PUBLISHER’S NOTE

After the sheets of this book were printed off, it was found that the title chosen, Making Good in Canada, had been used for another book that just secured priority of publication. It was necessary to change the title, but the original title had to remain at the heads of the pages.

This book is the fruits of a visit to Canada in which the author crossed the country from Montreal to Vancouver, and returned from Halifax, Nova Scotia. As a journalist and National President of the Brotherhood Movement, which advises Brotherhood emigrants going out, and arranges for their welcome by Canadian Brotherhood men, he found all doors open to him. He had countless talks with men of all classes, native Canadians and British settlers who had been in the country from two or three to forty years. Ministers of the Dominion and Provincial Governments freely answered his numerous questions as to the wisest course to be adopted by various classes of emigrants, and Dominion and Provincial State officials gave him all possible information in frank talk and by placing at his disposal valuable State publications. Ministers of religion, prominent business and professional men, journalists, “real estate” men, hosts and hostesses in whose homes he was graciously received, heads of Emigration Departments, leading officials of the great transcontinental railways, all contributed to his accumulating stock of information; and, needless to say, he lost no opportunity of seeing things for himself and forming his own judgments. In his railway journeys, amounting to 10,000 miles, he fraternised with the commercial travellers on the trains, and from them, and their discussions and comparison of notes among themselves, he picked up a vast amount of invaluable information as to the development, the trading methods, and the prospects of the country. It has been a long business digesting and reducing the material to order, but the author hopes that the book will prove helpful to those seeking a career in a land of illimitable possibilities, and to the increasing number of people at home who are tempted to invest money in Canadian undertakings. He is specially concerned to help those who decide on making Canada their homeland.

MAKING GOOD IN

CANADA

WHY PEOPLE GO TO CANADA

Between 350,000 and 400,000 people every year enter Canada with the intention of making Canada their home: 60,000 of these cross the border from the United States. Probably 50,000 to 70,000 are emigrants from the various non-British countries. The remainder are from the British Isles, and chiefly from England, Scotland, and Wales. The Irish prefer to go to the United States, where some twelve millions of people of Irish blood are already settled, and nearly every Irish family in the homeland has some representative in the States who will lend a helping hand. During the emigration season—from March to the middle of November—from 10,000 to 15,000 a week leave Glasgow, Liverpool, Bristol, and Southampton by the various lines for Canada. The steerage of an emigrant ship, viewed from one standpoint, is a melancholy spectacle. There would be from 700 to 1,500 people, men and women mostly under the age of twenty-five, and even whole families, leaving the Old Country behind them in order to make themselves citizens of a new country 3,000 miles across the Atlantic. In Parliament, and out of Parliament, there is dismal talk about “draining the country of its best blood,” and of “sending the cream of the working manhood and womanhood of our nation to become rival producers with our British farmers and workers in factories that will compete with ourselves.” Such talk is natural enough, but who can blame these people for leaving a land where they have seemed to be hopelessly pressed down by force of circumstances, with no prospect of ever rising, to a land that offers all sorts of opportunities to the man or woman with capacity, good character and grit? The way to quench the desire for emigration is to open wider the doors of opportunity at home, but that opening of the doors seems to baffle the wisest and most progressive and the most humanitarian of our statesmen. We live in a state of society that is the resultant of fifteen hundred years of social evolution, and evolution that has not always proceeded on right lines. We are a small country with a very great population, and the land for the most part is held up by a handful of owners, few of whom have had the vision to see that the real wealth of Great Britain lies not in its property but in its people. We have given rights to property and denied rights to people. Horses, cattle, sheep, pigs, deer, and pheasants must be taken great care of, for they have a saleable value, or they provide pleasure for the rich in their happy hunting grounds; but in our villages, country towns, and great cities hundreds of thousands of men and women with capable hands and willing hearts are either denied the right to earn a living wage or are compelled to work under such conditions as rob life of its joy and buoyancy. What wonder if the townsman whose wages are at starvation level, and whose employment is most precarious, who may be thrown out of work at any moment, who is dependent for his daily bread on the power or the will of an employer to provide him with a few miserable shillings a week in return for his labour, gets tired of it, and when he hears that in Canada there is work for all, and well-paid work, with opportunities to rise out of the ruck of the wage-earners into the proud position of landownership, should decide to try his luck and should find himself soon afterwards in the steerage of one of the great Atlantic liners with hundreds of like-minded companions? If we would stop emigration from the towns we must tackle the employment question, we must make employment secure, we must raise wages to a level that will make it worth a man’s while to stay in the homeland amid familiar surroundings. We must tackle the slums question. We create slums by our conditions of industry and employment. The unemployed rapidly degenerate physically, mentally and morally, and drift into the slums, consorting there with other hopeless and helpless ones who have been cast on to the social scrap-heap. London is the great wealth-producing, wealth-distributing and wealth-exchanging centre of the world. The Chancellor of the Exchequer recently said in the City of London that values to the extent of seventeen thousand millions passed through the Bank Clearing House of London in 1912, and yet there are districts in North, East and South London where in street after street whole families are herded in single rooms, sarcastically called “homes,” in house after house, living under conditions of misery which would be unendurable were it not that the misery is so continuous that the sense of pain has been dulled almost out of existence.

In our villages, which, it is complained, are being depopulated by the increasing emigration of the labourers to Canada, what has been done to induce the young countryman to remain at home? There are few characteristic agricultural villages in which the worker on the land receives as much as 15s. a week, and he is taught to regard himself as a very happy man if anybody is good enough to employ him at all. The housing and the sanitary conditions in many of these villages are still of the most repulsive character. The land often belongs to one or two owners who decline either to part with plots of it for building cottages or to build themselves. Young men wishing to marry are prevented from realising the desire because there is no cottage vacant in which they can start housekeeping. I was told that from one village of little more than a thousand population half-a-dozen young men migrated in little more than a year because they wanted to get married and would have to wait until somebody died and vacated a cottage. The land question will have to be settled in a revolutionary way, a way that will make it possible for a labourer to become a small-holder in his own country, and to occupy a decent house which shall either be his own freehold or shall be let to him at a reasonable rent, if the emigration from the villages to Canada and the increasing emigration to Australia is to be checked. Why should a young fellow who has been educated at the expense of the State, who reads his halfpenny paper and perhaps frequents the village reading-room and has learned to think for himself, remain in the village, submitting to the humiliating conditions which would be imposed upon him, and to the closing of the door of hope to his legitimate aspiration to better himself? Young fellows of the middle class and the upper class naturally look to the prospect of bettering themselves. They are educated with that object in view, and in every possible way are encouraged to make the most of their natural capacity and their education; but to the village labourer, as to the average wage-earner in the city, education in the vast majority of cases only sharpens the sting of misery and deepens the sense of humiliation. We must take human nature as it is. We must accept the logic of our social system. If we are not prepared at whatever cost to make Great Britain worth remaining in to the more intelligent and aspiring of our young men and young women we have no right to complain if they leave Great Britain, and if, by leaving the homeland, the country is drained of its best blood.

But, after all, ought we to take so tragic a view of the situation? We are coming to understand that the world to-day is not divided into so many water-tight compartments. The old idea of a country and a nation as an isolated entity, enjoying its own advantages and regarding other countries as rivals, whose gains were its loss, has gone by the board. The world has been wonderfully opened up in these later years. The seas are ploughed by countless ships, carrying from country to country the products of their agriculture and their manufacturing industries. Wealth is made all round by the mutual exchange of those products. If France prospers, or Germany, or Russia, England gains, for those countries have the more to spend on the things that England manufactures. Still more is this the case with the British dominions beyond the seas. South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, and Canada are countries of our kinsmen. Blood is thicker than water. Those people look naturally to the home country as the country that offers them the most valuable market and as the country from which they shall obtain what they themselves desire to buy and use. Take Canada, for instance. Year by year it is increasing not only its selling but its buying power; it is becoming a most valuable customer to the homeland. Those who go out from us become our customers. The more they prosper the more they purchase from the Old Country. The farm labourer earning his 15s. a week goes to Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, or British Columbia and takes a pre-empted homestead of 160 acres. He has served, probably, a year or two on a farm, learning the methods, studying the situation, developing his manhood. If “the magic of property turns sand into gold,” what can it not do for 160 acres of fertile prairie? The labourer “breaks the prairie,” plants his corn, reaps his harvest, sends it to the elevator, fills his pocket with the price, and is so satisfied with himself that he wants to increase his holding. He does increase it. He spends money on stock, machinery, all the necessaries and some of the luxuries of life, and much of the money that he spends comes to the Old Country to stimulate our manufactures and our commerce. A young fellow who has left a Warwickshire or Berkshire or Leicestershire village returns to his village five years afterwards on a winter holiday after he has disposed of his crops. He spends his money freely. He is as independent as the biggest farmer in the district. The other young fellows of the village talk with him and hear his story. “Why don’t you fellows go out?” he says to them. “Why do you stop here? You will never be any better off here. Do as I did—go to Canada. There are farmers there almost fighting each other for every good man going out who can do anything on the land. You will find a job at once with good wages, and there is no reason why in four or five years you should not be doing as well as I am.” The village lads listen with both ears and with eyes and mouths open. Their latent discontent with the conditions under which they work and live is roused to activity. Whenever two labourers meet together in the field or on the road, in the barber’s shop, in the public-house, the talk is of “how well Tom Jenkins or Sam Brown has done” in Saskatchewan or Alberta. He is besieged with inquirers who bombard him with questions about the country, the climate, the prospects, and what steps they should take to get out and what they ought to do when they arrive. There are old schoolmates whom he encourages and tells them that if they will only come out to his district he will see to it that they get a job immediately on their arrival—very likely he will be able to give them a job himself. One such labourer’s return—and there are few villages in the country in which you do not hear of such returns—sets up a stream of emigration to Canada from that village, and the stream, unless a thorough-going scheme of land reform is carried out, and carried out soon, is bound to deepen and broaden.

Then there are the tenant farmers and their sons. In the Old Country good land is highly rented and the conditions of tenure often such as to make farming one of the riskiest of occupations. A man wants security of tenure if he is to get the best out of his land. The old rough-and-ready methods of agriculture are little good in these days. Intensive culture is the means of making money to-day. Brains and capital must be put into the land if the land is to yield a profit. The farmers who are making most money in our country are those in districts where it is possible to secure the freehold of the farms they cultivate. Quite recently I was in Leicestershire in a district where almost all the farming land is freehold property. There I found a farming family who were making large profits out of the intensive culture of open land and out of the growing of tomatoes, cucumbers, and grapes under glass. A member of the family told me that this could not or would not have been done on rented land, for a man will not be fool enough to invest capital in the land, and people will not lend him the money to invest, unless he can look forward for several years to getting the return. It is little wonder, therefore, that the farmer, still young, heavily rented, with one or two experiences of a bad season, with the fluctuation of prices inevitable in a country like our own, and always at the mercy of a landlord, should look longingly across the seas to Canada, when he has heard of the ease with which there a man may become owner of his farm and may make money in all sorts of ways if he has the farming instinct properly developed, is a good business man, is able to adapt himself to the circumstances of the district in which he settles, and is prepared to put brains and “elbow grease” into the land.

The Governments of all the Provinces of Canada just now are offering large inducements to such men to settle in the territories of the Dominion. Within the last year or two the Legislatures of Nova Scotia and New Brunswick have passed Acts under which large farms may be purchased, in a condition ready to yield immediate profits, by loans, 80 per cent. of which will be guaranteed by the Province, to suitable men. Thousands of small farmers and farmers’ sons are now doing exceedingly well in the Provinces of Canada who went out with very little capital, but, being the right sort of men, every opportunity was given them to show of what metal they were made.

Probably, at this moment, three millions of the seven millions and a half of the population of Canada were British-born. This means that hundreds of thousands of families in the Old Country are linked by ties of tender relationship to the citizenship of Canada. The British-born Canadians return home to spend their Christmases. The winter is their holiday season, and they have alike plenty of time and plenty of money to dispose of. They tell their stories of their success in Canada, they remove prejudices against the people, the country and the climate, and they awaken the ambition of young and ambitious members of their families to “go and do likewise.”

Again, Canada has offered a field for the investment of British surplus profits second to none in the world. During the last few years our country has been passing through a period of unprecedented prosperity. It has been impossible to find employment in the industries of our country for the annual two hundred millions or so of surplus profits, and much of that surplus has been pouring in a river of gold into Canadian channels for the development of the country.

There are tens of thousands of business men and financiers in Great Britain who are deeply interested in the exploitation of Canadian land, railways, and manufacturing industries. They pay frequent visits to Canada to look after their interests there, and Canadian representatives of those interests are continually coming over to this country to propose further developments and to open up new channels for investment. These business firms and financial concerns are the means of increasing the stream of emigration into Canada. They send their travellers, clerks, expert engineers, mechanics, and what not to Canada to assist in the development of their interests. It is said that Canada has taken almost more British capital during the last ten or fifteen years than it has been able to absorb and that there may be a temporary set-back. The set-back could not be more than temporary, for everybody who has investigated the resources of Canada is convinced that those resources are rich beyond all calculation and that thousands of millions of capital can be profitably employed in developing them. I hope that incidentally this little book may be of some use to those who have legitimate financial interests in Canada as well as to those who may be thinking of emigrating and to those who are interested in emigrants.

The Canadian Governments are all very keenly alive to the social and economic value of every immigrant of the right sort. Every man able and willing to work and to adapt himself to the conditions means an addition to the economic development power of the country. He is alike a producer and a consumer. He makes a home, and that home means increased trade to the producer and consumer of every necessary of life. This is why not only the Dominion but all the Provincial Governments are offering inducements to the right sort of emigrant to make his home in Canada. There are many emigrants who are not of the right sort. The man who is shiftless, aimless, addicted to self-indulgent vices at home, who shirks work, who is always grumbling, is not wanted in Canada. The man who can work, but whose ideas are limited, who has been employed in some specialised branch of a specialised industry at home, and who expects to find employment in that specialised branch of that identical industry in Canada, and thinks himself deceived and deeply wronged if he cannot find employment in that specialised branch—he, too, ought not to go to Canada. The man who succeeds is either the man willing to go on the land and who is prepared to stand the racket of a little hardship until he has learnt the ropes, or else the man—clerk, mechanic or what not—who is willing to take the best job that offers and to work at it until something more congenial and offering greater opportunity turns up. Men such as these, granted that they have good health and a reasonable amount of intelligence, simply cannot fail in Canada.

THE HOME OF A NATION

Canada is the splendid and spacious home of a great nation now in the making. It is not so much a country as half a continent. It marches conterminously with the United States for 4,000 miles at a latitude corresponding to that of the south of Europe. Its Eastern Provinces are washed by the Atlantic waves and blown on by the Atlantic breezes: 3,000 miles westward British Columbia and the Yukon territory face the Pacific: northward from the United States Canada stretches into the Arctic Ocean. It is curious to think that the first English hold on what is now Canada was limited to three or four forts and trading stations on the Hudson’s Bay. Trading stations are still there in charge of servants of the Hudson’s Bay Company, but that Company has been shorn of its glory, although it is still doing a prosperous trade between its collection of furs from the Indians, its Stores in the Prairie Provinces, and the selling of its lands. North Central Canada, however, with the development of its Prairie Provinces, ceased to be the mere commercial backyard of the Hudson’s Bay Company. It has ceased also to be a collection of British “Colonies.” You cannot offend the modern Canadian more than by describing him as a “Colonial.” He is a Canadian—an Imperialist, a man who claims his full share in the concerns of the British Empire—a man who has firmly convinced himself that within a hundred years Canada, so far from being a British Dependency, will be the most stalwart protector of the Mother Country. The epoch-making offer of a gift of seven millions for the addition of three super-Dreadnoughts to the British Navy is the first expression of the Canadian sense of Imperial destiny. That offer will certainly be only the first of many Canadian contributions to Imperial defence and British supremacy on the seas. It was not merely inspired by the feeling of men of all political parties in the Dominion that the Atlantic and Pacific coasts must be safeguarded against foreign attack and the blocking up of the outlets and inlets of Canadian trade, but by the over-mastering consciousness of the Canadian people that they are a Nation of Destiny and that in the near future they will play a great and increasing part in the shaping of the industrial and political history of the world.

Already there is the keenest sense of nationality in the Canadian people. There has grown up in recent years an interest in the history of Canada which would have surprised the fathers and grandfathers of the present generation. An illustration of this interest is the arrangement by Dr. Lock (the very able Public Librarian at Toronto) of gatherings of school children two or three times a week to hear stories from Canadian history told in ways that will make the future citizens proud of being Canadians. In talks that I had with public men in all the Provinces the necessity of keeping the Anglo-Saxon type and Anglo-Saxon ideals dominant was continually urged. Canada opens wide its doors to men of all nations seeking a larger life and richer opportunities in the spacious Provinces and the freer air of the Dominion. But there is the firm resolve that in the composite nation now in its infancy the Anglo-Saxon type shall not be swamped or weakened by the infusion of foreign blood. This is why the Dominion and Provincial Governments give the heartiest welcome to immigrants from the American side as well as from Great Britain. At least 100,000 Americans are pouring yearly into the Prairie Provinces and British Columbia. They bring with them Anglo-Saxon ideas, Anglo-Saxon religion, the Anglo-Saxon spirit of democracy, Anglo-Saxon energy and inventiveness in industry, and Anglo-Saxon solid and scientific methods of agriculture. The Americans in three or four years are blended with the native-born population, and the blend is considered the finest possible from the point of view of the development of the Dominion along Anglo-Saxon lines. As a matter of fact, the Americans a few years after arrival are almost more Canadian than the Canadians themselves—it is the Americans rather than the Canadians who show jealousy at the flocking in of people of other nationalities and raise the cry of “Canada for the Canadians.” There is ample room, however, in the Provinces (most of which equal or exceed in size the area of France or Germany) for immigration from every nation under the sun, and there is no reason why the process of assimilation should not be even more complete than it has been in the United States. Canada believes in churches and schools. The Governments of the Dominion and of the Provinces see to it that the schools are put up among the first buildings that arise in the new towns and that they are richly provided with all the equipment they need and all the funds that ensure their being carried on in the highest state of efficiency. These schools catch the children of the immigrants and manufacture them into citizens with Anglo-Saxon democratic ideals. The people themselves provide the churches. I was surprised during my tour in Canada to find how many churches there are, and how fine are the church buildings even in cities that cover what twenty years ago was virgin prairie. The Canadians are fully alive to the part played by religion in the development of nationhood and civilisation. The churches catch the immigrants, especially the bright young fellows and young women who are settling in the Dominion. They are not only spiritual hearths, but they are social centres, and nothing is more needful than social centres of the right kind in a new country with a rapidly flowing-in population. It is in the churches that the ideals are held up and kept alive which will save Canadian nationality from being materialised in its cradle. There is a possibility that the very richness of the resources of Canada, the variety and greatness of the opportunities it presents for getting on in the material sense, may lead to a coarsening of the national fibre which would prejudice the whole future of Canada. Canadians must be made to realise that a nation, like an individual, “lives not by bread alone,” that it has a soul to be saved as well as a body to be fed. Canada must be preserved from the national tragedy of growing to be a giant in bulk with the strength of a giant—but a giant without a soul.

THE MAKING OF MODERN CANADA

Though Canada, as a country explored and occupied by white men, is more than three centuries old, it is only within the last half century that its possibilities have begun to be realised even by its own settlers. There are reasons to explain this tardy awakening to the significance of the country. During the French occupation, which was decided on that dark night of 1759 when Wolfe’s army scaled the Heights of Abraham at Quebec and sent its crashing volleys into the regiments of Montcalm, Canada was as badly governed as any dependency of a Western nation has ever been. So far from encouraging colonisation and laying the foundation of a French nation on American soil, the French Government of Canada did everything, both positively and negatively, to strangle the child in its cradle. The France of Louis XV. especially did worse than neglect Canada. It sent to Quebec and Montreal men who were not merely incompetent, but who ruthlessly pillaged the Canadians by every legal and illegal means. The story told by Parkman and other recent historians who have examined the contemporary historical material of the way in which, with the connivance of the Quebec Government, the people were almost flayed alive by the malpractices of agents and contractors, is unparalleled in the history of wholesale robbery and corruption. The Verres of Cicero’s impeachment was a heaven-sent benefactor of the Sicilians compared with the Canadian Intendant of Finances, Bigot. The Canadian farmers had not only no encouragement to wring its riches from the soil, but they were punished for their success. They were made to pay over and over and over again for everything that was necessary to agriculture in order that the Governor-General, the Intendant, and their swarm of male and female satellites might strut as in a miniature Versailles, mimicking alike the manners and the morals of Versailles. The French Colonials fought well, in spite of all they suffered from the French Government, for the French dominion of Canada, but when, after the capitulation and the Treaty of Peace, the horde of ruffianly officials were sent back to France, they soon reconciled themselves to the British Government. They found that the alien Government was at least a Government and not a systematised official brigandage, and they settled down to their farming and to the enjoyment of their legal parochial self-government and of their complete liberty for their Roman Catholic worship. The French Canadians to-day number two millions, mostly concentrated in the Province of Quebec, though there is an increasing movement westward of the young French-speaking Canadians who have had their appetites whetted by the stories of fortunes to be made in the Prairie Provinces. The old folk at home and the Roman Catholic parochial clergy look askance at this movement of population, as they do at the increasing proportion of British and other non-French settlers in the Province. It is useless for them to fight against it. Quebec Province contrives to combine the most intense conservatism with regard to religion, language, methods of farming and manner of life with political Liberalism of a peculiar kind. The French claim that they are the real Canadians. “We were here before you,” they say to the English. They are proud of the fact that a French Canadian, Sir Wilfrid Laurier, was Prime Minister of the Dominion for fourteen years, and that during his term of office the country sprang forward by leaps and bounds. They are the backbone of the Liberal Party of the Dominion, they are Imperialists of the Imperialists, and yet at the same time they are Home Rulers of the Home Rulers. A saying of a French Canadian has been often quoted, that “The last rifle fired in defence of the British dominion in Canada will be fired by a French Canadian,” and yet it is the French Canadian Liberals who have made it an article of their political creed that the future Canadian Navy shall be a Canadian Navy and not an integral part of the British Navy; that is, that it shall be built, manned, and be under the control of Canada and not be regarded as merged in the ships of and directly controlled by the British Admiralty. By a curious reversion of position, Liberalism in Quebec Province means Provincial Home Rule carried to the extreme limit, while Liberalism in the Prairie Provinces means the maintenance of Dominion control of the Provincial land tax, and Prairie Province Conservatism means Provincial control of land tax raised in the Province.

The French Canadians have good reason to be satisfied with British government, for under it they have privileges with regard to self-government and the maintenance of their religion such as are not possessed by any section of the population in any of the other Provinces. There is no country in the world where the Roman Catholic Church is in such complete possession as in Quebec Province, where it has a parochial system so thoroughly and so completely worked, and the people are so submissive to the parish priests, that the priests generally, to use a vulgarism, “boss the show.” One of the difficulties at present confronting the Dominion Government is the marriage law in Quebec Province. The Catholic Hierarchy of the Province have put into force the Ne Temere Decree of the Vatican, designed to check marriages between Roman Catholics and Protestants, and the Supreme Court of the Province has had to bend, as always, to the will of the Hierarchy. The Dominion Government desires to unify the marriage law throughout the Dominion, but it is brought up against the stone wall of the Roman Catholic Hierarchy and of Home Rule in Quebec Province. At present there seems no way of getting over the difficulty, but it is pretty certain, as years go by, that the strong grip of the Hierarchy will be relaxed, as it is already relaxing with the broader ideals with which the minds of the young French Canadians are infused as a result of travelling outside the Province, and so many of them seeking careers in the English-speaking Provinces.

It was fortunate for British supremacy in Canada that the French Canadians had been so often at war with the Yankees that at the War of Independence they were all instinctively on the side of the Power that was hostile to the Yankees. The French Canadians could have wished for nothing less than incorporation with the Puritan New England States and the Quaker State of Pennsylvania. They were already feeling the good effects of English government and were settling down to the peaceful development of their lands. There might have been danger of them instinctively favouring France in future wars between England and France, but the Revolution of 1789 put an end to all that. The Revolution was the end of the ancient régime in France and with it of the colonial domination of the Gallican Catholic Church. The French Canadians belonged to the ancient régime and had been preserved from the worst vices and corruptions of the Roman Catholic Church in the Old Country. Canada offered a refuge to a large number of priests and émigrés, and the French Roman Catholics brought with them appalling stories of the horrors and blasphemies of the Revolution. The French Canadians regarded the English, during their long war with the Republic and then with Napoleon, as the restorers alike of Royalty and Catholicism in France, and they thanked heaven every day that they were living under the Union Jack rather than under the Imperial standard of the Corsican usurper.

When in 1812 the United States declared war against Great Britain, the French Canadians fought as patriotically and valiantly as the English Canadians against the Yankee invaders, and shared in the glory of driving back the Americans and defeating them on their own soil. A long period followed in which little interest was taken by the Old Country in Canada. England attached small value to its Dominion across the Atlantic. Then there came political troubles which might have led to serious insurrection and civil war between the English Colonials and the French Canadians. The population was increasing and the French were not satisfied with the share they were taking in the government. The troubles were settled by a wise measure of conciliation which led to the laying of the foundation for the federation of the Canadian Provinces in the present Dominion. Now, though the French Canadians still keep themselves very much to themselves and regard their religion and their language almost as superstitiously as savages their fetishes, the only rivalry between the French and English-speaking Canadians is rivalry as to which are the best Canadians, the most fervent patriots, and the most loyal British Imperialists.

One reason for the late development of Canada was the flow of immigration during the greater part of the nineteenth century to the United States. The States had nearly three centuries start of Canada. Since 1772 they were an independent nation. They governed illimitable areas of cultivable land. Centres of manufacturing industry were early established and grew at an amazing rate. There was enormous railway development, facilitating intercommunication between the various States and encouraging settlement along the lines of railway construction. Along both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts there was an interminable seaboard offering farmers and manufacturers harbours and rivers for the carrying on of sea trade. The great emigrant nations of the world—Ireland, Scotland, Italy, Germany—found the United States a congenial country in which to settle their surplus population, and those already settled sent home glowing stories of the prospects and much money for their relatives and friends to follow them. The United States grew populous, rich and great by these feeders from the Old World. Canada, on the contrary, held out few inducements for settlement. Its people were satisfied with a moderate degree of comfort and showed little disposition to welcome new-comers. So Canada would have remained till to-day had it not been for the opening up of the country by railway construction, to the story of which a future chapter will be devoted. Somehow the idea had got into the mind of the world that Canada was a country of intolerable cold, covered in the Eastern Provinces with monotonous and depressing woods and practically a desert as to Central Canada, while only the Indians and a few Scotsmen of iron constitution in the service of the Hudson’s Bay Company endured the terrors of the arctic North. Certain novelists, who had drawn their material partly from the facts of the life of the Canadian Far West, but mainly from their fertile imaginations, conveyed the impression that Canada was infested with tomahawking Indians and that no man’s life and no woman’s life was worth much if they settled outside the bounds of Old Canada. The Hudson’s Bay Company, during its hold of the Far West, rather encouraged such ideas. It did its utmost to keep immigrants at arms’ length and to prevent any rivalry with its profitable fur trade, even from enterprising Scotsmen and French Canadians at Quebec and Montreal who were not disposed to recognise the rights which Charles II. lightly gave away when he granted the charter to the Hudson’s Bay Company in 1672, conferring on them the lordship of all lands watered by streams running into Hudson’s Bay. Fort Garry, where now is Winnipeg, the capital of the Prairie cornlands, was the western boundary of known Canada, and to get even to Fort Garry before the Canadian Pacific struck across the continent was a most tremendous adventure. When the Canadian Pacific pioneers, however, opened up the country, and the Red River Rebellion, inspired by the unfortunate half-breed Louis Riel, was suppressed by the expedition in which Sir Garnet Wolseley’s name first became known to fame, the Hudson’s Bay Company saw the days of its supremacy at an end. Its rights were bought out, though it received magnificent concessions as the price of surrender, and very soon the incalculable possibilities of the prairie and of British Columbia began to be realised and the stream of immigration set in which is now gathering strength every year. Within the last five years the rate of annual immigration has increased from 300,000 to nearly 400,000. The population of Canada is still under eight millions, but even cautious Canadians predict that in less than twenty years it will be twenty millions, and that by 1930 the immigrant population will exceed the native-born population.

English interest in Canada naturally grows with the growth of English immigration into the Dominion. There are tens of thousands of families now represented in the Dominion where a dozen years ago such families might have been counted by hundreds, and the type of immigrant is changed. Time was, not long since, when Canada was considered the most suitable dumping ground for the social wreckage of Great Britain. Immigrants might have been divided into two classes. First there were the scapegraces of good families—young fellows who had gone the pace at home and had either gone to Canada to keep out of the clutches of creditors or the police, or were sent to Canada by relatives who were none too fond of them, but were glad to be rid of them even though it meant sending remittances to keep them going in the new country until they settled down to something honest, if they developed any disposition to try work for a change. Then there were the out-of-works, the unemployables, the “social problems,” the men of the proletariat who were the despair of the Old Country and whom the Salvation Army and other philanthropic societies got hold of, and sent to Canada with the optimistic belief that men who had failed in the Old Country might possibly succeed in a new. Canada proved a good testing ground for emigrants so sent out. If they were caught young and had received some moral training and some training in industry before they were shipped they did well; but men whose moral backbone had been broken, and whose physical stamina was weakened by self-indulgence at home, too often found that success to a moral and physical weakling was no more possible in Canada than in England. During the last few years the Dominion and Provincial Governments have been setting their faces sternly against the making of Canada a dumping ground for the scapegraces and social wreckage of Great Britain and the world, and they have given strict instructions to societies and institutions receiving grants and commissions from Canadian Government funds that only suitable men must be sent out, while an eye is kept on unsuitables who get in with a view to returning them, after a couple of years or so, as undesirables, to the countries of their origin. It is quite easy to understand the dislike which not only the Dominion and Provincial Governments, but Canadians as a whole, have of immigrants of the types referred to. They give a bad name to the country and prejudice it in the minds of people at home and people in other countries in whose estimation the Canadians desire to stand well. Canada requires and desires immigrants of the best type—physically, intellectually and morally—to contribute towards the making of the Canadian nation that is to be. Only such men can play a worthy and valuable part in developing the amazing resources of the country and making the population of the great cities which are springing up in all the Provinces. During the last few years emigrants have been going out from the best families in the Old Country—young men of education and with a certain amount of capital at their disposal. Canada offers to these a career unequalled in its opportunities, while at the same time such men are a contribution to the future prosperity of Canada even more valuable than the placing in Canada of British capital, which is flowing into the Dominion in ever deepening and widening streams.

That inflow of British capital into Canada is one of the most significant of the developments of the last few years. British noblemen, who have found it increasingly difficult to get profits out of the land in the Old Country, have been prospecting in Canada. They have bought up large blocks of land along the lines of railway development, and have been making large profits out of the reselling and the settlement of their estates. Not that Canada will tolerate in the Dominion the creation of a feudal land system such as we have in the Old Country. Land ownership, not tenancy from a landlord, is the rule in Canada, and if there were any danger of landlord monopoly being created in Canada public opinion would soon force the Dominion and Provincial Governments to put a stop to it, but in land purchase and the reselling, in railway construction and in the development of the rapidly-growing industrial concerns of Canada, hundreds of millions of British capital have already been absorbed and the cry is still for more. Everywhere on my tour in the Dominion I heard the complaint, “All we want is capital. We have all the natural resources that any country could desire, but for years to come every penny we can get hold of has to go into capital expenditure.” The head of a great firm of agricultural implement manufacturers at Hamilton told me that his firm, a branch of an American firm, has spent within five years something like five million dollars in opening branches at various centres, and he said, “I might almost say we have not yet got back a dollar. The farmers are making large profits, but they have no money to spend. As soon as they sell their wheat they need money to increase their holdings, to buy machinery and stock, and we have to let them have our machines on long credit, or to be paid for on the instalment principle. But,” said my informant, “we are absolutely sure that we shall reap our reward, and a very rich reward, within a year or two.” The commercial travellers told me the same story. They are doing a great and increasing trade in the new cities that are springing up at the rate of one a day along the lines of railway construction. “But,” they said, “at present the traders, the farmers, the business men, have to be putting all the money they can make or borrow into the land, into building and into stock. They will give us their orders on condition that we allow them a year, two years, three years to pay for the stuff. We know they will pay and we let them have the stuff, confident that we are getting in our footing for a trade that will be enormously and increasingly profitable as years go by.” Travellers of Canadian and American firms told me that here is where British firms are being beaten just now. They have not taken the trouble to understand the conditions in which trade has to be done in a new country with a rapidly increasing population and with its resources only beginning to be developed. British firms want to do trade as in the Old Country and with their European continental customers on practically cash down or short credit terms, and if they cannot do trade on these terms they do not think it worth while doing it at all. The consequence, so the Canadian and American commercials assured me, will be that the trade will be almost monopolised by the Canadians and Americans and European firms that recognise the necessity of meeting Canadian customers on their own ground. Long credit and easy instalment terms must be regarded in the light of initial capital expenditure. Waiting for the money for what seems to English traders an exasperating and inordinate time is the only condition on which Canadian connections can be built up. British traders will have only themselves to blame if they refuse to conform to the conditions and find within five years or so that the ground has been hopelessly cut from under their feet.

The increasing immigration of British young people into Canada, the increasing inflow of British capital, are of course making Canada a country of surpassing interest to people in the homeland. My hope in these chapters—based on my personal observation and on talks with a large number of men “in the know” in all the Provinces of the Dominion—is that this book will prove useful to British readers. There is an earnest desire alike on the part of those who are considering Canada as a country offering careers to bright and energetic young men, and on the part of those with capital to invest, and who want a larger profit than capital usually yields in our own country, to learn what are the real facts about Canada—the country, the people, the resources, the development, the prospects. My desire is to make this book thoroughly practical, with a view to meeting the wants of such readers.

THE ROMANCE OF RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION

Modern Canada, as has been intimated, is the creation of railway enterprise. But for the railway, not only the Prairie Provinces and British Columbia, but the larger portion of the Eastern Provinces must have remained unpopulated and undeveloped. In pre-railway days population followed the banks of the St. Lawrence and the shores of the Great Lakes. There were a few small scattered inland villages kept in communication with the world by different “portages.” What was the use of cultivating the land, felling the timber, and working the minerals when there were no means for their conveyance and marketing? With the coming of the railway, however, a great and glorious future dawned upon Canada. Millions of square miles of “acreage” of what had been considered worthless wilderness were seen to be rich in untold potentialities of corn-raising. The interminable forests presented themselves as sources of inexhaustible wealth. The lakes, other than the Great Lakes, scattered through the Provinces, and the rivers navigable for hundreds of miles, were seen through the eyes of practical imagination as equally sources of wealth to vast populations of the future who should reap the harvest of the fish and use the waters, in conjunction with the railways, as means of transport.

The first railway in Canada was the short local line between Laprairie, Quebec Province, opposite Montreal, and St. John, on the Richelieu River, a distance of just under seventeen and a half miles. This railway was incorporated into the system of the Grand Trunk Railway, which received its Charter in 1852 from the Provinces of Upper and Lower Canada. For a long time, however, railway construction hung fire, partly due to the political troubles which came to an end with the reconciliation of the French and English and the creation of the Dominion of Canada by the Act of Confederation. It was the daring enterprise of the Canadian Pacific Company that really inaugurated the development of Canada to which the Dominion owes its present prosperity and its great future.

We are not accustomed in the Old Country to talk affectionately about a railway as a friend of the people and the country, but I had not been long in Canada before I found that everybody talks of the “C.P.R.” as if it were a personal friend. As I travelled westward through the Prairie Provinces to Vancouver, farmers, commercial travellers, business men, politicians, everybody kept bringing up what the Canadian Pacific Railway has done for the Dominion. “The C.P.R. has made Canada,” “The C.P.R. is at the back of Canada,” “Canada owes its future to the C.P.R.,” and such expressions are heard all the while with monotonous reiteration. The C.P.R. appears to fulfil the function in Canada discharged by the weather in England of bridging awkward pauses in conversation. It might be imagined that fairy financiers with no sordid thought of dividends devised the scheme and carried through the construction of the C.P.R. out of sheer benevolent desire to do good. But financiers are not built that way. The fathers of the C.P.R. were just men with vision who had a great dream, and they persuaded investors to back the dream with millions of capital in the face of the pessimistic cawings of a grand army of croakers. “The earnings of the C.P.R.,” it was said, “will not pay for the axle-grease that it will use.”

Forty years ago Canada was practically the Canada of the British conquest of Quebec and the French cession to England. Even to-day the entire population of the Dominion, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, is not more than that of Greater London. West of Ontario stretched for nearly 1,500 miles the level prairie land, many hundreds of miles from the United States border northwards to the regions of Hudson’s Bay. The prairie was roamed by buffalo, moose and caribou, who found rich feeding in the abundant grass of the most productive soil of the world. Few besides the Indians and the Hudson’s Bay traders, following certain traditional trails, traversed the prairie. It was regarded as for ever a waste as the sea is a waste. What was the use of cultivating an inland wilderness 1,500 miles from the populated part of Ontario, and cut off by the Rocky Mountains from British Columbia and the Pacific? But the projectors of the C.P.R., in their dream, saw the prairie waving with harvests; they saw cities rising amid the “waste,” and their financial souls rejoiced in visions of phantom trains conveying wheat enough to feed hundreds of millions along the phantom “steel” of the as yet unsubstantial dream of the C.P.R. They convinced the Government that there was “something in it,” and the Government gave every encouragement to them to “go ahead.” To-day it might seem to some that the Government was too generous in the concession of miles of land on either side of the line to be constructed, but then the land had no value at all at the time, and it never would have value till the “steel” was laid, and lots of people who were considered shrewd judges prophesied that even then the line would stretch for thousands of miles through country doomed for ever to be uninhabited and profitless. To-day, for 3,800 miles, the C.P.R. “steel” spans Canada from Halifax, Nova Scotia, on the Atlantic, to Vancouver, on the Pacific. Its sleepers are laid a foot apart. Its sectional construction parties have their wooden houses and workshops at convenient intervals along the route. Thousands of towns and villages have sprung up on either side and several of them are leaping ahead to the size of cities running into hundreds of thousands of population. The C.P.R. literally created four new Provinces of the Dominion, each now with a Government of its own, Prime Minister, Cabinet and Parliament complete—Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and British Columbia. Other railways are striking across Canada—the Canadian Northern and the Grand Trunk are racing each other to the Pacific, which they expect to reach this year—but the C.P.R. was the prophet pioneer, and on running down by its line from the Rockies into Vancouver I found, thirty to forty miles out of Vancouver, the construction men at work on the double track, which is to duplicate the single line from the Pacific to the Atlantic. The C.P.R. feels that it has got to be “on its mettle,” as well as on its metal. Quite apart from rivalry, which it does not fear, for the new lines will open up new country and get their traffic from the new towns and villages and farming and lumber districts, the present resources of the C.P.R. are heavily overtaxed to meet the growing traffic of the Prairie Provinces, while the opening of the Panama Canal is certain to set in a tremendous flow of traffic towards the Pacific, as well as through the Lakes to the States and westward to the St. Lawrence and the Atlantic.

People tell stories of the ubiquity and omniscience of the C.P.R.; of its grandmotherly benevolence to the farmers, and its liberal treatment of its employés. One shrewd settler at Regina told me that the C.P.R. has rather “spoiled” the farmers by doing too much for them. There is the matter of grain elevators, for instance. Grain is stored in these huge tin-plate structures until it can be removed by the freight trains. The farmers, said the critic, ought not to depend on a railway for the storing of their grain. They should combine to provide their own elevators. As it is, scores of millions of bushels have to remain in ear on the prairie waiting to be threshed until the elevators are empty, or the freight trains are available in the sidings. Prompt transit is necessary, or the best of the market may be missed. The C.P.R. has encouraged settlement on its concessions on the easiest terms to suitable men. Just now it is creating “ready-made farms,” with house, etc., all provided, for men with a little capital to enter into possession of at once. Then it has its hotels all along the line. At a pleasure resort in the Rockies a Canadian “drummer” said “the C.P.R. is running up a sixteen-storey two-million dollar hotel at Lake Louise.” It even regulates the time along the route. There is “C.P.R.” time, changing in the central part of Canada to the European-Continental twenty-four hour system. The story is told of a visitor who got tired of having C.P.R. “deepos,” elevators, hotels, and the rest pointed out to him, and when he asked what hour it was, and was told “22.18 C.P.R. time,” he answered, “Good heavens! Does the C.P.R. own the sun and the time, too?”

The piercing of the Rocky Mountains and the construction of the line through 800 miles of mountainous country down to Vancouver was one of the most audacious and successful pieces of railway engineering ever done. British Columbia was worthless before the railway; to-day Vancouver City has a population of 100,000, risen from 5,000 in less than twenty years, and Victoria, the capital, on Vancouver Island, is even larger, and one of the most beautiful cities of the world. It was a wonderful revelation to see freight trains of a hundred wagons laden with the lumber of British Columbia, and equally long trains on the prairie laden with grain. Most of the grain is shipped at Fort William and Port Arthur, the “twin cities” at the north-west angle of Lake Superior. It is carried on ships rising from 12,000 and 15,000 tons through the chain of the Great Lakes to the great distributing centres of the Dominion and the United States.

A journey across Canada by the C.P.R. gives the finest bird’s-eye view of the Dominion. Space fails to tell of experiences in the sleeping-cars, and the dining-cars, which serve first-class hotel menus, with such native specialities as turkey and cranberry sauce, prairie chicken, and trout and white fish of the lakes. But it takes an English visitor, to whom a journey from London to Edinburgh is an adventure, some time to get used to stages of 1,400 miles, 890 miles, and 1,110 miles, which are samples of those we took.

The Grand Trunk Railway was never a financial success until it was taken in hand by Mr. Charles Hays, one of the victims of the Titanic tragedy. Mr. Hays was trained in the United States. It was a fortunate day for the Grand Trunk when, at the period of the reconstruction of the company in 1895, Mr. Hays, then Vice-President and General Manager of the Wabash Railroad, was appointed General Manager with headquarters at Montreal, and given the fullest freedom to go ahead. He began by acquiring various local lines which were incorporated into the Grand Trunk system. Many English capitalists were interested in the Grand Trunk, and it has been very heavily financed with English money. Mr. Hays completely revolutionised the whole system, had the single line doubled, struck out branch lines in all directions, linked the Grand Trunk up with other systems, and induced the company to follow the example of the C.P.R. and strike straight across the continent to the Pacific. By 1908 the Grand Trunk system included 5,192 miles of line. Its Grand Trunk Pacific route lies partly in Canada and partly in the United States, and the Pacific line is fed with passengers and freight from both countries. The Grand Trunk struck into the Prairie Provinces with depots at Fort William, Port Arthur, and many other strategic centres. Mr. Hays had a great idea of the value of bridges. One of his conceptions was a single-span double-track bridge crossing the Niagara Gorge. This was opened in 1897, replacing the suspension bridge opened in 1853. The Gorge Bridge is a splendid piece of engineering, the span of the arch being 550 feet and the width of the railway flooring 32 feet, the lines being 245 feet above water. The Jubilee Bridge across the St. Lawrence River is one of the great bridges of the world. It is 9,144 feet long with twenty-four piers 66 feet in width and 60 feet above the water. Two other famous bridges are the International Bridge across the Niagara between Fort Erie and Buffalo, 2,400 feet in length with ten piers, and the bridge across the St. Lawrence at Coteau Landing, which is 4,025 feet long. The once despised Grand Trunk is now a formidable rival of the C.P.R. Mr. Hays’ ambition to make it a trans-continental railway has been realised, for the “steel” has been carried to the Pacific, opening up a vast stretch of new country for settlement and development. Its terminal on the Pacific coast is Prince Rupert, British Columbia, which is destined to run Vancouver very close as a great western gateway of Canadian trade. The Grand Trunk is developing hundreds of thousands of miles of the most fertile country of the Prairie Provinces, and expects to play a leading part in the development of the British Columbia resources of forestry, fruit farming, mining and manufacturing industries. In Alberta it is looking to take a very large share of the railway profit from the working of the inexhaustible coal supplies and the manufacturing centres that will be consequent on the development of the coal. Central Alberta, from Edmonton to the Rocky Mountains, is likely in the future to be the Canadian “Black Country,” far more extensive and productive than even the original Black Country. It is calculated that the areas known as the Edmonton coal district cover at least 10,000 square miles and contain at least sixty million tons of workable coal. Already branch lines are running to districts where the coal is even now being got, eastward from Winnipeg to Moncton, the capital of New Brunswick. Main lines are being constructed by the Canadian Government for leasing to the Grand Trunk Pacific for a period of fifty years on conditions which ensure alike the Government receiving a fair return for its money and the users of the railway getting the fullest advantage of the lines. Altogether there is every prospect of the Grand Trunk Railway fulfilling the most sanguine dreams of the railway king who perished in the Titanic.

The third great Canadian Railway and youngest of the three, the Canadian Northern, is forging ahead at a marvellous rate. The pioneers of the Canadian Pacific struck through 3,000 miles of country practically unpopulated, always with the Pacific as the object of their ambition. The Canadian Northern promoters also had from the first in view the construction of a trans-continental line, but their policy was not quite the same as that of the C.P.R. founders. Their idea was to make their line pay from the first by creating passenger and freightage traffic as they went. This meant that the trans-continental ideal must wait for realisation while the profit producing sections of the line were establishing their earning capacity. The policy of the C.N.R. has steadily justified itself. The main lines have been constructed section by section, with branch lines striking out from them, each branch line opening up productive new country. The Canadian Northern has specialised, so to speak, on the Prairie Provinces, with Winnipeg as its centre of operations, and the development of the West is largely due to the enterprise of the C.N.R. It has linked up the West with the northern part of Ontario, and its lines are ministering alike to the agricultural prosperity of the West and the manufacturing and commercial prosperity of the East. The C.N.R. runs through great forest regions and makes the most of the lumber traffic. At Prince Albert, for instance, in the centre of Saskatchewan, it has opened up an area of forest country into which the widening stream of immigrants is always flowing. Prince Albert—as I know from a Prince Albertian I met on the homeward voyage—believes that it is “It.” Its ambition is to be a great distributing centre for a territory as large as France and at the same time a magnificent residential city on a site beautiful for situation. The mills of the Prince Albert Lumber Company are the largest in Canada, driven by electrical power supplied at an incredibly cheap rate.

The C.N.R. figures largely at Port Arthur, on the western shore of Lake Superior, one of the great twin grain ports where hundreds of thousands of bushels of the prairie crops are annually shipped. Port Arthur owes its great and growing prosperity largely to the C.N.R., which has there an elevator capable of storing 7,250,000 bushels of wheat. A 5,000-ton steamer can lie alongside the elevator and be loaded up within an hour or two and steam through the Great Lakes with its food freight to the most important points in Canada and the United States.

The C.N.R., again, opens up new country in British Columbia, and is certain to capture a very lucrative trade in that most beautiful Province.

Each of these three railways, with continual construction, is founding almost daily towns and cities of the future. Every three or four miles there is a station. Immigrants and traders are encouraged in every possible way to settle along the line. The station, the elevators, facilities to acquire stock and land and to erect houses, are held out as irresistible baits. The baits are eagerly seized by the more enterprising men keen on taking advantage of the opportunities offered by places at their very beginning. It is well recognised in Canada that a man with grit, enterprise, ideas, willing to endure a little temporary hardship, is bound to get on if he is in at the birth of an infant community. He arrives with a few dollars in his pocket or with nothing. Within ten years he may be the proprietor of a big hotel, a flourishing newspaper, or may be mayor of a city with a population of anything between 3,000 to 10,000. The fascination of the new life to a man whose habits have not been crystallised in the environment of a populous city, who likes a free and unconventional life, and who is prepared to devote his attention exclusively to business until he has laid a solid foundation for the future “pile,” is particularly attractive to one who has youth and strength. I heard endless stories of men who in a phenomenally short time had established themselves in such new cities, and are now rich men able to give themselves, if they choose, a summer in Europe or to spend the winter in Toronto or Montreal. Commercial travellers hunting up trade in the new towns springing up along the lines of construction told me many stories of the changes a year or two makes in these new towns. You go to the end of the “steel” in course of construction. You find a few shacks and a rough shanty that calls itself an hotel. You return a year later when the line has advanced another hundred or two hundred miles, and you find a street a third of a mile long of wooden houses. There are several stores very likely; there is an infant newspaper. There is an hotel, still primitive in its simplicity, but tolerable. You can sleep on the beds and you can eat the rough food. You return at the end of another couple of years—the street is a mile long, several of the wooden houses have given place to houses of brick and stone; the newspaper has quite established itself. Its editorials, its “notes” and its “personals” have the breezy audacity and the intimate personal touch which are characteristic of Canadian journalism. There is a municipality which has learnt the art of “boosting,” and the Real Estate man is well in evidence. He has snapped up enticing plots, and in Winnipeg, Toronto, Montreal and other centres he is “boosting” the town and its unequalled possibilities for all he is worth. This springing up and rapid growth of new cities is repeating itself hundreds of times a year in all the Provinces of Canada, from Nova Scotia to the Pacific.

There is a fourth railway, the Intercolonial, constructed and owned by the Dominion Government. This runs from Montreal to the Atlantic coast, serving the Provinces of Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia. It is managed by a department of the Ministry of the Interior at Ottawa. The Intercolonial is considered by Canadians rather slow-going. Nationalisation and State control of railways is not yet a particularly popular proposition in Canada; in fact, throughout all the Provinces, and especially the Prairie Provinces and British Columbia, the idea of State control and management of anything is regarded with increasing suspicion. The Canadian prides himself on his independence and on his ability to manage his own affairs. To the financing of railways by the Dominion Government, and the great inducements held out to the C.P.R., Grand Trunk and the C.N.R. to push on with their construction, the phenomenal railway development has been largely due.

As indicated in my account of the C.P.R., there are dangers to the country through the powers granted to the companies in their early years of constructive enterprise, but I found a very optimistic belief on the part of Canadians that the Canadian people will be strong enough to grapple with the railway companies if they show any signs of seriously abusing their privileges. The competition between the three great companies at present is so strong and so keen that the danger of their uniting for the oppressive exploitation of the people by a trust combining them all seems a possibility of the dim future. It is likely enough that some Napoleon of finance in the United States, Canada, or Great Britain may conceive and try to carry out the idea of such a Dominion Railway Trust. If and when that happens a very interesting situation will be created. He will not only have the public opinion of the Dominion expressing itself and bringing itself to bear upon the Dominion Parliament and Government, but he will have to deal with the public opinion of the several Provinces, and this is a power that will more and more have to be reckoned with. The Provinces are not at all likely to consent to the Dominion Government bartering away their Provincial rights in the use of the railways. It will be a very dangerous thing to the Dominion Government if it provokes a conflict between itself and the Governments of the Provinces. All the probabilities point to the continuance of the independent companies. There is room enough and to spare for a good fifty years to come for each of them to use all the capital it can command in the development of its own spheres of influence, and while that is so there seems no necessity for any big combine that would compromise the interests either of the passengers or the manufacturing and industrial users of the railways.

SETTLING ON THE LAND

The largest proportion of emigrants to Canada go with the intention of settling on the land. The villages of England, Scotland, and Wales are sending out tens of thousands of labourers’ and farmers’ sons dreaming golden dreams of success in the mixed farming of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec and Ontario, in the wheat growing and cattle raising of the Prairie Provinces, or in the fruit farming of British Columbia. They have been brought up in British methods of agriculture in a country where land is monopolised by the few, is rented by the cultivators, is subject to heavy taxation, and in which the drain upon the land for centuries has been so heavy that the soil has to be continually enriched with expensive fertilisers, and even then there must be rotation of crops. British agriculture is a most hazardous speculation in view of the uncertainty of our seasons, the increasing importation of foreign supplies, the fluctuation of prices, the nature of the soil, our climatic conditions, and our methods of agriculture. Of late years the tendency has been towards intensive cultivation and cultivation of early crops and fruit and vegetables under glass. We are naturally a conservative-minded people, and nobody is so conservative as the man bred on the land. The first thing to be impressed upon the British emigrant deciding to settle on the land in Canada is that he should keep on assuring himself that he knows nothing about farming at all, that when he reaches Canada he will have everything to learn and a very great deal to unlearn. This is a primary and essential condition of success. I was told many stories of immigrants from the Old Country who have arrived full of assurance, prepared to “knock spots” off the Canadians with their primitive methods of agriculture. They took a farm, they refused to ask or to take advice, and at the end of the first year they were poorer and sadder but wiser men. A good many of this type dropped farming altogether when their small stock of money was exhausted, and they were at their wits’ end to know how to carry on. They got a job on the railway, in a business house, or in some other occupation and had time to think about their mistakes, and if their desire was to resume farming they resumed it when they had saved a little money with the profitable wisdom of their past experience.

Canada is a land of inconceivable distances. This alone means much modification of English methods of marketing produce, and every wise farmer knows that skilful marketing is as essential as skilful growing. The English farmer hates nothing more than co-operation with other farmers. Almost every attempt to induce the English farmer to co-operate has failed in the face of his invincible objection to “allow anybody to come round ordering him what to grow and how to grow it,” what breeds of cattle, sheep, pigs, and poultry he should raise and how he should feed them, when and how he should milk his cows and so on. His father and grandfather made their own butter and cheese in their own way, and he is going to make his in his way—he will be hanged if he will send his milk to a co-operative dairy for the butter and cheese to be made by these new-fangled methods. The Canadian farmer realises that apart from a considerable co-operation he is going to fail. He belongs to a little district commonwealth of farmers and is prepared to fall in with the commonwealth view of things.

Then the climate of Canada completely nonplusses the Britisher until he has learned to understand it. What are you to make of a temperature of forty below zero in winter and a foot and a half of snow frozen to the solidity of marble on the ground for three months at a time? And what are you to think of summer heat waves with the temperature mounting up beyond a hundred in the shade until you feel as if you were in a baker’s oven; and on the prairie, from 1,500 to 4,000 feet above sea level, the atmosphere for long periods is so dry that the surface soil is like dust and you have such incidents as hail-storms with stones from the size of a pea to the size of an egg, and “electrical storms” with an occasional cyclone thrown in? The agriculture of the prairie is “dry agriculture,” which is a science in itself. Canadian farmers accustomed to the conditions know how to deal with the conditions and make profits at which the British farmer’s mouth would water, and all they have to pay out of the profits beyond the cost of the growing is the cost of sending the produce to the nearest elevator or railway siding. Rent and rates do not worry them. The seasons are remarkably alike. Once in a dozen years, there may be a too dry or too wet summer with serious consequences to the quantity and quality of the corn they raise. There is practically little fluctuation in prices to worry them, for the more corn Canada produces the greater appears to be the world demand, and prices are much more likely to advance than to recede.

Let it be repeated, then, that the British labourer or farmer’s son or townsman impatient to adopt the simple life had better go out with a perfectly open mind, prepared to learn from those who know. I had many talks with farmers, business men who know the conditions of the country, and with the Ministers and Assistant Ministers of Agriculture of two of the Prairie Provinces. I wanted them to give me the best advice that I could pass on to different types of men thinking of emigrating from the Old Country and settling on the land in Canada. They were unanimous that the only wise course to adopt, whether the man were at home a wage-earning labourer or a farmer’s son whose father could give him a little capital, was to take the position of a farm hand under a Canadian farmer for at least a year. This would give him an insight into the conditions, and there need be no sense of humiliation, even to the son of a prosperous farmer at home, in taking the position of farm hand. The distinction between classes in Canada is almost obliterated. Most of the well-to-do farmers themselves started as farm hands. The independence of the working man is so developed that he thinks himself as good as the man who employs him. It is not considered a privilege conferred upon a farm hand to employ him, a privilege so great that he should regard his employer as an awful being holding his men’s fate in his hands. I heard of University men, young barristers, young journalists, young doctors, who had got tired of waiting at home for an opportunity that was slow to come, or who found themselves of too energetic and restless a temper to settle down under the conditions of British life, who had gone out to Canada and hired themselves to farmers in Ontario or the Prairie Provinces and were soon working on the land as to the manner born. It is the man with this willingness to learn and adapt himself to the conditions of work cheerfully, not counting the hours or the strenuousness of his labour in busy times, who is bound to get on as a settler on the land in Canada.

Let me take first the prospects of an English farm labourer. Of course, if he is a haunter of the public-house, if he only works because he must, if he has in him the soul of a slave, if he is a born shirker, he is not likely to do in Canada unless a moral transformation should take place and change him to a new man altogether. The ideal labourer emigrant is the man who works in his own garden and in his allotment in his own time, who lives a decent life, keeps away from the drink, and out of his wages and what he grows in his garden and allotment contrives all the while to be putting a little by. Such a man, revelling in work, with a fair amount of intelligence and some ambition, can scarcely fail in Canada. He is the man who will be received and welcomed with open arms by the farmers competing with each other for competent, willing labour. I was told in the Ministries of Agriculture at Winnipeg and Regina that lists are kept of hundreds of farmers who are applying for such men and are willing to guarantee them work during the six months between sowing time and the gathering in of the harvest. The Ministries of Agriculture are more than willing to assist such men in every way to find suitable situations. Many of the farmers are prepared to advance the passage money to really good men willing to sign on for the season. They are boarded and fed and receive a wage equal to £4 or £5 a month.

The difficulty, of course, will be with the married man, having a wife and children. It would be best for him to make arrangements to leave the wife and children at home for a year if he can possibly manage it. By the end of a year, if he is the right sort of fellow, he will see his way and perhaps be able either to take a homestead or to enter on an arrangement for a year or two of continuous employment and to make a home for the wife and children. Such a man, with the money he may save in a couple of years, would find it quite easy, if he does not desire to take a homestead which may be in a lonely district and may mean considerable hardship for two or three years, to take on easy instalment terms a ready-made farm within an area that affords a certain amount of society. It is the woman rather than the man who finds the loneliness of the homestead on the fresh-broken prairie almost unbearable. She cannot live without the company-keeping and social gossip of the village. The man is busy on the land; he has the inspiring sense that his foot is on the ladder of success; he dreams of going on from little to more, and from more to much, and of ultimately becoming a very substantial man. It is not always so with the woman. She finds it far more difficult to reconcile herself to the lonely conditions. Of course, if she is the right sort of woman to be a farmer’s wife, and can find her interest in raising chickens and such occupations, she will, after settling down, be happy enough; but there is always the risk, and if the man can possibly secure a ready-made farm he considerably reduces the risk of the woman’s moping and wanting to return to the familiar village in the Old Country again, even though it may mean returning to 15s. a week and no prospect but the old age 5s. a week at seventy.

The Provincial Governments, agricultural associations, and a number of financial corporations are very willing to give every assistance to a bona-fide settler on the land. When he has established the fact that he is a safe man to trust, he may get his stock and implements on credit, and the land will be broken at a nominal charge to lessen the burden of his first effort.

A Canadian writer says he knows of specific cases in which English immigrant buyers paid $30 and $15 an acre respectively for farms.

“One case was a very choice piece of land near to the social and educational advantages of a large town, and another enjoyed the same favourable position but was not quite such good land throughout, but had the very best grazing where it could not be used for cereals or root crops. In the one case the payments ($30 an acre) were completed in seven years, and in the other ($15) five years were found sufficient to acquire a clean bill of the rights to the property, and both men are wealthy citizens to-day. This does give assurance that is certainly needed in the face of the misrepresentative and conflicting statements which have been circulated in the Motherland, where it is impossible to verify on the spot one account or another. It provides an opening at once for the family or for the young couple without children, who are rightly advised that they should not take up a homestead at a point far distant from social life, at least until they have had experience, which they can only acquire by living in close touch with neighbours who are farming to some purpose.

“Candidly, the homesteads now available, and until the railway system has been further developed, are too far away from the railway track. But it is only a question of a few years of legitimate development until these points have been opened up, where some of the finest land on the continent will be brought within easy reach of the world’s markets. In the meantime, and while the new-comer is gaining experience and paying by his labour for a piece of land that can never depreciate in value, he is not precluded from selecting and acquiring his homestead. But the writer cannot advise penniless individuals to come out in the hope of taking up homestead duties at a remote point from the railway with the expectation of making good on it right away. The man with a bit of capital cannot fail to employ it to far better purpose in Canada than he is ever likely to use it at home. He need not ‘risk’ it until he has had every opportunity to test his investments on the spot. It is broadly on the land, the value of which by the legitimate process continues to increase with every season in which it has come under the hand of the cultivator. In the more thickly populated centres land values have increased enormously within the short period of five years; many of these, no doubt, have been rushed up to a fictitious figure by real estate jobbers, but where large manufacturing and wholesale houses have been compelled to establish themselves in response to a demand that is almost unprecedented in its all but instantaneous growth, these values are at once legitimate and permanent.”

From a very informative booklet issued in connection with the “International Dry Farming Congress” at Lethbridge, Alberta, in October, 1912, I extract these interesting particulars about the conditions of prairie settlement and farming:—

“Settlement progresses so rapidly that pioneering is shorn of its desolation. It is no uncommon event to find a whole township or an entire district taken up in a single summer. The pioneer will always have neighbours in his new Alberta home. Roads and schools follow in due course. Recent legislation has established a system of local government which affords all the machinery necessary to a local community to carry out public improvements. Commercial life develops very rapidly. The settlement of a district is invariably followed by the extension of the telephone and the railway.

“Land is cleared and prepared for cultivation at comparatively small cost. In the southern part of the province no clearing is necessary. In the central and northern part, where there is considerable scrub and timber, the cost of preparing the land for crops is higher and will vary from $5 to $10 per acre. The trees are nearly all surface rooted, and in a few years the most thickly wooded farm will be as free from roots as a market garden. Raw homesteads in a year or two become profitable farms. Towns spring up along the railway as if by magic, and the erstwhile wilderness is transformed into a populous and prosperous community.

“From the earliest times explorers have expressed the greatest hope in the future of Alberta. It was the home of the most powerful and civilized Indian tribes of the whole North-West. Its luxuriant pastures supported vast herds of antelope, deer and buffalo, while its mountains, lakes and canyons comprised the richest territory exploited by the fur companies.

“Ninety-six different varieties of wild grasses have been identified, of which forty-six make excellent hay. Of the sedges and rushes there are at least ninety-four varieties, many of which make good hay, and all make splendid pasture during the spring and the early part of the summer. The sedges grow on the lower lands and marshes, and are diligently sought for by stock in the early spring, and during those seasons when the upland grasses harden. Cultivated grasses also do well, timothy, alfalfa, western rye grass, and blue grass having been introduced and all proving very successful.

“The establishment of agriculture depends upon many natural resources, such as extent of fertile soil, rainfall, and energy of the people. All these elements are compounded in the case of Alberta. The soil is deep and black, composed of a covering of vegetable humus which sits undisturbed since it was laid down many centuries ago. The chief nutriments are nitrogen, potash and phosphoric acid, but what is of principal importance is the lime contained in the soil whereby the nitrogen is set free and ready to be absorbed by vegetable organism. The richness of the soil is illustrated in the number of grains in the cluster found in the heads of the wheat plant. Three, four and five grains occur in each spikelet, a fact which explains the large average yield of the Alberta wheat fields.

“The rainfall is sufficient to nourish crops, and the climate is dry and equable for long seasons. The rainy season coincides with the growing season. There is abundance of rain and heat during June and July. As the weather cools the rainy season ceases, the air becomes dry, hardening the grain and giving it a colour and hardness which accounts for the splendid quality of Canadian wheat. Even the frost of winter exerts a beneficial influence, as it pulverizes the ground and puts it in ideal condition for the rains of the following season. A prominent scientific authority says: As long as the West is blessed with winter frosts and summer rains, teeming crops will be the product of her soils.’”

On the question of wages a publication of the Ontario Government says—and the wages will not vary much from this rule in the Prairie Provinces:—

The man who should take up a homestead, prepared to rough it for a year or two, is the young, unmarried man, steady, determined, with a strong inclination for the life on the land. To him, even if he goes out penniless, the Provincial Governments offer the position of a farmer on his own land—land for which he need not pay a penny piece. He has only to conform to certain regulations as to living on the land for part of the year, building some sort of a shanty in which he can sleep, and bringing a stipulated number of acres under cultivation, and at the end of three years the land becomes his freehold. In addition to that there are many districts in which, having secured the freehold of his homestead, the homesteader is permitted to pre-empt a second 160 acres at the nominal price of $3 an acre. For the benefit of such a man I quote a synopsis of the Canadian North-West Land Regulations, for which I am indebted to a pamphlet issued by the Grand Trunk Railway:

“1. Any person who is the sole head of a family, or any male over eighteen years old, may homestead a quarter section (160 acres, more or less) of available Dominion land in Manitoba, Saskatchewan or Alberta. The applicant, who must be a British subject or declare his intention of becoming one, must appear in person at the Dominion Lands Agency or Sub-Agency for the district. Entry by proxy may be made at any agency, by father, mother, son, daughter, brother or sister of intending homesteader, when duly authorised on proper form.

“2. A widow having minor children of her own dependent upon her for support is permitted to make homestead entry as the sole head of a family.

“Duties.—Six months’ residence upon and cultivation of the land in each of three years. A homesteader may live within nine miles of his homestead on a farm of at least 80 acres solely owned and occupied by him or by his father, mother, son, daughter, brother or sister.

“3. In certain districts a homesteader in good standing may pre-empt a quarter-section alongside his homestead. Price $3 per acre. Duties.—Must reside six months in each of six years from date of homestead entry (including the time required to earn homestead patent) and cultivate 50 acres more than required on his homestead, which cultivation may be on both his homestead and pre-emption or either.

“4. A homesteader who has exhausted his homestead right by already homesteading and cannot obtain a pre-emption may acquire a homestead by purchase in certain districts. Price $3 per acre. Such homesteads may be acquired on any available lands on either odd or even numbered sections south of township 45, east of the railway from Calgary to Edmonton, and the west line of range 26, and west of the third meridian. Duties.—Must reside six months in each of three years, cultivate 50 acres, and erect a house worth $300.

“The entry fee for a homestead is ten ($10) dollars.

“Low rates for settlers’ effects apply from Eastern Canada and many United States points to Winnipeg and West.”

The best thing an unmarried man settler can do is to go out with one or more settlers similar to himself who shall take up neighbouring homesteads. If they go out from the same village or district they will immediately form a congenial society and will have the common interest of old acquaintance and of common knowledge of the people among whom they have been brought up. A great number of homesteads have been taken up by such companions, who, when they have “made good,” have sent for their brothers and friends to come and do likewise, with the result that a neighbourhood becomes in a sense a replica, as far as the settlers are concerned, of the familiar village or country-side out of which they have gone.

As has been said, if they are the right sort of men, they will find it quite easy to get the first 30 acres, which is a condition of taking the homestead, ploughed for them, either by a neighbouring farmer or by the Farmers’ Association of the district. Such homesteaders usually work for a neighbouring farmer during their first year, saving money, learning the business, and putting in odd time on their own land. The requisite first home, which is also a condition of the tenure, may be simply a few rough boards knocked together or a turf hut. This is the familiar “shack.” The shack serves very well for a single young fellow whose necessities are reduced to the barest minimum. If he is an adventurous spirit with a dash of humour he relishes his life, and if he has two or three companions settling at the same time as himself on neighbouring homesteads they will work together and tide each other over the roughing period. The shack at the end of the second year will give place to a wooden house—small it may be, just a combined living-room and kitchen, a washing-up place and one or a couple of bed-rooms, but if there is a “girl he has left behind him” this will be sufficient to warrant sending out for her, and a sensible practical wife is a very valuable asset to the homestead if she is prepared to accept the conditions. Some of the largest farmers in the Far West began in this way less than a dozen years ago. They have added “quarter section” to “quarter section” to the original homestead, until now they may be farming a square mile or a square mile and a half and making money enough every year to allow them to spend three months in the Eastern Provinces or to visit the Old Country, putting up at the best hotels, and spending money with a free hand.

I come now to the farmer’s son or to the enterprising young fellow with a bit of money, say £100 to £500, at his disposal. As I have said, if he is a wise man, he will start as a farm hand and get his experience in the only certain way before he disposes of his money in taking a ready-made farm, or even in taking a homestead and spending his money on the machinery and stock required to work it. The Canadian Pacific Railway, the Grand Trunk Pacific, the Hudson’s Bay Company, and a number of land companies offer ready-made farms of various sizes under the most attractive conditions. The land has been broken, a house has been built upon it. It has been fenced and irrigated, if irrigation is necessary. The man can step on to the farm, occupy the house and immediately commence operations, making the profit of the harvest the very first year. Suppose a man with a bit of money wants to buy a farm ready for cultivation. Mr. E. S. Bayard, editor of The National Stockman and Farmer, Pittsburg, Penn., a famous American breeder of prize cattle, who studied the question along the line of the Grand Trunk Pacific, says:—

“Much of the farm land is now selling at from $15 to $25 per acre. Lands can be found, well-improved and favourably located, which sell from $40 to $60 per acre. And homestead lands can also be found within reasonable distance from the Winnipeg-Edmonton line of the Grand Trunk Pacific and the branch lines of this road. In the spring of 1911, there were still available for homestead some 8,000 farms of 160 acres each. Many of these were settled on during the spring and summer of 1911.

“One method of selling land in this new country is the payment of a certain amount per acre down and the balance of the purchase price is extended over a period of years. One typical illustration is cited. A farm of 320 acres, unimproved, was purchased with a payment of $3 per acre down, or $960. For breaking and discing the land the cost was $5 per acre, or $1,600. That is what it costs when the buyer hires it done. The second payment and interest amounted to $1,170, and the buildings complete are estimated to cost about $2,000. This made a total outlay the first year of $5,730. Over against this the first year 300 acres of wheat yielded thirty bushels to the acre, or 9,000 bushels at 60 cents per bushel, or $5,400. And 20 acres of oats produced 70 bushels to the acre, or 1,400 bushels at 25 cents per bushel, amounting to $350, or a total from the farm of $5,750. Thus the farm the first year more than paid for its original cost and the profits the second year more than paid for the improvements and all other expenses, leaving a goodly profit.

“Thus it is that the low prices asked for this productive land are one of the conditions which strike a man from the States most forcibly. He comes from a region where the farm lands sell from $100 to $200 per acre, well improved, productive and favourably located to be sure, but to find such a vast area of wonderfully productive land, with good markets available and prices as high on the average as in the States, is positive proof that there are big opportunities for money-making in Canada.

“These lands are advancing in value quite naturally. With the tremendous immigration into Western Canada, the great railroad development and the money which is being invested in this new country, the vast prairie region is developing not alone rapidly but substantially. This of course means increased land values, and when it is remembered that the land is now very low in price, it is readily seen that there is every reason why it will advance steadily from year to year.”

Having got his land the farmer will, of course, require machinery, stock, seed, &c., to work it. If he has, say, £200, he can purchase a farm quite as large as he will be able to manage at first on the instalment plan, the payments to cover, say, a period of five to ten years. He may have to learn the art of doing without a good many things to which he has been accustomed during the first year or so, but if he reduces his wants, uses “elbow grease,” and is not ashamed to earn a hundred or couple of hundred dollars by working for established farmers, he will win through, and after the first year he will see daylight and be the stronger man for the endurance of a little hardship. I quote an expert estimate of the minimum amount required to start farming right away with the best prospects:—

Let me close this chapter by quoting the stories told by some sample settlers from the Old Country who went out within the last seven years. I take them from a pamphlet issued from the office of the Dominion Ministry of the Interior.

Arthur Newman went out to Alberta in 1907 from New Shildon, County Durham, England, and at once took up a homestead. He writes:—

“My father and brothers came out and we were in partnership, but I pushed ahead, as we had some drawbacks like all homesteaders. We had everything to haul from Lloydminster, forty-two miles either way, but we have a town twelve miles from us now. We have about 100 acres in crop this year, 57 wheat, and about 43 oats, besides potatoes and a garden patch. If the season permits, we hope to break about 100 acres more. Our wheat turned out 35 bushels to the acre and the oats 70 bushels to the acre. This was our second year’s crop; our first was hailed out. Our stock is getting along finely. I lost a fine mare the first year, but am still ahead. We have four oxen, four fine mares in foal, about fifteen head of cattle, seven pigs, and about seventy hens. I might also say we have all the machinery that is wanted for the farm, &c., and all of it is paid for. So if our crops turn out well this year, we shall be all right and making fine success. I often have letters from friends at home asking me if I should not like to come back, and I always tell them just for a holiday but not to stay. This is the home I prefer.”

W. Hordern, a native of Leicester, who settled in Saskatchewan, writes:—

“I came out six years ago. The first three years were mostly spent in learning by defeats. We earned very little at first, and my capital of £400 disappeared after buying horses, &c., but I knew I was getting on the right line. Then, with a family of six young children, we made a comfortable living. Now I value my farm and stock little short of £2,000. I have six work horses and three others, fourteen head of cattle, twelve hogs, hens, and the full outfit of farm machinery, some in double sets, and three waggons. By last summer we had 150 acres broken and in crop. The total earnings were £460; total farm expenses were £140, leaving a clear income of £320.

“I am now fifty-five, and was far gone towards being a worn-out man before leaving Old England. The first year I broke 15 acres with a yoke of oxen; had a one-room house, 14 feet by 16 feet of bought prepared timber, cost £30, and dug a 23-foot well. Next year was in England eight months and did little good here. Third year my eldest boy took up the heavy work. I am practically a gentleman farmer in these days—ride around in a light four-wheeler and do the errands to town and about. My hobby is the school board, of which I am also the clerk and collector. My second lad helps in stable work and odd jobs, and a third lad assisted in the fall. Between them my lads earned £55 out, mostly helping other farmers, which I have included in the income.

“Last year we raised 239 bushels of linseed, 1,030 bushels oats, 12 acres barley, 1,818 bushels of wheat. After keeping enough for seed, sold the wheat for £300, freight cost £33 to Port Arthur, on Lake Superior. My threshing bill was £45, twine for tying up sheaves £6, rates, all told, £8 10s. My family have cost nothing yet in doctoring, and we all have good health. We produce, free of charge, our own butter, milk, fuel, water, stock and meat, and these items save us 25s. a week. I have carefully kept a record of every cent coming in and going out last year. My farm is now 415 acres. I bought 164 acres three years ago, which is now worth twice what I gave for it. My son has 200 acres also, worth £800, outside my own property.”

Joseph Williams, formerly of Abergele, came to Canada three years ago. After working in Eastern Canada for a while he went West. He writes:—

“I got a job at Yorkton which was the turning point to success. I may say here that when I arrived at Yorkton I had the enormous sum of 3 cents (1½d.) in my pocket. Six months later I started business there, butchering, with my brother Arthur as a partner, and twelve months later sold out at a good sum, and to-day I am pleased to say I can sit and look at my crop growing, from which I hope to receive somewhere from $2,000 to $3,000 (£400 to £600) next fall, besides being the owner of three fine mares and foals, and all necessary farming implements.

“You can show this letter to all my old friends at Abergele, and if you like you can send it to the press, if you think it will benefit any young men or women who think of coming to Canada. I can say without the least hesitation that this is a much better country than the Old Country, and there is no reason whatever why a young man or woman could not succeed here.

“I may say that there is a Welsh colony here, with about 200 Welsh families, Welsh chapels, Sunday schools, and literary meetings, Welsh store-keepers and restaurants, and plenty of land for sale right in the centre of the colony. Anyone wishing to buy an improved farm can do so with a small cash deposit, and the balance in yearly crop payments; or there are homesteads, further West, in Alberta, which are available for entry.”

J. G. Lindsay, a Saskatchewan homesteader, writes:—

“I belonged to Stonehaven, Kincardineshire, Scotland, came out here in June, 1905. I used to work on a farm in Auchinblae district on Kennell and Chapelton farm; average wages about £10 to £20. I arrived at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, and worked on a threshing rig that year, receiving 7s. a day, and then came up here, took a homestead, and stayed here ever since. I landed out on my land with about $300, or £60, built a small shack, bought a team of horses, part on time, worked around here during ploughing for new settlers the first summer to pay for the horses. I now own five all paid for, all the necessary implements to work a farm. I have 100 acres ready for crop this spring. I could never have had an acre in Scotland in crop, let alone own the land, which is worth $20, or £4, an acre. I am seven miles from town and a new railroad from Saskatoon to Calgary. I would not take £700 for my rights to-day. I find there are many here just the same. I will put a word for my brother. He has done better than me. He came here with £20 and team of oxen; now he has five horses and 130 acres for crop this spring. We were well known in Rickarton, Stonehaven, as my father had a farm there. My opinion of this country is to all get hold of land, work hard for two or three years to start on, then all is right.”

Joseph Watson, who was head game-keeper and general manager to the late Sir James Musgrave, County Donegal, Ireland, came to Saskatchewan in 1905. He writes:—

“I arrived at File Hills in the end of March, 1905, and the first thing I did was to buy two good milk cows at the calving and a horse and mare. I then commenced to build a log house, 30 feet by 14 feet inside, and two stories high with a lean-to kitchen at back, and soon had a good comfortable dwelling. I then built stables for cattle.

“In the fall I bought ten of the best yearling heifers I could get and a few steers. The total outlay was about £140. From that number of stock I have now fifty head of cattle and five horses, and if all goes well I should have another twenty calves and two colts this spring. I think anyone should be satisfied with that increase.

“I milked all my best cows, and the proceeds of butter practically paid the household expenses for the last two years. Last year I made nearly £80 off butter, and I expect to make as much this year, and besides I hope to sell ten steers at an average price of £8 a head.

“I am well satisfied with the progress I have made, and I may say that I am now independent, as my income is now much greater than the expenditure. I have 160 acres of good grazing and hay land, and as practically none of the company lands are occupied, there is plenty of grazing for cattle on every side of me.

“I estimate the value of my farm, stock, buildings, &c., now to be $5,000. I have done no cropping except a few acres of oats for feed and the kitchen garden, but I intend to go in more for cropping in future. The soil is rich and grows heavy crops.

“The climate is very healthy. I have enjoyed better health since coming to Canada than I had for many years before leaving the Old Country.”

CANADIAN INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT

On the voyage up the St. Lawrence to Montreal a leading citizen of London, Ontario, discussed with me the question of Protection and Free Trade. We were passing French Canadian villages and towns on either side of the river in the Province of Quebec. The French Canadians now, as ever, are agriculturists, living a quiet rural life, raising their crops, fattening their cattle, breeding their pigs, which contribute so largely to their own larders. Said my London friend, “I have been spending six months in Europe, partly on the Continent, but with frequent visits to England. I have been amazed at the evidences of the overpowering prosperity of your British industries under the system of Free Trade. If I were living in Great Britain I should be a Free Trader out and out. You have the instinct of manufacturing industry. You had a long start of all your rivals. Geographically you are marked out to be the great manufacturing, producing and distributing centre of the world. You would be most foolish to attempt to overthrow a fiscal system under which you have done so well. But when I come to Canada I am a Protectionist out and out. You see those villages and towns. From the agricultural point of view Quebec is a flourishing Province enough, but you cannot build up a modern nation out of a race of agriculturists pure and simple. You must have manufacturing industries, and at present, as a manufacturing country, Canada is in its infancy. Our people have to acquire the manufacturing instinct. Until they have acquired it, if we allowed our country to be flooded with the manufacturing products of the United States, of the Old Country, and of France, Germany, and other countries, we should be beaten hands down and our rising manufacturing industries would be strangled in their cradle. You Britishers do not understand why we Canadians favour Protection. Protection really means that we are compelling the United States and yourselves to teach us how to become a manufacturing nation.” This will not satisfy, perhaps, English Free Traders, among whom I confess myself to be a convinced believer in the open market, but it is the view-point from which I found Canadians throughout the Eastern Provinces generally looked at the question. When I visited some of the manufacturing cities and saw the factories, through several of which I was taken, I was forced to think there was something after all in the views of the Ontario Londoner.

Take Hamilton, Ontario, for instance. This flourishing city is one of the oldest in Canada. It is magnificently situated for trading on the shores of Hamilton Bay, a land-locked harbour at the head of Lake Ontario. The manufacturing quarter is well away from the beautiful residential quarters, where the prosperous Hamiltonians live in handsomely-built houses, each isolated on its own freehold plot, surrounded by a border of grass or shrubs with abundance of forest trees. It rises to the Mountain, as a steep hill is called, from the summit of which there is a very striking view of the city and a picturesque outlook over one of the most fruitful parts of the Dominion, abounding in peach and apple orchards and vineyards. Hamilton is only forty miles from Niagara Falls, and its interest in the Falls is utilitarian as well as artistic and sentimental, for it is the electric power generated at the Falls which drives the works of Hamilton, lights its streets and houses, and supplies the heating power. On my visit to the Falls I saw the great power-house in which the mighty rush of the Rapids is harnessed and tamed by the engineering skill of man and compelled to serve alike the industrial prosperity, the domestic comfort, the tram service, and the house and street lighting not only of Hamilton, but of Toronto and of many other cities. The first thing that strikes a visitor to Hamilton, if he should arrive after dark, is what he will consider the scandalous luxury of the brilliant electric lighting with which the fronts of business houses and places of entertainment literally blaze, but should the visitor express his concern at such apparent wicked waste he will be told that electricity is so cheap that its cost is practically negligible. It is to the cheapness of natural sources of power, that is given without stint, that the growing manufacturing prosperity of Canada is largely due.

It was my privilege to be convoyed around Hamilton and to be introduced to the heads of departments of some of the principal factories by Mr. H. M. Marsh, Commissioner of Industries. Through him I learned that there are no less than 400 manufacturing industries in the city, with four suburban electric railways having a combined mileage of eighty-three. There are seventy-eight churches, thirty public and four private schools, not counting a technical school, a college of music, a normal school, and a collegiate institute. There are six steamship lines connecting Hamilton with the chain of the Great Lakes and enabling it to send its products cheaply right into the centre of Canada and far south and west into the heart of the United States. Seven steam railways also enable Hamilton to send its manufactures by land transit over the North American continent and to the principal ports of the Dominion and the United States. The extent of the turnover of money in the city is shown by the fact that the bank clearings in 1911 were $125,250,000, an increase of more than $24,000,000, or nearly £5,000,000, over 1910.

A more significant fact forcibly driven home to me is that some of the largest and most rapidly advancing factories are branches of American firms. More than thirty-five American firms have invested an enormous amount of capital in buildings and plant to produce their specialities in Hamilton. On the Canadian side at Niagara Falls I found the same significant fact. The explanation is that given by my London, Ontario, friend. The Canadians are compelling the Americans to plant their factories in Canada in order that they may employ Canadian labour and teach the Canadians how to become a manufacturing nation. At the Falls I was told that by manufacturing on the Canadian side the American firms save from 10 to 35 per cent. duty which they would have to pay if their goods crossed the river. It pays them better to build and manufacture in Canada than to pay the duty.

The manufacture of agricultural implements of the most modern type for culture on the wholesale scale plays a very large part in the industrial life of Hamilton. I went over the Oliver Chilled Plough Works, an undertaking of the last year or two, but which is already doing business on an enormous scale. The works, I was told, are more up to date than even the parent works in the States, for with the ground at their disposal, and with the experience of the past, it was possible to eliminate everything that was disadvantageous and so to construct the factory and to lay down the plant as to meet exactly the requirements of the business alike in Canada and in other markets. Nothing could be more ideal than the conditions under which this industry is carried on. The ploughs produced are power ploughs furnished each with a number of coulters, from half-a-dozen to nine or more, capable of dealing with the most refractory surface. The coulters are modified to meet the varying conditions of heavy or light soil. I saw a vast number of the component parts, witnessed the processes of manufacture, the dipping of parts into baths of paint, and complete ploughs ready to be sent out either to break the virgin prairie or to replough land that had been harvested.

On a still greater scale were the works of the International Harvester Company, another branch of a famous American firm. More than three-quarters of a century ago Mr. McCormick, forbear of the present controlling McCormick—he was a pious Presbyterian with the Scottish instinct for getting on—invented a reaping machine which answered so well in a Virginia wheatfield that it led to a revolution in agricultural machinery. All sorts of machines were produced and have been continuously improved for all the principal operations of agriculture on the grand scale. To-day McCormick’s International Harvester Company is the greatest agricultural machinery industry in the world. The firm saw the opportunities offered by the development of the Prairie Provinces and were quick to take advantage of them. I was told that farmers can get all the machinery they need without paying a cent down. The firm looks to the future rather than to the present. It knows that its money is safe and will fructify in the fields of the farmers, to whom it gives the longest credit. Again I saw the processes of manufacture of the parts of reapers, binders, tedders, self-dumping and other rakes, hay lubbers, huskers and shredders, harrows, drills, and ploughs. I was shown a forty-five horse power plough driven by a gasolene engine. It is furnished with twelve coulters, each 14 inches deep. It will plough twenty acres a day of ten hours, and if necessary can be run throughout the whole twenty-four hours at certain seasons. Anything more perfect and capable of getting through so much work at such a small expenditure of human labour it would be impossible to conceive. It is such machinery as that turned out by the Oliver Chilled Plough Works and the International Harvester Works that has made the marvellous wheat production of the Prairie Provinces, increasing constantly at the rate of millions of bushels a year, possible.

Hamilton is also the scene of enormous works of the Canadian Westinghouse Brake Company, a branch of the Pittsburg Company, whose brakes are necessities of existence to every railway company and to most of the electrical tram systems of the world.

A constant stream of immigrants pours into Hamilton. The demand for labour is insatiable. I noticed in the International Harvester Works that warnings and regulations for the guidance of the employés were printed in seven languages. It was evident that the workmen were a cosmopolitan mixture of races. They included many men from the Balkan States, Italians, Russians, and others who in Canada take more kindly to manufacturing and railway construction employment than to the life of agriculture. Mr. Marsh informed me that in March 1,200 men could readily be found employment in the various Hamilton factories.

Ontario, with its four millions of population out of the seven millions of Canada, is the great manufacturing Province, although there are growing manufactures in the Eastern Provinces of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Quebec. A Government publication summarising the industries of Ontario states that, in addition to Hamilton and in and around Toronto, at London, further west on its own river Thames; at Brantford, Chatham, Guelph, Kingston, Ottawa, Peterborough, St. Catharines, St. Thomas, Stratford, Berlin, Collingwood, Galt, Ingersoll, Oshawa, Sarnia, Sault Ste. Marie, Woodstock, and scores of other centres, the mills and factories are busy. They produce vast quantities of iron and everything that iron makes, from a tin-tack to a locomotive. The agricultural machinery made in Canada stands so high in reputation that it finds a market not only in South America and in the sister realms of Australia and New Zealand and in the Mother Country itself, but in continental Europe. Several other special lines of manufacture, including parlour organs, are now well known abroad; but in most branches the Canadians themselves use all that their manufacturers produce; and here in the towns of Ontario are produced not only such wares as we have just mentioned, but cotton, woollen and leather goods and clothing; waggons and carriages, on wheels or runners; furniture, paper, and almost everything else that is made of wood; foodstuffs, plain and fancy—but really there is no end to the list.

These manufacturing towns are spread over the Province in a way rather strange to Old Country men, whose centres of industry are generally to be found clustering in a few districts marked out for such a purpose by particular local advantage. There is no “Black Country” in Ontario. There is, however, one district where manufacturing towns are particularly numerous, in the south-west part of the Province. There is no coal-field here, but the great coal-fields of Pennsylvania lie just across Lake Erie; and this region has the enormous advantage of lying within easy reach of Niagara Falls. The glory of the Falls is their beauty, and it is to be hoped that their beauty and grandeur will be religiously preserved for ever. The Falls, however, provide an enormous force, which can be used without destroying or greatly injuring their appearance. This force is already being developed by the Ontario Government and private enterprise, and is being conducted through electric cables to the manufacturing towns, where it will provide motive power for almost unlimited machinery.

At Sault Ste. Marie, where the water of Lake Superior pours out into Lake Huron, a gigantic iron and steel industry is being developed. At the upper end of Lake Superior again are the twin seaports, Fort William and Port Arthur, where millions of bushels of prairie grain are loaded yearly in a multitude of steamers and shipped down to ports on the eastern shores of Lake Huron.

Travelling westward I passed out of Ontario with its lakes and wooded hills into Manitoba, the first of the Prairie Provinces. Within the memory of middle-aged men Manitoba and all west of it was practically a grass-grown wilderness, spangled during the summer months with a succession of flowers of many varieties that grow magnificently—some of them such as are the pride of gardens at home. There is a picture of the Provincial capital, Winnipeg—which is now as large as Bradford—in 1872, showing a tiny market town of about 2,000 population. Among the figures in the picture is that of the late Lord Strathcona, then the directing spirit of the Hudson’s Bay Company. To his enterprise is largely due the subsequent development of the country. The population to-day exceeds 200,000, and the city, at the fork of the Red River and the Assiniboine, in addition to being the corn exchange of the West, is becoming a manufacturing centre of the first importance. Main Street, Winnipeg, is a scene of surpassing interest to the English visitor. I was told that, if you knew how to distinguish them, you might meet in a walk along Main Street people of forty nationalities. At night it dazzles with the glare of its electric lights. There are hotels to suit every pocket, great departmental stores employing each their 500 to 2,000 “clerks,” shops fitted up in the most modern American style and offering the world’s best to the Winnipeg folk and visitors to the city, who appear to have inexhaustible supplies of dollar bills. The money turned over in Winnipeg would make a handsome revenue for a fair-sized kingdom. Its citizens build churches without counting the cost, and the churches, with such preachers as the Congregational Dr. J. L. Gordon, a flaming orator, with a rush of rainbow rhetoric, and the Presbyterian “Sky Pilot,” Dr. C. R. Gordon, draw crowded congregations and often turn away hundreds from their services. There are no fewer than 115 churches and five colleges, including the Wesley Training College for ministers. At St. Boniface, near by, is a large French settlement with a fine cathedral church, recalling the fact that here was a famous Roman Catholic mission to the Indians and half-breeds. In the burial ground of the cathedral I saw the tomb of Louis Riel, the French half-breed who, at the beginning of the development of the West, raised the Indians and half-breeds against the Canadian Government and paid for the rebellion with his life. It is the development of the West with its increasing population that has been the making of Winnipeg. It does a wholesale trade of more than £6,000,000 a year, and has more than 400 factories, employing something like 20,000 workers. A very large number of English immigrants have settled in Winnipeg, and many of them have rapidly become rich men, while they have sent for their young relatives and friends to join with them in taking advantage of the wonderful opportunities offered to men with grit and business enterprise. For young men not disposed to go on the land, but desiring a business career, I should say there is not a better place to make for than Winnipeg. Such departmental stores as Eaton’s and the Hudson’s Bay Company’s establishments, with the scores of huge concerns in every department of trade, with the sixty banks and the offices of professional men, Real Estate agents and the like, are always on the look-out for young fellows who are not afraid of work and are willing to adapt themselves to the conditions of the country. I did not gather from what I saw of business methods in Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg and the cities farther west that the work is more exacting than it is in the Old Country. The hours usually are certainly shorter. What is demanded is the willing heart, a quick intelligence and the ability to do just what is required. The “slacker” in Canada hangs fire as he does in England. I heard some comparisons between native Canadians and English new-comers in business houses, which were rather in favour of the new-comers. It is said that the young Canadian is much more ready to get time off for a baseball match or a pool contest than is his English competitor. It may be that the English competitor is usually a young fellow with ambition and energy above the average, or he would have stayed in the Old Country, where the temptations to slacking are so numerous and so fascinating.

On the journey of 300 miles odd from Winnipeg to Regina, the capital of the central Prairie Province of Saskatchewan, the traveller sees the prairie stretching out on either side of the line to the horizon. Early in the summer it is a sea of green growing wheat; towards harvest time it is a sea of gold, with the wheat to the height of a man; after harvest the prairie presents the appearance of a vast encampment with the wheat stooks waiting for the threshing. The threshing over, the prairie glows at night with conflagrations as if a hostile army was marching through the land destroying as it went, but all that is happening is the burning of waste straw and refuse from the threshing, the ashes being the only fertiliser that the soil has so far received. There are brand-new towns and villages at every three or four miles, each the centre of a rapidly-growing trade with the farmers and other settlers in the district. What will most strike the English visitor, however, is the succession of elevators along the line, resembling huge square or oblong towers with a turret on the top. The elevators are the receptacles of the corn ready for the market. Each will hold an enormous quantity, ranging from scores of thousands to millions of bushels. Many of the elevators belong to the wholesale buyers or to great milling firms. A large number have been built, however, by the railway companies to hold the grain until transport is available to convey it to the markets. So great is the pressure between the harvest and Christmas time that all the freightage rolling stock of the companies is called into service, and all the elevators are crammed to bursting point with the wheat and oats, and even then the farmers complain that wheat has to remain in the fields week after week because the elevator accommodation is insufficient. It is a revelation to the travelling visitor of the inconceivable food-growing capacity of Central Canada, of which as yet scarcely the half of the cultivable soil has been broken. It is easy to understand and to believe the boast that Canada, when its cornlands are fully cultivated, will be able to feed four-hundred-millions of the world’s population.

This enormous agricultural production means, of course, great and expanding demands for the products of manufacturing industries. In the early years of the Prairie Provinces’ development the needs were all supplied from the East, but the Prairie Provinces, like the Eastern Provinces, have their own industrial ambitions, and they are setting to work to become as far as possible manufacturing suppliers of their own necessities. Let me describe as illustrations what is taking place at Moose Jaw and Regina, the latter the capital of Saskatchewan Province.

Moose Jaw, as the name of a city, provokes smiles. It derives its name, according to local belief, from the discovery of the jaw of a moose on its site before the Canadian Pacific Railway drove its steel across the prairie. Moose Jaw was an insignificant village, and, but for the railway, an insignificant village it would have remained, its only population a few Indians and a handful of half-breeds, with an occasional visitor in the person of a Hudson’s Bay or Eastern trader or a mounted police trooper. The railway pioneers, however, saw in Moose Jaw a strategic position for a railway centre, and immediately the village began to grow by leaps and bounds. The C.P.R. has spent millions of dollars in Moose Jaw on its fifty-three miles of trackage, its stock-yards, its freight sheds and its trains and depots, built prophetically with a view to the needs of the future great manufacturing and distributing city. The Grand Trunk and Canadian Northern Railways are now entering Moose Jaw, and within a year or two fourteen lines will radiate from the city, linking it up with all Canada and the United States. Great flour mills have been established, and huge meat-packing plants, bridge and iron works are among other manufacturing concerns. The applications for building permits for new factories, mills, banks, business houses and the like are increasing with a rapidity that makes the people early on the spot smile their broadest and shake hands with each other at the stream of gold flowing into their bank accounts. To the Englishman, accustomed to the harmonious lines of handsomely-built business streets and macadamised roads, with their hard surface and the broad pavement, Moose Jaw does not make a particularly favourable first impression.

Moose Jaw is at present a muddy place, with “side walks” only just making their appearance. With sewage construction, water and gas supply and other necessaries in progress, the roads are always “up,” but the automobile owners who kindly “run us round” care nothing for a foot depth of mud and ruts such as were never seen in English lanes. They are “cross country” riders of the most fearless type, and bump English visitors in and out of the ruts and up and down folds of the prairie in a fashion that puts British courage to a severe test. Moose Jaw mud, like all prairie mud, is of the fattest, stickiest kind, but, as a leading citizen said to me, “Our streets five years ago were just muddy tracks, but it was prairie mud; it grew our ‘No. 1 Hard,’ the world’s standard in wheat; it gave us our money, and we cheerfully put up with it.”

Moose Jaw has boundless confidence in itself. It believes, like all the cities of the West, that it is the city with a future. Other cities may be going ahead, but Moose Jaw will always show them the way. The pride of local patriotism is nowhere so highly developed as in these Western cities.

“Have you been at Winnipeg lately?” asked a Winnipegian of a man on the train. “Yes, I was there at the beginning of last week. It’s a growing city.” “Ah!” said the Winnipegian, “but you should see it now!” And here, be it said, the people of all these provinces and cities are consummate masters of the art of “boosting.” They have boundless faith in their cities and themselves, and they try to infuse their faith into others. They say, in effect, as a firm that opened a new shop in one of the cities inscribed across the frontage, “We are It. Watch us Grow.”

Moose Jaw, I am certain, would never dream of yielding the palm to Winnipeg or any other city of the prairie. Those other cities might have got the start, but Moose Jaw will catch them up and overtake them. Since my return it is reported that an inexhaustible supply of natural gas has been discovered near to the city. If this be so, then the cheapening of power which the gas will cause will certainly justify Moose Jaw in its most optimistic anticipations of its future.

As to Regina, it is bound, as the capital city, to go ahead alike as a business, a manufacturing, and a social centre. It is the commercial centre—the Railway Junction City—of millions of acres of corn-growing prairie. At Regina I had an insight into the municipal life of a Western Canadian city. We are discussing at home town planning, the land question, the education question and all sorts of social reforms which to carry out make heavy demands on the rates and taxes. We are a very ancient country with a most complicated web of vested interests and an overcrowded population. There is sharp division between class and class, Church and Church, party and party. Canada, and especially Western Canada, with its unlimited area of land, originally the property of the State, is able to deal with all such questions and problems in a way that is impossible in our own country. “Single tax” and “town planning” go together in these new cities. The newborn municipal authority decides what shall be the area of the city. The lines of development are decided on. The city surveyor draws up a plan of the sections, which are sub-divided into convenient lots. The plots are then assessed. Those purchasing a plot must pay the tax on the assessment, whether it is built on or not. Plots are reserved not only as sites for schools, city hall, parks, and other public purposes, but to provide by their sale, when the value has enhanced by natural increment, for the building and possibly the maintenance of the schools and other public institutions. Thus, at Regina, I was shown the new City Hall, built at a cost of £100,000, and was told it had not cost a penny in rates, for the whole of the cost was met by the sale of municipal reservations of land. In those cities schools, as soon as families arrive, are among the first and finest buildings to be erected, but the cities grow so fast that the school accommodation is soon out-distanced, and temporary schools spring up, to give way at the earliest possible moment to splendid permanent buildings. It was good to see the youngsters romping in their playtime, and to be told that “There’s not a poor person in our city, Sir, and we don’t mean there to be one. Sure!” Banks are numerous, with very handsome buildings, but one soon understands why they multiply. The banks finance the builders of the great hotels, “departmental stores,” the builders of their own homes on the residential lots secured—for every householder wants to live in his own detached freehold house on his own freehold plot—and they also finance the farmers and others engaged in gathering the “gold of the prairie.”

Regina is laid out on the best lines with wise prevision of the needs of the future. In the town planning quarters are reserved for manufacturing industries, business centres, residential streets and suburbs, schools and churches. The quarters are being rapidly occupied, but the city, of course, is still in a very unfinished condition. Like Winnipeg and Moose Jaw, however, it believes that Regina is “It.” It has a brand-new Parliament House, a long, spacious building, with a handsome façade facing a grassy park with a lake fed by the Waskanna rivulet. I had a chat with Mr. Motherwell, Minister of Agriculture, himself a model farmer, a prairie Cincinnatus, who is deservedly held in the highest estimation by his fellow-citizens. Those Ministers of State of the Prairie Provinces, and even those of the Dominion Government at Ottawa, are not the awful unapproachable beings that Ministers of State are in the European Governments. They are men of the people, sprung from the people, not usually educated in colleges and universities, but educated practically in the school of the world. They understand thoroughly the conditions and the needs of their country, and my talks with Mr. Motherwell and other public men, with the information in the shape of Government publications which they placed at my disposal, were a revelation of the practical foresight and wisdom with which the Canadian Governments are laying the foundations of the vast populations which within a few years will occupy the Provinces. Nowhere in the world is the necessity of an educated people more keenly realised, and nowhere is such generous provision made for the education. The best lots on the surveyed sites of the town to be laid out by newly-formed municipalities are reserved for schools—not only the spots on which the schools are to be built, but spots which by their unearned increment, as the town develops, shall be sold and the proceeds applied to the maintenance of the schools. This avoids trouble over the levying of rates for educational purposes, for it was impressed upon me that the schools and their maintenance, and other public services, do not cost a penny to the ratepayer. My Regina cicerone, a migrant from the East, “ran me round” on an automobile, and continually called my attention to buildings just finished or in process of construction, such as “Our City Hall—$500,000; a new bank at that corner, $600,000; a new church, $70,000; a departmental stores going up there, $1,000,000; a railway company is to build a million dollars hotel there.” In the early summer of 1912 a cyclone cut a path through the centre of the city, destroying three churches, with much private property. At five on the morning following the cyclone, architects, builders and owners of the destroyed property were surveying the ruins and planning the buildings to rise on the cleared site. At a “turkey supper” the Mayor of Regina, Mr. M’Ara, told how the city has advanced in civilisation since, a very few years ago, a predecessor in the mayoral chair went to welcome the first religious convention held in the town. That mayor had been a “Wild Westerner,” more at home at the poker table than at a gathering of grave divines, but he did his best to make them feel at ease. “You are very welcome,” he said, “to our city. I hope you will make yourselves thoroughly at home. In order that you may feel perfectly free, I have given orders to lock up the entire police force.” Regina has three daily papers and a weekly.

Regina’s manufacturing quarter is already a hive of most profitable industry. As at Hamilton, the workers are a very cosmopolitan company. There are something like 10,000 people from the Balkan States and other countries of Eastern Europe, while there is a large and prosperous German colony. The English and American elements of the Regina population are somewhat concerned over the growth of the non-Saxon element. They are taking steps to Canadianise these people by means of schools, missions, and other educational and moralising forces. There is no reason why, within half a century, the present population of 50,000 to 60,000 of Regina should not swell to half a million. I must not forget the Methodist College, opened in 1912 at a cost of something like £120,000, to give the best possible higher school education to the lads and girls of prosperous families of the Province. The Presbyterians are following suit with a proposed college on even a greater scale. A Regina correspondent tells me that within a month £100,000 was promised towards the Presbyterian college. Men so keenly alive to the educational needs of the city and Province may be trusted not to let the grass grow under their feet in matters of industrial development.

Beyond Saskatchewan is the Province of Alberta. Alberta, Canadian fashion, firmly believes that it is “It.” Not only is the Province destined to become one of the richest cornfields and most luscious ranching grounds of Canada, but it is enormously rich in mineral resources, which will be the basis of great manufacturing industries in the future. Already coal-fields covering an area of at least 11,000 square miles have been located. Alike in North and South Alberta, towns are growing with mushroom rapidity, and new towns are being planted every week with the rapid pushing of the “steel” of the railway companies. An American journalist, Mr. W. J. Shunks, of Chicago, has described in picturesque American fashion how towns are “built while you wait,” so to speak, in these amazing Western Provinces:—

“Half-way between Lake Superior and the Manitoba prairies, in the heart of the virgin forest, the Grand Trunk Pacific town-builders put their pencils on the map and gave orders. Presto! The new town of Graham, with its divisional railway shops, its roundhouses, its stores and banks, springs into being. At the edge of the prairie section they decree another larger railway city, with immense repair shops, car works and foundries. Transcona is born! As the rails are flung Pacificward, across the prairies, there spring into being a string of communities, with important divisional centres of the Melville, Watrous, Wainwright and Edson type, at regular intervals.

“I don’t know whether these Grand Trunk town-builders deliberately planned a de luxe edition or not. Certainly, they got one out when they put Mirror, Alberta, on the map. Mirror is about half-way between Calgary and Edmonton. It is almost in the geographical centre of the Province of Alberta—in the heart of one of the richest agricultural sections. It is to be an important divisional centre, on the Grand Trunk Pacific’s line connecting Calgary and Southern Alberta with the main trans-continental line from Winnipeg to Edmonton.

“The town site of Mirror is natural—that is, the railway company did not have to look for one in that particular location. They found it, ready made, on the west bank of Buffalo Lake, the largest body of fresh water in the province, and a natural summer resort. The town site is on a ridge with gentle slopes—eastward to the lake, and westward to the railway right of way.

“Mirror—though it borrows its name from an English publication, The London Mirror—will be a typically cosmopolitan town of the Canadian west. Around it are farming districts of marvellous prosperity. There are rich and vast coal mines in the immediate vicinity. Scientists say that this district is in the heart of the gas and oil belts of Alberta. In natural resources, beauty of location, and future prospects, Mirror is a blue ribboner among the new municipalities.

“When the town site of Mirror was first placed on the market—July 11 and 12, 1911—there were 577 lots sold at auction in 660 minutes. The aggregate purchase price of these lots was $250,000. That was the beginning. Many more lots have been sold since. Before Mirror was a month old it had two banks, five stores, three lumber yards, one hotel, three restaurants, two pool rooms, a sash and door factory and a newspaper. When it reaches the mature age of one year it will be a wonder.

“The really important feature in all this town building is that conditions require it. The country is being thickly settled with prosperous farmers. Merchants, manufacturers, bankers, artisans, doctors, lawyers, ministers—all the factors in urban population—follow the trails the farmers blaze. It is their door of opportunity.”

In Southern Alberta is the city of Medicine Hat, whose name is a constant joke to the Englishman who knows it only as a name. I must confess to sharing in the ribald joking until I made the acquaintance of Medicine Hat. Having seen it, how can I describe it? I had chaffed a London journalist—standing in the front rank of newspaper globe trotters—until he scowled savagely at the mention of it. I shall joke about it no longer. Medicine Hat has got to be taken very seriously indeed.

Locally its name is familiarly shortened to “The Hat.” It gets its name from its extraordinary location. There is a large circular depression of the prairie, surrounded by sharply-rising sandy walls. The depression, with the prairie stretching out above from the rim of the walls, bears a rough resemblance to an inverted low-crowned hat, with an endless Quaker brim. Through the depression runs the broad silver belt of the South Saskatchewan River. The depression suggests a worn-down volcano crater, and the speciality of Medicine Hat confirms the suggestion. Underneath is pent up an inexhaustible storage of natural gas. The Indians knew of the gas, and associated it with magic and devilry, hence the name of “Medicine Hat.” Rudyard Kipling’s imagination was impressed by Medicine Hat, and he styled it “City born fortunate, built upon hell.” No wonder the hollow crown is being filled with huge flour mills and factories, while the brim is being eagerly snapped up for residential purposes. The gas is pure and ready for use to supply alike power, light and heat. There are “gas wells,” from which the gas rushes at a tremendous pressure, but it is tamed and made to do its work, at a cost to the consumer of only 7½d. per thousand cubic feet. That means to the householder fuel as well as light. Manufacturers are encouraged to settle in “The Hat” by the offer of “free power” for five years. As it costs nothing to generate the power, and the supply is unlimited, it pays the authorities to make the concession. Last winter four huge flour mills were to be put up by different companies, and about thirty factories are already at work, while inquiries are crowding in from other firms. “The Hat” expects to have a population of half-a-million by the time its young men are middle-aged. The South Saskatchewan gives it the purest drinking water, and in the summer the prairie will be making gold for the farmers, much of which will gravitate into “The Hat.” I might add that the street lamps burn all day because it is cheaper to let them burn than to employ labour in putting them out and relighting them.

I found further on, at Calgary, that that city is also utilising natural gas, but in this case it has to be brought in pipes some 200 miles. I was told that the work of trenching, laying the pipes, and putting on the gas supply had been done within two months—a fact of which Calgary was properly proud. At Calgary, a cattle and horse-raising centre, I saw the month-old University of Calgary, housed in a modest temporary building, with some seventy students. The Dean, Dr. Braithwaite, showed me a syllabus of some seventy subjects, and the plan of a block of University buildings that might well make Oxford or Cambridge “sit up and take notice.” It would take at least $50,000,000 (£10,000,000) to realise the scheme, but the Dean said, “It may take fifty years, but it will be done.” Already a few citizens have subscribed 450 acres of land, in a glorious situation, on high ground a few miles from the centre of the city, with the serrated line of the Rocky Mountains cutting the western horizon seventy miles away, and $500,000 are given as a beginning. There is a strong rivalry between Calgary and Edmonton and Saskatoon, further north in Alberta. The State University is at Saskatoon, but Calgary is going ahead with its University for South Alberta, and will worry the Government for a charter empowering it to confer degrees when its students are ready for the degrees.

Central Alberta, unfortunately, I was unable to see, but I heard much about it even on the Atlantic before I landed in Canada. There were on board two of the leading citizens of Edmonton, Alberta. They told me of the inexhaustible natural resources of the western-most Prairie Province, backing on to the Rocky Mountains—land that yields 36 to 40 bushels of wheat and 50 and more bushels of oats to the acre, and under the surface thousands of square miles of the best coal waiting to be mined. “And there are other things,” said an ex-City Commissioner. “We have a lake—Cold Lake—scarcely noticed on the map, yet I have seen forty teams a day drawing the white fish from that lake for the American market. When the great lakes, such as the Great Slave and the Lesser Slave, are opened up, they will yield inexhaustible supplies of fish, of enormous value. It’s marvellous! I’ve been ten years farming at Edmonton—that is to be an old-timer in a city that has risen in population from 5,000 to 55,000 within the decade—and I never cease to marvel at what both land and water give us.” That “It’s marvellous!” I kept hearing from Canadian lips all the way across.

As to British Columbia, it is destined to be a great holiday resort alike of Canada and of the North-Western American States. We catch sight of the serrated line of the Rockies at Calgary, clearly visible through the transparent atmosphere at a distance of seventy miles. From Calgary over the Rockies, and the descent through British Columbia to Vancouver, is a run of twenty-six hours. The scenery surpasses even that of Switzerland.

Canadians who have spent a holiday at Lake Louise or other centres for mountain climbing and glacier exploration find even their abundant and eloquent vocabulary insufficient to express their ecstatic admiration. I passed through British Columbia and back in the middle of November, but even then the hours of daylight were hours of continuous delight. From the windows or the platform of the observation car rise on either side the shaggy sides of mountains and beyond them peaks and peaks towering above each other over the snow line, until they are lost in the dim distance. Anything more exquisitely lovely than sunrise in the Rocky Mountains it is impossible to imagine. The gilded snow peaks look like cubes and pyramids of glittering gold. The railway itself is a continual wonder. It is a triumph of the mind, the resolute will, the skilful hands, and the Napoleonic organisation of labour and mechanical ingenuity over the forces of Nature, which it would almost seem intended to place the Rockies as an everlasting barrier between the prairie and the Pacific. The railway now tunnels through the living rock, now corkscrews up apparently impossible gradients, now throws itself across terrific chasms, now winds along the edge of precipitous cliffs, now runs through gloomy ravines as it makes its westward journey to the coast.

British Columbia is as confident of its magnificent future as are its sister Provinces. With the opening of the Panama Canal it looks forward to such an outlet for its agricultural and manufacturing products as will draw millions of people to the country and make it not only by its scenic glories a gem of the Imperial crown, but one of the Empire’s richest wealth-producers. As the railway descends to the lower slopes of the Rockies the country opens out. There are large and lovely lakes swarming with fish, a country abounding with valleys that rival Annapolis valley of Nova Scotia and the Niagara country of South Ontario in their fitness for fruit growing, while the humidity of the atmosphere, the soft Pacific breezes, the flood of summer sunshine, and the mildness of the winter give British Columbia enormous advantages over its eastern fruit-producing rivals. Fruit alike of temperate and sub-tropical climates ripens to perfection with marvellous rapidity, yields incredible crops, and is of the richest flavour. In the autumn of 1912 and again in 1913 collections of British Columbia fruit won the gold medal of the Royal Horticultural Society in London. Already British Columbia is sending its apples and other fruit to Australia and New Zealand, having the profitable advantage of producing its fruit during the antipodean winter. Large numbers of British and American farmers are settling in the valleys of British Columbia, and millions of British capital are being invested in the purchase and development of farms.

Then British Columbia is one of the greatest lumber producing countries of the world. Millions of square miles of forests are waiting to be utilised. One of the sights of British Columbia is the freight train, sometimes a hundred waggons long, drawn by two powerful engines, conveying the prepared lumber to the coast for shipment to the States, or climbing the Rockies eastward for the prairie. The country is fabulously rich also in minerals, including gold. Scarcely the surface of the mineral richness has yet been scratched. When the mining resources are fully developed those resources alone would mean that British Columbia will be one of the richest States of the Dominion. The population of a country more than twice the size of Great Britain is as yet only about 600,000, and more than a third of its population is that of Vancouver city and Victoria in Vancouver island. I spent some time in Vancouver city, which, within a dozen years, has grown from 12,000 to over 100,000. Its main streets, such as Hastings Street, with its splendid shops, would do credit to Leeds or Manchester. The “sky scraper” is evident in Vancouver, and will be more evident if land values continue to increase as they are increasing now. During my stay a record in land values was made by the sale of a site on Hastings Street at $7,500 per foot frontage. The site was already occupied by a fine block of buildings, but the block was scarcely considered in the transaction. It was to be torn down in order that a new block of palatial magnificence might be erected upon it. It is clear as the day that with its possibilities British Columbia within fifty years will be the home of a people exceeding the population of Belgium and Holland, and even richer than the people of those two most industrious countries. The Grand Trunk and the Canadian Northern “steels” have already reached, or are about to reach, the coast, opening up huge tracts of country that will be developed after the Canadian fashion, towns being started every other day of the week and becoming within ten years places of importance as centres for the supply of the surrounding country. A great number of these towns will become centres of manufacturing industry, for in British Columbia, as in the other Provinces, the desire for manufacturing industries is almost a fever. The banks, the great insurance companies, and other financial concerns express their faith in the future of British Columbia by their willingness to advance millions for its agricultural and industrial development. The visitor to British Columbia soon discovers that the Province might well be named the Nova Scotia of the Pacific, for, as men of Scottish blood were among the pioneers, discoverers and settlers, so Scotsmen by the thousand, with their keen scent for places where money is to be made, have flocked, and are flocking, into British Columbia. The outstanding names in Vancouver and Victoria are Scottish names. I met one Scotsman in the timber trade just arrived from Glasgow. He had done well in Glasgow, but he told me that Glasgow was nothing compared to British Columbia.

The notes I have given with regard to the industrial development and the industrial prospects of the Provinces of Canada are scanty enough, but I hope that the glimpse given of the conditions and the outlook will prove serviceable alike to those in the Old Country seeking homes and careers in Canada, and to those also with loose money, who cherish a legitimate desire to invest that money in something more remunerative and less precarious than are most of the openings for investment in Great Britain. A Lethbridge man told me that for ten years he had been trying to convince his friends in England that the current rate of 8 per cent. interest on mortgage loans in the Canadian Far West was as safe as 4 or 5 per cent. invested in gilt-edged securities in the Old Country. He had succeeded at last in so persuading them, and several of his friends had commissioned him to take charge of their savings and make fructifying use of them in assisting the agricultural and industrial development of the Far West.

The warning, of course, must be given that land sharks and sharks of other descriptions run in hungry troops in Canada, and that a man in England with money to invest should be quite sure that his agents or friends in Canada are in the know and can be thoroughly relied upon.

“REAL ESTATE”

Before leaving for Canada a word of advice was given to me by a Member of Parliament friend who had recently returned from a tour through the Dominion. “If you meet a Real Estate man,” he said, “and he wants to talk to you, get into the next street as soon as you can.” I bore the warning in mind, but the difficulty that presented itself in Canada was that there are not enough next streets in the whole Dominion in which to take refuge from the Real Estate man. He has his offices in every street of every town and almost in every village. His windows are decorated with maps and plans showing districts of new towns and suburban districts of the older towns ripe for development. Facts and figures about the unequalled opportunities are put before you in ways more enticing than are those of a London company promoter. You are told how the population has increased within five years from 5,000 to 17,000, and it is bound to increase in a sort of geometrical progression. You are advised to “get in early,” secure “snips,” and your fortune is made. You may be a shy fly and decide to keep out of the spider’s parlour, but that does not save you. In the entrance hall of your hotel, with its great windows like those of an hotel or boarding house front at Ostend, the Real Estate man, the picture of prosperity, evidently feeling that all is for the best in the best of all possible worlds, is smoking his Havana. In the affable manner which the Canadian shares with the Yankee he gets into conversation with you without introduction and without encouragement. How can you resist a man so stuffed with interesting information, so genial and so pleasant? He asks you if you have been in “our city” before, what you think about the city and the Province, how long you have been in Canada, when do you propose to return to the Old Country, are you on pleasure or on business bent, and if on business, what business? Having taken such a friendly interest in you, you naturally reciprocate the interest and inquire in what line your affable friend is. “Real Estate, sir,” he says, “and if you want to be put on to a good thing you have hit on the right man, sure.” He dives into his pocket or opens his dispatch case and out comes a plan of an estate showing hundreds of lots in a chequer a yard and a half or two yards square. He tells you that you have to be careful when you deal in Real Estate, for there are mighty cute men in Canada, and before you can say “snap” they have you. He, of course, as you have gathered from his conversation, does his business on purely philanthropic principles. So pleasant a man could not deceive you. He is soon pointing out the choicest bits on his map and telling you, as a friend rather than as a seller, that if you want half-a-dozen, or a dozen, or a score of lots he can let you have the cream of the bunch at a giving-away price. “They are real snips, sir, you can take it from me. I know what I am talking about. I have it on the best authority that the C P.R. is going to make that town a divisional point, or is going to connect up with the Canadian Northern or the Grand Trunk. It is going to build a two million dollar ‘deepo’ there and arrange a freightage shed that will astonish creation in that part of the country. Do you know, sir, that I sold six lots there three months ago at $10 a foot”—which means foot frontage—“to a friend of mine, and when I saw him only last Thursday he told me he had just refused $20 a foot for those lots. Now I can let you have these lots at $12 a foot, and you can take my word for it that within three months you will either have sold them for double the amount or you will have come to me for another dozen or score of lots. They are going just like hot cakes.” You wonder why a man with such gold mines in his possession should be willing to part with them at all.

It is not only Real Estate men, however, who talk Real Estate. Everybody talks it. In the hotel, at the street corner, in the departmental store, on the railway, you hear Real Estate, Real Estate, Real Estate all the time. It is a subject of the most thrilling and never-fading interest to the Canadian. You meet men everywhere who have been dabbling in lots, and to a certain extent they confirm the Real Estate man’s rosy pictures of the money to be made out of this form of speculation. A man not a year out from England told me, for instance, that he had bought four lots at $300 a lot and within six months had refused $2,500 for them. Real Estate has become not only a Canadian business, but a Canadian pastime, rivalling baseball and pool in its capture of the imagination and the absorbing interest that its votaries take in it.

There is money to be made out of Real Estate—endless money, profits that grow as Jonah’s gourd grew, if you only understand the game. “If only!” But there is the rub. You want to be the man on the spot with access to all sources of information, a man with sound judgment who can forecast developments in the near future, if you are to dabble in Real Estate without getting your fingers badly burned. Or if you are not the man on the spot you should know the man on the spot and be thoroughly convinced that he has the judgment and is straight, or you should deal only with a company or agency of unblemished reputation—a reputation of not taking wild-cat risks, but of buying only where there is a reasonable prospect of increased increment and selling at a fair rate to customers who will be content with a reasonable profit—the word “reasonable” to be interpreted in the Canadian sense. With such provisos there is perhaps no form of investment which will yield such large profits in so short a time as investments in Canadian Real Estate. It is gambling, of course, as much as speculation in futures on the Stock Exchange or the buying and selling of shares in industrial concerns with rapid vicissitudes is gambling, but after all the Real Estate business is playing an important part in the economic development of Canada. The Real Estate men are champion “Boosters,” the most enterprising and effective publicity men of the towns and districts where the lots lie. There are plenty of honest Real Estate men who have found that honesty pays, because clients for whom they have made profits come to them again and introduce their moneyed friends to them.

The peculiarity of the Real Estate business in Canada is the undoubted incredible increase of unearned increment due to the miraculous growth of towns and the continual opening up of fertile country. In the new towns of Canada the Single Tax system lends itself to the Real Estate man’s activities. A town site is surveyed by the municipal surveyor. It is cut up into thousands of lots which are registered. The rateable value of the lots is estimated, and the purchaser of each lot purchases it with the obligation of paying the rate on the assessed value as soon as he takes possession, whether he builds on it or not. The Real Estate man carefully studies the municipal map. He estimates the value of the lots for himself. He collects all the information available as to the directions in which the town is likely to spread from the centre. He finds out, as far as possible, what are the probabilities of railways coming to the town. He decides to take a batch of lots—50, 100, or 250. The process is so simple and so free from legal technicalities and costs that he soon finds himself in possession. The municipality wants a rate income, and in the early years of its existence favours the Real Estate man or anybody else who will risk taking the lots and begin contributing the rates upon them. The Real Estate man, having secured his block of, say, 250 lots, has his map drawn with the block coloured and issues the map, probably with a booklet designed to demonstrate that his lots are the snippiest of all the snips in that town. Having to pay the rates and to pay quarterly instalments on the price of the land beyond the rates, if the municipality puts a value on the lots, it is to his interest to dispose of them as speedily as possible. He does not want to build, and certainly he does not want to go on paying those rates and instalments on unproductive land. He sets a value on the lots. If for houses of about 25 to 30 feet frontage and a depth, say, of 120 feet, the value may be $10 to $20 per foot frontage. He disposes of them at this price to new-comers and others wanting to build their houses or to men desirous of having a little fling in the way of a speculation in unearned increment. It is these speculators on increment out of whom the Real Estate man relies to make his main profit. A few lots are sold at $10 and $12 a foot to be paid in one payment down, and the rest in quarterly instalments spread over three, four, or five years. A man buys, say, half-a-dozen lots and pays his first instalment. The agreement is signed then and there in the Real Estate man’s office, and the transaction is entered and a trifling fee paid in the Land Titles Office of the municipality. The whole thing may have been discussed, agreed upon, the deed signed, and the transaction legally concluded within an hour. The purchaser has got his half-a-dozen lots at $300 each and has paid a twelfth of the price. The first instalment may have exhausted the whole of his available money. His hope is that before the next instalment is due he will re-sell to a purchaser and make $5 or more profit per foot out of the purchaser. The second buyer is also a speculator in increments. He pays his instalment with the same hope of selling at a satisfactory advance price before the second or third instalment becomes due. So it goes on. It is all right if you are one of the early purchasers and get rid of the lots according to your expectation, but if the speculation fever is very high and the expectations as to the future of the town or the district of the town in which the estate is situated are too rosy, the lots are sure, within a limited time, to be forced up to a selling price far beyond their intrinsic value, and a too sanguine buyer at last will find himself in possession of them and have them left unsaleable upon his hands. As it was put to me by a shrewd man very familiar with the business, “It is the last man who will get the pinch.” If you go in for Real Estate speculation you must take care not to be the last man.

The head of a great Canadian financial corporation said to me, “There is plenty of money to be made out of Real Estate if you can trust the man you deal with, but my advice to all my friends is to avoid as far as they can long-range Real Estate speculation. It is safer to put money into good industrial investments. The profits may not be so quick or so great, but there is much less risk.”

Several Real Estate men were perfectly frank in describing to me the dangers of Real Estate investment by men not in the know dealing with Real Estate men in whom they have not the fullest reason to put confidence. “The thing,” said one of them, “may look all right on the map. The map shows you that the lots for instance, are within two or three minutes of the post office or the Town Hall. So they are, but you want to know just where the post office or the Town Hall is in its relation to the business and the best residential quarters of the town. It may be that the location of the post office was fixed when the township site was first laid out. It was expected then that the town would grow from the post office location as a centre, but for some reason or other it has not grown all round the post office, but has spread away, say, east and south and has not spread north and west. The lots shown to you on the map may be north or west of the post office and not be worth $10 a foot, whereas if they were at an equal distance east or south they would be worth $25 or $30 a foot. Or the post office in those infant days may have been given to somebody by a bit of favouritism and been located just where it is because the man happened to have a lot there, without regard to the public convenience at all, and it is now practically stranded. Again, the Town Hall, by the same mysterious tendencies of growth, may be three or four hundred yards out of the profit-making centre and the lots shown to you may be in a comparatively unprofitable area. You want to know such matters as these to be quite sure that you have got the real snips.”

The Real Estate man has certainly nothing to learn in the art of pushing his wares and prevailing on customers anxious to get rich quick. Every self-respecting Real Estate man has his automobile in which “to run” inquirers “round.” It is a very good automobile, has probably cost him $2,000 or $3,000. It runs as smoothly as an automobile can on such roads as they have in and around the new growing cities and the new suburbs of the older cities. As you are being run to the estate where the most attractive snips are to be shown you the Real Estate man tells you marvellous stories of profits made out of lots purchased on an estate just this side of the one you are going to. “Only three years ago, sir, that estate was laid out. Lots were sold at $13 a foot, and to-day the men who have got them would not take $50 a foot for them. There is no reason whatever why our estate should not do as well and even better, for the C.P.R. is putting down a station right in the middle of it, and already the municipality has determined to run its street car track right through the estate to such and such a bit of lake-side or river or wood that is the favourite summer outing place for the citizens.” You are so interested and the car runs so smoothly that you seem to be on the estate in no time. You see the lots. It is impressed upon you that if you miss this opportunity you will regret it all your life, and unless you are amongst the “once bitten twice shy” you are almost persuaded. The Real Estate man completes the persuasion by telling you “We are only seven minutes here from the Town Hall.” You think seven minutes is almost next door to the Town Hall. You decide to buy and are driven back to the Real Estate man’s office with mind full of happy anticipation of the profit you will make when selling time comes next spring. It is only afterwards, when you meet a citizen of the town, a commercial traveller or some other frequent visitor who knows the distances, that you learn the Real Estate man was quite right when he told you the estate was only seven minutes from the Town Hall, but he forgot to tell you that it was also seven miles which the automobile had covered in the seven minutes. During my time in Canada I was offered a good score of “snips,” and was tempted to regret that I was not moneyed man enough to take advantage of them. Perhaps, if I had had the money and had secured possession of the lots, I should by now have reaped 50 per cent. on the investments—perhaps I should have had the lots still on my hands and been cudgelling my brains to find the means of keeping up the payment of the instalments.

In Moose Jaw one of the three or four drunken men whom I saw in Canada—the drunken woman, I am told, is happily an unknown figure in the Dominion—was going along the main street repeating joyously “I’ve got some lots, I’ve got some lots.” Let us hope he had secured them before he had taken the liquor, otherwise he might wake up sober and find he was amongst those who had burnt their fingers.

It is not only in home or business sites, however, that the Real Estate man deals. There is a vast amount of Real Estate business done in “acreage,” as the Canadian calls agricultural land. A man or a company secures 10,000, 15,000, 20,000 or 50,000 acres of unbroken prairie. This is divided into farms. The usual map is produced showing the position of the farms. The railway line in actual existence or in contemplation is seen striking through the estate. There are three or four or half-a-dozen stations shown along the line within the boundary of the estate. You are told that the Canadian Northern or the Canadian Pacific Railway is going to make one of the stations a divisional point—you are further told that all around the region towns are springing up and other towns are certain to be started in a year or two. Every farm on the estate will be within three or four miles of a railway. These farms can be had at the giving-away price of $20 an acre to be paid for by $2 an acre down now and the remainder in instalments covering five or ten years. I was offered my choice in Toronto of as much as I liked to take of a 25,000 acre estate in Manitoba. The Real Estate man spread out his map before me and earnestly impressed upon me the quite exceptional “snip” that this acreage proposition was. I could not do better than to snap up some farms for myself and persuade my friends in England to do likewise. I am afraid that the half-hour of that Estate man was wasted, for reasons into which I need not enter. Now the proposition may have been all he stated it to be. A number of Anglo-Canadian combines have purchased such properties and divided them up into farms of from 25 to 500 acres, and men who have taken the land are fully satisfied with their bargains. On the other hand, the same speculator, not knowing much about acreage values, might easily get badly burnt over acreage. As a practical Canadian farmer said to me: “The land may look all right on the map and the visitor who does not know farming—especially the Englishman who does not know Canadian farming—may think it looks all right when he is taken over the estate; but the practical Canadian farmer has sharp eyes and wants to be assured that the thing is as good in reality as it looks on the map. You may buy a farm, for instance, and find that the land is stony and dry and that a lot of money will have to be spent in irrigation if crops are to be raised out of it. On the other hand, you may find that it may be low-lying and swampy, and that even more money will have to be spent on draining the land if it is to be any good for farming. Or it may be covered with trees that want stumping out, or the good surface soil may be very shallow and ten years of cropping will exhaust it, or there may be a dozen other things that will depreciate the value of the land.” Again there is that danger of “long-range speculation.” The projected railway may never become a reality. The station within four miles of your farm may exist only in the imagination. You may have to cart your stuff not four miles, but seven or ten miles, and the extra cost of cartage and of labour will considerably reduce the margin of profit. You may be fifty miles from a populous town which offers a market for produce other than wheat, and if you want to succeed in Canada it is well not to put all your eggs into the wheat basket, but to have dairying, chicken and egg-raising, and market gardening as other resources. No English farmer ought to buy land until, in the company of an experienced Canadian farmer, he has thoroughly examined it and studied its capabilities. The English investor, knowing nothing about Canadian acreage values and still more ignorant about the actual value of lots offered to him on this particular acreage investment proposition, should not risk his money without expert advice from the district. Such expert advice is usually to be had, though of course it has to be paid for, but no money is better spent than that spent in gaining such knowledge.

This chapter on Real Estate is written in no unfriendly spirit to the Real Estate men. I am convinced that many of those whom I met, both those dealing in town sites and those dealing in acreage, were men of sound judgment and good commercial honesty; but business is business, and the principle in the minds of a large number of the Canadian Real Estate men generally is caveat emptor—“let the buyer keep his eyes skinned—my business is to sell. I have to make my profit—it is the buyer’s business to take care that he makes his. If the land is not what he expected that is his look out—he must find somebody else as simple as himself to relieve him of it.”

THE HOMES OF CANADA

The people on the great ocean liners leaving the Clyde, the Mersey, and the Severn for Canada cross the Atlantic to make homes across the seas. The object of all business and agriculture is home-making. If Canada was simply a country in which money was to be made under uncomfortable conditions, people would soon get tired of going to Canada. There are countries under the British flag and under the flags of other colonising Governments which are simply money-making countries. The climate is unhealthy or enervating, the conditions of life are such as are uncongenial to those who have been brought up in this great homeland of the world. It used to be thought that Canada was not the kind of country in which it would be possible to settle down to such home life as is the ambition of men in Old England, in Germany and France, and in the older cities of America. It was a legend that Canada for a great part of the year was a country under the dominion of unbearable cold—a country in which the thermometer went down to arctic depths, in which the icy atmosphere cut as with dagger stabs to the marrow of the bones, a country that was buried under fathomless depths of snow. Well, during three or four months of the winter—from the end of November to the middle of March—the greater part of Canada is decidedly cold. The thermometer does sink to many degrees below zero, and the earth is hidden by a thick wintry white mantle. Canadians, however, laugh with huge enjoyment when they are asked whether they feel the cold—whether they ever keep warm in winter. They declare to a man and a woman that they never feel a quarter so cold in Canada as they do when they visit the Old Country, whether the visits are in an English winter or in a wet and cold summer. They resented Rudyard Kipling’s description of Canada as “Our Lady of the Snows.” This, they said, conveyed an entirely false impression of their country. As a matter of fact, they regard the winter as the most enjoyable season of the year. The virgin whiteness of the snow, the clear crisp air, the sunshine that floods the country week after week and month after month, the blueness of the sky, make it joy to be alive. The most pessimistic of curmudgeons feels happy and hopeful during the Canadian winter. His blood circulates briskly, his lungs drink in air of such purity that he feels almost as if he were walking on air with light and springy step. I met many Canadians who told of having experienced temperatures as low as 40 deg. F. below zero, and yet, they said, they kept warm and never experienced that marrow-chilling feeling that they get during an English December or March or even during an English summer, with its leaden skies, with a temperature somewhere in the 40’s or early 50’s, and the gusts of wind that search out every weak place in the body. The air is dry and still, and with these conditions it does not matter how low the thermometer may sink. The temperature is not only tolerable, but enjoyable, providing, of course, that the right clothing is worn, that the house is equally warmed, and that reasonable precautions are taken.

As to houses, an indispensable institution of Canadian home life is the heat-raiser—the stove apparatus in the basement which supplies the steam-pipes carried through every room and also through every passage in the house. The heat-raiser has been carried to the last pitch of perfection to meet the needs of the Canadian winter. As a Montreal resident said to me, it would not do to go out of a room heated to 60 or 70 degs. into a passage where the temperature was below zero. It is this equal heating that prevents Canadians feeling cold in their homes, and Canadians coming to this country always complain of the coldness of our houses, and especially of the coldness of unheated bedrooms. English visitors to Canada, on the other hand, always complain that the houses are too hot, and still more that the railway trains, which are heated in the same fashion, are too hot. My own experience of railway travelling in Canada, of many nights spent sleeping in Pullman cars, confirms the testimony of English travellers. The temperature at times in the railway trains is almost unbearable, and it was a delight when the train stopped for five or ten minutes to alight on platforms sprinkled with snow and to breathe the clear crisp air. I have no doubt that the train-heating is as necessary as the house-heating having regard to the conditions. Canadians adapt themselves to the conditions, and what is abnormal to us becomes normal to them. The English visitor to Canada misses the open grate; the Canadian, and especially the Canadian housewife, testifies that the absence of the open grate is the greatest boon to the Canadian householder. It means cleanliness, saving of trouble, doing away with alternations of temperature which mean colds and general malaise. The cooking arrangements of Canadian home life are simplified, as are the heating arrangements, and in view of the difficulty—which is practically an impossibility—of obtaining domestic servants it is necessary to adopt every kind of labour-saving appliance on the market. The heating and cooking apparatus of Canadian homes is due mostly to the inventiveness of American manufacturers. Generally speaking Canadian home conditions are, as the Scots would say, “homologated” to the conditions prevailing on the American side of the border.

With regard to the domestic servant difficult, I had many talks with Canadian housewives on the question. The problem is solving itself by American ladies doing their own housework and simplifying their domestic arrangements accordingly. The wives of men of high social position do most of their own housework and seem to enjoy it. All this has its effect on the social etiquette. Ladies visiting each other in the afternoon, for instance, do not expect to be asked to tea, though of course if a lady chooses to ask her most intimate friends to tea there is nothing to prevent her. It is understood, however, that to get tea for visitors means that the hostess herself must prepare the meal and do the necessary washing-up afterwards. The servant problem is responsible also for Canadians of good social position living in houses much smaller than people in the same station would occupy at home. Driving round the “bon-ton” suburbs of rising cities in the Prairie Provinces I was surprised at the bijou residences in which I was told prominent citizens who were credited with fortunes of half a million to a million dollars were content to live. You must never judge of a man’s wealth in Canada by the size of his house and the style of his living. It is a question of the impossibility of getting servants, and Canadians are sensible enough to realise that the impossibility has its advantages. They have neither the time nor the inclination to create a lot of social duties such as are considered necessities of social suburban life at home, which would mean in Canada not only vast expense, but the eating up of invaluable time without any adequate compensation in the way of real social enjoyment. Well-to-do Canadians do not often invite mere acquaintances as guests to their homes. What they do is to put their guests up at a good hotel—and good hotels are plentiful enough, even in towns which have sprung up on the Prairie during the last twenty years. There is a surprising number of excellent hotels with a cuisine, attendance, and bedroom arrangements that any reasonable man should be satisfied with. When religious or other conferences meet in a Canadian town the delegates are not, as in this country, placed out with hosts who give them a bedroom, breakfast, and supper for three, four or more days, but the hosts send them to hotels. This practice has mutual advantages. It is not always convenient for a man to take in a stranger, though he may be an angel unawares; very often, as hosts in this country know to their cost, he is far from being an angel. But though he might be the most desirable of guests, the host, if a business or professional man, might feel it irksome to give his guest the attention he felt was due from him. On the other hand, the guest is free in the hotel to enjoy himself in his own way with fellow delegates. At several towns where I stayed there were groups of delegates to synodal meetings of religious denominations, trade conferences and the like, and it struck me that their informal conferences over the tables were contributing a good deal to the success of the meetings which had brought them to the towns.

A distinction has to be drawn between cities and towns of Old Canada and the cities and towns of the Prairie Provinces and British Columbia. In Old Canada, at Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, London, Hamilton, and many other cities life has settled down; there are traditions going back through several generations. There are old families and family relationships, old churches, institutions, colleges and schools. The life in these old cities has plenty of social intercourse and social enjoyments, and yet there is a freshness and exuberance which are missing in the crowded cities of the Old Country with their sharp social distinctions and their social problems. In these old cities there is culture of literature, art and music. The Toronto University and the McGill University at Montreal draw their thousands of students, who receive an education that covers all the departments of learning. Young men and young women are brought together in the various colleges, friendships are formed, wits sharpen wits. These young men and women are trained to become leaders of thought and action in every department of business, professional and social activity. Cultured English people settling in Old Canada might find to their surprise a keener appetite for artistic and intellectual interests than is at all common among the suburbanites of London and the other British provincial cities. The home life of these Canadian cities, judging by what I saw of it, is very charming. During the summer the fullest advantage is taken of the opportunities which are offered for holidays, week-ends and picnics on the rivers, lakes, and among the hills and woodlands of the beautiful Provinces of Quebec and Ontario. Canadians grew enthusiastic as they told of holidays spent canoeing on the rivers and lakes, camping out in the woods, fishing and shooting—getting, at a trifling cost and in a few hours of railway travelling, right away from civilisation into the heart of primeval forests, or camping in tents or living in huts in some Eden of an island embosomed in a lovely lake; and then in the winter there are endless sources of enjoyment such as we in the Old Country have to spend expensive winter holidays in Switzerland to be able to indulge in. I was in Montreal when the first snow of winter fell. It was a blizzard, with heavy flakes driven before a fierce wind. The blizzard began on a Sunday evening and continued throughout the night. In the morning the snow had ceased, but the appearance of the city was transformed. Every tree glittered outlined in dazzling whiteness, every building was pointed and glistening with the lodging snow. There was a foot of snow of crystal purity in the streets. The people of Montreal were as cheerful as if they had just come into fortunes. They recognised the snow as an old and welcome friend returned to them. There was a hunting out of “rubbers,” goloshes in which to envelop the boots. There was a tinkling of bells in the streets, reminding one of the “Alpine chimes” heard on the pastures of Switzerland when the cattle are let loose to browse as and where they will. All wheels had been taken off vehicles, and sledge methods of conveyance adopted in their place. Wheels would not appear again until the end of March. My Montreal host regretted that I could not remain in the city, for he was promising his family the most delightful sledge outing over the new fallen snow. Drays, tradesmen’s traps, automobiles, taxis, handcarts, every kind of vehicle was running on sleighs, and bells were jingling from the neck of every horse and from every vehicle. Sleighing is an ever-exhilarating pastime during the Canadian winter. Then, again, there are toboganning and all sorts of winter sports to be enjoyed at home, and not as the rare luxury of the rich, who can afford to break away from business and put up at expensive Swiss hotels. Skating, of course, is an enjoyment within the reach of the poorest, and it is an enjoyment available at least four months of the year, and not, as in England, the rarest of accidents following on a four days’ frost and put an end to by the thaw that inevitably comes when the skates are being looked out from the place they were put three years ago and polished of the gathered rust.

Out in the Prairie Provinces, where new cities and towns are “rising like an exhalation,” there is plenty of summer and winter enjoyment, although, of course, many of the people are far too busy in laying the foundations of their future prosperity to be able to sacrifice much time to mere recreation. Prairie dwellers told me, however, that the winter is to them, as to the people of the Eastern Provinces, the playtime of the year. The harvest of the prairie has been got in. There is a slackening down of business until the spring. The people in the rising cities have more time at their disposal to foregather at all sorts of meetings for social enjoyment. The young man is a great institution of the prairie town. He goes out in his thousands from the Old Country; he crosses over from the United States. The Y.M.C.A.’s (which are run in Canada on the broadest and most progressive lines) cater for the young man. They and the churches, which appreciate the value of the young man and realise that he will not be content with purely religious meetings alone, cater generously for him. The Y.M.C.A.’s are splendid clubs provided with gymnasia, swimming baths, facilities for the playing of billiards, basket-ball, and other competitive recreations. Then football has solidly established itself in Canada, as cricket has done during the summer months, and the sportively inclined young man of Regina, Medicine Hat, or Calgary is as keen on playing or watching a good game as the young man in Old England, though I believe he does not allow his interest in such games to become so absorbing as to distract his attention from his business, in which he sees the means of forcing his way to the front in the new country of his settlement. The young man of the Prairie Provinces is a great camper-out in the summer and finds plenty of interest on the prairies, whether in watching the rapid growth of the harvests, in studying the varied flora (which is exquisitely beautiful), or in the Nimrod pursuit of wild birds and wild animals. For the bookish young man there are literary societies even in towns that are not a dozen years old, and it is a very “one-horse” prairie town indeed that does not possess a theatre and an opera house, while the picture palace is everywhere.

Returning to home life: One does not have to be long in Canada before discovering that nothing is more unpopular in the Dominion than rent-paying, whether for land or for a house. Every householder wants to own his home, and the powers that be in the State Governments and in the municipalities encourage this ambition. It is this desire to own the home that accounts for the ubiquity of the Real Estate agent, who swarms all over Canada. No sooner is it decided to lay out a town, and the municipality is created and invested with authority, than the Real Estate man puts in an appearance. He snaps up the tit-bits in the way of lots along the lines of the streets and the roads that are being laid out in the town planning. He is waiting for the influx of population and knows that there will be an increasing “home” hunger. Store-keepers will come, with wives and children; building contractors with their foremen and staffs of workmen; banks with their managers, cashiers and clerks; branches of Insurance and other companies; lawyers, doctors, and the like; all sorts and conditions of men, middle-aged and young, migrate from the older Canadian cities, young fellows irresistibly attracted westward by the fascination of the new, emigrants from the States, Great Britain and the Continental countries. The married men will want comfortable houses as soon as possible. The young bachelors will want “diggings.” “Rooming-house” keepers will be laying themselves out to attract boarders of both sexes. There is no fear that suitable lots for homes will lack inquirers. There will be quarters for cheap houses, better houses, and the best houses, to suit the various social positions. If there is a river running through or by the town, the bankside lots, away from the business or industrial quarters, will be in demand for villas with gardens—the villas in the Prairie capitals, and such cities as Medicine Hat and Calgary, following very likely “bungalow” or Californian models. On the cheaper lots, at first, the houses may be only “frame,” run up at small cost, to be replaced later by brick and stone. On the outskirts of the towns tiny frame cottages may be built by two or more young fellows who will do their own housekeeping, enjoying the independence and the Robinson Crusoe conditions. This is an excellent way of learning how to do without things, and many such young fellows, by having to cook, clean, and do everything for themselves, are in training for model husbands, ready to help their future wives in the most diverse and practical ways. The Real Estate man knows them all, and caters for all. His voice quivers with sympathetic sentiment when he dilates on the ideal situation of the lot for a home—five minutes from a projected public park or recreation ground, and only three minutes from the street car line. Some purchasers of lots put up houses to let furnished, and in a new Prairie city they make a very good thing of it, but every Canadian wants to be his own landlord as soon as he can manage it.

The Canadian’s determination to own his own home at whatever cost, and to own the land on which he builds his office, his store or his factory, accounts for the apparently extravagant prices cheerfully paid for these lots. A contributory cause is the ease with which at present, and in all likelihood for years to come, money can be made in developing the inexhaustible resources of this rich country. Canadians admit that they are frightfully extravagant. Money comes easily and goes easily. If a man makes up his mind to build his home in a certain situation that has taken his fancy, no price, apparently, will stop him. He must have that lot of 30 or 50 feet frontage with its 120 or 130 feet depth, whether he has to pay $10 or $50 a foot frontage. Perhaps he has hesitated over the purchase of land that had previously taken his fancy—he was asked $20 a foot frontage and was not at the moment disposed to go beyond $15. Three months after he has changed his mind, has gone to the agent and has been told that it has been disposed of at $40 a foot frontage, or that it is still available, but that it cannot now be parted with under $45 or $50 a foot frontage. The man, let us suppose a young man getting on rapidly with a new business or occupying an improving position in a bank or a business house, wants to get married and wants to get his house ready at the earliest possible moment; whether it is $100, or $200, or $300 extra does not matter if he can only get what he has set his heart on. He secures the wished-for lot, sees an architect, has planned for him a picturesque bungalow or bijou villa, with the inevitable verandah, and has the happiest of times in watching the home grow up. Most of these homes (the property of their owners), standing on their own lots, are detached. The streets of detached houses are characteristic of the new cities and towns and of the new suburbs of the older cities. Canadians do not like the continuous unbroken line of houses of our English towns. As to this ownership of his home by the householder, a resident of Berlin, Ontario, a city of some 14,000 people, told me that 64 per cent. of the houses in that flourishing town belonged to their occupiers.

The furnishing of Canadian homes is tasteful and practical. There is not the crowding and the heaviness apparent in the furnishing of many homes in the Old Country. I gather that the Canadians like variety and artistic merit in their furniture. They do not go in for suites and extreme substantiality, if I may so express it, although one or two visits I paid to the furniture departments of great departmental stores showed that, while the furniture as a whole looks lighter in effect than English furniture, it is well made and calculated to stand a lot of wear and tear. The manager of a furniture department of a great departmental store at Toronto told me that New England models are popular in Canada. The old New Englanders developed styles of their own, which lend themselves admirably to modern imitation and fit in well with the scheme of the Canadian house, with its usually smaller rooms than those of an English house of a middle-class family; but old English and old French styles of furniture compete with the New England models, so that there is plenty of material on which the Canadian man and the Canadian woman can exercise taste in choosing furniture for the use and ornament of the home.

LEAVING THE OLD COUNTRY

When a man has made up his mind to seek his fortune in Canada he naturally wants to know the steps to be taken. The Dominion Government is more than willing to assist him in every possible way. It regards every man able and willing to work, with a good character, as a valuable asset to Canada. Not only the Dominion Government, but the various Provincial Governments have established agencies and offices in this country to supply intending emigrants with all the information they desire. It will be useful to give here a list of the Dominion offices and agencies:—

No fees are charged at these offices for the information given. Inquirers should write, stating what they want to know, and they will receive replies to their inquiries and literature which will further inform their minds. A large number of booking agents are appointed in various towns throughout the country by the Canadian Immigration Department. These local agents are also commissioned and required to give all necessary information and to arrange for the transportation of emigrants by the various steamship lines. It is forbidden to such agents to charge fees for letters of introduction to officials on the Canadian side and for other services that fall within the duties for which they are paid commission. The spring is far and away the best time of the year to arrive in Canada. It is when agricultural operations are commencing that the demand for labour invariably exceeds the supply and the activity in industries other than agricultural is also at its greatest. Through the winter there is a general slackening both on the land and in the cities. Farmers, farm labourers, and female domestic servants are the classes who are most encouraged by the Canadian Immigration Department to go out. All others are advised to get definite assurance of employment in Canada before leaving home. They should be provided with a few pounds for use on the other side after all the expenses of going out have been paid. As has been indicated in an earlier chapter, there are usually a large number of Canadian farmers willing to advance the passage money if necessary to well-recommended men. Lists of such farmers are kept in the Departments of Agriculture in the various Provinces. The Dominion immigration agents on this side would tell intending emigrants desiring such assistance to whom to apply. The various Canadian railway companies and their shipping lines, with the great Cunard line, which specialises in the emigrant business, are also well furnished with information of value to emigrants. At the offices of these lines information with regard to employment and getting the money for the passage advanced to selected men, if that is absolutely necessary, is also given.

As to the cost of going out, it may be put down for those going steerage at from £6 10s. and £10 to £12 for second class. On the other side the railway companies convey settlers at very cheap rates, and there are special freightage rates for settlers’ goods. A steerage passenger will be conveyed third class to Winnipeg or Regina, for instance, involving nearly 2,000 miles of land travel, for £10 or £12 from Great Britain. The steerage accommodation, as a rule, is necessarily somewhat crowded, for the fares have been cut down to such a low level that it is a wonder it can be done at the price at all. A very great improvement, however, has been effected as compared with the emigrants’ accommodation given only a dozen years ago. A steerage emigrant must not mind a little roughing it on board. He is assured, any way, of a plentiful supply of wholesome and varied food, and the ship’s doctor and stewards and stewardesses are there to see that there is proper attendance in case of sickness and that the sanitary conditions are all right. I have been through the steerage quarters of several emigrant ships and seen the steerage passengers at their meals. They seemed cheerful enough provided the sea was moderately quiet. Of course, in a gale or when the sea is swelling in long rollers, even first-class passengers on the most luxurious of modern ships are bowled over and tempted to wish that they had never left land. During the first two or three days there is usually a good percentage unable to take any interest in meals. When they have found their sea-legs, however, and the appetite for food returns, it is surprising how cheerful the steerage passengers become. There are games on the deck, sports are arranged, boxing-gloves are produced, the combatants being surrounded by a ring of interested spectators. The young women work off their exuberant vitality with the skipping rope. The children of families going out romp as freely as if they were in the streets or in fields. In the evening sing-songs are got up.

Great is the excitement when, on the sixth day or so, land comes in sight, and when the ship enters the Gulf of the St. Lawrence the “steerage” during the daylight is all on deck, scanning the scenery on either side. No scenery can give a more favourable first impression of the country. The ranges of wooded hills, the towns and villages, each with its church spire in the centre, the fishing boats, are all objects of never-failing interest. Quebec is the landing place for the immigrants. There is no more picturesque approach to any city than the approach up the river to Quebec, the old capital of French Canada. The cliffs rise sheer from the water’s edge, crowned by the buildings of the Old Town. If the approach is by night the lights of Quebec give it a most picturesque appearance. It is always the effort of the pilot who takes the boat in to reach Quebec by six in the evening, otherwise the immigrants have to remain on board till the morning. The ship by which I travelled, the Royal George of the Canadian Northern Royal Line, did not reach Quebec until two in the morning, when all but a few of the passengers were sound asleep. They could not be landed until the immigration officials were at their duty at the immigration landing stage. Breakfast was served at five o’clock, and by half-past five the party of a thousand or so steerage passengers were waiting on the deck with their belongings to go ashore. It was a dramatic and a pathetic sight to see them crossing the gangway. A large number of them were young fellows, some well-dressed, educated-looking men of the clerk or shop assistant type. They were well set-up athletic fellows who had found the competitive conditions of London and the provincial cities and towns of the Old Country such as gave them little, if any, hope of rising above the earning of 30s. or £2 a week. In Canada the world was before them, and they landed with hope in their hearts, though no doubt with heart pangs as they thought of those they had left behind them. Then there was a rougher class, the class that dispenses with collars, wears a cap and very likely corduroy trousers, labourers from the villages, unskilled men from the towns, muscular fellows—the men who rely upon their brawn rather than their brains to make their way. The young fellows of the clerk and shop assistant type had trunks and portmanteaux—“grips,” as the Canadians call them. The men of the labourer type carried their scanty belongings usually done up in a bundle or a rough box. There were older men with wife and sometimes children. These were the most pathetic to watch as they crossed the gangway—the man with the heaviest trunk, the woman very often with a bundle or a big cardboard box tied with string, the elder children also carrying bundles, sometimes a baby warmly wrapped up in a shawl—these also had found the Old Country too hard for them, and they had come to a country where, in most cases, a situation was awaiting the man and it would depend largely upon himself whether, having got his foot on the lowest rung of the ladder, he should climb up to the highest. A large number of the skilled artisans had had situations secured for them before they left England—thirty joiners, for instance, were going to situations at one town in Ontario. Then there were a number of rough-looking fellows on whom a master-builder or an engineer’s ganger would have had his eye at home. For this class there is plenty of work in Canada, for railway construction takes in an endless supply of labour. Building is going on all over the Dominion at an incredible rate, and the factories that are springing up in the Eastern Provinces, especially in Ontario, are taking on every year thousands of additional employés.

From Quebec the steerage passengers are despatched by the various railways to their destinations. There are representatives of the immigration departments of the railway and steamship companies to convoy parties westward as far as Winnipeg, the great distributing centre for the Prairie Provinces.

In addition to the Dominion, the Provincial Governments’, and the railway and shipping companies’ emigration agencies in Great Britain, there are plenty of societies, institutions, and religious organisations which have organised emigration work. The Salvation Army, for instance, sends out a large number every year. Those men do best who have received some preliminary training on a farm colony at home. The Dominion and Provincial Governments are much more exacting than they formerly were with regard to the quality of emigrants sent out. Canada does not want the human refuse for which the Old Country can find no use at home dumped on its shores. A prospective immigrant has to run the gauntlet of strict inquiry and examination with regard to his health and habits. This is as it should be, for it is no kindness to send out men whose physique is unequal to the climate and conditions of the country or whose morals and intelligence unfit them to become useful citizens. In the East of London and elsewhere there are self-help emigration societies through which a man is enabled to save up the money requisite to go out and otherwise prepare to become a successful colonist. The Wesleyan Methodist Church, the Presbyterian Churches in Scotland, and other Churches have organised means to assist emigrants to go out and to be received and helped at the ports of landing and the chief centres of distribution.

Latterly, the Brotherhood Movement of England and Wales has undertaken the work of assisting emigrants belonging to Brotherhoods and Pleasant Sunday Afternoon Societies by giving them reliable information and by arranging for them to be assisted by representatives of the Brotherhood Movement in Canada when they land. It is a very great advantage for a man going out to find somebody willing to take a disinterested and friendly interest in him on his arrival. He naturally feels lonely on landing in a new country, and if he arrives with only a pound or two in his pocket and no situation awaiting him and does not immediately get employment he is distressed and humiliated. Mr. R. J. Harry, hon. secretary of the International Committee of the Brotherhood Movement, is willing to give such advice as he has at his disposal to members of Brotherhood, P.S.A. and Sisterhood Societies who communicate with him at the National Brotherhood Offices, 37, Norfolk Street, Strand, London, W.C. The Brotherhood Movement has arranged with influential men in the principal Canadian cities to act as counsellors of Brotherhood men accredited to them, assisting them to obtain situations and lodgings and introducing them to Churches and Brotherhoods where such exist. I found that in Winnipeg, Vancouver, and other Canadian cities the Brotherhoods have devised the happy institution of Sunday afternoon tea to which the new-comers are invited. I was present at two such teas, and heard from recently arrived immigrants how their friendly reception at this pleasant function and the fraternisation with them of Canadians had made them feel at once at home.

Let it be impressed on all emigrants to Canada that the sooner they get into friendly touch with Churches, Brotherhoods, the splendid Y.M.C.A.’s, and other institutions of the Dominion, the better it will be for them. Canada is no more than any other country a paradise without a serpent. There are temptations, moral dangers, land sharks on the look out for easy victims. The members of the Canadian Churches, Brotherhoods and Y.M.C.A.’s are willing and eager to safeguard immigrants from the moment of their arrival from all such dangers.

It will not be long after arriving in Canada before homesickness makes itself felt. A young man or a young woman never realises how much home and relatives mean to them until they find themselves 4,000 to 5,000 miles away from them. There is sure to be a sinking of heart and a longing to be back amid the old scenes and with the old friends, and it may take months or a year before they settle down with a fair amount of contentedness to the new and strange conditions. The best cure for homesickness is to take the coat off and plunge at once into work with all the physical and mental energy that one commands. The work, the companionships that will be formed, the social connections of Church, Brotherhood or Y.M.C.A. membership, will soon give the new-comer an interest in the country. If he is made of the right stuff it will not be long before, in the Canadian phrase, he “makes good.” When he begins to make good and to feel that he did well in emigrating, and that there is a future for him in his adopted country, the homesickness will gradually wear away. A considerable number of the young men leave the Old Country with the idea as soon as possible of sending for a wife. The prospect of making a home for the girl he has left behind him is one of the best inducements to “make good” in Canada. On the train by which I travelled from Montreal there were three prospective brides who at different points of the route were to meet their bridegrooms and be immediately married. This is a romance of daily occurrence in Canada. A minister told me that he had often married couples on the bride’s arrival at midnight or in the small hours of the morning, for a girl coming out as an immigrant bride of course knows nobody in the town she is going to but her young man, and it is best on every ground that the wedding should be celebrated without delay.

On the subject of woman emigrants I heard a great deal from many Canadian men and women. The girl willing to engage in domestic service is regarded in Canada as having a price far above rubies. She will find in any town of considerable size most flattering competition for her services. The domestic servant is, indeed, so rare that, as has been indicated, Canadian families of high position often have to contrive to do without female help. Where a girl is willing to engage in domestic service, however, she has the best of good times. She is tempted, indeed, to lose her head on finding what a jewel she is. She enters Canada with the Old Country ideas of dutiful submission to her mistress. When she has been a month in her first situation her mistress must not be surprised if she asks for her wages to be doubled, for every Sunday off, and for time off each evening of the week. She does not expect to polish boots, to carry coals, or to perform other duties which the English domestic takes as a matter of course. No domestic servant need hesitate about going to Canada through fear of not finding employment.

With regard to other young women I was told that there is the keenest demand for clever needlewomen who can earn usually $10 to $15 a week by plain sewing.

Canada, especially the Prairie Provinces and British Columbia, is very largely a men’s country, and the men will give almost any price to a clever needlewoman for making and mending their things. Laundry work in Canada is done almost exclusively by Chinese. They make plenty of work for a woman who can mend shirts and the like, for the Chinese methods of washing things are simply disastrous to the things washed. The clever typewriter is in the greatest demand in the Canadian towns. She works short hours, she receives high wages, and is a particularly clever young person. Then the great departmental stores employ girl “clerks”—that is, shop assistants—by the hundred and the thousand. These work under conditions such as might well excite the envy of their sisters in similar establishments in the Old Country. The hours are short, the business day usually closing at five o’clock. It is one of the sights of Quebec, Montreal, Toronto, Winnipeg, to see the street cars between five and six o’clock simply swarming with young women returning to their homes, all remarkably well-dressed, looking as if they got the maximum amount of enjoyment out of life.

The teaching profession in Canada offers an excellent career to trained teachers from the Old Country. Magnificent primary, secondary, and normal schools are springing up like mushrooms everywhere, and it is impossible to create teachers fast enough to meet the needs. A trained girl teacher with a good recommendation will be greedily snapped up in scores of towns of any of the Provinces and will have a career before her infinitely more promising than is possible under the conditions of the Old Country.

As to married women accompanying their husbands, there is no reason why they should not add materially to the family income. A woman on the land is a most valuable asset. She can raise chickens, sell eggs, collect and sell cream, attend to the garden, do needlework and laundry work for the farmers and others, and in many other ways find occupation at high rates of pay. If there is a daughter or two capable of doing anything, they also can earn from 10s. to 20s. a week to add to the family exchequer.

Girls are employed in newspaper offices and other printing works as linotype operators. I was told that in some cities girls skilled in the manipulation of the linotype are earning from $20 to $25 a week. Altogether, there is no country in the world that so fully appreciates the value of women’s work and is so cheerfully prepared to pay for it as Canada.

One class of woman worker that Canada has no use for is the barmaid. The employment of women in drink shops is absolutely forbidden. It may be added that for a woman to enter a public-house in Canada is to write herself down as a pariah. No Canadian woman could enter a public-house without being regarded as outside the ranks of decent society. As a matter of fact, except perhaps in Vancouver and one or two other cosmopolitan ports, no woman does enter a public-house. There is less drunkenness, perhaps, in Canada than in any other country of the world, and the attitude of Canadians with regard to women and drink contributes undoubtedly towards the general sobriety of the country. In Ontario entire prohibition of the drink trade prevails in many towns under the Local Option Law. Public-houses are closed, as in Scotland, from Saturday to Monday. Most of the great hotels are run on temperance lines. Canada realises that its greatest asset is the working capacity, the alert intelligence, and the moral character of its people. It sets its face against drunkenness and other vices that depreciate the value of its human assets.

BRADBURY, AGNEW, & CO. LD., PRINTERS, LONDON AND TONBRIDGE.

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A History of the United States. By John Fiske, Litt.D., LL.D. For Schools. With Topical Analysis, Suggestive Questions and Directions for Teachers, by Frank Alpine Hill, Litt.D., formerly Headmaster of the English High School in Cambridge, and later of the Mechanic Arts, High School in Boston. With 180 Illustrations and 39 Maps. Crown 8vo, half leather, gilt top, 7s. 6d.

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THE MESSAGES OF THE BIBLE

Edited by Frank Knight Sanders, Ph.D., Woolsey Professor of Biblical Literature in Yale University, and Charles Foster Kent, Ph.D., Professor of Biblical Literature and History in Brown University. Super royal 16mo, cloth, red top, 3s. 6d. a vol. (To be completed in 12 Volumes.)

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