern Wyoming; east to western Texas and Colorado; west to California, east of the Sierras. 480.1. Blue-eared Jay (Aphelocoma cyanotis). Resembling No. 480, but larger; W. 5. 5; under tail-coverts white; back slaty-gray tinged with blue; white line over eye less evident. 480.1. Blue-eared Jay (Aphelocoma cyanotis). Looks like No. 480, but is bigger; W. 5. 5; under tail-coverts white; back is slaty-gray with a hint of blue; white line over the eye is less noticeable. Range.—"Mexican tableland north casually to Sutton County, Texas." (Bailey.) Range.—"Mexican plateau extends casually to Sutton County, Texas." (Bailey.) 480.2. Texan Jay (Aphelocoma texana). Similar to No. 480.1, but white line over eye more distinct, below paler and browner gray, lower throat and chest with obsolete grayish streaks instead of blue streaks. Differs from No. 480 in having pure white under tail coverts and in other respects. (Ridgw.) 480.2. Texan Jay (Aphelocoma texana). Similar to No. 480.1, but the white line over the eye is more pronounced, and the area below is a lighter and browner gray. The lower throat and chest have faint grayish streaks instead of blue ones. It differs from No. 480 by having completely white under tail coverts and in other ways. (Ridgw.) Range.—"Southeastern Texas, from Concho and Kerr Counties west to the Davis Mountains." (Bailey.) Range.—"Southeastern Texas, from Concho and Kerr Counties west to the Davis Mountains." (Bailey.) 481. California Jay (Aphelocoma californica). Similar to No. 480, but back brown; usually sharply defined from nape; blue areas brighter, throat and belly whiter; breast less streaked with blue. Notes. Varied, usual call a harsh, metallic squawking. 481. California Jay (Aphelocoma californica). Similar to No. 480, but has a brown back; usually sharply separated from the nape; blue areas are brighter, and the throat and belly are whiter; the breast is less streaked with blue. Notes. Varied, typical call is a harsh, metallic squawking. Range.—Pacific coast from northern Lower California, north to southern Washington, east, in California, to the Sierra Nevada. Range.—Pacific coast from northern Lower California, north to southern Washington, and east in California to the Sierra Nevada. 481a. Xantus Jay (A. c. hypoleuca). Similar to No. 481, but blue areas somewhat lighter, underparts decidedly whiter. 481a. Xantus Jay (A. c. hypoleuca). Similar to No. 481, but the blue areas are a bit lighter, and the underparts are definitely whiter. Range.—Lower California, north to Lat. 28°. Range.—Lower California, up to Latitude 28°. 481b. Belding Jay (A. c. obscura). Similar to No. 481, but darker and with smaller feet; W. 4.7. (Anthony.) 481b. Belding Jay (A. c. obscura). Similar to No. 481, but darker and with smaller feet; W. 4.7. (Anthony.) Range.—San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California. Range.—San Pedro Martir Mountains, Baja California. 481.1. Santa Cruz Jay (Aphelocoma insularis). Similar to No. 481, but larger; W. 5.6; blue areas much deeper, back much darker, grayish sooty tinged with blue. 481.1. Santa Cruz Jay (Aphelocoma insularis). Similar to No. 481, but larger; W. 5.6; the blue areas are much richer, the back is much darker, grayish sooty with a hint of blue. Range.—Santa Cruz Island, California. Range: Santa Cruz Island, CA. |
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Range.—Pacific coast from Monterey, California, north to near Cook Inlet, Alaska, including Vancouver Island. Range.—Pacific coast from Monterey, California, north to near Cook Inlet, Alaska, including Vancouver Island. 478a. Blue-fronted Jay (C. s. frontalis). Similar to No. 478, but back paler, grayer, rump and belly turquoise, forehead with more blue which sometimes extends to the crest. 478a. Blue-fronted Jay (C. s. frontalis). Similar to No. 478, but the back is lighter and grayer, with a turquoise rump and belly, and a forehead that has more blue, which sometimes extends to the crest. Range.—"Southern coast ranges and Sierra Nevada of California and western Nevada, from Fort Crook south to northern Lower California." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Southern coastal ranges and Sierra Nevada of California and western Nevada, from Fort Crook south to northern Lower California." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Southern Rocky Mountains; north to southern Wyoming; west to Uintah Mountains, in eastern Utah, and the higher ranges of northwestern Arizona; south to New Mexico." (Bendire.) Range.—"Southern Rocky Mountains; north to southern Wyoming; west to Uintah Mountains, in eastern Utah, and the higher ranges of northwestern Arizona; south to New Mexico." (Bendire.) Range.—Northern Rocky Mountain region from northern Utah and southern Wyoming north to Alberta and British Columbia. Range.—Northern Rocky Mountain region from northern Utah and southern Wyoming up to Alberta and British Columbia. 478d. Queen Charlotte Jay (C. s. carlottæ). Similar to No. 478, but darker, sooty slate above, blue deeper. 478d. Queen Charlotte Jay (C. s. carlottæ). Similar to No. 478, but darker, sooty slate above, deeper blue. Range.—Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. Range.—Haida Gwaii, British Columbia. 483. Green Jay (Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens). L. 11. Ads. Crown and patches at side of throat blue; back, wings, and central tail-feathers green; outer tail-feathers yellow; throat black, breast and belly greenish yellow. Notes. Noisy and harsh often suggesting certain of the Blue Jay's calls. 483. Green Jay (Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens). L. 11. Ads. The crown and patches on the sides of the throat are blue; the back, wings, and central tail feathers are green; the outer tail feathers are yellow; the throat is black, and the breast and belly are greenish-yellow. Notes. They are noisy and harsh, often resembling some of the Blue Jay's calls. Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and south into northeastern Mexico. Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley, Texas, and extending south into northeastern Mexico. |
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503. Audubon Oriole (Icterus audubonii). L. 9.5. Ads. Head, breast, wings and tail black; belly yellow; back greenish yellow. Yng. Greenish yellow below; olive-green above. Notes. See No. 507. 503. Audubon Oriole (Icterus audubonii). L. 9.5. Ads. Head, breast, wings, and tail are black; belly is yellow; back is greenish yellow. Yng. Greenish yellow below; olive-green above. Notes. See No. 507. Range.—Mexico north to the Lower Rio Grande; casually as far as San Antonio, Texas; resident. Range.—Mexico north to the Lower Rio Grande; occasionally as far as San Antonio, Texas; resident. 504. Scott Oriole (Icterus parisorum). L. 8; B. .95; Ad. ♂. Lesser wing-coverts, base of tail, rump and belly yellow; rest of plumage black. Ad. ♀. Yellowish below, olive-green above, two white wing-bars. Yng. ♂. Like female, but throat black. Notes. See No. 507. 504. Scott Oriole (Icterus parisorum). Length 8; Bill .95; Adult Male: Lesser wing-coverts, base of tail, rump, and belly are yellow; the rest of the feathers are black. Adult Female: Yellowish below, olive-green above, with two white wing-bars. Young Male: Similar to female, but with a black throat. Notes. See No. 507. Range.—Mexican tableland, migrating north to western Texas, northern New Mexico, southern Nevada and southeastern California; winters in Mexico. Range.—Mexican highlands, moving north to western Texas, northern New Mexico, southern Nevada, and southeastern California; winters in Mexico. 505. Hooded Oriole (Icterus cucullatus sennetti). L. 8; B. .75. Ad. ♂. Orange; forehead, face, throat, foreback, wings and tail black; lesser wing-coverts and tips to greater ones white. Ad. ♀. Yellowish below, brownish olive-green above, two white wing-bars. Yng. ♂. Like ♀, but throat black. Notes. See No. 507. 505. Hooded Oriole (Icterus cucullatus sennetti). L. 8; B. .75. Adult ♂. Orange; forehead, face, throat, foreback, wings, and tail are black; the lesser wing-coverts and tips of the greater ones are white. Adult ♀. Yellowish below, brownish olive-green above, with two white wing bars. Young ♂. Similar to ♀, but with a black throat. Notes. See No. 507. Range.—Mexico; migrating north to the Lower Rio Grande; winters in Mexico. Range.—Mexico; migrating north to the Lower Rio Grande; winters in Mexico. 505a. Arizona Hooded Oriole (I. c. nelsoni). Similar to No. 505, but head, rump, etc. yellow instead of orange. 505a. Arizona Hooded Oriole (I. c. nelsoni). Similar to No. 505, but the head, rump, etc. are yellow instead of orange. Range.—Northwestern Mexico and Lower California, migrating north to southwestern New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California, west of Sierra Nevada; winters in Mexico. Range.—Northwestern Mexico and Baja California, migrating north to southwestern New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California, west of the Sierra Nevada; winters in Mexico. 507. Baltimore Oriole (Icterus galbula). L. 7.5. Ad. ♂. Throat, whole head, foreback, wings and middle tail-feathers black; breast, belly, rump, lesser wing-coverts and ends of outer tail-feathers orange; wing-coverts and tertials margined with white. Ad. ♀. Head and foreback olive-yellow spotted with black; rump and tail brownish yellow; below dull yellow, throat generally blackish. Notes. The notes of all the orange and black Orioles known to me are mellow, musical, querulous whistles generally given in detached fragments, all much alike in character but distinguishable when one becomes familiar with them. 507. Baltimore Oriole (Icterus galbula). L. 7.5. Ad. ♂. The throat, entire head, back, wings, and middle tail feathers are black; the breast, belly, rump, lesser wing coverts, and ends of the outer tail feathers are orange; wing coverts and tertials have white edges. Ad. ♀. The head and back are olive-yellow with black spots; the rump and tail are brownish-yellow; below is a dull yellow, and the throat is usually blackish. Notes. The calls of all the orange and black Orioles I know are soft, musical, and complain-y whistles that are typically given in separate bits. They all sound quite similar but can be distinguished with familiarity. Range.—Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains; breeds from Florida and eastern Texas north to New Brunswick and the Saskatchewan; winters in Central and South America. Range.—Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains; breeds from Florida and eastern Texas north to New Brunswick and Saskatchewan; winters in Central and South America. 508. Bullock Oriole (Icterus bullocki). L. 7.5. Ad. ♂. Cheeks, most of underparts, forehead and line over eye orange; rump and outer tail-feathers yellower; center of throat, crown, foreback and middle tail-feathers black; a large white wing-patch. Ad. ♀. Above olive grayish brown; below yellowish, belly whiter; tail olive-yellow; wings blackish, median coverts tipped, greater coverts externally margined with white; chin sometimes blackish. Yng. ♂. Like ♀, but center of throat and lores black. Notes. See No. 507. 508. Bullock Oriole (Icterus bullocki). L. 7.5. Ad. ♂. Cheeks, most of the underparts, forehead, and line over the eye are orange; the rump and outer tail feathers are yellower; the center of the throat, crown, foreback, and middle tail feathers are black; there is a large white wing patch. Ad. ♀. Above, it is olive grayish brown; below, it is yellowish with a whiter belly; the tail is olive-yellow; wings are blackish, with median coverts tipped and greater coverts having white margins on the outside; the chin is sometimes blackish. Yng. ♂. Similar to ♀, but the center of the throat and lores are black. Notes. See No. 507. Range.—Western North America, from Mexico north to Assiniboia and British Columbia; east to western Texas; west to the Pacific; winters in Mexico. Range.—Western North America, from Mexico north to Assiniboia and British Columbia; east to western Texas; west to the Pacific; winters in Mexico. |
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637. Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea). L. 5.5. Tail-feathers with large white areas. Ad. ♂. Whole head and underparts orange-yellow; back greenish yellow; rump gray. Ad. ♀. Crown greenish like back; yellow paler; belly whitish; less white in tail. Notes. Call, a sharp, metallic chink; song, a "high pitched, penetrating and startling" "peet, tsweet, tsweet, tsweet, tsweet, tsweet." (Jones.) 637. Prothonotary Warbler (Protonotaria citrea). L. 5.5. Tail feathers have large white areas. Ad. ♂. The entire head and underparts are orange-yellow; the back is greenish yellow; the rump is gray. Ad. ♀. The crown is greenish like the back; the yellow is lighter; the belly is whitish; there is less white in the tail. Notes. Call is a sharp, metallic chink; song is a "high-pitched, penetrating, and startling" "peet, tsweet, tsweet, tsweet, tsweet, tsweet." (Jones.) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from the Gulf States north to Virginia, Ohio, and southern Minnesota; winters in the tropics. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from the Gulf States up to Virginia, Ohio, and southern Minnesota; winters in the tropics. 651. Olive Warbler (Dendroica olivacea). L. 5.2. Ad. ♂. Head and breast orange brown, a black band through the eye; back olive-gray; belly grayish; wing-bars white; outer tail-feathers largely white. Ad. ♀. Above olive-gray, head yellower; eye-band dusky; breast yellow; belly white. Notes. Song, a liquid quirt quirt, quirt, in a descending scale. (Price.) 651. Olive Warbler (Dendroica olivacea). L. 5.2. Adult Male. Head and breast are orange-brown with a black band through the eye; back is olive-gray; belly is grayish; wing-bars are white; outer tail feathers are mostly white. Adult Female. Above is olive-gray, head is yellower; eye band is dark; breast is yellow; belly is white. Notes. Song sounds like a liquid quirt quirt, quirt, in a descending scale. (Price.) Range.—Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico north to mountains of Arizona and New Mexico. Range.—Highlands of Guatemala and Mexico extending north to the mountains of Arizona and New Mexico. 662. Blackburnian Warbler (Dendroica blackburniæ). L. 5.2. Ad. ♂. Throat, line over eye, center of crown, and sides of neck bright orange; back black with a few whitish streaks; wing-bars broadly white; tail-spots white. Ad. ♀. Yellow areas paler; above grayish streaked with blackish. Yng. and Ad. in Winter. Similar to Ad. ♂, but throat paler, back browner; wing with two distinct bars. Notes. Song, wee-see-wee-see, tsee-tsee, tsee, tsee-tsee, tsee, tsee, in an ascending scale, the last shrill and fine. 662. Blackburnian Warbler (Dendroica blackburniæ). L. 5.2. Adult. ♂. The throat, eye stripe, center of the crown, and neck sides are bright orange; the back is black with a few white streaks; wing bars are broad and white; tail spots are white. Adult. ♀. Yellow areas are lighter; the top is grayish with black streaks. Young and Adult in Winter. Similar to Adult ♂, but the throat is lighter, the back is brown; the wing has two distinct bars. Notes. Song: wee-see-wee-see, tsee-tsee, tsee, tsee-tsee, tsee, tsee, in an ascending scale, with the last note being shrill and fine. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England (and in Berkshire and Worcester counties, Massachusetts), and northern Minnesota, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region, (and south in Alleghanies to South Carolina); winters in tropics. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England (and in Berkshire and Worcester counties, Massachusetts), and northern Minnesota, north to Labrador and the Hudson Bay area, (and south in the Appalachians to South Carolina); winters in the tropics. 687. Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla). L. 5.4. Ad. ♂. Black; sides of breast, band in wings and in tail rich salmon. Ad. ♀. Sides of breast, band in wings and in tail dull yellow; back olive-brown, crown gray; below whitish. Yng. ♂. Intermediate between adults. Notes. Song, ching, ching, chee; ser-wee, swee, swe-e-e. 687. Redstart (Setophaga ruticilla). L. 5.4. Ad. ♂. Black; sides of the breast, wing bands, and tail are a rich salmon color. Ad. ♀. Sides of the breast, wing bands, and tail are a dull yellow; back is olive-brown, crown is gray; underside is white. Yng. ♂. In between the adults. Notes. Song: ching, ching, chee; ser-wee, swee, swe-e-e. Range.—North America; rare on the Pacific coast; breeds from North Carolina, and Kansas north to Labrador and Alaska; winters in the West Indies, Central and South America. Range.—North America; uncommon on the Pacific coast; breeds from North Carolina and Kansas north to Labrador and Alaska; spends the winter in the West Indies, Central and South America. 748. Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa). L. 4.1. Ad. ♂. Crown orange and yellow bordered by black; a whitish line over eye; back grayish olive-green; below soiled whitish. A blackish band in wing bordered basally by yellowish white. Ad. ♀. No orange in crown, its whole center yellow. Notes. Call, a fine, high ti-ti; song, five or six fine, shrill high-pitched notes ending in a short, rapid, rather explosive warble, "tzee, tzee, tzee, tzee, ti, ti, ter, ti-ti-ti." 748. Golden-crowned Kinglet (Regulus satrapa). L. 4.1. Ad. ♂. The crown is orange and yellow with black borders; there’s a whitish stripe over the eye; the back is a grayish olive-green; underneath it's a dirty whitish color. There’s a blackish band on the wing with a yellowish-white base. Ad. ♀. No orange in the crown, its entire center is yellow. Notes. Call is a fine, high ti-ti; song consists of five or six sharp, high-pitched notes ending in a quick, rapid, somewhat explosive warble, "tzee, tzee, tzee, tzee, ti, ti, ter, ti-ti-ti." Range.—North America; breeds from northern United States northward, and southward along the Rockies into Mexico and in the Alleghanies to North Carolina; winters from about its southern breeding limit to the Gulf States and Mexico. Range.—North America; breeds from the northern United States northward, and southward along the Rockies into Mexico and in the Appalachians to North Carolina; winters from around its southern breeding limit to the Gulf States and Mexico. 748a. Western Golden-crowned Kinglet (R. s. olivaceus). Similar to No. 748, but upperparts brighter olive-green; underparts with a brownish tinge. 748a. Western Golden-crowned Kinglet (R. s. olivaceus). Similar to No. 748, but the upper parts are a brighter olive-green; the underparts have a brownish tint. Range.—Pacific coast region; breeds from the higher Sierra Nevada of California north to southern Alaska. Range.—Pacific coast region; breeds from the high Sierra Nevada of California up to southern Alaska. |
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666. Golden-cheeked Warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia). L. 5. Ad. ♂. Throat, crown and back black; cheeks and spot in forehead yellow; a narrow black line through eye; wing-bars and tail-patches white. Ad. ♀. Above olive green with black streaks; cheeks duller than in ♂, eye-streak dusky; throat yellow, breast blackish; belly white. Notes. Song, tser, weasy-weasy, twea, resembling song of No. 667. (Nehrling.) 666. Golden-cheeked Warbler (Dendroica chrysoparia). L. 5. Ad. ♂. The throat, crown, and back are black; the cheeks and forehead spot are yellow; a thin black line runs through the eye; the wing-bars and tail-patches are white. Ad. ♀. The upper part is olive green with black streaks; the cheeks are less bright than in the ♂, the eye-streak is dusky; the throat is yellow, the breast is blackish; the belly is white. Notes. The song is described as tser, weasy-weasy, twea, similar to the song of No. 667. (Nehrling.) Range.—Western central and southern Texas and south through eastern Mexico to highlands of Guatemala. (Ridgway.) Range.—Western central and southern Texas and south through eastern Mexico to the highlands of Guatemala. (Ridgway.) 667. Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens). L. 5. Ad. ♂. Throat and breast black; cheeks greenish yellow; back olive-green; wing-bars and tail patches white. Ad. ♀ and Yng. ♂. Similar, but throat yellowish; black breast tipped with yellowish; belly tinged with yellow; back without black streaks. Yng. ♀. Throat and breast yellowish white, little or no black. Notes. Song, a droning zēē, zēē, zĕ-ēē', zēē. 667. Black-throated Green Warbler (Dendroica virens). L. 5. Ad. ♂. Throat and breast are black; cheeks are greenish yellow; back is olive-green; wing-bars and tail patches are white. Ad. ♀ and Yng. ♂. Similar, but throat is yellowish; black breast is edged with yellowish; belly has a yellow tint; back lacks black streaks. Yng. ♀. Throat and breast are yellowish white, with little or no black. Notes. Song is a droning zēē, zēē, zĕ-ēē', zēē. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Connecticut and northern Illinois north to Nova Scotia and Hudson Bay, and south in Alleghanies to South Carolina; winters in Central America. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Connecticut and northern Illinois north to Nova Scotia and Hudson Bay, and south in the Appalachians to South Carolina; winters in Central America. 668. Townsend Warbler (Dendroica townsendi). L. 5.1. Ad. ♂. A black eye-patch bordered by yellow stripes; crown and throat black; back olive-green spotted with black; wing-bars and tail-patches white. Ad. ♀. Eye-patch olive; throat yellow, indistinctly blackish; crown and back olive-green, with few black streaks. Yng. Similar, but yellower. Notes. Song, de-de, de-de, de, like that of No. 667. (Merrill.) 668. Townsend Warbler (Dendroica townsendi). L. 5.1. Ad. ♂. A black eye patch surrounded by yellow stripes; the crown and throat are black; the back is olive-green with black spots; wing bars and tail patches are white. Ad. ♀. The eye patch is olive; the throat is yellow, with a faint blackish tint; the crown and back are olive-green with few black streaks. Yng. Similar, but more yellow. Notes. Song: de-de, de-de, de, similar to that of No. 667. (Merrill.) Range.—Western North America; breeds from mountains of southern California north to Alaska, east to western Colorado; in migrations to western Texas; winters in Mexico. Range.—Western North America; breeds from the mountains of Southern California north to Alaska, east to western Colorado; migrates to western Texas; winters in Mexico. 669. Hermit Warbler (Dendroica occidentalis). L. 5.1. Underparts without streaks. Ad. ♂. Crown and cheeks yellow; throat black; back gray spotted with black; wing-bars and tail-patches white. Ad. ♀. Crown less yellow; throat yellowish; back olive-gray, usually without spots. Yng. ♀. Similar, but yellower. Yng. ♂. Throat dusky; forehead and cheeks yellow; back olive-green with concealed black spots. Much like Yng of No. 667, but forehead yellower, no streaks below. Notes. Song, zeegle-zeegle-zeegle-zeek. (Barlow.) 669. Hermit Warbler (Dendroica occidentalis). L. 5.1. Underparts without streaks. Adult ♂. Yellow crown and cheeks; black throat; gray back spotted with black; white wing-bars and tail-patches. Adult ♀. Less yellow crown; yellowish throat; olive-gray back, usually without spots. Young ♀. Similar, but more yellow. Young ♂. Dusky throat; yellow forehead and cheeks; olive-green back with hidden black spots. Very similar to Young of No. 667, but with a yellower forehead and no streaks below. Notes. Song: zeegle-zeegle-zeegle-zeek. (Barlow.) Range.—Western United States; breeds in high mountains from British Columbia to California, and from Pacific Coast district of United States to Rocky Mountains; migrates to Lower California, Mexico, and Guatemala. (Bailey.) Range.—Western United States; breeds in high mountains from British Columbia to California, and from the Pacific Coast area of the United States to the Rocky Mountains; migrates to Lower California, Mexico, and Guatemala. (Bailey.) 684. Hooded Warbler (Wilsonia mitrata). L. 5.7. Outer tail-feather with white patches. Ad. ♂. Forehead and cheeks yellow; hindhead extending to breast and throat black; belly yellow; back olive-green. Ad. ♀. Throat yellow, hindhead olive-green usually with black. Notes. Call, a sharp cheep; song, a gracefully whistled you must come to the woods, or you wont see me. 684. Hooded Warbler (Wilsonia mitrata). L. 5.7. The outer tail feather has white patches. Adult ♂. The forehead and cheeks are yellow; the back of the head extends to the breast and throat, which are black; the belly is yellow; and the back is olive-green. Adult ♀. The throat is yellow, and the back of the head is olive-green, usually with some black. Notes. The call is a sharp cheep; the song is a gracefully whistled you must come to the woods, or you won't see me. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecticut, central western New York, and southern Michigan; winters in Central America. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds as far north as southern Connecticut, central western New York, and southern Michigan; winters in Central America. |
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531. Lawrence Goldfinch (Astragalinus lawrencei). L. 4.7. Ad. ♂. Crown, throat and front of cheeks black; body gray, breast, rump, wings and, to a less degree, back with yellow; outer tail feathers with large white spots near the end. Ad. ♀. Similar, but no black, back browner and without yellow. Notes. Suggesting those of the Goldfinch, but weaker. 531. Lawrence Goldfinch (Astragalinus lawrencei). L. 4.7. Adult. Male: Crown, throat, and front of cheeks are black; body is gray, with yellow on the breast, rump, wings, and, to a lesser extent, the back; outer tail feathers have large white spots near the end. Adult. Female: Similar, but lacks black, has a browner back, and no yellow. Notes. Calls are similar to those of the Goldfinch, but weaker. Range—California, west of the Sierra; breeds from northern Lower California north to Chico, California; winters to Arizona and New Mexico. Range—California, west of the Sierra; breeds from northern Lower California north to Chico, California; winters in Arizona and New Mexico. 642. Golden-winged Warbler (Helminthophila chrysoptera). L. 5. Ad. ♂. Crown yellow, wing-bars broadly yellow; above bluish gray; below grayish white; throat-patch and eye-stripe black. Ad. ♀. Crown duller; throat-patch and eye-stripe gray. Notes. Song, a lazy zee-zee-zee-zee all on same note. 642. Golden-winged Warbler (Helminthophila chrysoptera). L. 5. Ad. ♂. Yellow crown, wide yellow wing bars; bluish gray on top; grayish white underneath; black throat patch and eye stripe. Ad. ♀. Duller crown; gray throat patch and eye stripe. Notes. Song is a relaxed zee-zee-zee-zee all on the same note. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from northern New Jersey and northern Indiana north to Vermont, southern Ontario, and Michigan, and south along Alleghanies to South Carolina; winters in Central America. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from northern New Jersey and northern Indiana north to Vermont, southern Ontario, and Michigan, and south along the Appalachians to South Carolina; winters in Central America. 678. Connecticut Warbler (Geothlypis agilis). L. 5.5. Eye-ring white; no white in wings or tail. Ad. ♂. Crown and cheeks bluish slate; throat and breast paler, the latter with no black; above olive-green; below yellow, sides greenish. Ad. ♀ and Yng. Throat and breast olive brown; belly yellow; back brownish olive-green; crown browner. Notes. Call, a sharp peek; song, suggesting that of Maryland Yellow-throat and also that of Oven-bird, free-chapple, free-chapple, free-chapple, whoit. (Seton.) 678. Connecticut Warbler (Geothlypis agilis). L. 5.5. Eye-ring is white; no white in wings or tail. Ad. ♂. Crown and cheeks are bluish slate; throat and breast are paler, the latter without black; above is olive-green; below is yellow, with greenish sides. Ad. ♀ and Yng. Throat and breast are olive brown; belly is yellow; back is brownish olive-green; crown is browner. Notes. Call is a sharp peek; song resembles that of the Maryland Yellow-throat and also that of the Oven-bird, free-chapple, free-chapple, free-chapple, whoit. (Seton.) Range.—Eastern North America, north to Maine and Manitoba; known to breed only in Manitoba; winters in northern South America. Range.—Eastern North America, up to Maine and Manitoba; known to breed only in Manitoba; winters in northern South America. 679. Mourning Warbler (Geothlypis philadelphia). L. 5.4. No white in wings or tail. Ad. ♂. No white eye-ring; crown and cheeks bluish slate; throat blackish; breast black more or less veiled by slaty; belly yellow; back olive-green. Ad. ♀. Head slaty; throat and breast grayish; an inconspicuous white eye-ring. Yng. Similar, but browner above; throat more yellow. Notes. Song, clear and whistled, tee te-o te-o te-o we-se, the last couplet accented and much higher pitched. (Jones.) 679. Mourning Warbler (Geothlypis philadelphia). L. 5.4. No white in wings or tail. Adult ♂. No white eye-ring; crown and cheeks are bluish slate; throat is blackish; breast is black, somewhat obscured by slaty; belly is yellow; back is olive-green. Adult ♀. Head is slaty; throat and breast are grayish; has an unnoticeable white eye-ring. Young. Similar, but browner on top; throat is more yellow. Notes. Song is clear and whistled, tee te-o te-o te-o we-se, with the last couplet emphasized and much higher in pitch. (Jones.) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England, northern New York and eastern Nebraska north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba, and south along the Alleghanies to West Virginia; winters in Central and South America. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England, northern New York, and eastern Nebraska north to Nova Scotia and Manitoba, and south along the Alleghanies to West Virginia; winters in Central and South America. 680. Macgillivray Warbler (Geothlypis tolmiei), L. 5.4. Ads. Similar to No. 679, but with an incomplete white eye-ring showing above and below eye. 680. Macgillivray Warbler (Geothlypis tolmiei), L. 5.4. Ads. Similar to No. 679, but with an incomplete white eye-ring visible above and below the eye. Range.—Western North America from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific; breeds from western Texas and mountains of southern California north to British Columbia; in migrations ranges east to Nebraska and middle Texas; winters in Mexico and Central America. Range.—Western North America from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific; breeds from western Texas and the mountains of southern California north to British Columbia; during migrations, it ranges east to Nebraska and central Texas; winters in Mexico and Central America. |
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656. Audubon Warbler (Dendroica auduboni). L. 5.6. Crown, sides of breast, rump, and throat usually with yellow. Ad. ♂. Throat bright yellow; breast black; back blue-gray streaked with black; wing-bars broadly white; outer tail-feathers with white. Ad. ♀. Similar to male, but breast grayish; yellow less bright; less white in wings. ♂, Winter. Like same plumage of No. 655, but throat, yellowish; more white in tail. ♀, Winter. Similar, but less yellow, throat sometimes without yellow, when like No. 655, but white on four or five outer tail-feathers instead of on two or three. 656. Audubon Warbler (Dendroica auduboni). L. 5.6. The crown, sides of the breast, rump, and throat are usually yellow. Ad. ♂. The throat is bright yellow; the breast is black; the back is blue-gray with black streaks; the wing-bars are broad and white; the outer tail feathers have white. Ad. ♀. Similar to the male, but the breast is grayish; the yellow is less bright; there’s less white in the wings. ♂, Winter. Similar to the same plumage of No. 655, but the throat is yellowish; there’s more white in the tail. ♀, Winter. Similar, but with less yellow; the throat sometimes lacks yellow, making it resemble No. 655, but with white on four or five outer tail feathers instead of two or three. Range.—Western United States; breeding in higher mountains from southern California and New Mexico north to British Columbia; winters south into Mexico. Range.—Western United States; breeds in higher mountains from southern California and New Mexico north to British Columbia; winters in Mexico. 656a. Black-fronted Warbler (D. a. nigrifrons). Similar to No. 656, but Ad. ♂. with forehead, sides of crown, and ears black; back black, narrowly margined with bluish gray. In winter. Bluish gray, not brownish above. Ad. ♀ darker, more heavily streaked with black above. (Ridgw.) 656a. Black-fronted Warbler (D. a. nigrifrons). Similar to No. 656, but Adult ♂ has a black forehead, sides of the crown, and ears; the back is black with a narrow bluish gray border. In winter. Bluish gray, not brownish on top. Adult ♀ is darker, with more pronounced black streaks above. (Ridgw.) Range.—Mountains of northern Mexico north to southern Arizona. Range.—Mountains from northern Mexico up to southern Arizona. 657. Magnolia Warbler (Dendroica maculosa). L. 5.1. Rump yellow; seen from below a white band across middle of tail. Ad. ♂. Crown ashy, back black; wing-coverts broadly white; below yellow streaked with black. Ad. ♀. Duller; fewer black stripes below; wing-bars separated, narrow. Yng. and Ad in winter. Crown and sides of head brownish ashy, back olive-green; below yellow, sides occasionally streaked. Notes. Song, a loud, clear whistle, chee-to, chee-to, chee-tee-ee, uttered rapidly and with a falling inflection, (Langille.) 657. Magnolia Warbler (Dendroica maculosa). L. 5.1. Yellow on the rump; a white band across the middle of the tail when viewed from below. Ad. ♂. The crown is ashy, the back is black; the wing coverts are broadly white; below, it is yellow streaked with black. Ad. ♀. More muted colors; fewer black stripes below; the wing bars are separated and narrow. Yng. and Ad in winter. The crown and sides of the head are brownish ashy, the back is olive-green; below, it is yellow, sometimes streaked on the sides. Notes. The song is a loud, clear whistle, chee-to, chee-to, chee-tee-ee, sung quickly and with a falling tone, (Langille.) Range.—Eastern North America, west in migrations, to the Rockies; breeds from northern New England, northern Michigan (and south along the Alleghanies to Pennsylvania), north to Quebec and Hudson Bay region; winters in Central America. Range.—Eastern North America, migrating west to the Rockies; breeds from northern New England, northern Michigan (and south along the Appalachian Mountains to Pennsylvania), north to Quebec and the Hudson Bay area; winters in Central America. 663. Yellow-throated Warbler (Dendroica dominica). L. 5.2. Ads. Throat and line from bill to eye yellow; cheeks and forehead black; back bluish gray; two broad white wing-bars; tail-patches white. Notes. Song, loud, ringing and ventriloquial; suggesting that of Indigo Bunting but shorter. 663. Yellow-throated Warbler (Dendroica dominica). L. 5.2. Ads. The throat and line from bill to eye are yellow; cheeks and forehead are black; back is bluish gray; has two broad white wing-bars; tail patches are white. Notes. The song is loud, ringing, and echo-like; it suggests that of the Indigo Bunting but is shorter. Range.—Southeastern United States; breeds from Florida north to Virginia and winters from Florida south into West Indies. Range.—Southeastern United States; breeds from Florida up to Virginia and migrates south from Florida into the West Indies for the winter. 663a. Sycamore Warbler (D. d. albilora). Similar to No. 663, but bill smaller, line from eye to bill white or with but traces of yellow. 663a. Sycamore Warbler (D. d. albilora). Similar to No. 663, but has a smaller bill, and the line from the eye to the bill is white or shows only faint traces of yellow. Range.—Mississippi Valley; breeds from Texas north to Kansas, southern Indiana, southern Illinois, and West Virginia; winters in Mexico and Central America. Range.—Mississippi Valley; breeds from Texas north to Kansas, southern Indiana, southern Illinois, and West Virginia; spends winter in Mexico and Central America. 664. Grace Warbler (Dendroica graciæ). L. 5. Ad. ♂. Throat and line over eye yellow; cheeks gray; above gray, crown and back with black streaks; wing-bars and tail-patches white. Ad. ♀. Similar, but duller, back sometimes brownish. 664. Grace Warbler (Dendroica graciæ). L. 5. Adult Male. Yellow throat and a yellow line over the eye; gray cheeks; gray above, with black streaks on the crown and back; white wing-bars and tail-patches. Adult Female. Similar, but less colorful, with a back that is sometimes brownish. Range.—Northwestern Mexico, north to New Mexico, southwestern Colorado, and Arizona. Range.—Northwestern Mexico, extending north to New Mexico, southwestern Colorado, and Arizona. |
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686. Canadian Warbler (Wilsonia canadensis). L. 5.6. No white in wings or tail. Ad. ♂. A necklace of black spots on breast; back gray; belly yellow; forehead black. Ad. ♀ and Yng. ♂. Black areas smaller. Yng. ♀. Slightly yellowish above; necklace slightly indicated by dusky spots. Notes. Song, tu-tu, tswe, tu, tu, longer or shorter and suggesting in style of utterance both the Yellow Warbler and Goldfinch. (Jones.) (See page 190.) 686. Canadian Warbler (Wilsonia canadensis). L. 5.6. No white in wings or tail. Adult ♂. A necklace of black spots on the breast; back is gray; belly is yellow; forehead is black. Adult ♀ and Young ♂. Black areas are smaller. Young ♀. Slightly yellowish above; necklace slightly indicated by dark spots. Notes. Song, tu-tu, tswe, tu, tu, longer or shorter and suggesting in style both the Yellow Warbler and Goldfinch. (Jones.) (See page 190.) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Massachusetts, central New York, and northern Michigan north to Labrador and Manitoba, and south along the Alleghanies to North Carolina; winters in Central and South America. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Massachusetts, central New York, and northern Michigan north to Labrador and Manitoba, and south along the Appalachian Mountains to North Carolina; winters in Central and South America. 640. Bachman Warbler (Helminthophila bachmanii). L. 4.2. Outer tail-feathers usually with a white patch more or less distinct. Ad. ♂. Breast-patch and crown-band black; forehead, chin and belly yellow; back olive-green, hindhead grayish. Ad. ♀. Above grayish olive-green, head grayer; below dingy grayish with a yellow tinge. Notes. Song, when migrating, resembles that of Parula Warbler, (Brewster); when breeding, that of Worm-eating Warbler, Junco or Chippy. (Widmann). 640. Bachman Warbler (Helminthophila bachmanii). L. 4.2. The outer tail feathers typically have a more or less distinct white patch. Ad. ♂. The breast patch and crown band are black; the forehead, chin, and belly are yellow; the back is olive green, and the hindhead is grayish. Ad. ♀. The upper part is grayish olive green with a grayer head; the underside is a dull grayish color with a yellow tinge. Notes. The song during migration resembles that of the Parula Warbler (Brewster); during breeding, it sounds like the Worm-eating Warbler, Junco, or Chippy (Widmann). Range.—Southeastern United States, west to Louisiana, north to Virginia and southern Indiana; rare on Atlantic coast; known to breed only in Missouri; winters south of United States. Range.—Southeastern United States, west to Louisiana, north to Virginia and southern Indiana; rare on the Atlantic coast; known to breed only in Missouri; winters south of the United States. 641. Blue-winged Warbler (Helminthophila pinus). L. 4.8. Ad. ♂. Crown and underparts yellow; back olive-green; a black stripe through eye; two whitish wing-bars; outer tail-feathers with white patches. Ad. ♀. Similar, less yellow on head, duller below. Notes. Song, a wheezy, swee-chee, the first inhaled, the second exhaled; also, later, wēē, chi-chi-chi-chi, chūr, chēē-chūr. 641. Blue-winged Warbler (Helminthophila pinus). L. 4.8. Ad. ♂. The crown and underparts are yellow; the back is olive-green; there’s a black stripe running through the eye; two whitish wing-bars; outer tail feathers have white patches. Ad. ♀. Similar, but with less yellow on the head and duller below. Notes. The song is a wheezy, swee-chee, the first part inhaled and the second exhaled; also, later, wēē, chi-chi-chi-chi, chūr, chēē-chūr. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecticut and Minnesota, occasionally wanders to Massachusetts; winters south of United States. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecticut and Minnesota, occasionally wanders to Massachusetts; winters south of the United States. 670. Kirtland Warbler (Dendroica kirtlandi). L. 5.7. Ad. ♂. Above bluish gray streaked with black; below pale yellow, sides streaked with black; wing-bars grayish; tail-patches white. Ad. ♀. Similar, but browner. Notes. Song, said to resemble that of Maryland Yellow-throat and also that of Yellow-throated Warbler. 670. Kirtland Warbler (Dendroica kirtlandi). L. 5.7. Adult ♂. Above is a bluish-gray color with black streaks; below is pale yellow, with sides streaked in black; wing-bars are grayish; tail patches are white. Adult ♀. Similar, but has a browner appearance. Notes. The song is said to be similar to that of the Maryland Yellow-throat and also resembles the Yellow-throated Warbler. Range.—Eastern United States; has been found from April to October in United States as follows: in Florida, South Carolina, Virginia, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Minnesota, Michigan, and Ontario, in all some twenty odd specimens; found breeding in summer of 1903 in Oscoda County, Michigan; winters in Bahamas where some fifty specimens have been taken. Range.—Eastern United States; has been observed from April to October in the United States in the following locations: Florida, South Carolina, Virginia, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Minnesota, Michigan, and Ontario, totaling over twenty specimens; noted breeding in the summer of 1903 in Oscoda County, Michigan; winters in the Bahamas where around fifty specimens have been collected. 671. Pine Warbler (Dendroica vigorsii). L. 5.5. Ad. ♂. Throat and breast greenish yellow; above bright yellowish green; wing-bars and tail-patches white. Ad. ♀. Similar, but breast duller, back browner. Yng. ♂. Similar to Ad. ♂, but browner. Yng. ♀. Below buffy white, breast slightly or not all yellowish; back olive-brown. Notes. Song, suggesting a Chipping Sparrow's but more musical. 671. Pine Warbler (Dendroica vigorsii). Length: 5.5 inches. Adult ♂: Throat and breast are greenish yellow; back is bright yellowish green; wing bars and tail patches are white. Adult ♀: Similar, but the breast is duller and the back is browner. Young ♂: Similar to adult male, but with browner tones. Young ♀: Underside is buffy white, breast is slightly yellowish or not yellow at all; back is olive-brown. Notes: The song resembles that of a Chipping Sparrow but is more melodic. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Gulf States north to New Brunswick, Minnesota, and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and southern Illinois to Gulf States. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from the Gulf States north to New Brunswick, Minnesota, and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and southern Illinois to the Gulf States. |
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696. Siberian Yellow Wagtail (Budytes flavus leucostriatus). L. 6.5. Ad. ♂. Crown bluish slate, a white line over eye; back olive-green; below yellow; wing-bars yellowish; outer tail-feathers largely white. Ad. ♀. Similar, but duller, head and wing-bars browner. Notes. Call, a sharp, plé-plé-ple; song, a low, clear, medley of jingling notes uttered on the wing. (Nelson.) (See page 191.) 696. Siberian Yellow Wagtail (Budytes flavus leucostriatus). L. 6.5. Ad. ♂. The crown is a bluish slate color, with a white line above the eye; the back is olive-green; the underside is yellow; the wing-bars are yellowish; the outer tail feathers are mostly white. Ad. ♀. Similar, but with a duller head and browner wing-bars. Notes. The call is a sharp, plé-plé-ple; the song is a low, clear medley of jingling notes sung while in flight. (Nelson.) (See page 191.) Range.—China, Eastern Siberia, and Bering Sea portion of eastern Alaska. Range.—China, Eastern Siberia, and the Bering Sea area of eastern Alaska. 529. American Goldfinch (Astragalinus tristis). L. 5.1; W. 2.8. Ad. ♂. Yellow, cap, wings and tail black; wing-coverts, secondaries and inner margins of tail-feathers tipped with white. Ad. ♀, Above grayish olive-brown; below buffy whitish; throat yellowish; wings and tail duller than in male; white tips to tail not distinct. Yng. ♂ and Ad. ♂ in winter. Similar to ♀ but wings and tail black; white markings grayer than in summer. Notes. Calls, when perching, hear me, hear me, dearie, soft and sweet, when flying, per-chic'-o-ree; per-chic'-o-ree; song, sweet, rapid, varied and canary-like. 529. American Goldfinch (Astragalinus tristis). L. 5.1; W. 2.8. Adult ♂. Bright yellow, with a black cap, wings, and tail; wing-coverts, secondaries, and inner edges of tail feathers tipped with white. Adult ♀. Grayish olive-brown on top; buffy white below; yellowish throat; wings and tail are duller than the male’s; white tips on the tail are not very distinct. Young ♂ and Adult ♂ in winter. Similar to ♀ but has black wings and tail; white markings are grayer than in summer. Notes. Calls when perched, “hear me,” “hear me,” “dearie,” are soft and sweet; when flying, it makes “per-chic'-o-ree; per-chic'-o-ree;” the song is sweet, fast, varied, and similar to a canary. Range.—Eastern North America west to the Rockies; breeds from Virginia and Missouri north to Labrador and Manitoba; winters from northern United States to the Gulf States. Range.—Eastern North America extending to the Rockies; breeds from Virginia and Missouri north to Labrador and Manitoba; winters from the northern United States to the Gulf States. Range.—Rocky Mountain region from northern Mexico north to British Columbia. Range.—Rocky Mountain region from northern Mexico up to British Columbia. Range.—California, west of the Sierra, south to Lower California, north to Washington. Range.—California, west of the Sierra, south to Baja California, north to Washington. 530. Arkansas Goldfinch (Astragalinus psaltria). L. 4.1. Ad. ♂. Cap, wings, and tail black, most of primaries and tail white basally; back and cheeks olive-green, often marked with black; below yellow Ad. ♀. No black cap; above olive-green; below dull yellowish; wings and tail brownish black, former with white much reduced, latter with little or no white. Yng. Resemble female. Notes. Call, se-e-e-ep; song, sweet, varied and musical. 530. Arkansas Goldfinch (Astragalinus psaltria). L. 4.1. Adult. Male. Cap, wings, and tail are black, with most of the primary feathers and the tail being white at the base; back and cheeks are olive-green, often marked with black; underneath is yellow. Adult. Female. No black cap; above is olive-green; underneath is a dull yellowish color; wings and tail are brownish-black, the wings have much less white, and the tail has little or no white. Young. Look like the female. Notes. Call, se-e-e-ep; song is sweet, varied, and musical. Range.—Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific; breeds from northern Lower California and western Texas, north to Colorado, southern Idaho, and Oregon; winters from the southern part of its breeding range southward. Range.—Western United States, from the Plains to the Pacific; breeds from northern Lower California and western Texas, north to Colorado, southern Idaho, and Oregon; winters from the southern part of its breeding range southward. 530b. Mexican Goldfinch (A. p. mexicanus). Resembles No. 530, but cheeks and entire upperparts black; ♀ as in No. 530. 530b. Mexican Goldfinch (A. p. mexicanus). Looks like No. 530, but cheeks and all upper parts are black; ♀ as in No. 530. Range.—Mexico, north to southern Texas. Range: Mexico to southern Texas. |
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685. Wilson Warbler (Wilsonia pusilla). L. 5. No white in plumage. Ad. ♂. Crown shining black; forehead, cheeks and underparts yellow; back olive-green. Ad. ♀. Similar, but crown-patch often smaller, sometimes absent. Yng. ♀. Crown-patch absent. Notes. Song, 'tsh-'tsk-'tsh-'tshea. (Nuttall.) Suggests that of Redstart or Yellow Warbler. (Minot.) 685. Wilson Warbler (Wilsonia pusilla). L. 5. No white in the feathers. Adult ♂. Crown is shiny black; forehead, cheeks, and underparts are yellow; back is olive-green. Adult ♀. Similar, but the crown patch is often smaller and sometimes missing. Young ♀. Crown patch is absent. Notes. Song: 'tsh-'tsk-'tsh-'tshea. (Nuttall.) Sounds like that of the Redstart or Yellow Warbler. (Minot.) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Nova Scotia, northeastern Maine, and Ontario north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters in Mexico and Central America; "occasional during migration in Colorado … and other parts of the Rocky Mountain district" (Ridgw.) (See page 192.) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Nova Scotia, northeastern Maine, and Ontario north to Labrador and the Hudson Bay area; winters in Mexico and Central America; "sometimes seen during migration in Colorado … and other parts of the Rocky Mountain region" (Ridgw.) (See page 192.) 685a. Pileolated Warbler (W. p. pileolata). Similar to No. 685, but yellow deeper, olive brighter. 685a. Pileolated Warbler (W. p. pileolata). Similar to No. 685, but with a richer yellow and brighter olive color. Range.—Western North America; breeding throughout the Rocky Mountain district from western Texas in higher mountains, northward to Alaska, coast and interior; westward to eastern Oregon and Queen Charlotte Islands; in migrations over all of western North America and east to Minnesota; in winter south to Central America. (Ridgw.) (See page 192.) Range.—Western North America; breeding across the Rocky Mountain area from western Texas in the higher mountains, north to Alaska, including both the coast and inland; west to eastern Oregon and the Queen Charlotte Islands; during migrations across all of western North America and east to Minnesota; in winter, south to Central America. (Ridgw.) (See page 192.) 685b. Golden Pileolated Warbler (W. p. chryseola). Similar to No. 685a, but still brighter, richer yellow; forehead nearly orange; back brighter green. 685b. Golden Pileolated Warbler (W. p. chryseola). Similar to No. 685a, but even brighter and richer yellow; forehead almost orange; back is a brighter green. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from southern California north to British Columbia; in migration east to eastern Oregon; south to Chihuahua and Lower California. (Ridgw.) (See page 192.) Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from southern California north to British Columbia; migrates east to eastern Oregon; south to Chihuahua and Baja California. (Ridgw.) (See page 192.) 677. Kentucky Warbler (Geothlypis formosa). L. 5.6. No white in plumage. Ad. ♂. Cheeks and crown black the latter tipped with ashy; back olive-green; a yellow line over eye; below bright yellow. Ad. ♀. Similar, but less black in crown and on cheeks; yellow duller. Notes. Song, a loud musical whistle, turdle, turdle, turdle, suggesting notes of Carolina Wren. 677. Kentucky Warbler (Geothlypis formosa). L. 5.6. No white in plumage. Ad. ♂. Cheeks and crown are black, the latter edged with ashy; back is olive-green; there's a yellow line over the eye; underneath is bright yellow. Ad. ♀. Similar, but with less black on the crown and cheeks; yellow is duller. Notes. Song is a loud musical whistle, turdle, turdle, turdle, reminiscent of the notes of a Carolina Wren. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Gulf States north to lower Hudson Valley, southern Michigan and eastern Nebraska; winters in Central and northern South America. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States up to the lower Hudson Valley, southern Michigan, and eastern Nebraska; winters in central and northern South America. 681. Maryland Yellow-throat (Geothlypis trichas). L. 5.2; W. 2.1. Ad. ♂. Forehead and cheeks black, bordered behind by ashy; back olive-green; throat and breast yellow, belly whitish washed with yellow, sides brownish. Ad. ♀. No black mask; above dull olive-green, forehead brownish; throat and breast more or less washed with yellow, belly whitish, sides brownish. Yng. ♂. Similar to Ad. ♂, but browner; breast yellow; cheeks and forehead with more or less half-concealed black. Notes. Calls, pit, chit, or chack; song, variable, often wichity, wichity, wichity. 681. Maryland Yellow-throat (Geothlypis trichas). L. 5.2; W. 2.1. Adult. ♂. The forehead and cheeks are black, bordered behind by gray; the back is olive-green; the throat and breast are yellow, the belly is whitish with a yellow wash, and the sides are brownish. Adult. ♀. No black mask; above is dull olive-green, forehead is brownish; the throat and breast are somewhat yellow-washed, the belly is whitish, and the sides are brownish. Younger. ♂. Similar to adult ♂, but browner; the breast is yellow; the cheeks and forehead have more or less half-concealed black. Notes. Calls include pit, chit, or chack; the song is variable, often wichity, wichity, wichity. Range.—"Atlantic Coast district of United States; breeding in Virginia, District of Columbia, Maryland and southern Pennsylvania (Carlisle), probably also in Delaware and southern New Jersey and in upland portions of Carolinas and Georgia; … south in winter to Bahamas …" (Ridgw.) Range.—"Atlantic Coast district of the United States; breeding in Virginia, Washington D.C., Maryland, and southern Pennsylvania (Carlisle), probably also in Delaware and southern New Jersey and in the higher areas of the Carolinas and Georgia; … migrating south in winter to the Bahamas …" (Ridgw.) 681a. Western Yellow-throat (G. t. occidentalis). Similar to No. 681d, but yellow below richer, border of mask whiter and broader. 681a. Western Yellow-throat (G. t. occidentalis). Similar to No. 681d, but the yellow on the underside is more vibrant, and the edge of the mask is whiter and wider. Range.—Arid western United States; east to western portions of Great Plains, north to Montana and eastern Washington (?); west to southern California: breeding southward to northern Chihuahua and northern Lower California; southward in winter to western Mexico and Cape St. Lucas. (Ridgw.) Range.—Dry western United States; east to the western parts of the Great Plains, north to Montana and eastern Washington (?); west to southern California: breeding southward to northern Chihuahua and northern Lower California; southward in winter to western Mexico and Cape St. Lucas. (Ridgw.) |
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681b. Florida Yellow-throat (G. t. ignota). Similar to No. 681d, but yellow below more extended and deeper, sides browner; black mask wider; upperparts, especially hindhead, browner. 681b. Florida Yellow-throat (G. t. ignota). Similar to No. 681d, but the yellow on the underside is more prominent and deeper, the sides are browner; the black mask is broader; the upperparts, especially the back of the head, are browner. Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf Coast districts of United States from southeastern Virginia to Florida and westward along Gulf lowlands to eastern Texas; winters from at least coast of South Carolina southward; also in Cuba. (Ridgw.) Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf Coast areas of the United States from southeastern Virginia to Florida and westward along the Gulf lowlands to eastern Texas; winters from at least the South Carolina coast southward; also found in Cuba. (Ridgw.) 681c. Pacific Yellow-throat (G. t. arizela). Similar to No. 681a, but bill smaller, wings and tail shorter, color duller, whitish margin of mask narrower, yellow usually less orange; W. 2.2; T. 2.1. (Ridgw.) 681c. Pacific Yellow-throat (G. t. arizela). Similar to No. 681a, but with a smaller bill, shorter wings and tail, less vibrant color, a narrower white edge on the mask, and usually less orange in the yellow; W. 2.2; T. 2.1. (Ridgw.) Range.—"Pacific Coast district, from British Columbia southward; breeding southward to Los Angeles County, California, and eastward to Fort Klamath, Oregon; during migration to Cape St. Lucas." (Ridgw.) Range.—"Pacific Coast area, from British Columbia to the south; breeding down to Los Angeles County, California, and east to Fort Klamath, Oregon; during migration to Cape St. Lucas." (Ridgw.) 681d. Northern Yellow-throat (G. t. brachidactyla). Similar to No. 681, but averaging larger; W. 2.2. Ad. ♂. More yellow below, more olive-green above. Ad. ♀. Usually with yellow below brighter and more extended. (Ridgw.) 681d. Northern Yellow-throat (G. t. brachidactyla). Similar to No. 681, but generally larger; W. 2.2. Adult ♂. More yellow underneath, more olive-green on top. Adult ♀. Typically with brighter and more extensive yellow below. (Ridgw.) Range.—Northeastern United States from northern New Jersey to Newfoundland; west to northern Ontario and eastern Dakota, and south through Mississippi Valley to upland districts of the Gulf States and east central Texas; in winter Bahamas, Mexico, and Central America. (Ridgw.) Range.—Northeastern United States from northern New Jersey to Newfoundland; west to northern Ontario and eastern South Dakota, and south through the Mississippi Valley to the upland areas of the Gulf States and east-central Texas; in winter, the Bahamas, Mexico, and Central America. (Ridgw.) 681e. Salt Marsh Yellow-throat (G. t. sinuosa). Similar to No. 681c, but much smaller and slightly darker, especially on sides and flanks; W. 2.1. (Ridgw.) 681e. Salt Marsh Yellow-throat (G. t. sinuosa). Similar to No. 681c, but much smaller and a bit darker, especially on the sides and flanks; W. 2.1. (Ridgw.) Range.—Salt Marshes of San Francisco Bay, California. Range.—Salt Marshes of San Francisco Bay, California. 682. Belding Yellow-throat (Geothlypis beldingi). L. 5.7. Ad. ♂. Black mask crossing head diagonally bordered behind by yellow; rest of plumage much as in No. 681a. Ad. ♀. Similar to ♂ of No. 681, but larger. 682. Belding Yellow-throat (Geothlypis beldingi). L. 5.7. Ad. ♂. Black mask crossing the head diagonally, edged behind by yellow; the rest of the plumage is similar to that of No. 681a. Ad. ♀. Similar to the ♂ of No. 681, but larger. Range.—Lower California. Range: Baja California. 682.1. Rio Grande Yellow-throat (Geothlypis poliocephala). L. 5.7. Ads. Lores and forehead black, crown gray, back olive-green; underparts yellow. 682.1. Rio Grande Yellow-throat (Geothlypis poliocephala). L. 5.7. Ads. Lores and forehead are black, crown is gray, back is olive-green; underparts are yellow. Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southward into Mexico. Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and extending south into Mexico. |
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645. Nashville Warbler (Helminthophila rubricapilla). L. 4.8. No wing-bars; no white in tail. Ad. ♂. A chocolate crown-patch; rest of head and cheeks bluish gray; a white eye-ring; back olive-green; below bright yellow. Ad. ♀. Similar, but little or no chocolate in crown; yellow duller. Yng. Head brownish; underparts washed with brownish, particularly on throat and flanks. Notes. Song, ke-tsee-ke-tsee-ke-tsee-chip-ee, chip-ee-chip-ee-chip, first half like Black and White Warbler's, second half like Chipping Sparrow's. (Langille.) 645. Nashville Warbler (Helminthophila rubricapilla). L. 4.8. No wing-bars; no white in the tail. Adult ♂. A chocolate crown patch; the rest of the head and cheeks are bluish-gray; a white eye-ring; back is olive-green; underneath is bright yellow. Adult ♀. Similar, but with little or no chocolate in the crown; yellow is duller. Young. Head is brownish; underparts have a brownish wash, especially on the throat and flanks. Notes. Song: ke-tsee-ke-tsee-ke-tsee-chip-ee, chip-ee-chip-ee-chip; the first half sounds like a Black and White Warbler's, and the second half sounds like a Chipping Sparrow's. (Langille.) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from southern New York, Connecticut, and northern Illinois, north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters south of United States. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from southern New York, Connecticut, and northern Illinois, north to Labrador and the Hudson Bay area; winters south of the United States. 645a. Calaveras Warbler (H. r. gutturalis). Similar to No. 645, but rump brighter; underparts richer yellow. 645a. Calaveras Warbler (H. r. gutturalis). Similar to No. 645, but the rump is brighter; the underparts are a deeper yellow. Range.—Western United States; breeds on high mountains, from the Sierra Nevada to British Columbia, east to eastern Oregon, northern Idaho; south in migration to Lower California and Mexico; southeast to Texas. (Ridgw.) Range.—Western United States; breeds in high mountains, from the Sierra Nevada to British Columbia, east to eastern Oregon, northern Idaho; migrates south to Southern California and Mexico; southeast to Texas. (Ridgw.) 648. Parula Warbler (Compsothlypis americana). L. 4.5; W. 2.3. Ad. ♂. Above grayish blue, a yellowish patch in the back; breast yellow washed with chestnut and with an indistinct blackish band; belly, wing-bars, spot near tip of outer tail-feathers white. Ad. ♀. Paler, breast without black, sometimes no chestnut. Notes. A short, little, guttural, lisping trill. 648. Parula Warbler (Compsothlypis americana). L. 4.5; W. 2.3. Ad. ♂. The male has a grayish-blue back with a yellowish patch; the breast is yellow with a hint of chestnut and features a faint blackish band; the belly, wing bars, and a spot near the tips of the outer tail feathers are white. Ad. ♀. The female is paler, has no black on the breast, and sometimes lacks chestnut coloring altogether. Notes. Has a short, guttural, lisping trill. Range.—Breeds in south Atlantic and Gulf states east of Texas north near the Atlantic coast to the District of Columbia and Mount Carmel, Illinois (Brewst.); winters from Gulf States southward. Range.—Breeds in the southeastern Atlantic and Gulf states east of Texas, extending north along the Atlantic coast to the District of Columbia and Mount Carmel, Illinois (Brewst.); winters from the Gulf States southward. 648a. Northern Parula Warbler (C. a. usneæ). Similar to No. 648, but bill averaging slightly smaller, the wing longer, 2.4; black breast-band averaging wider; the chestnut wash stronger. 648a. Northern Parula Warbler (C. a. usneæ). Similar to No. 648, but with a bill that is generally a bit smaller, wings that are longer at 2.4, a wider black breast-band, and a more pronounced chestnut wash. Range.—Breeds in New England, New York and west along the northern tier of states, north into Maritime Provinces and Canada; winters from Gulf states southward. Range.—Breeds in New England, New York, and west along the northern states, north into the Maritime Provinces and Canada; winters from the Gulf states southward. Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley south into eastern Mexico. Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley south into eastern Mexico. Range.—Southern border of the United States and northern Mexico from southern Texas to southern California; north to southwestern Utah and southern Nevada. Range.—Southern border of the United States and northern Mexico from southern Texas to southern California; north to southwestern Utah and southern Nevada. 746a. Baird Verdin (A. f. lamprocephalus). Similar to No. 746, but tail shorter; wing somewhat shorter; yellow of head brighter; W. 2.0; T. 1.6. (Oberholser.) 746a. Baird Verdin (A. f. lamprocephalus). Similar to No. 746, but with a shorter tail; wing is a bit shorter; the yellow on the head is brighter; W. 2.0; T. 1.6. (Oberholser.) Range.—Lower California. Range.—Baja California. |
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650. Cape May Warbler (Dendroica tigrina). L. 5.1. Ad. ♂. Ear-coverts and wash on throat chestnut; crown blackish; back olive-green with black spots; below yellow streaked with black; wing-coverts broadly white; outer tail-feathers with white. Ad. ♀ and Yng. ♂. Duller; crown like back; no chestnut. Yng. ♀. Above olive-gray; below whitish faintly tinged with yellow; wing-bars, narrow. Notes. Song, a wiry "a-wit, a wit, a-wit, a-wit", repeated. (Butler.) 650. Cape May Warbler (Dendroica tigrina). L. 5.1. Ad. ♂. The ear-coverts and throat have a chestnut wash; the crown is blackish; the back is olive-green with black spots; underneath is yellow streaked with black; the wing-coverts are broadly white; the outer tail-feathers have white. Ad. ♀ and Yng. ♂. Less vibrant; the crown is the same as the back; no chestnut. Yng. ♀. Olive-gray above; underneath is whitish with a slight yellow tint; the wing-bars are narrow. Notes. The song is a wiry "a-wit, a wit, a-wit, a-wit", repeated. (Butler.) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England, rarely, and Manitoba north to Hudson Bay region; winters south of United States. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England, occasionally, and Manitoba north to the Hudson Bay area; winters south of the United States. 652. Yellow Warbler (Dendroica æstiva). L. 5.1. Inner vanes of tail-feathers yellow. Ad. ♂. Crown yellow, back bright yellowish green; below yellow thickly streaked with reddish brown. Ad. ♀. and Yng. ♂. Duller above, crown like back; below much paler, few or no streaks. Yng. ♀. Similar to last but still duller. Notes. Song, a rather loud wee-chee, chee, chee, cher-wee, variable in form but recognizable in tone. 652. Yellow Warbler (Dendroica æstiva). L. 5.1. The inner vanes of the tail feathers are yellow. Adult ♂. The crown is yellow, the back is a bright yellowish green; below it’s yellow with heavy streaks of reddish brown. Adult ♀. and Young ♂. Duller on top, the crown matches the back; below is much paler with few or no streaks. Young ♀. Similar to the last but even duller. Notes. The song is a fairly loud wee-chee, chee, chee, cher-wee, variable in form but recognizable in tone. Range.—North America, except Alaska, Pacific coast from Vancouver north, and southwestern United States (western Texas to Arizona). (Ridgw.); breeds throughout most of its range, and winters in Central and South America. Range.—North America, excluding Alaska, the Pacific coast from Vancouver north, and the southwestern United States (from western Texas to Arizona). (Ridgw.); it breeds across most of its range and winters in Central and South America. 652a. Sonora Yellow Warbler (D. æ. sonorana). Similar to No. 652, but ♂ much yellower, less green above, the crown and rump bright yellow; below brighter yellow, reddish brown streaks narrower, fewer sometimes almost wanting. Ad. ♀. Similar to Ad. ♂ of No. 652, but grayer above and whiter below. 652a. Sonora Yellow Warbler (D. æ. sonorana). Similar to No. 652, but the male is much yellower and less green on the back, with a bright yellow crown and rump; the underparts are a brighter yellow with narrower, fewer reddish-brown streaks, sometimes almost absent. Ad. Female. Similar to the adult male of No. 652, but has a grayer back and whiter underparts. Range—Northern Mexico; breeding north to western Texas and southern Arizona; winters south of United States. Range—Northern Mexico; breeds north to western Texas and southern Arizona; spends winters south of the United States. 652b. Alaskan Yellow Warbler (D. æ. rubiginosa). Similar to No. 652, but ♂ darker above, the crown of about the same color as back; ♀ duller. 652b. Alaskan Yellow Warbler (D. æ. rubiginosa). Similar to No. 652, but the male is darker on top, with the crown roughly the same color as its back; the female is more subdued. Range.—Breeds on Pacific coast from Vancouver northward and in Alaska; winters south of United States. Range.—Breeds along the Pacific coast from Vancouver northward and in Alaska; winters south of the United States. 653. Mangrove Warbler (Dendroica bryanti castaneiceps). L. 5. Inner vanes of tail-feathers yellow. Ad. ♂. Whole head reddish chestnut; back olive-green; below yellow lightly streaked with reddish brown. Ad. ♀. Olive-green above; yellow below. 653. Mangrove Warbler (Dendroica bryanti castaneiceps). L. 5. Inner vanes of tail-feathers are yellow. Ad. ♂. Entire head is reddish chestnut; back is olive-green; underside is yellow lightly streaked with reddish brown. Ad. ♀. Olive-green on top; yellow underneath. Range.—Cape Region of Lower California and Pacific coast of Central America and Mexico. Range.—Cape Region of Baja California and the Pacific coast of Central America and Mexico. 672. Palm Warbler (Dendroica palmarum). L. 5.2. No white wing-bars; tail patches white. Ads. Crown dark chestnut; line over eye, throat, and breast yellow; breast and sides with reddish brown streaks; belly much paler, often grayish washed with yellow; back olive-brown; rump brighter. Ad. in Winter and Yng. No crown-patch; above grayish olive-brown indistinctly streaked; rump yellowish; below grayish white washed with yellow and streaked with brownish; under tail coverts bright yellow. Notes. Call, a recognizable chip; song, a short, simple trill. 672. Palm Warbler (Dendroica palmarum). L. 5.2. No white wing bars; white patches on the tail. Adult. The crown is dark chestnut; there’s a yellow line over the eye, and the throat and breast are yellow; the breast and sides have reddish-brown streaks; the belly is much lighter, often grayish with a yellow wash; the back is olive-brown; and the rump is brighter. Adult in Winter and Young. No crown patch; the upper parts are grayish olive-brown with indistinct streaking; the rump is yellowish; the underparts are grayish white with a yellow wash and brownish streaks; under tail coverts are bright yellow. Notes. The call is a recognizable chip; the song is a short, simple trill. Range—Eastern North America; breeds in interior of British America west of Hudson Bay; migrates south through Mississippi Valley and rarely north Atlantic States; winters in Florida and West Indies. Range—Eastern North America; breeds in the interior of Canada west of Hudson Bay; migrates south through the Mississippi Valley and rarely to the northeastern states; winters in Florida and the Caribbean. |
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672a. Yellow Palm Warbler (D. p. hypochrysea). Similar to No. 672, but underparts entirely bright yellow; upperparts yellower. Winter specimens are whiter below but are still conspicuously yellow. 672a. Yellow Palm Warbler (D. p. hypochrysea). Similar to No. 672, but the underparts are completely bright yellow; the upperparts are more yellow. Winter specimens have whiter undersides but still show a noticeable yellow color. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Nova Scotia northward, east of Hudson Bay; migrates through Atlantic States and winters in Florida and west to Louisiana. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Nova Scotia northward, east of Hudson Bay; migrates through the Atlantic States and spends the winter in Florida and as far west as Louisiana. 673. * Prairie Warbler (Dendroica discolor). L. 4.7. Wing-bars yellowish; tail-patches white. Ad. ♂. Above bright olive-green with reddish chestnut spots in the back; below yellow, sides with black streaks. Ad. ♀. Similar, but usually duller; chestnut spots smaller, sometimes absent. Yng. Similar to ♀ Ad., but browner. Notes. Song, a high, thin zee, zee, zee, zee, zee-e, zee, the next to last highest. (See page 196.) 673. * Prairie Warbler (Dendroica discolor). L. 4.7. Wing-bars are yellowish; tail-patches are white. Ad. ♂. Above, it's bright olive-green with reddish chestnut spots on the back; below, it's yellow with black streaks on the sides. Ad. ♀. Similar, but usually more muted; chestnut spots are smaller and sometimes absent. Yng. Similar to ♀ Ad., but browner. Notes. The song is a high, thin zee, zee, zee, zee, zee-e, zee, with the second to last note being the highest. (See page 196.) Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Florida to Massachusetts, southern Ontario, and southern Michigan; winters from southern Florida into the West Indies. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Florida to Massachusetts, southern Ontario, and southern Michigan; winters from southern Florida into the West Indies. Lawrence Warbler (Helminthophila lawrencei). Resembles No. 641, but has a black breast patch and a broad black stripe through the eye as in No. 642. It is believed to be a hybrid between the two. Some 15 specimens are known. Its notes are said to resemble those of both No. 642 and No. 641. Lawrence Warbler (Helminthophila lawrencei). Looks like No. 641, but features a black patch on its breast and a wide black stripe through the eye like No. 642. It's thought to be a hybrid of the two. About 15 specimens have been documented. Its calls are said to sound similar to those of both No. 642 and No. 641. 641. Brewster Warbler (Helminthophila leucobronchialis). Resembles No. 642 above, but is white usually tinged with yellow below, this type being connected with No. 641, by specimens showing more green above and yellow below. Hybridism and dichromatism are believed to account for these birds of which somewhat over a hundred specimens are known, chiefly from the lower Hudson and Connecticut Valleys. Some songs resemble those of No. 642, others those of 641. 641. Brewster Warbler (Helminthophila leucobronchialis). Looks similar to No. 642 above, but is mostly white with a yellowish tint on the underside. This type is linked to No. 641, as some specimens show more green on top and yellow underneath. It's thought that hybridization and color variation explain these birds, with just over a hundred specimens known, mainly from the lower Hudson and Connecticut Valleys. Some of their songs are similar to those of No. 642, while others resemble the songs of 641. 644. Virginia Warbler (Helminthophila virginiæ). L. 4.5. No white in wings or tail. Ad. ♂. Above gray, crown-patch chocolate; upper tail-coverts yellowish; below whitish, breast-patch and under tail-coverts yellow. Ad. ♀. Similar, but less (sometimes no) chocolate in crown and yellow on tail-coverts; duller below. Yng. No crown patch; below washed with buff, little or no yellow on breast. Notes. Very musical, with a song of remarkable fullness for so small a bird. (Aitken.) 644. Virginia Warbler (Helminthophila virginiæ). L. 4.5. No white in the wings or tail. Adult ♂. The upper body is gray, with a chocolate crown patch; the upper tail-coverts are yellowish; the underside is whitish, with a yellow breast patch and yellow under tail-coverts. Adult ♀. Similar, but has less (sometimes no) chocolate in the crown and less yellow on the tail-coverts; overall, it's duller below. Young. No crown patch; the underside is washed with buff, with little or no yellow on the breast. Notes. Very musical, with a remarkably full song for such a small bird. (Aitken.) Range.—Rocky Mountain region from Nevada and Colorado (rarely Wyoming) south into Mexico. Range.—Rocky Mountain region from Nevada and Colorado (rarely Wyoming) south into Mexico. 655. Myrtle Warbler (Dendroica coronata). L. 5.6. Crown, sides of breast and rump yellow. Ad. ♂. Above blue-gray streaked with black; throat white, breast largely black; two white wing-bars; outer tail-feathers with white. Ad. ♀. Browner above, less black on breast. ♂ in winter. Above brown, back indistinctly streaked with black; below whitish, breast and sides streaked with black. Yng. ♀. Similar, but less yellow on crown and sides. Notes. Call, a characteristic tchip; song, a trill. 655. Myrtle Warbler (Dendroica coronata). L. 5.6. The crown, sides of the breast, and rump are yellow. Ad. ♂. The upper body is blue-gray with black streaks; the throat is white, the breast is mostly black; there are two white wing bars; the outer tail feathers have white. Ad. ♀. Brown on top, with less black on the breast. ♂ in winter. Brown on top, with the back faintly streaked with black; the underside is whitish, with the breast and sides streaked with black. Yng. ♀. Similar, but with less yellow on the crown and sides. Notes. Call, a distinctive tchip; song, a trill. Range.—Eastern North America, west in migrations, to the Rockies; breeds from northern New England and northern Minnesota north to Labrador and Alaska; winters from Massachusetts and Kansas south into West Indies and Central America. Range.—Eastern North America, migrating west to the Rockies; breeds from northern New England and northern Minnesota north to Labrador and Alaska; winters from Massachusetts and Kansas south into the West Indies and Central America. |
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659. Chestnut-sided Warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica). L. 5. Ad. ♂. Sides chestnut, crown yellow; back streaked black and greenish yellow; cheek-patch and sides of throat black. Ad. ♀. Crown duller; chestnut and black reduced. Yng. Above bright yellow-green, back with or without black spots; below grayish white, sides sometimes with traces of chestnut; wing-bars yellowish white. Notes. Song, resembles that of Yellow Warbler. (See page 197.) 659. Chestnut-sided Warbler (Dendroica pensylvanica). L. 5. Ad. ♂. Sides are chestnut, crown is yellow; back is streaked with black and greenish-yellow; cheek patch and sides of throat are black. Ad. ♀. Crown is less bright; chestnut and black are less prominent. Yng. Above is bright yellow-green, back may have black spots or not; below is grayish-white, sides might show hints of chestnut; wing bars are yellowish-white. Notes. Its song is similar to that of the Yellow Warbler. (See page 197.) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Jersey and Central Illinois north to Newfoundland and Manitoba (and south in the Alleghanies to South Carolina); winters in Central America. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Jersey and Central Illinois north to Newfoundland and Manitoba (and south in the Alleghanies to South Carolina); winters in Central America. 604. Dickcissel (Spiza americana). L. 6.2. Ad. ♂. Breast, bend of wing, line over eye and at side of throat yellow; throat-patch black; lesser wing-coverts reddish chestnut; no white in tail. Ad. ♀. Less yellow and chestnut, no black on throat. Notes. Song, an earnest, but unmusical dick, dick, che-che-che, che. 604. Dickcissel (Spiza americana). L. 6.2. Ad. ♂. The breast, the bend of the wing, the line over the eye, and the sides of the throat are yellow; there’s a black patch on the throat; the lesser wing-coverts are reddish chestnut; there’s no white in the tail. Ad. ♀. Less yellow and chestnut, with no black on the throat. Notes. The song is a serious but unmusical dick, dick, che-che-che, che. Range.—Middle United States east of the Rockies, west of Alleghanies, breeds from Alabama and Texas to Minnesota; casual in Atlantic States; winters in Central and northern South America. Range.—Middle United States, east of the Rockies and west of the Alleghenies, breeds from Alabama and Texas to Minnesota; occasionally found in the Atlantic States; winters in Central and northern South America. 618. Bohemian Waxwing (Ampelis garrulus). L. 8. Crested. Ads. Brownish gray; under tail-coverts, forecrown and sides of throat chestnut-rufous; throat and eye-stripe black; wing-quills and primary coverts tipped with white or yellow; secondaries usually with red tips; tail tipped with yellow. 618. Bohemian Waxwing (Ampelis garrulus). L. 8. Crested. Ads. Brownish gray; under tail coverts, forecrown, and sides of the throat are chestnut-rufous; throat and eye stripe are black; wing feathers and primary coverts are tipped with white or yellow; secondaries usually have red tips; tail is tipped with yellow. Range.—Northern parts of northern hemisphere; breeds in far north; winters south irregularly to northern United States, casually to Pennsylvania, Illinois, Kansas, and northern California. Range.—Northern parts of the northern hemisphere; breeds in the far north; winters irregularly to the northern United States, occasionally reaching Pennsylvania, Illinois, Kansas, and northern California. 619. Cedar Waxwing (Ampelis cedrorum). L. 7. Crested. Ads. Grayish brown; belly yellowish; under tail-coverts white; no white tips on wing-quills; secondaries with red tips; tail tipped with yellow and rarely with red tips. Notes. A fine, lisping note; a string of notes usually uttered when taking flight. 619. Cedar Waxwing (Ampelis cedrorum). L. 7. Crested. Ads. Grayish-brown; belly yellowish; under tail-coverts white; no white tips on wing quills; secondaries with red tips; tail tipped with yellow and occasionally with red tips. Notes. A soft, lisping note; a series of notes typically released when taking flight. Range.—North America: breeds from Virginia and the highlands of South Carolina, Kansas, and Oregon, north to Labrador and southern Alaska (?); winters from northern United States to Central America. Range.—North America: breeds from Virginia and the highlands of South Carolina, Kansas, and Oregon, north to Labrador and southern Alaska (?); winters from the northern United States to Central America. 628. Yellow-throated Vireo (Vireo flavifrons). L. 5.5. Ads. Throat and breast bright yellow, belly white; above bright olive-green, rump gray; two white wing-bars. Notes. Call, a scolding cack; song like Red-eye's but richer, more deliberate, see me; I'm here; where are you? in varying forms; also a mellow trill. 628. Yellow-throated Vireo (Vireo flavifrons). L. 5.5. Ads. Throat and breast bright yellow, belly white; back bright olive-green, rump gray; two white wing bars. Notes. Call is a scolding cack; song similar to the Red-eye's but richer and more deliberate, including phrases like see me; I'm here; where are you? in different variations; also features a mellow trill. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Florida and Texas to Newfoundland and Manitoba; winters in tropics. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Florida and Texas to Newfoundland and Manitoba; winters in the tropics. 683. Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virens). L. 7.5; T. 3.07. Ads. Throat and breast bright yellow; lower belly white; above olive-green; line over eye and at side of throat white. Notes. Call, a gasping, mewing keè-yuck and chut, chut; song, of whistles, caws and chucks, sometimes uttered in flight. 683. Yellow-breasted Chat (Icteria virens). L. 7.5; T. 3.07. Ads. Throat and breast are bright yellow; lower belly is white; above is olive-green; there is a white line over the eye and at the side of the throat. Notes. Call sounds like a gasping, mewing keè-yuck and chut, chut; song consists of whistles, caws, and chucks, sometimes heard while flying. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from northeastern Mexico (but not in Florida?) north to South Dakota, southern Minnesota, and Massachusetts (locally); winters in Mexico and Central America. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from northeastern Mexico (but not in Florida?) north to South Dakota, southern Minnesota, and Massachusetts (locally); winters in Mexico and Central America. 683a. Long-tailed Chat (I. v. longicauda). Similar to No. 683, but grayer above; tail slightly longer. 683a. Long-tailed Chat (I. v. longicauda). Similar to No. 683, but grayer on top; tail a bit longer. Range.—Western United States, east to Plains; breeds from Mexico north to North Dakota and British Columbia; winters in Mexico. Range.—Western United States, east to the Plains; breeds from Mexico north to North Dakota and British Columbia; winters in Mexico. |
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497. Yellow-headed Blackbird (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus). L. 10. Ad. ♂. Black; head and breast orange yellow; outer wing-coverts white, black tipped. Ad. ♀. Brownish, line over eye, throat and breast dull yellow, lower breast streaked with white; ear-coverts rusty. Notes. Call, a hoarse chuck; song, a variety of hoarse grunting, guttural whistles; usually uttered with apparent great effort and bodily contortion. The young utter a rolling, whistling call. 497. Yellow-headed Blackbird (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus). L. 10. Ad. ♂. Black; head and breast bright orange-yellow; outer wing coverts are white with black tips. Ad. ♀. Brownish, with a line over the eye, throat, and breast a dull yellow, lower breast streaked with white; ear coverts are rusty. Notes. Call is a hoarse chuck; song consists of a mix of hoarse grunting and guttural whistles, typically delivered with noticeable effort and body movement. The young produce a rolling, whistling call. Range.—Western North America, east to Kansas, northern Illinois, and northwestern Indiana; west to the Pacific coast ranges; breeds locally from Texas (?), New Mexico, Arizona, and Southern California north to the Hudson Bay region, and southern British Columbia; winters from southwestern Louisiana, and California southward. Range.—Western North America, extending east to Kansas, northern Illinois, and northwestern Indiana; west to the Pacific coast ranges; breeds locally from Texas (?), New Mexico, Arizona, and Southern California north to the Hudson Bay region, and southern British Columbia; winters from southwestern Louisiana, and California southward. 501. Meadowlark (Sturnella magna). L. 10.7; W. 4.8. Ads. Above black varied with chestnut and buff; below yellow, a black breast-crescent; bars on middle tail-feathers fused along shaft, yellow of throat not spreading on to its sides. Notes. Calls, a nasal note and a rolling twitter; song, a high fife like whistle of rarely more than eight or ten notes; without gurgles or grace notes. 501. Meadowlark (Sturnella magna). L. 10.7; W. 4.8. Ads. The upper body is black mixed with chestnut and buff; the underside is yellow, featuring a black crescent on the breast; bars on the middle tail feathers are fused along the shaft, and the yellow throat does not spread to the sides. Notes. The calls include a nasal sound and a rolling twitter; the song consists of a high, fife-like whistle with rarely more than eight or ten notes, without any gurgles or embellishments. Range.—Eastern North America west to about Long. 100°, north to New Brunswick and Minnesota; winters from Massachusetts and Illinois southward. Range.—Eastern North America, extending west to around Long. 100°, and north to New Brunswick and Minnesota; migrates for the winter from Massachusetts and Illinois southward. Range.—Not well determined; known from Corpus Christi, Texas, west along Mexican boundary to southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico. Range.—Not precisely defined; known from Corpus Christi, Texas, extending west along the Mexican border to southern Arizona and northern Sonora, Mexico. 501b. Western Meadowlark (S. m. neglecta). Similar to No. 501, but bars on middle tail-feathers usually distinct, not confluent along shaft; yellow of throat spreading on to its sides; general color paler. Notes. Calls, a liquid chûck and a wooden, rolling b-r-r-r-r-r-r-r; song, rich, musical, flute-like with intricate gurgles and grace notes; wholly unlike that of No. 501. 501b. Western Meadowlark (S. m. neglecta). Similar to No. 501, but the bars on the middle tail feathers are usually distinct, not merging along the shaft; the yellow on the throat extends to the sides; overall color is lighter. Notes. Calls include a liquid chûck and a wooden, rolling b-r-r-r-r-r-r-r; the song is rich, musical, flute-like with intricate gurgles and grace notes; completely different from that of No. 501. 501c. Florida Meadowlark (S. m. argutula). Similar to No. 501, but smaller and darker; W. 4.4. 501c. Florida Meadowlark (S. m. argutula). Similar to No. 501, but smaller and darker; W. 4.4. Range.—Florida and Gulf coast to Louisiana. Range.—Florida and the Gulf coast to Louisiana. 514. Evening Grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertina). L. 8. Ad. ♂. Brownish yellow; wings, tail, and crown black; exposed part of tertials white. Ad. ♀. Dingy brownish gray, more or less tinged with yellowish; throat and belly whitish; tail-coverts and tail-feathers, on inner web, tipped with white. Notes. Call, loud; song, short, but melodious, resembling that of Robin or Black-headed Grosbeak. (Cooper.) 514. Evening Grosbeak (Hesperiphona vespertina). L. 8. Ad. ♂. Brownish-yellow; wings, tail, and crown are black; the exposed part of the tertials is white. Ad. ♀. Dull brownish-gray, with some yellowish tints; throat and belly are white; tail-coverts and tail feathers, on the inner web, are tipped with white. Notes. Call is loud; song is short but melodic, similar to that of a Robin or Black-headed Grosbeak. (Cooper.) Range.—Rocky Mountain region of British America, south, in winter, to the upper Mississippi Valley, rarely to Ohio and casually through New York to New England. Range.—Rocky Mountain region of Canada, moving south in winter to the upper Mississippi Valley, occasionally reaching Ohio and sometimes through New York to New England. 514a. Western Evening Grosbeak (H. v. montana). ♂ not distinguishable from ♀ of No. 514; ♀ more buffy, especially below. 514a. Western Evening Grosbeak (H. v. montana). ♂ not distinguishable from ♀ of No. 514; ♀ more buffy, especially below. Range.—Mountains of western United States from New Mexico north to British Columbia. Range.—Mountains of the western United States from New Mexico north to British Columbia. |
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EASTERN HORNED LARKS.
474 [A]. Horned Lark (Otocoris alpestris). L. 7.7, W. ♂, 4.3; ♀, 4.1. Hind toe-nail much the longest. Ad. ♂, winter. Throat and line over eye distinctly yellow; black feathers over eye lengthened, forming when raised little tufts; breast-patch, sides of throat, line over eye and forecrown black, more or less tipped, especially on head, with yellowish or brownish; back brownish indistinctly streaked with blackish; nape, wing and tail-coverts pinkish brown; belly white, lower breast dusky, sides pinkish brown; tail mostly black, outer margin of outer feathers white. ♂, summer. Yellow areas whiter; black areas more distinct; back pinker. Ad. ♀, winter. Similar to ♂, but throat and line over eye less yellow; black areas smaller; back more distinctly streaked. ♀, summer. More distinctly streaked above. Notes. Call, a tseep, tseep; song, an unmusical, twittering warble sung during soaring flight. 474 [A]. Horned Lark (Otocoris alpestris). L. 7.7, W. ♂, 4.3; ♀, 4.1. The hind toe-nail is much the longest. Ad. ♂, winter. The throat and line over the eye are clearly yellow; the black feathers over the eye are elongated, forming little tufts when raised; the breast patch, sides of the throat, line over the eye, and forecrown are black, with yellowish or brownish tips, especially on the head; the back is brownish with indistinct black streaks; the nape, wing, and tail-coverts are pinkish brown; the belly is white, the lower breast dusky, and the sides are pinkish brown; the tail is mostly black with a white outer margin on the outer feathers. ♂, summer. The yellow areas are whiter; the black areas are more distinct; the back is pinker. Ad. ♀, winter. Similar to ♂, but the throat and line over the eye are less yellow; the black areas are smaller; the back is more distinctly streaked. ♀, summer. More distinctly streaked above. Notes. Call, a tseep, tseep; song, an unmusical, twittering warble sung during soaring flight. [A] Fourteen subspecies of this wide-ranging, variable form are now recognized in America, north of Mexico. Many of them are too closely related to be distinguished even by detailed descriptions. When breeding, they may be identified, in life, by a knowledge of the area which each form alone inhabits at this season. But during their migrations, and in winter, when several forms may be associated, it is usually not possible to identify them in the field. The reader is referred to admirable monographs of this group by J. Dwight, Jr. (The Auk, vii, 1890, pp. 138-150), and H. C. Oberholser (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1902, pp. 801-884). [A] There are currently fourteen recognized subspecies of this diverse and widespread form in America, north of Mexico. Many of them are so closely related that it’s difficult to distinguish them even with detailed descriptions. During breeding season, they can be identified based on their specific habitats. However, during migration and in winter, when several subspecies may be present together, it's usually impossible to tell them apart in the field. For more information, the reader can refer to the excellent monographs on this group by J. Dwight, Jr. (The Auk, vii, 1890, pp. 138-150) and H. C. Oberholser (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., xxiv, 1902, pp. 801-884). Range.—Eastern North America; breeds in Labrador and region east of Hudson Bay; winters south to South Carolina (chiefly on coast) and in the Mississippi Valley to Illinois. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds in Labrador and the area east of Hudson Bay; winters as far south as South Carolina (mainly along the coast) and in the Mississippi Valley up to Illinois. Range.—Breeds in the Mississippi Valley, south to southern Illinois and Missouri west to eastern Nebraska and Assiniboia; east through northwestern Pennsylvania and central New York to western and northern New England; north to Quebec and Ontario; winters south to South Carolina, Kentucky, and Texas. Range.—Breeds in the Mississippi Valley, south to southern Illinois and Missouri, west to eastern Nebraska and Assiniboia; east through northwestern Pennsylvania and central New York to western and northern New England; north to Quebec and Ontario; winters south to South Carolina, Kentucky, and Texas. 474d. Texan Horned Lark (O. a. giraudi). W. ♂ 3.9; ♀, 3.6. Similar to No. 474b, but somewhat smaller and paler; throat, forehead and line over eye yellow; breast, in males, generally tinged with yellow. 474d. Texan Horned Lark (O. a. giraudi). W. ♂ 3.9; ♀, 3.6. Similar to No. 474b, but a bit smaller and lighter in color; throat, forehead, and the line over the eye are yellow; the breast in males is usually tinged with yellow. Range.—Coast of Texas from Galveston to the Rio Grande. Range.—Coast of Texas from Galveston to the Rio Grande. NORTHERN HORNED LARKS. Northern Horned Larks. 474a. Pallid Horned Lark (O. a. arcticola). W. ♂, 4.4; ♀, 4.2. Largest of our Horned Larks; no yellow in plumage; throat, forehead and line over eye white; back brown with grayish edgings. 474a. Pallid Horned Lark (O. a. arcticola). W. ♂, 4.4; ♀, 4.2. The largest of our Horned Larks; no yellow in its feathers; throat, forehead, and the line above the eye are white; back is brown with grayish edges. Range.—"In summer, Alaska (chiefly in the interior) with the Valley of the Upper Yukon River; in winter south to Oregon, Utah, and Montana." (Oberholser.) Range.—"In summer, Alaska (mainly in the interior) with the Valley of the Upper Yukon River; in winter, it moves south to Oregon, Utah, and Montana." (Oberholser.) 474k. Hoyt Horned Lark (O. a. hoyti). W. ♂, 4.4; ♀, 4.2. Throat tinged with yellow; line over eye white; back darker, pink areas richer than in 474a. An intermediate form between Nos. 474 and 474a. 474k. Hoyt Horned Lark (O. a. hoyti). W. ♂, 4.4; ♀, 4.2. Throat has a yellow tint; white line above the eye; back is darker, with pink areas more vibrant than in 474a. It’s an intermediate form between Nos. 474 and 474a. Range.—"In summer, British America from the west shore of Hudson Bay to the Valley of the Mackenzie River, north to the Arctic Coast, south to Lake Athabasca; in winter, southward to Nevada, Utah, Kansas, and Michigan, casually to Ohio and New York (Long Island)." (Oberholser.) Range.—"In summer, British America stretches from the west shore of Hudson Bay to the Valley of the Mackenzie River, north to the Arctic Coast, and south to Lake Athabasca; in winter, it moves southward to Nevada, Utah, Kansas, and Michigan, with occasional sightings in Ohio and New York (Long Island)." (Oberholser.) |
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WESTERN HORNED LARKS.
474c. Desert Horned Lark (O. a. leucolæma). W. ♂, 4.1; ♀, 3.8. Forehead and line over eye very slightly, often not at all, tinged with yellow; throat yellow; back brown edged with pinkish gray; resembles No. 474b, but is paler and less distinctly streaked above. 474c. Desert Horned Lark (O. a. leucolæma). W. ♂, 4.1; ♀, 3.8. The forehead and the line over the eye are very slightly, and often not at all, tinted with yellow; the throat is yellow; the back is brown with pinkish gray edges; it looks like No. 474b, but is lighter and less distinctly streaked on top. Range.—"In summer, western United States from central Dakota, western Kansas and western Nebraska to Idaho and Nevada, north on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains to Alberta; in winter, south to Texas, Chihuahua, Sonora, and southeastern California." (Oberholser.) Range.—"In summer, the western United States from central Dakota, western Kansas, and western Nebraska to Idaho and Nevada, north on the eastern side of the Rocky Mountains to Alberta; in winter, south to Texas, Chihuahua, Sonora, and southeastern California." (Oberholser.) 474e. California Horned Lark (O. a. actia). W. ♂, 3.9; ♀, 3.6. ♂, summer. Back of head and nape, spreading on to sides of breast, pinkish cinnamon; back distinctly streaked with brownish black; throat always, forehead and line over eye usually tinged with yellow. ♂, winter. Less distinctly streaked above; cinnamon areas paler and with grayish tips; black areas more or less tipped with yellowish. ♀, summer. Crown and back uniformly streaked with blackish margined with pinkish gray. ♀, winter. Less distinctly streaked; black areas tipped with whitish. 474e. California Horned Lark (O. a. actia). W. ♂, 3.9; ♀, 3.6. ♂, summer. The back of the head and nape, extending to the sides of the breast, is pinkish cinnamon; the back is distinctly streaked with brownish-black; the throat is always, and the forehead and line over the eye are usually tinged with yellow. ♂, winter. Less distinctly streaked above; cinnamon areas are paler with grayish tips; black areas are somewhat tipped with yellowish. ♀, summer. The crown and back are uniformly streaked with black and edged with pinkish gray. ♀, winter. Less distinctly streaked; black areas are tipped with whitish. Range.—Northern Lower California north, west of the Sierra, to Marin and San Joaquin Counties, California. Range.—Northern Lower California north, west of the Sierra, to Marin and San Joaquin Counties, California. 474f. Ruddy Horned Lark (O. a. rubea). Similar to No. 474e, but nape region, sides of breast, etc., much deeper in color, deeper than in any other of our Horned Larks; back less distinctly streaked with blackish and more ruddy in tone, not sharply defined from nape; yellow areas richer in color. 474f. Ruddy Horned Lark (O. a. rubea). Similar to No. 474e, but the nape area and sides of the breast are much darker in color, deeper than in any other of our Horned Larks; the back is less distinctly streaked with black and has a more reddish tone, not sharply defined from the nape; yellow areas are richer in color. Range.—Sacramento County, California. Range — Sacramento County, CA. 474g. Streaked Horned Lark (O. a. strigata). Cinnamon areas less extensive but nearly as deeply colored as in No. 474f; back distinctly and widely streaked with blackish; forehead, line over eye, throat and breast washed with yellow. 474g. Streaked Horned Lark (O. a. strigata). Cinnamon areas are less extensive but almost as richly colored as in No. 474f; back is clearly and broadly streaked with black; forehead, line over the eye, throat, and breast are tinted with yellow. Range—"In summer, the states of Oregon and Washington west of the Cascade Mountains; in winter, to eastern Oregon and Washington, south to northern California." (Oberholser.) Range—"In the summer, the states of Oregon and Washington west of the Cascade Mountains; in the winter, eastern Oregon and Washington, extending south to northern California." (Oberholser.) 474h. Scorched Horned Lark (O. a. adusta). W. ♂, 4; ♀, 3.8. Nearest to No. 474l, but the male differs in being nearly uniform pinkish brown above, back with only a few indistinct brownish streaks; color deeper, browner, more ruddy. 474h. Scorched Horned Lark (O. a. adusta). W. ♂, 4; ♀, 3.8. Closest to No. 474l, but the male is almost entirely pinkish brown on top, with only a few faint brown streaks on the back; its color is richer, browner, and more reddish. Range.—"In summer, the central part of extreme southern Arizona; in winter, northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico." (Oberholser.) Range.—"In summer, the central part of extreme southern Arizona; in winter, northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico." (Oberholser.) 474i. Dusky Horned Lark (O. a. merrilli). W. ♂, 4; ♀, 3.8. Similar to No. 474b, but somewhat darker above, the line over the eye usually tinged with yellow. 474i. Dusky Horned Lark (O. a. merrilli). W. Male, 4; Female, 3.8. Similar to No. 474b, but a bit darker on top, with the line over the eye usually having a yellow tint. Range.—"In summer, northwestern United States, and southern British Columbia, from northeastern California and northwestern Nevada, northward through Oregon and Washington east of the Cascade Mountains to British Columbia and extreme northern Idaho; in winter, south to central California." (Oberholser.) Range.—"In summer, the northwestern United States and southern British Columbia, from northeastern California and northwestern Nevada, northward through Oregon and Washington east of the Cascade Mountains to British Columbia and extreme northern Idaho; in winter, south to central California." (Oberholser.) |
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474j. Sonoran Horned Lark (O. a. pallida). W. ♂, 3.8; ♀, 3.6. Nape very pale pinkish; back pale grayish brown edged with grayish; forehead, line over eye, and throat tinged with yellowish. Resembles No. 474l, but is still paler. 474j. Sonoran Horned Lark (O. a. pallida). W. ♂, 3.8; ♀, 3.6. The nape is a very light pink; the back is a pale grayish brown with gray edges; the forehead, line above the eye, and throat have a yellowish tint. It looks like No. 474l, but is even paler. Range,—"Region immediately adjacent to the head of the Gulf of California, Mexico." (Oberholser.) Range,—"Area right next to the head of the Gulf of California, Mexico." (Oberholser.) 474l. Montezuma Horned Lark (O. a. occidentalis). W. ♂, 4; ♀, 3.8. No distinct blackish streaks above; back pale brownish edged with pinkish gray; throat yellow, forehead and line over eye tinged with yellow. Similar to No. 474h, but paler, less ruddy above; differs from No. 474c in being browner and less streaked above. 474l. Montezuma Horned Lark (O. a. occidentalis). W. ♂, 4; ♀, 3.8. There are no clear blackish streaks on top; the back is a light brown with a hint of pinkish gray; the throat is yellow, and both the forehead and the line over the eye have a touch of yellow. It’s similar to No. 474h, but it’s lighter and less reddish on top; it differs from No. 474c by being browner and having fewer streaks on top. Range.—In summer, central New Mexico, west to central Arizona; in winter, south to northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico and southeast Texas." (Oberholser.) Range.—In summer, central New Mexico, extending to central Arizona; in winter, moving south to northern Sonora and Chihuahua, Mexico, and southeastern Texas." (Oberholser.) 474m. Island Horned Lark (O. a. insularis). Similar to No. 474g, but slightly darker above, breast usually without a yellow tinge. 474m. Island Horned Lark (O. a. insularis). Similar to No. 474g, but a bit darker on top, and the breast typically lacks a yellow tint. Range.—Santa Barbara Islands, California. Range: Santa Barbara Islands, California. Range.—Guatemala, north in spring as far as Lower Rio Grande, Texas. Range.—Guatemala, north in spring up to the Lower Rio Grande, Texas. 447. Arkansas Kingbird (Tyrannus verticalis). L. 9. Ads. Throat light gray spreading over breast to yellow belly; tail black, outer margin of outer feather wholly white; above resembling No. 446. Yng. With no crown-patch. Notes. Squeaky, rattling, rolling notes; a noisy bird. 447. Arkansas Kingbird (Tyrannus verticalis). L. 9. Ads. Throat light gray spreading over the breast to a yellow belly; tail black, with the outer edge of the outer feather completely white; above looks like No. 446. Yng. No crown patch. Notes. Squeaky, rattling, rolling sounds; a loud bird. Range.—Western United States; breeds east to about Long. 100°, north to Assiniboia, southern Alberta, southern British Columbia, west to the Pacific; winters south of United States; to Central America. Range.—Western United States; breeds east to around Long. 100°, north to Assiniboia, southern Alberta, southern British Columbia, west to the Pacific; winters south of the United States; down to Central America. Range.—Western United States, northwestern Mexico and north through Rockies, from western Texas, New Mexico and Arizona, to southern Wyoming; in California north to San Benito County; winters south of United States to Central America. Range.—Western United States, northwestern Mexico, and north through the Rockies, from western Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona to southern Wyoming; in California, it extends north to San Benito County; in winter, it migrates south from the United States to Central America. 449. Derby Flycatcher (Pitangus derbianus). L. 11. Ads. Back brown, wings and tail externally rusty; a yellow crown-patch; forehead, line over eye and across nape white; throat white, below yellow. Notes. Kiskadee, repeated. (Richmond.) 449. Derby Flycatcher (Pitangus derbianus). L. 11. Ads. Back is brown, wings and tail are rusty on the outside; there's a yellow patch on the crown; forehead, a line above the eye, and across the nape are white; throat is white, and below is yellow. Notes. Kiskadee, repeated. (Richmond.) Range.—Northern South America; breeds north as far as Lower Rio Grande, Texas. Range.—Northern South America; breeds as far north as the Lower Rio Grande, Texas. |
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451. Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher (Myiodynastes luteiventris). L. 8. Below sulphur streaked with black; tail largely rusty brown; a yellow crown-patch; inner wing feathers widely margined with whitish; back grayish brown streaked with dusky. Yng. With no crown-patch. Notes. A screech, like squeaking of a wagon wheel, and a single note. (Poling.) 451. Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher (Myiodynastes luteiventris). L. 8. Underneath, it's sulfur-colored with black streaks; the tail is mostly rusty brown; there's a yellow patch on the crown; the inner wing feathers have wide whitish edges; the back is grayish brown with dusky streaks. Yng. Lacks the crown patch. Notes. It makes a screeching sound, similar to a squeaky wagon wheel, and a single note. (Poling.) Range.—Central America; breeds north as far as southern Arizona. Range.—Central America; breeds as far north as southern Arizona. 452. Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus). L. 9. Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust-brown. Ads. Throat and breast gray, belly bright sulphur; back grayish olive-green; greenest above and yellowest below of our larger Myiarchi. Notes. Loud, chuckling, grating whistles. 452. Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus crinitus). L. 9. The inner sides of all but the middle tail feathers are rusty brown. Ads. The throat and breast are gray, the belly is bright sulfur; the back is grayish olive-green; it is the greenest above and the yellowest below of our larger Myiarchi. Notes. It produces loud, chuckling, grating whistles. Range.—Eastern North America; west to the Plains; breeds from Florida and Texas north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from southern Florida south to northern South America. Range.—Eastern North America; west to the Plains; breeds from Florida and Texas north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from southern Florida south to northern South America. 453. Mexican Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus mexicanus). L. 9.2; W. 4. Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust brown. Ads. Throat and breast gray, belly sulphur, both paler than No. 452; back grayish brown, with little or no green tinge. Notes. Resemble those of No. 452. (Merrill.) 453. Mexican Crested Flycatcher (Myiarchus mexicanus). L. 9.2; W. 4. The inner webs of all but the middle tail feathers are rust brown. Ads. The throat and breast are gray, the belly is sulfur yellow, both lighter than No. 452; the back is grayish-brown, with little or no green tint. Notes. They sound similar to those of No. 452. (Merrill.) Range.—Central America; breeds north as far as Lower Rio Grande, Texas. Range.—Central America; breeds as far north as the Lower Rio Grande in Texas. 453a. Arizona Crested Flycatcher (M. m. magister). Similar to No. 453, but larger, L. 9.4, W. 4.2, and averaging slightly paler. 453a. Arizona Crested Flycatcher (M. m. magister). Similar to No. 453, but larger, Length 9.4, Width 4.2, and generally a bit lighter in color. Range.—"Western Mexico; north to southern Arizona and southwest New Mexico; south in winter to Tehuantepec, Mexico." Range.—"Western Mexico; north to southern Arizona and southwest New Mexico; south in winter to Tehuantepec, Mexico." 454. Ash-throated Flycatcher (Myiarchus cinerascens). L. 8.; W. 4. Inner webs of all but middle tail-feathers rust-brown, outer pair dusky at tip of inner web. Ads. Throat and breast pale grayish white, belly white tinged with yellow, above grayish brown, outer web of outer tail-feather whitish. Palest below of our Myiarchi. Notes. A rather resonant but wooden chūck-pr-r-r-r. 454. Ash-throated Flycatcher (Myiarchus cinerascens). L. 8.; W. 4. The inner webs of all but the middle tail feathers are rust-brown, while the outer pair has a dusky tip on the inner web. Ads. The throat and breast are a pale grayish white, the belly is white with a yellow tint, and the upper body is grayish brown, with the outer web of the outer tail feather being whitish. This is the palest below of our Myiarchi. Notes. A rather resonant but somewhat stiff chūck-pr-r-r-r. Range.—Western United States: breeds from western Texas and Lower California north to Colorado and Oregon; winters in southern Mexico and Central America. Range.—Western United States: breeds from western Texas and Lower California north to Colorado and Oregon; winters in southern Mexico and Central America. 454a. Nutting Flycatcher (M. c. nuttingi). Similar to No. 454, but smaller, W. 3.6, outer margin of outer tail-feather not whitish, tip of its inner web rusty, not dusky. 454a. Nutting Flycatcher (M. c. nuttingi). Similar to No. 454, but smaller, W. 3.6, the outer edge of the outer tail feather is not white, and the tip of its inner web is rusty, not dark. Range.—Breeds in southern Arizona and western Mexico; winters in Central America. Range.—Breeds in southern Arizona and western Mexico; winters in Central America. 454b. Lower California Flycatcher (M. c. pertinax). Similar to No. 454a, but bill larger and stouter; above grayer; below less yellow. (Brewster.) 454b. Lower California Flycatcher (M. c. pertinax). Similar to No. 454a, but with a larger and sturdier bill; the upper part is grayer; the underside has less yellow. (Brewster.) Range.—Lower California. Range: Baja California. 455a. Olivaceous Flycatcher (Myiarchus lawrencei olivascens). L. 7. Ads. Inner webs of tail-feathers like outer webs; tail-feathers margined with rusty; breast and belly as in No. 452; crown brownish, back grayish olive-green. Notes. A short mournful peeur. 455a. Olivaceous Flycatcher (Myiarchus lawrencei olivascens). L. 7. Ads. The inner webs of the tail feathers match the outer ones; tail feathers have a rusty edge; the breast and belly are similar to No. 452; crown is brownish, and the back is grayish olive-green. Notes. It produces a short, mournful peeur. Range.—Breeds from western Mexico north to southern Arizona; winters south to southern Mexico; casual in Colorado. Range.—Breeds from western Mexico up to southern Arizona; winters down to southern Mexico; occasional in Colorado. |
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587. Towhee; Chewink (Pipilo erythrophthalmus). L. 8. Three outer tail-feathers with white; iris red. Ad. ♂. Above and breast black; sides reddish chestnut; belly white. Ad. ♀. Above and breast brown. Call, chewink or towheé; song, a loud, not over musical sweet bird sin-n-ng, and a tremulous refrain I'll try. 587. Towhee; Chewink (Pipilo erythrophthalmus). L. 8. Three outer tail feathers have white markings; the iris is red. Ad. ♂. The male has a black back and breast, reddish chestnut sides, and a white belly. Ad. ♀. The female has a brown back and breast. Call: chewink or towheé; song: a loud, not very melodic sweet bird sin-n-ng, and a shaky refrain I'll try. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Georgia and Louisiana north to Maine, Ontario, and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and southern Illinois to Florida and eastern Texas. Range.—Eastern North America, extending west to the Plains; breeds from Georgia and Louisiana up to Maine, Ontario, and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and southern Illinois down to Florida and eastern Texas. Range.—Florida, north along coast to South Carolina. Range.—Florida, extending north along the coast to South Carolina. 588. Arctic Towhee (Pipilo maculatus arcticus). L. 8.7. Ad. ♂. White tip of outer tail-feather more than 1.3 long; scapulars and back marked with white; back black more or less tipped with brownish. Ad. ♀. Breast and back grayish brown; fewer white markings than in ♂. Notes. Call, a Catbird-like mew; song, suggesting that of No. 587, but shorter, more wooden, less musical. 588. Arctic Towhee (Pipilo maculatus arcticus). L. 8.7. Adult. ♂. The white tip of the outer tail feather is over 1.3 long; the scapulars and back are marked with white; the back is black with some brownish tips. Adult. ♀. The breast and back are grayish brown; it has fewer white markings than the ♂. Notes. Call sounds like a Catbird's mew; song is similar to that of No. 587, but is shorter, more rigid, and less musical. Range.—Great Plains; breeding from southern Montana and western North Dakota, north to Saskatchewan; winters south and west to Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Texas; east to eastern Kansas. Range.—Great Plains; breeding from southern Montana and western North Dakota, north to Saskatchewan; winters south and west to Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Texas; east to eastern Kansas. 588a. Spurred Towhee (P. m. megalonyx). Similar to No. 588, but blacker above, no brownish edgings on front of back; white markings on back less numerous; white tip to outer tail-feather less than 1.3 long. 588a. Spurred Towhee (P. m. megalonyx). Similar to No. 588, but darker on top, without brownish edges on the front of the back; white markings on the back are fewer; the white tip on the outer tail feather is less than 1.3 long. Range.—Rocky Mountain region and west to the Pacific; breeds from Mexico to British Columbia; migratory in the northern part of range. Range.—Rocky Mountain area and west to the Pacific; breeds from Mexico to British Columbia; migratory in the northern part of its range. 588b. Oregon Towhee (P. m. oregonus). Similar to No. 588a, but darker; practically no brownish edgings on back of male; sides much deeper; white markings much reduced, the white tip to outer tail-feather less than 1. long; sides much deeper. 588b. Oregon Towhee (P. m. oregonus). Similar to No. 588a, but darker; almost no brownish edges on the male’s back; sides are much deeper; white markings are significantly reduced, with the white tip on the outer tail feather being less than 1 inch long; sides are much deeper. Range.—Pacific coast from San Francisco to British Columbia; winters south to southern California. Range.—Pacific coast from San Francisco to British Columbia; winters south to Southern California. 588c. San Clemente Towhee (P. m. clementæ). Similar to No. 588a, but adult male with black duller or grayer; female lighter brown. (Ridgw.) 588c. San Clemente Towhee (P. m. clementæ). Similar to No. 588a, but the adult male is black, less vibrant or grayer; the female is a lighter brown. (Ridgw.) Range.—"San Clemente, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Santa Catalina Islands," southern California. (Grinnell.) Range.—"San Clemente, Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, and Santa Catalina Islands," southern California. (Grinnell.) 588d. San Diego Towhee (P. m. atratus). Similar to No. 588a, but decidedly darker, with white markings of wings, tail, etc., more restricted; rump deep black. 588d. San Diego Towhee (P. m. atratus). Similar to No. 588a, but noticeably darker, with white markings on the wings, tail, etc., more limited; rump is a deep black. Range.—The southern coast district of southern California, south into Lower California. (Ridgw.) Range.—The southern coastal area of Southern California, extending down into Baja California. (Ridgw.) 588e. Mountain Towhee (P. m. magnirostris). Similar to No. 588, but bill much larger, rufous below paler, above browner and tinged with olive. (Brewster.) 588e. Mountain Towhee (P. m. magnirostris). Similar to No. 588, but with a much larger bill, rufous underneath that is lighter, and a darker brown on top with an olive tint. (Brewster.) Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. Range.—Cape Region of Baja California. 589. Guadalupe Towhee (Pipilo consobrinus). Similar to No. 588b in restriction of white markings, but wings and tail much shorter, W. 3.1; T. 3.2, hind claw much larger; Ad. ♂ sooty rather than black. (Ridgw.) 589. Guadalupe Towhee (Pipilo consobrinus). Similar to No. 588b in the limited white markings, but with much shorter wings and tail, W. 3.1; T. 3.2, and a much larger hind claw; Ad. ♂ has a sooty color instead of black. (Ridgw.) Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California. Range: Guadalupe Island, Baja California. |
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457. Say Phoebe (Sayornis saya). L. 7.5. Ads. Breast rusty gray changing to rusty on belly; above gray with a brown tinge; tail black. Notes. A plaintive phee-eur; a short, plaintive, twittering warble. (Bendire.) 457. Say Phoebe (Sayornis saya). L. 7.5. Ads. The breast is rusty gray that transitions to rusty on the belly; the back is gray with a brown tint; the tail is black. Notes. A sorrowful phee-eur; a brief, sad, twittering song. (Bendire.) Range.—Western North America, east to about Long. 100°: breeds from southwestern Texas, southern California, north to the Yukon, Alaska; winters in Mexico; accidental in Wisconsin, Illinois, and Massachusetts. Range.—Western North America, east to about Long. 100°: breeds from southwestern Texas, southern California, north to the Yukon, Alaska; winters in Mexico; occasionally found in Wisconsin, Illinois, and Massachusetts. 591. Canon Towhee (Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus). L. 9.; W. 3.7. Ads. Crown cinnamon-brown; back brownish gray; throat buffy bordered by blackish spots; lower belly and under tail-coverts cinnamon. Notes. Calls, a loud, metallic chip repeated four times; in flight a robin-like screep-eep-eep. 591. Canon Towhee (Pipilo fuscus mesoleucus). L. 9.; W. 3.7. Ads. The crown is cinnamon-brown; the back is brownish gray; the throat is buffy with blackish spots around the edges; the lower belly and under tail-coverts are cinnamon. Notes. Calls are a loud, metallic chip repeated four times; in flight, it makes a robin-like screep-eep-eep. Range.—Northern Mexico north to western Texas, Arkansas Valley, Colorado, and Arizona; resident. Range.—Northern Mexico up to western Texas, the Arkansas Valley, Colorado, and Arizona; permanent resident. 591a. St. Lucas Towhee (P. f. albigula). W. 3.3. Similar to No. 591, but smaller; abdomen whiter, without cinnamon. 591a. St. Lucas Towhee (P. f. albigula). W. 3.3. Similar to No. 591, but smaller; the abdomen is whiter, without cinnamon. Range.—Southern Lower California. Range: Southern Baja California. 591b. California Towhee (P. f. crissalis) W. 3.9. Similar to No. 591, but much browner above; throat and under tail-coverts rusty brown; breast brownish gray; scarcely lighter on the belly. 591b. California Towhee (P. f. crissalis) W. 3.9. Similar to No. 591, but much browner on the back; throat and under tail-coverts are rusty brown; breast is brownish gray; hardly lighter on the belly. Range.—California, west of the Sierra. Range.—California, west of the Sierra Nevada. 591c. Anthony Towhee (P. f. senicula). W. 3.7. Similar to No. 591b, but smaller and grayer, the abdomen whiter. 591c. Anthony Towhee (P. f. senicula). W. 3.7. Similar to No. 591b, but smaller and grayer, with a whiter abdomen. Range.—Northern Lower California north to southern California. Range.—Northern Lower California north to Southern California. 592. Abert Towhee (Pipilo aberti). L. 9. Ads. No crown-cap; lores and chin blackish; below pinkish cinnamon; above grayish brown. Notes. Call, a loud, clear, sharp chirp. Song, resembling that of the Spurred Towhee group. (B. B. and R.) 592. Abert Towhee (Pipilo aberti). L. 9. Ads. No crown-cap; the lores and chin are dark; underneath, it's a pinkish cinnamon; on top, it's grayish brown. Notes. Call, a loud, clear, sharp chirp. Song is similar to that of the Spurred Towhee group. (B. B. and R.) Range.—Southern California, Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico, north to southern Nevada and southwestern Utah. Range.—Southern California, Arizona, and northwestern New Mexico, north to southern Nevada and southwestern Utah. |
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506. Orchard Oriole (Icterus spurius) L. 7.3. Ad. ♂. Black: breast, belly, rump, and lesser wing-coverts chestnut. Ad. ♀. Above olive-green, below greenish-yellow; two white wing-bars. Yng. Male. First fall like ♀; first spring like ♂, but throat black. Notes. Song much richer and more finished than that of the orange and black Orioles; the difference is indescribable but easily recognizable. 506. Orchard Oriole (Icterus spurius) L. 7.3. Ad. ♂. Black: chest, stomach, back, and smaller wing feathers are chestnut. Ad. ♀. Olive-green on top, yellowish-green underneath; features two white wing bars. Yng. Male. In the first fall, resembles ♀; in the first spring, resembles ♂, but has a black throat. Notes. The song is much richer and more refined than that of the orange and black Orioles; the difference is hard to describe but easily recognizable. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Florida and Texas north to Massachusetts, Ontario, Michigan, and North Dakota; winters in Central America and northern South America. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Florida and Texas north to Massachusetts, Ontario, Michigan, and North Dakota; winters in Central America and northern South America. 592.1. Green-tailed Townee (Oreospiza chlorura). L. 7. Ads. Center and sides of breast grayish, middle of throat and abdomen white; above olive-green more or less washed with grayish; crown reddish chestnut. Notes. Call, a high, thin kitten-like mew; song, musical, suggesting that of the Thick-billed Sparrow. 592.1. Green-tailed Towhee (Oreospiza chlorura). L. 7. Ads. The center and sides of the breast are grayish, the middle of the throat and abdomen are white; the upper body is olive-green with some grayish tones; the crown is reddish chestnut. Notes. Call: a high, thin sound like a kitten's meow; song: musical, similar to that of the Thick-billed Sparrow. Range.—Mountains of western United States, from more eastern Rockies to Coast Range in California; north to central Montana, Idaho, and eastern Washington; south, at least in winter, into Mexico. (Ridgw.) Range.—Mountains of the western United States, from the more eastern Rockies to the Coast Range in California; north to central Montana, Idaho, and eastern Washington; south, at least in winter, into Mexico. (Ridgw.) 643. Lucy Warbler (Helminthophila luciæ). L. 4.2. Ad. ♂. Above gray; crown-patch and upper tail-coverts chocolate; below whitish. Ad. ♀. Chocolate areas smaller. Yng. No chocolate in crown; upper tail-coverts cinnamon. 643. Lucy Warbler (Helminthophila luciæ). L. 4.2. Ad. ♂. The top is gray; the crown patch and upper tail feathers are chocolate; the underside is whitish. Ad. ♀. The chocolate areas are smaller. Yng. No chocolate on the crown; upper tail feathers are cinnamon. Range.—Northwestern Mexico; breeding north to Arizona and southwestern Utah. Range.—Northwestern Mexico; breeding north to Arizona and southwestern Utah. 660. Bay-breasted Warbler (Dendroica castanea). L. 5.6. Ad. ♂. Throat, sides and crown rich chestnut; cheeks black; sides of neck buff; back black and gray; wing-bars and tail-spots white. Ad. ♀. Less chestnut; cheeks grayish. Yng. and Ad. in Winter. Above olive-green streaked with black; below buffy white, the flanks usually with a trace of chestnut. Notes. Song, a very soft warble, tse-chee, repeated five times, too liquid to admit of exact spelling. (Langille.) 660. Bay-breasted Warbler (Dendroica castanea). L. 5.6. Ad. ♂. The throat, sides, and crown are a rich chestnut; cheeks are black; sides of the neck are buff; the back is black and gray; wing-bars and tail spots are white. Ad. ♀. Less chestnut; cheeks are grayish. Yng. and Ad. in Winter. Above is olive-green streaked with black; below is buffy white, with the flanks usually showing a hint of chestnut. Notes. The song is a very soft warble, tse-chee, repeated five times, too fluid to be written down accurately. (Langille.) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England and northern Michigan north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters in Central and northern South America. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England and northern Michigan up to Labrador and the Hudson Bay area; winters in central and northern South America. |
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596. Black-headed Grosbeak (Zamelodia melanocephala). L. 8.1. Ad. ♂. Black; neck-ring, rump, back-streaks and underparts bright cinnamon; center of belly and under wing-coverts yellow; patch in wing, wing-bars and tips of inner vanes of outer tail-feathers white. In winter tipped with brown above and on breast below with black spots. Ad. ♀. Under wing-coverts yellow as in ♂; above as in No. 595; below less streaked, breast buff. Yng. ♂. Like ♀ but breast deeper buff; few streaks below; sides of crown blacker. Notes. Call and song like those of the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, but the latter more fluent. 596. Black-headed Grosbeak (Zamelodia melanocephala). L. 8.1. Ad. ♂. Black; neck-ring, rump, back streaks, and underparts are bright cinnamon; center of belly and under wing-coverts are yellow; there are white patches in the wing, wing-bars, and tips of the inner vanes of the outer tail feathers. In winter, it's tipped with brown above and has black spots on the breast below. Ad. ♀. Under wing-coverts are yellow like the ♂; above is similar to No. 595; below is less streaked, with a buff breast. Yng. ♂. Similar to the ♀ but with a deeper buff breast; has few streaks below; the sides of the crown are blacker. Notes. The call and song are similar to those of the Rose-breasted Grosbeak, but the latter is more fluid. Range.—Western United States, east to the Plains; breeds from Mexico north to Dakota and British Columbia; winters south of United States into Mexico. Range.—Western United States, extending east to the Plains; breeds from Mexico north to Dakota and British Columbia; winters south of the United States into Mexico. 761. American Robin (Merula migratoria). L. 10; W. 4.9; T. 3.8. Outer tail-feathers with white tips. Ad. ♂. Breast and belly rich rust-brown; above dark slaty, head and spots in back black. Ad. ♀. Similar but paler below, little or no black above. Winter. Underparts margined with whitish; black above more or less concealed by ashy. Notes. Calls, varied and characteristic; song, a loud, hearty, cheer-up cheerily, cheerily, cheerily, repeated and varied. 761. American Robin (Merula migratoria). Length 10 in; Wingspan 4.9 in; Tail 3.8 in. Outer tail feathers have white tips. Adult ♂. Breast and belly are a rich rust-brown; back is dark gray, with black on the head and spots. Adult ♀. Similar but paler underneath, with little to no black above. Winter. Underparts have a whitish margin; black above is mostly covered by gray. Notes. Calls are varied and distinctive; song is a loud, hearty, cheer-up cheerily, cheerily, cheerily, that is repeated and varied. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Rockies, northwest to Alaska; breeding south to Virginia and, in the mountains, Georgia; winters from northern States southward. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Rockies, northwest to Alaska; breeds as far south as Virginia and, in the mountains, Georgia; winters from the northern states down to the south. 761a. Western Robin (M. m. propinqua). Similar to No. 761, but no white tips to tail-feathers. Ad. ♂. Without black spots in back. 761a. Western Robin (M. m. propinqua). Similar to No. 761, but no white tips on the tail feathers. Ad. ♂. No black spots on the back. Range.—Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains west to the Pacific; breeds from the southern end of the Mexican tableland north to British Columbia; winters from Oregon and southern Colorado southward. Range.—Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains west to the Pacific; breeds from the southern end of the Mexican plateau north to British Columbia; winters from Oregon and southern Colorado southward. 761b. Southern Robin (M. m. achrustera). Similar to No. 761, but smaller and in general much lighter and duller; W. 4.7; T. 3.5. (Batchelder.) 761b. Southern Robin (M. m. achrustera). Similar to No. 761, but smaller and generally much lighter and duller; W. 4.7; T. 3.5. (Batchelder.) Range.—Carolinas and Georgia, except mountainous districts, lowlands of Virginia. Range.—Carolinas and Georgia, excluding mountainous areas, lowlands of Virginia. 762. St. Lucas Robin (Merula confinis). Resembling No. 761 in plan of coloration but everywhere much paler; breast and belly buff; no black in head. 762. St. Lucas Robin (Merula confinis). Looks like No. 761 in color scheme but is generally much lighter; has a buff breast and belly; no black on the head. Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. Range—Cape Region of Baja California. 763. Varied Thrush (Ixoreus nævius). L. 10; W. 4.7. Ad. ♂. Below rust-brown, belly whiter, a broad black breast-band; above slaty, line behind eye and bars in wing rusty; outer tail-feathers with white tips. In winter washed with brownish above; breast band with rusty. Ad. ♀. Paler below, breast-band faintly indicated; above washed with brownish. Notes. Song, a weird vibrant, long-drawn whistle repeated on different notes. 763. Varied Thrush (Ixoreus nævius). Length 10 inches; Weight 4.7 ounces. Males. The underside is rust-brown, with a whiter belly and a broad black band across the breast; the top is slate-colored, with a rusty line behind the eye and rusty bars on the wings; the outer tail feathers have white tips. In winter, the upper side is tinged with brown; the breast band has a rusty hue. Females. Paler underneath, with a faintly defined breast band; the topside is also washed with brownish hues. Notes. Their song is a strange, vibrant, long-drawn whistle, repeated in different pitches. Range.—Pacific coast from higher mountains of northern California north to Alaska; south in winter along the coast. Range.—Pacific coast from the higher mountains of northern California north to Alaska; moving south in winter along the coast. 763a. Pale Varied Thrush (I. n. meruloides). Similar to No. 763, but wing longer, 5.1; ♀ paler and grayer. (Grinnell.) 763a. Pale Varied Thrush (I. n. meruloides). Similar to No. 763, but with longer wings, measuring 5.1; the female is paler and grayer. (Grinnell.) Range.—- Interior of British Columbia north to north Alaska; south in winter, through interior, to southern California. Range.—- Interior of British Columbia north to northern Alaska; south in winter, through the interior, to Southern California. |
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456. Phœbe (Sayornis phœbe). L. 7. Ads. Above grayish olive, crown blackish; outer web of outer tail-feather whitish; below white tinged with yellow, sides of breast grayish; bill black. Yng. Greener above, yellower below. Notes. Pewit-phœbe, pewit-phœbe; call, pee, pee, rarely a flight song. 456. Phoebe (Sayornis phoebe). L. 7. Ads. The upper body is a grayish olive color, with a blackish crown; the outer web of the outer tail feather is whitish; underneath, it is white with a yellow tint, and the sides of the breast are grayish; the bill is black. Yng. The young ones are greener on top and yellower below. Notes. Commonly called pewit-phoebe or pewit-phoebe; their call sounds like pee, pee, and they rarely sing in flight. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from South Carolina and western Texas north to Newfoundland and Manitoba; winters from North Carolina and northern Texas south to Cuba and Mexico. Range.—Eastern North America, extending west to the Rockies; breeds from South Carolina and western Texas north to Newfoundland and Manitoba; winters from North Carolina and northern Texas south to Cuba and Mexico. 459. Olive-sided Flycatcher (Nuttalornis borealis). L. 7.4. Ads. Throat and middle of belly white with a yellow tinge; sides and most of breast grayish; above brownish gray with an olive-tinge, crown darker, the feathers lengthened. Notes. Hip-hip or quilp-quilp, less often a loud, emphatic whip-péw-hip. (Head.) 459. Olive-sided Flycatcher (Nuttalornis borealis). L. 7.4. Ads. The throat and middle of the belly are white with a yellowish hue; the sides and most of the breast are grayish; above, it's brownish gray with an olive tint, the crown is darker, and the feathers are elongated. Notes. Sounds like hip-hip or quilp-quilp, less often a loud, emphatic whip-péw-hip. (Head.) Range.—North America; breeds from Massachusetts (rarely), northern New York, and Minnesota, northward to Alaska, south through the Rockies and Coast Range to Mexico; winters in Central and South America. Range.—North America; breeds from Massachusetts (rarely), northern New York, and Minnesota, north to Alaska, south through the Rockies and Coast Range to Mexico; winters in Central and South America. 460. Coues Flycatcher (Contopus pertinax pallidiventris). L. 7.7. Ads. Below nearly uniform gray, belly paler; above gray, crown slightly darker, the feathers lengthened. Notes. A plaintive musical four or five noted whistle with regular intervals and a singularly human-like quality. 460. Coues Flycatcher (Contopus pertinax pallidiventris). L. 7.7. Ads. The underside is mostly a uniform gray, with a lighter belly; the upper side is gray as well, with a slightly darker crown and elongated feathers. Notes. It has a sad, musical whistle consisting of four or five notes, delivered at regular intervals and possessing a uniquely human-like quality. Range.—Western Mexico, north to central Arizona; winters south of United States. Range.—Western Mexico, up to central Arizona; winters south of the United States. 461. Wood Pewee (Contopus virens). L. 6.5; W. 3.3. Ads. Above dark olive, crown blacker; below dusky grayish, throat whitish, belly yellowish; lower mandible yellowish. Yng. Greener above, yellower below. Notes. Pee-a-wee, peer and pee; all plaintive and musical. 461. Wood Pewee (Contopus virens). Length 6.5 inches; Wingspan 3.3 inches. Adult. Dark olive on top, crown darker black; underneath, a dusty gray, with a white throat and a yellowish belly; lower bill yellowish. Young. Greener on top, yellower underneath. Calls. Sounds like pee-a-wee, peer, and pee; all have a plaintive and musical quality. Range.—Eastern North America, west to about Long. 100°; breeds from Florida and Texas north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters in Central America. Range.—Eastern North America, west to about Longitude 100°; breeds from Florida and Texas north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters in Central America. 462. Western Wood Pewee (Contopus richardsonii). Similar to No. 461, but above with usually no greenish tinge; below less yellow; under mandible brownish. Notes. A nasal, rather emphatic pēē-a. 462. Western Wood Pewee (Contopus richardsonii). Similar to No. 461, but the upper part typically lacks a greenish hue; the underparts are less yellow; the area below the mandible is brownish. Notes. A nasal, quite distinctive pēē-a. Range.—Western United States, east to about Long. 100°; breeds from western Texas and Lower California north to Manitoba, Alberta, and British Columbia; winters in Mexico and Central America. Range.—Western United States, east to about Longitude 100°; breeds from western Texas and Lower California north to Manitoba, Alberta, and British Columbia; winters in Mexico and Central America. 462a. Large-billed Wood Pewee (C. r. peninsulæ). Similar to No. 462, but smaller, W. 3.3; the bill larger, length from nostril .42, width at nostril, .31; upperparts grayer. (Brewster.) 462a. Large-billed Wood Pewee (C. r. peninsulæ). Similar to No. 462, but smaller, W. 3.3; the bill is larger, length from nostril .42, width at nostril .31; upperparts are grayer. (Brewster.) Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. Range.—Baja California Peninsula. |
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466. Traill Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii). Similar to No. 466a, but upperparts browner with little if any real greenish tinge; bill averaging narrower. 466. Traill Flycatcher (Empidonax traillii). Similar to No. 466a, but the upperparts are browner with little to no real greenish tint; the bill is generally narrower. Range.—Western United States; breeds from western Texas and southern California north to Alaska and Great Slave Lake, east to Kansas, Missouri and Illinois; winters in the tropics. Range.—Western United States; breeds from western Texas and southern California north to Alaska and Great Slave Lake, east to Kansas, Missouri, and Illinois; winters in the tropics. 466a. Alder Flycatcher (E. t. alnorum). L. 6.1; W. 2.8. Ads. Lower mandible horn color; below white, breast grayish; breast and sides faintly washed with yellow; above brownish olive-green; wing-bars usually buffy. Like No. 467, but larger. Notes. Pĕp of alarm, and an explosive ēē-zēē-e-ûp with stress on the rasping zēē. (Dwight.) 466a. Alder Flycatcher (E. t. alnorum). Length 6.1 inches; weight 2.8 ounces. Adults. Lower mandible is horn-colored; underparts are white, and the breast is grayish; breast and sides are lightly tinted with yellow; the upperparts are brownish olive-green; wing-bars are typically buff. Similar to No. 467, but larger. Notes. The alarm call is a Pĕp, and it has a loud explosive ēē-zēē-e-ûp with emphasis on the rough-sounding zēē. (Dwight.) Range.—Eastern United States, west to Michigan; breeds from northern New Jersey (locally) north to New Brunswick; winters in the tropics. Range.—Eastern United States, west to Michigan; breeds from northern New Jersey (locally) north to New Brunswick; winters in the tropics. 467. Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus). 5.4; W. 2.5. Ads. Similar in color to No. 466a, but smaller, tail slightly forked. Yng. Wing-bars more buffy. Notes. a vigorous chebec, chebec; rarely a flight song, "chebec, tooral-ooral." 467. Least Flycatcher (Empidonax minimus). 5.4; W. 2.5. Ads. Similar in color to No. 466a, but smaller, with a slightly forked tail. Yng. Wing-bars are more buffy. Notes. A vigorous chebec, chebec; rarely a flight song, "chebec, tooral-ooral." Range.—Eastern North America, west to western Texas and eastern Colorado; breeds from Pennsylvania (North Carolina, in the Alleghanies) north to New Brunswick and Great Slave Lake; winters in Central America. Range.—Eastern North America, extending to western Texas and eastern Colorado; breeds from Pennsylvania (North Carolina, in the Alleghanies) north to New Brunswick and Great Slave Lake; winters in Central America. 468. Hammond Flycatcher (Empidonax hammondi). L. 5.5. Ads. Bill smallest of our Empidonaces, lower mandible brown; throat and breast grayish, breast and belly slightly washed with sulphur; above grayish with a slight olive tint. Like No. 467, but bill smaller, lower mandible browner, throat grayer. 468. Hammond Flycatcher (Empidonax hammondi). L. 5.5. Ads. The bill is the smallest of our Empidonaces, with the lower mandible being brown; throat and breast are grayish, with the breast and belly having a slight wash of sulphur; the upper parts are grayish with a hint of olive. It is similar to No. 467, but has a smaller bill, a browner lower mandible, and a grayer throat. Range.—Western North America; breeds from the mountains of New Mexico, Arizona, and southern Athabasca, east to Colorado, winters in Mexico. Range.—Western North America; breeds from the mountains of New Mexico, Arizona, and southern Athabasca, east to Colorado, winters in Mexico. 469. Wright Flycatcher (Empidonax wrightii). Similar to No. 468, but underparts whiter; bill much longer, longest and narrowest of our Empidonaces; lower mandible whitish at base, brownish at tip; outer web of outer tail-feather white. 469. Wright Flycatcher (Empidonax wrightii). Similar to No. 468, but the underparts are whiter; the bill is much longer, the longest and narrowest among our Empidonaces; the lower mandible is whitish at the base and brownish at the tip; the outer web of the outer tail feather is white. Range.—Western United States, east to eastern slope of Rockies; breeds from mountains of New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California north to Montana and southern Oregon; winters in Mexico. Range.—Western United States, east to the eastern slope of the Rockies; breeds from the mountains of New Mexico, Arizona, and southern California north to Montana and southern Oregon; winters in Mexico. 469.1. Gray Flycatcher (Empidonax griseus). L. 6. Ads. Above gray with a slight brownish tinge; below grayish white with little or no yellow. Grayest of our Empidonaces. 469.1. Gray Flycatcher (Empidonax griseus). L. 6. Ads. The upper body is gray with a slight brownish tint; the underparts are grayish-white with little or no yellow. It’s the grayest of our Empidonaces. Range.—Western Mexico and Lower California north to southern California and Arizona, (Fort Verde.) Range.—Western Mexico and Baja California north to southern California and Arizona, (Fort Verde.) |
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Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from northern New England (south in Alleghanies to Pennsylvania), northern New York, and Minnesota, north to Labrador and Northwest Territories; winters in Central America. Range.—Eastern North America, extending west to the Plains; breeds from northern New England (south in the Appalachians to Pennsylvania), northern New York, and Minnesota, north to Labrador and the Northwest Territories; winters in Central America. 464. Western Flycatcher (Empidonax difficilis). Similar to No. 463, but brighter yellow below, breast washed with brownish instead of greenish; above yellower. Notes. A soft low note, and a wailing pee-eu. (C. A. Allen.) 464. Western Flycatcher (Empidonax difficilis). Similar to No. 463, but with brighter yellow underneath, a brownish wash on the breast instead of greenish; the back is yellower. Notes. A soft, low note, along with a wailing pee-eu. (C. A. Allen.) Range.—Western North America; east to about Long. 100°; breeds from Mexican border north to southern Alaska; winters in Mexico and Central America. Range.—Western North America; east to about longitude 100°; breeds from the Mexican border north to southern Alaska; winters in Mexico and Central America. 464.1. St. Lucas Flycatcher (Empidonax cineritius). Most like No. 464, but much duller; scarcely a tinge of green above; no decided yellow below except on throat and abdomen. (Brewster.) 464.1. St. Lucas Flycatcher (Empidonax cineritius). Looks a lot like No. 464, but much less vibrant; hardly any green on top; no clear yellow underneath except on the throat and belly. (Brewster.) Range.—Lower California, from Cape Region north, rarely, to southern California. Range.—Lower California, from the Cape Region northward, occasionally extending into southern California. 464.2. Santa Barbara Flycatcher (Empidonax insulicola). Similar to No. 464, but above darker and browner; below paler. (Oberholser.) 464.2. Santa Barbara Flycatcher (Empidonax insulicola). Similar to No. 464, but the upper parts are darker and browner; the under parts are lighter. (Oberholser.) Range.—Santa Barbara Islands, California. Range — Santa Barbara Islands, CA. 465. Green-crested Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens). L. 5.7. Ads. Throat and belly white, breast grayish; sides, breast and sometimes belly, washed with sulphur; back olive-green, a tint lighter than in No. 463; lower mandible whitish; wing-bars buffy. Notes. Spee or peet and pee-e-yuk'. 465. Green-crested Flycatcher (Empidonax virescens). L. 5.7. Ads. Throat and belly white, breast grayish; sides, breast, and sometimes belly, have a hint of sulfur; back olive-green, slightly lighter than in No. 463; lower mandible whitish; wing-bars buffy. Notes. Spee or peet and pee-e-yuk'. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from the Gulf States to southern Connecticut and Manitoba; winters in Central America. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from the Gulf States to southern Connecticut and Manitoba; winters in Central America. 646. Orange-crowned Warbler (Helminthophila celata). L. 5. No white in wings or tail. Ad. ♂. Above olive-green more or less washed with grayish; a concealed, reddish orange crown-patch; below dusky yellowish green. Ad. ♀. Similar, but grayer, crown-patch smaller or wanting. Yng. Like ♀, but no crown-patch. Notes. Song full and strong, not very high pitched and ending abruptly on a rising scale, chee, chee, chee, chw', chw'. (Jones.) 646. Orange-crowned Warbler (Helminthophila celata). L. 5. No white in the wings or tail. Ad. ♂. The upper body is olive-green with a slight gray wash; it has a hidden reddish-orange crown patch; the underside is a dull yellowish-green. Ad. ♀. Similar, but with a grayer crown patch that is smaller or missing. Yng. Like ♀, but with no crown patch. Notes. The song is full and strong, not very high-pitched, and finishes abruptly with a rising scale, chee, chee, chee, chw', chw'. (Jones.) Range.—Interior of North America, breeding from Manitoba and mountains of New Mexico to Alaska; winters in Gulf States and southward; rare in Atlantic states north of South Carolina. Range.—Interior of North America, breeding from Manitoba and the mountains of New Mexico to Alaska; winters in the Gulf States and further south; rare in Atlantic states north of South Carolina. 646a. Lutescent Warbler (H. c. lutescens). Similar to No. 646, but greener above, yellower below; underparts distinctly yellow with a dusky wash. 646a. Lutescent Warbler (H. c. lutescens). Similar to No. 646, but greener on top and yellower underneath; the underparts are clearly yellow with a dark wash. Range.—Pacific coast; breeding in mountains from southern California to Kenai Peninsula, Alaska; winters from California south into Mexico; east to Colorado in migrations. Range.—Pacific coast; breeding in the mountains from southern California to the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska; winters from California down into Mexico; migrates east to Colorado. 646b. Dusky Warbler (H. c. sordida). Similar to No. 646a, but decidedly darker, bill and feet larger, wing shorter and tail longer. (Ridgw.) 646b. Dusky Warbler (H. c. sordida). Similar to No. 646a, but definitely darker, with a larger bill and feet, shorter wings, and longer tail. (Ridgw.) Range.—Breeds in Santa Barbara Islands, California; later occurs on adjoining mainland. Range.—Breeds in the Santa Barbara Islands, California; later appears on the neighboring mainland. |
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Range.—Central America; north in spring to Lower Rio Grande Texas. Range.—Central America; north in spring to the Lower Rio Grande in Texas. 472a. Ridgway Flycatcher (O. i. ridgwayi). Similar to No. 472, but larger, W. 2.2; grayer, little if any sulphur tinge on underparts. (Ridgw.) Notes. Call, a shrill piér repeated; song, from the tree-tops, yoop, yoop, yoopeédeedledee. (Stephens.) 472a. Ridgway Flycatcher (O. i. ridgwayi). Similar to No. 472, but larger, W. 2.2; grayer, with little to no yellowish tint on the underside. (Ridgw.) Notes. Call, a shrill piér that's repeated; song, from the treetops, yoop, yoop, yoopeédeedledee. (Stephens.) Range.—Southern border of Mexican tableland north in spring to southern Arizona. Range.—Southern border of the Mexican plateau, extending north in spring to southern Arizona. 616. Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia). L. 5.2. Ads. Below white, a broad grayish brown band across the breast; above grayish brown. Yng. Similar, but brown areas more or less tipped with rusty. 616. Bank Swallow (Riparia riparia). L. 5.2. Ads. Underneath white, a wide grayish-brown band across the chest; on top, grayish-brown. Yng. Similar, but brown areas are variably tipped with rusty. Range.—Northern hemisphere: in America, breeds from northern New Jersey, Kansas, and southern California, north to Labrador, and Alaska; winters south to Brazil. Range.—Northern hemisphere: in America, it breeds from northern New Jersey, Kansas, and southern California, north to Labrador and Alaska; winters south to Brazil. 617. Rough-winged Swallow (Stelgidopteryx serripennis). L. 5.5. Ads. Above grayish brown; below grayish white, whiter on belly; barbs on outer vane of outer primary recurved. Yng. Plumage more or less tipped with rusty. 617. Rough-winged Swallow (Stelgidopteryx serripennis). L. 5.5. Adults. The upper body is grayish-brown; the underside is grayish-white, with a whiter belly; the barbs on the outer vane of the outer primary feather are curved backward. Young. The plumage is somewhat tipped with rusty color. Range.—United States; breeds from Mexico north to Massachusetts, Manitoba, and British Columbia; winters in Central America. Range.—United States; breeds from Mexico north to Massachusetts, Manitoba, and British Columbia; winters in Central America. |
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623. Black-whiskered Vireo (Vireo calidris barbatulus). L. 6. Ads. A dusky streak on either side of the throat, crown slate without a black border; back olive-green; below white, lower belly, under tail-and under wing-coverts yellowish; no wing-bars. Notes. Resemble those of No. 624 but song more emphatic and hesitating. 623. Black-whiskered Vireo (Vireo calidris barbatulus). L. 6. Ads. A dark streak on each side of the throat, crown slate without a black border; back olive-green; underneath white, lower belly, under tail, and under wing-coverts yellowish; no wing-bars. Notes. Sounds similar to No. 624 but the song is more pronounced and uncertain. Range.—Breeds in Cuba, Bahamas and southern Florida; winters in Central America. Range.—Breeds in Cuba, the Bahamas, and southern Florida; spends the winter in Central America. 624. Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus). L. 6.2. Ads. Crown slate, on either side a narrow black border; a white line over eye; above olive-green; below white; under wing-coverts sulphur; no wing-bars; no dusky streaks on throat. Notes. Call, a petulant, complaining whang; song, a broken, rambling recitative "you see it—you know it—do you hear me?—do you believe it?" 624. Red-eyed Vireo (Vireo olivaceus). L. 6.2. Ads. The top of the head is slate gray, with a narrow black border on each side; there's a white line above the eye; the upper parts are olive-green; the underparts are white; the under wing-coverts are yellow; there are no wing bars; and no dark streaks on the throat. Notes. Its call sounds petulant and complaining like a whang; its song is a jumbled, wandering recitative: "you see it—you know it—do you hear me?—do you believe it?" Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Rockies and British Columbia, east of Cascades; breeds from the Gulf States to Labrador, Manitoba, and British Columbia; winters in Central and South America. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Rockies and British Columbia, east of the Cascades; breeds from the Gulf States to Labrador, Manitoba, and British Columbia; winters in Central and South America. 632. Hutton Vireo (Vireo huttoni). L. 4.6. Ads. Underparts dusky grayish white with a faint yellow tinge; above dusky olive-green; lores and eye-ring grayish, not conspicuous; two white wing-bars. Notes. A piping whistle like the call of a young bird, peé-yer, peé-yer; and a hoarse whistle oh-my', oh-my', oh-my'. 632. Hutton Vireo (Vireo huttoni). L. 4.6. Ads. The underparts are a dull grayish-white with a slight yellow tint; the upper parts are a dull olive-green; the lores and eye-ring are grayish and not very noticeable; there are two white wing bars. Notes. The call is a piping whistle similar to a young bird, peé-yer, peé-yer; and a hoarse whistle oh-my', oh-my', oh-my'. Range.—California, west of Sierra; resident. Range.—California, west of Sierra; resident. 632a. Stephen Vireo (V. h. stephensi). Similar to No. 622, but grayer above, whiter below, wing-bars broader. 632a. Stephen Vireo (V. h. stephensi). Similar to No. 622, but has a grayer upper body, a whiter underside, and broader wing bars. Range.—Mexican boundary from western Texas to southeastern California. Range.—Mexican border from western Texas to southeastern California. 632c. Anthony Vireo (V. h. obscurus). Similar to No. 632, but darker, and averaging slightly smaller. 632c. Anthony Vireo (V. h. obscurus). Similar to No. 632, but with a darker appearance and generally a bit smaller. Range.—"Pacific coast, from Oregon to southern British Columbia; south in winter to California." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Pacific coast, from Oregon to southern British Columbia; south in winter to California." (A. O. U.) 647. Tennessee Warbler (Helminthophila peregrina). L. 5. No wing-bars; little or no white in tail. Ad. ♂. Head bluish gray; a whitish line over eye; back olive-green; below grayish white. Ad. ♀. Gray of head with more or less olive-green; stripe over eye and underparts yellower. Yng. Similar to ♀, but entirely bright olive-green above; yellower below. Notes. Song scarcely distinguishable from that of the Chipping Sparrow, but first two syllables twip instead of chip. (Jones.) 647. Tennessee Warbler (Helminthophila peregrina). L. 5. No wing-bars; little or no white in tail. Ad. ♂. Head is bluish gray; there's a whitish line over the eye; back is olive-green; underneath it's grayish white. Ad. ♀. Gray on the head with some olive-green; stripe over the eye and underparts are yellower. Yng. Similar to ♀, but fully bright olive-green above; yellower below. Notes. The song is hardly distinguishable from that of the Chipping Sparrow, but the first two syllables are twip instead of chip. (Jones.) Range:—Eastern North America, west in migrations to the Rocky Mountains; breeds from New Brunswick, northern New England, northern New York, and Minnesota, north to Quebec and Alaska; winters in Central and northern South America. Range:—Eastern North America, migrating west to the Rocky Mountains; breeds from New Brunswick, northern New England, northern New York, and Minnesota, north to Quebec and Alaska; winters in central and northern South America. 747. Kennicott Willow Warbler (Phyllopseustes borealis). L. 5. Ads. Above olive-green; below white tinged with yellowish, sides greenish; a whitish line over eye; a narrow whitish wing-bar; no white in tail. Notes. Call, a monotonous dzit; song, resembles trill of Redpoll. (Seebohm.) 747. Kennicott Willow Warbler (Phyllopseustes borealis). L. 5. Ads. Upper body is olive-green; underneath is white with a yellowish tint, sides are greenish; there's a white line above the eye; a narrow white wing-bar; no white in the tail. Notes. Call sounds like a monotonous dzit; song resembles the trill of a Redpoll. (Seebohm.) Range.—Asia, east to western Alaska. Range — Asia, east to Alaska. |
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625. Yellow-green Vireo (Vireo flavoviridis). L. 6.4. Resembling No. 624, but greener above, the sides heavily washed with greenish yellow. 625. Yellow-green Vireo (Vireo flavoviridis). L. 6.4. Looks like No. 624, but with a greener top and sides that are strongly tinted with greenish yellow. Range.—Northern South America, north to the Lower Rio Grande. Range.—Northern South America, north to the Lower Rio Grande. 626. Philadelphia Vireo (Vireo philadelphicus). L. 4.8. Ads. No distinct crown-cap; above olive-green; below yellowish; a whitish line over eye; no wing-bars. Notes. Resemble those of the Red-eyed Vireo but generally higher pitched; also a very abrupt, double-syllabled utterance with a rising inflection which comes in with the song at irregular intervals. (Brewster.) 626. Philadelphia Vireo (Vireo philadelphicus). L. 4.8. Ads. No clear crown; olive-green on top; yellowish below; a whitish line above the eye; no wing bars. Notes. Similar to the notes of the Red-eyed Vireo but usually higher pitched; also has a sharp, double-syllable sound with a rising tone that weaves in with the song at random intervals. (Brewster.) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Maine, New Hampshire and Manitoba northward; winters in the tropics. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Maine, New Hampshire, and Manitoba northward; winters in the tropics. 627. Warbling Vireo (Vireo gilvus). L. 5.4; W. 2.8. Ads. Above grayish olive-green, crown slightly grayer but without distinct cap as in No. 624; a whitish line over eye but no black line above it; below white, the sides washed with yellowish; no wing-bars. Notes. Call, resembles that of the Red-eyed Vireo; song; a rich, firm, unbroken warble with an alto undertone. 627. Warbling Vireo (Vireo gilvus). Length: 5.4 inches; Weight: 2.8 ounces. Appearance: The upper body is a grayish olive-green, with a crown that is slightly grayer but lacking the distinctive cap found in No. 624; there is a whitish line above the eye without a black line on top; the underside is white, with yellowish wash on the sides; there are no wing bars. Sounds: The call is similar to that of the Red-eyed Vireo; the song consists of a rich, strong, continuous warble with an alto undertone. Range.—Eastern United States, west to the Plains; breeds from Gulf States north to Hudson Bay region; winters in Mexico. Range.—Eastern United States, extending west to the Plains; breeds from the Gulf States north to the Hudson Bay area; winters in Mexico. 627a. Western Warbling Vireo (V. g. swainsoni). Similar to No. 627, but averaging smaller, W. 2.6, the bill more slender; upperparts, particularly crown, grayer. 627a. Western Warbling Vireo (V. g. swainsoni). Similar to No. 627, but typically smaller, W. 2.6, with a slimmer bill; upperparts, especially the crown, are grayer. Range.—Western United States, east to the Rockies; breeds from Mexico to British Columbia; winters in Mexico. Range.—Western United States, extending east to the Rockies; breeds from Mexico to British Columbia; winters in Mexico. 631. White-eyed Vireo (Vireo noveboracensis). L. 5; W. 2.4.; B. .4. Ads. Eye-ring and lores yellow; iris white; above olive-green more or less washed with grayish; Below white, sides yellowish; two whitish wing-bars. Notes. Calls, varied, often harsh and scolding; song, an emphatic whistle who are you, eh? or what's that you say?, and a low medley often including imitations of the notes of other birds. 631. White-eyed Vireo (Vireo noveboracensis). L. 5; W. 2.4.; B. .4. Ads. The eye-ring and lores are yellow; the iris is white; its back is olive-green, sometimes tinged with gray; below it’s white, with yellowish sides; there are two whitish wing bars. Notes. Its calls are varied, often harsh and scolding; its song is a clear whistle like who are you, eh? or what's that you say?, along with a low medley that often includes imitations of other birds' notes. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Florida and Texas north to New Hampshire and Minnesota; winters from Florida to Central America. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Florida and Texas north to New Hampshire and Minnesota; winters from Florida to Central America. 631a. Key West Vireo (V. n. maynardi). Similar to No. 631, but bill heavier, sides averaging less yellow. 631a. Key West Vireo (V. n. maynardi). Similar to No. 631, but with a thicker bill and sides that are generally less yellow. Range.—Southern Florida; resident. Range.—South Florida; resident. 621b. Bermuda White-eyed Vireo (V. n. bermudianus). Similar to No. 631, but wing shorter, 2.30; no yellow on sides. (Bangs and Bradlee.) 621b. Bermuda White-eyed Vireo (V. n. bermudianus). Similar to No. 631, but with shorter wings, 2.30; no yellow on the sides. (Bangs and Bradlee.) Range.—Resident in Bermudas. Distribution.—Resident in Bermuda. 631c. Small White-eyed Vireo (V. n. micrus). Smaller than No. 631, W. 2.2; averaging grayer above; sides with less yellow. 631c. Small White-eyed Vireo (V. n. micrus). Smaller than No. 631, W. 2.2; generally has a grayer coloration on top; and the sides have less yellow. Range.—Northeastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas. Range.—Northeastern Mexico, extending north into southeastern Texas. |
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629. Blue-headed Vireo (Vireo solitarius). L. 5.5; W. 2.9; B. .4. Ads. Lores and eye-ring white; crown and cheeks bluish slate-color; back olive-green; below white, sides washed with greenish yellow; two whitish wing-bars. Notes. Resembling in form those of Red-eyed or Yellow-throated Vireos but more varied, sometimes a continuous warble; a musical chatter, like that of the Yellow-throated and a trilled whistle. (Torrey.) 629. Blue-headed Vireo (Vireo solitarius). L. 5.5; W. 2.9; B. .4. Ads. The lores and eye-ring are white; the crown and cheeks are a bluish slate color; the back is olive green; the underside is white, with the sides having a hint of greenish-yellow; there are two whitish wing bars. Notes. The shape is similar to that of the Red-eyed or Yellow-throated Vireos but with more variation, sometimes producing a continuous warble; a musical chatter like that of the Yellow-throated, along with a trilled whistle. (Torrey.) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Connecticut (and south along Alleghanies) north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Florida to Central America. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Connecticut (and south along the Appalachians) north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Florida to Central America. 629a. Cassin Vireo (V. s. cassini). Like No. 629, but back washed with the color of the head; white on breast and throat less pure. 629a. Cassin Vireo (V. s. cassini). Similar to No. 629, but the back is tinged with the same color as the head; the white on the breast and throat is not as bright. Range.—"Breeds from British Columbia and Idaho south along Pacific coast region and Nevada to Lower California; migrates to Arizona, New Mexico; and northern Mexico." (Bailey.) Range.—"Breeds from British Columbia and Idaho south along the Pacific coast region and Nevada to Southern California; migrates to Arizona, New Mexico; and northern Mexico." (Bailey.) 629b. Plumbeous Vireo (V. s. plumbeus). Above wholly plumbeous-gray with scarcely, if any, olive tinge, below white, the sides gray faintly tinged with greenish yellow; size of No. 629c. 629b. Plumbeous Vireo (V. s. plumbeus). The upper body is entirely a muted gray, with hardly any olive tint; the underside is white, and the sides are gray with a slight hint of greenish-yellow; size of No. 629c. Range.—Rocky Mountain region; breeds from northern Mexico north to southwestern Dakota and Wyoming; winters south to southern Mexico. Range.—Rocky Mountain region; breeds from northern Mexico up to southwestern Dakota and Wyoming; winters in southern Mexico. 629c. Mountain Solitary Vireo (V. s. alticola). Larger than No. 629, W. 3.15, B. .46; head darker, its color extending over most of the back. 629c. Mountain Solitary Vireo (V. s. alticola). Larger than No. 629, W. 3.15, B. .46; the head is darker, and this color covers most of the back. Range.—Breeds in Alleghanies from North Carolina to Georgia; winters in Florida. Range.—Breeds in the Appalachian Mountains from North Carolina to Georgia; winters in Florida. Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. Range.—Baja California Peninsula. 633. Bell Vireo (Vireo bellii). L. 5. Above olive-green, crown grayer; lores and eye-ring white; two inconspicuous whitish wing-bars; below white, sides tinged with yellowish. Most like No. 627, but back greener, no white line back of eye. Notes. Resemble those of the White-eyed Vireo, but less harsh, song less emphatic. (Goss.) 633. Bell Vireo (Vireo bellii). Length 5. The upper body is olive-green, with a grayer crown; the lores and eye-ring are white; there are two subtle whitish wing-bars; the underparts are white, with sides slightly tinged yellowish. It resembles No. 627, but the back is greener and lacks a white line behind the eye. Notes. The calls are similar to those of the White-eyed Vireo, but they are less harsh, and the song is less forceful. (Goss.) Range.—Interior states from Illinois west to Plains; breeds from Texas to Minnesota; winters in Mexico. Range.—Interior states from Illinois west to the Plains; breeds from Texas to Minnesota; winters in Mexico. 633.1. Least Vireo (Vireo pusillus). L. 4.8. Ads. Above gray, slightly tinged with greenish toward rump; below white, sides with little if any greenish tinge; one inconspicuous whitish wing-bar; lores and eye-ring inconspicuously grayish. 633.1. Least Vireo (Vireo pusillus). L. 4.8. Ads. The upper parts are gray, with a slight greenish hue towards the rump; the underparts are white, with little to no greenish tint on the sides; there is one subtle whitish wing-bar; the lores and eye-ring are slightly grayish. Range.—Northwestern Mexico and northern Lower California; breeds north to Arizona and middle California. Range.—Northwestern Mexico and northern Baja California; breeds north to Arizona and central California. 634. Gray Vireo (Vireo vicinior). L. 5.5. Above slaty gray; below white tinged with grayish; one inconspicuous wing-bar; lores and eye-ring gray; bill short. Notes. Song may be compared with the finest efforts of the Blue-headed Vireo with the added charm and mellowness of the song of the Yellow-throated Vireo. (Henshaw.) 634. Gray Vireo (Vireo vicinior). Length: 5.5 inches. Upper body is slate gray; underneath it's white with a grayish tint; has one subtle wing bar; lores and eye-ring are gray; bill is short. Notes. Its song resembles the best of the Blue-headed Vireo, enhanced by the warmth and richness found in the Yellow-throated Vireo's song. (Henshaw.) Range.—Northern Mexico, north to western Texas, southeastern California, and southern Nevada; winters in Mexico. Range.—Northern Mexico, up to western Texas, southeastern California, and southern Nevada; winters in Mexico. |
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Range.—North America; breeds from the northern border of the United States northward, and south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona, and in the Sierra Nevada of California; winters from south Carolina and Oregon southward to Central America. Range.—North America; breeds from the northern border of the United States to the north, and south in the Rocky Mountains to Arizona, and in the Sierra Nevada of California; winters from South Carolina and Oregon down to Central America. 749a. Sitkan Kinglet (R. c. grinnelli). Similar to No. 749, but more olive-green above; more buffy below. 749a. Sitkan Kinglet (R. c. grinnelli). Similar to No. 749, but with a more olive-green back and a lighter buff color underneath. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds in southern Alaska; winters southward to California. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds in southern Alaska; winters down to California. 470a. Buff-breasted Flycatcher (Empidonax fulvifrons pygmæus). L. 4.7. Ads. Below rusty buff; above grayish brown. 470a. Buff-breasted Flycatcher (Empidonax fulvifrons pygmæus). L. 4.7. Ads. Underneath rusty buff; on top grayish brown. Range.—Western Mexico; north in spring to southwestern New Mexico and Arizona. Range.—Western Mexico; north in spring to southwestern New Mexico and Arizona. 586. Texas Sparrow (Arremonops rufivirgata). L. 6.5. Ads. Above olive-green, sides of crown brownish, its center grayish; below whitish; bend of wing yellow. Notes. Song resembles that of the Chipping Sparrow but with somewhat of the sweetness and modulation of that of the Yellow Warbler. 586. Texas Sparrow (Arremonops rufivirgata). L. 6.5. Ads. The top is olive-green, the sides of the crown are brownish, and its center is grayish; the underside is white; the bend of the wing is yellow. Notes. Its song is similar to that of the Chipping Sparrow but has a bit of the sweetness and variation found in the Yellow Warbler's song. Range.—Eastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas; casually to Louisiana. Range.—Eastern Mexico, up to southeastern Texas; occasionally to Louisiana. 638. Swainson Warbler (Helinaia swainsonii). L. 5. Bill large; no white in wings or tail. Ads. Crown brown, back, wings and tail olive-brown; a whitish line over eye; below whitish tinged with yellow. Notes. Song, "a series of clear, ringing whistles, the first four uttered rather slowly and in the same key, the remaining five or six given more rapidly and in an evenly descending scale." (Brewster.) 638. Swainson Warbler (Helinaia swainsonii). L. 5. The bill is large, and there’s no white on the wings or tail. Adults. The crown is brown, while the back, wings, and tail are olive-brown; there’s a whitish line over the eye; underneath, it’s whitish with a yellow tint. Notes. The song consists of "a series of clear, ringing whistles, the first four sung rather slowly and in the same key, followed by five or six more that are sung more quickly and in an evenly descending scale." (Brewster.) Range.—Southeastern United States; breeds from Gulf States north to southeastern Virginia, southern Indiana and southern Missouri. Range.—Southeastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States up to southeastern Virginia, southern Indiana, and southern Missouri. 639. Worm-eating Warbler (Helmitheros vermivorus). L. 5.5. Bill large; no white in wings or tail Ads. Crown black with three buff stripes; back, wings and tail olive-green; below buffy white deeper on breast. Yng. Buff everywhere richer. Notes. Call, a sharp chip; song, resembles that of Chipping Sparrow but is somewhat weaker. 639. Worm-eating Warbler (Helmitheros vermivorus). L. 5.5. Large bill; no white in wings or tail Ads. Black crown with three light tan stripes; back, wings, and tail are olive-green; underparts are buffy white, deeper on the breast. Yng. Buff is richer everywhere. Notes. Call is a sharp chip; song resembles that of the Chipping Sparrow but is a bit weaker. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds north to southern Connecticut, southern Illinois and southern Wisconsin; winters south of United States. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds as far north as southern Connecticut, southern Illinois, and southern Wisconsin; winters south of the United States. 742. Pallid Wren-tit (Chamæa fasciata). L. 6.7; T. 5.4. Outer tail-feathers shortest. Ads. Above brownish gray; below buffy obscurely streaked with gray. Notes. Song wooden and unmusical, beginning deliberately and ending in a roll, chick: chick; chick, chick-chick-chick-chick-chick-chick. 742. Pallid Wren-tit (Chamæa fasciata). L. 6.7; T. 5.4. The outer tail feathers are the shortest. Ads. The top is a brownish-gray; the underside is a buff color with faint gray streaks. Notes. Their song is wooden and lacks melody, starting slowly and ending in a roll, chick: chick; chick, chick-chick-chick-chick-chick-chick. Range.—"Interior of California, including the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, from the head of the Sacramento Valley south to northern Lower California." (A. O. U.) Range.—"The interior of California, covering the western slope of the Sierra Nevada, stretching from the top of the Sacramento Valley south to northern Baja California." (A. O. U.) |
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742a. Coast Wren-tit (C. f. phæa). Similar to No. 742, but much browner above and deeper more pink below; sides as dark as back. 742a. Coast Wren-tit (C. f. phæa). Similar to No. 742, but much browner on top and a richer pink underneath; sides as dark as the back. Range.—Pacific Coast from Monterey County, California, north to southern Oregon. Range.—Pacific Coast from Monterey County, California, up to southern Oregon. 707. Curve-billed Thrasher (Toxostoma curvirostre). L. 11.2. Ads. Above brownish gray; below mottled with brownish gray; lower belly buffy; four outer pairs of tail-feathers tipped with white; two narrow white wing-bars. Notes. Call, a sharp, whit-whit; one of the most silent of song Thrushes. (Merrill.) Song, remarkably melodious and attractive. (Couch.) 707. Curve-billed Thrasher (Toxostoma curvirostre). L. 11.2. Ads. The upper body is brownish gray; the underbody is mottled in brownish gray with a buffy lower belly; the four outer pairs of tail feathers are tipped with white; there are two narrow white wing bars. Notes. The call is a sharp, whit-whit; it's one of the quietest song thrushes. (Merrill.) The song is very melodious and appealing. (Couch.) Range.—Mexican boundary region of Texas and New Mexico south over the Mexico tableland to Oaxaca. Range.—Mexican border region of Texas and New Mexico, extending south over the Mexican plateau to Oaxaca. 707a. Palmer Thrasher (T. c. palmeri). Similar to No. 707, but wing-bars less evident; outer tail-feathers without white tips. 707a. Palmer Thrasher (T. c. palmeri). Similar to No. 707, but the wing-bars are less noticeable; outer tail feathers without white tips. Range.—"Southern Arizona, from about fifty miles northwest of Phoenix, south to Guaymas, Sonora." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Southern Arizona, from about fifty miles northwest of Phoenix, south to Guaymas, Sonora." (A. O. U.) 708. Bendire Thrasher (Toxostoma bendirei). L. 10.2. Ads. Above brownish ashy; below soiled whitish washed with buffy and lightly spotted with dusky, chiefly on breast; outer tail-feathers narrowly tipped with whitish. Notes. Call, tirup, tirup, tirup. (Brown.) 708. Bendire Thrasher (Toxostoma bendirei). L. 10.2. Ads. The upper side is a brownish ash color; the underside is a dirty whitish, smudged with buff and lightly marked with dark spots, mostly on the breast; the outer tail feathers have narrow white tips. Notes. Call sounds like, tirup, tirup, tirup. (Brown.) Range.—Desert regions of southern Arizona south into Sonora, Mexico; west rarely to southeastern California; resident except at extreme northern limit of its range. Range.—Desert areas of southern Arizona extending into Sonora, Mexico; occasionally reaching the southeastern part of California; mostly resident except at the extreme northern edge of its range. Range.—Southern Lower California. Range.—Southern Baja California. 709a. Mearns Thrasher (T. c. mearnsi). Differs from No. 709 in much darker upperparts, more rusty flanks and crissum, much larger and more intensely black spots on lower parts and less curved bill. (Anthony.) 709a. Mearns Thrasher (T. c. mearnsi). It is different from No. 709 in having much darker upper body feathers, more reddish flanks and underparts, significantly larger and more intensely black spots on its lower body, and a less curved bill. (Anthony.) Range.—Northern Lower California, south to about Lat. 30° 30'. Range.—Northern Lower California, south to around Lat. 30° 30'. |
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710. Californian Thrasher (Toxostoma redivivum). L. 12. Ads. Above grayish brown; belly distinctly buff; breast grayish, throat whitish, washed with buff; no white in wings or tail. Notes. Song suggesting both that of the Brown Thrasher and the Mockingbird. 710. Californian Thrasher (Toxostoma redivivum). L. 12. Ads. The bird is grayish-brown on top; its belly is clearly buff; the breast is grayish, and the throat is whitish, with a hint of buff; there’s no white in its wings or tail. Notes. Its song is reminiscent of both the Brown Thrasher and the Mockingbird. Range.—California west of the Sierra Nevada, north of about Lat. 35°; south into Lower California. Range.—California, west of the Sierra Nevada, north of about Latitude 35°; extending south into Baja California. 710a. Pasadena Thrasher (T. r. pasadenense). Similar to No. 710, but grayer above; belly paler, throat whiter. 710a. Pasadena Thrasher (T. r. pasadenense). Similar to No. 710, but with a grayer upper body; lighter belly, and a whiter throat. Range.—Southern California. Southern California. 711. Leconte Thrasher (Toxostoma lecontei). L. 10.5. Ads. Above brownish ashy, below creamy white, under tail-coverts buff. Notes. Call, a sharply reiterated whit or quit; song, remarkable for its loud rich tone; can be heard distinctly for more than a mile. (Mearns.) Call, low and musical, hueé-e, whistled through the teeth. (Stephens.) 711. Leconte Thrasher (Toxostoma lecontei). L. 10.5. Ads. The upper body is a brownish ash color, while the underside is creamy white, and the tail-coverts are buff. Notes. The call is a sharply repeated whit or quit; its song is notable for its loud, rich tone, audible clearly for more than a mile. (Mearns.) The call is low and musical, hueé-e, whistled through the teeth. (Stephens.) Range.—"Desert region of southern California, Nevada, and extreme southwestern Utah, from Benton, Cal. (Lat. 38°), southeastward through Arizona to Sonora (Lat. 30°). Local in San Joaquin Valley." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Desert area of southern California, Nevada, and the far southwestern part of Utah, starting from Benton, California (Lat. 38°), and extending southeast through Arizona to Sonora (Lat. 30°). Found in certain locations in the San Joaquin Valley." (A. O. U.) 711a. Desert Thrasher (T. l. arenicola). Differing from No. 711 in having upperparts darker and grayer, tail blacker, and breast gray. (Anthony.) 711a. Desert Thrasher (T. l. arenicola). This species differs from No. 711 by having darker and grayer upperparts, a blacker tail, and a gray breast. (Anthony.) Range.—Northern Lower California. (Rosalia Bay.) Range.—Northern Baja California. (Rosalia Bay.) 712. Crissal Thrasher (Toxostoma crissalis). L. 12. Ads. Under tail-coverts reddish chestnut; upperparts brownish gray; underparts ashy, chin white. Notes. No loud call note; song of remarkable scope and sweetness. (Mearns.) 712. Crissal Thrasher (Toxostoma crissalis). L. 12. Ads. The tail feathers are reddish chestnut; the upper body is brownish gray; the underside is ashy, with a white chin. Notes. It doesn’t have a loud call; its song is notably broad and beautiful. (Mearns.) Range.—"Southwestern United States, from western Texas to the Colorado Desert, California, and northern Lower California; north to Charleston Mountains, Nevada, and St. George, Utah." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Southwestern United States, from western Texas to the Colorado Desert, California, and northern Baja California; north to the Charleston Mountains, Nevada, and St. George, Utah." (A. O. U.) |
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538. Chestnut-collared Longspur (Calcarius ornatus). L. 6.2. Hind toe-nail as long as toe; all but middle pair of tail-feathers (and sometimes these) with white, two outer pairs white to the tip. Ad. ♂. Throat and cheeks buff; breast and belly black; crown black, nape chestnut; lesser wing-coverts black tipped with white. Ad. ♀. Above grayish brown streaked with black; below pale buff. ♂ in winter. Like summer ♂ but black and chestnut areas more or less tipped with grayish brown. Notes. Song, short, shrill, but very sweet, often uttered on the wing. (Allen.) 538. Chestnut-collared Longspur (Calcarius ornatus). Length: 6.2 inches. The hind toenail is as long as the toe; all but the middle pair of tail feathers (and sometimes these) have white, with the two outer pairs white to the tip. Adult. ♂. The throat and cheeks are a buff color; the breast and belly are black; the crown is black, and the nape is chestnut; the lesser wing-coverts are black tipped with white. Adult. ♀. The upper parts are grayish-brown streaked with black; the underparts are pale buff. ♂ in winter. Similar to summer ♂ but with black and chestnut areas tipped with grayish-brown. Notes. The song is short, shrill, but very sweet, often sung while in flight. (Allen.) Range.—Great Plains: breeds from central Kansas and eastern Colorado north to the Saskatchewan; winters from eastern Colorado and Nebraska south into Mexico. Range.—Great Plains: breeds from central Kansas and eastern Colorado north to Saskatchewan; winters from eastern Colorado and Nebraska south into Mexico. 539. McCown Longspur (Rhynchophanes mccownii). L. 6. Hind toe-nail as long as toe; all but middle pair of tail-feathers with white, the outer one white to the tip, the others tipped with black; lesser wing-coverts chestnut. Ad. ♂. Throat and belly white, breast and crown black; back grayish brown streaked with black. Ad. ♀. Below white washed with brownish; above grayish brown streaked with black. ♂ in winter. Like ♀ but a partly concealed black breast patch; tail with more white. Notes. Call, a chip at each stroke of the wing; song, of soft, twittering, pleasing notes. (Goss.) "A twittering, hurried chant, suggestive of the Horned Lark's performance, but terminating in decreasing power." (Silloway.) 539. McCown Longspur (Rhynchophanes mccownii). L. 6. The hind toe-nail is as long as the toe; all but the middle pair of tail feathers are white, with the outer one white to the tip, and the others tipped with black; lesser wing-coverts are chestnut. Ad. ♂. The throat and belly are white, the breast and crown are black; the back is grayish-brown streaked with black. Ad. ♀. Below is white washed with brownish; above is grayish-brown streaked with black. ♂ in winter. Similar to ♀ but has a partly concealed black breast patch; tail has more white. Notes. Calls are a chip with each wing stroke; song consists of soft, twittering, pleasing notes. (Goss.) "A twittering, hurried chant, reminiscent of the Horned Lark's performance, but fading in intensity." (Silloway.) Range.—Great Plains; breeds from northwestern Kansas to Montana and the Saskatchewan; winters from eastern Colorado and Kansas south into Mexico. Range.—Great Plains; breeds from northwestern Kansas to Montana and Saskatchewan; winters from eastern Colorado and Kansas south into Mexico. 552. Lark Sparrow (Chondestes grammacus). L. 6.2; Ads. Sides of the crown and ear-coverts chestnut; all but middle tail-feathers tipped with white; back broadly streaked with black; sides of throat and spot on breast black. Notes. Song, loud and musical suggesting both a Song Sparrow's and a Canary's. 552. Lark Sparrow (Chondestes grammacus). L. 6.2; Ads. The sides of the crown and ear-coverts are chestnut; all but the middle tail feathers have white tips; the back is broadly streaked with black; the sides of the throat and the spot on the breast are black. Notes. The song is loud and melodic, reminiscent of both a Song Sparrow and a Canary. Range.—Interior of North America from the Plains east to Illinois; casually east of the Alleghanies; breeds from Texas to Manitoba; winters south into Mexico. Range.—Interior of North America from the Plains east to Illinois; occasionally east of the Alleghenies; breeds from Texas to Manitoba; winters south into Mexico. 552a. Western Lark Sparrow (C. g. strigatus). Similar to No. 552, but streaks on upperparts generally narrower. 552a. Western Lark Sparrow (C. g. strigatus). Similar to No. 552, but the streaks on the upper parts are generally narrower. Range.—Western United States from the Plains to Pacific; breeds from Mexico to Manitoba and British Columbia; winters south to Central America. Range.—Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific; breeds from Mexico to Manitoba and British Columbia; winters south to Central America. |
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536. Lapland Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus). L. 6.2 Hind toe-nail as long as or longer than toe; two outer tail-feathers with white at the end. Ad. ♂, summer. Nape chestnut; crown, cheeks, throat and upper-breast black; back black margined with rusty brown. Ad. ♀, summer. Crown and back black margined with rusty; nape brighter; below whitish; breast feathers dusky at base; sides streaked with blackish. Winter, ♂. Black areas and nape veiled with whitish or buffy tips; ♀, like ♀ in summer. 536. Lapland Longspur (Calcarius lapponicus). L. 6.2 The hind toe-nail is as long as or longer than the toe; the two outer tail feathers have white at the end. Adult ♂, summer. The nape is chestnut; the crown, cheeks, throat, and upper breast are black; the back is black edged with rusty brown. Adult ♀, summer. The crown and back are black edged with rusty; the nape is brighter; the underside is whitish; the breast feathers are dusky at the base; the sides are streaked with blackish. Winter, ♂. The black areas and nape are covered with whitish or buffy tips; ♀ looks like ♀ in summer. Range.—Breeds in northern Europe and northeast North America south to northern Labrador; in America, winters south, irregularly, to South Carolina, Kentucky, Kansas, Texas; west to Manitoba. (Ridgw.) Range.—Breeds in northern Europe and northeast North America down to northern Labrador; in America, it winters irregularly farther south to South Carolina, Kentucky, Kansas, and Texas; west to Manitoba. (Ridgw.) 536a. Alaskan Longspur (C. l. alascensis). Similar to No. 536, but margins to back feathers much paler, brownish gray or buffy; nape in winter more buffy. Notes. Song, uttered on wing as bird with up-stretched wings floats downward, sweet, liquid, tinkling, of same general character as that of Bobolink, but shorter, less powerful. (Nelson.) 536a. Alaskan Longspur (C. l. alascensis). Similar to No. 536, but the edges of the back feathers are much lighter, appearing brownish gray or buffy; the nape in winter is more buffy. Notes. The song is sung while the bird is in flight, as it glides down with its wings stretched out. It sounds sweet, liquid, and tinkling, similar in character to the Bobolink's song, but it is shorter and less powerful. (Nelson.) Range.—Breeds in Alaska, Aleutian and Pribilof Islands east to Fort Simpson; winters south to eastern Oregon, Colorado, and western Kansas. (Ridgw.) Range.—Breeds in Alaska, Aleutian and Pribilof Islands east to Fort Simpson; winters south to eastern Oregon, Colorado, and western Kansas. (Ridgw.) 553. Harris Sparrow (Zonotrichia querula). L. 7.5. Ads. summer. Throat and crown black; nape chestnut, cheeks brownish; two white wing-bars. Ads. winter. Throat mottled with white, crown tipped with grayish. Notes. A queer, chuckling note; song of pleasing, plaintive whistling notes in musical tone like those of No. 558, but delivered in a different song. (Cooke.) 553. Harris Sparrow (Zonotrichia querula). L. 7.5. Adult summer. Throat and crown are black; nape is chestnut, cheeks are brownish; features two white wing-bars. Adult winter. Throat is mottled with white, crown is tipped with grayish. Notes. A quirky, chuckling sound; song consists of pleasing, plaintive whistling notes in a musical tone similar to No. 558, but presented in a different melody. (Cooke.) Range.—Interior of North America; from Illinois west to the Dakotas; in summer, the region west of Hudson Bay (exact breeding range unknown); south in winter to Texas (and Mexico?); accidental in British Columbia, Oregon and California. Range.—Interior of North America; from Illinois west to the Dakotas; in summer, the area west of Hudson Bay (exact breeding range unknown); south in winter to Texas (and maybe Mexico?); rare in British Columbia, Oregon, and California. 565. Black-chinned Sparrow (Spizella atrogularis). L. 5.7. Below slaty gray. Ad. ♂. Throat and front of face black; rest of head and underparts slaty gray, the belly whitish; back reddish brown narrowly streaked with black. Ad. ♀, Throat with little or no black; crown washed with brownish. Yng. Similar to Ad. ♀, but never with black on throat; crown more heavily washed with brownish. Notes. Song said to resemble that of No. 563. (Bailey.) 565. Black-chinned Sparrow (Spizella atrogularis). L. 5.7. Below slaty gray. Adult ♂. Throat and front of face black; rest of head and underparts slaty gray, the belly whitish; back reddish brown narrowly streaked with black. Adult ♀, throat has little or no black; crown is washed with brownish. Young. Similar to Adult ♀, but never with black on throat; crown more heavily washed with brownish. Notes. Song is said to resemble that of No. 563. (Bailey.) Range.—Mexico and southwestern United States; breeds from southern New Mexico and southern California southward; winters south into Mexico and southern Lower California. Range.—Mexico and the southwestern United States; breeds from southern New Mexico and southern California down to the south; winters in Mexico and southern Baja California. —English Sparrow (Passer domesticus). L. 6.3. Ad. ♂. Throat and upper breast black; crown slate; band behind eye and on nape chestnut. Ad. ♀. Below dirty white; crown and rump dingy grayish brown; back streaked with black and rusty brown; a buffy stripe behind eye. Yng. ♂. Similar to Ad. but throat and head tipped with brownish gray. Notes. Harsh and discordant. —English Sparrow (Passer domesticus). L. 6.3. Adult ♂. The throat and upper breast are black; the crown is slate; there’s a chestnut band behind the eye and on the nape. Adult ♀. The underside is dirty white; the crown and rump are a dingy grayish-brown; the back is streaked with black and rusty brown; there’s a buffy stripe behind the eye. Young ♂. Similar to the adult but with the throat and head edged in brownish gray. Notes. Harsh and discordant. Range.—Introduced into America from Europe in 1851 and later dates; now distributed throughout the greater part of the United States. Range.—Brought to America from Europe in 1851 and later; now found throughout most of the United States. |
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537. Smith Longspur (Calcarius pictus). L. 6.6. Hind toe-nail as long as toe; two outer tail-feathers mostly white. Ad. ♂. Throat, breast and belly buff; nape buff; crown and cheeks black; ear-coverts and line over eye white; lesser wing-coverts black margined with white. Ad. ♀. Above brownish black margined with buff and rusty brown; below pale buff, sides of breast and flanks streaked with brown. ♂ in winter. Like ♀ but lesser wing-coverts black and white. Notes. Call constantly chirrup as they fly. (Goss.) 537. Smith Longspur (Calcarius pictus). L. 6.6. The hind toe-nail is as long as the toe; two outer tail feathers are mostly white. Adult ♂: Throat, breast, and belly are buff; nape is buff; crown and cheeks are black; ear-coverts and the line over the eye are white; lesser wing-coverts are black with white edges. Adult ♀: On top, brownish black edged with buff and rusty brown; underneath, pale buff, with sides of the breast and flanks streaked with brown. ♂ in winter: Similar to ♀ but with lesser wing-coverts being black and white. Notes. They constantly make a chirrup call while flying. (Goss.) Range.—Middle western United States; breeds in northern British. America; winters south over the plains and prairies to Texas; east to Illinois. Range.—Midwestern United States; breeds in northern British America; winters south across the plains and prairies to Texas; east to Illinois. 579. Rufous-winged Sparrow (Aimophila carpalis). L. 5.7. Outer tail-feathers shortest. Ads. Lesser wing-coverts bright reddish brown; crown reddish brown or chestnut margined with gray; back streaked with black and margined with grayish brown; below whitish; two black streaks from either side of the base of the lower mandible. Notes. Call, zib, zib, zib. (Bendire.) 579. Rufous-winged Sparrow (Aimophila carpalis). L. 5.7. The outer tail feathers are the shortest. Adult. The lesser wing coverts are bright reddish-brown; the crown is reddish-brown or chestnut edged with gray; the back is streaked with black and bordered with grayish-brown; below is whitish; there are two black streaks on either side of the base of the lower mandible. Notes. Call, zib, zib, zib. (Bendire.) Range.—Southern Arizona, north to Tucson and Camp Lowell and south through Sonora to northern Sinaloa. (Ridgw.) Range.—Southern Arizona, north to Tucson and Camp Lowell, and south through Sonora to northern Sinaloa. (Ridgw.) 580. Rufous-crowned Sparrow (Aimophila ruficeps). L. 4; T. 2.6. No yellow at bend of wing; outer tail-feathers shortest. Ads. Above reddish brown margined with buffy gray (no black streaks); below, including middle of belly, brownish; sides of throat with black lines. Notes. Song, very sweet, resembling that of Lazuli Bunting, but distinguishable. (C. A. Allen.) 580. Rufous-crowned Sparrow (Aimophila ruficeps). Length 4 inches; Tail 2.6 inches. No yellow at the bend of the wing; outer tail feathers are the shortest. Adults. The upper part is reddish-brown with buffy-gray edges (no black streaks); the underside, including the middle of the belly, is brownish; the sides of the throat have black lines. Notes. The song is very sweet, similar to that of the Lazuli Bunting, but can be distinguished. (C. A. Allen.) Range.—Northern Lower California north to Marin County and Sacramento Valley, California; local. Range.—Northern Lower California north to Marin County and Sacramento Valley, California; local. 580a. Scott Sparrow (A. r. scottii). Similar to No. 580, but above brighter reddish brown, the margins to the feathers grayer, the underparts much paler, the breast grayish, the throat and middle of the belly whitish. 580a. Scott Sparrow (A. r. scottii). Similar to No. 580, but the upperparts are a brighter reddish-brown, the edges of the feathers are grayer, the underparts are much lighter, the breast is grayish, and the throat and center of the belly are whitish. Range.—Northwestern portion of Mexican plateau and adjacent portions of Arizona, New Mexico and western Texas (El Paso Co.) (Ridgw.) Range.—Northwestern part of the Mexican plateau and surrounding areas of Arizona, New Mexico, and western Texas (El Paso Co.) (Ridgw.) 580b. Rook Sparrow (A. r. eremœca). L. 6. Ads. Crown reddish chestnut, back olive-brown margined with gray. Similar to No. 580a, but back of a different color from crown, the grayish margins wider. 580b. Rook Sparrow (A. r. eremœca). L. 6. Ads. The crown is a reddish chestnut color, and the back is olive-brown with gray edges. It's similar to No. 580a, but the back has a different color than the crown, and the gray edges are wider. Range.—Limestone Hill districts of middle Texas, from Kinney and Maverick counties on the Rio Grande, northeastward to Cook County and westward at least to Tom Green County; south in winter to Mexico. (Ridgw.) Range.—Limestone Hill areas of central Texas, stretching from Kinney and Maverick counties along the Rio Grande, northeast to Cook County and at least west to Tom Green County; south in winter to Mexico. (Ridgw.) 580c. Laguna Sparrow (A. r. sororia). Similar to No. 580a, but bill somewhat stouter, reddish brown above averaging brighter and wider. 580c. Laguna Sparrow (A. r. sororia). Similar to No. 580a, but the bill is a bit thicker, and it has a reddish-brown color on top that is generally brighter and wider. Range.—Southern Lower California. Range: Southern Baja California. |
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540. Vesper Sparrow (Poœcetes gramineus). L. 6.1. Outer tail-feather mostly white; hind toe-nail not longer than toe; lesser wing-coverts reddish brown. Ads. Above grayish brown streaked with black and chestnut; below whitish, breast and sides streaked with black and chestnut. Notes. Call, chip. Song, loud and musical Look-look, see-see, me-me-me-me-me-me-sing, followed by a confusion of notes. 540. Vesper Sparrow (Poœcetes gramineus). L. 6.1. The outer tail feather is mostly white; the hind toe's nail is not longer than the toe; the lesser wing coverts are reddish brown. Ads. The upper body is grayish-brown streaked with black and chestnut; the underside is whitish, with the breast and sides streaked with black and chestnut. Notes. Call, chip. Song, loud and musical Look-look, see-see, me-me-me-me-me-me-sing, followed by a jumble of notes. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia, Illinois and Missouri north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and southern Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia, Illinois, and Missouri north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and southern Illinois to the Gulf of Mexico. 540a. Western Vesper Sparrow (P. g. confinis). Similar to No. 540, but paler, less black above; bill somewhat more slender. 540a. Western Vesper Sparrow (P. g. confinis). Similar to No. 540, but lighter, with less black on its back; bill is a bit more slender. Range.—Western United States from the Plains to the Sierra; breeds from Arizona and New Mexico north to the Saskatchewan and British Columbia; winters south into Mexico. Range.—Western United States from the Plains to the Sierra; breeds from Arizona and New Mexico north to Saskatchewan and British Columbia; winters south into Mexico. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds in western Oregon (and north?); winters southwest of the Sierra to San Diego, California. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds in western Oregon (and maybe farther north?); winters from the Sierra southwest to San Diego, California. 575. Pine-woods Sparrow (Peucæa æstivalis). L. 5.8; T. 2.5. Bend of the wing yellow; outer tail-feathers much shorter than the middle pair. Ads. Above reddish chestnut, head and back streaked with black and margined with gray; below whitish, breast faintly tinged with buff. Notes. Song, exceedingly sweet and plaintive. 575. Pine-woods Sparrow (Peucæa æstivalis). L. 5.8; T. 2.5. The bend of the wing is yellow; the outer tail feathers are much shorter than the middle pair. Ads. On top, it’s reddish chestnut, with the head and back streaked with black and edged in gray; underneath, it’s whitish, and the breast has a slight buff tint. Notes. The song is exceptionally sweet and mournful. Range.—Florida and southern Georgia; winters in southern Florida. Range.—Florida and southern Georgia; spends winters in southern Florida. 575a. Bachman Sparrow (T. æ. bachmanii). Similar to No. 575, but above brighter reddish chestnut, black speaks fewer and usually confined to back; breast and sides deeper buff. 575a. Bachman Sparrow (T. æ. bachmanii). Similar to No. 575, but the top is a brighter reddish chestnut, black is less prominent and usually limited to the back; the breast and sides are a deeper buff. Range.—Lower Mississippi Valley, west to southern Indiana and southern Illinois, east to Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia (rarely); west to Concho County, Texas; winters south in Atlantic States, to southern Florida. Range.—Lower Mississippi Valley, west to southern Indiana and southern Illinois, east to Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Virginia (rarely); west to Concho County, Texas; winters south in the Atlantic States, to southern Florida. 576. Botteri Sparrow (Peucæa botteri). L. 6; T. 2.8. Bend of wing yellow; outer tail-feathers shortest. Ads. Above bright rusty brown (about the color of a Field Sparrow), head and back streaked with black and margined with gray; below buffy, the center of the belly whitish. Notes. Song, begins with a faint trill followed by a succession of disjointed syllables, cha, cheewee, wee, wee, wee, wir. (Henshaw.) 576. Botteri Sparrow (Peucæa botteri). Length: 6 inches; Wing span: 2.8 inches. The bend of its wing is yellow, and the outer tail feathers are the shortest. Description: The top is a bright rusty brown (similar to a Field Sparrow), and the head and back are streaked with black and edged with gray; underneath, it is buffy, with the center of the belly being whitish. Notes: Its song starts with a soft trill followed by a series of disconnected sounds: cha, cheewee, wee, wee, wee, wir. (Henshaw.) Range.—Entire plateau of Mexico north to Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southern Arizona. (Ridgw.) Range.—Throughout the plateau of Mexico, extending north to the Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southern Arizona. (Ridgw.) 578. Cassin Sparrow (Peucæa cassini). L. 6; T. 2.8. Bend of wing yellow, outer tail-feathers shortest, their ends with distinct grayish patches. Ads. Above gray streaked with dull reddish brown and spotted or barred with black; below grayish white. Notes. Song, lengthened and pleasing, usually sung on wing. 578. Cassin Sparrow (Peucæa cassini). L. 6; T. 2.8. The bend of the wing is yellow, and the outer tail feathers are the shortest, with distinct grayish patches at the ends. Ads. The feathers on the back are gray streaked with dull reddish brown and spotted or barred with black; underneath, they are grayish white. Notes. The song is long and pleasant, typically sung while in flight. Range.—Texas and southern Kansas west to southern Nevada and Arizona south into Mexico. Range.—Texas and southern Kansas, extending west to southern Nevada and Arizona, and south into Mexico. |
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559. Tree Sparrow (Spizella monticola). L. 6.3. A black spot in the center of the breast. Ads. Cap reddish brown, no black on head; two white wing-bars, back streaked black, reddish brown and buff; below whitish; upper mandible black, lower yellowish. Notes. Call, a musical, tinkling, too-lay-it, song, "a loud, clear and powerful chant." 559. Tree Sparrow (Spizella monticola). L. 6.3. There’s a black spot in the middle of the breast. Ads. The cap is reddish-brown, with no black on the head; two white wing bars, back streaked with black, reddish-brown, and buff; the underside is whitish; the upper mandible is black, and the lower is yellowish. Notes. The call is a musical, tinkling, too-lay-it song, described as "a loud, clear, and powerful chant." Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds in Labrador and region west of Hudson Bay; winters south to South Carolina, Tennessee and Indian Territory. Range.—Eastern North America, extending to the Plains; breeds in Labrador and the area west of Hudson Bay; winters as far south as South Carolina, Tennessee, and Indian Territory. 559a. Western Tree Sparrow (S. m. ochracea). Similar to No. 559, but back with much less reddish brown, largely brownish buff streaked with black. 559a. Western Tree Sparrow (S. m. ochracea). Similar to No. 559, but the back has much less reddish-brown, mostly brownish buff streaked with black. Range.—Western North America east to the Plains; breeds in Alaska; winters south to Mexican border. Range.—Western North America, extending east to the Plains; breeds in Alaska; winters down to the Mexican border. 560. Chipping Sparrow (Spizella socialis). L. 5.3. Ads. Crown reddish chestnut, forehead blackish; a black line from eye to nape; back streaked with black, reddish brown and grayish brown; wing-bars not conspicuous; below grayish white; bill largely black. Yng. Crown like back; cheeks brownish. Notes. Call, chip; song, an unmusical chippy, chippy, chippy, repeated. 560. Chipping Sparrow (Spizella socialis). L. 5.3. Ads. The crown is reddish chestnut with a blackish forehead; there’s a black line from the eye to the nape; the back is streaked with black, reddish brown, and grayish brown; wing-bars aren’t very noticeable; the underside is grayish white; the bill is mostly black. Yng. The crown resembles the back; the cheeks are brownish. Notes. Call: chip; song: a non-melodic chippy, chippy, chippy, repeated. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from Gulf States to Newfoundland and Great Slave Lake; winters in the Gulf States and Mexico. Range.—Eastern North America, extending to the Plains; breeds from the Gulf States to Newfoundland and Great Slave Lake; winters in the Gulf States and Mexico. 560a. Western Chipping Sparrow (S. s. arizonæ). Similar to No. 560, but much grayer above; back with little or no reddish brown. 560a. Western Chipping Sparrow (S. s. arizonæ). Similar to No. 560, but much grayer on top; back has little to no reddish brown. Range.—Western North America; breeds from Mexican border states to Alaska; winters from California and Mexican border states to southern Mexico. Range.—Western North America; breeds from the Mexican border states to Alaska; winters from California and the Mexican border states to southern Mexico. 563. Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla). L. 5.6; T. 2.5. Bill entirely pinkish brown. Ads. Crown reddish brown, a gray line over the eye, a reddish brown stripe from behind it to nape; back reddish brown streaked with black; below whitish, no streaks, breast washed with buffy; two white wing-bars. Notes. Call, chip; song, a musical whistle, cher-weé, cher-weé-cher-weé, cheé-o, dee-e-e-e-e; with many variations but usually ending in a trill. 563. Field Sparrow (Spizella pusilla). L. 5.6; T. 2.5. Bill is entirely pinkish brown. Ads. Crown is reddish brown, with a gray line over the eye and a reddish brown stripe extending from behind it to the nape; back is reddish brown streaked with black; underneath is whitish, with no streaks, and the breast is washed with buff; features two white wing-bars. Notes. Call is a chip; song is a melodic whistle, cher-weé, cher-weé-cher-weé, cheé-o, dee-e-e-e-e; includes many variations but usually ends with a trill. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from South Carolina, Alabama and central Texas north to Quebec and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and Illinois to Gulf States. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from South Carolina, Alabama, and central Texas north to Quebec and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and Illinois to the Gulf States. 563a. Western Field Sparrow (S. p. arenacea). Similar to No. 563, but much paler above; crown largely grayish; back with but little reddish brown, breast with little or no buff; tail longer, 2.7. 563a. Western Field Sparrow (S. p. arenacea). Similar to No. 563, but much lighter on top; the crown is mostly grayish; the back has very little reddish brown, and the breast has little to no buff; the tail is longer, 2.7. Range.—Great Plains of interior; breeds from Nebraska and South Dakota to eastern Montana; winters south to northeastern Mexico; casually to Louisiana. (Ridgw.) Range.—Great Plains of the interior; breeds from Nebraska and South Dakota to eastern Montana; winters in northeastern Mexico; occasionally to Louisiana. (Ridgw.) 584. Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana). L. 5.8. Ads. Forehead black with a gray median line; crown bright chestnut; below grayish white; sides brownish, nape gray; back grayish, black, and buff. Yng. Crown streaked chestnut and black; gray line over the eye sometimes tinged with yellow; other parts deeper in color. Notes. Call, a sharp cheep; song, a simple tweet-tweet-tweet, etc., all on one note. 584. Swamp Sparrow (Melospiza georgiana). L. 5.8. Adult. Forehead is black with a gray median line; crown is bright chestnut; underneath is grayish white; sides are brownish, nape is gray; back is grayish with black and buff. Young. Crown is streaked with chestnut and black; gray line over the eye is sometimes tinged with yellow; other parts are darker in color. Notes. Call is a sharp cheep; song is a simple tweet-tweet-tweet, etc., all on one note. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois, north to Labrador and Manitoba; winters from Kansas, southern Illinois, and Massachusetts to Gulf States. Range.—Eastern North America, extending west to the Plains; breeds from New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois, north to Labrador and Manitoba; winters from Kansas, southern Illinois, and Massachusetts to the Gulf States. |
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542. Sandwich Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis). L. 5.7; W. 2.9 A yellow line from the bill passing over the eye; bend of wing usually tinged with yellow. Ads. Above streaked with black, chestnut and brownish gray; below white, (buffy in fall and winter), breast and sides streaked with black, the streaks narrowly margined with chestnut. Notes. Doubtless resemble those of No. 542a. 542. Sandwich Sparrow (Passerculus sandwichensis). L. 5.7; W. 2.9 A yellow line extends from the bill across over the eye; bend of the wing is usually tinted with yellow. Adults. The upper body is streaked with black, chestnut, and brownish gray; the underside is white (buff in fall and winter), with the breast and sides streaked with black, the streaks bordered narrowly with chestnut. Notes. They definitely sound like those of No. 542a. Range.—Northwest coast; breeds in western Alaska; winters south to northern California. Range.—Northwest coast; breeds in western Alaska; winters south to northern California. 542a. Savannah Sparrow (P. s. savanna). Similar to No. 542, but smaller, W. 2.7; yellow line over eye shorter and less pronounced; bill smaller. Notes. Call a sharp tsip, frequently uttered; song, a weak, musical little trill following a grasshopperlike introduction, tsip, tsip, tsip, sē-e-e-s'r-r-r. (Dwight.) 542a. Savannah Sparrow (P. s. savanna). Similar to No. 542, but smaller, W. 2.7; the yellow line over the eye is shorter and less noticeable; bill is smaller. Notes. The call is a sharp tsip, often repeated; song is a soft, musical little trill that follows a grasshopper-like introduction, tsip, tsip, tsip, sē-e-e-s'r-r-r. (Dwight.) Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from northern New Jersey (rarely), eastern Long Island, and Missouri north to Labrador and western Hudson Bay; winters from Virginia and southern Illinois to Cuba and Mexico. Range.—Eastern North America, extending west to the Plains; breeds from northern New Jersey (rarely), eastern Long Island, and Missouri north to Labrador and western Hudson Bay; winters from Virginia and southern Illinois to Cuba and Mexico. 542b. Western Savannah Sparrow (P. s. alaudinus). Similar to No. 542a, but bill more slender, color averaging paler, the yellow line not passing over the eye, less evident before it and often wholly wanting. 542b. Western Savannah Sparrow (P. s. alaudinus). Similar to No. 542a, but with a thinner bill, lighter average color, the yellow line doesn’t go over the eye, less noticeable in front of it, and often completely absent. Range.—Western North America from the Plains west to the Sierra; breeds from Mexico City north to Alaska; winters from southern California southward. Range.—Western North America from the Plains west to the Sierra; breeds from Mexico City north to Alaska; winters from southern California southward. Range.—Resident in salt marshes about San Francisco and Monterey Bay; winters south to San Pedro (Grinnell); casually to Mexico City. (Ridgw.) Range.—Found in salt marshes around San Francisco and Monterey Bay; migrates south to San Pedro in winter (Grinnell); occasionally found as far as Mexico City. (Ridgw.) 543. Belding Sparrow (Passerculus beldingi). L. 5; W. 2.5. Ads. Similar to No. 542c, but somewhat smaller, above darker and with a slight olive caste; underparts more heavily streaked. 543. Belding Sparrow (Passerculus beldingi). Length 5 inches; Wingspan 2.5 inches. Ads. Similar to No. 542c, but a bit smaller, the top is darker with a hint of olive; the undersides are more heavily streaked. Range.—Pacific Coast; salt marshes from Todos Santos Island, Lower California, north to Santa Barbara. Range.—Pacific Coast; salt marshes from Todos Santos Island, Baja California, up to Santa Barbara. 544. Large-billed Sparrow (Passerculus rostratus). L. 5.5; W. 2.6. Bill stout, upper mandible curved; no yellow before eye or on bend of wing. Ads. Above grayish brown marked with brown and blackish but without well-defined streaks; below white, breast and sides streaked with grayish brown, the streaked feathers centrally blackish. 544. Large-billed Sparrow (Passerculus rostratus). L. 5.5; W. 2.6. The bill is thick, with the upper mandible curved; there’s no yellow in front of the eye or on the bend of the wing. Ads. The top side is a grayish brown with brown and black markings but without distinct streaks; underneath, it’s white with the breast and sides streaked with grayish brown, and the streaked feathers have a central blackish color. Range.—Coast of southern California north to Santa Barbara; winters south to Cape St. Lucas and northwestern Mexico. Range.—Coast of southern California up to Santa Barbara; winters south to Cape St. Lucas and northwestern Mexico. 544a. St. Lucas Sparrow (P. r. guttatus). Similar to No. 544, but smaller, W. 2.5; bill more slender; upperparts brownish gray with an olive tint and streaked with darker; similar to No. 544c, but smaller, upperparts more olive and more widely, but less sharply streaked. 544a. St. Lucas Sparrow (P. r. guttatus). Similar to No. 544, but smaller, about 2.5 inches in width; bill is more slender; upperparts are brownish gray with an olive tint and streaked with darker patterns; similar to No. 544c, but smaller, with upperparts that are more olive and streaked more widely, but less sharply. Range.—Cape Region of Lower California in winter; breeding range unknown. Range.—Cape Region of Lower California in winter; breeding range unknown. |
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544b. Lagoon Sparrow (P. r. halophilus). Similar to No. 544a, but larger, W. 2.7, and darker; streaks on chest with little if any brown edging; differing from No. 543, in more uniform coloration of upperparts, in less narrow and decidedly blackish streaks on chest, etc. 544b. Lagoon Sparrow (P. r. halophilus). Similar to No. 544a, but larger, W. 2.7, and darker; streaks on the chest with little to no brown edging; differs from No. 543 in having a more uniform color on the upper parts and in having less narrow and noticeably blackish streaks on the chest, etc. Range.—Salt marshes, Abreojos Point, Lower California. Range.—Salt marshes, Abreojos Point, Baja California. 544c. San Benito Sparrow (P. r. sanctorum). Similar to No. 544, but bill more slender; above grayer (brownish gray) distinctly streaked with blackish, the streaks margined with brown; below streaked with black, the streaks narrowly margined with brownish. 544c. San Benito Sparrow (P. r. sanctorum). Similar to No. 544, but with a slimmer bill; the upper body is grayer (brownish gray) with clear black streaks, and the streaks have brown edges; the underside has black streaks that are narrowly edged with brownish. Range.—Breeds on San Benito Island, Lower California; in winter to Cape Region of Lower California. Range.—Breeds on San Benito Island, Baja California; in winter goes to the Cape Region of Baja California. 545. Baird Sparrow (Coturniculus bairdii). L. 5.7. Tail-feathers pointed, middle ones shortest. Ads. Crown yellowish brown, streaked with black; back black margined with chestnut and grayish; below whitish, breast and sides streaked with black. In fall and winter, colors richer. Notes. Song, "trick-e-trik-eeeee-chiky-le-roit, with a peculiar tinkling utterance." 545. Baird Sparrow (Coturniculus bairdii). L. 5.7. The tail feathers are pointed, with the middle ones being the shortest. Ads. The crown is yellowish-brown with black streaks; the back is black edged with chestnut and grayish; underneath it is whitish, with the breast and sides having black streaks. In the fall and winter, the colors are richer. Notes. The song goes, "trick-e-trik-eeeee-chiky-le-roit, with a unique tinkling sound." Range.—Great Plains; breeds from western Minnesota, North Dakota, eastern Montana, north to Manitoba and Assiniboia; winters south to Texas, Arizona and New Mexico. (Ridgw.) Range.—Great Plains; breeds from western Minnesota, North Dakota, eastern Montana, north to Manitoba and Assiniboia; winters south to Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. (Ridgw.) 546. Grasshopper Sparrow (Coturniculus savannarum passerinus). L. 5.3. Line before eye orange; bend of wing yellow; tail-feathers pointed. Ads. Crown black with a buffy central stripe; nape chestnut and gray; back black, chestnut buff and gray; below buffy, unstreaked, belly whiter. Notes. Call, a sharp chip; song, a weak, insect-like pit-tuck, zee-e-e-e-e-e-e. 546. Grasshopper Sparrow (Coturniculus savannarum passerinus). L. 5.3. Line before eye is orange; bend of wing is yellow; tail feathers are pointed. Ads. The crown is black with a buffy central stripe; nape is chestnut and gray; back is black, chestnut buff, and gray; underneath is buffy, unstreaked, and the belly is whiter. Notes. Call is a sharp chip; song is a weak, insect-like pit-tuck, zee-e-e-e-e-e-e. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from the Gulf States to Massachusetts, Vermont, and Minnesota; winters from North Carolina to Cuba and Mexico. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains; breeds from the Gulf States to Massachusetts, Vermont, and Minnesota; winters from North Carolina to Cuba and Mexico. 546a. Western Grasshopper Sparrow (C. s. bimaculatus). Similar to No. 546, but paler below and with less black and more chestnut above. 546a. Western Grasshopper Sparrow (C. s. bimaculatus). Similar to No. 546, but lighter on the underside and featuring less black and more chestnut on top. Range.—Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific; breeds from Mexican border states north to Montana and British Columbia; winters south into Mexico. Range.—Western United States from the Plains to the Pacific; breeds from the Mexican border states north to Montana and British Columbia; winters south into Mexico. 546b. Florida Grasshopper Sparrow (C. s. floridanus). Similar to No. 546, but smaller, W. 3; darker above, paler below; sides of crown almost solid black; chestnut above largely replaced by black. 546b. Florida Grasshopper Sparrow (C. s. floridanus). Similar to No. 546, but smaller, W. 3; darker on top, lighter underneath; sides of the head are nearly solid black; chestnut color on top is mostly replaced by black. Range.—Kissimmee Prairies, Florida. Range.—Kissimmee Prairies, FL. 547. Henslow Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii). L. 5. Bend of wing yellow; tail-feathers pointed, the outer ones much the shortest. Ads. Crown and nape pale olive-green streaked with blackish; back bright reddish brown streaked with black and gray; below white; breast and sides washed with buff and streaked with black. Notes. Call, tee-wick; song, sis-r-r-rit-srit-srit. (Jouy.) 547. Henslow Sparrow (Ammodramus henslowii). L. 5. Yellow bend of wing; pointed tail feathers, with the outer ones much shorter. Ads. The crown and nape are pale olive-green with blackish streaks; the back is bright reddish-brown streaked with black and gray; underneath is white; the breast and sides are washed with buff, streaked with black. Notes. Call, tee-wick; song, sis-r-r-rit-srit-srit. (Jouy.) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds locally, from Virginia and Missouri, north to New Hampshire, southern Ontario and Minnesota; winters from Virginia and Missouri south to the Gulf of Mexico. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds locally, from Virginia and Missouri, north to New Hampshire, southern Ontario, and Minnesota; winters from Virginia and Missouri south to the Gulf of Mexico. 547a. Western Henslow Sparrow (A. h. occidentalis). Similar to No. 547, but paler, in summer little or no buff below. 547a. Western Henslow Sparrow (A. h. occidentalis). Similar to No. 547, but lighter, with little to no buff on the underside in summer. Range.—Central western states; breeding, so far as known, in South Dakota; in winter south to Texas. Range.—Central western states; breeding, as far as known, in South Dakota; in winter, it migrates south to Texas. |
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548. Leconte Sparrow (Ammodramus lecontei), L. 5. No yellow on wing; tail-feathers pointed, outer ones much the shortest. Ads. Broad line over eye, throat, breast and sides rich buff; nape chestnut and gray; back black narrowly margined with chestnut and, at the sides, broadly with buff; sides streaked; breast rarely with a few streaks. Notes. Call, a thin, sharp, tweet, and a long-drawn bizz; song, a tiny, husky, reese, reese. (Seton.) 548. Leconte Sparrow (Ammodramus lecontei), L. 5. No yellow on the wing; tail feathers are pointed, with the outer ones being much shorter. Ads. There’s a broad line over the eye, and the throat, breast, and sides are a rich buff color; the nape is chestnut and gray; the back is black with narrow chestnut margins and, on the sides, broad buff margins; the sides are streaked; the breast rarely shows a few streaks. Notes. The call is a thin, sharp tweet, and a long, drawn-out bizz; the song is a tiny, husky reese, reese. (Seton.) Range.—"Great Plains and more western prairies; breeding from Dakota, Minnesota, etc., to Manitoba, migrating south and east, in winter, through Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, etc., to South Carolina and Gulf States from Florida to Texas." (Ridgw.) Range.—"Great Plains and other western prairies; breeding from Dakota, Minnesota, etc., to Manitoba, migrating south and east in winter through Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, etc., to South Carolina and the Gulf States from Florida to Texas." (Ridgw.) 533. Pine Finch (Spinus pinus). L. 5. Bill sharply pointed; a tuft of bristly feathers over the nostril; tail slightly forked. Ads. Base of tail, of inner wing-feathers and outer edges of primaries yellow; above brownish; below whitish streaked with black. Notes. Call, a metallic note; song, tinkling and musical often sung on the wing as with No. 529, the song of which it resembles. 533. Pine Finch (Spinus pinus). Length 5 inches. Bill is sharply pointed; there’s a tuft of bristly feathers over the nostril; tail is slightly forked. Adults. Base of the tail, inner wing feathers, and outer edges of the primaries are yellow; above is brownish; below is whitish streaked with black. Notes. Call is a metallic note; song is tinkling and musical, often sung on the wing like No. 529, which it resembles. Range.—North America; breeds from northern boundary states to Alaska; in the Alleghanies south to North Carolina; and in the Rockies and Sierra south to Mexico; winters from the northern states to Gulf states and Lower California. Range.—North America; breeds from the northern border states to Alaska; in the Appalachians south to North Carolina; and in the Rockies and Sierra south to Mexico; winters from the northern states to the Gulf states and Southern California. 541. Ipswich Sparrow (Passerculus princeps). L. 6.2. Ads. Above pale brownish gray streaked with brown; below white, breast and sides streaked with brownish; spot above eye and bend of wing often pale sulphur yellow. Notes. Resemble those of No. 542a. 541. Ipswich Sparrow (Passerculus princeps). L. 6.2. Ads. The upper part is light brownish gray with brown streaks; the underside is white, with the breast and sides streaked with brownish; the area above the eye and the bend of the wing are often a pale yellow color. Notes. The calls sound similar to those of No. 542a. Range.—Breeds on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, winters south along coast, regularly to Virginia, rarely to Georgia. Range.—Breeds on Sable Island, Nova Scotia, migrates south along the coast, regularly reaching Virginia, and occasionally going as far as Georgia. 549. Sharp-tailed Sparrow (Ammodramus caudacutus). L. 5.8. Tail-feathers sharply pointed, outer ones shortest. Ads. Below white, breast and sides washed with buff and distinctly streaked with black; nape olive-green; cheeks orange-buff; ear-coverts gray; crown olive-chocolate with a blue-gray central line; back olive, buff, black and gray. Notes. Call, chip; song, an unmusical, short, "husky," "gasping" effort, uttered from a perch or on fluttering wings above the reeds. 549. Sharp-tailed Sparrow (Ammodramus caudacutus). L. 5.8. The tail feathers are sharply pointed, with the outer ones being the shortest. Ads. The underside is white, the breast and sides have a buff wash and are clearly streaked with black; the nape is olive-green; cheeks are orange-buff; ear coverts are gray; the crown is olive-chocolate with a blue-gray central line; the back features olive, buff, black, and gray. Notes. The call is a chip; the song is an unmusical, short, "husky," "gasping" sound made from a perch or while fluttering above the reeds. Range.—Atlantic coast; breeds from South Carolina to New Hampshire; winters from North Carolina to Florida. Range.—Atlantic coast; breeds from South Carolina to New Hampshire; winters from North Carolina to Florida. 549.1. Nelson Sparrow (Ammodramus nelsoni). L. 5.5. Tail-feathers pointed, outer ones shortest. Ads. Similar to No. 549, but breast and sides much deeper buff, the former with few or no streaks; upperparts more richly colored. Notes. Resemble those of No. 549. 549.1. Nelson Sparrow (Ammodramus nelsoni). L. 5.5. Tail feathers are pointed, with the outer ones being the shortest. Ads. Similar to No. 549, but the breast and sides are a much deeper buff, with few or no streaks on the former; the upperparts are more richly colored. Notes. They resemble those of No. 549. Range.—Breeds in interior from northern Illinois to Manitoba and South Dakota; migrates east to New York and winters south to South Carolina and Texas; accidental in California. Range.—Breeds in the interior from northern Illinois to Manitoba and South Dakota; migrates east to New York and winters south to South Carolina and Texas; accidentally found in California. 549.1a. Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow (A. n. subvirgatus). Similar to No. 549.1, but breast and sides paler, the former lightly but distinctly streaked with grayish; upperparts less richly colored. 549.1a. Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow (A. n. subvirgatus). Similar to No. 549.1, but the breast and sides are lighter, the breast lightly but clearly streaked with grayish; the upperparts are less vibrantly colored. Range.—Atlantic coast; breeds in marshes of eastern Maine, southern New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island; winters south to South Carolina. Range.—Atlantic coast; breeds in marshes of eastern Maine, southern New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island; winters as far south as South Carolina. |
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550. Seaside Sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus). L. 6: W. 2.5. Tail-feathers pointed, the outer ones shortest; spot before eye and bend of wing yellow. Ads. Above olive-green and gray (no black); below white, breast and sides grayish and, in first plumage, streaked with buff. Notes. Similar in character to those of No. 549. 550. Seaside Sparrow (Ammodramus maritimus). Length 6 inches; weight 2.5 ounces. The tail feathers are pointed, with the outer ones being the shortest; there’s a yellow spot in front of the eye and at the bend of the wing. Adults. The upper parts are olive-green and gray (no black); the underside is white, with the breast and sides being grayish and, in the first plumage, streaked with buff. Notes. Its calls are similar to those of No. 549. Range.—Atlantic coast; breeds in salt marshes from North Carolina to southern Massachusetts; winters from Virginia to Georgia. Range.—Atlantic coast; breeds in salt marshes from North Carolina to southern Massachusetts; winters from Virginia to Georgia. 550a. Scott Seaside Sparrow (A. m. peninsulæ). Similar to No. 550, but smaller, W. 2.3; above black margined by olive-brown and olive-green; below whitish, breast and sides heavily streaked with blackish. 550a. Scott Seaside Sparrow (A. m. peninsulæ). Similar to No. 550, but smaller, W. 2.3; above black with olive-brown and olive-green edges; below whitish, with the breast and sides heavily streaked in black. Range.—Atlantic coast from northeastern Florida to South Carolina; Gulf Coast of Florida. Range.—Atlantic coast from northeastern Florida to South Carolina; Gulf Coast of Florida. 550b. Texas Seaside Sparrow (A. m. sennetti). Similar to No. 550, but greener above; the feathers of head and back usually, those of nape always, with black centres. 550b. Texas Seaside Sparrow (A. m. sennetti). Similar to No. 550, but greener on top; the feathers on the head and back are usually, and those on the nape always, have black centers. Range.—Coast of Texas. Range.—Texas Coast. 550c. Fisher Seaside Sparrow (A. m. fisheri). Similar to No. 550a, but darker above, the breast and sides heavily washed with rusty buff and streaked with black. 550c. Fisher Seaside Sparrow (A. m. fisheri). Similar to No. 550a, but darker on top, with the breast and sides strongly tinted with rusty buff and marked with black streaks. Range.—Coast of Louisiana, south in winter, at least as far as Corpus Christi, Texas; casual on Gulf coast of Florida. Range.—Coast of Louisiana, moving south in winter, at least as far as Corpus Christi, Texas; occasionally seen on the Gulf coast of Florida. Range.—Local on coast of South Carolina. Range.—Located along the coast of South Carolina. 551. Dusky Seaside Sparrow (Ammodramus nigrescens). L. 5.9. Above black lightly margined with gray; below white heavily streaked with black; spot before eye and bend of wing yellow. Notes. Similar in character to those of No. 550. 551. Dusky Seaside Sparrow (Ammodramus nigrescens). L. 5.9. The upper part is black with light gray edges; underneath it's white with heavy black streaks; there's a yellow spot in front of the eye and at the bend of the wing. Notes. Its notes are similar in style to those of No. 550. Range.—Marshes at head of Indian River, Florida, from Banana River to Haulover Canal. Range.—Marshes at the head of the Indian River, Florida, from the Banana River to the Haulover Canal. 583. Lincoln Sparrow (Melospiza lincolnii). L. 5.7. Ads. A broad buff band across the breast; center of crown with a gray stripe, its sides striped chestnut and black; back grayish brown streaked with black and chestnut, below streaked with black except on middle of white belly. Notes. Call, a sharp chirp; song, suggests bubbling, guttural notes of House Wren combined with rippling music of the Purple Finch. (Dwight.) (See, also, Brewster, Bird-Lore II, P. 111.) 583. Lincoln Sparrow (Melospiza lincolnii). L. 5.7. Description: A wide light brown band across the chest; the center of the head has a gray stripe, with its sides featuring stripes of chestnut and black; the back is grayish brown with black and chestnut streaks, and below it has black streaks except for the middle of its white belly. Notes: Call, a sharp chirp; song, resembles a mix of the bubbling, guttural sounds of the House Wren combined with the flowing music of the Purple Finch. (Dwight.) (See, also, Brewster, Bird-Lore II, P. 111.) Range.—North America; breeds from northern New York, northern Illinois and higher parts of Rockies and Sierra north to Alaska; winters from southern Illinois and southern California into Mexico; rare east of Alleghanies. Range.—North America; breeds from northern New York, northern Illinois, and higher parts of the Rockies and Sierra north to Alaska; winters from southern Illinois and southern California down into Mexico; rare east of the Alleghenies. 583a. Forbush Sparrow (M. l. striata). Similar to No. 583, but browner above, crown-stripe and line over eye more brown than gray. 583a. Forbush Sparrow (M. l. striata). Similar to No. 583, but has a browner upper body, with a crown stripe and a line over the eye that are more brown than gray. Range.—Pacific coast from British Columbia to California; breeding range unknown. Range.—Pacific coast from British Columbia to California; breeding range not known. |
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554. White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys). L. 6.9. No yellow before eye. Ads. White stripe over eye not reaching to bill; lores black; breast gray, throat but little paler; back gray streaked with brown, rump browner, Yng. Black crown-stripes replaced by chestnut, the white ones by buff; back much browner, no gray. Notes. Call, a sharp chip; song, a plaintive, musical whistle usually of five or six notes, the first two longest. 554. White-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia leucophrys). L. 6.9. No yellow before eye. Ads. The white stripe over the eye does not reach the bill; lores are black; the breast is gray, and the throat is slightly paler; the back is gray with brown streaks, and the rump is browner. Yng. The black crown stripes are replaced by chestnut, and the white ones by buff; the back is much browner, with no gray. Notes. The call is a sharp chip; the song is a plaintive, musical whistle usually consisting of five or six notes, with the first two being the longest. Range.—North America; breeds from northern New England and (in the higher Rockies and Sierra) New Mexico, Arizona, and California north to Labrador and Hudson Bay region; winters from southern United States into Mexico. Range.—North America; breeds from northern New England and (in the higher Rockies and Sierra) New Mexico, Arizona, and California north to Labrador and the Hudson Bay area; winters from the southern United States into Mexico. 554a. Intermediate Sparrow (Z. l. gambeli). Similar to No. 544, but the lores wholly gray or whitish, the white line over the eye reaching the bill. 554a. Intermediate Sparrow (Z. l. gambeli). Similar to No. 544, but the lores are completely gray or whitish, and the white line over the eye extends to the bill. Range.—Western North America; breeds from Montana and eastern Oregon northeast of Coast Mountains, to lower Mackenzie and northern Alaska: winters from southern United States into Mexico; casual in migrations east to Mississippi River States. Range.—Western North America; breeds from Montana and eastern Oregon northeast of the Coast Mountains, to lower Mackenzie and northern Alaska: winters from the southern United States into Mexico; occasionally migrates east to the Mississippi River States. 554b. Nuttall Sparrow (Z. l. nuttalli). Similar to No. 554a, but smaller, L. 6.5, margins to feathers of back browner, underparts browner, bend of wing yellow. 554b. Nuttall Sparrow (Z. l. nuttalli). Similar to No. 554a, but smaller, length 6.5 inches, margins of the back feathers are browner, underparts are browner, and the bend of the wing is yellow. Range.—"Pacific coast district, breeding from Monterey, California, to Mt. Simpson, British Columbia, south in winter to San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California." (Ridgw.) Range.—"Pacific coast area, breeding from Monterey, California, to Mt. Simpson, British Columbia, migrating south in winter to San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California." (Ridgw.) 557. Golden-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia coronata). L. 7.2. Ad. ♂. Center of crown yellow, its sides black; below grayish white, sides brownish; back brown streaked with black; two white wing-bars; bend of wing yellow. Ad. ♀. Crown like back; its front tinged with yellow; breast washed with brownish. 557. Golden-crowned Sparrow (Zonotrichia coronata). L. 7.2. Ad. ♂. The center of the crown is yellow, with black sides; underneath is grayish-white, and the sides are brownish; the back is brown with black streaks; there are two white wing bars; the bend of the wing is yellow. Ad. ♀. The crown matches the back; its front has a yellow tint; the breast is slightly brownish. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds in Alaska; winters from Oregon south to northern Lower California. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds in Alaska; winters from Oregon south to northern California. 558. White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis). L. 6.7. A yellow mark before the eye and on bend of wing. Ads. Crown black, a narrow white stripe through its center and bounded by white behind the eye; throat white sharply defined from gray breast; back reddish brown streaked with black. Yng. Less yellow before eye, crown browner, its stripe gray; throat grayer, sometimes like breast. Notes. Call, a low tseep, and sharp chink; song, a musical, clearly whistled sow-wheat peverly, peverly, peverly; or peabody, peabody, peabody. 558. White-throated Sparrow (Zonotrichia albicollis). L. 6.7. A yellow mark in front of the eye and on the bend of the wing. Ads. The crown is black with a narrow white stripe down the center, bordered by white behind the eye; the throat is white, sharply contrasting with the gray breast; the back is reddish brown with black streaks. Yng. Features less yellow in front of the eye, browner crown, gray stripe; throat is grayer, sometimes resembling the breast. Notes. Call is a low tseep and a sharp chink; song is a musical, clearly whistled sow-wheat peverly, peverly, peverly; or peabody, peabody, peabody. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains, casually to the Pacific; breeds from Massachusetts (locally); northern New York, northern Michigan, and eastern Montana, north to Labrador and West Hudson Bay region; winters from Massachusetts (rarely) and Illinois south to the Gulf. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Plains, occasionally to the Pacific; breeds in Massachusetts (locally); northern New York, northern Michigan, and eastern Montana, north to Labrador and the West Hudson Bay area; winters from Massachusetts (rarely) and Illinois down to the Gulf. |
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561. Clay-colored Sparrow (Spizella pallida). L. 5.4. No reddish brown. Ads. Above grayish brown streaked with black; sides of crown largely-black, a grayish line through its center; sides of head brownish; below white. Notes. Song, three notes, and a slight trill. (Coues.) 561. Clay-colored Sparrow (Spizella pallida). L. 5.4. No reddish-brown. Ads. The upper part is grayish-brown with black streaks; the sides of the crown are mostly black, with a gray line through the center; the sides of the head are brownish; the underside is white. Notes. The song consists of three notes and a slight trill. (Coues.) Range.—Interior of North America, from Illinois to the Rockies; breeds from eastern Colorado, and northwestern Illinois north to Saskatchewan; winters from southern Texas into Mexico. Range.—Interior of North America, from Illinois to the Rockies; breeds from eastern Colorado and northwestern Illinois north to Saskatchewan; winters from southern Texas into Mexico. 562. Brewer Sparrow (Spizella breweri). L. 5.4. No reddish brown. Ads. Back and crown brownish gray, uniformly and narrowly streaked with black; sides of head grayish; below white. Grayer than No. 561, the sides of the crown not largely black. Notes. Call, chip; song, a reedy warble resembling in tone that of a Long-billed Marsh Wren. 562. Brewer Sparrow (Spizella breweri). L. 5.4. No reddish brown. Ads. Back and crown a brownish gray, consistently and narrowly streaked with black; sides of the head grayish; underneath white. More gray than No. 561, the sides of the crown not mostly black. Notes. Call, chip; song, a reedy warble that sounds similar to that of a Long-billed Marsh Wren. Range.—Western United States, from the Rockies to central California; breeds from Mexican border States north to British Columbia; winters from southern California south into Mexico. Range.—Western United States, from the Rockies to central California; breeds from the Mexican border states north to British Columbia; winters from southern California south into Mexico. Range.—Pacific coast, from northern Lower California northwest of Sierras, to Warren county, California; resident. Range.—Pacific coast, from northern Baja California northwest of the Sierras to Warren County, California; resident. 574a. Sage Sparrow (A. b. nevadensis). Similar to No. 574, but larger, W. 3.1; back brownish gray, usually finely but distinctly streaked with black; less black at sides of throat, usually a white stripe over the eye. Notes. Call, a chipping twitter; song, feeble, but sweet and sad. (B. B. & R.) 574a. Sage Sparrow (A. b. nevadensis). Similar to No. 574, but larger, W. 3.1; back is brownish gray, typically finely but clearly streaked with black; less black on the sides of the throat, usually has a white stripe over the eye. Notes. Call is a chipping twitter; song is weak, but sweet and melancholic. (B. B. & R.) Range.—Great Basin region; breeds from New Mexico, Arizona, and southeastern California north to Idaho and eastern Oregon; winters south to western Texas and southern California. Range.—Great Basin region; breeds from New Mexico, Arizona, and southeast California north to Idaho and eastern Oregon; winters south to western Texas and southern California. 574b. Gray Sage Sparrow (A. b. cinerea). Similar to No. 574, but paler above, throat-stripes narrower, more interrupted, breast-spot smaller, both stripes and spot dull grayish instead of blackish. (Ridgw.) 574b. Gray Sage Sparrow (A. b. cinerea). Similar to No. 574, but lighter on top, with narrower and more interrupted throat stripes, a smaller breast spot, and both the stripes and spot are a dull gray instead of black. (Ridgw.) Range.—Lower California. Range: Baja California. 564. Worthen Sparrow (Spizella wortheni). Resembles No. 563a, but sides of head plain gray, no brownish streak behind eye; tail shorter, 2.5. 564. Worthen Sparrow (Spizella wortheni). Looks like No. 563a, but the sides of its head are plain gray with no brownish streak behind the eye; its tail is shorter, measuring 2.5. Range.—Southern New Mexico (Silver City), southward over eastern border of Mexican plateau to southern Puebla; breeding from Tamaulipas northward. (Ridgw.) Range.—Southern New Mexico (Silver City), extending south along the eastern edge of the Mexican plateau to southern Puebla; breeding from Tamaulipas northward. (Ridgw.) |
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EASTERN SONG SPARROW GROUP.
581. Song Sparrow (Melospiza cinerea melodia). L. 6.2. Ads. Above reddish brown and gray with black streaks; tail with a decided rufous tinge; black streaks below conspicuously margined with reddish brown, those of center of breast forming a patch. Notes. Call, a characteristic chimp or trink; song, too variable in form to admit of brief description but unmistakable in tone throughout the whole group. 581. Song Sparrow (Melospiza cinerea melodia). L. 6.2. Ads. The bird has a reddish-brown and gray top with black streaks; its tail has a noticeable reddish hue; the black streaks on its underside are prominently bordered with reddish-brown, with those on the center of the breast forming a patch. Notes. The call sounds like a distinctive chimp or trink; the song is too varied in form to summarize briefly but is unmistakable in tone across the entire group. Range.—Eastern North America west to the Plains; breeds from Virginia and northern Illinois north to Quebec and Manitoba; winters from southern Illinois and Massachusetts to Gulf States. Range.—Eastern North America, extending to the Plains; breeds from Virginia and northern Illinois up to Quebec and Manitoba; winters from southern Illinois and Massachusetts down to the Gulf States. 581b. Mountain Song Sparrow (M. c. montana). Similar to No. 581, but grayer; reddish brown not so bright; bill smaller. 581b. Mountain Song Sparrow (M. c. montana). Similar to No. 581, but more gray; the reddish-brown is not as bright; and the bill is smaller. Range.—Rocky Mountain district of United States west to, and including Sierra Nevada in California; north to eastern Oregon, southern Idaho, and southern Montana; south in winter to western Texas and northern Mexico. (Ridgw.) Range.—Rocky Mountain region of the United States west to and including the Sierra Nevada in California; north to eastern Oregon, southern Idaho, and southern Montana; south in winter to western Texas and northern Mexico. (Ridgw.) 581k. Merrill Song Sparrow (M. c. merrilli). Similar to No. 581b, but slightly darker and more uniform above, with grayish edgings to interscapulars and scapulars less strongly contrasted with the darker mesial streaks, the latter usually with more brown than black. (Ridgw.) 581k. Merrill Song Sparrow (M. c. merrilli). Similar to No. 581b, but a bit darker and more consistent in color on the top, with grayish edges on the back and shoulder feathers that contrast less sharply with the darker central streaks, which usually have more brown than black. (Ridgw.) Range.—Breeds from northern California (Shasta County) in mountains and through Oregon and Washington east of Cascade Mountains, to northwestern Idaho; winters south into Mexico. (Ridgw.) Range.—Breeds in northern California (Shasta County) in the mountains and through Oregon and Washington east of the Cascade Mountains, extending to northwestern Idaho; winters in Mexico. (Ridgw.) 581j. Dakota Song Sparrow (M. c. juddi). Similar to No. 581, but above paler, especially line over eye and sides of neck; white below clearer; interscapulars with black center broader, reddish brown portions narrower; dark markings on breast restricted and more sharply defined. (Bishop.) 581j. Dakota Song Sparrow (M. c. juddi). Similar to No. 581, but the upper part is lighter, especially the line over the eye and the sides of the neck; the white underparts are clearer; the interscapulars have a broader black center, and the reddish-brown parts are narrower; the dark markings on the breast are more limited and sharply defined. (Bishop.) Range.—"Turtle Mountains and vicinity, North Dakota." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Turtle Mountains and nearby areas, North Dakota." (A. O. U.) DESERT SONG SPARROWS.
Range.—Lower Sonoran district of southwest Arizona, southern Nevada, southeast California and northwest Lower California and Sonora. (Ridgw.) Range.—Lower Sonoran district of southwest Arizona, southern Nevada, southeast California, and northwest Lower California and Sonora. (Ridgw.) 581g. Brown Song Sparrow (M. c. rivularis). Similar to No. 581a, but larger, W. 2.7, with longer, more slender and more compressed bill; still less strongly contrasted markings, and duller, less rufescent colors. (Ridgw.) 581g. Brown Song Sparrow (M. c. rivularis). Similar to No. 581a, but larger, W. 2.7, with a longer, slimmer, and more compressed bill; markings are less strongly contrasted, and the colors are duller and less reddish. (Ridgw.) Range.—Mountain districts of southern Lower California. (Ridgw.) Range.—Mountain areas of southern Lower California. (Ridgw.) CALIFORNIA SONG SPARROWS.
Range.—Central valleys of California including lower levels of Sacramento and San Joaquin basins. (Ridgw.) Range.—Central valleys of California, including the lower areas of the Sacramento and San Joaquin basins. (Ridgw.) |
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CALIFORNIA SONG SPARROWS.
581m. San Diego Sparrow (M. c. cooperi). Similar to No. 581c, but slightly smaller, W. 2.4, much lighter and grayer. 581m. San Diego Sparrow (M. c. cooperi). Similar to No. 581c, but a bit smaller, W. 2.4, and much lighter and grayer. Range.—Southern coast district of California north to Monterey Bay, east to Ft. Tejon, San Bernardino, etc., and north Pacific coast district of Lower California south to San Quentin Bay. (Ridgw.) Range.—Southern coast region of California, stretching from north to Monterey Bay, east to Fort Tejon, San Bernardino, and the northern Pacific coast area of Lower California down to San Quentin Bay. (Ridgw.) 581d. Samuels Song Sparrow (M. c. samuelis). Similar to No. 581c, but smaller, W. 2.4, bill more slender. 581d. Samuels Song Sparrow (M. c. samuelis). Similar to No. 581c, but smaller, W. 2.4, with a more slender bill. Range.—Coast slope of central California (except salt marshes of San Francisco Bay), from Santa Cruz County to Humboldt County, north, at least in winter, to Humboldt Bay. (Ridgw.) Range.—Coast slope of central California (except for the salt marshes of San Francisco Bay), from Santa Cruz County to Humboldt County, north, at least in winter, to Humboldt Bay. (Ridgw.) 581l. Alameda Song Sparrow (M. c. pusillula). Similar to No. 581a, but smaller, W. 2.3, less rusty, underparts more heavily streaked, usually more or less suffused with yellowish. 581l. Alameda Song Sparrow (M. c. pusillula). Similar to No. 581a, but smaller, W. 2.3, less rusty, underparts more heavily streaked, usually more or less suffused with yellowish. Range.—Salt marshes of San Francisco Bay, California. (Ridgw.) Range.—Salt marshes of San Francisco Bay, California. (Ridgw.) 581i. San Clemente Song Sparrow (M. c. clementæ). Similar to No. 581m, but larger and grayer. 581i. San Clemente Song Sparrow (M. c. clementæ). Similar to No. 581m, but bigger and more gray. Range.—San Clemente, San Miguel, and Santa Rosa Islands, Santa Barbara Group, California; Coronados Islands, Lower California. (Ridgw.) Range.—San Clemente, San Miguel, and Santa Rosa Islands, Santa Barbara Group, California; Coronados Islands, Baja California. (Ridgw.) 581h. Santa Barbara Song Sparrow (M. c. graminea). Similar to No. 581i, but much smaller, W. 2.4. 581h. Santa Barbara Song Sparrow (M. c. graminea). Similar to No. 581i, but much smaller, W. 2.4. Range.—Santa Barbara Islands, California mainland in winter. Range.—Santa Barbara Islands, California mainland in winter. NORTHWEST COAST SONG SPARROWS.
Range.—Northwest coast region, Oregon to British Columbia; Range.—Northwest coast region, from Oregon to British Columbia; 581f. Sooty Song Sparrow (M. c. rufina). Similar to No. 581e, but larger, W. 2.9, more sooty above and below, underparts more heavily streaked. 581f. Sooty Song Sparrow (M. c. rufina). Similar to No. 581e, but larger, W. 2.9, with a darker appearance overall, and more pronounced streaking on its underparts. Range.—Pacific coast region from British Columbia north to southern Alaska. Range.—Pacific coast region from British Columbia up to southern Alaska. 581n. Yukutat Song Sparrow (M. c. caurina). Similar to No. 581f, bill longer and more slender, color grayer. 581n. Yukutat Song Sparrow (M. c. caurina). Similar to No. 581f, with a longer and slimmer bill, and a grayer color. Range.—Coast of Mt. St. Elias district of Alaska, from Yakutat Bay to Lituya Bay. Range.—Coast of the Mt. St. Elias area in Alaska, from Yakutat Bay to Lituya Bay. 581o. Kenai Song Sparrow (M. c. kenaiensis). Similar to No. 582, but smaller, W. 3, plumage darker, more sooty, less rufous. 581o. Kenai Song Sparrow (M. c. kenaiensis). Similar to No. 582, but smaller, W. 3, with darker plumage that is more sooty and less reddish. Range.—Coast of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, from east side of Cook Inlet to Prince William Sound. (Ridgw.) Range.—Coast of Kenai Peninsula, Alaska, from the east side of Cook Inlet to Prince William Sound. (Ridgw.) 581.1. Kadiak Island Song Sparrow (M. c. insignis). Similar to No. 581o, but larger, W. 3.2, bill longer, color grayer. 581.1. Kadiak Island Song Sparrow (M. c. insignis). Similar to No. 581o, but larger, W. 3.2, with a longer bill and a grayer color. Range.—Kadiak Island and opposite coast of Alaska. (Ridgw.) Range.—Kadiak Island and the opposite coast of Alaska. (Ridgw.) 582. Aleutian Song Sparrow (Melospiza cinerea). Similar to No. 581.1, but larger and grayer; largest and grayest bird of group; L. 8; W. 3.4. 582. Aleutian Song Sparrow (Melospiza cinerea). Similar to No. 581.1, but larger and grayer; the largest and grayest bird in the group; L. 8; W. 3.4. Range.—"Western portion of Alaska Peninsula (Stepovak Bay, opposite Shumagin Islands), Shumagin Islands, and Aleutian Islands, from Unalaska to Atka, Adak, and Attu." (Ridgw.) Range.—"Western part of the Alaska Peninsula (Stepovak Bay, across from the Shumagin Islands), Shumagin Islands, and Aleutian Islands, from Unalaska to Atka, Adak, and Attu." (Ridgw.) |
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Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Magdalen Islands and Manitoba, northwest to Alaska; winters from Virginia to the Gulf States. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from the Magdalen Islands and Manitoba, northwest to Alaska; winters from Virginia to the Gulf States. 585a. Shumagin Fox Sparrow (P. i. unalaschensis). Back not distinctly streaked, much paler than No. 585; spots below grayish brown; palest of present group. 585a. Shumagin Fox Sparrow (P. i. unalaschensis). Back not clearly streaked, significantly lighter than No. 585; spots below are grayish brown; the lightest in the current group. Range.—Alaska, Shumagin Islands, and Alaskan Peninsula to Cook Inlet. Range.—Alaska, Shumagin Islands, and Alaskan Peninsula to Cook Inlet. —Kadiak Fox Sparrow (P. i. insularis). Similar to No. 585a, but browner above and below; tail nearly same as back; breast spots larger. —Kadiak Fox Sparrow (P. i. insularis). Similar to No. 585a, but with a darker brown color on top and underneath; the tail is almost the same color as the back; breast spots are larger. Range.—"Kadiak Island, Alaska, in summer; in winter south along the coast slope to southern California." (Ridgw.) Range.—"Kadiak Island, Alaska, during the summer; in the winter, it moves south along the coastal slope to southern California." (Ridgw.) —Sooty Fox Sparrow (P. i. fuliginosa). Ads. Above, including wings and tail, uniform brownish umber, unstreaked; below heavily spotted with same. —Sooty Fox Sparrow (P. i. fuliginosa). Ads. On top, including the wings and tail, a consistent brownish umber, unstreaked; underneath, heavily spotted with the same color. Range.—Coast of British Columbia and northwest Washington; south in winter to San Francisco, California. (Ridgw.) Range.—Coast of British Columbia and northwest Washington; south in winter to San Francisco, California. (Ridgw.) —Townsend Fox Sparrow (P. i. townsendi). Similar to fuliginosa but more rufous. —Townsend Fox Sparrow (P. i. townsendi). Similar to fuliginosa but with a deeper rufous color. Range.—Southern Alaska north to Cross Sound; south in winter to northern California. (Ridgw.) Range.—Southern Alaska north to Cross Sound; south in winter to northern California. (Ridgw.) —Yakutat Fox Sparrow (P. i. annectens). Similar to townsendi but less rufous; very near fuliginosa, but not quite so deeply colored. —Yakutat Fox Sparrow (P. i. annectens). Similar to townsendi but less reddish; very close to fuliginosa, but not quite as darkly colored. Range.—Coast of Alaska, from Cross Sound to Prince William Sound (to Cook Inlet?); in winter, south to California. (Ridgw.) Range.—Coast of Alaska, from Cross Sound to Prince William Sound (to Cook Inlet?); in winter, south to California. (Ridgw.) 585b. Thick-billed Sparrow (P. i. megarhyncha). L. 7.3; W. 3.3; depth of B. at base, .4. Ads. Above and spots below gray; wings and tail light brown; bill large. Notes. Song, resembles that of No. 585, but is recognizably different. 585b. Thick-billed Sparrow (P. i. megarhyncha). L. 7.3; W. 3.3; depth of B. at base, .4. Ads. The upper side and spots below are gray; wings and tail are light brown; the bill is large. Notes. The song resembles that of No. 585, but it's clearly different. Range.—Breeding in the Sierra Nevada (both slopes) from Mt. Shasta southward; in winter beyond Sierras as far as Los Angeles County, California. (Ridgw.) Range.—Breeding in the Sierra Nevada (both sides) from Mt. Shasta south to Los Angeles County, California, in winter beyond the Sierras. (Ridgw.) 585c. Slate-colored Sparrow (P. i. schistacea). Similar to No. 585b, but smaller, bill smaller; W. 3.2; depth of B. at base, .35. 585c. Slate-colored Sparrow (P. i. schistacea). Similar to No. 585b, but smaller, with a smaller bill; W. 3.2; depth of B. at base, .35. Range.—Rocky Mountain district of United States and British Columbia; breeds from more eastern ranges of Colorado west to White Mountains in southeastern Colorado, mountains of northeastern California and eastern Oregon; north to interior of British Columbia; in migrations, New Mexico, Arizona, western slopes of Sierra Nevada, western Kansas. (Ridgw.) Range.—Rocky Mountain region of the United States and British Columbia; breeds from the more eastern ranges of Colorado west to the White Mountains in southeastern Colorado, the mountains of northeastern California and eastern Oregon; north to the interior of British Columbia; during migrations, found in New Mexico, Arizona, western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, and western Kansas. (Ridgw.) 585d. Stephens Sparrow (P. i. stephensi). Similar in coloration to No. 585b, but larger, the bill conspicuously so; W. 3.4; depth of B. at base .6. (Ridgw.) 585d. Stephens Sparrow (P. i. stephensi). Similar in color to No. 585b, but larger, with a noticeably bigger bill; W. 3.4; depth of B. at base .6. (Ridgw.) Range.—Breeding on San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains; southern California. (Ridgw.) Range.—Breeding in the San Bernardino and San Jacinto Mountains; southern California. (Ridgw.) |
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674. Oven-bird (Seiurus aurocapillus). L. 6.1. Ads. No wing-bars; no white in tail; above brownish olive-green; crown orange-brown bordered by black; below white streaked with black. Notes. Call, a weak cheep; song, a crescendo teacher repeated about five times; also a wild, ecstatic flight song. 674. Oven-bird (Seiurus aurocapillus). L. 6.1. Ads. No wing bars; no white in the tail; upper body is brownish olive-green; crown is orange-brown with a black border; underside is white with black streaks. Notes. Call, a weak cheep; song, a building teacher repeated about five times; also a wild, ecstatic flight song. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from Virginia and Kansas north to Labrador and northwest to Alaska; winters from Florida south to West Indies and Central America. (Said to breed in Bahamas.) Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from Virginia and Kansas north to Labrador and northwest to Alaska; winters from Florida south to the West Indies and Central America. (Reported to breed in the Bahamas.) 675. Water-Thrush (Seiurus noveboracensis). L. 6; W. 3. A whitish line over eye; above olive; below pale sulphur yellow heavily streaked with blackish; throat spotted; no wing-bars or tail-patches. Notes. Call, a sharp chink; song, a high-pitched, liquid whistle, sweet, sweet, sweet, chu-chu-wee chu. (Jones.) Also a flight song. 675. Water-Thrush (Seiurus noveboracensis). L. 6; W. 3. A light line above the eye; olive color on top; pale sulfur yellow underneath, heavily streaked with black; spotted throat; no wing bars or tail patches. Notes. Call, a sharp chink; song, a high-pitched, liquid whistle, sweet, sweet, sweet, chu-chu-wee chu. (Jones.) Also a flight song. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England and northern Illinois, north to Newfoundland and Hudson Bay, and south along the Alleghanies to West Virginia; winters from Florida to northern South America. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England and northern Illinois, north to Newfoundland and Hudson Bay, and south along the Appalachians to West Virginia; winters from Florida to northern South America. 675a. Grinnell Water-Thrush (S. n. notabilis). Similar to No. 675, but larger, W. 3.1; upperparts darker, less olive; underparts less yellow. 675a. Grinnell Water-Thrush (S. n. notabilis). Similar to No. 675, but larger, W. 3.1; upperparts darker, less olive; underparts less yellow. Range.—Western North America; breeds from Minnesota, western Nebraska, and probably more northern Rocky Mountain district of United States, north to Alaska; winters from southern United States southward; in migration east to Mississippi valley, rarely to Atlantic States from New Jersey southward. Range.—Western North America; breeds from Minnesota, western Nebraska, and probably the northern Rocky Mountain region of the United States, north to Alaska; winters from the southern United States southward; migrates east to the Mississippi Valley, rarely reaching the Atlantic States from New Jersey southward. 676. Louisiana Water-Thrush (Seiurus motacilla). L. 6.2. Ads. A white line over eye; above grayish olive; below buffy white; breast and sides streaked; no spots on throat; no wing-bars or tail-patches. Notes. Call, a sharp, metallic chink; song, a sudden outburst of loud wild, ringing notes; also a flight song. 676. Louisiana Water-Thrush (Seiurus motacilla). L. 6.2. Ads. A white line above the eye; the upper parts are grayish olive; the underparts are buffy white; the breast and sides are streaked; no spots on the throat; no wing-bars or tail-patches. Notes. The call is a sharp, metallic chink; the song is a sudden burst of loud, wild, ringing notes; there’s also a song during flight. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Gulf States to Connecticut, lower Hudson Valley, and Minnesota; winters in tropics. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States to Connecticut, the lower Hudson Valley, and Minnesota; winters in the tropics. 697. American Pipit: Titlark (Anthus pensilvanicus). L. 6.4. Hind toe-nail much the longest. Ads. Outer tail-feather largely white; next one only tipped with white; upperparts grayish brown indistinctly streaked; underparts rich buff, breast and sides streaked with blackish. Yng. and Ads. in Winter. Less gray above, paler below. Notes. Call, a soft dee-dee usually uttered in flight; a flight song. 697. American Pipit: Titlark (Anthus pensilvanicus). L. 6.4. The hind toe-nail is significantly the longest. Adults. The outer tail feather is mostly white; the next one is only tipped with white; the upperparts are grayish-brown with faint streaks; the underparts are a rich buff, with the breast and sides streaked with blackish. Young and Adults in Winter. Less gray on top, lighter below. Notes. The call is a soft dee-dee usually heard in flight; a flight song. Range.—North America breeding in Arctic regions and in the higher parts of the Rockies from Colorado northward (also on Mt. Shasta?); winters from southern California, Nevada and Gulf States south through Mexico to Central America. Range.—North America, breeding in Arctic regions and in the higher parts of the Rockies from Colorado northward (also on Mt. Shasta?); winters from southern California, Nevada, and the Gulf States south through Mexico to Central America. 700. Sprague Pipit (Anthus spraguei). L. 6.2. Hind toe-nail much lengthened; two outer tail-feathers largely white. Ads. Above streaked with buff and blackish brown; below white tinged with buff; breast streaked. In winter, similar, but less brown above, less buff below. Notes. Song, uttered on the wing when several hundred feet above the earth, sweet and far reaching, resembling at beginning song of Skylark. 700. Sprague Pipit (Anthus spraguei). L. 6.2. The hind toe-nail is much longer; the two outer tail feathers are largely white. Adults. The upper body is streaked with buff and dark brown; underneath it’s white with a hint of buff; the breast is streaked. In winter, it looks similar but has less brown on top and less buff underneath. Notes. The song, sung while flying several hundred feet in the air, is sweet and travels far, resembling the beginning notes of a Skylark's song. Range.—"Interior plains of North America, breeding from plains of the Yellowstone northward to Saskatchewan district and from the Red River westward (probably to the Rocky Mountains); south in winter on the tablelands of Mexico to Puebla; accidental in South Carolina." Range.—"Interior plains of North America, breeding from the plains of Yellowstone north to the Saskatchewan area and from the Red River west, likely to the Rocky Mountains; wintering in the highlands of Mexico to Puebla; occasionally found in South Carolina." |
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702. Sage Thrasher (Oroscoptes montanus). L. 8.7. Ads. Above brownish gray; below whitish heavily streaked with blackish; outer tail-feathers tipped with white. Notes. Call, a low chuck; song, deficient in power but possessing sweetness, vivacity and variety; resembling song of Ruby-crowned Kinglet. (Ridgway.) 702. Sage Thrasher (Oroscoptes montanus). L. 8.7. Ads. The upper body is a brownish-gray, while the underside is white with strong black streaks; the outer tail feathers are tipped with white. Notes. The call is a soft chuck; the song lacks strength but has sweetness, liveliness, and variety, resembling the song of the Ruby-crowned Kinglet. (Ridgway.) Range.—"Western United States from western South Dakota, western Nebraska and eastern Colorado, north to Montana, west to the Cascades and Sierra Nevada, south into northern Mexico and Lower California." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Western United States from western South Dakota, western Nebraska, and eastern Colorado, north to Montana, west to the Cascades and Sierra Nevada, south into northern Mexico and Lower California." (A. O. U.) 705. Brown Thrasher (Toxostoma rufum). L. 11.5; W. 4.1; B. .95. Ads. Above, wings and tail rufous or rusty brown; below white heavily streaked with blackish; two white wing-bars. Notes. Calls, a sharp kissing note and a clearly whistled wheéu; song, loud, musical, varied, finished and rich in tone. 705. Brown Thrasher (Toxostoma rufum). Length 11.5 inches; Weight 4.1 ounces; Bill .95 inches. Appearance. The upper parts, wings, and tail are rufous or rusty brown; the underparts are white heavily streaked with black; there are two white wing-bars. Sounds. Calls include a sharp kissing note and a distinctly whistled wheéu; the song is loud, musical, varied, polished, and rich in tone. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from the Gulf States north to Maine and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and the lower Mississippi Valley southward. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from the Gulf States up to Maine and Manitoba; winters from Virginia and the lower Mississippi Valley down south. Range.—Southeastern Texas from Corpus Christi south into northeastern Mexico. Range.—Southeastern Texas, from Corpus Christi down into northeastern Mexico. Range.—"Rio Grande region of Texas and adjoining Mexican states, west to the eastern Desert Tract, south over the Mexican tableland." (Mearns.) Range.—"Rio Grande region of Texas and neighboring Mexican states, extending west to the eastern Desert Tract, and south across the Mexican highlands." (Mearns.) 713a. Bryant Cactus Wren (H. b. bryanti). Differs from No. 713b, in heavier spotting below, and in perfectly barred tail and slight wash of rufous on belly and flanks. (Anthony.) 713a. Bryant Cactus Wren (H. b. bryanti). This species is different from No. 713b, featuring heavier spotting on the underside, a fully barred tail, and a slight reddish wash on the belly and flanks. (Anthony.) Range.—"Northern Lower California and southern California, west of the Coast Range." (Mearns.) Range.—"Northern Lower California and Southern California, west of the Coast Range." (Mearns.) 713b. St. Lucas Cactus Wren (H. b. affinis). Resembling No. 713c, but all the tail-feathers, except middle pair, barred with white for their whole length; flanks white or very pale buff, with large rounded or tear-shaped spots. (Ridgw.) 713b. St. Lucas Cactus Wren (H. b. affinis). Looks like No. 713c, but all the tail feathers, except for the middle pair, are barred with white along their entire length; flanks are white or very light buff, with large rounded or tear-shaped spots. (Ridgw.) Range.—Southern Lower California. Range: Southern Lower California. 713c? Desert Cactus Wren (H. b. anthonyi). Similar to No. 713, but paler above; chin without spots. 713c? Desert Cactus Wren (H. b. anthonyi). Similar to No. 713, but lighter on top; chin without spots. Range.—Interior deserts of the southwestern United States, south into Mexico and northeastern Lower California. (Mearns.) Range.—Interior deserts of the southwestern U.S., extending into Mexico and northeastern Baja California. (Mearns.) 755. Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina). L. 8.2. Ads. Above bright cinnamon, brightest on head; below white with large, rounded black spots. Notes. Calls, a sharp pit-pit, a liquid quirt, and a soft tut-tut-tut; song, both flute-like and bell-like; sung with frequent pauses and low notes. 755. Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina). L. 8.2. Ads. The top is bright cinnamon, the brightest on the head; the underside is white with large, rounded black spots. Notes. The calls include a sharp pit-pit, a liquid quirt, and a soft tut-tut-tut; the song is both flute-like and bell-like, featuring frequent pauses and low notes. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Virginia and Kansas to Vermont, Quebec, and Minnesota; winters in Central America. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Virginia and Kansas to Vermont, Quebec, and Minnesota; winters in Central America. |
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715. Rock Wren (Salpinctes obsoletus). L. 5.7. Ads. Rump rusty; tail tipped and outer feathers barred with pale rusty; above grayish brown lightly speckled with blackish; below, including belly, whitish; breast obscurely streaked with brownish. Notes. Calls, Wren-like; song, sweet, varied and Mockingbird-like. 715. Rock Wren (Salpinctes obsoletus). L. 5.7. Ads. The rump is rusty; the tail is tipped and the outer feathers are barred with pale rusty; the upper parts are grayish brown lightly speckled with black; below, including the belly, is whitish; the breast has obscure streaks of brown. Notes. Calls are Wren-like; the song is sweet, varied, and resembles that of a Mockingbird. Range.—"Western United States, from the western border of the Plains to the Pacific, north to Dakota, Montana, and British Columbia; south on the tablelands of Mexico and Guatemala to Salvador; breeds throughout its range, and is resident from about the southern, border of the United States southward." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Western United States, from the western edge of the Plains to the Pacific, north to North Dakota, Montana, and British Columbia; south on the plateaus of Mexico and Guatemala to El Salvador; breeds across its range and is found year-round from around the southern border of the United States southward." (A. O. U.) 716. Guadalupe Rock Wren (Salpinctes guadeloupensis). Resembling No. 715, but darker and browner, with chest, etc., more distinctly speckled; wings and tail shorter; bill and tarsi longer; W. 2.6; T. 2.2. (Ridgw.) 716. Guadalupe Rock Wren (Salpinctes guadeloupensis). Looks like No. 715, but is darker and browner, with a more distinctly speckled chest, etc.; wings and tail are shorter; bill and tarsi are longer; W. 2.6; T. 2.2. (Ridgw.) Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California. Range: Guadalupe Island, Baja California. Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and southward into northeastern Mexico. Range.—Lower Rio Grande Valley in Texas and extending south into northeastern Mexico. 717a. Canon Wren (C. m. conspersus). Similar to No. 717, but smaller, W. 2.3; tail-bars narrower. Notes. Call, a "ringing dink;" song, a series of about seven, loud, ringing whistles uttered in a regularly descending scale. 717a. Canon Wren (C. m. conspersus). Similar to No. 717, but smaller, W. 2.3; tail bars are narrower. Notes. Call, a "ringing dink;" song, a series of about seven loud, ringing whistles given in a regularly descending scale. Range.—"Great Basin and Rocky Mountain region, from the Sierra Nevada and Cascades eastward to southern Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado and western Texas: south on the tableland of Mexico to Aguas Calientes; breeds nearly throughout its range; resident in southern parts of its United States distribution." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Great Basin and Rocky Mountain area, extending from the Sierra Nevada and Cascades east to southern Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, and western Texas: south across the highlands of Mexico to Aguas Calientes; breeds almost everywhere within its range; is a resident in the southern parts of its distribution in the United States." (A. O. U.) Range.—Pacific coast from Lower California north to Oregon; resident. Range.—Pacific coast from Southern California north to Oregon; resident. 718. Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus). L. 5.5; W. 2.3; B. .6. Ads. Above bright rust-brown; below washed with same, throat and line over eye white. Notes. Calls, Wren-like; song, a great variety of loud, musical whistles, whee-udel, whee-udel, whee-udel or tea-kettle, tea-kettle, tea-kettle, etc. 718. Carolina Wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus). L. 5.5; W. 2.3; B. .6. Ads. The upper body is a bright rust-brown; the underside has a similar wash, with a white throat and a white stripe over the eye. Notes. Calls are wren-like; the song features a wide range of loud, musical whistles, like whee-udel, whee-udel, whee-udel or tea-kettle, tea-kettle, tea-kettle, etc. Range—Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States north to the lower Hudson Valley (and casually Massachusetts), northern Illinois, and southern Iowa; resident. Range—Eastern United States; breeds from the Gulf States north to the lower Hudson Valley (and occasionally Massachusetts), northern Illinois, and southern Iowa; resident. 718a. Florida Wren (T. l. miamensis). Similar to No. 718, but darker above, more deeply colored below; larger, W. 2.4; B. .7. 718a. Florida Wren (T. l. miamensis). Similar to No. 718, but darker on top, more brightly colored underneath; larger, W. 2.4; B. .7. Range.—Florida, from Pasco and Brevard counties southward. Range.—Florida, from Pasco and Brevard counties down south. 718b. Lomita Wren (T. l. lomitensis). Similar to No. 718, but browner, less rufous above, rump with more white spots; below paler, the flanks usually barred. 718b. Lomita Wren (T. l. lomitensis). Similar to No. 718, but browner, with less reddish coloring on the back, more white spots on the rump; the underside is lighter, and the flanks are usually striped. Range.—Southeastern Texas. Range.—Southeast Texas. |
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719. Bewick Wren (Thryomanes bewickii). L. 5; W. 2.2; T. 2.1. Ads. Above rich, dark cinnamon-brown, tail grayer; below grayish white; all but middle pair of tail-feathers black, outer ones barred, others tipped with grayish. Notes. Call, "a soft, low, plit;" song, strongly suggesting that of Song Sparrow. 719. Bewick Wren (Thryomanes bewickii). Length 5 inches; Wingspan 2.2 inches; Tail 2.1 inches. Appearance: The upper body is a rich, dark cinnamon-brown, while the tail is gray; the underside is grayish white. All but the middle pair of tail feathers are black, with the outer ones being barred and the others tipped with grayish. Notes: The call is a soft, low plit; the song closely resembles that of the Song Sparrow. Range.—Mississippi Valley west to the Plains, north to Lat. 40°, east to Alleghanies and locally to Atlantic States from southern New Jersey to Georgia. Range.—From the Mississippi Valley west to the Plains, north to Latitude 40°, east to the Alleghenies, and locally to the Atlantic States from southern New Jersey to Georgia. 719a. Vigors Wren (T. b. spilurus). Similar to No. 719, but smaller, W. 2; upperparts less cinnamon or reddish. 719a. Vigors Wren (T. b. spilurus). Similar to No. 719, but smaller, W. 2; upperparts have less cinnamon or reddish color. Range.—California, west of Sierra Nevada and south to Santa Cruz Island. (Bailey.) Range.—California, west of the Sierra Nevada and down to Santa Cruz Island. (Bailey.) 719b. Baird Wren (T. b. leucogaster). Similar to No. 719c, but upperparts grayer. 719b. Baird Wren (T. b. leucogaster). Similar to No. 719c, but the upperparts are grayer. Range.—"Western Texas to southeastern California, and from southern Nevada Utah, and Colorado south over tablelands of Mexico to Zacatecas." (Bailey.) Range.—"From western Texas to southeastern California, and from southern Nevada, Utah, and Colorado, south over the plateaus of Mexico to Zacatecas." (Bailey.) 719c. Texas Bewick Wren (T. b. cryptus). Similar to No. 719, but grayer, brown of upperparts not so rich; slightly larger, W. 2.3. 719c. Texas Bewick Wren (T. b. cryptus). Similar to No. 719, but grayer, upperparts are not as rich in brown; slightly larger, W. 2.3. Range.—"Texas, except the extreme western corner, states of Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas, in Mexico, with probably Kansas, Indian Territory and Oklahoma; migratory north of Texas." (Oberholser.) Range.—"Texas, excluding the far western corner, the states of Nuevo Leon and Tamaulipas in Mexico, and possibly Kansas, Indian Territory, and Oklahoma; migratory north of Texas." (Oberholser.) 719d. Southwest Bewick Wren (T. b. charienturus). Similar to No. 719b but flanks and upper surface darker, eye-stripe rather broader, under tail-coverts more heavily barred, wing shorter, 2. (Oberholser.) 719d. Southwest Bewick Wren (T. b. charienturus). Similar to No. 719b but with darker flanks and upper surface, a wider eye-stripe, more pronounced barring on the under tail-coverts, and shorter wings. 2. (Oberholser.) Range.—Coast region of southern California, north to about Pasadena, south to Lat. 28°, Lower California, Santa Catalina Island; resident. (Oberholser.) Range.—Coast region of Southern California, north to around Pasadena, south to Latitude 28°, Lower California, Santa Catalina Island; resident. (Oberholser.) 729e. Northwest Bewick Wren (T. b. calophonus). Similar to No. 719a, but bill larger, upper surface usually rather deeper and richer brown, flanks somewhat more rufescent; W. 2.1; B. .6. (Oberholser.) 729e. Northwest Bewick Wren (T. b. calophonus). Similar to No. 719a, but with a larger bill, the upper surface is usually a deeper and richer brown, and the flanks are somewhat more reddish; W. 2.1; B. .6. (Oberholser.) Range.—Pacific slope from Oregon north to southern Vancouver Island, valley of the Fraser River, and slightly farther along the mainland coast; probably resident. (Oberholser.) Range.—Pacific slope from Oregon north to southern Vancouver Island, valley of the Fraser River, and a bit further along the mainland coast; probably a resident. (Oberholser.) 719.1. San Clemente Wren (Thryomanes leucophrys) Similar to No. 719d, but flanks and upperparts rather grayer and paler, bill longer, under tail-coverts less heavily barred. (Oberholser.) 719.1. San Clemente Wren (Thryomanes leucophrys) Similar to No. 719d, but the sides and upper parts are grayer and lighter, the bill is longer, and the under tail-coverts are less heavily marked. (Oberholser.) Range.—San Clemente Island, California. Range — San Clemente Island, CA. 720. Guadalupe Wren (Thryomanes brevicauda). L. 4.5; W. 1.9. Ads. Resembling No. 719a, but rump with few or no concealed white spots; tail dull grayish brown, narrowly and indistinctly barred with dusky, two or three outer feathers with brownish gray tips. (Ridgw.) 720. Guadalupe Wren (Thryomanes brevicauda). L. 4.5; W. 1.9. Ads. Looks like No. 719a, but has a rump with few or no hidden white spots; tail is a dull grayish brown, with narrow and faint bars of dark color, and two or three outer feathers have brownish gray tips. (Ridgw.) Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California. Range—Guadalupe Island, Baja California. |
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721. House Wren (Troglodytes aëdon). L. 4.7; T. 1.7. Ads. Above cinnamon brown, sometimes obscurely barred; tail the same, all the feathers barred; below grayish with a brownish wash, lower belly and flanks usually more or less barred. Notes. Call, a scolding krrring; song, a bubbling, rippling, irrepressible little melody. 721. House Wren (Troglodytes aëdon). L. 4.7; T. 1.7. Ads. The top is cinnamon brown, sometimes with faint bars; the tail is the same, with all feathers barred; underneath it's grayish with a brownish tint, and the lower belly and sides are usually somewhat barred. Notes. The call is a scolding krrring; the song is a bubbly, flowing, unstoppable little melody. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds north to Maine, Montreal, and Manitoba; winters from South Carolina and the Lower Mississippi Valley southward into Mexico. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds as far north as Maine, Montreal, and Manitoba; winters from South Carolina and the Lower Mississippi Valley down into Mexico. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from southern California north to British Columbia; winters from southern California southward. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from southern California north to British Columbia; winters from southern California south. 721b. Western House Wren (T. a. aztecus). Similar to No. 721, but much grayer above and paler below; back more frequently barred. 721b. Western House Wren (T. a. aztecus). Similar to No. 721, but with a much grayer back and lighter underparts; its back is often more barred. Range.—Western United States from the Sierra Nevada east to the Mississippi Valley; winters south into Lower California and Mexico. Range.—Western United States from the Sierra Nevada east to the Mississippi Valley; winters south into Southern California and Mexico. 722. Winter Wren (Olbiorchilus hiemalis). L. 4; T. 1.2. Ads. Above cinnamon, much brighter than in No. 721; below pale cinnamon, sides and belly heavily barred with blackish. Notes. Call, chimp-chimp, resembling call of Song Sparrow; song, tinkling, rippling, full of trills, runs and grace notes. (Bailey.) 722. Winter Wren (Olbiorchilus hiemalis). L. 4; T. 1.2. Ads. The upper part is cinnamon-colored, much brighter than in No. 721; the underside is a pale cinnamon, with the sides and belly heavily streaked with blackish. Notes. The call is a chimp-chimp, similar to the call of a Song Sparrow; the song is tinkling, flowing, and filled with trills, runs, and grace notes. (Bailey.) Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England and northern New York northward, and southward along the Alleghanies to North Carolina; winters from Massachusetts and Illinois to Florida. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New England and northern New York northward, and southward along the Alleghanies to North Carolina; winters from Massachusetts and Illinois to Florida. 722a. Western Winter Wren (O. h. pacificus). Similar to No. 722, but much deeper colored both above and below, and more heavily barred. 722a. Western Winter Wren (O. h. pacificus). Similar to No. 722, but much richer in color both above and below, and more prominently barred. Range.—Breeds on the Pacific coast from southern California north to Alaska; east to Idaho; winters south into Mexico. Range.—Breeds on the Pacific coast from southern California up to Alaska; east to Idaho; winters down into Mexico. 722b. Kadiak Winter Wren (O. h. helleri). Slightly larger and paler than No. 722a. (Osgood.) 722b. Kadiak Winter Wren (O. h. helleri). A bit larger and lighter than No. 722a. (Osgood.) Range.—Kadiak Island, Alaska. Range: Kadiak Island, Alaska. 723. Alaskan Wren (Olbiorchilus alascensis). Resembling No. 722a, but paler and larger, W. 2.1, B. .6. 723. Alaskan Wren (Olbiorchilus alascensis). Looks like No. 722a, but lighter and bigger, W. 2.1, B. .6. Range—Breeds on Kadiak Island, Alaska; winter range unknown. Range—Breeds on Kodiak Island, Alaska; winter range not known. 723.1. Aleutian Wren (Olbiorchilus meligerus). Similar to No. 723, but darker, less reddish; rump and upper tail-coverts more evidently barred; bars on belly heavier. (Oberholser.) 723.1. Aleutian Wren (Olbiorchilus meligerus). Similar to No. 723, but darker, less reddish; the rump and upper tail-coverts are more distinctly barred; the bars on the belly are more pronounced. (Oberholser.) Range.—"Westernmost part of the Aleutian group, Alaska." (Oberholser.) Range.—"The westernmost part of the Aleutian Islands, Alaska." (Oberholser.) 724. Short-billed Marsh Wren (Cistothorus stellaris). L. 4; T. 1.4; B. .4. Ads. Crown and back streaked with whitish; breast-band, sides and under tail-coverts rusty; wing-coverts tipped with whitish. Notes. Call, like sound produced by striking two pebbles together; song, chap—chap—chap-chap, chap-chap-chap p-p-rrr. (Seton.) (See next page.) 724. Short-billed Marsh Wren (Cistothorus stellaris). L. 4; T. 1.4; B. .4. Adults. Crown and back streaked with light colors; breast band, sides, and under tail coverts have a rusty color; wing coverts are tipped with light colors. Notes. Call sounds like two pebbles being struck together; song is chap—chap—chap-chap, chap-chap-chap p-p-rrr. (Seton.) (See next page.) Range.—Eastern North America, ranging west to Utah; breeds from the Gulf States north to Massachusetts and Manitoba; winters from the Gulf States southward. Range.—Eastern North America, extending west to Utah; breeds from the Gulf States north to Massachusetts and Manitoba; winters from the Gulf States to the south. |
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725. Long-billed Marsh Wren (Telmatodytes palustris). L. 5.2; T. 1.6; B. .5. Ads. Crown and foreback largely black, the latter with white streaks; a white stripe over eye; rump cinnamon; below white, sides washed with cinnamon; outer tail-feathers black, broadly barred with pale cinnamon. Notes. Call, scolding, a characteristic Wren-like cacking; song, a reedy, guttural, bubbling trill often sung in flight. 725. Long-billed Marsh Wren (Telmatodytes palustris). L. 5.2; T. 1.6; B. .5. Ads. The crown and back are mostly black, with white streaks on the back; there's a white stripe above the eye; the rump is cinnamon; the underparts are white, with the sides tinted cinnamon; the outer tail feathers are black, with broad pale cinnamon bars. Notes. The call is a scolding, characteristic Wren-like cacking; the song is a reedy, guttural, bubbling trill that is often sung while in flight. Range.—Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains; breeds from the Gulf States north to Massachusetts and Manitoba; winters locally from Massachusetts, south into Mexico. Range.—Eastern North America all the way to the Rocky Mountains; breeds from the Gulf States up to Massachusetts and Manitoba; winters locally from Massachusetts, down into Mexico. 725a. Tule Wren (T. p. paludicola). Similar to No. 725, but upper tail-coverts barred, middle tail-feathers more distinctly and broadly barred; underparts usually browner. 725a. Tule Wren (T. p. paludicola). Similar to No. 725, but the upper tail-coverts are barred, the middle tail-feathers are more distinctly and broadly barred; the underparts are usually browner. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from southern California to British Columbia: winters from Washington to Guatemala. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from southern California to British Columbia; winters from Washington to Guatemala. 725b. Worthington Marsh Wren (T. p. griseus). Similar to No. 725, but with less black above; upperparts, sides and flanks pale grayish; dark markings of under tail-coverts, flanks, sides and breast, faint, confused and inconspicuous, sometimes practically wanting. (Brewster.) 725b. Worthington Marsh Wren (T. p. griseus). Similar to No. 725, but with less black on top; upperparts, sides, and flanks are pale gray; the dark markings on the under tail-coverts, flanks, sides, and breast are faint, mixed up, and not very noticeable, sometimes almost entirely absent. (Brewster.) Range.—Coast of South Carolina and Georgia. Range.—Coast of South Carolina and Georgia. 725c. Interior Tule Wren (T. p. plesius). Similar to No. 725a, but paler. 725c. Interior Tule Wren (T. p. plesius). Similar to No. 725a, but lighter in color. Range.—"Western United States, except the Pacific coast; north to British Columbia and Alberta, east to the Rocky Mountains and Texas, south into Mexico." (Oberholser.) Range.—"Western United States, excluding the Pacific coast; north to British Columbia and Alberta, east to the Rocky Mountains and Texas, south into Mexico." (Oberholser.) 725.1. Marian Marsh Wren (Telmatodytes marianæ). Similar to No. 725, but upperparts darker; sides and flanks of about same color as rump; under tail-coverts and sometimes breast barred or spotted with black. 725.1. Marian Marsh Wren (Telmatodytes marianæ). Similar to No. 725, but the upperparts are darker; the sides and flanks are about the same color as the rump; the under tail-coverts and sometimes the breast are barred or spotted with black. Range.—Gulf coast of Florida. Range: Gulf Coast of Florida. 726. Brown Creeper (Certhia familiaris americana). L. 5.6; B. .63. Tail-feathers stiffened and pointed. Ads. Rump rusty; a buffy white band in the wing; back and crown streaked with whitish, black and rusty; below white. Notes. Call, a faint, high, thin tseep; song, "an exquisitely pure, tender song of four notes." (Brewster.) 726. Brown Creeper (Certhia familiaris americana). L. 5.6; B. .63. Tail feathers are stiff and pointed. Ads. Rump is rusty; there's a buffy white band in the wing; back and crown are streaked with light colors, black, and rusty; underside is white. Notes. Call is a faint, high, thin tseep; song is "an exquisitely pure, tender song of four notes." (Brewster.) Range.—Eastern North America: breeds from Maine and Minnesota (casually Missouri) northward; winters from about the southern breeding limits to the Gulf States. Range.—Eastern North America: breeds from Maine and Minnesota (occasionally Missouri) northward; winters from around the southern breeding limits to the Gulf States. 726a. Mexican Creeper (C. f. albescens). Similar to No. 726, but rump rich rusty brown, back black, crown black streaked with white, band in wing white. 726a. Mexican Creeper (C. f. albescens). Similar to No. 726, but the rump is a deep rusty brown, the back is black, the crown is black with white streaks, and there's a white band in the wing. Range.—Mexican plateau region north to southern Arizona. Range.—Mexican plateau region extending north to southern Arizona. 726b. Rocky Mountain Creeper (C. f. montana). Similar to No. 726, but bill longer, .7; band in wing averaging whiter. 726b. Rocky Mountain Creeper (C. f. montana). Similar to No. 726, but with a longer bill, .7; the wing band is generally whiter. Range.—Rocky Mountains from New Mexico and Arizona northward to Alaska. Range.—Rocky Mountains from New Mexico and Arizona north to Alaska. 726c. Californian Creeper (C. f. occidentalis). Similar to No. 726, but much rustier; prevailing color of upperparts yellowish rusty. 726c. Californian Creeper (C. f. occidentalis). Similar to No. 726, but much rustier; the main color of the upperparts is a yellowish rusty. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from Santa Cruz Mountains, California, northward to Alaska. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from the Santa Cruz Mountains in California, all the way north to Alaska. |
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Range.—"Southern Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Sierra Nevada of California." (Osgood.) Range.—"Southern Cascade Mountains of Oregon and the Sierra Nevada in California." (Osgood.) 756. Wilson Thrush; Veery (Hylocichla fuscescens). L. 7.5. Ads. Above, wings and tail, uniform cinnamon brown; below white, sides grayish, breast and throat buff rather faintly marked with triangular spots the color of the back. Notes. Call, a clearly whistled wheé-you and a softer too-whee; song, a weird, spiral of blended alto and soprano tones largely on one note. 756. Wilson Thrush; Veery (Hylocichla fuscescens). L. 7.5. Ads. The upper parts, wings, and tail are a consistent cinnamon brown; underneath, they are white, with grayish sides and a breast and throat that are light buff, faintly marked with triangular spots matching the back color. Notes. The call is a clearly whistled wheé-you and a softer too-whee; the song is a strange, spiral mix of alto and soprano tones mostly centered on one note. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Jersey, the mountains of Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois north to Newfoundland and Manitoba; winters in Central America. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from northern New Jersey, the mountains of Pennsylvania, and northern Illinois north to Newfoundland and Manitoba; winters in Central America. 756a. Willow Thrush (H. f. salicicola). Similar to No. 756, but more olive above. 756a. Willow Thrush (H. f. salicicola). Similar to No. 756, but with a more olive coloration on the top. Range.—Rocky Mountains north to British Columbia, east to Dakota; in migration, casually to Illinois and South Carolina; winters as far south as southern Brazil. Range.—Rocky Mountains north to British Columbia, east to Dakota; during migration, occasionally to Illinois and South Carolina; winters as far south as southern Brazil. Range.—Breeds in northwest coast region from British Columbia to Alaska; in winter south to Mexico. Range.—Breeds along the northwest coast from British Columbia to Alaska; migrates south to Mexico in winter. 759a. Audubon Hermit Thrush (H. g. auduboni). Similar to No. 759, but larger, W. 4; back grayer, tail paler, flanks less heavily washed with gray. 759a. Audubon Hermit Thrush (H. g. auduboni). Similar to No. 759, but larger, W. 4; back is grayer, tail is lighter, flanks are less intensely washed with gray. Range.—Rocky Mountain region of United States south to Guatemala. Range.—Rocky Mountain region of the United States, stretching south to Guatemala. 759b. Hermit Thrush (H. g. pallasii). Similar to No. 759, but back and sides browner. Notes. Call, a low chuck; song, highly musical and probably exceeding in spiritual quality that of any of our birds. 759b. Hermit Thrush (H. g. pallasii). Similar to No. 759, but the back and sides are browner. Notes. Call is a low chuck; the song is very musical and likely surpasses the spiritual quality of any of our birds. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Michigan, Alleghanies in Pennsylvania, Catskills, higher mountains of Massachusetts (rarely at sea level), north to Labrador; winters from New Jersey to Gulf States. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Michigan, the Alleghenies in Pennsylvania, the Catskills, and higher mountains of Massachusetts (rarely at sea level), north to Labrador; winters from New Jersey to the Gulf States. 759c. Dwarf Hermit Thrush (H. g. nana). Similar to No. 759, but smaller, W. 3.2, back slightly browner. 759c. Dwarf Hermit Thrush (H. g. nana). Similar to No. 759, but smaller, W. 3.2, back a bit browner. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from Washington south through Sierra Nevadas; east, in migrations, to Nevada and Arizona; south to Lower California and western Mexico. (A. O. U.) Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from Washington south through Sierra Nevadas; east, during migrations, to Nevada and Arizona; south to Lower California and western Mexico. (A. O. U.) |
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757. Gray-cheeked Thrush (Hylocichla aliciæ). L. 7.5; W. 4. Ads. Tail and back the same color, olive without brownish tinge; eye-ring and lores whitish, cheeks and breast only slightly tinged with buff, breast with wedge-shaped spots. Notes. Doubtless like those of No. 757a. 757. Gray-cheeked Thrush (Hylocichla aliciæ). L. 7.5; W. 4. Ads. The tail and back are the same color, olive without a brownish tint; the eye-ring and lores are whitish, with cheeks and breast only slightly tinted with buff, and the breast has wedge-shaped spots. Notes. Definitely similar to those of No. 757a. Range.—Breeds in Labrador and west to Alaska: migrates through eastern North America and winters in Central America. Range.—Breeds in Labrador and extends west to Alaska: migrates through eastern North America and spends the winter in Central America. 757a. Bicknell Thrush (H. a. bicknelli). Similar to No. 757, but smaller, L. 7; W. 3.5. Notes. Calls, pheu like that of Veery; a low cluck like that of Hermit Thrush, and rarely, a pip or peenk like that of Olive-backed Thrush; song, like that of Veery but more interrupted. (Brewster.) 757a. Bicknell Thrush (H. a. bicknelli). Similar to No. 757, but smaller, L. 7; W. 3.5. Notes. Calls, pheu like that of Veery; a low cluck similar to the Hermit Thrush, and occasionally a pip or peenk like that of the Olive-backed Thrush; song, similar to that of Veery but more interrupted. (Brewster.) Range.—Breeds in the high parts of the Catskills and north to White Mountains and Nova Scotia; winters in tropics. Range.—Breeds in the high areas of the Catskills and stretches north to the White Mountains and Nova Scotia; winters in the tropics. 758. Russet-backed Thrush (Hylocichla ustulata). L. 7.2; W. 4. Tail not decidedly more rufous than back. Ads. Eye-ring, cheeks, sides of neck and breast distinctly buffy; breast with wedge-shaped spots; back and flanks olive-brown; tail slightly browner. The most deeply colored bird of the ustulata group. 758. Russet-backed Thrush (Hylocichla ustulata). L. 7.2; W. 4. Tail not noticeably more rufous than the back. Ads. Eye-ring, cheeks, sides of neck, and breast clearly buffy; breast with wedge-shaped spots; back and flanks olive-brown; tail slightly browner. The most richly colored bird in the ustulata group. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from Oregon to Alaska; winters south to Guatemala. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from Oregon to Alaska; spends winter in Guatemala. 758a. Olive-backed Thrush (H. u. swainsonii). Similar to No. 758, but back, tail, and flanks without brownish or rufescent tinge. Notes. Call, a liquid puit; song, suggesting both that of Hermit Thrush and the Veery. 758a. Olive-backed Thrush (H. u. swainsonii). Similar to No. 758, but the back, tail, and sides lack any brown or reddish tint. Notes. Its call is a smooth puit; the song resembles that of both the Hermit Thrush and the Veery. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds in Alleghanies from Pennsylvania and the Catskills, north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters in Central and South America. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds in the Alleghenies from Pennsylvania and the Catskills, north to New Brunswick and Manitoba; winters in Central and South America. Range.—California, except north coast; north in interior to southern Oregon; south, in winter to Arizona and southern Mexico. (Oberholser.) Range.—California, except for the northern coast; north in the interior to southern Oregon; south, in winter, to Arizona and southern Mexico. (Oberholser.) 758c. Alma Thrush (H. u. almæ). Similar to No. 758a, but back and flanks grayer. The palest bird of the ustulata group. 758c. Alma Thrush (H. u. almæ). Similar to No. 758a, but with a grayer back and flanks. The lightest bird of the ustulata group. Range.—Alaska, except Yukon Basin, south in Rocky Mountain region, and west to Utah and eastern Nevada. (A. O. U.) Range.—Alaska, excluding Yukon Basin, extending south in the Rocky Mountain region, and west to Utah and eastern Nevada. (A. O. U.) |
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GRAY-HEADED JUNCOS.
566. White-winged Junco (Junco aikeni). L. 6.5; W. 3.30. Ads. Resembling No. 567, but larger, paler, wings generally with two white bars; three outer tail-feathers mostly or entirely white; fourth partly white. 566. White-winged Junco (Junco aikeni). L. 6.5; W. 3.30. Ads. Similar to No. 567, but bigger, lighter in color, with wings typically featuring two white bars; three outer tail feathers are mostly or completely white; the fourth is partly white. Range.—Breeds in Wyoming and western North Dakota; winters in Colorado, western Kansas, casually to Indiana and Wisconsin. (Ridgw.) Range.—Breeds in Wyoming and western North Dakota; winters in Colorado, western Kansas, with occasional sightings in Indiana and Wisconsin. (Ridgw.) 567. Slate-colored Junco (Junco hyemalis). L. 6.2. W. 3. Ad. ♂, summer. Head and back gray, the crown sometimes slightly darker, the feathers usually more or less tipped with brownish; breast and sides gray; belly white; third outer tail-feather with white. Ad. ♀, summer. Similar, but brown wash stronger. Ads., winter. Brown tips to feathers longer, sides sometimes brownish. Notes. Calls, a sharp, kissing note and a rapid chew-chew-chew, song, a simple, twittering trill. 567. Slate-colored Junco (Junco hyemalis). L. 6.2. W. 3. Ad. ♂, summer. The head and back are gray, with the crown sometimes being a bit darker, and the feathers usually have some brownish tips; the breast and sides are gray; the belly is white; the third outer tail feather has white. Ad. ♀, summer. Similar, but with a stronger brown wash. Ads., winter. The brown tips on the feathers are longer, and the sides can sometimes appear brownish. Notes. Their calls include a sharp, kissing note and a fast chew-chew-chew, while their song is a simple, twittering trill. Range.—Eastern North America, breeds from northern New England, northern New York, and northern Minnesota north to Labrador and northwest to Alaska; and southward along the Alleghanies to Pennsylvania; winters south to the Gulf States. Range.—Eastern North America, breeds from northern New England, northern New York, and northern Minnesota north to Labrador and northwest to Alaska; and southward along the Alleghanies to Pennsylvania; winters south to the Gulf States. 567e. Carolina Junco (J. h. carolinensis). Similar to No. 567, but slightly larger, W. 3.2, the upperparts and breast uniform slate-gray without a brownish wash the bill horn color. 567e. Carolina Junco (J. h. carolinensis). Similar to No. 567, but slightly larger, W. 3.2, the upperparts and breast are a uniform slate-gray without a brownish tint, and the bill is horn-colored. Range.—Alleghanies from Virginia to Georgia. Range: Appalachians from Virginia to Georgia. 568. Pink-sided Junco (Junco mearnsi). L. 6.2. Ad. ♂, summer. Sides broadly brownish pink, center of belly white; breast pale slate-gray, crown darker, back washed with brownish. Ad. ♀ in summer. Similar to the ♂, but with less pink on sides, the crown washed with gray. Ads. winter. Similar to summer Ads., but with more brownish. 568. Pink-sided Junco (Junco mearnsi). L. 6.2. Ad. ♂, summer. Sides widely brownish pink, center of belly white; breast light slate-gray, crown darker, back tinged with brownish. Ad. ♀ in summer. Similar to the ♂, but with less pink on sides, the crown tinged with gray. Ads. winter. Similar to summer Ads., but with more brownish. Range.—Breeds in southern Idaho and south-central Montana; winters south through Wyoming and Colorado to northern Mexico. Range.—Breeds in southern Idaho and south-central Montana; winters south through Wyoming and Colorado to northern Mexico. 567.1 Montana Junco (Junco montanus). Similar to No. 568, but with less pink on the sides, the throat and breast darker slate. 567.1 Montana Junco (Junco montanus). Similar to No. 568, but with less pink on the sides, and the throat and breast are a darker slate color. Range.—Breeding from northwestern Montana and northern Idaho north to northwest Territory and Alberta; in winter south to Mexico, east more or less irregularly to the Mississippi, Massachusetts, and Maryland. (Ridgw.) Range.—Breeding from northwestern Montana and northern Idaho north to the Northwest Territories and Alberta; in winter, moving south to Mexico, and east somewhat irregularly to the Mississippi, Massachusetts, and Maryland. (Ridgw.) 571. Baird Junco (Junco bairdi). Back and sides rusty cinnamon, head gray, throat and breast grayish white, belly white. 571. Baird Junco (Junco bairdi). The back and sides are a rusty cinnamon color, the head is gray, the throat and breast are a grayish white, and the belly is white. Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. Range.—Cape Region of Baja California. 572. Guadalupe Junco (Junco insularis). Similar to mearnsi but smaller, W. 2.7, bill longer, head and breast darker. 572. Guadalupe Junco (Junco insularis). Similar to mearnsi but smaller, W. 2.7, with a longer bill, and a darker head and breast. Range.—Guadalupe Island, Lower California. Range: Guadalupe Island, Baja California. 571.1. Townsend Junco (Junco townsendi). Similar to No. 567.1, but with the back grayer, the brownish wash much reduced. 571.1. Townsend Junco (Junco townsendi). Similar to No. 567.1, but with a grayer back and a significantly reduced brownish wash. Range.—San Pedro Martir Mountains, northern Lower California. Range.—San Pedro Martir Mountains, northern Baja California. |
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GRAY-HEADED, BROWN-BACKED JUNCOS.
569. Gray-headed Junco (Junco caniceps). L. 6.5; W. 3.2; T. 2.9. Ads. Head, breast and sides gray; back reddish brown; no reddish brown on wings; three outer tail-feathers with white; upper and lower mandibles pinkish. 569. Gray-headed Junco (Junco caniceps). L. 6.5; W. 3.2; T. 2.9. Ads. Head, breast, and sides are gray; back is reddish-brown; no reddish-brown on wings; three outer tail feathers are white; upper and lower mandibles are pinkish. Range.—Breeds in mountains of southern Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and northern New Mexico. (Ridgw.) Range.—Nests in the mountains of southern Wyoming, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, and northern New Mexico. (Ridgw.) 570. Arizona Junco (Junco phæonotus palliatus). L. 6.5; W. 3.2; T. 2.9. Ads. Head gray; underparts grayish white; back, and to a greater or less extent, wing-coverts and tertials, reddish brown; three outer tail-feathers with white; iris yellow; upper mandible blackish, lower yellowish. Notes. Calls, resemble those of No. 567; song suggests that of Song Sparrow. 570. Arizona Junco (Junco phaeonotus palliatus). L. 6.5; W. 3.2; T. 2.9. Ads. Head is gray; underparts are grayish white; back, and to some extent, wing-coverts and tertials, are reddish brown; three outer tail feathers have white; iris is yellow; upper mandible is blackish, lower is yellowish. Notes. Calls resemble those of No. 567; song is similar to that of the Song Sparrow. Range.—Breeds in mountains of southern Arizona and southward. Range.—Nests in the mountains of southern Arizona and further south. 570a. Red-backed Junco (Junco dorsalis) L. 6.7; W. 3.3; T. 3. Ads. Head gray; underparts grayish white; back reddish brown; no reddish brown on wings; three outer tail-feathers with white; upper mandible blackish, lower flesh-color; iris "brown." 570a. Red-backed Junco (Junco dorsalis) L. 6.7; W. 3.3; T. 3. Ads. Head is gray; underparts are grayish white; back is reddish brown; no reddish brown on wings; three outer tail feathers have white; upper mandible is blackish, lower is flesh-colored; iris is "brown." Range.—Breeds on high mountains of New Mexico and central Arizona; winters south to northern Mexico and western Texas. Range.—Breeds in the high mountains of New Mexico and central Arizona; migrates south to northern Mexico and western Texas for the winter. BLACK-HEADED JUNCOS.
567a. Oregon Junco (Junco oreganus). L. 6.2; W. 3. Ad. ♂, summer. Head, neck, throat and breast black sharply defined from the mahogany brown back, third outer tail-feather with little or no white; sides washed with pinkish brown. Ad. ♀, summer. Head and breast grayer, back paler. Ads. winter. Back deeper, the head and neck more or less tipped with brown, the breast with gray, these areas less sharply defined from the back and belly. 567a. Oregon Junco (Junco oreganus). L. 6.2; W. 3. Ad. ♂, summer. The head, neck, throat, and breast are black, clearly separated from the mahogany brown back; the third outer tail feather has little or no white; the sides have a pinkish brown wash. Ad. ♀, summer. The head and breast are grayer, and the back is lighter. Ads. winter. The back is darker, the head and neck have some brown tones, and the breast appears gray, with these areas not as distinctly separated from the back and belly. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from northern British Columbia to Alaska; winters south to California. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from northern British Columbia to Alaska; winters south to California. —Shufeldt Junco (J. o. shufeldti). Similar to No. 567a, but larger, W. 3.1, brown of back less intense. —Shufeldt Junco (J. o. shufeldti). Similar to No. 567a, but larger, W. 3.1, with a less intense brown on the back. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from Oregon north to British Columbia (and eastward in humid regions to Montana?); winters south to northern Mexico. Range.—Pacific coast; breeds from Oregon north to British Columbia (and eastward in humid regions to Montana?); winters south to northern Mexico. 567b. Coues Junco (J. o. connectens). Similar to shufeldti, but back paler, brownish gray, breast grayer, sides with less pinkish brown, head and breast still sharply defined from adjacent areas. 567b. Coues Junco (J. o. connectens). Similar to shufeldti, but has a lighter back that is brownish gray, a grayer breast, sides with less pinkish brown, and the head and breast are still clearly defined from the surrounding areas. Range.—Breeds in the interior of British Columbia and probably in arid districts southward (breeding areas not definitely known); winters southward doubtless to Mexican boundary. Range.—Breeds in the interior of British Columbia and likely in dry areas to the south (breeding sites not specifically identified); winters to the south, probably down to the Mexican border. Range.—Breeds in mountains from southern Oregon south to southern California; east to western Nevada. Range.—Breeds in the mountains from southern Oregon down to southern California; east to western Nevada. 567d. Point Pinos Junco (J. o. pinosus). Similar to No. 567c, but throat and breast slate-color. 567d. Point Pinos Junco (J. o. pinosus). Similar to No. 567c, but the throat and breast are slate-colored. Range.—Santa Cruz district of California; breeds from King Mountain, south at least to Point Sur, County; wanders eastward in winter into Santa Clara and San Benito Valleys. (Grinnell.) Range.—Santa Cruz district of California; breeds from King Mountain, south at least to Point Sur, County; wanders eastward in winter into Santa Clara and San Benito Valleys. (Grinnell.) |
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Range.—California, west of the Sierra; north to Oregon. Range.—California, west of the Sierra; north to Oregon. 733a. Gray Titmouse (B. i. griseus). Similar to No. 733, but above gray, below whitish gray, no buff on sides. 733a. Gray Titmouse (B. i. griseus). Similar to No. 733, but the top is gray, the bottom is whitish gray, with no buff on the sides. Range.—Southwestern United States: from southeastern California and Nevada to Colorado and New Mexico. Range.—Southwestern United States: from southeastern California and Nevada to Colorado and New Mexico. 733b. Ashy Titmouse (B. i. cineraceus). Similar to No. 733a, but underparts grayish white, not whitish gray. 733b. Ashy Titmouse (B. i. cineraceus). Similar to No. 733a, but the underparts are grayish white, not whitish gray. Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. Range.—Cape Region of Baja California. Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to Washington. Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to Washington. 743a. California Bush-Tit (P. m. californicus). Similar to No. 743, but crown much lighter, brighter brown, quite different from the brownish gray back; underparts paler. Notes. When feeding, a faint tsit, tsit, tsit, tsit, when moving about, tsit, tsit, tsit, sre-e-e-e; tsit, sre-e-e-e; when a bird is separated from its companions, same as last but uttered more hurriedly; alarm note, a greatly intensified tsit´´; tsit´´; tsit´´; tsit´: in presence of Hawk or Owl a shrill, quavering trill, sre-e-e-e-e-e. (Grinnell.) 743a. California Bush-Tit (P. m. californicus). Similar to No. 743, but the crown is a much lighter, brighter brown, which is quite different from the brownish-gray back; underparts are paler. Notes. When feeding, a faint tsit, tsit, tsit, tsit; when moving around, tsit, tsit, tsit, sre-e-e-e; tsit, sre-e-e-e; when a bird is separated from its companions, the same as last but said more quickly; alarm note, a much more intense tsit´´; tsit´´; tsit´´; tsit´: in the presence of a Hawk or Owl, a sharp, wavering trill, sre-e-e-e-e-e. (Grinnell.) Range.—California, except the north coast region. Range.—California, except for the northern coastal area. 743b. Grinda Bush-Tit (P. m. grindæ). Similar to No. 743, but back bluish ash-gray. (Ridgw.) 743b. Grinda Bush-Tit (P. m. grindæ). Similar to No. 743, but the back is a bluish ash-gray. (Ridgw.) Range.—Cape Region of Lower California. Range.—Cape Region of Baja California. Range.—Western United States from eastern Oregon and eastern California east to Wyoming, Colorado, and western Texas. Range.—Western United States from eastern Oregon and eastern California, extending east to Wyoming, Colorado, and western Texas. Range.—Santa Rita Mountains, southern Arizona. Range: Santa Rita Mountains, southern Arizona. 745. Lloyd Bush-Tit (Psaltriparus lloydi). L. 4.2. Ad. ♂. Sides of head shining black, crown blue-gray, back browner; chin blackish, underparts whitish, the belly and sides buffy. Ad. ♀. Sides of head brownish, ear-coverts bordered above by a narrow black line; no black on chin. Yng. Similar to ♀, but no black in head. 745. Lloyd Bush-Tit (Psaltriparus lloydi). L. 4.2. Adult ♂. The sides of the head are shiny black, the crown is blue-gray, the back is darker brown; the chin is blackish, and the underparts are white, with the belly and sides being buffy. Adult ♀. The sides of the head are brownish, and the ear-coverts have a narrow black line above; there’s no black on the chin. Young. Similar to ♀, but with no black on the head. Range.—"Mountains of western Texas, between the Pecos and Rio Grande Rivers" (Sennett), south into Mexico. Range.—"Mountains of western Texas, located between the Pecos and Rio Grande Rivers" (Sennett), extending south into Mexico. |
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Range.—Eastern United States; resident from the Gulf States north to northern New Jersey and southern Iowa; straying somewhat further north in summer after breeding. Range.—Eastern United States; found from the Gulf States north to northern New Jersey and southern Iowa; wandering a bit further north in summer after breeding. 731a. Texan Tufted Titmouse (B. b. texensis). Similar to No. 731, but forehead rusty, upperparts paler. 731a. Texan Tufted Titmouse (B. b. texensis). Similar to No. 731, but has a rusty forehead and lighter upperparts. Range.—Southeastern Texas. Range — Southeast Texas. 732. Black-crested Titmouse (Bæolophus atricristatus). L. 6.1. Ads. Head with a black crest; forehead white or tinged with rusty; back gray; below whitish, sides rusty. Notes. An abbreviation of the call of No. 731, pete-pete-pete-pete. (Bailey.) 732. Black-crested Titmouse (Bæolophus atricristatus). L. 6.1. Adults. Head with a black crest; forehead white or slightly rusty; back gray; underparts whitish, with rusty sides. Notes. A shortened version of the call of No. 731, pete-pete-pete-pete. (Bailey.) Range.—"From southeastern Texas west to El Paso, south to eastern Mexico." (Bailey.) Range.—"From southeastern Texas west to El Paso, and south to eastern Mexico." (Bailey.) 751. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila cærulea). L. 4.5; T. 2. Outer tail-feathers with white, white tip of next to outer one at least 1.00 long. Ad. ♂. Above bluish gray, forehead narrowly black; below grayish white. Ad. ♀. Similar, but lighter gray; no black on forehead. Notes. Call, a twanging ting; song, sweet and varied but of small volume. 751. Blue-gray Gnatcatcher (Polioptila cærulea). Length 4.5 inches; Tail 2 inches. Outer tail feathers have white, the white tip of the next outer feather is at least 1.00 inch long. Adult Male. Above is bluish gray, with a narrow black forehead; below is grayish white. Adult Female. Similar, but lighter gray; no black on the forehead. Notes. Call is a twanging ting; song is sweet and varied but has a small volume. Range.—Eastern United States, west to Colorado; breeds from the Gulf States north to southern New Jersey, and Ontario; wanders casually as far north as Maine and Minnesota; winters from the Gulf States southward. Range.—Eastern United States, west to Colorado; breeds from the Gulf States north to southern New Jersey and Ontario; occasionally travels as far north as Maine and Minnesota; winters from the Gulf States southward. 751a. Western Gnatcatcher (P. c. obscura). Similar to No.. 751, but slightly grayer above; white tip to next to outer tail-feather less than 1.00 long. 751a. Western Gnatcatcher (P. c. obscura). Similar to No. 751, but a bit grayer on top; the white tip on the next to outer tail-feather is less than 1.00 long. Range.—Western United States from western Texas west to California and Lower California. Range.—Western United States from western Texas to California and Baja California. 752. Plumbeous Gnatcatcher (Polioptila plumbea). L. 4.4. Outer web of outer tail-feather wholly white, inner web black except at tip. Ad. ♂. Crown shining black, back blue-gray; underparts grayish white. Ad. ♀ and Yng. ♂. Similar, but no black on head. Yng. ♀. Back and sides with a brownish wash. Notes. Call, a faint mew; song, "a harsh ditty of five notes, something like a Wren's song with notes like those of a Swallow." (Cooper.) 752. Plumbeous Gnatcatcher (Polioptila plumbea). L. 4.4. The outer web of the outer tail feather is entirely white, while the inner web is black except for the tip. Adult. ♂. The crown is shiny black, the back is blue-gray; the underparts are grayish white. Adult. ♀ and Young. ♂. Similar, but there’s no black on the head. Young ♀. The back and sides have a brownish tint. Notes. Call is a faint mew; song is "a harsh ditty of five notes, somewhat like a Wren's song with notes resembling those of a Swallow." (Cooper.) Range.—Mexican boundary region, from western Texas to southeastern California and Lower California. Range.—Mexican border area, from western Texas to southeastern California and Baja California. 753. Black-tailed Gnatcatcher (Polioptila californica). L. 4.5; T. 2.1. Similar to No. 752, but outer vane of outer tail-feather black margined with white; back darker, underparts much grayer, flanks brownish. 753. Black-tailed Gnatcatcher (Polioptila californica). L. 4.5; T. 2.1. Similar to No. 752, but the outer vane of the outer tail feather is black with white edges; the back is darker, the underparts are much grayer, and the flanks are brownish. Range.—Pacific coast region of southern California and northern Lower California. Range.—Pacific coast region of Southern California and northern Baja California. |
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734. Bridled Titmouse (Bæolophus wollweberi). L. 5.2. Ads. Head crested, black and gray; throat black; hind neck with a white band bounded by black; back olive-gray; below whitish. Notes. Chickadee-like but fainter. (Henshaw.) 734. Bridled Titmouse (Bæolophus wollweberi). L. 5.2. Ads. The head has a crest and is black and gray; the throat is black; the back of the neck has a white band bordered by black; the back is olive-gray; the underparts are whitish. Notes. Sounds similar to a chickadee but softer. (Henshaw.) Range.—Tableland of Mexico north to western Texas and southern Arizona. Range.—The tableland of Mexico, extending north to western Texas and southern Arizona. 738. Mountain Chickadee (Parus gambeli). L. 5.5. Ads. A white line over the eye and a black through it; back gray; belly whitish. Notes. A hoarse, dee-dee-dee, a two or three-noted phe-be whistle exactly like that of the Chickadee and an exceedingly sweet three-noted whistle of regular intervals, d, c, a. 738. Mountain Chickadee (Parus gambeli). L. 5.5. Adults. A white line above the eye and a black line through it; gray back; whitish belly. Notes. A hoarse, dee-dee-dee, a two or three-note phe-be whistle that sounds exactly like the Chickadee’s, and a very sweet three-note whistle with equal intervals, d, c, a. Range.—"Mountainous portions of the western United States from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada, north to British Columbia, Idaho, etc., and south to northern Lower California." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Mountainous areas of the western United States from the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains to the Sierra Nevada, extending north to British Columbia, Idaho, and south to northern Lower California." (A. O. U.) 740. Hudsonian Chickadee (Parus hudsonicus). L. 5.2; W. 2.6. Ads. Crown hair-brown, back a more yellow brown; sides of head and neck grayish white; throat black, belly white, sides rusty. Notes. Tscha-dee-dee-dee-dee; the dee-dee notes repeated with almost incessant volubility. (Brewer.) 740. Hudsonian Chickadee (Parus hudsonicus). L. 5.2; W. 2.6. Adults. Crown is hair-brown, back is a more yellowish-brown; sides of the head and neck are grayish-white; throat is black, belly is white, and sides are rusty. Notes. Tscha-dee-dee-dee-dee; the dee-dee notes are repeated with almost constant volume. (Brewer.) Range.—British America, from the west side of Hudson Bay northwestward to the Lower Yukon. Range.—British America, from the west side of Hudson Bay northwest to the Lower Yukon. 740a. Kowak Chickadee (P. h. stoneyi). Similar to No. 740, but larger, W. 2.7. above grayer, crown much paler. 740a. Kowak Chickadee (P. h. stoneyi). Similar to No. 740, but larger, W. 2.7. above grayer, crown much paler. Range.—Kowak River region, Alaska. Range: Kowak River area, Alaska. 740b. Columbian Chickadee (P. h. columbianus). Similar to No. 740, but grayer above, crown slaty-drab. 740b. Columbian Chickadee (P. h. columbianus). Similar to No. 740, but with a grayer appearance on top and a slaty-drab crown. Range.—Rocky Mountains from Montana northward; Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Range.—Rocky Mountains from Montana to the north; Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. —Canadian Chickadee (P. h. littoralis). Similar to No. 740, but smaller, W. 2.5, crown duller brown. —Canadian Chickadee (P. h. littoralis). Similar to No. 740, but smaller, weighing 2.5 ounces, with a duller brown crown. Range.—British America east and south of Hudson Bay; northern New York, northern New England, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia. Range.—British America east and south of Hudson Bay; northern New York, northern New England, New Brunswick, Nova Scotia. 739. Alaskan Chickadee (Parus cinctus alascensis). L. 5.2. Ads. Crown brown, back brighter; sides of head and neck pure white; throat blackish; belly whitish, sides buffy. 739. Alaskan Chickadee (Parus cinctus alascensis). L. 5.2. Ads. The crown is brown, the back is brighter; the sides of the head and neck are pure white; the throat is blackish; the belly is whitish, and the sides are buffy. Range.—"Northern Alaska and eastern Siberia." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Northern Alaska and eastern Siberia." (A. O. U.) Range.—Pacific coast from Oregon to southern Alaska. Range.—Pacific coast from Oregon to southern Alaska. 741a. California Chickadee (P. r. neglectus). Similar to No. 741, but with only a tinge of rusty on flanks. 741a. California Chickadee (P. r. neglectus). Similar to No. 741, but with just a hint of rusty color on the sides. Range.—"Coast of California from Monterey County northward." (A. O. U.) Range.—"Coast of California from Monterey County north." (A. O. U.) 741b. Barlow Chickadee (P. r. barlowi). Similar to No. 741a, but with no rusty on flanks. 741b. Barlow Chickadee (P. r. barlowi). Similar to No. 741a, but without any rust on the sides. Range.—Vicinity of Monterey, California. Range.—Near Monterey, California. |
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735. Black-capped Chickadee (Parus atricapillus). L. 5.2; T. 2.5. Ads. Cap and throat black; back gray with a brownish tinge; outer margins of wing-coverts grayish white; flanks, cream buff. Notes. Chickadee-dee, liquid gurgles and chuckling notes and a sweet, clearly whistled, phe-be or phe-be-e. 735. Black-capped Chickadee (Parus atricapillus). L. 5.2; T. 2.5. Adults. Cap and throat are black; back is gray with a brownish tint; outer edges of wing-coverts are grayish white; flanks are cream buff. Notes. Chickadee-dee, liquid gurgles and chuckling sounds, and a sweet, clearly whistled phe-be or phe-be-e. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from southern Illinois and Pennsylvania north to Labrador, and south along Alleghanies to North Carolina; migrates a short distance below its southern breeding limits. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from southern Illinois and Pennsylvania north to Labrador, and south along the Alleghenies to North Carolina; migrates a short distance below its southern breeding limits. 735a. Long-tailed Chickadee (P. a. septentrionalis). Similar to No. 735, but tail longer, 2.7, flanks paler, white edgings broader. 735a. Long-tailed Chickadee (P. a. septentrionalis). Similar to No. 735, but with a longer tail, 2.7, lighter flanks, and broader white edges. Range.—Rocky Mountain region north to British Columbia; east to Manitoba and the Plains. Range.—Rocky Mountain region, extending north to British Columbia; east to Manitoba and the Plains. 735b. Oregon Chickadee (P. a. occidentalis). Similar to No. 735, but much darker; flanks grayish. 735b. Oregon Chickadee (P. a. occidentalis). Similar to No. 735, but significantly darker; flanks are grayish. Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to Sitka. Range.—Pacific coast from Northern California to Sitka. 736. Carolina Chickadee (Parus carolinensis). Similar to No. 735, but smaller, L. 4.6; T. 2., the greater wing-coverts not margined with whitish. Notes. Whistle "tswee-dee, twsee-dee." 736. Carolina Chickadee (Parus carolinensis). Similar to No. 735, but smaller, Length 4.6; Tail 2, the greater wing-coverts not edged with white. Notes. Whistle "tswee-dee, twsee-dee." Range.—Southeastern United States north to middle New Jersey, and southern Illinois; resident from southern New Jersey southward. Range.—Southeastern United States up to central New Jersey and southern Illinois; found year-round from southern New Jersey southward. 736a. Plumbeous Chickadee (P. c. agilis). Similar to No. 736, but paler above, whiter below. 736a. Plumbeous Chickadee (P. c. agilis). Similar to No. 736, but lighter on top and whiter underneath. Range.—"Eastern and central Texas (Bee, Victoria, Cook, and Concho Counties, etc.") (A. O. U.) Range.—"Eastern and central Texas (Bee, Victoria, Cook, and Concho Counties, etc 737. Mexican Chickadee (Parus sclateri). Similar to No. 735, but sides broadly gray like back, black more extended. Notes. A rapid, vigorous double-noted whistle repeated three times, wholly unlike that of the Chickadee. 737. Mexican Chickadee (Parus sclateri). Similar to No. 735, but the sides are broadly gray like the back, and the black coloring is more pronounced. Notes. A quick, energetic double-note whistle repeated three times, completely different from the Chickadee's call. Range.—Mountainous portions of the Mexican tableland north to southern Arizona. Range.—Mountainous areas of the Mexican plateau extending north to southern Arizona. 630. Black-capped Vireo (Vireo atricapillus). L. 4.5. Ad. ♂. Crown and cheeks shining black; lores and eye-ring white; back olive-green; below white, sides tinged with greenish yellow; two whitish wing-bars. Ad. ♀. Similar, but black of head duller. Yng. "Top and sides of head dull grayish brown; lores, orbital ring and lower parts dull buffy white or pale buffy." (Ridgw.) Notes. "Of the general character of the White-eye or bellii type." (Bailey.) 630. Black-capped Vireo (Vireo atricapillus). L. 4.5. Adult. ♂. The crown and cheeks are shiny black; the lores and eye-ring are white; the back is olive-green; the underside is white, and the sides have a tinge of greenish yellow; there are two whitish wing-bars. Adult. ♀. Similar, but the black on the head is duller. Young. "The top and sides of the head are a dull grayish brown; the lores, orbital ring, and lower parts are a dull buffy white or pale buffy." (Ridgw.) Notes. "Of the general character of the White-eye or bellii type." (Bailey.) Range.—Breeds in central and western Texas; north to southern Kansas; winters in southern Mexico. Range.—Breeds in central and western Texas; north to southern Kansas; winters in southern Mexico. |
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727. White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis). L. 6. Ad. ♂. Crown and foreback bluish black; sides of head and neck grayish white; tertials with distinct black marks rounded at end. Ad. ♀. Similar but black of head and shoulders washed with gray. Notes. Call, a nasal yank-yank and conversational notes; song, a tenor, ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha, all on the same note. 727. White-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis). L. 6. Ad. ♂. The crown and upper back are bluish black; the sides of the head and neck are grayish white; the tertials have distinct black markings that are rounded at the ends. Ad. ♀. Similar, but the black on the head and shoulders has a grayish wash. Notes. The call is a nasal yank-yank and includes conversational notes; the song is a tenor, ha-ha-ha-ha-ha-ha, all at the same pitch. Range.—Eastern North America west to the Rocky Mountains, breeds from the Gulf States to Minnesota and New Brunswick; resident. Range.—Eastern North America, extending to the Rocky Mountains, breeds from the Gulf States to Minnesota and New Brunswick; resident. 727a. Slender-billed Nuthatch (S. c. aculeata). Similar to No. 727, but head usually greenish black; black of tertials less deep and one next to inner one usually pointed at end. 727a. Slender-billed Nuthatch (S. c. aculeata). Similar to No. 727, but the head is usually a greenish-black; the black of the tertials is less intense, and the one next to the inner one is usually pointed at the end. Range.—Western North America west of the Rockies: breeds from Lower California north to British Columbia; resident. Range.—Western North America west of the Rockies: breeds from Lower California north to British Columbia; resident. 727b. Florida White-breasted Nuthatch (S. c. atkinsi). Similar to No. 727, but somewhat smaller, wing-coverts and tertials not tipped with grayish; ♀ with head black as in ♂. 727b. Florida White-breasted Nuthatch (S. c. atkinsi). Similar to No. 727, but a bit smaller, wing coverts and tertials not tipped with gray; ♀ has a black head like the ♂. Range.—Florida and north along the coast to South Carolina. Range.—Florida and up the coast to South Carolina. 727c. Rocky Mountain Nuthatch (S. c. nelsoni). Similar to No. 727a, but larger, W. 3.7, with somewhat more white in tail and more rusty on flanks and lower belly. 727c. Rocky Mountain Nuthatch (S. c. nelsoni). Similar to No. 727a, but larger, wingspan 3.7, with a bit more white in the tail and more rusty coloring on the flanks and lower belly. Range.—Wooded mountains of northern Chihuahua and Sonora, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and northward. (Mearns.) Range.—Wooded mountains of northern Chihuahua and Sonora, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and to the north. (Mearns.) 727d. St. Lucas Nuthatch (S. c. lagunæ). Similar to No. 727a, but with the wings and tail shorter, the black tips of the outer tail-feathers more restricted; W. 3.2; T. 1.7. (Brewster.) 727d. St. Lucas Nuthatch (S. c. lagunæ). Similar to No. 727a, but with shorter wings and tail, and the black tips of the outer tail feathers are more limited; W. 3.2; T. 1.7. (Brewster.) Range.—Higher mountains south of La Paz, Lower California. (Brewster.) Range.—Higher mountains south of La Paz, Lower California. (Brewster.) 728. Red-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta canadensis). L. 4.6. Ad. ♂. A stripe through the eye and crown, black; line over eye white; underparts rusty. Ad. ♀. Similar, but crown gray like back, line through the eye blackish, paler below. Notes. A fine, thin, nasal, penny-trumpet like, drawled yna-yna. 728. Red-breasted Nuthatch (Sitta canadensis). L. 4.6. Ad. ♂. There's a black stripe through the eye and on the crown, with a white line above the eye; the underparts are rusty. Ad. ♀. Similar, but the crown is gray like the back, while the line through the eye is dark and lighter below. Notes. It has a nice, thin, nasal, penny-trumpet-like, drawn-out yna-yna. Range.—North America, breeding from the northern portions of the northern tier of States northward, and southward in the Alleghanies to Virginia, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and in the Sierra Nevada in California; winters irregularly southward to the Gulf States and Arizona. Range.—North America, breeding in the northern parts of the northern tier of states to the north, and south in the Alleghenies to Virginia, in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, and in the Sierra Nevada in California; winters irregularly south to the Gulf States and Arizona. 729. Brown-headed Nuthatch (Sitta pusilla). L. 4.3. Ads. Crown brown; a white patch on nape; back bluish gray; below grayish white, sometimes tinged with buff. Yng. Crown whitish. Notes. A conversational, twittering tnee-tnee. 729. Brown-headed Nuthatch (Sitta pusilla). L. 4.3. Adults. Brown crown; a white patch on the back of the neck; bluish-gray back; below grayish-white, sometimes tinged with buff. Young. Whitish crown. Notes. A chatty, twittering tnee-tnee. Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf States north to Delaware, accidentally to New York and casually to Missouri. Range.—South Atlantic and Gulf States north to Delaware, with occasional sightings in New York and casually in Missouri. Range.—Western North America, east to the Rocky Mountains; breeds from Mexico to British Columbia. Range.—Western North America, extending east to the Rocky Mountains; breeds from Mexico to British Columbia. |
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730a. White-naped Nuthatch (S. p. leuconucha). Similar to No. 730, but bill larger, crown grayer, back less bluish gray, nape patch more conspicuous, underparts white with scarcely more than a trace of buffy. (Ridgw.) 730a. White-naped Nuthatch (S. p. leuconucha). Similar to No. 730, but has a larger bill, a grayer crown, a back that's less bluish gray, a more noticeable nape patch, and white underparts with barely any hint of buffy. (Ridgw.) Range.—Lower California. Range: Lower California. 444. Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus). L. 8.5. Tail tipped with white. Ads. Above slaty, crown blacker with an orange patch. Yng. Similar, but no crown-patch. Notes. An unmusical, steely chatter. "A soft and very pleasing song," heard only in the early morning. (O. T. Miller.) 444. Kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus). L. 8.5. Tail tipped with white. Adults. Dark gray on top, crown darker with an orange patch. Young. Similar, but lacks the crown patch. Notes. An unmelodic, metallic chatter. "A soft and very pleasant song," heard only in the early morning. (O. T. Miller.) Range.—North America, breeds from Florida north to New Brunswick and Manitoba, and from eastern Texas northwest to Utah, Nevada, northeast California and western British Columbia; winters south of United States, to Central and South America. Range.—North America, breeds from Florida north to New Brunswick and Manitoba, and from eastern Texas northwest to Utah, Nevada, northeast California, and western British Columbia; winters south of the United States, in Central and South America. 445. Gray Kingbird (Tyrannus dominicensis). L. 9. Ads. No-white tip on tail; an orange crown-patch; under wing-coverts sulphur; ear-coverts black; above gray; below white. Notes. A loud, chattering, pitírri, pitírri. 445. Gray Kingbird (Tyrannus dominicensis). L. 9. Ads. No white tip on the tail; an orange crown patch; under wing coverts are yellow; ear coverts are black; upper body is gray; below is white. Notes. A loud, chattering sound, pitírri, pitírri. Range.—West Indies, breeding north through Florida along the coast to South Carolina; winters in Lesser Antilles, Mexico, and Central America. Range.—West Indies, breeding north through Florida along the coast to South Carolina; winters in the Lesser Antilles, Mexico, and Central America. 701. American Dipper; Water Ouzel (Cinclus mexicanus). L. 8. Ads. Slaty gray, head and neck browner. In winter more or less tipped with whitish. Notes. Song, remarkably sweet and lively, in modulation resembling somewhat that of Brown Thrasher, but less powerful though sweeter in effect. (Ridgway.) Call, a sharp, pebbly cack-cack-cack. 701. American Dipper; Water Ouzel (Cinclus mexicanus). L. 8. Ads. Slate gray, with a browner head and neck. In winter, it has some white tips. Notes. Its song is notably sweet and lively, somewhat similar in modulation to that of the Brown Thrasher, but less powerful, making it sweeter overall. (Ridgway.) The call is a sharp, pebbly cack-cack-cack. Range.—"The mountainous parts of central and western North America, from the Yukon Valley and Unalaska to Guatemala; east in the United States, to the eastern base of the Rocky mountains. Apparently resident throughout its range." (A. O. U.) Range.—"The mountainous areas of central and western North America, from the Yukon Valley and Unalaska to Guatemala; east in the United States, to the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains. It seems to be present throughout its range." (A. O. U.) 704. Catbird (Galeoscoptes carolinensis). L. 8.9. Ads. Slaty gray, cap and tail black, under tail-coverts reddish chestnut. Notes. Call, a whining, nasal tchay; song, rich, musical, and varied. 704. Catbird (Galeoscoptes carolinensis). L. 8.9. Ads. Slate gray, with a black cap and tail, and reddish chestnut under tail-coverts. Notes. Call sounds like a whining, nasal tchay; song is rich, musical, and varied. Range.—North America; west to British Columbia and rarely Pacific coast states; breeds from the Gulf States north to New Brunswick and the Saskatchewan; winters from Gulf States southward. Range.—North America; west to British Columbia and infrequently the Pacific coast states; breeds from the Gulf States north to New Brunswick and Saskatchewan; winters from the Gulf States southward. 754. Townsend Solitaire (Myadestes townsendii). L. 8.5. Ads. Brownish gray; eye-ring, tips of outer tail-feathers, a narrow wing-bar white; wing with a buff band showing in flight. Notes. Song, a rich, flowing, Grosbeak-like warbling, sung with great vigor and freedom and often for comparatively long periods. 754. Townsend Solitaire (Myadestes townsendii). L. 8.5. Ads. Brownish gray; eye-ring, tips of outer tail feathers, and a narrow wing bar are white; the wing has a buff band visible in flight. Notes. The song is a rich, flowing, Grosbeak-like warble, sung with great energy and freedom, often lasting for relatively long periods. Range.—"Western United States, from the Plains westward to the Pacific coast, north to British Columbia and south in winter to the southern border of Arizona and northern Lower California; breeds from the mountains of New Mexico, southern Arizona, and central California northward." Range.—"Western United States, from the Plains west to the Pacific coast, north to British Columbia and south in winter to the southern border of Arizona and northern Baja California; breeds from the mountains of New Mexico, southern Arizona, and central California northward." |
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621. Northern Shrike (Lanius borealis). L. 10.2. Lores grayish. Ads. Above bluish gray; tail black, outer feathers tipped with white; below white, usually with wavy bars. Yng. Above washed with brown; below more distinctly and more heavily barred Notes. Song, not unlike that of the Brown Thrasher but more disconnected, less loud. 621. Northern Shrike (Lanius borealis). Length 10.2 inches. Lores are grayish. Adult. Upper body is bluish gray; tail is black with white-tipped outer feathers; underneath is white, usually with wavy bars. Young. Upper body has a brown wash; underneath is more distinctly and heavily barred. Notes. The song is somewhat similar to that of the Brown Thrasher but is more disjointed and quieter. Range.—North America; breeds from Labrador to Alaska; winters south, irregularly, to Virginia, Kansas, Arizona, and California. Range.—North America; breeds from Labrador to Alaska; winters irregularly south to Virginia, Kansas, Arizona, and California. 622. Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus). 9. Lores black. Ads. Underparts white without bars; above bluish gray; rump and upper tail-coverts little if any paler; tail black, outer feathers tipped with white. Yng. Underparts, head, and rump more or less narrowly barred. Notes. Call, harsh and discordant; song, a series of guttural gurgles, squeaky whistles. 622. Loggerhead Shrike (Lanius ludovicianus). 9. The lores are black. Adults. Underparts are white without bars; the top is bluish-gray; the rump and upper tail-coverts are slightly or not at all paler; the tail is black, with the outer feathers tipped in white. Young. Underparts, head, and rump are somewhat narrowly barred. Notes. The call is harsh and discordant; the song is a series of guttural gurgles and squeaky whistles. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Florida to Virginia; In Mississippi Valley, northeast to western Pennsylvania, central and northern New York, Massachusetts, western New Hampshire, Maine, and British Columbia; migrates down Atlantic States, as well as Mississippi Valley, and winters in southern States. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds from Florida to Virginia; in the Mississippi Valley, northeast to western Pennsylvania, central and northern New York, Massachusetts, western New Hampshire, Maine, and British Columbia; migrates down the Atlantic States, as well as the Mississippi Valley, and winters in the southern States. 622a. White-rumped Shrike (L. l. excubitorides). Similar to No. 622, but paler above, rump and upper tail-coverts whiter; bill less deep. 622a. White-rumped Shrike (L. l. excubitorides). Similar to No. 622, but lighter on top, with a whiter rump and upper tail-coverts; bill is not as deep. Range.—"Western North America, from eastern border of the Plains to the Pacific, except coast of California, and from Manitoba and the Plains of the Saskatchewan south over tablelands of Mexico." Range.—"Western North America, from the eastern edge of the Plains to the Pacific, excluding the California coast, and from Manitoba and the Plains of Saskatchewan down to the tablelands of Mexico." 622b. California Shrike (L. l. gambeli). Similar to No. 622, but rump paler, breast usually with indistinct wavy bars and tinged with brownish. 622b. California Shrike (L. l. gambeli). Similar to No. 622, but has a lighter rump, and the breast typically features faint wavy stripes and a brownish tint. Range.—Pacific coast, from Lower California to British Columbia. Range.—Pacific coast, from Baja California to British Columbia. 622c. Island Shrike (L. l. anthonyi). Similar to No. 622b, but darker and smaller, W. 3.7. 622c. Island Shrike (L. l. anthonyi). Similar to No. 622b, but darker and smaller, W. 3.7. Range.—Santa Barbara Islands, California. Range—Santa Barbara Islands, CA. 703. Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos). L. 10.5. Ads. Above ashy gray; below soiled whitish; outer tail-feathers with white; wing-coverts narrowly tipped with white; primaries white basally. Notes. Call, a harsh, kissing note; song indescribable. 703. Mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos). L. 10.5. Ads. The upper side is ashy gray; the underside is dirty white; the outer tail feathers have white; the wing coverts are narrowly tipped with white; the primary feathers are white at the base. Notes. The call sounds like a harsh kissing noise; the song is beyond description. Range.—Southeastern United States and Bahamas, west to northeastern Texas; breeds north to southern New Jersey (rarely Massachusetts), and southern Illinois; winters from Virginia and lower Mississippi Valley southward. Range.—Southeastern United States and Bahamas, west to northeastern Texas; breeds north to southern New Jersey (rarely Massachusetts), and southern Illinois; winters from Virginia and the lower Mississippi Valley southward. 703a. Western Mockingbird (M. p. leucopterus). Similar to No. 703, but with a very slight brownish tinge below and white areas in wing averaging larger. 703a. Western Mockingbird (M. p. leucopterus). Similar to No. 703, but with a slight brownish hue underneath and larger white areas in the wings on average. Range.—Southwestern United States and northern Mexico from Indian Territory and eastern Texas west to California. Range.—Southwestern United States and northern Mexico, from Indian Territory and eastern Texas, extending west to California. 765. Wheatear (Saxicola œnanthe). L. 6; W. 3.7. Ad. ♂. Back gray, upper tail-coverts and base of tail white; below white more or less washed with buff. Ad. ♀. Browner above and below, no black through eye. Ads. in winter and Yng. Similar to ♀, but cinnamon brown above, cinnamon below. 765. Wheatear (Saxicola œnanthe). L. 6; W. 3.7. Adult Male. Gray back, white upper tail-coverts, and white base of tail; underparts white with some buff wash. Adult Female. Browner on the back and belly, no black line through the eye. Adults in winter and Young. Similar to female, but cinnamon brown above and cinnamon below. Range.—Asia; migrating in summer to Alaska. Range.—Asia; migrating in summer to Alaska. 765a. Greenland Wheatear (S. œ. leucorhoa). Similar to No. 765, but larger, W. 4. 765a. Greenland Wheatear (S. œ. leucorhoa). Similar to No. 765, but bigger, W. 4. Range.—Western Europe; breeds in Greenland and on adjoining mainland; rarely south to St. Lawrence; casually to Louisiana. Range.—Western Europe; breeds in Greenland and on the nearby mainland; occasionally found as far south as the St. Lawrence; sporadically in Louisiana. |
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573. Black-throated Sparrow (Amphispiza bilineata). L. 5.3. Ads. Throat, upper breast, and front of face black; a white stripe over eye and another at the side of the throat; above grayish brown unstreaked; outer web of outer tail-feather white, except at tip; at least half an inch of tip of inner web white. Notes. Song, simple but sweet, three ascending and three descending notes. 573. Black-throated Sparrow (Amphispiza bilineata). L. 5.3. Ads. The throat, upper chest, and front of the face are black; there’s a white stripe over the eye and another on the side of the throat; the upper body is grayish brown without streaks; the outer web of the outer tail feather is white, except for the tip; at least half an inch of the inner web tip is white. Notes. The song is simple yet sweet, consisting of three ascending and three descending notes. Range.—Middle and eastern Texas (except along coast?), north to Oklahoma and western Kansas; winters from central Texas south into northeastern Mexico. Range.—Central and eastern Texas (excluding the coast?), north to Oklahoma and western Kansas; winters from central Texas south into northeastern Mexico. 573a. Desert Sparrow (A. b. deserticola). Similar to No. 573, but above grayer, the white tip to outer tail-feather less than half an inch long. 573a. Desert Sparrow (A. b. deserticola). Similar to No. 573, but the upper body is grayer, and the white tip on the outer tail feather is less than half an inch long. Range.—Western United States and northern Mexico, from western Texas to southeastern California; breeds north to southern Colorado, and western Nevada; winters south into Mexico. Range.—Western United States and northern Mexico, from western Texas to southeastern California; breeds north to southern Colorado and western Nevada; winters south into Mexico. 602. Morellet Seed-eater (Sporophila morelleti). L. 4.6. Ad. ♂. Entire upperparts, cheeks, tail, wings and breast-band black; bases of wing-feathers, tips to coverts and underparts, except breast-band, whitish. Ad. ♀. Above grayish brown, below uniform buffy. Yng. ♂. Variously intermediate between Ad. ♂ and Ad. ♀. At least two years evidently required to reach mature plumage. 602. Morellet Seed-eater (Sporophila morelleti). L. 4.6. Adult ♂. The entire upper body, cheeks, tail, wings, and breast-band are black; the bases of the wing feathers, the tips to the coverts, and the underparts, except for the breast-band, are whitish. Adult ♀. The upperparts are grayish-brown, and the underparts are a uniform buff color. Young ♂. Shows a mix of characteristics between the adult male and adult female. It takes at least two years to reach full adult plumage. Range.—Eastern Mexico, north to southeastern Texas. Range.—Eastern Mexico, up to southeastern Texas. 636. Black and White Warbler (Mniotilta varia). L. 5.3. Ad. ♂. Above streaked black and white; throat black or white; belly white; sides streaked black and white. Ad. ♀. Less black; whiter below; throat always white. Notes. Song, a thin, wiry, see-see-see-see. 636. Black and White Warbler (Mniotilta varia). L. 5.3. Ad. ♂. The male has black and white streaks on its back; the throat can be black or white; the belly is white; and the sides are streaked black and white. Ad. ♀. The female has less black and is whiter below; the throat is always white. Notes. The song is a thin, wiry, see-see-see-see. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia, Louisiana, and northern Texas, north to Hudson Bay region; winters from Gulf States south to northern South America; accidental in California. Range.—Eastern North America; breeds from Virginia, Louisiana, and northern Texas, north to the Hudson Bay area; winters from the Gulf States down to northern South America; occasionally spotted in California. 661. Black-poll Warbler (Dendroica striata). L. 5.6. Ad. ♂. Crown black, cheeks white; back streaked, gray and black; below white streaked with black; wing-bars and tail-spots white. Ad. ♀. No black cap; above olive-green streaked with black. Yng. and Ad. in winter. Above olive-green lightly streaked with black; below yellowish white; breast obscurely streaked. Notes. Song, a slender, wiry tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree, rapidly uttered. (Langille.) 661. Black-poll Warbler (Dendroica striata). L. 5.6. Adult. ♂. Black crown, white cheeks; back streaked with gray and black; below white streaked with black; white wing bars and tail spots. Adult. ♀. No black cap; above olive-green streaked with black. Young and Adult in winter. Above olive-green lightly streaked with black; below yellowish white; breast subtly streaked. Notes. Song, a thin, wiry tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree-tree, said quickly. (Langille.) Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from northern New England, northern New York, northern Michigan, and Colorado, north to Labrador and Alaska; winters in West Indies and northern South America. Range.—Eastern North America, west to the Rockies; breeds from northern New England, northern New York, northern Michigan, and Colorado, north to Labrador and Alaska; winters in the West Indies and northern South America. 665. Black-throated Gray Warbler (Dendroica nigrescens). L. 5. Ad. ♂. Crown, cheeks and throat black, a white stripe at sides of throat, a yellow line before eye; back gray streaked with black; wing-bars and tail-patches white. Ad. ♀. Similar, but crown not always wholly black. Yng. Above washed with brownish, black areas tipped with white. Notes. Song, zee-ee-zee-ee, ze, ze, ze, with the quality of the song of Dendroica virens or D. cærulescens. 665. Black-throated Gray Warbler (Dendroica nigrescens). L. 5. Ad. ♂. The crown, cheeks, and throat are black, with a white stripe on the sides of the throat and a yellow line in front of the eye; the back is gray with black streaks; the wing-bars and tail-patches are white. Ad. ♀. Similar, but the crown isn't always completely black. Yng. The upper parts have a brownish wash, with black areas tipped in white. Notes. The song sounds like zee-ee-zee-ee, ze, ze, ze, resembling the song of Dendroica virens or D. cærulescens. Range.—Western United States; breeds in mountains from Arizona and northern Lower California, north to Colorado and Vancouver Island; winters in Mexico. Range.—Western United States; breeds in the mountains from Arizona and northern Lower California, north to Colorado and Vancouver Island; winters in Mexico. |
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Range.—North America, except Pacific coast; breeds north to Newfoundland and the Saskatchewan; winters in tropics. Range.—North America, excluding the Pacific coast; breeds from Newfoundland to Saskatchewan; winters in the tropics. 611a. Western Martin (P. s. hesperia). ♂ similar to ♂ of No. 611; ♀ belly whiter; forehead grayish. 611a. Western Martin (P. s. hesperia). ♂ looks similar to ♂ of No. 611; ♀ has a whiter belly; forehead is grayish. Range.—Pacific coast from northern Lower California to Washington (and British Columbia?); winters in tropics. Range.—Pacific coast from northern Lower California to Washington (and British Columbia?); winters in tropical areas. 611.1. Cuban Martin (Progne cryptoleuca). W. 5.50. Ad. ♂. With feathers of ventral region basally marked with white. Ad. ♀ and Yng. ♂. With breast and flanks sooty grayish brown, belly pure white. 611.1. Cuban Martin (Progne cryptoleuca). W. 5.50. Ad. ♂. The feathers on the underside have white markings at the base. Ad. ♀ and Yng ♂. The breast and sides are a sooty grayish-brown, and the belly is pure white. Range.—Cuba, north in spring to southern Florida. Range.—Cuba, heading north in spring to southern Florida. 612. Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon lunifrons). L. 5.5. Ads. Throat chestnut, forehead and rump cinnamon-buff; nape gray; crown and back glossy blue-black, the back streaked with white. Yng. Throat dusky, often mixed with chestnut; back blackish brown; rump cinnamon-buff, forehead usually with same. 612. Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon lunifrons). L. 5.5. Ads. Throat is chestnut, forehead and rump are cinnamon-buff; nape is gray; crown and back are glossy blue-black, with the back streaked with white. Yng. Throat is dusky, often mixed with chestnut; back is blackish brown; rump is cinnamon-buff, and forehead usually matches that. Range.—"North America, north to the limit of trees, breeding south to the valleys of the Potomac and Ohio, southern Texas, southern Arizona, and California; Central and South America in winter; not recorded from Florida or West Indies." (A. O. U.) Range.—"North America, up to the tree line, breeding south to the valleys of the Potomac and Ohio, southern Texas, southern Arizona, and California; Central and South America in winter; not documented in Florida or the West Indies." (A. O. U.) 612.2. Mexican Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon melanogastra). Similar to No. 612, but smaller, W. 4.1, forehead deeper, usually chestnut, like throat, rump darker, more rusty. 612.2. Mexican Cliff Swallow (Petrochelidon melanogastra). Similar to No. 612, but smaller, W. 4.1, forehead deeper, usually chestnut, like the throat, and the rump is darker and more rusty. Range.—Mexico, north to southern Arizona. Range: Mexico, north to southern Arizona. 613. Barn Swallow (Hirundo erythrogastra). L. ♂, 7.5; ♀, 6.5. Tail deeply forked. Ad. ♂. Above glossy blue-black, forehead chestnut; throat and upper breast chestnut, belly paler. Ad. ♀. Forehead, and underparts paler; tail less deeply forked. Notes. Song, a sweet, twittering, warbling song. (The notes of all our Swallows, while simple, are diagnostic but difficult of description.) 613. Barn Swallow (Hirundo erythrogastra). L. ♂, 7.5; ♀, 6.5. Tail is deeply forked. Ad. ♂. The top side is shiny blue-black, with a chestnut-colored forehead; throat and upper breast are chestnut, and the belly is lighter. Ad. ♀. Forehead and underparts are lighter; tail is less deeply forked. Notes. The song is a sweet, twittering, warbling sound. (The notes of all our Swallows are simple, distinctive, but hard to describe.) Range.—North America, north to Greenland and Alaska; breeds through most of range; winters south to southern Brazil. Range.—North America, up to Greenland and Alaska; breeds across most of its range; winters in southern Brazil. 614. Tree Swallow (Iridoprocne bicolor). L. 6. Ads. Above steel-blue or steel-green; below white. Yng. Sooty gray above; white below. 614. Tree Swallow (Iridoprocne bicolor). L. 6. Ads. Top is steel-blue or steel-green; bottom is white. Yng. Dark gray on top; white underneath. Range.—North America; breeds locally from Lat. 41° on Atlantic coast and Lat. 38° on Pacific coast north to Labrador and Alaska; winters from South Carolina and southern California to the tropics. Range.—North America; breeds locally from Lat. 41° on the Atlantic coast and Lat. 38° on the Pacific coast north to Labrador and Alaska; winters from South Carolina and southern California to the tropics. 615. Northern Violet-Green Swallow (Tachycineta thalassina lepida). L. 5.2; W. 4.5. Ad. ♂. Above bronze-green; upper tail-coverts greener; an indistinct nape-ring; mark above eye, cheeks and underparts white; flank-patches white, often showing from above. Ad. ♀. Much duller, the head browner, Yng. Above brownish sooty with a greenish tinge; a whitish mark above and behind eye; below white. 615. Northern Violet-Green Swallow (Tachycineta thalassina lepida). L. 5.2; W. 4.5. Ad. ♂. The male has a bronze-green back; the upper tail feathers are greener; there's a faint nape ring; a mark above the eye, with white cheeks and underparts; flank patches are white and often visible from above. Ad. ♀. The female is much duller, with a browner head. Yng. Young birds are brownish-sooty with a greenish hue; there's a whitish mark above and behind the eye; underneath, they are white. Range.—Western United States, from eastern base of Rockies to Pacific; breeds from Mexico north to British Columbia; winters in Mexico and Central America. Range.—Western United States, from the eastern base of the Rockies to the Pacific; breeds from Mexico north to British Columbia; winters in Mexico and Central America. |
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615a. St. Lucas Swallow (T. t. brachyptera). Similar to No. 615, but wing shorter, ♂, 4.1, ♀, 4. (Brewster.) 615a. St. Lucas Swallow (T. t. brachyptera). Similar to No. 615, but with shorter wings, ♂, 4.1, ♀, 4. (Brewster.) Range.—Lower California. Range: Baja California. Range.—Mexico, except Yucatan and Pacific coast from Colima northward, north into Texas, New Mexico, and southeastern Arizona. Range.—Mexico, excluding Yucatan and the Pacific coast from Colima northward, extending north into Texas, New Mexico, and southeastern Arizona. 458a. Western Black Phœbe (S. n. semiatra). Similar to No. 458, but under tail-coverts white without dusky streaks. 458a. Western Black Phoebe (S. n. semiatra). Similar to No. 458, but the underside of the tail feathers is white without dark streaks. Range—Pacific coast of Mexico and United States, from Colima to Oregon, including most of Arizona. (Nelson.) Range: Pacific coast of Mexico and the United States, from Colima to Oregon, covering most of Arizona. (Nelson.) 494. Bobolink; Reed bird (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). Ad. ♂, summer. Black; nape buffy, lower back, scapulars and upper tail-coverts white. Ad. ♀. Above yellowish brown streaked with buff, and black. below yellowish white, sides streaked with black. Winter plumage, Ads and Yng. Like ♀ but yellower. Notes. Song, an irrepressible bubbling outburst of "mad music" often given on the wing; calls, a blackbird-like chuck and a metallic, far carrying, chink. 494. Bobolink; Reed bird (Dolichonyx oryzivorus). Adult ♂, summer. Black; the nape is light brown, and the lower back, scapulars, and upper tail-coverts are white. Adult ♀. Above, yellowish-brown streaked with light brown and black; below, yellowish-white, with sides streaked with black. Winter plumage, Adults and Young. Similar to ♀ but with more yellow. Notes. The song is an unstoppable burst of "crazy music," often sung in flight; calls include a blackbird-like chuck and a sharp, metallic chink that carries far. Range.—Eastern North America, west to Utah; breeds from northern New Jersey, Illinois and Kansas, north to Nova Scotia, Manitoba, and Montana; migrates south through Florida and West Indies, and winters south of Amazon. Range.—Eastern North America, west to Utah; breeds from northern New Jersey, Illinois, and Kansas north to Nova Scotia, Manitoba, and Montana; migrates south through Florida and the West Indies, and winters south of the Amazon. 534. Snowflake (Passerina nivalis). L. 6.9. Hind toe-nail twice as long as shortest toe-nail. Ad. ♂, summer. Head, rump, secondaries, outer tail-feathers and below white; rest of plumage largely black. Ad. ♀, summer. Similar, but crown blackish, back edged with rusty or grayish. Winter. Above rusty and black, below white, breast tinged with rusty. Notes. Calls, a clearly piped whistle, and a peculiar chirr, often uttered when taking wing; song, short, simple, but rather sweet. (Minot.) 534. Snowflake (Passerina nivalis). L. 6.9. The hind toe nail is twice as long as the shortest toe nail. Adult ♂, summer. The head, rump, secondaries, outer tail-feathers, and underside are white; the rest of the plumage is mostly black. Adult ♀, summer. Similar, but the crown is blackish, and the back is edged with rusty or grayish. Winter. The above is rusty and black, the below is white, with the breast tinged with rusty. Notes. Calls include a clear, piped whistle and a unique chirr, often made when taking flight; the song is short, simple, but quite sweet. (Minot.) Range.—Breeds in northern parts of northern hemisphere; in winter south to northern states; irregularly to Georgia, southern Indiana, Kansas, Colorado, and eastern Oregon. Range.—Breeds in the northern areas of the northern hemisphere; in winter travels south to the northern states; occasionally to Georgia, southern Indiana, Kansas, Colorado, and eastern Oregon. 534a. Pribilof Snowflake (P. n. townsendi). Similar to No. 534, but larger, with relatively longer bill; ♂, W. 4.7; B. .5. (Ridgw.). 534a. Pribilof Snowflake (P. n. townsendi). Similar to No. 534, but larger, with a relatively longer bill; ♂, W. 4.7; B. .5. (Ridgw.). Range.—Aleutian and Commander Islands, Pribilof Islands, Shumagin Islands. (Ridgw.). Range.—Aleutian and Commander Islands, Pribilof Islands, Shumagin Islands. (Ridgw.). Range.—Breeds on Hall and St. Mathews Islands, Bering Sea; in winter west coast of Alaska. Range.—Breeds on Hall and St. Mathews Islands in the Bering Sea; in winter along the west coast of Alaska. |
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605. Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys). L. 7.2. Ad. ♂. Black, patch in wing white, outer tail-feathers tipped, tertials margined with white. Ad. ♀. Above grayish brown streaked with blackish; below white conspicuously streaked with black; all but central tail-feathers with white tips; broad wing-bars buff. Yng. ♂. Variously intermediate between Ad. ♂ and ♀. (See page 251). 605. Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys). L. 7.2. Adult ♂. Black with a white patch in the wing; outer tail feathers are tipped; tertials have white edges. Adult ♀. Above, it’s grayish brown streaked with black; below, it’s white with noticeable black streaks; all but the central tail feathers have white tips; broad wing bars are buff. Young ♂. Varies between the adult ♂ and ♀. (See page 251). Range.—Western United States, chiefly east of Rockies; breeds from western Kansas and eastern Colorado, north to western Minnesota and Assiniboia; winters in Mexico; irregular west in migrations to Idaho and southern California. Range.—Western United States, mainly east of the Rockies; breeds from western Kansas and eastern Colorado, north to western Minnesota and Assiniboia; winters in Mexico; migrates irregularly west to Idaho and southern California. 484. Canada Jay; Whiskey Jack (Perisoreus canadensis). L. 11.5. Ads. Black of hindhead reaching to back of eye; back, wings, and tail gray, belly lighter, throat white; forehead buffy white. Notes. ca-ca-ca and a number of peculiar sounds impossible to reproduce on paper. (Bendire.) 484. Canada Jay; Whiskey Jack (Perisoreus canadensis). L. 11.5. Ads. The back of the head is black, extending to the back of the eye; back, wings, and tail are gray, belly is lighter, and throat is white; forehead is a buffy white. Notes. ca-ca-ca and several unique sounds that can't be captured in writing. (Bendire.) Range.—Eastern North America; Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, northern New England, northern New York, northern Michigan; northern Minnesota, north to Newfoundland and Hudson Bay region, west to the Rockies in Alberta. Range.—Eastern North America; Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, northern New England, northern New York, northern Michigan; northern Minnesota, north to Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay area, west to the Rockies in Alberta. 484a. Rocky Mountain Jay (P. c. capitalis). Similar to No. 484, but head white, black of hindhead grayer and not reaching to eye. 484a. Rocky Mountain Jay (P. c. capitalis). Similar to No. 484, but the head is white, the black on the hindhead is grayer and does not extend to the eye. Range.—Rocky Mountain region from New Mexico and Arizona north to Montana and Idaho. Range.—Rocky Mountain region from New Mexico and Arizona north to Montana and Idaho. 484b. Alaskan Jay (P. c. fumifrons). Very near to No. 484, but forehead averaging more yellowish. 484b. Alaskan Jay (P. c. fumifrons). Very close to No. 484, but the forehead tends to be more yellowish. Range.—Alaska; interior and west to Cook Inlet, north of southern coast region. Range.—Alaska; from the interior and west to Cook Inlet, north of the southern coastal area. 484c. Labrador Jay (P. c. nigricapillus). Similar to No. 484, but black of hindhead deeper and reaching forward as a well defined ring around the eye; below browner. 484c. Labrador Jay (P. c. nigricapillus). Similar to No. 484, but the black on the back of the head is darker and forms a distinct ring around the eye; below, it’s a browner color. Range.—Labrador. Range: Labrador. 485. Oregon Jay (Perisoreus obscurus). Similar to No. 484, but back feathers with light shaft streaks, forehead less white, underparts nearly uniform white. 485. Oregon Jay (Perisoreus obscurus). Similar to No. 484, but the back feathers have light shaft streaks, the forehead is less white, and the underparts are almost uniformly white. Range.—Pacific coast from northern California to southern British Columbia. Range.—Pacific coast from Northern California to Southern British Columbia. 485a. Gray Jay (P. o. griseus). Similar to No. 485, but larger and grayer; back, etc., deep mouse gray, instead of brown; below grayish white instead of brownish white. (Ridgw.) 485a. Gray Jay (P. o. griseus). Similar to No. 485, but larger and grayer; back, etc., a deep mouse gray instead of brown; below a grayish white instead of a brownish white. (Ridgw.) Range.—British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and northern California, east of Coast and Cascade Ranges. (Ridgw.) Range.—British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and northern California, east of the Coast and Cascade Ranges. (Ridgw.) Range.—Mountains of western North America, from northern Lower California, Arizona and New Mexico, north to northern Alaska: casually east to Mississippi Valley. Range.—Mountains of western North America, from northern Lower California, Arizona, and New Mexico, north to northern Alaska; casually extending east to the Mississippi Valley. |
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Range.—Western North America, east to the Plains, west to Cascade and Sierra Ranges; breeds from northern New Mexico and northern Arizona north to Alaska strays farther east in winter. Range.—Western North America, extending east to the Plains and west to the Cascade and Sierra Ranges; breeds from northern New Mexico and northern Arizona north to Alaska, occasionally wandering farther east in winter. 476. Yellow-billed Magpie (Pica nuttalli). Similar to No. 475, but bill and eye-space yellow; smaller, L. 18. Notes. A harsh, rasping, cac-cac-cac; and a low, rich whistle, audible only at a short distance. 476. Yellow-billed Magpie (Pica nuttalli). Similar to No. 475, but with a yellow bill and eye area; smaller, about 18 inches long. Notes. A harsh, rasping sound, cac-cac-cac; and a low, rich whistle that can only be heard up close. Range.—California, west of Sierra Nevada, "north to Red Bluff and south to Santa Paula." (Grinnell.) Range.—California, west of the Sierra Nevada, "north to Red Bluff and south to Santa Paula." (Grinnell.) 493. Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). L. 8.5; T. 2.5. Ad. summer, Metallic green and purple spotted above with buffy; bill yellow. Ad. winter. Similar, but above heavily spotted with brownish buff; below heavily spotted with white; bill blackish. Notes. A long-drawn, two-noted whistle, the second lower; and a chattering, metallic call when in flocks. 493. Starling (Sturnus vulgaris). Length 8.5; Tail 2.5. Adult in summer: Metallic green and purple with buffy spots on top; bill is yellow. Adult in winter: Similar, but the top is heavily spotted with brownish buff; the underside is heavily spotted with white; bill is blackish. Notes: A long, two-note whistle, with the second note lower; also produces a chattering, metallic call when in flocks. Range.—Europe and northern Asia; accidental in Greenland; introduced into New York City in 1890; now common, extending east to New Haven, Connecticut, north to Ossining, New York, south to Staten Island and Plainfield, New Jersey. Range.—Europe and northern Asia; occasionally found in Greenland; introduced into New York City in 1890; now common, spreading east to New Haven, Connecticut, north to Ossining, New York, and south to Staten Island and Plainfield, New Jersey. 495. Cowbird (Molothrus ater). L. 7.9; W. 4.2. Ad. ♂. Head and neck coffee-brown, body greenish black. Ad. ♀. Brownish gray, throat lighter. Yng. Like ♀. Notes. A metallic twitter, and by the male, a long-drawn, glassy kluck-tse-e-e; and watery gurgling notes uttered with spread wings and tail. 495. Cowbird (Molothrus ater). L. 7.9; W. 4.2. Ad. ♂. The head and neck are coffee-brown, while the body is greenish-black. Ad. ♀. Brownish gray, with a lighter throat. Yng. Similar to ♀. Notes. It produces a metallic twitter, and the male has a long, clear kluck-tse-e-e; along with watery gurgling sounds made with spread wings and tail. Range.—United States: rare west of Rockies; breeds from Florida and Texas north to New Brunswick and Little Slave Lake; west to eastern Oregon, Nevada, and southeastern California; winters from southern New Jersey, southern Illinois, Indian Territory, northern Texas, and southeastern California, southward. Range.—United States: rarely found west of the Rockies; breeds from Florida and Texas north to New Brunswick and Little Slave Lake; west to eastern Oregon, Nevada, and southeastern California; winters from southern New Jersey, southern Illinois, Indian Territory, northern Texas, and southeastern California, moving southward. 495a. Dwarf Cowbird (M. a. obscurus). Similar to No. 495, but smaller, L. 7.5; W. 4. 495a. Dwarf Cowbird (M. a. obscurus). Similar to No. 495, but smaller, Length 7.5; Width 4. Range.—Southwestern United States; from Gulf Coast of Texas west along Mexican boundary to Arizona and Lower California; winters south of United States. Range.—Southwestern United States; from the Gulf Coast of Texas west along the Mexican border to Arizona and Baja California; winters south of the United States. 496. Red-eyed Cowbird (Callothrus robustus). L. 9. Ad. ♂. Velvety bronze-black; wings and tail shining blue-black. Ad. ♀. Dull black, wings and tail with slight greenish reflections. 496. Red-eyed Cowbird (Callothrus robustus). L. 9. Ad. ♂. Soft velvet bronze-black; wings and tail shining blue-black. Ad. ♀. Dull black, wings and tail with a hint of greenish reflections. Range.—Southern and eastern Mexico north, in spring, to Lower Rio Grande, Texas. Range.—Southern and eastern Mexico north, in spring, to Lower Rio Grande, Texas. 620. Phainopepla (Phainopepla nitens). L. 7.5. Crested. Ad. ♂. Shining black; inner vanes of primaries largely white, showing in flight. Ad. ♀. Dark gray, tail blacker, wing-coverts and quills narrowly margined with whitish. Yng. Like ♀. Notes. Calls, commonest, like call of young Robin; male has also a scold, a Meadowlark-like note and a harsh ca-rack or ca-racack; song, a jumble of flute-like tones and weak, squeaky notes. (Bailey.) 620. Phainopepla (Phainopepla nitens). L. 7.5. Crested. Adult. ♂. Shiny black; inner vanes of primaries mostly white, visible in flight. Adult. ♀. Dark gray, tail darker, wing-coverts and quills with narrow white edges. Young. Similar to ♀. Notes. Calls are most common, like a young Robin; the male also has a scold, a note similar to that of a Meadowlark, and a harsh ca-rack or ca-racack; song is a mix of flute-like tones and weak, squeaky notes. (Bailey.) Range.—Mexico north to western Texas, southern Utah and southern California; winters from Mexican border southward. Range.—From Mexico to western Texas, southern Utah, and southern California; winters from the Mexican border southward. |
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509. Rusty Blackbird (Scolecophagus carolinus). L. 9.5. Ad. ♂. Nearly uniform greenish black, sometimes with rusty edgings. Ad. ♀. Slaty gray, generally with some rusty edgings. Winter plumage of both sexes similar to summer but widely tipped with rusty above and yellowish rusty below. Notes. More musical than those of other Blackbirds; calls, tcback or turalee repeated several times. (Bendire.) 509. Rusty Blackbird (Scolecophagus carolinus). L. 9.5. Ad. ♂. Almost solid greenish black, sometimes with rusty markings. Ad. ♀. Slate gray, typically with some rusty markings. Winter feathers for both sexes are similar to summer but have more rust tipping on top and a yellowish rusty color underneath. Notes. More musical than other Blackbirds; calls include tcback or turalee, repeated multiple times. (Bendire.) Range.—Eastern North America west to the Plains; breeds from New Brunswick, northern New England, northern New York, and Manitoba, north to Labrador and Alaska; winters from Virginia, southern Illinois, and Kansas, southward. Range.—Eastern North America, extending west to the Plains; breeds from New Brunswick, northern New England, northern New York, and Manitoba, north to Labrador and Alaska; winters from Virginia, southern Illinois, and Kansas, southward. 510. Brewer Blackbird (Scolecophagus cyanocephalus). L. 10. Ad. ♂. Whole head violet-purple, rest of plumage bright greenish black. Ad. ♀. Grayish brown, throat paler, wings and tail greenish black, no rusty. Winter plumage with light grayish brown edgings to the feathers of the anterior part of the body. Notes. Chack and a loud, shrill whistle. (Bailey.) 510. Brewer Blackbird (Scolecophagus cyanocephalus). L. 10. Ad. ♂. The whole head is violet-purple, while the rest of the plumage is bright greenish black. Ad. ♀. Grayish brown, with a paler throat, greenish black wings and tail, and no rusty coloration. The winter plumage features light grayish brown edges on the feathers of the front part of the body. Notes. Makes a sound like Chack and a loud, shrill whistle. (Bailey.) Range.—Western North America from the Plains to the Pacific; breeds from Texas and northern Lower California north to the Saskatchewan and British Columbia; winters in the southern parts of its range; casually east to Mississippi River states. Range.—Western North America from the Plains to the Pacific; breeds from Texas and northern Lower California north to Saskatchewan and British Columbia; winters in the southern parts of its range; occasionally found east to the Mississippi River states. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds in lower Mississippi Valley and east of Alleghanies, from Georgia to Massachusetts; winters from Virginia southward through its breeding range. Range.—Eastern United States; breeds in the lower Mississippi Valley and east of the Alleghenies, from Georgia to Massachusetts; winters from Virginia south through its breeding range. 511a. Florida Grackle (Q. q. aglæus). Similar to 511, but slightly smaller, head always violet purple; back always bottle-green, with iridescent bars. 511a. Florida Grackle (Q. q. aglæus). Similar to 511, but a bit smaller; head is always a violet purple; back is always bottle-green, featuring iridescent bars. Range.—Florida, north on the Atlantic coast to Virginia, west on the Gulf Coast to Texas. Range.—Florida, north along the Atlantic coast to Virginia, west along the Gulf Coast to Texas. 511b. Bronzed Grackle (Q. q. æneus). Head as in No. 511, back and belly bronze, the feathers wholly without iridescent bars. 511b. Bronzed Grackle (Q. q. æneus). The head is like in No. 511, with a bronze back and belly, and the feathers completely lack iridescent bars. Range.—Eastern United States west to the Rockies; breeds from southern Texas to Great Slave Lake, east to Alleghanies, and, in New York, east and northeast to Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Labrador; winters chiefly in lower Mississippi valley; migrates in part east of the Alleghanies. Range.—Eastern United States to the Rockies; breeds from southern Texas to Great Slave Lake, east to the Appalachians, and, in New York, east and northeast to Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Labrador; winters mainly in the lower Mississippi valley; migrates partially east of the Appalachians. 513. Boat-tailed Grackle (Megaquiscalus major). L. ♂, 16; W. 7.5; T. 7. Ad. ♂. Head and neck glossy purple; back and belly glossy greenish blue. Ad. ♀. Much smaller, T. 5.2; above blackish brown; below soiled rusty buff. Notes. Tchack, a variety of hoarse, rather forced whistles and a gurgling roll as of a Coot pattering over the water. 513. Boat-tailed Grackle (Megaquiscalus major). L. ♂, 16; W. 7.5; T. 7. Ad. ♂. The head and neck are glossy purple; the back and belly are glossy greenish-blue. Ad. ♀. Much smaller, T. 5.2; the upper part is blackish-brown; the lower part is a soiled rusty buff. Notes. Tchack, a mix of hoarse, somewhat forced whistles and a gurgling roll like a Coot splashing over the water. Range.—Florida, north along the coast to Virginia; west along coast to Texas. Range.—Florida, north along the coast to Virginia; west along the coast to Texas. 513a. Great-tailed Grackle (M. m. macrourus). Similar to No. 513, but larger, ♂, L. 18; T. 9. Foreback and breast, as well as head and neck, purple, only rump and lower belly greenish blue; ♀ blacker both above and below than ♂ of 513. Notes. Tchack, and a greater variety of squeaky calls and hoarse whistles than are uttered by No. 513. 513a. Great-tailed Grackle (M. m. macrourus). Similar to No. 513, but larger, male, length 18; tail 9. The back and breast, along with the head and neck, are purple, while the rump and lower belly are a greenish blue; female is darker both above and below than the male of 513. Notes. Tchack, and a wider range of squeaky calls and hoarse whistles than those made by No. 513. Range.—Eastern Texas and south into Mexico. Range.—Eastern Texas and south into Mexico. |
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486. American Raven (Corvus corax sinuatus). L. 24; W. 16; B. 2.7. Ads. Resembling No. 488, in color but glossier below and with the feathers of throat narrow and lengthened; nape feathers gray at base. Notes. A hoarse, croaking, craack-craack, sometimes a deep, grunting koeer-koeer; a clucking, and a metallic klunk. (Bendire.) 486. American Raven (Corvus corax sinuatus). L. 24; W. 16; B. 2.7. Ads. Similar to No. 488, in color but with a shinier underside and throat feathers that are narrow and elongated; nape feathers are gray at the base. Notes. Produces a hoarse, croaking sound like craack-craack, sometimes a deep, grunting koeer-koeer; also has a clucking sound and a metallic klunk. (Bendire.) Range.—Western North America, from Guatemala north to British Columbia; east to the Rockies, west to Pacific. Range.—Western North America, from Guatemala north to British Columbia; east to the Rockies, west to the Pacific. 486a. Northern Raven (C. c. principalis). Similar to No. 486, but larger, L. 25; W. 17; B. 3. 486a. Northern Raven (C. c. principalis). Similar to No. 486, but larger, Length 25; Width 17; Bill 3. Range.—Eastern North America, from mountains of northern Georgia and coast of Maine, north to Greenland; west to the Rocky Mountains. Range.—Eastern North America, from the mountains of northern Georgia and the coast of Maine, north to Greenland; west to the Rocky Mountains. 487. White-necked Raven (Corvus cryptoleucus). L. 18.5. Ads. Blue-black; feathers of throat narrow and lengthened and with feathers of neck all around, white at the base. Notes. Kwank-kwank, less loud and penetrating than those of No. 486. (Bendire.) 487. White-necked Raven (Corvus cryptoleucus). L. 18.5. Ads. Blue-black; the throat feathers are narrow and elongated, with all the neck feathers being white at the base. Notes. Kwank-kwank, not as loud and piercing as those of No. 486. (Bendire.) Range.—Northern Mexico, north to western Kansas, eastern Colorado (rarely), and southern California; east to western Texas. Range.—Northern Mexico, north to western Kansas, eastern Colorado (rarely), and southern California; east to western Texas. Range.—North America, north to Arctic Circle; winters from northern United States southward; local in west. Range.—North America, extending up to the Arctic Circle; winters in the northern United States and further south; found locally in the west. 488a. Florida Crow (C. a. pascuus). Similar to No. 488, but wings and tail somewhat shorter, bill and feet slightly larger, W. 12; T. 7.3; B. 2.1. 488a. Florida Crow (C. a. pascuus). Similar to No. 488, but with somewhat shorter wings and tail, and a slightly larger bill and feet, W. 12; T. 7.3; B. 2.1. Range.—Florida. Range — Florida. 489. Northwest Crow (Corvus caurinus). Similar to No. 488 in color but smaller; L. 16; W. 11; B. 1.7. 489. Northwest Crow (Corvus caurinus). Similar to No. 488 in color but smaller; Length: 16 inches; Wingspan: 11 inches; Bill: 1.7 inches. Range.—Northwest coast, from Oregon to Kadiak Island, Alaska. Range.—Northwest coast, from Oregon to Kodiak Island, Alaska. 490. Fish Crow (Corvus ossifragus). L. 16; W. 11; B. 1.5. Ads. Resemble No. 488, in color, but back feathers are uniform blue-black without dull margins; underparts are nearly as bright as upperparts. Notes. A hoarse, nasal, reedy car resembling the call of the young of No. 488. 490. Fish Crow (Corvus ossifragus). Length 16 inches; Wingspan 11 inches; Bill 1.5 inches. Ads. They look like No. 488, in color, but their back feathers are a solid blue-black without dull edges; the underparts are almost as bright as the upperparts. Notes. They make a hoarse, nasal, reedy car sound similar to the call of the young of No. 488. Range.—Atlantic coast north to Connecticut, (casually Massachusetts), west along Gulf coast to Louisiana; resident, except at northern limit of range. Range.—Atlantic coast north to Connecticut, (occasionally Massachusetts), west along Gulf coast to Louisiana; resident, except at the northern limit of range. |
|
Of the Birds of America north of Mexico, arranged according
Of the Birds of America north of Mexico, organized according
to the American Ornithologists' Union's 'Check-List
to the American Ornithologists' Union's 'Check-List'
of North American Birds', Third Edition
of North American Birds', 3rd Edition
1910, and Supplement [B], July, 1912.
(The presence of brackets, [ ], indicates that the species is an accidental visitant).
(The presence of brackets, [ ], means that the species is an unintentional visitor).
[C] Note that trinomials are now employed for all the races of a species including the first one described. Hence in place of No. 13, Puffin, Fratercula arctica, we now have No. 13, Puffin, Fratercula arctica arctica. (See pages 6 and 7 for an explanation of this method.)
[C] Note that trinomials are now used for all the races of a species, including the first one described. So instead of No. 13, Puffin, Fratercula arctica, we now have No. 13, Puffin, Fratercula arctica arctica. (See pages 6 and 7 for an explanation of this method.)
[D] Note also that in accordance with a ruling of the A. O. U., the apostrophe is used with the names of birds named after individuals. Thus in place of No. 16, Cassin Auklet, we have No. 16, Cassin's Auklet. These changes affect all similar cases throughout the Color Key. After identifying a species, therefore, the student should turn to its number in the Systematic Table to learn whether any change has been made in its name. All alterations other than those of mere nomenclature are given beyond in Appendix I.
[D] Keep in mind that according to a decision by the A. O. U., an apostrophe is used with the names of birds that are named after people. So instead of No. 16, Cassin Auklet, it should be No. 16, Cassin's Auklet. These updates apply to all similar instances throughout the Color Key. After identifying a species, students should check its number in the Systematic Table to see if there have been any changes to its name. Any changes other than simple naming updates are provided later in Appendix I.
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 1 | Western Grebe | Æchmophorus occidentalis | 44 |
| 2 | Holbœll's Grebe | Colymbus holbœlli | 43 |
| 3 | Horned Grebe | " auritus | 43 |
| 4 | Eared Grebe | " nigricollis californicus | 43 |
| 5 | Mexican Grebe | " dominicus brachypterus | 43 |
| 6 | Pied-bill Grebe | Podilymbus podiceps | 43 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 7 | Loon | Gavia immer | 44 |
| 8 | Yellow-billed Loon | " adamsi | 44 |
| 9 | Black-throated Loon | " arctica | 44 |
| 10 | Pacific Loon | " pacifica | 44 |
| 11 | Red-throated Loon | " stellata | 44 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 12 | Tufted Puffin | Lunda cirrhata | 45 |
| 13 | Puffin | Fratercula arctica arctica [C] | 45 |
| 13a | Large-billed Puffin | " " naumanni | 45 |
| 14 | Horned Puffin | " corniculata | 45 |
| 15 | Rhinoceros Auklet | Cerorhinca monocerata | 45 |
| 16 | Cassin's Auklet[D] | Ptychoramphus aleuticus | 46 |
| 17 | Paroquet Auklet | Phaleris psittacula | 47 |
| 18 | Crested Auklet | Æthia cristatella | 47 |
| 19 | Whiskered Auklet | " pygmæa | 47 |
| 20 | Least Auklet | " pusilla | 47 |
| 21 | Ancient Murrelet | Synthliboramphus antiquus | 47 |
| 23 | Marbled Murrelet | Brachyramphus marmoratus | 46 |
| 24 | Kittlitz's Murrelet | " brevirostris | 46 |
| 25 | Xantus's Murrelet | " hypoleucus | 46 |
| 26 | Craveri's Murrelet | " craverii | 46 |
| 27 | Black Guillemot | Cepphus grylle | 48 |
| 28 | Mandt's Guillemot | " mandti | 48 |
| 29 | Pigeon Guillemot | " columba | 48 |
| 30 | Murre | Uria troile troile | 48 |
| 30a | California Murre | " " californica | 48 |
| 31 | Brunnich's Murre | " lomvia lomvia | 48 |
| 31a | Pallas's Murre | " " arra | 48 |
| 32 | Razor-billed Auk | Alca torda | 48 |
| 33 | Great Auk | Plautus impennis | 48 |
| 34 | Dovekie | Alle alle | 46 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 35 | Skua | Megalestris skua | 51 |
| 36 | Pomarine Jaeger | Stercorarius pomarinus | 51 |
| 37 | Parasitic Jaeger | " parasiticus | 51 |
| 38 | Long-tailed Jaeger | " longicaudus | 51 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 39 | Ivory Gull | Pagophila alba | 52 |
| 40 | Kittiwake | Rissa tridactyla tridactyla | 52 |
| 40a | Pacific Kittiwake | " " pollicaris | 52 |
| 41 | Red-legged Kittiwake | Rissa brevirostris | 52 [Pg_259] |
| 42 | Glaucous Gull | Larus hyperboreus | 53 |
| 43 | Iceland Gull | " leucopterus | 53 |
| 44 | Glaucous-winged Gull | " glaucescens | 53 |
| 45 | Kumlien's Gull | " kumlieni | 53 |
| 46 | Nelson's Gull | " nelsoni | 53 |
| 47 | Great Black-backed Gull | " marinus | 54 |
| 48 | Slaty-backed Gull | " schistisagus | 54 |
| 49 | Western Gull | " occidentalis | 54 |
| [50] | Siberian Gull | " affinis | A.V. |
| 51 | Herring Gull | " argentatus | 55 |
| [52] | Vega Gull | " vegæ | A.V. |
| 53 | California Gull | " californicus | 55 |
| 54 | Ring-billed Gull | " delawarensis | 52 |
| 55 | Short-billed Gull | " brachyrhynchus | 52 |
| [56] | Mew Gull | " canus | A.V. |
| 57 | Heermann's Gull | " heermanni | 54 |
| 58 | Laughing Gull | " atricilla | 56 |
| 59 | Franklin's Gull | " franklini | 56 |
| 60 | Bonaparte's Gull | " philadelphia | 56 |
| [60.1] | Little Gull | " minutus | A.V. |
| 61 | Ross's Gull | Rhodostethia rosea | 56 |
| 62 | Sabine's Gull | Xema sabini | 56 |
| 63 | Gull-billed Tern | Gelochelidon nilotica | 58 |
| 64 | Caspian Tern | Sterna caspia | 57 |
| 65 | Royal Tern | " maxima | 57 |
| 66 | Elegant Tern | " elegans | 57 |
| 67 | Cabot's Tern | " sandvicensis acuflavida | 57 |
| [68] | Trudeau's Tern | " trudeaui | A.V. |
| 69 | Forster's Tern | " forsteri | 59 |
| 70 | Common Tern | " hirundo | 59 |
| 71 | Arctic Tern | " paradisæa | 59 |
| 72 | Roseate Tern | " dougalli | 59 |
| 73 | Aleutian Tern | " aleutica | 58 |
| 74 | Least Tern | " antillarum | 58 |
| 75 | Sooty Tern | " fuscata | 60 |
| [76] | Bridled Tern | " anætheta | 58 |
| 77 | Black Tern | Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis | 60 |
| [78] | White-winged Black Tern | " leucoptera | A.V. |
| 79 | Noddy | Anoüs stolidus | 60 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 80 | Black Skimmer | Rynchops nigra | 60 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 81 | Black-footed Albatross | Diomedea nigripes | 62 |
| 82 | Short-tailed Albatross | " albatrus | 62 |
| 82.1 | Laysan Albatross | " immutabilis | 62 |
| [83] | Yellow-nosed Albatross | Thalassogeron culminatus | 62 |
| [84] | Sooty Albatross | Phœbetria palpebrata | 62 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [85] | Giant Fulmar | Macronectes giganteus | A.V. |
| 86 | Fulmar | Fulmarus glacialis glacialis | 63 |
| 86b | Pacific Fulmar | " " glupischa | 63 |
| 86.1 | Rodger's Fulmar | " rodgersi | 63 |
| 87 | Slender-billed Fulmar | Priocella glacialoides | 63 |
| [102] | Pintado Petrel | Daption capense | A.V. |
| 88 | Cory's Shearwater | Puffinus borealis | 64 |
| 89 | Greater Shearwater | " gravis | 64 |
| [90] | Manx Shearwater | " puffinus | A.V. |
| 91 | Pink-footed Shearwater | " creatopus | 64 |
| 92 | Audubon's Shearwater | Puffinus lherminieri | 64 |
| [92.1] | Allied Shearwater | " assimilis | A.V. |
| 93 | Black-vented Shearwater | " opisthomelas | 64 |
| 93.1 | Townsend's Shearwater | " auricularis | 64 |
| 95 | Sooty Shearwater | " griseus | 63 |
| 96 | Slender-billed Shearwater | " tenuirostris | 64 |
| 96.1 | Wedge-tailed Shearwater | " cuneatus | 63 |
| [96.2] | New Zealand Shearwater | " bulleri | A.V. |
| [97] | Black-tailed Shearwater | Priofinus cinereus | A.V. |
| [98] | Black-capped Petrel | Æstrelata hasitata | 65 |
| [99] | Scaled Petrel | " scalaris | A.V. |
| 100 | Fisher's Petrel | " fisheri | A.V. |
| [101] | Bulwer's Petrel | Bulweria bulweri | A.V. |
| 103 | Least Petrel | Halocyptena microsoma | 65 |
| 104 | Stormy Petrel | Thalassidroma pelagica | 66 |
| 105 | Forked-tailed Petrel | Oceanodroma furcata | 65 |
| 105.2 | Kaeding's Petrel | Oceanodroma kaedingi | 65[Pg_261] |
| 106 | Leach's Petrel | " leucorhoa | 66 |
| 106.1 | Guadalupe Petrel | " macrodactyla | 66 |
| [106.2] | Hawaiian Petrel | " castro | A.V. |
| 107 | Black Petrel | " melania | 66 |
| 108 | Ashy Petrel | " homochroa | 65 |
| 108.1 | Socorro Petrel | " socorroensis | 66 |
| 109 | Wilson's Petrel | Oceanites oceanicus | 66 |
| [110] | White-bellied Petrel | Fregetta grallaria | A.V. |
| [111] | White-faced Petrel | Pelagodroma marina | A.V. |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 112 | Yellow-billed Tropic-bird | Phaëthon americanus | 69 |
| 113 | Red-billed Tropic-bird | " æthereus | 69 |
| [113.1] | Red-tailed Tropic-bird | " rubricaudus | A.V. |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [114] | Blue-faced Booby | Sula cyanops | 70 |
| 114.1 | Blue-footed Booby | " nebouxi | 70 |
| 115 | Booby | " leucogastra | 70 |
| 115.1 | Brewster's Booby | " brewsteri | 70 |
| [116] | Red-footed Booby | " piscator | 70 |
| 117 | Gannet | " bassana | 69 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 118 | Water-Turkey | Anhinga anhinga | 73 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 119 | Cormorant | Phalacrocorax carbo | 70 |
| 120 | Double-crested Cormorant | " auritus auritus | 71 |
| 120a | Florida Cormorant | " " floridanus | 71 |
| 120b | White-crested Cormorant | " " cincinatus | 71 |
| 120c | Farallon Cormorant | " " albociliatus | 71 |
| 121 | Mexican Cormorant | " vigua mexicanus | 71 |
| 122 | Brandt's Cormorant | " penicillatus | 72 |
| 123 | Pelagic Cormorant | " pelagicus pelagicus | 72 |
| 123a | Violet-green Cormorant | " " robustus | 72 |
| 123b | Baird's Cormorant | " " resplendens | 72 |
| 124 | Red-faced Cormorant | " urile | 72 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 125 | White Pelican | Pelecanus erythrorhynchos | 73 |
| 126 | Brown Pelican | " occidentalis | 73 |
| 127 | California Brown Pelican | " californicus | 73 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 128 | Man-o'-war-bird | Fregata aquila | 73 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 129 | American Merganser | Mergus americanus | 76 |
| 130 | Red-breasted Merganser | " serrator | 76 |
| 131 | Hooded Merganser | Lophodytes cucullatus | 76 |
| [131.1] | Smew | Mergellus albellus | A.V. |
| 132 | Mallard | Anas platyrhynchos | 76 |
| 133 | Black Duck | " rubripes | 77 |
| 134 | Florida Duck | " fulvigula fulvigula | 77 |
| 134a | Mottled Duck | " " maculosa | 77 |
| 135 | Gadwall | Chaulelasmus streperus | 77 |
| 136 | European Widgeon | Mareca penelope | 77 |
| 137 | Baldpate | " americana | 77 |
| [138] | European Teal | Nettion crecca | A.V. |
| 139 | Green-winged Teal | " carolinense | 78 |
| 140 | Blue-winged Teal | Querquedula discors | 78 |
| 141 | Cinnamon Teal | " cyanoptera | 78 |
| [141.1] | Ruddy Sheldrake | Casarca ferruginea | A.V. |
| 142 | Shoveller | Spatula clypeata | 78 |
| 143 | Pintail | Dafila acuta | 76 |
| 144 | Wood Duck | Aix sponsa | 78 |
| [145] | Rufous-crested Duck | Netta rufina | A.V. |
| 146 | Redhead | Marila americana | 79 |
| 147 | Canvas-back | " valisineria | 79 |
| 148 | American Scaup Duck | " marila | 79 |
| 149 | Lesser Scaup Duck | " affinis | 79 |
| 150 | Ring-necked Duck | " collaris | 79 |
| 151 | American Golden-eye | Clangula clangula americana | 80 |
| 152 | Barrow's Golden-eye | " islandica | 80 |
| 153 | Buffle-head | Charitonetta albeola | 80 |
| 154 | Old-squaw | Harelda hyemalis | 81 |
| 155 | Harlequin Duck | Histrionicus histrionicus | 81[Pg_263] |
| 156 | Labrador Duck | Camptorhynchus labradorius | 81 |
| 157 | Steller's Eider | Polysticta stelleri | 81 |
| 158 | Spectacled Eider | Arctonetta fischeri | 82 |
| 159 | Northern Eider | Somateria mollissima borealis | 82 |
| 160 | American Eider | " dresseri | 82 |
| 161 | Pacific Eider | " v-nigra | 82 |
| 162 | King Eider | " spectabilis | 82 |
| 163 | American Scoter | Oidemia americana | 83 |
| [164] | Velvet Scoter | " fusca | A.V. |
| 165 | White-winged Scoter | " deglandi | 83 |
| 166 | Surf Scoter | " perspicillata | 83 |
| 167 | Ruddy Duck | Erismatura jamaicensis | 80 |
| [168] | Masked Duck | Nomonyx dominicus | 80 |
| 169 | Lesser Snow Goose | Chen hyperboreus hyperboreus | 84 |
| 169a | Greater Snow Goose | " " nivalis | 84 |
| 169.1 | Blue Goose | " cærulescens | 85 |
| 170 | Ross's Goose | " rossi | 84 |
| [171] | European White-fronted Goose | Anser albifrons albifrons | A.V. |
| 171a | White-fronted Goose | " " gambeli | 85 |
| [171.1] | Bean Goose | " fabalis | A.V. |
| [171.2] | Pink-footed Goose | " brachyrhynchus | A.V. |
| 172 | Canada Goose | Branta canadensis canadensis | 86 |
| 172a | Hutchins's Goose | " " hutchinsi | 86 |
| 172b | White-cheeked Goose | " " occidentalis | 86 |
| 172c | Cackling Goose | " " minima | 86 |
| 173a | Brant | " bernicla glaucogastra | 86 |
| 174 | Black Brant | " nigricans | 86 |
| [175] | Barnacle Goose | " leucopsis | A.V. |
| 176 | Emperor Goose | Philacte canagica | 85 |
| 177 | Black-bellied Tree-duck | Dendrocygna autumnalis | 83 |
| 178 | Fulvous Tree-duck | " bicolor | 83 |
| [179] | Whooper Swan | Olor cygnus | A.V. |
| 180 | Whistling Swan | " columbianus | 84 |
| 181 | Trumpeter Swan | " buccinator | 84 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 182 | Flamingo | Phœnicopterus ruber | 89 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 183 | Roseate Spoonbill | Ajaia ajaja | 89 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 184 | White Ibis | Guara alba | 90 |
| [185] | Scarlet Ibis | " rubra | 89 |
| 186 | Glossy Ibis | Plegadis autumnalis | 90 |
| 187 | White-faced Glossy Ibis | " guarauna | 90 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 188 | Wood Ibis | Mycteria americana | 90 |
| [189] | Jabiru | Jabiru mycteria | A.V. |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 190 | American Bittern | Botaurus lentiginosus | 91 |
| 191 | Least Bittern | Ixobrychus exilis | 91 |
| 191.1 | Cory's Least Bittern | " neoxenus | 91 |
| 192 | Great White Heron | Ardea occidentalis | 92 |
| 194 | Great Blue Heron | " herodias herodias | 93 |
| 194a | Northwestern Coast Heron | " " fannini | 93 |
| 194b | Ward's Heron | " " wardi | 93 |
| [195] | European Heron | " cinerea | A.V. |
| 196 | American Egret | Herodias egretta | 92 |
| 197 | Snowy Egret | Egretta candidissima candidissima | 92 |
| 197a | Brewster's Egret | " " brewsteri | class="text_rt">94 |
| 198 | Reddish Egret | Dichromanassa rufescens | 94 |
| 199 | Louisiana Heron | Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis | 94 |
| 200 | Little Blue Heron | Florida cærulea | 94 |
| 201 | Green Heron | Butorides virescens virescens | 94 |
| 201a | Frazar's Green Heron | " " frazari | 94 |
| 201b | Anthony's Green Heron | " " anthonyi | 94 |
| 202 | Black-crowned Night Heron | Nycticorax nycticorax nævius | 93 |
| 203 | Yellow-crowned Night Heron | Nyctanassa violacea | 93 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 204 | Whooping Crane | Grus americana | 96 |
| 205 | Little Brown Crane | " canadensis | 96 |
| 206 | Sandhill Crane | " mexicana | 96 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 207 | Limpkin | Aramus vociferus | 96 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 208 | King Rail | Rallus elegans | 97 |
| 209 | Belding's Rail | " beldingi | 97 |
| 210 | California Clapper Rail | " obsoletus | 97 |
| 210.1 | Light-footed Rail | " levipes | 294 |
| 211 | Clapper Rail | " crepitans crepitans | 98 |
| 211a | Louisiana Clapper Rail | " " saturatus | 98 |
| 211b | Florida Clapper Rail | " " scotti | 98 |
| 211c | Wayne's Clapper Rail | " " waynei | 98 |
| 211.2 | Caribbean Clapper Rail | " longirostris caribæus | 98 |
| 212 | Virginia Rail | " virginianus | 97 |
| [213] | Spotted Crake | Porzana porzana | A.V. |
| 214 | Sora | " carolina | 98 |
| 215 | Yellow Rail | Coturnicops noveboracensis | 97 |
| 216 | Black Rail | Creciscus jamaicensis | 98 |
| 216.1 | Farallon Rail | " coturniculus | 294 |
| [217] | Corn Crake | Crex crex | A.V. |
| 218 | Purple Gallinule | Ionornis martinicus | 99 |
| 219 | Florida Gallinule | Gallinula galeata | 99 |
| [220] | European Coot | Fulica atra | A.V. |
| 221 | Coot | " americana | 99 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 222 | Red Phalarope | Phalaropus fulicarius | 102 |
| 223 | Northern Phalarope | Lobipes lobatus | 102 |
| 224 | Wilson's Phalarope | Steganopus tricolor | 102 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 225 | Avocet | Recurvirostra americana | 103 |
| 226 | Black-necked Stilt | Himantopus mexicanus | 105 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [227] | European Woodcock | Scolopax rusticola | A.V. |
| 228 | Woodcock | Philohela minor | 105 |
| [229] | European Snipe | Gallinago gallinago | A.V. |
| 230 | Wilson's Snipe | " delicata | 105[Pg_266] |
| [230.1] | Great Snipe | " media | A.V. |
| 231 | Dowitcher | Macrorhamphus griseus griseus | 106 |
| 232 | Long-billed Dowitcher | " " scolopaceus | 106 |
| 233 | Stilt Sandpiper | Micropalama himantopus | 106 |
| 234 | Knot | Tringa canutus | 106 |
| 235 | Purple Sandpiper | Arquatella maritima maritima | 107 |
| 235a | Aleutian Sandpiper | " " couesi | 107 |
| 235b | Pribilof Sandpiper | " " ptilocnemis | 108 |
| 238 | Sharp-tailed Sandpiper | Pisobia aurita | 109 |
| 239 | Pectoral Sandpiper | " maculata | 109 |
| 240 | White-rumped Sandpiper | " fuscicollis | 109 |
| 241 | Baird's Sandpiper | " bairdi | 109 |
| 242 | Least Sandpiper | " minutilla | 109 |
| [242.1] | Long-toed Stint | " damacensis | A.V. |
| [243] | Dunlin | Pelidna alpina alpina | A.V. |
| 243a | Red-backed Sandpiper | " " sakhalina | 108 |
| 244 | Curlew Sandpiper | Erolia ferruginea | 106 |
| [245] | Spoonbill Sandpiper | Eurynorhynchus pygmæus | A.V. |
| 246 | Semipalmated Sandpiper | Ereunetes pusillus | 108 |
| 247 | Western Sandpiper | " mauri | 108 |
| 248 | Sanderling | Calidris leucophæa | 108 |
| 249 | Marbled Godwit | Limosa fedoa | 110 |
| 250 | Pacific Godwit | " lapponica baueri | 110 |
| 251 | Hudsonian Godwit | " hæmastica | 110 |
| [252] | Black-tailed Godwit | " limosa | A.V. |
| [253] | Green-shank | Glottis nebularia | A.V. |
| [253.1] | Red-shank | Totanus totanus | A.V. |
| 254 | Greater Yellow-legs | " melanoleucus | 111 |
| 255 | Yellow-legs | " flavipes | 111 |
| 256 | Solitary Sandpiper | Helodromas solitarius solitarius | 107 |
| 256a | Western Solitary Sandpiper | " " cinnamomeus | 107 |
| [257] | Green Sandpiper | " ocrophus | A.V. |
| 258 | Willet | Catoptrophorus semipalmatus semipalmatus | 111 |
| 258a | Western Willet | Catoptrophorus semipalmatus inornatus | 111 |
| 259 | Wandering Tattler | Heteractitis incanus | 111 |
| [260] | Ruff | Machetes pugnax | A.V. |
| 261 | Upland Plover | Bartramia longicauda | 105 |
| 262 | Buff-breasted Sandpiper | Tryngites subruficollis | 105 |
| 263 | Spotted Sandpiper | Actitis macularia | 107 |
| 264 | Long-billed Curlew | Numenius americanus | 103[Pg_267] |
| 265 | Hudsonian Curlew | Numenius hudsonicus | 103 |
| 266 | Eskimo Curlew | " borealis | 103 |
| [267] | Whimbrel | " phæopus | A.V. |
| 268 | Bristle-thighed Curlew | " tahitiensis | 295 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [269] | Lapwing | Vanellus vanellus | A.V. |
| [269.1] | Dotterel | Eudromias morinellus | A.V. |
| 270 | Black-bellied Plover | Squatarola squatarola | 110 |
| [271] | European Golden Plover | Charadrius apricarius | A.V. |
| 272 | Golden Plover | " dominicus dominicus | 110 |
| 272a | Pacific Golden Plover | " " fulvus | 110 |
| 273 | Killdeer | Oxyechus vociferus | 112 |
| 274 | Semipalmated Plover | Ægialitis semipalmata | 112 |
| 275 | Ringed Plover | " hiaticula | 112 |
| [276] | Little Ringed Plover | " dubia | A.V. |
| 277 | Piping Plover | " meloda | 112 |
| 278 | Snowy Plover | " nivosa | 112 |
| [279] | Mongolian Plover | " mongola | A.V. |
| 280 | Wilson's Plover | Ochthodromus wilsonius | 112 |
| 281 | Mountain Plover | Podasocys montanus | 105 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 282 | Surf-bird | Aphriza virgata | 111 |
| 283 | Turnstone | Arenaria interpres interpres | 102 |
| 283a | Ruddy Turnstone | " " morinella | 102 |
| 284 | Black Turnstone | " melanocephala | 107 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [285] | European Oyster-catcher | Hæmatopus ostralegus | A.V. |
| 286 | Oyster-catcher | " palliatus | 104 |
| 286.1 | Frazar's Oyster-catcher | " frazari | 104 |
| 287 | Black Oyster-catcher | " bachmani | 104 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [288] | Mexican Jacana | Jacana spinosa | 102 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 289 | Bob-white | Colinus virginianus virginianus | 115 |
| 289a | Florida Bob-white | " " floridanus | 115 |
| 289b | Texas Bob-white | " " texanus | 115 |
| 291 | Masked Bob-white | " ridgwayi | 115 |
| 292 | Mountain Quail | Oreortyx picta picta | 116 |
| 292a | Plumed Quail | " " plumifera | 116 |
| 292b | San Pedro Quail | " " confinis | 116 |
| 293 | Scaled Quail | Callipepla squamata squamata | 116 |
| 293a | Chestnut-bellied Scaled Quail | " " castanogastris | 116 |
| 294 | California Quail | Lophortyx californica californica | 116 |
| 294a | Valley Quail | " " vallicola | 116 |
| 295 | Gambel's Quail | " gambeli | 116 |
| 296 | Mearns's Quail | Cyrtonyx montezumæ mearnsi | 115 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 297 | Dusky Grouse | Dendragapus obscurus obscurus | 117 |
| 297a | Sooty Grouse | " " fuliginosus | 117 |
| 297b | Richardson's Grouse | " " richardsoni | 117 |
| 297c | Sierra Grouse | " " sierræ | 295 |
| 298 | Hudsonian Spruce Partridge | Canachites canadensis canadensis | 117 |
| 298b | Alaska Spruce Partridge | " " osgoodi | 117 |
| 298c | Canada Spruce Partridge | " " canace | 117 |
| 299 | Franklin's Grouse | " franklini | 117 |
| 300 | Ruffed Grouse | Bonasa umbellus umbellus | 118 |
| 300a | Canada Ruffed Grouse | " " togata | 118 |
| 300b | Gray Ruffed Grouse | " " umbelloides | 118 |
| 300c | Oregon Ruffed Grouse | " " sabini | 118 |
| 301 | Willow Ptarmigan | Lagopus lagopus lagopus | 119 |
| 301a | Allen's Ptarmigan | " " alleni | 119 |
| 301b | Alexander's Ptarmigan | " " alexandræ | 295 |
| 301c | Ungava Ptarmigan | " " ungavus | 295 |
| 302 | Rock Ptarmigan | " rupestris rupestris | 119 |
| 302a | Reinhardt's Ptarmigan | " " reinhardi | 119 |
| 302b | Nelson's Ptarmigan | " " nelsoni | 119 |
| 302c | Turner's Ptarmigan | " " atkhensis | 120 |
| 302d | Townsend's Ptarmigan | " " townsendi | 120 |
| 302e | Adak Ptarmigan | " " chamberlaini | 296 |
| 302f | Dixon's Ptarmigan | " " dixoni | 296 |
| 302.1 | Evermann's Ptarmigan | " evermanni | 120 |
| 303 | Welch's Ptarmigan | " welchi | 120[Pg_269] |
| 304 | White-tailed Ptarmigan | Lagopus leucurus leucurus | 118 |
| 304a | Kenai White-tailed Ptarmigan | " " peninsularis | 118 |
| 305 | Prairie Chicken | Tympanuchus americanus americanus | 121 |
| 305a | Attwater's Prairie Chicken | " " attwateri | 121 |
| 306 | Heath Hen | " cupido | 121 |
| 307 | Lesser Prairie Chicken | " pallidicinctus | 121 |
| 308 | Sharp-tailed Grouse | Pediœcetes phasianellus phasianellus | 121 |
| 308a | Columbian Sharp-tailed Grouse | Pediœcetes phasianellus columbianus | 121 |
| 308b | Prairie Sharp-tailed Grouse | " " campestris | 121 |
| 309 | Sage Hen | Centrocercus urophasianus | 122 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 310 | Merriam's Turkey | Meleagris gallopavo merriami | 122 |
| 310a | Wild Turkey | " " silvestris | 122 |
| 310b | Florida Turkey | " " osceola | 122 |
| 310c | Rio Grande Turkey | " " intermedia | 122 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 311 | Chachalaca | Ortalis vetula mccalli | 122 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 312 | Band-tailed Pigeon | Columba fasciata fasciata | 124 |
| 312a | Viosca's Pigeon | " " vioscæ | 124 |
| 313 | Red-billed Pigeon | " flavirostris | 124 |
| 314 | White-crowned Pigeon | " leucocephala | 124 |
| [314.1] | Scaled Pigeon | " squamosa | A.V. |
| 315 | Passenger Pigeon | Ectopistes migratorius | 125 |
| 316 | Mourning Dove | Zenaidura macroura carolinensis | 125 |
| 316i | Western Mourning Dove | " " marginella | 296 |
| 317 | Zenaida Dove | Zenaida zenaida | 125 |
| 318 | White-fronted Dove | Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera | 125 |
| 319 | West Indian White-winged Dove | Melopelia asiatica asiatica | 126 |
| 319a | White-winged Dove | " " trudeaui | 296 |
| 320 | Ground Dove | Chæmepelia passerina terrestris | 126 |
| 320a | Mexican Ground Dove | " " pallescens | 126 |
| 320b | Bermuda Ground Dove | " " bermudiana | 126[Pg_270] |
| 321 | Inca Dove | Scardafella inca | 126 |
| [322] | Key West Quail-dove | Geotrygon chrysia | 126 |
| [322.1] | Ruddy Quail-dove | " montana | 126 |
| [323] | Blue-headed Quail-dove | Starnœnas cyanocephala | 126 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 324 | California Vulture | Gymnogyps californianus | 129 |
| 325 | Turkey Vulture | Cathartes aura septentrionalis | 129 |
| 326 | Black Vulture | Catharista urubu | 129 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 327 | Swallow-tailed Kite | Elanoides forficatus | 130 |
| 328 | White-tailed Kite | Elanus leucurus | 130 |
| 329 | Mississippi Kite | Ictinia mississippiensis | 130 |
| 330 | Everglade Kite | Rostrhamus sociabilis | 130 |
| 331 | Marsh Hawk | Circus hudsonius | 130 |
| 332 | Sharp-shinned Hawk | Accipiter velox | 131 |
| 333 | Cooper's Hawk | " cooperi | 131 |
| 334 | Goshawk | " atricapillus atricapillus | 131 |
| 334a | Western Goshawk | " " striatulus | 131 |
| 335 | Harris's Hawk | Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi | 132 |
| 337 | Red-tailed Hawk | Buteo borealis borealis | 132 |
| 337a | Krider's Hawk | " " krideri | 132 |
| 337b | Western Red-tail | " " calurus | 132 |
| 337d | Harlan's Hawk | " " harlani | 132 |
| 337e | Alaska Red-tail | " " alascensis | 296 |
| 339 | Red-shouldered Hawk | " lineatus lineatus | 133 |
| 339a | Florida Red-shouldered Hawk | " " alleni | 133 |
| 339b | Red-bellied Hawk | " " elegans | 133 |
| 340 | Zone-tailed Hawk | " abbreviatus | 134 |
| 341 | Sennett's White-tailed Hawk | " albicaudatus sennetti | 135 |
| 342 | Swainson's Hawk | " swainsoni | 133 |
| 343 | Broad-winged Hawk | " platypterus | 133 |
| 344 | Short-tailed Hawk | " brachyurus | 135 |
| 345 | Mexican Black Hawk | Urubitinga anthracina | 134 |
| 346 | Mexican Goshawk | Asturina plagiata | 131 |
| 347a | Rough-legged Hawk | Archibuteo lagopus sancti-johannis | 135 |
| 348 | Ferruginous Rough-leg | " ferrugineus | 135 |
| 349 | Golden Eagle | Aquila chrysaëtos | 136[Pg_271] |
| [351] | Gray Sea Eagle | Haliæetus albicilla | A.V. |
| 352 | Bald Eagle | " leucocephalus leucocephalus | 136 |
| 352a | Northern Bald Eagle | " " alascanus | 136 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 353 | White Gyrfalcon | Falco islandus | 136 |
| 354 | Gray Gyrfalcon | " rusticolus rusticolus | 136 |
| 354a | Gyrfalcon | " " gyrfalco | 136 |
| 354b | Black Gyrfalcon | " " obsoletus | 137 |
| 355 | Prairie Falcon | " mexicanus | 135 |
| [356] | Peregrine Falcon | Falco peregrinus peregrinus | A.V. |
| 356a | Duck Hawk | " " anatum | 137 |
| 356b | Peale's Falcon | " " pealei | 137 |
| 357 | Pigeon Hawk | Falco columbarius columbarius | 137 |
| 357a | Black Pigeon Hawk | " " suckleyi | 137 |
| 358 | Richardson's Pigeon Hawk | " " richardsoni | 137 |
| [358.1] | Merlin | " æsalon | A.V. |
| 359 | Aplomado Falcon | " fusco-cærulescens | 137 |
| [359.1] | Kestrel | " tinnunculus | A.V. |
| 360 | Sparrow Hawk | " sparverius sparverius | 137 |
| 360a | Desert Sparrow Hawk | " " phalæna | 138 |
| 360b | San Lucas Sparrow Hawk | " " peninsularis | 138 |
| 360c | Little Sparrow Hawk | " " paulus | 296 |
| [361] | Cuban Sparrow Hawk | " sparveroides | A.V. |
| 362 | Audubon's Caracara | Polyborus cheriway | 134 |
| 363 | Guadalupe Caracara | " lutosus | 134 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 364 | Osprey | Pandion haliaëtus carolinensis | 129 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 365 | Barn Owl | Aluco pratincola | 138 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 366 | Long-eared Owl | Asio wilsonianus | 138 |
| 367 | Short-eared Owl | " flammeus | 138 |
| 368 | Barred Owl | Strix varia varia | 139 |
| 368a | Florida Barred Owl | " " alleni | 139 |
| 368b | Texas Barred Owl | " " albogilva | 139[Pg_272] |
| 369 | Spotted Owl | Strix occidentalis occidentalis | 139 |
| 369a | Northern Spotted Owl | " " caurina | 139 |
| 370 | Great Gray Owl | Scotiaptex nebulosa nebulosa | 139 |
| [370a] | Lapp Owl | " " lapponica | A.V. |
| 371 | Richardson's Owl | Cryptoglaux funerea richardsoni | 139 |
| 372 | Saw-whet Owl | " " acadica acadica | 140 |
| 372a | Northwestern Saw-whet Owl | " " scotæa | 140 |
| 373 | Screech Owl | Otus asio asio | 141 |
| 373a | Florida Screech Owl | " " floridanus | 141 |
| 373b | Texas Screech Owl | " " mccalli | 141 |
| 373c | California Screech Owl | " " bendirei | 141 |
| 373d | Kennicott's Screech Owl | " " kennicotti | 141 |
| 373e | Rocky Mountain Screech Owl | " " maxwelliæ | 141 |
| 373f | Mexican Screech Owl | " " cineraceus | 142 |
| 373g | Aiken's Screech Owl | " " aikeni | 142 |
| 373h | MacFarlane's Screech Owl | " " macfarlanei | 142 |
| 373i | Sahuaro Screech Owl | " " gilmani | 297 |
| 373.1 | Spotted Screech Owl | " " trichopsis | 142 |
| 373.2 | Xantus's Screech Owl | " xantusi | 142 |
| 374 | Flammulated Screech Owl | " flammeolus flammeolus | 142 |
| 374a | Dwarf Screech Owl | " " idahoensis | 142 |
| 375 | Great Horned Owl | Bubo virginianus virginianus | 143 |
| 375a | Western Horned Owl | " " pallescens | 143 |
| 375b | Arctic Horned Owl | " " subarcticus | 143 |
| 375c | Dusky Horned Owl | " " saturatus | 143 |
| 375d | Pacific Horned Owl | " " pacificus | 143 |
| 375e | Dwarf Horned Owl | " " elachistus | 143 |
| 375f | Labrador Horned Owl | " " heterocnemis | 297 |
| 375g | Saint Michael Horned Owl | " " algistus | 297 |
| 376 | Snowy Owl | Nyctea nyctea | 143 |
| [377] | European Hawk Owl | Surnia ulula ulula | A.V. |
| 377a | Hawk Owl | " " caparoch | 143 |
| 378 | Burrowing Owl | Speotyto cunicularia hypogæa | 138 |
| 378a | Florida Burrowing Owl | " " floridana | 138 |
| 379 | Rocky Mountain Pygmy Owl | Glaucidium gnoma pinicola | 140 |
| 379a | California Pygmy Owl | " " californicum | 140 |
| 379.1 | Hoskins's Pygmy Owl | " hoskinsi | 140 |
| 380 | Ferruginous Pygmy Owl | " phalænoides | 140 |
| 381 | Elf Owl | Micropallas whitneyi | 140 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 382 | Carolina Paroquet | Conuropsis carolinensis | 145 |
| 382.1 | Thick-billed Parrot | Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha | 145 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [383] | Ani | Crotophaga ani | 146 |
| 384 | Groove-billed Ani | " sulcirostris | 146 |
| 385 | Road-runner | Geococcyx californianus | 146 |
| 386 | Mangrove Cuckoo | Coccyzus minor minor | 146 |
| [386a] | Maynard's Cuckoo | " " maynardi | 146 |
| 387 | Yellow-billed Cuckoo | " americanus americanus | 146 |
| 387a | California Cuckoo | " " occidentalis | 146 |
| 388 | Black-billed Cuckoo | " erythrophthalmus | 146 |
| [388.1] | Kamchatka Cuckoo | Cuculus canorus telephonus | A.V. |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 389 | Coppery-tailed Trogon | Trogon ambiguus | 147 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 390 | Belted Kingfisher | Ceryle alcyon alcyon | 147 |
| 390a | Northwestern Belted Kingfisher | " " caurina | 297 |
| [390.1] | Ringed Kingfisher | " torquata | A.V. |
| 391 | Texas Kingfisher | " americana septentrionalis | 147 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 392 | Ivory-billed Woodpecker | Campephilus principalis | 149 |
| 393 | Hairy Woodpecker | Dryobates villosus villosus | 150 |
| 393a | Northern Hairy Woodpecker | " " leucomelas | 150 |
| 393b | Southern Hairy Woodpecker | " " auduboni | 150 |
| 393c | Harris's Woodpecker | " " harrisi | 150 |
| 393d | Cabanis's Woodpecker | " " hyloscopus | 150 |
| 393e | Rocky Mt. Hairy Woodpecker | " " monticola | 150 |
| 393f | Queen Charlotte Woodpecker | " " picoideus | 150 |
| 393g | Newfoundland Woodpecker | " " terrænovæ | 297[Pg_274] |
| 393h | White-breasted Woodpecker | Dryobates villosus leucothorectis | 297 |
| 394 | Southern Downy Woodpecker | " pubescens pubescens | 150 |
| 394a | Gairdner's Woodpecker | " " gairdneri | 150 |
| 394b | Batchelder's Woodpecker | " " homorus | 150 |
| 394c | Downy Woodpecker | " " medianus | 150 |
| 394d | Nelson's Downy Woodpecker | " " nelsoni | 150 |
| 394e | Willow Woodpecker | " " turati | 151 |
| 395 | Red-cockaded Woodpecker | " borealis | 151 |
| 396 | Cactus Woodpecker | " scalaris cactophilus | 151 |
| 396a | San Lucas Woodpecker | " " lucasanus | 151 |
| 396b | San Fernando Woodpecker | " " eremicus | 297 |
| 397 | Nuttall's Woodpecker | " nuttalli | 151 |
| 398 | Arizona Woodpecker | " arizonæ | 141 |
| 399 | White-headed Woodpecker | Xenopicus albolarvatus | 151 |
| 400 | Arctic Three-toed Woodpecker | Picoides arcticus | 149 |
| 401 | Amer. Three-toed Woodpecker | " americanus americanus | 149 |
| 401a | Alaska Three-toed Woodpecker | " " fasciatus | 149 |
| 401b | Alpine Three-toed Woodpecker | " " dorsalis | 149 |
| 402 | Yellow-bellied Sapsucker | Sphyrapicus varius varius | 152 |
| 402a | Red-naped Sapsucker | " " nuchalis | 152 |
| 403 | Red-breasted Sapsucker | " ruber ruber | 152 |
| 403a | Northern Red-breasted Sapsucker | " " notkensis | 152 |
| 404 | Williamson's Sapsucker | " thyroideus | 152 |
| 405 | Pileated Woodpecker | Ceophlœus pileatus pileatus | 149 |
| 405a | Northern Pileated Woodpecker | " " abieticola | 149 |
| 406 | Red-headed Woodpecker | Melanerpes erythrocephalus | 153 |
| 407 | Ant-eating Woodpecker | " formicivorus formicivorus | 153 |
| 407a | Californian Woodpecker | " " bairdi | 153 |
| 407b | Narrow-fronted Woodpecker | " " angustifrons | 153 |
| 408 | Lewis's Woodpecker | Asyndesmus lewisi | 152 |
| 409 | Red-bellied Woodpecker | Centurus carolinus | 153 |
| 410 | Golden-fronted Woodpecker | " aurifrons | 153 |
| 411 | Gila Woodpecker | " uropygialis | 153 |
| 412 | Southern Flicker | Colaptes auratus auratus | 154 |
| 412a | Northern Flicker | " " luteus | 154 |
| 413 | Red-shafted Flicker | " cafer collaris | 154 |
| 413a | Northwestern Flicker | " " saturatior | 154 |
| 414 | Gilded Flicker | " chrysoides chrysoides | 154 |
| 414a | San Fernando Flicker | " " brunnescens | 154 |
| 414b | Mearns's Gilded Flicker | " " mearnsi | 298 |
| 415 | Guadalupe Flicker | " rufipileus | 154 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 416 | Chuck-will's-widow | Antrostomus carolinensis | 156 |
| 417 | Whip-poor-will | " vociferus vociferus | 156 |
| 417a | Stephen's Whip-poor-will | " " macromystax | 156 |
| 418 | Poor-will | Phalænoptilus nuttalli nuttalli | 156 |
| 418a | Frosted Poor-will | " " nitidus | 156 |
| 418b | Dusky Poor-will | " " californicus | 156 |
| 419 | Merrill's Parauque | Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli | 157 |
| 420 | Nighthawk | Chordeiles virginianus virginianus | 157 |
| 420a | Western Nighthawk | " " henryi | 157 |
| 420b | Florida Nighthawk | " " chapmani | 157 |
| 420c | Sennett's Nighthawk | " " sennetti | 157 |
| 421 | Texas Nighthawk | " acutipennis texensis | 157 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 422 | Black Swift | Cypseloides niger borealis | 158 |
| 423 | Chimney Swift | Chætura pelagica | 158 |
| 424 | Vaux's Swift | " vauxi | 158 |
| 425 | White-throated Swift | Aëronautes melanoleucus | 158 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 426 | Rivoli's Hummingbird | Eugenes fulgens | 159 |
| 427 | Blue-throated Hummingbird | Cyanolæmus clemenciæ | 160 |
| 428 | Ruby-throated Hummingbird | Archilochus colubris | 160 |
| 429 | Black-chinned Hummingbird | " alexandri | 159 |
| 430 | Costa's Hummingbird | Calypte costæ | 159 |
| 431 | Anna's Hummingbird | " anna | 161 |
| 432 | Broad-tailed Hummingbird | Selasphorus platycercus | 161 |
| 433 | Rufous Hummingbird | " rufus | 161 |
| 434 | Allen's Hummingbird | Selasphorus alleni | 161 |
| 435 | Morcom's Hummingbird | Atthis morcomi | 161 |
| 436 | Calliope Hummingbird | Stellula calliope | 161 |
| 437 | Lucifer Hummingbird | Calothorax lucifer | 159 |
| 438 | Rieffer's Hummingbird | Amizilis tzacatl | 169 |
| 439 | Buff-bellied Hummingbird | " cerviniventris chalconota | 160 |
| 439.1 | Salvin's Hummingbird | Uranomitra salvini | 298 |
| 440 | Xantus's Hummingbird | Basilinna xantusi | 159 |
| 440.1 | White-eared Hummingbird | " leucotis | 160 |
| 441 | Broad-billed Hummingbird | Cynanthus latirostris | 160 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [441.1] | Xantus's Becard | Platypsaris aglaiæ albiventris | A.V. |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [442] | Fork-tailed Flycatcher | Muscivora tyrannus | A.V. |
| 443 | Scissor-tailed Flycatcher | " forficata | 177 |
| 444 | Kingbird | Tyrannus tyrannus | 247 |
| 445 | Gray Kingbird | " dominicensis | 247 |
| 446 | Couch's Kingbird | " melancholicus couchi | 202 |
| 447 | Arkansas Kingbird | " verticalis | 202 |
| 448 | Cassin's Kingbird | " vociferans | 202 |
| 449 | Derby Flycatcher | Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus | 202 |
| 451 | Sulphur-bellied Flycatcher | Myiodynastes luteiventris | 203 |
| 452 | Crested Flycatcher | Myiarchus crinitus | 203 |
| 453 | Arizona Crested Flycatcher | " magister magister | 203 |
| 453a | Mexican Crested Flycatcher | " " nelsoni | 203 |
| 454 | Ash-throated Flycatcher | " cinerascens cinerascens | 203 |
| 454b | Lower California Flycatcher | " " pertinax | 203 |
| 455a | Olivaceous Flycatcher | " lawrencei olivascens | 203 |
| 456 | Phœbe | Sayornis phœbe | 208 |
| 457 | Say's Phœbe | " sayus | 205 |
| 458 | Black Phœbe | " nigricans | 251 |
| 459 | Olive-sided Flycatcher | Nuttallornis borealis | 208 |
| 460 | Coues's Flycatcher | Myiochanes pertinax pallidiventris | 208 |
| 461 | Wood Pewee | " virens | 208 |
| 462 | Western Wood Pewee | " richardsoni richardsoni | 208 |
| 462a | Large-billed Wood Pewee | " richardsoni peninsulæ | 208 |
| 463 | Yellow-bellied Flycatcher | Empidonax flaviventris | 211 |
| 464 | Western Flycatcher | " difficilis difficilis | 210 |
| 464.1 | San Lucas Flycatcher | " " cineritius | 210 |
| 465 | Acadian Flycatcher | " virescens | 210 |
| 466 | Traill's Flycatcher | " trailli trailli | 209 |
| 466a | Alder Flycatcher | " " alnorum | 209 |
| 467 | Least Flycatcher | " minimus | 209 |
| 468 | Hammond's Flycatcher | " hammondi | 209 |
| 469 | Wright's Flycatcher | " wrighti | 209 |
| 469.1 | Gray Flycatcher | " griseus | 209 |
| 470a | Buff-breasted Flycatcher | " fulvifrons pygmæus | 215 |
| 471 | Vermilion Flycatcher | Pyrocephalus rubinus mexicanus | 177 |
| 472 | Beardless Flycatcher | Camptostoma imberbe | 211 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [473] | Skylark | Alauda arvensis | A.V. |
| 474 | Horned Lark | Octocoris alpestris alpestris | 200 |
| 474a | Pallid Horned Lark | " " articola | 200 |
| 474b | Prairie Horned Lark | " " praticola | 200 |
| 474c | Desert Horned Lark | " " leucolæma | 201 |
| 474d | Texas Horned Lark | " " giraudi | 200 |
| 474e | California Horned Lark | " " actia | 201 |
| 474f | Ruddy Horned Lark | " " rubea | 201 |
| 474g | Streaked Horned Lark | " " strigata | 201 |
| 474h | Scorched Horned Lark | " " adusta | 201 |
| 474i | Dusky Horned Lark | " " merrilli | 201 |
| 474j | Sonora Horned Lark | " " pallida | 201 |
| 474k | Hoyt's Horned Lark | " " hoyti | 200 |
| 474l | Montezuma Horned Lark | " " occidentalis | 201 |
| 474m | Island Horned Lark | " " insularis | 201 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 475 | Magpie | Pica pica hudsonia | 253 |
| 476 | Yellow-billed Magpie | " nuttalli | 253 |
| 477 | Blue Jay | Cyanocitta cristata cristata | 183 |
| 477a | Florida Blue Jay | " " florincola | 183 |
| 478 | Steller's Jay | " stelleri stelleri | 185 |
| 478a | Blue-fronted Jay | " " frontalis | 185 |
| 478b | Long-crested Jay | " " diademata | 185 |
| 478c | Black-headed Jay | " " annectens | 185 |
| 478d | Queen Charlotte Jay | " " carlottæ | 185 |
| 478e | Coast Jay | " " carbonacea | 298 |
| 479 | Florida Jay | Aphelocoma cyanea | 184 |
| 480 | Woodhouse's Jay | " woodhousei | 184 |
| 480.1 | Blue-eared Jay | " cyanotis | 184 |
| 480.2 | Texas Jay | " texana | 184 |
| 481 | California Jay | " californica californica | 184 |
| 481a | Xantus's Jay | " " hypoleuca | 184 |
| 481b | Belding's Jay | " " obscura | 184 |
| 481.1 | Santa Cruz Jay | " insularis | 184 |
| 482 | Arizona Jay | " sieberi arizonæ | 183 |
| 482a | Couch's Jay | " " couchi | 183 |
| 483 | Green Jay | Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens | 185[Pg_278] |
| 484 | Canada Jay | Perisoreus canadensis canadensis | 252 |
| 484a | Rocky Mountain Jay | " " capitalis | 252 |
| 484b | Alaska Jay | " " fumifrons | 252 |
| 484c | Labrador Jay | " " nigricapillus | 252 |
| 485 | Oregon Jay | " " obscurus obscurus | 252 |
| 485a | Gray Jay | " " griseus | 252 |
| 486 | American Raven | Corvus corax sinuatus | 255 |
| 486a | Northern Raven | " " principalis | 255 |
| 487 | White-necked Raven | " cryptoleucus | 255 |
| 488 | American Crow | " brachyrhynchos brachyrhynchos | 255 |
| 488a | Florida Crow | " brachyrhnchos pascuus | 255 |
| 488b | Western Crow | " " hesperis | 304 |
| 489 | Northwestern Crow | " caurinus | 255 |
| 490 | Fish Crow | " ossifragus | 255 |
| [490.1] | Rook | " frugilegus | A.V. |
| [490.2] | Hooded Crow | " cornix | A.V. |
| 491 | Clarke's Crow | Nucifraga columbiana | 252 |
| 492 | Piñon Jay | Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus | 183 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [493] | Starling | Sturnus vulgaris | 253 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 494 | Bobolink | Dolichonyx oryzivorus | 251 |
| 495 | Cowbird | Molothrus ater ater | 253 |
| 495a | Dwarf Cowbird | " " obscurus | 253 |
| 496 | Red-eyed Cowbird | Tangavius æneus involucratus | 253 |
| 496a | Bronzed Cowbird | " " æneus | 304 |
| 497 | Yellow-headed Blackbird | Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus | 199 |
| 498 | Red-winged Blackbird | Agelaius phœniceus phœniceus | 178 |
| 498a | Sonora Red-wing | " " sonoriensis | 178 |
| 498b | Bahama Red-wing | " " bryanti | 178 |
| 498c | Florida Red-wing | " " floridanus | 178 |
| 498d | Thick-billed Red-wing | " " fortis | 178 |
| 498e | San Diego Red-wing | " " neutralis | 178 |
| 498f | Northwestern Red-wing | " " caurinus | 178 |
| 498g | Vera Cruz Red-wing | " " richmondi | 298 |
| 499 | Bicolored Blackbird | " gubernator californicus | 179 |
| 500 | Tricolored Blackbird | " tricolor | 179[Pg_279] |
| 501 | Meadowlark | Sturnella magna magna | 199 |
| 501a | Rio Grande Meadowlark | " " hoopesi | 199 |
| 501c | Southern Meadowlark | " " argutula | 199 |
| 501.1 | Western Meadowlark | " neglecta | 199 |
| 503 | Audubon's Oriole | Icterus melanocephalus auduboni | 180 |
| 504 | Scott's Oriole | " parisorum | 186 |
| 505 | Sennett's Oriole | " cucullatus sennetti | 186 |
| 505a | Arizona Hooded Oriole | " " nelsoni | 186 |
| 506 | Orchard Oriole | " spurius | 206 |
| 507 | Baltimore Oriole | " galbula | 186 |
| 508 | Bullock's Oriole | " bullocki | 186 |
| 509 | Rusty Blackbird | Euphagus carolinus | 254 |
| 510 | Brewer's Blackbird | " cyanocephalus | 254 |
| 511 | Purple Grackle | Quiscalus quiscula quiscula | 254 |
| 511a | Florida Grackle | " " aglæus | 254 |
| 511b | Bronzed Grackle | " " æneus | 254 |
| 513 | Boat-tailed Grackle | Megaquiscalus major major | 254 |
| 513a | Great-tailed Grackle | " " macrourus | 254 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 514 | Evening Grosbeak | Hesperiphona vespertina vespertina | 199 |
| 514a | Western Evening Grosbeak | " " montana | 199 |
| 515 | Pine Grosbeak | Pinicola enucleator leucura | 171 |
| 515a | Rocky Mt. Pine Grosbeak | " " montana | 171 |
| 515b | California Pine Grosbeak | " " californica | 171 |
| 515c | Alaska Pine Grosbeak | " " alascensis | 171 |
| 515d | Kadiak Pine Grosbeak | " " flammula | 171 |
| [516] | Cassin's Bullfinch | Pyrrhula cassini | A.V. |
| 517 | Purple Finch | Carpodacus purpureus purpureus | 171 |
| 517a | California Purple Finch | " " californicus | 171 |
| 518 | Cassin's Purple Finch | " cassini | 175 |
| 519 | House Finch | " mexicanus frontalis | 175 |
| 519b | San Lucas House Finch | " " ruberrimus | 175 |
| 519c | San Clemente House Finch | " " clementis | 175 |
| 520 | Guadalupe House Finch | " amplus | 175 |
| 520.1 | McGregor's House Finch | " mcgregori | 175 |
| 521 | American Crossbill | Loxia curvirostra minor | 173 |
| 521a | Mexican Crossbill | " " stricklandi | 173 |
| 522 | White-winged Crossbill | " leucoptera | 171 |
| 523 | Aleutian Rosy Finch | Leucosticte griseonucha | 179 [Pg_280] |
| 524 | Gray-crowned Rosy Finch | " tephrocotis tephrocotis | 179 |
| 524a | Hepburn's Rosy Finch | " " littoralis | 179 |
| 525 | Black Rosy Finch | " atrata | 179 |
| 526 | Brown-capped Rosy Finch | " australis | 179 |
| 527 | Greenland Redpoll | Acanthis hornemanni hornemanni | 176 |
| 527a | Hoary Redpoll | " " exilipes | 176 |
| 528 | Redpoll | " linaria linaria | 176 |
| 528a | Holbœll's Redpoll | " " holbœlli | 176 |
| 528b | Greater Redpoll | " " rostrata | 176 |
| 529 | Goldfinch | Astragalinus tristis tristis | 192 |
| 529a | Pale Goldfinch | " " pallidus | 192 |
| 529b | Willow Goldfinch | " " salicamans | 192 |
| 530 | Arkansas Goldfinch | " psaltria psaltria | 192 |
| 530a | Green-backed Goldfinch | " " hesperophilus | 299 |
| 531 | Lawrence's Goldfinch | " lawrencei | 189 |
| [532] | Black-headed Goldfinch | Spinus notatus | A.V. |
| 533 | Pine Siskin | " pinus pinus | 225 |
| 534 | Snow Bunting | Plectrophenax nivalis nivalis | 211 |
| 534a | Pribilof Snow Bunting | " " townsendi | 211 |
| 535 | McKay's Snow Bunting | " hyperboreus | 211 |
| 536 | Lapland Longspur | Calcarius lapponicus lapponicus | 219 |
| 536a | Alaska Longspur | " " alascensis | 219 |
| 537 | Smith's Longspur | " pictus | 220 |
| 538 | Chestnut-collared Longspur | " ornatus | 218 |
| 539 | McCown's Longspur | Rhynchophanes mccowni | 218 |
| 540 | Vesper Sparrow | Poœcetes gramineus gramineus | 221 |
| 540a | Western Vesper Sparrow | " " confinis | 221 |
| 540b | Oregon Vesper Sparrow | " " affinis | 221 |
| 541 | Ipswich Sparrow | Passerculus princeps | 225 |
| 542 | Aleutian Savannah Sparrow | " sandwichensis sandwichensis | 223 |
| 542a | Savannah Sparrow | " sandwichensis savanna | 223 |
| 542b | Western Savannah Sparrow | " " alaudinus | 223 |
| 542c | Bryant's Sparrow | " " bryanti | 223 |
| 542d | Nevada Savannah Sparrow | " " nevadensis | 300 |
| 543 | Belding's Sparrow | " beldingi | 223 |
| 544 | Large-billed Sparrow | " rostratus rostratus | 223 |
| 544a | San Lucas Sparrow | " " guttatus | 223 |
| 544c | San Benito Sparrow | " " sanctorum | 224 |
| 545 | Baird's Sparrow | Ammodramus bairdi | 224 |
| 546 | Grasshopper Sparrow | " savannarum australis | 224 |
| 546a | Western Grasshopper Sparrow | Ammodramus savannarum bimaculatus | 224 [Pg_281] |
| 546b | Florida Grasshopper Sparrow | " " floridanus | 224 |
| 547 | Henslow's Sparrow | Passerherbulus henslowi henslowi | 224 |
| 547a | Western Henslow's Sparrow | " " occidentalis | 224 |
| 548 | Leconte's Sparrow | " lecontei | 225 |
| 549 | Sharp-tailed Sparrow | " caudacutus | 225 |
| 549.1 | Nelson's Sparrow | " nelsoni nelsoni | 225 |
| 549.1a | Acadian Sharp-tailed Sparrow | " " subvirgatus | 225 |
| 550 | Seaside Sparrow | " maritimus maritimus | 226 |
| 550a | Scott's Seaside Sparrow | " " peninsulæ | 226 |
| 550b | Texas Seaside Sparrow | " " sennetti | 226 |
| 550c | Fisher's Seaside Sparrow | " " fisheri | 226 |
| 550d | Macgillivray's Seaside Sparrow | " " macgillivraii | 226 |
| 551 | Dusky Seaside Sparrow | " nigrescens | 226 |
| 552 | Lark Sparrow | Chondestes grammacus grammacus | 228 |
| 552a | Western Lark Sparrow | " " strigatus | 228 |
| 553 | Harris's Sparrow | Zonotrichia querula | 229 |
| 554 | White-crowned Sparrow | " leucophrys leucophrys | 227 |
| 554a | Gambel's Sparrow | " " gambeli | 227 |
| 554b | Nuttall's Sparrow | " " nuttalli | 227 |
| 557 | Golden-crowned Sparrow | " coronata | 227 |
| 558 | White-throated Sparrow | " albicollis | 227 |
| 559 | Tree Sparrow | Spizella monticola monticola | 222 |
| 559a | Western Tree Sparrow | " " ochracea | 222 |
| 560 | Chipping Sparrow | " passerina passerina | 222 |
| 560a | Western Chipping Sparrow | " " arizonæ | 222 |
| 561 | Clay-colored Sparrow | " pallida | 228 |
| 562 | Brewer's Sparrow | " breweri | 228 |
| 563 | Field Sparrow | " pusilla pusilla | 222 |
| 563a | Western Field Sparrow | " " arenacea | 222 |
| 564 | Worthen's Sparrow | " wortheni | 228 |
| 565 | Black-chinned Sparrow | " atrogularis | 219 |
| 566 | White-winged Junco | Junco aikeni | 240 |
| 567 | Slate-Colored Junco | " hyemalis hyemalis | 240 |
| 567a | Oregon Junco | " " oreganus | 241 |
| 567b | Shufeldt's Junco | " " connectens | 241 |
| 567c | Thurber's Junco | " " thurberi | 241 |
| 567d | Point Pinos Junco | " " pinosus | 241 |
| 567e | Carolina Junco | " " carolinensis | 240 |
| 567f | Montana Junco | " " montanus | 240 |
| 567g | Pink-sided Junco | Junco hyemalis mearnsi | 240 [Pg_282] |
| 567h | Ridgway's Junco | " " annectens | 303 |
| 567i | Townsend's Junco | " " townsendi | 240 |
| 570 | Arizona Junco | " phæonotus palliatus | 241 |
| 570a | Red-backed Junco | " " dorsalis | 241 |
| 570b | Gray-headed Junco | " " caniceps | 241 |
| 571 | Baird's Junco | " bairdi | 240 |
| 572 | Guadalupe Junco | " insularis | 240 |
| 573 | Black-throated Sparrow | Amphispiza bilineata bilineata | 249 |
| 573a | Desert Black-throated Sparrow | " " deserticola | 249 |
| 574 | Bell's Sparrow | " belli | 228 |
| 574.1 | Sage Sparrow | " nevadensis nevadensis | 228 |
| 574.1a | Gray Sage Sparrow | " " cinerea | 228 |
| 574.1b | California Sage Sparrow | " " canescens | 300 |
| 575 | Pine-woods Sparrow | Peucæa æstivalis | 221 |
| 575a | Bachman's Sparrow | " " bachmani | 221 |
| 576 | Botteri's Sparrow | " botterii | 221 |
| 578 | Cassin's Sparrow | " cassini | 221 |
| 579 | Rufous-winged Sparrow | Aimophila carpalis | 220 |
| 580 | Rufous-crowned Sparrow | " ruficeps ruficeps | 220 |
| 580a | Scott's Sparrow | " " scotti | 220 |
| 580b | Rock Sparrow | " " eremœca | 220 |
| 580c | Laguna Sparrow | " " sororia | 220 |
| 581 | Song Sparrow | Melospiza melodia melodia | 229 |
| 581a | Desert Song Sparrow | " " fallax | 229 |
| 581b | Mountain Song Sparrow | " " montana | 229 |
| 581c | Heermann's Song Sparrow | " " heermanni | 229 |
| 581d | Samuel's Song Sparrow | " " samuelis | 230 |
| 581e | Rusty Song Sparrow | " " morphna | 230 |
| 581f | Sooty Song Sparrow | " " rufina | 230 |
| 581g | Brown's Song Sparrow | " " rivularis | 229 |
| 581h | Santa Barbara Song Sparrow | " " graminea | 230 |
| 581i | San Clemente Song Sparrow | " " clementæ | 230 |
| 581j | Dakota Song Sparrow | " " juddi | 229 |
| 581k | Merrill's Song Sparrow | " " merrilli | 229 |
| 581l | Alameda Song Sparrow | " " pusillula | 230 |
| 581m | San Diego Song Sparrow | " " cooperi | 230 |
| 581n | Yakutat Song Sparrow | " " caurina | 230 |
| 581o | Kenai Song Sparrow | " " kenaiensis | 230 |
| 581p | Mendocino Song Sparrow | " " cleonensis | 301 |
| 581q | Kadiak Song Sparrow | " " insignis | 230 |
| 581r | Aleutian Song Sparrow | Melospiza melodia sanaka | 230 [Pg_283] |
| 581s | Suisun Song Sparrow | " " maxillaris | 300 |
| 583 | Lincoln's Sparrow | " lincolni lincolni | 226 |
| 583a | Forbush's Sparrow | " " striata | 226 |
| 584 | Swamp Sparrow | " georgiana | 222 |
| 585 | Fox Sparrow | Passerella iliaca iliaca | 231 |
| 585a | Shumagin Sparrow | " " unalaschcensis | 231 |
| 585b | Thick-billed Sparrow | " " megarhyncha | 231 |
| 585c | Slate-colored Sparrow | " " schistacea | 231 |
| 585d | Stephen's Sparrow | " " stephensi | 231 |
| 585e | Sooty Fox Sparrow | " " fuliginosa | 301 |
| 585f | Kadiak Fox Sparrow | " " insularis | 301 |
| 586 | Texas Sparrow | Arremonops rufivirgatus | 215 |
| 587 | Towhee | Pipilo erythrophthalmus erythrophthalmus | 204 |
| 587a | White-eyed Towhee | " erythrophthalmus alleni | 204 |
| 588 | Arctic Towhee | " maculatus arcticus | 204 |
| 588a | Spurred Towhee | " " montanus | 204 |
| 588b | Oregon Towhee | " " oregonus | 204 |
| 588c | San Clemente Towhee | " " clementæ | 204 |
| 588d | San Diego Towhee | " " megalonyx | 204 |
| 588e | Large-billed Towhee | " " magnirostris | 204 |
| 589 | Guadalupe Towhee | " consobrinus | 204 |
| 591 | Cañon Towhee | " fuscus mesoleucus | 205 |
| 591a | San Lucas Towhee | " " albigula | 205 |
| 591.1 | California Towhee | " crissalis crissalis | 205 |
| 591.1a | Anthony's Towhee | " " senicula | 205 |
| 592 | Abert's Towhee | " aberti | 205 |
| 592.1 | Green-tailed Towhee | Oreospiza chlorura | 206 |
| 593 | Cardinal | Cardinalis cardinalis cardinalis | 177 |
| 593a | Arizona Cardinal | " " superbus | 172 |
| 593b | San Lucas Cardinal | " " igneus | 172 |
| 593c | Gray-tailed Cardinal | " " canicaudus | 172 |
| 593d | Florida Cardinal | " " floridanus | 172 |
| 594 | Arizona Pyrrhuloxia | Pyrrhuloxia sinuata sinuata | 172 |
| 594a | Texas Pyrrhuloxia | " " texana | 172 |
| 594b | San Lucas Pyrrhuloxia | " " peninsulæ | 172 |
| 595 | Rose-breasted Grosbeak | Zamelodia ludoviciana | 174 |
| 596 | Black-headed Grosbeak | " melanocephala | 207 |
| 597 | Blue Grosbeak | Guiraca cærulea cærulea | 181 |
| 597a | Western Blue Grosbeak | Guiraca cærulea lazula | 181 [Pg_284] |
| 598 | Indigo Bunting | Passerina cyanea | 181 |
| 599 | Lazuli Bunting | " amœna | 180 |
| 600 | Varied Bunting | " versicolor versicolor | 180 |
| 600a | Beautiful Bunting | " " pulchra | 180 |
| 601 | Painted Bunting | " ciris | 180 |
| 602 | Sharpe's Seed-eater | Sporophila morelleti sharpei | 249 |
| [603] | Grassquit | Tiaris bicolor | A.V. |
| [603.1] | Melodious Grassquit | " canora | A.V. |
| 604 | Dickcissel | Spiza americana | 198 |
| 605 | Lark Bunting | Calamospiza melanocorys | 252 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 607 | Western Tanager | Piranga ludoviciana | 171 |
| 608 | Scarlet Tanager | " erythromelas | 171 |
| 609 | Hepatic Tanager | " hepatica | 171 |
| 610 | Summer Tanager | " rubra rubra | 171 |
| 610a | Cooper's Tanager | " " cooperi | 171 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 611 | Purple Martin | Progne subis subis | 250 |
| 611a | Western Martin | " " hesperia | 250 |
| 611.1 | Cuban Martin | " cryptoleuca | 250 |
| 611.2 | Gray-breasted Martin | " chalybea | 304 |
| 612 | Cliff Swallow | Petrochelidon lunifrons lunifrons | 250 |
| 612a | Lesser Cliff Swallow | " " tachina | 304 |
| 612b | Mexican Cliff Swallow | " " melanogastra | 250 |
| [612.1] | Cuban Cliff Swallow | " fulva | A.V. |
| 613 | Barn Swallow | Hirundo erythrogastra | 250 |
| [613.1] | European Swallow | " rustica | A.V. |
| 614 | Tree Swallow | Iridoprocne bicolor | 250 |
| 615 | Northern Violet-green Swallow | Tachycineta thalassina lepida | 250 |
| 615a | San Lucas Swallow | " " brachyptera | 250 |
| [615.1] | Bahama Swallow | Callichelidon cyanoviridis | A.V. |
| [615.2] | European Martin | Chelidonaria urbica | A.V. |
| 616 | Bank Swallow | Riparia riparia | A.V. |
| 617 | Rough-winged Swallow | Stelgidopteryx serripennis | 211 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 618 | Bohemian Waxwing | Bombycilla garrula | 198 |
| 619 | Cedar Waxwing | " cedrorum | 198 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 620 | Phainopepla | Phainopepla nitens | 253 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 621 | Northern Shrike | Lanius borealis | 248 |
| 622 | Loggerhead Shrike | " ludovicianus ludovicianus | 248 |
| 622a | White-rumped Shrike | " " excubitorides | 248 |
| 622b | California Shrike | " " gambeli | 248 |
| 622c | Island Shrike | " " anthonyi | 248 |
| 622e | Migrant Shrike | " " migrans | 304 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 623 | Black-whiskered Vireo | Vireosylva calidris barbatula | 212 |
| 624 | Red-eyed Vireo | " olivacea | 212 |
| [625] | Yellow-green Vireo | " viridis | 233 |
| 626 | Philadelphia Vireo | " philadelphica | 213 |
| 627 | Warbling Vireo | " gilva gilva | 213 |
| 627a | Western Warbling Vireo | " " swainsoni | 213 |
| 628 | Yellow-throated Vireo | Lanivireo flavifrons | 198 |
| 629 | Blue-headed Vireo | " solitarius solitarius | 213 |
| 629a | Cassin's Vireo | " " cassini | 213 |
| 629b | Plumbeous Vireo | " " plumbeus | 213 |
| 629c | Mountain Solitary Vireo | " " alticola | 213 |
| 629d | San Lucas Solitary Vireo | " " lucasanus | 213 |
| 630 | Black-capped Vireo | Vireo atricapillus | 245 |
| 631 | White-eyed Vireo | " griseus griseus | 213 |
| 631a | Key West Vireo | " " griseus maynardi | 213 |
| 631b | Bermuda Vireo | " " bermudianus | 213 |
| 631c | Small White-eyed Vireo | " " micrus | 213 |
| 632 | Hutton's Vireo | " huttoni huttoni | 212 |
| 632a | Stephens's Vireo | " " stephensi | 212 |
| 632c | Anthony's Vireo | " " obscurus | 212 |
| 632d | Frazar's Vireo | " " cognatus | 299 |
| 633 | Bell's Vireo | " " belli belli | 214 |
| 633a | Least Vireo | " " pusillus | 214 |
| 633b | Texas Vireo | " " medius | 299 |
| 634 | Gray Vireo | " vicinior | 214 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [635] | Bahama Honey Creeper | Cœreba bahamensis | A.V. |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 636 | Black and White Warbler | Mniotilta varia | 249 |
| 637 | Prothonotary Warbler | Protonotaria citrea | 187 |
| 638 | Swainson's Warbler | Helinaia swainsoni | 215 |
| 639 | Worm-eating Warbler | Helmitheros vermivorus | 215 |
| 640 | Bachman's Warbler | Vermivora bachmani | 191 |
| 641 | Blue-winged Warbler | " pinus | 191 |
| 642 | Golden-winged Warbler | " chrysoptera | 189 |
| 643 | Lucy's Warbler | " luciæ | 206 |
| 644 | Virginia's Warbler | " virginiæ | 197 |
| 645 | Nashville Warbler | " rubricapilla rubricapilla | 195 |
| 645a | Calaveras Warbler | " " gutturalis | 195 |
| 646 | Orange-crowned Warbler | " celata celata | 219 |
| 646a | Lutescent Warbler | " " lutescens | 210 |
| 646b | Dusky Warbler | " " sordida | 212 |
| 647 | Tennessee Warbler | " peregrina | 212 |
| 648 | Parula Warbler | Compsothlypis americana americana | 195 |
| 648a | Northern Parula Warbler | " americana usneæ | 195 |
| 649 | Sennett's Warbler | " pitiayumi nigrilora | 195 |
| 651 | Olive Warbler | Peucedramus olivaceus | 187 |
| 650 | Cape May Warbler | Dendroica tigrina | 196 |
| 652 | Yellow Warbler | " æstiva æstiva | 196 |
| 652a | Sonora Yellow Warbler | Dendroica æstiva sonorana | 196 |
| 652b | Alaska Yellow Warbler | " " rubiginosa | 196 |
| 652c | California Yellow Warbler | " " brewsteri | 299 |
| 653 | Mangrove Warbler | " bryanti castaneiceps | 196 |
| 654 | Black-throated Blue Warbler | " cærulescens cærulescens | 180 |
| 654a | Cairns's Warbler | " " cairnsi | 180 |
| 655 | Myrtle Warbler | " coronata | 197 |
| 656 | Audubon's Warbler | " auduboni auduboni | 190 |
| 656a | Black-fronted Warbler | " " nigrifrons | 190 |
| 657 | Magnolia Warbler | " magnolia | 190 |
| 658 | Cerulean Warbler | " cerulea | 181 |
| 659 | Chestnut-sided Warbler | " pensylvania | 198 |
| 660 | Bay-breasted Warbler | " castanea | 206 |
| 661 | Black-poll Warbler | " striata | 249 |
| 662 | Blackburnian Warbler | " fusca | 187 |
| 663 | Yellow-throated Warbler | " dominica dominica | 190 |
| 663a | Sycamore Warbler | " " albilora | 190[Pg_287] |
| 664 | Grace's Warbler | Dendroica graciæ | 190 |
| 665 | Black-throated Gray Warbler | " nigrescens | 249 |
| 666 | Golden-cheeked Warbler | " chrysoparia | 188 |
| 667 | Black-throated Green Warbler | " virens | 188 |
| 668 | Townsend's Warbler | " townsendi | 188 |
| 669 | Hermit Warbler | " occidentalis | 188 |
| 670 | Kirtland's Warbler | " kirtlandi | 191 |
| 671 | Pine Warbler | " vigorsi vigorsi | 191 |
| 672 | Palm Warbler | " palmarum palmarum | 196 |
| 672a | Yellow Palm Warbler | " " hypochrysea | 197 |
| 673 | Prairie Warbler | " discolor | 197 |
| 674 | Oven-bird | Seiurus aurocapillus | 232 |
| 675 | Water-Thrush | " noveboracensis noveboracensis | 232 |
| 675a | Grinnell's Water-Thrush | " noveboracensis notabilis | 232 |
| 676 | Louisiana Water-Thrush | " motacilla | 232 |
| 677 | Kentucky Warbler | Oporornis formosus | 193 |
| 678 | Connecticut Warbler | " agilis | 189 |
| 679 | Mourning Warbler | " philadelphia | 189 |
| 680 | Macgillivray's Warbler | " tolmiei | 189 |
| 681 | Maryland Yellow-throat | Geothlypis trichas trichas | 193 |
| 681a | Western Yellow-throat | " " occidentalis | 193 |
| 681b | Florida Yellow-throat | " " ignota | 194 |
| 681c | Pacific Yellow-throat | " " arizela | 194 |
| 681e | Salt Marsh Yellow-throat | " " sinuosa | 194 |
| 682 | Belding's Yellow-throat | " beldingi | 194 |
| 682.1 | Rio Grande Yellow-throat | Chamæthlypis poliocephala | 194 |
| 683 | Yellow-breasted Chat | Icteria virens virens | 198 |
| 683a | Long-tailed Chat | " " longicauda | 198 |
| 684 | Hooded Warbler | Wilsonia citrina | 188 |
| 685 | Wilson's Warbler | " pusilla pusilla | 193 |
| 685a | Pileolated Warbler | " " pileolata | 193 |
| 685b | Golden Pileolated Warbler | " " chryseola | 193 |
| 686 | Canadian Warbler | " canadensis | 191 |
| 687 | American Redstart | Setophaga ruticilla | 187 |
| 688 | Painted Redstart | " picta | 177 |
| 690 | Red-faced Warbler | Cardellina rubrifrons | 177 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| [694] | White Wagtail | Motacilla alba | A.V. |
| [695] | Swinhoe Wagtail | " ocularis | A.V. |
| 696 | Alaska Yellow Wagtail | Budytes flavus alascensis | 192 |
| 697 | Pipit | Anthus rubescens | 232 |
| [698] | Meadow Pipit | " pratensis | A.V. |
| [699] | Red-throated Pipit | " cervinus | A.V. |
| 700 | Sprague's Pipit | " spraguei | 232 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 701 | Dipper | Cinclus mexicanus unicolor | 247 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 702 | Sage Thrasher | Oreoscoptes montanus | 233 |
| 703 | Mockingbird | Mimus polyglottos polyglottos | 248 |
| 703a | Western Mockingbird | " " leucopterus | 248 |
| 704 | Catbird | Dumtella carolinensis | 247 |
| 705 | Brown Thrasher | Toxostoma rufum | 233 |
| 706 | Sennett's Thrasher | " longirostre sennetti | 233 |
| 707 | Curve-billed Thrasher | " curvirostre curvirostre | 216 |
| 707a | Palmer's Thrasher | " " palmeri | 216 |
| 708 | Bendire's Thrasher | " bendirei | 216 |
| 709 | San Lucas Thrasher | " cinereum cinereum | 216 |
| 709a | Mearns's Thrasher | " " mearnsi | 216 |
| 710 | California Thrasher | " " redivivum redivivum | 217 |
| 711 | Leconte's Thrasher | " lecontei lecontei | 217 |
| 711a | Desert Thrasher | " " arenicola | 217 |
| 712 | Crissal Thrasher | " crissale | 217 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 713 | Cactus Wren | Heleodytes brunneicapillus couesi | 233 |
| 713a | Bryant's Cactus Wren | " " bryanti | 233 |
| 713b | San Lucas Cactus Wren | " " affinis | 233 |
| 715 | Rock Wren | Salpinctes obsoletus obsoletus | 234 |
| 715a | San Nicolas Rock Wren | " " pulverius | 301 |
| 716 | Guadalupe Rock Wren | " " guadeloupensis | 234 |
| 717 | White-throated Wren | Catherpes mexicanus albifrons | 234 |
| 717a | Cañon Wren | " " conspersus | 234 |
| 717b | Dotted Cañon Wren | " " punctulatus | 234[Pg_289] |
| 718 | Carolina Wren | Thryothorus ludovicianus ludovicianus | 234 |
| 718a | Florida Wren | " " miamensis | 234 |
| 718b | Lomita Wren | " " lomitensis | 234 |
| 719 | Bewick's Wren | Thryomanes bewicki bewicki | 235 |
| 719a | Vigor's Wren | " spilurus | 235 |
| 719b | Baird's Wren | " " bairdi | 235 |
| 719c | Texas Bewick's Wren | " " cryptus | 235 |
| 719d | San Diego Bewick's Wren | " " charienturus | 235 |
| 719e | Seattle Bewick's Wren | " calophonus | 235 |
| 719.1 | San Clemente Wren | " leucophrys | 235 |
| 720 | Guadalupe Wren | " brevicauda | 235 |
| 721 | House Wren | Troglodytes aëdon aëdon | 236 |
| 721a | Western House Wren | " " parkmani | 236 |
| 722 | Winter Wren | Nannus hiemalis hiemalis | 236 |
| 722a | Western Winter Wren | " pacificus | 236 |
| 722b | Kadiak Winter Wren | " " helleri | 236 |
| 723 | Alaska Wren | " alascensis | 236 |
| 723.1 | Aleutian Wren | " meliger | 236 |
| 724 | Short-billed Marsh Wren | Cistothorus stellaris | 236 |
| 725 | Long-billed Marsh Wren | Telmatodytes palustris palustris | 237 |
| 725 | Tulé Wren | " paludicola | 237 |
| 725b | Worthington's Marsh Wren | " " griseus | 237 |
| 725c | Western Tule Wren | " plesius | 237 |
| 725d | Prairie Marsh Wren | " iliacus | 301 |
| 725e | Marian's Marsh Wren | " " mariannæ | 237 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 726 | Brown Creeper | Certhia familiaris americana | 237 |
| 726a | Mexican Creeper | " " albescens | 237 |
| 726b | Rocky Mountain Creeper | " " montana | 237 |
| 726c | California Creeper | " " occidentalis | 237 |
| 726d | Sierra Creeper | " " zelotes | 237 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 727 | White-breasted Nuthatch | Sitta carolinensis carolinensis | 246 |
| 727a | Slender-billed Nuthatch | " " aculeata | 246 |
| 727b | Florida White-breasted Nuthatch | " " atkinsi | 246 |
| 727c | Rocky Mountain Nuthatch | " " nelsoni | 246 |
| 727d | San Lucas Nuthatch | " " lagunæ | 246[Pg_290] |
| 728 | Red-breasted Nuthatch | Sitta canadensis | 246 |
| 729 | Brown-headed Nuthatch | " pusilla | 246 |
| 730 | Pygmy Nuthatch | " pygmæa pygmæa | 246 |
| 730a | White-naped Nuthatch | " " leuconucha | 247 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 731 | Tufted Titmouse | Bæolophus bicolor | 243 |
| 732 | Black-crested Titmouse | " atricristatus atricristatus | 242 |
| 732a | Sennett's Titmouse | " " sennetti | 303 |
| 733 | Plain Titmouse | Bæolophus inornatus inornatus | 242 |
| 733a | Gray Titmouse | " " griseus | 242 |
| 733b | Ashy Titmouse | " " cineraceus | 242 |
| 734 | Bridled Titmouse | " wollweberi | 244 |
| 735 | Chickadee | Penthestes atricapillus atricapillus | 245 |
| 735a | Long-tailed Chickadee | " " septentrionalis | 245 |
| 735b | Oregon Chickadee | " " occidentalis | 245 |
| 735c | Yukon Chickadee | " " turneri | 303 |
| 736 | Carolina Chickadee | " carolinensis carolinensis | 245 |
| 736a | Plumbeous Chickadee | " " agilis | 245 |
| 736b | Florida Chickadee | " " impiger | 303 |
| 737 | Mexican Chickadee | " sclateri | 245 |
| 738 | Mountain Chickadee | " gambeli gambeli | 244 |
| 738a | Bailey's Mountain Chickadee | " " baileyæ | 303 |
| 739 | Alaska Chickadee | " cinctus alascensis | 244 |
| 740 | Hudsonian Chickadee | " hudsonicus hudsonicus | 244 |
| 740a | Acadian Chickadee | " " littoralis | 244 |
| 741 | Chestnut-backed Chickadee | " rufescens rufescens | 244 |
| 741a | California Chickadee | " " neglectus | 244 |
| 741b | Barlow's Chickadee | " " barlowi | 244 |
| 741c | Valdez Chestnut-sided Chickadee | " " vivax | 303 |
| 743 | Bush-Tit | Psaltriparus minimus minimus | 242 |
| 743a | California Bush-Tit | " " californicus | 242 |
| 743b | Grinda's Bush-Tit | " " grindæ | 242 |
| 744 | Lead-colored Bush-Tit | " plumbeus | 242 |
| 745 | Lloyd's Bush-Tit | " melanotis lloydi | 242 |
| 746 | Verdin | Auriparus flaviceps flaviceps | 195 |
| 746a | Cape Verdin | " " lamprocephalus | 195 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 742 | Wren-Tit | Chamæa fasciata fasciata | 215 |
| 742a | Pallid Wren-Tit | " " henshawi | 215 |
| 742b | Coast Wren-Tit | " " phæa | 300 |
| 742c | Ruddy Wren-Tit | " " rufula | 300 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 747 | Kennicott's Willow Warbler | Acanthopneuste borealis | 212 |
| 748 | Golden-crowned Kinglet | Regulus satrapa satrapa | 187 |
| 748a | Western Golden-crowned Kinglet | " " olivaceus | 187 |
| 749 | Ruby-crowned Kinglet | " calendula calendula | 176 |
| 749a | Sitkan Kinglet | " " grinnelli | 176 |
| 750 | Dusky Kinglet | " " obscurus | 177 |
| 751 | Blue-gray Gnatcatcher | Polioptila cærulea cærulea | 243 |
| 751a | Western Gnatcatcher | " " obscura | 243 |
| 752 | Plumbeous Gnatcatcher | " plumbea | 243 |
| 753 | Black-tailed Gnatcatcher | " californica | 243 |
| A.O.U. No. |
COMMON NAME | SCIENTIFIC NAME | Page |
| 754 | Townsend's Solitaire | Myadestes townsendi | 247 |
| 755 | Wood Thrush | Hylocichla mustelina | 233 |
| 756 | Veery | " fuscescens fuscescens | 238 |
| 756a | Willow Thrush | " " salicicola | 238 |
| 757 | Gray-cheeked Thrush | " aliciæ aliciæ | 239 |
| 757a | Bicknell's Thrush | " " bicknelli | 239 |
| 758 | Russet-backed Thrush | " ustulata ustulata | 239 |
| 758a | Olive-backed Thrush | " " swainsoni | 239 |
| 759 | Alaska Hermit Thrush | " guttata guttata | 238 |
| 759a | Audubon's Hermit Thrush | " " auduboni | 238 |
| 759b | Hermit Thrush | " " pallasi | 238 |
| 759c | Dwarf Hermit Thrush | " " nana | 238 |
| 759d | Monterey Hermit Thrush | " " slevini | 302 |
| 759e | Sierra Hermit Thrush | " " sequoiensis | 302 |
| [760] | Red-winged Thrush | Turdus musicus | A.V. |
| 761 | Robin | Planesticus migratorius migratorius | 207 |
| 761a | Western Robin | " " propinquus | 207 |
| 761b | Southern Robin | " " achrusterus | 207 |
| 762 | San Lucas Robin | " confinis | 207 [Pg_292] |
| 763 | Varied Thrush | Ixoreus nævius nævius | 207 |
| 763a | Northern Varied Thrush | " " meruloides | 207 |
| [764] | Siberian Red-spotted Bluethroat | Cyanosylvia suecica robusta | A.V. |
| [764.1] | Greater Kamchatkan Nightingale | Calliope calliope camtschatkensis | A.V. |
| 765 | Wheatear | Saxicola œnanthe œnanthe | 248 |
| 765a | Greenland Wheatear | " " leucorhoa | 248 |
| 766 | Bluebird | Sialia sialis sialis | 182 |
| 766a | Azure Bluebird | " " fulva | 182 |
| 767 | Western Bluebird | " mexicana occidentalis | 182 |
| 767a | Chestnut-backed Bluebird | " " bairdi | 182 |
| 767b | San Pedro Bluebird | " " annabelæ | 182 |
| 768 | Mountain Bluebird | " currucoides | 182 |
Since the publication of the first edition of the 'Color Key' in 1903, the American Ornithologists' Union has issued the Third Edition (1910) of its 'Check-List of North American Birds.' This includes all approved additions to and changes in the preceding edition made since 1903 as well as rulings on a number of cases which were in abeyance at the time the first edition of the 'Color Key' appeared.
Since the first edition of the 'Color Key' was published in 1903, the American Ornithologists' Union has released the Third Edition (1910) of its 'Check-List of North American Birds.' This edition includes all approved additions and changes from the previous edition made since 1903, as well as decisions on several cases that were pending when the first edition of the 'Color Key' was released.
Mere changes in nomenclature not affecting the status of a species are given without comment in the preceding Systematic Table, which has been fully revised and brought up to date. To ascertain the correct, current name of any species or subspecies of North American bird the student, after determining its identity in the 'Color Key,' has only to refer to its number in the Systematic Table to learn whether any change has been made in nomenclature. In addition to actual changes in nomenclature due to the detection of errors in earlier names, it should be noted that a third name or trinomial is now employed for each race of a species, and also that an apostrophe is used in connection with the names of birds named for individuals. Throughout the 'Color Key,' therefore, alterations should be made when required by these two changes in method.
Mere changes in naming that don’t affect the status of a species are noted without comment in the updated Systematic Table. To find the correct, current name of any species or subspecies of North American bird, students should first identify the bird using the 'Color Key,' and then check its number in the Systematic Table to see if there have been any changes in naming. Besides actual changes in names due to errors discovered in earlier names, it’s important to note that a third name or trinomial is now used for each race of a species, and an apostrophe is included for the names of birds named after individuals. Therefore, throughout the 'Color Key,' updates should be made when necessary due to these two changes in approach.
All other changes than these simple ones of names are included, with explanations, in this appendix, and the student is urged to make manuscript cross-references on the pages where such changes occur to avoid their being overlooked.
All other changes besides these straightforward ones regarding names are covered, along with explanations, in this appendix. Students are encouraged to make handwritten cross-references on the pages where these changes happen to ensure they aren't missed.
As far as possible the language of the original describer of the new subspecies of birds is here quoted, while the Ranges are mainly from the A. O. U. Check-List.
As much as possible, the wording from the original describer of the new bird subspecies is quoted here, while the ranges are mainly taken from the A. O. U. Check-List.
References to original sources of publication are given only with cases included in the first supplement to the Third Edition (1910) of the Check List. In all other instances reference to the original place of description, etc., is contained in the 'Check-List.'
References to the original sources of publication are only provided for cases included in the first supplement to the Third Edition (1910) of the Check List. In all other instances, references to the original place of description, etc., can be found in the 'Check-List.'
Pages 29, 127. The North American Kites, Hawks, Falcons, Eagles, etc., are now placed in three families instead of one, as follows: BUTEONIDÆ, containing the Kites, Hawks and Eagles (Nos. 327-352a); FALCONIDÆ containing the Falcons and Caracaras (Nos. 353-363), and PANDIONIDÆ, containing the Osprey (No. 364).
Pages 29, 127. North American kites, hawks, falcons, eagles, and others are now organized into three families instead of just one, as follows: BUTEONIDÆ, which includes kites, hawks, and eagles (Nos. 327-352a); FALCONIDÆ, which includes falcons and caracaras (Nos. 353-363); and PANDIONIDÆ, which includes the osprey (No. 364).
Pages 39, 162, 168. The subfamilies Sittinæ and Parinæ are now elevated to full family rank. The Nuthatches (Nos. 727 to 730a) are therefore the North American members of the Family SITTIDÆ; and the Titmice (Nos. 732 to 746a, except Nos. 742 to 742c now placed in the Family CHAMÆIDÆ, see beyond) the North American members of the Family PARIDÆ.
Pages 39, 162, 168. The subfamilies Sittinæ and Parinæ have now been upgraded to full family status. The Nuthatches (Nos. 727 to 730a) are now the North American representatives of the Family SITTIDÆ; and the Titmice (Nos. 732 to 746a, except Nos. 742 to 742c now categorized in the Family CHAMÆIDÆ, see below) are the North American representatives of the Family PARIDÆ.
Page 63. Cancel No. 94, Puffinus fuliginosus, which proves to be the same as No. 95, Puffinus griseus. The common name, however, is retained and the species stands 95, Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus griseus). Characters as given.
Page 63. Cancel No. 94, Puffinus fuliginosus, which turns out to be the same as No. 95, Puffinus griseus. The common name, however, is kept and the species is listed as 95, Sooty Shearwater (Puffinus griseus). Characteristics as stated.
Range—Oceans of Southern Hemisphere; occurs in summer on the Pacific coast from southern Alaska to Lower California, and on the Atlantic coast from Gulf of St. Lawrence to South Carolina.
Range—Oceans of the Southern Hemisphere; found in the summer along the Pacific coast from southern Alaska to Baja California, and on the Atlantic coast from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to South Carolina.
Page 77. But one form of the Black Duck is recognized by the A. O. U. It stands as No. 133. Black Duck (Anas rubripes), which name, therefore, includes both Nos. 133 and 133a.
Page 77. But one version of the Black Duck is recognized by the A. O. U. It is listed as No. 133. Black Duck (Anas rubripes), which name now includes both Nos. 133 and 133a.
Page 92. After No. 197 add: 197a. Brewster's Egret (Egretta candidissima brewsteri). Similar to No. 197 "but larger, bill longer, tarsus longer, and whole leg very much heavier or thicker." ♂. Tar. 4.36; B. 3.60. ♀. Tar. 4.00; B. 3.42. (Thayer and Bangs).
Page 92. After No. 197 add: 197a. Brewster's Egret (Egretta candidissima brewsteri). Similar to No. 197 "but larger, with a longer bill, longer tarsus, and the entire leg is much heavier or thicker." ♂. Tar. 4.36; B. 3.60. ♀. Tar. 4.00; B. 3.42. (Thayer and Bangs).
Range—"Southern Lower California." (A. O. U.).
Range—"Southern Lower California." (A. O. U.).
Page 97. After No. 210 add: 210.1. Light-footed rail. (Rallus levipes) "Much smaller than either R. obsoletus or R. beldingi, bill much more slender, tarsus and foot smaller than in either; superciliary white instead of rusty…." W. 5.70; T. 2.24; Tar. 1.81; B. 2.24. (Bangs).
Page 97. After No. 210 add: 210.1. Light-footed rail. (Rallus levipes) "This bird is much smaller than both R. obsoletus and R. beldingi, with a much more slender bill. Its tarsus and foot are smaller than either of those species; the superciliary stripe is white instead of rusty…." W. 5.70; T. 2.24; Tar. 1.81; B. 2.24. (Bangs).
Range—"Marshes of southern California, from Santa Barbara south to San Quintin Bay, Lower California; accidental in Arizona." (A. O. U.)
Range—"Marshes in Southern California, from Santa Barbara down to San Quintin Bay, Lower California; accidental in Arizona." (A. O. U.)
Page 98. After No. 216 add: 216.1. Farallon Rail (Creciscus coturniculus). "Smaller [than No. 216] with much slenderer bill; the plumbeous of the under parts deeper, the chestnut-brown of the upper parts brighter and more extended, forming a broader patch on the nape and tinging more or less strongly and generally much of the top of the head where there is often no pure unmixed plumbeous or slaty save on the forehead." (Brewster).
Page 98. After No. 216 add: 216.1. Farallon Rail (Creciscus coturniculus). "Smaller [than No. 216] with a much slimmer bill; the grayish color of the underside is deeper, and the chestnut-brown on the upper parts is brighter and more extensive, creating a wider patch on the back of the neck and affecting the top of the head, which often doesn’t have any pure grayish or slate color except on the forehead." (Brewster).
Range—"Pacific coast of United States. Breeds in coast marshes of California; casual in Washington, Oregon and Lower California." (A. O. U.)
Range—"Pacific coast of the United States. Breeds in coastal marshes of California; occasionally found in Washington, Oregon, and Baja California." (A. O. U.)
Page 103. After 266 add: 268. Bristle-thighed Curlew (Numenius tahitiensis). Somewhat like N. hudsonicus, but thighs with long bristle-like feathers; tail pale rusty, barred with black; markings of back and wings pale rusty.
Page 103. After 266 add: 268. Bristle-thighed Curlew (Numenius tahitiensis). Somewhat similar to N. hudsonicus, but with long bristle-like feathers on the thighs; the tail is a light rusty color with black bars; markings on the back and wings are a pale rusty.
Range—"Alaska and Pacific Islands. Breeding range unknown; has been taken in summer in western Alaska from Kowak River to Kenai Peninsula; also on Laysan and Phoenix Islands; winters in islands of the South Pacific from Hawaii to New Caledonia" (A. O. U.). Classed with Accidental Visitants in first edition of 'Color Key.'
Range—"Alaska and Pacific Islands. Breeding range unknown; has been observed in the summer in western Alaska from the Kowak River to the Kenai Peninsula; also on Laysan and Phoenix Islands; winters in the South Pacific Islands from Hawaii to New Caledonia" (A. O. U.). Classified as Accidental Visitants in the first edition of 'Color Key.'
Page 112. Cancel No. 277a, Belted Piping Plover, which proves to be the same as No. 277, Piping Plover.
Page 112. Cancel No. 277a, Belted Piping Plover, which turns out to be the same as No. 277, Piping Plover.
Page 117. After No. 297b add: 297c. Sierra Grouse (D. o. sierræ). Male resembles male of No. 297, but back less black and more heavily vermiculated with brown and gray; terminal tail-band narrower and more speckled with blackish; medium tail-feathers more heavily marked with gray or brownish; white neck-tufts practically absent; feathers of sides, flanks and under tail-coverts with less white. Much paler and more heavily vermiculated above than No. 297b.
Page 117. After No. 297b add: 297c. Sierra Grouse (D. o. sierræ). The male looks similar to the male of No. 297, but its back is less black and has more brown and gray markings; the terminal tail-band is narrower and more speckled with black; the medium tail feathers are more prominently marked with gray or brown; the white neck tufts are almost nonexistent; and the feathers on the sides, flanks, and under tail-coverts have less white. It is much paler and has more noticeable brown and gray markings on top than No. 297b.
Range—Ft. Klamath, Oregon south through the Sierras to Mount Pinos in South California.
Range—Ft. Klamath, Oregon, south through the Sierras to Mount Pinos in Southern California.
Page 117. The ranges of the races of this bird (now known as Spruce Partridge, rather than Spruce Grouse) are given in the A. O. U. 'Check-List' as follows:
Page 117. The ranges of the races of this bird (now called Spruce Partridge, instead of Spruce Grouse) are listed in the A. O. U. 'Check-List' as follows:
298. Hudsonian Spruce Partridge (Canachites canadensis canadensis).
298. Hudsonian Spruce Partridge (Canachites canadensis canadensis).
Range—"Boreal forest region from the eastern base of the Rocky Mountains west of Edmonton, Alberta, east to Labrador Peninsula; also a disconnected area in Alaska from Bristol Bay to Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound."
Range—"Boreal forest region from the eastern foothills of the Rocky Mountains, west of Edmonton, Alberta, all the way east to the Labrador Peninsula; also a separate area in Alaska from Bristol Bay to Cook Inlet and Prince William Sound."
298b. Alaska Spruce Partridge (C. c. osgoodi).
298b. Alaska Spruce Partridge (C. c. osgoodi).
Range—"Mt. McKinley and the Yukon region east to Great Slave and Athabasca lakes."
Range—"Mount McKinley and the Yukon area, stretching east to Great Slave Lake and Athabasca Lake."
298c. Canada Spruce Partridge (C. c. canace).
298c. Canada Spruce Partridge (C. c. canace).
Range—"Manitoba, southern Ontario, and New Brunswick south to northern parts of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, New York, and New England."
Range—"Manitoba, southern Ontario, and New Brunswick, extending down to the northern parts of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, New York, and New England."
Page 119. After No. 301a add: 301b. Alexander's Ptarmigan (L. l. alexandræ). Similar to L. l. lagopus in corresponding plumage, "but coloration darker throughout, especially dorsally; bill smaller and relatively much narrower." (Grinnell).
Page 119. After No. 301a add: 301b. Alexander's Ptarmigan (L. l. alexandræ). Similar to L. l. lagopus in overall appearance, "but the coloration is darker overall, especially on the back; the bill is smaller and relatively much narrower." (Grinnell).
Range—Baranof and adjacent islands west to Shumagin Islands (A. O. U.).
Range—Baranof and nearby islands, extending west to the Shumagin Islands (A. O. U.).
Page 119. After No. 301b. add; 301c. Ungava Ptarmigan (L. l. ungavus). Like No. 301 but with a heavier bill. Culmen, .82; depth of bill at base, .57 (Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1911, p. 233).
Page 119. After No. 301b, add; 301c. Ungava Ptarmigan (L. l. ungavus). Similar to No. 301 but with a thicker bill. Culmen, .82; depth of bill at base, .57 (Riley, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIV, 1911, p. 233).
Range—Ungava and probably the eastern shore of Hudson Bay.
Range—Ungava and likely the eastern shore of Hudson Bay.
Page 120. Remove the interrogation points from before Nos. 304 and 304a, the distinctions between which there presented having been accepted by the [Pg_296] A. O. U., and amend Range of No. 304a. to read: "Alpine summits from central Alaska, northern Yukon, and northwestern Mackenzie south to Cook Inlet region, Kenai Peninsula and southern Yukon." (A. O. U.).
Page 120. Remove the question marks before Nos. 304 and 304a, as the differences between them have been accepted by the [Pg_296] A. O. U., and update the Range of No. 304a to read: "Alpine summits from central Alaska, northern Yukon, and northwestern Mackenzie south to the Cook Inlet region, Kenai Peninsula, and southern Yukon." (A. O. U.).
Page 120. After No. 302e. add: 302f. Dixon's Ptarmigan (L. r. dixoni). Resembling L. r. nelsoni in corresponding plumage, "but much darker; in extreme blackness of coloration nearly like Lagopus evermanni, but feathers of chest and back more or less finely vermiculated with hazel." (Grinnell).
Page 120. After No. 302e. add: 302f. Dixon's Ptarmigan (L. r. dixoni). It looks like L. r. nelsoni in its plumage, "but much darker; in terms of extreme blackness, it’s almost like Lagopus evermanni, but the feathers on the chest and back are somewhat finely patterned with hazel." (Grinnell).
Range—Islands near Sitka.
Range—Islands close to Sitka.
Page 120. After No. 302d. add: 302e. Adak Ptarmigan (L. r. chamberlaini). Nearest L. r. towsendi but with finer vermiculations above, and with black bars on neck and upper back reduced to very narrow bars or vermiculations. Grayest of the Aleutian Ptarmigan. (Clark).
Page 120. After No. 302d. add: 302e. Adak Ptarmigan (L. r. chamberlaini). Closest to L. r. towsendi but has more delicate patterns on the top, and the black bars on the neck and upper back are narrower or almost like patterns. The most gray-colored of the Aleutian Ptarmigan. (Clark).
Range—Island of Adak, Aleutian Chain.
Range—Adak Island, Aleutian Chain.
Page 122. A change here in enumeration makes Merriam's Turkey No. 310, while the Wild Turkey (M. g. silvestris) becomes 310a.
Page 122. A change in numbering here makes Merriam's Turkey No. 310, while the Wild Turkey (M. g. silvestris) becomes 310a.
Page 125. After No. 316 add: 316a. Western Mourning Dove (Z. m. marginella). Similar to Z. m. carolinensis but paler. (Mearns, Auk, 1911, p. 490).
Page 125. After No. 316 add: 316a. Western Mourning Dove (Z. m. marginella). Similar to Z. m. carolinensis but lighter in color. (Mearns, Auk, 1911, p. 490).
Range—"Pacific Coast and San Clemente Island east to Mississippi Valley" (A. O. U.). The range of No. 316 should be correspondingly restricted.
Range—"Pacific Coast and San Clemente Island east to the Mississippi Valley" (A. O. U.). The range of No. 316 should be similarly limited.
Page 126. After No. 319 add: 319a. White-winged Dove (M. a. trudeaui). Similar to M. a. asiatica but "slightly larger, with a much longer bill and much paler coloration" (Mearns, Auk. 1911, p. 489).
Page 126. After No. 319 add: 319a. White-winged Dove (M. a. trudeaui). Similar to M. a. asiatica but "a bit larger, with a longer bill and much lighter coloring" (Mearns, Auk. 1911, p. 489).
Range—"Lower California, southern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico and southern Texas, south to Costa Rica. Casual in southeastern California and Colorado; accidental in Washington" (A. O. U.).
Range—"Lower California, southern Arizona, southwestern New Mexico, and southern Texas, extending down to Costa Rica. Occasionally found in southeastern California and Colorado; rare in Washington" (A. O. U.).
Page 126. No. 319 becomes West Indian White-winged Dove (Melopelia asiatica asiatica). Its Range includes Cuba and Jamaica, and it is of casual occurrence in the Bahamas and Florida.
Page 126. No. 319 is now known as the West Indian White-winged Dove (Melopelia asiatica asiatica). Its range includes Cuba and Jamaica, and it occasionally appears in the Bahamas and Florida.
Page 132. After No. 337d. add 337e. Alaska Red-tail (B. b. alascensis). Resembling B. b. calurus "but smaller throughout, and, keeping in consideration the stage of plumage, dark areas blacker and more extended." ♂ W. 13.5; T. 7.67; ♀ W. 14.44; T. 8.69 (Grinnell).
Page 132. After No. 337d. add 337e. Alaska Red-tail (B. b. alascensis). It looks like B. b. calurus "but smaller overall, and considering the plumage stage, has darker and more widespread black areas." ♂ W. 13.5; T. 7.67; ♀ W. 14.44; T. 8.69 (Grinnell).
Range—"Southeastern Alaska from Yakutat Bay to Admiralty Island and the Sitka Islands" (A. O. U.).
Range—"Southeastern Alaska from Yakutat Bay to Admiralty Island and the Sitka Islands" (A. O. U.).
Page 138. After No. 360b. add: 360c. Little Sparrow Hawk (F. S. paulus). Similar to No. 360 but smaller. ♂ W. 6.80; T. 4.12 ♀ W. 6.96; T. 4.00 (Howe).
Page 138. After No. 360b. add: 360c. Little Sparrow Hawk (F. S. paulus). Similar to No. 360 but smaller. ♂ W. 6.80; T. 4.12 ♀ W. 6.96; T. 4.00 (Howe).
Range—Southern half of Florida.
Range—Southern Florida.
Page 140. No. 379 proves to be separable into southern and northern races. The former retains the name Glaucidium gnoma gnoma, while the race of northern Mexico and Western United States, heretofore known by that name, becomes [Pg_297] G. g. pinicola, the Rocky Mountain Pygmy Owl. (Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIII, 1910, p. 103).
Page 140. No. 379 can be divided into southern and northern races. The southern race keeps the name Glaucidium gnoma gnoma, while the race from northern Mexico and the Western United States, previously called by that name, is now designated as G. g. pinicola, the Rocky Mountain Pygmy Owl. (Nelson, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., XXIII, 1910, p. 103).
Page 142. After No. 373h. add: 373i. Sahauro Screech Owl (O. a. gilmani). Nearest No. 373f but smaller and paler and with black markings more restricted (Swarth, Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool., VII, 1910, p. 1).
Page 142. After No. 373h. add: 373i. Sahauro Screech Owl (O. a. gilmani). It’s similar to No. 373f but smaller, lighter in color, and has more limited black markings (Swarth, Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool., VII, 1910, p. 1).
Range—"Lower Sonoran Life zone of southeastern California, Arizona, and probably New Mexico; and northwestern Mexico" (A. O. U.).
Range—"Lower Sonoran Life zone of southeastern California, Arizona, and possibly New Mexico; and northwestern Mexico" (A. O. U.).
Page 143. After No. 375f. add: 375g. Saint Michael Horned Owl (B. v. algistus). Similar to No. 375d. but larger; face less ochraceous, upper surface paler ochraceous. W. 14.60 (Oberholser).
Page 143. After No. 375f. add: 375g. Saint Michael Horned Owl (B. v. algistus). Similar to No. 375d. but larger; face less orange, upper surface lighter orange. W. 14.60 (Oberholser).
Range—"Coast Region of northern Alaska from Bristol Bay and the Yukon northward" (A. O. U.).
Range—"Coast Region of northern Alaska from Bristol Bay and the Yukon northward" (A. O. U.).
Page 143. After No. 275e. add: 375f. Labrador Horned Owl (B. v. heterocnemis). Similar to No. 375c. "but bill larger; posterior lower parts paler; feet lighter colored and less heavily spotted; upper parts with usually less ochraceous." (Oberholser).
Page 143. After No. 275e. add: 375f. Labrador Horned Owl (B. v. heterocnemis). Similar to No. 375c. "but has a larger bill; the lower back and sides are lighter; the feet are lighter in color and have fewer spots; the upper body usually has less ochraceous coloring." (Oberholser).
Range—"Northern Ungava and Labrador" (A. O. U.).
Range—"Northern Ungava and Labrador" (A. O. U.).
Page 147. After No. 390 add: 390a. Northwestern Belted Kingfisher (C. a. caurina). Similar to No. 370 "but size greater, especially measurements of flight-feathers." W. 6.54 (Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., V. 1910, p. 388).
Page 147. After No. 390 add: 390a. Northwestern Belted Kingfisher (C. a. caurina). Similar to No. 370 "but larger in size, especially in the dimensions of the flight feathers." W. 6.54 (Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool., V. 1910, p. 388).
Range—Northwestern America, south along the Pacific coast in winter. Status of California breeding birds still undetermined. (Grinnell, Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool., V, 1910, p. 289).
Range—Northwestern America, south along the Pacific coast in winter. Status of California breeding birds still undetermined. (Grinnell, Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool., V, 1910, p. 289).
Page 150. After No. 393f. add: 393g. Newfoundland Woodpecker (D. v. terrænoræ). Similar to D. V. villosus, "but slightly larger, the black areas of the upperparts increased, the white areas reduced both in number and in size, especially in the remiges and wing-coverts," (Batchelder).
Page 150. After No. 393f. add: 393g. Newfoundland Woodpecker (D. v. terrænoræ). Similar to D. V. villosus, "but slightly larger, with more black on the upperparts and fewer, smaller white areas, especially in the flight feathers and wing coverts," (Batchelder).
Range—Newfoundland.
Range—Newfoundland.
Page 150. After No. 393e. add: 393h. White-breasted Woodpecker (D. v. leucothorectis). "Much like No. 393e. but decidedly smaller; wing-coverts practically always without white spots." W. 4.83; T. 3.07; B. 1.10 (Oberholser, Proc. U. S. N. M. 40, 1908, p. 608).
Page 150. After No. 393e. add: 393h. White-breasted Woodpecker (D. v. leucothorectis). "Very similar to No. 393e. but clearly smaller; wing-coverts almost always lack white spots." W. 4.83; T. 3.07; B. 1.10 (Oberholser, Proc. U. S. N. M. 40, 1908, p. 608).
Range—"Canadian and Transition Zones, from southern Utah, northwestern and central New Mexico and extreme southwestern Texas, south to the mountains of western Zacatecas, Mexico." (A. O. U.).
Range—"Canadian and Transition Zones, from southern Utah, northwestern and central New Mexico, and extreme southwestern Texas, south to the mountains of western Zacatecas, Mexico." (A. O. U.).
Page 151. After No. 396a. add: 396b. San Fernando Woodpecker (D. s. eremicus). Similar to No. 396a, but larger; lower surface darker; upperparts darker, the white bars on back averaging narrower and less regular, the neck bars wider; black bars on posterior lower parts averaging somewhat wider." ♂ W. 4.16; T. 2.67; B. 1.02. (Oberholser, Proc. U. S. N. M. 41, 1911, P. 151).
Page 151. After No. 396a. add: 396b. San Fernando Woodpecker (D. s. eremicus). Similar to No. 396a, but larger; the underside is darker; the upperparts are darker, with the white bars on the back generally narrower and less consistent, and the neck bars are wider; black bars on the lower rear parts are generally a bit wider. "♂ W. 4.16; T. 2.67; B. 1.02. (Oberholser, Proc. U. S. N. M. 41, 1911, P. 151).
Range—Lower California, north of Ukai and Plaia Maria Bay, except extreme northeastern portion" (A. O. U.). The Range of No. 396a is thus restricted to the southern half of Lower California.
Range—Lower California, north of Ukai and Playa Maria Bay, except for the far northeastern part" (A. O. U.). The range of No. 396a is limited to the southern half of Lower California.
Page 154. After No. 414a. add: 414b. Mearns's Gilded Flicker (C. c. mearnsi). Similar to C. c. chrysoides but decidedly larger and paler, with pileum more strongly cinnamomeus, black bars on back, etc., narrower, spots on outer web of primaries more conspicuous primary coverts also sometimes spotted, gray of throat, etc. lighter, and spots on underparts usually smaller. W. 5.74; T. 3.77; B. 1.39 (Ridgway).
Page 154. After No. 414a. add: 414b. Mearns's Gilded Flicker (C. c. mearnsi). Similar to C. c. chrysoides but definitely larger and lighter in color, with a more pronounced cinnamon crown, black stripes on the back, narrower spots on the outer web of the primary feathers that are more noticeable, primary coverts that are sometimes spotted, a lighter gray throat, and usually smaller spots on the underparts. W. 5.74; T. 3.77; B. 1.39 (Ridgway).
Range.—"Extreme southwestern California, northern Lower California, and southern Arizona south to southern Sonora" (A. O. U.). The Range of No. 414 is now restricted to "southern Lower California," that of No. 414 to "middle Lower California."
Range.—"The far southwestern part of California, northern Lower California, and southern Arizona down to southern Sonora" (A. O. U.). The range of No. 414 is now limited to "southern Lower California," and that of No. 414 is restricted to "middle Lower California."
Page 160. After No. 439 add: 391.1 Salvin's Hummingbird (Uranomitra salvini). Ad. ♂. Head glittering blue; back dark shining green; tail dark glossy green, outer pair of feathers broadly tipped with drab; below soiled white; throat tinged with clayey white, sides of throat spotted with blue; sides of breast greenish blue; sides of body brilliant green. W. 2.07; T. 1.27; B. 1.02 (Brewster). Yng ♀. Similar but duller, rump edged with rusty; sides of body brownish gray (Bishop).
Page 160. After No. 439 add: 391.1 Salvin's Hummingbird (Uranomitra salvini). Adult ♂. Head shining blue; back dark, glossy green; tail dark, shiny green, with the outer pair of feathers broadly tipped in drab; underneath dirty white; throat slightly clay-colored, with blue spots on the sides; sides of the breast greenish blue; sides of the body bright green. W. 2.07; T. 1.27; B. 1.02 (Brewster). Young ♀. Similar but less vibrant, with the rump edged in rusty; sides of the body brownish gray (Bishop).
Range.—"Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona, and eastern Sonora (only two specimens known)" (A. O. U.).
Range.—"Huachuca Mountains, southern Arizona, and eastern Sonora (only two specimens known)" (A. O. U.).
Page 178. After No. 498f. add: 498g. Vera Cruz Red-wing (A. p. richmondi). Similar to A. p. floridanus but slightly smaller; adult female much lighter colored (resembling female of A. p. sonoriensis), about intermediate in color between females of A. p. floridanus and A. p. bryanti. ♂ W. 4.40; T. 3.22; B. 90; depth of B. at base, .44. ♀. W. 3.61; T. 2.67; B. .77; depth of B. at base, 39.
Page 178. After No. 498f. add: 498g. Vera Cruz Red-wing (A. p. richmondi). Similar to A. p. floridanus but a bit smaller; the adult female is much lighter in color (similar to the female of A. p. sonoriensis), about in-between in color compared to the females of A. p. floridanus and A. p. bryanti. ♂ W. 4.40; T. 3.22; B. 90; depth of B. at base, .44. ♀. W. 3.61; T. 2.67; B. .77; depth of B. at base, 39.
Range.—"Southern coast and Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas south through eastern Mexico to Yucatan and eastern Guatemala; winters south to eastern Nicaragua and Costa Rica." (A. O. U.).
Range.—"Southern coast and Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas south through eastern Mexico to Yucatan and eastern Guatemala; winters south to eastern Nicaragua and Costa Rica." (A. O. U.).
Page 185. After No. 478d. add: 478e. Coast Jay (C. s. carbonacea). "Intermediate in size and coloration between C. s. stelleri and C. stelleri frontalis. Dorsal surface sooty black as in stelleri, but with blue on forehead nearly as extended as in frontalis. Tint of blue of posterior lower parts paler than in stelleri, and extending further forward into pectoral region as in frontalis" (Grinnell).
Page 185. After No. 478d. add: 478e. Coast Jay (C. s. carbonacea). "It’s intermediate in size and color between C. s. stelleri and C. stelleri frontalis. The dorsal surface is sooty black like stelleri, but has blue on the forehead that's almost as extensive as in frontalis. The blue tint on the lower parts is lighter than in stelleri, extending further forward into the pectoral area like in frontalis" (Grinnell).
Range.—"Breeds in the humid Pacific coast strip from southern Oregon to the Santa Lucia mountains, California and east to the mountains on the west side of Napa Valley; in winter east to the Gabilan and Mt. Diablo ranges" (A. O. U).
Range.—"Nests in the moist Pacific coast area from southern Oregon to the Santa Lucia Mountains in California, and extends east to the mountains on the west side of Napa Valley; in winter, it moves east to the Gabilan and Mt. Diablo ranges" (A. O. U).
Page 192. Cancel No. 530b, United States specimens of which prove to be merely adults of No. 530. Further west, however, black-backed birds are not found, and this western bird has been described as new. (Consequently after No. 530, add: 530a). Green-backed Goldfinch (A. p. hesperophilus). Similar to A. p. psaltria "but ear-coverts, sides of neck with back, nape, and rump, in fully adult plumage, olive-green instead of black" (Oberholser). Fig. 530 represents this area.
Page 192. Cancel No. 530b, United States specimens of which prove to be merely adults of No. 530. However, further west, black-backed birds are not found, and this western bird has been described as new. (So after No. 530, add: 530a). Green-backed Goldfinch (A. p. hesperophilus). Similar to A. p. psaltria "but ear-coverts, sides of neck with back, nape, and rump, in fully adult plumage, olive-green instead of black" (Oberholser). Fig. 530 represents this area.
Range.—"Southwestern United States. Breeds from southern Oregon and Utah to southern Lower California, Sonora and extreme southwestern New Mexico; winters from central California to Cape San Lucas" (A. O. U.).
Range.—"Southwestern United States. Breeds from southern Oregon and Utah to southern California, Sonora, and the very southwest of New Mexico; winters from central California to Cape San Lucas" (A. O. U.).
The Range of A. g. psaltria is therefore restricted to "northern Colorado to central northern Texas and south throughout Mexico, except in northwestern and extreme southern portions; casual in Wyoming." (A. O. U.).
The range of A. g. psaltria is limited to "northern Colorado to central northern Texas and south throughout Mexico, except in the northwestern and extreme southern parts; occasional in Wyoming." (A. O. U.).
Page 194. Cancel No. 618d, Northern Yellow-throat, which proves to be the same as No. 681, Maryland Yellow-throat.
Page 194. Cancel No. 618d, Northern Yellow-throat, which turns out to be the same as No. 681, Maryland Yellow-throat.
Page 196. After No. 652b. add: 652c. California Yellow Warbler (D. æ. brewsteri). Differs from D. æ. æstiva in smaller size, paler (or less brightly yellow) coloration and, in the male, narrower streaking on under surface." Differs from D. æ. rubiginosa "in much smaller size and yellower coloration," and "from D. æ. sonorana in smaller size and darker coloration." ♂ W. 2.45; T. 1.96. ♀. W. 2.33; T. 1.93 (Grinnell).
Page 196. After No. 652b. add: 652c. California Yellow Warbler (D. æ. brewsteri). It is smaller, has a paler (or less vibrant yellow) color, and, in males, has narrower streaks on the underside compared to D. æ. æstiva. It differs from D. æ. rubiginosa by being much smaller and having a yellower color, and from D. æ. sonorana by being smaller and having a darker color. ♂ W. 2.45; T. 1.96. ♀. W. 2.33; T. 1.93 (Grinnell).
Range.—Pacific Coast, west of the Cascades, and the Sierra Nevada from Washington to southern California. (The range of D. æ. æstiva is correspondingly restricted).
Range.—Pacific Coast, west of the Cascades, and the Sierra Nevada from Washington to southern California. (The range of D. æ. æstiva is similarly limited).
Page 210. Cancel No. 464.2, Santa Barbara Flycatcher, which proves to be the same as No. 464, Western Flycatcher.
Page 210. Cancel No. 464.2, Santa Barbara Flycatcher, which is actually the same as No. 464, Western Flycatcher.
Page 211. Cancel No. 472a, Ridgway's Flycatcher, which proves to be the same as No. 472, Beardless Flycatcher.
Page 211. Cancel No. 472a, Ridgway's Flycatcher, which turns out to be the same as No. 472, Beardless Flycatcher.
Page 212. After No. 632c. add: 632a. Fraser's Vireo (V. h. cognatus). Similar to V. h. stephensi, but wing averaging decidedly shorter, tarsus longer, and coloration paler. Wing, 2.48; Tar. .74 (Ridgway).
Page 212. After No. 632c. add: 632a. Fraser's Vireo (V. h. cognatus). Similar to V. h. stephensi, but with shorter wings on average, a longer tarsus, and paler coloration. Wing, 2.48; Tar. .74 (Ridgway).
Range.—"Cape San Lucas district of Lower California (Sierra de la Laguna; Victoria Mountains); resident" (Ridgway).
Range.—"Cape San Lucas area of Lower California (Sierra de la Laguna; Victoria Mountains); resident" (Ridgway).
Page 214. After No. 633a. add: 633b. Texas Vireo (V. b. medius). "Similar to V. b. belli, but coloration paler and tail averaging longer; pileum and hindneck brownish gray instead of grayish brown; olive of back, etc. grayer; underparts whiter with olive-yellow of sides and flanks much paler; under tail-coverts and axillars white, yellowish white, or very pale sulphur yellow" (Ridgway).
Page 214. After No. 633a. add: 633b. Texas Vireo (V. b. medius). "Similar to V. b. belli, but the colors are lighter and the tail tends to be longer; the cap and back of the neck are brownish gray rather than grayish brown; the olive on the back, etc., is grayer; the underparts are whiter with the olive-yellow on the sides and flanks much paler; the under tail-coverts and armpits are white, yellowish white, or very pale sulfur yellow" (Ridgway).
Range.—"Southwestern Texas (Presidio, Brewster and Kinney Counties) south to Coahuila and Guanajuato, central Mexico" (A. O. U.).
Range.—"Southwestern Texas (Presidio, Brewster, and Kinney Counties) to Coahuila and Guanajuato, central Mexico" (A. O. U.).
Pages 215, 216. The Wren-Tits have been revised and their ranges more correctly defined, and to the two forms given two more have been added. The four races now recognized stand as follows: 742. Wren-Tit (Chamæa fasciata fasciata). Characters as described and figured.
Pages 215, 216. The Wren-Tits have been updated and their ranges more accurately defined, and in addition to the two forms previously mentioned, two more have been added. The four races currently recognized are as follows: 742. Wren-Tit (Chamæa fasciata fasciata). Descriptions and illustrations as provided.
Range.—"Upper Sonoran zone on the eastern and southern shores of San Francisco Bay and adjacent Santa Clara Valley" (A. O. U.).
Range.—"Upper Sonoran zone on the eastern and southern shores of San Francisco Bay and nearby Santa Clara Valley" (A. O. U.).
742a. Pallid Wren-Tit (C. f. henshawi). Similar to C. f. fasciata, "but decidedly paler, the back, scapulars, rump, etc. grayish brown (deep hair-brown), the pileum and hindneck brownish gray (nearly mouse-gray or deep smoke-gray), and general color of underparts varying from very pale grayish buff to buffy ecru-drab, or pale, vinaceous-buff, fading to nearly white on lower abdomen" (Ridgway).
742a. Pallid Wren-Tit (C. f. henshawi). Similar to C. f. fasciata, "but definitely lighter, with the back, scapulars, and rump being grayish brown (dark hair-brown), the crown and back of the neck brownish gray (almost mouse-gray or deep smoke-gray), and the overall color of the underparts ranging from very pale grayish buff to buffy ecru-drab, or pale, vinaceous-buff, fading to almost white on the lower abdomen" (Ridgway).
Range.—"Upper Sonoran Zone of foothills and valleys of interior and southern California from Shasta County south to northern Lower California, and along the coast from Monterey Bay southward" (A. O. U.).
Range.—"Upper Sonoran Zone of the foothills and valleys of interior and southern California, from Shasta County down to northern Lower California, and along the coast from Monterey Bay southward" (A. O. U.).
742b. Coast Wren-Tit (C. f. phæa). Characters as stated on page 216.
742b. Coast Wren-Tit (C. f. phæa). Identifying features as mentioned on page 216.
Range.—"Humid Transition Zone of Pacific Coast of Oregon and northern California (from Columbia River to Humboldt Bay)" (A. O. U.).
Range.—"Humid Transition Zone of the Pacific Coast of Oregon and Northern California (from the Columbia River to Humboldt Bay)" (A. O. U.).
742c. Ruddy Wren-Tit (C. f. rufula). Intermediate in color between No. 742 and No. 742b. More richly colored than the former, but not so dark as the latter.
742c. Ruddy Wren-Tit (C. f. rufula). This bird's color is in between No. 742 and No. 742b. It is more vibrantly colored than the first one, but not as dark as the second.
Range.—"Humid Transition coast strip of California from southern Humboldt County to Santa Cruz" (A. O. U.).
Range.—"Humid transition coastal area of California from southern Humboldt County to Santa Cruz" (A. O. U.).
Page 217. Cancel No. 710a. Pasadena Thrasher, which proves to be the same as No. 710 California Thrasher.
Page 217. Cancel No. 710a. Pasadena Thrasher, which turns out to be the same as No. 710 California Thrasher.
Page 223. After No. 542b, add: 542d. Nevada Savannah Sparrow (P. s. nevadensis). Resembles P. s. alaudinus "but much paler throughout in all plumages; white replacing buff, black streaks thus more conspicuously contrasted, there being a minimum amount of hazel marginings; size slightly less." Differs from P. s. savanna "as above, but in greater degree" (Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool. V, 1910, p. 312).
Page 223. After No. 542b, add: 542d. Nevada Savannah Sparrow (P. s. nevadensis). Looks like P. s. alaudinus "but is generally much lighter in all plumage types; white replaces buff, making the black streaks stand out more, with minimal hazel edges; size is slightly smaller." Differs from P. s. savanna "as mentioned above, but to a greater extent" (Grinnell, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool. V, 1910, p. 312).
Range.—"Humboldt and Washoe Counties, Nevada, and probably throughout Great Basin, south in winter to the Colorado Desert and Los Angeles Co., California" (A. O. U.).
Range.—"Humboldt and Washoe Counties, Nevada, and likely throughout the Great Basin, moving south in winter to the Colorado Desert and Los Angeles County, California" (A. O. U.).
Page 228, after No. 574b (which, as shown in the Systematic Table, now becomes 574.1a) add: 574.1b. California Sage Sparrow (Amphispiza nevadensis canescens). Similar to Amphispiza belli but size somewhat greater, and coloration throughout very much paler; resembles Amphispiza nevadensis nevadensis, but size very much less, and coloration slightly darker. ♂ W. 2.79; T. 3.03. ♀ W. 2.63; T. 2.87 (Grinnell).
Page 228, after No. 574b (which, as shown in the Systematic Table, now becomes 574.1a) add: 574.1b. California Sage Sparrow (Amphispiza nevadensis canescens). Similar to Amphispiza belli but slightly larger in size, and the overall coloration is much paler; resembles Amphispiza nevadensis nevadensis, but is considerably smaller and has a slightly darker coloration. ♂ W. 2.79; T. 3.03. ♀ W. 2.63; T. 2.87 (Grinnell).
Range.—"Upper Sonoran Zone in Owens Valley and adjacent areas in eastern California and extreme western Nevada" (A. O. U.).
Range.—"Upper Sonoran Zone in Owens Valley and nearby areas in eastern California and far western Nevada" (A. O. U.).
Page 229. After No. 581c. add 581s. Suisun Song Sparrow (M. m. maxillaris). [Pg_301] Size of M. m. heermanni; but black streakings everywhere broader, and the general tone of coloration darker; larger than M. m. samuelis and with brown more extended and deeper in tone (bay rather than hazel); unique in having the base of the maxilla inflated or swollen with "lateral bulbosities" (Grinnell).
Page 229. After No. 581c. add 581s. Suisun Song Sparrow (M. m. maxillaris). [Pg_301] Size of M. m. heermanni; but black streaks are much wider, and the overall color is darker; larger than M. m. samuelis and with more extensive and richer brown (bay instead of hazel); distinctive for having a swollen base of the maxilla with "lateral bulging" (Grinnell).
Range.—Marshes bordering Suisun Bay, Solano Co., California.
Range.—Marshes next to Suisun Bay, Solano County, California.
Page 230. After No. 581d. add: 581p. Mendocino Song Sparrow (M. m. cleonsis). Size of M. m. samuelis but lighter and more rusty; black markings of back more restricted; spots of breast broadly edged with rusty; black on side of head and neck almost entirely replaced by rusty or reddish brown" (McGregor).
Page 230. After No. 581d. add: 581p. Mendocino Song Sparrow (M. m. cleonsis). Similar in size to M. m. samuelis, but lighter and with a rustier appearance; the black markings on the back are more limited; the spots on the breast are widely edged with rusty color; the black on the side of the head and neck is almost completely replaced by rusty or reddish-brown" (McGregor).
Range.—"Coast strip of southern Oregon and northern California from Yaquina Bay, Oregon, to Tomales Bay, California" (A. O. U.).
Range.—"Coast area of southern Oregon and northern California from Yaquina Bay, Oregon, to Tomales Bay, California" (A. O. U.).
Page 231. After No. 585d. add: 585e. Sooty Fox Sparrow (P. i. fuliginosa). "Similar to P. i. townsendi but darker and less rufescent, the upperparts, sides of head and neck and lateral underparts sepia or sooty brown, the upper tail-coverts and tail slightly more castaneous; spots on underparts dark sooty brown, larger and more confluent than in other forms" (Ridgway).
Page 231. After No. 585d. add: 585e. Sooty Fox Sparrow (P. i. fuliginosa). "Similar to P. i. townsendi but darker and less reddish, the upper parts, sides of the head and neck, and lateral underparts are a sepia or sooty brown. The upper tail-coverts and tail are slightly more reddish-brown; spots on the underparts are dark sooty brown, larger and more connected than in other forms" (Ridgway).
Range.—"Northwest coast strip. Breeds on the coast of British Columbia, Vancouver Island and northwestern Washington; winters south along the coast to San Francisco, California" (A. O. U.).
Range.—"Northwest coast strip. Breeds along the coast of British Columbia, Vancouver Island, and northwestern Washington; winters further south along the coast to San Francisco, California" (A. O. U.).
No. 585f. Kadiak Fox Sparrow (P. i. insularis). "Similar to P. i. unalaschensis but much browner and more uniform above (back warm sepia), spots on chest, etc., larger and much deeper brown and under tail-coverts more strongly tinged with buff" (Ridgway).
No. 585f. Kadiak Fox Sparrow (P. i. insularis). "Similar to P. i. unalaschensis but much browner and more consistent in color on top (back is a warm sepia), with larger and darker brown spots on the chest, etc., and the under tail-coverts have a stronger buff tint" (Ridgway).
Range.—"Alaska coast strip. Breeds on Kadiak Island and on the coast from Prince William Sound south to Cross Sound; winters along the coast to southern California" (A. O. U.).
Range.—"Alaska coast strip. Breeds on Kodiak Island and along the coast from Prince William Sound south to Cross Sound; winters along the coast down to Southern California" (A. O. U.).
Page 234. After No. 715 add: 715a. San Nicolas Rock Wren (S. o. pulverius). Similar to S. o. obsoletus "but entire plumage, especially the upperparts, suffused with ochraceous or dust color, almost identical with the tint of the soil on San Nicholas Island" (Grinnell).
Page 234. After No. 715 add: 715a. San Nicolas Rock Wren (S. o. pulverius). Similar to S. o. obsoletus "but its entire plumage, especially the upperparts, is blended with ochraceous or dusty colors, nearly matching the color of the soil on San Nicholas Island" (Grinnell).
Range.—San Nicholas Island, California.
Range: San Nicholas Island, CA.
Page 236. Cancel No. 821b, Troglodytes aëdon aztecus, which proves to be the same as No. 721a, T. a. parkmani. The common name, Western House Wren, however, is retained in place of the common name Parkman's Wren.
Page 236. Cancel No. 821b, Troglodytes aëdon aztecus, which is the same as No. 721a, T. a. parkmani. The common name, Western House Wren, is kept instead of the common name Parkman's Wren.
Page 237. After No. 725c add: 725d. Prairie Marsh Wren (T. p. iliacus). "Similar to T. p. palustris, but slightly larger and with the coloration more rufescent, the brown of the upperparts russet-brown to cinnamon-brown or russet, the flanks conspicuously deep cinnamon-buff or cinnamon" (Ridgway).
Page 237. After No. 725c add: 725d. Prairie Marsh Wren (T. p. iliacus). "Similar to T. p. palustris, but slightly larger and with a more reddish coloration, the brown of the upperparts ranges from russet-brown to cinnamon-brown or russet, and the flanks are noticeably deep cinnamon-buff or cinnamon" (Ridgway).
Range.—Plains and prairies of central North America. Breeds from central Alberta and southwestern Keewatin south to central Mississippi Valley and east to [Pg_302] Indiana; winters southward into Mexico and along the Gulf coast to western Florida (A. O. U.).
Range.—Plains and prairies of central North America. Breeds from central Alberta and southwestern Keewatin south to the central Mississippi Valley and east to [Pg_302] Indiana; winters southward into Mexico and along the Gulf coast to western Florida (A. O. U.).
Page 238. After No. 759c add: 759d. Monterey Hermit Thrush (H. g. slevini). General color extremely pale and ashy, nearly as much so as in H. g. sequoiensis; above hair-brown, slightly browner on top of head; upper tail-coverts and tail isabella color; spots on breast sepia, small in size and few in numbers. (Grinnell).
Page 238. After No. 759c add: 759d. Monterey Hermit Thrush (H. g. slevini). General color is very pale and ashy, almost as much as in H. g. sequoiensis; the upper parts are hair-brown, slightly darker on the top of the head; the upper tail-coverts and tail are isabella color; spots on the breast are sepia, small in size and few in number. (Grinnell).
Range.—"Breeds in Transition Zone of the coast belt in California from northern Trinity County to southern Monterey County; south in migration to Lower California and Sonora" (A. O. U.).
Range.—"Nests in the Transition Zone of the coastal region in California from northern Trinity County to southern Monterey County; migrates south to Lower California and Sonora" (A. O. U.).
759e. Sierra Hermit Thrush (H. g. sequoiensis). Similar in coloration to H. g. slevini, but decidedly larger and slightly darker or browner; similar to H. g. guttata, but larger, paler, and grayer; decidedly smaller." W. 3.65; T. 2.82. (Ridgway).
759e. Sierra Hermit Thrush (H. g. sequoiensis). Similar in color to H. g. slevini, but definitely larger and a bit darker or browner; resembles H. g. guttata, but is bigger, lighter, and grayer; definitely smaller." W. 3.65; T. 2.82. (Ridgway).
Range.—"Breeds in Boreal Zones from southern British Columbia to high mountains in southern California; south in migration and in winter to Lower California, western Texas, and northern Mexico" (A. O. U.).
Range.—"Breeds in Boreal Zones from southern British Columbia to the high mountains in southern California; migrates south and spends winter in Lower California, western Texas, and northern Mexico" (A. O. U.).
Page 239. Cancel 758b, Monterey Thrush, and No. 758c, Alma Thrush, which are now considered to be the same as No. 758, Russet-backed Thrush.
Page 239. Cancel 758b, Monterey Thrush, and No. 758c, Alma Thrush, which are now seen as the same as No. 758, Russet-backed Thrush.
Pages 240 and 241. The decisions of the A. O. U. Committee on numerous proposed changes in the standing of our Juncos were not published until after the first edition of the Color Key appeared. One new form (No. 567h) has been added to those therein given one (J. o. shufeldti) has been omitted and the following changes have been made in nomenclature:
Pages 240 and 241. The A. O. U. Committee's decisions on several proposed changes regarding our Juncos were not released until after the first edition of the Color Key was published. One new form (No. 567h) has been added to those listed, one (J. o. shufeldti) has been removed, and the following updates have been made to the names:
No. 568. Junco mearnsi, becomes No. 567g, Junco hyemalis mearnsi, and the Range of this form is now given as "Rocky Mountain region. Breeds from southwestern Saskatchewan to southern Idaho and northern Wyoming and Colorado to southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and northeastern Sonora" (A. O. U.).
No. 568. Junco mearnsi is now classified as No. 567g, Junco hyemalis mearnsi, and its range is currently noted as "Rocky Mountain region. Breeds from southwestern Saskatchewan to southern Idaho and northern Wyoming and Colorado to southern Arizona, southern New Mexico, and northeastern Sonora" (A. O. U.).
No. 567.1 Junco montanus, becomes No. 567f. Junco hyemalis montanus.
No. 567.1 Junco montanus is now No. 567f. Junco hyemalis montanus.
No. 571.1 Junco townsendi, becomes No. 567i, Junco hyemalis townsendi.
No. 571.1 Junco townsendi becomes No. 567i, Junco hyemalis townsendi.
No. 569 Junco caniceps, becomes No. 570b. Junco phæonotus caniceps.
No. 569 Junco caniceps is now No. 570b. Junco phæonotus caniceps.
No. 570a. Junco dorsalis, becomes Junco phæonotus dorsalis.
No. 570a. Junco dorsalis is now Junco phæonotus dorsalis.
No. 567a. Junco oreganus, becomes Junco hyemalis oreganus.
No. 567a. Junco oreganus changes to Junco hyemalis oreganus.
No. 567c. Junco oreganus thurberi, becomes Junco hyemalis thurberi.
No. 567c. Junco oreganus thurberi becomes Junco hyemalis thurberi.
No. 567d. Junco oreganus pinosus, becomes Junco hyemalis pinosus.
No. 567d. Junco oreganus pinosus becomes Junco hyemalis pinosus.
The common names of all the preceding species remain unchanged.
The common names of all the previous species stay the same.
No. 567b. Coues' Junco (Junco oreganus connectens) becomes Shufeldt's Junco (Junco hyemalis connectens), and this form also includes J. o. shufeldti of the 'Color Key,' which is therefore cancelled. The Range of 567b, thus stands as follows:
No. 567b. Coues' Junco (Junco oreganus connectens) is now referred to as Shufeldt's Junco (Junco hyemalis connectens), and this classification also covers J. o. shufeldti from the 'Color Key,' which is thereby cancelled. The range of 567b now stands as follows:
Rocky Mountain region. Breeds from the coast of southern British Columbia east to west, central Alberta and south to northern Oregon; winters over entire Rocky Mountain tableland to eastern Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas, Chihuahua, and Sonora; casual in northern Lower California" (A. O. U.).
Rocky Mountain region. Breeds from the coast of southern British Columbia east to west, central Alberta, and south to northern Oregon; winters across the entire Rocky Mountain tableland to eastern Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas, Chihuahua, and Sonora; occasional in northern Lower California" (A. O. U.).
The one new form added follows No. 568. after which insert 567h, Ridgway's Junco (J. h. annectens). Back with a reddish brown patch as in J. p. caniceps, but sides washed with pinkish brown, as in J. h. mearnsi.
The one new form added follows No. 568. After which insert 567h, Ridgway's Junco (J. h. annectens). Back with a reddish-brown patch like in J. p. caniceps, but sides washed with pinkish-brown, as in J. h. mearnsi.
Range.—"Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico" (A. O. U.).
Range.—"Wyoming, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico" (A. O. U.).
Page 242. Cancel No. 744.1, Santa Rita Bush-Tit, which proves to be the same as No. 745, Lloyd's Bush-Tit.
Page 242. Cancel No. 744.1, Santa Rita Bush-Tit, which turns out to be the same as No. 745, Lloyd's Bush-Tit.
Page 243. Cancel No. 731a, Texan Tufted Titmouse, which proves to be the same as No. 731, Tufted Titmouse.
Page 243. Cancel No. 731a, Texan Tufted Titmouse, which is confirmed to be the same as No. 731, Tufted Titmouse.
Page 243. After No. 732 add: 732a. Sennett's Titmouse (B. a. sennetti). "Similar to B. a. atricistatus, but decidedly larger; upper parts much clearer gray, with little, if any olive tinge; adult female with crest feathers more often and more extensively tipped with gray, and both sexes with the forehead more often tinged with brown or rusty, sometimes deeply so" (Ridgway).
Page 243. After No. 732 add: 732a. Sennett's Titmouse (B. a. sennetti). "Similar to B. a. atricistatus, but noticeably larger; the upper parts are a much clearer gray, with little to no olive tint; the adult female has crest feathers that are more often and extensively tipped with gray, and both sexes have foreheads that are more frequently tinged with brown or rusty, sometimes quite deeply so" (Ridgway).
Range.—Central Texas, "from Tom Green and Concho Counties east to the Brazos River, and from Young County south to Nueces and Bee Counties" (A. O. U.).
Range.—Central Texas, "from Tom Green and Concho Counties east to the Brazos River, and from Young County south to Nueces and Bee Counties" (A. O. U.).
Page 244. After No. 741b. add: 741c. Valdez Chestnut-sided Chickadee (P. r. vivax). Like P. r. rufescens in coloration but larger, tail proportionately longer and bill bulkier. W. 2.48; T. 2.32 (Grinnell).
Page 244. After No. 741b. add: 741c. Valdez Chestnut-sided Chickadee (P. r. vivax). Similar in color to P. r. rufescens but larger, with a longer tail and a bulkier bill. W. 2.48; T. 2.32 (Grinnell).
Range.—Prince William Sound Region, Alaska.
Range: Prince William Sound Region, Alaska.
Page 244. Cancel 740a. Kowak Chickadee, and No. 740b, Columbian Chickadee, which prove to be the same as No. 740, Hudsonian Chickadee. Parus h. littoralis becomes No. 740a, Acadian Chickadee.
Page 244. Cancel 740a. Kowak Chickadee, and No. 740b, Columbian Chickadee, which turns out to be the same as No. 740, Hudsonian Chickadee. Parus h. littoralis becomes No. 740a, Acadian Chickadee.
Page 244. After No. 738 add: 738a. Bailey's Mountain Chickadee (P. g. baileyæ). Similar to P. g. gambeli, "but coloration dorsally and laterally more plumbeous, less brownish, and bill larger." B. 41 (Grinnell).
Page 244. After No. 738, add: 738a. Bailey's Mountain Chickadee (P. g. baileyæ). Similar to P. g. gambeli, "but the colors on the back and sides are more lead-colored, less brownish, and the bill is larger." B. 41 (Grinnell).
Range.—"Mountains of Great Basin region and northern Lower California. Breeds in Canadian and Transition Zones from the Maury Mountains, Oregon, south over Nevada and eastern California to the San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California" (A. O. U.).
Range.—"Mountains of the Great Basin area and northern Lower California. Breeds in Canadian and Transition Zones from the Maury Mountains, Oregon, south through Nevada and eastern California to the San Pedro Martir Mountains, Lower California" (A. O. U.).
Page 245. After No. 736a add: 736b. Florida Chickadee (P. c. impiger). Similar to P. c. carolinensis but darker and decidedly smaller (except bill). W. 2.08; T. 1.81; B. .31 (Ridgway).
Page 245. After No. 736a add: 736b. Florida Chickadee (P. c. impiger). Similar to P. c. carolinensis but darker and noticeably smaller (except for the bill). W. 2.08; T. 1.81; B. .31 (Ridgway).
Range.—East central Florida.
Range—Central East Florida.
Page 245. After No. 735b add: 735c. Yukon Chickadee (P. a. turneri). "Similar to P. a. septentrionalis but slightly smaller, coloration grayer above and more extensively or purely white beneath, and white edgings of greater wing-coverts, secondaries, and outermost rectrices broader, more purely white" (Ridgway).
Page 245. After No. 735b add: 735c. Yukon Chickadee (P. a. turneri). "Similar to P. a. septentrionalis but slightly smaller, with a grayer color on top and more completely white underneath. The white edges of the larger wing feathers, secondaries, and outermost tail feathers are wider and more purely white" (Ridgway).
Range.—Alaska, north and west of Cook Inlet.
Range.—Alaska, north and west of Cook Inlet.
Page 248. After No. 622c add the northeastern form of the Loggerhead Shrike, which is intermediate between L. l. ludovicianus and L. l. excubitorides [Pg_304] and has been separated as 622e. Migrant Shrike (L. l. migrans). Similar to L. l. ludovicianus but bill smaller and colors averaging paler. Not so pale as, and lacking the whitish upper tail-coverts of L. l. excubitorides.
Page 248. After No. 622c, add the northeastern variant of the Loggerhead Shrike, which is between L. l. ludovicianus and L. l. excubitorides [Pg_304] and has been designated as 622e. Migrant Shrike (L. l. migrans). It resembles L. l. ludovicianus but has a smaller bill and lighter average colors. It’s not as pale and lacks the white upper tail-coverts of L. l. excubitorides.
Range.—"Eastern North America. Breeds chiefly in Transition and Upper Austral Zones from northern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, Maine, and New Brunswick, south to eastern Kansas, southern Illinois, Kentucky, western North Carolina and interior of Virginia (locally in the east); winters from Middle States and southern New England to Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi" (A. O. U.).
Range.—"Eastern North America. Breeds mainly in the Transition and Upper Austral Zones from northern Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan, southern Ontario, southern Quebec, Maine, and New Brunswick, south to eastern Kansas, southern Illinois, Kentucky, western North Carolina, and the interior of Virginia (locally in the east); winters from the Middle States and southern New England to Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi" (A. O. U.).
The Range of the Loggerhead Shrike (No. 622) is therefore restricted to the South Atlantic and Gulf States from southern North Carolina south through Florida and west to Louisiana.
The Loggerhead Shrike (No. 622) is primarily found in the South Atlantic and Gulf States, ranging from southern North Carolina down through Florida and west to Louisiana.
Page 250. After No. 612 add: 612a. Lesser Cliff Swallow (P. l. tachina). Similar to P. l. lunifrons but decidedly smaller, the forehead ochraceous instead of cream color. W. 4.08; T. 1.77 (Oberholser).
Page 250. After No. 612 add: 612a. Lesser Cliff Swallow (P. l. tachina). Similar to P. l. lunifrons but definitely smaller, with an ochre forehead instead of a cream color. W. 4.08; T. 1.77 (Oberholser).
Range.—"Texas and Mexico. Breeds in western Texas, the Rio Grande Valley, and through eastern Mexico to Vera Cruz" (A. O. U.).
Range.—"Texas and Mexico. Breeds in western Texas, the Rio Grande Valley, and through eastern Mexico to Veracruz" (A. O. U.).
Page 250. No. 612.2. Petrochelidon melanogastra, becomes No. 612b, Petrochelidon lunifrons melanogastra.
Page 250. No. 612.2. Petrochelidon melanogastra is now No. 612b, Petrochelidon lunifrons melanogastra.
Page 250. After No. 611.1 (which is now believed to be of only occasional occurrence in southern Florida) add: 611.2. Gray-breasted Martin (Progne chalybea). Male much like the female of P. subis but brighter, more uniformly steel-blue above. Female like female of P. subis but brighter, more uniformly gray, the belly whiter, without black shaft streaks; the nape without sign of a collar in either sex. W. 5.2.
Page 250. After No. 611.1 (which is now thought to occur only occasionally in southern Florida) add: 611.2. Gray-breasted Martin (Progne chalybea). The male looks a lot like the female of P. subis but is brighter, with a more uniform steel-blue color on the back. The female resembles the female of P. subis but is brighter, more uniformly gray, the belly is whiter, and it has no black shaft streaks; neither sex shows any sign of a collar on the nape. W. 5.2.
Range.—Breeds from Lower Rio Grande in Texas south to southern Brazil.
Range.—Breeds from the Lower Rio Grande in Texas down to southern Brazil.
Page 253. After No. 496 (which has become Tangavius æneus involucratus) add: 496a. Bronzed Cowbird (T. w. æneus). Similar to T. æ. involucratus but plumage of the male smoother and more glossy; the female much grayer, more like female of M. ater.
Page 253. After No. 496 (which has become Tangavius æneus involucratus) add: 496a. Bronzed Cowbird (T. w. æneus). Similar to T. æ. involucratus but the male's plumage is smoother and shinier; the female is much grayer, resembling the female of M. ater.
Range.—"San Antonio, Texas, south through eastern Mexico, Yucatan and central America to Panama" (A. O. U.).
Range.—"San Antonio, Texas, south through eastern Mexico, Yucatan, and central America to Panama" (A. O. U.).
The Range of No. 496 is hence restricted to the region from northwestern Mexico to southern Arizona.
The range of No. 496 is therefore limited to the area from northwestern Mexico to southern Arizona.
Page 255. After No. 488a. add: 488b. Western Crow (C. b. hesperis). Similar to No. 488 "but decidedly smaller, with bill relatively smaller and more slender." ♂ W. 11.88; T. 6.72; B. 1.87; depth of B. at nostril .62 (Ridgway).
Page 255. After No. 488a. add: 488b. Western Crow (C. b. hesperis). Similar to No. 488 "but definitely smaller, with a relatively smaller and slimmer bill." ♂ W. 11.88; T. 6.72; B. 1.87; depth of B. at nostril .62 (Ridgway).
Range.—"Western North America, from east central British Columbia and Montana south to southern California, Arizona, and western Texas" (A. O. U.).
Range.—"Western North America, from east-central British Columbia and Montana down to southern California, Arizona, and western Texas" (A. O. U.).
When one is engaged in a study of the birds of a certain region or locality it is of the first importance to learn what has been published about them by previous workers. Such information may appear in general works on the bird-life of a large area, but more frequently it is found in 'local lists' of the birds of a limited district. These lists constitute one of the most characteristic and numerous types of ornithological publication. They are of value to the student of distribution and migration, in the broader phases of these subjects, and they are of especial interest and assistance to students living in the region to which they relate.
When studying the birds of a specific area, it's crucial to find out what previous researchers have published about them. This information might be found in general resources covering bird life across a larger area, but it's often located in 'local lists' detailing the birds of a smaller region. These lists are among the most common and distinctive types of ornithological publications. They are beneficial for those studying distribution and migration on a larger scale and are particularly valuable to students residing in the area they cover.
The appended titles of works of this nature have been selected from a card catalogue of faunal publications which the author began to prepare some twenty years ago, in part with regard to their historic importance, but mainly on the basis of their present working value.
The added titles of works like this have been chosen from a card catalog of animal-related publications that the author started putting together about twenty years ago. This was done partly because of their historical significance, but mostly based on their current usefulness.
Unfortunately many of these papers are now out of print or are hidden in scientific publications of but limited circulation and are therefore correspondingly inaccessible. When, however, other means to secure them fail, the Librarian of the American Museum of Natural History, in New York City, may be consulted with a view to securing, at cost, a type written copy of any list desired.
Unfortunately, many of these papers are now out of print or tucked away in scientific publications with limited circulation, making them correspondingly hard to access. However, when other ways to obtain them don't work, you can consult the Librarian of the American Museum of Natural History in New York City to request a typewritten copy of any desired list at cost.
1875-1895. SHARPE, B., and others. Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum. 27 vols. with descriptions of the birds of the world, ills.—1885. STEJNEGER, L., and others. Riverside Natural History. Vol. IV, Birds, 4to, 558 pp., ills. (Houghton, Mifflin). Classification, structure, habits, distribution.—1893-1836. NEWTON, A., and others. A Dictionary of Birds. Pop. Ed., 8vo, 1088 pp., ills. (Macmillan).—1894-95. LYDEKKER, R., and others. Royal Nat. Hist., Birds, 4to, Vols. III, 584 pp., and IV, 576 pp., ills., General account.—1899. EVANS, A. H., Birds. Vol. IX, Cambridge Natural History (Macmillan). 8vo, 635 pp. ills. Classification, habits, distribution.—1899-1909. SHARPE, B. A Hand-List of the Genera and Species of Birds. 8vo, 5 vols. Published by British Museum. Names and Ranges.—1909. KNOWLTON, F. H., and others. Birds of the World, sm. 4to, 873 pp., ills. (Holt). Habits, distribution.
1875-1895. SHARPE, B., and others. Catalogue of Birds in the British Museum. 27 volumes with descriptions of birds from around the world, illustrations.—1885. STEJNEGER, L., and others. Riverside Natural History. Volume IV, Birds, large format, 558 pages, illustrations. (Houghton, Mifflin). Classification, structure, habits, distribution.—1893-1896. NEWTON, A., and others. A Dictionary of Birds. Popular Edition, octavo, 1088 pages, illustrations. (Macmillan).—1894-95. LYDEKKER, R., and others. Royal Natural History, Birds, large format, Volumes III, 584 pages, and IV, 576 pages, illustrations, General account.—1899. EVANS, A. H., Birds. Volume IX, Cambridge Natural History (Macmillan). Octavo, 635 pages, illustrations. Classification, habits, distribution.—1899-1909. SHARPE, B. A Hand-List of the Genera and Species of Birds. Octavo, 5 volumes. Published by the British Museum. Names and Ranges.—1909. KNOWLTON, F. H., and others. Birds of the World, small large format, 873 pages, illustrations. (Holt). Habits, distribution.
1804-14, WILSON, A. American Ornithology. 9 vols., 4to Many subsequent editions, the last, in one volume, by Porter & Coates, Philadelphia, is crude, but at least places Wilson's text within reach of every one.—1831-39. AUDUBON, J. J. Ornithological Biography. 5 vols., 8vo of text to accompany the 4 elephant folios of plates (1827-38). Republished in 8 vols., 8vo, 1840-44 and later editions. The elephant folios with the 5 volumes of text sell for $2500-$3000; the text can sometimes be purchased at $5 per volume; the first 8vo edition brings about $350.—1832-34. NUTTALL, T. Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and Canada. 2 vols. Several later editions, the last revised by Montague Chamberlain (Little, Brown & Co.), 1903, 2 vols. in one, 473 and 431 pp.—1858. BAIRD, S. F., CASSIN, J., and LAWRENCE, G. N. Pacific R. R. Reports. Vol. IX. Birds (of North America). 4to. pp. LVI+1005—1872. COUES, E. Key to North American Birds. 1903, 5th and last ed., 2 vols., roy. 8vo. 1152 pp. The introduction, of 233 pages, treats of general ornithology and the anatomy of birds.—1874-1884. BAIRD, S. F., BREWER, T. M., and RIDGWAY, R. History of North American Birds. Land birds, 3 vols.: water birds, 2 vols., 4to. The volumes on land birds republished in 8vo size but from same plates, 1905, 596, 590, 560 pp. (Little, Brown & Co).—1886. American Ornithologists' Union Check-List of North American Birds. New York, Rev. Ed. 1910, 8vo, 430 pp.—1887. RIDGWAY, R. A Manual of North American Birds. 2d Ed. 1896, 653 pp. (Lippincott).—1892-5. BENDIRE, C. Life Histories of North American Birds. I, 414 pp., Gallinaceous birds, Pigeons, Hawks, and Owls; II, 1895, 508 pp., Parrots, Cuckoos, Trogons, Kingfishers, Woodpeckers, Goatsuckers, Swifts, Hummingbirds, Cotingas, Flycatchers, Larks, Crows and Jays, Blackbirds and Orioles. (Pub. by U. S. Nat. Mus.)—1893. NEHRLING, H. Our Native Birds of Song and Beauty. Vol. I, 371 pp.; Vol. II, 1896, 452 pp. Biographical.—1898. DAVIE, O. Nests and Eggs of North American Birds. 5th Ed., 8vo, 509 pp. (Columbus, Ohio).—1901-1911. RIDGWAY, R. The Birds of North and Middle America. Bull. 50, U. S. Nat. Mus. Part I, 1901, Fringillidæ; Part II, 1902, Tanagridæ, Icteridæ, Cœrebidæ, Mniotiltidæ; Part III, 1904, Motacillidæ, Hirundinidæ, Ampelidæ, Ptilogonatidæ, Dulidæ, Vireonidæ, Laniidæ, Corvidæ, Paridæ, Sittidæ, Certhiidæ, Troglodytidæ, Cinclidæ, Chameidæ, Sylviidæ; Part IV, 1907, Turdidæ, Zeledoniidæe, Mimidæe, Sturnidæ, Ploceidæ, Alaudidaæ, Oxyruncidæ, Tyrannidæ, Pipridæ, Cotingidæ. Part V, 1912, Pteroptochidæ, Formicariidæ, Furnariidæ, Dendrocolaptidæ, Trochilidæ, Micropodidæ, Trogonidæ. Other volumes to follow. The standard work.—1903. CHAPMAN, F. M. Color Key to North American Birds. 312 pp., upward 800 col. ills.—1904. REED, C. S. North American Birds' Eggs. 355 pp., many ills.—1910. American Ornithologists' [Pg_307] Union Abridged Check-List of North American Birds. Pocket Edition, 77 printed + 77 blank pp. (New York).
1804-14, WILSON, A. American Ornithology. 9 volumes, 4to. Many later editions; the latest, a single volume by Porter & Coates, Philadelphia, is basic but makes Wilson's text accessible to everyone. — 1831-39. AUDUBON, J. J. Ornithological Biography. 5 volumes, 8vo of text to accompany the 4 elephant folios of plates (1827-38). Republished in 8 volumes, 8vo, 1840-44 and subsequent editions. The elephant folios with the 5 volumes of text sell for $2500-$3000; the text can sometimes be bought for $5 per volume; the first 8vo edition sells for about $350. — 1832-34. NUTTALL, T. Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and Canada. 2 volumes. Several later editions; the last revised by Montague Chamberlain (Little, Brown & Co.), 1903, 2 volumes in one, 473 and 431 pp. — 1858. BAIRD, S. F., CASSIN, J., and LAWRENCE, G. N. Pacific R. R. Reports. Vol. IX. Birds (of North America). 4to. pp. LVI+1005 — 1872. COUES, E. Key to North American Birds. 1903, 5th and final edition, 2 volumes, royal 8vo. 1152 pp. The introduction, spanning 233 pages, covers general ornithology and bird anatomy. — 1874-1884. BAIRD, S. F., BREWER, T. M., and RIDGWAY, R. History of North American Birds. Land birds, 3 volumes; water birds, 2 volumes, 4to. The volumes on land birds were republished in 8vo size from the same plates in 1905, 596, 590, 560 pp. (Little, Brown & Co). — 1886. American Ornithologists' Union Check-List of North American Birds. New York, Revised Edition 1910, 8vo, 430 pp. — 1887. RIDGWAY, R. A Manual of North American Birds. 2nd Edition 1896, 653 pp. (Lippincott). — 1892-5. BENDIRE, C. Life Histories of North American Birds. Volume I, 414 pp., covering Gallinaceous birds, Pigeons, Hawks, and Owls; Volume II, 1895, 508 pp., including Parrots, Cuckoos, Trogons, Kingfishers, Woodpeckers, Goatsuckers, Swifts, Hummingbirds, Cotingas, Flycatchers, Larks, Crows and Jays, Blackbirds and Orioles. (Published by U. S. Nat. Mus.) — 1893. NEHRLING, H. Our Native Birds of Song and Beauty. Volume I, 371 pp.; Volume II, 1896, 452 pp. Biographical. — 1898. DAVIE, O. Nests and Eggs of North American Birds. 5th Edition, 8vo, 509 pp. (Columbus, Ohio). — 1901-1911. RIDGWAY, R. The Birds of North and Middle America. Bull. 50, U. S. Nat. Mus. Part I, 1901, Fringillidæ; Part II, 1902, Tanagridæ, Icteridæ, Cœrebidæ, Mniotiltidæ; Part III, 1904, Motacillidæ, Hirundinidæ, Ampelidæ, Ptilogonatidæ, Dulidæ, Vireonidæ, Laniidæ, Corvidæ, Paridæ, Sittidæ, Certhiidæ, Troglodytidæ, Cinclidæ, Chameidæ, Sylviidæ; Part IV, 1907, Turdidæ, Zeledoniidæ, Mimidæ, Sturnidæ, Ploceidæ, Alaudidaæ, Oxyruncidæ, Tyrannidæ, Pipridæ, Cotingidæ. Part V, 1912, Pteroptochidæ, Formicariidæ, Furnariidæ, Dendrocolaptidæ, Trochilidæ, Micropodidæ, Trogonidæ. Other volumes to follow. The standard work. — 1903. CHAPMAN, F. M. Color Key to North American Birds. 312 pp., over 800 color illustrations. — 1904. REED, C. S. North American Birds' Eggs. 355 pp., many illustrations. — 1910. American Ornithologists' [Pg_307] Union Abridged Check-List of North American Birds. Pocket Edition, 77 printed + 77 blank pp. (New York).
1872-1881. MAYNARD, C. J. Birds of Eastern North America; 1896, Rev. Ed., 4to, 721 pp., ills. (West Newton, Mass.).—1884. LANGILLE, J. H…. Our Birds in Their Haunts. 12mo, 624 pp. (Cassino).—1889. MERRIAM, F. A. Birds Through an Opera-glass. 12mo, 223 pp. (Houghton).—1895. WRIGHT, M. O. Birdcraft, 12mo, 317 pp., ills. (Macmillan).—1895. CHAPMAN, F. M. Handbook of the Birds of Eastern North America, 421 pp., ills.; 1912. Rev. Ed. (Appleton's).—1897. CHAPMAN, F. M. Bird-Life. A Guide to the Study of our Common Birds. 12mo. 269 pp. 75 plls.; 1901, Rev. Ed., with col. plls. (Appleton's).—1897. WRIGHT, M. O., and COUES, E. Citizen Bird, 12mo, 430 pp. ills. (Macmillan).—1898. BLANCHAN, N. Bird Neighbors, 234 pp., col. Plls. (Doubleday).—1898. MERRIAM, F. A. Birds of Village and Field. 12mo. 406 pp., ills. (Houghton).—1898. SCOTT, W. E. D. Bird Studies, an Account of the Land Birds of Eastern North America. 4to, 363 pp. Many half-tones (Putnam's).—1898. APGAR, A. C. Birds of the United States East of the Rockies. 12mo, 415 pp. ills. (Am. Book Co.).—1899. CORY, C. B. The Birds of Eastern North America. 8vo, 387 pp., ills. (Field Museum).—1905-6. REED, C. A. Bird-Guide. Oblong, 32mo, Part I, 254 pp.; Part II, 197 pp.; many ills. (Doubleday).
1872-1881. MAYNARD, C. J. Birds of Eastern North America; 1896, Rev. Ed., 4to, 721 pp., illus. (West Newton, Mass.).—1884. LANGILLE, J. H…. Our Birds in Their Haunts. 12mo, 624 pp. (Cassino).—1889. MERRIAM, F. A. Birds Through an Opera-glass. 12mo, 223 pp. (Houghton).—1895. WRIGHT, M. O. Birdcraft, 12mo, 317 pp., illus. (Macmillan).—1895. CHAPMAN, F. M. Handbook of the Birds of Eastern North America, 421 pp., illus.; 1912. Rev. Ed. (Appleton's).—1897. CHAPMAN, F. M. Bird-Life. A Guide to the Study of our Common Birds. 12mo, 269 pp. 75 plates; 1901, Rev. Ed., with colored plates. (Appleton's).—1897. WRIGHT, M. O., and COUES, E. Citizen Bird, 12mo, 430 pp., illus. (Macmillan).—1898. BLANCHAN, N. Bird Neighbors, 234 pp., colored plates. (Doubleday).—1898. MERRIAM, F. A. Birds of Village and Field. 12mo, 406 pp., illus. (Houghton).—1898. SCOTT, W. E. D. Bird Studies, an Account of the Land Birds of Eastern North America. 4to, 363 pp. Many half-tones. (Putnam's).—1898. APGAR, A. C. Birds of the United States East of the Rockies. 12mo, 415 pp., illus. (Am. Book Co.).—1899. CORY, C. B. The Birds of Eastern North America. 8vo, 387 pp., illus. (Field Museum).—1905-6. REED, C. A. Bird-Guide. Oblong, 32mo, Part I, 254 pp.; Part II, 197 pp.; many illus. (Doubleday).
1861. REINHARDT, J. List of Birds Hitherto Observed in Greenland; Ibis, III, pp. 1-19, 118 species.—1875. NEWTON, A. Notes on Birds Which Have Been Found in Greenland, … London, 8vo pamphlet, pp. 94-115 (Author's extra from Man. Nat. Hist. Greenland). 63+62 species; bibliography.—1889. HAGERUP, A. Some Account of the Birds of Southern Greenland, from the MSS.. of A. Hagerup, edited by Montague Chamberlain. Auk, VI, pp. 211-218, 219-297, 39 species.—1891. HAGERUP, A. T. The Birds of Greenland, translated from the Danish by Fremann B. Arngrimson, edited by Montague Chamberlain, Boston (Little, Brown & Co.), 8vo, 62 pp.; 139 species.—1892. STONE, W. Birds Collected by the West Greenland Expedition. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1892, pp. 145-152; 147 species.—1895. STONE, W. List of Birds Collected by the Peary Expd. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1895, pp. 502-505; 28 species.—1895. SCHALOW, H. VON. Ueber eine Voglesammlung aus Westgrönland. Jour. für Orn., 1895, pp. 457-481; 35 species.—1899. CHAPMAN, F. M. Report on Birds Received Through the Peary Expeditions to Greenland. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XII, pp. 219-244; 48 pages.—1904. SCHALOW, H. Die Vögel der Arktis, Band IV, Leiferung, I, pp. 81-288; Gustav Fischer, Jena. A detailed synopsis of Arctic bird-life.
1861. REINHARDT, J. List of Birds Observed in Greenland; Ibis, III, pp. 1-19, 118 species.—1875. NEWTON, A. Notes on Birds Found in Greenland, … London, 8vo pamphlet, pp. 94-115 (Author's extra from Man. Nat. Hist. Greenland). 63+62 species; bibliography.—1889. HAGERUP, A. Overview of the Birds of Southern Greenland, from the MS of A. Hagerup, edited by Montague Chamberlain. Auk, VI, pp. 211-218, 219-297, 39 species.—1891. HAGERUP, A. T. The Birds of Greenland, translated from Danish by Fremann B. Arngrimson, edited by Montague Chamberlain, Boston (Little, Brown & Co.), 8vo, 62 pp.; 139 species.—1892. STONE, W. Birds Collected by the West Greenland Expedition. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1892, pp. 145-152; 147 species.—1895. STONE, W. List of Birds Collected by the Peary Expedition. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1895, pp. 502-505; 28 species.—1895. SCHALOW, H. VON. About a Bird Collection from West Greenland. Jour. für Orn., 1895, pp. 457-481; 35 species.—1899. CHAPMAN, F. M. Report on Birds Received from the Peary Expeditions to Greenland. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., XII, pp. 219-244; 48 pages.—1904. SCHALOW, H. The Birds of the Arctic, Volume IV, Part I, pp. 81-288; Gustav Fischer, Jena. A detailed synopsis of Arctic bird life.
1869. DALL, W. H., and BANNISTER, H. M. List of the Birds of Alaska, with Biographical Notes. Trans. Chic. Acad. Nat. Sci., I, pp. 267-310, pll. XXVII-XXXIV; 212 species.—1873. DALL, W. H. Notes on the Avifauna of the Aleutian Islands, from Unalashka, eastward. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. V, pp. 25-35; 53 species.—1874. DALL, W. H. Notes on the Avifauna of the Aleutian Islands, especially those west of Unalashka. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. V, pp. 270-281; 45 species.—1875. COUES, E. A Report upon the Condition of Affairs in the Territory of Alaska. By H. W. Elliot. 8vo. pp. 277. Chapter IX. Ornithology of the Prybilov Islands, pp. 166-212; 39 species.—1882. BEAN, T. H. Notes on Birds Collected during the Summer of 1880 in Alaska and Siberia. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, [Pg_308] pp. 144-173; 77 species.—1885. MURDOCH, J. Bird Migration at Point Barrow, Arctic Alaska. Auk, II, p. 63; 50 species.—1883. HARTLAUB, G. Beitrag zur Ornithologie von Alaska, nach dem Sammlungen und Noten von Dr. Arthur Krause und Dr. Aurel Krause. Journ für Orn. pp. 257-286; 83 species.—1883. NELSON, E. W. Birds of Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean. Cruise of the Revenue steamer Corwin in Alaska and the N. W. Arctic Ocean in 1881. Washington.—1885. MURDOCH, J. Report of the International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska. Washington. Birds, pp. 104-128; 54 species.—1885. TURNER, L. M. Notes on the Birds of the Nearer Islands, Alaska. Auk, II, pp. 154-159; 69 species.—1887. TOWNSEND, C. H. List of the Midsummer Birds of the Kowak River, Northern Alaska. Auk, IV, pp. 11-13; 52 species.—1888. NELSON, E. W. Report upon Natural History Collections made in Alaska Between the Years 1877 and 1881. Edited by Henry W. Henshaw. 4to. pp. 337. Birds, pp. 19-230, pll. I-XII, colored; 260 species; important.—1888. TURNER, L. M. Contributions to the Natural History of Alaska. Results of Investigations made chiefly in the Yukon District and the Aleutian Islands. 4to, pp. 226; birds, pp. 115-191, pll. I-X, colored; 168 species.—1898. GRINNELL, J. Summer Birds of Sitka, Alaska. Auk, XV, pp. 122-131; 66 species.—1899. PALMER, W. The Avifauna of the Pribilov Islands. The Fur Seals and Fur Seal Islands of the North Pacific Ocean, Part III, pp., 355-431; 68 species; bibliography.—1900. GRINNELL, J. Birds of the Kotzebue Sound Region, Alaska. Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 1. Cooper Orn. Club, Los Angeles, Calif. 80 pp. 1 map; 113 species.—1900. STONE, W. Report on Birds and Mammals obtained by the McIlhenny Expedition to Pt. Barrow, Alaska, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, birds, pp. 4-33; 69 species.—1901. OSGOOD, W. H. Natural History of the Cook Inlet Region, Alaska. North American Fauna, No. 21; birds, pp. 72-81; 78 species.—1902. McGREGOR, R. C. A List of Birds Collected in Norton Sound, Alaska. The Condor, IV, pp. 135-144; 63 species.—1904. OSGOOD, W. H. A Biological Reconnaissance of the Base of the Alaska Peninsula. North American Fauna, No. 24; birds, pp. 51-81; 134 species.—1906. McGREGOR, R. C. Birds Observed in the Krenitzin Islands, Alaska. The Condor, VIII, pp. 114-122; 44 species.—1909. GRINNELL, J. Birds and Mammals of the 1907 Alexander Expedition to Southeastern Alaska. Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool. V, 2 pp. 171-264; 99 species.—1909. OSGOOD, W. H. Biological Investigations in Alaska and Yukon Territory. North American Fauna, No. 30; 96 pp. 6 plls. I. East Central Alaska, 76 species; II. Ogilvie Range, Yukon, 43 species; III. The Macmillan River, Yukon, 55 species.—1909. SHELDON, C. List of Birds Observed on the Upper Toklat River near Mt. McKinley, Alaska, 1907-1908. The Auk, XXVI, pp. 66-70; 63 species.—1910. CLARK, A. H. The Birds Collected and Observed in the North Pacific Ocean, and in Bering, Okhotsk, Japan, and Eastern Seas, from April to December, 1906. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 1727, pp. 25-74; 175 species.—1910. GRINNELL, J. Birds of the 1908 Alexander Alaska Expedition, with a note on the Avifaunal Relationships of the Prince William Sound District, Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool. V, 12, pp. 361-428; 2 plls; 89 species.—1911. SWARTH, H. S. Birds and Mammals of the 1909 Alexander Alaska Expedition. Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool. VII, 2, pp. 9-172; 6 plls. Birds, pp. 23-112; 137 species.—1912. BENT, A. C. Notes on Birds Observed during a Brief visit to the Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea in 1911. Smiths. Miscell. Colls. Vol. 56 No. 32; pp. 29; 60+22 species.
1869. DALL, W. H., and BANNISTER, H. M. List of the Birds of Alaska, with Biographical Notes. Trans. Chic. Acad. Nat. Sci., I, pp. 267-310, pl. XXVII-XXXIV; 212 species.—1873. DALL, W. H. Notes on the Avifauna of the Aleutian Islands, from Unalashka, eastward. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. V, pp. 25-35; 53 species.—1874. DALL, W. H. Notes on the Avifauna of the Aleutian Islands, especially those west of Unalashka. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. V, pp. 270-281; 45 species.—1875. COUES, E. A Report upon the Condition of Affairs in the Territory of Alaska. By H. W. Elliot. 8vo. pp. 277. Chapter IX. Ornithology of the Pribilov Islands, pp. 166-212; 39 species.—1882. BEAN, T. H. Notes on Birds Collected during the Summer of 1880 in Alaska and Siberia. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., V, [Pg_308] pp. 144-173; 77 species.—1885. MURDOCH, J. Bird Migration at Point Barrow, Arctic Alaska. Auk, II, p. 63; 50 species.—1883. HARTLAUB, G. Contribution to the Ornithology of Alaska, based on the Collections and Notes from Dr. Arthur Krause and Dr. Aurel Krause. Journ für Orn. pp. 257-286; 83 species.—1883. NELSON, E. W. Birds of Bering Sea and the Arctic Ocean. Cruise of the Revenue steamer Corwin in Alaska and the N. W. Arctic Ocean in 1881. Washington.—1885. MURDOCH, J. Report of the International Polar Expedition to Point Barrow, Alaska. Washington. Birds, pp. 104-128; 54 species.—1885. TURNER, L. M. Notes on the Birds of the Nearer Islands, Alaska. Auk, II, pp. 154-159; 69 species.—1887. TOWNSEND, C. H. List of the Midsummer Birds of the Kowak River, Northern Alaska. Auk, IV, pp. 11-13; 52 species.—1888. NELSON, E. W. Report on Natural History Collections made in Alaska Between the Years 1877 and 1881. Edited by Henry W. Henshaw. 4to. pp. 337. Birds, pp. 19-230, pl. I-XII, colored; 260 species; important.—1888. TURNER, L. M. Contributions to the Natural History of Alaska. Results of Investigations made mainly in the Yukon District and the Aleutian Islands. 4to, pp. 226; birds, pp. 115-191, pl. I-X, colored; 168 species.—1898. GRINNELL, J. Summer Birds of Sitka, Alaska. Auk, XV, pp. 122-131; 66 species.—1899. PALMER, W. The Avifauna of the Pribilov Islands. The Fur Seals and Fur Seal Islands of the North Pacific Ocean, Part III, pp., 355-431; 68 species; bibliography.—1900. GRINNELL, J. Birds of the Kotzebue Sound Region, Alaska. Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 1. Cooper Orn. Club, Los Angeles, Calif. 80 pp. 1 map; 113 species.—1900. STONE, W. Report on Birds and Mammals obtained by the McIlhenny Expedition to Pt. Barrow, Alaska, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila, birds, pp. 4-33; 69 species.—1901. OSGOOD, W. H. Natural History of the Cook Inlet Region, Alaska. North American Fauna, No. 21; birds, pp. 72-81; 78 species.—1902. McGREGOR, R. C. A List of Birds Collected in Norton Sound, Alaska. The Condor, IV, pp. 135-144; 63 species.—1904. OSGOOD, W. H. A Biological Reconnaissance of the Base of the Alaska Peninsula. North American Fauna, No. 24; birds, pp. 51-81; 134 species.—1906. McGREGOR, R. C. Birds Observed in the Krenitzin Islands, Alaska. The Condor, VIII, pp. 114-122; 44 species.—1909. GRINNELL, J. Birds and Mammals of the 1907 Alexander Expedition to Southeastern Alaska. Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool. V, 2 pp. 171-264; 99 species.—1909. OSGOOD, W. H. Biological Investigations in Alaska and Yukon Territory. North American Fauna, No. 30; 96 pp. 6 plls. I. East Central Alaska, 76 species; II. Ogilvie Range, Yukon, 43 species; III. The Macmillan River, Yukon, 55 species.—1909. SHELDON, C. List of Birds Observed on the Upper Toklat River near Mt. McKinley, Alaska, 1907-1908. The Auk, XXVI, pp. 66-70; 63 species.—1910. CLARK, A. H. The Birds Collected and Observed in the North Pacific Ocean, and in Bering, Okhotsk, Japan, and Eastern Seas, from April to December, 1906. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 1727, pp. 25-74; 175 species.—1910. GRINNELL, J. Birds of the 1908 Alexander Alaska Expedition, with a note on the Avifaunal Relationships of the Prince William Sound District, Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool. V, 12, pp. 361-428; 2 plls; 89 species.—1911. SWARTH, H. S. Birds and Mammals of the 1909 Alexander Alaska Expedition. Univ. Cal. Pub. Zool. VII, 2, pp. 9-172; 6 plls. Birds, pp. 23-112; 137 species.—1912. BENT, A. C. Notes on Birds Observed during a Brief visit to the Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea in 1911. Smiths. Miscell. Colls. Vol. 56 No. 32; pp. 29; 60+22 species.
1859, BAIRD, S. F. Notes on a collection of Birds made by Mr. John Xantus, at Cape San Lucas, Lower California. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XI, pp. 299-306; 42 species.—1876. RIDGWAY, R. Ornithology of Guadeloupe [Pg_309] Island based on notes and collections made by Dr. Edward Palmer. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Vol. II, pp. 183-195; 10 species.—1877. STREETS, T. H., M. D. Contributions to the Natural History of the Hawaiian and Fanning Islands and Lower California. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, p 172; birds, pp. 9-33.—1883. BELDING, L. Catalogue of a Collection of Birds made near the Southern Extremity of the Peninsula of Lower California. Edited by R. Ridgway. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, pp. 532-550; 154 species (See also Ibid., pp. 527-532; VI, pp. 344-352).—1888. BRYANT, W. E. Cerros Island. Forest and Stream, XXVII, pp. 62-64; 27 species.—1887. BRYANT, W. E. Additions to the Ornithology of Guadeloupe Island. Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci. II, 6, pp. 269-318; 35 species.—1888. GOSS, N. S. New and Rare Birds found Breeding on the San Pedro Martir Isle. Auk, V, pp. 240-224; 5 species.—1890. BRYANT, W. E. A catalogue of the Birds of Lower California, Mexico. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser. II, pp. 237-320, with map; 320 species; bibliography.—1890. TOWNSEND, C. H. Birds from the Coasts of Western North America and adjacent Islands Collected in 1888-89, with Descriptions of New Species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890, pp. 131-142. Clarion Islands, 10 species; Socorro Island, 9 species; San Benedicte Island, 6 species; Lower California, 23 species; Mouth of Rio Colorado, Sonora, 3 species; Cerros Island, 2 species; Guadeloupe Island, Lower California, 3 species; Santa Barbara Island, California, 4 species; San Clemente Island, California, 9 species; San Nicolas Island, California, 1 species; Santa Rosa Island, California, 5 species; Santa Cruz Island, California, 10 species.—1895. ANTHONY, A. W. Birds of San Fernando, Lower California. Auk, XII, pp. 134-143; 65 species.—1898. ANTHONY, A. W. Avifauna of Revillagigedo Islands. The Auk, XV, pp. 311-318. San Benedicte Island, 11 species; Socorro Island, 24 species; Clarion Island, 17 species.—1902. BREWSTER, W. Birds of the Cape Region of Lower California. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.. No. 1, XLI, 241 pp., 1 map; 255 species; bibliography.—1903. GRINNELL, J. and DAGGETT, F. S. An Ornithological Visit to Los Coronados Islands, Lower California. The Auk, XX, pp. 27-37; 22 species; bibliography.—1904. BRENINGER, G. F. San Clemente Island and its Birds. The Auk, XXI, pp. 218-223.—1905. KAEDING, H. B. Birds from the West Coast of Lower California and Adjacent Islands. The Condor, VII, pp. 105-111; 168 species.—1905. STONE, W. and RHOADS, S. N. On a Collection of Birds and Mammals from the Colorado Delta, Lower California. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci Phila., pp. 676-690; 50 species.—1907. THAYER, J. E. and BANGS, O. Birds Collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., on Cerros, San Benito and Natividad Islands in the spring of 1906, with Notes on the Biota of the Islands. The Condor, IX, pp. 77-81. Cerros, 29; Natividad, 9; San Benito, 7 species.—1907. THAYER, J. E., and BANGS, O. Catalogue of Birds Collected in Middle Lower California. The Condor IX, pp. 135-140; 73 species.—1908. THAYER, J. E. and BANGS, O. The Present State of the Ornis of Guadeloupe Island. The Condor, X, pp. 101-106; 20 species.—1909. OSBORN, P. I. Notes on the Birds of Los Coronados Islands, Lower California. The Condor XI, pp. 134-138; 34 species.
1859, BAIRD, S. F. Notes on a collection of birds gathered by Mr. John Xantus at Cape San Lucas, Lower California. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XI, pp. 299-306; 42 species.—1876. RIDGWAY, R. Ornithology of Guadeloupe Island based on notes and collections made by Dr. Edward Palmer. Bull. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. Vol. II, pp. 183-195; 10 species.—1877. STREETS, T. H., M. D. Contributions to the Natural History of the Hawaiian and Fanning Islands and Lower California. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 7, p 172; birds, pp. 9-33.—1883. BELDING, L. Catalogue of a collection of birds collected near the southern tip of the Peninsula of Lower California. Edited by R. Ridgway. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. V. 1882, pp. 532-550; 154 species (See also Ibid., pp. 527-532; VI, pp. 344-352).—1888. BRYANT, W. E. Cerros Island. Forest and Stream, XXVII, pp. 62-64; 27 species.—1887. BRYANT, W. E. Additions to the ornithology of Guadeloupe Island. Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci. II, 6, pp. 269-318; 35 species.—1888. GOSS, N. S. New and rare birds found breeding on San Pedro Martir Isle. Auk, V, pp. 240-244; 5 species.—1890. BRYANT, W. E. A catalogue of the birds of Lower California, Mexico. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser. II, pp. 237-320, with map; 320 species; bibliography.—1890. TOWNSEND, C. H. Birds from the coasts of western North America and adjacent islands collected in 1888-89, with descriptions of new species. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890, pp. 131-142. Clarion Islands, 10 species; Socorro Island, 9 species; San Benedicte Island, 6 species; Lower California, 23 species; Mouth of Rio Colorado, Sonora, 3 species; Cerros Island, 2 species; Guadeloupe Island, Lower California, 3 species; Santa Barbara Island, California, 4 species; San Clemente Island, California, 9 species; San Nicolas Island, California, 1 species; Santa Rosa Island, California, 5 species; Santa Cruz Island, California, 10 species.—1895. ANTHONY, A. W. Birds of San Fernando, Lower California. Auk, XII, pp. 134-143; 65 species.—1898. ANTHONY, A. W. Avifauna of Revillagigedo Islands. The Auk, XV, pp. 311-318. San Benedicte Island, 11 species; Socorro Island, 24 species; Clarion Island, 17 species.—1902. BREWSTER, W. Birds of the Cape Region of Lower California. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., No. 1, XLI, 241 pp., 1 map; 255 species; bibliography.—1903. GRINNELL, J. and DAGGETT, F. S. An ornithological visit to Los Coronados Islands, Lower California. The Auk, XX, pp. 27-37; 22 species; bibliography.—1904. BRENINGER, G. F. San Clemente Island and its birds. The Auk, XXI, pp. 218-223.—1905. KAEDING, H. B. Birds from the west coast of Lower California and adjacent islands. The Condor, VII, pp. 105-111; 168 species.—1905. STONE, W. and RHOADS, S. N. On a collection of birds and mammals from the Colorado Delta, Lower California. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 676-690; 50 species.—1907. THAYER, J. E. and BANGS, O. Birds collected by W. W. Brown, Jr., on Cerros, San Benito and Natividad Islands in the spring of 1906, with notes on the biota of the islands. The Condor, IX, pp. 77-81. Cerros, 29; Natividad, 9; San Benito, 7 species.—1907. THAYER, J. E., and BANGS, O. Catalogue of birds collected in middle Lower California. The Condor IX, pp. 135-140; 73 species.—1908. THAYER, J. E. and BANGS, O. The present state of the ornithology of Guadeloupe Island. The Condor, X, pp. 101-106; 20 species.—1909. OSBORN, P. I. Notes on the birds of Los Coronados Islands, Lower California. The Condor XI, pp. 134-138; 34 species.
1859. JONES, J. M., WEDDERBURN, J. W., and HURDIS, J. L.. The Naturalist in Bermuda. Birds, pp. 23-97.—1884. REID, S. G. List of the Birds of Bermuda. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 25., pp. 165-279; 186 species. (See also, MERRIAM, C. H., Ibid., 283, 284).—1901. BANGS, O. and BRADLEE, T. S. The Resident Land Birds of Bermuda. Auk, XVIII, pp. 249-257; 10 species.
1859. JONES, J. M., WEDDERBURN, J. W., and HURDIS, J. L. The Naturalist in Bermuda. Birds, pp. 23-97.—1884. REID, S. G. List of the Birds of Bermuda. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 25, pp. 165-279; 186 species. (See also, MERRIAM, C. H., Ibid., 283, 284).—1901. BANGS, O. and BRADLEE, T. S. The Resident Land Birds of Bermuda. Auk, XVIII, pp. 249-257; 10 species.
1831. SWAINSON, W., and RICHARDSON, J. Fauna Boreali-Americana. Part Second, 4to, pp. lxvi-524, pll. 24-73, woodct. 41; 238 species; important.—1863. BLAKISTON, T. On the Birds of the Interior of British America. Ibis., V, pp. 39-87, 121-155; 250 species.—1887. CHAMBERLAIN, M. A Catalogue of Canadian Birds with Notes on the Distribution of the Species. 8vo, pp. 143. St. John, N. B.—1898. RUSSELL, F. Explorations in the Far North, (Lake Winnipeg, Crow Nest Pass, Alberta, Fort Chippewayan, Fort Rae, Herschel Island.) Published by University of Iowa. Birds, pp. 253-270; 122 species.—1909. MACOUN, J. and J. M. Catalogue of Canadian Birds. 8vo, XVIII+761 pp. Government Ptg. Bureau, Ottawa. Distribution and nesting; important.
1831. SWAINSON, W., and RICHARDSON, J. Fauna Boreali-Americana. Part Second, 4to, pp. lxvi-524, pll. 24-73, woodct. 41; 238 species; important.—1863. BLAKISTON, T. On the Birds of the Interior of British America. Ibis., V, pp. 39-87, 121-155; 250 species.—1887. CHAMBERLAIN, M. A Catalogue of Canadian Birds with Notes on the Distribution of the Species. 8vo, pp. 143. St. John, N. B.—1898. RUSSELL, F. Explorations in the Far North, (Lake Winnipeg, Crow Nest Pass, Alberta, Fort Chippewayan, Fort Rae, Herschel Island.) Published by University of Iowa. Birds, pp. 253-270; 122 species.—1909. MACOUN, J. and J. M. Catalogue of Canadian Birds. 8vo, XVIII+761 pp. Government Ptg. Bureau, Ottawa. Distribution and nesting; important.
1892. RAINE, W. (See Saskatchewan.)—1909. STANSELL, S. S. S., Birds of Central Alberta. The Auk, XXVI, pp. 391-400; 157 species.
1892. RAINE, W. (See Saskatchewan.)—1909. STANSELL, S. S. S., Birds of Central Alberta. The Auk, XXVI, pp. 391-400; 157 species.
1868. BROWN, R. Synopsis of the Birds of Vancouver Island. Ibis, 2nd Ser., IV, pp. 414-428; 153 species.—1890. CHAPMAN, F. M. On a Collection of Birds made by Mr. Clark P. Streator in British Columbia with Field Notes by the Collector. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., III, pp. 123-158; 160 species, from Westminister, Mt. Lehman, Ducks, and Ashcroft, B. C., Duncan's Station, Vancouver Island, and Kalama, Washington.—1891. FANNIN, J. Check-List of British Columbia Birds. 8vo. pp. XIV+49. Victoria, B. C.; 307 species.—1893. RHOADS, S. N. The Birds observed in British Columbia and Washington during spring and summer of 1892. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, pp. 21-65; 260 species.—1901. OSGOOD, W. H. Natural History of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. North American Fauna, No. 21, Birds, pp. 38-50; 98 species.—1903. BROOKS, A. Notes on the Birds of the Cariboo District, British Columbia. The Auk, XX, pp. 277-284; 94 species.—1912. SWARTH, H. S. Report on a Collection of Birds and Mammals from Vancouver Island, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool. X, 1, pp. 124; 111 species.
1868. BROWN, R. Summary of the Birds of Vancouver Island. Ibis, 2nd Ser., IV, pp. 414-428; 153 species.—1890. CHAPMAN, F. M. On a Collection of Birds collected by Mr. Clark P. Streator in British Columbia with Field Notes by the Collector. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., III, pp. 123-158; 160 species, from Westminster, Mt. Lehman, Ducks, and Ashcroft, B. C., Duncan's Station, Vancouver Island, and Kalama, Washington.—1891. FANNIN, J. Bird Check-List of British Columbia. 8vo. pp. XIV+49. Victoria, B. C.; 307 species.—1893. RHOADS, S. N. The Birds observed in British Columbia and Washington during the spring and summer of 1892. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1893, pp. 21-65; 260 species.—1901. OSGOOD, W. H. Natural History of the Queen Charlotte Islands, British Columbia. North American Fauna, No. 21, Birds, pp. 38-50; 98 species.—1903. BROOKS, A. Notes on the Birds of the Cariboo District, British Columbia. The Auk, XX, pp. 277-284; 94 species.—1912. SWARTH, H. S. Report on a Collection of Birds and Mammals from Vancouver Island, Univ. Calif. Pub. Zool. X, 1, pp. 124; 111 species.
1879. KUMLIEN, L. Contributions to the Natural History of Arctic America, made in Connection with the Howgate Polar Expedition, 1877-78. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., No. 15. Birds, pp. 69-105; 84 species.—1886. GREELEY, A. W. Three years of Arctic Service. Roy 8vo, 2 vols, Birds, Vol. II, App. VIII, pp. 372-385; 35+5 species.
1879. KUMLIEN, L. Contributions to the Natural History of Arctic America, made in connection with the Howgate Polar Expedition, 1877-78. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 15. Birds, pp. 69-105; 84 species.—1886. GREELEY, A. W. Three Years of Arctic Service. Royal 8vo, 2 vols, Birds, Vol. II, App. VIII, pp. 372-385; 35+5 species.
1902. PREBLE, E. A. Birds of Keewatin, N. A. Fauna, No. 22, pp. 75-131; 260 species.—1905. EIFRIG, C. W. G. Ornithological Results of the Canadian Neptune Expedition to Hudson Bay and Northward, 1903-1904. Auk, pp. 233-241; 51 species.
1902. PREBLE, E. A. Birds of Keewatin, N. A. Fauna, No. 22, pp. 75-131; 260 species.—1905. EIFRIG, C. W. G. Ornithological Results of the Canadian Neptune Expedition to Hudson Bay and Northward, 1903-1904. Auk, pp. 233-241; 51 species.
1861. COUES, E. Notes on the Ornithology of Labrador. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XIII, pp. 215-257; 82 species.—1885. TURNER, L. M. List of the Birds of Labrador, including Ungava, East Main, Moose, and Gulf Districts of the Hudson Bay Company, together with the Island of Anticosti. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, pp. 233-254; 207 species. (See also PACKARD, A. S. The Labrador Coast, 1891).—1887. FRAZAR, M. A. An Ornithologist's Summer in Labrador. Orn. and Oöl., XII, pp. 1-3, 17-20, 33-35; 62 species.—1902. BIGELOW, H. B. Birds of the Northwestern Coast of Labrador. Auk, XIX, 1902, pp. 24-31; 85 species.—1907. TOWNSEND, C. W., and ALLEN, G. M. Birds of [Pg_311] Labrador. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXXIII, pp. 277-428, map; 213 species. (See also TOWNSEND, C. W., and BENT, A. C. The Auk, 1910, pp. 1-18; 93 species.)
1861. COUES, E. Notes on the Birds of Labrador. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XIII, pp. 215-257; 82 species.—1885. TURNER, L. M. List of the Birds of Labrador, including Ungava, East Main, Moose, and Gulf Districts of the Hudson Bay Company, along with the Island of Anticosti. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., VIII, pp. 233-254; 207 species. (See also PACKARD, A. S. The Labrador Coast, 1891).—1887. FRAZAR, M. A. An Ornithologist's Summer in Labrador. Orn. and Oöl., XII, pp. 1-3, 17-20, 33-35; 62 species.—1902. BIGELOW, H. B. Birds of the Northwestern Coast of Labrador. Auk, XIX, 1902, pp. 24-31; 85 species.—1907. TOWNSEND, C. W., and ALLEN, G. M. Birds of [Pg_311] Labrador. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXXIII, pp. 277-428, map; 213 species. (See also TOWNSEND, C. W., and BENT, A. C. The Auk, 1910, pp. 1-18; 93 species.)
1862. ROSS, B. R. List of Mammals, Birds, and Eggs, observed in the Mackenzie's River District with notices. Canad. Nat. and Geol., VII, pp. 137-155. Birds, pp. 142-155; 192 species. (See also Nat. Hist. Rev. 2nd Ser. II, pp. 269-290).—1891. MACFARLANE, R. Notes on and List of Birds and Eggs Collected in Arctic America, 1861-1866. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, pp. 413-446; 131 species. (See also Hist. & Sci. Soc. of Man., Trans. 39).—1908. MACFARLANE, R. List of Birds and Eggs Observed and Collected in the North-West Territories of Canada, between 1880 and 1894. pp. 285-447 of Mair's "Through the Mackenzie Basin," Toronto. William Briggs. 220 species.—1908. PREBLE, E. A. A Biological Investigation of the Athabasca-Mackenzie Region, N. A. Fauna, No. 27, 574 pp. Birds, pp. 251-500; 296 species; bibliography; important.—1908. SETON, E. T. Bird Records from Great Slave Lake Region. The Auk, XXV, pp. 68-74; 88 species.
1862. ROSS, B. R. List of Mammals, Birds, and Eggs observed in the Mackenzie River District with notes. Canad. Nat. and Geol., VII, pp. 137-155. Birds, pp. 142-155; 192 species. (See also Nat. Hist. Rev. 2nd Ser. II, pp. 269-290).—1891. MACFARLANE, R. Notes on and List of Birds and Eggs Collected in Arctic America, 1861-1866. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIV, pp. 413-446; 131 species. (See also Hist. & Sci. Soc. of Man., Trans. 39).—1908. MACFARLANE, R. List of Birds and Eggs Observed and Collected in the North-West Territories of Canada, between 1880 and 1894. pp. 285-447 of Mair's "Through the Mackenzie Basin," Toronto. William Briggs. 220 species.—1908. PREBLE, E. A. A Biological Investigation of the Athabasca-Mackenzie Region, N. A. Fauna, No. 27, 574 pp. Birds, pp. 251-500; 296 species; bibliography; important.—1908. SETON, E. T. Bird Records from Great Slave Lake Region. The Auk, XXV, pp. 68-74; 88 species.
1886. SETON, E. T. The Birds of Western Manitoba. Auk, III, pp. 145-156, 320-329, 453; 258 species.—1891. SETON, E. T. The Birds of Manitoba. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, pp. 457-643, 1 pl.; 266 species. (See also 14 additions. Auk, 1893, p. 49.)—1909. SETON, E. T. Fauna of Manitoba. British Assc. Handbook. Winnipeg, pp. 1-47; 273 species.
1886. SETON, E. T. The Birds of Western Manitoba. Auk, III, pp. 145-156, 320-329, 453; 258 species.—1891. SETON, E. T. The Birds of Manitoba. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, pp. 457-643, 1 pl.; 266 species. (See also 14 additions. Auk, 1893, p. 49.)—1909. SETON, E. T. Fauna of Manitoba. British Assc. Handbook. Winnipeg, pp. 1-47; 273 species.
1857. BRYANT, H. A List of Birds Observed at Grand Menan and at Yarmouth, N. S., from June 16 to July 8. Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist., VI, pp. 114-123; 55 species.—1873. HERRICK, H. A Partial Catalogue of the Birds of Grand Menan, N. B., Bull. Essex. Inst., V. pp. 28-41; 194 species.—1879. PEARSALL, R. F. Grand Menan Notes; Summers of 1877 and 1878. Forest and Stream, XIII, p. 524; 43 species.—1882. BATCHELDER, C. F. Notes on the Summer Birds of the Upper St. John. Bull. N. O. C, VII, pp. 106-111, 147-152; 105 species.—1882, CHAMBERLAIN, M. A Catalogue of the Birds of New Brunswick. Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. New Brunswick, No. I, pp. 23-68, 269 species.—1912. TOWNSEND, C. W. Notes on the Summer Birds of the St. John Valley, New Brunswick. The Auk, XXIX, pp. 16-23; 81 species.
1857. BRYANT, H. A List of Birds Observed at Grand Menan and Yarmouth, N. S., from June 16 to July 8. Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist., VI, pp. 114-123; 55 species.—1873. HERRICK, H. A Partial Catalogue of the Birds of Grand Menan, N. B., Bull. Essex. Inst., V. pp. 28-41; 194 species.—1879. PEARSALL, R. F. Grand Menan Notes; Summers of 1877 and 1878. Forest and Stream, XIII, p. 524; 43 species.—1882. BATCHELDER, C. F. Notes on the Summer Birds of the Upper St. John. Bull. N. O. C, VII, pp. 106-111, 147-152; 105 species.—1882, CHAMBERLAIN, M. A Catalogue of the Birds of New Brunswick. Bull. Nat. Hist. Soc. New Brunswick, No. I, pp. 23-68, 269 species.—1912. TOWNSEND, C. W. Notes on the Summer Birds of the St. John Valley, New Brunswick. The Auk, XXIX, pp. 16-23; 81 species.
1869. REEKS, H. Notes on the Zoölogy of Newfoundland. Zoölogist, 2nd ser., IV, pp. 1609-1614, 1698-1695, 1741-1759, 1849-1858; 212 species. See also Canad. Nat. and Quart. Journ. Sci., V. 1870-71, pp. 38-47, 151-159, 289-304, 406-416; and HARVEY M. Forest and Stream, III, pp. 53, 196, 341.—1900. PORTER, L. H. Newfoundland Notes. Auk, XVII, pp. 71-73; 50 species summer birds.—1912. ARNOLD, E. A Short Summer Outing in Newfoundland. The Auk, XXIX, pp. 72-79; 68 species.
1869. REEKS, H. Notes on the Zoölogy of Newfoundland. Zoölogist, 2nd ser., IV, pp. 1609-1614, 1698-1695, 1741-1759, 1849-1858; 212 species. See also Canad. Nat. and Quart. Journ. Sci., V. 1870-71, pp. 38-47, 151-159, 289-304, 406-416; and HARVEY M. Forest and Stream, III, pp. 53, 196, 341.—1900. PORTER, L. H. Newfoundland Notes. Auk, XVII, pp. 71-73; 50 species summer birds.—1912. ARNOLD, E. A Short Summer Outing in Newfoundland. The Auk, XXIX, pp. 72-79; 68 species.
1857. BRYANT, H. (See New Brunswick.)—1858. BLAKISTON, R. A., BLAND, R. E., and WILLIS, J. R. List of Birds of Nova Scotia. Thirteenth Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst., pp. 280-286; 206 species.—1879. JONES, J. MATTHEW. List of the Birds of Nova Scotia—Land Birds. Forest and Stream, XII, pp. 65, 66, 105, 106, 205, 245; 128 species.—1887. DWIGHT, J., Jr. Summer Birds of [Pg_312] the Bras d'Or Region of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Auk, IV, 1887, pp. 13-16; 59 species. (See also ALLEN, F. H., Ibid., 1891.)—1888. DOWNS, A. Birds of Nova Scotia, edited by Harry Piers, Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. Nat. Sci., VII, ii, pp. 142-178; 240 species.
1857. BRYANT, H. (See New Brunswick.)—1858. BLAKISTON, R. A., BLAND, R. E., and WILLIS, J. R. List of Birds of Nova Scotia. Thirteenth Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst., pp. 280-286; 206 species.—1879. JONES, J. MATTHEW. List of the Birds of Nova Scotia—Land Birds. Forest and Stream, XII, pp. 65, 66, 105, 106, 205, 245; 128 species.—1887. DWIGHT, J., Jr. Summer Birds of [Pg_312] the Bras d'Or Region of Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia. Auk, IV, 1887, pp. 13-16; 59 species. (See also ALLEN, F. H., Ibid., 1891.)—1888. DOWNS, A. Birds of Nova Scotia, edited by Harry Piers, Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. Nat. Sci., VII, ii, pp. 142-178; 240 species.
1860. McILWRAITH, T. List of Birds Observed in the Vicinity of Hamilton. Canad. Journ., V. pp. 387-396. (See also Proc. Essex. Inst., V. 1866, pp. 79-96), 241 species.—1882. MORDEN, J. A., and SAUNDERS, W. E. List of the Birds of Western Ontario. Canad. Sportsm, and Nat. II, pp. 183-187, 192-194, also III, pp. 218, 219, 243; 236 species.—1891. FARLEY, W. L. A List of the Birds of Elgin County, Ontario. The Oölogist, VIII, pp. 81-87; 190 species.—1891. Ottawa Field Nat. Club. The Birds of Ottawa. Ottawa Nat. V. pp. 31-47; 224 species.—1894. McILWRAITH, T. The Birds of Ontario, 8vo. X+426 pp. Wm. Briggs, Toronto; 317 species.—1897-8. NASH, C. W. Birds of Ontario in Relation to Agriculture. Rep. Farmers' Inst. of Ont. 8vo, 32 pp.—1900. NASH, C. W. Check List of the Birds of Ontario. Warwick Bros, and Rutter, Toronto. 8vo. 58 pp.; 302 species.—1901. FLEMING, J. H. A list of the Birds of the Districts of Parry Sound and Muskoka, Ont. Auk, XVIII, 1901, pp. 33-45; 196 species. (See also Ibid., XIX, p. 403.)—1905. NASH, C. W. Check List of the Birds of Ontario. L. K. Cameron, Printer, Toronto, Ont. 82 pp; 324 species.—1906. SWALES, B. H., and TAVERNER, P. A. Remarks on the Summer Birds of Lake Muskoka, Ont. Wilson Bull., XVIII, pp. 60-68; 59 species.—1906-7. FLEMING, J. H. Birds of Toronto, Ont. Auk, XXIII, pp. 437-453; XXIV, pp. 71-89; 290 species.—1907. HUBEL, F. C. Preliminary List of the Summer Birds of the Cobalt Mining Region, Nipissing District, Ont. Auk XXIV, pp. 48-52; 76 species.—1907-8. TAVERNER, P. A. and SWALES, B. H. The Birds of Point Pelee, Wilson Bull. XIX, pp. 37-53; 82-99, 133-153; XX, pp. 79-96, 107-129; 209 species. See also WOOD, N. A., Ibid., 1910, pp. 63-78.—1910. EIFRIG, G. A. Winter of Rare Birds at Ottawa. Auk, XXVII, pp. 53-59.
1860. McILWRAITH, T. List of Birds Observed Near Hamilton. Canad. Journ., V. pp. 387-396. (See also Proc. Essex. Inst., V. 1866, pp. 79-96), 241 species.—1882. MORDEN, J. A., and SAUNDERS, W. E. List of the Birds of Western Ontario. Canad. Sportsm. and Nat. II, pp. 183-187, 192-194, also III, pp. 218, 219, 243; 236 species.—1891. FARLEY, W. L. A List of the Birds of Elgin County, Ontario. The Oölogist, VIII, pp. 81-87; 190 species.—1891. Ottawa Field Nat. Club. The Birds of Ottawa. Ottawa Nat. V. pp. 31-47; 224 species.—1894. McILWRAITH, T. The Birds of Ontario, 8vo. X+426 pp. Wm. Briggs, Toronto; 317 species.—1897-8. NASH, C. W. Birds of Ontario in Relation to Agriculture. Rep. Farmers' Inst. of Ont. 8vo, 32 pp.—1900. NASH, C. W. Check List of the Birds of Ontario. Warwick Bros, and Rutter, Toronto. 8vo. 58 pp.; 302 species.—1901. FLEMING, J. H. A list of the Birds of the Districts of Parry Sound and Muskoka, Ont. Auk, XVIII, 1901, pp. 33-45; 196 species. (See also Ibid., XIX, p. 403.)—1905. NASH, C. W. Check List of the Birds of Ontario. L. K. Cameron, Printer, Toronto, Ont. 82 pp; 324 species.—1906. SWALES, B. H., and TAVERNER, P. A. Remarks on the Summer Birds of Lake Muskoka, Ont. Wilson Bull., XVIII, pp. 60-68; 59 species.—1906-7. FLEMING, J. H. Birds of Toronto, Ont. Auk, XXIII, pp. 437-453; XXIV, pp. 71-89; 290 species.—1907. HUBEL, F. C. Preliminary List of the Summer Birds of the Cobalt Mining Region, Nipissing District, Ont. Auk XXIV, pp. 48-52; 76 species.—1907-8. TAVERNER, P. A. and SWALES, B. H. The Birds of Point Pelee, Wilson Bull. XIX, pp. 37-53; 82-99, 133-153; XX, pp. 79-96, 107-129; 209 species. See also WOOD, N. A., Ibid., 1910, pp. 63-78.—1910. EIFRIG, G. A. Winter of Rare Birds in Ottawa. Auk, XXVII, pp. 53-59.
1878. CORY, C. B. A Naturalist in the Magdalen Islands (Boston). Part II, pp. 33-83, list of birds; 109 species.—1882. WINTLE, E. D. Ornithology of the Island of Montreal. Canad. Sportsm. and Nat., II, pp. 108-110, 116, 117; 168 species.—1882-5. MERRIAM, C. H. List of Birds Ascertained to Occur within Ten Miles of Point des Monts, Province of Quebec, Canada; based chiefly upon the notes of Napoleon A. Comeau. Bull. N. O. C, VII, pp. 233-242, and Addenda, VIII, pp. 244, 245; Auk, I, 1884, p. 295; II, 1885, pp. 113, 315; 180 species.—1884. BREWSTER, W. Notes on the Birds Observed During a Summer Cruise on the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXII, pp. 364-412; 92 species.—1889. BISHOP, L. B. Notes on the Birds of the Magdalen Islands. Auk, VI, pp. 144-150; 66 species.—1889. DIONNE, C. E. Catalogue des Oiseaux de la Province de Quebec avec des Notes sur leur Distribution Geographique…. Quebec des Presses a Vapeur de J. Dussault, Port Dauphin, 8vo, 119 pp.; 273 species.—1891. PALMER, WILLIAM. Notes on the Birds Observed During the Cruise of the United States Fish Commission Schooner Grampus in the Summer of 1887. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890, pp 249-265; 78 species.—1893. DWIGHT, J., JR. Summer Birds of Prince Edward Island. Auk, X, 1893, pp. 1-15; 81 species.—1896. WINTLE, E. D. The Birds of Montreal. W. Drysdale & Co., Montreal. 8vo, xiv+181 pp.; 254 species.—1908. MACSWAIN, J. A Catalogue of the Birds of Prince Edward Island. Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. of Science. XI, pp, 570-592; 220 species.
1878. CORY, C. B. A Naturalist in the Magdalen Islands (Boston). Part II, pp. 33-83, list of birds; 109 species.—1882. WINTLE, E. D. Ornithology of the Island of Montreal. Canad. Sportsm. and Nat., II, pp. 108-110, 116, 117; 168 species.—1882-5. MERRIAM, C. H. List of Birds Found within Ten Miles of Point des Monts, Province of Quebec, Canada; based mainly on the notes of Napoleon A. Comeau. Bull. N. O. C, VII, pp. 233-242, and Addenda, VIII, pp. 244, 245; Auk, I, 1884, p. 295; II, 1885, pp. 113, 315; 180 species.—1884. BREWSTER, W. Observations on the Birds Seen During a Summer Cruise in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XXII, pp. 364-412; 92 species.—1889. BISHOP, L. B. Observations on the Birds of the Magdalen Islands. Auk, VI, pp. 144-150; 66 species.—1889. DIONNE, C. E. Catalogue of the Birds of the Province of Quebec with Notes on Their Geographic Distribution…. Quebec des Presses a Vapeur de J. Dussault, Port Dauphin, 8vo, 119 pp.; 273 species.—1891. PALMER, WILLIAM. Observations on the Birds Seen During the Cruise of the United States Fish Commission Schooner Grampus in the Summer of 1887. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIII, 1890, pp 249-265; 78 species.—1893. DWIGHT, J., JR. Summer Birds of Prince Edward Island. Auk, X, 1893, pp. 1-15; 81 species.—1896. WINTLE, E. D. The Birds of Montreal. W. Drysdale & Co., Montreal. 8vo, xiv+181 pp.; 254 species.—1908. MACSWAIN, J. A Catalogue of the Birds of Prince Edward Island. Proc. and Trans. Nova Scotia Inst. of Science. XI, pp. 570-592; 220 species.
1892. RAINE, W. Bird-nesting in North-West Canada. 8vo. pp. 197; ills. Toronto.—1907-8. BENT, A. C. Summer Birds of Southern Saskatchewan. The Auk, XXIV, pp. 407-430; XXV, pp. 25-35; 153 species.—1910. FERRY, J. F. Birds Observed in Saskatchewan During the Summer of 1909. The Auk, XXVII, pp. 185-204; 118 species.
1892. RAINE, W. Bird-nesting in North-West Canada. 8vo. pp. 197; ills. Toronto.—1907-8. BENT, A. C. Summer Birds of Southern Saskatchewan. The Auk, XXIV, pp. 407-430; XXV, pp. 25-35; 153 species.—1910. FERRY, J. F. Birds Observed in Saskatchewan During the Summer of 1909. The Auk, XXVII, pp. 185-204; 118 species.
1856. CASSIN, J. Illustrations of the Birds of California, Texas, Oregon, British, and Russian America. Intended to Contain descriptions and figures of all North American Birds not given by former American authors, and a General Synopsis of North American Ornithology. 1 Vol. large 8vo. pp. viii+298; pll. 50.—1870. COOPER, J. G. Geological Survey of California. Ornithology. Volume I. Land Birds. Edited by S. F. Baird. Published by authority of the Legislature. Vol. I large 8vo, pp. xi+591; ills.—1872. ALLEN, J. A. Notes of an Ornithological Reconnaissance of Portions of Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. III, pp. 113-183. Annotated lists of birds observed at Leavenworth, Topeka, Fort Hays and in Northwestern Kansas; between Colorado City and Denver, at South Park near Mount Lincoln, Colorado; at Cheyenne, Wyoming, and near Ogden, Utah.—1874. COUES, E. Birds of the Northwest: A Handbook of the Ornithology of the Region drained by the Missouri River and its Tributaries. U. S. Geol. Survey of the Territories. Miscellaneous Publications, No. 3. Washington, 1 Vol. 8vo, pp. xii+791; important.—1874. YARROW, H. C. and HENSHAW, H. W. Geog. and Geol. Explorations and Surveys West of the one hundredth Meridian. Reports upon Ornithological Specimens Collected in the years 1871, 1872, and 1873. 8vo, pp. 1-148. Observations made in Utah, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico and Arizona.—1875. HENSHAW, H. W. Report upon Geograph. and Geol. Explorations and Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian. Vol. V, Zoology. Chap. III, Report upon the Ornithological Collections made in Portions of Nevada, Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, during the years 1871, 1872, 1873 and 1874. 4to, pp. 184-508; pll. xv; 296 species.—1878. COUES, E. Birds of the Colorado Valley. A Repository of Scientific and Popular Information Concerning North American Ornithology. Part First. Passeres to Laniidæ. Bibliographical Appendix. Seventy illustrations.—1890. BELDING, L. Land Birds of the Pacific District. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, II, 8vo, pp. 1-274; 295 species.—1902. BAILEY, F. M. Handbook of Birds of Western United States. 12mo, pp. xc-512; many ills. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Important.
1856. CASSIN, J. Illustrations of the Birds of California, Texas, Oregon, British, and Russian America. Intended to include descriptions and images of all North American birds not covered by earlier American authors, along with a General Synopsis of North American Ornithology. 1 Vol. large 8vo. pp. viii+298; pll. 50.—1870. COOPER, J. G. Geological Survey of California. Ornithology. Volume I. Land Birds. Edited by S. F. Baird. Published by authority of the Legislature. Vol. I large 8vo, pp. xi+591; ills.—1872. ALLEN, J. A. Notes from an Ornithological Reconnaissance of Parts of Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. III, pp. 113-183. Annotated lists of birds observed in Leavenworth, Topeka, Fort Hays, and Northwestern Kansas; between Colorado City and Denver, at South Park near Mount Lincoln, Colorado; at Cheyenne, Wyoming; and near Ogden, Utah.—1874. COUES, E. Birds of the Northwest: A Handbook of the Ornithology of the Area drained by the Missouri River and its Tributaries. U. S. Geol. Survey of the Territories. Miscellaneous Publications, No. 3. Washington, 1 Vol. 8vo, pp. xii+791; important.—1874. YARROW, H. C. and HENSHAW, H. W. Geographic and Geological Explorations and Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian. Reports on Ornithological Specimens Collected in the years 1871, 1872, and 1873. 8vo, pp. 1-148. Observations made in Utah, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona.—1875. HENSHAW, H. W. Report on Geographic and Geological Explorations and Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian. Vol. V, Zoology. Chap. III, Report on the Ornithological Collections made in Parts of Nevada, Utah, California, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, during the years 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874. 4to, pp. 184-508; pll. xv; 296 species.—1878. COUES, E. Birds of the Colorado Valley. A Repository of Scientific and Popular Information About North American Ornithology. Part One. Passeres to Laniidæ. Bibliographical Appendix. Seventy illustrations.—1890. BELDING, L. Land Birds of the Pacific District. Occasional Papers of the California Academy of Sciences, II, 8vo, pp. 1-274; 295 species.—1902. BAILEY, F. M. Handbook of Birds of the Western United States. 12mo, pp. xc-512; many ills. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. Important.
1888. COOKE, W. W. Reports on Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley in the year 1884 and 1885. Edited and revised by C. Hart Herriam. Bull. No. 2, Div. Economic Ornithology [= Biological Survey]. 313 pp., 1 map.
1888. COOKE, W. W. Reports on Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley in 1884 and 1885. Edited and revised by C. Hart Herriam. Bull. No. 2, Div. Economic Ornithology [= Biological Survey]. 313 pp., 1 map.
1877. MINOT, H. D. The Land and Game Birds of New England. Second Ed., edited by Wm. Brewster, 1895, 492 pp. (Houghton).—1881-3. STEARNS, W. A., and COUES, E. New England Bird-Life, 2 vols., pp. 324-409.—1904. HOFFMANN, R. A Guide to the Birds of New England and Eastern New York. 350 pp. (Houghton).—1909. ALLEN, G. M. Birds of New England. Occ. Papers Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, pp. 1-230; 402 species.
1877. MINOT, H. D. The Land and Game Birds of New England. Second Ed., edited by Wm. Brewster, 1895, 492 pp. (Houghton).—1881-3. STEARNS, W. A., and COUES, E. New England Bird-Life, 2 vols., pp. 324-409.—1904. HOFFMANN, R. A Guide to the Birds of New England and Eastern New York. 350 pp. (Houghton).—1909. ALLEN, G. M. Birds of New England. Occ. Papers Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, pp. 1-230; 402 species.
1878-9. BROWN, N. C. A List of Birds Observed at Coosada, Central Alabama. Bull. N. O. C, III, pp. 168-174; IV, pp. 7-13; 119 species.—1890-1. AVERY, W. C. Birds Observed in Alabama. Am. Field, XXXIV, pp. 584, 607, 608; XXXV, 1891, pp. 8, 32, 55; 184 species.—1908. SAUNDERS, A. A. Some Birds of Central Alabama. Auk, XXV, pp. 413-424; 129 species.
1878-9. BROWN, N. C. A List of Birds Observed at Coosada, Central Alabama. Bull. N. O. C, III, pp. 168-174; IV, pp. 7-13; 119 species.—1890-1. AVERY, W. C. Birds Observed in Alabama. Am. Field, XXXIV, pp. 584, 607, 608; XXXV, 1891, pp. 8, 32, 55; 184 species.—1908. SAUNDERS, A. A. Some Birds of Central Alabama. Auk, XXV, pp. 413-424; 129 species.
1853. WOODHOUSE, S. W. Report of an Expedition down the Zuni and Colorado Rivers, by Captain L. Sitgreaves…. 8vo, pp. 198. Birds, pp. 58-105; pll. i-vi; 219 species.—1866. COUES, E. List of the Birds of Fort Whipple. Arizona: with which are incorporated all the other species ascertained to inhabit the Territory; with brief critical and field notes, descriptions of new species, etc. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. XVIII, pp. 39-100; 245 species.—1874. YARROW, H. C., and HENSHAW, H. W. (see Utah).—1875. HENSHAW, H. W. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1875. App. I 2, pp. 153-166. Annotated list of the Birds of Arizona; 291 species.—1882-3. BREWSTER, W. On a Collection of Birds lately made by Mr. F. Stephens in Arizona. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII, pp. 65-86; 135-147; 193-212; VIII, pp. 21-36; 165 species (see also The Auk, II, 1885, pp. 84, 85; 196-200).—1886-8. SCOTT, W. E. D. On the Avifauna of Pinal County with Remarks on Some Birds of Pima and Gila Counties, Arizona. With annotations by J. A. Allen. Auk, III, 249-258; 383-389; 421-432; IV, pp. 16-24; 196-205; V, pp. 29-36; 159-168; 246 species.—1887. MORCOM, G. (See California).—1890. MEARNS, E. A. Observations on the Avifauna of Portions of Arizona. Auk, VII, pp. 45-55; 251-264; 100 species.—1890. MERRIAM, C. H. Results of a Biological Survey of the San Francisco Mountain region and Desert of the Little Colorado in Arizona. North American Fauna, No. 3. Part IV, Annotated List of Birds of the San Francisco Mountain Plateau and Desert of the Little Colorado River, Arizona, pp. 85-101; 151 species.—1892. RHOADS, S. N. (See Texas).—1893. FISHER, A. K. (See California).—1903. OSGOOD, W. H. A List of Birds observed in Cochise County, Arizona. The Condor, V, pp. 128-131; 149-151; 123 species.—1904. SWARTH, H. S. Birds of the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 4. Cooper Orn. Club, 8vo, pp. 70; 195 species.—1905. SWARTH, H. S. Summer Birds of the Papago Indian Reservation and of the Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona. The Condor, VI, pp. 22-28; 47-50; 77-81; 65+68; species.—1908. SWARTH, H. S. Some Fall Migration Notes from Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. The Condor, X, pp. 107-116; 109 species.—1910. VISHER, S. S. Notes of the Birds of Pima County, Arizona. The Auk, XXVII, pp. 279-288; 127 species.
1853. WOODHOUSE, S. W. Report of an Expedition down the Zuni and Colorado Rivers, by Captain L. Sitgreaves…. 8vo, pp. 198. Birds, pp. 58-105; pll. i-vi; 219 species.—1866. COUES, E. List of the Birds of Fort Whipple, Arizona: which includes all the other species identified in the Territory; with brief critical and field notes, descriptions of new species, etc. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. XVIII, pp. 39-100; 245 species.—1874. YARROW, H. C., and HENSHAW, H. W. (see Utah).—1875. HENSHAW, H. W. Annual Report of the Chief of Engineers for 1875. App. I 2, pp. 153-166. Annotated list of the Birds of Arizona; 291 species.—1882-3. BREWSTER, W. On a Collection of Birds recently made by Mr. F. Stephens in Arizona. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VII, pp. 65-86; 135-147; 193-212; VIII, pp. 21-36; 165 species (see also The Auk, II, 1885, pp. 84, 85; 196-200).—1886-8. SCOTT, W. E. D. On the Avifauna of Pinal County with Remarks on Some Birds of Pima and Gila Counties, Arizona. With annotations by J. A. Allen. Auk, III, 249-258; 383-389; 421-432; IV, pp. 16-24; 196-205; V, pp. 29-36; 159-168; 246 species.—1887. MORCOM, G. (See California).—1890. MEARNS, E. A. Observations on the Avifauna of Portions of Arizona. Auk, VII, pp. 45-55; 251-264; 100 species.—1890. MERRIAM, C. H. Results of a Biological Survey of the San Francisco Mountain region and Desert of the Little Colorado in Arizona. North American Fauna, No. 3. Part IV, Annotated List of Birds of the San Francisco Mountain Plateau and Desert of the Little Colorado River, Arizona, pp. 85-101; 151 species.—1892. RHOADS, S. N. (See Texas).—1893. FISHER, A. K. (See California).—1903. OSGOOD, W. H. A List of Birds observed in Cochise County, Arizona. The Condor, V, pp. 128-131; 149-151; 123 species.—1904. SWARTH, H. S. Birds of the Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 4. Cooper Orn. Club, 8vo, pp. 70; 195 species.—1905. SWARTH, H. S. Summer Birds of the Papago Indian Reservation and of the Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona. The Condor, VI, pp. 22-28; 47-50; 77-81; 65+68; species.—1908. SWARTH, H. S. Some Fall Migration Notes from Huachuca Mountains, Arizona. The Condor, X, pp. 107-116; 109 species.—1910. VISHER, S. S. Notes of the Birds of Pima County, Arizona. The Auk, XXVII, pp. 279-288; 127 species.
1911. HOWELL, A. H. Birds of Arkansas. Bull. No. 38, Biological Survey. 8vo, pp. 100, 1 map; 255 species.
1911. HOWELL, A. H. Birds of Arkansas. Bull. No. 38, Biological Survey. 8vo, pp. 100, 1 map; 255 species.
1846-47. GAMBEL, W. Remarks on the Birds Observed in Upper California with Descriptions of New Species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., III, pp. 44-48; 110-114; 154-158; 200-204; 82 species (see also Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, pp. 25-56; 1849, pp. 215-229; 176 species).—1853. HERRMANN, A. L. Notes on the Land Birds of California, observed during a residence of three [Pg_315] years in that country. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, pp. 259-272; 130 species.—1857. NEWBERRY, J. S. Report on the Birds Observed in California and Oregon. Pac. R. R. Rep. Vol. VI, Part VI, pp. 73-110; 174 species.—1859. HERRMANN, A. L. Report on Birds Collected on the Survey. Pac. R. R. Rep. Vol. X, No. 2, pp. 29-80; 180 species.—1859. XANTUS, J. Catalogue of Birds Collected in the vicinity of Fort Tejon, California, with a description of a new species of Syrnium. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XI, pp. 189-193; 144 species.—1866. COUES, E. (See Arizona).—1870. COOPER, J. G. The Fauna of California and its geographical Distribution. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., IV, pp. 61-81.—1875. COOPER, J. G. New Facts relating to California Ornithology. Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., VI, 1875, pp. 189-202; 45 species.—1875. NELSON, E. W. (See Utah).—1876. HENSHAW, H. W. Report on the Ornithology of the Portions of California visited during the Field Season of 1875; pp. 224-278. Annual Report upon the Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian. Notes from Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara, region about Mt. Whitney, Kernville, and Walker's Basin; 204 species.—1877. HENSHAW, H. W. (See Nevada).—1877. RIDGWAY, R. (See Nevada).—1879. BELDING, L. Partial List of the Birds of Central California. Edited by R. Ridgway. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. I, pp. 388-449; 220 species.—1879. COOPER, J. G. On Migration and Nesting Habits of West-Coast Birds. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. II, pp. 241-251.—1880. HENSHAW, H. W. (See Nevada).—1886. EVERMANN, B. W. A List of the Birds observed in Ventura County, California. Auk, III, pp. 86-94, 179-186; 200 species. (See also Cooper, Ibid., IV, pp. 85-94.—1886). STREATOR, C. P. List of Birds observed in the Vicinity of Santa Barbara, Cal., During the year 1885. Orn. and Oöl., XI, pp. 51, 52, 66, 67, 89, 90, 107; 187 species.—1887. BLAKE, E. W. JR. Summer Birds of Santa Cruz Island, California. Auk, IV, pp. 328-330; 28 species.—1887. MORCOM, G. F. Notes on the birds of Southern California and Southwestern Arizona. Bull. No. 2, Ridgw. Orn. Club, pp. 36-57; 139 species.—1887. STREATOR, C. P. The Water Birds of San Miguel Island. Proc. Santa Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist. Bull. No. I, pp. 21-23; 10 species.—1887. TAYLOR, H. R. Trip to the Farallone Islands. Orn. and Oöl. XII, pp. 41-43: 12 species.—1887. TOWNSEND, C. H. Field-Notes on the Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles of Northern California. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. X, pp. 159-241; Birds, pp. 190-237; 261 species.—1888…. BRYANT, W. E. Birds and Eggs from the Farallon Islands. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser. I; 1887, pp. 25-50; 81 species.—1888. STREATOR, C. P. Notes on the Birds of the Santa Barbara Islands. Orn. and Oöl., XIII, pp. 52-54.—1890. TOWNSEND, C. (See Lower California).—1890-91. KEELER, C. A. Geographical Distribution of Land Birds in California. Zoe, I, 1890, pp. 225-230; 257-260; 295-299; 337-343; 1891, 369-373.—1893. FISHER, A. K. Report on the Ornithology of the Death Valley Expedition N. A. Fauna, No. 7, pp. 7-158; 290 species.—1895. LOOMIS, L. M. California Water Birds. No. 1—Monterey and Vicinity from the Middle of June to the end of August. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, V. pp. 177-224; map; 44 species.—1896. LOOMIS, L. M. California Water Birds, No. II. Vicinity of Monterey in Midwinter. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, VI, pp. 1-30; 1 map; 43 species. III, South Farallon in July, Ibid., pp. 353-366; 2 maps; 10 species.—1896. MERRIAM, F. A. A-birding on a Bronco [in San Diego Co.] 16mo, pp. x+226; ills. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.—1897. BARLOW, C. The Story of the Farallones. Ob. 16mo, 32 pp. ills. H. R. Taylor, Alameda.—1897. GRINNELL, J. Report on Birds Recorded during a Visit to the Islands of Santa Barbara, San Nicolas, and San Clemente in the spring of 1897; pp. 26.—1898. GRINNELL, J. Birds of the Pacific Slope of Los Angeles County. Pub. No. II, Pasadena Acad. Sci., pp. 52; 300 species.—1898. GRINNELL, J. Land Birds Observed in Midwinter on Santa Catalina Island, California. [Pg_316] Auk, XV, pp. 233-236; 29 species.—1899. KEELER, C. A. Bird Notes Afield. 12mo, pp. viii+353. D. P. Elder & Morgan Sheppard, San Francisco.—1899. MERRIAM, C. H. Results of a Biological Survey of Mount Shasta, California. North American Fauna, No. 16, Birds, pp. 109-134; 136 species.—1900. LOOMIS, L. M. California Water Birds. No. IV. Vicinity of Monterey in Autumn. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 3d Ser. II, pp. 277-322; 1 map; 42 species. V. Vicinity of Monterey in May and Early June, Ibid., pp. 349-363; 36 species.—1900. MAILLARD, J. Land Birds of Marin County, Cal. The Condor, II, pp. 62-68; 137 species.—1900. SWARTH, H. S. Avifauna of a 100-acre Ranch [at Los Angeles]. The Condor, II, pp. 14-16; 37-41; 175 species.—1901. BARLOW, C. A List of the Land Birds of the Placerville-Lake Tahoe Stage Road. The Condor, III, pp. 151-184; 130 species.—1901. MAILLARD, J. and J W. Birds Recorded at Paicines, San Benito Co., California. The Condor, III, pp. 120-127; 168 species.—1901. MCGREGOR, R. C. A List of the Land Birds of Santa Cruz County, California. Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 2. Cooper Orn. Club, pp. 22; 139 species.—1902. FISHER, W. K. The Redwood Belt of Northwestern California. The Condor, IV, Faunal Peculiarities, pp. 111-114; Land-Birds, 131-135; 63 species.—1902. FISHER, W. K. List of Birds of Santa Clara Valley and Santa Cruz Mountains, exclusive of Water-Birds. Bailey's Handbook of Birds of the Western United States, pp. li-lvi; 147 species.—1902. GRINNELL, J. Check-List of California Birds. Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 3, Cooper Orn. Club, 92 pp.; 2 maps; 491 species.—1902. GRINNELL, J. List of Birds to be looked for in the Vicinity of Pasadena. Bailey's Handbook of Birds of the Western United States, pp. lvi-lxiv; 191 species.—1902. KOBBE, W. H. List of Water Birds of San Francisco Bay. Bailey's Handbook of Birds of the Western United States, pp. lviii-1; 91 species.—1903. ANDERSON, M. P., and GRINNELL, J. Birds of the Siskiyou Mountains, California: A Problem in Distribution. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 4-15; 43 species.—1903. KAEDING, H. B. Bird-Life on the Farallones. The Condor, V, pp. 121-127; 17 species.—1903. RAY, M. S. A List of Land Birds of Lake Valley, Central Sierra Nevada Mountains, California. The Auk, pp. 180-193; 109 species.—1903. STEPHENS, F. Bird Notes from Eastern California and Western Arizona. The Condor, V, pp. 75-78; 100-105; 119 species.—1904. EMERSON, W. O. The Farallones Revisited, 1887-1903. The Condor, VI, pp. 61-67.—1904. RAY, M. S. A Fortnight on the Farallones. The Auk, XXI, pp. 425-442; 14 species.—1904. WHEELOCK, J. G. Birds of California: An Introduction to more than Three Hundred Common Birds of the State and Adjacent Islands. 12mo. xxviii+578 pp.; ills. A. C. McClurg & Co.—1905. GRINNELL, J. Summer Birds of Mount Pinos, California. The Auk, XXII, pp. 378-391; 73 species.—1906. DIXON, J. Land Birds of San Onofre, California. The Condor, VIII, pp. 91-98; 63 species.—1906. RAY. M. S. Summer Birds of San Francisco County, California. The Condor, VIII, pp. 42-44; 44 species.—1907. BEAL, F. E. L. Birds of California in Relation to the Fruit Industry. Bull. No. 30, Biological Survey, pp. 100.—1908. GOLDMAN, E. A. Summer Birds of the Tulare Lake Region. The Condor, X, pp. 200-205; 83 species.—1908. GRINNELL, J. The Biota of the San Bernardino Mountains. Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool. V, I, 170 pp. xxiv plls. Birds, pp. 50-54; 139 species.—1908. HOLLISTER, N. Birds of the Region about Needles, California. The Auk, XXV, pp. 455-462; 66 species.—1910. BECK, R. H. Water Birds of the Vicinity of Point Pinos, California. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, III, pp. 57-72; 94 species.—1908. LINTON, C. B. Notes from San Clemente Island. The Condor, X, pp. 82-86; 58 species.—1908. LINTON, C. B. Notes from Santa Cruz Island. The Condor, X, pp. 124-129; 88 species (See also Ibid, XIII, pp. 208-210).—1911. DAWSON, W. L. Another Fortnight on the Farallones. The Condor, XIII, pp. 171-183; 43 species.—1911. VAN ROSSEM, A. Winter Birds of the Salton Sea Region. The Condor, XIII, pp. 129-137; 72 species.—1912. [Pg_317] LAMB, C. Birds of Mohave Desert Oasis. The Condor, XIV, pp. 32-40; 133 species.—1912. WILLETT, G. Birds of the Pacific Slope of Southern California, Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 7. Cooper Orn. Club, pp. 122; 377 species.—1912. GRINNELL, J. A Systematic List of the Birds of California. Ibid., No. 8, pp. 23; 530 species.
1846-47. GAMBEL, W. Observations on the Birds Seen in Upper California with Descriptions of New Species. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., III, pp. 44-48; 110-114; 154-158; 200-204; 82 species (see also Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1847, pp. 25-56; 1849, pp. 215-229; 176 species).—1853. HERRMANN, A. L. Notes on the Land Birds of California, observed during a three-year stay in that region. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., II, pp. 259-272; 130 species.—1857. NEWBERRY, J. S. Report on the Birds Observed in California and Oregon. Pac. R. R. Rep. Vol. VI, Part VI, pp. 73-110; 174 species.—1859. HERRMANN, A. L. Report on Birds Collected during the Survey. Pac. R. R. Rep. Vol. X, No. 2, pp. 29-80; 180 species.—1859. XANTUS, J. Catalogue of Birds Collected near Fort Tejon, California, with a description of a new species of Syrnium. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XI, pp. 189-193; 144 species.—1866. COUES, E. (See Arizona).—1870. COOPER, J. G. The Fauna of California and Its Geographical Distribution. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., IV, pp. 61-81.—1875. COOPER, J. G. New Findings Related to California Ornithology. Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., VI, 1875, pp. 189-202; 45 species.—1875. NELSON, E. W. (See Utah).—1876. HENSHAW, H. W. Report on the Ornithology of the Areas in California Visited during the 1875 Field Season; pp. 224-278. Annual Report on the Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian. Notes from Santa Cruz Island, Santa Barbara, around Mt. Whitney, Kernville, and Walker's Basin; 204 species.—1877. HENSHAW, H. W. (See Nevada).—1877. RIDGWAY, R. (See Nevada).—1879. BELDING, L. Partial List of the Birds of Central California. Edited by R. Ridgway. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. I, pp. 388-449; 220 species.—1879. COOPER, J. G. On Migration and Nesting Habits of West-Coast Birds. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. II, pp. 241-251.—1880. HENSHAW, H. W. (See Nevada).—1886. EVERMANN, B. W. A List of the Birds Observed in Ventura County, California. Auk, III, pp. 86-94, 179-186; 200 species. (See also Cooper, Ibid., IV, pp. 85-94.—1886). STREATOR, C. P. List of Birds Observed around Santa Barbara, California, During 1885. Orn. and Oöl., XI, pp. 51, 52, 66, 67, 89, 90, 107; 187 species.—1887. BLAKE, E. W. JR. Summer Birds of Santa Cruz Island, California. Auk, IV, pp. 328-330; 28 species.—1887. MORCOM, G. F. Notes on the Birds of Southern California and Southwestern Arizona. Bull. No. 2, Ridgw. Orn. Club, pp. 36-57; 139 species.—1887. STREATOR, C. P. The Water Birds of San Miguel Island. Proc. Santa Barbara Soc. Nat. Hist. Bull. No. I, pp. 21-23; 10 species.—1887. TAYLOR, H. R. Trip to the Farallone Islands. Orn. and Oöl. XII, pp. 41-43: 12 species.—1887. TOWNSEND, C. H. Field Notes on the Mammals, Birds, and Reptiles of Northern California. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. X, pp. 159-241; Birds, pp. 190-237; 261 species.—1888…. BRYANT, W. E. Birds and Eggs from the Farallon Islands. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., 2nd Ser. I; 1887, pp. 25-50; 81 species.—1888. STREATOR, C. P. Notes on the Birds of the Santa Barbara Islands. Orn. and Oöl., XIII, pp. 52-54.—1890. TOWNSEND, C. (See Lower California).—1890-91. KEELER, C. A. Geographical Distribution of Land Birds in California. Zoe, I, 1890, pp. 225-230; 257-260; 295-299; 337-343; 1891, 369-373.—1893. FISHER, A. K. Report on the Ornithology of the Death Valley Expedition N. A. Fauna, No. 7, pp. 7-158; 290 species.—1895. LOOMIS, L. M. California Water Birds. No. 1—Monterey and Surroundings from Mid-June to the End of August. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, V. pp. 177-224; map; 44 species.—1896. LOOMIS, L. M. California Water Birds, No. II. Vicinity of Monterey in Midwinter. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 2, VI, pp. 1-30; 1 map; 43 species. III, South Farallon in July, Ibid., pp. 353-366; 2 maps; 10 species.—1896. MERRIAM, F. A. A-birding on a Bronco [in San Diego County] 16mo, pp. x+226; illus. Houghton, Mifflin & Co.—1897. BARLOW, C. The Story of the Farallones. Ob. 16mo, 32 pp. illus. H. R. Taylor, Alameda.—1897. GRINNELL, J. Report on Birds Recorded during a Visit to the Islands of Santa Barbara, San Nicolas, and San Clemente in Spring 1897; pp. 26.—1898. GRINNELL, J. Birds of the Pacific Slope of Los Angeles County. Pub. No. II, Pasadena Acad. Sci., pp. 52; 300 species.—1898. GRINNELL, J. Land Birds Observed in Midwinter on Santa Catalina Island, California. [Pg_316] Auk, XV, pp. 233-236; 29 species.—1899. KEELER, C. A. Bird Notes Afield. 12mo, pp. viii+353. D. P. Elder & Morgan Sheppard, San Francisco.—1899. MERRIAM, C. H. Results of a Biological Survey of Mount Shasta, California. North American Fauna, No. 16, Birds, pp. 109-134; 136 species.—1900. LOOMIS, L. M. California Water Birds. No. IV. Vicinity of Monterey in Autumn. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. 3d Ser. II, pp. 277-322; 1 map; 42 species. V. Vicinity of Monterey in May and Early June, Ibid., pp. 349-363; 36 species.—1900. MAILLARD, J. Land Birds of Marin County, Cal. The Condor, II, pp. 62-68; 137 species.—1900. SWARTH, H. S. Avifauna of a 100-acre Ranch [at Los Angeles]. The Condor, II, pp. 14-16; 37-41; 175 species.—1901. BARLOW, C. A List of the Land Birds of the Placerville-Lake Tahoe Stage Road. The Condor, III, pp. 151-184; 130 species.—1901. MAILLARD, J. and J W. Birds Recorded at Paicines, San Benito Co., California. The Condor, III, pp. 120-127; 168 species.—1901. MCGREGOR, R. C. A List of the Land Birds of Santa Cruz County, California. Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 2. Cooper Orn. Club, pp. 22; 139 species.—1902. FISHER, W. K. The Redwood Belt of Northwestern California. The Condor, IV, Faunal Peculiarities, pp. 111-114; Land-Birds, 131-135; 63 species.—1902. FISHER, W. K. List of Birds of Santa Clara Valley and Santa Cruz Mountains, excluding Water-Birds. Bailey's Handbook of Birds of the Western United States, pp. li-lvi; 147 species.—1902. GRINNELL, J. Check-List of California Birds. Pacific Coast Avifauna, No. 3, Cooper Orn. Club, 92 pp.; 2 maps; 491 species.—1902. GRINNELL, J. List of Birds to Look for in the Vicinity of Pasadena. Bailey's Handbook of Birds of the Western United States, pp. lvi-lxiv; 191 species.—1902. KOBBE, W. H. List of Water Birds of San Francisco Bay. Bailey's Handbook of Birds of the Western United States, pp. lviii-1; 91 species.—1903. ANDERSON, M. P., and GRINNELL, J. Birds of the Siskiyou Mountains, California: A Problem in Distribution. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 4-15; 43 species.—1903. KAEDING, H. B. Bird Life on the Farallones. The Condor, V, pp. 121-127; 17 species.—1903. RAY, M. S. A List of Land Birds of Lake Valley, Central Sierra Nevada Mountains, California. The Auk, pp. 180-193; 109 species.—1903. STEPHENS, F. Bird Notes from Eastern California and Western Arizona. The Condor, V, pp. 75-78; 100-105; 119 species.—1904. EMERSON, W. O. The Farallones Revisited, 1887-1903. The Condor, VI, pp. 61-67.—1904. RAY, M. S. A Fortnight on the Farallones. The Auk, XXI, pp. 425-442; 14 species.—1904. WHEELOCK, J. G. Birds of California: An Introduction to More Than Three Hundred Common Birds of the State and Adjacent Islands. 12mo. xxviii+578 pp.; illus. A. C. McClurg & Co.—1905. GRINNELL, J. Summer Birds of Mount Pinos, California. The Auk, XXII, pp. 378-391; 73 species.—1906. DIXON, J. Land Birds of San Onofre, California. The Condor, VIII, pp. 91-98; 63 species.—1906. RAY, M. S. Summer Birds of San Francisco County, California. The Condor, VIII, pp. 42-44; 44 species.—1907. BEAL, F. E. L. Birds of California in Relation to the Fruit Industry. Bull. No. 30, Biological Survey, pp. 100.—1908. GOLDMAN, E. A. Summer Birds of the Tulare Lake Region. The Condor, X, pp. 200-205; 83 species.—1908. GRINNELL, J. The Biota of the San Bernardino Mountains. Univ. Cal. Publ. Zool. V, I, 170 pp. xxiv plls. Birds, pp. 50-54; 139 species.—1908. HOLLISTER, N. Birds of the Area around Needles, California. The Auk, XXV, pp. 455-462; 66 species.—1910. BECK, R. H. Water Birds of the Vicinity of Point Pinos, California. Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci., Ser. 4, III, pp. 57-72; 94 species.—1908. LINTON, C. B. Notes from San Clemente Island. The Condor, X, pp. 82-86; 58 species.—1908. LINTON, C. B. Notes from Santa Cruz Island. The Condor, X, pp. 124-129; 88 species (See also Ibid, XIII, pp. 208-210).—1911. DAWSON, W. L. Another Fortnight on the Farallones. The Condor, XIII, pp. 171-183; 43 species.—1911. VAN ROSSEM, A. Winter Birds of the Salton Sea Region. The Condor, XIII, pp. 129-137; 72 species.—1912. [Pg_317] LAMB, C. Birds of Mohave Desert Oasis. The Condor, XIV, pp. 32-40; 133 species.—1912. WILLETT, G. Birds of the Pacific Slope of Southern California, Pacific Coast Avifauna No. 7. Cooper Orn. Club, pp. 122; 377 species.—1912. GRINNELL, J. A Systematic List of the Birds of California. Ibid., No. 8, pp. 23; 530 species.
1872. AIKEN, C. E., and HOLDEN, C. H. Jr. (See Wyoming).—1873. RIDGWAY, R. The Birds of Colorado. Bull. Essex Inst. V, pp. 174-195. Distribution tables and 243 species. Based on the Observations of C. E. Aiken.—1874. YARROW, H. C., and HENSHAW, H. W. (See Utah).—1881. DREW, F. M. Field Notes on the Birds of San Juan Co. Colorado. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VI, pp 85-91; 138-143; 104 species.—1883. ALLEN, J. A., and BREWSTER, W. List of Birds Observed in the Vicinity of Colorado Springs, Colorado, During March, April, and May, 1882. Bull. N. O. C. VIII, pp. 151-161; 189-198; 134 species.—1885. DREW, F. On the Vertical Range of Birds in Colorado. Auk, II, pp. 11-18; 277 species. (See also 10 additions by H. Smith, Jr., and A. W. Anthony, Ibid., III, 1886, pp. 284-286, and also 20 species by P. M. Thorne, Ibid., IV, 1887, pp. 264, 265).—1885. HOFFMAN, W. J. (See Montana).—1888-90. MORRISON, C. F. A List of the Birds of Colorado. Orn. and Oöl., XIII, pp. 145, 148, 165-168, 181-183; XIV, 1889, pp. 6-9 65-68, 145-150; XV, 1890, pp. 36-38. ("To be continued.") 233 species to Junco, inclusive.—1890. KELLOGG, V. L. Summer Birds of Estes Park, Colorado, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. XII, pp. 80-90.—1897. COOKE, W. W. The Birds of Colorado. Bull. 37, State Agricultural College, Ft. Collins, pp. 144; 360 species; bibliography (See also 1898, Bull. 44, first appendix, 1900, Bull. No. 56, second appendix; and 1909. The Auk, pp. 400-422, third supplement, increasing total number of species to 397).—1902. KEYSER, L. S. Birds of the Rockies. With a Complete Check-List of Colorado Birds. 8vo, xii+355 pp; ills. McClurg, Chicago.—1908. ROCKWELL, R. B. An Annotated List of the Birds of Mesa County, Colorado. The Condor, X, pp. 152-180; 203 species.—1908. WARREN, E. R. Northwestern Colorado Bird Notes. The Condor, X, pp. 18-26; 93 species.—1909. FELGER, A. H. Annotated List of the Water Birds of Weld, Morgan and Adams Counties, Colorado, south to the first sectional line below the Fortieth Parallel. The Auk, XXVI, pp. 272-291; 3 maps; 107 species, (see also Hersey, L. J. and Rockwell, R. B. The Condor, XI, 1909, pp. 110-122, and Rockwell, Ibid., XIV, pp. 117-131).—1909. HENDERSON, J. An Annotated List of the Birds of Boulder Co., Colorado. Univ. Colo., Studies, VI, pp. 219-242—1910.—FELGER, A. H. Birds and Mammals of Northwestern Colorado, Univ. Studies Colo. Mus., VII, 2, pp. 132-146; 133 species.—1910. WARREN, E. R. Some Central Colorado Bird Notes. The Condor, XII, pp. 23-39; 127 species.—1911. WIDMANN, O. List of Birds Observed in Estes Park, Colorado, from June 10, to July 18, 1910. The Auk, XXVIII, pp. 304-319; 90 species.—1912. COOKE, W. W. The Present Status of the Colorado Check-List of Birds. The Condor, XIV, pp. 147-153. Admits 403 species.—1912. SCLATER, W. L. A History of the Birds of Colorado. Witherby & Co., London, 8vo, pp. xxiv+576; plls. xvii; 392 species; important.
1872. AIKEN, C. E., and HOLDEN, C. H. Jr. (See Wyoming).—1873. RIDGWAY, R. The Birds of Colorado. Bull. Essex Inst. V, pp. 174-195. Distribution tables and 243 species. Based on the Observations of C. E. Aiken.—1874. YARROW, H. C., and HENSHAW, H. W. (See Utah).—1881. DREW, F. M. Field Notes on the Birds of San Juan County, Colorado. Bull. Nutt. Orn. Club, VI, pp 85-91; 138-143; 104 species.—1883. ALLEN, J. A., and BREWSTER, W. List of Birds Observed in the Colorado Springs Area, Colorado, During March, April, and May, 1882. Bull. N. O. C. VIII, pp. 151-161; 189-198; 134 species.—1885. DREW, F. On the Vertical Range of Birds in Colorado. Auk, II, pp. 11-18; 277 species. (See also 10 additions by H. Smith, Jr., and A. W. Anthony, Ibid., III, 1886, pp. 284-286, and also 20 species by P. M. Thorne, Ibid., IV, 1887, pp. 264, 265).—1885. HOFFMAN, W. J. (See Montana).—1888-90. MORRISON, C. F. A List of the Birds of Colorado. Orn. and Oöl., XIII, pp. 145, 148, 165-168, 181-183; XIV, 1889, pp. 6-9, 65-68, 145-150; XV, 1890, pp. 36-38. ("To be continued.") 233 species to Junco, inclusive.—1890. KELLOGG, V. L. Summer Birds of Estes Park, Colorado, Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. XII, pp. 80-90.—1897. COOKE, W. W. The Birds of Colorado. Bull. 37, State Agricultural College, Ft. Collins, pp. 144; 360 species; bibliography (See also 1898, Bull. 44, first appendix, 1900, Bull. No. 56, second appendix; and 1909. The Auk, pp. 400-422, third supplement, increasing total number of species to 397).—1902. KEYSER, L. S. Birds of the Rockies. With a Complete Check-List of Colorado Birds. 8vo, xii+355 pp; ills. McClurg, Chicago.—1908. ROCKWELL, R. B. An Annotated List of the Birds of Mesa County, Colorado. The Condor, X, pp. 152-180; 203 species.—1908. WARREN, E. R. Northwestern Colorado Bird Notes. The Condor, X, pp. 18-26; 93 species.—1909. FELGER, A. H. Annotated List of the Water Birds of Weld, Morgan, and Adams Counties, Colorado, south to the first sectional line below the Fortieth Parallel. The Auk, XXVI, pp. 272-291; 3 maps; 107 species, (see also Hersey, L. J. and Rockwell, R. B. The Condor, XI, 1909, pp. 110-122, and Rockwell, Ibid., XIV, pp. 117-131).—1909. HENDERSON, J. An Annotated List of the Birds of Boulder County, Colorado. Univ. Colo., Studies, VI, pp. 219-242—1910.—FELGER, A. H. Birds and Mammals of Northwestern Colorado, Univ. Studies Colo. Mus., VII, 2, pp. 132-146; 133 species.—1910. WARREN, E. R. Some Central Colorado Bird Notes. The Condor, XII, pp. 23-39; 127 species.—1911. WIDMANN, O. List of Birds Observed in Estes Park, Colorado, from June 10 to July 18, 1910. The Auk, XXVIII, pp. 304-319; 90 species.—1912. COOKE, W. W. The Present Status of the Colorado Check-List of Birds. The Condor, XIV, pp. 147-153. Admits 403 species.—1912. SCLATER, W. L. A History of the Birds of Colorado. Witherby & Co., London, 8vo, pp. xxiv+576; plls. xvii; 392 species; important.
1843. LINSLEY, J. H. A Catalogue of the Birds of Connecticut. Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, XLIV, pp. 249-274, 302 species. See also Ibid., XLVI, 1844, pp. 50, 51.—1877. MERRIAM, C. H. A Review of the Birds of Connecticut, with Remarks on their Habits. Trans, of the Conn. Acad., IV, pp. 1-165; 292 species.—1887. PLATT, F. A List of the Birds of Meriden, Conn. Trans. Meriden Scientific Assoc, II, 1885-86, pp. 30-53; III, p. 41; 116 species.—1892. AVERILL, C. K., JR., List of Birds Found in the Vicinity of Bridgeport, Connecticut. Bridgeport Scientific Society, 8vo, pp. 1-19, 246 species.—1906. CHAPMAN, [Pg_318] F. M. (See New York).—1908. COMMITTEE. A List of the Birds of the New Haven Region. Bull. No. 1, New Haven Bird Club, pp. 1-32; 217 species.
1843. LINSLEY, J. H. A Catalogue of the Birds of Connecticut. Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, XLIV, pp. 249-274, 302 species. See also Ibid., XLVI, 1844, pp. 50, 51.—1877. MERRIAM, C. H. A Review of the Birds of Connecticut, with Remarks on their Habits. Trans, of the Conn. Acad., IV, pp. 1-165; 292 species.—1887. PLATT, F. A List of the Birds of Meriden, Conn. Trans. Meriden Scientific Assoc, II, 1885-86, pp. 30-53; III, p. 41; 116 species.—1892. AVERILL, C. K., JR., List of Birds Found in the Vicinity of Bridgeport, Connecticut. Bridgeport Scientific Society, 8vo, pp. 1-19, 246 species.—1906. CHAPMAN, F. M. (See New York).—1908. COMMITTEE. A List of the Birds of the New Haven Region. Bull. No. 1, New Haven Bird Club, pp. 1-32; 217 species.
1875. GRINNELL, G. B. Report of a Reconnaissance of the Black Hills of Dakota, made in the summer of 1874. By William Ludlow. Chapter II. Birds, pp. 85-102; 110 species.—1875. HOFFMAN, W. J. List of Birds Observed at Grand River Agency, Dakota Ter., from October 7th, 1872, to June 7th, 1873. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVIII, pp. 169-175; 79 species.—1877. McCHESNEY, C. E., M. D. Birds of the Coteau des Prairies of Eastern Dakota. Forest and Stream, VIII, pp. 176, 177, 192, 224, 225, 241, 242, 261; 102 species.—1901-2. BENT, A. C. Nesting habits of the Anatidæ in North Dakota. Auk, XVIII, pp; 328-336; XIX, pp. 11-12; 165-174; 16 species.—1908. REAGAN, A. B. The Birds of the Rosebud Indian Reservation, South Dakota. The Auk, XXV, pp. 462-467; 108 species.—1909. VISHER, S. S. A List of the Birds of western South Dakota. The Auk, XXVI, pp. 144-153; 194 species—1911. VISHER, S. S. Annotated List of the Birds of Harding County, Northwestern South Dakota. The Auk, XXVIII, pp. 5-16; 154 species.
1875. GRINNELL, G. B. Report of a Reconnaissance of the Black Hills of Dakota, made in the summer of 1874. By William Ludlow. Chapter II. Birds, pp. 85-102; 110 species.—1875. HOFFMAN, W. J. List of Birds Observed at Grand River Agency, Dakota Ter., from October 7th, 1872, to June 7th, 1873. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XVIII, pp. 169-175; 79 species.—1877. McCHESNEY, C. E., M. D. Birds of the Coteau des Prairies of Eastern Dakota. Forest and Stream, VIII, pp. 176, 177, 192, 224, 225, 241, 242, 261; 102 species.—1901-2. BENT, A. C. Nesting habits of the Anatidæ in North Dakota. Auk, XVIII, pp; 328-336; XIX, pp. 11-12; 165-174; 16 species.—1908. REAGAN, A. B. The Birds of the Rosebud Indian Reservation, South Dakota. The Auk, XXV, pp. 462-467; 108 species.—1909. VISHER, S. S. A List of the Birds of western South Dakota. The Auk, XXVI, pp. 144-153; 194 species—1911. VISHER, S. S. Annotated List of the Birds of Harding County, Northwestern South Dakota. The Auk, XXVIII, pp. 5-16; 154 species.
1905. RHOADS, S. N., and PENNOCK, C. J. Birds of Delaware: A Preliminary List. Auk, XXII, 1905, pp. 194-205; 211 species. (See also Auk, XXV, 1908, pp. 282-288.)—1897-1908. STONE, W., Editor. Numerous Notes on Delaware Birds. Proc. Del. Valley Orn. Club, Phila.
1905. RHOADS, S. N., and PENNOCK, C. J. Birds of Delaware: A Preliminary List. Auk, XXII, 1905, pp. 194-205; 211 species. (See also Auk, XXV, 1908, pp. 282-288.)—1897-1908. STONE, W., Editor. Numerous Notes on Delaware Birds. Proc. Del. Valley Orn. Club, Phila.
1883. COUES, E. and PRENTISS, D. W. Avifauna Columbiana, Second Edition. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus. No. 26, 8vo, pp. 1-133, many woodcuts, 4 maps, 248 species.—1888. RICHMOND, C. W. An Annotated List of Birds Breeding in the District of Columbia. Auk, V, pp. 18-25; 100 species.—1888. SMITH, HUGH M., and PALMER, WILLIAM. Additions to the Avifauna of Washington, D. C., and Vicinity. Auk, V, pp. 147, 148. Adds 12 species to Coues' and Prentiss' list of 1883.—1898. MAYNARD, L. W. Birds of Washington and Vicinity, with Introduction by Florence A. Merriam. 12mo. 204 pp. Washington, D. C. 291 species.
1883. COUES, E. and PRENTISS, D. W. Avifauna Columbiana, Second Edition. Bull. U. S. Natl. Mus. No. 26, 8vo, pp. 1-133, many illustrations, 4 maps, 248 species.—1888. RICHMOND, C. W. An Annotated List of Birds Breeding in the District of Columbia. Auk, V, pp. 18-25; 100 species.—1888. SMITH, HUGH M., and PALMER, WILLIAM. Additions to the Avifauna of Washington, D. C., and Vicinity. Auk, V, pp. 147, 148. Adds 12 species to Coues' and Prentiss' list of 1883.—1898. MAYNARD, L. W. Birds of Washington and Vicinity, with Introduction by Florence A. Merriam. 12mo. 204 pp. Washington, D. C. 291 species.
1883. BAILEY, H. B. Memoranda of a Collection of Eggs from Georgia. Bull. N. O. C., VIII, pp. 37-43; 104 species—1903. SMITH, R. S. Birds of Kirkwood, De Kalb Co., Ga. Wilson Bull., XV, pp. 49-59; 125 species.—1909. HOWELL, A. H. Notes on the Summer Birds of Northern Georgia. Auk, XXVI, pp. 129-137; 76 species.
1883. BAILEY, H. B. Notes on a Collection of Eggs from Georgia. Bull. N. O. C., VIII, pp. 37-43; 104 species—1903. SMITH, R. S. Birds of Kirkwood, De Kalb Co., Ga. Wilson Bull., XV, pp. 49-59; 125 species.—1909. HOWELL, A. H. Observations on the Summer Birds of Northern Georgia. Auk, XXVI, pp. 129-137; 76 species.
1871. ALLEN, J. A. On the Mammals and Winter Birds of East Florida. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoöl., II, pp. 161-450, pll. ix-xiii; 181 species.—1888. CHAPMAN, F. M. A List of Birds Observed at Gainesville, Florida. Auk, V, pp. 267-277; 149 species.—1888-90. SCOTT, W. E. D. A Summary of Observations on the Birds of the Gulf Coast of Florida. Auk, V, pp. 373-379; VI, pp. 13-18, 152-160, 245-252, 318-326; VII, pp. 14-22, 114-120; 262 species.—1890. SCOTT, W. E. D. On Birds Observed at the Dry Tortugas, Florida, during parts of March and April, 1890. Auk, VII, pp. 301-314; 80 species.—1891. BREWSTER, W., and [Pg_319] CHAPMAN, F. M. Notes on the Birds of the Lower Suwanee River. Auk, VIII, pp. 125-138; 116 species. (See also Brewster, Ibid., pp. 149-157.)—1892. SCOTT, W. E. D. Notes on the Birds of the Caloosahatchie Region of Florida. Auk, IX, pp. 209-218, 259 species.—1895. WAYNE, A. T. Notes on the Birds of the Wacissa and Aucilla River Regions of Florida. Auk, XII, 1895, pp. 362-367; 161 species.—1896. CORY, C. B. Hunting and Fishing in Florida with a Key to the Water Birds of the State.—1904. WILLIAMS, R. W., JR. A Preliminary List of the Birds of Leon County, Florida. Auk, XXI, 1904, pp. 449-462; 156 species. (See also Ibid., XXIII, pp. 153-161; XXIV, pp. 158, 159.)—1906. FOWLER, H. W. Birds Observed in June in the Florida Keys. Auk, XXIII, pp. 396-400; 33 species.
1871. ALLEN, J. A. On the Mammals and Winter Birds of East Florida. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoöl., II, pp. 161-450, pls. ix-xiii; 181 species.—1888. CHAPMAN, F. M. A List of Birds Observed at Gainesville, Florida. Auk, V, pp. 267-277; 149 species.—1888-90. SCOTT, W. E. D. A Summary of Observations on the Birds of the Gulf Coast of Florida. Auk, V, pp. 373-379; VI, pp. 13-18, 152-160, 245-252, 318-326; VII, pp. 14-22, 114-120; 262 species.—1890. SCOTT, W. E. D. On Birds Observed at the Dry Tortugas, Florida, during parts of March and April, 1890. Auk, VII, pp. 301-314; 80 species.—1891. BREWSTER, W., and [Pg_319] CHAPMAN, F. M. Notes on the Birds of the Lower Suwanee River. Auk, VIII, pp. 125-138; 116 species. (See also Brewster, Ibid., pp. 149-157.)—1892. SCOTT, W. E. D. Notes on the Birds of the Caloosahatchie Region of Florida. Auk, IX, pp. 209-218, 259 species.—1895. WAYNE, A. T. Notes on the Birds of the Wacissa and Aucilla River Regions of Florida. Auk, XII, 1895, pp. 362-367; 161 species.—1896. CORY, C. B. Hunting and Fishing in Florida with a Key to the Water Birds of the State.—1904. WILLIAMS, R. W., JR. A Preliminary List of the Birds of Leon County, Florida. Auk, XXI, 1904, pp. 449-462; 156 species. (See also Ibid., XXIII, pp. 153-161; XXIV, pp. 158, 159.)—1906. FOWLER, H. W. Birds Observed in June in the Florida Keys. Auk, XXIII, pp. 396-400; 33 species.
1891. MERRIAM, C. H. Results of a Biological Reconnaissance of Idaho, south of latitude 45° and east of the thirty-eighth Meridian made during the summer of 1890. N. A. Fauna, No. 5. Annotated List of Birds Observed in Idaho during the Summer and Fall of 1890, with Notes on Species previously Recorded from the State, pp. 90-108; 157 species.—1897-8. MERRILL, J. C. Notes on the Birds of Fort Sherman, Idaho. Auk, XIV, pp. 347-357, XV, pp. 14-22; 159 species.
1891. MERRIAM, C. H. Results of a Biological Survey of Idaho, south of latitude 45° and east of the thirty-eighth Meridian conducted during the summer of 1890. N. A. Fauna, No. 5. Annotated List of Birds Observed in Idaho during the Summer and Fall of 1890, with Notes on Species previously Recorded from the State, pp. 90-108; 157 species.—1897-8. MERRILL, J. C. Notes on the Birds of Fort Sherman, Idaho. Auk, XIV, pp. 347-357, XV, pp. 14-22; 159 species.
1855. KENNICOTT, R. Catalogue of Animals Observed in Cook County. Illinois. Trans. Ill., State Agric. Soc. for 1853-54, I, Birds, pp. 580-589; 187 species.—1868. ALLEN, J. A. (See Iowa).—1874. RIDGWAY, R. Catalogue of the Birds Ascertained to Occur in Illinois. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., X, pp. 364-394; 311 species.—1876. NELSON, E. W. Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. Essex Inst., VIII, pp. 90-155; 316 species.—1877. NELSON, E. W. Notes upon Birds Observed in Southern Illinois, between July 17 and September 4, 1875. Bull. Essex. Inst., IX, pp. 32-65; 133 species.—1881. RIDGWAY, R. A. Revised Catalogue of the Birds Ascertained to Occur in Illinois. Ills. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Bull. No. 4, pp. 161-208; 352 species.—1884. COOKE, W. W. Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley, Southern Illinois. Forest and Stream, XXIII, pp. 444, 445, 463, 464; 144 species based on Ridgway's list of 1881, and observations of Cyrus W. Butler in the vicinity of Anna, Ills., during December, 1882, and January 1883.—1887. RIDGWAY, R. List of the Birds Found Breeding Within the Corporate Limits of Mt. Carmel, Illinois. Bull. No. 2, Ridgway Orn. Club, pp. 26-35; 85 species.—1890-1895. RIDGWAY, R. The Ornithology of Illinois. Roy. 8vo, Vol. I, 1890, 520 pp., 32 plls. Land-birds to Gallinæ; Vol. II, 1895, 282 pp., 33 plls. Gallinæ and Water-birds; 363 species.—1891. LOUCKS, W. E. List of Birds Found Breeding in the Vicinity of Peoria, Illinois. The Oölogist, VIII, pp. 224-226; 80 species.—1904. WALTER, H. E. and A. W. Wild Birds in City Parks. Rev. Ed., Chicago. 16mo, 66 pp.; 145 species.—1907. WOODRUFF, F. M. The Birds of the Chicago Area. Chicago Acad. Sci. Bull. VI. Nat. Hist. Surv., 221 pp., 12 plls.; 318 species.—1909. CORY, C. B. Birds of Illinois and Wisconsin. Field Museum, Zoöl. Ser. IX, 8vo. 764 pp. many ills.; 398 species.—1910. HESS, I. E. One Hundred Breeding Birds of an Illinois Ten-Mile Radius. Auk, XXVII, pp. 19-32.
1855. KENNICOTT, R. Catalogue of Animals Observed in Cook County, Illinois. Trans. Ill., State Agric. Soc. for 1853-54, I, Birds, pp. 580-589; 187 species.—1868. ALLEN, J. A. (See Iowa).—1874. RIDGWAY, R. Catalogue of the Birds Confirmed to Occur in Illinois. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N. Y., X, pp. 364-394; 311 species.—1876. NELSON, E. W. Birds of Northeastern Illinois. Bull. Essex Inst., VIII, pp. 90-155; 316 species.—1877. NELSON, E. W. Notes on Birds Observed in Southern Illinois, between July 17 and September 4, 1875. Bull. Essex. Inst., IX, pp. 32-65; 133 species.—1881. RIDGWAY, R. A Revised Catalogue of the Birds Confirmed to Occur in Illinois. Ills. State Lab. Nat. Hist., Bull. No. 4, pp. 161-208; 352 species.—1884. COOKE, W. W. Bird Migration in the Mississippi Valley, Southern Illinois. Forest and Stream, XXIII, pp. 444, 445, 463, 464; 144 species based on Ridgway's list of 1881, and observations of Cyrus W. Butler in the area around Anna, Ills., during December 1882 and January 1883.—1887. RIDGWAY, R. List of the Birds Found Breeding Within the Corporate Limits of Mt. Carmel, Illinois. Bull. No. 2, Ridgway Orn. Club, pp. 26-35; 85 species.—1890-1895. RIDGWAY, R. The Ornithology of Illinois. Roy. 8vo, Vol. I, 1890, 520 pp., 32 plls. Land-birds to Gallinæ; Vol. II, 1895, 282 pp., 33 plls. Gallinæ and Water-birds; 363 species.—1891. LOUCKS, W. E. List of Birds Found Breeding in the Vicinity of Peoria, Illinois. The Oölogist, VIII, pp. 224-226; 80 species.—1904. WALTER, H. E. and A. W. Wild Birds in City Parks. Rev. Ed., Chicago. 16mo, 66 pp.; 145 species.—1907. WOODRUFF, F. M. The Birds of the Chicago Area. Chicago Acad. Sci. Bull. VI. Nat. Hist. Surv., 221 pp., 12 plls.; 318 species.—1909. CORY, C. B. Birds of Illinois and Wisconsin. Field Museum, Zoöl. Ser. IX, 8vo. 764 pp. many ills.; 398 species.—1910. HESS, I. E. One Hundred Breeding Birds of an Illinois Ten-Mile Radius. Auk, XXVII, pp. 19-32.
1869. HAYMOND, R. Birds of Franklin County, Indiana. Cox's Geol. Surv. Indiana, Rep. for 1869, pp. 209-235; 163 species.—1886. BUTLER, A. W. A List of the Birds Observed in Franklin Co., Ind. Bull. Brookville Soc. Nat. Hist., No. 2, pp. 12-39. 253 species.—1888-89. EVERMANN, B. W. Birds of Carroll County, Indiana. Auk, V. pp. 344-351; VI, pp. 22-30; 203 species.—1891. [Pg_320] BUTLER, A. W. The Birds of Indiana, with Illustrations of Many of the Species. Prepared for the Indiana Horticultural Society and Originally Published in its Transactions for 1890. 8vo, 135 pp.; 305 species.—1898. BUTLER, A. W. The Birds of Indiana, a descriptive Catalogue of the Birds that have been observed within the State with an account of their Habits. Rep. of the State Geologist, pp. 515-1187; 321 species; bibliography. Important.—1906. McATEE, W. L. Ecological Notes on the Birds Occurring within a Radius of Five Miles of the Indiana University Campus. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., pp. 65-202, 32 ills., 225 species.
1869. HAYMOND, R. Birds of Franklin County, Indiana. Cox's Geol. Surv. Indiana, Rep. for 1869, pp. 209-235; 163 species.—1886. BUTLER, A. W. A List of the Birds Observed in Franklin Co., Ind. Bull. Brookville Soc. Nat. Hist., No. 2, pp. 12-39. 253 species.—1888-89. EVERMANN, B. W. Birds of Carroll County, Indiana. Auk, V. pp. 344-351; VI, pp. 22-30; 203 species.—1891. [Pg_320] BUTLER, A. W. The Birds of Indiana, with Illustrations of Many of the Species. Prepared for the Indiana Horticultural Society and Originally Published in its Transactions for 1890. 8vo, 135 pp.; 305 species.—1898. BUTLER, A. W. The Birds of Indiana, a descriptive Catalogue of the Birds that have been observed within the State with an account of their Habits. Rep. of the State Geologist, pp. 515-1187; 321 species; bibliography. Important.—1906. McATEE, W. L. Ecological Notes on the Birds Occurring within a Radius of Five Miles of the Indiana University Campus. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., pp. 65-202, 32 ills., 225 species.
1868. ALLEN, J. A. Notes on Birds Observed in Western Iowa, in the Months of July, August and September; also on Birds Observed in Northern Illinois, in May and June, and at Richmond, Wayne Co., Indiana, between June third and tenth. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, I. pt. IV, pp. 488-526. Ogle County, Ills., 84 species; Cook County, Ills., 94 species; Richmond, Ind., 72 species; Western Iowa, 108 species.—1873. TRIPPE, F. M. Notes on the Birds of Southern Iowa. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XV, pp. 229-242; 162 species.—1888. KEYES, CHARLES R. and WILLIAMS, H. S. A Preliminary Annotated Catalogue of the Birds of Iowa. Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., V, 8vo, 49 pp.; 260 species.—1890. COONE, JOHN V. Summer Residents of Buena Vista County, Iowa. The Oölogist, VII, pp. 45-47; 52 species.—1895. JONES, LYNDS. Bird Migration at Grinnell, Iowa. Auk, XII, 1895, pp. 117-134, 231-237.—1897. ANDERSON, R. M. An Annotated List of the Birds of Winnebago and Hancock Counties, Iowa. Pub. by Author, Forest City, Iowa. 16mo, 19 pp.; 218 species.—1906. WILSON, B. H. Birds of Scott Co., Iowa. Wilson Bull., XVIII, pp. 1-11; 166 species.—1907. ANDERSON, R. M. The Birds of Iowa. Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., XI, pp. 125-417; 355 species.
1868. ALLEN, J. A. Notes on Birds Observed in Western Iowa during July, August, and September; also on Birds Observed in Northern Illinois in May and June, and at Richmond, Wayne Co., Indiana, between June 3rd and 10th. Mem. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, I. pt. IV, pp. 488-526. Ogle County, Ills., 84 species; Cook County, Ills., 94 species; Richmond, Ind., 72 species; Western Iowa, 108 species.—1873. TRIPPE, F. M. Notes on the Birds of Southern Iowa. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XV, pp. 229-242; 162 species.—1888. KEYES, CHARLES R. and WILLIAMS, H. S. A Preliminary Annotated Catalogue of the Birds of Iowa. Proc. Davenport Acad. Nat. Sci., V, 8vo, 49 pp.; 260 species.—1890. COONE, JOHN V. Summer Residents of Buena Vista County, Iowa. The Oölogist, VII, pp. 45-47; 52 species.—1895. JONES, LYNDS. Bird Migration at Grinnell, Iowa. Auk, XII, 1895, pp. 117-134, 231-237.—1897. ANDERSON, R. M. An Annotated List of the Birds of Winnebago and Hancock Counties, Iowa. Pub. by Author, Forest City, Iowa. 16mo, 19 pp.; 218 species.—1906. WILSON, B. H. Birds of Scott Co., Iowa. Wilson Bull., XVIII, pp. 1-11; 166 species.—1907. ANDERSON, R. M. The Birds of Iowa. Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., XI, pp. 125-417; 355 species.
1875. SNOW, F. H. A Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas. Contributed to the Kansas Academy of Science. 8vo, 14 pp. Third Edition. 295 species.—1886. GOSS, N. S. A Revised Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas, with Descriptive Notes of the Nests and Eggs of the Birds Known to Breed in the State. Topeka. 8vo, vi+76 pp.; 335 species. (See also review in Auk, III, 1886, p. 399.)—1891. GOSS, N. S. History of the Birds of Kansas. Illustrating 529 Birds. Topeka, Kansas. Geo. W. Crane & Co., Royal 8vo, 692 pp., 35 photogravure plates; 343 species.—1899. LANTZ, D. E. A Review of Kansas Ornithology. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 1896-7, pp. 224-276; 351 species.—1903. SNOW, F. H. A Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas. Fifth Edition. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sciences, XVIII, 23 pp.; 342 species.—1909. WETMORE, A. Fall Notes from Eastern Kansas. The Condor, XI, pp. 154-164; 74 species.—1912. ISELEY, D. A List of the Birds of Sedgwick County, Kansas. The Auk, XXIX, pp. 25-43; 208 species.
1875. SNOW, F. H. A Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas. Contributed to the Kansas Academy of Science. 8vo, 14 pp. Third Edition. 295 species.—1886. GOSS, N. S. A Revised Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas, with Descriptive Notes of the Nests and Eggs of the Birds Known to Breed in the State. Topeka. 8vo, vi+76 pp.; 335 species. (See also review in Auk, III, 1886, p. 399.)—1891. GOSS, N. S. History of the Birds of Kansas. Illustrating 529 Birds. Topeka, Kansas. Geo. W. Crane & Co., Royal 8vo, 692 pp., 35 photogravure plates; 343 species.—1899. LANTZ, D. E. A Review of Kansas Ornithology. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci., 1896-7, pp. 224-276; 351 species.—1903. SNOW, F. H. A Catalogue of the Birds of Kansas. Fifth Edition. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sciences, XVIII, 23 pp.; 342 species.—1909. WETMORE, A. Fall Notes from Eastern Kansas. The Condor, XI, pp. 154-164; 74 species.—1912. ISELEY, D. A List of the Birds of Sedgwick County, Kansas. The Auk, XXIX, pp. 25-43; 208 species.
1882. BECKHAM, C. W. A List of the Birds of Bardstown, Nelson County, Kentucky. Journ. Cinc. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, pp. 136-147; 167 species.—1885. BECKHAM, C. W. List of the Birds of Nelson County. Kentucky Geol. Surv., John R. Proctor, Director. Author's Edition, 4to, pp. 1-58; 171 species.—1887. PINDAR, L. O. List of the Birds of Fulton County, Kentucky. Orn. and Oöl. XII, pp. 54, 55, 84, 85; 122 species.—1889. PINDAR, L. O. List of the Birds of Fulton County, Kentucky. Auk, VI, pp. 310-316, 183 species.—1910. HOWELL, A. H. Notes on the Summer Birds of Kentucky and Tennessee. Auk, XXVII pp. 295-304. Kentucky, 80 species.
1882. BECKHAM, C. W. A List of the Birds of Bardstown, Nelson County, Kentucky. Journ. Cinc. Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, pp. 136-147; 167 species.—1885. BECKHAM, C. W. List of the Birds of Nelson County. Kentucky Geol. Surv., John R. Proctor, Director. Author's Edition, 4to, pp. 1-58; 171 species.—1887. PINDAR, L. O. List of the Birds of Fulton County, Kentucky. Orn. and Oöl. XII, pp. 54, 55, 84, 85; 122 species.—1889. PINDAR, L. O. List of the Birds of Fulton County, Kentucky. Auk, VI, pp. 310-316, 183 species.—1910. HOWELL, A. H. Notes on the Summer Birds of Kentucky and Tennessee. Auk, XXVII pp. 295-304. Kentucky, 80 species.
1900. BEYER, G. E. The Avifauna of Louisiana. Proc. La. Soc. Nat. 45 pp.; 323 species.—1904. ALLISON, A. The Birds of West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. Auk, XXI, 1904, pp. 472-484; 130 species.—1906. BEYER, G. E., ALLISON, A., KOPMAN, H. H. List of the Birds of Louisiana. Auk, XXIII, 1906, pp. 1-15, 275-281, XXIV, 314-321; XXV, 173-180; 339-448. 128 species to Pici.—1908. HOWELL, A. H. Notes on the Winter Birds of Northern Louisiana Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXI, 119-124 pp.; 70 species.
1900. BEYER, G. E. The Avifauna of Louisiana. Proc. La. Soc. Nat. 45 pp.; 323 species.—1904. ALLISON, A. The Birds of West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. Auk, XXI, 1904, pp. 472-484; 130 species.—1906. BEYER, G. E., ALLISON, A., KOPMAN, H. H. List of the Birds of Louisiana. Auk, XXIII, 1906, pp. 1-15, 275-281, XXIV, 314-321; XXV, 173-180; 339-448. 128 species to Pici.—1908. HOWELL, A. H. Notes on the Winter Birds of Northern Louisiana Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, XXI, 119-124 pp.; 70 species.
1862. BOARDMAN, G. A. Catalogue of the Birds Found in the Vicinity of Calais, Maine, and about the Islands of the Mouth of the Bay of Fundy. Edited by A. E. Verrill. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, pp. 122-132; 236 + 4 species. (For 12 additions see Verrill, Ibid., pp. 233, 234.)—1862. VERRILL, A. E. Catalogue of the Birds Found at Norway, Oxford Co., Maine. Proc. Essex. Inst., III, pp. 136-160; 159 species.—1872. MAYNARD, C. J. A Catalogue of the Birds of Coos Co., N. H., and Oxford Co., Maine. With notes by Wm. Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIV, 1871, pp. 356-385; 164 species.—1882. BROWN, N. C. A Catalogue of the Birds Known to Occur in Portland, Maine. Proc. Portl. Soc. Nat. Hist., Dec. 14, 1882, pp, 1-37; 250 species. (See also Proc. Portl. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1889, pp. 37-40).—1900. HOWE, R. H., JR. Summer Birds near Isleboro and the Fox Islands. Journ. Maine Orn. Soc. II, pp. 28-32, III, pp. 14, 15; IV, p. 18; 100 species.—1908. KNIGHT, O. W. The Birds of Maine, Pub. by Author, Bangor 8vo, 693 pp., 30 ills.; 327 species.
1862. BOARDMAN, G. A. Catalogue of the Birds Found in the Vicinity of Calais, Maine, and around the Islands at the Mouth of the Bay of Fundy. Edited by A. E. Verrill. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, pp. 122-132; 236 + 4 species. (For 12 additions see Verrill, Ibid., pp. 233, 234.)—1862. VERRILL, A. E. Catalogue of the Birds Found at Norway, Oxford Co., Maine. Proc. Essex. Inst., III, pp. 136-160; 159 species.—1872. MAYNARD, C. J. A Catalogue of the Birds of Coos Co., N. H., and Oxford Co., Maine. With notes by Wm. Brewster, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIV, 1871, pp. 356-385; 164 species.—1882. BROWN, N. C. A Catalogue of the Birds Known to Occur in Portland, Maine. Proc. Portl. Soc. Nat. Hist., Dec. 14, 1882, pp, 1-37; 250 species. (See also Proc. Portl. Soc. Nat. Hist., 1889, pp. 37-40).—1900. HOWE, R. H., JR. Summer Birds near Isleboro and the Fox Islands. Journ. Maine Orn. Soc. II, pp. 28-32, III, pp. 14, 15; IV, p. 18; 100 species.—1908. KNIGHT, O. W. The Birds of Maine, Pub. by Author, Bangor 8vo, 693 pp., 30 ills.; 327 species.
1895. KIRKWOOD, F. C. A List of the Birds of Maryland. Trans. Md. Acad. Sci., 1895, pp. 241-382; 290 species.—1900. MERRIAM, C. H., and PREBLE, E. A. The Summer Birds of Western Maryland. Maryland Geol. Surv., pp. 291-307; 100 species.—1904. EIFRIG, G. Birds of Allegany and Garrett Counties, Western Maryland. Auk, XXI, 1904, pp. 234-250; 180 species.
1895. KIRKWOOD, F. C. A List of the Birds of Maryland. Trans. Md. Acad. Sci., 1895, pp. 241-382; 290 species.—1900. MERRIAM, C. H., and PREBLE, E. A. The Summer Birds of Western Maryland. Maryland Geol. Surv., pp. 291-307; 100 species.—1904. EIFRIG, G. Birds of Allegany and Garrett Counties, Western Maryland. Auk, XXI, 1904, pp. 234-250; 180 species.
1870. MAYNARD, C. J. Catalogue of the Birds of Eastern Massachusetts. The Naturalist's Guide, Part II, pp. 81-170; 299 species.—1886. ALLEN, J. A. A Revised List of the Birds of Massachusetts. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., I, pp. 221-271; 349 species.—1887. CLARK, H. L. The Birds of Amherst and Vicinity, Including Nearly the Whole of Hampshire County, Mass. 8vo. 55 pp.; 177 species—1888. BREWSTER, W. Notes on the Birds of Winchendon, Worcester Co. Auk, V, pp. 386-393; 82 species.—1889. FAXON, W. On the Summer Birds of Berkshire County, Mass. Auk, VI, pp. 39-46, 99-107. Southern Berkshire, 76 species; Graylock Mountain, 80 species.—1889. INGALLS, C. E. Birds of Templeton and the Adjoining Towns. Gardner News, XX, June; 155 species. Not seen; title from Howe and Allen.—1891. COLBURN, W. W., and MORRIS, R. O. The Birds of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts. 16mo, 24 pp. Springfield. Published by the Authors. 212 species.—1891. WAKEFIELD, J. R. A List of the Birds of Dedham. Dedham Hist. Reg., II, pp. 70-74; 181 species. Not seen; title from Howe and Allen.—1897. MORSE, A. P. Birds of Wellesley. Published by Author. Wellesley. 16mo, 56 pp.; 224 species.—1900. FAXON, W., and HOFFMANN, R. The Birds of Berkshire Co. Coll. Berkshire Hist. and Sci. Soc., III, pp. 109-166; 200 species.—1901. HOWE, R. H. JR., and ALLEN, G. M. The Birds of Massachusetts. Published by the Authors. 8vo, 154 pp.; 362 species.—1901. MORRIS, R. O.—The Birds of Springfield, Mass., and [Pg_322] Vicinity. H. R. Johnson, Springfield. 8vo, 54 pp.; 255 species.—1905. TOWNSEND, C. W. The Birds of Essex County, Massachusetts. Memoirs Nutt. Orn. Club. 4to, 352 pp. Frontispiece and Map; 319 species.—1906. BREWSTER, W. The Birds of the Cambridge Region of Massachusetts. Memoirs Nutt. Orn. Club, IV. 426 pp., plls. 7; 249 species.—1909. WRIGHT, H. W. Birds of the Boston Public Garden. (Houghton, Mifflin), 16mo, 238 pp.; 166 species.—1912. MORSE, A. P. A Pocket List of the Birds of Eastern Massachusetts with especial reference to Essex County. Pp. 92. Peabody Academy Science, Salem.
1870. MAYNARD, C. J. Catalogue of the Birds of Eastern Massachusetts. The Naturalist's Guide, Part II, pp. 81-170; 299 species.—1886. ALLEN, J. A. A Revised List of the Birds of Massachusetts. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., I, pp. 221-271; 349 species.—1887. CLARK, H. L. The Birds of Amherst and Vicinity, Including Nearly the Whole of Hampshire County, Mass. 8vo. 55 pp.; 177 species—1888. BREWSTER, W. Notes on the Birds of Winchendon, Worcester Co. Auk, V, pp. 386-393; 82 species.—1889. FAXON, W. On the Summer Birds of Berkshire County, Mass. Auk, VI, pp. 39-46, 99-107. Southern Berkshire, 76 species; Graylock Mountain, 80 species.—1889. INGALLS, C. E. Birds of Templeton and the Adjoining Towns. Gardner News, XX, June; 155 species. Not seen; title from Howe and Allen.—1891. COLBURN, W. W., and MORRIS, R. O. The Birds of the Connecticut Valley in Massachusetts. 16mo, 24 pp. Springfield. Published by the Authors. 212 species.—1891. WAKEFIELD, J. R. A List of the Birds of Dedham. Dedham Hist. Reg., II, pp. 70-74; 181 species. Not seen; title from Howe and Allen.—1897. MORSE, A. P. Birds of Wellesley. Published by Author. Wellesley. 16mo, 56 pp.; 224 species.—1900. FAXON, W., and HOFFMANN, R. The Birds of Berkshire Co. Coll. Berkshire Hist. and Sci. Soc., III, pp. 109-166; 200 species.—1901. HOWE, R. H. JR., and ALLEN, G. M. The Birds of Massachusetts. Published by the Authors. 8vo, 154 pp.; 362 species.—1901. MORRIS, R. O.—The Birds of Springfield, Mass., and [Pg_322] Vicinity. H. R. Johnson, Springfield. 8vo, 54 pp.; 255 species.—1905. TOWNSEND, C. W. The Birds of Essex County, Massachusetts. Memoirs Nutt. Orn. Club. 4to, 352 pp. Frontispiece and Map; 319 species.—1906. BREWSTER, W. The Birds of the Cambridge Region of Massachusetts. Memoirs Nutt. Orn. Club, IV. 426 pp., plls. 7; 249 species.—1909. WRIGHT, H. W. Birds of the Boston Public Garden. (Houghton, Mifflin), 16mo, 238 pp.; 166 species.—1912. MORSE, A. P. A Pocket List of the Birds of Eastern Massachusetts with special reference to Essex County. Pp. 92. Peabody Academy Science, Salem.
1857. KNEELAND, S. On the Birds of Keeweenan Point, Lake Superior, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, VI, 231-241 pp.; 147 species.—1875. BOIES, A. H. Catalogue of the Birds Ascertained to Occur in Southern Michigan. 8vo, 12 pp.; 211 species.—1876. COVERT, A. B. Birds of Lower Michigan. Forest and Stream, VI, pp. 99, 132, 163, 214, 318, 354, 402; VII, pp. 147, 164, 276. (See also VI, p. 197.) 213 species.—1879. GIBBS, M. Annotated List of the Birds of Michigan. Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey of the Territories, V, 3 pp. 481-497; 310 species.—1880. STEERE, J. B. A List of the Mammals and Birds of Ann Arbor and Vicinity. 8vo. 8pp.; 111 species of birds.—1884. ATKINS, H. A. Summer Birds of Locke, Michigan. Orn and Oöl., IX, pp. 43-45; 80 species.—1884. ATKINS, H. A. Winter Birds of Locke, Michigan. Orn and Oöl., IX, pp. 31, 32; 31 species.—1885. ATKINS, H. A. Summer Birds of Locke, Michigan. Orn and Oöl., X, p. 3; 82 species.—1885. GIBBS, M. A Catalogue of the Birds of Kalamazoo County, Michigan. Orn and Oöl., X, pp. 6, 7, 38, 39, 54, 55, 68-70, 86, 87, 118, 119, 133-135, 149-151, 166, 167, 189, 190; 230 species—1885-7. GIBBS, M. The Birds of Michigan. Forest and Stream, XXIII, pp. 483, 484; XXIV, pp. 5, 6, 26, 27, 44, 45, 65, 84, 104, 105, 124, 125, 144, 145, 184, 224, 267, 268, 288, 289, 307, 347, 387, 388, 427; XXV, pp. 4, 5. 304, 305, 365, 366; XXVI, pp. 305, 306; XXVII, pp. 123, 124, 223, 224; 68 species—1890. WHITE, T. G. Birds of Mackinac Island, Michigan. The Oölogist, VII, pp 48, 49; 101 species.—1893. COOK, A. J. Birds of Michigan. Bull. 94, State Agricultural College. 8vo, 148 pp.; 332 species.—1893. WHITE, S. E. Birds Observed on Mackinac Island, Michigan, During the Summers of 1889, 1890, and 1891. The Auk, X, pp. 221-230; 143 species.—1897. BOIES, A. H. Birds of Neebish Island, St. Mary's River, Michigan. Bull. Mich. Orn. Club, I. pp. 17-20, 27-29; 149 species.—1903. SWALES, B. H. Notes on the Winter Birds of Wayne Co., Michigan. Wilson Bull., XIV, pp. 20-24; XV, 1904, p. 82; 71 species.—1903. SWALES, B. H. A List of the Land Birds of Southeastern Michigan. Bull. Mich. Orn. Club, IV, pp. 14-17, 35-40; V, pp. 37-43; 165 species. (See also Wilson Bull. XVII, 1905, pp. 108-114; Auk, XXV, pp. 230-232).—1905. WOOD, N. A., and FROTHINGHAM, E. H. Notes on the Birds of Au Sable Valley, Michigan. Auk, XXII, 1905, pp. 39-154; 103 species.—1906. WOOD, N. A., PEET, M. M., McCREARY, O. Annotated List of the Birds of Porcupine Mountains [89 species] and Isle Royale [81 species], Mich. Rep. Geol. Surv. Mich., 1905, pp. 113-127. See also McCreary, Ibid., pp. 56-57.—1909. BLACKWELDER, E. Summer Birds of Iron County. Auk, XXVI, pp. 363-370; 80 species.—1910. WOOD, J. CLAIRE. Some Winter Birds of the Season 1908-9 in Wayne County. Auk, XXVII, pp. 36-41.—1910. WOOD, N. A., and TINKER, A. D. Notes on Some of the Rarer Birds of Washtenaw County. Auk, XXVII, pp. 129-141; 34 species.—1910. CHANEY, R. W. Summer and Fall Birds of the Hamlin Lake Region, Mason County. Auk, XXVII, pp. 271-279; 119 species.—1911. WOOD, N. A. Expedition to Charity Islands, Lake Huron. Wilson Bull., XXIII, pp. 78-112; 162 species.—1912. BARROWS, W. B. Michigan Bird Life. Special Bull. of Mich. Agric. College. 8vo, pp. xiv + 822; many ills., bibliography; important.
1857. KNEELAND, S. On the Birds of Keeweenan Point, Lake Superior, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist, VI, 231-241 pp.; 147 species. — 1875. BOIES, A. H. Catalogue of the Birds Ascertained to Occur in Southern Michigan. 8vo, 12 pp.; 211 species. — 1876. COVERT, A. B. Birds of Lower Michigan. Forest and Stream, VI, pp. 99, 132, 163, 214, 318, 354, 402; VII, pp. 147, 164, 276. (See also VI, p. 197.) 213 species. — 1879. GIBBS, M. Annotated List of the Birds of Michigan. Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey of the Territories, V, 3 pp. 481-497; 310 species. — 1880. STEERE, J. B. A List of the Mammals and Birds of Ann Arbor and Vicinity. 8vo. 8pp.; 111 species of birds. — 1884. ATKINS, H. A. Summer Birds of Locke, Michigan. Orn and Oöl., IX, pp. 43-45; 80 species. — 1884. ATKINS, H. A. Winter Birds of Locke, Michigan. Orn and Oöl., IX, pp. 31, 32; 31 species. — 1885. ATKINS, H. A. Summer Birds of Locke, Michigan. Orn and Oöl., X, p. 3; 82 species. — 1885. GIBBS, M. A Catalogue of the Birds of Kalamazoo County, Michigan. Orn and Oöl., X, pp. 6, 7, 38, 39, 54, 55, 68-70, 86, 87, 118, 119, 133-135, 149-151, 166, 167, 189, 190; 230 species. — 1885-7. GIBBS, M. The Birds of Michigan. Forest and Stream, XXIII, pp. 483, 484; XXIV, pp. 5, 6, 26, 27, 44, 45, 65, 84, 104, 105, 124, 125, 144, 145, 184, 224, 267, 268, 288, 289, 307, 347, 387, 388, 427; XXV, pp. 4, 5. 304, 305, 365, 366; XXVI, pp. 305, 306; XXVII, pp. 123, 124, 223, 224; 68 species. — 1890. WHITE, T. G. Birds of Mackinac Island, Michigan. The Oölogist, VII, pp 48, 49; 101 species. — 1893. COOK, A. J. Birds of Michigan. Bull. 94, State Agricultural College. 8vo, 148 pp.; 332 species. — 1893. WHITE, S. E. Birds Observed on Mackinac Island, Michigan, During the Summers of 1889, 1890, and 1891. The Auk, X, pp. 221-230; 143 species. — 1897. BOIES, A. H. Birds of Neebish Island, St. Mary's River, Michigan. Bull. Mich. Orn. Club, I. pp. 17-20, 27-29; 149 species. — 1903. SWALES, B. H. Notes on the Winter Birds of Wayne Co., Michigan. Wilson Bull., XIV, pp. 20-24; XV, 1904, p. 82; 71 species. — 1903. SWALES, B. H. A List of the Land Birds of Southeastern Michigan. Bull. Mich. Orn. Club, IV, pp. 14-17, 35-40; V, pp. 37-43; 165 species. (See also Wilson Bull. XVII, 1905, pp. 108-114; Auk, XXV, pp. 230-232). — 1905. WOOD, N. A., and FROTHINGHAM, E. H. Notes on the Birds of Au Sable Valley, Michigan. Auk, XXII, 1905, pp. 39-154; 103 species. — 1906. WOOD, N. A., PEET, M. M., McCREARY, O. Annotated List of the Birds of Porcupine Mountains [89 species] and Isle Royale [81 species], Mich. Rep. Geol. Surv. Mich., 1905, pp. 113-127. See also McCreary, Ibid., pp. 56-57. — 1909. BLACKWELDER, E. Summer Birds of Iron County. Auk, XXVI, pp. 363-370; 80 species. — 1910. WOOD, J. CLAIRE. Some Winter Birds of the Season 1908-9 in Wayne County. Auk, XXVII, pp. 36-41. — 1910. WOOD, N. A., and TINKER, A. D. Notes on Some of the Rarer Birds of Washtenaw County. Auk, XXVII, pp. 129-141; 34 species. — 1910. CHANEY, R. W. Summer and Fall Birds of the Hamlin Lake Region, Mason County. Auk, XXVII, pp. 271-279; 119 species. — 1911. WOOD, N. A. Expedition to Charity Islands, Lake Huron. Wilson Bull., XXIII, pp. 78-112; 162 species. — 1912. BARROWS, W. B. Michigan Bird Life. Special Bull. of Mich. Agric. College. 8vo, pp. xiv + 822; many ills., bibliography; important.
1871. TRIPPE, T. M. Notes on the Birds of Minnesota. Proc. Essex Inst., VI, pp. 113-119; 138 species.—1874. HATCH, P. L. Report on the Birds of Minnesota. Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci., pp. 43-68; 230 species.—1876. ROBERTS, T. S. A List of Some Birds Observed in the Vicinity of Minneapolis, Minn., not Enumerated in Dr. Hatch's List. The Scientific Monthly (Toledo, Ohio), I, 5, p. 231.—1880. ROBERTS, T. S., and BENNER, F. A Contribution to the Ornithology of Minnesota. Bull. N. O. C., V, pp. 11-20; 86 species.—1881. HATCH, P. L. A List of the Birds of Minnesota. Ninth Ann. Rep. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., for 1880, 1881, pp. 361-372; 281 species.—1881. ROBERTS, T. S. The Winter Birds of Minnesota. 9th Ann. Rep. Geol. and N. H. Surv. Minn., for 1880-1881, pp 373-383; 52 species.—1883. BRACKETT, F. H. Ornithological Notes from Minnesota. Quart. Journ. Bost. Zoöl. Soc. II, pp. 47-49; III, pp. 7-16; 134 species.—1890. CANTWELL, G. C. A List of the Birds of Minnesota. Orn. and Oöl., XV, p, 129-139. (See also p. 156 and XVI, p. 157); 295 species.—1892. HATCH, P. L. Notes on the Birds of Minnesota. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Minn. 8vo, 487 pp.; 302 species.—1904. CURRIER, E. S. Summer Birds of the Leech Lake Region, Minn. Auk, XXI, pp. 29-44; 117 species.—1907. ROBERTS, T. S. List of Birds of Becker Co., Minn., Pioneer Hist. of Becker Co. (Pioneer Press, St. Paul), pp. 159-190; 262 species.—1911. HONYWILL, A. W. JR.—Notes on some Summer and Fall Birds of the Crooked Lake Region. Cass and Crow, Wing Counties, Minn. The Auk, XXVIII, pp. 229-237; 86 species.
1871. TRIPPE, T. M. Notes on the Birds of Minnesota. Proc. Essex Inst., VI, pp. 113-119; 138 species.—1874. HATCH, P. L. Report on the Birds of Minnesota. Bull. Minn. Acad. Nat. Sci., pp. 43-68; 230 species.—1876. ROBERTS, T. S. A List of Some Birds Observed in the Vicinity of Minneapolis, Minn., not Enumerated in Dr. Hatch's List. The Scientific Monthly (Toledo, Ohio), I, 5, p. 231.—1880. ROBERTS, T. S., and BENNER, F. A Contribution to the Ornithology of Minnesota. Bull. N. O. C., V, pp. 11-20; 86 species.—1881. HATCH, P. L. A List of the Birds of Minnesota. Ninth Ann. Rep. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn., for 1880, 1881, pp. 361-372; 281 species.—1881. ROBERTS, T. S. The Winter Birds of Minnesota. 9th Ann. Rep. Geol. and N. H. Surv. Minn., for 1880-1881, pp 373-383; 52 species.—1883. BRACKETT, F. H. Ornithological Notes from Minnesota. Quart. Journ. Bost. Zoöl. Soc. II, pp. 47-49; III, pp. 7-16; 134 species.—1890. CANTWELL, G. C. A List of the Birds of Minnesota. Orn. and Oöl., XV, p, 129-139. (See also p. 156 and XVI, p. 157); 295 species.—1892. HATCH, P. L. Notes on the Birds of Minnesota. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey of Minn. 8vo, 487 pp.; 302 species.—1904. CURRIER, E. S. Summer Birds of the Leech Lake Region, Minn. Auk, XXI, pp. 29-44; 117 species.—1907. ROBERTS, T. S. List of Birds of Becker Co., Minn., Pioneer Hist. of Becker Co. (Pioneer Press, St. Paul), pp. 159-190; 262 species.—1911. HONYwill, A. W. JR.—Notes on some Summer and Fall Birds of the Crooked Lake Region. Cass and Crow, Wing Counties, Minn. The Auk, XXVIII, pp. 229-237; 86 species.
1905. STOCKARD, C. R. Nesting Habits of Birds in Mississippi. Auk, XXII, 1905, pp. 146-158, 273-285; 83 species.—1906. ALLISON, A. Notes on the Winter Birds of Hancock Co., Miss., Auk, XXIII, 1906, pp. 44-47; 51 species. Also Ibid., p. 232.—1907. ALLISON, A. Notes on the Spring Birds of Tishomingo County, Miss. Auk, XXIV, pp. 12-25.
1905. STOCKARD, C. R. Nesting Habits of Birds in Mississippi. Auk, XXII, 1905, pp. 146-158, 273-285; 83 species.—1906. ALLISON, A. Notes on the Winter Birds of Hancock Co., Miss., Auk, XXIII, 1906, pp. 44-47; 51 species. Also Ibid., p. 232.—1907. ALLISON, A. Notes on the Spring Birds of Tishomingo County, Miss. Auk, XXIV, pp. 12-25.
1879. SCOTT, W. E. D. Notes on Birds Observed During the Spring Migration in Western Missouri. Bull. N. O. C., IV, pp. 139-147; 148 species.—1884. HURTER J. List of Birds Collected in the Neighborhood of St. Louis, Mo. Orn. and Oöl., IX, pp. 85-87, 95-97. (see also p. 128); 265 species.—1896. WIDMANN, O. The Peninsula of Missouri as a Winter Home for Birds. Auk, XIII, 1896, pp. 216-222.—1907. WIDMANN, O. A Preliminary Catalogue of the Birds of Missouri. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, XVIII, pp. 1-288; 383 species—1908. WOODRUFF, E. S. Birds of Shannon and Carter Counties, Missouri, Auk, XXV, pp. 191-213; 172 species.
1879. SCOTT, W. E. D. Notes on Birds Observed During the Spring Migration in Western Missouri. Bull. N. O. C., IV, pp. 139-147; 148 species.—1884. HURTER J. List of Birds Collected in the Neighborhood of St. Louis, Mo. Orn. and Oöl., IX, pp. 85-87, 95-97. (see also p. 128); 265 species.—1896. WIDMANN, O. The Peninsula of Missouri as a Winter Home for Birds. Auk, XIII, 1896, pp. 216-222.—1907. WIDMANN, O. A Preliminary Catalogue of the Birds of Missouri. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, XVIII, pp. 1-288; 383 species—1908. WOODRUFF, E. S. Birds of Shannon and Carter Counties, Missouri, Auk, XXV, pp. 191-213; 172 species.
1876. GRINNELL, G. B. Report of a Reconnaissance from Carroll Montana Territory on the Upper Missouri, to the Yellowstone National Park, and Return, made in the summer of 1875 by William Ludlow…. Birds, pp. 72-92; 139 species.—1894. RICHMOND, C. W., and KNOWLTON, F. H. Auk, XI, pp. 298-308; 111 species.—1895. THORNE, P. M. List of Birds observed in the Vicinity of Fort Keogh, Montana, from July 1888, to September 1892. The Auk, XII, pp. 211-219; 139 species.—1901. CARY, M. Birds of the Black Hills. The Auk, XVIII, pp. 231-238; 91 species.—1901. SILLOWAY, P. M. Summer Birds of Flathead Lake. Bull, No. 3 Univ. Mont. 8vo. 83 pp., 16 plls.; 123 species (see also, Ibid, No. 6, pp. 289-308).—1903. SILLOWAY, P. M. The Birds of Fergus County, Montana. Bull. No. 1, Fergus Co. Free High School, Lewiston, Mont. [Pg_324] 77 pp., 17 ppls.; 179 species.—1907-8. CAMERON, E. S. The Birds of Custer and Dawson Counties, Montana. The Auk, XXIV, pp. 241-270; 389-406; XXV, pp. 34-56; 192 species.—1911. SAUNDERS, A. A…. A Preliminary List of the Birds of Gallatin County, Montana. The Auk, XXVIII, pp. 26-49; 198 species.—1912. SAUNDERS, A. A. Some Birds of Southwestern Montana. The Condor, XIV, pp. 22-32; 152 species.
1876. GRINNELL, G. B. Report of a Reconnaissance from Carroll Montana Territory on the Upper Missouri, to Yellowstone National Park, and Return, made in the summer of 1875 by William Ludlow…. Birds, pp. 72-92; 139 species.—1894. RICHMOND, C. W., and KNOWLTON, F. H. Auk, XI, pp. 298-308; 111 species.—1895. THORNE, P. M. List of Birds observed in the Vicinity of Fort Keogh, Montana, from July 1888, to September 1892. The Auk, XII, pp. 211-219; 139 species.—1901. CARY, M. Birds of the Black Hills. The Auk, XVIII, pp. 231-238; 91 species.—1901. SILLOWAY, P. M. Summer Birds of Flathead Lake. Bull, No. 3 Univ. Mont. 8vo. 83 pp., 16 plls.; 123 species (see also, Ibid, No. 6, pp. 289-308).—1903. SILLOWAY, P. M. The Birds of Fergus County, Montana. Bull. No. 1, Fergus Co. Free High School, Lewiston, Mont. [Pg_324] 77 pp., 17 ppls.; 179 species.—1907-8. CAMERON, E. S. The Birds of Custer and Dawson Counties, Montana. The Auk, XXIV, pp. 241-270; 389-406; XXV, pp. 34-56; 192 species.—1911. SAUNDERS, A. A…. A Preliminary List of the Birds of Gallatin County, Montana. The Auk, XXVIII, pp. 26-49; 198 species.—1912. SAUNDERS, A. A. Some Birds of Southwestern Montana. The Condor, XIV, pp. 22-32; 152 species.
1878. AUGHEY, S. Notes on the Nature of the Food of the Birds of Nebraska. First Ann. Rep. U. S. Ent. Com. for the year 1877. Appendix II, pp. 13-62; 252 species.—1883. HALL, A. Spring Birds of Nebraska. Forest and Stream, XX, pp. 265, 266, 284; 114 species.—1888. TAYLOR, W. EDGAR. A Catalogue of Nebraska Birds … Ann. Rep. Nebr. State Board of Agric., for the year 1887, pp. 111-118; 314 species.—1888-89. TAYLOR, E. W., and VAN VLEET, A. H. Notes on Nebraska Birds. Orn. and Oöl., XIII, pp. 49-51, 169-172; XIV, pp. 163-165; 137 species.—1896. BRUNER., L. Notes on Nebraska Birds. Rep. Neb. State Hort. Soc., 1896, pp. 48-178; 415 species.—1901. BRUNER, L. Birds that Nest in Nebraska. Proc. Nebr. Orn. Union, 1901, pp. 48-61; 212 species.—1904. BRUNER, L., WALCOTT, R. H., and SWENK, M. H. A Preliminary Review of the Birds of Nebraska, 1-116+5 p.; 406 species. Klopp and Bartlett, Omaha, Nebr.—1909. WALCOTT, R. H. An Analysis of Nebraska's Bird Fauna. Proc. Neb. Orn. Union, IV, pp. 25-55.
1878. AUGHEY, S. Notes on the Food of Birds in Nebraska. First Ann. Rep. U. S. Ent. Com. for 1877. Appendix II, pp. 13-62; 252 species.—1883. HALL, A. Spring Birds of Nebraska. Forest and Stream, XX, pp. 265, 266, 284; 114 species.—1888. TAYLOR, W. EDGAR. A Catalogue of Nebraska Birds … Ann. Rep. Nebr. State Board of Agriculture, for 1887, pp. 111-118; 314 species.—1888-89. TAYLOR, E. W., and VAN VLEET, A. H. Notes on Nebraska Birds. Orn. and Oöl., XIII, pp. 49-51, 169-172; XIV, pp. 163-165; 137 species.—1896. BRUNER, L. Notes on Nebraska Birds. Rep. Neb. State Hort. Soc., 1896, pp. 48-178; 415 species.—1901. BRUNER, L. Birds that Nest in Nebraska. Proc. Nebr. Orn. Union, 1901, pp. 48-61; 212 species.—1904. BRUNER, L., WALCOTT, R. H., and SWENK, M. H. A Preliminary Review of the Birds of Nebraska, 1-116+5 p.; 406 species. Klopp and Bartlett, Omaha, Neb.—1909. WALCOTT, R. H. An Analysis of Nebraska's Bird Fauna. Proc. Neb. Orn. Union, IV, pp. 25-55.
1877. HENSHAW, H. W. Annual Report upon the Survey West of the One-Hundredth Meridian. Being Appendix N N of the Annual Report of Engineers for 1877. Report on the Ornithology of Portions of Nevada and California, pp. 1303-1322.—1877. RIDGWAY, R. Report of Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel. Clarence King, Geologist, in charge. Vol. IV, Part III, Ornithology, 4to, pp. 303-670. Mainly limited to that portion of the Great Basin included between the thirty-ninth and forty-second parallels and extending from the Sierra Nevada to the Wasatch Mountains; 262 species.—1880. HENSHAW, H. W. Annual Report upon the Geog. Surv. of the Terr. west of the 100th Meridian … App. O. O. of the Ann. Rep. of the Chief of Engineers for 1879. App. L. Ornithological Report from Observations and Collections made in portions of California, Nevada, and Oregon; pp. 282-335; 184 species.—1881. HOFFMAN, W. J. Annotated List of the Birds of Nevada. Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey of the Territories, VI, 2, pp. 203-256; 250 species.—1903. HANFORD, F. S. The Summer Birds of Washoe Lake, Nevada. The Condor, V, pp. 49-52; 48 species.—1912. TAYLOR, W. P. Field Notes on Amphibians, Reptiles and Birds of Northern Humboldt County, Nevada. Univ. Pub. Zool. VII, 10, pp. 319-436; 103 species.
1877. HENSHAW, H. W. Annual Report on the Survey West of the One-Hundredth Meridian. Being Appendix N N of the Annual Report of Engineers for 1877. Report on the Ornithology of Portions of Nevada and California, pp. 1303-1322.—1877. RIDGWAY, R. Report of Geological Exploration of the Fortieth Parallel. Clarence King, Geologist, in charge. Vol. IV, Part III, Ornithology, 4to, pp. 303-670. Mainly focused on the area of the Great Basin between the thirty-ninth and forty-second parallels, extending from the Sierra Nevada to the Wasatch Mountains; 262 species.—1880. HENSHAW, H. W. Annual Report on the Geog. Surv. of the Terr. west of the 100th Meridian … App. O. O. of the Ann. Rep. of the Chief of Engineers for 1879. App. L. Ornithological Report from Observations and Collections made in parts of California, Nevada, and Oregon; pp. 282-335; 184 species.—1881. HOFFMAN, W. J. Annotated List of the Birds of Nevada. Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey of the Territories, VI, 2, pp. 203-256; 250 species.—1903. HANFORD, F. S. The Summer Birds of Washoe Lake, Nevada. The Condor, V, pp. 49-52; 48 species.—1912. TAYLOR, W. P. Field Notes on Amphibians, Reptiles, and Birds of Northern Humboldt County, Nevada. Univ. Pub. Zool. VII, 10, pp. 319-436; 103 species.
1877. GOODHUE, C. F. The Birds of Webster and Adjoining Towns. Forest and Stream, VIII, pp. 33, 49, 96, 113, 146; 151 species.—1872. MAYNARD, C. J. See Maine.—1887. CHADBOURNE, A. P. A List of the Summer Birds of the Presidential Range of the White Mountains, N. H. Auk, IV, pp. 100-108; 47 species.—1888. FAXON, W., and ALLEN, J. A. Notes on the Summer Birds of Holderness [65 species], Bethlehem [50 species], and Franconia, N. H. [87 species]. Auk, V. pp. 149-155.—1889. ALLEN, F. H. Summer Birds at Bridgewater, N. H. Auk, VI, pp. 76-79.—1882. KNOWLTON, F. H. A Revised List of the Birds of Brandon, Vt. The Brandon Union, February 10, 1882; 149 species.—1899. DEARBORN, N. Preliminary List of the Birds of Belknap and Merrimac [Pg_325] Counties, N. H. New Hampshire College, Durham, 8vo, 34 pp.; 175 species.—1900. BATCHELDER, F. W. and FOGG, E. H. Preliminary List of Birds … of Manchester, N. H. Proc. Manchester Inst. Arts and Sci., I, pp. 123-138; 132 species. (See also Proc. for 1901, 1902.)—1900 DEARBORN, N. The Birds of Durham and Vicinity. Cont. Zoöl. Lab. N. H. College Agric. and Mech. Arts, VI, 121 pp., map.—1904. ALLEN, G. M. The Birds of New Hampshire. Proc. Manchester Inst. Arts and Sciences, IV, pp. 23-222; 283 species.—1904. COMEY, A. C. A Partial List of the Summer Birds of Holderness, N. H. Wilson Bull., XVI, 5-9 pp.; 94 species.
1877. GOODHUE, C. F. The Birds of Webster and Nearby Towns. Forest and Stream, VIII, pp. 33, 49, 96, 113, 146; 151 species.—1872. MAYNARD, C. J. See Maine.—1887. CHADBOURNE, A. P. A List of the Summer Birds of the Presidential Range of the White Mountains, N. H. Auk, IV, pp. 100-108; 47 species.—1888. FAXON, W., and ALLEN, J. A. Notes on the Summer Birds of Holderness [65 species], Bethlehem [50 species], and Franconia, N. H. [87 species]. Auk, V. pp. 149-155.—1889. ALLEN, F. H. Summer Birds at Bridgewater, N. H. Auk, VI, pp. 76-79.—1882. KNOWLTON, F. H. A Revised List of the Birds of Brandon, Vt. The Brandon Union, February 10, 1882; 149 species.—1899. DEARBORN, N. Preliminary List of the Birds of Belknap and Merrimac [Pg_325] Counties, N. H. New Hampshire College, Durham, 8vo, 34 pp.; 175 species.—1900. BATCHELDER, F. W. and FOGG, E. H. Preliminary List of Birds … of Manchester, N. H. Proc. Manchester Inst. Arts and Sci., I, pp. 123-138; 132 species. (See also Proc. for 1901, 1902.)—1900 DEARBORN, N. The Birds of Durham and Surrounding Areas. Cont. Zoöl. Lab. N. H. College Agric. and Mech. Arts, VI, 121 pp., map.—1904. ALLEN, G. M. The Birds of New Hampshire. Proc. Manchester Inst. Arts and Sciences, IV, pp. 23-222; 283 species.—1904. COMEY, A. C. A Partial List of the Summer Birds of Holderness, N. H. Wilson Bull., XVI, 5-9 pp.; 94 species.
1885. BARRELL, H. F. Birds of the Upper Passaic Valley, New Jersey. Orn. and Oöl., X, pp. 21-23, 42, 43; 149 species.—1887. THURBER, E. A List of Birds of Morris County, New Jersey. True Democratic Banner (newspaper), Morristown, N. J., Nov. 10, 17, 24; 205 species.—1894. STONE, W. The Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey. 8vo, 185 pp. Del. Valley Orn. Club, Phila.; 346 species.—1894. STONE, W. Summer Birds of the Pine Barrens of New Jersey. Auk, XI, 1894, pp. 138-140; 90 species.—1897-1910. STONE, W., Editor. Numerous Notes on Birds of Chiefly Southern New Jersey. Proc. Del. Valley Orn. Club, Phila.—1901. BABSON, W. A. The Birds of Princeton, N. J. Bull. Bird Club, Princeton Univ. I, pp. 7-28; 230 species.—1906. CHAPMAN, F. M. (See New York.)—1907. HOLMES, L. K. Birds Found within a Radius of 12 Miles of Summit, N. J. Wilson Bull. XIX, pp. 21-27; 201 species. See also list of Summer Birds, Ibid., XVII, pp. 8-12; and Hann, List of Summer Birds, Ibid., pp. 117-122.—1909. STONE, W. The Birds of New Jersey. Ann. Rep. N. J. State Museum for 1908, pp. 11-347, 409-419; plls. 1-84.—1909. BAILY, W. L. Breeding Birds of Passaic and Sussex Counties. Cassinia, pp. 29-36; 94 species.
1885. BARRELL, H. F. Birds of the Upper Passaic Valley, New Jersey. Orn. and Oöl., X, pp. 21-23, 42, 43; 149 species.—1887. THURBER, E. A List of Birds of Morris County, New Jersey. True Democratic Banner (newspaper), Morristown, N. J., Nov. 10, 17, 24; 205 species.—1894. STONE, W. The Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey. 8vo, 185 pp. Del. Valley Orn. Club, Phila.; 346 species.—1894. STONE, W. Summer Birds of the Pine Barrens of New Jersey. Auk, XI, 1894, pp. 138-140; 90 species.—1897-1910. STONE, W., Editor. Numerous Notes on Birds of Chiefly Southern New Jersey. Proc. Del. Valley Orn. Club, Phila.—1901. BABSON, W. A. The Birds of Princeton, N. J. Bull. Bird Club, Princeton Univ. I, pp. 7-28; 230 species.—1906. CHAPMAN, F. M. (See New York.)—1907. HOLMES, L. K. Birds Found within a Radius of 12 Miles of Summit, N. J. Wilson Bull. XIX, pp. 21-27; 201 species. See also list of Summer Birds, Ibid., XVII, pp. 8-12; and Hann, List of Summer Birds, Ibid., pp. 117-122.—1909. STONE, W. The Birds of New Jersey. Ann. Rep. N. J. State Museum for 1908, pp. 11-347, 409-419; plls. 1-84.—1909. BAILY, W. L. Breeding Birds of Passaic and Sussex Counties. Cassinia, pp. 29-36; 94 species.
1853. WOODHOUSE, S. W. (See Arizona)—1859. HENRY, T. C. Catalogue of the Birds of New Mexico as compiled from Notes and Observations made while in that Territory during a residence of Six Years. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XI, pp. 104-109; 198 species.—1885-6. HENSHAW, H. W. List of Birds Observed in Summer and Fall on the Upper Pecos River, New Mexico. Auk, II, pp. 326-333; III, pp. 73-80; 80 species.—1892. ANTHONY, A. W. Birds of Southwestern New Mexico. Auk, IX, pp. 357-369; 129 species.—1898. MITCHELL, W. I. The Summer Birds of San Miguel County, New Mexico. The Auk, XV, pp. 306-311; 85 species. (See also, Bailey, Ibid., XXI, 1904, pp. 443-449).—1904. BAILEY, F. M. Additional Notes on the Birds of the Upper Pecos. The Auk, XXI, pp. 349-363; 93 species.—1906. HUNN, J. T. S. Notes on Birds of Silver City, New Mexico. The Auk, XXIII, pp. 418-425; 112 species.—1908. GILMAN, M. F. Birds on the Navajo Reservation in New Mexico. The Condor, X, pp. 146-152; 108 species.—1912. BERGTOLD, W. H. October Birds of the Headwaters of the Gila River, New Mexico. The Auk, XXIX, pp. 327-336; 76 species.
1853. WOODHOUSE, S. W. (See Arizona)—1859. HENRY, T. C. Catalogue of the Birds of New Mexico based on Notes and Observations made during a six-year stay in that Territory. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., XI, pp. 104-109; 198 species.—1885-6. HENSHAW, H. W. List of Birds Observed in Summer and Fall along the Upper Pecos River, New Mexico. Auk, II, pp. 326-333; III, pp. 73-80; 80 species.—1892. ANTHONY, A. W. Birds of Southwestern New Mexico. Auk, IX, pp. 357-369; 129 species.—1898. MITCHELL, W. I. The Summer Birds of San Miguel County, New Mexico. The Auk, XV, pp. 306-311; 85 species. (See also, Bailey, Ibid., XXI, 1904, pp. 443-449).—1904. BAILEY, F. M. Additional Notes on the Birds of the Upper Pecos. The Auk, XXI, pp. 349-363; 93 species.—1906. HUNN, J. T. S. Notes on Birds of Silver City, New Mexico. The Auk, XXIII, pp. 418-425; 112 species.—1908. GILMAN, M. F. Birds on the Navajo Reservation in New Mexico. The Condor, X, pp. 146-152; 108 species.—1912. BERGTOLD, W. H. October Birds of the Headwaters of the Gila River, New Mexico. The Auk, XXIX, pp. 327-336; 76 species.
1844. GIRAUD, J. P., JR. The Birds of Long Island … New York, vol. V, 8vo, 397 pp.; 286 species.—1844. DE KAY, JAMES E. Zoölogy of New York. Part II, Birds. Albany. 1 vol., 4to, xii+380 pp., 141 col. plls.—1876. FOWLER, H. G. Birds of Central New York. Forest and Stream, VI, pp. 180, 233, 284, 337, 402; VII, pp. 36, 52, 84, 230. Also Additions Ibid., p. 180; 170 species.—1877. ROOSEVELT, T., JR., and MINOT, H. D. The Summer Birds of the Adirondacks in Franklin County, N. Y. 8vo, 4 pp.; 97 species.—1879. RATHBUN, [Pg_326] FRANK R. A Revised List of Birds of Central New York. (Cayuga, Onondaga, Seneca, Wayne, and Yates Counties, Auburn, N. Y.) 44 pp. See also Orn. and Oöl., VII, 1882, pp. 132, 133; 14 additions.—1879-80. MEARNS, E. A. A List of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands. Bull. Essex. Inst., X, pp. 166-179; XI, pp. 43-52, 154-168, 189-204; XII, pp. 11-25, 109-128; XIII, pp. 75-93. (See also Auk, VII, 1890, pp. 55, 56); 214 species.—1880. GREGG, W. H. Revised Catalogue of the Birds of Chemung County, New York, Elmira, N. Y., O. H. Wheeler; 217 species.—1881-84. MERRIAM, C. H. Preliminary List of Birds Ascertained to Occur in the Adirondack Region, Northeastern New York. Bull. N. O. C., VI, pp. 225-235; and Addenda VII, 1882, pp. 128, 256, 257. Auk, I, 1884, pp. 58, 59; 211 species.—1882. BICKNELL, E. P. A Review of the Summer Birds of a part of the Catskill Mountains, with prefatory remarks on the faunal and floral features of the region. Trans. of the Linn. Soc. of New York, I, pp. 115-168; 90 species.—1885 … HOLLICK, A. Preliminary List of the Birds Known to Breed on Staten Island. Proc. Nat. Sci. Assc. Staten Island. Extra No. 4, December. 67 species.—1886…. BARNUM, M. K. A Preliminary List of the Birds of Onondaga County, N. Y. Bull. of the Biol. Lab. of Syracuse. 8vo, pp. 1-34; 204 species.—1886. RALPH, W. L., and BAGG, E. An Annotated List of the Birds of Oneida County, N. Y., and Its Immediate Vicinity. Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., III, pp. 101-147; 224 species. (See also Ibid., VII, 1890, pp. 2, 29-232.) Orn. and Col. XIII, 1888, pp. 58, 59. Auk, XI, 1894, pp. 162-164.—1886. WOODRUFF, L. B., and PAINE, A. G., JR. Birds of Central Park, New York City. A Preliminary List. Forest and Stream, XXVI, pp. 386, 387, 487; 121 species.—1889. BERGTOLD, W. H. A List of the Birds of Buffalo and Vicinity. Bull. Buffalo Nat. Field Club, 1, 7, pp. 1-21; 237 species.—1889. DAVISON, J. L. Birds of Niagara County, New York, Forest and Stream, XXXIII, pp. 164, 183, 303; 190 species.—1892. CLUTE, W. N. The Avifauna of Broome Co., N. Y. Wilson Quart., pp. 59-64; 106 species.—1896. SHORT, E. H. Birds of Western New York. F. H. Lattin, Albion, N. Y. 20 pp.; 229 species.—1901. EATON, E. H. Birds of Western New York. Proc. Roch. Acad. IV, 64 pp.; 299 species.—1901. EMBODY, G. O. Birds of Madison County, N. Y. Bull. Dep't. Geol. and Nat. Hist., Colgate University, Hamilton, N. Y. 8vo, 36 pp.; 191 species. (See also Maxon, Auk, XX, p. 263.)—1904. CHAPMAN, F. M. An Annotated List of the Birds Known to Breed within 50 Miles of New York City. Guide Leaflet, No. 14, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 31 pp., 13 ills.—1906. CHAPMAN, F. M. The Birds of the Vicinity of New York City. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Guide Leaflet, No. 22, Rev. Ed., 96 pp. Numerous ills.; 353 species.—1907. BRAISLIN, W. C. A List of the Birds of Long Island, N. Y. Abst. Proc. Linnæan Society, N. Y., 1907, pp. 31-123; 364 species. (See also Auk, 1909, pp. 314-316.)—1910. REED, H. D., and WRIGHT, A. H. Vertebrates of the Cayuga Lake Basin. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XLVIII, pp. 370-459; 257 species.—1910. WRIGHT, A. H. and ALLEN, A. A. The Increase of Austral Birds at Ithaca. Auk, XXVII, pp. 63-66.—1910. EATON, E. H. Birds of New York. I, Water and Game Birds. 4to, pp. 1-501, col. plls. [by Fuertes] 42. Important.—1912. BAGG, E. Annotated List of the Birds of Oneida County, N. Y., and of the West Canada Creek Valley. Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc. XII, pp. 16-85; 257 species.
1844. GIRAUD, J. P., JR. The Birds of Long Island … New York, vol. V, 8vo, 397 pp.; 286 species.—1844. DE KAY, JAMES E. Zoölogy of New York. Part II, Birds. Albany. 1 vol., 4to, xii+380 pp., 141 col. plls.—1876. FOWLER, H. G. Birds of Central New York. Forest and Stream, VI, pp. 180, 233, 284, 337, 402; VII, pp. 36, 52, 84, 230. Also Additions Ibid., p. 180; 170 species.—1877. ROOSEVELT, T., JR., and MINOT, H. D. The Summer Birds of the Adirondacks in Franklin County, N. Y. 8vo, 4 pp.; 97 species.—1879. RATHBUN, FRANK R. A Revised List of Birds of Central New York. (Cayuga, Onondaga, Seneca, Wayne, and Yates Counties, Auburn, N. Y.) 44 pp. See also Orn. and Oöl., VII, 1882, pp. 132, 133; 14 additions.—1879-80. MEARNS, E. A. A List of the Birds of the Hudson Highlands. Bull. Essex. Inst., X, pp. 166-179; XI, pp. 43-52, 154-168, 189-204; XII, pp. 11-25, 109-128; XIII, pp. 75-93. (See also Auk, VII, 1890, pp. 55, 56); 214 species.—1880. GREGG, W. H. Revised Catalogue of the Birds of Chemung County, New York, Elmira, N. Y., O. H. Wheeler; 217 species.—1881-84. MERRIAM, C. H. Preliminary List of Birds Ascertained to Occur in the Adirondack Region, Northeastern New York. Bull. N. O. C., VI, pp. 225-235; and Addenda VII, 1882, pp. 128, 256, 257. Auk, I, 1884, pp. 58, 59; 211 species.—1882. BICKNELL, E. P. A Review of the Summer Birds of a part of the Catskill Mountains, with prefatory remarks on the faunal and floral features of the region. Trans. of the Linn. Soc. of New York, I, pp. 115-168; 90 species.—1885 … HOLLICK, A. Preliminary List of the Birds Known to Breed on Staten Island. Proc. Nat. Sci. Assc. Staten Island. Extra No. 4, December. 67 species.—1886…. BARNUM, M. K. A Preliminary List of the Birds of Onondaga County, N. Y. Bull. of the Biol. Lab. of Syracuse. 8vo, pp. 1-34; 204 species.—1886. RALPH, W. L., and BAGG, E. An Annotated List of the Birds of Oneida County, N. Y., and Its Immediate Vicinity. Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc., III, pp. 101-147; 224 species. (See also Ibid., VII, 1890, pp. 2, 29-232.) Orn. and Col. XIII, 1888, pp. 58, 59. Auk, XI, 1894, pp. 162-164.—1886. WOODRUFF, L. B., and PAINE, A. G., JR. Birds of Central Park, New York City. A Preliminary List. Forest and Stream, XXVI, pp. 386, 387, 487; 121 species.—1889. BERGTOLD, W. H. A List of the Birds of Buffalo and Vicinity. Bull. Buffalo Nat. Field Club, 1, 7, pp. 1-21; 237 species.—1889. DAVISON, J. L. Birds of Niagara County, New York, Forest and Stream, XXXIII, pp. 164, 183, 303; 190 species.—1892. CLUTE, W. N. The Avifauna of Broome Co., N. Y. Wilson Quart., pp. 59-64; 106 species.—1896. SHORT, E. H. Birds of Western New York. F. H. Lattin, Albion, N. Y. 20 pp.; 229 species.—1901. EATON, E. H. Birds of Western New York. Proc. Roch. Acad. IV, 64 pp.; 299 species.—1901. EMBODY, G. O. Birds of Madison County, N. Y. Bull. Dep't. Geol. and Nat. Hist., Colgate University, Hamilton, N. Y. 8vo, 36 pp.; 191 species. (See also Maxon, Auk, XX, p. 263.)—1904. CHAPMAN, F. M. An Annotated List of the Birds Known to Breed within 50 Miles of New York City. Guide Leaflet, No. 14, Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 31 pp., 13 ills.—1906. CHAPMAN, F. M. The Birds of the Vicinity of New York City. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., Guide Leaflet, No. 22, Rev. Ed., 96 pp. Numerous ills.; 353 species.—1907. BRAISLIN, W. C. A List of the Birds of Long Island, N. Y. Abst. Proc. Linnæan Society, N. Y., 1907, pp. 31-123; 364 species. (See also Auk, 1909, pp. 314-316.)—1910. REED, H. D., and WRIGHT, A. H. Vertebrates of the Cayuga Lake Basin. Proc. Am. Philos. Soc., XLVIII, pp. 370-459; 257 species.—1910. WRIGHT, A. H. and ALLEN, A. A. The Increase of Austral Birds at Ithaca. Auk, XXVII, pp. 63-66.—1910. EATON, E. H. Birds of New York. I, Water and Game Birds. 4to, pp. 1-501, col. plls. [by Fuertes] 42. Important.—1912. BAGG, E. Annotated List of the Birds of Oneida County, N. Y., and of the West Canada Creek Valley. Trans. Oneida Hist. Soc. XII, pp. 16-85; 257 species.
1871. COUES, E. Notes on the Natural History of Fort Macon, N. C. and Vicinity. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. XXIII, Birds, pp. 18-47. Also Ibid., 1878, pp. 22-24; 133 species.—1885. BRIMLEY, H. H. and C. S. Summer Birds of Raleigh, N. C. Orn. and Oöl., X. pp. 143, 144; 82 species.—1885.—BRIMLEY, H. H. and C. S. Winter Birds of Raleigh, N. C. Orn. and Oöl., X, p. 128; 72 species.—1886. BREWSTER, W. An Ornithological Reconnaissance in Western North Carolina. Auk, III, pp. 94-112, 173-179; 102 species.—1886. BATCHELDER, C. F. [Pg_327] The North Carolina Mountains in Winter. Auk, III, pp. 307-314; 40 species.—1887. ATKINSON, G. F. Preliminary Catalogue of the Birds of North Carolina. Journ. Elisha Mitchell Society, 1887, Part 2, pp. 44-87; 255 species. A compilation with some errors.—1887. CAIRNS, J. S. A List of Birds of Buncombe Co., North Carolina. Orn. and Oöl., XII, pp. 3-6; 169 species.—1887. SENNETT, G. B. Observations in Western North Carolina Mountains in 1886. Auk, IV, pp. 240-245; 29 species.—1888. BRIMLEY, C. S. A List of Birds Known to Breed at Raleigh, N. C. Orn. and Oöl., XIII, pp. 42, 43; 54 species. (See also Ibid., p. 187. Auk, XIV, p. 165.)—1889. CAIRNS, J. S. The Summer Birds of Buncombe County, North Carolina. Orn. and Oöl., XIV, pp. 17-22; 123 species.—1893. BRIMLEY, C. S. Some Additions to the Avifauna of North Carolina, with Notes on Some Other Species. Auk, X, 1893, pp. 241-244; 48 species.—1897. SMITHWICK, J. W. P. Ornithology of North Carolina. Bull. 144, N. C. Agric. Exp. Sta. 193-228; 303 species.—1899. PEARSON, T. G. Preliminary List of Birds of Chapel Hill, N. C. Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., XVI, pp. 33-51; 132 species.—1901. BISHOP, L. B. The Winter Birds of Pea Island, N. C. Auk, XVIII, pp. 260-268; 42 species.—1905. OBERHOLSER, H. C. Notes on the Mammals and Summer Birds of Western North Carolina. Published by Biltmore Forest School. Birds pp. 11-24; 136 species.—1910. PHILIPP, P. B. (see S. C.)
1871. COUES, E. Notes on the Natural History of Fort Macon, N. C. and Vicinity. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. XXIII, Birds, pp. 18-47. Also Ibid., 1878, pp. 22-24; 133 species.—1885. BRIMLEY, H. H. and C. S. Summer Birds of Raleigh, N. C. Orn. and Oöl., X. pp. 143, 144; 82 species.—1885.—BRIMLEY, H. H. and C. S. Winter Birds of Raleigh, N. C. Orn. and Oöl., X, p. 128; 72 species.—1886. BREWSTER, W. An Ornithological Reconnaissance in Western North Carolina. Auk, III, pp. 94-112, 173-179; 102 species.—1886. BATCHELDER, C. F. [Pg_327]The North Carolina Mountains in Winter. Auk, III, pp. 307-314; 40 species.—1887. ATKINSON, G. F. Preliminary Catalogue of the Birds of North Carolina. Journ. Elisha Mitchell Society, 1887, Part 2, pp. 44-87; 255 species. A compilation with some errors.—1887. CAIRNS, J. S. A List of Birds of Buncombe Co., North Carolina. Orn. and Oöl., XII, pp. 3-6; 169 species.—1887. SENNETT, G. B. Observations in Western North Carolina Mountains in 1886. Auk, IV, pp. 240-245; 29 species.—1888. BRIMLEY, C. S. A List of Birds Known to Breed at Raleigh, N. C. Orn. and Oöl., XIII, pp. 42, 43; 54 species. (See also Ibid., p. 187. Auk, XIV, p. 165.)—1889. CAIRNS, J. S. The Summer Birds of Buncombe County, North Carolina. Orn. and Oöl., XIV, pp. 17-22; 123 species.—1893. BRIMLEY, C. S. Some Additions to the Avifauna of North Carolina, with Notes on Some Other Species. Auk, X, 1893, pp. 241-244; 48 species.—1897. SMITHWICK, J. W. P. Ornithology of North Carolina. Bull. 144, N. C. Agric. Exp. Sta. 193-228; 303 species.—1899. PEARSON, T. G. Preliminary List of Birds of Chapel Hill, N. C. Journ. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc., XVI, pp. 33-51; 132 species.—1901. BISHOP, L. B. The Winter Birds of Pea Island, N. C. Auk, XVIII, pp. 260-268; 42 species.—1905. OBERHOLSER, H. C. Notes on the Mammals and Summer Birds of Western North Carolina. Published by Biltmore Forest School. Birds pp. 11-24; 136 species.—1910. PHILIPP, P. B. (see S. C.)
1877 … LANGDON, F. W. A Catalogue of the Birds of the Vicinity of Cincinnati. 8vo, 18 pp. Salem, Mass.; 279 species.—1879. LANGDON, F. W. A Revised List of Cincinnati Birds. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 4, pp. 167-193. (See also Ibid., III, pp. 121-127; V, 1882, p. 186; VI, 1883, pp. 12-31; 256 species.)—1882. WHEATON, J. M. Report on the Birds of Ohio, Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio, IV, I, pp. 188-628; 298 species.—1891. SMITH, R. W. 000 A List of the Birds of Warren County, Ohio. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIV, pp. 105-133; 189 species.—1896. OBERHOLSER, H. C. A Primary List of the Birds of Wayne Co. Bull. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. I, 4, pp. 243-354; 183 species.—1902. HENINGER, W. F. A Preliminary List of the Birds of Middle Southern Ohio. Wilson Bulletin, IX, pp. 77-93; 209 species. (See also Ibid., pp. 130-132; XII, 1905, pp. 89-93).—1902. JONES, L. Bird Studies in Lorain Co., Ohio. Wilson Bull., IX, pp. 37-58; also pp. 94-100.—1908. DAWSON, W. L. The Birds of Ohio, 4 to xiv+671 pp. Many illus. Columbus, Wheaton Pub. Co.—1903. FIELD, A. I. Birds of Lecking Co., Ohio. Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., XV; 203 species.—1903. JONES, L. The Birds of Ohio. A revised Catalogue, Ohio State Acad. of Sci., Special Papers No. 6, 141 pp. 1 map; 318 species.—1906. HENINGER, W. F. A Preliminary List of Birds of Seneca Co., Ohio. Wilson Bull., XVIII. pp. 47-60; 205 species.—1909-10. JONES, L. The Birds of Cedar Point and Vicinity. Wilson Bull., XXI, pp. 55-76, 115-131, 187-202; XXII, pp 25-41, 97-115, 172-182. Note.—Every issue of the Wilson Bulletin (Oberlin, Ohio) contains matter of special interest to bird students in Ohio and the adjoining states.
1877 … LANGDON, F. W. A Catalogue of the Birds of the Vicinity of Cincinnati. 8vo, 18 pp. Salem, Mass.; 279 species.—1879. LANGDON, F. W. A Revised List of Cincinnati Birds. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 4, pp. 167-193. (See also Ibid., III, pp. 121-127; V, 1882, p. 186; VI, 1883, pp. 12-31; 256 species.)—1882. WHEATON, J. M. Report on the Birds of Ohio, Report of the Geological Survey of Ohio, IV, I, pp. 188-628; 298 species.—1891. SMITH, R. W. A List of the Birds of Warren County, Ohio. Journ. Cin. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIV, pp. 105-133; 189 species.—1896. OBERHOLSER, H. C. A Primary List of the Birds of Wayne Co. Bull. Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta. I, 4, pp. 243-354; 183 species.—1902. HENINGER, W. F. A Preliminary List of the Birds of Middle Southern Ohio. Wilson Bulletin, IX, pp. 77-93; 209 species. (See also Ibid., pp. 130-132; XII, 1905, pp. 89-93).—1902. JONES, L. Bird Studies in Lorain Co., Ohio. Wilson Bull., IX, pp. 37-58; also pp. 94-100.—1908. DAWSON, W. L. The Birds of Ohio, 4 to xiv+671 pp. Many illus. Columbus, Wheaton Pub. Co.—1903. FIELD, A. I. Birds of Lecking Co., Ohio. Bull. Sci. Lab. Denison Univ., XV; 203 species.—1903. JONES, L. The Birds of Ohio. A revised Catalogue, Ohio State Acad. of Sci., Special Papers No. 6, 141 pp. 1 map; 318 species.—1906. HENINGER, W. F. A Preliminary List of Birds of Seneca Co., Ohio. Wilson Bull., XVIII. pp. 47-60; 205 species.—1909-10. JONES, L. The Birds of Cedar Point and Vicinity. Wilson Bull., XXI, pp. 55-76, 115-131, 187-202; XXII, pp 25-41, 97-115, 172-182. Note.—Every issue of the Wilson Bulletin (Oberlin, Ohio) contains material of special interest to bird enthusiasts in Ohio and the surrounding states.
1839. TOWNSEND, J. K. Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River … Philadelphia: Henry Perkins, 134 Chestnut Street. Boston: Perkins and Marvin. 8vo, pp. viii, 352. Appendix: Catalogue of Birds found in the Territory of the Oregon, pp. 331-352.—1860. COOPER, J. G. and SUCKLEY, G. Report upon the Birds Collected on the Survey. Pac. R. R. Rep. Vol. XII, Book 11, pp. 140-291; 216 species observed in Oregon and Washington.—1877. BENDIRE, C. Notes on some of the Birds found in Southeastern Oregon, particularly in the Vicinity of Camp Harney, from November, 1874 to January 1877. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, pp. 109-149; 191 species.—1879. [Pg_328] MEARNS, E. A. Partial List of the Birds of Fort Klamath, Oregon, Collected by Lieutenant Willis Wittich, U. S. A., with Annotations and Additions by the Collector. Bull. N. O. C., IV, pp. 161-166, 194-199; 111 species.—1880. HENSHAW, H. W. (See Nevada.)—1880. JOHNSON, O. B. List of the Birds of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Am. Nat. XIV, pp. 485-491, 635-646; 140 species.—1886. ANTHONY, A. W. Field Notes on the Birds of Washington County, Oregon. Auk, III, pp. 161-172; 120 species.—1888. MERRILL, J. C. Notes on the Birds of Fort Klamath, Oregon. With remarks on certain species by William Brewster. Auk, V, pp. 139-146, 251-262, 357-366; 168 species.—1902. ANTHONY, A. W. List of Birds in the Vicinity of Portland, Oregon. Bailey's 'Handbook of Birds of the Western United States,' pp. xliii-xlviii; 145 species.—1902. LORD, W. R. A First Book upon the Birds of Oregon and Washington, 16mo, 304+iv pp. ills. J. K. Gill Co., Portland.—1904. MILLER, L. H. The Birds of the John Day Region, Oregon. The Condor, VI, pp. 100-106; 71 species.—1905. FINLEY, W. L. Among the Sea Birds off the Oregon Coast. The Condor, VII, pp. 110-127; 161-169.—1909. JEWETT, S. G. Some Birds of Baker County, Oregon. The Auk, XXVI, pp. 5-9; 83 species.—1911. Peck, M. E. Summer Birds of Willow Creek Valley, Malheur County, Oregon. The Condor, XIII, pp. 63-69; 74 species.
1839. TOWNSEND, J. K. Narrative of a Journey across the Rocky Mountains to the Columbia River … Philadelphia: Henry Perkins, 134 Chestnut Street. Boston: Perkins and Marvin. 8vo, pp. viii, 352. Appendix: Catalogue of Birds found in the Territory of Oregon, pp. 331-352.—1860. COOPER, J. G. and SUCKLEY, G. Report on the Birds Collected during the Survey. Pac. R. R. Rep. Vol. XII, Book 11, pp. 140-291; 216 species observed in Oregon and Washington.—1877. BENDIRE, C. Notes on some of the Birds found in Southeastern Oregon, particularly around Camp Harney, from November 1874 to January 1877. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XIX, pp. 109-149; 191 species.—1879. [Pg_328] MEARNS, E. A. Partial List of the Birds of Fort Klamath, Oregon, Collected by Lieutenant Willis Wittich, U.S.A., with Comments and Additions by the Collector. Bull. N. O. C., IV, pp. 161-166, 194-199; 111 species.—1880. HENSHAW, H. W. (See Nevada.)—1880. JOHNSON, O. B. List of the Birds of the Willamette Valley, Oregon. Am. Nat. XIV, pp. 485-491, 635-646; 140 species.—1886. ANTHONY, A. W. Field Notes on the Birds of Washington County, Oregon. Auk, III, pp. 161-172; 120 species.—1888. MERRILL, J. C. Notes on the Birds of Fort Klamath, Oregon. With comments on certain species by William Brewster. Auk, V, pp. 139-146, 251-262, 357-366; 168 species.—1902. ANTHONY, A. W. List of Birds in the Vicinity of Portland, Oregon. Bailey's 'Handbook of Birds of the Western United States,' pp. xliii-xlviii; 145 species.—1902. LORD, W. R. A First Book about the Birds of Oregon and Washington, 16mo, 304+iv pp. ills. J. K. Gill Co., Portland.—1904. MILLER, L. H. The Birds of the John Day Region, Oregon. The Condor, VI, pp. 100-106; 71 species.—1905. FINLEY, W. L. Among the Sea Birds off the Oregon Coast. The Condor, VII, pp. 110-127; 161-169.—1909. JEWETT, S. G. Some Birds of Baker County, Oregon. The Auk, XXVI, pp. 5-9; 83 species.—1911. Peck, M. E. Summer Birds of Willow Creek Valley, Malheur County, Oregon. The Condor, XIII, pp. 63-69; 74 species.
1844. BAIRD, W. M. and S. F. List of Birds Found in the Vicinity of Carlisle, Cumberland County, Pa. Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, XLVI, pp. 261-273; 201 species.—1845. BAIRD, S. F. Catalogue of Birds Found in the Neighborhood of Carlisle, Cumberland County, Pa. Lit. Rec. and Journ. Linn. Assoc. of Penna. College, I, pp. 249-257; 203 species.—1861. BARNARD, V. A. A Catalogue of the Birds of Chester County, Pa. Times of Arrival in Spring. Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst., 1860, pp. 434-438; 191 species—1869. TURNBULL, W. P. The Birds of East Pennsylvania and New Jersey … 1 vol. roy. 8vo, and also 4to, xii+62 pp.; 342 species.—1880. WARREN, H. B. The Birds of Chester County, Pa. Forest and Stream, XIII, pp. 1024, 1025; XIV, pp. 6, 25; 218 species.—1886. PARKER, H. G. List of Birds near Philadelphia with the Dates That Sets of Eggs Were Taken. Orn. and Oöl. XI, pp. 70, 71; 76 species.—1887. PENNOCK, C. J. Birds of Chester County, Pa. The Oölogist. IV, pp. 1-10; 234 species.—1889. RESSEL, C. B. Birds of Chester County, Pa. Orn. and Oöl., XIV, 97-101, pp. 112-116, 129, 130; 199 species.—1890. WARREN, B. H. Report on the Birds of Pennsylvania. With Special Reference to the Food Habits. Second Edition. Harrisburg, 8vo, xiv+434 pp.; 100 col. plls.—1891. STONE, W. The Summer Birds of Harvey's Lake, Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, with Remarks on the Faunal Position of the Region. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1891, pp. 431-438; 54 species.—1892. DWIGHT, J., JR. Summer Birds of the Crest of the Pennsylvania Alleghanies. Auk, IX, pp. 129-141; 84 species.—1893. JACOBS, J. W. Summer Birds of Greene Co., Pa. 8vo, 15 pages; 90 species. Published by Author, Waynesburg, Pa.—1893. TODD, W. E. C. Summer Birds of Indiana [65 species] and Clearfield [55 species] Counties, Pa. Auk, X, 1893, pp. 35-46.—1894. STONE, W. The Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey. 8vo, vii+185 pp. Del. Valley Orn. Club, Phila. 346 species.—1895. ROTZELL, W. E. Birds of Narbeth, Pa., and Vicinity. The Citizen, June 22 and 29, and reprinted in pamphlet, 8 pp.; 108 species.—1896. BAILY, W. L. Summer Birds of Northern Elk Co. Auk, XIII, pp. 289-197; 69 species.—1896. YOUNG, R. T. Summer Birds of Anthracite Coal Regions of Pennsylvania. Auk, XIII, 1896, pp. 278-285; 59 species—1897. MONTGOMERY, T. H., JR. A List of the Birds of the Vicinity of West Chester, Chester Co., Pa. Am. Nat., 1897, pp. 622-628, 812-814, 907-911; 145 species—1897-1910. STONE, W. [Pg_329] Editor. Numerous Notes on and Short Lists of Eastern Pennsylvania Birds. Proc. Del. Valley Orn. Club, Phila.—1899. RHOADES, S. N. Notes on Some of the Rarer Birds of Western Pennsylvania. Auk, XVI, pp. 308-313; 65 species.—1901. BURNS, F. L. A Sectional Bird Census, at Berwyn, Pa. Wilson Bull. No. 36, pp. 84-103; 62 species.—1904. TODD, W. E. C. The Birds of Erie and Presque Isle, Erie Co., Pa. Annals Carnegie Museum, II. pp. 841-596, 4 plates; 237 species.—1904. TODD, W. E. C. The Mammal and Bird Fauna of Beaver County, Pa. Bausman's History of Beaver County, II, 1904, pp. 1195-1202; 178 species.
1844. BAIRD, W. M. and S. F. List of Birds Found in the Vicinity of Carlisle, Cumberland County, PA. Am. Journ. Sci. and Arts, XLVI, pp. 261-273; 201 species.—1845. BAIRD, S. F. Catalogue of Birds Found in the Neighborhood of Carlisle, Cumberland County, PA. Lit. Rec. and Journ. Linn. Assoc. of Penna. College, I, pp. 249-257; 203 species.—1861. BARNARD, V. A. A Catalogue of the Birds of Chester County, PA. Times of Arrival in Spring. Ann. Rep. Smiths. Inst., 1860, pp. 434-438; 191 species—1869. TURNBULL, W. P. The Birds of East Pennsylvania and New Jersey … 1 vol. roy. 8vo, and also 4to, xii+62 pp.; 342 species.—1880. WARREN, H. B. The Birds of Chester County, PA. Forest and Stream, XIII, pp. 1024, 1025; XIV, pp. 6, 25; 218 species.—1886. PARKER, H. G. List of Birds near Philadelphia with the Dates That Sets of Eggs Were Taken. Orn. and Oöl. XI, pp. 70, 71; 76 species.—1887. PENNOCK, C. J. Birds of Chester County, PA. The Oölogist. IV, pp. 1-10; 234 species.—1889. RESSEL, C. B. Birds of Chester County, PA. Orn. and Oöl., XIV, 97-101, pp. 112-116, 129, 130; 199 species.—1890. WARREN, B. H. Report on the Birds of Pennsylvania. With Special Reference to the Food Habits. Second Edition. Harrisburg, 8vo, xiv+434 pp.; 100 col. plls.—1891. STONE, W. The Summer Birds of Harvey's Lake, Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, with Remarks on the Faunal Position of the Region. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1891, pp. 431-438; 54 species.—1892. DWIGHT, J., JR. Summer Birds of the Crest of the Pennsylvania Alleghanies. Auk, IX, pp. 129-141; 84 species.—1893. JACOBS, J. W. Summer Birds of Greene Co., PA. 8vo, 15 pages; 90 species. Published by Author, Waynesburg, PA.—1893. TODD, W. E. C. Summer Birds of Indiana [65 species] and Clearfield [55 species] Counties, PA. Auk, X, 1893, pp. 35-46.—1894. STONE, W. The Birds of Eastern Pennsylvania and New Jersey. 8vo, vii+185 pp. Del. Valley Orn. Club, Phila. 346 species.—1895. ROTZELL, W. E. Birds of Narbeth, PA, and Vicinity. The Citizen, June 22 and 29, and reprinted in pamphlet, 8 pp.; 108 species.—1896. BAILY, W. L. Summer Birds of Northern Elk Co. Auk, XIII, pp. 289-197; 69 species.—1896. YOUNG, R. T. Summer Birds of Anthracite Coal Regions of Pennsylvania. Auk, XIII, 1896, pp. 278-285; 59 species—1897. MONTGOMERY, T. H., JR. A List of the Birds of the Vicinity of West Chester, Chester Co., PA. Am. Nat., 1897, pp. 622-628, 812-814, 907-911; 145 species—1897-1910. STONE, W. [Pg_329] Editor. Numerous Notes on and Short Lists of Eastern Pennsylvania Birds. Proc. Del. Valley Orn. Club, Phila.—1899. RHOADES, S. N. Notes on Some of the Rarer Birds of Western Pennsylvania. Auk, XVI, pp. 308-313; 65 species.—1901. BURNS, F. L. A Sectional Bird Census, at Berwyn, PA. Wilson Bull. No. 36, pp. 84-103; 62 species.—1904. TODD, W. E. C. The Birds of Erie and Presque Isle, Erie Co., PA. Annals Carnegie Museum, II. pp. 841-596, 4 plates; 237 species.—1904. TODD, W. E. C. The Mammal and Bird Fauna of Beaver County, PA. Bausman's History of Beaver County, II, 1904, pp. 1195-1202; 178 species.
1899. HOWE, R. H., JR. and STURTEVANT, E. The Birds of Rhode Island. Published by Authors. 8vo, 111 pp.; 291 species.—1908. Commissioners of Birds. A Check-List of Rhode Island Nesting Birds, pp. 1-26; 104 species.
1899. HOWE, R. H., JR. and STURTEVANT, E. The Birds of Rhode Island. Published by the Authors. 8vo, 111 pp.; 291 species.—1908. Commissioners of Birds. A Check-List of Rhode Island Nesting Birds, pp. 1-26; 104 species.
1868. COUES, E. Synopsis of the Birds of South Carolina. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, pp. 104-127; 294 species.—1879. LOOMIS, L. M. A Partial List of the Birds of Chester County, S. C. Bull. N. O. C., IV, pp. 209-218; 140 species. (See also additions and notes. Auk, II, 1885, pp. 188-193; VIII, 1891, pp. 49-59, 167-173; IX, 1892; pp. 28-39; XI, 1894, pp. 26-39, 94-117.)—1885. HOXIE, W. Notes on the Birds of the Sea Islands. Orn. and Oöl., X, pp. 13-27, 29, 44-46, 62, 63. (Also Corrections and Additions. Ibid., XI, 1886, pp. 33, 34.) 238 species.—1890. LOOMIS, L. M. Observations on Some of the Summer Birds of the Mountain Portions of Pickens County, Auk, VII, pp. 30-39, 124-130; 76 species.—1891. LOOMIS, L. M. June Birds of Cæsar's Head, S. C. Auk, VIII, pp. 323-333; 52 species.—1910. PHILIPP, P. B. List of Birds Observed [in the Carolinas]. Auk, XXVII, pp 312-322. (See also Wayne, Ibid., p. 464.)—1910. WAYNE, A. T. Birds of South Carolina. Cont. from Charleston Museum, I, 8vo, xxi+pp. 254; 337 species.
1868. COUES, E. Overview of the Birds of South Carolina. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XII, pp. 104-127; 294 species.—1879. LOOMIS, L. M. A Partial List of the Birds of Chester County, S. C. Bull. N. O. C., IV, pp. 209-218; 140 species. (See also additions and notes. Auk, II, 1885, pp. 188-193; VIII, 1891, pp. 49-59, 167-173; IX, 1892, pp. 28-39; XI, 1894, pp. 26-39, 94-117.)—1885. HOXIE, W. Notes on the Birds of the Sea Islands. Orn. and Oöl., X, pp. 13-27, 29, 44-46, 62, 63. (Also Corrections and Additions. Ibid., XI, 1886, pp. 33, 34.) 238 species.—1890. LOOMIS, L. M. Observations on Some of the Summer Birds of the Mountain Portions of Pickens County, Auk, VII, pp. 30-39, 124-130; 76 species.—1891. LOOMIS, L. M. June Birds of Cæsar's Head, S. C. Auk, VIII, pp. 323-333; 52 species.—1910. PHILIPP, P. B. List of Birds Observed [in the Carolinas]. Auk, XXVII, pp 312-322. (See also Wayne, Ibid., p. 464.)—1910. WAYNE, A. T. Birds of South Carolina. Cont. from Charleston Museum, I, 8vo, xxi+pp. 254; 337 species.
1886. FOX, W. H. List of Birds Found in Roane County, Tennessee, During April, 1884, and March and April, 1885. Auk, III, pp. 315-320; 114 species.—1895. RHOADS, S. N. Cont. Zoöl. Tenn., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1895. pp. 463-501. Also Auk, XIII, 1896, p. 181; 223 species.—1910. HOWELL, A. H. Notes on the Birds of Kentucky and Tennessee. Auk, XXVII, pp. 295-304. Tenn.; 161 species.
1886. FOX, W. H. List of Birds Found in Roane County, Tennessee, During April 1884 and March and April 1885. Auk, III, pp. 315-320; 114 species.—1895. RHOADS, S. N. Cont. Zoöl. Tenn., Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1895. pp. 463-501. Also Auk, XIII, 1896, p. 181; 223 species.—1910. HOWELL, A. H. Notes on the Birds of Kentucky and Tennessee. Auk, XXVII, pp. 295-304. Tenn.; 161 species.
1865-6. DRESSER, H. E. Notes on the Birds of Southern Texas. Ibis., 2nd Ser. I, pp. 312-330, 466-495, II, pp. 23-46; 272 species.—1878. MERRILL, J. C. Notes on the Ornithology of Southern Texas. Being a List of Birds Observed in the Vicinity of Fort Brown, Texas, from February, 1876, to June, 1878. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. I, pp. 118-173; 252 species.—1878. SENNETT, G. B. Notes on the Ornithology of the Lower Rio Grande, Texas, from Observations made during the Season of 1877. Edited, with Annotations, by Dr. Elliott Coues. Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey, Vol. IV, pp. 1-66; 151 species.—1879. SENNETT, G. B. Further Notes on the Ornithology of the Lower Rio Grande of Texas, from observations made during the spring of 1878. Edited, with Annotations by Dr. Elliott Coues. Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey of the Territories, V, 3, pp. 371-440; 168 species.—1882. BROWN, N. C. A Reconnaissance in Southwestern Texas. Bull. N. O. C., VII, pp. 33-42! 104+6? species [Pg_330] observed near Boerne, Kendall County.—1882. NEHRLING, H. List Of Birds Observed at Houston, Harris, Texas and vicinity, and in the Counties Montgomery, Galveston, and Ford Bend. Bull Nutt. Orn. Club, VII, pp. 6-13, 166-175, 222-225; 209 species.—1887. LLOYD, W. Birds of Tom Green and Concho Counties, Texas. Auk, IV, pp. 181-193, 289-299; 253 species.—1888. BECKHAM, C. W. Observations on the Birds of southwestern Texas. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 635-696; 283 species.—1891. CHAPMAN, F. M. On the Birds Observed near Corpus Christi, Texas, during parts of March and April, 1891. Bull Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., III, pp. 315-328; 33+66 species.—1892. ATTWATER, H. P. List of Birds Observed in the vicinity of San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas. Auk, IX, pp. 229-238; 337-345; 242 species.—1892. RHOADS, S. N. The Birds of Southeastern Texas and Southern Arizona, Observed during May, June, and July, 1891. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 98-126. Annotated lists of 100+8 species observed at Corpus Christi, and 124+2 species observed in Southern Arizona.—1900. CARROLL, J. J. Notes on the Birds of Refugio County, Texas. The Auk, pp. 337-348.—1905. MONTGOMERY, T. H. JR. Summer Resident Birds of Brewster County, Texas. The Auk, XXII, pp. 12-15; 47 species.—1911. LACEY, H. The Birds of Kerrville, Texas, and Vicinity. The Auk, XXVIII, pp. 200-219; 202 species.
1865-6. DRESSER, H. E. Notes on the Birds of Southern Texas. Ibis., 2nd Ser. I, pp. 312-330, 466-495, II, pp. 23-46; 272 species.—1878. MERRILL, J. C. Notes on the Ornithology of Southern Texas. Being a List of Birds Observed in the Vicinity of Fort Brown, Texas, from February, 1876, to June, 1878. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. I, pp. 118-173; 252 species.—1878. SENNETT, G. B. Notes on the Ornithology of the Lower Rio Grande, Texas, from Observations made during the Season of 1877. Edited, with Annotations, by Dr. Elliott Coues. Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey, Vol. IV, pp. 1-66; 151 species.—1879. SENNETT, G. B. Further Notes on the Ornithology of the Lower Rio Grande of Texas, from observations made during the spring of 1878. Edited, with Annotations by Dr. Elliott Coues. Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geograph. Survey of the Territories, V, 3, pp. 371-440; 168 species.—1882. BROWN, N. C. A Reconnaissance in Southwestern Texas. Bull. N. O. C., VII, pp. 33-42; 104+6? species observed near Boerne, Kendall County.—1882. NEHRLING, H. List Of Birds Observed at Houston, Harris, Texas and vicinity, and in the Counties Montgomery, Galveston, and Ford Bend. Bull Nutt. Orn. Club, VII, pp. 6-13, 166-175, 222-225; 209 species.—1887. LLOYD, W. Birds of Tom Green and Concho Counties, Texas. Auk, IV, pp. 181-193, 289-299; 253 species.—1888. BECKHAM, C. W. Observations on the Birds of southwestern Texas. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., X, 1887, pp. 635-696; 283 species.—1891. CHAPMAN, F. M. On the Birds Observed near Corpus Christi, Texas, during parts of March and April, 1891. Bull Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., III, pp. 315-328; 33+66 species.—1892. ATTWATER, H. P. List of Birds Observed in the vicinity of San Antonio, Bexar County, Texas. Auk, IX, pp. 229-238; 337-345; 242 species.—1892. RHOADS, S. N. The Birds of Southeastern Texas and Southern Arizona, Observed during May, June, and July, 1891. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., pp. 98-126. Annotated lists of 100+8 species observed at Corpus Christi, and 124+2 species observed in Southern Arizona.—1900. CARROLL, J. J. Notes on the Birds of Refugio County, Texas. The Auk, pp. 337-348.—1905. MONTGOMERY, T. H. JR. Summer Resident Birds of Brewster County, Texas. The Auk, XXII, pp. 12-15; 47 species.—1911. LACEY, H. The Birds of Kerrville, Texas, and Vicinity. The Auk, XXVIII, pp. 200-219; 202 species.
1858. BAIRD, S. F. Birds found at Fort Bridger, Utah. Pac. R. R. Rep. IX, pp. 926-927; 104 species.—1873. MERRIAM, C. H. Report on the Mammals and Birds of the Expedition to Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah. Sixth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. for 1872, 1873. Birds, pp. 670-715. A list of 176 Utah birds.—1873. RIDGWAY, R. Notes on the Bird-fauna of the Salt Lake Valley and the adjacent portions of the Wahsatch Mountains. Bull. Essex Inst., V, pp. 168-173. Remarks on Allen's "List of Birds Collected in the Vicinity of Ogden" and list of Birds found breeding near Salt Lake City.—1874. HENSHAW, H. W. An annotated list of the Birds of Utah. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., XI, pp. 1-14; 214 species.—1877. RIDGWAY, R. (See Nevada.)
1858. BAIRD, S. F. Birds found at Fort Bridger, Utah. Pac. R. R. Rep. IX, pp. 926-927; 104 species.—1873. MERRIAM, C. H. Report on the Mammals and Birds of the Expedition to Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, and Utah. Sixth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. for 1872, 1873. Birds, pp. 670-715. A list of 176 Utah birds.—1873. RIDGWAY, R. Notes on the Bird fauna of the Salt Lake Valley and the nearby areas of the Wahsatch Mountains. Bull. Essex Inst., V, pp. 168-173. Comments on Allen's "List of Birds Collected in the Vicinity of Ogden" and a list of Birds found nesting near Salt Lake City.—1874. HENSHAW, H. W. An annotated list of the Birds of Utah. Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., XI, pp. 1-14; 214 species.—1877. RIDGWAY, R. (See Nevada.)
1901. HOWELL, A. H. Preliminary List of Summer Birds of Mount Mansfield, Vt. Auk, XVIII, pp. 337-347; 86 species.—1902. PERKINS, G. H. A Preliminary List of the Birds Found in Vermont. 21st Ann. Rep. Vt. State Bd. Agric., pp. 85-118; 261 species. See also HOWE, R. H., JR., Cont. N. A. Orn. II, pp. 5-22.—1903. DAVENPORT, E. B. Birds Observed on Mt. Mansfield and the West End of Stowe Valley at the Base of the Mountain, in the Summer of 1902. Wilson Bull., XV, pp. 77-86; 74 species.—1907. DAVENPORT, E. B. Birds of Windham and Bennington Counties. Bull. No. 2, Vermont Bird Club (Burlington, Vt.), pp. 5-14; 176 species.—1908. ALLEN, F. H. Summer Birds of Southern Vermont, Auk, XXV, pp. 56-64; 86 species.
1901. HOWELL, A. H. Preliminary List of Summer Birds of Mount Mansfield, Vt. Auk, XVIII, pp. 337-347; 86 species.—1902. PERKINS, G. H. A Preliminary List of the Birds Found in Vermont. 21st Ann. Rep. Vt. State Bd. Agric., pp. 85-118; 261 species. See also HOWE, R. H., JR., Cont. N. A. Orn. II, pp. 5-22.—1903. DAVENPORT, E. B. Birds Observed on Mt. Mansfield and the West End of Stowe Valley at the Base of the Mountain, in the Summer of 1902. Wilson Bull., XV, pp. 77-86; 74 species.—1907. DAVENPORT, E. B. Birds of Windham and Bennington Counties. Bull. No. 2, Vermont Bird Club (Burlington, Vt.), pp. 5-14; 176 species.—1908. ALLEN, F. H. Summer Birds of Southern Vermont, Auk, XXV, pp. 56-64; 86 species.
1890. RIVES, WM. C., M. D. A Catalogue of the Birds of the Virginias. Proc. Newport Nat. Hist. Soc., Document VII, Newport R. I. 8vo. 100 pp.; 305 species.—1902. DANIELS, J. W. Summer Birds of the Great Dismal Swamp. Auk, XIX, 15-18 pp.; 41 species.—1910. EMBODY, G. C. A List of Birds Observed at Ashland, Va. Auk, XXVII, pp. 169-177; 114 species.—1912. BAILEY, H. B. Notes on Birds Breeding in the Mountains of Virginia. The Auk, XXIX, pp. 79-84; 94 species.
1890. RIVES, WM. C., M. D. A Catalogue of the Birds of the Virginias. Proc. Newport Nat. Hist. Soc., Document VII, Newport R. I. 8vo. 100 pp.; 305 species.—1902. DANIELS, J. W. Summer Birds of the Great Dismal Swamp. Auk, XIX, 15-18 pp.; 41 species.—1910. EMBODY, G. C. A List of Birds Observed at Ashland, Va. Auk, XXVII, pp. 169-177; 114 species.—1912. BAILEY, H. B. Notes on Birds Breeding in the Mountains of Virginia. The Auk, XXIX, pp. 79-84; 94 species.
1892. LAWRENCE, R. H. A Preliminary List of the Birds of the Gray's Harbor Region, Washington. Auk, IX, pp. 39-47; 92 species. (See also pp. 352-357; and Palmer, Ibid., pp. 308-310).—1893. RHOADS, S. N. (See British Columbia.)—1897. DAWSON, W. L. A Preliminary List of the Birds of Okanagan County, Washington. The Auk, XIV, pp. 168-182; 143 species.—1900. KOBBÉ, W. H. The Birds of Cape Disappointment, Washington. The Auk, XVII, pp. 349-358; 63 species—1902. LORD, W. R. (See Oregon.)—1902. RATHBUN, S. F. A List of the Land Birds of Seattle, Washington and Vicinity The Auk, XIX, pp. 131-141; 112 species—1903. SNODGRASS, R. E. A List of Land Birds from Central Washington. The Auk, XX, pp. 202-209; 53 species.—1904. SNODGRASS, R. E. A List of Land Birds from Central and Southeastern Washington. The Auk, XXI, pp. 223-233; 58 species.—1906. BOWLES, J. H. A List of Birds of Tacoma, Washington, and Vicinity. The Auk, XXIII, pp. 138-148; 201 species.—1906. JOHNSON, R. H. The Birds of Cheney, Washington. The Condor, VIII, pp. 25-28; 113 species.—1908. EDSON, J. M. Birds of the Bellingham Bay Region. The Auk, XXV, pp. 425-439; 212 species.—1908. DAWSON, W. L. The Bird Colonies of the Olympiades. The Auk, XXV, pp. 153-166.
1892. LAWRENCE, R. H. A Preliminary List of the Birds of the Gray's Harbor Region, Washington. Auk, IX, pp. 39-47; 92 species. (See also pp. 352-357; and Palmer, Ibid., pp. 308-310).—1893. RHOADS, S. N. (See British Columbia.)—1897. DAWSON, W. L. A Preliminary List of the Birds of Okanagan County, Washington. The Auk, XIV, pp. 168-182; 143 species.—1900. KOBBÉ, W. H. The Birds of Cape Disappointment, Washington. The Auk, XVII, pp. 349-358; 63 species—1902. LORD, W. R. (See Oregon.)—1902. RATHBUN, S. F. A List of the Land Birds of Seattle, Washington and Vicinity. The Auk, XIX, pp. 131-141; 112 species—1903. SNODGRASS, R. E. A List of Land Birds from Central Washington. The Auk, XX, pp. 202-209; 53 species.—1904. SNODGRASS, R. E. A List of Land Birds from Central and Southeastern Washington. The Auk, XXI, pp. 223-233; 58 species.—1906. BOWLES, J. H. A List of Birds of Tacoma, Washington, and Vicinity. The Auk, XXIII, pp. 138-148; 201 species.—1906. JOHNSON, R. H. The Birds of Cheney, Washington. The Condor, VIII, pp. 25-28; 113 species.—1908. EDSON, J. M. Birds of the Bellingham Bay Region. The Auk, XXV, pp. 425-439; 212 species.—1908. DAWSON, W. L. The Bird Colonies of the Olympiades. The Auk, XXV, pp. 153-166.
1873. SCOTT, W. E. D. Partial List of the Summer Birds of Kanawha County, West Virginia, with Annotations. Proc. Bost. Soc. Hist., XV, pp. 219-227; 86 species.—1875. BREWSTER, W. Some Observations on the Birds of Ritchie County, West Virginia. Annals of the Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., XI, pp. 139-146; 100 species.—1888. DOAN, W. D. Birds of West Virginia. Bull. 3, Agric. Exp. Sta., Morgantown; 200 species.—1889. SURBER, T. Birds of Greenbriar County, West Va. The Hawkeye Orn. and Oöl. (E. B. Webster, Cresco, Iowa), II, pp. 2-4, 13-15, 29-32; 121 species.—1890. RIVES, W. C. (See Virginia.)—1898. RIVES, W. C. Summer Birds of the West Virginia Spruce Belt. Auk, XV, pp. 131-137; 46 species.—1909. BROOKS, E. A. West Virginia Birds in State Board of Agriculture. Report W. Va. State Board Agric., for 1908, pp. 3-62; 193 species.
1873. SCOTT, W. E. D. Partial List of the Summer Birds of Kanawha County, West Virginia, with Annotations. Proc. Bost. Soc. Hist., XV, pp. 219-227; 86 species.—1875. BREWSTER, W. Some Observations on the Birds of Ritchie County, West Virginia. Annals of the Lyc. Nat. Hist., N. Y., XI, pp. 139-146; 100 species.—1888. DOAN, W. D. Birds of West Virginia. Bull. 3, Agric. Exp. Sta., Morgantown; 200 species.—1889. SURBER, T. Birds of Greenbriar County, West Va. The Hawkeye Orn. and Oöl. (E. B. Webster, Cresco, Iowa), II, pp. 2-4, 13-15, 29-32; 121 species.—1890. RIVES, W. C. (See Virginia.)—1898. RIVES, W. C. Summer Birds of the West Virginia Spruce Belt. Auk, XV, pp. 131-137; 46 species.—1909. BROOKS, E. A. West Virginia Birds in State Board of Agriculture. Report W. Va. State Board Agric., for 1908, pp. 3-62; 193 species.
1853. HOY, P. R. Notes on the Ornithology of Wisconsin. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., VI, pp. 304-313, 318-385, 423-429; 283 species. (Revised with additions in the Trans. Wisc. State Agric. Soc., 1852, II, pp. 341-364.)—1854. BARRY, A. C. On the Ornithological Fauna of Wisconsin. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., V, 1854, pp. 1-13; 218 species.—1882. KING, F. H. Economic Relations of Wisconsin Birds. Wis. Geol. Survey, I, pp. 441-610; figs. 103-144; 295 species.—1883. WILLARD, S. W. Migration and Distribution of North American Birds in Brown and Outgamie Counties. Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts, and Letters, VI, pp. 177-196; 210 species.—1894. GRUNDTVIG, F. L. The Birds of Shiocton in Bovine, Outgamie Co., Wisc. Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sciences, X, pp. 73-158; 183 species.—1903. KUMLEIN, L., and HOLLISTER, N. The Birds of Wisconsin. Bull. Wisc. Nat. Hist. Soc., III (N. S.), pp. 1-143, 8 half-tones; 357 species.—1909. CORY, C. B. (See Ills.)
1853. HOY, P. R. Notes on the Ornithology of Wisconsin. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., VI, pp. 304-313, 318-385, 423-429; 283 species. (Revised with additions in the Trans. Wisc. State Agric. Soc., 1852, II, pp. 341-364.)—1854. BARRY, A. C. On the Ornithological Fauna of Wisconsin. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., V, 1854, pp. 1-13; 218 species.—1882. KING, F. H. Economic Relations of Wisconsin Birds. Wis. Geol. Survey, I, pp. 441-610; figs. 103-144; 295 species.—1883. WILLARD, S. W. Migration and Distribution of North American Birds in Brown and Outagamie Counties. Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sci. Arts, and Letters, VI, pp. 177-196; 210 species.—1894. GRUNDTVIG, F. L. The Birds of Shiocton in Bovine, Outagamie Co., Wisc. Trans. Wisc. Acad. Sciences, X, pp. 73-158; 183 species.—1903. KUMLEIN, L., and HOLLISTER, N. The Birds of Wisconsin. Bull. Wisc. Nat. Hist. Soc., III (N. S.), pp. 1-143, 8 half-tones; 357 species.—1909. CORY, C. B. (See Ills.)
1872. HOLDEN, C. H. JR. Notes on the Birds of Wyoming and Colorado Territories, with additional memoranda by C. E. Aiken. Edited by T. M. Brewer. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XV, pp. 193-210; 142 species.—1873. MERRIAM, C. H. (See Utah.)—1876. GRINNELL, G. B. (See Montana).—1879. WILLISTON, S. W. A List of Birds taken in Southern Wyoming with supplementary notes by George B. Grinnell; Forest and stream, XII, pp. 306-307, 325-326, 365; 109 species.—1902. KNIGHT, W. C. The Birds of Wyoming. University of Wyoming. 8vo. 174 pp., 48 plls.; 288 species.—1902. BOND, F. List of Birds of Cheyenne and Vicinity. Bailey's 'Handbook of Birds of the Western United States,' pp. lxxiii; 184 species.—1907. PALMER, T. S. Birds of Yellowstone Park. Ann. Rep. Supt. of Yellowstone Park for 1907. pp. 15-23; 70 species.
1872. HOLDEN, C. H. JR. Notes on the Birds of Wyoming and Colorado Territories, with additional notes by C. E. Aiken. Edited by T. M. Brewer. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., XV, pp. 193-210; 142 species.—1873. MERRIAM, C. H. (See Utah.)—1876. GRINNELL, G. B. (See Montana).—1879. WILLISTON, S. W. A List of Birds found in Southern Wyoming with supplementary notes by George B. Grinnell; Forest and Stream, XII, pp. 306-307, 325-326, 365; 109 species.—1902. KNIGHT, W. C. The Birds of Wyoming. University of Wyoming. 8vo. 174 pp., 48 plates; 288 species.—1902. BOND, F. List of Birds of Cheyenne and Surrounding Areas. Bailey's 'Handbook of Birds of the Western United States,' pp. lxxiii; 184 species.—1907. PALMER, T. S. Birds of Yellowstone Park. Ann. Rep. Supt. of Yellowstone Park for 1907. pp. 15-23; 70 species.
| Acanthis hornemannii | 176 |
| " exilipes | 176 |
| " linaria | 176 |
| " holbœllii | 176 |
| " rostrata | 176 |
| Accipiter atricapillus | 131 |
| " striatulus | 131 |
| cooperii | 131 |
| velox | 131 |
| Actitis macularia | 107 |
| Actodromas acuminata | 109 |
| bairdii | 109 |
| fuscicollis | 109 |
| maculata | 109 |
| minutilla | 109 |
| Æchmophorus occidentalis | 44 |
| Ægialitis hiaticula | 112 |
| " meloda | 112 |
| " circumcincta | 112 |
| " nivosa | 112 |
| " semipalmata | 112 |
| Aëronautes melanoleucus | 158 |
| Æstrelata fisheri | 260 |
| " hasitata | 65 |
| " scalaris | 260 |
| Agelaius gubernator californicus | 179 |
| " phœniceus | 178 |
| " bryanti | 178 |
| " caurinus | 178 |
| " floridanus | 178 |
| " fortis | 178 |
| " neutralis | 178 |
| " richmondi | 298 |
| " sonoriensis | 178 |
| " tricolor | 179 |
| Aimophila carpalis | 220 |
| " ruficeps | 220 |
| " eremœca | 220 |
| " scottii | 220 |
| " sororia | 220 |
| Aix sponsa | 78 |
| Ajaia ajaja | 89 |
| Alauda arvensis | 277 |
| Alaudidæ | 34, 163 |
| Albatross, Black-footed | 62 |
| " Laysan | 62 |
| " Short-tailed | 12, 62 |
| " Sooty | 62 |
| " Yellow-nosed | 62 |
| Alca torda | 48 |
| Alcedinidæ | 32, 144 |
| Alcidæ | 10 |
| Alle alle | 46 |
| Amazilis cerviniventris chalconota | 160 |
| tzacatl | 160 |
| Ammodramus caudacutus | 225 |
| henslowi | 224 |
| " occidentalis | 224 |
| leconteii | 225 |
| maritimus | 226 |
| " fisheri | 226 |
| " macgillivraii | 226 |
| " peninsulæ | 226 |
| " sennetti | 226 |
| nelsoni | 225 |
| " subvirgatus | 225 |
| nigrescens | 226 |
| Ampelidæ | 37, 166 |
| Ampelis cedrorum | 198 |
| garrulus | 198 |
| Amphispiza belli | 228 |
| " canescens | 300 |
| " cinerea | 228 |
| " nevadensis | 228 |
| bilineata | 249 |
| " deserticola | 249 |
| Anas boschas | 76 |
| fulvigula | 77 |
| " maculosa | 77 |
| obscura | 77 |
| " rubripes | 77 |
| Anatidæ | 16, 74 |
| Anhinga | 14, 73 |
| anhinga | 73 |
| Anhingidæ | 14, 67 |
| Ani | 146 |
| Groove-billed | 146 |
| Anous stolidus | 60 |
| Anser albifrons | 262 |
| " gambeli | 85 |
| fabialis | 262 |
| Anseres | 15, 74 |
| Anthus pensilvanicus | 232 |
| spraguei | 232 |
| Antrostomus carolinensis | 156 |
| vociferus | 156 |
| " macromystax | 156 |
| Aphelocoma californica | 184 |
| Aphelocoma californica hypoleuca | 184 |
| " obscura | 184 |
| cyanea | 184 |
| cyanotis | 184 |
| insularis | 184 |
| sieberii arizonæ | 183 |
| " couchii | 183 |
| texana | 184 |
| woodhouseii | 184 |
| Aphriza virgata | 111 |
| Aphrizidæ | 24, 100 |
| Aquila chrysaëtos | 136 |
| Aramidæ | 20, 95 |
| Aramus giganteus | 96 |
| Archibuteo ferrugineus | 135 |
| lagopus sancti-johannis | 135 |
| Arctonetta fischeri | 82 |
| Ardea herodias | 93 |
| " fannini | 93 |
| " wardi | 93 |
| occidentalis | 92 |
| Ardeidæ | 19, 87 |
| Ardetta exilis | 91 |
| neoxena | 91 |
| Arenaria interpres | 102 |
| melanocephala | 107 |
| morinella | 102 |
| Arquatella couesi | 107 |
| maritima | 107 |
| ptilocnemis | 108 |
| Arremonops rufivirgatus | 215 |
| Asio accipitrinus | 138 |
| wilsonianus | 138 |
| Astragalinus lawrenci | 189 |
| psaltria | 192 |
| " hesperophilus | 299 |
| " mexicanus | 299 |
| tristis | 192 |
| " pallidus | 192 |
| " salicamans | 192 |
| Asturina plagiata | 131 |
| Asyndesmus torquatus | 152 |
| Atthis morcomi | 161 |
| Auk, Great | 48 |
| Razor-billed | 9, 48 |
| Auklet, Cassin | 46 |
| Crested | 47 |
| Least | 47 |
| Paroquet | 47 |
| Rhinoceros | 45 |
| Whiskered | 47 |
| Auriparus flaviceps | 195 |
| " lamprocephalus | 195 |
| Avocet | 22, 103 |
| Aythya affinis | 79 |
| americana | 79 |
| collaris | 79 |
| Aythya marila | 78 |
| vallisneria | 79 |
| Bæolophus atricristatus | 243 |
| " sennetti | 303 |
| bicolor | 243 |
| " texensis | 243, 303 |
| inornatus | 242 |
| " cineraceus | 242 |
| " griseus | 242 |
| wollweberi | 244 |
| Baldpate | 77 |
| Bartramia longicauda | 105 |
| Basilinna leucotis | 160 |
| xantusi | 159 |
| Becard, Xantus's | 276 |
| Bittern, American | 91 |
| Cory | 91 |
| Least | 91 |
| Blackbird, Bicolored | 179 |
| Brewer | 254 |
| Red-winged | 178 |
| Rusty | 254 |
| Tricolored | 179 |
| Yellow-headed | 199 |
| Bluebird | 182 |
| Azure | 182 |
| Chestnut-backed | 182 |
| Mountain | 182 |
| San Pedro | 182 |
| Western | 182 |
| Bobolink | 251 |
| Bob-white | 26, 115 |
| Florida | 115 |
| Masked | 115 |
| Texan | 115 |
| Bombycillidæ | 298 |
| Bonasa umbellus | 118 |
| " sabini | 118 |
| " togata | 118 |
| Bonasa umbellus umbelloides | 118 [Pg_335] |
| Booby | 70 |
| Blue-faced | 70 |
| Blue-footed | 70 |
| Brewster | 70 |
| Red-footed | 70 |
| Botaurus lentiginosus | 91 |
| Brachyramphus brevirostris | 46 |
| craveri | 46 |
| hypoleucus | 46 |
| marmoratus | 46 |
| Brant | 86 |
| Black | 86 |
| Branta bernicla glaucogastra | 86 |
| canadensis | 86 |
| " hutchinsii | 86 |
| " minima | 86 |
| " occidentalis | 86 |
| leucopsis | 262 |
| Branta nigricans | 86 |
| Bubo virginianus | 143 |
| " algistus | 297 |
| " arcticus | 143 |
| " elachistus | 143 |
| " heterocnemis | 297 |
| " pacificus | 143 |
| " pallescens | 143 |
| " saturatus | 143 |
| Bubonidæ | 30, 127 |
| Budytes flavus leucostriatus | 192 |
| Buffle-head | 80 |
| Bullfinch, Cassin's | 279 |
| Bulweria bulweri | 260 |
| Bunting, Beautiful | 180 |
| Indigo | 181 |
| Lark | 252 |
| Lazuli | 180 |
| Painted | 180 |
| Varied | 180 |
| Bush-Tit | 242 |
| California | 242 |
| Grinda | 242 |
| Lead-colored | 242 |
| Lloyd | 242 |
| Santa Rita | 242, 303 |
| Buteo abbreviatus | 134 |
| albicaudatus sennetti | 135 |
| borealis | 132 |
| " alascensis | 296 |
| " calurus | 132 |
| " harlani | 132 |
| " kriderii | 132 |
| brachyurus | 134 |
| lineatus | 133 |
| Buteo lineatus alleni | 133 |
| elegans | 133 |
| platypterus | 133 |
| swainsoni | 133 |
| Buteonidæ | 294 |
| Butorides virescens | 94 |
| " anthonyi | 94 |
| " frazari | 94 |
| Buzzard, Turkey | 129 |
| Calamospiza melanocorys | 252 |
| Calcarius lapponicus | 219 |
| " alascensis | 219 |
| ornatus | 218 |
| pictus | 220 |
| Calidris arenaria | 108 |
| Callipepla squamata | 116 |
| " castanogastris | 116 |
| Callothrus robustus | 253 |
| Calothorax lucifer | 159 |
| Calypte annæ | 161 |
| costæ | 159 |
| Campephilus principalis | 149 |
| Camptolaimus labradorius | 81 |
| Canachites canadensis | 117, 298 |
| " canace | 117, 298 |
| " osgoodi | 117, 298 |
| franklinii | 117 |
| Canvas-back | 79 |
| Caprimulgidæ | 33, 155 |
| Caracara, Audubon | 134 |
| Guadalupe | 134 |
| Cardellina rubrifrons | 177 |
| Cardinal | 36, 172 |
| Arizona | 172 |
| Florida | 172 |
| Gray-tailed | 172 |
| St Lucas | 172 |
| Texas | 172 |
| Cardinalis cardinalis | 172 |
| canicaudus | 172 |
| floridanus | 172 |
| igneus | 172 |
| superbus | 172 |
| Carduelis carduelis | 177 |
| Carpodacus amplus | 175 |
| cassini | 175 |
| mcgregori | 175 |
| mexicanus elementis | 175 |
| " frontalis | 175 |
| " ruberrimus | 175 |
| purpureus | 174 |
| " californicus | 174 |
| Casarca casarca | 262 |
| Catbird | 247 [Pg_336] |
| Catharista urubu | 129 |
| Cathartes aura | 129 |
| Cathartidæ | 28, 127 |
| Catherpes mexicanus albifrons | 234 |
| " conspersus | 234 |
| " punctulatus | 234 |
| Centrocercus urophasianus | 122 |
| Centurus aurifrons | 153 |
| carolinus | 153 |
| uropygialis | 153 |
| Ceophlœus pileatus | 149 |
| " abieticola | 149 |
| Cepphus columba | 48 |
| grylle | 48 |
| mandtii | 48 |
| Cerorhinca monocerata | 45 |
| Certhia familiaris albescens | 237 |
| " americana | 237 |
| " montana | 237 |
| " occidentalis | 237 |
| " zelotes | 238 |
| Certhiidæ | 39, 168 |
| Ceryle alcyon | 147 |
| " caurina | 297 |
| americana septentrionalis | 147 |
| torquata | 273 |
| Chachalaca | 27, 122 |
| Chætura pelagica | 158 |
| vauxii | 158 |
| Chamæa fasciata | 215, 300 |
| " phæa | 216, 300 |
| " rufula | 300 |
| Chamæidæ | 294, 298 |
| Charadriidæ | 24, 100 |
| Charadrius dominicus | 110 |
| " fulvus | 110 |
| Charitonetta albeola | 80 |
| Chat, Long-tailed | 198 |
| Yellow-breasted | 38, 198 |
| Chaulelasmus streperus | 77 |
| Chen cærulescens | 85 |
| hyperborea | 84 |
| " nivalis | 84 |
| rossii | 84 |
| Chewink | 204 |
| Chickadee | 39 |
| Alaskan | 244 |
| Bailey's Mountain | 303 |
| Barlow | 244 |
| Black-capped | 245 |
| California | 244 |
| Canadian | 244 |
| Carolina | 245 |
| Chestnut-backed | 244 |
| Columbian | 244 |
| Florida | 303 |
| Hudsonian | 244 |
| Kowak | 244 |
| Long-tailed | 245 |
| Mexican | 245 |
| Mountain | 244 |
| Oregon | 245 |
| Plumbeous | 245 |
| Valdez Chestnut-sided | 303 |
| Yukon | 303 |
| Chondestes grammacus | 218 |
| " strigatus | 218 |
| Chordeiles acutipennis texensis | 157 |
| virginianus | 157 |
| " chapmani | 157 |
| " henryi | 157 |
| " sennetti | 157 |
| Chuck-will's widow | 156 |
| Ciconiidæ | 18, 87 |
| Cinclidæ | 38, 168 |
| Cinclus mexicanus | 247 |
| Circus hudsonius | 130 |
| Cistothorus stellaris | 236 |
| Clangula clangula americana | 80 |
| islandica | 80 |
| Coccyges | 31, 144 |
| Coccyzus americanus | 146 |
| " occidentalis | 146 |
| minor | 146 |
| " maynardi | 146 |
| erythrophthalmus | 146 |
| Cœligena clemenciæ | 160 |
| Colaptes auratus | 154 |
| " luteus | 154 |
| cafer collaris | 154 |
| " saturatior | 154 |
| chrysoides | 154 |
| " brunnescens | 154 |
| " mearnsi | 298 |
| rufipileus | 154 |
| Colinus ridgwayi | 115 |
| virginianus | 115 |
| " floridanus | 115 |
| " texanus | 115 |
| Columba fasciata | 124 |
| " vioscæ | 124 |
| flavirostris | 124 |
| leucocephala | 124 |
| Columbæ | 27, 123 |
| Columbidæ | 27, 123 |
| Columbigallina passerina bermudiana | 126 |
| Columbigallina passerina pallescens | 126 [Pg_337] |
| " terrestris | 126 |
| Colymbus auritus | 43 |
| dominicus brachypterus | 43, 257 |
| holbœllii | 43 |
| nigricollis californicus | 43 |
| Compsothypsis americana | 195 |
| " usneæ | 195 |
| nigrilora | 195 |
| Condor | 129 |
| Contopus borealis | 208 |
| pertinax pallidiventris | 208 |
| richardsonii | 208 |
| " peninsulæ | 208 |
| virens | 208 |
| Conurus carolinensis | 145 |
| Coot, American | 21, 99 |
| European | 265 |
| Cormorant | 71 |
| Baird | 72 |
| Brandt | 72 |
| Double-crested | 71 |
| Farallon | 71 |
| Florida | 71 |
| Mexican | 71 |
| Pelagic | 72 |
| Red-faced | 72 |
| Violet-green | 14, 72 |
| White-crested | 71 |
| Corvidæ | 35, 163 |
| Corvus americanus | 255 |
| " pascuus | 255 |
| brachyrhynchos hesperis | 304 |
| caurinus | 255 |
| corax principalis | 255 |
| " sinuatus | 255 |
| cryptoleucus | 255 |
| ossifragus | 255 |
| Coturniculus bairdii | 224 |
| savannarum passerinus | 224 |
| " bimaculatus | 224 |
| " floridanus | 224 |
| Cowbird | 253 |
| Bronzed | 304 |
| Dwarf | 253 |
| Red-eyed | 253 |
| Cracidæ | 27, 113 |
| Crake, Corn | 265 |
| Spotted | 265 |
| Crane, Little Brown | 96 |
| Sandhill | 9, 96 |
| Whooping | 96 |
| Creciscus coturniculus | 294 |
| Creeper, Brown | 39, 237 |
| Creeper, California | 237 |
| Mexican | 237 |
| Rocky Mountain | 237 |
| Sierra | 238 |
| Crossbill, American | 173 |
| Mexican | 173 |
| White-winged | 174 |
| Crotophaga ani | 146 |
| sulcirostris | 146 |
| Crow, American | 255 |
| Carrion | 129 |
| Fish | 255 |
| Florida | 255 |
| Northwest | 255 |
| Western | 304 |
| Crymophilus fulicarius | 102 |
| Cuckoo, Black-billed | 146 |
| California | 146 |
| Kamchatka | 273 |
| Mangrove | 146 |
| Maynard | 146 |
| Yellow-billed | 146 |
| Cuculidæ | 31, 144 |
| Curlew, Bristle-thighed | 295 |
| Eskimo | 103 |
| Hudsonian | 23, 103 |
| Long-billed | 103 |
| Cyanocephalus cyanocephalus | 183 |
| Cyanocitta cristata | 183 |
| " florincola | 183 |
| stelleri | 185 |
| " annectens | 185 |
| " carbonacea | 298 |
| " carlottæ | 185 |
| " diademata | 185 |
| " frontalis | 185 |
| Cyanopiza amœna | 180 |
| ciris | 180 |
| cyanea | 181 |
| versicolor | 180 |
| versicolor pulchra | 180 |
| Cyclorrhynchus psittaculus | 47 |
| Cypseloides niger borealis | 158 |
| Cyrtonyx montezumæ mearnsi | 115 |
| Dafila acuta | 76 |
| Daption capensis | 260 |
| Darters | 67 |
| Dendragapus obscurus | 117 |
| " fuliginosus | 117 |
| " richardsonii | 117 |
| " sierræ | 295 |
| Dendrocygna autummalis | 83 |
| fulva | 83 |
| Dendroica æstiva | 196 [Pg_338] |
| " brewsteri | 299 |
| " rubiginosa | 196 |
| " æstiva sonorana | 196 |
| auduboni | 190 |
| auduboni nigrifrons | 199 |
| blackburniæ | 187 |
| bryanti castaneiceps | 196 |
| cærulea | 181 |
| cærulescens | 180 |
| cærulescens cairnsii | 180 |
| castanea | 206 |
| chrysoparia | 188 |
| coronata | 197 |
| discolor | 197 |
| dominica | 190 |
| " albilora | 190 |
| graciæ | 190 |
| kirtlandii | 191 |
| maculosa | 190 |
| nigrescens | 249 |
| occidentalis | 188 |
| olivacea | 187 |
| palmarum | 196 |
| " hypochrysea | 197 |
| pensylvanica | 198 |
| striata | 249 |
| tigrina | 196 |
| townsendi | 188 |
| vigorsii | 191 |
| virens | 188 |
| Dichromanassa rufescens | 94 |
| Dickcissel | 198 |
| Diomedea albatrus | 62 |
| immutabilis | 62 |
| nigripes | 62 |
| Diomedeidæ | 12, 61 |
| Dipper | 38, 247 |
| Dolichonyx oryzivorus | 251 |
| Dotterel | 267 |
| Dove, Bermuda Ground | 126 |
| Blue-headed | 126 |
| Ground | 126 |
| Inca | 126 |
| Key West Quail | 126 |
| Mexican Ground | 126 |
| Mourning | 27, 125 |
| Ruddy Quail | 126 |
| Western Mourning | 296 |
| West Indian White-winged | 296 |
| White-fronted | 125 |
| White-winged | 126 |
| Zenaida | 125 |
| Dovekie | 46 |
| Dowitcher | 106 |
| Long-billed | 106 |
| Dryobates arizonæ | 151 |
| borealis | 151 |
| nuttallii | 151 |
| pubescens | 150 |
| " gairdnerii | 150 |
| " homorus | 150 |
| " medianus | 150 |
| " nelsoni | 150 |
| " turati | 151 |
| scalaris bairdii | 151, 297 |
| " cactophilus | 297 |
| " eremicus | 297 |
| " lucasanus | 150 |
| villosus | 150 |
| " leucomelas | 150 |
| " leucothorectis | 297 |
| " auduboni | 150 |
| " harrisii | 150 |
| " hyloscopus | 150 |
| " monticola | 150 |
| " picoideus | 150 |
| " terrænovæ | 297 |
| Duck, Black | 77 |
| Black-bellied Tree | 83 |
| Florida | 77 |
| Fulvous Tree | 83 |
| Harlequin | 81 |
| Labrador | 81 |
| Lesser Scaup | 79 |
| Masked | 80 |
| Mottled | 77 |
| Red-legged Black | 77 |
| Ring-necked | 79 |
| Ruddy | 80 |
| Rufous-crested | 262 |
| Scaup | 79 |
| Wood | 78 |
| Dunlin | 266 |
| Eagle, Alaska Bald | 136 |
| Bald | 136 |
| Golden | 136 |
| Ectopistes migratorius | 125 |
| Egret American | 92 |
| Brewster's | 294 |
| Reddish | 94 |
| Egretta candidissima | 92 |
| candidissima brewsteri | 294 |
| Eider, American | 82 |
| Greenland | 82 |
| King | 82 |
| Pacific | 82 |
| Eider, Spectacled | 82 [Pg_339] |
| Steller | 81 |
| Elanoides forficatus | 130 |
| Elanus leucurus | 130 |
| Empidonax cineritius | 210 |
| difficilis | 210 |
| flaviventris | 210 |
| fulvifrons pygmæus | 215 |
| griseus | 209 |
| hammondi | 209 |
| insulicola | 210 |
| minimus | 209 |
| traillii | 209 |
| " alnorum | 209 |
| virescens | 210 |
| wrightii | 209 |
| Eniconetta stelleri | 81 |
| Ereunetes occidentalis | 108 |
| pusillus | 108 |
| Erismatura jamaicensis | 80 |
| Erolia ferruginea | 106 |
| Eugenes fulgens | 159 |
| Falco columbarius | 137 |
| " suckleyi | 137 |
| fusco-cœrulescens | 137 |
| islandus | 136 |
| mexicanus | 135 |
| peregrinus anatum | 137 |
| " pealei | 137 |
| richardsonii | 137 |
| rusticolus | 136 |
| " gyrfalco | 136 |
| " obsoletus | 136 |
| sparverius | 137 |
| " paulus | 296 |
| " peninsularis | 138 |
| " phalœna | 138 |
| Falcon, Aplomado | 137 |
| Peale | 137 |
| Prairie | 135 |
| Falconidæ | 29, 127, 294 |
| Finch, California Purple | 174 |
| Cassin | 175 |
| Guadalupe House | 175 |
| House | 175 |
| Pine | 225 |
| Purple | 174 |
| San Benito House | 175 |
| San Clemente House | 175 |
| St Lucas House | 175 |
| Flamingo | 16, 89 |
| Flicker, Brown | 154 |
| Gilded | 154 |
| Guadalupe | 154 |
| Mearns's Gilded | 298 |
| Northern | 154 |
| Northwestern | 154 |
| Red-shafted | 154 |
| Southern | 154 |
| Florida cærulea | 94 |
| Flycatcher, Alder | 209 |
| Arizona Crested | 203 |
| Ash-throated | 203 |
| Beardless | 211 |
| Buff-breasted | 215 |
| Coues | 208 |
| Crested | 203 |
| Derby | 202 |
| Fork-tailed | 276 |
| Giraud | 276 |
| Gray | 209 |
| Green-crested | 210 |
| Hammond | 209 |
| Least | 209 |
| Lower California | 203 |
| Mexican Crested | 203 |
| Nutting | 203 |
| Olivaceous | 203 |
| Olive-sided | 208 |
| Ridgway | 211, 299 |
| Santa Barbara | 210, 299 |
| Scissor-tailed | 177 |
| St Lucas | 210 |
| Sulphur-bellied | 203 |
| Traill | 209 |
| Vermillion | 177 |
| Western | 210 |
| Wright | 209 |
| Yellow-bellied | 210 |
| Fratercula arctica | 45 |
| " glacialis | 45 |
| " naumanni | 258 |
| corniculata | 45 |
| Fregata aquila | 73 |
| Fregatidæ | 15, 67 |
| Fregetta grallaria | 260 |
| Frigate Bird | 73 |
| Fringillidæ | 36, 164 |
| Fulica americana | 99 |
| Fulmar | 12, 63 |
| Giant | 260 |
| Pacific | 63 |
| Rodger's | 63 |
| Slender-billed | 63 |
| Fulmarus glacialis | 63 |
| " glupischa | 63 |
| rodgersii | 63 |
| Gadwall | 77 [Pg_340] |
| Galeoscoptes carolinensis | 247 |
| Gallinæ | 25, 113 |
| Gallinago delicata | 105 |
| Gallinula galeata | 99 |
| Gallinule, Florida | 99 |
| Purple | 99 |
| Gannet | 13, 69 |
| Gavia adamsii | 44 |
| arctica | 44 |
| imber | 44 |
| lumme | 44 |
| pacifica | 44 |
| Gaviidæ | 10 |
| Gelochelidon nilotica | 58 |
| Geococcyx californianus | 146 |
| Geothlypis agilis | 189 |
| beldingi | 194 |
| formosa | 193 |
| philadelphia | 189 |
| poliocephala | 194 |
| tolmiei | 189 |
| trichas | 193 |
| " arizela | 194 |
| " brachidactyla | 194 |
| " ignota | 194 |
| " occidentalis | 193 |
| " sinuosa | 194 |
| Geotrygon chrysia | 126 |
| montana | 126 |
| Glaucidium gnoma | 140 |
| " californicus | 140 |
| " pinicola | 296 |
| hoskinsii | 140 |
| phalænoides | 140 |
| Gnatcatcher, Black-tailed | 243 |
| Blue-gray | 243 |
| Plumbeous | 243 |
| Western | 243 |
| Godwit, Black-tailed | 266 |
| Hudsonian | 110 |
| Marbled | 110 |
| Pacific | 110 |
| Golden-eye, American | 80 |
| Barrow | 80 |
| Goldfinch, American | 192 |
| Arkansas | 192 |
| California | 192 |
| European | 177 |
| Green-backed | 299 |
| Lawrence | 189 |
| Mexican | 192 |
| Western | 192 |
| Goose, Barnacle | 262 |
| Goose, Bean | 262 |
| Blue | 85 |
| Cackling | 86 |
| Canada | 86 |
| Emperor | 85 |
| European White-fronted | 263 |
| Greater Snow | 84 |
| Hutchins | 86 |
| Lesser Snow | 84 |
| Pink-footed | 263 |
| Ross Snow | 84 |
| White-cheeked | 86 |
| White-fronted | 85, 262 |
| Goshawk, American | 131 |
| Mexican | 131 |
| Western | 131 |
| Grackle, Boat-tailed | 254 |
| Bronzed | 254 |
| Florida | 254 |
| Great-tailed | 254 |
| Purple | 35, 254 |
| Grebe, Eared | 43 |
| Holbœll | 43 |
| Horned | 43 |
| Least | 43 |
| Mexican | 257 |
| Pied-billed | 9, 43 |
| Western | 44 |
| Green-shank | 266 |
| Grosbeak, Alaskan Pine | 173 |
| Black-headed | 207 |
| Blue | 181 |
| Evening | 36, 199 |
| Kadiak Pine | 173 |
| Pine | 173 |
| Rocky Mountain Pine | 173 |
| Rose-breasted | 174 |
| Western Blue | 181 |
| Western Evening | 199 |
| Grouse, Alaska Spruce | 117 |
| Canada | 117 |
| Canadian Ruffed | 118 |
| Columbian Sharp-tailed | 121 |
| Dusky | 117 |
| Franklin | 117 |
| Gray Ruffed | 118 |
| Hudsonian Spruce | 117 |
| Oregon Ruffed | 118 |
| Prairie Sharp-tailed | 121 |
| Richardson | 117 |
| Ruffed | 26, 118 |
| Sage | 122 |
| Sharp-tailed | 121 |
| Sierra | 295 |
| Sooty | 117 [Pg_341] |
| Gruidæ | 20, 95 |
| Grus americana | 96 |
| canadensis | 96 |
| mexicana | 96 |
| Guara alba | 90 |
| rubra | 89 |
| Guillemot, Black | 48 |
| Mandt | 48 |
| Pigeon | 48 |
| Guiraca cærulea | 181 |
| " lazula | 181 |
| Gull, Bonaparte | 56 |
| Black-backed | 54 |
| California | 55 |
| Franklin | 56 |
| Glaucous | 53 |
| Glaucous-winged | 53 |
| Heermann | 54 |
| Herring | 11, 55 |
| Iceland | 53 |
| Ivory | 52 |
| Kittiwake | 52 |
| Kumlien | 53 |
| Laughing | 56 |
| Little | 259 |
| Mew | 258 |
| Nelson | 53 |
| Point Barrow | 53 |
| Ring-billed | 52 |
| Ross | 56 |
| Sabine | 56 |
| Siberian | 258 |
| Slaty-backed | 54 |
| Short-billed | 52 |
| Vega | 55 |
| Western | 54 |
| Gymnogyps californianus | 129 |
| Gyrfalcon | 136 |
| Black | 136 |
| Gray | 136 |
| White | 136 |
| Hæmatopodidæ | 25, 100 |
| Hæmatopus bachmani | 104 |
| frazari | 104 |
| palliatus | 104 |
| Haliæetus leucocephalus | 136 |
| Halocyptena microsoma | 65 |
| Harelda hyemalis | 81 |
| Harrier | 130 |
| Hawk, American Rough-legged | 135 |
| Broad-winged | 133 |
| Cooper | 131 |
| Desert Sparrow | 133 |
| Duck | 137 |
| Ferruginous Rough-legged | 135 |
| Fish | 129 |
| Florida Red-shouldered | 133 |
| Harlan | 132 |
| Harris | 132 |
| Krider | 132 |
| Little Sparrow | 296 |
| Marsh | 130 |
| Mexican Black | 134 |
| Pigeon | 137 |
| Red-bellied | 133 |
| Red-shouldered | 133 |
| Red-tailed | 29, 28, 132 |
| Sennett White-tailed | 135 |
| Sharp-shinned | 131 |
| Short-tailed | 134 |
| Snail | 130 |
| Sparrow | 137 |
| St Lucas Sparrow | 138 |
| Swainson | 133 |
| Western Red-tail | 132 |
| Zone-tailed | 134 |
| Heath Hen | 121 |
| Heleodytes brunneicapillus | 233 |
| " affinis | 233 |
| " anthonyi | 233 |
| " bryanti | 233 |
| " couesi | 288 |
| Helinaia swainsonii | 215 |
| Helminthophila bachmanii | 191 |
| celata | 210 |
| " lutescens | 210 |
| " sordida | 210 |
| chrysoptera | 189 |
| lawrencei | 197 |
| leucobronchialis | 197 |
| luciæ | 206 |
| Helminthophila peregrina | 212 |
| pinus | 191 |
| rubricapilla | 195 |
| " gutturalis | 195 |
| virginiæ | 197 |
| Helmitheros vermivorus | 215 |
| Helodromas solitarius | 107 |
| " cinnamomeus | 107 |
| Herodias egretta | 92 |
| Herodiones | 17, 87 |
| Heron, Anthony Green | 94 |
| Black-crowned Night | 93 |
| European | 264 |
| Frazar Green | 94 |
| Great Blue | 92 |
| Heron, Great White | 92 [Pg_342] |
| Little Blue | 94 |
| Little Green | 19, 94 |
| Louisiana | 94 |
| Northwest Coast | 93 |
| Snowy | 92 |
| Ward | 93 |
| Yellow-crowned Night | 93 |
| Hesperiphona vespertina | 199 |
| " montana | 199 |
| Heteractitis incanus | 111 |
| Himantopus mexicanus | 104 |
| Hirundinidæ | 36, 165 |
| Hirundo erythrogastra | 250 |
| Histrionicus histrionicus | 81 |
| Hummingbird, Allen | 161 |
| Anna | 161 |
| Black-chinned | 159 |
| Blue-throated | 160 |
| Blue-billed | 160 |
| Broad-tailed | 161 |
| Buff-bellied | 160 |
| Calliope | 161 |
| Costa | 159 |
| Lucifer | 159 |
| Morcom | 161 |
| Rieffer | 160 |
| Rivoli | 159 |
| Ruby-throated | 33, 160 |
| Rufous | 161 |
| Salvin | 298 |
| White-eared | 160 |
| Xantus | 159 |
| Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis | 94 |
| Hydrochelidon nigra surinamensis | 60 |
| Hylocichla aliciæ | 239 |
| " bicknelli | 239 |
| guttata | 238 |
| " auduboni | 238 |
| " nana | 238 |
| " pallasii | 238 |
| fuscescens | 238 |
| " salicicola | 238 |
| mustelina | 233 |
| ustulata | 239 |
| " almæ | 239 |
| " œdica | 239 |
| " swainsonii | 239 |
| Iache latirostris | 160 |
| Ibididæ | 18, 87 |
| Ibis, Glossy | 90 |
| Scarlet | 89 |
| Wood | 18, 90 |
| White | 90 |
| White-faced Glossy | 18, 90 |
| Icteria virens | 198 |
| " longicauda | 198 |
| Icteridæ | 35, 164 |
| Icterus audubonii | 186 |
| bullocki | 186 |
| cucullatus nelsoni | 186 |
| " sennetti | 186 |
| galbula | 186 |
| parisorum | 186 |
| spurius | 206 |
| Ictinia mississippiensis | 130 |
| Ionornis martinica, | 99 |
| Iridoprocne bicolor | 250 |
| Ixoreus nævius | 207 |
| " meruloides | 207 |
| Jabiru | 264 |
| Jacana, Mexican | 25, 102 |
| spinosa | 102 |
| Jacanidæ | 25, 100 |
| Jaeger, Long-tailed | 51 |
| Parastic | 10, 51 |
| Pomarine | 51 |
| Jay, Alaskan | 252 |
| Belding | 184 |
| Black-headed | 185 |
| Blue | 35, 183 |
| Blue-eared | 184 |
| Blue-fronted | 185 |
| California | 184 |
| Canada | 252 |
| Coast | 298 |
| Couch | 183 |
| Florida | 184 |
| Florida Blue | 183 |
| Gray | 252 |
| Green | 185 |
| Labrador | 252 |
| Long-crested | 185 |
| Oregon | 252 |
| Pinon | 183 |
| Queen Charlotte | 185 |
| Rocky Mountain | 252 |
| Santa Cruz | 184 |
| Steller | 185 |
| Texan | 184 |
| Woodhouse | 184 |
| Xantus | 184 |
| Junco aikeni | 240 |
| Arizona | 241 |
| Baird | 240 |
| bairdi | 240 |
| caniceps | 241, 302 [Pg_343] |
| Carolina | 240 |
| Coues | 241, 302 |
| dorsalis | 241, 302 |
| Gray-headed | 241 |
| Guadalupe | 240 |
| hyemalis | 240 |
| " annectens | 302 |
| " carolinensis | 240 |
| " connectens | 302 |
| insularis | 240 |
| mearnsi | 240, 302 |
| Montana | 240 |
| montanus | 240, 302 |
| oreganus | 241, 302 |
| " connectens | 241, 302 |
| " pinosus | 241, 302 |
| " shufeldti | 241 |
| " thurberi | 241, 302 |
| Oregon | 241 |
| phæonotus dorsalis | 241 |
| " palliatus | 241 |
| Pink-sided | 240 |
| Point Pinos | 241 |
| Red-backed | 241 |
| Ridgway's | 303 |
| Shufeldt | 241, 302 |
| Slate-colored | 240 |
| Thurber | 241 |
| Townsend | 240 |
| townsendi | 240 |
| White-winged | 240 |
| Killdeer | 24, 112 |
| Kingbird | 247 |
| Arkansas | 202 |
| Cassin | 202 |
| Couch | 202 |
| Gray | 247 |
| Kingfisher, Belted | 31, 147 |
| Northwestern Belted | 297 |
| Ringed | 271 |
| Texas | 147 |
| Kinglet, Dusky | 177 |
| Golden-crowned | 40, 187 |
| Ruby-crowned | 176, 215 |
| Sitkan | 176, 215 |
| Western | 187 |
| Kite, Everglade | 130 |
| Mississippi | 130 |
| Swallow-tailed | 130 |
| White-tailed | 130 |
| Kittiwake | 52 |
| Pacific | 52 |
| Red-legged | 52 |
| Knot | 106 |
| Lagopus evermanni | 120 |
| lagopus | 119 |
| " alexandræ | 295 |
| " alleni | 119 |
| " ungavus | 295 |
| leucurus | 118 |
| " peninsularis | 118 |
| rupestris | 119 |
| " atkhensis | 120 |
| " chamberlaini | 296 |
| " dixoni | 296 |
| " nelsoni | 119 |
| " reinhardi | 119 |
| " townsendi | 120 |
| Laniidæ | 37, 166 |
| Lanius borealis | 248 |
| ludovicianus | 248 |
| " migrans | 304 |
| anthonyi | 248 |
| " excubitorides | 248 |
| " gambeli | 248 |
| Lapwing | 267 |
| Laridæ | 11, 49 |
| Lark Bunting | 252 |
| California Horned | 201 |
| Desert Horned | 201 |
| Dusky Horned | 201 |
| Horned | 34, 200 |
| Hoyt Horned | 200 |
| Island Horned | 202 |
| Montezuma Horned | 202 |
| Pallid Horned | 200 |
| Prairie Horned | 200 |
| Ruddy Horned | 201 |
| Scorched Horned | 201 |
| Sonoran Horned | 202 |
| Streaked Horned | 200 |
| Texan Horned | 200 |
| Larus affinis | 259 |
| argentatus | 55 |
| atricilla | 56 |
| barrovianus | 53 |
| brachyrhynchus | 52 |
| californicus | 55 |
| canus | 259 |
| delawarensis | 52 |
| franklinii | 56 |
| glaucescens | 53 |
| glaucus | 53 |
| heermanni | 54 |
| kumlieni | 53 |
| leucopterus | 53 [Pg_344] |
| marinus | 54 |
| minutus | 259 |
| nelsoni | 53 |
| occidentalis | 54 |
| philadelphia | 56 |
| schistisagus | 54 |
| vegae | 55 |
| Leptotila fulviventris brachyptera | 125 |
| Leucosticte, Aleutian | 179 |
| atrata | 179 |
| australis | 179 |
| Black | 179 |
| Brown-capped | 179 |
| Gray-crowned | 179 |
| griseonucha | 179 |
| Hepburn | 179 |
| tephrocotis | 179 |
| " littoralis | 179 |
| Limicolæ | 21, 100 |
| Limosa fedoa | 110 |
| hæmastica | 110 |
| lapponica baueri | 110 |
| Limpkin | 20, 96 |
| Longipennes | 10 |
| Longspur, Alaskan | 219 |
| Chestnut-collared | 218 |
| Lapland | 219 |
| McCown | 218 |
| Smith | 220 |
| Loon | 10, 44 |
| Black-throated | 44 |
| Pacific | 44 |
| Red-throated | 44 |
| Yellow-billed | 44 |
| Lophodytes cucullatus | 76 |
| Lophortyx californicus | 116 |
| " vallicola | 116 |
| gambelii | 116 |
| Loxia curvirostra minor | 173 |
| " stricklandi | 173 |
| leucoptera | 174 |
| Lunda cirrhata | 45 |
| Macrochires | 33, 155 |
| Macrorhamphus griseus | 106 |
| scolopaceus | 106 |
| Magpie American | 253 |
| Yellow-billed | 253 |
| Mallard | 74, 76 |
| Man-o'-War Bird | 73 |
| Mareca americana | 77 |
| penelope | 77 |
| Marsh Hen | 98 |
| Martin Cuban | 250 |
| Gray-breasted | 304 |
| Purple | 250 |
| Western | 250 |
| Meadowlark | 199 |
| Florida | 199 |
| Texas | 199 |
| Western | 199 |
| Megalestris skua | 51 |
| Megaquiscalus major | 254 |
| major macrourus | 254 |
| Megascops asio | 141 |
| " aikeni | 142 |
| " bendirei | 141 |
| " cineraceus | 142 |
| " flammeola | 142 |
| " floridanus | 141 |
| " idahœnsis | 142 |
| " kennicottii | 141 |
| " macfarlanei | 142 |
| " maxwelliæ | 141 |
| " mccalli | 141 |
| " trichopsis | 142 |
| " xantusi | 142 |
| Melanerpes erythrocephalus | 153 |
| formiciviorus | 153 |
| " angustifrons | 153 |
| " bairdi | 153 |
| Meleagris gallopavo intermedia | 122 |
| " merriami | 122 |
| " osceola | 122 |
| " silvestris | 122 |
| Melopelia asiatica asiatica | 296 |
| " trudeaui | 296 |
| leucoptera | 126 |
| Melospiza cinerea | 230 |
| " caurina | 230 |
| " clementæ | 230 |
| " cooperi | 230 |
| " fallax | 229 |
| " graminea | 230 |
| " heermanni | 229 |
| " insignis | 230 |
| " juddi | 229 |
| " kenaiensis | 230 |
| " melodia | 229 |
| " merrilli | 229 |
| " montana | 229 |
| " morphna | 230 |
| " pusillula | 230 |
| " rivularis | 229 |
| " rufina | 230 |
| " samuelis | 230 |
| Melospiza georgiana | 222 [Pg_345] |
| lincolnii | 226 |
| " striata | 226 |
| melodia cleonensis | 301 |
| " maxillaris | 300 |
| Merganser, American | 76 |
| americanus | 76 |
| Hooded | 76 |
| Red-breasted | 15, 76 |
| serrator | 76 |
| Mergellus albellus | 262 |
| Merlin, Black | 137 |
| Richardson | 137 |
| Merula confinis | 207 |
| migratoria | 207 |
| migratoria achrustera | 207 |
| " propinqua | 207 |
| Micropalama himantopus | 106 |
| Micropallas whitneyi | 140 |
| Micropodidæ | 33, 155 |
| Mimidæ | 294 |
| Mimus polyglottos | 248 |
| " leucopterus | 248 |
| Mniotilta varia | 249 |
| Mniotiltidæ | 38, 167 |
| Mockingbird | 248 |
| Western | 248 |
| Molothrus ater | 253 |
| " obscurus | 253 |
| Motacillidæ | 38, 167 |
| Murre | 48 |
| Brunnich | 48 |
| California | 48 |
| Pallas | 48 |
| Murrelet, Ancient | 47 |
| Craveri | 46 |
| Kittlitz | 46 |
| Marbled | 46 |
| Xantus | 46 |
| Muscivora forficata | 177 |
| tyrannus | 276 |
| Myadestes townsendii | 247 |
| Mycteria americana | 263 |
| Myiarchus cinerascens | 203 |
| " nuttingi | 203 |
| " pertinax | 203 |
| crinitus | 203 |
| lawrencei olivascens | 203 |
| mexicanus | 203 |
| " magister | 203 |
| Myiodynastes luteiventris | 203 |
| Netta rufina | 262 |
| Nettion carolinensis | 78 |
| crecca | 261 |
| Nighthawk | 157 |
| Florida | 157 |
| Sennett | 157 |
| Texan | 157 |
| Western | 157 |
| Noddy | 60 |
| Nomonyx dominicus | 80 |
| Nonpareil | 180 |
| Nucifraga columbiana | 252 |
| Numenius borealis | 103 |
| hudsonicus | 103 |
| longirostris | 103 |
| tahitiensis | 295 |
| Nutcracker, Clarke | 252 |
| Nuthatch Brown-headed | 246 |
| Florida | 246 |
| Pygmy | 246 |
| Red-breasted | 39, 246 |
| Rocky Mountain | 246 |
| Slender-billed | 246 |
| St Lucas | 246 |
| White-breasted | 246 |
| White-naped | 247 |
| Nuttallornis borealis | 208 |
| Nyctala acadica | 140 |
| " scotæa | 140 |
| tengmalmi richardsoni | 139 |
| Nyctanassa violacea | 93 |
| Nyctea nyctea | 143 |
| Nycticorax nycticorax nævius | 93 |
| Nyctidromus albicollis merrilli | 157 |
| Oceanites oceanicus | 66 |
| Oceanodroma cryptoleucura | 260 |
| furcata | 65 |
| homochroa | 65 |
| kaedingi | 65 |
| leucorhoa | 66 |
| macrodactyla | 66 |
| melania | 66 |
| socorroensis | 66 |
| Ochthodromus wilsonius | 112 |
| Odontoglossæ | 16, 87 |
| Oidemia americana | 83 |
| deglandi | 83 |
| fusca | 262 |
| perspicillata | 83 |
| Olbiorchilus alascensis | 236 |
| hiemalis | 236 |
| " helleri | 236 |
| " pacificus | 236 |
| meligerus | 236 |
| Old-squaw | 81 [Pg_346] |
| Olor buccinator | 84 |
| columbianus | 84 |
| cygnus | 263 |
| Oreortyx pictus | 116 |
| " confinis | 116 |
| " plumiferus | 116 |
| Oreospiza chlorura | 206 |
| Oriole, Arizona Hooded | 186 |
| Audubon | 186 |
| Baltimore | 35, 186 |
| Bullock | 186 |
| Hooded | 186 |
| Orchard | 206 |
| Scott | 186 |
| Sennett | 279 |
| Ornithion imberbe | 211 |
| " ridgwayi | 211 |
| Oroscoptes montanus | 233 |
| Ortalis vetula maccalli | 122 |
| Osprey, American | 129 |
| Ossifraga gigantea | 259 |
| Otocoris alpestris | 200 |
| " actia | 201 |
| " adusta | 201 |
| " arcticola | 200 |
| " giraudi | 200 |
| " hoyti | 200 |
| " insularis | 202 |
| " leucolæma | 201 |
| " merrilli | 201 |
| " occidentalis | 202 |
| " pallida | 202 |
| " praticola | 200 |
| " rubea | 201 |
| " strigata | 201 |
| Otus asio gilmani | 297 |
| Ouzel, Water | 247 |
| Oven-bird | 232 |
| Owl, Acadian | 140 |
| Aiken Screech | 142 |
| American Hawk | 143 |
| American Long-eared | 138 |
| Arctic Horned | 143 |
| Barn | 29, 138 |
| Barred | 139 |
| Burrowing | 138 |
| California Pygmy | 140 |
| California Screech | 141 |
| Dusky Horned | 143 |
| Dwarf Screech | 142 |
| Elf | 140 |
| Ferruginous Pygmy | 140 |
| Flammulated Screech | 142 |
| Florida Barred | 139 |
| " Burrowing | 138 |
| " Screech | 141 |
| Great Gray | 139 |
| Great Horned | 143 |
| Hoskin | 140 |
| Kennicott Screech | 141 |
| Labrador Horned | 297 |
| Long-eared | 138 |
| MacFarlane Screech | 142 |
| Mexican Screech | 142 |
| Monkey-faced | 138 |
| Northern Saw-whet | 140 |
| Northern Spotted | 139 |
| Pacific Horned | 143 |
| Pygmy | 140 |
| Richardson | 139 |
| Rocky Mountain Screech | 141 |
| Sahauro Screech | 297 |
| Saint Michael Horned | 297 |
| Saw-whet | 140 |
| Screech | 30, 141 |
| Short-eared | 138 |
| Snowy | 143 |
| Spotted | 139 |
| " Screech | 142 |
| Texas Barred | 139 |
| Texas Screech | 141 |
| Western Horned | 143 |
| Xantus Screech | 142 |
| Oxyechus vociferus | 112 |
| Oyster-catcher, American | 25, 104 |
| Black | 104 |
| European | 267 |
| Frazar | 104 |
| Pagophila alba | 52 |
| Paludicolæ | 19, 95 |
| Pandion haliaëtus carolinensis | 29 |
| Pandionidæ | 294 |
| Parabuteo unicintus harrisi | 132 |
| Parauque, Merrill | 157 |
| Paridæ | 39, 169 |
| Paroquet, Carolina | 30, 145 |
| Parrot, Thick-billed | 145 |
| Partridge | 118 |
| Alaska Spruce | 295 |
| California | 116 |
| Canada Spruce | 295 |
| Chestnut-bellied Scaled | 116 |
| Gambel | 116 |
| Hudsonian Spruce | 295 |
| Mearns | 115 |
| Mountain | 116 |
| Partridge, Plumed | 116 [Pg_347] |
| San Pedro | 116 |
| Scaled | 116 |
| Valley | 116 |
| Parus atricapillus | 245 |
| " occidentalis | 245 |
| " septentrionalis | 245 |
| carolinensis | 245 |
| " agilis | 245 |
| cinctus alascensis | 244 |
| gambeli | 244 |
| hudsonicus | 244 |
| " columbianus | 244 |
| " littoralis | 244 |
| " stoneyi | 244 |
| rufescens | 244 |
| " barlowi | 244 |
| " neglectus | 244 |
| sclateri | 245 |
| wollweberi | 244 |
| Passer domesticus | 219 |
| Passerculus beldingi | 223 |
| princeps | 225 |
| sandwichensis | 223 |
| " alaudinus | 223 |
| " bryanti | 223 |
| " nevadensis | 300 |
| " savanna | 223 |
| rostratus | 223 |
| " guttatus | 223 |
| " halophilus | 224 |
| " sanctorum | 224 |
| Passerella iliaca | 231 |
| " annectens | 231 |
| " fuliginosa | 231, 301 |
| " insularis | 231, 301 |
| " megarhyncha | 231 |
| " schistacea | 231 |
| " stephensi | 231 |
| " townsendi | 231 |
| " unalaschensis | 231 |
| Passeres | 34, 162 |
| Passerina hyperboreus | 251 |
| nivalis | 251 |
| " townsendi | 251 |
| Pediœcetes phasianellus | 121 |
| " campestris | 121 |
| " columbianus | 121 |
| Pelagodroma marina | 260 |
| Pelecanidæ | 15, 67 |
| Pelecanus californicus | 73 |
| erythrorhynchus | 73 |
| occidentalis | 73 |
| Pelican, American White | 73 |
| Brown | 15, 73 |
| California Brown | 73 |
| Pelidna alpina pacifica | 108 |
| Penthestes carolinensis impiger | 303 |
| gambeli baileyæ | 303 |
| rufescens vivax | 303 |
| Perisoreus canadensis | 252 |
| " capitalis | 252 |
| " fumifrons | 252 |
| " nigricapillus | 252 |
| obscurus | 252 |
| " griseus | 252 |
| Petrel, Ashy | 65 |
| Black | 66 |
| Black-capped | 65 |
| Bulwer's | 260 |
| Fisher's | 260 |
| Fork-tailed | 65 |
| Guadalupe | 66 |
| Hawaiian | 260 |
| Kæding's | 65 |
| Leach's | 12, 66 |
| Least | 65 |
| Pintado | 260 |
| Scaled | 260 |
| Socorro | 66 |
| Stormy | 66 |
| White-bellied | 260 |
| White-faced | 260 |
| Wilson's | 66 |
| Petrochelidon lunifrons | 250 |
| tachina | 304 |
| melanogastra | 250, 304 |
| Peucæa æstivalis | 221 |
| " bachmanii | 221 |
| botterii | 221 |
| cassini | 221 |
| Pewee, Western Wood | 208 |
| Large-billed Wood | 208 |
| Wood | 208 |
| Phaëthon americanus | 69 |
| æthereus | 69 |
| rubricaudus | 260 |
| Phaëthontidæ | 13, 67 |
| Phainopepla | 253 |
| nitens | 253 |
| Phalacrocoracidæ | 14, 67 |
| Phalacrocorax dilophus | 71 |
| " albociliatus | 71 |
| " cincinatus | 71 |
| " floridanus | 71 |
| mexicanus | 72 |
| pelagicus | 72 |
| " resplendens | 72 |
| Phalacrocorax pelagicus robustus | 72 |
| penicillatus | 72 [Pg_348] |
| urile | 72 |
| Phalænoptilus nuttallii | 156 |
| " californicus | 156 |
| " nitidus | 156 |
| Phalarope, Northern | 21, 102 |
| Red | 102 |
| Wilson | 102 |
| Phalaropodidæ | 21, 100 |
| Phalaropus lobatus | 102 |
| Phasianidæ | 27, 113 |
| Phasianus colchicus | 113, 122 |
| torquatus | 113, 121 |
| Pheasant, English | 113, 122 |
| Ring-necked | 113, 122 |
| Philacte canagica | 85 |
| Philohela minor | 105 |
| Phœbe | 34, 208 |
| Black | 251 |
| Say | 205 |
| Western Black | 251 |
| Phœbetria fuliginosa | 62 |
| Phœnicopteridæ | 17, 87 |
| Phœnicopterus ruber | 89 |
| Phyllopseustes borealis | 212 |
| Pica pica hudsonia | 253 |
| nuttalli | 253 |
| Pici | 32, 148 |
| Picidæ | 32, 148 |
| Picoides americanus | 149 |
| " dorsalis | 149 |
| " fasciatus | 149 |
| arcticus | 149 |
| Pigeon, Band-tailed | 124 |
| Passenger | 125 |
| Red-billed | 124 |
| Scaled | 269 |
| Viosca | 124 |
| White-crowned | 124 |
| Wild | 125 |
| Pincola enucleator alascensis | 173 |
| " californica | 173 |
| " flammula | 173 |
| " leucura | 173 |
| " montana | 173 |
| Pintail | 76 |
| Pipilo aberti | 205 |
| consobrinus | 204 |
| erythrophthalmus | 204 |
| " alleni | 204 |
| fuscus albigula | 205 |
| " crissalis | 205 |
| " mesoleucus | 205 |
| Pipilo fuscus senicula | 205 |
| maculatus arcticus | 204 |
| " atratus | 204 |
| " clementæ | 204 |
| " magnirostris | 204 |
| " megalonyx | 204 |
| " oregonus | 204 |
| Pipit | 38, 232 |
| Sprague | 232 |
| Piranga erythromelas | 171 |
| hepatica | 171 |
| ludovicianus | 171 |
| rubra | 171 |
| " cooperi | 171 |
| Pitangus derbianus | 202 |
| Plataleidæ | 18, 87 |
| Platypsaris albiventris | 274 |
| Plegadis autumnalis | 90 |
| guarauna | 90 |
| Plover, Black-bellied | 24, 110 |
| European Golden | 267 |
| Golden | 110 |
| Little Ringed | 267 |
| Mongolian | 267 |
| Mountain | 105 |
| Pacific Golden | 110 |
| Piping | 112 |
| Ring | 112 |
| Semipalmated | 112 |
| Snowy | 112 |
| Wilson | 112 |
| Plautus impennis | 48 |
| Podasocys montana | 105 |
| Podicipidæ | 9 |
| Podilymbus podiceps | 43 |
| Polioptila cærulea | 243 |
| " obscura | 243 |
| californica | 243 |
| plumbea | 243 |
| Polyborus cheriway | 134 |
| lutosus | 134 |
| Pocecetes gramineus | 221 |
| " affinis | 221 |
| " confinis | 221 |
| Poor-will | 156 |
| California | 156 |
| Frosted | 156 |
| Porzana carolina | 98 |
| coturniculus | 294 |
| jamaicensis | 98 |
| noveboracensis | 97 |
| Prairie Hen | 121 |
| Attwater | 121 |
| Lesser | 121 |
| Priocella glacialoides | 63 [Pg_349] |
| Priofinus cinereus | 260 |
| Procellaria pelagica | 66 |
| Procellariidæ | 12, 61 |
| Progne chalybea | 304 |
| cryptoleucus | 250 |
| subis | 250 |
| " hesperia | 250 |
| Protonotaria citrea | 187 |
| Psaltriparus lloydi | 242 |
| minimus | 242 |
| " californicus | 242 |
| " grindæ | 242 |
| plumbeus | 242 |
| santaritæ | 242 |
| Psittaci | 30, 144 |
| Psittacidæ | 30, 144 |
| Ptarmigan | 119 |
| Adak | 296 |
| Alexander | 295 |
| Chamberlain | 296 |
| Allen | 119 |
| Dixon | 296 |
| Evermann | 120 |
| Kenai White-tailed | 118 |
| Nelson | 119 |
| Reinhardt | 119 |
| Rock | 119 |
| Townsend | 120 |
| Turner | 120 |
| Ungava | 295 |
| Welch | 120 |
| White-tailed | 118 |
| Willow | 119 |
| Ptilogonatidæ | 298 |
| Ptychoramphus aleuticus | 46 |
| Puffin | 45 |
| Horned | 45 |
| Large-billed | 45 |
| Tufted | 45 |
| Puffinus assimilis | 260 |
| auricularis | 64 |
| borealis | 64 |
| bulleri | 260 |
| creatopus | 64 |
| cuneatus | 63 |
| gravis | 64 |
| griseus | 63 |
| lherminieri | 64 |
| opisthomelas | 64 |
| puffinus | 259 |
| tenuirostris | 64 |
| Pygopodes | 9 |
| Pyocephalus rubineus mexlcanus | 177 |
| Pyrrhuloxia, Arizona | 172 |
| sinuata | 172 |
| " peninsulæ | 172 |
| " texana | 172 |
| St Lucas | 172 |
| Quail | 115 |
| Querquedula cyanoptera | 78 |
| discors | 78 |
| Quiscalus quiscula | 254 |
| " aglæus | 254 |
| " æneus | 254 |
| Rail, Belding | 97 |
| Black | 98 |
| California Clapper | 97 |
| Caribbean Clapper | 98 |
| Carolina | 98 |
| Clapper | 20, 98 |
| Farallon | 265 |
| King | 97 |
| Light-footed | 294 |
| Louisiana Clapper | 98 |
| Scott Clapper | 98 |
| Virginia | 97 |
| Wayne Clapper | 98 |
| Yellow | 97 |
| Rallidæ | 21, 95 |
| Rallus beldingi | 97 |
| crepitans | 98 |
| " saturatus | 98 |
| " scottii | 98 |
| " waynei | 98 |
| elegans | 97 |
| levipes | 294 |
| longirostris caribæus | 98 |
| obsoletus | 97 |
| virginianus | 97 |
| Raptores | 28, 127 |
| Raven, American | 255 |
| Northern | 255 |
| White-necked | 255 |
| Recurvirostra americana | 103 |
| Recurvirostridæ | 23, 100 |
| Redhead | 79 |
| Redpoll | 35, 176 |
| Greater | 176 |
| Greenland | 176 |
| Hoary | 176 |
| Holbœll | 176 |
| Red-shank | 266 |
| Redstart, American | 38, 187 |
| Painted | 177 |
| Red-tail, Alaska | 296 |
| Red-wing, Bahaman | 178 |
| Florida | 178 [Pg_350] |
| Northwestern | 178 |
| San Diego | 178 |
| Sonoran | 178 |
| Thick-billed | 178 |
| Vera Cruz | 298 |
| Reedbird | 251 |
| Regulus calendula | 176, 215 |
| " grinnelli | 176, 215 |
| obscurus | 177 |
| satrapa | 187 |
| " olivaceus | 187 |
| Rhodostethia rosea | 56 |
| Rhynchophanes mccownii | 218 |
| Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha | 145 |
| Riparia riparia | 211 |
| Rissa brevirostris | 52 |
| tridactyla | 52 |
| " pollicaris | 52 |
| Road-runner | 146 |
| Robin | 34, 207 |
| Southern | 207 |
| St Lucas | 207 |
| " Western | 207 |
| Rostrhamus sociabilis | 130 |
| Rough-leg, Ferruginous | 135 |
| Ruff | 266 |
| Rynchopidæ | 12, 52 |
| Rynchops nigra | 60 |
| Salpinctes obsoletus | 234 |
| " pulverius | 301 |
| guadeloupensis | 234 |
| Sanderling | 108 |
| Sandpiper Aleutian | 107 |
| Baird | 109 |
| Bartramian | 105 |
| Buff-breasted | 105 |
| Curlew | 106 |
| Green | 266 |
| Least | 109 |
| Pectoral | 109 |
| Prybilof | 108 |
| Purple | 107 |
| Red-backed | 108 |
| Semipalmated | 23, 108 |
| Sharp-tailed | 109 |
| Solitary | 107 |
| Spoonbill | 266 |
| Spotted | 107 |
| Stilt | 106 |
| Upland | 105 |
| Western | 109 |
| Western Solitary | 107 |
| White-rumped | 109 |
| Sapsucker, Northern Red-breasted | 152 |
| Red-breasted | 152 |
| Red-naped | 152 |
| Williamson | 152 |
| Yellow-bellied | 152 |
| Saxicola œnanthe | 248 |
| " leucorhoa | 248 |
| Sayornis nigricans | 251 |
| " semiatra | 251 |
| phœbe | 208 |
| saya | 205 |
| Scardafella inca | 126 |
| Scolecophagus carolinus | 254 |
| cyanocephalus | 254 |
| Scolopacidæ | 23, 100 |
| Scoter, American | 83 |
| Surf | 83 |
| Velvet | 262 |
| White-winged | 83 |
| Scotiaptex nebulosa | 139 |
| Seed-eater, Morellet | 249 |
| Seiurus aurocapillus | 232 |
| motacilla | 232 |
| noveboracensis | 232 |
| " notabilis | 232 |
| Selasphorus alleni | 161 |
| platycercus | 161 |
| rufus | 161 |
| Setophaga picta | 177 |
| ruticilla | 187 |
| Shearwater Allied | 260 |
| Audubon | 64, 260 |
| Black-tailed | 260 |
| Black-vented | 64 |
| Buller | 260 |
| Cory | 64 |
| Dark-bodied | 63 |
| Greater | 64 |
| Manx | 259 |
| New Zealand | 260 |
| Pink-footed | 64 |
| Slender-billed | 64 |
| Sooty | 63 |
| Townsend | 64 |
| Wedge-tailed | 63 |
| Sheldrake | 262 |
| Ruddy | 262 |
| Shoveller | 78 |
| Shrike, California | 248 |
| Island | 248 |
| Loggerhead | 248 |
| Migrant | 304 |
| Northern | 37, 248 |
| Shrike, White-rumped | 248 [Pg_351] |
| Sialia arctica | 182 |
| mexicana anabelæ | 182 |
| " bairdi | 182 |
| " occidentals | 182 |
| sialis | 182 |
| " azurea | 182 |
| Simorhynchus cristatellus | 47 |
| pusillus | 47 |
| pygmæus | 47 |
| Siskin, Pine | 225 |
| Sitta canadensis | 246 |
| carolinensis | 246 |
| " aculeata | 246 |
| " atkinsi | 246 |
| " lagunæ | 246 |
| " nelsoni | 246 |
| pusilla | 246 |
| pygmæa | 246 |
| " leuconucha | 247 |
| Sittidæ | 294 |
| Skimmer, Black | 11, 60 |
| Skua | 51 |
| Skylark | 297 |
| Smew | 262 |
| Snakebird | 73 |
| Snipe, European | 265 |
| Great | 266 |
| Wilson | 105 |
| Snowflake | 251 |
| McKay | 251 |
| Pribilof | 251 |
| Solitaire, Townsend | 247 |
| Somateria dresseri | 82 |
| molissima borealis | 82 |
| spectabilis | 82 |
| v-nigra | 82 |
| Sora | 20, 98 |
| Sparrow, Acadian Sharp-tailed | 225 |
| Bachman | 221 |
| Baird | 224 |
| Belding Marsh | 223 |
| Bell | 228 |
| Black-chinned | 219 |
| Black-throated | 249 |
| Botteri | 221 |
| Brewster | 228 |
| Brown Song | 229 |
| Bryant Marsh | 223 |
| California Sage | 300 |
| Cassin | 221 |
| Chipping | 222 |
| Clay-colored | 228 |
| Desert | 249 |
| Desert Song | 229 |
| Dusky Seaside | 226 |
| English | 219 |
| Field | 222 |
| Fisher Seaside | 226 |
| Florida Grasshopper | 224 |
| Forbush | 226 |
| Fox | 231 |
| Golden-crowned | 227 |
| Grasshopper | 224 |
| Gray Sage | 228 |
| Henslow | 224 |
| Harris | 219 |
| Heerman Song | 229 |
| Intermediate | 227 |
| Ipswich | 225 |
| Kadiak Fox | 231, 301 |
| Lagoon | 224 |
| Laguna | 220 |
| Large-billed | 223 |
| Lark | 218 |
| Leconte | 225 |
| Lincoln | 226 |
| Macgillivray Seaside | 226 |
| Mendocino Song | 301 |
| Merrill Song | 226 |
| Mountain Song | 229 |
| Nelson | 225 |
| Nevada Savannah | 300 |
| Nuttall | 227 |
| Pine Woods | 221 |
| Vesper | 221 |
| Rock | 220 |
| Rufous-crowned | 220 |
| Rufous-winged | 220 |
| Rusty Song | 230 |
| Sage | 228 |
| Samuel Song | 230 |
| San Benito | 224 |
| San Clemente Song | 230 |
| San Diego Song | 230 |
| Sandwich | 223 |
| Savanna | 223 |
| Scott | 220 |
| Scott Seaside | 226 |
| Seaside | 226 |
| Sharp-tailed | 225 |
| Shumagin Fox | 231 |
| Slate-colored | 231 |
| Song | 229 |
| Sooty Fox | 231, 301 |
| Stephen | 231 |
| St Lucas | 223 |
| Suisun Song | 300 |
| Swamp | 222 [Pg_352] |
| Texas | 215 |
| Texas Seaside | 226 |
| Thick-billed | 231 |
| Tree | 222 |
| Townsend | 231 |
| Vesper | 221 |
| Western Chipping | 222 |
| Western Field | 222 |
| Western Grasshopper | 224 |
| Western Henslow | 224 |
| Western Lark | 218 |
| Western Savanna | 223 |
| Western Tree | 222 |
| Western Vesper | 221 |
| White-crowned | 227 |
| White-throated | 227 |
| Worthen | 228 |
| Yakutat Fox | 231 |
| Spatula clypeata | 78 |
| Speotyto hypogæa cunicularia | 138 |
| " floridana | 138 |
| Sphyrapicus ruber | 152 |
| " notkensis | 152 |
| thyroideus | 152 |
| varius | 152 |
| " nuchalis | 152 |
| Spinus pinus | 225 |
| Spiza americana | 198 |
| Spizella atrogularis | 219 |
| breweri | 228 |
| monticola | 222 |
| " ochracea | 222 |
| pallida | 228 |
| pusilla | 222 |
| " arenacea | 222 |
| socialis | 222 |
| " arizonæ | 222 |
| wortheni | 228 |
| Spoonbill, Roseate | 89 |
| Sporophila morelleti | 249 |
| Squatarola squatarola | 110 |
| Starling | 253 |
| Starnœnas cyanocephala | 126 |
| Steganopodes | 13, 67 |
| Steganopus tricolor | 102 |
| Stelgidopteryx serripennis | 211 |
| Stellula calliope | 161 |
| Stercorariidæ | 10, 49 |
| Stercorarius longicaudus | 51 |
| parasticus | 51 |
| pomarinus | 51 |
| Sterna anæthetus | 58 |
| antillarum | 58 |
| aleutica | 58 |
| caspia | 57 |
| dougalli | 59 |
| elegans | 57 |
| forsteri | 59 |
| fuliginosa | 60 |
| hirundo | 59 |
| maxima | 57 |
| paridisæa | 59 |
| sandvicensis acuflavida | 57 |
| trudeaui | 259 |
| Stilt, Black-necked | 22, 104 |
| Stint, Long-toed | 266 |
| Strigidæ | 127 |
| Strix pratincola | 138 |
| Sturnella magna | 199 |
| " argutula | 199 |
| " hoopesi | 199 |
| " neglecta | 199 |
| Sturnidæ | 164 |
| Sturnus vulgaris | 253 |
| Sula bassana | 69 |
| brewsteri | 70 |
| cyanops | 70 |
| nebouxii | 70 |
| piscator | 70 |
| sula | 70 |
| Sulidæ | 13, 67 |
| Surf Bird | 111 |
| Surnia ulula caparoch | 143 |
| Swallow, Bank | 211 |
| Barn | 250 |
| Cliff | 250 |
| Lesser Cliff | 304 |
| Mexican Cliff | 250 |
| Northern Violet-green | 250 |
| Rough-winged | 211 |
| St Lucas | 251 |
| Tree | 36, 250 |
| White-bellied | 250 |
| Swallow-tailed Kite | 130 |
| Swan, Trumpeter | 84 |
| Whistling | 84 |
| Whooping | 263 |
| Swift, Black | 158 |
| Chimney | 33, 158 |
| Vaux | 158 |
| White-throated | 158 |
| Sylviidæ | 40, 169 |
| Symphemia semipalmata | 111 |
| " inornata | 111 |
| Synthliboramphus antiquus | 47 |
| Syrnium occidentale | 139 |
| " caurinum | 139 |
| Syrnium varium | 139 [Pg_353] |
| " alleni | 139 |
| " helveolum | 139 |
| Tachycineta thalassina lepida | 250 |
| " brachyptera | 251 |
| Tanager, Cooper | 171 |
| Hepatic | 171 |
| Louisiana | 171 |
| Scarlet | 171 |
| Summer | 36, 171 |
| Western | 171 |
| Tanagridæ | 36, 165 |
| Tangavius æneus æneus | 304 |
| " involucratus | 304 |
| Tantalus loculator | 90 |
| Tattler, Wandering | 111 |
| Teal, Blue-winged | 78 |
| Cinnamon | 78 |
| Green-winged | 78 |
| Telmatodytes marianæ | 237 |
| palustris | 237 |
| " griseus | 237 |
| " iliacus | 301 |
| " paludicola | 237 |
| " plesius | 237 |
| Tern, American Black | 60 |
| Aleutian | 58 |
| Arctic | 59 |
| Bridled | 58 |
| Cabot | 57 |
| Caspian | 57 |
| Common | 11, 59 |
| Elegant | 57 |
| Forster | 59 |
| Gull-billed | 58 |
| Least | 58 |
| Roseate | 59 |
| Royal | 57 |
| Sooty | 60 |
| Trudeau | 259 |
| White-winged Black | 259 |
| Tetraonidæ | 26, 113 |
| Thalassogeron culminatus | 62 |
| Thrasher, Bendire | 216 |
| Brown | 39, 233 |
| Californian | 217 |
| Crissal | 217 |
| Curve-billed | 216 |
| Desert | 217 |
| Leconte | 217 |
| Mearns | 216 |
| Palmer | 216 |
| Pasadena | 217, 300 |
| Sage | 288 |
| Sennett | 238 |
| St Lucas | 216 |
| Thrush, Alaska Hermit | 238 |
| Alma | 239, 302 |
| Audubon Hermit | 238 |
| Bicknell | 239 |
| California Olive-backed | 239, 302 |
| Dwarf Hermit | 238 |
| Gray-cheeked | 239 |
| Hermit | 238 |
| Monterey Hermit | 302 |
| Olive-backed | 239 |
| Pale Varied | 207 |
| Russet-backed | 239 |
| Sierra Hermit | 302 |
| Varied | 207 |
| Willow | 238 |
| Wilson | 238 |
| Wood | 40, 233 |
| Thryomanes bewickii | 235 |
| " calophonus | 235 |
| " charienturus | 235 |
| " cryptus | 235 |
| " leucogaster | 235 |
| " spilurus | 235 |
| brevicauda | 235 |
| leucophrys | 235 |
| Thryothorus ludovicianus | 234 |
| " lomitensis | 234 |
| " miamensis | 234 |
| Titlark | 232 |
| Titmouse, Ashy | 242 |
| Black-crested | 243 |
| Bridled | 244 |
| Gray | 242 |
| Plain | 242 |
| Sennett | 303 |
| Texan Tufted | 243, 302 |
| Tufted | 243 |
| Totanus flavipes | 111 |
| melanoleucus | 111 |
| Towhee | 204 |
| Abert | 206 |
| Anthony | 205 |
| Arctic | 204 |
| Californian | 205 |
| Canon | 205 |
| Green-tailed | 206 |
| Guadalupe | 204 |
| Mountain | 204 |
| Oregon | 204 |
| San Clemente | 204 |
| San Diego | 204 |
| Towhee, Spurred | 204 [Pg_354] |
| St Lucas | 205 |
| White-eyed | 204 |
| Toxostoma bendirei | 216 |
| cinereum | 216 |
| " mearnsi | 216 |
| " crissalis | 217 |
| curvirostre | 216 |
| " palmeri | 216 |
| lecontei | 217 |
| " arenicola | 217 |
| longirostre sennetti | 233 |
| redivivum | 217 |
| " pasadenense | 217 |
| rufum | 233 |
| Tree Duck, Black-bellied | 83 |
| Fulvous | 83 |
| Tringa canutus | 106 |
| Trochilidæ | 33, 155 |
| Trochilus alexandri | 159 |
| colubris | 160 |
| Troglodytes aëdon | 236 |
| " parkmanii | 236 |
| " aztecus | 236, 301 |
| Troglodytidæ | 39, 168, 294 |
| Trogon ambiguus | 147 |
| Coppery-tailed | 31, 147 |
| Trogonidæ | 31, 144 |
| Tropic Bird | 69 |
| Red-billed | 69 |
| Red-tailed | 260 |
| Yellow-billed | 13, 69 |
| Tryngites subruficollis | 105 |
| Tubinares | 12 |
| Turdidæ | 40, 170 |
| Turkey Florida | 122 |
| Merriam | 122 |
| Rio Grande | 122 |
| Water | 73 |
| Wild | 27, 122 |
| Turnstone | 24, 102 |
| Black | 107 |
| Ruddy | 102 |
| Tympanuchus americanus | 121 |
| " attwateri | 121 |
| pallidicinctus | 121 |
| Tyrannidæ | 34, 163 |
| Tyrannus | 202 |
| domincensis | 247 |
| melancholicus couchi | 202 |
| tyrannus | 247 |
| verticalis | 202 |
| vociferans | 202 |
| Uranomitra salvini | 298 |
| Uria lomvia | 48 |
| " arra | 48 |
| troile | 48 |
| " californica | 48 |
| Urubitinga anthracina | 134 |
| Verdin | 195 |
| Baird | 195 |
| Vireo, Anthony | 212 |
| atricapillus | 245 |
| Bell | 214 |
| belli | 214 |
| " medius | 299 |
| Bermuda | 213 |
| Black-capped | 245 |
| Black-whiskered | 212 |
| Blue-headed | 214 |
| calidris barbatulus | 212 |
| Cassin | 214 |
| flavifrons | 198 |
| flavoviridis | 213 |
| Frazar | 299 |
| gilvus | 213 |
| " swainsonii | 213 |
| Gray | 214 |
| Hutton | 212 |
| huttoni | 212 |
| " cognatus | 299 |
| " obscurus | 212 |
| " stephensi | 212 |
| Key West | 213 |
| Least | 214 |
| Mountain Solitary | 214 |
| noveboracensis | 213 |
| " bermudianus | 213 |
| " maynardi | 213 |
| " micrus | 213 |
| olivaceus | 212 |
| Philadelphia | 213 |
| philadelphicus | 213 |
| Plumbeous | 214 |
| pusillus | 214 |
| Red-eyed | 37, 212 |
| Small White-eyed | 213 |
| solitarius | 214 |
| " alticola | 214 |
| " cassinii | 214 |
| " lucasanus | 214 |
| " plumbeus | 214 |
| St Lucas | 214 |
| Stephens | 212 |
| Texas | 299 |
| vicinior | 214 |
| Warbling | 213 [Pg_355] |
| Western Warbling | 213 |
| White-eyed | 213 |
| Yellow-green | 213 |
| Yellow-throated | 198 |
| Vireonidæ | 37, 166 |
| Vulture, Black | 129 |
| California | 129 |
| Turkey | 28, 129 |
| Wagtail, Siberian Yellow | 192 |
| Warbler, Alaskan Yellow | 196 |
| Audubon | 190 |
| Bachman | 191 |
| Bay-breasted | 206 |
| Black and White | 249 |
| Blackburnian | 187 |
| Black-fronted | 190 |
| Black-poll | 249 |
| Black-throated Blue | 180 |
| Black-throated Gray | 249 |
| Black-throated Green | 188 |
| Blue-winged | 191 |
| Brewster | 197 |
| Cairns | 180 |
| Calaveras | 195 |
| California Yellow | 299 |
| Canadian | 191 |
| Cape May | 196 |
| Cerulean | 181 |
| Chestnut-sided | 198 |
| Connecticut | 189 |
| Dusky | 210 |
| Golden-cheeked | 188 |
| Golden Pileated | 193 |
| Golden-winged | 189 |
| Grace | 190 |
| Hermit | 188 |
| Hooded | 188 |
| Kennicott Willow | 212 |
| Kentucky | 193 |
| Kirtland | 191 |
| Lawrence | 197 |
| Lucy | 206 |
| Lutescent | 210 |
| Macgillivray | 189 |
| Magnolia | 190 |
| Mangrove | 196 |
| Mourning | 189 |
| Myrtle | 197 |
| Nashville | 38, 195 |
| Northern Parula | 195 |
| Olive | 187 |
| Orange-crowned | 210 |
| Palm | 196 |
| Parula | 195 |
| Pileated | 193 |
| Pine | 191 |
| Prairie | 197 |
| Prothontary | 187 |
| Red-faced | 177 |
| Sennett | 195 |
| Sonora | 196 |
| Swainson | 215 |
| Sycamore | 190 |
| Tennessee | 212 |
| Townsend | 188 |
| Virginia | 197 |
| Wilson | 193 |
| Worm-eating | 215 |
| Yellow | 38, 196 |
| Yellow Palm | 197 |
| Yellow-throated | 190 |
| Water-Thrush | 232 |
| Grinnell | 232 |
| Louisiana | 232 |
| Waxwing, Bohemian | 198 |
| Cedar | 37, 198 |
| Wheatear | 248 |
| Greenland | 248 |
| Whimbrel | 267 |
| Whip-poor-will | 33, 156 |
| Stephen | 156 |
| Whiskey Jack | 252 |
| Widgeon, European | 77 |
| Willet | 111 |
| Western | 111 |
| Wilsonia canadensis | 191 |
| mitrata | 188 |
| pusilla | 193 |
| " chryseola | 193 |
| " pileota | 198 |
| Woodcock, American | 23, 105 |
| European | 265 |
| Woodpecker, Alaska Downy | 150 |
| Alaskan Three-toed | 149 |
| Alpine Three-toed | 149 |
| American Three-toed | 32, 149 |
| Arctic Three-toed | 149 |
| Arizona | 151 |
| Batchelder | 150 |
| Cabanis | 150 |
| Cactus | 297 |
| California | 158 |
| Downy | 154 |
| Gairdner | 155 |
| Gila | 158 |
| Golden-fronted | 158 |
| Hairy | 150 [Pg_356] |
| Harris | 150 |
| Ivory-billed | 149 |
| Lewis | 152 |
| Narrow-fronted | 153 |
| Newfoundland | 297 |
| Northern Downy | 150 |
| Northern Hairy | 150 |
| Northern Pileated | 32, 149 |
| Nuttall | 151 |
| Pileated | 149 |
| Queen Charlotte | 150 |
| Red-bellied | 153 |
| Red-cockaded | 151 |
| Red-headed | 153 |
| Rocky Mountain Hairy | 150 |
| Saint Lucas | 151 |
| San Fernando | 297 |
| Southern Downy | 150 |
| Striped-breasted | 153 |
| Texan | 151 |
| White-breasted | 297 |
| White-headed | 151 |
| Willow | 151 |
| Wren, Alaskan | 236 |
| Aztec | 236 |
| Aleutian | 236 |
| Baird | 235 |
| Bewick | 235 |
| Bryant Cactus | 233 |
| Cactus | 233 |
| Canon | 234 |
| Carolina | 234 |
| Desert Cactus | 233 |
| Dotted Canon | 234 |
| Florida | 234 |
| Guadalupe | 235 |
| Guadalupe Rock | 234 |
| House | 39, 236 |
| Interior Tule | 237 |
| Kadiak Winter | 236 |
| Lomita | 234 |
| Long-billed Marsh | 237 |
| Marian Marsh | 237 |
| Northwest Bewick | 235 |
| Parkman | 236 |
| Prairie Marsh | 301 |
| Rock | 234 |
| San Clemente | 235 |
| San Nicolas | 301 |
| Short-billed Marsh | 236 |
| Southwest Bewick | 235 |
| St Lucas Cactus | 233 |
| Texas Bewick | 235 |
| Texan Cactus | 233 |
| Tule | 237 |
| Vigors | 235 |
| Western House | 236 |
| Western Winter | 236 |
| White-throated | 234 |
| Winter | 236 |
| Worthington Marsh | 237 |
| Wren-Tit, Coast | 216, 300 |
| Pallid | 215, 300 |
| Ruddy | 300 |
| Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus | 199 |
| Xanthoura luxuosa glaucescens | 185 |
| Xema sabinii | 56 |
| Xenopicus albolarvatus | 151 |
| Yellow-legs | 111 |
| Greater | 111 |
| Yellow-throat, Belding | 194 |
| Florida | 194 |
| Maryland | 193 |
| Northern | 194 |
| Pacific | 194 |
| Rio Grande | 194 |
| Salt Marsh | 194 |
| Western | 193 |
| Zamelodia ludoviciana | 174 |
| melanocephala | 207 |
| Zenaida zenaida | 125 |
| Zenaidura macroura | 125 |
| " marginella | 296 |
| Zonotrichia albicollis | 227 |
| coronata | 227 |
| leucophrys | 227 |
| " gambeli | 227 |
| " nuttalli | 227 |
| querula | 219 |
In the original printed publication, the bird images were displayed alterrnating on the right-hand and left-hand column on the odd and even pages respectively. Here they are all presented on the right-hand side.
In the original printed publication, the bird images were shown alternating between the right-hand and left-hand columns on odd and even pages, respectively. Here, they're all presented on the right-hand side.
The text presented is that obtained through the conversion of the printed text into digital form. Where questions remained as to the identification of the converted image, several on-line versions of the text and other resources were consulted in an attempt to resolve them. For example, the word "Alleghenies" appears 30 times and "Alleghanies" only 6. So for consistancy, the 6 were converted.
The text provided is the result of converting the printed text into digital format. Where there were questions about identifying the converted image, several online versions of the text and other resources were checked to clarify them. For instance, the word "Alleghenies" appears 30 times while "Alleghanies" only appears 6 times. To maintain consistency, the 6 instances were converted.
The U. S. adopted the named Kodiak in 1890; but islanders and others continued to use "Kadiak" until the early 1920s. Therefore, the word Kadiak was retained on pages 230 and 356. In the case of the bird species, some have names that differ from common names used today (for example Canon Wren instead of Canyon Wren) and the A.O.U. listing shows Cañon for two species of Wren and a Towhee which were retained. As for the scientific names, there are two spellings for species named in honor of Audubon ("auduboni" and "audubonii") which have been retained as they appear in the original publication.
The U.S. officially adopted the name Kodiak in 1890, but locals and others continued to use "Kadiak" until the early 1920s. As a result, the term Kadiak was kept on pages 230 and 356. Some bird species still have names that are different from the common names used today (for example, Canon Wren instead of Canyon Wren), and the A.O.U. listing shows Cañon for two species of Wren and a Towhee that have been preserved. Regarding scientific names, there are two spellings for species named after Audubon ("auduboni" and "audubonii") which have been kept as they appear in the original publication.
| Page(s) | Typo → Correction |
| 4 | vernacluar → vernacular |
| 84 | Chespeake → Chesapeake |
| 111, 266, 353 | Tatler → Tattler |
| 151 | Bailley → Bailey |
| 160 | Nicaraugua → Nicaragua |
| 165 | incalcuable → incalculable |
| 170 | preceeding → preceding |
| 171 | Louisana → Louisiana |
| 189 | 680. Macgillivray Warbler comma changed to period at end of description |
| 199 | 501c. Florida Meadowlark says "Similar to No. 591…" which is a Towhee assumed it should have been "501" |
| 201 | 474f. Ruddy Horned Lark says "Similar to No. 472e..." 472 is a Flycatcher assumed number should be "474e" |
| 209 | 466. Traill Flycatcher comma changed to period at end of description |
| 212 | 632a. Stephen Vireo says: Similar to No. 622 622 is a Loggerhead Shrike number should be "632" |
| 213 | Hamshire → Hampshire |
| 223 | Savanna → Savannah |
| 249 | Second ♂ changed to ♀ |
| 257 | Æchmorphorus → Æchmophorus |
| 275 | nuttali → nuttalli |
| 281 | bimacuculatus → bimaculatus |
| 283 | Parrhuloxia → Pyrrhuloxia |
| 284 | cyaneovirdis → cyanoviridis |
| 284 | BOMBCILLIDÆ → BOMBYCILLIDÆ |
| 285 | flavovirdis → flavoviridis |
| 295, 311 | Athabaska → Athabasca |
| 299 | Goldfish → Goldfinch |
| 303 | atricistatus → atricistatus |
| 314 | Avifouna → Avifauna |
| 315 | Miffilin → Mifflin |
| 326 | Annonated → Annotated |
| 326 | Veterbrates → Vertebrates |
| 333 | Removed duplicate entry for Actodromas maculata |
| 345 | Mergus albellus → Mergellus albellus |
| 356 | Guadelupe → Guadalupe |
| Page | Item | Listed | Correct |
| 333 | Alcedinidæ | 147 | 144 |
| 333 | Bæolophus bicolor | 248 | 243 |
| 336 | Ceryle torquata | 271 | 273 |
| 337 | Cowbird, Red-eyed | 27 | 253 |
| 339 | Flamingo | 7 | 16 |
| 339 | Flycatcher, Fork-tailed | 274 | 276 |
| 339 | Flycatcher, Giraud (Alternate name for Buff-breasted |
274 | 276 |
| 339 | Fulmar, Giant | 259 | 260 |
| 342 | Jabiru | 263 | 264 |
| 344 | Macrochires | 154 | 155 |
| 344 | Mallard | 6 | 74 |
| 344 | Melanerpes torquatus | 152 | Not found in book |
| 345 | Mergellus albellus | 261 | 262 |
| 345 | Myiozetetes similis superciliosus | 274 | Not found in book |
| 356 | Wren, Alaskan | 235 | 236 |
Named in Honor of John J. Audubon
| With a single ending "i" | With a double ending "i" | |
| Dendroica auduboni | ||
| Dendroica auduboni auduboni | ||
| Dendroica auduboni nigrifrons | ||
| Dryobates villosus auduboni | Dryobates villosus audubonii | |
| Hylocichla guttata auduboni | ||
| Icterus audubonii | ||
| Icterus melanocephalus auduboni |
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