This is a modern-English version of The Alberta Public School Speller: Authorized by the Minister of Education for Alberta, originally written by Anonymous. It has been thoroughly updated, including changes to sentence structure, words, spelling, and grammar—to ensure clarity for contemporary readers, while preserving the original spirit and nuance. If you click on a paragraph, you will see the original text that we modified, and you can toggle between the two versions.

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TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE

NOTE FROM THE TRANSCRIBER

Breves and macrons are accurately represented (ă ĕ ā ē etc). Letter e with a dot above is represented by ė. Letters a and u with a diaeresis underneath are shown as a̤ and ṳ (using Unicode combining diacritical), and shown as ą and ų on handheld devices. ą and ų on handheld devices.

Breves and macrons are accurately shown (ă ĕ ā ē etc). The letter e with a dot above is shown as ė. The letters a and u with a diaeresis underneath are displayed as a̤ and ṳ (using Unicode combining diacritical) will show up as ą and ų on mobile devices. ą and ų on mobile devices.

Obvious punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.

Obvious punctuation errors have been fixed after carefully comparing them with other instances in the text and checking external sources.


The cover image was created by the transcriber and is placed in the public domain.


The cover image was made by the transcriber and is in the public domain.

More detail can be found at the end of the book.

More detail can be found at the end of the book.


THE ALBERTA

PUBLIC SCHOOL SPELLER




Authorized by the Minister of Education for Alberta.

Approved by the Minister of Education for Alberta.


TORONTO
THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY, LIMITED

TORONTO
THE COPP, CLARK COMPANY, LTD




Copyright, Canada, 1910, by The Copp, Clark Company, Limited,
Toronto, Ontario.

Copyright, Canada, 1910, by Copp, Clark Company, Limited,
Toronto, Ontario.


CONTENTS.

Pages
Standard I, Grades 1 and 21–25
Review of Hard Words26–30
Standard II, Grade 331–54
Review of Hard Words55–58
Standard III, Junior, Grade 459–82
Rules for Spelling83
Review of Hard Words84–87
Words Often Mispronounced88
Standard III, Senior, Grade 589–112
Review of Hard Words113–116
Standard IV, Junior, Grade 6117–139
Review of Hard Words140–143
Words Often Mispronounced144
Standard IV, Senior, Grade 7145–164
Review of Hard Words165–167
Small Words168
Standard V, Junior, Grade 8169–188
Review of Hard Words189–191
Pages
Rules for Syllabication and Spelling192
Public School Leaving193–197
Small Words198
The Building of English Words199–200
Prefixes200–203
Suffixes203–210
English Root Words and Derivatives210–212
Latin Words and Derivatives213–226
Greek Root Words and Derivatives227–230
Words, Phrases and Noteworthy Sayings231–236
Abbreviations and Contractions in common use237–242

CHIEF FEATURES.

KEY FEATURES.

1. Choice of Words. There has been a careful selection of those words best suited for the various grades or years in school.

1. Choice of Words. There has been a careful selection of the words that are most appropriate for different grades or years in school.

2. Grouping of Words. These words have been so grouped as to favor their being taught economically, and to impress upon the pupil that spelling rests largely upon a basis of law and order. In the earlier grades the sequence of lessons gives an orderly development of phonic forms; by this arrangement spelling and phonic reading can be made mutually helpful.

2. Grouping of Words. These words have been organized to make teaching more efficient and to help students understand that spelling is mainly based on rules and order. In the earlier grades, the lesson sequence provides a structured progression of sound patterns; this arrangement allows spelling and phonics to support each other.

3. Dictation Exercises. These are so constructed as to give in the briefest space an adequate test of the words taught. They should be supplemented by sentences constructed by the pupil, embodying the new and difficult words he is learning.

3. Dictation Exercises. These are designed to provide a quick and effective test of the words being taught. They should be followed up with sentences created by the student, incorporating the new and challenging words they are learning.

4. Reviews. There are regular reviews at short intervals. Many of the hardest words appear several times, but with some change of context. At the end of each year's work there is given in alphabetical order a list of the most difficult words used therein.

4. Reviews. There are regular reviews at short intervals. Many of the toughest words show up several times, but with a bit of a change in context. At the end of each year's work, there's a list of the most challenging words used, presented in alphabetical order.

5. Seat Exercises. These exercises are intended to lead the pupil to make lists of words having a phonic element in common, to show how words are built up, and, later, to give practice in derivation.

5. Seat Exercises. These exercises are meant to help the student create lists of words that share a common sound pattern, demonstrate how words are formed, and later provide practice in derivation.

6. Homonyms. There has been a systematic use of these throughout the book, but in the junior grades they are not given together, in order to prevent the confusion that often results from such a practice.

6. Homonyms. There has been a consistent use of these throughout the book, but in the lower grades, they aren't taught together to avoid the confusion that often comes from doing so.

7. Spelling Rules. There are numerous and varied exercises to lead, inductively, to a knowledge of the most useful rules for spelling.

7. Spelling Rules. There are many different exercises to help you learn the most useful rules for spelling.

8. Authority. The authority usually followed for spelling and pronunciation is The Concise Imperial Dictionary. The pupil should be taught the system of diacritical marks employed therein.

8. Authority. The authority typically used for spelling and pronunciation is The Concise Imperial Dictionary. The student should be taught the system of diacritical marks used in it.


THE ALBERTA

THE ALBERTA

PUBLIC SCHOOL SPELLER.

Public school spelling book.


STANDARD I.
1st and 2nd grade.


1

1

back
pack
black
Jack
crack
track
see
whip
give
they
bring
horse
cry
were
ducks

Seat Work.—Put h, l, s, t, r, sm, st, sl, wh, qu, with —ack

Seat Work.—Combine h, l, s, t, r, sm, st, sl, wh, qu, with —ack

Dictation.—See Jack on a black hack. Crack the whip, Jack, and give the horse a whack. Bring back a sack of bran. Ducks cry quack. A pack of dogs ran to the hay stack. They were on the track of a black fox. Give me a tack to fix the rack. Bring back the ducks. See Jack whip the black horse. The dogs track the fox.

Voice typing.—Look at Jack on a black horse. Crack the whip, Jack, and give the horse a smack. Bring back a bag of bran. The ducks say quack. A group of dogs ran to the haystack. They were following the trail of a black fox. Give me a tool to fix the rack. Bring back the ducks. Watch Jack whip the black horse. The dogs are tracking the fox.

2

2

neck
check
wreck
kick
chick
quick
very
two
house
peas
there
where
yes
play
ship

Seat Work.—With —eck put b, p, d, fl, sp; and with —ick put l, p, s, t, w, br, sl, st, th, tr.

Independent Work.—With —eck add b, p, d, fl, sp; and with —ick add l, p, s, t, w, br, sl, st, th, tr.

Dictation.—The wick is very thick. Pick two pecks of peas. Be quick. Where is the brick house? There is a speck of red on the chick. Is Jack sick? Yes, Dick hit him with a stick. Play no bad tricks. The ship was a wreck. See the horse kick. The hen has two chicks. There are two black dogs. Give me a thick stick.

Voice-to-text.—The candlewick is really thick. Grab two pecks of peas. Hurry up. Where's the brick house? There's a tiny red spot on the chick. Is Jack feeling unwell? Yeah, Dick hit him with a stick. Don’t play any mean tricks. The ship was wrecked. Look at the horse kick. The hen has two chicks. There are two black dogs. Hand me a thick stick.

3

3

rock
clock
crock
duck
cluck
stuck
boy
toy
girl
new
much
warm
key
little
baby

Seat Work.—Put l, d, m, s, bl, fl, sh, st, fr, with —ock; and l, b, s, t, pl, tr, str, with —uck.

Seat Work.—Put l, d, m, s, bl, fl, sh, st, fr, with —ock; and l, b, s, t, pl, tr, str, with —uck.

Dictation.—Hens cluck but ducks quack. That boy has much pluck. The clock struck two. The key stuck in the lock. That little girl has a new frock. Tuck baby up warm. I got a toy ship in my sock. A crock of peas. See the flock of ducks by the rock. There is the little baby. Bring me a black frock.

Voice typing.—Hens cluck but ducks quack. That boy is very brave. The clock struck two. The key got stuck in the lock. That little girl has a new dress. Wrap the baby up warm. I found a toy ship in my sock. A pot of peas. Look at the group of ducks by the rock. Here is the little baby. Bring me a black dress.

Note.—Pupils should use the words in the lists and exercises in sentences of their own.

Note.—Students should use the words in the lists and exercises in their own sentences.

4

4

and
sand
grand
hang
sang
sprang
hear
near
church
one
none
done
drum
upon
write

With —and put b, h, l, s; and with —ang put r, b, g, cl, sl. Copy,—I see her. She sees us. We see you.

With —and put b, h, l, s; and with —ang put r, b, g, cl, sl. Copy,—I see her. She sees us. We see you.

Hear the band play. One man bangs the drum. The two boys are in the grand stand. Hang the key near the clock. That girl sang in church. Has Jack done one sum? No, he has none yet. Write clang and slang in ink. Were you near the new church? Dick sprang upon a black horse. I hear baby cry.

Hear the band play. One guy hits the drum. The two boys are in the grandstand. Hang the key near the clock. That girl sang at church. Has Jack done any math problems? No, he hasn’t done any yet. Write "clang" and "slang" in ink. Were you close to the new church? Dick jumped on a black horse. I hear a baby crying.

5

5

king
bring
thing
song
wrong
strong
you
your
wasp
over
fence
mitts
tie
door
bell

Write r, fl, cl, spr, sl, st, str, sw, with —ing; put u for i in the words in —ing. Copy,—Is that you? Is that he?

Write r, fl, cl, spr, sl, st, str, sw, with —ing; put u for i in the words in —ing. Copy,—Is that you? Is that him?

Can you spring over that fence? The wasp may sting you. Were your sums wrong? Yes, all but one. There is a crack in the crock. Bring a strong string to tie it. Fling me the keys. The swing is long and strong. Wet mitts cling to your hands. Ring the door bell. She flung the peas over the door.

Can you jump over that fence? The wasp might sting you. Were your calculations off? Yes, all but one. There’s a crack in the pot. Bring a strong string to tie it up. Throw me the keys. The swing is long and sturdy. Wet mitts stick to your hands. Ring the doorbell. She tossed the peas over the door.

6 (Review)

6 (Review)

gives
lives
were
one
once
fence
boy
toy
joy
fix
six
mix
such
much
church

Tom lives in a red brick house. Once there was a little black boy. He sang six songs for the king. Pick up your toys. Fix the fence near the church. It gives such joy to hear you sing. Do not mix sand and bran. Where were your mitts? It is wrong to whack your horse so. I see six stacks of hay. Can Jack write? Give me the ink. I have none.

Tom lives in a red brick house. Once, there was a little black boy. He sang six songs for the king. Pick up your toys. Fix the fence near the church. It brings so much joy to hear you sing. Don’t mix sand and bran. Where are your mitts? It’s wrong to hit your horse like that. I see six stacks of hay. Can Jack write? Give me the ink. I don’t have any.

7

7

ash
cash
crash
dish
fish
wish
water
snap
have
more
like
pony
finger
knife
words

Put l, s, h, m, r, cl, tr, thr, spl, with —ash.

Put l, s, h, m, r, cl, tr, thr, spl, with —ash.

See the fish splash in the water. The dish fell with a crash. How much cash have you? Do you wish a little more hash? Snap the new whip lash. My horse ran like a flash. It is wrong to thrash your pony so. The jack-knife cut a gash in my finger. Write two more words. Where is your new knife?

See the fish jump in the water. The dish fell down with a crash. How much cash do you have? Do you want a little more hash? Snap the new whip. My horse ran really fast. It's not right to hit your pony like that. The jackknife cut a gash in my finger. Write two more words. Where's your new knife?

8

8

fresh
flesh
thresh
hush
rush
thrush
pork
sweet
blood
rye
nose
road
sofa
worm
Mary

Write words like hog with d, l, f, b, j, fl, fr; as, dog. Put g, m, fl, sl, br, with —ush. Copy,—It is I. It is she. It is we.

Write words like hog with d, l, f, b, j, fl, fr; as, dog. Put g, m, fl, sl, br, with —ush. Copy,—It is I. It is she. It is we.

Pork is the flesh of hogs. We thresh rye and peas. Hear the sweet song of the thrush. Is there much slush on the road? See the blood gush from his nose. See Mary blush! Stop, you may crush the worm. Brush the plush sofa. Frogs live in fresh water. Do not flog your pony. See Dick write.

Pork is the meat from pigs. We harvest rye and peas. Listen to the beautiful song of the thrush. Is there a lot of mud on the road? Look at the blood pouring from his nose. Look at Mary turning red! Wait, you might step on the worm. Clean the soft sofa. Frogs live in clean water. Don’t hit your pony. Watch Dick write.

9

9

lass
mass
bass
glass
less
mess
Bess
bless
hiss
miss
kiss
bliss
loss
moss
boss
gloss
fuss
muss
buss
truss

Put p, gr, br, cl, with —ass; and t, fl, cr, acr, with —oss.

Put p, gr, br, cl, with —ass; and t, fl, cr, acr, with —oss.

Give the horses less grass. There is a brass lock. Jack got six black bass. Pack the moss in a glass box. Do not muss your new dress. You may kiss baby once. Floss has much gloss. Is Miss Bess very cross? Toss the sack across your back. Less fuss in class! Is there much glass in that door?

Give the horses less grass. There’s a brass lock. Jack caught six black bass. Pack the moss in a glass box. Don’t mess up your new dress. You can kiss the baby once. Floss has a lot of shine. Is Miss Bess really upset? Toss the sack over your back. Less fuss in class! Is there a lot of glass in that door?

10

10

fast
last
past
best
nest
chest
blue
birds
year
said
mice
John
coat
half
great

With —est put r, l, j, p, t, v, w; and with —rap put t, st, w, sc. Add —s to whip, duck, horse, boy, word.

With —est put r, l, j, p, t, v, w; and with —rap put t, st, w, sc. Add —s to whip, duck, horse, boy, word.

Two blue birds had a nest there last year. Brush your best coat and vest. Lock fast the chest. John said that in jest. Mice are a great pest. The church is west from your house. I got two mice in a trap. Run fast, it is half-past six. He said you were at church. My new coat is blue. One is the half of two.

Two bluebirds had a nest there last year. Brush your best coat and vest. Lock the chest securely. John said that jokingly. Mice are a real nuisance. The church is west of your house. I caught two mice in a trap. Hurry up, it’s half-past six. He mentioned you were at church. My new coat is blue. One is half of two.

11

11

fist
twist
wrist
dust
trust
crust
wind
make
copy
our
about
books
apple
papa
mamma

Write c, l, t, fr, with —ost; and m, j, b, g, r, thr, with —ust. Copy,—Is it they? That was I. Is it she?

Write c, l, t, fr, with —ost; and m, j, b, g, r, thr, with —ust. Copy,—Is that them? That was me. Is that her?

A gust of wind makes much dust fly. Copy a list of your best books. That apple pie has a thick crust. Mamma, see the frost on the grass. Twist a string about your wrist. I must have just one more apple. Papa trusts me with our pony. How much did your coat cost? They lost two little dogs near the church.

A gust of wind sends up a lot of dust. Write down a list of your favorite books. That apple pie has a thick crust. Mom, look at the frost on the grass. Wrap a string around your wrist. I need just one more apple. Dad trusts me with our pony. How much did your coat cost? They lost two little dogs near the church.

12 (Review)

12 (Review)

about
swing
water
said
where
none
much
smash
pony
gives
great
wrong
clock
fence
thrash
apple
mitts
worm
crust
little
year
quick
peas
finger
once
knife
were
church
half
sweet

Put y, ag, at, ax, ing, ash, ock, eck, op, og, with fl—. With n, h, r, sh, sp, tr, bl, pl, make words in —ot.

Put y, ag, at, ax, ing, ash, ock, eck, op, og, with fl—. With n, h, r, sh, sp, tr, bl, pl, make words in —ot.

Give Mary more sweet peas. Where was your knife? He said much about the apples. Water my pony.

Give Mary more sweet peas. Where's your knife? He talked a lot about the apples. Water my pony.

13

13

slant
plant
chant
bent
sent
spent
storm
praise
week
four
what
shop
buy
pair
some

Put c, h, l, y, with —ard; and b, d, m, h, p, l, sp, sh with —ark. Copy and fill in,—My name is — —. I am — years old.

Put c, h, l, y, with —ard; and b, d, m, h, p, l, sp, sh with —ark. Copy and fill in, —My name is — —. I am — years old.

The storm bent the plant. It slants very much. In church we chant the praise of God. John sent for four socks. The dogs bark in your yard. What is the rent of your shop? We sent you some apples. Buy a pair of pants. He spent a week in a tent. John got much praise.

The storm bent the plant. It leans a lot. In church, we sing praises to God. John asked for four socks. The dogs are barking in your yard. How much is the rent for your shop? We sent you some apples. Buy a pair of pants. He spent a week in a tent. John received a lot of praise.

14

14

hint
flint
print
hunt
grunt
blunt
wolf
plums
story
next
axe
says
noise
river
candy

Write words in —ift with g, l, s, sh, sw, dr. Put a letter with —lip, —pit, —ring, —wing, —rock. Copy,—Yes, sir, I saw you.

Write words in —ift with g, l, s, sh, sw, dr. Put a letter with —lip, —pit, —ring, —wing, —rock. Copy,—Yes, sir, I saw you.

Some men hunt a wolf. Hear the pig grunt. This axe is very blunt. Will you print our next story? Jack says that apple is hard as flint. Give him a hint to make less noise. I got a gift of candy and plums. Can we cross that swift river in a punt? Yes, but you may drift upon a rock. She says the wolf got over the river.

Some guys are hunting a wolf. Listen to the pig grunt. This axe is really dull. Will you publish our next story? Jack says that apple is as hard as flint. Give him a hint to be quieter. I received a gift of candy and plums. Can we cross that fast river in a small boat? Yeah, but you might drift onto a rock. She says the wolf made it across the river.

15

15

damp
scamp
tramp
bump
thump
stump
lazy
idle
five
work
cent
table
camel
beside
Henry

Change one letter in flesh, check, give, pick, crush, gloss. With —ip put l, sl, sh, sk, ch, dr, tr, str, h, wh.

Change one letter in flesh, check, give, pick, crush, gloss. With —ip put l, sl, sh, sk, ch, dr, tr, str, h, wh.

Lazy tramps will not work. A camel has one or two humps. Pump some water. Make your pony jump over that stump. Buy a two-cent stamp. Henry is an idle scamp. Camp beside the river. Last week I had the mumps. We have five lamps. Baby thumps upon the table. Give me one cent for candy.

Lazy tramps won't work. A camel has one or two humps. Pump some water. Make your pony jump over that stump. Buy a two-cent stamp. Henry is a lazy troublemaker. Camp by the river. Last week I had the mumps. We have five lamps. The baby thumps on the table. Give me one cent for candy.

16 (Doubled Letters)

16 (Double Letters)

add
odd
Ann
bee
see
egg
all
ill
off
shoo
purr
buzz
any
many
three
even
happy
busy

Put h, j, sh, cl, sl, cr, sw, with —am. Change the marked letter in worm, went, done, block, neck, fling, gash, crush.

Put h, j, sh, cl, sl, cr, sw, with —am. Change the marked letter in worm, went, done, block, neck, fling, gash, crush.

Ann is very ill. Add two and four. Hear the bee buzz. Shoo off any ducks. Many boys play odd or even. See me jump off the pony. Cats purr if they are happy. The busy bee works all the day. Buy some eggs and four black bass. The three fish swam off. Is three odd or even? How many apples in the sack? There are none. Was Henry busy last week? Were there many plums on the tree?

Ann is really sick. Add two and four. Listen to the bee buzzing. Get rid of any ducks. A lot of boys play odd or even. Watch me jump off the pony. Cats purr when they're happy. The busy bee works all day. Buy some eggs and four black bass. The three fish swam away. Is three odd or even? How many apples are in the bag? There are none. Was Henry busy last week? Were there a lot of plums on the tree?

17

17

bank
drank
prank
bunk
drunk
trunk
eye
again
sleep
sailor
often
pear
iron
coal
orange

Put dr, w, p, m, l, bl, th, s, r, br, shr, with —ink; and t, bl, pl, sp, dr, cr, Fr, with —ank. Copy,—Was it she?

Put dr, w, p, m, l, bl, th, s, r, br, shr, with —ink; and t, bl, pl, sp, dr, cr, Fr, with —ank. Copy,—Was it her?

Frank writes in ink on a copy book. Wink your eye again. The iron trunk sank in the water. Sailors often sleep in bunks. I think that plank is strong. Thank mamma for the orange and pear. Do not drink much tea. Give Dick a chunk of coal. I trust he is busy with his sums. He says he often sees the sailor.

Frank writes in ink in a notebook. Wink your eye again. The metal trunk sank in the water. Sailors often sleep in their bunks. I think that board is sturdy. Thank mom for the orange and pear. Don’t drink too much tea. Give Dick a piece of coal. I trust he is busy with his math. He says he often sees the sailor.

18 (Review)

18 (Review)

blue
eye
lazy
crazy
work
word
cent
says
again
iron
often
soften
buy
knife
writes
wrong
many
pear
camel
orange

Papa gives me four cents to buy two pears. He says your eyes are blue. That idle tramp is not crazy. Write the new words often. Soften the crust in your tea. Iron my collar again. It was wrong to cut the table with your jack-knife. Bees are not lazy. How many oranges can one buy for five cents? Some camels are swift. Jack said he once had a little black pony. How many eyes have two camels?

Papa gives me four cents to buy two pears. He says your eyes are blue. That lazy wanderer isn't crazy. Write the new words frequently. Soften the crust in your tea. Iron my collar again. It was wrong to cut the table with your pocket knife. Bees aren't lazy. How many oranges can you buy for five cents? Some camels are fast. Jack said he once had a little black pony. How many eyes do two camels have?

19

19

catch
patch
snatch
Dutch
clutch
crutch
uses
please
rabbit
sew
lady
wears
Scotch
watch
Helen

Put c, d, f, p, t, with —ry; add —ing to each, as cry, crying. Make new words in —atch with b, h, l, m, sn, th.

Put c, d, f, p, t, with —ry; add —ing to each, as cry, crying. Make new words in —atch with b, h, l, m, sn, th.

Some hens hatch eight eggs. Please sew a patch on my silk skirt. The Scotch boy uses a crutch. Use an iron latch. That Dutch lady wears a gold watch. Scratch the match again. Rabbits live in a hutch. Catch the ball, Helen. Baby may clutch your toys.

Some hens hatch eight eggs. Please sew a patch on my silk skirt. The Scottish boy uses a crutch. Use an iron latch. That Dutch woman wears a gold watch. Scratch the match again. Rabbits live in a hutch. Catch the ball, Helen. The baby might grab your toys.

20

20

ditch
witch
switch
fetch
sketch
stretch
scarf
mouth
wide
open
afraid
dirty
herd
oxen
who

Make new words with —itch and h, p, st. Add —s to lock, key, neck, king, worm, song, wrist, flag, crock, toy.

Make new words with —itch and h, p, st. Add —s to lock, key, neck, king, worm, song, wrist, flag, crock, toy.

Fetch me a strong switch. Please stitch my silk scarf. Stretch your mouth wide open. Is there such a thing as a witch? I am not afraid of any. The ditch was half full of dirty water. Can you sketch that herd of oxen? Who are you? Are you afraid?

Fetch me a strong switch. Please sew my silk scarf. Open your mouth wide. Is there really such a thing as a witch? I'm not scared of any. The ditch was half full of dirty water. Can you draw that herd of oxen? Who are you? Are you afraid?

21

21

ball
call
all
fall
gall
hall
stall
small
tall
wall
bell
yell
dell
fell
sell
shell
spell
smell
tell
well
bill
kill
still
fill
gill
hill
mill
pill
till
will
doll
collar
dollar
folly
jolly
holly
Molly
Polly
loll
dolly
gull
cull
dull
sully
gully
hull
mull
null
lull
skull
one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten

Add —y to dirt, dust, sleep, luck, hand, puss, wind.

Add —y to dirt, dust, sleep, luck, hand, cat, wind.

22

22

arch
march
starch
birch
perch
torch
along
chop
robin
larch
porch
quickly
does
such
pinch

For b in bench or bunch put Fr, h, l, w, p, st, tr. Make words in —ig with b, f, g, j, p, r, w, tw.

For b in bench or bunch put Fr, h, l, w, p, st, tr. Make words in —ig with b, f, g, j, p, r, w, tw.

March along quickly to church. Chop off a branch of birch or larch. Does the robin perch on your porch? Ask for a small pinch of starch. Write again in French for a torch. Which do you like best, bass or perch? Does Helen drink water at lunch? That worm is an inch or two long. Three and five are eight.

March quickly to church. Cut off a branch of birch or larch. Does the robin sit on your porch? Ask for a small pinch of starch. Write again in French for a torch. Which do you like better, bass or perch? Does Helen drink water at lunch? That worm is one or two inches long. Three and five make eight.

23

23

talk
walk
chalk
kept
wept
slept
board
knees
Lucy
floor
next
hurt
aunt
uncle
flower

Add —es to box, fox, watch, church, dish, wish, glass, brush, class, ditch, patch. Copy,—Mr. John Smith; Mrs. Ellen Jones.

Add —es to box, fox, watch, church, dish, wish, glass, brush, class, ditch, patch. Copy,—Mr. John Smith; Mrs. Ellen Jones.

Write on the board with chalk. Baby crept on hands and knees. Next year she will walk and talk. Aunt Lucy wept when you were hurt. How many flowers on that stalk? I slept till half-past eight. I kept the candy uncle sent me. She swept the floor. A gully is a ditch made by water. Buy some collars.

Write on the board with chalk. The baby crawled on hands and knees. Next year she will walk and talk. Aunt Lucy cried when you were hurt. How many flowers are on that stalk? I slept until 8:30. I saved the candy my uncle sent me. She cleaned the floor. A gully is a ditch created by water. Buy some collars.

24

24

stiff
skiff
cliff
cuff
puff
snuff
high
good
smoke
soft
cloth
cheeks
fur
calf
paper

Write all the words that you can make from 'carpet,' 'blacken,' 'holiday.' With —ask put c, m, t, fl.

Write all the words you can create from 'carpet,' 'blacken,' and 'holiday.' With —ask, add c, m, t, fl.

Iron my cuffs and collars stiff. Uncle uses snuff. Puff out your cheeks. She lost her fur muff. Papa has a good skiff. See the whiff of smoke. Stuff paper or soft cloth into the hole. The calf fell from a high cliff. John makes eight or nine dollars a week.

Iron my cuffs and collars stiff. Uncle uses snuff. Puff out your cheeks. She lost her fur muff. Dad has a good boat. Check out the puff of smoke. Stuff paper or soft cloth into the hole. The calf fell from a high cliff. John makes eight or nine dollars a week.

25 (Review)

25 (Review)

catch
please
does
crept
fetch
aunt
uncle
flower
praise
quickly
knife
knees
robin
rabbit
happy
chalk
calf
next
high
table
Helen
eight
said
week
board

Add —ing to buy, work, pull, fall, wink, sleep, bring, ask.

Add —ing to buy, working, pulling, falling, winking, sleeping, bringing, asking.

Please, uncle, buy me a pair of rabbits. Which is your knife? Does John write quickly? Watch the robin fetch four worms. Aunt Helen is happy. Next week I shall be eight. Please catch the calf. He crept on his knees to the high table. He said much in praise of flowers. Put chalk on the board.

Please, Uncle, buy me a pair of rabbits. Which one is your knife? Does John write fast? Watch the robin bring back four worms. Aunt Helen is happy. Next week I'll be eight. Please catch the calf. He crawled on his knees to the high table. He said a lot about how great flowers are. Put chalk on the board.

26

26

hung
stung
swung
belt
melt
dwelt
lion
gate
swamp
front
lace
shoe
skate
shelf
silver

Put with —ung s, b, r, cl, fl, sl, spr, str; with —elt, put f, kn, p, sp. Write a or i for u in the words in —ung.

Put with —ung s, b, r, cl, fl, sl, spr, str; with —elt, put f, kn, p, sp. Write a or i for u in the words in —ung.

Some bees stung a great lion. Papa swung me high on the gate. They dwelt near a swamp. John hung his belt in the front hall. He knelt to lace his shoe. He slung his skates upon the shelf. Can you melt silver? Have you strung the glass balls on that string? Ring the bell at the front door, please.

Some bees stung a huge lion. Dad lifted me high on the gate. They lived near a swamp. John hung his belt in the front hall. He knelt to tie his shoe. He tossed his skates on the shelf. Can you melt silver? Have you put the glass balls on that string? Please ring the bell at the front door.

27

27

bind
blind
grind
born
horn
thorn
come
waist
melon
grist
wrist
blow
oats
both
Canada

With —ind put f, h, k, m, r, w, bl; with —ond f, b, p. Add —ed to walk, fix, play, rock, melt, puff, wish, pelt.

With —ind, add f, h, k, m, r, w, bl; with —ond, add f, b, p. Add —ed to walk, fix, play, rock, melt, puff, wish, pelt.

Little Boy Blue, come blow your horn. A sharp thorn stuck in my wrist. Is he blind in both eyes? The grist mill grinds corn and oats. Is he fond of melon rind? Were you born in Canada? Wind a cord about your waist. Mind what papa says. Can you find my copy book? The waist of my new dress is black. Canada gets much praise for her apples.

Little Boy Blue, come blow your horn. A sharp thorn is stuck in my wrist. Is he blind in both eyes? The grist mill grinds corn and oats. Does he like melon rinds? Were you born in Canada? Wrap a cord around your waist. Listen to what dad says. Can you find my notebook? The waist of my new dress is black. Canada gets a lot of praise for its apples.

28

28

paw
jaw
straw
awl
shawl
crawl
lawn
dawn
drawn
down
gown
clown
brown
drown
frown
owl
fowl
growl

Make words in —aw with l, c, h, p, r, s, t, cl, sh, dr, cr, th; and in —ow with b, c, h, m, n, r, s, sc, br.

Make words that end in —aw with l, c, h, p, r, s, t, cl, sh, dr, cr, th; and in —ow with b, c, h, m, n, r, s, sc, br.

Lucy buys a brown shawl. Worms crawl across the lawn. Dogs howl and growl. Down town I saw a new gown. Use an awl to sew my shoe. The clown may drown there. Puss has four paws with strong claws. The scow was drawn to the mill and sawn. Do not frown or look cross. I hear the fowl at dawn.

Lucy buys a brown shawl. Worms crawl across the lawn. Dogs howl and growl. Downtown, I saw a new dress. Use a tool to fix my shoe. The clown might drown there. The cat has four paws with strong claws. The boat was pulled to the mill and cut. Don't frown or look angry. I hear the birds at dawn.

29

29

drew
grew
screw
few
blew
flew
die
lie
tie
cabin
under
before
tiger
boat
sister
father
mother
brother

Put d, h, J, m, n, p, ch, sl, st, with —ew; and b, st, c, th, with —rew. Add —er to work, talk, farm, bank, fish, thresh.

Put d, h, J, m, n, p, ch, sl, st, with —ew; and b, st, c, th, with —rew. Add —er to work, talk, farm, bank, fish, thresh.

He threw the screws under the cabin. The Jew slew a tiger. The storm blew and the good boat flew. Yet few of her crew were lost. The calf chews straw. I have a father and mother, two brothers and three sisters. Tie your shoe before you lie down. Brew the tea. Is your father a farmer? Henry is a great talker.

He tossed the screws under the cabin. The Jewish man killed a tiger. The storm raged, and the sturdy boat soared. Still, only a few of her crew were lost. The calf eats hay. I have a dad and a mom, two brothers, and three sisters. Tie your shoelaces before you lie down. Make the tea. Is your dad a farmer? Henry is quite the chatterbox.

30

30

tree
free
three
feed
weed
bleed
seed
steed
tweed
hitch
buggy
against
sure
began
among
beef
broth
soup

With —ee put b, f, s, w, th, kn. Add —ing to feed, seed, buy, try, work, hear, talk, see, add.

With —ee put b, f, s, w, th, kn. Add —ing to feed, seed, buy, try, work, hear, talk, see, add.

Hitch the steed to the buggy. Buy a tweed coat. He hurt his knee against a tree. It began to bleed. Feed the horse half a peck of oats. Make sure there are no weeds among the seeds. Fetch some beef broth or soup. The blue-bird has a nest with four wee eggs. Are you sure you write and spell well?

Hitch the horse to the buggy. Buy a tweed jacket. He bumped his knee against a tree. It started to bleed. Feed the horse half a peck of oats. Make sure there are no weeds among the seeds. Get some beef broth or soup. The bluebird has a nest with four tiny eggs. Are you sure you can write and spell well?

31 (Review)

31 (Review)

boat
wrist
melon
tweed
quickly
soup
slew
waist
chews
growl
Lucy
shawl
dwelt
swamp
scratch
come
knelt
cabin
Canada
buggy
lion
tiger
sprang
among
against

The lion sprang upon the tiger and quickly slew him. The cabin of the boat was full of melons. Lucy wears a tweed belt about her waist. Dogs growl in the swamp. There comes our buggy. I knelt upon the shawl. He dwelt in Canada. Fetch some soup. I scratch my wrist against a tree. Chew the beef well.

The lion jumped on the tiger and quickly killed him. The cabin of the boat was filled with melons. Lucy has a tweed belt around her waist. Dogs are growling in the swamp. Here comes our buggy. I knelt on the shawl. He lived in Canada. Get some soup. I scratched my wrist against a tree. Chew the beef well.

32

32

eel
heel
wheel
cool
spool
school
after
carpet
summer
made
swells
lemons
jerk
away
chums

Make new words in —eel with f, p, st, kn; in —ool with f, p, t, st. With —eek put m, s, w, ch, sl, cr. Cows cry moo.

Make new words with —eel using f, p, st, and kn; with —ool using f, p, t, and st. With —eek add m, s, w, ch, sl, and cr. Cows say moo.

See the eel swim after the perch. Our school is kept too cool in summer. Kneel on the thick carpet. Does Henry use a swift wheel? There are seven days in one week. The lump on my heel feels soft. Jerk away the stool. Mamma sent me to buy lemon peel. Our best tools are made of steel. A spool of silk sells for nine cents. Do not try to fool your chums. How sleek our pony looks. It is too cold to swim in the creek.

See the eel swimming after the perch. Our school is kept way too cool in the summer. Kneel on the thick carpet. Does Henry use a fast wheel? There are seven days in a week. The bump on my heel feels soft. Pull away the stool. Mom sent me to buy lemon peel. Our best tools are made of steel. A spool of silk costs nine cents. Don’t try to trick your friends. How sleek our pony looks. It's too cold to swim in the creek.

33

33

keep
weep
creep
hoop
droop
stoop
pussy
softly
twelve
yarn
hawk
farmers
roof
along
scrub

With —eep put d, p, sh, sl, st, sw. Put —oop with c, l, sc, sl, sw. Add —ing to such of these as you can.

With —eep put d, p, sh, sl, st, sw. Put —oop with c, l, sc, sl, sw. Add —ing to as many of these as you can.

Some boys keep watch over the sheep. I did not sleep till twelve o'clock. Pussy creeps softly to catch the mice. Stoop down and scoop up the pool of water. Please tie a loop in this yarn. Farmers often keep fowl in a coop. Then the hawk cannot swoop down upon them. The roof is too steep. Why do the flowers droop? Scrub the front stoop. Were you weeping just now? Roll your hoop along the road.

Some boys watch over the sheep. I didn't sleep until midnight. The cat sneaks quietly to catch the mice. Bend down and scoop up the puddle of water. Please tie a knot in this yarn. Farmers often keep chickens in a coop. That way, the hawk can't dive down on them. The roof is too steep. Why are the flowers wilting? Clean the front step. Were you crying just now? Roll your hoop down the road.

34

34

beet
sweet
street
boot
root
shoot
those
sugar
target
under
train
worth
visit
snow
winter

With —eet put f, m, fl, gr, sh, sl; with —oot put h, t, sc. Put another o in drop, stop, hot, shot, hop; as, —drop, droop.

With —eet put f, m, fl, gr, sh, sl; with —oot put h, t, sc. Put another o in drop, stop, hot, shot, hop; as, —drop, droop.

In some beets there is much sugar. Shoot at a target, not at birds. How much are those boots worth? We sleep under a cool sheet. Meet your aunt at the train and greet her kindly. How many feet have four horses? Snow and sleet come in winter. Owls hoot. John toots on his new horn. The boys scoot down the street. Will you visit us again? The fleet will meet next week. Some roots are sweet.

In some beets, there's a lot of sugar. Aim for a target, not for birds. How much are those boots worth? We sleep under a cool sheet. Meet your aunt at the train station and greet her warmly. How many feet do four horses have? Snow and sleet come in winter. Owls hoot. John plays his new horn. The boys zoom down the street. Will you come visit us again? The fleet will meet next week. Some roots are sweet.

35

35

beer
deer
steer
room
bloom
broom
clean
better
young
gone
being
birthday
sun
lily
bigger

Put ch, qu, sn, with —eer; and b, d, l, gl, gr, with —oom. Make new words in —oon with c, l, m, n, s, sp.

Put ch, qu, sn, with —eer; and b, d, l, gl, gr, with —oom. Make new words in —oon with c, l, m, n, s, sp.

A new broom sweeps clean. Sun and water make the lily bloom. Tea is better than beer. Many deer live in Canada. Steers are young oxen. Three cheers for our school. Booms keep logs from being lost. He has gone to groom the pony. Tweed cloth is made in a loom. Is the moon bigger than the sun? What a queer bird the loon is. Uncle gave me a silver spoon on my birthday. Some deer feed on lily roots. Too large or too small.

A new broom sweeps well. Sun and water make the lily blossom. Tea is better than beer. Many deer live in Canada. Steers are young oxen. Three cheers for our school. Booms keep logs from getting lost. He has gone to groom the pony. Tweed fabric is made on a loom. Is the moon larger than the sun? What a strange bird the loon is. Uncle gave me a silver spoon for my birthday. Some deer eat lily roots. Too big or too small.

36

36

breeze
freeze
sneeze
goose
loose
moose
plump
burst
bottle
search
proof
apron
wrap
north
queen

Make words in —een with k, s, gr, qu; in —oof with h, r, pr. Put ee for oo in tooth, pool, goose, soon, sloop, boot.

Make words ending in —een with k, s, gr, qu; in —oof with h, r, pr. Use ee instead of oo in tooth, pool, goose, soon, sloop, boot.

The moose scoops away the snow in search of food. Feel how plump that goose is. If the soup freeze it will burst the bottle. Her apron is too loose. Brush your teeth often. Have you seen the queen? Green plants need much water. We feed beets to a calf. The moose has a big hoof. The keen north breeze makes me sneeze. Wrap up the shawl. What proof can you give that he was wrong?

The moose pushes aside the snow looking for food. Feel how plump that goose is. If the soup freezes, it will burst the bottle. Her apron is too loose. Brush your teeth regularly. Have you seen the queen? Green plants need a lot of water. We feed beets to a calf. The moose has a large hoof. The sharp north wind makes me sneeze. Wrap up the shawl. What proof can you provide that he was wrong?

37 (Review)

37 (Review)

lily
softly
lemon
sneeze
search
proof
wheel
scoop
worth
queen
wrap
hawk
apron
visit
twelve
pussy
queer
burst
bottle
school
loose
sugar
plump
young
birthday

Is your wheel worth much? Hawks fly in search of young chickens. My brother will be twelve on his next birthday. How softly pussy creeps along. Wrap the lemons in your apron. The queen often visits schools. Where did you buy that queer bottle? That lily is in full bloom. Scoop up the sugar. He threw the trunk and it burst open. What makes you sneeze? Tack down the loose carpet. Plump cheeks. Give proof of being good.

Is your wheel worth anything? Hawks fly looking for young chickens. My brother will turn twelve on his next birthday. How quietly the cat walks. Wrap the lemons in your apron. The queen often stops by schools. Where did you get that strange bottle? That lily is in full bloom. Scoop up the sugar. He threw the trunk and it popped open. What makes you sneeze? Tuck down the loose carpet. Chubby cheeks. Show that you’re good.

38

38

beech
speech
screech
sleeve
fleece
cheese
elm
torn
burnt
Francis
touch
swarm
mews
smart
needle

To cr— add ept, ied, ops, oss, ock, awl, ack, ib. Write all the words you can from the letters in 'catching,' 'dreamed.'

To create depth, add the words: act, cat, drag, ace, hat, can, dream. Write all the words you can from the letters in 'catching' and 'dreamed.'

Elm and beech trees grew about our school. The sleeve of my coat is torn. Francis burnt his heel; then he began to screech. Do not touch the cheese. The swarm of bees flew into an apple tree. He made a speech about cheese. Let us search for beech nuts. Sew a patch on your sleeve. Where is the needle? We need the fleeces of many sheep. John seems such a smart boy. The gray cat mews.

Elm and beech trees grew around our school. My coat sleeve is torn. Francis burned his heel; then he started to scream. Don’t touch the cheese. The swarm of bees flew into an apple tree. He gave a speech about cheese. Let’s look for beech nuts. Sew a patch on your sleeve. Where’s the needle? We need the wool from many sheep. John seems like such a smart boy. The gray cat meows.

39

39

book
shook
brook
wood
hood
stood
lamb
comb
climb
soot
split
barrel
cosy
dinner
Friday

Make new words in —ook with c, h, l, n, r, t, cr. To cl— add am, ap, ock, uck, ub, ing, ip, ean, ear.

Make new words using —ook with c, h, l, n, r, t, cr. To cl— add am, ap, ock, uck, ub, ing, ip, ean, ear.

John sawed and split the wood. Throw the soot into a barrel. What a cosy nook this is. Can you climb a high beech tree? See the crook in the stick uncle uses. Cook a lamb chop. Men comb wool and flax. I lost two fish hooks in the brook. The lamb cannot climb over that rock. My new hood is made from Scotch wool. Mamma cooks dinner on Friday. She took a look at my story book. He uses a black comb.

John sawed and split the wood. Throw the soot into a barrel. What a cozy spot this is. Can you climb a tall beech tree? Check out the bend in the stick my uncle uses. Cook a lamb chop. Men comb wool and flax. I lost two fish hooks in the stream. The lamb can’t climb over that rock. My new hood is made from Scottish wool. Mom cooks dinner on Friday. She looked at my storybook. He uses a black comb.

40

40

paid
maid
braid
gain
pain
grain
eleven
thirteen
fifteen
Abel
raise
honest
basin
truth
always

With —ain put C, l, m, r, v, ch, pl, sl, st, br, dr, tr, spr, str. Add —teen to four, six, seven, eight, nine. (Note eighteen.)

With —ain put C, l, m, r, v, ch, pl, sl, st, br, dr, tr, spr, str. Add —teen to four, six, seven, eight, nine. (Note eighteen.)

I paid eleven cents for braid. If sold for thirteen cents find the gain. Did you sprain your wrist? Yes, and it gives great pain. Abel was slain by his brother Cain. The maid has lain down. Wait till I raise the chest. The grain needs much rain. Strain the soup into a basin. Honest work is not done in vain. Always tell the plain truth. The iron chain has fifteen links. The main thing is not to be afraid of work.

I paid eleven cents for the braid. If it's sold for thirteen cents, what's the profit? Did you hurt your wrist? Yes, and it really hurts. Abel was killed by his brother Cain. The maid has gone to lie down. Wait until I lift the chest. The crops need a lot of rain. Pour the soup into a bowl. Hard work is always worthwhile. Always tell the straightforward truth. The iron chain has fifteen links. The most important thing is not to be afraid of hard work.

41

41

fail
jail
snail
air
stair
fairy
clerk
nobody
month
twenty
thirty
forty
July
April
cruel

Make new words in —ail with b, h, m, n, p, r, s, t, w, fl, fr, tr. Add —y to sh, sk, th, fl, sl, sp, st, dr, cr, fr, tr, spr.

Make new words ending in —ail with b, h, m, n, p, r, s, t, w, fl, fr, tr. Add —y to sh, sk, th, fl, sl, sp, st, dr, cr, fr, tr, spr.

A steel rail was loose. The mail train ran off, nobody was hurt. Bail out your sail boat. The snail crawls under the pail. Were you afraid of a fairy? Flails were used to thresh grain. The maid with fair hair fell down stairs. The clerk was sent to jail for twenty days. Uncle is paid forty dollars a month. Fix that frail chair with a strong nail. April has thirty days, July thirty-one. It was cruel to cut off the tail of that dog.

A steel rail was loose. The mail train went off the tracks, but nobody got hurt. Rescue your sailboat. The snail crawls under the bucket. Were you scared of a fairy? Flails were used to thresh grain. The maid with the fair hair fell down the stairs. The clerk was sent to jail for twenty days. Uncle gets paid forty dollars a month. Repair that fragile chair with a sturdy nail. April has thirty days, July has thirty-one. It was cruel to cut off that dog's tail.

42

42

died
lied
cried
hoe
foe
toe
chirp
churn
chunk
spill
whey
first
move
David
choose

To ch— add in, ill, aff, ew, ain, est, oose, eese, eck, ick, ore, air, arm, urch. With —ied put t, sh, sp, tr, fr, dr, pr.

To ch— add in, ill, aff, ew, ain, est, oose, eese, eck, ick, ore, air, arm, urch. With —ied put t, sh, sp, tr, fr, dr, pr.

The hoe struck his toe and he cried. She tied her apron strings. The colt shied and tried to jump over the fence. The flowers soon died. A chunk of beech wood burns well. Spill the whey from the churn. David killed his foe with a sling. Which do you choose? I spied you first. She fried two lamb chops. We tried to move the buggy. The sun dried my hair. Robins chirp. They pried the boxes open.

The hoe hit his toe and he yelled. She tied her apron strings. The colt got startled and tried to jump over the fence. The flowers quickly wilted. A piece of beech wood burns nicely. Pour the whey out of the churn. David took down his enemy with a sling. Which one do you want? I saw you first. She cooked two lamb chops. We attempted to move the buggy. The sun dried my hair. Robins chirp. They pried open the boxes.

43 (Review)

43 (Review)

lamb
fleece
basin
barrel
screech
jail
first
fairy
speech
eleven
hoes
chirp
cruel
cheese
combs
touch
month
climb
choose
nineteen
cosy
whey
churn
fried
always

He hoes beets. Lambs always look cosy in fleeces of wool. Eleven and eight are nineteen. Baby will screech if you touch his toes. Cheese is made in the warm months. Choose two combs. Pussy tried to climb into the churn. Throw the basin of whey into the barrel. First tell me a fairy story. He goes to jail for being cruel. Pork chops were fried. Hear the little birds chirp.

He digs up beets. Lambs always look cozy in their wooly fleeces. Eleven plus eight equals nineteen. The baby will squeal if you touch his toes. Cheese is made during the warm months. Pick two combs. The kitten tried to climb into the churn. Throw the basin of whey into the barrel. First, tell me a fairy tale. He goes to jail for being mean. Pork chops were fried. Listen to the little birds chirp.

44

44

road
load
toad
boast
coast
toast
scrap
scald
scrawl
drags
ugly
oven
Percy
satin
pencil

Make words in —oan with m, l, gr; in —oak with s, cl, cr. To sc— add ar, arf, ow, owl, at, ud, um, alp, amp, otch, orch.

Make words ending in —oan with m, l, gr; in —oak with s, cl, cr. To sc— add ar, arf, ow, owl, at, ud, um, alp, amp, otch, orch.

Percy scrawls with a pencil. The horse drags a great load on a snow road. Do you think a toad ugly? We roast beef in an oven. She scorched her shoes. He likes to coast down steep hills. Toads croak in the spring. Lucy boasts about her satin scarf and cloak. There is a deep scar on his scalp. The hot tea will scald you. He gave me the loan of his knife. The Scotch boy moans and groans. Soak the scraps of toast in water.

Percy is writing with a pencil. The horse pulls a heavy load down a snowy road. Do you think a toad is ugly? We cook beef in the oven. She burned her shoes. He enjoys sliding down steep hills. Toads croak in the spring. Lucy brags about her satin scarf and cloak. There's a deep scar on his scalp. The hot tea will burn you. He lent me his knife. The Scottish boy complains and whines. Soak the leftover pieces of toast in water.

45

45

boat
float
throat
old
sold
scold
crowd
organ
studying
false
dozen
pantry
tongs
jelly
pretty

Put c, g, bl, with —oat; and b, c, f, g, h, t, with —old. Add —ty to six, seven, nine; eight + (t)y.

Put c, g, bl, with —oat; and b, c, f, g, h, t, with —old. Add —ty to six, seven, nine; eight + (t)y.

Tie the scarf about your throat. The boat may not float with such a crowd. We sold our organ for ninety-four dollars. Goats often climb very high. Papa will scold you for not studying. I paid sixty cents for a dozen pencils. Fetch the jelly from the pantry. His uncle died at eighty-two. The iron tongs cost seventy-five cents. Be not bold or false. Lucy wears such a pretty gown. There was too great a crowd.

Tie the scarf around your neck. The boat might not be able to float with this many people. We sold our organ for ninety-four dollars. Goats often climb really high. Dad will be upset with you for not studying. I paid sixty cents for a dozen pencils. Grab the jelly from the pantry. His uncle passed away at eighty-two. The metal tongs cost seventy-five cents. Don’t be arrogant or dishonest. Lucy has such a pretty dress. There were way too many people.

46

46

eat
beat
wheat
beam
cream
scream
dumb
crumb
thumb
rich
purse
never
hurl
flask
brisk

Put h, m, n, s, ch, bl, pl, tr, with —eat; and s, t, st, gl, dr, str, with —eam. To gr— add ace, ass, and, ab, ew, ain, asp.

Put h, m, n, s, ch, bl, pl, tr, with —eat; and s, t, st, gl, dr, str, with —eam. To gr— add ace, ass, and, ab, ew, ain, asp.

Lions eat raw meat. The beams of the sun make wheat grow. Hear the lambs bleat. Heat turns water into steam. Two horses make a team. What a neat seam you sew. Treat the dumb boy to some cream. Henry screams, for he hurt his thumb. Sweep the crumbs from the seat of the chair. A rich man lost his purse. Never cheat any one. Hurl the flask into the stream. Be brisk at your work. Which team beat?

Lions eat raw meat. The sun’s rays help wheat grow. Listen to the lambs bleat. Heat turns water into steam. Two horses form a team. What a nice seam you’ve sewn. Treat the quiet boy to some cream. Henry screams because he hurt his thumb. Sweep the crumbs off the chair seat. A wealthy man lost his wallet. Never lie to anyone. Throw the flask into the stream. Be quick with your work. Which team won?

47

47

ear
dear
spear
bean
mean
clean
shuns
nurse
rolled
folk
spilt
foolish
worn
army
towels

With —ear put f, h, n, r, t, y, sh, cl, sm. Make new words with —eap and h, l, r, ch. Add y, in, ip, im, iff, ate, to sk—.

With —ear put f, h, n, r, t, y, sh, cl, sm. Make new words with —eap and h, l, r, ch. Add y, in, ip, im, iff, ate, to sk—.

The tears rolled clear down his cheeks. We will reap much wheat this year. The nurse shuns foolish folk. He spilt the beans near the door. Were the towels cheap or dear? The army had sharp spears. Does he mean to shear the sheep? My mother is very dear to me. His coat is much worn but clean. Do not smear your chin with candy. Do you fear to leap across that clear stream? It is easy to hurt the ear.

The tears streamed down his cheeks. We'll harvest a lot of wheat this year. The nurse avoids silly people. He spilled the beans by the door. Were the towels inexpensive or expensive? The army had sharp spears. Is he planning to shear the sheep? My mother means a lot to me. His coat is well-worn but clean. Don’t get candy all over your chin. Are you afraid to jump across that clear stream? It's easy to hurt your ear.

48

48

beak
weak
speak
bead
lead
plead
coax
party
color
beard
thorn
scratch
hazel
bushes
hungry

Put l, p, sn, bl, str with —eak. Copy high, nigh, sigh, thigh. To str— add ap, ip, ing, uck, ong, eet, etch, eam.

Put l, p, sn, bl, str with —eak. Copy high, nigh, sigh, thigh. To str— add ap, ip, ing, uck, ong, eet, etch, eam.

Coax mamma, do not tease her. Aunt is too weak to speak. Glass beads are of many colors. Hear Helen sigh. The barrel leaks. Who leads the party? There are streaks of gray in his beard. Some birds have blunt beaks. A thorn scratched my thigh. The fox sneaks among the hazel bushes. The hungry man pleads for meat. Can you climb that high peak? A bleak road. Please lead us home. Push a chair nigh.

Coax mom, don't tease her. Aunt is too weak to talk. Glass beads come in many colors. Listen to Helen sigh. The barrel is leaking. Who's leading the party? There are streaks of gray in his beard. Some birds have stubby beaks. A thorn scratched my thigh. The fox sneaks around the hazel bushes. The hungry man is begging for meat. Can you climb that high peak? It's a bleak road. Please lead us home. Bring a chair over here.

49

49

each
teach
preach
east
beast
yeast
loaf
curse
Thursday
stroll
taffy
cover
leave
clover
sense

Write words in —each with b, p, r, bl. With —eal put d, h, m, p, s, v, st. Add atch, ub, ew, eam, een, to scr—.

Write words in —each with b, p, r, bl. With —eal put d, h, m, p, s, v, st. Add atch, ub, ew, eam, een, to scr—.

Each loaf is made with yeast. Teach us to weave carpets. We leave on Thursday for the east. A feast of peaches and cream. Good men preach that it is wrong to steal or curse. Each beast was given a meal of raw veal. They stroll along the sea beach. Reach down the taffy. Cover your thumb, it will soon heal. The bells peal for joy. Split open the beans. Copy a clover leaf. He has too much sense to sulk.

Each loaf is made with yeast. Teach us to weave carpets. We're leaving on Thursday for the east. A feast of peaches and cream. Good people say it's wrong to steal or curse. Every animal was given a meal of raw veal. They stroll along the beach. Reach down for the taffy. Cover your thumb; it will heal soon. The bells ring out in joy. Open up the beans. Copy a clover leaf. He has too much sense to be sulky.


Review of the Tough Words.

about
add
afraid
again
air 5
among
any
apple
April
apron 10
army
aunt
awl
baby
barrel 15
basin
bass
beach
beads
beans 20
beard
beast
beat
bees
beech 25
beef
beets
before
being
better 30
bigger
birch
black
bleed
blew 35
blood
bloom
blue
boast
bottle 40
braid
breeze
broom
brown
buggy 45
bump
burnt
burst
busy
buy 50
buzz
cabin
calf
camel
Canada 55
candy
carpet
catch
cents
chair 60
chalk
cheat
cheeks
cheese
chew 65
chirp
choose
clean
climb
clown 70
clutch
coal
coast
coax
collar 75
color
comb
come
copy
cosy 80
cover
crack
crawl
crazy
cream 85
creek
crept
cried
crowd
cruel 90
crumb
crutch
cuff
dawn
dear 95
deer
died
dinner
dirty
ditch 100
does
dollar
done
door
dozen 105
drawn
drew
drown
dumb
Dutch 110
dwelt
each
easy
eel
eggs 115
eight
eleven
elm
eye
fairy 120
false
fence
fetch
first
five 125
fleeces
flew
float
floor
flowers 130
folk
forty
four
fowl
Francis 135
freeze
front
girl
goats
goose 140
great
growl
hair
half
happy 145
hawk
hazel
heap
hear
heel 150
Helen
Henry
high
hitch
honest 155
hungry
idle
iron
jail
kneel 160
knees
knife
lain
lambs
lawn 165
lazy
leads
lemon
lied
lily 170
lion
little
loaf
loose
lost 175
Lucy
maid
mail
mamma
main 180
many
mean
meat
meet
melon 185
moans
month
moose
move
much 190
needle
never
new
next
ninety 195
nineteen
noise
none
nose
oats 200
odd
off
often
once
one 205
orange
organ
oven
owl
oxen 210
paid
pails
pair
pantry
papa 215
paper
patch
paw
peaches
pears 220
peas
peel
pencil
perch
Percy 225
pinch
please
plump
plums
pony 230
porch
praise
preach
pretty
pried 235
proof
pussy
quick
rabbit
reach 240
road
robin
roof
rye
said 245
sail
sailor
satin
sawed
says 250
scald
scarf
school
Scotch
scratch 255
scrawls
scream
screech
screw
seam 260
search
sense
seven
sew
shawl 265
shied
shoes
shoo
sigh
silver 270
sketch
skiff
skull
sleeve
slept 275
small
smoke
snatch
sneeze
snuff 280
sofa
soften
some
soot
soup 285
speak
spears
speech
split
spoon 290
steals
steam
steel
steer
stiff 295
story
straw
stream
street
stretch 300
stroll
studying
such
sugar
summer 305
sure
swamp
swarm
sweep
sweet 310
swift
switch
table
taffy
talk 315
target
tea
teach
team
tears 320
tease
there
they
thigh
thirteen 325
thrash
three
thresh
threw
throat 330
throw
thumb
thump
tie
tiger 335
toad
toe
too
towels
toy 340
tried
truth
tweed
twelve
twist 345
two
ugly
uses
vain
very 350
waist
wait
walk
warm
watch 355
water
weak
wear
weave
wept 360
were
wheat
wheel
where
whey 365 days
who
witch
wolf
woods
worm 370
worn
worth
wrap
wrist
write 375
wrong
year
yell
young
your 380
bet
betting
hop
hopping
drop
dropping
rub
rubbing
brag
bragging
blot
blotting
come
coming
have
having
hope
hoping
live
living
use
using
like
liking

STANDARD II.
Grade 3.


1

1

ate
plate
slate
face
race
brace
size
huge
burst
quite
angry
meadow
larger
became
strange

With —ate put d, f, g, h, K, l, m, r, sk, gr, cr, pr, st. Write l, p, pl, Gr, tr, sp, with —ace. Add —ing to see, be, free, flee.

With —ate put d, f, g, h, K, l, m, r, sk, gr, cr, pr, st. Write l, p, pl, Gr, tr, sp, with —ace. Add —ing to see, be, free, flee.

Does Grace skate? Place the wood in the grate. Brace up for a race. Keep a space for my school mate. Buy a pair of shoe laces. Little Jack Frog once spied a huge ox in a field. He told what a strange beast he had seen, larger than any frog in the stream. His mother became quite angry. She tried to puff herself out to as great a size. But she only burst and died.

Does Grace skate? Put the wood in the fireplace. Get ready for a race. Save a spot for my classmate. Buy a pair of shoelaces. Little Jack Frog once saw a huge ox in a field. He described the strange creature he had seen, bigger than any frog in the stream. His mother got really angry. She tried to inflate herself to be just as big. But she only exploded and died.

2

2

bake
shake
drake
game
flame
shame
Nellie
garden
mother's
tulip
dainty
basket
proud
bright
Saturday

Put c, f, l, m, r, s, t, w, fl, sn, sp, st with —ake. Write c, d, f, l, n, s, t, bl with —ame. Add —ful to spoon, hand, care, arm.

Put c, f, l, m, r, s, t, w, fl, sn, sp, st with —ake. Write c, d, f, l, n, s, t, bl with —ame. Add —ful to spoon, hand, care, arm.

Shake the grate and see the flame shoot up. Nellie grows flowers in her garden. Her mother's birthday was on Saturday. Then Nellie picked a basket of bright tulips. These she fixed in a dainty bowl, placed near her mother's seat at table. How pleased her mamma was, and how proud Nellie felt.

Shake the grate and watch the flame shoot up. Nellie grows flowers in her garden. Her mom's birthday was on Saturday. Then Nellie picked a basket of bright tulips. She arranged them in a pretty bowl and placed it near her mom's seat at the table. Her mom was so pleased, and Nellie felt so proud.

3

3

fade
shade
spade
Jane
pane
plane
age
wage
stage
eager
quiet
kitten
broke
pieces
smooth

With —ade put m, w, bl, gr, tr; with —ane write c, D, l, m, s, cr. Put c, p, r, s with —age. Add —ly to last, great, swift, apt.

With —ade put m, w, bl, gr, tr; with —ane write c, D, l, m, s, cr. Put c, p, r, s with —age. Add —ly to last, great, swift, apt.

He broke a pane of glass. My knife has four blades. Plane off the stage. What wages does Jane get? Two pretty gold fish were happy in a bowl of water. A young kitten spied them, and jumped upon the table. At first she was quiet, and watched them swim about. She was eager to touch one with her paw. She climbed up the smooth side of the bowl. But it rolled off and broke into many pieces.

He broke a glass pane. My knife has four blades. Get off the stage. What does Jane earn? Two beautiful goldfish were happily swimming in a bowl of water. A young kitten spotted them and jumped up onto the table. At first, she was quiet and watched them swim around. She was eager to touch one with her paw. She climbed up the smooth side of the bowl. But it tipped over and shattered into many pieces.

4

4

gave
shave
grave
ale
pale
whale
able
fable
stable
Topsy
negro
merry
also
learn
garden

Put c, p, r, s, w, br, cr, sl, st, with —ave. Write b, g, h, m, s, t, sc, st with —ale. Put c, f, g, with —able.

Put c, p, r, s, w, br, cr, sl, st with —ave. Write b, g, h, m, s, t, sc, st with —ale. Put c, f, g, with —able.

Has a whale scales like fish? There are oak staves in the barrel. The male lion has a mane. Read a fairy tale or fable. A pale face. Pave the stable yard. Buy a stale loaf. Topsy is a jolly negro girl. Her father was once a slave. Now he owns a house and garden. He is able to grow many melons and lemons. Besides he raises some fine fowl. He is hale and merry. Topsy hoes the sugar cane. She learns quickly also.

Has a whale got scales like a fish? There are oak planks in the barrel. The male lion has a mane. Read a fairy tale or fable. A pale face. Pave the stable yard. Buy a stale loaf. Topsy is a cheerful Black girl. Her father was once a slave. Now he owns a house and garden. He can grow many melons and lemons. Besides, he raises some fine poultry. He is healthy and happy. Topsy hoes the sugar cane. She also learns quickly.

5

5

mare
share
square
gaze
blaze
graze
cape
shape
scrape
giant
castle
person
thief
robbed
coming

With —are put b, c, d, f, h, p, r, fl, sc, sn, sp, st. Write d, h, m, cr, gl with —aze. Put t, dr, gr, esc, with —ape.

With —are put b, c, d, f, h, p, r, fl, sc, sn, sp, st. Write d, h, m, cr, gl with —aze. Put t, dr, gr, esc, with —ape.

The mare grazes in the square. As crazy as a March hare. The fare is a dollar. Pare the apples. Scrape the walk bare. See the blaze flare up. Once there lived a huge giant eight feet high. His home was in a strong castle, often hidden by haze. He used to steal lambs, sheep and oxen. The thief spared no person. The farmers he robbed were very angry. But they were scared and tried to escape his coming.

The mare is grazing in the square, as crazy as a March hare. The cost is a dollar. Peel the apples. Clear the walkway. Watch the flames flare up. Once there was a huge giant, eight feet tall. He lived in a strong castle, often shrouded in mist. He would steal lambs, sheep, and oxen. The thief spared no one. The farmers he robbed were really angry, but they were scared and tried to escape when he was coming.

6 (Review)

6 (Review)

size
huge
giant
angry
castle
quite
graze
stable
smooth
meadow
eager
negro
quiet
tulip
dainty
thief
pieces
escape
basket
square
bright
proud
coming
person
Saturday

They tried to escape from the giant's castle on Saturday. The angry negro was quite crazy. There were pieces of smooth cloth. The stable is of great size. The thief spied a dainty, square basket. The quiet pony grazes in a huge meadow. Who is that proud person coming along? Eager for some bright tulips.

They tried to escape from the giant's castle on Saturday. The angry man was acting quite crazy. There were pieces of smooth fabric. The stable is really big. The thief spotted a cute, square basket. The calm pony grazes in a large meadow. Who is that proud person walking by? Excited for some bright tulips.

7

7

haste
taste
waste
dance
chance
France
alive
begged
return
early
rising
clothes
could
would
should

To tw— add ice, ine, ig, irl, ist, elve, enty. Add —ed to visit, melt, start, hand, scold, load, drift, play, hoot, risk.

To tw— add ice, ine, ig, irl, ist, elve, enty. Add —ed to visit, melt, start, hand, scold, load, drift, play, hoot, risk.

Bears prance and dance. They waste little in France. I chanced to glance about. He should make haste. His mother begged Jack not to climb the bean stalk. She said the giant would be sure to know him, and he could never return alive. Jack kept quiet for he would not tell a lie. He put on his old clothes, and stained his face and hands a dark brown color. Rising early one summer day, he said he would try his luck again.

Bears prance and dance. They waste little in France. I happened to look around. He should hurry. His mother pleaded with Jack not to climb the beanstalk. She said the giant would definitely recognize him, and he could never come back alive. Jack stayed quiet because he didn't want to lie. He put on his old clothes and stained his face and hands a dark brown. Waking up early one summer day, he said he would try his luck once more.

8

8

fire
spire
quire
sore
chore
swore
Bible
wagon
velvet
jacket
mason
burden
heavy
silent
healing

With —ire put h, m, s, t, w, squ. Write b, c, f, m, t, w, y, sc, sh, sn, st with —ore. Add —er to clear, dark, soon, neat.

With —ire put h, m, s, t, w, squ. Write b, c, f, m, t, w, y, sc, sh, sn, st with —ore. Add —er to clear, dark, soon, neat.

A sore throat. A quire of note paper. The fore wheels and hind wheels. An apple core. He does chores after school. He snores very often. He swore on the Bible. The wagon tire broke. Squire Jones wore a velvet jacket. He climbs the church spire. Do you know the base-ball score? He bore a heavy burden. Hire the silent mason. His sore thumb is healing. Twist the wires in the cable. I tore my shoe there.

A sore throat. A stack of notepaper. The front wheels and back wheels. An apple core. He does chores after school. He snores a lot. He swore on the Bible. The wagon tire broke. Squire Jones wore a velvet jacket. He climbs the church steeple. Do you know the baseball score? He carried a heavy load. Hire the quiet mason. His sore thumb is healing. Twist the wires in the cable. I tore my shoe there.

9

9

ice
price
twice
file
smile
while
death
mince
clever
laugh
lying
lovely
ropes
plenty
forever

Put m, n, r, v, sl, sp, spl, with —ice; and m, p, t, v, w, with —ile.

Put m, n, r, v, sl, sp, spl, with —ice; and m, p, t, v, w, with —ile.

Sailors splice ropes. The slice of ice-cream was nice. You may fail twice or thrice, try again. It is worth while to smile or laugh. Lying is a mean vice. The price of a steel file. Put plenty of spice in mince pies.

Sailors connect ropes. The scoop of ice cream was great. You might fail two or three times, but try again. It's worth it to smile or laugh. Lying is a terrible habit. The cost of a steel file. Add a lot of seasoning to meat pies.

Be good, sweet maid, and let who will be clever;

Be good, sweet girl, and let whoever wants to be smart;

Do lovely things, not dream them, all day long;

Do beautiful things, don’t just dream about them, all day long;

And so make Life, and Death, and that Forever,

And so create Life, and Death, and that Forever,

One grand, sweet song.

One beautiful, sweet song.

10

10

rove
stove
grove
nose
close
chose
flies
built
calico
lively
poplar
greedy
parent
window
hatched

Write c, d, w, cl, dr, str, with —ove; and h, r, pr, th, with —ose.

Write c, d, w, cl, dr, str, with —ove; and h, r, pr, th, with —ose.

She chose a calico gown. Please close the stove door. A drove of sheep. They roved in a shady grove. They wove tweed from wool. He strove to cross the river. A pair of robins built their nest in a poplar tree near my window. There were four blue eggs after two weeks. From those were hatched four lively birds. They opened their mouths very wide, always greedy for food. The two parent birds were kept busy bringing them worms and flies. Young robins have downy coats.

She chose a calico dress. Please close the stove door. A herd of sheep. They wandered in a shady grove. They made tweed from wool. He tried to cross the river. A pair of robins built their nest in a poplar tree near my window. There were four blue eggs after two weeks. From those hatched four lively birds. They opened their mouths wide, always hungry for food. The two parent birds were busy bringing them worms and flies. Young robins have fuzzy coats.

11

11

blue
glue
cube
cute
mute
flute
cure
pure
rude
money
village
robber
market
walking
tumbled

Write d, h, s, cl, fl, with —ue. Add —e to tub, cub, hug, plum, cur, us. Add —ly to love, false, wise, live, nice, sure, cool.

Write d, h, s, cl, fl, with —ue. Add —e to tub, cub, hug, plum, cur, us. Add —ly to love, false, wise, live, nice, sure, cool.

She wears a blue plume. There is no clue to the cute robber. He sued for wages due. Smoke goes up the flue. Glue the cube. A lively milkmaid was walking to market to sell a pail of cream. This she bore on her head. She would buy eggs with the money, and raise chickens. These would bring high prices at the village. She could buy a new gown. She felt so proud she tossed her head. The pail tumbled down and all was lost.

She’s wearing a blue feather. There’s no hint about the cute thief. He filed a lawsuit for unpaid wages. Smoke rises up the chimney. Stick the cube with glue. A cheerful milkmaid was walking to the market to sell a bucket of cream. She carried it on her head. With the cash, she planned to buy eggs and raise chickens. They would sell for a good price in the village. She could get a new dress. Feeling so proud, she tossed her head. The bucket fell, and everything was ruined.

12 (Review)

12 (Review)

score
twice
village
lying
heavy
Bible
lovely
chores
poplar
clothes
cute
mason
wagon
thrice
chance
built
early
could
quire
calico
lively
money
tumble
hatched
window

A village mason built a score of stables. A lovely calico frock. The Bible is lying on the window. His clothes are always too heavy. He was hired to clean the wagon and do chores. He offered twice or thrice the money. The cute ducks were hatched early. Buy a quire of paper. Could you tell a poplar tree? A jug of cream. By chance he tumbled down stairs.

A village mason built twenty stables. A beautiful calico dress. The Bible is sitting on the windowsill. His clothes are always too heavy. He was hired to clean the wagon and do various chores. He offered two or three times the money. The adorable ducklings were born early. Buy a ream of paper. Can you identify a poplar tree? A jug of cream. By chance, he fell down the stairs.

13

13

loud
cloud
shroud
hour
flour
scour
spider
insect
tadpole
fatter
dipper
friend
appear
become
narrow

A barrel of flour. Scour the dipper. Half an hour. Thou shalt not steal. Clouds in the south shroud the sun. Proud of his friends. The yeast was sour. The toad is dark brown, with a fatter body and shorter legs than the frog. Little warts cover its body. It eats insects, spiders and worms. From its eggs come little black tadpoles. Soon the hind legs appear, then the front ones. The long, narrow tail slowly becomes shorter. So, after some weeks, the tadpoles have turned into toads.

A barrel of flour. Clean the dipper. Half an hour. You shall not steal. Clouds in the south hide the sun. Proud of his friends. The yeast was sour. The toad is dark brown, with a fatter body and shorter legs than the frog. Little warts cover its body. It eats insects, spiders, and worms. From its eggs come little black tadpoles. Soon the hind legs appear, then the front ones. The long, narrow tail slowly gets shorter. So, after a few weeks, the tadpoles have turned into toads.

14

14

pout
spout
sprout
couch
crouch
slouch
quart
quite
quilt
timid
fellow
supper
can't
seeing
careful

With —out put ab, g, r, sh, sc, sn, st, tr. To qu— add ack, ail, een, eer, ill, iet. With —ouse put h, d, l, m, s, gr.

With —out put ab, g, r, sh, sc, sn, st, tr. To qu— add ack, ail, een, eer, ill, iet. With —ouse put h, d, l, m, s, gr.

Fetch the quilt to the couch. Timid quails crouch down and keep quiet. Walk quickly, do not slouch. Plants sprout in the spring. Not quite a quart of cream. "Be careful," said a mother trout to her son, "some school boys shout; they come here to fish." "They can't catch me," cried the foolish fellow, "I know their tricks." He swam off in search of supper. Seeing a plump worm twisting about, he snatched it. There was a loud splash, but one trout swam in the brook never again.

Fetch the blanket for the couch. Shy quails huddle down and stay quiet. Walk fast, and don’t slouch. Plants grow in the spring. Not quite a quart of cream. "Be careful," said a mother trout to her son, "some school kids yell; they come here to fish." "They can't catch me," shouted the foolish one, "I know their tricks." He swam off to look for dinner. Spotting a fat worm wriggling around, he grabbed it. There was a loud splash, but one trout that swam in the creek never made it back.

15

15

bound
found
ground
ounce
bounce
flounce
squaw
animal
settlers
ripened
Indians
wigwam
easily
season
between

Write h, m, p, r, s, w with —ound.

Write h, m, p, r, s, w with —ound.

Sixteen ounces make a pound. A tiger pounced upon the hound. She wears flounces. Bounce your ball. He wound the clock. The French were the first white settlers in Canada. They found here many Indians. These lived by fishing and the chase. They dressed in the skins of animals which they had killed. Their wigwams were easily moved, and often this was done each season. The squaws tilled the crops. They ground the ripened corn between two stones.

Sixteen ounces make a pound. A tiger jumped on the dog. She has frills. Bounce your ball. He set the clock. The French were the first white settlers in Canada. They found many Indigenous people here. They lived by fishing and hunting. They wore the skins of animals they had killed. Their tents were easy to move, and they often did so every season. The women tended the crops. They ground the harvested corn between two stones.

16

16

light
fight
fright
ought
fought
brought
native
safety
bravely
kettle
candle
tallow
strange
instead
blazing

With —ight put m, n, kn, r, s, t, br, fl, sl.

With —ight put m, n, kn, r, s, t, br, fl, sl.

The Indians were friendly at first, but later they thought it right to fight the French. But these settlers fought bravely. The guns they had brought frightened the natives, who sought safety in flight. The settlers built rude log houses, now a strange sight. Often oiled paper was used for glass. Tallow candles gave light at night. Instead of an iron stove a huge fireplace might be found. Over the bright blazing fire hung iron kettles for cooking.

The Native Americans were friendly at first, but later they felt it was necessary to fight the French. However, the settlers fought bravely. The guns they had brought scared the natives, who fled for safety. The settlers built rough log houses, now a strange sight. Often, oiled paper was used instead of glass. Tallow candles provided light at night. Instead of an iron stove, there was often a large fireplace. Over the bright, blazing fire hung iron kettles for cooking.

17

17

edge
wedge
sledge
judge
budge
grudge
dodge
badge
bridge
cradle
simple
lessons
rattle
paddle
silently

Write h, l, pl, dr with —edge. Put f, n, sm, dr, tr with —udge.

Write h, l, pl, dr with —edge. Put f, n, sm, dr, tr with —udge.

Trudge to the edge of the bridge. Nudge John. He grudges a badge for the judge. We could not budge the wedge. He dodged the sledge. The Indian baby was strapped into a wooden cradle. The children played many games, and had simple toys, dolls and rattles. They had many lessons not found in books. They knew where to find the birds and animals. They could tell their colors and habits. When twelve the boy could build a boat, and paddle swiftly and silently.

Trudge to the edge of the bridge. Nudge John. He resents a badge for the judge. We couldn’t shift the wedge. He avoided the sledge. The Indian baby was secured in a wooden cradle. The kids played various games and had simple toys, dolls, and rattles. They learned many lessons not found in books. They knew where to find birds and animals. They could identify their colors and behaviors. By twelve, the boy could build a boat and paddle quickly and quietly.

18 (Review)

18 (Review)

dodge
fright
cradle
crouch
simple
easily
bounce
judges
native
blazing
quilt
ounce
safety
paddle
friend
kettle
animal
season
grudge
insect
candle
tallow
sought
Indian
between

The Indian crouched down and sought to dodge the animal. My friend paddled in safety to the blazing dredge. He grudges even an ounce of sugar. The judge bought a pound of tallow candles. Simple folk are easily frightened. I tumbled the quilts in the cradle. Are there many native insects? Bounce baby on your knee. A quiet season. Between you and me.

The Indian squatted down, trying to avoid the animal. My friend paddled safely to the blazing dredge. He resents even a little bit of sugar. The judge bought a pound of tallow candles. Simple folks get scared easily. I flipped the quilts in the cradle. Are there a lot of native insects? Bounce the baby on your knee. It’s a quiet season. Just between you and me.

19

19

head
bread
spread
health
wealth
stealth
sweat
threat
breath
solid
travel
mostly
letter
post-office
newspaper

With —ead put d, l, r, dr, st, tr, thr, r—-y, st—-y.

With —ead put d, l, r, dr, st, tr, thr, r—-y, st—-y.

Health is better than wealth. Horses sweat. He read tales by stealth. A steady breath. As heavy as lead. Ready to spread the news. Thread the needle. Does he dread such threats? For many years there were no horses in Canada. Travel was mostly by boat in summer. The solid log houses were built along the rivers. There were no post-offices; letters were sent by friends. Newspapers were not known, books were few. A few schools were kept for white or Indian children.

Health is better than money. Horses sweat. He read stories quietly. A steady breath. As heavy as lead. Ready to share the news. Thread the needle. Does he fear such threats? For many years, there were no horses in Canada. Travel was mostly by boat in the summer. Solid log houses were built along the rivers. There were no post offices; letters were sent by friends. Newspapers didn't exist, and there were few books. A few schools were available for white or Indigenous children.

20

20

aught
caught
taught
naughty
haughty
daughter
world
heart
every
glory
honor
nation
assist
respect
fortune

I caught the naughty boy and taught him a lesson. His daughter is haughty. Can I do aught to assist you?

I caught the mischievous boy and taught him a lesson. His daughter is arrogant. Can I do anything to help you?

To all the world I give my hand;

To everyone out there, I offer my hand;

My heart I give my native land,

My heart I give to my homeland,

I seek her good, her glory;

I want what's best for her and her success;

I honor every nation's name,

I respect every nation's name,

Respect their fortune and their fame,

Respect their wealth and their reputation,

But love the land that bore me.

But I love the land that raised me.

21

21

pause
cause
clause
daub
Maud
fraud
haul
fault
vault
piano
garret
comma
bundle
chamber
scrubbed

Add —en to dark, black, fright, sweet, smooth, moist, weak.

Add —en to dark, black, fright, sweet, smooth, moist, weak.

Should you pause at every comma? Read the clause again, Laura. A team hauls a load of pianos. He caused Paul to close the vault. The giant was a fraud. Wipe off that daub of paint. Was it Maud's fault? The young daughter washed the dirty dishes and scrubbed the floors. She swept the carpet in my lady's chamber. Her two elder sisters slept in cosy feather beds, while she had some bundles of straw in the garret; yet she bore all without finding fault.

Should you stop at every comma? Read the clause again, Laura. A team moves a load of pianos. He made Paul close the vault. The giant was a fake. Wipe that smudge of paint off. Was it Maud's fault? The young daughter washed the dirty dishes and scrubbed the floors. She swept the carpet in my lady's room. Her two older sisters slept in cozy feather beds, while she had a bunch of straw in the attic; yet she endured it all without complaining.

22

22

bough
plough
lounge
count
fount
mount
coach
stately
ladder
fancy
magic
hurried
meant
pumpkin
Cinderella

Join —ing to daub, mount, plough, hurry, count, scoop, hitch.

Join —ing to paint, set up, plow, rush, count, scoop, attach.

Do not lounge at the plough. Count the boughs on the oak. Mount the ladder. A fount or spring of water. Cinderella hurried to the field and brought back a huge pumpkin. She could not fancy what use it was meant for. But the fairy scooped it out, then touched it with her magic wand. At once it became a stately coach, beaming with gold and bright colors. She found four mice caught in the trap. These were changed into stout horses and hitched to the coach.

Do not slack off at the plow. Count the branches on the oak. Climb the ladder. A source of water. Cinderella rushed to the field and brought back a big pumpkin. She couldn’t imagine what it was for. But the fairy hollowed it out, then touched it with her magic wand. Instantly, it transformed into a magnificent coach, shining with gold and vibrant colors. She found four mice caught in a trap. These were turned into sturdy horses and hitched to the coach.

23

23

lief
chief
grief
fiddle
riddle
griddle
banjo
until
gruel
polite
amuse
relieve
shinny
visitor
entertain

Write un— with able, safe, just, true, load, fair, learn, tried.

Write un— with able, safe, just, true, load, fair, learn, tried.

I had as lief have a banjo as a fiddle. Do riddles amuse you? He ate gruel and griddle cakes. Shinny is our chief game. Silent grief is often deep. Always be polite to callers in your home. Should your parents be absent or unable to see the visitors at once, offer them chairs. Stand until they are seated. Try your best to entertain them until some older person relieves you. Then leave the room quietly, closing the door without noise. Be sure to pass behind, not in front of persons.

I’d just as soon have a banjo instead of a fiddle. Do riddles entertain you? He ate porridge and pancakes. Shinny is our main sport. Silent sadness can run deep. Always be polite to guests in your home. If your parents aren’t there or can’t meet the visitors right away, offer them chairs. Stand until they’re seated. Do your best to keep them entertained until someone older comes to take over. Then quietly leave the room, closing the door softly. Make sure to pass behind people, not in front of them.

24 (Review)

24 (Review)

chief
coach
fault
fancy
office
banjo
bundle
nation
health
garret
lounge
wealth
relieve
shinny
fiddle
gruel
thread
plough
visitor
hurried
naughty
fortune
chamber
pumpkin
daughter

The count's coach hurried to the office. I know what the visitor sought in the bundle. A fiddle was lying on the garret lounge. Good men are the nation's chief wealth. Plough the pumpkin field. Shinny is healthy sport. It was that naughty boy's fault. His daughter's banjo. I fancy a bowl of gruel. Fetch the thread from my lady's chamber. I ought always to relieve my friends.

The count's coach rushed to the office. I know what the visitor wanted in the bundle. A fiddle was resting on the attic couch. Good people are the country's greatest asset. Farm the pumpkin field. Shinny is a fun game. It was that mischievous boy's fault. His daughter's banjo. I could go for a bowl of oatmeal. Bring the thread from my lady's room. I should always support my friends.

25

25

singe
fringe
ginger
angel
danger
arrange
orphan
orchard
coward
sudden
blunder
thunder
echo
suffer
account

Add —es to sash, bush, porch, march, gas, press; as sash, sashes. Won't means will not; don't, do not; doesn't, does not.

Add —es to sash, bush, porch, march, gas, press; as sash, sashes. Won't means will not; don't means do not; doesn't means does not.

Can't I exchange the blue shawl fringe for a lighter hue? Arrange to have some ginger tea. Read the account of the orphan's sudden rise. She sings like an angel. I suffer from twinges of pain. Won't the hot iron singe the clothes? Yes, there is danger. How the thunder echoes! Don't the cowards cringe with fear? Doesn't Ralph plough the new orchard? By some blunder the fringe is tinged with red.

Can't I swap the blue shawl fringe for a lighter color? Can you prepare some ginger tea? Read the story about the orphan's sudden rise. She sings beautifully. I experience occasional pain. Won’t the hot iron burn the clothes? Yes, it is risky. The thunder is so loud! Don’t the cowards shrink back in fear? Doesn’t Ralph plow the new orchard? By some mistake, the fringe is stained with red.

26

26

squat
squash
squall
squint
squirt
squirm
turnips
parsnip
parsley
radish
lettuce
rhubarb
sprays
picture
mixture

Add —es to hatch, pass, hero, motto, tax, fix, negro. I've means I have; we've, we have; you'll, you will.

Add —es to hatch, pass, hero, motto, tax, fix, negro. I've means I have; we've means we have; you'll means you will.

Take a picture of the dog as he squats on the floor. The bright sunlight causes us to squint. You'll soon hear the baby's squalls. The larger squashes grow near the turnips. We've tender lettuce and rhubarb in the garden ready to use. I've sown parsley, radish, and parsnip seed in the pumpkin field. Charles sprays the bushes. He squirts the green mixture over the leaves. We've a rhubarb pie for lunch. Eels squirm like snakes.

Take a picture of the dog as he sits on the floor. The bright sunlight makes us squint. You'll soon hear the baby's cries. The bigger squash are growing near the turnips. We have fresh lettuce and rhubarb in the garden ready to use. I've planted parsley, radish, and parsnip seeds in the pumpkin field. Charles is spraying the bushes. He’s applying the green mixture over the leaves. We have a rhubarb pie for lunch. Eels wiggle like snakes.

27

27

clench
drench
quench
locket
packet
bucket
scheme
scholar
schooner
captain
certain
curtain
ribbon
bonnet
monkey

Add —es to echo, lash, six, crutch, church, match; as echo, echoes. It's or 'tis means it is; 'twas, it was; they'll, they will.

Add —es to echo, lash, six, crutch, church, match; as in echo, echoes. It's or 'tis means it is; 'twas means it was; they'll means they will.

'Tis the captain of the schooner. 'Twas the crew's fault. My gold locket. It's certain the scheme will cause some fun. A sailor clenched his fist. The scholars hurry home. The rain pours down and they'll be drenched. Quench the burning curtain with a bucket of water. Post the packet of letters. Tie my ribbon. The angry monkey tore the lady's bonnet.

'Tis the captain of the schooner. It was the crew's fault. My gold locket. It's certain the plan will cause some fun. A sailor clenched his fist. The scholars hurry home. The rain pours down and they'll be soaked. Douse the burning curtain with a bucket of water. Mail the packet of letters. Tie my ribbon. The angry monkey ripped the lady's bonnet.

28

28

Bertha
Julia
Louisa
puddle
huddle
stubble
real
trial
goal
dizzy
puzzle
dazzle
china
facing
closet

Copy,—man, men; woman, women; gentleman, gentlemen; ox, oxen. E'er means ever; o'er, over; ne'er, never.

Copy,—man, men; woman, women; gentleman, gentlemen; ox, oxen. E'er means ever; o'er, over; ne'er, never.

Bertha lies on the sofa. The baking soda is in a jar in the china closet. A mud puddle. The chubby quail huddle close to each other, facing outward. Western farmers burn their stubble before ploughing. We won both goals. Louisa's coat is real seal. Try the puzzle. Make two trials. Julia is dizzy; there is buzzing in her ears. My eyes are dazzled. The muzzled bear is dancing. E'er be true; ne'er be false to anyone. O'er the hill the sun is setting.

Bertha is lying on the sofa. The baking soda is in a jar in the china cabinet. A muddy puddle. The chubby quail huddle close together, facing outwards. Western farmers burn their stubble before plowing. We scored both goals. Louisa's coat is real seal skin. Try the puzzle. Make two attempts. Julia feels dizzy; there's a buzzing in her ears. My eyes are dazzled. The muzzled bear is dancing. Always be true; never be false to anyone. Over the hill, the sun is setting.

29

29

urge
charge
George
Noah
Sarah
signed
anvil
forge
shoeing
charcoal
oatmeal
porridge
glowing
bellows
hammer

Copy,—foot, feet; tooth, teeth; goose, geese; mouse, mice; louse, lice; this foot; these feet; that mouse; those mice.

Copy,—foot, feet; tooth, teeth; goose, geese; mouse, mice; louse, lice; this foot; these feet; that mouse; those mice.

Noah was saved from the flood and stormy billows. Urge on the team. George, the blacksmith, is shoeing the mare. Will he charge much? He lights the forge with charcoal. Hear the bellows roar. Isn't the iron glowing red? Yes, he hammers and shapes the shoes on the anvil. See his tongs and big heavy sledge. We won't grudge the money. Porridge is made from oatmeal. Sarah signed the pledge.

Noah survived the flood and rough waves. Keep pushing the team. George, the blacksmith, is putting shoes on the mare. Will he charge a lot? He fires up the forge with charcoal. Listen to the bellows roar. Isn’t the iron glowing red? Yes, he pounds and shapes the shoes on the anvil. Look at his tongs and heavy hammer. We won’t mind spending the money. Porridge is made from oatmeal. Sarah signed the promise.

30 (Review)

30 (Review)

bonnet
orphan
ribbon
curtain
shoeing
lettuce
squalls
sudden
parsley
George
quench
scheme
monkey
scholar
porridge
echoes
puzzle
coward
radish
captain
'twas
ne'er
you'll
won't
doesn't

The orphan's bonnet has pretty ribbon. I've grown radishes, lettuce, and parsley. A monkey's face. Half a bowl of porridge. Shoeing the ponies. Why doesn't a scholar quench the blaze? 'Twas a coward's scheme. Hear the echoes. The captain told queer tales. Of course I won't. You'll work out the puzzle. So huge a squash on vine ne'er grew. Sudden squalls of wind.

The orphan's bonnet has lovely ribbon. I've grown radishes, lettuce, and parsley. A monkey's face. Half a bowl of porridge. Putting shoes on the ponies. Why doesn't a scholar put out the fire? It was a coward's plan. Listen to the echoes. The captain told strange stories. Of course I won't. You'll figure out the puzzle. Such a huge squash on the vine never grew. Sudden gusts of wind.

31

31

rouse
blouse
spouse
quaint
quince
question
circle
cinder
cistern
centre
decent
cement
William
deserve
answer

Write un— with clean, kind, seen, hook, tie, loose, furl. I'd means I would; e'en, even; shan't, shall not.

Write un— with clean, kind, seen, hook, tie, loose, furl. I'd means I would; e'en, even; shan't, shall not.

I'd rouse William. He's sleepy. He calls his wife 'spouse.' He deserves praise. I shan't wear a blue silk blouse. Quinces are somewhat like pears. My niece answers these questions. In the smoke from the coal fire were many cinders. The cistern is eight feet deep. The walls and floor are made of stone and cement. In the centre of the circle are a few quaint but decent folk. Of course, I hear. We told tales.

I'd wake up William. He's drowsy. He calls his wife 'his partner.' He deserves recognition. I'm not going to wear a blue silk top. Quinces are kind of like pears. My niece responds to these questions. In the smoke from the coal fire, there were many ashes. The cistern is eight feet deep. The walls and floor are made of stone and concrete. In the middle of the circle are a few quirky but decent people. Of course, I hear. We shared stories.

32

32

scum
scuttle
scarce
notice
recess
vessel
doctor
excuse
dismiss
view
raisin
furnace
surface
surname
surprise

Write —ful and —less after pain, harm, joy, cheer, help, waste. Copy,—Mr. Hugh Lee lives on New Street. His house is No. 8.

Write —ful and —less after pain, harm, joy, cheer, help, waste. Copy,—Mr. Hugh Lee lives on New Street. His house is No. 8.

Notice the scum on the surface of the pond. Wait at the creek. It is useless to scold that scamp. There is scarcely a hair on his scalp. The window screens. The furnace room. The coal scuttle. After recess he ate some raisins. Will the teacher excuse a wrong answer? We dismiss at four o'clock. The clear view was a great surprise. What is the doctor's surname?

Notice the foam on the surface of the pond. Wait by the creek. There's no point in scolding that little troublemaker. He hardly has any hair on his head. The window screens. The furnace room. The coal bin. After recess, he had some raisins. Will the teacher let a wrong answer slide? We get out at four o'clock. The clear view was a big surprise. What's the doctor's last name?

33

33

poured
poultry
shoulder
court
mould
smoulder
cider
cipher
recite
senior
junior
period
figure
arrive
pudding

12 m. means noon; a.m., before mid-day; p.m., after mid-day, as 9 a.m., 4 p.m. Sen., Senior; Jun., Junior.

12 m. means noon; a.m. means before noon; p.m. means after noon, as in 9 a.m. or 4 p.m. Sen. stands for Senior; Jun. stands for Junior.

I poured sauce over the pudding. Hugh's daughter is as high as my shoulder. We've a coop for poultry. Birds and fowl moult. By the court-house is a huge boulder. Mould two clay figures. A piece of wood smoulders in the furnace. The senior scholars recite in an hour. They arrive at 9 a.m. The juniors leave at 4 p.m. They dismiss us at 12 m. Make a cipher or naught. Cider is made by crushing apples.

I poured sauce over the pudding. Hugh's daughter is as tall as my shoulder. We have a chicken coop. Birds and fowl shed their feathers. There’s a huge boulder by the courthouse. Mold two clay figures. A piece of wood is smoldering in the furnace. The senior scholars recite in an hour. They arrive at 9 a.m. The juniors leave at 4 p.m. They let us go at noon. Create a code or nothing. Cider is made by crushing apples.

34

34

vein
skein
weigh
Peter
fever
lever
linen
muslin
chisel
metal
cocoa
coffee
Samuel
tangled
smother

Write —er after play, mow, preach, print, paint, bank, mill, fish, sell. Add —en to short, tight, cheap, slack, thick.

Write —er after play, mow, preach, print, paint, bank, mill, fish, sell. Add —en to short, tight, cheap, slack, thick.

Notice the veins in Peter's wrist. The heavy coat will almost smother baby. Weigh the skein of tangled yarn. Iron is a useful metal. Rev. Daniel Robb will preach on Sunday, 9th inst., at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. Samuel Johnson, Jun., was ill of fever. Dr. Brown uses cocoa and coffee. The chisel and the strong lever are made of steel. I spoilt my muslin dress and linen coat.

Notice the veins in Peter's wrist. The heavy coat will almost suffocate the baby. Weigh the bundle of tangled yarn. Iron is a useful metal. Rev. Daniel Robb will preach on Sunday, the 9th, at 11 a.m. and 7 p.m. Samuel Johnson Jr. was sick with a fever. Dr. Brown uses cocoa and coffee. The chisel and the strong lever are made of steel. I ruined my muslin dress and linen coat.

35

35

wreath
wretch
wriggle
wring
wrestle
wrinkle
object
subject
earnest
aged
ashore
kindled
drunken
wrapped
blanket

N. stands for North; S., for South; E., for East; W., for West; N.E., North-East; S.W., South-West; St., Street.

N. stands for North; S. stands for South; E. stands for East; W. stands for West; N.E. stands for North-East; S.W. stands for South-West; St. stands for Street.

A wreath of flowers. The drunken wretch had sunken eyes and a wrinkled brow. I wring clothes. Sleigh bells tinkle. Boys wrestle. Eels wriggle. Learn the object of the busy black ants. Study four subjects. Aren't they in earnest? An Indian, his squaw, and his aged mother crossed the river in a canoe. He tenderly lifted ashore the old woman, wrapped in a blanket. Then he kindled a fire and cooked some food for her.

A wreath of flowers. The drunken guy had sunken eyes and a wrinkled forehead. I wring out clothes. Sleigh bells jingle. Boys wrestle. Eels wiggle. Observe the busy black ants. Study four subjects. Aren't they serious? An Indigenous man, his partner, and his elderly mother crossed the river in a canoe. He gently lifted the old woman, wrapped in a blanket, ashore. Then he started a fire and cooked some food for her.

36 (Review)

36 (Review)

blouse
cinder
quince
centre
answer
view
weigh
metal
skein
lever
wrestle
junior
cocoa
wretch
cipher
doctor
question
cistern
smother
earnest
Daniel
wrinkle
period
circle
poultry

Dr. Jolly is visiting an unhappy wretch. A cinder lodged in his eye. Her blouse is wrinkled. Will you wrestle Daniel? He ciphers with the juniors. Answer my question. Weigh the cocoa, John. The centre of the cistern is a circle. A lever is made of metal. Let us view the poultry. Pare the quinces. A skein of yarn. For a short period we almost smothered.

Dr. Jolly is visiting a miserable person. There's a speck of ash stuck in his eye. Her shirt is wrinkled. Will you wrestle with Daniel? He works with the younger students. Answer my question. Weigh the cocoa, John. The center of the tank is a circle. A lever is made of metal. Let's look at the chickens. Peel the quinces. A bundle of yarn. For a brief moment, we almost suffocated.

37

37

berry
cherry
cherries
suit
fruit
juice
nectar
number
bumble
honey
perfume
humming
beauty
quarrel
blossom

In berry, fly, baby, pony, story, city, change y to i and add —es. Use each word; as, One berry. Two berries.

In berry, fly, baby, pony, story, city, change y to i and add —es. Use each word; as, One berry. Two berries.

Spring! The berry bushes are clothed in green. The fruit-trees, cherry, apple, pear, and peach, have lovely white and pink suits. They are full of perfume and beauty. Hear the humming sound made by numbers of insects. See the honey-bees, bumble-bees, flies, and wasps. They are feeding on nectar, the sweet juice within the blossoms. Do bees often quarrel?

Spring! The berry bushes are covered in green. The fruit trees—cherry, apple, pear, and peach—are dressed in beautiful white and pink blooms. They are filled with fragrance and beauty. Listen to the buzzing noise created by countless insects. Look at the honeybees, bumblebees, flies, and wasps. They are feeding on nectar, the sweet liquid inside the flowers. Do bees often fight?

38

38

busy
busily
family
owe
tidy
tiny
debt
doubt
waist
owner
sower
earning
tongue
shining
bottom

In busy, easy, lazy, happy, pretty, merry, change y to i and add —ly. Use each word; as, The busy bee. John works busily.

In busy, easy, lazy, happy, pretty, merry, change the y to i and add —ly. Use each word; for example, The busy bee. John works busily.

We owe each tidy, busy worker a great debt. A bee tumbles down to the bottom of a flower. Here it reaches with tiny, shining tongue, the clear, sweet nectar. It is busily storing up for its own family, and no doubt earning money for its owner. But it is also doing another and a greater work for us. Without the bee's help we should have few juicy berries, apples, or pears. A sower sows the seed. The pail leaks. A girl's waist.

We owe a huge debt to every organized, hardworking individual. A bee drops down to the bottom of a flower. There, it reaches with its tiny, glistening tongue for the clear, sweet nectar. It's busy collecting food for its own family, and surely making money for its owner. But it's also doing something even more important for us. Without the bee's help, we would have very few delicious berries, apples, or pears. A sower spreads the seeds. The bucket has a hole. A girl's waist.

39

39

pollen
yellow
gather
drones
spines
inside
cells
peal
fleas
hairy
pocket
slender
rubbed
setting
carried

In easy, lazy, greedy, happy, merry, change y to i and add —er, —est; as, An easy chair. An easier chair. The easiest chair.

In simple, lazy, greedy, happy, and cheerful, change y to i and add —er, —est; for example, an easy chair, an easier chair, the easiest chair.

In the bee-hive is the comb of six-sided cells, made of wax. Bees gather pollen, the yellow dust on the tiny, slender spines inside the bloom. From this the workers make combs and bee-bread. The queen and the lazy drones have no wax pockets. A bee pushes its head and hairy body into a flower. Pollen clings to it and is carried into another blossom. There it is rubbed off and the setting of fruit is sure. Fleas bite dogs. Bells peal.

In the beehive, there’s a six-sided comb made of wax. Bees collect pollen, which is the yellow dust on the tiny, slender spikes inside the flower. From this, the worker bees make combs and bee-bread. The queen and the lazy drones don’t have wax pockets. A bee pushes its head and hairy body into a flower. Pollen sticks to it and gets carried to another blossom. There, it’s brushed off, ensuring the fruit will set. Fleas bite dogs. Bells ring.

40

40

curly
curve
Arthur
ruin
bruin
bruise
butter
cripple
choking
wound
group
croup
crown
shower
drowsy

In sky, candy, lily, copy, dolly, kitty, change y to i and add —es; as, The sky is blue. The skies are blue.

In sky, candy, lily, copy, dolly, kitty, change y to i and add —es; as, The sky is blue. The skies are blue.

Arthur is an honest player. He is tired and drowsy. Emma's maid has curly hair. Her eyebrows curve downward. The mail bag. Lilies are fair to see. The maid sighs. Butter will ruin the maid's gown. Bruin has a bruise on his nose and a cruel wound on his body. A group of children watch the wounded bear. A cripple is choking with croup. The sun's warm rays and summer showers will crown the fields with grain.

Arthur is a straightforward player. He's feeling exhausted and sleepy. Emma's maid has curly hair. Her eyebrows slope downwards. The mail bag. Lilies are lovely to look at. The maid lets out a sigh. Butter will stain the maid's dress. Bruin has a bruise on his nose and a serious injury on his body. A bunch of kids are watching the hurt bear. A disabled person is struggling to breathe due to a cough. The sun's warm rays and summer rain will bless the fields with grain.

41

41

earth
heard
pearls
aim
ail
aid
cousin
country
courage
whistle
thistle
bristle
nestle
glisten
cottage

In spy, party, poppy, pussy, change y to i and add —es; as, Is this a spy? Are these spies? Copy,—A steel pen.

In spy, party, poppy, pussy, change the y to i and add —es; for example, Is this a spy? Are these spies? Copy,—A steel pen.

I heard rain patter. A load of earth. Dew-drops glisten like pearls. Aid cousin Anna. Her wrist is bruised. Aim to please. What ails the children? The country air will cure the croup. Scotch thistles have sharp points. Bristles are stiff hairs. Arthur is able to whistle a tune. Have courage; be brave. The humble cottage nestles beside the stately castle. Listen, I heard my cousin whistle.

I heard the rain tapping. A ton of dirt. Dewdrops shine like pearls. Help cousin Anna. Her wrist is hurt. Try to make her happy. What's wrong with the kids? The fresh country air will help with their cough. Scotch thistles have sharp edges. Bristles are coarse hairs. Arthur can whistle a tune. Have courage; be strong. The simple cottage sits next to the grand castle. Listen, I heard my cousin whistling.

42 (Review)

42 (Review)

ruin
suit
debt
earns
group
cells
busily
curve
juicy
doubt
easily
drowsy
glisten
heard
bruise
pearls
cousin
owner
courage
thistle

Will the moist air ruin Lucy's suit? Does Thomas owe debts for coal? Groups of drowsy children. These young bees work busily making honey-cells. The pears are juicy. Arthur, no doubt, earns money easily. We heard of cousin John's painful bruise. The thistle blossom is light. Wear your necklace of pearls. The owner of the cottage lives at the curve in the road. Courage! my boys, dare to do right. The dew glistens.

Will the humid air ruin Lucy's suit? Does Thomas have debts for coal? Groups of sleepy children. These young bees are busy making honeycombs. The pears are ripe. Arthur definitely makes money easily. We heard about cousin John's painful bruise. The thistle flower is delicate. Wear your pearl necklace. The owner of the cottage lives at the bend in the road. Come on, my boys, dare to do the right thing. The dew sparkles.

43

43

arrow
hollow
swallow
flown
grown
mown
Stephen
nephew
cotton
crayon
yonder
beyond
staircase
breakfast
beefsteak

In carry, fry, try, cry, dry, copy, change y to i and add —es, —ed; I carry wood. He carries wood. He has carried wood.

In carry, fry, try, cry, dry, copy, change y to i and add —es, —ed; I carry wood. He carries wood. He has carried wood.

Like an arrow from a bow the swallow skimmed the grassy hollow. The larks had flown before the mower had mown the field. Stephen, my nephew, has shown us cotton, grown in the fields. See the chalk or crayon marks on yonder cupboard beyond the staircase. I found some cold beefsteak. After breakfast I slept an hour.

Like an arrow from a bow, the swallow glided over the grassy valley. The larks had already flown before the mower cut the field. My nephew Stephen has shown us cotton grown in the fields. Look at the chalk or crayon marks on that cupboard over there by the staircase. I found some cold beef. After breakfast, I took a nap for an hour.

44

44

Ruth
Susan
Luke
eaten
squeal
squeak
fully
bitten
middle
believe
cabbage
suitable
cases
cocoon
wander

In sheaf, shelf, half, wolf, calf, loaf, thief, change f to v and add —es; as, One leaf, Two leaves. Copy,—Weigh the bee-bread.

In sheaf, shelf, half, wolf, calf, loaf, thief, change f to v and add —es; for example, One leaf, Two leaves. Copy,—Weigh the bee-bread.

Ruth cleans the beans. Luke eats prunes. Mice squeak; pigs squeal. Look at Susan's cabbage plants! A number of leaves have been eaten off. Others have pieces bitten out. I believe this worm lying along the middle of the leaf has done it. Others are climbing the stalk, just the color of the cabbage. These worms, when fully grown, will wander away. In some suitable place they will cover themselves with little cocoons.

Ruth washes the beans. Luke eats prunes. Mice squeak; pigs squeal. Check out Susan's cabbage plants! Some leaves have been eaten off. Others have chunks bitten out. I think this worm lying along the middle of the leaf is responsible. There are others climbing the stalk, matching the color of the cabbage. These worms, when they grow up, will crawl away. In a suitable spot, they will wrap themselves in little cocoons.

45

45

silken
girdle
almost
dreary
weaving
creature
higher
flight
unlike
potted
flitting
sipping
basking
sunshine
spinning

In beauty, pity, mercy, fancy, change y to i and add —ful. In lazy, greedy, happy, pretty, change y to i and add —ness.

In beauty, pity, mercy, fancy, change y to i and add —ful. In lazy, greedy, happy, pretty, change y to i and add —ness.

All the long, dreary winter the green worm sleeps in its silken cocoon. This robe or girdle is made from its own spinning and weaving. Later on, a beautiful white butterfly will appear. This lovely creature with black-spotted wings is quite unlike the worm. Soon it will be flitting about among the blossoms. It is almost always sipping nectar and basking in the sunshine. It does not make higher flights.

All through the long, gloomy winter, the green worm rests in its silky cocoon. This covering is crafted from its own spinning and weaving. Eventually, a beautiful white butterfly will emerge. This lovely creature with black-spotted wings is totally different from the worm. Soon, it will be fluttering around the flowers, almost always sipping nectar and soaking up the sun. It doesn’t fly very high.

46

46

Ralph
Joseph
Philip
sleigh
weight
neighbor
couple
double
trouble
parcel
cancel
celery
attic
music
public

In make, shine, have, tumble, store, close, curve, pile, drop e and add —ing; as, Make bread. Are you making bread?

In make, shine, have, tumble, store, close, curve, pile, drop e and add —ing; for example, Make bread. Are you making bread?

Joseph is taking the trouble to pick us a couple of pecks of nice pears. Double as many, or four pecks, is a whole bushel. Philip weighs parcels of sugar. Cancel my order for raisins. I'm giving full weight. Ralph is busy driving the sleigh. Wrap up some celery for our neighbor's son. He studies music in the public school. Our house has a higher attic. Horses neigh.

Joseph is going out of his way to pick us a few pecks of nice pears. Twice as many, or four pecks, is a whole bushel. Philip is weighing bags of sugar. Cancel my order for raisins. I'm giving the full amount. Ralph is busy driving the sleigh. Wrap up some celery for our neighbor's son. He studies music at the public school. Our house has a taller attic. Horses are neighing.

47

47

writing
written
scribble
pupil
stupid
student
niece
pierce
fierce
shield
priest
shriek
pawn
fawn
yawn

In take, drive, choke, weave, cure, please, bruise, clothe, drop e and add —ing; as, He is taking a walk. Copy,—The sun's rays.

In take, drive, choke, weave, cure, please, bruise, clothe, drop e and add —ing; as, He is taking a walk. Copy,—The sun's rays.

This student's writing is a mere scribble. Have the scholars written their spelling? The pupils yawn. They feel sleepy and stupid. Shield the little, spotted fawn. The fawn's mother is called a doe. Ella, my niece, gave a piercing shriek. A fierce dog sprang at the doe. Don't pawn your watch. The Indian chiefs believed the priest's words.

This student's writing is just a mess. Have the scholars written their spelling? The students yawn. They feel tired and dull. Protect the little, spotted fawn. The fawn's mother is called a doe. Ella, my niece, let out a loud shout. A fierce dog lunged at the doe. Don't sell your watch. The Indian chiefs trusted the priest's words.

48 (Review)

48 (Review)

nephew
swallow
believe
breakfast
currants
sheaves
thieves
stupid
courage
cabbage
Philip
chiefly
beauty
spotted
creature
Stephen
pierce
weight
couple
raisins
celery
written
parcel
squeak
shriek

My nephew ate no breakfast. Stephen swallows the cabbage too hastily. See the beautiful sheaves of wheat. Notice chiefly their hue and weight. Thieves often lack courage. Shrieks pierce the air. Send some celery and a couple of parcels of raisins and currants. The doe and spotted fawn are not stupid creatures. Philip has written to our nephew. New shoes squeak.

My nephew didn't eat breakfast. Stephen chows down on the cabbage too quickly. Look at the beautiful bundles of wheat. Pay attention mainly to their color and weight. Thieves often lack guts. Screams cut through the air. Send some celery and a couple of bags of raisins and currants. The doe and the spotted fawn aren't dumb animals. Philip has written to our nephew. New shoes squeak.


Review of Tough Words.

able
aged
almost
angel
angry 5
animal
answer
appear
arrive
arrow 10
Arthur
assist
attic
aught
badge 15
banjo
beauty
believe
berries
Bertha 20
between
beyond
billow
blanket
blazing 25
blossom
blouse
bonnet
bottom
bough 30
bounce
breath
bridge
bright
brought 35
bruise
bucket
built
bumble
bundle 40
burst
busily
bustle
cabbage
calico 45
candle
captain
carried
castle
caught 50
cause
celery
cells
cement
centre 55
certain
chamber
charcoal
cheerful
chief 60
chisel
chore
chose
cider
cinder 65
cipher
circle
cistern
cities
clause 70
clench
closet
clothes
cocoa
cocoon 75
coffee
comma
easier
cottage
cotton 80
country
couple
courage
court
coward 85
crayon
crouch
croup
cube
curtain 90
cute
dainty
Daniel
daub
dazzle 95
death
debt
dizzy
doctor
dodge 100
doesn't
double
dreary
drench
drowsy 105
eager
earnest
early
earth
easily 110
echo
edge
every
excuse
facing 115
family
fancy
fault
fawn
fellow 120
fever
fiddle
fierce
figure
fleas 125
flight
flute
forge
fought
fraud 130
friend
fright
fringe
furnace
fruit 135
garret
gather
George
giant
ginger 140
girdle
glisten
glue
goal
graze 145
grief
grieves
group
grown
grudge 150
gruel
halves
haughty
haul
health 155
heard
heart
heavy
hollow
honor 160
hour
huddle
hurried
Indian
insect 165
instead
judge
juice
junior
kettle 170
kindle
laugh
lesson
lever
lief 175
Louisa
lounge
magic
mason
metal 180
meadow
meant
mince
money
mould 185
monkey
mower
mown
music
nation 190
native
naughty
nectar
neighbor
nephew 195
niece
notice
oatmeal
object
office 200
orphan
ought
ounce
paddle
parcel 205
parsley
pause
pearls
period
Philip 210
piano
pictures
pieces
pierce
pitiful 215
plough
polite
pollen
poplar
poultry 220
poured
priest
public
pumpkin
puzzle 225
quaint
quench
question
quiet
quince 230
quire
raisins
Ralph
recess
recite 235
relieve
rhubarb
ribbon
riddle
robber 240
rouse
ruin
Sarah
scarce
scuttle 245
scheme
scholar
scour
scrape
season 250
senior
servant
settler
shoulder
shriek 255
shroud
signed
silent
simple
singe 260
skein
sledge
sleigh
smother
slouch 265
spied
spouse
squall
squash
squeak 270
squint
squirm
steak
stealth
stubble 275
student
subject
surface
swallow
suits 280
swore
tallow
taught
thief
thistle 285
threat
tiny
tongue
trouble
tulip 290
twice
unfurl
unloose
until
urge 295
vault
vein
village
visitor
view 300
waist
waste
wealth
weaving
wedge 305
weight
whistle
William
world
wound 310
wrapped
wreath
wrestle
wretch
wriggle 315
wring
writing
written
yawn
yellow 320

STANDARD III. Junior.
Grade 4.


1

1

guide
guard
guess
lose
whose
bosom
prove
worse
worry
worthy
worship
worsted
beggar
ragged
stagger

Add —er to fat, red, in, rob, up, hot, wet; as, fatter. Notice the single vowel and the single consonant at the end of each word.

Add —er to fat, red, in, rob, up, hot, wet; for example, fatter. Pay attention to the single vowel and the single consonant at the end of each word.

Guide the ragged beggar up the garret stair. He staggers. Whose bundle of clothes is here? I cannot guess. Fierce dogs guard the fruit. Fasten the bosom of your blouse. Did you lose any money? Don't worry. The trouble might have proved worse. Dr. Lee wears a suit of worsted. We worship the one living and true God. He is worthy of all praise.

Guide the shabby beggar up the attic stairs. He’s unsteady. Whose bundle of clothes is this? I can't tell. Fierce dogs protect the fruit. Button up your blouse. Did you lose any money? Don't stress. Things could have been worse. Dr. Lee is wearing a wool suit. We worship the one living and true God. He deserves all praise.

2

2

cedar
cellar
cigar
crocus
cleanse
custom
mayor
mirror
parlor
sponge
shovel
gloves
circus
govern
common

Add —ed, —ing to shop, grin, stir, skip, chat, strap, sun, grip, mop; as, shopped, shopping.

Add —ed, —ing to shop, grin, stir, skip, chat, strap, sun, grip, mop; as, shopped, shopping.

The deep cellar has a cedar floor. Don't smoke cigars; the custom is too common. The crocus is in bloom. A circus with a wild beast show is coming here. The mayor governs the city. He has a dozen beautiful doves. They hover round our cottage. The mirror in the parlor is of plate glass. Shovel out the earth. Wear no gloves. Cleanse your hands with a sponge.

The deep cellar has a cedar floor. Don't smoke cigars; that practice is way too common. The crocus is blooming. A circus with a wild animal show is coming here. The mayor runs the city. He has a dozen beautiful doves. They circle around our cottage. The mirror in the living room is made of plate glass. Shovel out the dirt. Don’t wear gloves. Clean your hands with a sponge.

3

3

auger
August
autumn
saucer
sausage
laundry
author
caution
auction
limbs
yield
bored
scarlet
harvest
crimson

Write in full: Sun., Mon., Th., Fri., Sat.; as, Sunday. Aug., August; Sept., September; Oct., October; Nov., November.

Write in full: Sunday, Monday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday; as, Sunday. August, August; September, September; October, October; November, November.

August and harvest have passed. October and autumn are here. The leaves are scarlet, crimson, and yellow. Soon they will carpet the ground, leaving the limbs and branches bare. The birds have flown south. The fields now yield them no food. Who is the author of the book? My linen is in the laundry. I bored holes with the auger. Cover the fried sausage with a saucer. Buy with caution at the auction sale.

August and harvest are over. October and fall are here. The leaves are red, orange, and yellow. Soon they will cover the ground, leaving the trees bare. The birds have migrated south. The fields no longer offer them food. Who wrote this book? My laundry is in the wash. I made holes with the auger. Cover the fried sausage with a plate. Be careful when you buy at the auction.

4

4

sorrow
borrow
furrow
feather
weather
leather
tough
rough
enough
detain
obtain
remain
people
squirrel
sparrow

With —low put fel, mel, yel, wil, pil, fol, hol, tal, mal; as, fellow. Write other words in —low, —row, —dow; as widow.

With —low put fel, mel, yel, wil, pil, fol, hol, tal, mal; as, fellow. Write other words in —low, —row, —dow; as widow.

The sparrow, woodpecker, and chickadee remain. But few others of the feathered people can obtain enough to eat. The squirrels are busy hiding away food in their narrow houses for the rough winter weather. They pick to pieces the tough pine cones to obtain the seeds between the scales. Borrow a neighbor's wheelbarrow. Plough deeper furrows to-morrow. Our leather shoes. The widow's sorrow. I'll not detain you long.

The sparrow, woodpecker, and chickadee are still here. But very few other birds can find enough to eat. The squirrels are busy storing food in their small homes for the harsh winter ahead. They break apart the tough pine cones to get the seeds hidden between the scales. Borrow a neighbor's wheelbarrow. Dig deeper furrows tomorrow. Our leather shoes. The widow's grief. I won't keep you long.

5

5

ferns
herbs
verse
wonder
perfect
pattern
observe
servant
pleasant
merchant
January
February
curious
furious
serious

Dec. means December; Jan., January; Feb., February; Mar., March; Apr., April. Spring begins Mar. 21; Autumn, Sept. 21.

Dec. means December; Jan. means January; Feb. means February; Mar. means March; Apr. means April. Spring starts on March 21; Autumn starts on September 21.

Winter! It is cloudy but pleasant weather. Snowflakes are quietly falling. Observe the curious patterns. The wind often breaks their frail points. Snow forms a perfect covering for the herbs and ferns. The furious storm did serious damage. The servants were filled with wonder. Merchants buy and sell. January and February are cold months. Recite your verses on New Year's Day.

Winter! It's cloudy but nice outside. Snowflakes are gently falling. Check out the interesting patterns. The wind often disrupts their delicate tips. Snow creates a perfect blanket for the herbs and ferns. The fierce storm caused significant damage. The workers were filled with amazement. Merchants are trading. January and February are chilly months. Recite your poems on New Year's Day.

6 (Review)

6 (Review)

limbs
yield
herbs
whose
worry
sponge
cigar
circus
mirror
enough
guess
serious
people
beggar
furrow
saucer
perfect
between
weather
autumn
auction
worsted
squirrel
pleasant
February

Boughs are strong limbs. Don't yield to worry. Govern your temper. I guessed whose circus he saw. Sponge off the cigar ashes from the mirror. He ploughs an almost perfect furrow. Great swamps lie between us. The beggar looks serious. The saucy squirrel eats from a saucer. Autumn weather is pleasant enough. Our people will auction worsted goods in February.

Boughs are sturdy branches. Don’t give in to worry. Control your temper. I figured out whose circus he watched. Wipe the cigar ashes off the mirror. He plows an almost perfect line. Big swamps are between us. The beggar looks serious. The cheeky squirrel eats from a plate. The autumn weather is nice enough. Our folks will auction wool products in February.

7

7

Daisy
dairy
mainly
rainbow
railroad
sailboat
wired
pores
fibres
toward
mustard
custard
explain
contain
breathing

Add —ing to ask, add, farm, sell, print, chirp, shirk, whirl; as, asking. Notice the two consonants at the end.

Add —ing to ask, add, farm, sell, print, chirp, shirk, whirl; for example, asking. Notice the two consonants at the end.

The "Daily News" praised Daisy's courage. In the dairy we make butter mainly. Hail the sailboat. See the arched rainbow toward the south. The railroad fences are wired. Explain why mustard seed is ground. I've a pailful of bait and two custard pies. The tired oxen were nearly mired. The surface of a leaf contains small pores for breathing. In the stalk are tough fibres or threads.

The "Daily News" praised Daisy's bravery. In the dairy, we mainly produce butter. Cheers to the sailboat. Look at the rainbow arching toward the south. The railroad fences are wired. Explain why mustard seeds are ground. I have a bucket full of bait and two custard pies. The tired oxen were almost stuck in the mud. The surface of a leaf has tiny pores for breathing. In the stalk, there are tough fibers or threads.

8

8

palm
balm
calm
gnat
gnaw
bathe
capsize
allowed
drowned
canoe
beaver
healing
borne
divide
purpose

Add —ing to oil, bowl, seal, suit, cloud, aim, cook, boat; as, oil, oiling. Notice the two vowels before the last consonant.

Add —ing to oil, bowl, seal, suit, cloud, aim, cook, boat; for example, oil, oiling. Notice the two vowels before the last consonant.

Healing balm will cure the sores in the palm of your hand. We'll bathe in the calm lake. My boat floats. Are we allowed to paddle canoes? We might capsize and be drowned. The air is full of gnats and flies. Beavers gnaw down trees and build storehouses. Trees have boughs with leaves borne on the twigs. Hidden in the earth are the roots, which divide into rootlets. Their main purpose is to obtain food from the soil.

Healing balm will heal the sores in your hand. We'll swim in the calm lake. My boat floats. Can we paddle canoes? We might tip over and drown. The air is full of gnats and flies. Beavers chew down trees and build dams. Trees have branches with leaves on the twigs. Hidden underground are the roots, which split into smaller rootlets. Their main job is to get nutrients from the soil.

9

9

icy
icing
icicle
argue
value
avenue
eaves
except
through
alarms
annual
beneath
reckon
timber
lumber

To set, skim, spot, hum, sip, snap, plug, add —ing; as, setting. To pat, dip, spin, blot, chop, skip, drum, add —er; as, patter.

To set, skim, spot, hum, sip, snap, plug, add —ing; as, setting. To pat, dip, spin, blot, chop, skip, drum, add —er; as, patter.

Coasting down icy hills alarms me. Icicles hang from the eaves. Spread icing over the cake. Oak is of great value. We wheel on the avenue. We argued for and against it. Trunks of trees never grow higher except through cutting off some lower boughs. New growth is added just beneath the inner bark. Woodcutters observe these annual rings and reckon the tree's age. Timber and lumber are scarce and dear.

Coasting down icy hills freaks me out. Icicles hang from the roof. Spread frosting over the cake. Oak is really valuable. We cruise down the street. We debated both sides of it. Tree trunks don’t grow taller unless you cut off some lower branches. New growth happens just under the inner bark. Woodcutters look at these annual rings to figure out the tree’s age. Timber and lumber are hard to find and expensive.

10

10

saddle
peddle
meddle
reels
beetle
steeple
syrup
maple
purple
spruce
balsam
walnut
molasses
Tuesday
Wednesday

Add —ed, —ing to camp, dress, scald, lunch, track, clinch, thank, plough; as, camped, camping. Tues., Tuesday; Wed., Wednesday.

Add —ed, —ing to camp, dress, scald, lunch, track, clinch, thank, plough; for example, camped, camping. Tues., Tuesday; Wed., Wednesday.

Don't meddle with pony's saddle and bridle. Peddle ice. The beetle has curious wings. He prizes the flowers. The church steeple is ninety feet high. The maple, beech, birch, alder, poplar, and walnut lose their purple leaves every autumn. The pine, spruce, fir, cedar, and balsam remain green. The sap of the sugar maple, when boiled, yields syrup or molasses. Tuesday and Wednesday, the third and fourth of February.

Don't mess with the pony's saddle and bridle. Sell ice. The beetle has interesting wings. He values the flowers. The church steeple is ninety feet tall. The maple, beech, birch, alder, poplar, and walnut drop their purple leaves every fall. The pine, spruce, fir, cedar, and balsam stay green. The sap of the sugar maple, when boiled, produces syrup or molasses. Tuesday and Wednesday, the third and fourth of February.

11

11

knit
knot
knob
knack
knock
knuckle
tempt
prompt
glimpse
whittle
prattle
bubbles
coarse
hoarse
uproar

Add —ed and —ing to groan, cheer, fear, aim, spoil, thread, seat, pout, fool; as, groaned, groaning.

Add —ed and —ing to groan, cheer, fear, aim, spoil, thread, seat, pout, fool; for example, groaned, groaning.

The knave has the knack of knitting quickly. The old knight kneels. Cut the knot with a knife. He knocked the door knob with his knuckle. Be prompt to do your duty. Tempt no one. We caught a glimpse of a vessel afloat. The captain had coarse clothes and a hoarse voice. Indians whittle. Hear the uproar. Babies prattle. We blew soap bubbles on Wednesday.

The scoundrel is really good at knitting fast. The old knight kneels down. Cut the knot with a knife. He tapped the doorknob with his knuckle. Be quick to do your duty. Don’t tempt anyone. We caught a glimpse of a boat floating. The captain wore rough clothes and had a hoarse voice. Native Americans carve with knives. Listen to the noise. Babies babble. We blew soap bubbles on Wednesday.

12 (Review)

12 (Review)

knit
calm
bathe
gnaw
tempt
borne
fibres
pores
argue
syrup
divide
walnut
purple
icicle
balsam
peddle
hoarse
knuckle
glimpse
Tuesday

I knit mitts. A walnut tree. Calm music quiets us. He argues in a hoarse voice. We purpose using boughs of spruce and balsam for fires. The dog gnaws the bone. He ate fibres of lean beef. Peddle maple syrup. A purple ribbon tempts me to buy. We had a glimpse through a glass of the pores of the skin. The long icicle was borne away. The boys skinned their knuckles wiring stove pipes. Bathe my sore heel.

I knit mittens. A walnut tree. Soft music calms us. He argues in a raspy voice. We plan to use branches of spruce and balsam for fires. The dog chews on the bone. He ate pieces of lean beef. Sell maple syrup. A purple ribbon tempts me to buy it. We caught a glimpse through a glass of the pores in the skin. The long icicle was carried away. The boys scraped their knuckles while wiring stove pipes. Soak my sore heel.

13

13

berth
stern
asters
offer
differ
suffer
lawyer
lantern
iceberg
vowel
trowel
empire
suppose
support
British

Add —ing to hug, split, clap, flap, flag, wed, span, slam, jar, whir, whet; as, hugging, splitting.

Add —ing to hug, split, clap, flap, flag, wed, span, slam, jar, whir, whet; as, hugging, splitting.

Arrange the asters in vases. They differ in color. I prefer a berth in the stern of the vessel. Icebergs float on the sea. Support the tired mason. Does he suffer pain? I suppose he dropped his trowel. Offer him a lantern. Uncle is a lawyer. The puppy tears the towel. Name five vowels. Potters mould clay. Canada is the largest country in America. In size it is one-third of the whole British Empire.

Arrange the asters in vases. They come in different colors. I prefer a spot at the back of the boat. Icebergs float in the ocean. Help the exhausted mason. Is he in pain? I guess he dropped his trowel. Give him a lantern. Uncle is a lawyer. The puppy is tearing the towel. Name five vowels. Potters shape clay. Canada is the biggest country in America. In size, it's one-third of the entire British Empire.

14

14

flirt
shirk
mirth
stirred
twirled
thirsty
angle
jingle
spangle
ankle
twinkle
sprinkle
pigeon
dungeon
luncheon

Add —ed to stun, scrub, trip, brag, trim, tar, rip, club, fan, crop, spur, knit; as, stunned. Copy,—Scotland, Scotch.

Add —ed to stun, scrub, trip, brag, trim, tar, rip, club, fan, crop, spur, knit; as, stunned. Copy,—Scotland, Scotch.

The first of July is Canada's birthday. The flirt shirks duty. Mirth is fun. I stirred a pailful of iced lemonade. I twirled about. The pigeons bathe. Spangles glitter. Silver coins jingle. Stars twinkle. Sprinkle roses. Luncheon is ready. We're hungry and thirsty. An ugly dungeon. I sprained my ankle. An angle of the road. Great Britain is the greatest empire in the world. 'Britons never shall be slaves.'

The first of July is Canada’s birthday. The flirt avoids responsibility. Fun is enjoyable. I mixed a bucket of iced lemonade. I spun around. The pigeons are bathing. Sparkles shine. Silver coins clink. Stars shine. Sprinkle roses. Lunch is ready. We're hungry and thirsty. An ugly dungeon. I sprained my ankle. A bend in the road. Great Britain is the greatest empire in the world. 'Britons will never be slaves.'

15

15

Turk
turf
lurch
murmur
turban
disturb
scuffle
muffler
shuffle
musket
muzzle
union
totter
mutter
stutter

Add —ed, —ing to cheat, chat; root, rot; stoop, stop; chain, hem; as, cheated, chatted; cheating, chatting.

Add —ed, —ing to cheat, chat; root, rot; stoop, stop; chain, hem; as, cheated, chatted; cheating, chatting.

Turks are often cruel and savage. The creek murmurs under the grassy turf. The boat lurched. Don't disturb the woman wearing the turban. Boys scuffle. Take off your wool muffler. He stutters. Play a game of authors. Shuffle the cards. The bridge totters. "Load the musket," he muttered. A fierce dog wears a muzzle. One-fourth of the land surface of the globe flies the Union Jack.

Turks can be quite brutal and harsh. The creek flows softly beneath the grassy ground. The boat rocked. Don't bother the woman in the turban. Boys are wrestling. Remove your wool scarf. He stammers. Let's play a game of authors. Shuffle the cards. The bridge is shaky. "Load the musket," he whispered. A fierce dog is wearing a muzzle. One-fourth of the Earth's surface is under the Union Jack.

16

16

Adam
human
album
capital
several
sentence
enemy
annoy
employ
enjoy
royal
loyal
oysters
destroy
victory

Add —ing, —ed to lock, blot; twist, fit; risk, dip; drift, ship; as, locking, blotting; locked, blotted. Copy,—England, English.

Add —ing, —ed to lock, blot; twist, fit; risk, dip; drift, ship; as, locking, blotting; locked, blotted. Copy,—England, English.

Madam's album contains several fine pictures. Do you enjoy eating oysters? Enemies annoy me. Begin each sentence with a capital. Satan is the enemy of the human race. He tempted Adam and Eve. 'Alfred the Great' is a royal name. He was King of England many hundred years ago; he taught his loyal people to read and write. The Danes destroyed the English villages. The king offered battle and won a great victory.

Madam's album has several beautiful pictures. Do you like eating oysters? Enemies annoy me. Start each sentence with a capital letter. Satan is the enemy of humanity. He tempted Adam and Eve. 'Alfred the Great' is a royal name. He was King of England hundreds of years ago; he taught his loyal subjects to read and write. The Danes destroyed the English villages. The king went to battle and achieved a great victory.

17

17

plaid
plait
hotel
twelfth
welcome
welfare
level
nickel
flannel
ague
fulfil
skilful
shepherd
sandwich
handsome

Add —ed, —ing to sup, sob, wag, bag, wet, step, hum, spur.

Add —ed, —ing to sup, sob, wag, bag, wet, step, hum, spur.

A plain is a level stretch or tract of land. Braid your hair into a plait. A Scotch plaid is a shawl or scarf woven in different colors. The twelfth month. Skilful doctors differ. Muffle your throat with flannel. At the hotel we bought a sandwich and coffee for a nickel. Welcome the handsome shepherd. Look after his welfare. Fulfil my wishes. I have fever and ague.

A plain is a flat area of land. Braid your hair into a braid. A Scottish plaid is a shawl or scarf made with different colors. The twelfth month. Experienced doctors disagree. Wrap your throat in flannel. At the hotel, we bought a sandwich and coffee for a nickel. Welcome the good-looking shepherd. Take care of his well-being. Fulfill my wishes. I have a fever and chills.

18 (Review)

18 (Review)

union
fulfil
angle
ague
plaid
oyster
scuffle
loyal
twirl
ankle
human
jingle
trowel
pigeon
enemy
lawyer
flannel
thirsty
welfare
several
skilful
dungeon
shepherd
luncheon
sandwich

The skilful shepherd suffers from ague. He wears flannel and a plaid. The lawyer's ankles ached. We are loyal to the Union Jack. Several thirsty boys. A sharp angle. Oyster soup. Wait until luncheon for sandwiches. Twirl your thumbs. Sleigh bells jingle. A mason's trowel. Pigeons coo. Fulfil your promise. Satan disturbs human beings. He destroys the welfare of families. The king's enemy suffered in a dungeon.

The skilled shepherd has a fever. He wears flannel and plaid. The lawyer’s ankles hurt. We are loyal to the Union Jack. Several thirsty boys. A sharp corner. Oyster soup. Wait until lunch for sandwiches. Twiddle your thumbs. Sleigh bells jingle. A mason's trowel. Pigeons coo. Keep your promise. Satan disrupts human life. He ruins the well-being of families. The king's enemy suffered in a dungeon.

19

19

roam
loam
foamy
whoa
hoard
soaring
gallop
gallon
dreamt
dealt
wharf
dwarf
measure
pleasure
treasure

Join all— to so, most, ways, though, ready, one, mighty; as, also. Notice that 'all' drops one l. Copy,—Ireland, Irish.

Join all— to so, most, ways, though, ready, one, mighty; as, also. Notice that 'all' drops one l. Copy,—Ireland, Irish.

The dwarf roams through the country for pleasure. He measures forty inches high. He dealt in teas. The boats are by the wharf. The ponies gallop. Shout, Whoa! The roan's mouth is foaming. The hawk is soaring higher. I dreamt of hoarding up treasures. A soil of sandy loam. I meant one gallon or four quarts. London in England is the greatest city in the world.

The dwarf wanders through the countryside for fun. He stands forty inches tall. He sold tea. The boats are at the dock. The ponies run fast. Shout, “Whoa!” The roan's mouth is foaming. The hawk is flying higher. I dreamed of collecting treasures. A soil of sandy loam. I meant one gallon or four quarts. London in England is the best city in the world.

20

20

crease
greasy
ceased
jewel
gravel
anthem
collect
correct
connect
grizzly
bargain
fountain
inquire
request
butcher

Add —ish to blue, white, purple, self, girl, boy; as, bluish.

Add —ish to blue, white, purple, self, girl, boy; for example, bluish.

The butcher's gloves are greasy. His clothes are creased. My knitting unravels. What a clean gravel road! Correct this sentence. Collect their debts. Connect the two pieces. Elect a chairman. She offers her jewels at a bargain. The fountain has ceased flowing. Inquire the reason. In the Rocky Mountains there are giant cedars. In my travels there I saw grizzly bears. At the Mayor's request, we sang the National Anthem.

The butcher's gloves are greasy. His clothes are wrinkled. My knitting is falling apart. What a nice gravel road! Fix this sentence. Collect their payments. Join the two pieces. Vote for a chairperson. She’s selling her jewelry at a discount. The fountain has stopped flowing. Ask why. In the Rocky Mountains, there are huge cedar trees. On my travels there, I saw grizzly bears. At the Mayor's request, we sang the National Anthem.

21

21

medal
final
bridal
veil
heir
rein
throne
peace
dying
potato
tomato
buffalo
tannery
nursery
creamery

Add —y to gust, glass, cream, frost, curl, show; as, gusty. Add —ery to shrub, pot, slip, rob, pig, tan; as, tannery.

Add —y to gust, glass, cream, frost, curl, show; for example, gusty. Add —ery to shrub, pot, slip, rob, pig, tan; for example, tannery.

Canada is at peace with all nations. Our creamery butter won the gold medal. The final match to-day. A horse's rein. The bride wears a bridal veil. Edward, Prince of Wales, is heir to the throne. Nursery tales may be bought for a quarter of a dollar. A loamy soil suits potatoes. The tomatoes are smooth. The buffaloes are dying of thirst. Leather is made in a tannery.

Canada is at peace with all countries. Our butter from the creamery won the gold medal. The final match is today. A horse's reins. The bride wears a wedding veil. Edward, Prince of Wales, is the heir to the throne. Children's stories can be purchased for a quarter. Loamy soil is ideal for growing potatoes. The tomatoes are smooth. The buffalo are dying of thirst. Leather is produced in a tannery.

22

22

quill
quiver
quartz
waltz
knead
dough
Esther
sword
soldier
temper
temple
granite
expect
attract
factory

Add —y to ease, breeze, slime, bone, rose, stone, smoke, shine, haste, mire, wire; as, breezy. Notice the final e is dropped.

Add —y to ease, breeze, slime, bone, rose, stone, smoke, shine, haste, mire, wire; for example, breezy. Note that the final e is dropped.

A leaf quivers. Old Gray's mane. I rapped loudly. Find my quill pen. Esther kneads the flour and yeast into dough for bread. The soldier's sword and shield attract us. We expect the Captain to invite us. Our factory is on the island. Play a waltz. He struck me on the temple. I knew his ill-temper. There is quartz in granite rocks. The male bird led the geese.

A leaf shakes. Old Gray's mane. I knocked loudly. Find my quill pen. Esther is mixing the flour and yeast into dough for bread. The soldier's sword and shield catch our attention. We expect the Captain to welcome us. Our factory is on the island. Play a waltz. He hit me on the temple. I knew about his bad temper. There is quartz in granite rocks. The male bird led the geese.

23

23

button
mutton
glutton
pistol
morsel
nostril
razor
rascal
pedlar
nibble
babble
gabble
accept
offend
defend

Add —y to mud, fur, slop; and —ish to red, hog, thin; as, muddy; reddish. Notice the final consonant is doubled.

Add —y to mud, fur, slop; and —ish to red, hog, thin; as, muddy; reddish. Notice the final consonant is doubled.

Pardon my firing off the pistol. Gluttons eat too much. The pedlar sells buttons. An ill-bred rascal. Is it veal or mutton? He offended me. His nostrils bleed. Punish wrongdoers. Defend your country. Accept these red peppers. The razor is steel. Geese gabble. Chub nibble at the bait. Don't babble so much. Ontario stretches farther south than France. The king's throne.

Pardon my shooting off the gun. Gluttons eat too much. The vendor sells buttons. A rude guy. Is it veal or lamb? He upset me. His nostrils are bleeding. Punish wrongdoers. Defend your country. Take these red peppers. The razor is made of steel. Geese chatter. Chub nibble at the bait. Don't talk so much. Ontario stretches farther south than France. The king's throne.

24 (Review)

24 (Review)

heir
peace
sword
veil
dough
waltz
knead
dwarf
jewel
dying
pistol
attract
island
ceased
quiver
accept
rascal
gallon
request
bargain
soldier
buffalo
pleasure
fountain
creamery

"Peace on earth" the angel said. Cease waltzing. Soldiers wear pistols and swords. Knead the dough. A gallon of syrup. A tied veil. The fountain is near the creamery. I accept the buffalo robe with pleasure. A hare's nostrils. A rascal attracts notice. A bargain in jewels. Morsels of bread. A dying lawyer's request. The dwarf is heir to the island. Poplar leaves quiver.

"Peace on earth," the angel said. Stop dancing. Soldiers carry guns and swords. Knead the dough. A gallon of syrup. A tied veil. The fountain is close to the creamery. I gladly accept the buffalo robe. A hare's nostrils. A troublemaker gets attention. A deal in jewels. Pieces of bread. A dying lawyer's wish. The dwarf is the heir to the island. Poplar leaves flutter.

25

25

prison
poison
sermon
equal
brutal
usual
heaven
forehead
threaten
comfort
compass
company
valise
sardine
machine

Add —en to lead, wax, flax, birch, wood, earth, wheat, oat, ash; as, leaden. Copy,—A pale maid kneads dough for bread.

Add —en to lead, wax, flax, birch, wood, earth, wheat, oat, ash; as, leaden. Copy,—A pale girl is kneading dough for bread.

Prisons and jails have few comforts. The bottle contains poison. Brutal deeds. Equal in size. The preacher's forehead was high. He spoke of heaven. As usual, the sermon was brief. Is your company coming? Fetch my leather valise. I value my sewing-machine. The needle of the compass points to the North Pole. December's skies threaten hail. The mounted police. A dreary season. The polar seas. A box of sardines.

Prisons and jails offer little in the way of comfort. The bottle holds poison. Harsh actions. Same size. The preacher had a high forehead. He talked about heaven. As usual, the sermon was short. Is your friend on their way? Bring me my leather suitcase. I cherish my sewing machine. The compass needle points to the North Pole. December skies threaten hail. The mounted police. A gloomy season. The polar seas. A tin of sardines.

26

26

rogue
plague
fatigue
pastor
favor
humor
ghost
yolk
balky
bullet
pulley
pulpit
rifle
warble
walrus

Place un— before do, lock, dress, veil, seat, fold, hinge, twine, clasp; as undo. Copy,—On the road are boughs and knotty wood.

Place un— before do, lock, dress, veil, seat, fold, hinge, twine, clasp; as in undo. Copy,—On the road, there are branches and knotty wood.

The rogue is tricky but good-humored. He requests a favor, a loan of a hickory stick. Thieves plague us. The rope passes through the pulley. The pastor of the church is fatigued. His pulpit is of carved walnut. The mules were balky. Rifle bullets are of lead. A ghost story. Eat the yolks of eggs. Birds warble. An Eskimo dresses in furs of the seal, walrus, or white bear.

The rogue is clever but lighthearted. He asks for a favor, a loan of a hickory stick. Thieves are a constant problem. The rope runs through the pulley. The pastor of the church is tired. His pulpit is carved from walnut. The mules were stubborn. Rifle bullets are made of lead. A ghost story. Eat the yolks of eggs. Birds sing. An Inuit dresses in furs from seals, walruses, or polar bears.

27

27

onion
million
opinion
error
errand
harbor
ivory
history
horrid
Olive
parasol
seldom
region
fashion
cushion

Put dis— before like, please, grace, place, cover, agree, lodge, obey, appear; as dislike. Copy,—The sewing girl sews a seam.

Put "dis-" before "like," "please," "grace," "place," "cover," "agree," "lodge," "obey," "appear;" as in "dislike." Copy:—The sewing girl sews a seam.

Millions of onions are grown in light soil. Olive seldom offers an opinion on any question. She makes few errors. I go on errands. Touch lightly the white ivory keys. Your parasol is quite in fashion. The cushion is lying on the lounge. Several steamboats made the harbor. Do you read history? That horrid wretch. The Eskimo dwell in the frozen regions. Their reindeer live on moss.

Millions of onions are grown in light soil. Olive rarely shares her opinion on anything. She makes few mistakes. I run errands. Gently touch the white ivory keys. Your parasol is very much in style. The cushion is on the couch. Several steamboats are in the harbor. Do you read history? That awful wretch. The Eskimos live in the icy regions. Their reindeer eat moss.

28

28

donkey
jockey
volley
alley
chimney
turkey
turtle
curdle
current
nettle
brittle
tattle
hostler
hustled
freckled

Add —s to day, play, key, turkey, jay, monkey, boy, joy, alley, toy, way; as, days. Notice the vowel before y.

Add —s to day, play, key, turkey, jay, monkey, boy, joy, alley, toy, way; as, days. Notice the vowel before y.

Two jockeys rode the prize donkeys. Fire two volleys up the valley. I lent four dozen alleys. Chimneys are built of brick and mortar. Turkeys are dear. He sees a turtle caught. The current of the river is rapid. The milk curdles. The crowd hustled the thief along. A freckled face. Nettles scratched his palms. A hostler stayed at our hotel. Don't tattle. Hickory is not brittle wood. Goats graze in the lane.

Two jockeys rode the winning donkeys. Fire two shots up the valley. I lent out four dozen alleys. Chimneys are made of brick and mortar. Turkeys are expensive. He sees a turtle stuck. The river flows fast. The milk goes sour. The crowd pushed the thief along. A face covered in freckles. Nettles scratched his hands. A stable worker stayed at our hotel. Don't gossip. Hickory is not fragile wood. Goats graze in the lane.

29

29

journey
nourish
flourish
carrot
beckon
buckle
baggage
engine
endure
civil
citron
citizen
belief
mischief
kerchief

Add —ful (full) to fear, harm, trust, shame, truth, fright, grace; as, fearful. Copy,—A well-bred youth won the medal.

Add —ful (full) to fear, harm, trust, shame, truth, fright, grace; as, fearful. Copy,—A well-mannered young man won the medal.

Boiled carrots nourish calves. Reckon the cost of your journey. Palm trees flourish in the south. Buckle my straps. Our friends beckon to us. The baggage is checked. I build steam-engines. I can't endure liars. This soldier prays every day. He is civil and polite to the citizens. Do no mischief. It is my belief that the thief carried off the citron in his handkerchief.

Boiled carrots are good for calves. Consider the cost of your trip. Palm trees thrive in the south. Fasten my straps. Our friends are calling us. The luggage is checked. I build steam engines. I can't stand liars. This soldier prays every day. He is respectful and polite to the citizens. Don't cause any trouble. I believe the thief took the citron in his handkerchief.

30 (Review)

30 (Review)

belief
usual
ivory
valise
alley
ghost
onion
guest
equal
citizen
sermon
fatigue
poison
seldom
plague
heaven
parasol
engine
compass
current
machine
journey
opinion
chimney
mischief

She carries a parasol. Poisons usually kill. The heavens are the higher regions. A muddy stream seldom has a strong current. Our guest's valise. An ivory-handled knife. Sermons on our belief. A narrow alley. Long journeys fatigue me. A knitting machine. A sailor's compass. The hostler plagues me. His good-humor and mischief amuse the citizens. A toy engine. My friend grows onions and citrons. Be civil children.

She carries an umbrella. Poisons usually lead to death. The skies are the upper areas. A muddy stream rarely has a strong flow. Our guest's suitcase. An ivory-handled knife. Talks about our beliefs. A narrow street. Long trips tire me out. A knitting machine. A sailor's compass. The stable worker annoys me. His good humor and mischief entertain the locals. A toy train. My friend grows onions and lemons. Be polite, kids.

31

31

parrot
ballot
balloon
ascend
descend
lecture
erect
direct
expect
tassel
stirrup
rescue
pursue
avenue
continue

Add —less to law, sleep, cease, leaf, shoe, smoke, dust, cloud.

Add —less to law, sleep, cease, leaf, shoe, smoke, dust, cloud.

The parrot says "Pretty Polly." Vote by ballot. We ascend in a balloon. The guide directs us. We intend to descend in half an hour. Stand erect. He expects to lecture. My cushions have tassels. The saddle has stirrups. Hounds pursue the hare. A team of balky ponies on our avenue drew a crowd of people. Continue to improve. Rescue us from being drowned. Jacob and Esau were the sons of Isaac. Rachel was Joseph's mother.

The parrot says "Pretty Polly." Vote by ballot. We're going up in a balloon. The guide's in charge. We plan to come down in half an hour. Stand up straight. He’s ready to give a lecture. My cushions have tassels. The saddle has stirrups. Hounds are chasing the hare. A stubborn team of ponies on our street attracted a crowd. Keep getting better. Save us from drowning. Jacob and Esau were Isaac's sons. Rachel was Joseph's mother.

32

32

awful
awkward
awning
grumble
thimble
ramble
oblige
refuge
college
package
passage
message
choir
chorus
anchor

Add —en to wide, white, like, straight, bright, broad, light; as, widen. Copy,—I need a whole bundle of tracts here.

Add —en to wide, white, like, straight, bright, broad, light; as, widen. Copy,—I need a whole bundle of tracts here.

An awful example. We sought refuge in a narrow passage, under an awning. The package is awkward to carry. Oblige me by taking this message. The student rambles about the college grounds. Esther grumbles over her sewing. Her thimble is too large. I'll sing the low bass notes. Join in the chorus. The ship's anchor is heavy. The value of Canada's wheat, cheese, and cattle increases rapidly each year.

An awful example. We took shelter in a narrow passage, under an awning. The package is awkward to carry. Please take this message for me. The student wanders around the college grounds. Esther complains about her sewing. Her thimble is too big. I'll sing the low bass notes. Join in the chorus. The ship's anchor is heavy. The value of Canada's wheat, cheese, and cattle goes up quickly each year.

33

33

myth
hymn
lynx
Egypt
gypsy
system
mimic
comic
frolic
antic
picnic
cambric
violet
violin
violent

Add —er to bake, bathe, bite, write, smoke, vote, poke; as, baker. Copy,—Ring the bells. The church bell tolled slowly.

Add —er to bake, bathe, bite, write, smoke, vote, poke; as, baker. Copy,—Ring the bells. The church bell rang slowly.

Myths are strange stories. The lynx is a cousin of the tiger. Sing hymns, not comic songs. The parrot mimics my voice. The black-eyed gypsy tells fortunes cleverly. Play the violin gently not violently. Smell the odor of violets. What system of writing are you taught? Watch the antics of the young bears as they frolic in their den. A cambric handkerchief was tied in knots at the picnic.

Myths are weird stories. The lynx is related to the tiger. Sing hymns, not silly songs. The parrot copies my voice. The black-eyed gypsy gives clever fortunes. Play the violin softly, not harshly. Smell the scent of violets. What writing system are you learning? Watch the playful young bears as they have fun in their den. A thin handkerchief was tied in knots at the picnic.

34

34

type
style
rhyme
ceiling
receive
deceive
either
neither
column
gospel
gossip
gosling
tomb
ostrich
purchase

Put —'s after turkey, donkey, company, army, fly; as, The fly's wing. Copy,—A steel knife. The brakes creak.

Put —'s after turkey, donkey, company, army, fly; as, The fly's wing. Copy,—A steel knife. The brakes creak.

Purchase the nursery rhymes printed in large type. Either style will suit. Gossips tattle idly. The ceiling is high. I received neither the ribbon nor the ostrich feather. Doesn't he deceive you? Add the column of figures. A gosling is a young goose. 'Gospel' means good news. Richard, the Lion Heart, was a brave knight. He fought the Turks in the Holy Land to rescue from them the sacred tomb of our Lord.

Purchase the nursery rhymes printed in large text. Either style works. Gossips talk idly. The ceiling is tall. I received neither the ribbon nor the ostrich feather. Doesn't he trick you? Add up the column of numbers. A gosling is a baby goose. 'Gospel' means good news. Richard, the Lion Heart, was a brave knight. He fought the Turks in the Holy Land to rescue the sacred tomb of our Lord from them.

35

35

idea
eagle
measles
total
profit
secret
ocean
voyage
truant
prosper
whisper
whisker
Canadian
guardian
Christian

Add —er to cut, dig, chop, chat; as, cutter. Add —y to knot, fat, sun, star, spot, wit; as, knotty. Copy,—Hurrah for Santa Claus and Christmas! The doe's fawn. New Year's Eve.

Add —er to cut, dig, chop, chat; for example, cutter. Add —y to knot, fat, sun, star, spot, wit; for example, knotty. Copy,—Hurrah for Santa Claus and Christmas! The doe's fawn. New Year's Eve.

Eagles are birds of prey. I have an idea that the children have measles. The beaver is a Canadian emblem. Kittens have whiskers. The truant whispers a secret to his guardian. Many merchants prosper. Their total profits increase. Our forefathers came from Christian countries. Their ocean voyage required several weeks.

Eagles are birds of prey. I think the kids have measles. The beaver is a symbol of Canada. Kittens have whiskers. The truant tells a secret to his guardian. Many merchants are doing well. Their overall profits are rising. Our ancestors came from Christian countries. Their ocean journey took several weeks.

36 (Review)

36 (Review)

idea
gypsy
type
picnic
hymn
rescue
tassel
ceiling
ascend
parrot
chorus
oblige
awful
anchor
college
secret
violet
truant
rhyme
violin
frolic
total
eagle
ocean
column

A gypsy's idea. We need faith and courage. The hymns, rhymes, and choruses are in small type. Lambs frolic. Rescue the bitten parrot. The descent was awful. The ocean steamer is a total wreck. Oblige me by singing a college song at the picnic. The truant watches the eagle. Our secret thoughts. The columns ascend to the ceiling of the tomb. My parasol has a violet tassel. We received a message to weigh anchor.

A gypsy's idea. We need faith and courage. The hymns, rhymes, and choruses are in small print. Lambs are playing around. Save the injured parrot. The drop was terrible. The ocean liner is completely wrecked. Please sing a college song at the picnic. The runaway is watching the eagle. Our private thoughts. The columns reach up to the ceiling of the tomb. My parasol has a purple tassel. We got a message to weigh anchor.

37

37

jostle
bustle
gristle
chatter
shatter
shutter
gamble
nimble
rumble
release
increase
decrease
salad
salary
banana

Add —ish to snap, style; fat, rogue; pet, slave; red, ape; hog, blue; as, snappish, stylish. Copy,—Don't stare at the nun's veil.

Add —ish to snap, style; fat, rogue; pet, slave; red, ape; hog, blue; as, snappish, stylish. Copy,—Don't stare at the nun's veil.

The pupils wrestle and jostle each other. Try the lettuce salad. He bustles off to close the shutters. There is gristle in the beefsteak. Will the price of bananas increase or decrease? Monkeys chatter. Their fingers are active and nimble. Heavy wagons rumble along the road. Does thunder shatter window-panes? Release the prisoner. He moans and groans. He loses money by gambling. The honest youth wears stylish clothes. His salary is paid weekly.

The kids are wrestling and pushing each other. Try the lettuce salad. He rushes off to close the blinds. There's gristle in the steak. Will the price of bananas go up or down? Monkeys are chattering. Their fingers are quick and agile. Heavy trucks rumble down the road. Does thunder break the windows? Let the prisoner go. He’s moaning and groaning. He’s losing money from gambling. The honest young man wears trendy clothes. He gets paid weekly.

38

38

deny
reply
supply
chequers
chestnut
chipmunk
burly
furled
sturdy
occur
fluid
bacon
process
success
subtract

Add —ing, —es, —ed, to pity, copy, deny, reply, study, supply; as, pitying, pities, pitied. Copy,—A baby's shoe.

Add —ing, —es, —ed, to pity, copy, deny, reply, study, supply; as, pitying, pities, pitied. Copy,—A baby's shoe.

A burly butcher supplies our bacon. Can you subtract? I'll explain the process. The sturdy boy denies throwing chestnut burs. It often occurs. I'm chuckling over my success at chequers. Please reply by next mail. Beef teas are fluid. The chipmunk has stripes on its back and pouches in its cheeks. He unfurled the Union Jack. Busy until recess.

A big butcher provides our bacon. Can you do the math? I'll explain how it works. The strong kid denies tossing chestnut burrs. It happens a lot. I'm laughing at my success in checkers. Please respond in the next mail. Beef broth is liquid. The chipmunk has stripes on its back and pockets in its cheeks. He unfolded the Union Jack. Busy until break.

39

39

copper
cobbler
toddler
tingle
mingle
shingle
jangle
wrangle
bungled
scorn
scoff
scowl
address
express
possess

Add —ing, —es, —ed, to spy, pry, bury, marry, hurry, worry; as, spying, spies, spied. Copy,—Our family's name.

Add —ing, —es, —ed, to spy, pry, bury, marry, hurry, worry; as, spying, spies, spied. Copy,—Our family's name.

Don't linger any longer. My fingers tingle with cold. Wait for the wee toddler. The maid's proud gait. Men jangle and wrangle over such trifles. Value this bungled piece of work. Two foul creeks mingle. Shingle the roof. The copper kettle. The cobbler sews shoes. He should scorn to beg. Don't scoff, or scowl at beggars. Doesn't he possess great wealth? Send the parcel by express to my address.

Don't stick around any longer. My fingers are freezing. Wait for the little kid. The maid walks with pride. Men argue and fuss over such small things. Appreciate this messed-up job. Two dirty streams mix together. Put shingles on the roof. The copper kettle. The shoemaker fixes shoes. He shouldn't have to beg. Don't mock or glare at homeless people. Doesn't he have a lot of money? Send the package by express to my address.

40

40

novel
hovel
panel
rocket
bucket
bracket
slipper
blister
distress
perfect
permit
perform
repeat
defeat
retreat

Add —ing, —s, —d, to die, tie, lie, hie, as dying, dies, died. Copy,—The enemy's camp. A lady's veil.

Add —ing, —s, —d, to die, tie, lie, hie, as dying, dies, died. Copy,—The enemy's camp. A lady's veil.

In these hovels the women are almost always reading novels. Paint a perfect panel. The rockets ascend and burst. An oaken bucket or pail. Fasten the bracket with a nail. A pair of leather slippers. Blisters may cause much distress. Permit me to repeat the tale. Perform gracefully. Their army suffered defeat. Many soldiers perished in the retreat.

In these run-down places, the women are almost always reading novels. Create a perfect picture. The rockets go up and explode. A wooden bucket or pail. Secure the bracket with a nail. A pair of leather slippers. Blisters can cause a lot of pain. Let me tell the story again. Move with grace. Their army faced defeat. Many soldiers died during the retreat.

41

41

alter
halter
reward
squad
squib
esquire
tether
whether
together
insult
result
sultry
dictate
imitate
separate

Add —ing, —s, —ed to pay, say, lay; as, paying, pays, paid; and —ly, to gay, day, as gaily. Copy,—He sees leeks in the lane.

Add —ing, —s, —ed to pay, say, lay; for example, paying, pays, paid; and —ly, to gay, day, as gaily. Copy,—He sees leeks in the lane.

Alter the figures. What is the result? What reward does Thomas Johns, Esquire, offer? See the squads of soldiers drilling. Don't insult our friends. Make a squib of this firecracker. A sultry Tuesday. Tie this rope to the horse's halter. Tether him to the stake. Imitate Paul's groan. Dictate loudly. I don't know whether they board together or in separate cottages.

Alter the numbers. What’s the outcome? What reward does Thomas Johns, Esquire, offer? Look at the groups of soldiers training. Don’t insult our friends. Make a small firework out of this firecracker. A hot Tuesday. Tie this rope to the horse's halter. Secure him to the post. Imitate Paul's groan. Speak loudly. I’m not sure if they live together or in separate houses.

42 (Review)

42 (Review)

chatter
gamble
dictate
rumble
gristle
reply
occur
salad
bacon
fluid
linger
scowl
jangle
cobble
novel
banana
possess
defeat
esquire
wrangle
whether
increase
subtract
success
separate

My teeth chatter. A dog chews tough gristly meat. Have some bacon or salad. It won't occur again. A train rumbled past. Try a banana. Fluids flow easily. Choose a novel. Subtract ninety. Squire Hughes lingers a moment. The cobblers separate. The miners jangle and wrangle as they gamble. One chuckles, the other scowls. Increase the learning you now possess. Sometimes defeat has led to success.

My teeth are chattering. A dog is gnawing on some tough, gristly meat. Have some bacon or a salad. It won't happen again. A train went by with a rumble. Try a banana. Fluids flow smoothly. Pick a novel. Subtract ninety. Squire Hughes hangs around for a bit. The cobblers split up. The miners jangle and quarrel as they gamble. One laughs, while the other frowns. Boost the knowledge you currently have. Sometimes, defeat can lead to success.

43

43

engage
carriage
marriage
serge
gauze
sieve
whoop
giggle
wiggle
aisle
brake
script
trustee
prosper
tobacco

Copy,—due, duly; true, truly; whole, wholly.

Copy,—due, duly; true, truly; whole, wholly.

The trustees have engaged a teacher. The carriage has a brake to check its speed. Don't crowd in the aisle of the church to see the marriage. May they prosper. Boys whoop. Girls giggle. Read the words in script. Make screens of thin gauze. Use a coarse sieve. Your serge suit smells of tobacco. Eels squirm and wiggle. Yours truly. Duly paid. Wholly evil.

The trustees have hired a teacher. The carriage has a brake to slow it down. Don't crowd into the church aisle to watch the wedding. May they thrive. Boys cheer. Girls laugh. Read the words in cursive. Make screens out of thin mesh. Use a rough sieve. Your serge suit smells like smoke. Eels squirm and wriggle. Yours truly. Paid in full. Completely evil.

44

44

abuse
accuse
refuse
funeral
murder
further
bury
coffin
hearse
edging
stingy
bleach
elegant
elephant
alphabet

Never abuse dumb animals. We accused him of stealing. He refused to talk further about the murder. Bury the dead. A plain coffin. The black hearse. Tying his shoe. The edging is torn. A stingy quart. The cotton is bleached. The elephant's figure is not elegant or graceful. Repeat the whole alphabet.

Never mistreat animals. We accused him of stealing. He wouldn’t discuss the murder any further. Bury the dead. A simple coffin. The black hearse. Tying his shoe. The trim is ripped. A cheap quart. The cotton is bleached. The elephant’s shape is not elegant or graceful. Recite the whole alphabet.

Dare to do right! Dare to be true!

Dare to do the right thing! Dare to be authentic!

The failings of others can never save you;

The mistakes of others can never rescue you;

Stand by your duty, your honour, your faith,

Stand by your duty, your honor, your faith,

Stand like a hero and battle till death.—Wilson.

Stand like a hero and fight until the end.—Wilson.

45

45

cough
trough
depth
length
strength
breadth
injure
minute
promise
declare
prepare
compare
pious
famous
nervous

My clerk is cheerful but pious. A cough makes me nervous. Famous doctors. Promise to prepare. Under the eaves is a zinc trough. Don't injure your health. Compare answers. The judge will declare the result in a minute. The length and breadth are equal.

My assistant is cheerful but religious. A cough makes me anxious. Well-known doctors. Promise to get ready. There's a zinc trough under the eaves. Don't harm your health. Compare the responses. The judge will announce the outcome in a minute. The length and width are the same.

All hail to the broad-leaved Maple!

All hail to the broad-leaved Maple!

With her fair and changeful dress,

With her light and ever-changing outfit,

A type of our youthful country,

A representation of our young nation,

In its pride and loveliness.

In its glory and beauty.

46

46

coins
noisy
loiter
voice
rejoice
appoint
acre
agent
crate
soul
choir
reign
instant
distant
station

Collect old coins. King George reigns. The noisy freight train. A distant station. The busy agent sells crates of choice wares. He doesn't loiter an instant. Half an acre. Appoint the hour. The choir sang a hymn. I rejoice to hear that the ointment will heal your wound. The clothes were washed, wrung out, then dried on the smooth beach. Tow the boat. Choose an awl. There is constant pain in my eyes.

Collect old coins. King George rules. The loud freight train. A distant station. The busy agent sells crates of selected goods. He doesn't waste any time. Half an acre. Set the time. The choir sang a hymn. I'm glad to hear that the ointment will heal your wound. The clothes were washed, wrung out, and then dried on the smooth beach. Tow the boat. Choose a sharp tool. There's a constant pain in my eyes.

47

47

desire
retire
advise
advice
decide
excite
pitcher
catcher
hatchet
repair
rowdy
memory
anxious
plumber
umbrella

Add —ing, —d, to dye, singe, eye, toe, hoe, shoe, canoe; as, dyeing, dyed; toeing, toed. Dyeing the cloth red.

Add —ing, —d, to dye, singe, eye, toe, hoe, shoe, canoe; as, dyeing, dyed; toeing, toed. Dyeing the cloth red.

The pitcher is excited. The catcher desires to retire. The team is anxious. Give the rowdy some good advice. His memory fails him. The plumber advises me. I decided to buy a hatchet. Repair my umbrella.

The pitcher is pumped. The catcher wants to quit. The team is nervous. Give the rowdy some solid advice. He forgets things. The plumber gives me advice. I decided to buy an axe. Fix my umbrella.

48 (Review)

48 (Review)

acre
soul
coin
sieve
choir
serge
aisle
brake
bury
gauze
bogus
whoop
hearse
accuse
trough
injure
nervous
loiter
anxious
plumber
minute
tobacco
breadth
marriage
elephant

An acre of land for a burying ground. The soul never dies. A sieve to sift flour. A cloak of blue serge. The choir march up the aisle. Indians whoop. Apply the brakes. Don't touch poison-ivy. A thin gauze covers the glass hearse. We accuse the plumber of using bogus coin. Tobacco injures the health. Drive the calves from the trough. We rode the elephant. For some minutes we were nervous. The breadth of the field. I loitered to view the marriage.

An acre of land for a burial site. The soul never dies. A sieve to sift flour. A blue serge cloak. The choir walks up the aisle. Indians shout. Hit the brakes. Avoid poison ivy. A thin layer of gauze covers the glass hearse. We blame the plumber for using fake coins. Tobacco harms health. Move the calves away from the trough. We rode the elephant. For a few minutes, we felt nervous. The width of the field. I hung around to watch the wedding.

49

49

motor
liquor
police
justice
goblet
brooch
social
special
christen
attempt
hearsay
farewell
exercise
examine
example
scramble
eyesight
fortnight
bedstead
headache
multiply
arithmetic
lonesome
good-bye

Write in a short sentence each word in these columns. Use properly in sentences each of the following: too, knows, here, their, new, write, wring, pair, fore, buy, blew, road, aunt, cent.

Write a short sentence for each word in these columns. Use the following words correctly in sentences: too, knows, here, their, new, write, wring, pair, fore, buy, blew, road, aunt, cent.

Canada, Canada, land of the Maple,

Canada, Canada, land of the Maple,

Queen of the forest, and river, and lake;

Queen of the forest, river, and lake;

Open thy soul to the voice of thy people,

Open your soul to the voice of your people,

Close not thine heart to the music they make.—Reade.

Close your heart not to the music they create.—Reade.

Rules.

1. The letters f, l, or s at the end of words of one syllable and after a single vowel are usually double; as, muff, ball, grass.

1. The letters f, l, or s at the end of one-syllable words following a single vowel are usually doubled; for example, muff, ball, grass.

2. Words ending in e usually drop it on adding ing or any other suffix beginning with a vowel; as, come, coming; bride, bridal; love, lovable.

2. Words ending in e usually drop it when adding ing or any other suffix that starts with a vowel; for example, come, coming; bride, bridal; love, lovable.

3. Words of one syllable, and words accented on the last syllable, if they end in a single consonant with a single vowel before it, usually double the final consonant on adding ing, ed, or any other suffix beginning with a vowel; as, rob, robbed; mad, madden; admit, admitting; begin, beginner.

3. One-syllable words, and words that have the accent on the last syllable, if they end in a single consonant with a single vowel right before it, usually double the final consonant when you add ing, ed, or any other suffix that starts with a vowel; for example, rob, robbed; mad, madden; admit, admitting; begin, beginner.

4. Words in y with a consonant before it usually change the y into i when a suffix not beginning with i is added; as, cry, cries, crying.

4. Words in y that have a consonant before it usually change the y to i when a suffix that doesn't start with i is added; for example, cry, cries, crying.

5. The apostrophe (') is used to indicate the omission of one or more letters; as, didn't for did not; can't for cannot; let's, let us; I'm, I am; you're, you are; isn't, is not.

5. The apostrophe (') is used to show that one or more letters are missing; for example, didn't for did not; can't for cannot; let's for let us; I'm for I am; you're for you are; isn't for is not.


Review of the Tough Words.

accept
accuse
acre
address
aisle
alley
alphabet
anchor
ankle
annual
10

anxious
argue
arithmetic
ascend
attempt
auction
auger
August
author
autumn
20

avenue
awkward
awful
awning
baggage
balky
balloon
balm
balsam
banana
30

bargain
bathe
bedstead
belief
beneath
borne
bosom
breadth
bridal
brittle
40

brooch
buffalo
brutal
butcher
calm
cambric
canoe
capital
capsize
carriage
50

caution
ceiling
cellar
chestnut
chimney
choir
chorus
christen
Christian
Christmas
60

circus
cleanse
citizen
coarse
college
column
compass
continue
cough
creamery
70

crease
curious
current
curtain
cushion
custom
dealt
deceive
descend
dictate
80
divide
dough
drowned
dungeon
dwarf
eaves
either
elephant
enemy
engine
90

English
enough
equal
error
example
except
excite
exercise
eyesight
fatigue
100

feather
February
flannel
flourish
forehead
fortnight
fuel
fulfil
funeral
furious
110

gamble
gauze
ghost
glimpse
gnaw
good-bye
gristle
grizzly
guardian
guessed
120

guest
guide
gypsy
handsome
headache
hearsay
heaven
heir
hoard
hoarse
130

horehound
hostler
humor
hustled
hymn
iceberg
icicle
imitate
injure
ivory
140

jewel
journey
justice
kerchief
knead
knit
knock
knots
knuckle
laundry
150

lawyer
liquor
loiter
lonesome
luncheon
lynx
machine
marriage
mayor
measles
160
measure
medal
meddle
merchant
message
million
minute
mirror
mischief
molasses
170

morsel
muffler
multiply
muzzle
myth
neither
nickel
nimble
nostril
oblige
180

occur
ocean
onion
opinion
ostrich
oysters
palm
parasol
parrot
peddle
190

pedlar
people
picnic
pigeon
pistol
plague
plaid
plait
pleasant
plumber
200

poison
police
possess
potato
prompt
pulley
pulpit
purchase
purpose
pursue
210

quartz
quiver
rascal
razor
receive
refuge
region
reign
reins
rejoice
220

request
rescue
rhyme
roam
rogue
rough
royal
saddle
salad
salary
230

sandwich
sardine
saucer
sausage
scramble
script
scuffle
secret
seldom
sentence
240
separate
serious
several
shepherd
shovel
sieve
skilful
soaring
social
soldier
soul
special
sponge
squirrel
stirrup
255

subtract
success
sword
syrup
system
tassel
temple
tempt
thimble
thrones
through
tobacco
together
tomb
tough
270

toward
treasure
trough
trowel
Tuesday
twinkle
union
until
usual
valise
veil
victory
violent
voice
volley
285

voyage
weather
Wednesday
welcome
welfare
wharf
whether
whose
worship
worsted
wrangle
yeast
yield
yolk
zinc
300

Thy choicest gifts in store

Your best gifts available

On him be pleased to pour,

On him be pleased to pour,

Long may he reign!

Long live the king!

May he defend our laws,

May he uphold our laws,

And ever give us cause

And always give us reason

To sing with heart and voice,

To sing with passion and feeling,

God save the King.

God save the King.


Say it.

Note.—See that the italicized letters are distinctly pronounced.

Note.—Make sure the italicized letters are pronounced clearly.

acorn, ā´korn
acts, akts
again, a gen´
alder, a͟lderelder
always, alwaysalways
alms, ämz
ant, ant
any, en´ni
apron, ā´prun
asked, askt
aunt, änt
balm, bäm
bath, bäth
baths, bäTHz
bathe, bāTH
beard, bērd
burst, bėrst
calf, käf
calm, käm
can't, känt
catch, kach
creek, krēk
crept, krept
dance, dans
daub, da̤boak
daunt, da̤ntdoubt
deaf, def
dew, dū
dost, dust
duke, dūk
duly, dū´li
e'er, ār
elm, elm
err, er
every, ev´ėr-i
fluid, fluidfluid
food, föd
for, for
from, from
gape, gāp
God, god
grimy, grī´mi
half, häf
halve, hav
haunt, haunthaunt
helm, helm
hoist, hoist
hoof, höf
idea, ī-dē´a
ivory, ī´vōri
just, just
kept, kept
laugh, läf
leapt, lēpt
length, leng´th
lief, lēf
loam, lōam
loose, lös
lose, löz
moth, moth
new, nū
niche, nich
none, nun
oaths, ōTHz
of, ov
often, of´n
orphan, or´-phan
oven, uv´n
palms, päms
peril, per´il
piano, pi-ä´no
plaid, plād
plait, plāt
poem, pō´em
pretty, prit´i
psalm, säm
quoit, koit
quoth, kwoth
real, rē´al
resin, rez´in
rinse, rins
roof, röf
said, sed
salve, säv
several, sev´ėr-al
sewer, sū´er
shrub, shrub
since, sins
sixth, siksth
sleek, slēk
soot, söt
suit, sūt
syrup, sir´up
taunt, ta̤nttant
teat, tēt
tepid, tep´id
tiny, tī´ni
tulip, tū´lip
with, wiTH
yeast, yēst

Fāte, fa̤llfąll, fär, fat; mē, met, hėr; pīne, pin, nōte, not, möve; tübe, tub, bṳllbųll; TH, then, th, thin; oil, chain.

Fate, fall, fare, fat; me, met, her; pine, pin, note, not, move; tube, tub, bull; TH, then, th, thin; oil, chain.


STANDARD III. Elderly.
Grade 5.


1

1

halve
salve
salmon
almonds
quality
quantity
squander
squabble
tenant
vacant
gallant
remnant
balance
distance
instance
substance

Add —ing to lose, line, lace, pare, idle, leave, ache; as, losing.

Add —ing to lose, line, lace, pare, idle, leave, ache; as, losing.

Apply salve to the gallant soldier's sore eyes. He halved the citron in an instant. Divide the almonds. Don't squander your substance or earnings. Our tenants paid the balance due. The cottage is some distance off. Squabbling, for instance, hinders quiet work. The remnant of the serge is of choice quality. Great quantities of salmon are caught in the Fraser.

Apply ointment to the brave soldier's sore eyes. He sliced the lemon in an instant. Divide the almonds. Don't waste your resources or earnings. Our tenants paid the remaining balance. The cottage is a bit far away. Arguing, for instance, disrupts peaceful work. The leftover serge is of high quality. Large amounts of salmon are caught in the Fraser.

2

2

ulcer
cancer
grocer
officer
famine
imagine
heroine
medicine
primary
library
contrary
burglary
guidance
grievance
entrance
hindrance

Add mis— to step, state, spell, spend, sent, shaped; as, misstep.

Add mis— to step, state, spell, spend, sent, shaped; as in, misstep.

A primary pupil's guidance was welcome. The burglary at the grocer's puzzles me. A narrow, misshapen entrance to the library will prove a serious hindrance. Contrary to orders, the officer misspent the money. He gulped a dose of acid medicine. Don't misspell common words. She imagines herself a heroine. The India famine. The knight's grievance. Cancers and ulcers are diseased growths.

A primary school student's guidance was appreciated. The break-in at the grocery store confuses me. A narrow, awkward entrance to the library will be a significant obstacle. Against orders, the officer misused the funds. He swallowed some strong medicine. Don’t misspell common words. She sees herself as a heroine. The famine in India. The knight's complaint. Cancers and ulcers are unhealthy growths.

3

3

altar
almanac
alderman
balcony
warrior
warrant
warfare
war-whoop
alms
isles
phases
phrases
tedious
various
bilious
studious

Add —ing, —es, and —ed to empty, reply, marry, bury, study, supply, defy, satisfy; as, emptying, empties, emptied.

Add —ing, —es, and —ed to empty, reply, marry, bury, study, supply, defy, satisfy; for example, emptying, empties, emptied.

The warrior knelt at the altar. The tedious warfare had wearied him. The almanac foretells the moon's various phases. What ails the studious scholar on the balcony? Merely a bilious headache. I bade him total the column. I'm satisfied with the supplies. Phrases are not sentences. Isles in the ocean. An Indian's war-whoop. Elect an alderman. Asking alms is begging.

The warrior knelt at the altar. The endless battles had worn him out. The calendar predicts the moon's different phases. What's wrong with the studious scholar on the balcony? Just a bad headache. I told him to add up the column. I'm happy with the supplies. Phrases are not complete sentences. Islands in the ocean. An Indian's war cry. Choose an alderman. Asking for donations is begging.

4

4

fertile
sterile
hostile
reptile
badger
cudgel
burrow
burial
merely
anxiety
nuisance
riddance
lattice
poultice
crevice
liquorice

Join —ing to upset, begin, forget, omit, prefer; as, upsetting.

Join —ing to upset, begin, forget, omit, prefer; as in, upsetting.

Poultice your sore throat. Liquorice relieves a cough. I ate oyster patties. Huge ants crept through the crevice. Alter the lattice porch. His enemies, trudging along with heavy cudgels, looked very hostile. He brews ale or beer from malt. The soil is not fertile, but sterile, fit merely for a burial ground. I relieved a lawyer's anxiety about his collie. Are lizards reptiles? We made a riddance of the badgers. Their burrows were a nuisance.

Poultice your sore throat. Licorice soothes a cough. I ate oyster fritters. Huge ants crawled through the crack. Change the lattice porch. His enemies, trudging along with heavy clubs, looked very threatening. He brews ale or beer from malt. The soil isn’t fertile, but barren, fit only for a graveyard. I eased a lawyer's worries about his collie. Are lizards reptiles? We got rid of the badgers. Their burrows were a hassle.

5

5

honest
exhort
exhibit
exhaust
stomach
monarch
vinegar
vineyard
plumage
foliage
drainage
advantage
barrier
carrier
terrier
furrier

Put dis— before honest, loyal, proved, agreed, lodge, quiet, honor, credit, figure, own; as, dishonest.

Put "dis-" before honest, loyal, proved, agreed, lodge, quiet, honor, credit, figure, own; as, dishonest.

The Monarch of Great Britain and Ireland. Italy has many vineyards. The mail-carrier exhorts us to be honest. I'm exhausted by climbing the barrier. Farmers know the advantage of tile drainage. The furrier exhibits an Irish terrier. Vinegar disagrees with my stomach. Parrots of gayest plumage flew through the dense foliage.

The King of Great Britain and Ireland. Italy has a lot of vineyards. The mail carrier urges us to be honest. I'm tired from climbing the barrier. Farmers understand the benefits of tile drainage. The furrier showcases an Irish terrier. Vinegar doesn't sit well with my stomach. Brightly colored parrots flew through the thick foliage.

6 (Review)

6 (Review)

isle
salve
altar
grocer
vacant
honest
foliage
exhaust
anxiety
furrier
phrases
nuisance
terrier
library
stomach
exhibit
riddance
almonds
poultice
medicine
vineyard
squabble
grievance
hindrance

Grocers sell teas, coffees, spices, almonds, but not salves or medicines. The furrier exhibits a lynx. Thieves are dishonest. In the library the owner of the vineyard aired his grievance. The thorny brambles and thick foliage were hindrances. The Scotch terrier knows the mail-carrier's knock. A weak stomach causes anxiety. Poultice my thumb. Buried in a sacred isle.

Grocers sell tea, coffee, spices, and almonds, but not ointments or medicine. The furrier has a lynx on display. Thieves are untrustworthy. In the library, the vineyard owner shared his complaint. The thorny brambles and dense foliage were obstacles. The Scottish terrier recognizes the mail carrier's knock. A sensitive stomach leads to anxiety. Put a poultice on my thumb. Buried on a holy island.

7

7

starry
scarred
giraffe
lacrosse
bargain
chieftain
scaffold
stubborn
vague
league
plague
brogue
gallery
slippery
millinery
machinery

Copy,—A baby's brooch. I bought two ladies' brooches. A lady's blouse. Ladies' blouses for sale. Enemies' camps.

Copy,—A baby’s brooch. I bought two women’s brooches. A woman’s blouse. Women’s blouses for sale. Enemies’ camps.

The rogue used Irish brogue. Slippery stairs led to the gallery. I'm captain of the lacrosse team in the junior league. The starry skies. Ladies' millinery is often expensive. The Scottish chieftain was a stubborn fighter. He had a vague idea of escaping the scaffold. The giraffe is scarred with wounds. A plague of gnats and flies. The machinery was sold at a bargain.

The rogue had an Irish accent. Slippery stairs led up to the gallery. I'm the captain of the junior league lacrosse team. The night sky was full of stars. Women's hats can be quite pricey. The Scottish chieftain was a tough fighter. He had a vague plan to escape the gallows. The giraffe had scars from wounds. There was a swarm of gnats and flies. The machinery was sold for a steal.

8

8

credit
summit
culprit
benefit
severe
severity
persevere
interfere
piety
nicety
gimlet
eaglet
delicate
intimate
fortunate
porcupine

Copy,—A jockey's horse. Two jockeys' horses. A donkey's travels. Monkeys' tricks. Donkeys' ears.

Copy,—A jockey's horse. Two jockeys' horses. A donkey's travels. Monkeys' tricks. Donkeys' ears.

Moderate supplies will not satisfy the eaglets on the rocky summit. A porcupine's quill pierced the unfortunate culprit's thigh. Persevere in boring the hole; but don't interfere with my gimlet. The severe weather will benefit my niece. Notice the nicety of their speech and the piety of their intimate friends. High ceilings. A hart is a male deer. A fierce boar chased Ernest.

Moderate supplies won't satisfy the eaglets on the rocky peak. A porcupine's quill stabbed the poor culprit's thigh. Keep going with the hole; just don't mess with my gimlet. The harsh weather will help my niece. Check out the precision of their speech and the devotion of their close friends. High ceilings. A hart is a male deer. A fierce boar chased Ernest.

9

9

frolic
traffic
elastic
electric
crystal
mystery
bicycle
tricycle
cleanly
heather
cunning
lullaby
inferior
superior
interior
exterior

Copy,—Men's and boys' overcoats. Women's parasols. Girls' waists. Infants' wraps. A turkey's feather. Turkeys' wings.

Copy,—Men's and boys' coats. Women's umbrellas. Girls' tops. Babies' wraps. A turkey feather. Turkey wings.

The exterior and the interior of the engine are polished. Most babies' eyes look cunning. A sweet lullaby. I prefer a bicycle to a tricycle. An elastic band disappeared in the frolic. The electric light is a mystery. Employ cleanly and superior servants. Freight traffic is heavier. Dye the arrows red. Ewes graze in the meadows. Heather is purple. Water, clear as crystal.

The outside and inside of the engine are polished. Most babies' eyes look sly. A soothing lullaby. I prefer a bike to a trike. An elastic band vanished during the fun. The electric light is a mystery. Hire efficient and top-notch servants. Freight traffic is heavier. Change the arrows to red. Ewes graze in the fields. Heather is purple. Water, clear as crystal.

10

10

crackle
shackle
chuckle
speckled
lynch
syringe
patient
quotient
agreed
indeed
proceed
succeed
familiar
peculiar
horizon
horizontal

Add —d, —ing to glide, disable, glance, grudge, provoke, tremble, trickle, trifle, trudge; as, glided, gliding.

Add —d, —ing to glide, disable, glance, grudge, provoke, tremble, trickle, trifle, trudge; as, glided, gliding.

He agreed to proceed slyly. Shackle the prisoner. The torch is crackling. Use the syringe. He chuckles as he buckles the harness. His eyes seem familiar but his walk or gait is peculiar. The horizon seems ablaze. Negroes are sometimes lynched in the Southern States. Horizontal beams. Be patient, the quotient is correct.

He agreed to move quietly. Restrain the prisoner. The torch is flickering. Use the syringe. He laughs as he fastens the harness. His eyes look familiar, but his walk is strange. The sky seems on fire. Black people are sometimes lynched in the Southern States. Horizontal beams. Be patient, the calculation is right.

11

11

preface
surface
retrace
embrace
bureau
biscuit
ketchup
moustache
knoll
knavish
increase
decrease
vagrant
fragrant
stagnant
ignorant

Join —ness to slow, fast, rough, smooth, weak, numb, coarse, prompt, calm, deaf, mean, even, plain, keen; as, keenness.

Join —ness to slow, fast, rough, smooth, weak, numb, coarse, prompt, calm, deaf, mean, even, plain, keen; as, keenness.

The brief preface shows sense. The whole surface seemed knolls, rough boulders, and stagnant pools. The knavish pedlar carries biscuits and ketchup. The vagrant twirls his moustache. A quaint bureau fragrant with roses. Ignorant of Canadian customs. Pause for each clause. Misers' hoards increase; their comforts decrease. Retrace your footsteps. A mother's embrace.

The short preface makes sense. The entire landscape looked like hills, rough stones, and still puddles. The tricky peddler carries cookies and ketchup. The wanderer twirls his mustache. An old desk smelling of roses. Unaware of Canadian customs. Stop for each phrase. Misers' treasures grow; their comforts shrink. Go back the way you came. A mother's hug.

12 (Review)

12 (Review)

clause
league
culprit
knavish
bureau
quotient
peculiar
chieftain
persevere
ignorant
moustache
machinery
biscuit
syringe
patient
decrease
lacrosse
mystery
lynch
giraffe
gallery
bicycle
superior
delicate

Our maid was ignorant of the mysteries of dyeing. By persevering she succeeded in kneading dough for biscuit. She has a peculiar stare, but is certainly a superior servant. The chieftain waxes his reddish moustache. They may lynch the culprit who knavishly interfered with the machinery. On the bureau is a model of a bicycle near a picture of a giraffe. The patient is in delicate health.

Our maid didn’t know much about dyeing. But by sticking with it, she managed to knead dough for biscuits. She has a strange stare, but she’s definitely a great servant. The chief waxes his reddish mustache. They might lynch the person who sneakily messed with the machinery. On the dresser is a model of a bicycle next to a picture of a giraffe. The patient is in fragile health.

13

13

gaudy
pauper
haunted
gauntlet
musical
medical
musician
physician
withhold
nowhere
loophole
threshold
accident
hesitate
meditate
obstinate

Add —ness to saucy, heavy, weighty, cleanly, lazy, lively, easy, chilly, hasty, musty; as, sauciness.

Add —ness to saucy, heavy, weighty, cleanly, lazy, lively, easy, chilly, hasty, musty; for example, sauciness.

The musician meditates on a new hymn. The heir's birthday. Nowhere would physicians or medical men withhold medicine from a pauper. The obstinate knave's laziness and sauciness made them hesitate. The great heaviness or weightiness of lead. I innocently caused an accident. The door-hinges creaked. He threw the gauntlet on the threshold of the haunted chamber.

The musician thinks about a new song. The heir's birthday. No doctor or medical professional would deny treatment to someone poor. The stubborn fool's laziness and cheekiness made them think twice. The heavy weight of lead. I accidentally caused a mishap. The door hinges squeaked. He tossed down the challenge at the entrance of the haunted room.

14

14

hyena
hyphen
cycling
hyacinth
victuals
cayenne
conquer
conquest
dye-stuff
rye-bread
therefore
buckwheat
ravine
vaseline
benzine
magazine

Add —y to humble, noble, single, double, forcible, ease, able, ample, simple, wheeze; as, humbly.

Add —y to humble, noble, single, double, forcible, ease, able, ample, simple, wheeze; as, humbly.

"Rye-bread" requires a hyphen. Before the tempest it was calm in the ravine. Use cayenne pepper sparingly on victuals. Benzine removes stains. Vaseline is advertised in the weekly magazine. The savage hyena was conquered. We see lovely hyacinths when cycling. Lye comes through leaching ashes. Dye-stuff injured his eyesight, therefore he wears glasses.

"Rye-bread" needs a hyphen. Before the storm, it was quiet in the valley. Use cayenne pepper sparingly on food. Benzene removes stains. Vaseline is promoted in the weekly magazine. The wild hyena was defeated. We see beautiful hyacinths while cycling. Lye is obtained by leaching ashes. Dye materials harmed his eyesight, so he wears glasses.

15

15

talons
dragon
ransom
random
baffle
ruffle
tussle
muddle
mumble
hubbub
smuggle
straddle
infancy
vacancy
resemble
assemble

Join —d, —ing to meddle, tattle, haggle, prattle, crinkle, cackle, kindle, stifle, puddle; as, meddled, meddling.

Join —d, —ing to interfere, gossip, bargain, chat, crinkle, cackle, ignite, suppress, puddle; as, interfered, interfering.

The eagle's cruel talons. St. George slew the dragon. A blazing chimney baffled the brigade. After a severe tussle he seized the smuggler's dagger. Avoid mumbling words. Random efforts are usually vain. Ransom the captive from the tower. Choose a roan mare. In infancy he resembled my nephew whose legacy he enjoys. Crowds assembled. Fill the vacancy. A good policy.

The eagle's sharp claws. St. George killed the dragon. A blazing chimney puzzled the crew. After a tough struggle, he grabbed the smuggler's dagger. Don't mumble your words. Random efforts are usually pointless. Free the captive from the tower. Choose a brown mare. As a baby, he looked like my nephew, whose inheritance he now has. Crowds gathered. Fill the open position. A smart strategy.

16

16

ulster
bolster
upholster
register
moisten
moisture
pastime
furniture
tangle
triangle
mangled
dangling
garbage
herbage
encourage
discourage

Write —ing after piece, pierce, grieve, dangle, jingle, arise, deserve, drizzle, resemble, assemble; as, piercing.

Write —ing after piece, pierce, grieve, dangle, jingle, arise, deserve, drizzle, resemble, assemble; as, piercing.

My ulster resists moisture. Weigh the feather bolster. Erase their names from the register. Flying kites is a boy's pastime. A triangle has three corners. Moisten the clothes. A mangled limb. Bury the decayed herbage and other garbage. See the cord dangling. Upholster the lounge at the furniture factory. Encourage the scholar. He seems discouraged.

My coat keeps water out. Weigh the feather pillow. Remove their names from the list. Flying kites is something boys do for fun. A triangle has three corners. Wet the clothes. An injured limb. Bury the rotting plants and other trash. Look at the cord hanging down. Reupholster the couch at the furniture factory. Motivate the student. He seems down.

17

17

affect
protect
inspect
prospect
bantam
banners
fleeting
greeting
plight
delight
sight-seer
twilight
satchel
thatched
petticoat
hoar-frost

To worthy, hungry, speedy, crusty, cheery, airy, weary, angry, sturdy, dreary, add —er, —est; as, worthier, worthiest.

To worthy, hungry, speedy, crusty, cheerful, light, tired, angry, strong, dull, add —er, —est; for example, worthier, worthiest.

The prospect of bathing at twilight delights us. Satchel in hand, he inspected our quiet village. Even the sight-seers were affected by the children's greeting. A thatched roof often leaks. See the hoar-frost glisten. A sorry plight, a clumsier gait. Protect the herdsman's bantams. Baby clutches a red banner. The fleeting hour.

The thought of bathing at dusk brings us joy. With a bag in hand, he looked over our peaceful village. Even the tourists felt the effect of the kids' hello. A thatched roof frequently leaks. Look at the frost sparkle. A sad situation, a less graceful walk. Keep the herder's chickens safe. The baby holds a red flag. The passing moment.

18 (Review)

18 (Review)

gaudy
plight
ravine
tussle
affect
hyphen
ransom
ruffle
satchel
smuggle
victuals
moisture
pastime
muscle
cycling
fatigue
nowhere
therefore
cayenne
withhold
vaseline
physician
threshold
magazine

Hewing wood exercises the muscles. Cycling for pastime causes slight fatigue. A whole horde of smugglers. My victuals were withheld. A sorry plight. He threw the magazine on the threshold, and seized his satchel. He was fined for using foul oaths. My heart was, therefore, sore with grief. Nowhere in the ravine have I seen moisture or hoar-frost. Physicians wrap up in furs.

Hewing wood works out the muscles. Cycling for fun causes a bit of fatigue. A whole bunch of smugglers. My food was taken away. A tough situation. He tossed the magazine on the doorstep and grabbed his bag. He got fined for using bad language. My heart was, therefore, heavy with sadness. I haven't seen any moisture or frost in the ravine. Doctors bundle up in furs.

19

19

dealt
deafness
stealthy
endeavor
trounce
trousers
aroused
announce
matron
sexton
summon
Solomon
vulgar
grammar
similar
particular

Put en— before able, noble, large, rage, circle, dear, camp, wrap, feeble, slave, title; as, enable.

Put en— before able, noble, large, rage, circle, dear, camp, wrap, feeble, slave, title; as, enable.

The hale and hearty sexton is threatened with deafness. The matron of the hospital dealt with the rogue. The thief in tweed trousers was severely trounced. Endeavor to learn grammar. The calendars are similar. We received a summons to haul down our colors. The sun's rays. Steer for the pier. Vulgar talk arouses the wrath of the officers and guests. A sly, stealthy step.

The healthy and strong sexton is at risk of losing his hearing. The head nurse at the hospital handled the troublemaker. The thief in tweed pants was heavily punished. Try to learn grammar. The calendars are alike. We got a notice to take down our flags. The sun's rays. Head towards the pier. Crude language angers the officials and guests. A sneaky, quiet step.

20

20

sinews
pewter
skewer
steward
oarsmen
boarding
reproach
approach
rebel
tunnel
spaniel
Spaniard
Arctic
Pacific
Atlantic
Antarctic

Add —ful to mourn, power, respect, hope, delight, youth, trust.

Add —ful to mourn, power, respect, hope, delight, youth, trust.

The injured oarsmen moan and groan with pain but utter no oaths. A gaunt Spaniard sought a boarding-house. He reproached his spaniel for approaching the gray mare and foal. Near the tunnel entrance is a lime-kiln. The rebels swore on the Holy Book. Through a clever ruse we won a goal. A pewter spoon. The steward's muscles and sinews are strong. A skewer fastens the roast. The Pacific and Antarctic oceans.

The injured rowers moan in pain but don’t swear. A thin Spaniard looked for a boarding house. He scolded his dog for getting too close to the gray mare and her foal. Close to the tunnel entrance, there’s a lime kiln. The rebels swore on the Holy Book. We scored a goal through a clever trick. A pewter spoon. The steward is very strong. A skewer holds the roast in place. The Pacific and Antarctic Oceans.

21

21

terror
horror
traitor
portrait
insane
profane
baneful
hurricane
absence
essence
commence
difference
vicious
precious
gracious
spacious

Copy,—Negro, negress; emperor, empress; duke, duchess; prince, princess; actor, actress; hunter, huntress.

Copy,—Black, woman of color; emperor, empress; duke, duchess; prince, princess; actor, actress; hunter, huntress.

Their profane oaths, baneful and vicious language filled us with horror. A fire commenced in our absence. The servants were almost insane with terror. Portraits and precious keepsakes of our gracious empress were seized by the traitors. Many rare jewels were buried on the ocean beach. There is a difference between the juice and the essence of lemon. A furious hurricane.

Their foul curses and violent language filled us with dread. A fire started while we were away. The servants were nearly out of their minds with fear. Portraits and treasured mementos of our beloved empress were taken by the traitors. Many valuable jewels were buried on the beach. There is a difference between lemon juice and lemon essence. A raging hurricane.

22

22

adore
encore
restore
explore
necktie
nickname
shamrock
shipwreck
thrifty
panther
Sabbath
sheathed
wallop
wallow
drenched
wrenched

Join —ful to will, skill, peace, grace; as, wilful, graceful.

Join —ful to will, skill, peace, grace; as, willful, graceful.

Swine wallow in the mire. The soldier on guard was drenched with rain. He sheathed his sword. He wrenched the pistol from the villain's grasp, and walloped him. In exploring the Arctic seas, we heard awful tales of shipwreck. Select pieces for encores. I admire the four-leaved shamrock. Panthers and hyenas are savage. Avoid nicknames. Plaid neckties. The holy Sabbath. Worship and adore Him. Restore all borrowed supplies.

Swine roll in the mud. The soldier on guard was soaked with rain. He put away his sword. He yanked the pistol from the villain's grip and knocked him out. While exploring the Arctic seas, we heard terrible stories of shipwrecks. Choose some pieces for encores. I love the four-leaved clover. Panthers and hyenas are wild. Stay away from nicknames. Plaid ties. The holy Sunday. Worship and honor Him. Return all borrowed supplies.

23

23

zero
cargo
volcano
mosquito
quarry
quarrel
bankrupt
scripture
sulphur
triumph
prophet
camphor
comical
festival
vertical
practical

Add —ess to lion, poet, heir, count, baron, govern; and to mister, tiger, hunter, songster, waiter; as, mistress.

Add —ess to lion, poet, heir, count, baron, govern; and to mister, tiger, hunter, songster, waiter; as in mistress.

Write a zero or naught. A practical builder hews stone from the vertical walls of the quarry. The cargo of bankrupt stock has arrived. The harvest festivals are announced in autumn. The chief returned in triumph. The New Testament Scriptures. I smell camphor. Great musical revivals commenced in Wales. The mosquitoes annoy the actress. Sulphur is hurled from the volcano.

Write a zero or nothing. A skilled builder carves stone from the steep walls of the quarry. The shipment of failed goods has arrived. The harvest festivals are set for autumn. The leader came back victorious. The New Testament. I can smell camphor. Major musical revivals started in Wales. The mosquitoes bother the actress. Sulfur is expelled from the volcano.

24 (Review)

24 (Review)

zero
dealt
encore
quarry
Arctic
wallow
arouse
traitor
profane
essence
trousers
vertical
vicious
sulphur
quarrel
prophet
summons
wrenched
portrait
approach
scripture
mosquito
precious
difference

A vicious beggar approached the lime-kiln. His profane oaths aroused the portrait painter's anger. The hale old sailor hauls loads of sulphur to the piers. A hearty encore. The deer has lain down among the fir trees. The giraffe was led to a high stake and tied there. A quarrel commenced near the quarry. The Arctic Circle. The prophet Daniel. Read the Scriptures through.

A cruel beggar came up to the lime-kiln. His foul language triggered the portrait painter's anger. The strong old sailor carries loads of sulfur to the docks. A loud encore. The deer has settled down among the fir trees. The giraffe was brought to a tall post and tied up there. A fight started near the quarry. The Arctic Circle. The prophet Daniel. Read the Scriptures cover to cover.

25

25

accent
decent
century
innocent
victor
victim
verdict
Victoria
science
scissors
scenery
scented
element
elevator
skeleton
celebrate

Put im— before pure, proper, perfect, polite, patient, prudent.

Put im— before pure, proper, perfect, polite, patient, prudent.

The victim of the wreck was an innocent pianist, skilled in the elements of science. The victor was a decent but impatient lawyer with a Scottish accent. What delightful, rugged scenery! An imperfect skeleton of a buffalo. The verdict was in our favor. The storm destroyed a huge elevator. The twentieth century celebrates Queen Victoria's birthday. A scented cambric handkerchief. He peddles scissors and skeins of yarn.

The victim of the accident was an innocent pianist, skilled in the sciences. The winner was a decent but impatient lawyer with a Scottish accent. What beautiful, rugged scenery! An incomplete skeleton of a buffalo. The verdict was in our favor. The storm wrecked a huge elevator. The twentieth century celebrates Queen Victoria's birthday. A scented handkerchief made of fine cloth. He sells scissors and skeins of yarn.

26

26

solemn
condemn
Saviour
behavior
gouge
indulge
draught
laughter
twitch
twitter
whinny
whimper
peasant
pheasant
assistant
assistance

Place dis— before mount, lodge, courage, grace, unite, continue.

Place dis— before mount, lodge, courage, grace, unite, continue.

The crippled peasant dreaded the assistant's threat to poison his pheasants. Be truthful in business. Swallows twitch and twitter. The steeds whinny when unhitched from the whipple-trees. The hounds whimper. The Chief Justice solemnly condemned the officer. The Saviour of the world awed their wicked behavior. The chimney-flue has a great draught. Roars of hearty laughter.

The disabled farmer feared the assistant's threat to poison his pheasants. Be honest in business. Swallows flit and chirp. The horses whinny when they're released from the harness. The dogs whine. The Chief Justice seriously condemned the officer. The Savior of the world was shocked by their wicked behavior. The chimney has a strong draft. Bursts of hearty laughter.

27

27

afford
assort
absorb
portion
apparel
apparent
excellent
continent
assert
dessert
goddess
headdress
sculptor
bachelor
professor
conductor

Put fore— with tell, see, run, warn, show, stall; as, foretell.

Put fore— with tell, see, run, warn, show, stall; as, foretell.

After dessert, a professor read a droll essay on our continent. The celebrated sculptor is apparently a bachelor. He moulds the figure of a goddess. The excellent actress in neat apparel is absorbed in headdresses. The heiress foresees fraud but feigns assent. The conductor jostled the people in the aisle. Assort a portion of the colors. Use minnows as bait for bass.

After dessert, a professor read a funny essay about our continent. The famous sculptor is apparently single. He shapes the figure of a goddess. The talented actress in stylish clothes is focused on her hairstyles. The heiress suspects trickery but pretends to agree. The conductor bumped into people in the aisle. Sort out some of the colors. Use minnows as bait for bass.

28

28

whir
whirl
virgin
origin
intrude
confuse
consume
conclude
salute
dispute
compute
execute
visible
possible
terrible
horrible

Put in— before correct, complete, direct, human, exact, active.

Put in— before right, whole, straightforward, personal, precise, engaged.

The barren trees are consumed. Virgin soil has never grown grain. Horrible crimes possibly owe their origin to disputes. The intruder withdrew, seeming quite confused. Whirled round by machinery. Terrible bruises were visible. The dead bugler's bier. Salute the duchess. I concluded the accused would duly execute the dredging. A partridge whirred past.

The bare trees are gone. Untouched soil has never produced crops. Horrific crimes might stem from conflicts. The intruder left, looking really confused. Spun around by machines. Bad bruises were noticeable. The dead bugler's coffin. Salute the duchess. I figured the accused would carry out the dredging as expected. A partridge flew by.

29

29

acute
curate
cucumber
cultivate
adult
consult
druggist
luggage
polar
popular
regular
singular
movable
probable
valuable
vegetable

Join mis— to chance, use, lay, lead, led, call, deal, hap, quote.

Join mis— to chance, use, lay, lead, led, call, deal, happen, quote.

The curate suffers acute grief. Consult a physician or a druggist. A teaspoonful of this draught is probably enough for an adult. Cultivate wholesome vegetables or cucumbers. Silk caterpillars are valuable. Polar bears devour seals. An inhuman butcher slashed the dun-colored deer. Regular attendance. Singular behaviour. The dyer seems popular.

The curate is deeply distressed. See a doctor or a pharmacist. One teaspoon of this remedy should be sufficient for an adult. Grow healthy vegetables or cucumbers. Silk worms are precious. Polar bears eat seals. A cruel butcher cut the light brown deer. Go regularly. Unusual behavior. The dyer seems well-liked.

30 (Review)

30 (Review)

whirl
essay
polar
twitch
curate
whinny
origin
actress
dessert
accuse
solemn
sulphur
terrible
execute
regular
skeleton
decency
valuable
visible
scissors
prophet
bachelor
cucumber
headdress

The bachelor's scissors are valuable. An essay on the origin of sulphur. For decency's sake. The actress wears a movable wreath as a headdress. Two terrible dragons were visible. Of course the lynx steals bait. The prophets were accused and executed. A sign of meanness and baseness. The curate's speech at dessert was too solemn. Regular meals improve one's health.

The bachelor's scissors are valuable. An essay on the origin of sulfur. For the sake of decency. The actress wears a flexible wreath as a headpiece. Two fearsome dragons were visible. Of course, the lynx takes the bait. The prophets were blamed and executed. A sign of meanness and low behavior. The curate's speech at dessert was too serious. Regular meals boost one's health.

31

31

brier
fiery
variety
society
debtor
editor
janitor
operator
opinion
religion
rebellion
dominion
permit
admitted
remitting
submission

Add —ed, —ing to admit, remit, permit, submit; as, admitted.

Add —ed, —ing to admit, remit, permit, submit; as, admitted.

Legions of British soldiers and fiery hordes of savages fought during the rebellion in Egypt. All debtors must settle their accounts with the editor. The janitor of the school paid the operator. "Good-day," cried the mower, whetting his scythe. Briers have grown among the lilies and furze bushes. Permit no wrong. The gambler's companions submitted. Our country is a dominion. We have a variety of opinions in our society.

Legions of British soldiers and fierce groups of rebels fought during the uprising in Egypt. All debtors need to settle their accounts with the editor. The janitor of the school paid the operator. "Good day," shouted the mower, sharpening his scythe. Thorns have grown among the lilies and gorse bushes. Allow no injustice. The gambler's friends gave in. Our country is a territory. We have a range of opinions in our society.

32

32

cutlet
omelet
banquet
pamphlet
jovial
billiards
burdock
bulrush
ruffian
guardian
historian
librarian
fraction
affection
recollect
collection

Put —ly after cool, cruel, royal, central, jovial, natural, exact.

Put —ly after cool, cruel, royal, central, jovial, natural, exact.

At the banquet I ate a cutlet and an omelet. Our guardians seized the ruffians. He coolly knelt. I guessed the quantity exactly. Do you recollect my collection of problems on fractions? The genial historian has written a pamphlet. The librarian bought tracts. He pried into the secret of our large profits. The actor is jovial and plays billiards. A burdock is a coarse weed. Bulrushes or cat-tails grow in swamps.

At the banquet, I had a cutlet and an omelet. Our guardians captured the troublemakers. He calmly knelt down. I guessed the amount precisely. Do you remember my collection of fraction problems? The friendly historian wrote a pamphlet. The librarian purchased booklets. He looked into the secret of our big profits. The actor is cheerful and plays billiards. A burdock is a rough weed. Bulrushes or cattails grow in swamps.

33

33

oval
vocal
petal
formal
oral
coral
floral
mortal
infinite
definite
opposite
favorite
admirable
reasonable
confession
profession

Put —er, —est, —ly with icy, haughty, guilty, shabby, steady, sleepy, pretty, gloomy, noisy, mighty; as, icier, iciest, icily.

Put —er, —est, —ly with icy, haughty, guilty, shabby, steady, sleepy, pretty, gloomy, noisy, mighty; for example, icier, iciest, icily.

Petals are oval-shaped. What admirable vocal music! I made an oral confession. Act reasonably. Coral beads. Bicycle pedals are made of steel. Dredge opposite the pier. Florists deal in floral wreaths. The prophets taught the people to value their immortal souls. Mention a definite sum for freight. The heavens seem infinite.

Petals are oval-shaped. What amazing singing! I made a spoken confession. Act sensibly. Coral beads. Bicycle pedals are made of steel. Dredge on the other side of the pier. Florists sell floral wreaths. The prophets taught people to appreciate their eternal souls. Mention a specific amount for shipping. The skies seem endless.

34

34

valiant
brilliant
ridicule
vestibule
dribble
dwindle
constable
estimable
appeal
reveal
conceal
congeal
cavalry
mineral
political
principal

Add —able to love, move, tame, blame, value; as, lovable.

Add —able to love, move, tame, blame, value; for example, lovable.

A valiant cavalry charge won the fight. Bleak, level plains. The syrup dribbles. The profits dwindle away. Conceal the precious minerals. The brilliant light revealed several new features. Lambs bleat. Sun-bleached linen. The vestibule floor creaks. You resemble our estimable principal. Ice is water congealed. He ridicules the miner's bare pate. The choir chants a psalm or hymn. Observe the pauses. A political speech. Appeal to the judge.

A brave cavalry charge won the battle. Gray, flat plains. The syrup drips. The profits fade away. Hide the valuable minerals. The bright light showed several new features. Lambs bleat. Sun-bleached fabric. The entryway floor creaks. You look like our respected principal. Ice is frozen water. He mocks the miner's bald head. The choir sings a psalm or hymn. Notice the pauses. A political speech. Appeal to the judge.

35

35

general
eternal
internal
external
forgery
drapery
drollery
drudgery
actual
gradual
punctual
continual
derrick
barracks
bullock
hammock

Write over— with rate, run, ride, reach, joyed; as, overrate.

Write over— with rate, run, ride, reach, joyed; as, overrate.

The generals alight. Their arrival at the barracks was the signal for freeing negroes from slavery. Internal or external injury. A gradual growth. Almighty God is eternal. The pale widow's mite. Two mettlesome steeds. The drapery blazed up. Forgery is a serious offence. Drudgery is continual labor; drollery, odd humor.

The generals get out. Their arrival at the barracks was the signal to free enslaved people. Internal or external harm. A gradual increase. Almighty God is eternal. The pale widow's contribution. Two spirited horses. The fabric caught fire. Forgery is a serious crime. Hard work is constant labor; humor, quirky jokes.

36 (Review)

36 (Review)

fiery
blight
creak
bleach
actual
vocal
debtor
floral
omelet
ruffian
conquest
punctual
several
eternal
conceal
banquet
guardian
drudgery
rebellion
recollect
admitted
ridicule
opposite
reasonable

Conceal the gilt sword. Ruffians tease the bear. At the banquet the guardian seemed bored by debtors. Gamblers admitted their profits. The mason's plumb-line. I recollect the Indian rebellion. The debtor's temper was fiery and unreasonable. The vocal solo was ridiculed. The conquest of several islands. Nuns' veiling. This floral wreath seems actually bleached. An eternal scourge.

Conceal the gold-plated sword. Thugs tease the bear. At the banquet, the guardian looked uninterested in debtors. Gamblers confessed to their winnings. The mason's level. I remember the Indian rebellion. The debtor's temper was fiery and irrational. The vocal solo was mocked. The takeover of several islands. Nuns' covering. This floral wreath seems genuinely faded. An endless curse.

37

37

dairy
despair
exclaim
claimant
bronze
apology
hideous
listener
statue
tissue
immense
specimens
juvenile
appetite
dove-cot
anecdote

Put —ing after urge, charge, rage, dodge, pledge, judge, manage, oblige, race, measure, praise; as, urging.

Put —ing after urge, charge, rage, dodge, pledge, judge, manage, oblige, race, measure, praise; for example, urging.

An immense statue of bronze metal was visible. Goblins were hideous. I wear a specimen medal on my mantle. "A lion's mane!" exclaimed he. A faithful dairy maid. Peel the oranges in tissue paper. No apology is needed. The claimant for damages suffers an agony of despair. An amusing anecdote. A keen appetite. A juvenile carpenter built a dove-cot.

An enormous bronze statue was visible. Goblins were ugly. I have a sample medal on my mantle. "A lion's mane!" he exclaimed. A loyal dairy maid. Peel the oranges with tissue paper. No apology is necessary. The person claiming damages is in deep despair. A funny story. A strong appetite. A young carpenter built a dove house.

38

38

ewer
ewe-lamb
dewdrops
brand-new
wizard
hazard
gizzard
blizzard
lobster
canister
cashier
clothier
obedient
obedience
experience
experiment

Add —ed, —ing to model, level, travel, equal, quarrel, cancel, ravel, shovel; as, modelled, modelling.

Add —ed, —ing to model, level, travel, equal, quarrel, cancel, ravel, shovel; as, modeled, modeling.

The cashiers were obedient and rarely quarrelled. Meddle less with minor affairs. I heard a clothier's experience. A brand-new plate glass. Ewers or jugs of water. Maize is Indian corn. He hazards his safety by travelling in blizzards. Fowls have gizzards. Our mettle won the main battle. The wizard's charms. Try some experiments. Tea canisters. Boiled lobsters.

The cashiers were compliant and hardly ever argued. Don't interfere with small matters. I heard about a clothier's experience. A shiny new plate glass. Pitchers or jugs of water. Maize is corn. He risks his safety by traveling in snowstorms. Chickens have gizzards. Our determination won the main battle. The wizard's spells. Try some experiments. Tea canisters. Boiled lobsters.

39

39

captor
captive
candor
clamor
cholera
character
backache
mechanic
ear-rings
Methodist
memorize
accompany
canvass
carcass
trespass
windlass

Join —ed, —ing to tunnel, pencil, label, gravel, tassel, barrel, carol, gambol; as, tunnelled, tunnelling.

Join —ed, —ing to tunnel, pencil, label, gravel, tassel, barrel, carol, gambol; as, tunneled, tunneling.

Captors of negroes used blood-hounds. The captive women sold their ear-rings. Canvass the mechanics. Obscure sounds of a startling character accompanied the earthquake. Memorize the chorus. They meddle with our windlass and trespass on our premises. They're labelling the parcels. Speak with candor. Avoid noise or clamor. Bury that carcass. Cholera is unknown here.

Captors of Black people used bloodhounds. The captive women sold their earrings. Talk to the workers. Strange sounds that were surprising accompanied the earthquake. Remember the chorus. They interfere with our windlass and intrude on our property. They're labeling the packages. Speak honestly. Avoid noise or commotion. Bury that body. Cholera is not known here.

40

40

borax
smilax
conveys
surveys
soldered
dandelion
cinnamon
raspberry
allspice
colander
Yukon
Montreal
effect
difficult
architect
catechism

Add —ing to inquire, increase, suppose, accuse; as, inquiring.

Add —ing to inquire, increase, suppose, accuse; for example, inquiring.

Were you conveying allspice or cinnamon from the freight train? Survey the wreaths entwined with smilax. Borax is used in soldering metals. Squeeze the raspberries through a colander. What effect has chilly weather on dandelions? The architect's scheme is difficult to grasp. He knows the catechism by rote. The Yukon is many leagues from Montreal.

Were you transporting allspice or cinnamon from the freight train? Take a look at the wreaths wrapped with smilax. Borax is used for soldering metals. Rinse the raspberries in a colander. How does cold weather affect dandelions? The architect's plan is hard to understand. He knows the catechism by heart. The Yukon is far from Montreal.

41

41

commit
command
commence
recommend
excel
expel
compel
comrade
compass
cardinal
hiccough
knowledge
caress
assess
discuss
district

Put —s, —ed after obey, annoy, survey, employ, display, array. Add —es to grocery, dairy, ally, folly, quarry; as, groceries.

Put —s, —ed after obey, annoy, survey, employ, display, array. Add —es to grocery, dairy, ally, folly, quarry; as, groceries.

I recommend that we command the officer to commit the comical rascal to jail, and expel his comrades. The district will compel the Mayor to aid the villagers. We've commenced to discuss business. He excels in a knowledge of the cardinal points of the compass. Caress the child with hiccoughs. A wheelwright makes naves and spokes.

I suggest we order the officer to throw the funny troublemaker in jail and kick out his buddies. The district will force the Mayor to help the villagers. We've started talking about business. He’s great at knowing the cardinal directions. Comfort the child who has hiccups. A wheelwright makes wheels and spokes.

42 (Review)

42 (Review)

dairy
boggy
sphere
chord
effect
wizard
clothier
survey
commit
camphor
despair
hiccough
colander
architect
blizzard
ear-rings
catechism
blackguard
raspberry
obedience

The patient clothier wears a bronze medal. The trails seem a maze of cross-roads. Pare the juicy pears. The sweet-scented, new-mown hay. Hawks soar o'er the strait. My thick-soled shoes creak. A chord in music. A wizard's tricks. In obedience to the architect. I fear a blizzard. Hiccoughs annoy me. I despair of ever committing the catechism to memory.

The patient tailor wears a bronze medal. The paths look like a confusing maze. Slice the juicy pears. The sweet smell of freshly cut hay. Hawks soar over the strait. My thick-soled shoes squeak. A note in music. A wizard's magic. Following the architect's orders. I'm worried about a blizzard. Hiccups are bothering me. I worry I’ll never memorize the catechism.

43

43

bakery
brewery
pottery
knavery
surgery
delivery
discovery
embroidery
tinware
barefoot
cylinder
clergyman
council
surround
boundary
warehouse

Join —able to admire, desire, excuse, dispute; as, admirable.

Join — able to admire, desire, excuse, argue; as, admirable.

Delivery wagons haul flour to the bakery. A brewery at the city boundary is wrecked. The clerk's knavery. A lone warehouse near the freight yard. Elect eight aldermen to the city council. The iron roller is a hollow cylinder. I cut my bare wrist on a piece of pottery or tinware. The clergyman is distinctly heard. Idol worship exists in India. She wears rare finery and embroidery. He made a discovery in the surgery.

Delivery trucks bring flour to the bakery. A brewery at the edge of the city has been destroyed. The clerk’s dishonesty. A single warehouse near the shipping yard. Elect eight council members to the city council. The iron roller is a hollow cylinder. I cut my bare wrist on a piece of pottery or tin. The clergyman can be clearly heard. Idol worship is practiced in India. She wears exquisite clothing and embroidery. He made a finding in the surgery.

44

44

necessity
necessary
possession
procession
attach
attacked
mucilage
pencilled
rigor
vigor
honor
harbor
complain
Champlain
waistcoat
mail-pouch

Add —y to paste, grease, pebble, sponge, possible; as, pasty.

Add —y to paste, grease, pebble, sponge, possible; as in, pasty.

Attack them with vigor. Attach pieces of rope if necessary. Detached rocks made the descent dangerous. Mucilage is a necessity in an office. Champlain explored several rivers in the interior of Canada. The mail-pouch was rifled. My waistcoat pocket. Her pencilled eyebrows. The lynx's lair. Complain to the City Council. The procession took possession of the street.

Attack them with energy. Tie on pieces of rope if needed. Loose rocks made the descent risky. Glue is essential in an office. Champlain explored various rivers in the heart of Canada. The mail pouch was searched through. My waistcoat pocket. Her drawn-on eyebrows. The lynx's den. Complain to the City Council. The procession filled the street.

45

45

ballad
ballast
cannon
channel
laurel
auburn
assault
applause
signal
arrival
ordinary
asparagus
oneself
bayonet
gingham
dumpling

Put —some after glad, delight, bother, trouble, blithe, frolic.

Put —some after glad, delight, bother, trouble, happy, playful.

Vessels need ballast to cross the channel. Wrest the reed or cane from that liar. The wreck is wrapped in mist. My niece is combing her auburn hair and tying it with dyed ribbons. She sang several ballads, winning laurels. An ordinary gingham apron. Tender asparagus for dessert. Manual training is of great benefit to oneself. The gradual descent of the road. An apple dumpling. The pilot made no assault. The captain's bayonet.

Vessels need ballast to cross the channel. Take the reed or cane from that liar. The wreck is covered in mist. My niece is brushing her auburn hair and tying it with colored ribbons. She sang several ballads, earning praise. An ordinary gingham apron. Tender asparagus for dessert. Hands-on training is really beneficial. The gradual slope of the road. An apple dumpling. The pilot made no attack. The captain's bayonet.

46

46

torrent
decorate
monitor
astonish
villain
mermaid
maintain
remainder
cooing
cuckoo
raccoon
heirloom
castor
bishop
scallop
atmosphere

Join —ness to clumsy, flimsy, gaudy, haughty; as, clumsiness.

Join —ness to clumsy, flimsy, gaudy, haughty; as, clumsiness.

The monitor's haughtiness was maintained. A torrent's roar. I rowed near the sea-beach with sculls. An enemy's revenge. A bishop's white robes. Decorated with scalloped lace. The villain's prison cell. A drier atmosphere. Cooing pigeons. The cuckoo clock is an old heirloom. Buffalo and raccoon robes for sleighs are made without seams. Castor oil is prepared from seeds.

The monitor's arrogance was kept intact. The roar of a torrent. I paddled close to the shore with oars. An enemy's revenge. A bishop's white robes. Adorned with scalloped lace. The villain's prison cell. A drier atmosphere. Cooing pigeons. The cuckoo clock is an antique heirloom. Buffalo and raccoon pelts for sleds are made without seams. Castor oil is made from seeds.

47

47

receipt
leisure
seizing
deceive
swoon
saloon
balloon
spittoon
journal
courage
courtesy
adjourn
gentry
laundry
foundry
gallantry

Add —ness to weary, steady, muddy, woolly; as, weariness.

Add —ness to weary, steady, muddy, woolly; for example, weariness.

The cooper makes barrels of hoops and staves. The saloon-keeper wrung his hands in sheer despair and swooned. I'm aware that courage and courtesy are national traits of the French. The council adjourned. The foundry moulds iron patterns. Erase all false entries. A daily journal. A receipt from the laundry. His leisure and gallantry deceived the gentry.

The barrel maker makes hoops and staves for barrels. The bar owner was so overwhelmed with despair that he fainted. I know that bravery and politeness are characteristics of the French. The council took a break. The factory casts iron shapes. Remove all incorrect records. A daily log. A receipt from the laundry. His free time and charm fooled the upper class.

48 (Review)

48 (Review)

villain
leisure
council
descent
brewery
bayonet
flavor
assault
camphor
oneself
raccoon
cylinder
channel
torrent
spheres
necessary
ordinary
warehouse
heirloom
mucilage
boundary
waistcoat
necessity
atmosphere

He leant against the lime-kiln. The lynx has lain down in his lair. I need a key for the mail-pouch. Idols are deaf and dumb. A great herd of deer. Raccoon overcoats. Torrents make their descent through the rugged channels. Warehouses are not necessary in ordinary business. Cylinders are not spheres.

He leaned against the lime kiln. The lynx has settled down in its den. I need a key for the mail pouch. Idols are silent and unresponsive. A large herd of deer. Raccoon fur coats. Rushing waters flow down the rough channels. Warehouses aren't needed in regular business. Cylinders are not spheres.


Review of the Tough Words.

absence
absorb
accent
accident
actual
acute
adjourn
admirable
advise
affect
almanac
almighty
almonds
alms
altar
allspice
anecdote
announce
anxiety
apology
apparel
appeal
appetite
applause
approach
arrange
asparagus
assemble
assert
assistant
atmosphere
attach
auburn
bachelor
backache
baffled
balance
balcony
ballad
banquet
barefoot
bargain
barrier
bayonet
behavior
benefited
benzine
bilious
billiards
bleach
biscuit
borax
boundary
brier
brilliant
brogue
bronze
bureau
burglary
burial
cancer
candor
canvass
cannon
captive
camphor
carcass
carrier
cashier
castor
catechism
caterpillar
cavalry
cayenne
chaplain
Champlain
channel
character
chieftain
chuckles
cinnamon
claimant
clamor
cleanly
clothier
colander
commence
companion
compel
complain
conceal
condemn
conductor
confession
conquest
continual
council
courtesy
crackle
crevice
crystal
cucumber
cudgel
cultivate
curate
cycling
cylinder
dairy
dandelion
deafness
debtor
decayed
decency
deceit
decorate
decrease
definite
delicate
delivery
dearth
despair
dessert
difference
difficult
discourage
discovery
dominion
draught
drollery
drudgery
dwindle
dye-stuff
ear-rings
effect
elevator
embroidery
encore
endeavor
estimable
ewe-lamb
excellent
exclaim
execute
exhaust
exhort
experience
exterior
external
familiar
famine
favorite
festival
fiery
foliage
foresee
fortunate
foundry
fragrant
furrier
gallant
gaudy
gauntlet
gingham
giraffe
gizzard
goddess
gouge
gracious
grammar
grievance
grocery
guidance
haddock
harbor
hazard
headdress
heather
heirloom
herbage
heroine
hesitate
hiccough
hideous
hindrance
hoar-frost
horizontal
hyacinth
hyphen
immense
innocent
interfere
irregular
isles
jovial
knavish
knowledge
language
lattice
league
leisure
librarian
liquorice
luggage
lullaby
lynch
magazine
maggot
mail-pouch
maintain
manual
mechanic
medicine
memorize
merely
millinery
moisten
monarch
monitor
moustache
movable
mucilage
musician
mystery
necessary
nuisance
obedience
obstinate
omelet
oneself
opposite
origin
Pacific
pamphlet
paragraph
particular
pastime
patient
peasant
peculiar
petticoat
phrase
pheasant
physician
plague
plumage
political
popular
porcupine
portrait
possible
poultice
practical
precious
principal
professor
prophet
punctual
quotient
raccoon
raspberry
reasonable
rebellion
receipt
recommend
rectangle
remnant
reptile
riddance
ridicule
ruffian
rye-bread
salmon
salve
satchel
Saviour
scaffold
scenery
scissors
science
seizure
severity
sexton
shackle
similar
sinews
skeleton
slippery
smuggler
solder
solemn
Solomon
spacious
specimen
sphere
spittoon
squabble
stagnant
sterile
steward
stomach
stubborn
studious
sulphur
superior
summon
surgery
survey
tedious
terrier
therefore
threshold
traffic
traitor
triumph
trudging
tussle
unusual
upholster
valiant
various
vaseline
vertical
vestibule
Victoria
victuals
vigor
villains
vineyard
virgin
warehouse
warrant
warrior
war-whoop
windlass
withhold
wrenched

STANDARD IV. Freshman.
6th Grade.


1

1

baboon
harpoon
caboose
papoose
survive
surmount
surround
surrender
melody
harmony
injury
industry
melodious
harmonious
injurious
industrious

Add —ful to care, spoon, pail, mouth, tear, sorrow, wonder, mirth.

Add —ful to care, spoon, pail, mouth, tear, sorrow, wonder, mirth.

The whale survived the harpoon's injurious effects. The city will surrender ere the troops surround it or surmount the towers. Their melodious voices seem in perfect harmony. The squaw's papoose slept in the caboose. The industrious carpenter's adze. Wear a ruff. Our yacht is a swift sailer. Baboons are apes.

The whale survived the harpoon's harmful effects. The city will surrender before the troops surround it or climb the towers. Their beautiful voices sound completely in sync. The woman’s baby slept in the train car. The hardworking carpenter's tool. Wear a collar. Our yacht is a fast sailor. Baboons are monkeys.

2

2

dial
diary
diamond
dialogue
falcon
weapon
jealous
zealous
fidgety
hedgehog
partridge
cartridge
colony
colonial
envious
previous

Put —less after speech, flaw, fault, shame, tear, thought, doubt.

Put —less after speech, flaw, fault, shame, tear, thought, doubt.

Falcons are trained hawks. Partridge are called grouse. The hedgehog's weapons are quills. The zealous preacher's diary contained an account of a previous wreck. Be not jealous or envious of people wearing diamonds. Colonial means belonging to a colony. The dial of a clock. Alter our dialogue. The fidgety maiden dreaded all weapons. We load pistols with cartridges.

Falcons are trained hawks. Partridges are called grouse. The hedgehog's defenses are quills. The enthusiastic preacher's diary had a record of an earlier shipwreck. Don't be jealous or envious of people wearing diamonds. Colonial means belonging to a colony. The face of a clock. Change our conversation. The restless young woman feared all weapons. We load pistols with bullets.

3

3

liable
denial
defiant
reliance
peony
surgeon
sturgeon
melodeon
grateful
pressure
forbade
forbidden
angular
irregular
circular
particular

Add —ing to lodge, trudge, grudge, pickle, crumble, curdle, gurgle, cripple, pierce, rescue, partake; as, lodging.

Add —ing to lodge, trudge, grudge, pickle, crumble, curdle, gurgle, cripple, pierce, rescue, partake; as, lodging.

After some pressure the surgeon sent a defiant denial. Put no reliance in irregular scholars. Angling with bait for sturgeon is strictly forbidden. You are liable to be fined. In this particular case a surgeon dressed the wound. In vain he forbade their teasing the lynx. I gratefully accepted the red peony. Play the melodeon. Make angular blocks.

After some pressure, the surgeon sent back a bold denial. Don’t trust untrained scholars. Fishing for sturgeon with bait is strictly prohibited. You could get fined for that. In this case, a surgeon treated the wound. He forbade them from teasing the lynx, but it was all in vain. I gratefully accepted the red peony. Play the accordion. Make angular blocks.

4

4

notify
modify
signify
qualify
divine
divisor
division
diligent
esteem
redeem
peevish
discreet
twopence
threepence
halfpenny
blackguard

Join —able to note, love, tame, cure, endure, adore, advise, remove, dispute; as, notable.

Join —able to notice, love, tame, heal, endure, adore, advise, remove, argue; as, significant.

Notify the buyers that we'll modify our terms. Twopence per ounce is the wholesale price. The diligent are esteemed. Redeem your sundial. The division is correct but the divisor is wrong. Only a blackguard would steal a child's halfpenny. Place circular rows tier above tier. Our discreet physician has a peevish patient. Are you qualified for the position?

Notify the buyers that we'll change our terms. Two pence per ounce is the wholesale price. Hard workers are valued. Get your sundial back. The calculation is correct, but the divisor isn't. Only a scoundrel would steal a child's halfpenny. Arrange circular rows one on top of the other. Our private doctor has an irritable patient. Are you qualified for the job?

5

5

tunnel
funnel
furnish
burnish
savor
flavor
tumor
rumor
suet
cruet
frequent
eloquent
describe
subscribe
description
subscription

Place un— before envied, noticed, settled, erring, foreseen, christian, known, married, merciful; as, unenvied.

Place un— before envied, noticed, settled, erring, foreseen, christian, known, married, merciful; as, unenvied.

At the inquest I was frequently requested to furnish a description of the stolen cruet. The steak has the flavor and savor of suet. Accept half-yearly subscriptions from the subscribers. Burnish the brass funnel. Rumors of a wreck in the tunnel. The eloquent doctor cures tumors.

At the inquest, I was often asked to provide a description of the stolen cruet. The steak tastes and smells like suet. Accept biannual subscriptions from the subscribers. Polish the brass funnel. There are rumors of a wreck in the tunnel. The eloquent doctor treats tumors.

6 (Review)

6 (Review)

melody
weapon
caboose
fidgety
jealous
surgeon
liable
funnel
qualify
forbade
diligent
previous
colonial
frequent
circular
pressure
irregular
injurious
surround
diamonds
twopence
halfpenny
partridge
subscribe

At the Colonial Exhibit I bought funnels for twopence. Jealous of a friend. A brooch of real diamonds. Liable for damages. "To forgive is divine." Written in a diary. The fidgety student was diligent and frequently eloquent, but could not qualify for a surgeon. Surround the circular table. The intense heat may prove injurious. During the previous day the pressure of business demanded every minute.

At the Colonial Exhibit, I bought funnels for two pence. Jealous of a friend. A brooch with real diamonds. Responsible for damages. "To forgive is divine." Written in a diary. The restless student was hardworking and often articulate, but couldn't qualify to be a surgeon. Gather around the circular table. The intense heat could be harmful. The day before, the demands of work took up every minute.

7

7

guilty
guilds
guitar
guinea
cavity
brevity
nobility
humility
reverse
disperse
immerse
converse
ancient
deficient
efficient
sufficient

Join —ity to scarce, pure, cave, false, secure, chaste; as, purity.

Join —ity to scarce, pure, cave, false, secure, chaste; as in, purity.

The miner has sufficient gold for a guinea. The women's guild has dispersed. Its members plead for purity and chastity. The guilty officer often shows traits of nobility. This efficient player on the guitar converses with brevity. Be not deficient in humility. Ancient chinaware is very expensive. The staid donkey brayed. Reverse the engine. Immerse the beef in brine.

The miner has enough gold for a guinea. The women's guild has broken up. Its members advocate for purity and chastity. The guilty officer often displays noble qualities. This skilled guitar player speaks concisely. Don’t lack humility. Antique china is very pricey. The serious donkey brayed. Reverse the engine. Soak the beef in brine.

8

8

despise
chastise
Chinese
Japanese
sorcery
slavery
archery
flattery
armor
vapor
poached
encroach
luscious
delicious
suspicion
suspicious

Write dis— with abuse, allow, approve, claim, arrange, color, favor, credit, satisfy, respect, qualify, possess; as, disabuse.

Write dis— with abuse, allow, approve, claim, arrange, color, favor, credit, satisfy, respect, qualify, possess; as, disabuse.

The Japanese were encroaching on Chinese territory. The poacher is under suspicion. The luscious peaches and the delicious ice-cream vanished like vapor. Despise flattery. I ate poached eggs. We chastise people for sorcery. The brood of pigeons soared above the stile. Warriors wear steel armor when repairing breaches in the walls. Bowmen boast of their archery.

The Japanese were invading Chinese territory. The poacher is under suspicion. The juicy peaches and the tasty ice cream disappeared like smoke. Don't believe flattery. I had poached eggs. We criticize people for sorcery. The flock of pigeons flew above the stile. Warriors wear steel armor when fixing breaches in the walls. Archers brag about their skills.

9

9

hearth
hearken
heartiness
heart's-ease
parade
paradise
parable
paragraph
blighted
lightning
thorough
doughnut
election
direction
dictation
dictionary

Place un— before aided, aware, bearable, buried, ceasing.

Place un— before aided, aware, bearable, buried, ceasing.

Hearken to the parable of the sower. Soldiers were on parade during the election. The heartiness of their welcome. The doughnut dropped on the hearth unnoticed. We can imagine scenes in paradise. The lightning blighted the beech-tree. The officer gave directions. A wry face. A thorough examination of the skull. Choose a paragraph for dictation. The pansy is called heart's-ease. Consult your dictionary.

Hear the story of the sower. Soldiers were marching in the election. The warmth of their welcome. The doughnut fell on the hearth without anyone noticing. We can picture scenes in paradise. The lightning struck the beech tree. The officer issued instructions. A twisted expression. A detailed check of the skull. Pick a paragraph for dictation. The pansy is known as heart's-ease. Check your dictionary.

10

10

heathen
sheared
teamster
seamstress
hallo
coasting
wherever
wherefore
lustre
lustrous
wondrous
monstrous
genuine
masculine
feminine
glycerine

Place dis— with taste, honor, honest, united, pleased, loyal.

Place dis— with taste, honor, honesty, unity, pleasure, loyalty.

Seamstress is feminine gender, while teamster is masculine. The sheared goat chased the wheelwright across a rood of pasture to butt him. Hallo! What dangerous coasting! They show a genuine interest in the heathen. Diamonds possess wondrous lustre. These monstrous beasts browse wherever there is no grazing. The captain wrung my hand. Buy four bottles of glycerine.

Seamstress is female, while teamster is male. The sheared goat chased the wheelwright across a piece of pasture to butt him. Hey! What risky coasting! They show a real interest in the heathen. Diamonds have an amazing shine. These huge beasts graze wherever there's no grass. The captain shook my hand. Buy four bottles of glycerin.

11

11

lilac
rival
final
spinal
pinafore
separate
tomahawk
marmalade
niggard
braggart
sluggard
drunkard
engineer
volunteer
auctioneer
mountaineer

Join —ing to hem, refer, regret, expel, wrap, begin, forget, compel, occur; as, hemming.

Join —ing to hem, refer, regret, expel, wrap, begin, forget, compel, occur; as, hemming.

Her pinafore was daubed with marmalade. The engineer made a final attempt to rescue the drunkard. Ants are neither sluggards nor braggarts. The volunteer will broach the subject. The auctioneer had spinal trouble. The mountaineer wrapped his plaid around him. He was niggardly on his bridal tour. The Indian sought to fight with the tomahawk.

Her apron was splattered with marmalade. The engineer made one last effort to save the drunk. Ants are neither lazy nor boastful. The volunteer will bring up the topic. The auctioneer had back issues. The mountaineer wrapped his blanket around him. He was stingy on his honeymoon. The Indian tried to fight with the tomahawk.

12 (Review)

12 (Review)

scene
bridal
hearth
guitar
weapon
sheared
breaches
lustrous
separate
paradise
deficient
feminine
genuine
disperse
election
thorough
luscious
referring
sufficient
glycerine
lightning
occurring
dictionary
auctioneer

Make a thorough search in the dictionary. Is the weapon a genuine pistol? The fuel on the hearth is sufficient. Glycerine is sold by druggists. Buy a new medal. What a lustrous bronze color! Seeing the lightning, the timid women dispersed. I'm referring to colonial acts and scenes. Breaches of the law occurred daily. The auctioneer offered silk, deficient in lustre.

Make a thorough search in the dictionary. Is the weapon a real pistol? The fuel on the hearth is enough. Glycerin is sold by pharmacies. Buy a new medal. What a shiny bronze color! When they saw the lightning, the scared women scattered. I'm talking about colonial acts and scenes. Law violations happened every day. The auctioneer offered silk that lacked shine.

13

13

pilot
otter
felon
heron
colonel
oppress
express
distress
majestic
domestic
gigantic
romantic
ransack
knapsack
knick-knacks
knickerbockers

Write in— before curable, elegant, different, human, sufficient.

Write in— before treatable, stylish, unique, humane, adequate.

Their chief seized the felon's leather knapsack. I ransacked auction rooms for knick-knacks. The clerk carried some accounts in his knickerbockers. Otters are not domestic animals. We knew the pilot's signals of distress. An address on our romantic scenery. He expressed sorrow for his fault. A gigantic fraud. Never oppress the weak. The colonel's majestic bearing. The crane resembles the heron.

Their leader grabbed the criminal's leather backpack. I searched auction houses for collectibles. The clerk had some accounts in his breeches. Otters aren’t pets. We recognized the pilot's distress signals. A speech about our scenic beauty. He expressed regret for his mistake. A massive deception. Never take advantage of the vulnerable. The colonel's impressive presence. The crane looks like the heron.

14

14

coolly
woolly
shrilly
squally
solar
lunar
relapse
collapse
disguise
dissolve
persuade
camomile
addition
petition
partition
competition

Add —ed to shrivel, parcel, gambol, control; as, shrivelled.

Add —ed to shrivel, parcel, gambol, control; as, shriveled.

A competition in rapid addition. A solar day and a lunar month. Lambs with woolly fleeces gambol in the vale. Squally weather. Don't give camomile flowers to our friends. Dissolve the powder in vinegar. Persuade the guests to sign a petition. The choir sang shrilly. The patient suffered a relapse. He coolly bored through the partition with an auger. The walls collapsed instantly.

A contest in quick math. A full day and a lunar month. Lambs with fluffy coats play in the valley. Stormy weather. Don't give chamomile flowers to our friends. Mix the powder with vinegar. Convince the guests to sign a petition. The choir sang loudly. The patient had a relapse. He calmly drilled through the wall with a drill. The walls came crashing down instantly.

15

15

sewer
lewd
shrewd
jews'-harp
stanza
veranda
mastiff
slouched
miracle
manacles
obstacle
spectacle
massive
passive
strolling
toll-gate

Join —er, —est to simple, nimble, obscure, secure; as, simpler.

Join —er, —est to simple, nimble, obscure, secure; as, simpler.

The shrewd lawyer sought a clew. The huge mastiff slouched off the veranda. Recite the fourth stanza. I leaned against a massive sewer pipe. He strolled along, playing a jews'-harp. The manacles on his wrists were serious obstacles. I dropped a pair of spectacles at the toll-gate. A lewd, base fellow. Miracles startle the wisest or the simplest.

The clever lawyer looked for a clue. The big mastiff walked off the porch. Recite the fourth stanza. I leaned against a large sewer pipe. He walked by, playing a harmonica. The handcuffs on his wrists were major problems. I dropped a pair of glasses at the toll booth. A crude, despicable guy. Miracles surprise both the smartest and the simplest people.

16

16

russet
jagged
gossip
daffodil
atlas
paltry
asphalt
falsehood
verdant
verdure
suggest
gesture
surged
purging
passenger
messenger

Add —ing to engage, examine, kindle, bundle, behave, provoke, relieve, grieve; as, engaging.

Add —ing to engage, examine, kindle, bundle, behave, provoke, relieve, grieve; for example, engaging.

The roaring, foaming surge caused the passengers to make gestures. Suggest a cheaper passage. Purge the filthy lanes. A quick messenger took my message. The dancing daffodils. Gossips spoke base falsehoods. The rocks had jagged edges. A Canadian atlas for sale. Asphalt pavement. Paltry excuses. The lawn is verdant. Showers and sunbeams cause verdure. A russet apple.

The crashing, frothy waves made the passengers gesture. Propose a more affordable fare. Clean up the dirty streets. A speedy messenger delivered my message. The swaying daffodils. Rumors spread petty lies. The rocks had sharp edges. A Canadian map for sale. Asphalt roads. Weak excuses. The lawn is lush. Rain and sunshine create greenery. A reddish-brown apple.

17

17

bison
talons
beckon
reckon
cruise
council
malady
granary
promote
postpone
wholesale
wholesome
mansion
expansion
omission
submission

Join —er, —est to fleecy, bulky, foggy, cleanly; as, fleecier.

Join —er, —est to fluffy, bulky, foggy, clean; as, fluffier.

The council may postpone their cruise. Promote the expansion of wholesale trade. I need a cleanlier maid. I tied a coarse cord in knots. Their submission led to the omission of salads from our usual fare. A mansion with a princely salary. A dreadful malady. The falcon's beak and cruel talons. The bison's horns.

The council might delay their cruise. Encourage the growth of wholesale trade. I need a tidier maid. I tied a rough rope in knots. Their compliance resulted in the removal of salads from our usual meals. A mansion with a generous salary. A terrible illness. The falcon's beak and sharp talons. The bison's horns.

18 (Review)

18 (Review)

pilot
surge
lunar
felon
sewer
bison
cheque
shrewd
quartz
gossip
cleaver
verdure
gesture
asphalt
colonel
collapse
omission
persuade
disguise
domestic
gigantic
barracks
wholesome
spectacles

Do gossips discuss wholesome subjects? Persuade the city to build a gigantic asphalt sewer. See the felon on the domestic's finger. The omission of gestures and disguise would improve the actress. A shrewd rogue signed a cheque for gold quartz. The colonel left his spectacles in the barracks. Verdure is greenness. The total collapse of the building. The butcher's cleaver is dull. Hunt the bison. The pilot fears the surging sea.

Do gossipers talk about good things? Convince the city to construct a huge asphalt sewer. Spot the criminal on the worker's finger. Dropping the gestures and acting would make the actress better. A clever trickster wrote a check for gold quartz. The colonel forgot his glasses in the barracks. Verdure means greenness. The building completely collapsed. The butcher's cleaver is dull. Go hunt the bison. The pilot is scared of the rough sea.

19

19

insure
assure
demure
procure
tinsel
damsel
morsel
counsel
abates
abandon
whet-stone
homestead
overseer
foreseen
industrial
caterpillar

Write be— before wail, witch, grudge, moan, numb, smear.

Write be— before wail, witch, grudge, moan, numb, smear.

Though hoarse I was relieved by a morsel of horehound. A demure damsel assured us that we were heartily welcome. A caterpillar's cocoon. Procure a whet-stone. As was foreseen, the homestead was abandoned by the settler. Tinsel is of slight value. I assure you he will counsel insuring the industrial school. Rubbing abates the aching in my knee-joint.

Though my throat was hoarse, I was relieved by a bit of horehound. A modest young woman assured us that we were very welcome. A caterpillar's cocoon. Get a whetstone. As expected, the homestead was left behind by the settler. Tinsel has little worth. I promise he will advise to insure the industrial school. Rubbing helps ease the pain in my knee.

20

20

decline
refined
entwine
combine
verbal
proverb
perjury
jurymen
revise
comprise
preside
confide
evident
penitent
president
confident

Join —ness to clumsy, dreary, gaudy, silly, ruddy, haughty, manly, womanly; as, clumsiness.

Join —ness to clumsy, dull, flashy, silly, red, arrogant, manly, womanly; as in clumsiness.

That witness, wearing the ruff or collar, declined to commit perjury. A refined physician reported verbally. Evidently the judge confides in the jurymen. The counsel is confident that the penitent prisoner will be released on bail. The club comprises a president, the necessary officers, and nineteen members. Revise the old proverb.

That witness, wearing the ruff or collar, declined to commit perjury. A knowledgeable doctor reported verbally. Clearly, the judge trusts the jurors. The lawyer is confident that the remorseful prisoner will be released on bail. The club includes a president, the required officers, and nineteen members. Revise the old saying.

21

21

tonic
topic
tropics
frolicsome
italics
mandolin
Catholic
cathedral
marigold
navigate
obstinate
vaccinate
solitary
sanitary
military
imaginary

Add —d, —ing to ridge, bridge, wedge, lodge, hedge; as, ridged.

Add —d, —ing to ridge, bridge, wedge, lodge, hedge; as, ridged.

Print in italics. The Catholic church is a beautiful, sanitary cathedral. Give that obstinate invalid a tonic before vaccinating him. Captains and pilots navigate ships. The tropics are imaginary lines. The topic discussed was military weapons. A frolicsome youth played a mandolin. I wore a brooch fashioned like a marigold. The draught made the solitary lamp flare.

Print in italics. The Catholic church is a beautiful, clean cathedral. Give that stubborn patient a tonic before vaccinating him. Captains and pilots steer ships. The tropics are imaginary lines. The topic we talked about was military weapons. A playful young man played a mandolin. I wore a brooch shaped like a marigold. The draft made the lone lamp flicker.

22

22

census
isthmus
surplus
omnibus
pallet
mallet
gorilla
vanilla
uniform
unicorn
universe
universal
instinct
distinct
extinguish
distinguish

Write in— before come, close, dwell, trench, dent, lay, grain.

Write in— before come, close, dwell, trench, dent, lay, grain.

The hotel omnibus meets us. A nutmeg grater. Hares and lambs leap and gambol by instinct. The design is uniform but made of distinct patterns or units. Rude pallets of straw. The isthmus of Panama. Put the surplus money in the wallet. Extinguish the flames. Flavor the custard with vanilla. Does the mayor deign to bow? The universe is the world. I can distinguish gorillas from bears. The lion and the unicorn. A census of the village.

The hotel shuttle picks us up. A nutmeg grater. Hares and lambs jump and play naturally. The design is consistent but made up of different patterns or pieces. Rough straw mats. The Panama isthmus. Put the extra money in the wallet. Put out the fire. Add vanilla to the custard. Does the mayor bother to bow? The universe is the world. I can tell gorillas apart from bears. The lion and the unicorn. A count of the village.

23

23

syllable
analysis
symbol
sympathy
latitude
solitude
multitude
destitute
corrupt
interrupt
multiple
chipmunk
footwear
bearskin
postscript
door-jamb

Add —es to belfry, diary, nursery, grocery, daisy, charity, misery, dairy, century, lobby; as, belfries.

Add —es to belfry, diary, nursery, grocery, daisy, charity, misery, dairy, century, lobby; as, belfries.

The destitute hermit dwelt in solitude. The sign or symbol of addition. In a postscript he showed a system of finding our latitude. I'm too hoarse to utter a syllable of sympathy. Clad in bearskin cap and heavy footwear. Substitute zinc for lead. A multiple of four. A multitude of chipmunks scampered off. I interrupted their review. The analysis of the sentence.

The broke hermit lived in isolation. The sign or symbol of addition. In a postscript, he demonstrated a method for determining our latitude. I'm too hoarse to say a word of sympathy. Dressed in a bearskin cap and heavy boots. Replace zinc with lead. A multiple of four. A bunch of chipmunks hurried away. I interrupted their review. The analysis of the sentence.

24 (Review)

24 (Review)

census
tropics
surplus
vanilla
symbol
isthmus
counsel
district
Catholic
perspire
overseer
analysis
sympathy
interrupt
extinguish
military
vaccinate
imaginary
frolicsome
individuals

A new system of analysis. The census reveals a surplus of officers in one military district. A heavy omnibus. The overseer of these individuals is perspiring. The isthmus is guarded. Imaginary fires are difficult to extinguish. Vaccinate the Italian as a sanitary measure. Despise not his counsel in tropic seas. The symbol of peace. Flavor with vanilla.

A new analysis system. The census shows there are too many officers in one military district. A large bus. The supervisor of these people is sweating. The isthmus is being protected. Imaginary fires are hard to put out. Vaccinate the Italian for health reasons. Don’t ignore his advice in tropical waters. The symbol of peace. Add vanilla for flavor.

25

25

intense
expense
suspense
nonsense
select
defects
afflict
affliction
heifer
mullein
rat-trap
mattress
lenient
convenient
audience
convenience

Write up— before heave, raise, rear, roar, lift, stroke, risen.

Write up— before heave, raise, rear, roar, lift, stroke, risen.

An Indian uprising caused intense excitement, much inconvenience, and great expense. Captains mustered their volunteers. Faint from suspense we awaited further news of our sore affliction. Select mattresses of convenient size with no defects. A touching, musical selection greatly affected the large audience. The peer showed affection for children. What nonsense to set a rat-trap there! A heifer grazed among the mulleins.

An Indian uprising created a lot of excitement, significant inconvenience, and high costs. Captains gathered their volunteers. We anxiously waited for more news about our painful situation. Choose mattresses that are the right size and free of defects. A moving, musical performance deeply impacted the large crowd. The nobleman showed kindness to children. How ridiculous to put a rat trap there! A cow was grazing among the mullein plants.

26

26

advance
romance
prudence
violence
cutlery
battery
culvert
accident
induced
reducing
produced
introduce
culture
vulture
torture
structure

Join —s to delay, essay, employ, pulley, parley, kidney, volley.

Join —s to delay, try, use, pulley, talk, kidney, volley.

Produce the cutlery which was concealed in the culvert. An electric battery may cause accidents. Vultures attacked the wounded creature with great violence, and tortured it with their beaks and talons. They exhibit prudence, culture, and knowledge in erecting convenient structures. The yeast is in a jar on the hearth. A legend or romance. The English bow was made of yew.

Produce the cutlery that was hidden in the culvert. An electric battery can lead to accidents. Vultures attacked the injured creature fiercely and tortured it with their beaks and talons. They show care, skill, and intelligence in building useful structures. The yeast is in a jar on the hearth. A legend or tale. The English bow was made from yew.

27

27

genial
menial
trivial
material
particle
decayed
pickerel
mackerel
swath
thwart
reject
bazaar
religion
religious
foreign
sovereign

Place under— with bid, drain, brush, value, mine, rate, score.

Place under— with bid, drain, brush, value, mine, rate, score.

The blithe mower's machine cuts a narrow swath. Menial labor is no trivial affair. This genial sovereign knows several foreign languages. Reject all material a particle decayed. One's religion affects others' lives. The injured engineers attended their bazaar. He endeavors to thwart every religious scheme. Buy a pickerel or some mackerel.

The cheerful mower's machine cuts a narrow path. Menial work is no small matter. This friendly ruler knows several foreign languages. Reject anything that has decayed. One's beliefs impact the lives of others. The injured engineers went to their market. He tries to block every religious plan. Buy a pickerel or some mackerel.

28

28

agate
palate
rebate
frigate
assume
presume
dispute
compute
irritate
fugitive
liniment
regiment
eminent
prominent
semicolon
semicircle

Write —ed, —ing after deny, glory, envy, tarry, reply, study, steady; as, denied, denying.

Write —ed, —ing after deny, glory, envy, tarry, reply, study, steady; for example, denied, denying.

A prominent village officer envies my agate ring. The delicate pilot on the frigate has an irritated palate. He assumes charge. I presume the captain neither denies nor disputes his ability. Compute the interest. A fugitive from the regiment asked a citizen for liniment. Dr. Sunshine is a most eminent physician. Use fewer semicolons. A semicircle is a half-circle. A rebate for cash.

A well-known village official is jealous of my agate ring. The sensitive pilot on the frigate has a sore mouth. He takes control. I assume the captain neither denies nor questions his capability. Calculate the interest. A runaway from the regiment asked a local for some liniment. Dr. Sunshine is a highly regarded doctor. Use fewer semicolons. A semicircle is half a circle. A cash discount.

29

29

easel
weasel
resign
design
refrain
abstain
extreme
supreme
terrify
territory
interred
referred
partial
initials
essential
confidential

Add —er —est to silly, naughty, ruddy, stalky, puny, tardy, wiry, noisy, icy, greedy; as, sillier, silliest.

Add —er —est to silly, naughty, ruddy, stalky, puny, tardy, wiry, noisy, icy, greedy; for example, sillier, silliest.

A partial design lies on the easel. A supreme court official says it is essential to resign. Strictly confidential. Refrain from sardines and abstain from ale or beer. The late colonel was interred in the new cemetery with martial honors. Acquire more territory. A terrified weasel fled. Whose initials are written here?

A partial design is on the easel. A Supreme Court official says it’s crucial to resign. Strictly confidential. Avoid sardines and stay away from ale or beer. The late colonel was buried in the new cemetery with military honors. Get more land. A scared weasel ran away. Whose initials are written here?

30 (Review)

30 (Review)

weasel
cutlery
lenient
produce
mullein
suspense
scythe
foreign
trivial
fugitive
violence
structure
palate
thwart
assume
material
sovereign
semicolon
initial
terrify
acquaint
referred
irritated
prominent

Mow the mulleins on the terrace with scythes. Be lenient with a prominent citizen. Listening in suspense. A foreigner attempted violence on our sovereign. Buy steel cutlery of the best material. A terrified fugitive. I assumed you were acquainted. The initials should be capitals. He referred to trivial faults in their language.

Mow the mulleins on the terrace with scythes. Be easy on a well-known citizen. Listening with anticipation. A foreigner tried to harm our ruler. Buy high-quality steel cutlery. A frightened runaway. I thought you knew each other. The initials should be in uppercase. He mentioned minor mistakes in their language.

31

31

cactus
tactful
contact
attract
trophy
gopher
dolphin
typhoid
ebony
agony
economy
scoundrel
denounce
pronounce
mahogany
toboggans

Write —s after halo, solo, folio, piano, banjo, lasso, canto, memento; as, halos.

Write —s after halo, solo, folio, piano, banjo, lasso, canto, memento; as, halos.

The greyhound caught a gopher. Our curlers won the trophy. Denounce the scoundrel. The senior judge pronounced sentence. A tactful phrase. Erect the steeple according to the contract. The coroner at the inquest. The dolphin often changes color when dying. Ebony is dear. Practise economy. The sewing-machine cover is mahogany. He cried in agony. A lassoed ox gored him. A toboggan slide.

The greyhound caught a gopher. Our curlers won the trophy. Call out the scoundrel. The senior judge handed down the sentence. A diplomatic phrase. Build the steeple according to the contract. The coroner at the inquest. The dolphin often changes color when it dies. Ebony is expensive. Practice frugality. The sewing machine cover is mahogany. He cried in pain. A lassoed ox gored him. A toboggan slide.

32

32

recruit
pursuit
herring
haddock
divorce
corridor
tortoise
porpoise
career
pioneer
peelings
teeming
antelope
envelope
velvety
roly-poly

Place inter— with line, lock, mingle, meddle, marry, lard, leave, twine, view, weave, space; as, interline.

Place inter— with line, lock, mix, interfere, unite, add, leave, twist, see, weave, space; as, interline.

Gild the frame. A porpoise pursued the herring. The envelopes in the corridor are of velvety material. Tortoises are turtles. Creeks, teeming with salmon. A pioneer's career seldom led to divorce. In subduing a nation we use forcible means. The roly-poly is surely cooked. The peelings of the potatoes. Eat some haddock. The young recruit started in pursuit of an antelope.

Gild the frame. A dolphin chased the herring. The envelopes in the hallway are made of soft material. Tortoises are a type of turtle. Streams are full of salmon. A pioneer’s career hardly ever ended in divorce. When conquering a nation, we use forceful methods. The roly-poly is definitely cooked. The potato peelings. Eat some haddock. The young recruit set off in pursuit of an antelope.

33

33

fatal
brutal
psalm
pshaw
release
meagre
features
deceased
quoits
feigned
slaughter
smudged
pumice
avarice
jaundice
sacrifice

Join —ly to guilty, hearty, heavy, happy, saucy; as, guiltily.

Join —ly to guilty, hearty, heavy, happy, saucy; for example, guiltily.

The disease proved fatal. The details of deceased's career were meagre. Pumice floats in liquid. I feel fatigued. A brutal slaughter. The features seem calm. Release the prisoner afflicted with jaundice. Avarice and greediness are undesirable qualities. Their sacrifice was only feigned. Select a psalm. The smudged moulder can pitch quoits. Pshaw! the file was too brittle.

The disease was deadly. The details of the deceased's career were minimal. Pumice floats in water. I feel tired. A brutal killing. The features look calm. Free the prisoner suffering from jaundice. Greed and avarice are not good traits. Their sacrifice was just pretend. Choose a psalm. The smudged mold can toss quoits. Pshaw! The file was too brittle.

34

34

nozzle
drizzle
palings
parings
adieu
ochre
euchre
Europe
frigid
average
revenge
challenge
adventure
calculate
aggregate
congregate

Add —er, —est, —ly to speedy, plucky, hasty, weary, knotty.

Add —er, —est, —ly to speedy, plucky, hasty, weary, knotty.

Reuben bade adieu to Europe. The victor challenged us to a game of euchre. The aggregate is forty-four, the average eleven. They congregate to seek revenge. The sunbeams glare on the snow in frigid lands. I can gauge a barrel of ale. The apple parings are frozen and rigid. Paint the fence palings with yellow ochre. He held the nozzle of the hose in a drizzling rain. Calculate the cost.

Reuben said goodbye to Europe. The winner challenged us to a game of euchre. The total is forty-four, the average is eleven. They gather to seek revenge. The sun shines harshly on the snow in freezing places. I can measure a barrel of beer. The apple peels are frozen and stiff. Paint the fence slats with yellow ochre. He held the end of the hose in a light rain. Calculate the cost.

35

35

sorrel
gospel
marvel
sentinel
gluey
clayey
exempt
brethren
route
tourist
artery
energy
spinach
chicory
grievous
mischievous

Copy,—Gov. means Governor; Gen., General; Col., Colonel; Prof., Professor; B.C., Before Christ; A.D., In the year of our Lord.

Copy,—Gov. means Governor; Gen. means General; Col. stands for Colonel; Prof. refers to Professor; B.C. stands for Before Christ; A.D. means In the year of our Lord.

The sentinel challenged with great energy a mischievous tourist. The colonel cut an artery. The sorrel horse followed by a different route. The clayey soil was gluey, too stiff for spinach. An exhibition of sleight-of-hand tricks. A mixture of chicory and coffee. He marvels at our grievous affliction. Preach the gospel.

The guard energetically confronted a cheeky tourist. The colonel sliced open an artery. The sorrel horse took a different path. The muddy ground was too sticky, too tough for spinach. A showcase of magic tricks. A blend of chicory and coffee. He is amazed by our serious suffering. Spread the word.

36 (Review)

36 (Review)

ochre
pshaw
quoits
tourist
energy
meagre
nozzle
career
clayey
grateful
pioneer
forcible
recruit
typhoid
release
brethren
grievous
features
economy
envelope
mahogany
challenge
mischievous
congregate

The pioneer practised economy in his whole career. Paint the door-jambs with yellow ochre. A crowd congregated. I was grateful for my release. He laments over his brethren's grievous attacks of typhoid fever. A mischievous recruit turned the nozzle on the tourists. The supply of mahogany wood is meagre. A blue envelope.

The pioneer managed his resources carefully throughout his career. Paint the door frames with yellow ochre. A crowd gathered. I was thankful for my freedom. He mourns over his brothers' serious cases of typhoid fever. A mischievous newbie pointed the nozzle at the tourists. The supply of mahogany wood is low. A blue envelope.

37

37

pacify
crucify
glorify
specify
reveal
bereave
pasturage
orphanage
avail
prevail
delaine
maimed
colonize
apologize
patronize
economize

Add —d, —ing to guide, grieve, cease, receive, plague, erase, scare, relieve; as, guided, guiding.

Add —d, —ing to guide, grieve, cease, receive, plague, erase, scare, relieve; as, guided, guiding.

A quaint carriage conveyed the bereaved waifs to an orphanage. The maimed woman is dressed in delaine. Specify a chance to economize. Apologize to the mayor for the pasturage. Colonize the islands and patronize their people. If he prevailed, some would glorify, others crucify him. Endeavor to pacify the rebels. It is of no avail to reveal the secret.

A charming carriage took the grieving kids to an orphanage. The injured woman is wearing a delaine dress. Identify a way to save money. Apologize to the mayor for the grazing land. Settle on the islands and support their people. If he succeeded, some would praise him, while others would condemn him. Try to calm the rebels. There's no point in revealing the secret.

38

38

bamboo
grooved
dragoon
kangaroo
applaud
defraud
fraction
fractured
intimate
emigrate
obstinate
ventilate
advocate
suffocate
summary
rummage

Put in— before direct, distinct, constant, decent, capable, corrupt.

Put in— before direct, distinct, constant, decent, capable, corrupt.

The squeamish dragoon has a vein of humor. He obstinately refuses to emigrate. Our intimate friends applaud the supple kangaroo's tricks. We shall suffocate unless you ventilate this chamber. The fractured limb was cut off. What fraction of eight is four? Write a summary of the scene. Advocate honesty. The bamboo was grooved. He was defrauded at a rummage sale.

The squeamish soldier has a sense of humor. He stubbornly refuses to move away. Our close friends cheer for the agile kangaroo's tricks. We'll suffocate if you don't open a window in this room. The broken limb was amputated. What part of eight is four? Write a summary of the scene. Promote honesty. The bamboo was notched. He got cheated at a garage sale.

39

39

Saxon
caldron
squadron
simpleton
scandal
placard
numeral
scabbard
numerous
generous
accustom
customary
positive
inquisitive
negative
interrogative

Add —ous to fury, study, melody, envy, vary; as, furious.

Add —ous to fury, study, melody, envy, vary; for example, furious.

The simpleton read the placard. He gives negative or interrogative answers. He is positively furious at the scandal. Soup was supplied to the squadron from a generous caldron. Draw forth the sword from the scabbard. The inquisitive dwarf, wrapped in numerous robes, occupies his customary seat. We grate nutmegs on the grater. Numerals as four. Briton and Saxon are one. The detective's sight is not defective.

The fool read the sign. He gives negative or questioning answers. He is really angry about the scandal. Soup was provided to the squad from a large pot. Pull the sword out of the sheath. The curious dwarf, dressed in many robes, takes his usual seat. We grate nutmeg on the grater. The number four. Briton and Saxon are united. The detective's vision is perfectly fine.

40

40

jersey
blarney
abolish
demolish
idiot
patriot
chariot
champion
merino
tapioca
myrtle
pyramid
delegate
desperate
reverent
tenement

Write —es after mulatto, mosquito, motto, calico, domino.

Write —es after mulatto, mosquito, motto, calico, domino.

Could the pyramids of Egypt be demolished by cannon? I've read of Scottish patriots and warriors. Speak reverently to aged women. Is their son an idiot? We'll abolish crowded tenements. A delegates' meeting. In a chariot rode a wizard clad in myrtle green. I ate tapioca pudding. A desperate rogue tried to blarney us. The champion Jersey cow. Merino wool.

Could the pyramids of Egypt be brought down by cannons? I’ve heard about Scottish patriots and warriors. Speak respectfully to older women. Is their son foolish? We’ll get rid of overcrowded apartments. A meeting of delegates. A wizard dressed in myrtle green rode in a chariot. I had tapioca pudding. A desperate trickster tried to sweet-talk us. The champion Jersey cow. Merino wool.

41

41

acquire
acquaint
prairies
porcelain
treacle
theatre
stirrup
innings
scalawag
vengeance
geography
photograph
turnstile
valentine
turpentine
Hallow-e'en

Write —es, —ed after copy, glory, envy, pity, fancy, modify.

Write —es, —ed after copy, glory, envy, pity, fancy, modify.

Hallow-e'en is the eve of All-Saints' Day. Buy a porcelain bowl, and a quart of turpentine. A scalawag emptied treacle upon the turnstile. We upbraided her for acquiring a craving for the theatre. St. Valentine's Day. His stirrup broke on the prairie. Photograph the maid studying geography.

Hallowe'en is the night before All Saints' Day. Buy a ceramic bowl and a quart of turpentine. A troublemaker poured syrup on the turnstile. We scolded her for developing a taste for the theater. Valentine's Day. His stirrup broke on the prairie. Take a picture of the girl studying geography.

42 (Review)

42 (Review)

Saxon
jersey
treacle
crucify
patriot
placard
theatre
merino
prairie
scandal
bereaved
summary
accustom
negative
suffocate
acquaint
squadron
vengeance
positive
fraction
generous
dialogue
desperate
economize

Wear a jersey. He speaks plain Anglo-Saxon. A generous patriot is bereaved. The woollen cloak is merino. Thieves were crucified. Here is a summary of the squadrons of Europe. The theatre has fine prairie scenes. A desperate character vowed vengeance. I am positive he was accustomed to economize. May peace prevail. Placard the house. A suffocating chamber.

Wear a jersey. He speaks plain English. A generous patriot is grieving. The wool cloak is merino. Thieves were punished severely. Here’s a summary of Europe’s squadrons. The theater has great prairie scenes. A desperate person swore vengeance. I'm sure he was used to saving money. May peace reign. Put up a sign on the house. A stuffy room.

43

43

agile
fragile
docile
domicile
penance
peninsula
moderate
temperate
mania
petunia
betwixt
probable
indolent
insolent
crocodile
chocolate

Join —ed to pad, fulfil, blur, strip, excel, mob; as, padded.

Join —ed to pad, fulfill, blur, strip, excel, mob; as, padded.

The indolent volunteer will probably do penance for insolence. Use chocolates moderately. Be temperate. The elephant is docile. An agile squirrel. A mania for stealing. Petunias have fragile stalks. They flourish betwixt the baron's castle and our domicile. I saw crocodiles lying on a sandy peninsula.

The lazy volunteer will likely regret their rudeness. Use chocolates in moderation. Be moderate. The elephant is gentle. A quick squirrel. A obsession with stealing. Petunias have delicate stems. They thrive between the baron's castle and our home. I saw crocodiles resting on a sandy peninsula.

44

44

phial
phlox
phonic
phlegm
abrupt
illustrate
disciples
discipline
Leonard
leopard
jeopardy
prophesy
flexible
perplexed
occasion
assurance

Put en— before camp, chain, circle, close, courage, girdle, graft.

Put en— before camp, chain, circle, close, courage, girdle, graft.

His disciples had too much assurance. Abrupt words caused a rupture in the discipline. Leonard's life was in jeopardy from a leopard. You seemed perplexed. There is phlegm in my throat. A phonic primer. These flexible stalks are tough. The cheque is genuine. I prophesy a famine. The phlox has purple flowers. A phial of medicine. Illustrate this occasion.

His followers were overly confident. Harsh words created a rift in the discipline. Leonard's life was at risk from a leopard. You looked confused. I have phlegm in my throat. An audio primer. These flexible stems are strong. The check is authentic. I predict a famine. The phlox has purple flowers. A vial of medicine. Show this moment.

45

45

pennon
saffron
suburbs
curbstone
landscape
hailstorm
honeysuckle
huckleberry
edifice
precipice
cowardice
prejudice
alcohol
swollen
observant
attendant

Write —able after cure, imagine, note, laugh, reason, fashion.

Write —able after cure, imagine, note, laugh, reason, fashion.

A swollen limb. Alcohol contains poison. The landscape gardener made their residence attractive with honeysuckle. The hailstorm ruined their huckleberries. The wolf's cowardice. His wary attendant is yellow as saffron but is very observant. He built an edifice near a steep precipice. See their pennon float. He has a prejudice against curbstones in the suburbs.

A swollen limb. Alcohol has toxins. The landscape gardener made their home appealing with honeysuckle. The hailstorm damaged their huckleberries. The wolf's cowardice. His cautious companion is as yellow as saffron but very observant. He built a building near a steep cliff. Look at their flag flying. He has a bias against curbstones in the suburbs.

46 (Review)

46 (Review)

docile
mania
phonic
fragile
phlegm
edifice
saffron
leopard
betwixt
penance
alcohol
prophesy
assurance
precipice
geography
swollen
disciples
observant
prejudice
photograph

Photograph the spotted leopard near the precipice. We prejudiced him against alcohol. Betwixt the saffron leaves were slight stalks. Fragile glass in a pasteboard box. His docile, observant disciples had assurance of success. I prophesy a failure in geography. He has a mania for sketching ancient edifices. A few moments of leisure.

Photograph the spotted leopard near the cliff. We turned him against alcohol. Among the saffron leaves were small stems. Delicate glass in a cardboard box. His obedient, watchful followers were confident of success. I predict a failure in geography. He has a love for sketching ancient buildings. A few moments of free time.


Review of the Hard Words.

abate
adieu
afflict
alcohol
analysis
armor
artery
asphalt
assurance
attract
audience
avarice
average
barracks
battery
bazaar
beetle
bereaved
betwixt
brethren
caboose
caldron
cathedral
census
challenge
camomile
champion
chariot
chastise
chicory
Chinese
circular
clayey
collapse
colonel
colonial
coolly
congregate
convenient
conveys
cowardice
crocodile
crucify
cruet
cruise
customary
cutlery
decease
decayed
defiant
defraud
delaine
delegate
delicious
denial
denounce
describe
desperate
destitute
dial
dialogue
diamond
diary
dictionary
diligent
disguise
dissolve
distinct
divorce
docile
dolphin
domestic
domicile
drizzle
economy
edifice
efficient
encroach
engineer
entwine
envelope
essential
Europe
excavate
expense
extreme
falcon
features
feigned
feminine
fidgety
flattery
footwear
forbade
forcible
foreign
fractions
fracture
fragile
frolics
fugitive
funnel
genuine
geography
gesture
gigantic
gluey
glycerine
gopher
gorilla
granary
grateful
grievous
grooved
guiltily
guinea
guitar
halfpenny
hallowed
harmony
hearken
hearth
heartiness
heathen
hedgehog
heifer
herrings
hallo
homestead
hose-reel
humility
illustrate
imaginary
immerse
industrial
initial
injurious
innings
insolent
instinct
interred
interrupt
introduce
irritate
isthmus
italics
Japanese
jaunty
jealous
kangaroo
lenient
leopard
loyalty
luscious
lustrous
mackerel
mahogany
maimed
majestic
mallet
mandolin
marmalade
martial
masculine
massive
mattress
mauve
messenger
military
miracles
mullein
navigate
nozzle
numeral
obstacles
occasion
ochre
omnibus
oppress
overseer
pacify
palate
palings
parable
paradise
particles
partition
partridge
passenger
patriot
patronize
penance
peninsula
penitent
perjury
permanent
persuade
petition
phlegm
photograph
pickerel
pilot
pioneer
pinafore
porcelain
positive
prairies
precipice
president
pressure
previous
probable
proverb
psalm
pshaw
pumice
pyramid
quoits
quoting
rat-trap
rebate
recruit
reduction
referred
refrain
regiment
reject
release
reliance
religion
resign
revenge
reverent
reverse
romance
route
rummage
rumor
russet
sacrifice
saffron
sanitary
scabbard
scalawag
scandal
scoundrel
scripture
seamstress
semicolon
sentinel
service
sewer
shrewd
shrilly
signify
singular
slaughter
solar
solitary
sorcery
sorrel
sovereign
specify
spectacle
spinach
squeamish
stanza
stirrup
strangle
strolling
structure
sturgeon
subdue
subscribe
suburbs
sufficient
suffocate
suggest
summary
supreme
surged
surgeon
surrender
survive
suspense
suspicious
syllable
sympathy
swath
swollen
tactful
tapioca
tendency
tenement
terrace
territory
theatre
thorough
thwart
tomahawk
torture
tortoise
tourist
treacle
trivial
trophy
tropics
tunnel
turnstile
twopence
typhoid
tyrant
unicorn
upbraid
vaccinate
vagabond
valentine
vanilla
vapor
velvety
vengeance
ventilate
veranda
verbal
verdant
vigor
volunteer
weapon
weasel
wherefore
wherever
wholesome
wondrous
woolly
yacht
zealous

Say it.

Note.—See that the italicized letters are distinctly pronounced.

Note.—Make sure the italicized letters are pronounced clearly.

ally, al-lī´
arctic, ärk´tik
area, ā´rēa
asphalt, as-falt´
avenue, av´e-nū
almond, ä´mund
balsam, balsambalsam
barren, bar´en
because, bē-causebē-cąz
beneath, bē-nēth´
breadth, bredth
brethren, breTH´-ren
bristle, bris´l
barrel, bar´el
castle, kas´l
cemetery, cem´-ē-ter-y
chimney, chim´ni
clothes, klōTHz
collie, kol´i
column, kol´um
depths, depths
donkey, dong´ki
drought, drowt
eleven, ē-lev´-n
English, ing-glish
errand, er-rand
February, FebruaryFebruary
flannel, flan´el
follow, fol´lō
foundry, foun´-dri
friends, frends
figure, fig-ūr
forbade, for-bad´
glisten, glis´n
greasy, grē´zi
genuine, jen´ū-in
height, hīt´
hearth, härth
heroine, her´ō-in
history, his´-to-ry
instead, in-ste
kettle, ket-l
kiln, kil
launch, länsh
leisure, lē´zhūr
lettuce, let´is
livery, liv´er-i
minute, mi-nūt´ adj.
mouths, mouTHz
nephew, nev´ū
nothing, nuth´-ing
peony, pē´ō-ni
perhaps, pėr haps´
pumpkin, pump´-kin
princess, prin´-ses
really, rē´al-li
recess, rē ses´
recipe, res´i-pe
respite, res´-pit
ruffian, ruf´i-an
ru´-in, rö´in
saliva, sa-lī´va
several, sev´ėr-al
shriek, shrēk
shrill, shril
slaked, slāked
soften, sof´n
solder, sol´dėr
sterile, ster´il
strength, strength
stupid, stū´pid
toward, tō´ėrd
Tuesday, tūz´dā
turnip, tėr´nip
violet, vī´-ō-let

Fāte, fa̤llfąll, fär, fat; mē, met, hėr; pīne, pin; nōte, not, möve; tūbe, tub, bṳllbųll; TH, then; th, thin.

Fate, fall, far, fat; me, met, her; pine, pin; note, not, move; tube, tub, bull; TH, then; th, thin.


STANDARD IV. Senior citizen.
7th Grade


1

1

typical
renewal
magical
chemical
botanical
valiant
hydrant
indignant
stimulant
luxuriant
assailant
occupant
incessant
applicant
consonant
cereals
alleged
civilian
secluded
abominate

Join —al to comic, logic, cubic, sign, brute, recite, remove, arrive.

Join —al to comic, logic, cubic, sign, brute, recite, remove, arrive.

The applicant made indignant denial of his alleged scheming. The occupants of the secluded domicile gambled incessantly. A valiant civilian shielded a mulatto from a brutal assailant. Our fertile prairies yield a luxuriant growth of cereals. Chemical changes appear almost magical. The rector abominates the use of whisky or like stimulants. The city's hydrants need renewal. With breech-loading rifles we defended breaches in the rampart.

The applicant angrily denied the accusations of plotting. The people living in the isolated house were gambling non-stop. A brave civilian protected a person of mixed race from a brutal attacker. Our rich prairies produce an abundant amount of grain. The chemical changes seem almost like magic. The rector despises the use of whiskey or similar stimulants. The city's fire hydrants need to be replaced. We defended gaps in the wall with breech-loading rifles.

2

2

miscreant
intolerant
mendicant
immigrant
descendant
critical
tragical
physical
identical
fanatical
prodigal
cannibal
acquittal
occasional
economical
incite
censure
beseech
stalwart
lieutenant

Add —ant to account, assist, claim, defend, attend, repent, depend.

Add —ant to account, assist, claim, defend, attend, repent, depend.

His descendants were prodigal, not economical. Finally they became mere mendicants. Immigrants are intolerant of even occasional censures. The lieutenant was critical of his recruit's physical courage. A stalwart miscreant accused of cannibal practices secured acquittal. Another tragical scene occurred at that identical spot. Pontiac readily incited the fanatical Indians to revolt. An adept in botanical lore went on a canoeing trip. Lye for cleansing woollen shawls has lain here for eight weeks. A mere mite of a bugler moaned beseechingly for a draught of water.

His descendants were extravagant, not frugal. Eventually, they ended up as beggars. Immigrants can't stand even the slightest criticism. The lieutenant pointed out his recruit's lack of physical bravery. A strong criminal accused of eating human flesh was found not guilty. Another tragic event happened at the same location. Pontiac easily encouraged the fanatical Indians to rise up. An expert in plants went on a canoe trip. Lye for cleaning woolen shawls has been sitting here for eight weeks. A tiny bugler cried out desperately for a drink of water.

3

3

raiment
adjacent
reticent
opponent
diffident
indulgent
competent
consistent
provident
permanent
marvel
sequel
infidel
citadel
trammel
gibbet
penitent
obligation
protector
antiquated

Write —ent with differ, insist, confide, reside, provide, compete.

Write —ent with differ, insist, confide, reside, provide, compete.

His wily opponent was reticent, divulging few secrets. A gibbet was erected adjacent to the citadel. His antiquated raiment is consistent with his provident custom. Is he competent to revise any permanent obligations? Though hesitating and diffident he stubbornly maintained his stand. The sequel showed how indulgent the protector was to penitent rebels. Do not trammel the posse of police in pursuit of the kidnapper. Broken treaties led to conflict. Consult a treatise on ague. The lawyer gave good counsel to the mayor and village council.

His clever opponent was quiet, sharing very few secrets. A gallows was set up next to the castle. His old-fashioned clothes match his careful habits. Is he capable of changing any long-term commitments? Although he hesitated and seemed unsure, he firmly stood his ground. The result revealed how lenient the protector was towards remorseful rebels. Don’t hold back the police force in their chase for the kidnapper. Broken agreements led to conflict. Check a book on fever. The lawyer advised the mayor and village council well.

4

4

deceit
conceit
ceiling
conceive
receiving
fiend
shriek
achieve
relieve
reprieve
prevalent
expedient
stringent
intelligent
benevolent
pleurisy
catarrh
manifest
bigamist
machinist

Catarrh and pleurisy are prevalent. Satan is the arch fiend. The court received urgent requests to reprieve the bigamist. Success is achieved by intelligent effort. It is expedient to use metal ceilings. The benevolent machinist is believed to be conceited. The villain shrieked when his deceit was manifest. Customs officers conceived it necessary to make stringent rules against smugglers. Pistils are seed-bearing organs. Rewarded according to his deserts. A stream with cascades and cataracts.

Catarrh and pleurisy are common. Satan is the ultimate evil. The court received urgent requests to spare the bigamist. Success comes from smart effort. It makes sense to use metal ceilings. The kind machinist is thought to be arrogant. The villain screamed when his deception was revealed. Customs officers deemed it necessary to create strict rules against smugglers. Pistils are organs that bear seeds. Rewarded based on his merits. A stream with waterfalls and rapids.

Note: When sounded like long e, i comes before e, except after c.

Note: When pronounced like a long e, i comes before e, except after c.

5

5

elegance
defiance
alliance
variance
appliance
arrogance
ambulance
reluctance
annoyance
conveyance
surfeit
forfeit
counterfeit
heinous
inveigle
project
dynamite
terminate
excessive
explosive

Note: When not sounded like long e, the order of the letters is ei.

Note: When not pronounced as a long e, the sequence of the letters is ei.

Use an ambulance for his conveyance to a hospital. A surfeit of wealth leads to arrogance. The use of dynamite and other explosives was an excessive annoyance. With reluctance a counterfeiter produced his skilful appliances. The elegance of his address diverted suspicion from his heinous crimes. As the allies are at variance, the alliance may terminate. By their defiance of justice they forfeited our assurance of relief. His soul was teeming with projects of deceit. A Hindu fakir inveigled me by his cleverness. A wretch reeled over but, seizing the reins, he reseated himself.

Use an ambulance to take him to a hospital. Having too much money leads to arrogance. The use of dynamite and other explosives was incredibly annoying. With some hesitation, a counterfeiter revealed his skillful tools. The elegance of his speech distracted from his terrible crimes. As the allies are in conflict, the alliance may end. By defying justice, they lost our promise of help. His mind was filled with plans of deception. A Hindu fakir tricked me with his cleverness. A miserable person stumbled but, grabbing the reins, sat back up again.

6 (Review)

6 (Review)

cereal
achieve
incite
typical
catarrh
heinous
renewal
fiendish
reticent
variance
civilian
physical
adjacent
pleurisy
inveigle
dynamite
reprieve
expedient
miscreant
acquittal
counterfeit
descendant
assailant
consistent
machinist
benevolent
lieutenant
conveyance

Improvident mendicants made incessant appeals for relief. A reticent lieutenant achieved mastery over his assailant. Is it expedient to reprieve the miscreant who incited to such heinous crimes? Pleurisy and catarrh are physical ailments. Was it fiendish to use dynamite in besieging a citadel? An arrogant but benevolent machinist deemed it consistent with honor to inveigle counterfeiters. Wheat is a typical cereal. A renewal of the civilians' league led to many variances with the soldiers.

Improvident beggars made constant requests for help. A quiet lieutenant gained control over his attacker. Is it wise to spare the criminal who provoked such terrible acts? Pleurisy and a cold are physical illnesses. Was it cruel to use dynamite when attacking a fortress? An arrogant but kind machinist thought it was honorable to trick counterfeiters. Wheat is a common grain. A revival of the civilians' league resulted in many disagreements with the soldiers.

7

7

offence
defence
pretence
eminence
diligence
deference
eloquence
indolence
excellence
recurrence
device
entice
suffice
spliced
indict
bulwarks
maintain
inditing
commodore
despicable

Form words in —ence from prefer, infer, confer, reside, revere. Give verb forms corresponding to advice, device, practice, prophecy.

Form words in —ence from prefer, infer, confer, reside, revere. Give verb forms corresponding to advice, device, practice, prophecy.

For a recurrence of the despicable offence he was promptly indicted before a magistrate. The eloquence of the lawyer sufficed for his defence. In deference to the commodore's request he spliced ropes with diligence. His indolence was truly a pretence to cloak knavery. A bulwark is perched on the lofty eminence. Savory fruits enticed the saucy ruffian. The excellence of his device for maintaining warmth is acknowledged. The document was indited and sealed. It is a wise practice not to prophesy about elections.

For repeating the awful offense, he was quickly charged before a judge. The lawyer's skillful speech was enough for his defense. Out of respect for the commodore's request, he worked hard to splice ropes. His laziness was just a cover for his dishonesty. A stronghold sits on the high ground. Tempting fruits lured the cheeky thug. The quality of his method for staying warm is recognized. The document was written and sealed. It's smart not to make predictions about elections.

8

8

malice
novice
cornice
solstice
artifice
estuary
obituary
dromedary
secretary
arbitrary
auxiliary
adversary
sanctuary
temporary
stationary
wether
brigand
bureau
enumerate
incredible

Add —ary to beg, note, vision, infirm, imagine, mission, custom.

Add —ary to beg, note, vision, infirm, imagine, mission, custom.

The malice of his adversary was incredible. Though a mere novice in business, he is made temporary secretary of the grocers' guild. The obituary notice was deceiving. The brigands fled on dromedaries beyond the Nile estuary. The cornice meets the sanctuary ceiling. Is the sun stationary at the solstice? The arbitrary tyrant was won over by a clever artifice. Enumerate the auxiliary verbs. From a circle around the moon many augur foul weather. A tainted wether of the flock. An ermine mantle occupied the mantel-piece. The adze and auger are carpenters' tools. A handsome bureau adorned the ladies' waiting-room.

The malice of his opponent was unbelievable. Even though he was just a beginner in business, he was appointed as the temporary secretary of the grocers' guild. The obituary notice was misleading. The bandits escaped on camels beyond the Nile delta. The cornice connects with the sanctuary ceiling. Is the sun fixed during the solstice? The ruthless tyrant was persuaded by a clever trick. List the helping verbs. From a circle around the moon, many predict bad weather. A contaminated ram from the flock. An ermine cloak decorated the mantelpiece. The adze and auger are tools for carpenters. A stylish desk embellished the ladies' waiting room.

9

9

roguery
quackery
colliery
cemetery
artillery
cajolery
treachery
shrubbery
monastery
stationery
axis
oasis
crisis
gratis
trellis
mechanism
ingenious
delectable
periodical
revolution

Join —ery to brave, scene, pot, mock, slave, brew, distil, bake.

Join —ery to brave, scene, pot, mock, slave, brew, distill, bake.

Can you distinguish between quackery, cajolery, and roguery? A corps of artillery quelled the feud at the colliery. A cemetery near the monastery is concealed by profuse shrubbery and vines climbing on trellises. The treachery of the guards occasioned an alarming crisis. An oasis in the desert is delectable. The earth's revolution on its axis is shown by an ingenious mechanism. His services are given gratis. Purchase the periodicals at a stationery store. A stationary engine is one not movable. A stationer sells stationery, as a confectioner sells confectionery.

Can you tell the difference between quackery, deceit, and trickery? A group of artillery troops ended the conflict at the coal mine. A cemetery near the monastery is hidden behind thick bushes and climbing vines on trellises. The betrayal by the guards caused a serious situation. An oasis in the desert is delightful. The earth's rotation on its axis is demonstrated by a clever device. His services are provided for free. Buy the magazines at a stationery shop. A stationary engine is one that doesn't move. A stationer sells stationery, just like a candy store owner sells candy.

10

10

oratory
cursory
dilatory
lavatory
dormitory
directory
desultory
obligatory
compulsory
promissory
harass
cutlass
trespass
abscess
embarrass
merciless
malignant
merchandise
curriculum
interrogative

Put —ory or —tory with direct, deposit, prepare, purge, explain.

Put —ory or —tory with direct, deposit, prepare, purge, explain.

The college lavatory adjoins the dormitory, not the vestibule. A dilatory customer was embarrassed by the cashier's refusal to discount a promissory note. A cursory glance revealed a malignant abscess. Desultory attacks in the merciless warfare harassed our adversaries. Trespassers were frightened off by guards equipped with cutlasses. Oratory is made obligatory by the new curriculum. I certified to the completeness of the revised directory. Freight charges on the cargo of merchandise are not satisfactory. Alter the exclamatory sentence to an interrogative one.

The college bathroom is next to the dorm, not the entrance. A slow customer felt uncomfortable when the cashier wouldn't discount a promissory note. A quick look showed a serious abscess. Random attacks in the harsh battle troubled our opponents. Guards with swords scared off intruders. Public speaking is now required in the new curriculum. I confirmed that the updated directory is complete. The shipping costs for the goods are not acceptable. Change the exclamatory sentence into a question.

11

11

destine
doctrine
aniline
gelatine
sanguine
profile
ductile
missile
imbecile
projectile
license
incense
dispense
condense
recompense
superseded
destructive
apothecary
temperament
Dreadnought

Form words by adding —e to bath, cloth, loath, wreath, breath.

Form words by adding —e to bath, cloth, loath, wreath, breath.

Condensed aniline dyes seem destined to supersede other varieties. He advocates the doctrine of recompensing owners of revoked licenses. The projectiles hurled from a modern Dreadnought's batteries are most destructive missiles. The apothecary does not dispense gelatine or incense. The imbecile is obstinate. Gold is ductile. His countenance as seen in profile indicates a sanguine temperament. The marshal mustered the troops levied in populous centres. A circus troupe delighted the populace.

Condensed aniline dyes appear set to replace other types. He supports the idea of compensating owners of revoked licenses. The projectiles launched from a modern Dreadnought's batteries are extremely destructive missiles. The pharmacist does not hand out gelatin or incense. The fool is stubborn. Gold is pliable. His face, seen in profile, shows a cheerful personality. The marshal gathered the troops recruited from densely populated areas. A circus troupe entertained the public.

12 (Review)

12 (Review)

indict
missile
artifice
roguery
harass
aniline
dilatory
obituary
imbecile
guerilla
cemetery
business
auxiliary
sanguine
solstice
secretary
projectile
supersede
recurrence
ingenious
despicable
eminence
promissory
curriculum
apothecary
embarrass
treachery
Dreadnought

A stationer was indicted for roguery. The artifice of his counsel sufficed in that crisis. The novice was dilatory in inditing the secretary's obituary notice. The apothecary was embarrassed by despicable treachery. Offensive warfare harassed our auxiliaries. The Dreadnought's eminence is due to projectiles of incredible force. The apparatus for aniline dyeing is ingenious. Sanguine of business success. A recurrence of the solstice. A new curriculum of studies supersedes the old. Ancient missiles are found in a cemetery facing the sanctuary. I purchased two bureaus.

A stationer was charged with deceit. His lawyer's tactics were enough to handle the situation. The rookie was slow in writing the secretary's obituary notice. The pharmacist was troubled by vile betrayal. Hostile actions troubled our allies. The Dreadnought's greatness is thanks to powerful projectiles. The equipment for dyeing with aniline is clever. Optimistic about business success. Another solstice is coming around. A new set of courses replaces the old one. Old weapons are discovered in a graveyard across from the sanctuary. I bought two dressers.

13

13

ratable
pitiable
laudable
palatable
acceptable
deplorable
impassable
inestimable
inflammable
controllable
sabre
lucre
sombre
spectre
sceptre
equipped
battalion
compassion
phosphorus
expenditure

Form words in —able from agree, excite, prove, deplore, conceal.

Form words in —able from agree, excite, prove, deplore, conceal.

The emperor's sceptre is of inestimable value. Few mountain barriers are now impassable. The tax on rateable property is for controllable expenditures. Filthy lucre is a term applied to money got by deplorable practices. The battalion were equipped with acceptable sabres. The spectre in the theatrical scene wore a sombre mien. His laudable attempts to relieve pitiable distress. Phosphorus is highly inflammable. Castor-oil is usually unpalatable. Commiseration lessens grief, yet the lesson of affliction is invaluable. After dessert he usually dozes on a lounge.

The emperor's scepter is extremely valuable. Few mountain barriers are now impossible to cross. The tax on property value is for manageable expenses. Filthy lucre is a term used for money gained through unethical practices. The battalion was equipped with acceptable swords. The ghost in the play had a solemn expression. His commendable efforts to alleviate unfortunate suffering. Phosphorus is very flammable. Castor oil is generally unpleasant. Sympathy reduces grief, yet the lesson learned from hardship is priceless. After dessert, he usually dozes on a couch.

14

14

legible
audible
credible
plausible
digestible
eligible
feasible
admissible
corruptible
contemptible
creator
incisor
impostor
executor
competitor
affidavit
plaintiff
testimony
signature
cauliflower

Add —ible to force, resist, divide, digest, sense, corrupt, produce.

Add —ible to force, resist, divide, digest, sense, corrupt, produce.

A credible witness made affidavit that the plausible professor was an impostor. The laughter was inaudible. The competitor was ineligible, nor was his testimony deemed admissible. Beavers possess forcible incisors. The executor of the plaintiff's estate is incorruptible. God is our creator. The signature is illegible—a contemptible scrawl. Though perplexing, the project is feasible. Is cauliflower fairly digestible? They were admitted to the queen's presence and their beautiful presents accepted. Undue severity towards criminals is rarely permissible. I gain nought by climbing a knoll. The belle wore a pearl brooch at the bridal party.

A reliable witness testified that the seemingly credible professor was a fraud. The laughter was silent. The competitor was not eligible, and his testimony was not accepted. Beavers have strong front teeth. The executor of the plaintiff's estate is trustworthy. God is our creator. The signature is unreadable—an awful scrawl. Though confusing, the project is doable. Is cauliflower easy to digest? They were allowed to meet the queen, and their lovely gifts were accepted. Excessive harshness towards offenders is rarely acceptable. I gain nothing by climbing a hill. The beauty wore a pearl brooch at the wedding party.

15

15

traceable
chargeable
changeable
damageable
manageable
peaceable
noticeable
serviceable
advantageable
marriageable
integer
coroner
diameter
conjurer
idolater
czar
forte
duet
cede
queue
diet
lieu
guise
alien
adage

Note that the e is retained to preserve the soft sound of c or g.

Note that the e is kept to maintain the soft sound of c or g.

An alien idolater was in the guise of a native conjurer. The czar is a peaceable ruler. A serviceable rule for finding the diameter of a circle. The Chinaman's queue is noticeable. Coroners' fees are chargeable to public funds. He has two marriageable daughters. Wrestling is my forte. Use goblets in lieu of tumblers. An unmanageable team of ponies. His ideas are changeable. Malleable iron is made into wagon tires. France ceded Canada to England. The celery was unsaleable. Wrap the damageable goods in linen. Two-thirds is not an integer.

An alien worshiper was pretending to be a local magician. The czar is a peaceful ruler. A useful rule for finding the diameter of a circle. The Chinese man's braid is noticeable. Coroner's fees are charged to public funds. He has two daughters who are of marriageable age. Wrestling is my strength. Use goblets instead of tumblers. An unmanageable team of ponies. His ideas are changeable. Malleable iron is made into wagon wheels. France gave Canada to England. The celery was unsellable. Wrap the fragile goods in linen. Two-thirds is not a whole number.

16

16

facial
official
glacial
especial
judicial
artificial
beneficial
provincial
commercial
appointment
gamester
gossamer
barrister
chorister
scavenger
bouquet
recently
government
responsible
community

Note the hyphen in well-bred, ox-eyed, air-tight, text-book, able-bodied, well-meant, high-flier, lion-hearted, fire-escape.

Note the hyphen in well-bred, ox-eyed, air-tight, text-book, able-bodied, well-meant, high-flyer, lion-hearted, fire escape.

Canada has wonderful commercial advantages. The barrister aspires to a judicial appointment from the provincial government. Glacial action is largely responsible for our Great Lakes. The scavenger's duties are beneficial to the whole community. The facial expression of the gamester is especially severe. A bouquet of artificial lilies was recently presented to the chorister by the choir officials. Gossamer has an interesting derivation. Europeans were here later than the Indians; the latter are dying out. His lax behavior proves that he lacks self-control.

Canada has amazing commercial benefits. The lawyer is aiming for a judicial position with the provincial government. Glacial activity is mainly responsible for our Great Lakes. The scavenger's work is valuable to the entire community. The expression on the gambler's face is particularly intense. A bouquet of artificial lilies was recently given to the choir member by the choir leaders. Gossamer has an interesting origin. Europeans arrived here after the Indigenous people; the latter are declining. His careless behavior shows that he lacks self-discipline.

17

17

physic
mimic
traffic
shellac
bivouac
picnicker
mimicking
trafficked
rollicking
bivouacked
spiritual
inspiring
aspiration
dispiriting
conspiracy
urchin
extinct
corridor
galvanized
wearisome

Note: k is used in these words to keep the c hard.

Note: k is used in these words to ensure the c is pronounced hard.

Zincked or galvanized iron is serviceable. Trafficking in negroes is not wholly extinct. The frolicsome urchins mimicked the simpleton. Bivouacking is usually wearisome. Some rollicking picnickers suffered later from colicky pains. He shellacked the corridor floors. A prominent doctor believes in physicking his patients. He has aspirations to be a pianist. We have spiritual as well as bodily comforts. It was dispiriting to find the conspiracy so widespread. The address on science was most inspiring.

Zincked or galvanized iron is useful. The trade in enslaved people isn't completely gone. The playful kids copied the fool. Camping out is often exhausting. Some fun-loving picnickers later dealt with stomach aches. He coated the hallway floors with shellac. A well-known doctor believes in treating his patients with medicine. He dreams of becoming a pianist. We have both spiritual and physical comforts. It was disheartening to discover the conspiracy was so widespread. The talk on science was really inspiring.

18 (Review)

18 (Review)

spectre
integer
bouquet
incisors
coroner
acceptable
plausible
pitiable
sceptre
feasible
affidavit
palatable
signature
chargeable
bivouac
battalion
beneficial
artificial
competitor
conspiracy
government
eligible
plaintiff
impostor
noticeable
trafficker
scavenger
cauliflower

The coroner's signature is noticeable in the affidavit. It was pitiable to see the scavenger wasted to a mere spectre. The bivouac of the battalion was highly beneficial. Cauliflower is palatable. The plaintiff charged his competitors with conspiracy. The government favors a feasible scheme of artificial drainage. The plausible impostor is not eligible for office. A bouquet of daisies was acceptable. Integers are not fractions. Gnawing animals have sharp incisors. Is he a trafficker in liquor licenses?

The coroner's signature stands out in the affidavit. It was sad to see the scavenger reduced to just a shadow of himself. The battalion's camp was very helpful. Cauliflower is tasty. The plaintiff accused his rivals of conspiracy. The government supports a practical plan for artificial drainage. The believable fraudster is not qualified for office. A bouquet of daisies was fine. Integers are not fractions. Gnawing animals have sharp front teeth. Is he involved in trading liquor licenses?

19

19

option
fiction
diction
sanction
rejection
deception
expedition
absorption
temptation
competition
rudiment
nutriment
merriment
impediment
compliment
hazardous
physiology
examination
conscience
proposition

Write words in —tion from create, defect, rotate, quote, dispose.

Write words in —tion from create, defect, rotate, quote, dispose.

I await the sanction or the rejection of my proposition. Even keen competition need not induce deception. The author received compliments on his recent fiction. We had the option of joining the expedition but deemed it too hazardous. There is an eager absorption of nutriment by a healthy system. He has an impediment in speech, but his diction is choice. Their merriment implies no deception. He tries an examination on the rudiments of physiology. Obey your conscience despite temptations. Send a petition to the city council against flimsy partitions in buildings.

I’m waiting for approval or rejection of my proposal. Even tough competition shouldn’t lead to dishonesty. The author got praise for his recent fiction. We had the option to join the expedition but thought it was too risky. A healthy body eagerly absorbs nutrients. He has a speech impediment, but his choice of words is excellent. Their laughter indicates no deceit. He’s testing the basics of physiology. Follow your conscience, even when tempted. Submit a request to the city council against flimsy walls in buildings.

20

20

terrific
aquatic
athletic
despotic
pathetic
prolific
intrinsic
pugilistic
democratic
aristocratic
vehement
implement
settlement
amazement
complement
ensue
beverage
exhibition
programme
agricultural

Add —ic to angel, hero, tone, algebra, botany, drama, mason.

Add —ic to angel, hero, tone, algebra, botany, drama, mason.

Pugilistic exhibitions were excluded from the athletic programme. The regiment had a full complement of heroic privates. In the newer settlements agricultural implements are necessary. Our government is democratic, not despotic or aristocratic. We viewed with amazement their use of alcoholic beverages and the pathetic scenes that ensued. The naval conflict was vehement, even terrific. The walrus is aquatic in habits. Our prairies give a prolific yield of wheat, whose intrinsic or inherent worth is great. The United States is a republic. A frantic struggle with a lunatic.

Pugilistic exhibitions were left out of the athletic program. The regiment had a full team of brave soldiers. In the newer settlements, farming tools are necessary. Our government is democratic, not oppressive or aristocratic. We watched in shock their use of alcohol and the sad situations that followed. The naval battle was intense, even brutal. The walrus is aquatic by nature. Our prairies produce a generous amount of wheat, which has significant value. The United States is a republic. A desperate fight with a madman.

21

21

deity
agility
facility
civility
sincerity
iniquity
docility
alacrity
vicinity
dexterity
Grecian
magician
optician
politician
electrician
prescribe
displayed
negotiate
worshipped
certificate

Join —ity to intense, absurd, plural, noble, fatal, sincere, docile.

Join —ity to intense, absurd, plural, noble, fatal, sincere, docile.

An optician prescribed for my eyes. The politician dwelt on the iniquity of his opponents and his own sincerity. A magician displayed agility and dexterity. Ancient Grecian deities were publicly worshipped by sacrifices. An electrician negotiated for a residence in our vicinity. Civility and sincerity are certificates of refinement. Accepting the challenge with alacrity, he showed his facility in handling weapons. Don't meddle with the gas-meter. Juicy pears are extremely agreeable to the palates of fever patients.

An optician prescribed glasses for my eyes. The politician focused on the wrongdoing of his opponents and his own honesty. A magician showed off his skill and agility. Ancient Greek gods were worshipped publicly with sacrifices. An electrician was looking to move into our neighborhood. Politeness and honesty are signs of refinement. Accepting the challenge eagerly, he demonstrated his skill in handling weapons. Don't mess with the gas meter. Juicy pears are very pleasant for the taste buds of patients with fevers.

22

22

apprise
criticise
catechise
advertise
supervise
analyse
paralyse
enterprise
compromise
enfranchise
gaiety
surety
sobriety
notoriety
propriety
collapse
habitual
definition
disputant
intoxicating

Note: Chastise, comprise, demise, despise, devise, disguise, exercise, merchandise, revise, surprise, surmise, also end in ise.

Note: Chastise, comprise, demise, despise, devise, disguise, exercise, merchandise, revise, surprise, surmise, also end in ise.

There is no surety that the enterprise will not collapse. He criticised the propriety of using gestures. The deceased was paralysed for years before his demise. To analyse means to resolve into simpler elements. The disputants compromised by agreeing to accept my definition. I apprised the foreigners that they could not vote, as they were not enfranchised. Their disloyalty was a matter of public notoriety. Habitual temperance in using intoxicating liquors is laudable sobriety. Mention the provinces comprised in Canada. Explain the meaning of numerator and denominator.

There’s no guarantee that the business won’t fail. He criticized the appropriateness of using gestures. The deceased was paralyzed for years before he passed away. To analyze means to break down into simpler parts. The disputants reached a compromise by agreeing to my definition. I informed the foreigners that they couldn’t vote, as they weren’t eligible. Their disloyalty was widely known. Regular moderation in drinking alcoholic beverages is commendable sobriety. Name the provinces included in Canada. Explain the meaning of numerator and denominator.

23

23

baptize
utilize
realize
civilize
tantalize
patronize
authorize
familiarize
emphasize
sympathize
addict
verdict
dedicate
contradict
predicate
assertion
missionary
justifiable
licentious
bereavement

Join —ize to equal, brutal, real, central, signal, pauper.

Join —ize to equal, brutal, real, central, signal, pauper.

He realizes that the verdict is justifiable. Emphasize the predicate. I am authorized to contradict his assertions. Refrain from tantalizing dumb creatures. Patronize home products. The church was dedicated to divine worship. The heathens were baptized in the presence of many spectators. Previously they were addicted to licentious practices. Missionaries aid in civilizing savage peoples. I sincerely sympathize with you in your bereavement. Familiarize yourself with the means of utilizing waste products.

He understands that the verdict makes sense. Focus on the main point. I have the authority to challenge his claims. Don't tease foolish beings. Support local products. The church was dedicated to worship. The non-believers were baptized in front of many witnesses. Before this, they were involved in immoral behaviors. Missionaries help to civilize uncivilized people. I truly sympathize with you in your time of loss. Get acquainted with how to use waste products effectively.

24 (Review)

24 (Review)

gaiety
aquatic
analyse
civility
beverage
sincerely
sanction
facility
criticise
optician
paralyse
dexterity
negotiate
magician
docility
decision
vehement
recognize
conscience
intoxicate
physiology
spectator
implement
emphasize
worshipper
competition
programme
bereavement

The worshippers criticised the spectators for lack of civility. The magician's dexterity was advertised on the programme. The optician vehemently condemns beverages that intoxicate. Recognize the sanction of a sincere conscience. He analyses sentences with facility. The mayor's decision recognized the aquatic exhibition. He negotiated a loan to organize an implement factory. His bereavement has paralysed all gaiety. Elephants are remarkable for their docility. There is keen competition in our physiology class. The missionary emphasized the iniquity of perjury.

The worshippers criticized the onlookers for their rudeness. The magician's skill was highlighted in the program. The optician strongly denounces alcoholic drinks. Acknowledge the approval of a genuine conscience. He easily analyzes sentences. The mayor's decision acknowledged the water show. He arranged a loan to set up a tools factory. His grief has put a stop to all joy. Elephants are known for their gentleness. There's fierce competition in our physiology class. The missionary stressed the wrongness of lying under oath.

25

25

genius
radius
exodus
impetus
stimulus
gladiolus
terminus
narcissus
apparatus
ignoramus
siphon
graphic
epitaph
phaeton
phantom
vision
solicitor
extraordinary
encouragement
manufacturing

Use no hyphen in barefaced, greyhound, breastplate, breadstuffs.

Use no hyphen in barefaced, greyhound, breastplate, breadstuffs.

The Bible contains a graphic account of the exodus from Egypt. The narcissus and gladiolus are favourite flowers. Describe the difference between a phaeton and a carriage. The epitaph on the solicitor's tomb was composed by a genius, not an ignoramus. The radius of a circle can readily be computed without special apparatus. Encouragement is a great stimulus to exertion. The terminus of the steamboat route is an important site for manufacturing. The weight of the atmosphere causes liquids to flow in a siphon. A phantom is a fancied, not a real, vision. Abundant harvests give an extraordinary impetus to trade.

The Bible has a vivid account of the exodus from Egypt. The narcissus and gladiolus are popular flowers. Describe the difference between a phaeton and a carriage. The epitaph on the solicitor's grave was written by a genius, not an ignorant person. The radius of a circle can easily be calculated without special tools. Encouragement is a strong motivator for effort. The end point of the steamboat route is an important manufacturing site. The weight of the atmosphere causes liquids to move in a siphon. A ghost is an imagined, not a real, vision. Abundant harvests give a huge boost to trade.

26

26

perilous
covetous
timorous
frivolous
poisonous
felicitous
disastrous
boisterous
gluttonous
miraculous
mileage
acreage
mortgage
equipage
disparage
republic
allowance
adventure
exaggerate
automobile

Add —ous to fibre, nerve, pomp, resin, riot, venom, wonder, zeal.

Add —ous to fiber, nerve, pomp, resin, riot, venom, wonder, zeal.

The acreage under cultivation is exaggerated. He disparages the importance of our felicitous relations with the republic. A gluttonous person is too covetous of dainty victuals. Senators have an ample mileage allowance. To the timorous the adventure appeared perilous. His recovery after swallowing the poisonous draught was miraculous. The automobile is our latest equipage. It may be disastrous to mortgage the residence. Avoid being frivolous or boisterous. Beware the bite of a venomous reptile.

The amount of land being farmed is overstated. He downplays the significance of our good relations with the republic. A greedy person is too eager for fancy food. Senators have a generous travel allowance. To the fearful, the adventure seemed dangerous. His recovery after drinking the poisonous liquid was remarkable. The car is our newest mode of transportation. Mortgaging the house could be risky. Try not to be silly or loud. Watch out for the bite of a poisonous snake.

27

27

session
evasion
version
decision
collision
derision
omission
dimension
dissension
digression
ninths
eighths
twelfths
thirtieths
ninetieths
calculate
utterance
parliament
penniless
pronunciation

Form words in —sion from confuse, infuse, possess, depress, omit, revise. Add —ths to forty, sixty, eighty, hundred, thousand.

Form words in —sion from confuse, infuse, possess, depress, omit, revise. Add —ths to forty, sixty, eighty, hundred, thousand.

There was an omission of two-eighths from the total. The utterance of a penniless passenger gives a new version of the collision. Dissensions in parliament prolonged the session. How many ninetieths equal eleven-thirtieths? His address contained serious digressions from the main issue. Calculate the dimensions of the rectangle to the twelfth of an inch. The decision to modify pronunciation was greeted with cries of derision. There should be no evasion of duty. How much is two-thirds of one-ninth?

There was a missing two-eighths from the total. The comment from a broke passenger offers a new take on the crash. Arguments in parliament extended the session. How many ninetieths equal eleven-thirtieths? His speech included significant digressions from the main topic. Measure the dimensions of the rectangle to the twelfth of an inch. The choice to change the pronunciation was met with mocking shouts. There should be no avoidance of duty. How much is two-thirds of one-ninth?

28

28

function
quotation
exemption
redemption
completion
inflection
institution
conjunction
transaction
consumption
mosque
opaque
unique
oblique
antique
renown
campaign
chameleon
congratulate
triumphant

Write words in —tion from exert, digest, donate, incline, reject.

Write words in —tion from exert, digest, donate, incline, reject.

The conjunction has no inflection. His collection of antique vases is renowned. The chameleon is unique in some respects. What is the function of the hyphen? The worshippers in the mosque are not Christians. I congratulated the general upon the triumphant completion of his campaign. Explain the difference between vertical and oblique lines. Ground glass is somewhat opaque. A foreign institution secured exemption from taxation. Consumption is often fatal. I cited quotations from English authors. The redemption of the notes was a costly transaction.

The conjunction doesn’t change form. His collection of antique vases is well-known. The chameleon is unique in several ways. What does the hyphen do? The worshippers in the mosque aren’t Christians. I congratulated the general on successfully completing his campaign. Explain the difference between vertical and slanted lines. Ground glass is a bit opaque. A foreign organization got a tax exemption. Consumption can often be deadly. I quoted English authors. Redeeming the notes was an expensive deal.

29

29

duellist
jeweller
traveller
towelling
imperilled
chiselled
medallist
apparelled
councillor
victualler
gentian
artesian
comedian
barbarian
Presbyterian
decrepit
costume
extricate
scrutinize
exhaustible

Note: Words ending in one l double it on adding a vowel suffix.

Note: Words ending in one l double it when adding a vowel suffix.

The comedian is a noted duellist, excelling in the use of the sword. The traveller was apparelled in the native barbarian costume. The councillor advocated artesian wells to give an inexhaustible supply of excellent water. The jeweller chiselled a gentian on the medallist's watch. The licensed victuallers scrutinized the quality of the towelling. A Presbyterian clergyman imperilled his life to extricate the decrepit vagrant. He shovelled the snow away to steer the sleigh easily. People who affect too much politeness rarely effect much real good.

The comedian is a skilled duelist, great with a sword. The traveler was dressed in traditional barbarian attire. The council member pushed for artesian wells to provide a constant supply of fresh water. The jeweler carved a gentian flower on the medal-maker's watch. The bar owners checked the quality of the towels. A Presbyterian minister risked his life to rescue the old homeless person. He shoveled the snow away to make it easier to steer the sleigh. People who try too hard to be polite usually don’t accomplish much real good.

30 (Review)

30 (Review)

opaque
acreage
epitaph
twelfths
decrepit
covetous
solicitor
oblique
phaeton
equipage
omission
mortgage
frivolous
ninetieths
victualler
inflection
campaign
counsellor
apparelled
apparatus
felicitous
completion
automobile
miraculous
parliament
exhaustible
congratulate
Presbyterian

There was an omission of the phaeton, automobile, and other equipages from the mortgage. The frivolous solicitor was covetous of being made king's counsellor. The epitaph of the Presbyterian minister is very felicitous. A decrepit victualler was oddly apparelled. The acreage under cereals is a great encouragement. Parliament congratulated the army upon the completion of the campaign. Our prairies appear inexhaustible in fertility. How much is eight-twelfths of seven-ninetieths? A miraculous rescue.

There was a missing mention of the phaeton, car, and other vehicles in the mortgage. The superficial lawyer was eager to become a king's advisor. The epitaph of the Presbyterian minister is quite fitting. An old vendor was strangely dressed. The land used for crops is a big boost. Parliament congratulated the military on finishing the campaign. Our prairies seem endlessly fertile. How much is eight-twelfths of seven-ninetieths? A miraculous rescue.

31

31

labor
valor
dolor
arbor
fervor
succor
rancor
glamor
splendor
demeanor
honorary
valorous
dolorous
humorist
clamorous
cypress
corporal
sycamore
appreciate
accomplish

Note: Instead of the final or in many noun forms our is recognized as a variant. The u in the latter form is invariably dropped when the suffix ous is added.

Note: Instead of the final or in many noun forms, our is seen as an alternative. The u in this version is always omitted when the suffix ous is added.

The mien of the humorist when off the stage is dolorous. The corporal's valorous demeanor was highly commended. He was elected honorary president of the federated labor union. The villain's malice and rancor were severely censured. Her beauty and splendor cast a glamor over all. Deeds of valor are accomplished in the joyous fervor of youth. When in danger of drowning he was very clamorous for succor. In my garden is an arbor sheltered by cypress and sycamore trees. Filled with dolor at the prospect of death. I appreciate Arbor Day.

The humorist's expression offstage is sad. The corporal's brave demeanor was highly praised. He was elected honorary president of the labor union. The villain's malice and bitterness were harshly criticized. Her beauty and radiance enchanted everyone. Acts of bravery happen in the enthusiastic spirit of youth. When he was in danger of drowning, he shouted loudly for help. In my garden, there's an arbor shaded by cypress and sycamore trees. Filled with sorrow at the thought of death. I value Arbor Day.

32

32

duteous
piteous
aqueous
gaseous
bounteous
righteous
plenteous
nauseous
courteous
erroneous
typify
mystify
rectify
beautify
sanctify
illuminate
almsgiving
manuscript
compassionate
circumstantial

Add —ify to class, pure, false, glory, ample, intense, just, diverse.

Add —ify to class, pure, false, glory, ample, intense, just, diverse.

Steam is aqueous vapor. He was very courteous when requested to rectify the erroneous statement. Castor-oil typifies a nauseous draught. Bounteous almsgiving and righteous behavior beautified his life. Gaseous products from coal illuminate our houses. A plenteous peach yield. The circumstantial evidence merely mystified the jurors. Her piteous appeal fell on compassionate ears. A duteous daughter sanctifies a home. He was accused of falsifying the manuscript. A pair of moccasins. He related an anecdote of a penniless acquaintance of ours.

Steam is water vapor. He was very polite when asked to correct the wrong statement. Castor oil is a disgusting drink. Generous charity and good behavior brightened his life. Gaseous products from coal light up our homes. A large peach harvest. The circumstantial evidence simply confused the jurors. Her desperate appeal found sympathetic ears. A dutiful daughter makes a home special. He was accused of altering the manuscript. A pair of moccasins. He told a story about a broke friend of ours.

33

33

dubious
hilarious
obnoxious
laborious
penurious
notorious
delirious
ingenious
luxurious
abstemious
rarefy
liquefy
putrefy
stupefy
rascality
corduroy
telephone
vagabond
phonograph
temperature

Join —ous to injury, envy, mystery, vary, victory, study.

Join —ous to injury, envy, mystery, vary, victory, study.

When delirious his temperature was so high as to cause anxiety. He seemed dubious of victory. When he won there was hilarious rejoicing. Heat liquefies metals. Using tobacco tends to stupefy a youth. He is not luxurious, but rather penurious, in his tastes. Obnoxious weeds should be ruthlessly destroyed. Instances of long life are chiefly among the abstemious. Putrefied meat is poisonous. The vagabond was notorious for his rascality. Edison is a type of the laborious and ingenious inventor. To him we owe the phonograph. The telephone was invented by a Canadian, Dr. Bell. The air is rarefied as one ascends. Corduroy trousers.

When he was delirious, his temperature was so high that it caused concern. He seemed unsure of his victory. When he won, there was wild celebration. Heat melts metals. Smoking tends to dull a young person's senses. His tastes are not extravagant; instead, they are quite frugal. Unwanted weeds should be completely removed. Examples of long life are mostly found among those who practice moderation. Spoiled meat is toxic. The drifter was infamous for his mischief. Edison represents the hardworking and clever inventor. We owe him the phonograph. The telephone was invented by a Canadian, Dr. Bell. The air becomes thinner as you climb higher. Corduroy pants.

34

34

cavalier
fusilier
grenadier
brigadier
chevalier
gaselier
chandelier
electrolier
financier
chiffonier
geranium
aquarium
gymnasium
harmonium
nasturtium
resolute
originally
inadequate
discordant
establishment

Note: No capital is needed in such phrases as, morocco leather, plaster of paris, french polish, prussian blue, turkey red, etc.

Note: No capital letters are needed in phrases like morocco leather, plaster of Paris, French polish, Prussian blue, turkey red, etc.

Originally soldiers were described by the particular weapon used; as, grenadier, fusilier, bombardier. The chandelier is the most ancient, next the gaselier, and now the electrolier. The financier encouraged the establishment of a gymnasium. Place a bouquet of geraniums and nasturtiums on the chiffonier. The brigadier was resolute in exacting obedience. Our school aquarium is inadequate. The church harmonium is woefully discordant. Cavaliers or chevaliers were armed horsemen.

Originally, soldiers were identified by the specific weapon they used, like grenadier, fusilier, and bombardier. The chandelier is the oldest type, followed by the gaselier, and now the electrolier. The financier supported the opening of a gym. Put a bouquet of geraniums and nasturtiums on the dresser. The brigadier was determined to enforce obedience. Our school aquarium isn’t enough. The church harmonium sounds terrible. Cavaliers or chevaliers were mounted soldiers.

35

35

mutineer
domineer
gazetteer
buccaneer
scrutineer
athlete
compete
secrete
complete
concrete
secede
accede
concede
precede
stampede
cupola
asthma
militia
naphtha
orchestra

Note: Agreed, exceed, indeed, proceed, succeed.

Note: Agreed, go beyond, for sure, move forward, achieve.

The mutineers seized the ship and started as buccaneers. He proceeded to complete the cupola. The athlete conceded the advantage to his rival. He graciously acceded to my request. Some dissatisfied members seceded from the orchestra. A wooden pavement preceded the concrete one. The scrutineer succeeded in preventing our secreting the ballots. The militia domineered over the citizens. Purchase a naphtha launch. Fire caused the tethered horses to stampede. We did not compete for publishing the gazetteer. Asthma is frequently fatal.

The rebels took control of the ship and started acting like pirates. He went on to finish the dome. The athlete gave his rival the upper hand. He kindly agreed to my request. Some unhappy members left the orchestra. A wooden floor came before the concrete one. The examiner managed to stop us from hiding the ballots. The militia overpowered the citizens. Buy a gasoline boat. Fire caused the tied-up horses to run wild. We didn’t compete to publish the directory. Asthma can often be deadly.

36 (Review)

36 (Review)

accede
militia
piteous
asthma
cypress
concrete
succor
gaselier
naphtha
adequate
sanctify
splendor
ingenious
rascality
putrefy
telephone
sycamore
plenteous
aquarium
humorous
orchestra
financier
geranium
preceding
nauseous
obnoxious
demeanor
manuscript

The militia proceeded to succor the cavalry. The financier's demeanor was obnoxious to the orchestra. Sycamore trees are plenteous, but cypresses are scarce. The orchestra played humorous pieces at the aquarium. Concrete the cellar. It was piteous to witness the asthma patients. Telephone for an adequate supply of naphtha. A piece of ingenious rascality. In the preceding year the queen acceded to the request of her subjects. Putrefying vegetables are dangerous. A manuscript shows a gaselier.

The militia went to help the cavalry. The financier's behavior annoyed the orchestra. Sycamore trees are common, but cypress trees are rare. The orchestra played funny pieces at the aquarium. Seal the cellar with concrete. It was heartbreaking to see the asthma patients. Call for a sufficient supply of naphtha. A clever scheme. Last year, the queen agreed to her subjects' request. Rotting vegetables are dangerous. A manuscript shows a chandelier.

37

37

judicious
capacious
malicious
audacious
sagacious
veracity
ferocity
vivacity
scarcity
capacity
adhere
sincere
austere
cashmere
hemisphere
reticule
renegade
adherence
characterize
archipelagos

Change ferocity, vivacity, capacity, sagacity, veracity to forms in —ous. Make nouns in —ity from atrocious, capacious, sagacious.

Change ferocity, vivacity, capacity, sagacity, veracity to forms ending in —ous. Make nouns ending in —ity from atrocious, capacious, sagacious.

The sagacious collie exhibits no ferocity. The audacious renegade adhered to his malicious fiction. Though austere in features he has great vivacity in manner. A sincere, judicious adherence to right principles characterized the governor. I am conscious of the scarcity of men with eminent business capacity. Veracity signifies strict regard for truth. Genuine cashmere shawls come from Asia. There are few archipelagos in our hemisphere. A foreign guide carried a bowie knife in a capacious reticule.

The wise collie shows no aggression. The bold renegade stuck to his harmful lies. Although he has a serious appearance, he is very lively in manner. The governor was marked by a genuine, thoughtful commitment to doing what’s right. I’m aware of the lack of men with outstanding business skills. Honesty means a strict commitment to the truth. Real cashmere shawls come from Asia. There are few archipelagos in our hemisphere. A foreign guide carried a bowie knife in a large bag.

38

38

fictitious
vexatious
ambitious
infectious
expeditious
curiosity
inferiority
generosity
university
immensity
opium
asylum
gypsum
quorum
museum
committee
inordinate
overwhelm
magnificent
acknowledge

Make noun forms of words in —ious, and adj. forms of those in —ity.

Make nouns from words ending in —ious, and create adjectives from those ending in —ity.

The university possesses a magnificent museum. Infectious diseases are readily spread. Hire an expeditious conveyance. Be cautious to abstain from opium. The patients at the asylum gave fictitious names. Gypsum frequently contains the fossil remains of extinct animals. Owing to the lack of a quorum the committee transacted no business. Inordinate curiosity is often vexatious to others. Though almost overwhelmed by adversity they manifested princely generosity. The immensity of the British empire is now fully acknowledged. He is ambitious to control the woollen industry.

The university has an amazing museum. Infectious diseases spread easily. Get a fast ride. Be careful to stay away from opium. The patients at the asylum used fake names. Gypsum often has fossil remains of extinct animals. Because there wasn’t enough of a quorum, the committee didn’t do any business. Excessive curiosity can be annoying to others. Even when faced with tough times, they showed great generosity. The vastness of the British Empire is now widely recognized. He wants to dominate the wool industry.

39

39

secrecy
privacy
delicacy
clemency
obstinacy
cordial
congenial
parochial
centennial
testimonial
beacon
matron
venison
environs
oblivion
beguile
revenue
heighten
ceremony
complexion

Write sec. person sing. of pray, prayed, bless, hate, ruled; e.g., burnest.

Write the second person singular of pray, prayed, bless, hate, ruled; e.g., you burn.

The delicacy of the matron's complexion is very noticeable. The city's environs have asphalt avenues. The emperor is renowned for clemency. The centennial ceremonies rescued many quaint customs from oblivion. The rector maintained secrecy as to his parochial revenues. Congenial companions beguiled a tedious voyage. Obstinacy merely heightened the culprit's guilt. The princess is most cordial towards friends in the privacy of her home. Beacon lights are essential to the safety of sailors. I won a testimonial for good behavior. Savory venison is digestible.

The matron's delicate complexion is quite noticeable. The city has paved streets. The emperor is famous for his kindness. The centennial celebrations brought back many charming customs from being forgotten. The rector kept his local finances a secret. Friendly companions made a boring trip enjoyable. Stubbornness only increased the culprit's guilt. The princess is very welcoming to friends in the comfort of her home. Beacon lights are crucial for the safety of sailors. I received an award for good behavior. Delicious venison is easy to digest.

40

40

accurate
duplicate
intricate
elaborate
collegiate
initiate
fascinate
anticipate
expectorate
emancipate
indicative
nominative
transitive
subjunctive
comparative
obscene
crescent
sciatica
ascertain
condescend

Write verb forms like prayeth, from love, mourn, fear, see, reign.

Write verb forms like prays, from love, mourn, fear, see, reign.

I ascertained that the principal of the Collegiate Institute anticipates a big attendance. The crescent moon is the Turkish symbol. His scheme is too elaborate and intricate. I sent a receipt in duplicate. He distinguishes accurately between the indicative and the subjunctive mood. The empress condescended to occupy a comparatively mean cottage. Serpents are said to fascinate and stupefy their prey. England emancipated negro slaves about 1808. Refrain from obscene language. A skilful doctor relieved my sciatica. Avoid coughing and expectorating phlegm on the street.

I found out that the principal of the Collegiate Institute expects a large turnout. The crescent moon is a symbol of Turkey. His plan is too complicated and detailed. I sent a receipt in two copies. He accurately distinguishes between the indicative and subjunctive moods. The empress graciously agreed to stay in a relatively modest cottage. It's said that snakes can mesmerize and paralyze their prey. England freed enslaved Black people around 1808. Please avoid using offensive language. A skilled doctor helped relieve my sciatica. Please don't cough or spit phlegm on the street.


Review of the Tough Words.

abscess
absorption
abstemious
acceptable
acknowledge
acquaintance
acquittal
adherence
adjacent
admissible
adversary
affidavit
agriculture
amazement
ambitious
analyse
anecdote
aniline
annoyance
anticipate
apologize
apothecary
apparel
appliance
appreciate
aquarium
archipelago
aristocratic
arrogance
artesian
artifice
artillery
ascertain
asphalt
asthma
asylum
athlete
audacious
austere
authorize
automobile
auxiliary
baptize
barbarian
battalion
beneficial
benevolent
bereavement
beverage
bivouac
boisterous
bouquet
bounteous
brigadier
buccaneer
campaign
cannibal
capacity
cashmere
cataract
catarrh
cauliflower
cavalier
cemetery
centennial
cereals
ceremony
chandelier
changeable
characterize
chorister
citadel
civilian
clamorous
clemency
collegiate
colliery
comedian
commercial
committee
commiserate
comparative
compassionate
competition
complete
complement
complexion
compliments
compulsory
concede
conceit
concrete
confectionery
congenial
congratulate
conscience
consonant
conspiracy
consumption
conveyance
cordial
corduroy
cornice
coroner
corridor
costume
councillor
counsellor
counterfeit
courteous
covetous
crescent
criticise
curriculum
cursory
cypress
damageable
deception
decision
decrepit
deference
delicacy
delirious
demeanor
descendants
despicable
dexterous
diameter
dilatory
diligence
disparage
dissension
divisible
docility
doctrine
dromedary
duplicate
duteous
dynamite
economical
electrician
eligible
eloquence
emancipate
embarrass
emphasize
enfranchise
encouragement
epitaph
equipage
erroneous
especially
estuary
exaggerate
excellence
exclamatory
executor
exemption
exhaustible
expedition
extinct
extraordinary
facility
familiarize
fascinate
fanatical
feasible
felicity
ferocious
fiction
financier
frivolous
function
gaselier
gentian
gluttonous
gorgeous
government
Grecian
gymnasium
hazardous
heinous
hemisphere
humorist
identical
idolatrous
imbecile
immigrant
impassable
impediment
imperilling
implement
impostor
inadequate
incessant
incisor
indolence
infectious
integer
interrogative
intoxicant
intricate
inveigle
judicious
license
lieutenant
liquefy
luxuriant
machinist
magician
magnificent
malicious
manuscript
marriageable
merciless
merriment
mimicking
miraculous
moccasin
mortgage
museum
naphtha
nasturtium
nauseous
negotiate
ninetieths
nominative
nutriment
obituary
obligatory
obnoxious
obscene
offensive
officious
omission
optician
opponent
orchestra
original
overwhelm
palatable
paralyse
parliament
parochial
peaceable
penurious
periodical
permanent
phaeton
phonograph
phosphorus
physical
physiology
picnicker
piteous
plaintiff
plausible
plenteous
pleurisy
politician
preceding
predicate
Presbyterian
pretence
privacy
programme
projectile
promissory
pronunciation
provincial
putrefy
raiment
rancor
rascality
receipt
recurrence
recommend
redemption
renewal
renowned
reprieve
rescuing
resolute
reticent
reticule
revenue
righteous
roguery
sagacious
saleable
sanction
sanctuary
sanguine
savory
scarcity
sciatica
scrutinize
seceded
secrecy
secrete
secretary
serviceable
shrubbery
signature
sincerely
sobriety
solicitor
solstice
spectator
splendor
stampede
stationary
stationer
stimulus
suffice
supersede
supervise
surfeit
sycamore
sympathize
tantalize
telephone
temperament
temptation
testimonial
timorous
tragical
transaction
treachery
triumphant
typify
utilize
utterance
variance
vehement
venison
veracity
vexatious
vicinity
victualler
vivacity
wearisome
woollen
worshipper

Small Hard Words.

accede
acreage
adage
adhere
adze
agile
alien
allies
antique
apprise
aquatic
arbor
axis
basque
beau
beguile
belle
blonde
bureau
cede
chord
cite
civility
crisis
deceit
deity
diction
diet
dozing
draught
ductile
duet
duly
eighths
ensue
ermine
evasion
eyelet
facial
fakir
fervor
feud
fiend
fossil
forte
fusilier
gaiety
gibbet
glacial
gnash
graphic
gratis
guild
guise
gypsum
harass
haunch
heighten
hoax
incite
indict
indite
issue
joist
knack
lair
legible
lieu
lilies
loathe
lore
lucre
mauve
meagre
merely
mien
mileage
militia
missile
mites
mosque
novice
oasis
oblique
odious
opaque
option
oriole
pitiable
plague
posse
prairie
precede
profile
prolific
pshaw
queue
quorum
rarefy
rateable
realize
recent
rectify
rector
relief
revenue
roguish
rouge
rout
route
sabre
sacque
sceptre
scrawl
sequel
session
shield
siege
sieve
siphon
site
sleight
sparsely
spectre
stealth
stupefy
succor
surety
symbol
toque
trellis
troupe
truly
twelfth
typical
unique
vagrant
valor
version
villain
vision
wether
wholly
woeful
wrought

STANDARD V. Junior.
8th grade.

Note.—In this grade exercises in derivation should be given for seat-work.

Note.—In this grade, students should do exercises in derivation as seat work.


1

1

nuisance
grievance
compliance
accordance
significance
allegiance
resistance
pursuance
inheritance
perseverance
artificer
poulterer
interpreter
fishmonger
parishioner
maritime
pedestrian
relinquish
attachment
indefatigable

By indefatigable perseverance the rector won the loyal attachment of his parishioners. A skilful artificer executed this emblem. The fishmonger's stall adjoins the poulterer's. The interpreter converses fluently in several languages. In 1812, the Canadians offered valiant resistance to the Americans. On a pedestrian tour baggage is a nuisance. The Boers recounted their alleged grievances. In accordance with the judge's decision, the sheriff secured inheritance of the estate. Their allegiance to the sovereign is of great significance. In pursuance of treaty agreements they relinquished all maritime possessions. Ready compliance with requests.

Through tireless determination, the rector gained the loyal support of his parishioners. A skilled craftsman created this symbol. The fishmonger’s stall is next to the poulterer’s. The interpreter speaks several languages fluently. In 1812, the Canadians bravely resisted the Americans. When walking long distances, luggage can be a hassle. The Boers shared their supposed grievances. Following the judge's ruling, the sheriff obtained the inheritance of the estate. Their loyalty to the sovereign is very important. According to treaty agreements, they gave up all maritime possessions. They readily complied with requests.

2

2

incessant
defendant
irrelevant
exorbitant
extravagant
malignant
supplicant
conversant
complainant
predominant
auditor
ancestor
aggressor
chancellor
benefactor
affability
boatswain
handiwork
confederate
cousin-german

The complainant and the defendant are cousins-german. He asks exorbitant prices for his handiwork. His predominant characteristic is affability. The auditor says the outlay for police is extravagant. Our ancestors scarcely comprehended Canada's wonderful wealth. Cancer is a malignant disease. The haughty aggressor gave his confederate a significant look. The boatswain's testimony was deemed irrelevant by the chancellor. The incessant entreaties of a wretched supplicant were answered by a generous benefactor. I am conversant with all the circumstances.

The complainant and the defendant are second cousins. He charges outrageous prices for his work. His main trait is being friendly. The auditor claims the spending on police is excessive. Our ancestors barely understood Canada’s amazing wealth. Cancer is a serious disease. The arrogant attacker gave his partner a meaningful glance. The boatswain's testimony was considered irrelevant by the chancellor. The constant pleas of a miserable supplicant were met by a kind benefactor. I am familiar with all the details.

3

3

lamentable
formidable
remediable
accountable
commendable
irrevocable
disreputable
inconceivable
indispensable
irreconcilable
adjutant
buoyant
pageant
confidant
ascendant
tariff
sumac
suavity
premier
combating

Samson's one lamentable failing wrought his irrevocable ruin. A buoyant spirit sustained the adjutant when combating formidable foes. The historic character of the Quebec pageant is accountable for its success. The disaster to the relief corps is irremediable. The premier's uniform suavity is most commendable. His disreputable behavior changed stanch friends into irreconcilable enemies. The distance to the fixed stars is inconceivable. Make few confidants. The high-tariff party was in the ascendant. Bring only indispensable necessaries. Sumac leaves are used in tanning. The Protestant divine wore a surplice.

Samson's one regrettable flaw led to his ultimate downfall. A cheerful attitude helped the adjutant when facing tough enemies. The historic nature of the Quebec event is what made it successful. The failure of the relief corps is beyond fixing. The premier's smooth demeanor is highly commendable. His dishonorable actions turned loyal friends into unmovable foes. The distance to the fixed stars is unimaginable. Trust only a few close friends. The high-tariff party was gaining power. Bring only what's absolutely necessary. Sumac leaves are used in tanning. The Protestant minister wore a robe.

4

4

delinquent
malevolent
antecedent
fraudulent
belligerent
recipient
proficient
armament
munificent
omnipotent
accessible
invincible
susceptible
exhaustible
corruptible
paraffin
kerosene
marauder
firmament
resources

Their armament, vaunted as invincible, was readily conquered. The starry firmament proclaims the omnipotent Creator. The belligerent tribes offered a stout resistance to the marauders. Be not susceptible to flattery. He inherits his ancestors' malevolent disposition. Paraffin candles were antecedent to kerosene oil. The delinquent debtor had made fraudulent statements of his resources. The fortunate recipient of the prize is a proficient musician. He was a munificent benefactor to the hospital. He evinced inexhaustible energy. Were the city's officials wholly incorruptible? The ibex browses at almost inaccessible heights.

Their weapons, claimed to be unbeatable, were easily defeated. The starry sky proclaims the all-powerful Creator. The warring tribes put up strong resistance against the attackers. Don’t fall for flattery. He has inherited his ancestors' wicked nature. Paraffin candles came before kerosene oil. The delinquent debtor had made false claims about his assets. The lucky winner of the prize is a skilled musician. He was a generous supporter of the hospital. He showed endless energy. Were the city officials completely uncorrupted? The ibex grazes at nearly unreachable heights.

5

5

deference
existence
penitence
negligence
conscience
precedence
abstinence
occurrence
abhorrence
interference
ostensible
intelligible
discernible
irresistible
imperceptible
eclipse
telescope
seniority
gratifying
enunciation

"Conscience doth make cowards of us all." During the earthquake we trembled for our very existence. Prolonged abstinence from a meat diet impaired his strength. Such gross negligence is indefensible. The tornado was irresistible. His penitence was more ostensible than genuine. Clear enunciation aids in making reading intelligible. In deference to his seniority he was accorded precedence. I feel abhorrence for interference in politics by women. The eclipse was discernible through a telescope. A slight, even imperceptible difference. A gratifying occurrence.

"Conscience makes cowards of us all." During the earthquake, we were terrified for our lives. A long absence from eating meat weakened his strength. Such careless behavior is unjustifiable. The tornado was unstoppable. His remorse was more showy than heartfelt. Clear pronunciation helps make reading understandable. Out of respect for his seniority, he was given priority. I feel disgust towards women interfering in politics. The eclipse was visible through a telescope. A slight, even barely noticeable difference. A satisfying event.

6 (Review)

6 (Review)

pageant
ancestor
artificer
nuisance
existence
maritime
recipient
benefactor
gratifying
susceptible
occurrence
fraudulent
enunciation
parishioner
bulletin
caravan
upheaval
fulfilment
sacrament
matrimony
enthusiasm
corpse
episode
vacation
banisters
shanghai
appendix
rhinoceros

The parishioners made their generous benefactor the recipient of a salver. Our ancestors' fanciful costumes were seen in the pageant. A recent edition of the book has the addition of an appendix. The episode of their rescue was a gratifying occurrence. A fierce grizzly bear mauled his prey. Though in attendance, the hospital assistants and attendants were of little assistance to the surgeon. The artificer was susceptible to cajolery. He acknowledged the existence of fraudulent receipts. In vacation I go to the maritime provinces. The mangled corpses were a grisly sight.

The parishioners gifted their generous supporter a tray. Our ancestors' colorful outfits were visible in the parade. A recent edition of the book includes an appendix. Their rescue was a satisfying event. A fierce grizzly bear attacked its prey. Although present, the hospital staff and helpers weren't much help to the surgeon. The craftsman was easily swayed by flattery. He admitted to the presence of fake receipts. During vacation, I go to the coastal provinces. The mangled bodies were a gruesome sight.

7

7

raillery
dysentery
effrontery
buffoonery
debauchery
interstice
dentifrice
armistice
apprentice
accomplice
judgment
argument
lodgment
abridgment
acknowledgment
lichen
lenient
gratuitous
miscreant
cantaloupe

The apprentice is addicted to debauchery. The dentifrice was a gratuitous gift. A respite from buffoonery. The Commander-in-Chief signed an armistice after an argument. Lichens found lodgment and grew in the interstices of the cliff. Well-bred people rarely descend to raillery. The judgment of the court inflicted a severe penalty upon the counterfeiter's accomplices. Dysentery resulted from eating unripe cantaloupe. He censured the miscreant's shameless effrontery. An acknowledgment of his offence resulted in a lenient sentence. An abridgment is the whole in little.

The apprentice is hooked on partying. The toothpaste was a free gift. A break from silliness. The Commander-in-Chief agreed to a ceasefire after a disagreement. Lichens settled and grew in the cracks of the cliff. Well-mannered people rarely stoop to mockery. The court's ruling imposed a heavy penalty on the counterfeiter's accomplices. Dysentery came from eating unripe cantaloupe. He criticized the criminal's blatant boldness. Admitting his wrongdoing led to a lighter sentence. A summary is the whole in brief.

8

8

culinary
hereditary
mercenary
alimentary
incendiary
exemplary
sanguinary
preliminary
penitentiary
anniversary
synopsis
paralysis
emphasis
verdigris
parenthesis
utensil
inspector
aluminum
subordinate
deportment

Correct emphasis gives pleasing variety to speech. The incendiary was sentenced to the penitentiary. Culinary utensils made of aluminum are preferred in hotel kitchens. Our national anniversary is celebrated on July 1st. He is distinguished for exemplary deportment. There was a sanguinary encounter preliminary to the main battle. Formerly many sovereigns employed mercenary troops. Verdigris is poisonous. A tendency to certain diseases appears to be hereditary. Enclose the subordinate clause in parentheses. Paralysis of the alimentary canal interferes with digestion. The inspector requested a synopsis of Queen Victoria's reign.

Correct emphasis adds enjoyable variety to speech. The arsonist was sentenced to prison. Aluminum cooking tools are preferred in hotel kitchens. Our national holiday is celebrated on July 1st. He is recognized for his exemplary behavior. There was a bloody encounter before the main battle. In the past, many rulers hired mercenary troops. Verdigris is toxic. A tendency for certain diseases seems to be hereditary. Enclose the subordinate clause in parentheses. Paralysis of the digestive system interferes with digestion. The inspector asked for a summary of Queen Victoria's reign.

9

9

offertory
derogatory
peremptory
promontory
conciliatory
ejaculatory
valedictory
observatory
explanatory
inflammatory
crucial
financial
sacrificial
prejudicial
controversial
analyst
soprano
eliminate
teetotaler
chloroform

The valedictory address was enlivened by ejaculatory remarks from the audience. During the offertory the soprano rendered a fine solo. I made a peremptory demand for salary due. The appeal was inflammatory, not conciliatory. This treatise is explanatory of the elaborate sacrificial rites of the Jews. All controversial points were eliminated from the report. He is accused of uttering statements derogatory to the teetotaler's sincerity, and prejudicial to the state. An analyst made a crucial test of the purity of chloroform. Scrutinize the financial report.

The farewell speech was energized by enthusiastic comments from the audience. During the offering, the soprano performed a beautiful solo. I made a firm demand for my overdue salary. The appeal was heated, not soothing. This document explains the complex sacrificial rituals of the Jews. All controversial issues were removed from the report. He is accused of making statements that undermine the sincerity of those who abstain from alcohol and that are harmful to the state. An analyst conducted a critical test of chloroform's purity. Check the financial report carefully.

10

10

alienate
emaciate
negotiate
facilitate
assimilate
accelerate
syndicate
confiscate
gesticulate
corroborate
celestial
influential
equinoctial
reverential
confidential
despatch
detective
asbestos
mastication
benediction

Excise officials confiscated an illicit whisky still. The politician alienated influential adherents. With reverential mien the vicar invoked a celestial benediction. Many foreigners gesticulate freely in talking. The detective's confidential report corroborated my statement. Several capitalists were incorporated as a syndicate. They negotiated for an asbestos mine. Accuracy and despatch facilitate business. Equinoctial gales accelerated the yacht speed. Thorough mastication aids the assimilation of food. His emaciated appearance excites compassion. The frigate's crew mutinied. He is repairing the dilapidated edifices. There was much cordiality in his greeting. A suit of linen pyjamas.

Excise officials seized an illegal whisky still. The politician alienated powerful supporters. With a respectful demeanor, the vicar invoked a heavenly blessing. Many foreigners gesture freely while speaking. The detective's confidential report backed up my statement. Several investors formed a syndicate. They negotiated for an asbestos mine. Accuracy and efficiency support business. Equinoctial storms increased the yacht's speed. Proper chewing helps food digestion. His thin appearance evokes sympathy. The frigate's crew rebelled. He is fixing the rundown buildings. There was a lot of warmth in his greeting. A set of linen pajamas.

11

11

linear
jocular
jugular
globular
muscular
requite
expedite
parasite
anchorite
anthracite
integrity
depravity
perplexity
tranquillity
susceptibility
sawyer
bequeath
mistletoe
mercantile
intersperse

The mistletoe is a parasite on the oak. His jugular vein was nearly severed in two. Anthracite is accorded preference over bituminous coal. A lone anchorite aims to live in tranquillity. I am in perplexity as to linear and cubic measures. He requited my hospitality by bequeathing a generous legacy. Such degradation and depravity are attributed to savage barbarity. Extreme susceptibility to weather conditions materially weakens the patient's vitality. Punctuality expedites mercantile affairs. Secular interests differ from spiritual. Many recent balloons are not globular in shape. A muscular-looking sawyer interspersed jocular remarks.

The mistletoe is a parasite on the oak. His jugular vein was almost completely cut. Anthracite is preferred over bituminous coal. A solitary hermit aims to live in peace. I'm confused about linear and cubic measurements. He repaid my hospitality by leaving a generous inheritance. Such degradation and depravity are blamed on savage brutality. Extreme sensitivity to weather conditions significantly weakens the patient's health. Being on time speeds up business matters. Secular interests are different from spiritual ones. Many recent balloons aren't round in shape. A muscular-looking lumberjack made funny comments.

12 (Review)

12 (Review)

raillery
bequeath
dysentery
facilitate
emphasis
dentifrice
miscreant
paralysis
teetotaler
apprentice
gesticulate
benediction
explanatory
conciliatory
bailiff
attitude
steadfast
stratagem
detriment
calcimine
diametrically
tarlatan
trillium
pictorial
cretonne
vanquish
loathsome
masquerade

The teetotaler's emphasis and gestures evoked the apprentice's raillery. Detectives were despatched to seize the miscreant's accomplices. Amity and enmity are diametrically opposed. The navvy interspersed jocose remarks about the use of a dentifrice. Nothing can exceed my desire to accede to your request for mistletoe. My sire bequeathed me his benediction. His conciliatory attitude towards the anthracite miners facilitated negotiations. A difference of a few instants menaced the success of our stratagem. I related an instance of the bailiff's deference.

The teetotaler's focus and gestures triggered the apprentice's teasing. Detectives were sent out to capture the miscreant's partners. Friendship and hostility are completely opposite. The laborer sprinkled in funny comments about using toothpaste. Nothing can match my eagerness to agree to your request for mistletoe. My father passed down his blessing to me. His friendly approach towards the coal miners made negotiations easier. A difference of just a few moments threatened the success of our plan. I shared an example of the bailiff’s respect.

13

13

fallacy
efficacy
celibacy
advocacy
obstinacy
intricacy
democracy
supremacy
episcopacy
aristocracy
futile
facile
textile
ductile
versatile
cheviot
loyalist
platinum
persuasive
Shakespeare

The fallacy of the critic's argument was evident. The principles of democracy rarely find advocacy among members of the aristocracy. Within his realms the king holds supremacy. The ductile nature of platinum permits nice intricacy of design. None ever surpassed Aristotle in versatile genius. Cheviot cloth is a textile fabric. Celibacy of the clergy is a trait distinctive of the Catholic Church. The majority of the loyalists embraced Episcopacy. He vouched for the efficacy of the liniment. Shakespeare's facile pen has delighted many generations. The tyrant's obstinacy rendered futile our most persuasive appeals.

The flaws in the critic's argument were clear. The principles of democracy rarely get support from the aristocracy. In his domains, the king has ultimate authority. The flexible nature of platinum allows for intricate designs. No one has ever matched Aristotle in his versatility. Cheviot cloth is a type of fabric. Celibacy among the clergy is a distinctive feature of the Catholic Church. Most loyalists supported Episcopacy. He confirmed the effectiveness of the ointment. Shakespeare's easy writing style has delighted countless generations. The tyrant's stubbornness made our most convincing pleas pointless.

14

14

heresy
ecstasy
apostasy
courtesy
hypocrisy
curtsy
epilepsy
amateur
grandeur
chauffeur
tragical
sceptical
fanatical
majestical
ecclesiastical
succumb
transient
obeisance
palmistry
bumptious

A stranger's courtesy often exceeds a friend's. Revere sincerity, shun hypocrisy. Even transient visitors were unwearied in lauding the grandeur of the scene. Judas's apostasy consigned him to the reprobate class. "Waked to ecstasy the living lyre." The tutor succumbed to epilepsy. She made a graceful curtsy or obeisance to the duchess. I dissuaded him from employing a bumptious amateur in lieu of an experienced chauffeur. The procession swept majestically along. His bigoted, fanatical views were resolutely suppressed. Subsequently he was sceptical of the claims of palmistry. The curate was tried for heresy before an ecclesiastical tribunal. The ruffian met a tragical fate.

A stranger's kindness often surpasses that of a friend. Value honesty, avoid deceit. Even temporary guests were tirelessly praising the beauty of the scene. Judas's betrayal condemned him to the outcast group. "Awakened the living lyre to ecstasy." The tutor had a seizure. She gave a graceful curtsy to the duchess. I discouraged him from hiring an arrogant amateur instead of a seasoned driver. The parade moved nobly along. His narrow-minded, extremist views were firmly kept in check. Later, he became doubtful of the claims of fortune-telling. The curate was tried for heresy by a church court. The thug met a tragic end.

15

15

decency
currency
tendency
efficiency
emergency
vagrancy
brilliancy
occupancy
discrepancy
repugnancy
radical
identical
technical
tyrannical
alphabetical
redoubt
schedule
catalogue
veterinary
vaccination

"Want of decency is want of sense." Evidently there is some radical defect when young men descend to vagrancy. None doubted the efficiency of the veterinary surgeon. The auditor found no discrepancy in the schedules. The Kaiser's occupancy of the castle was brief. The impostor has a tendency to use spurious currency. In case of emergency the militia will defend the redoubt. The brilliancy of the meteor was obscured by vapor. The catalogue of the technical school gives an alphabetical list of apparatus. That is the identical excuse you proffered previously. Our evil inclinations are our most tyrannical foes. I feel no repugnancy towards vaccination.

"Being indecent shows a lack of common sense." Clearly, there's something seriously wrong when young men end up homeless. No one doubted the skills of the vet. The auditor found no mistakes in the reports. The Kaiser's time in the castle was short. The fraud tends to use fake money. In case of an emergency, the militia will protect the fort. The brightness of the meteor was hidden by fog. The technical school's catalog provides an alphabetical list of equipment. That is the exact excuse you offered before. Our bad instincts are our most oppressive enemies. I have no objections to vaccination.

16

16

velocity
sagacity
audacity
duplicity
simplicity
elasticity
loquacity
complicity
reciprocity
eccentricity
lineage
heritage
assuage
scrimmage
hemorrhage
woeful
stevedore
surcingle
subpœna
malefactor

In children simplicity is usually preferred to loquacity. All men appreciate the heritage of a noble lineage. I endeavored to assuage his grief for his niece's death, due to a hemorrhage. Accused of complicity in the plot, the malefactor was served with a subpœna. The elasticity of rubber is familiar to all. The stevedore displayed great audacity in the scrimmage. The initial velocity of a cannon ball is tremendous. The artist's eccentricity of manner is woeful. He accused me of duplicity in advocating a policy of reciprocity with the United States. He is noted for the sagacity of his judgments. Get a snaffle and surcingle for the pony.

In children, simplicity is usually preferred over talking too much. Everyone values the legacy of a noble family. I tried to ease his sorrow over his niece's death from a hemorrhage. Accused of being part of the scheme, the wrongdoer was served with a subpoena. Everyone knows about the flexibility of rubber. The dockworker showed a lot of courage during the fight. The initial speed of a cannonball is incredible. The artist's eccentric behavior is unfortunate. He accused me of being two-faced for supporting a policy of trade with the United States. He is known for his wise judgments. Get a snaffle and girth for the pony.

17

17

diversity
verbosity
animosity
immensity
perversity
intensity
pomposity
propensity
monstrosity
impetuosity
hypocrite
plebiscite
exquisite
requisite
perquisite
reconcile
conciseness
disinfectant
amphitheatre
sanctimonious

A sanctimonious hypocrite evinced great propensity to deceit. Part beast, part bird, the creature was a monstrosity. The pomposity of the speaker aroused the animosity of his audience. The immensity of the amphitheatre was revealed by the intensity of the light. Conciseness of style is preferable to verbosity. A diversity of opinion exists as to the utility of disinfectants. A suite of exquisitely fitted rooms is a perquisite of the viceroy's. Explain the requisite qualifications for a voter in the plebiscite on local option. A stubborn perversity of will may accompany impetuosity of action.

A self-righteous hypocrite showed a strong tendency to lie. Part beast, part bird, the creature was a monstrosity. The speaker's arrogance stirred up anger in his audience. The vastness of the amphitheater was highlighted by the brightness of the light. Being concise is better than being wordy. There are differing opinions on the usefulness of disinfectants. A set of beautifully designed rooms is a privilege of the viceroy. Explain the necessary qualifications for a voter in the local option referendum. A stubborn stubbornness can go hand in hand with impulsive actions.

18 (Review)

18 (Review)

ecstasy
assuage
amateur
exquisite
identical
schedule
obeisance
subpœna
hypocrite
efficiency
transient
veterinary
hemorrhage
eccentricity
pretext
optical
warily
mirage
illusion
cymbals
humane
chemise
embezzle
primitive
semaphore
crucifixion
inseparable
sauer-kraut

Has he the remedies requisite to assuage the stevedore's hemorrhage? A subpœna cut short the amateur's ecstasy. These concise schedules are not identical. A mirage is a transient optical illusion. No allusion was made to the veterinary's apostasy, but his eccentricity is plain. The mace is a symbol of authority. His offer to play the cymbals was merely a pretext for soliciting alms. An eminent physician was most humane in prescribing for the wretch, who was in imminent danger. Sea-sickness induced violent retching. The secretary has a record of the ayes and noes.

Does he have the necessary remedies to stop the dockworker's bleeding? A subpoena ended the amateur's joy. These brief schedules aren’t the same. A mirage is a temporary optical illusion. There was no mention of the vet's betrayal, but his odd behavior is obvious. The mace represents authority. His suggestion to play the cymbals was just an excuse to ask for money. A renowned doctor was very compassionate in treating the unfortunate person, who was in serious danger. Motion sickness caused severe vomiting. The secretary keeps track of the votes for and against.

19

19

igneous
ligneous
beauteous
cutaneous
miscellaneous
gorgeous
courageous
outrageous
advantageous
simultaneous
galleon
dudgeon
bludgeon
puncheon
chameleon
assassin
suzerain
eruption
accordion
ingredient

Granite is an igneous rock. Sailing in the gorgeous sunset, the galleon was a beauteous sight. The editor found the use of miscellaneous items very advantageous. The suzerain was in high dudgeon at the outrageous conduct of subordinates. Cutaneous eruptions are cured by balms. The two courageous firemen emerged from the ruins almost simultaneously. The assassin used a heavy bludgeon. The chameleon was drowned in a puncheon. The metal box has a ligneous appearance. In accordions the tones are generated by means of metallic reeds. What are the ingredients in the mixture?

Granite is an igneous rock. Sailing in the beautiful sunset, the galleon was a stunning sight. The editor found using various items very helpful. The lord was furious at the outrageous behavior of his subordinates. Skin rashes are treated with ointments. The two brave firefighters came out of the ruins almost at the same time. The killer used a heavy club. The chameleon was drowned in a barrel. The metal box looks like it's made of wood. In accordions, the sounds are created using metal reeds. What are the ingredients in the mixture?

20

20

vexatious
rebellious
fastidious
contagious
mysterious
ingenious
illustrious
salubrious
amphibious
ignominious
plebeian
meridian
tragedian
equestrian
grammarian
jonquil
hygiene
anatomy
cyclamen
hysterics

People so fastidious about appearances are most vexatious. An ingenious physician proved the disease to be contagious. The illustrious tragedian died at the meridian of his glory. Many amphibious animals live in salubrious climates. The grammarian preserved a mysterious silence. The oppressive laws enacted by the nobles made the plebeians rebellious. The equestrian performance in the circus was an ignominious failure. The cyclamen and jonquil bloom profusely. Hygiene was substituted for anatomy. A frenzy of grief induced hysterics. Nicotine from tobacco is highly poisonous.

People who are overly concerned with appearances are really annoying. A clever doctor proved that the disease was contagious. The famous actor died at the peak of his fame. Many amphibious animals live in healthy environments. The grammarian kept a mysterious silence. The harsh laws passed by the nobles made the common people rebellious. The horse performance in the circus was a humiliating failure. The cyclamen and jonquil bloom abundantly. Hygiene replaced anatomy. A wave of grief caused hysteria. Nicotine from tobacco is extremely toxic.

21

21

spirituous
impetuous
sumptuous
ambiguous
contiguous
superfluous
conspicuous
tempestuous
promiscuous
contemptuous
pavilion
cotillion
vermilion
postillion
contagion
crochet
croquet
furlough
insomnia
barricade

A free use of spirituous liquors was once believed to prevent contagion. Contemptuous treatment often gives rise to tempestuous scenes. Contiguous to the infirmary is a barricade. A promiscuous crowd danced a cotillion. Conspicuous among these by his vermilion necktie, was the postillion. Later, a sumptuous banquet was served in the pavilion with scrupulous care. The use of superfluous phrases renders his meaning ambiguous. Is he apt to be crotchety when playing croquet? The ensign's furlough was curtailed. Laudanum should not be used for insomnia.

A free use of alcoholic drinks was once thought to stop the spread of illness. Disrespectful treatment often leads to chaotic situations. Next to the infirmary is a barricade. A mixed crowd danced a cotillion. Standing out among them with his bright red necktie was the postillion. Later, a lavish banquet was served in the pavilion with great attention to detail. The use of unnecessary phrases makes his meaning unclear. Is he likely to be irritable when playing croquet? The ensign's leave was shortened. Laudanum shouldn't be used for insomnia.

22

22

mucous
ludicrous
dexterous
garrulous
tremulous
scurrilous
unanimous
marvellous
anonymous
omnivorous
routine
aquiline
crinoline
guillotine
tambourine
courier
missive
attorney
intercede
restaurant

Fishwives are noted for scurrilous language. Viewed merely as a literary work, the Bible is a marvellous volume. The attorney was tremulous when interceding with the jury. The restaurant waiter is garrulous. A courier received an anonymous missive. Mucous expectorations contribute to spread disease. The guillotine is so named from its introducer. A swarthy gypsy maiden played a tambourine dexterously. Stylish ladies may resume the wearing of crinoline. The bugler has an aquiline nose and a ludicrous squint. I found solace in the routine of daily duties. Swine are omnivorous feeders. The vote for the aqueduct was unanimous.

Fishwives are known for their foul language. When viewed purely as a piece of literature, the Bible is an amazing book. The lawyer was shaky while speaking to the jury. The restaurant waiter talks a lot. A courier got an anonymous letter. Mucous coughs help spread disease. The guillotine is named after the person who introduced it. A dark-skinned gypsy girl played the tambourine skillfully. Trendy women can start wearing crinolines again. The bugler has a prominent nose and a funny squint. I found comfort in the routine of daily tasks. Pigs eat anything. The vote to build the aqueduct was unanimous.

23

23

melee
decree
refugee
matinee
employee
pedigree
fricassee
guarantee
mortgagee
chimpanzee
baptism
witticism
fanaticism
hypnotism
rheumatism
fraught
symptom
foreclosure
marchioness
pianoforte

He guarantees seats for the matinee at the theatre. The chimpanzee's appearance is uncouth. A forlorn refugee evinces symptoms of chronic rheumatism. Judgment and witticism are often at strife. Cæsar issued a decree to his subjects to be enrolled. The chicken fricassee was insipid. Several instances of lunacy have developed from fanaticism. Four weeks' notice of foreclosure was issued by the mortgagee. I enquire into no man's pedigree. Hypnotism is fraught with danger. The marchioness is bountiful towards her employees.

He guarantees seats for the afternoon show at the theater. The chimpanzee looks rough. A sad refugee shows signs of chronic arthritis. Judgment and wit often clash. Cæsar issued a decree for his subjects to be registered. The chicken fricassee was bland. Several cases of craziness have resulted from fanaticism. A four-week notice of foreclosure was issued by the lender. I inquire into no one's background. Hypnotism is full of risks. The marchioness is generous towards her employees.

24 (Review)

24 (Review)

hygiene
plebeian
furlough
symptom
guillotine
beauteous
guarantee
assassin
witticism
tragedian
dexterous
marvellous
rheumatism
equestrienne
auricle
palisade
Jehovah
opossum
abstinence
vindictive
hallelujah
philopena
variegated
diaphragm
somersault
œsophagus
appropriate
sarsaparilla

The attorney interceded to save the tragedian's assassin from the guillotine. The observance of hygiene alleviated all symptoms of hysterics or rheumatism. The prophets of old were persecuted. A sergeant prosecuted his search for recruits for his regiment. The athlete observes a strict abstinence as to fricassees and spirituous liquors. The beauteous and dexterous equestrienne is marvellously fastidious. I have studied about the auricles of the heart, the œsophagus, and the diaphragm. "The oracles are dumb." Though of plebeian origin his witticisms guaranteed him a place at court.

The lawyer stepped in to save the tragic actor's killer from the guillotine. Following hygiene practices relieved all symptoms of hysteria or rheumatism. The prophets of the past faced persecution. A sergeant continued his search for recruits for his regiment. The athlete strictly avoids dishes like fricassee and alcoholic beverages. The beautiful and skilled horseback rider is incredibly picky. I've learned about the heart's auricles, the esophagus, and the diaphragm. "The oracles are silent." Despite coming from a common background, his jokes earned him a spot at court.

25

25

friction
abolition
cessation
discretion
laceration
repetition
extinction
exhaustion
conciliation
exaggeration
typhus
fungus
octopus
humerus
hippopotamus
bunion
species
ultimate
epidermis
chilblain

Oiling a machine lessens friction. Moulds are a species of fungus growth. "Discretion is the better part of valor." Repetition induces a habit. Exaggeration is frequently due to a too lively imagination. I dislocated my humerus; there was also a laceration of the epidermis. The abolition of slavery led to the American Civil War. The ultimate extinction of the hippopotamus is probable. Typhus fever is accompanied by great exhaustion. The Board of Conciliation effected a cessation of hostilities. The octopus has attained notoriety from tales of its ferocity. Bunions and chilblains are annoying.

Oiling a machine reduces friction. Molds are a type of fungus growth. "Discretion is the better part of valor." Repetition creates a habit. Exaggeration often comes from an overly active imagination. I dislocated my arm bone; there was also a cut on the skin. The end of slavery led to the American Civil War. The eventual extinction of the hippopotamus is likely. Typhus fever causes severe exhaustion. The Board of Conciliation brought about an end to hostilities. The octopus has become famous for its ferocity. Bunions and chilblains are bothersome.

26

26

calibre
accoutre
mediocre
fracture
stricture
massacre
saltpetre
sepulchre
manœuvre
reconnoitre
inscription
specification
stupefaction
annunciation
conflagration
curfew
suture
ligament
decipher
carbine

Saltpetre is used in curing bacon. Scouts were detailed to reconnoitre. Is the inscription on the pendant decipherable? Every manœuvre of the battalion was exact. There were frequent massacres of the pioneers by the Indians. A stricture of the intestines made an operation necessary. Christ's sepulchre was rock-hewn. The militia are accoutred with carbines of small calibre. The sexton gave a minute description of the conflagration. Orchids grew in the fissures of the cliff. The niche is occupied by a handsome statue. He sells dentists' forceps. Stupefaction was due to his inhaling gas. The apostles made annunciation of the gospel. "The curfew tolls the knell of parting day." The sutures of the skull are not tied by ligaments.

Saltpeter is used to cure bacon. Scouts were assigned to scout ahead. Is the inscription on the pendant readable? Every maneuver of the battalion was precise. There were frequent massacres of the pioneers by the Native Americans. A blockage in the intestines made surgery necessary. Christ's tomb was carved out of rock. The militia is equipped with small-caliber carbines. The sexton gave a detailed account of the fire. Orchids grew in the cracks of the cliff. The niche is occupied by a beautiful statue. He sells dental forceps. He was shocked because he inhaled gas. The apostles spread the news of the gospel. "The curfew tolls the end of the day." The sutures of the skull are not connected by ligaments.

27

27

allusion
incision
precision
ascension
dissension
pretension
oppression
suppression
intercession
condescension
indigo
portico
sirocco
stiletto
armadillo
Messiah
Israelite
wielding
subjugate
quadruped

In surgery precision is essential in making incisions. The oppression of Christians began after Christ's ascension. The author has pretensions to elegance of diction. Suppression of feeling strengthens character. The portico is of Roman style. The Queen's intercession secured a reprieve. The sirocco poisons the atmosphere. Condescension is a noble quality. Indigo is a permanent dye. The assassin was proficient in wielding a stiletto. Our geography has an allusion to the armadillo. There were lively dissensions among the Israelites regarding the expected Messiah.

In surgery, precision is crucial for making incisions. The oppression of Christians started after Christ's ascension. The author tries to achieve an elegant writing style. Suppressing emotions builds character. The portico has a Roman style. The Queen's intervention secured a reprieve. The sirocco contaminates the atmosphere. Being condescending is a noble trait. Indigo is a long-lasting dye. The assassin was skilled at using a stiletto. Our geography reference includes the armadillo. There were intense disagreements among the Israelites about the expected Messiah.

28

28

minuet
minaret
parapet
clarionet
flageolet
gazette
coquette
etiquette
quartette
mignonette
plateau
tableau
chateau
trousseau
portmanteau
capsule
quinine
discern
specialty
parachute

Her trousseau was conveyed in a portmanteau. A recent issue of the gazette describes the count's chateau. The coquette is an adept in dancing the minuet. The graceful minaret was readily discerned from the height of the plateau. A series of tableaux was a complete hoax. The best instruments in the quartette were the clarionet and the flageolet. Does etiquette permit ladies to promenade on the parapet? The florist makes a specialty of mignonette. Take quinine in capsules. I descended in a parachute, swinging on a trapeze. The accounts of the diocese show a deficit. His post at the union depot is a sinecure. Buy sachet powder.

Her wedding gifts were packed in a suitcase. A recent issue of the newspaper describes the count's castle. The flirt is skilled at dancing the minuet. The elegant minaret was easily seen from the top of the plateau. A series of scenes was a complete hoax. The best instruments in the quartet were the clarinet and the fife. Does etiquette allow ladies to walk on the railing? The florist specializes in mignonette. Take quinine in capsules. I descended in a parachute, swinging on a trapeze. The financial reports of the diocese show a deficit. His job at the train station is an easy position. Buy scented powder.

29

29

alleviate
castigate
eliminate
exhilarate
capitulate
fluctuate
accumulate
concentrate
approximate
contaminate
quiz
baize
azure
cozen
chintz
osier
crosier
malign
benign
arraign
vizier
epicure
macaroni
benevolence
Archbishop

He could neither malign nor cozen the judge. His benign countenance indicates benevolence. Ski-ing is exhilarating. A deacon bore the Archbishop's crosier. Censure arraigns both private motives and public actions. The sky was vested in azure. The price of baize and chintz fluctuates. The vizier concentrated his troops, and the besieged garrison capitulated. The ringleaders were castigated, but the sufferings of the troops were alleviated. Accumulate knowledge rather than wealth. The epicure disdains macaroni. Give an approximate estimate of the cost. Simplicity should not be imposed upon, nor virtue contaminated.

He could neither slander nor trick the judge. His kind expression shows compassion. Skiing is thrilling. A deacon carried the Archbishop's staff. Criticism addresses both private motives and public actions. The sky was dressed in blue. The prices of fabric and print vary. The advisor gathered his troops, and the surrounded garrison surrendered. The leaders were punished, but the hardships of the soldiers were eased. Gather knowledge instead of wealth. The foodie looks down on macaroni. Provide a rough estimate of the cost. Simplicity should not be forced, nor should virtue be tainted.

30 (Review)

30 (Review)

plateau
coquette
mediocre
repetition
exhilarate
exaggerate
trousseau
massacre
mignonette
manœuvre
quadruped
stupefaction
conflagration
hippopotamus
cotyledon
forfeiture
patrimony
aggravate
vocabulary
orthography
presumptuous
biassed
reynard
equinox
colleague
miniature
enrolment
instalment

The manœuvres of the army corps were to prevent a repetition of the massacres. The hippopotamus is a species of quadruped not yet annihilated. Explain the uses of the calyx, the cotyledon, and the tendril. Acquire an extensive vocabulary and correct orthography. My adherence to the king resulted in forfeiture of my patrimony. Very exhilarating is the climb to plateaux perfumed by mignonette. His presumptuous adherents aggravated the quarrel. The loss of her trousseau in the conflagration stupefied the coquette. He exaggerates his mediocre abilities.

The maneuvers of the army corps were meant to stop any more massacres. The hippopotamus is a type of four-legged animal that hasn't been wiped out yet. Explain the functions of the calyx, the cotyledon, and the tendril. Build a strong vocabulary and improve your spelling. My loyalty to the king cost me my inheritance. Climbing to plateaus scented with mignonette is very refreshing. His arrogant followers made the argument worse. The loss of her wedding trousseau in the fire shocked the flirt. He overstates his average skills.

31

31

abattoir
reservoir
delirium
laudanum
pendulum
cerebrum
linoleum
petroleum
mausoleum
meerschaum
repellent
recipient
delinquent
fraudulent
antecedent
calumny
sapphire
amethyst
attribute
superintendent

Linoleum and petroleum are got wholesale at an emporium. The pendulum is of nickel. Distinguish between the cerebrum and the cerebellum. A public abattoir replaced the slaughter houses. The patient's delirium is attributed to doses of laudanum. The superintendent was the recipient of a meerschaum pipe. The delinquent auctioneer was accused of fraudulent dealings. The mausoleum is adjacent to the reservoir. His query was to elicit the antecedent of the relative pronoun. Calumny was utterly repellent to him. The amethyst and sapphire are precious stones.

Linoleum and petroleum are bought in bulk at a store. The pendulum is made of nickel. Know the difference between the cerebrum and the cerebellum. A public slaughterhouse replaced the old ones. The patient’s confusion is caused by doses of laudanum. The superintendent received a meerschaum pipe. The dishonest auctioneer was accused of fraud. The mausoleum is next to the reservoir. His question was meant to get the antecedent of the relative pronoun. Slander was completely repulsive to him. Amethyst and sapphire are precious stones.

32

32

tenacious
atrocious
malicious
efficacious
avaricious
capricious
loquacious
precocious
pernicious
pugnacious
decalogue
pedagogue
demagogue
synagogue
avoirdupois
homicide
fascinate
literature
etymology
commodity

The decalogue is kept in every synagogue. The precocious child was very capricious. He prescribed an efficacious elixir. The pedagogue taught syntax and etymology. The poet is avaricious of fame. The larceny of the diaper towelling and dimity was a malicious act. The demagogue incited a political intrigue. Cats are tenacious of life. Is the chamois pugnacious? Pernicious literature should be suppressed. Though handsome, she is too loquacious to fascinate her auditors. The cumbrous avoirdupois system is still used for weighing coarser commodities. He wreaked dire vengeance for the atrocious homicide. At the approaching session of Parliament the cession of territory will be broached. I throttled the dastard who vilified you, my liege.

The Ten Commandments are displayed in every synagogue. The precocious child was very unpredictable. He created an effective potion. The teacher instructed on grammar and word origins. The poet is greedy for fame. The theft of the diaper fabric and dimity was a spiteful act. The political leader stirred up a political scheme. Cats are resilient creatures. Is the chamois aggressive? Harmful literature should be banned. Although attractive, she talks too much to captivate her audience. The cumbersome imperial system is still used for weighing bulkier goods. He took extreme revenge for the horrific murder. At the upcoming session of Parliament, the transfer of land will be discussed. I confronted the coward who slandered you, my lord.

33

33

nutritious
licentious
pretentious
contentious
superstitious
seditious
facetious
propitious
ostentatious
conscientious
cuticle
canticle
chronicle
corpuscle
tabernacle
aerie
specie
sortie
reverie
menagerie

Rice is highly nutritious. Licentious and superstitious, the Roman Empire fell. Though facetious in speech he is not ostentatious in manner. A pretentious subaltern solicited leave to head a sortie. The weather was not propitious for a nocturnal expedition. Listening to the canticles in the synagogue, I fell into a reverie. The ancient chronicles relate many trivial episodes. While contentious in harangue he is not seditious in act. The conscientious physician prescribed for my carbuncle. Exercise develops muscle. The cuticle envelops the body. He robbed the eagle's aerie. The Puritans proscribed theatres. At the menagerie, wages are paid in gold specie. The blood corpuscles readily coagulate.

Rice is really nutritious. Wild and superstitious, the Roman Empire collapsed. Even though he jokes around, he doesn’t show off. A showy subordinate asked for permission to lead an attack. The weather wasn’t great for a nighttime mission. While listening to the hymns in the synagogue, I drifted into a daydream. The old records tell many insignificant stories. He may be argumentative in speech, but he isn’t rebellious in action. The diligent doctor treated my boil. Exercise builds muscle. The outer layer of skin covers the body. He stole from the eagle’s nest. The Puritans banned theaters. At the zoo, people are paid in gold coins. Blood cells easily thicken.

34

34

nuptial
deferential
reverential
providential
consequential
decisive
deceptive
seductive
initiative
diminutive
recipe
epitome
anemone
extempore
catastrophe
anchovy
bologna
scimitar
souvenir
gratitude

The sentinel's warning averted a catastrophe. An influential friend of ours contemplates building a substantial residence. Consequential people often aim to take the initiative. He wrote an epitome of the extempore speech. A diminutive hussar dealt a decisive stroke with his scimitar. The seductive path bordered by anemones proved deceptive. On receiving a souvenir of the nuptial ceremony he expressed his gratitude. Omit the recipe for anchovy sauce. Lightning struck a boat that was lightening its load. Bologna sausage satiated his appetite. The escapades of the dissolute servitor were scandalous. Dahlias, fuchsias, and zinnias.

The sentinel's warning prevented a disaster. An influential friend of ours is thinking about building a large house. Important people often try to take the lead. He wrote a summary of the impromptu speech. A small hussar delivered a decisive blow with his sword. The tempting path lined with anemones turned out to be misleading. When he received a keepsake from the wedding, he expressed his thanks. Skip the recipe for anchovy sauce. Lightning hit a boat that was lightening its load. Bologna sausage satisfied his hunger. The antics of the irresponsible servant were scandalous. Dahlias, fuchsias, and zinnias.

35

35

regatta
guerilla
insignia
dilemma
cyclopædia
influenza
neuralgia
scarlatina
dyspepsia
pneumonia
conducive
suggestive
consecutive
competitive
appreciative
copse
spigot
faucet
geyser
trophy
vassal
cañon
tactics
gauger
vivacity

Our lacrosse team won the trophy in two consecutive years. Is scarlatina infectious? Is he appreciative of the stimulus afforded by competitive examinations? Influenza and pneumonia are very prevalent. The insignia of office were conferred after the regatta. Every library requires a cyclopædia. Dyspepsia and neuralgia are not conducive to vivacity. The gauger was in a sad dilemma when the faucet and spigot were lost. The skirmish is suggestive of guerilla tactics. The closing of a business letter may be, "Yours respectfully." Knight or vassal, let each respectively do his duty. Near the cañon is a geyser, beside a hazel copse.

Our lacrosse team won the trophy for two years in a row. Is scarlet fever contagious? Is he thankful for the motivation provided by competitive exams? The flu and pneumonia are quite common. The symbols of office were given out after the regatta. Every library needs an encyclopedia. Indigestion and nerve pain don't help with liveliness. The gauge was in a tough spot when the faucet and spigot went missing. The skirmish suggests guerrilla tactics. The closing of a business letter can be, "Yours respectfully." Knight or vassal, let each do his duty. Near the canyon is a geyser, next to a hazel grove.

36 (Review)

36 (Review)

recipe
guerilla
intrigue
decisive
souvenir
scimitar
facetious
defrayal
reservoir
apoplexy
dyspepsia
diminutive
efficacious
abbreviate
migratory
erysipelas
pneumonia
meerschaum
anniversary
superintendent
chrysanthemum
rescind
nautical
deficiency
pulmonary
quarantine
coincidence
pre-eminent

Malicious or facetious remarks were utterly abhorrent to the superintendent. The suicide's remains were borne on a bier to the morgue and embalmed. The capricious coquette contemned her suitor's offer. A guerilla war ensued from a seditious intrigue of avaricious vassals. That scimitar is a souvenir of a disastrous exploit therein. He condemned the recipe as not efficacious for erysipelas or pneumonia. An epitome of some chronicles about our antecedents is given in an encyclopædia. I prefer dahlias or fuchsias to chrysanthemums. A diminutive meerschaum pipe.

Malicious or sarcastic remarks were completely unacceptable to the superintendent. The suicide's body was taken on a stretcher to the morgue and embalmed. The fickle flirt dismissed her suitor's proposal. A guerrilla war broke out from a rebellious plot by greedy followers. That scimitar is a memento of a disastrous mission there. He criticized the recipe as ineffective for erysipelas or pneumonia. A summary of some stories about our ancestors is provided in an encyclopedia. I prefer dahlias or fuchsias over chrysanthemums. A tiny meerschaum pipe.

37

37

pharmacy
blaspheme
diphtheria
asphyxiate
hydrophobia
autograph
biography
calligraphy
amphibious
phenomenon
clique
physique
grotesque
burlesque
picturesque
panacea
avalanche
lineaments
conspirator
frontispiece

The major's autograph on the frontispiece of his biography was in strange calligraphy. The beaver is amphibious. At the pharmacy I got a panacea for diphtheria, hydrophobia, and other diseases. The lackey's grotesque physique is humorously portrayed in a burlesque play. All admonitions forbade blasphemy. The miners were asphyxiated by inhaling coal gas. An eclipse of the sun is a striking phenomenon. The avalanche was a picturesque sight. The clique of conspirators failed ignominiously. The sculptor has well represented his clear-cut lineaments.

The major's signature on the front page of his biography was in unusual handwriting. The beaver is a water-loving animal. At the pharmacy, I picked up a cure-all for diphtheria, rabies, and other illnesses. The servant's bizarre body shape is humorously depicted in a comedy. All warnings prohibited blasphemy. The miners suffocated from breathing in coal gas. A solar eclipse is a remarkable event. The avalanche was a stunning sight. The group of conspirators failed miserably. The sculptor has accurately captured his distinct features.

38

38

eccentric
authentic
pneumatic
spasmodic
diplomatic
antiseptic
lymphatic
calisthenic
pyrotechnic
hieroglyphic
privilege
sacrilege
symptom
thraldom
martyrdom
lucrative
diarrhœa
velocipede
monotonous
predecessor

Authentic reports state that the ambassador, though eccentric, is yet diplomatic. Thraldom or martyrdom was once the penalty for professing Christianity. Pneumatic tires were not used on velocipedes. On Dominion Day the pyrotechnic display was superb. Calisthenic exercises, if not spasmodic, may eradicate certain ailments. The recent statutes give privileges to aliens. In rifling the church they were guilty of sacrilege. He obtained an authentic report on the use of arsenic in cosmetics for the complexion. Carbolic acid is an antiseptic. Describe the lymphatic gland. Hieroglyphics antedated the alphabet. My predecessor obtained a lucrative but monotonous post. An epidemic of diarrhœa raged with virulence in the army.

Authentic reports say that the ambassador, while quirky, is still diplomatic. In the past, professing Christianity could lead to slavery or martyrdom. Pneumatic tires weren't used on bicycles. On Dominion Day, the fireworks show was amazing. Calisthenics, if not random, can eliminate certain health issues. The recent laws grant privileges to foreigners. They committed sacrilege by robbing the church. He got an authentic report on the use of arsenic in beauty products. Carbolic acid is an antiseptic. Describe the lymph node. Hieroglyphics came before the alphabet. My predecessor held a well-paying but dull job. A severe outbreak of diarrhea swept through the army.

39

39

deodorize
neutralize
monopolize
crystallize
tranquillize
delineation
realization
anticipation
specification
resuscitation
heredity
longevity
ingenuity
solemnity
eccentricity
eulogy
prestige
coercion
procedure
reparation

Electricity deodorizes sewage. The patriarchs were remarkable for longevity. He displayed ingenuity in his stage delineations of the beau's eccentricities. During the requiem service and funeral obsequies the solemnity of the scene was impressive. The aborigines of Australia rank low in the scale of humanity. What people are our antipodes? The mal-contents were finally tranquillized. Acids and alkalies neutralize one another. Anticipation is often more pleasurable than realization. Learn how to resuscitate one apparently drowned. Specifications for the water conduits were drawn up with exactitude. Sugar crystallizes readily.

Electricity cleanses sewage. The elders were known for their long lives. He showed creativity in his portrayals of the guy's quirks. During the memorial service and funeral, the seriousness of the event was striking. The Indigenous people of Australia are often viewed as less developed. Who are the people on the other side of the world from us? The unhappy ones were finally calmed down. Acids and bases cancel each other out. The anticipation is often more enjoyable than the actual experience. Learn how to revive someone who seems to have drowned. The specifications for the water pipes were written with precision. Sugar readily crystallizes.

40

40

lacteal
funereal
ethereal
corporeal
cochineal
effervesce
acquiesce
excrescent
convalescent
incandescent
larynx
pharynx
baritone
labyrinth
strychnine
vitriol
seidlitz
antidote
mammal
oleander

Seidlitz powders effervesce. He lopped excrescent growths from his oleanders. Millions of incandescent lights made the scene almost ethereal. Funereal rites await all that is corporeal in man. All mammals are nourished by lacteal fluid. From the cochineal insect a beautiful dye is obtained. Both the larynx and pharynx are concerned in sound production. A baritone voice is intermediate between bass and tenor. Strychnine may be a nerve tonic. The intricate passages of the ear are called the labyrinth. Soft music is quiescent. During convalescence he was prohibited from severe exertion. I enquired for an antidote for vitriol.

Seidlitz powders fizz. He trimmed the excess growths from his oleanders. Millions of bright lights made the scene almost heavenly. Funerals await all that is physical in humans. All mammals are fed with milk. A beautiful dye is made from the cochineal insect. Both the larynx and pharynx are involved in making sounds. A baritone voice is between bass and tenor. Strychnine could be a nerve stimulant. The complex passages of the ear are called the labyrinth. Soft music is calming. During recovery, he was not allowed to do any intense physical activity. I asked for an antidote for acid.


Review of the Tough Words.

abbreviate
abhorrence
aborigines
abridgment
accelerate
accomplice
accoutre
acquiesce
adjutant
aggressor
alimentary
allegiance
amateur
amphibious
anemone
anonymous
anthracite
apostasy
approximate
armistice
artificer
assassin
assimilate
audacity
auricle
authentic
avalanche
avaricious
asphyxiate
avoirdupois
banqueted
baritone
beauteous
benefactor
benefiting
bulletin
bumptious
buoyant
burlesque
calcimine
calligraphy
capricious
catastrophe
celibacy
chancellor
chilblain
chronicle
cochineal
coincidence
competitive
complainant
complexion
conciliatory
condescension
confidants
conscientious
contemptuous
contiguous
colleague
corporeal
corpuscle
corroborate
cotillion
cotyledon
courtesy
crocheting
crucifixion
crystallize
debauchery
debilitate
decisive
deficiency
delineation
delirium
dentifrice
dexterous
diaphragm
diarrhœa
dilapidate
diphtheria
diminutive
discrepancy
dysentery
eccentricity
ecstasy
effervesce
elasticity
eliminate
emaciate
embezzle
emphasis
employee
epilepsy
episcopacy
equestrian
equinoctial
etiquette
exaggerate
exhaustion
exhilarate
existence
expedite
exquisite
exorbitant
extempore
facetious
facilitate
fastidious
fraudulent
fricassee
funereal
garrulous
gesticulate
gorgeous
grandeur
gratuitous
grievance
grotesque
guarantee
guillotine
harangue
hemorrhage
hippopotamus
homicide
hydrophobia
hypocrisy
hysterics
ignominious
incandescent
incendiary
incision
indefatigable
influenza
ingenious
initiative
instalment
interference
intersperse
interstice
irresistible
irrevocable
jonquil
kerosene
labyrinth
licentious
lineaments
loathsome
loquacious
ludicrous
malevolent
malicious
manœuvre
maritime
martyrdom
marvellous
massacre
mausoleum
mediocre
meerschaum
menagerie
mercenary
meridian
microscope
mignonette
miscellaneous
mistletoe
monotonous
mortgagee
munificent
mutinied
mysterious
nautical
neuralgia
nuisance
nutritious
obeisance
obsequies
obstinacy
occurrence
œsophagus
omnivorous
ostensible
pageant
palmistry
panacea
parachute
paralysis
parishioner
pavilion
pedagogue
penitentiary
pernicious
perquisite
pharmacy
phenomenon
philopena
physique
pictorial
picturesque
plebeian
plebiscite
pneumatic
pneumonia
precedence
precision
precocious
pre-eminent
prejudicial
preliminary
presumptuous
privilege
procedure
proficient
propitious
puncheon
pursuance
quartette
raillery
recipient
remediable
repetition
requiem
requisite
resuscitate
reverential
rheumatism
rhinoceros
sacrilege
sagacity
sanguinary
sarsaparilla
sauer-kraut
scarlatina
sceptical
scrimmage
scurrilous
seditious
semaphore
seniority
sepulchre
simultaneous
sinecure
somersault
souvenir
specification
spirituous
steadfast
stratagem
strychnine
stupefying
sumptuous
superintendent
surcingle
susceptible
symptom
syndicate
synopsis
tabernacle
tarlatan
technical
teetotaler
tempestuous
tenacious
theatrical
tragedian
tranquillity
trousseau
tyrannical
unanimous
upheaval
variegated
velocity
verbosity
vermilion
vindictive
witticism

allege
aqueduct
aquiline
arraign
assuage
bailiff
balance
biassed
bigoted
bologna
bunion
calibre
carbine
chamois
chasm
clique
concise
copse
conduit
corps
corpse
courier
critic
croquet
crotchet
curtsy
dahlia
decency
decipher
deficit
depot
despatch
diocese
discern
eclipse
efficacy
elicit
enmity
ensign
facile
faucet
fissure
fraught
frenzy
fuchsia
furlough
guerilla
hygiene
illicit
jugular
lunacy
malign
meteor
missive
mucous
navvy
nicotine
optical
palisade
plateau
premier
pyjamas
recipe
redoubt
requite
rescind
reverie
reynard
rites
routine
salver
seidlitz
series
solace
species
succumb
suite
sumac
trait
trapeze
trivial
typhus
utensil
vitriol
weird

Syllabication Rules.

A syllable is a sound uttered with one impulse of the breath. The group of letters representing such a sound should never be separated in dividing words; e.g., re-bel´ (verb), reb´-el (noun), pres´-ent (noun), pre-sent´-ed. To divide a word into syllables, pronounce it slowly and correctly, and note the natural division into sounds. In writing, it is preferable to put the whole word on one line. When this cannot well be done, that part of the word left at the end of one line should suggest the part beginning the next line; e.g., happiness should be divided—happi-ness, not hap-piness.

A syllable is a sound made with one breath. The letters that make up that sound should never be split when dividing words; e.g., re-bel (verb), reb-el (noun), pres-ent (noun), pre-sent-ed. To break a word into syllables, say it slowly and clearly, and pay attention to the natural divisions in sounds. In writing, it's best to keep the whole word on one line. When that’s not possible, the part of the word left at the end of one line should hint at the part starting the next line; e.g., happiness should be divided as happi-ness, not hap-piness.

Rules for Spelling.

Spelling Rules.

1. At the end of monosyllables with a short vowel sound, the letters f, l, or s are usually double; e.g., muff, ball, pass.

1. At the end of one-syllable words with a short vowel sound, the letters f, l, or s are usually doubled; e.g., muff, ball, pass.

2. Words ending in silent e usually drop it on adding any suffix beginning with a vowel; e.g., come, coming; bride, bridal; love, lovable.

2. Words ending in silent e typically drop it when adding a suffix that starts with a vowel; e.g., come, coming; bride, bridal; love, lovable.

Exceptions:—(i) Words ending in ce or ge retain the e before the suffixes able and ous, in order to keep the soft sound of c or g; e.g., traceable, outrageous.

Exemptions:—(i) Words that end in ce or ge keep the e before the suffixes able and ous to maintain the soft sound of c or g; e.g., traceable, outrageous.

(ii) Words ending in ee, oe, or ye retain the final e when ing is added; e.g., freeing, shoeing, eyeing.

(ii) Words that end in ee, oe, or ye keep the final e when you add ing; e.g., freeing, shoeing, eyeing.

3. Monosyllables and words accented on the last syllable, if they end in a single consonant with a single vowel before it, usually double the final consonant before a vowel-suffix, e.g., clap, clapper; clan, clannish; nod, nodded; prefer, preferring.

3. Monosyllables and words stressed on the last syllable, when they end in a single consonant with just one vowel before it, typically double the final consonant before a vowel suffix, e.g., clap, clapper; clan, clannish; nod, nodded; prefer, preferring.

Exception:—When the derivative has the place of the accent changed, the final consonant is not doubled; e.g., prefer´, pref´erence. Note also, gases, gaseous, transferable, woolly.

Exception:—When the stress shifts in the derivative, the final consonant isn't doubled; e.g., prefer´, pref´erence. Also note, gases, gaseous, transferable, woolly.

4. Words ending in a single l double it before a vowel-suffix; e.g., chisel, chiselled; revel, reveller; cancel, cancelling. But, paralleled.

4. Words ending in a single l double it before a vowel suffix; e.g., chisel, chiselled; revel, reveller; cancel, cancelling. But, paralleled.

5. Words ending in y preceded by a consonant usually change the y into i when a suffix not beginning with i is added; e.g., cry, cries, crying.

5. Words that end in y and are preceded by a consonant usually change the y to i when a suffix that doesn't start with i is added; e.g., cry, cries, crying.

Exceptions:—Dryly, dryness; shyly, shyness; slyly, slyness.

Exceptions:—Dry, dry; shy, shyness; sly, slyness.

Note also daily, gaily, gaiety, laid, paid, said, saith, slain, staid.

Note also daily, happily, happiness, laid, paid, said, says, slain, stayed.

6. ei or ie. When sounded like long e, i comes before e except after c; e.g., piece, deceit. But, either, neither, plebeian, seize, leisure, weird.

6. ei or ie. When pronounced like a long e, use i before e except after c; e.g., piece, deceit. However, either, neither, plebeian, seize, leisure, weird.

When not sounded like long e, the order of the letters is always ei; e.g., skein, height.

When it’s not pronounced like a long e, the letters always appear as ei; e.g. skein, height.


PUBLIC SCHOOL LEAVING.

1

1

actuary
warranty
accruing
aggrieve
indelible
collectible
codicil
clerical
implicit
coercion
obsolete
obduracy
cavilling
repellent
recurrent
deterrent
sullenness
stubbornness
statutory
executrix
appraisal
legitimate
rescinded
rescission

2

2

coupon
waiver
vellum
engross
erasure
issuing
voucher
lessor
lessee
felony
nullify
consols
vendor
annuity
pleas
marine
tontine
zephyr
vestige
salvage
assigns
vacillate
oscillate
irrigated
deprecate
desiccate
mitigated
litigation

3

3

elegy
poesy
lyrical
couplet
synonym
homonym
ellipsis
metaphor
paradigm
italicize
rhetorical
allegorical
ordnance
ordinance
colloquy
soliloquy
antithesis
hyperbole
dunning
endorsed
collateral
purloined
remittance
acceptance

4

4

rabies
subtler
sentient
consular
succinct
incipient
æsthetic
emanate
permeate
relegated
licentiate
depreciate
excruciate
disseminate
narrator
instigate
promissor
guarantor
assignor
consignee
mortgagor
plagiarist
chirography
phonography
facsimile
petit jury
puisne judge
knight-errant

5

5

oriel
tenon
newel
mortise
dovetail
boudoir
mullion
stanchion
buttress
abutment
colonnade
escutcheon
flotilla
binnacle
halyards
forecastle
pyramidal
maelstrom
arsenal
reveille
patrolled
gymnastics
silhouette
supercilious

6

6

missal
schism
Genesis
heretics
perusing
proselyte
itinerary
auspices
nonpareil
lacquered
ensconced
accountant
personnel
sustenance
judiciary
beneficiary
depositary
depository
rendezvous
proprietary
commissary
symmetrical
connoisseur
malfeasance
discoloration
maintenance
complaisance
presentiment

7

7

chiffon
ruching
chenille
organdie
chambray
tarpaulin
silesia
mohair
taffeta
bandanna
buckram
valenciennes
beryl
carat
emery
pyrites
sardonyx
turquoise
inertia
fusible
residue
volatile
calcium
magnesia

8

8

oxygen
hydrogen
sulphate
chloride
molecule
radially
ambrosial
febrile
lesion
cohesion
sensory
specific
bronchial
lachrymal
polygon
rhomboid
trapezium
reciprocal
precipitate
centripetal
centrifugal
scalene
isosceles
equitable
acoustics
dynamics
corollary
equilateral

9

9

anise
hyssop
jasmine
spiræa
syringa
caraway
hydrangea
eczema
biceps
molars
calibers
bicuspid
debauchee
victuallers
chyme
cognac
trachea
cranium
papilla
chrysalis
hellebore
anæmia
phthisic
phthisis
varicose
paroxysm
allopathic
homœopathy

10

10

cocaine
calomel
lobelia
copperas
paregoric
collodion
anodyne
osseous
diagnose
mortuary
lymphatic
panegyric
morphine
quassia
sassafras
condiments
eucalyptus
apocalypse
eustachian
belladonna
ipecacuanha
laryngitis
peritonitis
appendicitis

11

11

abettor
coadjutor
precursor
laboratory
prohibitory
admonitory
alluvial
connubial
centennial
cylindrical
rhetorical
rhythmical
collusion
demurred
agrarian
patrician
herculean
sepulchral
conscientious
predilection
reminiscence
commissariat
homogeneous
embarrassment

12

12

moiety
nucleus
mussels
mollusc
cuisine
pristine
libertine
sedative
sediment
abeyance
prevalence
dependence
ascendency
excrescence
throes
pallor
orgies
exorcise
colossal
analogous
anomalous
metaphysics
psychology
aide-de-camp
physiognomy
paraphernalia
plenipotentiary
pharmaceutical

13

13

psaltery
psalmody
hierarchy
espionage
plenteous
mnemonics
irascible
porphyry
equipoise
fortuitous
reversible
transferable
auricular
auriferous
succulent
ameliorate
deshabille
dishevelled
cinerary
prescience
saccharine
boulevard
troubadour
tournament

14

14

astute
abstruse
falchion
alchemy
tubercles
algebraical
anatomical
aspirate
archives
authentic
halcyon
harlequin
clairvoyant
connivance
bourn
breviary
brougham
bellicose
captious
capillary
seriatim
centipede
composite
charlatan
iniquitous
ubiquitous
incorrigible
irrepressible

15

15

corsair
contour
deify
expiate
embryo
emissary
deducible
fallibility
credibility
debilitate
defamatory
equanimity
hydraulic
guttural
critique
technique
hypotenuse
hypothesis
expatiate
ingratiate
illusory
internecine
iridescent
putrescence

16

16

kraal
khedive
jeopardize
laconically
lithograph
litigious
pharisaical
memoirs
maniacal
medallion
parricide
fratricide
ostracized
percussion
vertebræ
minutiæ
oligarchy
miscellany
adolescent
omniscient
necropolis
indigenous
ingenuous
methylated
immaculate
Mussulmans
querulous
quintessence

17

17

hybrid
pillory
placable
precincts
papyrus
repertory
spherical
sedulous
spermaceti
prodigious
promiscuous
perspicacity
Teutonic
quixotic
symphony
sycophant
superficies
surveillance
phrenologist
phraseology
polytechnic
punctilious
pseudonym
surreptitious

18

18

viscid
zodiac
satiety
zoology
vacuum
vagaries
camellia
facade
pedagogy
vibratory
vicarious
usurious
vouchsafe
vociferate
nefarious
voluptuous
vicissitude
vernacular
consummate
ventriloquist
deliquescent
extricate
defalcate
exchequer
perforated
cognizant
apparition
incarcerate

19

19

aviary
callous
guerdon
piquant
brusque
flippancy
aeronaut
plausible
aeroplane
regrettable
similarity
contrariwise
cuirass
caitiff
caisson
cogitating
tessellated
pomegranate
propagate
immaterial
acclamation
subsidiary
unparalleled
cartilaginous

20

20

onerous
libellous
rancorous
derelict
tamarack
deciduous
calamitous
minx
sphinx
chloral
murrain
vignette
casually
casualty
orifice
bacillus
tattooed
tasselled
proboscis
patrician
dissimilar
gherkin
stoicism
bagatelle
whirligig
beleaguer
stomachic
decoction

Small Hard WordsUse these words in sentences.

abyss
acacia
acme
aerial
alias
alpaca
annals
axiom
azure
benign
broncho
cache
cairn
calyx
caulk
chaise
chaos
chary
chronic
cinque
clique
corse
cote
crucial
cymbal
cynic
dais
débris
disc
doily
ecstasy
elite
elixir
ellipse
epoch
facade
facile
falcon
fiasco
flaccid
foci
futile
ghoul
gist
gluey
gneiss
groat
guano
gyves
heresy
holm
idyl
igneous
irate
ivied
jargon
lichen
liege
lien
lithe
llama
lode
lymph
lyre
Maori
melee
mirage
morgue
myrrh
naive
newel
nymph
ogre
onyx
orchid
oust
pageant
placid
plaguy
plaice
poise
pygmy
python
qualm
radii
realm
regime
rhythm
schism
scion
scroll
sedge
seethe
sere
sheik
shoal
Sioux
sloyd
sluice
soiree
sphinx
steppe
suave
swarthy
sylph
sylvan
synod
theme
theory
thews
thrall
tierce
trawl
treatise
trite
tryst
tutor
umbel
venial
vial
vicar
viceroy
virile
viscera
viscid
visual
vital
vitiate
vizier
vogue
vying
waive
weevil
weird
whiz
whorl
wiliness
wince
winch
winze
withal
wraith
wreak
wroth
wry

THE BUILDING OF ENGLISH WORDS.

The root of a word is the shortest form in which it appears. Thus tal, meaning number, speech, is the root of tale, a number counted; tale, a story; tell, narrate; toll, something counted out; talk, discourse.

The root of a word is the simplest version in which it exists. So, tal, meaning number or speech, is the root of tale, a counted number; tale, a story; tell, to narrate; toll, something counted out; talk, a discourse.

The root of a word may undergo modification and become a stem. Thus love is the stem of the root lov-, and to this stem are added such inflections as -est, -s, -d, as loves, lovest, loved.

The base of a word can change and become a stem. So love is the stem of the root lov-, and to this stem are added inflections like -est, -s, -d, as in loves, lovest, loved.

Again, to the root of a word may be added a prefix or suffix, thereby forming a new word called a derivative.

Again, a prefix or suffix can be added to the root of a word, creating a new word known as a derivative.

If to the root dar-, dear, the prefix en- be added, we get endear, and the same root with the suffix -ling gives darling. As a rule, English prefixes and suffixes are added only to English roots. But there are many exceptions.

If you add the prefix en- to the root dar-, you get "endear," and the same root with the suffix -ling gives us "darling." Generally, English prefixes and suffixes are only added to English roots, but there are plenty of exceptions.

Word-making is often effected by compounding. A compound word is one made by uniting two words together, as sea-lion.

Word-making often happens through compounding. A compound word is formed by combining two words together, like sea-lion.

Compound Nouns are formed in various ways:—(a) by uniting a noun with a noun: bridal = bride ale, daisy = day's eye, Gospel = God's spell or story; (b) noun with adjective: redbird, midnight, quicksilver, twilight = two lights; (c) noun with verb: bakehouse, godsend, grindstone, spendthrift; (d) noun with adverb: bystander, offshoot, uplift; (e) noun with preposition: afterthought, byword, onset; (f) verb with adverb: drawback, farewell, income, welcome.

Compound Nouns are created in different ways:—(a) by combining a noun with another noun: bridal = bride ale, daisy = day's eye, Gospel = God's story; (b) noun with an adjective: redbird, midnight, quicksilver, twilight = two lights; (c) noun with a verb: bakehouse, godsend, grindstone, spendthrift; (d) noun with an adverb: bystander, offshoot, uplift; (e) noun with a preposition: afterthought, byword, onset; (f) verb with an adverb: drawback, farewell, income, welcome.

Compound Adjectives are numerous:—(a) Noun with adjective: barefoot, lily-white, purse-proud, sea-green, sky-blue; (b) noun with participle: heart-rending, sea-faring, sea-girt, way-laid, worm-eaten; (c) adverb with participle: bygone, everlasting, far-reaching, high-strung, ill-pleased, well-bred; (d) noun with noun: iron-side, lion-heart; (e) nouns with nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, + ed: club-footed, gray-headed, tender-hearted, under-handed.

Compound Adjectives are many:—(a) Noun combined with adjective: barefoot, lily-white, purse-proud, sea-green, sky-blue; (b) noun combined with participle: heart-rending, sea-faring, sea-girt, way-laid, worm-eaten; (c) adverb combined with participle: bygone, everlasting, far-reaching, high-strung, ill-pleased, well-bred; (d) noun combined with noun: iron-side, lion-heart; (e) nouns with nouns, adjectives, and adverbs, + ed: club-footed, gray-headed, tender-hearted, under-handed.

Compound Verbs are few:—(a) Verb with noun: backbite, browbeat, henpeck, hoodwink, kiln-dry; (b) verb with adjectives: dumbfound, fulfil, whitewash; (c) verb with adverb: don = do on, doff = do off, outdo.

Compound Verbs are few:—(a) Verb with noun: backbite, browbeat, henpeck, hoodwink, kiln-dry; (b) verb with adjectives: dumbfound, fulfill, whitewash; (c) verb with adverb: don = put on, doff = take off, outdo.

Compound Adverbs are made by uniting (a) noun with noun: endways, sideways; (b) noun with adjective: always, breast-high, meanwhile, sometimes; (c) preposition with noun: outside, overboard; (d) adverb with preposition: hereafter, therein, whereupon.

Compound Adverbs are created by combining (a) a noun with a noun: endways, sideways; (b) a noun with an adjective: always, breast-high, meanwhile, sometimes; (c) a preposition with a noun: outside, overboard; (d) an adverb with a preposition: hereafter, therein, whereupon.


PREFIXES.

A favourite way of building words is by the use of prefixes. Generally speaking, these are of English, French, Greek or Latin origin—it being understood in this connection that French is but a modified form of Latin.

A popular method of creating words is by using prefixes. Generally, these come from English, French, Greek, or Latin—keeping in mind that French is essentially a modified version of Latin.

English Prefixes.

English Prefixes.

Inseparable prefixes have no meaning in themselves and cannot stand alone. The most important are:—

Inseparable prefixes don’t have any meaning on their own and can’t exist independently. The most important ones are:—

A-, on: away, alive; at: ahead: of: akin.

A-, on: away, alive; at: ahead: of: related.

And-, against (Greek anti-): answer (sweri-an, to declare).

And-, against (Greek anti-): response (sweri-an, to declare).

Be-, old form of by: betimes, bypath; in verbs: bedaub (daub all over), bewail (wail for), benumb (make numb).

Be-, an old form of by: early, backroad; in verbs: bedaub (cover all over), bewail (mourn for), benumb (make numb).

For-, intensifies the meaning, (thoroughly): forbear, forlorn, forswear, forbid (command against), forego.

For-, intensifies the meaning, (thoroughly): forbear, forlorn, forswear, forbid (command against), forego.

Fore-, first, before: foresight, forejudge.

Fore-, first, before: foresight, prejudge.

Mis-, wrong, wrongly: misdeed, miscall, mislead.

Mis-, wrong, wrongly: misdeed, miscall, mislead.

Un-, not: unholy, unafraid. In verbs, it indicates the reverse of the simple verb: unbind, unfold, unmask.

Un-, not: unholy, unafraid. In verbs, it means the opposite of the basic verb: unbind, unfold, unmask.

With-, against, (from): withstand, withers (of a horse), withhold.

With-, against, (from): withstand, withers (of a horse), withhold.

Separable Prefixes.

Separable Prefixes.

After, after: aftergrowth, aftermath (= after the mowing), afterthought.

After, after: aftergrowth, aftermath (= after the mowing), afterthought.

All (old Eng. al), all: almost, alone.

All: almost, alone.

Forth, forth: forthcoming.

Forward, forward: upcoming.

In (French en), in: inborn, illusion, import, irruption; encase, enclose; entwine, embody, employ; enable = to make able, embitter.

In (French en), in: innate, illusion, intake, invasion; wrap, contain; intertwine, represent, use; empower = to make able, sour.

Off or of, off, from: offal = what falls off, offspring.

Off or of, off, from: offal = what falls off, offspring.

On, against, towards: onset, onslaught, onward.

On, against, towards: onset, onslaught, onward.

Out has a sense of direction or surpassing, (beyond): outcast, outpost, outrun, outshine; utter, utmost (i.e., outer, outmost).

Out has a meaning of direction or exceeding, (beyond): outcast, outpost, outrun, outshine; utter, utmost (i.e., outer, outmost).

Over, over, above: overhead, overcoat, overturn, overspread, over-bold.

Over, over, above: overhead, overcoat, overturn, overspread, over-confident.

Through = thorough: throughout, thoroughfare, thoroughbred, through-ticket.

Through = thorough: all the way, main road, purebred, connecting ticket.

Twi, two, double: twice, twilight = double or doubtful light, twill, twin = double, twine, twist = two strands twisted.

Twi, two, double: twice, twilight = double or uncertain light, twill, twin = double, twine, twist = two strands twisted.

Under, below, lower: underhand, underlie, underneath, undertone.

Under, below, lower: underhand, underlie, underneath, undertone.

Up, up: upland, upshot, upbraid, uphold, uprise, upward.

Up, up: higher ground, outcome, criticize, support, rise, ascending.

Latin (and French) Prefixes.

Latin and French Prefixes.

A-, ab-, (ab-s-), away from: avert, absent, ab-s-tract; Fr., avaunt.

A-, ab-, (ab-s-), away from: avoid, absent, ab-s-tract; Fr., avaunt.

Ad-, (Fr. a-) (-d is often changed because of the influence of the following consonant), to: adapt, abbreviate, accord, affect, aggression, allude, annul, arrogate, attain; Fr., achieve, acquaint, amount.

Ad-, (Fr. a-) (-d often gets altered due to the next consonant), to: adapt, abbreviate, accord, affect, aggression, allude, annul, arrogate, attain; Fr., achieve, acquaint, amount.

Amb- or am-, around, round about, (both): ambition (lit. going about, canvassing), ambiguous, ambidextrous, amputate (to cut around).

Amb- or am-, around, round about, (both): ambition (literally going about, canvassing), ambiguous, ambidextrous, amputate (to cut around).

Ante-, before: antedate, ante-room, anticipate; Fr., an- in ancestor = antecessor.

Ante-, before: antedate, anteroom, anticipate; Fr., an- in ancestor = predecessor.

Bis- and bi-, twice, two: bias (= two-faced), biped, bisect, biscuit (= twice baked).

Bis- and bi-, twice, two: bias (= two-faced), biped, bisect, biscuit (= twice baked).

Circum-, around: circumference, circuit, circulate, circumvent.

Circum-, around: circumference, circuit, circulate, circumvent.

Cum-, with, takes the forms com-, con-, col-, co-, cor-, under the influence of the letter following: compound, concord, collect, coöperate, correct, counsel.

Cum-, with, appears as com-, con-, col-, co-, cor-, depending on the letter that follows: compound, concord, collect, cooperate, correct, counsel.

Contra-, against: contradict; Fr., controvert, counterfeit.

Contra-, against: contradict; Fr., dispute, fake.

De-, down, from: decline, deduct, decamp. It is negative in derange, deform, destroy; intensive in declare, deprave, despoil, desolate, desiccate.

De-, down, from: decrease, take away, leave. It has a negative sense in derange, deform, destroy; and an intensive sense in declare, deprave, despoil, desolate, desiccate.

Dis-, di-, asunder, separation: disarm, diffuse, disown, divorce; Fr., des-, de- in defer, defy, delay, descant.

Dis-, di-, apart, separation: disarm, diffuse, disown, divorce; Fr., des-, de- in defer, defy, delay, descant.

Ex-, e-, out, out of, proceeding from: exclude, exhale, ex-governor, extract, educe, elect, emanate, evade.

Ex-, e-, out, out of, proceeding from: exclude, exhale, ex-governor, extract, educe, elect, emanate, evade.

Extra-, beyond: extraneous, extraordinary, extravagant.

Extra-, beyond: extra, extraordinary, extravagant.

In-, in, into, on: infer, invade, invent. It also becomes il-, im-, ir-, before certain consonants, as illusion, improve, irrigate.

In-, in, into, on: infer, invade, invent. It also changes to il-, im-, ir- before certain consonants, as in illusion, improve, irrigate.

In-, not: incapable, illiberal, impious, irrelevant, ignoble.

In-, not: unable, narrow-minded, disrespectful, unimportant, dishonorable.

Inter-, intro-, among, between, within: interfere, intervene, introspection.

Inter-, intro-, among, between, within: interfere, intervene, self-reflection.

Male-, bad, ill, wrong: malcontent, malpractice, maltreat.

Male-, bad, ill, wrong: troublemaker, misconduct, mistreat.

Mis-, ill, wrong: misadventure, misalliance; Fr., mischief.

Mis-, ill, wrong: misadventure, misalliance; Fr., mischief.

Non-, not: nonage, nonentity, nonsense.

Non-: nonage, nonentity, nonsense.

Ob-, toward, facing, against: object, obstruct. It also becomes oc-, of-, op-: occur, offer, oppose.

Ob-, toward, facing, against: object, obstruct. It also becomes oc-, of-, op-: occur, offer, oppose.

Pene-, almost: peninsula, penult.

Pene-, almost: peninsula, penultimate.

Per-, through, often intensive, throughout, thoroughly—and so wrongly: perspire, pervade; persist, perturb, pervert; pellucid, pilgrim (see ager). Fr. par-: pardon.

Per-, through, often intense, throughout, completely—and so incorrectly: perspire, pervade; persist, disturb, corrupt; clear, traveler (see ager). Fr. par-: pardon.

Post-, after: postdate, posthumous, post-mortem, postscript.

Post-, after: postdate, posthumous, autopsy, postscript.

Pre-, before: precede, precursor, preëmpt, premature, premise, prevent.

Pre-, before: precede, precursor, preempt, premature, premise, prevent.

Preter-, beyond, more than: preterite (of past time), preternatural.

Preter-, beyond, more than: preterite (of past time), preternatural.

Pro-, before, for, forward: proceed, proconsul, prologue, pronoun, provide; por-tend. Fr., pur: purchase, pursue.

Pro-, before, for, forward: proceed, proconsul, prologue, pronoun, provide; por-tend. Fr., pur: purchase, pursue.

Re-, red-, back, again: rebel, recede, recover, redeem.

Re-, red-, back again: rebel, recede, recover, redeem.

Retro-, backwards: retroactive, retrograde, retrospect.

Retro-, backwards: retroactive, backward, hindsight.

Se-, sed-, apart: seclude, secrete, sed-i-tion (a going apart), segregate.

Se-, sed-, apart: seclude, secrete, sed-i-tion (a going apart), segregate.

Sub-, under, from under: subject, subtract. It also becomes suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-, as in succor, suffer, suggest, supplant, suspend; subdivision (i.e., lower), summon (sub = slightly), surreptitious.

Sub-, under, from under: subject, subtract. It also becomes suc-, suf-, sug-, sum-, sup-, sur-, sus-, as in succor, suffer, suggest, supplant, suspend; subdivision (i.e., lower), summon (sub = slightly), surreptitious.

Super-, above, beyond: superfine, supernatural, superposed; Fr., sur-, surname, surpass, surtout (= over all).

Super-, above, beyond: superfine, supernatural, superposed; Fr., sur-, surname, surpass, surtout (= over all).

Trans-, across: transcend, transient; tradition, traverse; Fr., tres-, trespass.

Trans-, across: transcend, transient; tradition, traverse; Fr., tres-, trespass.

Ultra-, beyond: ultramarine, ultra-radical, ultra-tropical.

Ultra-, beyond: ultramarine, ultra-radical, ultra-tropical.

Vice-, in place of: vice-consul, vice-president, viceroy; vicar.

Vice-, in place of: vice-consul, vice-president, viceroy; vicar.

Greek Prefixes.

Greek Prefixes.

A-, an- (before vowels), not: a-nom-alous = ir-regular, an-archy, an-onym-ous, apathy, atheist; a-morph-ous = formless, an-aemia = bloodlessness, an-odyne = something that relieves pain.

A-, an- (before vowels), not: a-nom-alous = ir-regular, an-archy, an-onym-ous, apathy, atheist; a-morph-ous = formless, an-aemia = bloodlessness, an-odyne = something that relieves pain.

Amphi-, on both sides, double: amphibious, amphitheatre.

Amphi-, on both sides, double: amphibious, amphitheater.

Ana-, up, back, anew: anatomy, analysis, anagram, analogy, anathema.

Ana-, up, back, anew: anatomy, analysis, anagram, analogy, anathema.

Anti-, against: antarctic, antidote, antipathy, antipodes, Antichrist, anticlimax.

Anti-, against: Antarctic, antidote, antipathy, antipodes, Antichrist, anticlimax.

Apo-, from, away from, off: apology, apostle, apostrophe, aphelion, apogee (gē = earth), apostasy.

Apo-, from, away from, off: apology, apostle, apostrophe, aphelion, apogee (gē = earth), apostasy.

Arch-, chief: archangel, archbishop, archfiend, archi-tect.

Arch-, chief: archangel, archbishop, archvillain, architect.

Auto-, self: autocrat, autograph, automobile, autonomy, automatic, aut-opsy.

Auto-, self: autocrat, autograph, car, independence, automatic, autopsy.

Cata-, down, (thoroughly): cataract, catastrophe, catechise, catalogue, (a complete numbering).

Cata-, down, (completely): cataract, catastrophe, catechize, catalog, (a complete listing).

Dia-, through, (between): diagonal, diagram, dialogue, diapason, diaphragm.

Dia-, through, (between): diagonal, diagram, dialogue, diapason, diaphragm.

Dis-, di-, twice, doubly: dissyllable, di-phthong, dilemma.

Dis-, di-, twice, doubly: dissyllable, diphthong, dilemma.

Dys-, ill, bad: dysentery, dyspepsia.

Dys-, ill, bad: dysentery, dyspepsia.

Ec-, ex-, out, out of: ec-centric, ec-lipse, ec-stasy, exegesis, exodus, exorcise.

Ec-, ex-, out, out of: ec-centric, ec-lipse, ec-stasy, exegesis, exodus, exorcise.

En-, in: energy, emblem, emphasis, empiric, encomium, encyclic, endo-gen.

En-, in: energy, symbol, importance, based on observation, praise, circular, internal origin.

Epi-, upon, to: epidemic, epigram, epistle, epitaph, ep-hemeral, ep-och.

Epi-, upon, to: epidemic, epigram, epistle, epitaph, ephemeral, epoch.

Eu-, well: eucharist, eulogy, euphemism, euphony, ev-angel = good news.

Eu-, well: eucharist, eulogy, euphemism, euphony, ev-angel = good news.

Exo-, outside, without: exo-gen, exoteric, exotic.

Exo-: outside, without: exogen, esoteric, exotic.

Hemi-, half: hemicycle, hemisphere, hemi-stich.

Hemi-, half: semicircle, hemisphere, half-verse.

Hyper-, over, beyond measure: hyperbole, hypercritical, hypertrophy.

Hyper-, over, beyond measure: hyperbole, hypercritical, hypertrophy.

Hypo-, under: hypocrite, hypodermic, hypothesis, hyp-hen (= one).

Hypo-, under: hypocrite, hypodermic, hypothesis, hyp-hen (= one).

Meta-, after, between, (changed for): metaphor, metathesis, metamorphosis, metonymy, met-hod = after a way (hodos).

Meta-, after, between, (changed for): metaphor, metathesis, metamorphosis, metonymy, met-hod = after a way (hodos).

Para-, beside, near by, contrary to: parable, paradox, parallel, parish, parody, par-helion.

Para-, beside, nearby, opposite: parable, paradox, parallel, parish, parody, par-helion.

Peri-, around, near: period, perimeter, perigee (gē = earth), perihelion.

Peri-, around, near: period, perimeter, perigee (gē = earth), perihelion.

Pro-, before, for: problem, prologue, prophet = interpreter.

Pro-, before, for: problem, prologue, prophet = interpreter.

Syn-, with, together: synagogue, syntax, syl-lable, sym-pathy, sy-stem.

Syn-, with, together: synagogue, syntax, syllable, sympathy, system.


WORD-BUILDING BY THE USE OF SUFFIXES.

Suffixes, sometimes called affixes or postfixes, are even more numerously employed in English than are prefixes, and, indeed, have a greater modifying power over the words to which they are attached. They consist of a letter or letters, syllable or syllables appended to the end of words or roots, and, like prefixes, are borrowed mainly from old English, Latin (French) and Greek.

Suffixes, sometimes called affixes or postfixes, are used even more frequently in English than prefixes and actually have a stronger modifying effect on the words they’re attached to. They are made up of one or more letters or syllables added to the end of words or roots, and, similar to prefixes, they are mainly borrowed from Old English, Latin (French), and Greek.

English Suffixes.

English Suffixes.

Nouns.—The most important are:—

Nouns.—The key ones are:—

-ard, -art, denoting habit, or possession of a quality in an excessive degree: braggart, coward, drunkard, laggard, reynard, sluggard, wizard.

-ard, -art, indicating a habit or an excessive quality: braggart, coward, drunkard, laggard, reynard, sluggard, wizard.

-craft, strength, skill, cunning: woodcraft, priestcraft, witchcraft.

-craft, strength, skill, cunning: woodworking, religious leadership, witchcraft.

-d, -t, -th, suffixed to roots: flood (from the root of flow), seed (sow); drift (drive), drought (dry), flight (fly); death (die), birth (bear), sloth (slow), health (heal).

-d, -t, -th, added to roots: flood (from the root of flow), seed (sow); drift (drive), drought (dry), flight (fly); death (die), birth (bear), sloth (slow), health (heal).

-dom, authority, dominion, quality, condition: earldom, kingdom, christendom, Saxondom, wisdom, freedom, serfdom.

-dom, authority, control, quality, state: earldom, kingdom, christendom, Saxondom, wisdom, freedom, serfdom.

-en, gives a diminutive meaning: chicken (little cock), kitten, maiden.

-en, gives a smaller meaning: chicken (little rooster), kitten, girl.

-er, denotes agent: instrument; belonging to (of places): brazier, farmer, fuller, hater, leader, saw(y)er, writer; grater, heater; Londoner.

-er, indicates a person who performs an action or a thing that is used for a specific purpose; related to (of locations): brazier, farmer, fuller, hater, leader, sawer, writer; grater, heater; Londoner.

-hood, (-head), condition, order, collection: brotherhood, childhood, Godhood, knighthood, manhood, priesthood, wifehood; Godhead.

-hood, (-head), condition, order, collection: brotherhood, childhood, Godhood, knighthood, manhood, priesthood, wifehood; Godhead.

-ing, (participle) act of, result of act: farthing (fourth), dwelling, feeling, riding. It is collective in clothing, shipping.

-ing, (participle) act of, result of act: farthing (fourth), dwelling, feeling, riding. It is collective in clothing, shipping.

-kin, diminutive: bodkin, firkin, lambkin, mannikin.

-kin, diminutive: bodkin, firkin, lambkin, mannikin.

-le or -l, diminutive, means: bundle, handle, runnel, saddle (= little seat), satchel, sickle.

-le or -l, diminutive, means: bundle, handle, runnel, saddle (= small seat), satchel, sickle.

-ling, diminutive, sometimes contemptuous: darling, duckling, firstling, gosling, hireling, nestling, seedling.

-ling, a small or sometimes derogatory term: darling, duckling, firstling, gosling, hireling, nestling, seedling.

-lock, state: wedlock.

-lock, state: marriage.

-ness, forms abstract nouns from adjectives, quality, state: goodness, holiness, weakness.

-ness, creates abstract nouns from adjectives, indicating a quality or state: goodness, holiness, weakness.

-ock, diminutive: bullock, hillock, paddock (= a little park), Pollock (= little Paul).

-ock, diminutive: bullock, hillock, paddock (= a small park), Pollock (= little Paul).

-m, or -om, forms nouns from verbs: bloom (from blow), gloom (glow), seam (sew), team (tow).

-m, or -om, creates nouns from verbs: bloom (from blow), gloom (from glow), seam (from sew), team (from tow).

-red, state, sometimes collective, quality: hatred, kindred; Mildred (mild in counsel), Ethelred (noble in counsel).

-red, state, sometimes group, quality: hatred, related; Mildred (gentle in advice), Ethelred (noble in advice).

-ric, office, dominion: bishopric.

-ric, office, dominion: bishop's office.

-ship, state, office: clerkship, fellowship, horsemanship, lordship, stewardship, worship (= worthship).

-ship, state, office: clerkship, fellowship, horsemanship, lordship, stewardship, worship (= worthship).

-stead, place: bedstead, homestead, instead.

-bstead, place: bed frame, farmhouse, rather.

-ster denotes an agent, (originally a woman), a person who does something with skill or as an occupation: spinster, chorister, huckster, maltster, songster, tapster, roadster; baxster (bake-ster), brewster, webster (the woman who weaves). It is depreciative in: gamester, punster, oldster, trickster, youngster.

-ster indicates an agent, (originally a woman), someone who does something with skill or as a job: spinster, chorister, huckster, maltster, songster, tapster, roadster; baxster (bake-ster), brewster, webster (the woman who weaves). It has a negative connotation in: gamester, punster, oldster, trickster, youngster.

-th, -t, state, quality, act, number in order: dearth, filth, mirth, wealth, worth, theft, tenth.

-th, -t, state, quality, act, number in order: scarcity, dirt, joy, prosperity, value, robbery, tenth.

-ther, -der, or -ter denotes an agent: father, mother, brother, sister; bladder (blow), rudder (row), laughter, water (wet), winter (wind).

-ther, -der, or -ter indicates an agent: father, mother, brother, sister; bladder (blow), rudder (row), laughter, water (wet), winter (wind).

-wright, work or workman: millwright, playwright, shipwright, wheelwright.

-wright, worker or craftsman: mill worker, scriptwriter, ship builder, wheel maker.

-ward, keeper: hayward, steward (= sty-keeper), woodward.

-ward, keeper: hayward, steward (= sty-keeper), woodward.

-y, -ie, diminutive: baby, lassie, Tommy, Willie.

-y, -ie, diminutive: baby, little girl, Tommy, Willie.

Adjectives.—Some of the more important are:—

Adjectives.—Some of the more important ones are:—

-ed, -d, the past participle ending, possession: honored, landed (possessing lands), talented.

-ed, -d, the past participle ending, possession: honored, landed (holding lands), talented.

-en, participial ending, also denotes material: drunken, given, hewn (= hewen), molten, river; flaxen, golden, silken, silvern, oaken, wooden; heathen (= belonging to the country).

-en, the participial ending, also indicates material: drunken, given, hewn, molten, river; flaxen, golden, silken, silver, oaken, wooden; heathen (= belonging to the country).

-erly, -ern, direction, section: southerly, eastern.

south, east

-fast, firm: rootfast, shamefaced (= shamefast), steadfast.

-fast, firm: rootfirm, embarrassed (= shamefirm), steadfast.

-fold, times: fourfold, manifold.

-fold, times: fourfold, multiple.

-ful, full: artful, hopeful, needful, sinful.

-ful, full: skillful, optimistic, necessary, wrong.

-ish, similarity, pertaining or belonging to, somewhat: boyish, brutish, foolish, slavish, English, French, Irish, Scottish, Scotch, Welsh; blackish, whitish.

-ish, similarity, relating to or belonging to, somewhat: boyish, brutish, foolish, slavish, English, French, Irish, Scottish, Scotch, Welsh; blackish, whitish.

-le, weakens the root: brittle, fickle, little.

-le, weakens the root: fragile, changeable, small.

-less, without: bloodless, childless, fadeless, toothless.

-less, without: bloodless, childless, fadeless, toothless.

-like, -ly, like: childlike, Godlike, ghastly (= ghostly), womanly.

-like, -ly, like: childlike, godlike, ghostly, womanly.

-ow, modern form of old Eng. -u: callow, fallow, narrow, yellow.

-ow, modern form of old English -u: callow, fallow, narrow, yellow.

-right, straight (= direct): downright, forthright, upright.

-right, straight (= direct): totally honest, straightforward, honest.

-some, like, full: blithesome (showing gladness), burdensome, gamesome, gladsome, irksome, winsome (wyn = joy).

-some, like, full: cheerful (showing happiness), troublesome, playful, joyful, annoying, charming (wyn = joy).

-teen, ten: thirteen, etc.

-bteen, ten: thirteen, etc.

-ty, tens: thirty, etc.

-bty, tens: thirty, etc.

-ward, course, direction: awkward (awk = Icelandic afug, back foremost), cityward(s), landward, westward.

-ward, course, direction: awkward (awk = Icelandic afug, back foremost), cityward(s), landward, westward.

-wise, way, manner: lengthwise, likewise, nowise. The word ways is often substituted: endways, sideways.

-wise, way, manner: lengthwise, likewise, no way. The word ways is often replaced: endways, sideways.

-y, -ey, like, of the nature of, covered with: bloody, crafty, dusty, mighty, stormy, tricky.

-y, -ey, similar to, covered in: bloody, crafty, dusty, mighty, stormy, tricky.

Verb and Adverb Suffixes are much fewer and less important than those used to form nouns and adjectives. The following may be noted:—

Verb and Adverb Endings are significantly fewer and less important than those used to create nouns and adjectives. The following can be observed:—

Verbs.

Verbs.

-en, is causative, make: cheapen, deepen, gladden, quicken.

-en, is causative, meaning to make: cheapen, deepen, gladden, quicken.

-er, denotes frequency, (energy): chatter, linger, spatter (spot), splutter, sputter (spout), waver, whimper (whine).

-er, indicates frequency, (energy): chatter, linger, spatter (spot), splutter, sputter (spout), waver, whimper (whine).

-le, also denotes frequency, sometimes energy: handle, jingle (chink), joggle, shuffle (shove), sparkle, startle, tickle, tipple, whittle.

-le also indicates frequency, and sometimes energy: handle, jingle (chink), joggle, shuffle (shove), sparkle, startle, tickle, tipple, whittle.

Adverbs.—Certain suffixes occur which have already been given, as:—

Adverbs.—Certain suffixes appear that have already been mentioned, such as:—

-ly, manner: awkwardly, falsely, nobly.

-ly, manner: awkwardly, insincerely, nobly.

-wise, manner: crosswise, otherwise.

-crosswise, otherwise.

-ward, direction: hitherward.

hitherward.

Latin (and French) Suffixes.

Latin and French Suffixes.

Latin Suffixes, alike numerous and important, have in perhaps the majority of cases taken on a French form. For although, prior to the Norman Conquest, English had been but slightly influenced from foreign sources, yet Norman French, the language of the Conquerors, survived long enough to produce an impression on the language of England.

Latin Endings, like many others that matter, have mostly adopted a French form. Even though English was only slightly affected by foreign languages before the Norman Conquest, Norman French, the language of the conquerors, lasted long enough to leave a mark on the English language.

Noun Suffixes.—The most important of these are:—

Noun Suffixes.—The most important ones are:—

-acy, -cy, rank, office, state: abbacy, bankruptcy, captaincy, magistracy, papacy, tenancy.

-acy, -cy, rank, office, state: abbacy, bankruptcy, captaincy, magistracy, papacy, tenancy.

-ade, state, place of or for: blockade, collonade, promenade, serenade.

-ade, state, place of or for: blockade, colonnade, promenade, serenade.

-age, makes an abstract or collective noun, act, state: beverage, bondage, courage, homage, marriage, tonnage, vintage, cordage, hermitage, plumage, village.

-age, forms an abstract or collective noun, indicating an act or state: beverage, bondage, courage, homage, marriage, tonnage, vintage, cordage, hermitage, plumage, village.

-al, pertaining to, possessing, act of: animal (anima = breath of life), canal, cardinal, hospital, withdrawal.

-al, relating to, having, or the action of: animal (anima = breath of life), canal, cardinal, hospital, withdrawal.

-an, belonging to: American, artisan, Christian, librarian, pagan, publican, chaplain, captain.

-an, belonging to: American, artisan, Christian, librarian, pagan, publican, chaplain, captain.

-ance, -ence,}form abstract nouns, the act of: abundance, diligence, repentance, consistence, pliancy, clemency.
-ancy, -ency,}

-and, -end, that which is to be: memorand-um, -a, agend-a, multiplicand; dividend, legend, minuend, subtrahend.

-and, -end, that which is to come: memorand-um, -a, agend-a, multiplicand; dividend, legend, minuend, subtrahend.

-ant, -ent (participle), one who (does): assistant, combatant, lieutenant, litigant, agent, client, patient, regent.

-ant, -ent (participle), one who (does): assistant, fighter, lieutenant, litigant, agent, client, patient, regent.

-ar, one who (is or does): scholar, vicar.

-ar, someone who (is or does): scholar, vicar.

-ary, place for: apiary, granary, library, seminary. It also designates a trade, profession, business: actuary, commissary, lapidary, notary, secretary; incendiary, voluptuary.

-ary, place for: apiary, granary, library, seminary. It also refers to a trade, profession, or business: actuary, commissary, lapidary, notary, secretary; incendiary, voluptuary.

-ate, agent, state, office: advocate, consulate, curate, legate, postulate, protectorate, pontificate.

-ate, agent, state, office: advocate, consulate, curate, legate, postulate, protectorate, pontificate.

-ce, -ice, form abstract nouns: benefice, device, justice, palace, service.

-ce, -ice, create abstract nouns: benefit, device, justice, palace, service.

-cle, -cel, diminutive: corpuscle, parcel.

-cle, -cel, small: corpuscle, parcel.

-ee, (Fr. form of -ate), person to whom: assignee, employee, grantee, legatee, trustee, vendee.

-ee, (French form of -ate), a person to whom something is assigned: assignee, employee, grantee, legatee, trustee, vendee.

-el, -le, form diminutives: chapel, libel, buckle, castle.

-el, -le, make smaller versions: chapel, libel, buckle, castle.

-er, -eer, -ier, one who (does): mariner, auctioneer, pioneer, brigadier.

-er, -eer, -ier, a person who (does): mariner, auctioneer, pioneer, brigadier.

-er, place: larder, saucer.

-er, place: pantry, dish.

-ern, place: cavern, cistern, tavern.

-ern, place: cave, water tank, pub.

-ery, -ry, place: cemetery, foundry, laundry, nunnery, surgery.

-ery, -ry, place: cemetery, foundry, laundry, nunnery, surgery.

-ery, -ry, condition, quality, collection, production: slavery, bravery, treachery, finery, peasantry, carpentry, poetry.

-ery, -ry, condition, quality, collection, production: slavery, bravery, betrayal, elegance, peasantry, carpentry, poetry.

-ess, feminine agent: empress, governess, sorceress.

-ess, feminine agent: empress, governess, sorceress.

-et, -let, diminutive: coronet, floweret, lancet, puppet, ticket, bracelet, chaplet, eaglet; etiquette (= a little ticket).

-et, -let, diminutive: coronet, floweret, lancet, puppet, ticket, bracelet, chaplet, eaglet; etiquette (= a small ticket).

-icle, diminutive: article, icicle, particle.

-icle, diminutive: article, icicle, particle.

-ion, -sion, -tion, action, process, state, result: action, legislation, mansion, opinion, position, rebellion.

-ion, -sion, -tion, action, process, state, result: action, law, house, opinion, stance, uprising.

-ive, who or that which (does or is): fugitive, native, representative.

-ive, which refers to someone or something that does or is: fugitive, native, representative.

-men, -me, -ment, denoting result accomplished, instrument, state; regimen, regime, amendment, document, ornament, banishment.

-men, -me, -ment, indicating the outcome achieved, tool, condition; regimen, regime, amendment, document, ornament, banishment.

-mony, quality, state, act: acrimony, matrimony, sanctimony, testimony, ceremony.

-mony, quality, state, act: bitterness, marriage, holiness, evidence, celebration.

-on, -one, denotes greatness: clarion, flagon, million, trombone. It appears as -oon in balloon, dragoon, saloon.

-on, -one, signifies greatness: clarion, flagon, million, trombone. It shows up as -oon in balloon, dragoon, saloon.

-or, agent, quality, act: emperor, governor, ardour, behaviour, savor, clamour.

-or, agent, quality, act: emperor, governor, passion, conduct, flavor, uproar.

-sel, diminutive: damsel (= little dame), morsel.

-sel, diminutive: damsel (= little lady), morsel.

-t, -ot, agent, having passion for: prophet, patriot, zealot.

-t, -ot, agent, driven by passion for: prophet, patriot, zealot.

-ter, person who: master, minister.

-ter, person who: expert, leader.

-tor, -trix, agent: actor, competitor, pastor, executrix, testatrix.

-tor, -trix, agent: actor, competitor, pastor, executrix, testatrix.

-tude, condition, quality: altitude, fortitude, servitude, multitude.

-tude, state, quality: altitude, fortitude, servitude, multitude.

-ty, quality, state of: charity, docility, frailty, poverty, vanity.

-ty, quality, state of: kindness, submissiveness, weakness, lack of money, egoism.

-ule, -cule, diminutive: globule, spherule, animalcule, molecule.

-ule, -cule, small: globule, spherule, tiny organism, molecule.

-ure, -ture, act of, thing done: capture, departure, architecture, manufacture, creature.

-ure, -ture, action of, thing done: capture, departure, architecture, manufacture, creature.

-y, condition, collection: victory, company, family, society.

-y, condition, collection: victory, company, family, society.

Adjective Suffixes.—The Latin (and French) suffixes are used extensively to form adjectives. The following may be noted:—

Adjective Suffixes.—The Latin (and French) suffixes are widely used to create adjectives. The following points should be noted:—

-able, able, capable of: amiable, arable, capable, considerable, friable (= easily crumbled), lovable, portable.

-able, able, capable of: friendly, suitable for growing, capable, significant, easily crumbled, lovable, easy to carry.

-aceous, containing, like: argillaceous (clayey), crustaceous (with crust-like shell), farinaceous (far, corn), herbaceous.

-aceous, meaning containing, as in: argillaceous (clay-like), crustaceous (having a crusty shell), farinaceous (flour, grain), herbaceous.

-al, pertaining to: ancestral, bestial, communal, final, legal, tidal, vernal.

-al, related to: ancestral, animalistic, communal, ultimate, legal, tidal, springtime.

-an, pertaining to, belonging to: Arabian, civilian, human, partisan, sylvan.

-an, related to, belonging to: Arabian, civilian, human, partisan, sylvan.

-ant, -ent, (be)-ing, (do)-ing: abundant, cognizant, defiant, errant, observant, mordant, verdant, adjacent, consistent, convalescent, crescent, diffident, effervescent.

-ant, -ent, (be)-ing, (do)-ing: plentiful, aware, rebellious, wandering, watchful, sharp, green, next to, steady, recovering, lunar, shy, bubbly.

-ar, like, belonging to: angular, circular, lunar, secular.

-ar, meaning belonging to: angular, circular, lunar, secular.

-ary, pertaining to: binary (double), capillary, honorary, military, sanitary, tributary, visionary.

-ary, related to: binary (double), capillary, honorary, military, sanitary, tributary, visionary.

-ate, having the quality expressed by the root: delicate, deliberate, fortunate, intricate, obdurate.

-ate, having the quality expressed by the root: delicate, intentional, lucky, complex, stubborn.

-atic, pertaining to: aquatic, fanatic (fānum, temple), lunatic.

-atic, relating to: aquatic, enthusiast (fānum, temple), crazy.

-esque, like, partaking of: arabesque, burlesque, grotesque, picturesque.

-esque, meaning resembling or in the style of: arabesque, burlesque, grotesque, picturesque.

-ible, able: credible, divisible, edible, flexible, frangible, tangible, visible.

-ible, able: credible, divisible, edible, flexible, frangible, tangible, visible.

-ic, pertaining to, like: domestic, gigantic, hectic, lyric, metallic, poetic.

-ic, related to, similar to: domestic, gigantic, hectic, lyrical, metallic, poetic.

-ical (-ic + al), pertaining to: angelical, chemical, nautical, theatrical.

-ical (-ic + al), relating to: angelical, chemical, nautical, theatrical.

-id, quality: acid, candid, limpid, morbid, sordid.

-id, quality: acidic, frank, clear, unhealthy, filthy.

-il, pertaining to: civil.

-civil, relating to: civil.

-ile, like -able, -ible: docile, ductile, fragile, mobile, prehensile, versatile.

-ile, like -able, -ible: docile, ductile, fragile, mobile, prehensile, versatile.

-ile, like -il: hostile, infantile, juvenile, mercantile, senile.

-ile, like -il: unfriendly, childish, youthful, commercial, elderly.

-ine, pertaining to, partaking of: adamantine, alkaline, aquiline, canine, clandestine, divine, feline, saline.

-ine, relating to, having the characteristics of: adamantine, alkaline, aquiline, canine, clandestine, divine, feline, saline.

-ive, inclined to, tending to: abusive, cohesive, corrective, determinative, fugitive, plaintive, relative, seductive.

-ive, having a tendency to: abusive, cohesive, corrective, determinative, fugitive, plaintive, relative, seductive.

-ite, like -ate: definite, exquisite, favourite.

-bite, like -ate: definite, exquisite, favorite.

-lent, full of, having (to excess): corpulent, fraudulent, opulent, truculent, violent (vi-s = force).

-lent, full of, having (to excess): overweight, dishonest, wealthy, aggressive, forceful (vi-s = force).

-ory, inclined to, pertaining to: amatory, accessory, advisory, illusory, prohibitory, sensory, valedictory.

-ory, related to, having to do with: romantic, additional, helpful, deceptive, banning, perceptual, farewell.

-ose, containing, abounding in (often to excess): bellicose, comatose, globose, grandiose, jocose, verbose.

-ose, having a lot of, often too much: bellicose, comatose, globose, grandiose, jocose, verbose.

-ous, like -ose: ambitious, arduous, assiduous, bulbous, furious, piteous, poisonous, omnivorous, riotous.

-ous, like -ose: ambitious, challenging, diligent, bulbous, angry, sorrowful, toxic, omnivorous, chaotic.

-und, inclined to, possessing: jocund, moribund, rotund, rubicund.

-und, inclined to, possessing: cheerful, dying, round, reddish.

Verb Suffixes.—These are few:—

Verb Suffixes.—There are a few:—

-ate, originally past participle suffix, as am-āt-us, loved: celebrate, donate, eradicate, perforate, vaccinate.

-ate, originally a suffix for past participles, like am-āt-us, meaning loved: celebrate, donate, eradicate, perforate, vaccinate.

-fy, make: beautify, fructify, modify, notify, revivify.

-fy, make: beautify, bear fruit, change, inform, bring back to life.

-ish, make, do: admonish, cherish, establish, finish, relish.

-ish, make, do: warn, treasure, create, complete, enjoy.

Greek Suffixes.

Greek Suffixes.

Although not numerous, Greek suffixes are important in English word-making. They are used principally in making nouns.

Although they aren't many, Greek suffixes play a key role in forming words in English. They're mainly used to create nouns.

Nouns:—

Nouns:—

-asm, quality, that which: enthusiasm, sarcasm (= flesh-tearing).

-asm, quality, that which: excitement, irony (= harsh criticism).

-ast, one who (does): elegiast, enthusiast, gymnast, symposiast.

-ast, someone who (does): elegiast, enthusiast, gymnast, symposiast.

-ic (-ics), an art, science: logic, music, phthisic (asthma), physic (science of medicine), ethics, physics, politics, statics, tactics.

-ic (-ics), a field of study: logic, music, asthma, medical science, ethics, physics, politics, statics, tactics.

-isk, diminutive: asterisk (= little star), obelisk (little spit or pillar).

-isk, diminutive: asterisk (= small star), obelisk (small spit or pillar).

-ism, act of, result, state, doctrine: atheism, baptism, criticism, euphemism, socialism, schism, syllogism, Anglicanism, stoicism.

-ism, action of, outcome, condition, belief: atheism, baptism, criticism, euphemism, socialism, schism, syllogism, Anglicanism, stoicism.

-ist, denotes practice, occupation: apologist, chemist, copyist, elegist, eulogist, Hebraist, organist.

-ist, signifies a practice or occupation: apologist, chemist, copyist, elegist, eulogist, Hebraist, organist.

-ma, -m, result produced: asthma, diorama, dogma, drama, apothegm, theorem.

-ma, -m, results produced: asthma, diorama, dogma, drama, apothegm, theorem.

-sis, act of, result: analysis, emphasis, genesis, periphrasis, synthesis.

-sis, act of, result: analysis, emphasis, origin, paraphrase, synthesis.

-sy, like -sis: apostasy, epilepsy, hypocrisy, idiosyncrasy, palsy (= paraly-sis), poesy.

-sy, like -sis: apostasy, epilepsy, hypocrisy, idiosyncrasy, palsy (= paralysis), poetry.

-t, -te, one who (does or is): apostate, comet (= long-haired), planet (= wanderer), poet (= maker).

-t, -te, someone who (does or is): apostate, comet (= long-haired), planet (= wanderer), poet (= maker).

-ter, (-tre), place of, instrument: center, meter, philter (love-potion), theatre (theā-, see).

-ter, (-tre), location of, tool: center, meter, philter (love potion), theatre (theā-, see).

-y, denotes quality, state, science: autonomy, botany, geography, geometry, logomachy, melancholy, monarchy, philosophy, theology, theory.

-y, indicates quality, state, or field of study: autonomy, botany, geography, geometry, logomachy, melancholy, monarchy, philosophy, theology, theory.

Adjectives:—

Adjectives:—

-ac, pertaining to: cardiac, elegiac, hypochondriac, Syriac.

-ac, relating to: cardiac, elegiac, hypochondriac, Syriac.

-ic, belonging to, like; aromatic, athletic, authentic, despotic, frantic, Hebraic, hypnotic, idiotic, monarchic, polytechnic, theoretic.

-ic, belonging to, like; aromatic, athletic, authentic, despotic, frantic, Hebraic, hypnotic, idiotic, monarchic, polytechnic, theoretic.

Verbs:—

Verbs:—

-ize (-ise), do, make or cause to be: baptize, criticise, dogmatize, Hellenize, ostracize, proselytize, theorize. It is often attached to stems not derived from Greek: anglicize, authorize, Judaize, botanize, fertilize, naturalize, pulverize, scrutinize, terrorize.

-ize (-ise), to do, create, or cause to be: baptize, criticize, dogmatize, Hellenize, ostracize, proselytize, theorize. It is often added to roots not derived from Greek: anglicize, authorize, Judaize, botanize, fertilize, naturalize, pulverize, scrutinize, terrorize.


ENGLISH ROOT-WORDS AND DERIVATIVES.

The native force of English was such that it came to be a highly developed language, possessing a copious vocabulary and a rich literature in prose and verse. Indeed, the English quite surpassed their Norman conquerors in learning and literary culture. It is this English that lies at the foundation of the English of to-day, and some attention may well be given to old English root-words.

The natural power of English was so great that it became a highly developed language, with a vast vocabulary and a rich body of literature in both prose and poetry. In fact, the English greatly outperformed their Norman conquerors in knowledge and literary culture. This form of English is the basis for the English we use today, and it's worth paying attention to old English root words.

Āc, an oak, gives us oak, acorn, Acton.

Āc, an oak, gives us oak, acorn, Acton.


Bac-an, to bake: baker, baxter (female baker), batch.

Bac-an, to bake: baker, baxter (female baker), batch.

Ban-a, a slayer: bane, baneful, henbane.

Ban-a, a slayer: curse, harmful, henbane.

Bēat-an, to stroke: beat, bat, battle, beetle, batter.

Bēat-an, to stroke: beat, bat, battle, beetle, batter.

Beorg-an, to shelter: bury, burrow, burgh, harbour, harbinger.

Beorg-an, to shelter: bury, dig in, safe place, protect, forerunner.

Bēr-an, to bear: bear, birth, bairn, breed, brood, bier, barrow, brother, bird.

Bēr-an, to bear: carry, give birth, child, produce, offspring, coffin, mound, sibling, bird.

Bēt-an, to make good: better, best, boot (to boot).

Bēt-an, to improve: better, best, bonus (as an extra).

Bind-an, to bind: band, bond, bondage, bundle.

Bind-an, to bind: band, bond, bondage, bundle.

Bit, to bite: bit, beetle, bait, bitter.

Bit, to bite: bit, bug, lure, harsh.

Blāw-an, to puff: bladder, blain, blast, blister, blot, bloat.

Blāw-an, to puff: bubble, sore, burst, bump, swell.

Blōw-an, to blossom: blow, bloom, blossom, blade.

Blow-an, to blossom: blow, bloom, blossom, blade.

Brec-an, to break: break, breakers, brake, bracken, breach.

Brec-an, to break: break, breakers, brake, bracken, breach.

Brēow-an, brew, brewer, broth, bread.

Brēow-an, brew, brewer, broth, bread.

Būg-an, to bend: bow, elbow, bough, bight.

Būg-an, to bend: bow, elbow, branch, curve.

Byrn-an, to burn: burn, brown, brimstone, brand, brandy, brindled.

Byrn-an, to burn: burn, brown, sulfur, brand, liquor, speckled.

Catt, a cat: catkin, kitten, caterpillar, caterwaul.

Catt, a cat: catkin, kitten, caterpillar, caterwaul.

Cēapi-an, to buy: cheap, cheapen, chap, chaffer, Chapman.

Cēapi-an, to buy: cheap, cheapen, deal, haggle, vendor.

Cen-an, to produce: kin, kindred, kind, kindle.

Cen-an, to produce: family, relatives, type, spark.

Cēow-an, to chew: chew, cheek, cud.

Cēow-an, to chew: chew, cheek, cud.

Clēow-an, to split: cleave, cleaver, cleft, clover (split grass).

Clēow-an, to split: cleave, cleaver, cleft, clover (split grass).

Clifi-an, to stick to: clip, cleave (together).

Clifi-an, to stick to: clip, cleave (together).

Cnāw-an, to know: ken, know, knowledge.

Cnāw-an, to know: know, knowledge.

Cnot-ta, a knot: knot, knit, net.

Cnot-ta, a knot: knot, knit, net.

Cunn-an, to know, be able: can, con, cunning, uncouth.

Cunn-an, to know, be able: can, con, clever, rude.

Cweth-an, to say: quoth, bequeath, bequest.

Cweth-an, to say: quote, give, legacy.

Cwic, alive: quick, quicken, quickset, quicksilver.

Quick, alive: quick, quicken, quickset, quicksilver.


Dæ-an, to divide: deal, dole, dale, dell.

Dæ-an, to divide: share, distribute, valley, glade.

Dēm-an, to judge: deem, doom, doomsday, king-dom.

Dēm-an, to judge: deem, doom, doomsday, kingdom.

Dēor, dear, dearth, darling, endear.

Dēor, dear, scarcity, darling, endear.

Dōn, to act: do, don, doff, deed.

Dōn, to act: do, put on, take off, action.

Drag-an, to draw: drag, draw, dray, draft, drain, dredge, draggle, drawl.

Drag-an, to draw: drag, draw, dray, draft, drain, dredge, draggle, drawl.

Drīf-an, to push: drive, drove, drift, adrift.

Drīf-an, to push: drive, drove, drift, adrift.

Drinc-an, to soak: drink, drench.

Drinc-an, to soak: drink, soak.

Drīp-an, to drip: drip, drop, droop, dribble, driblet.

Drīp-an, to drip: drip, drop, droop, dribble, driblet.

Dryge, dry: dry, drought, drugs (dried plants).

Dryge, dry: dry, drought, drugs (dried plants).


Far-an, to go: far, fare, welfare, ferry, ford.

Far-an, to go: far, fare, welfare, ferry, ford.

Fēower, four: farthing, firkin, fourteen, fortnight, forty.

Four, four: penny, small barrel, fourteen, two weeks, forty.

Flēog-an, to flee: fly, flight, flea, fledged.

Flēog-an, to flee: fly, flight, flea, fledged.

Flēot-an, to float: float, fleet, afloat, flotsam.

Flēot-an, to float: float, fleet, afloat, flotsam.

Fōd-a, food, feed: food, fodder, foster, father, forage.

Fōd-a, food, feed: food, feed, support, dad, search for food.

Fōn, [P.P. gefangen], to catch: fang, finger, new fangled.

Fōn, [P.P. caught], to catch: catch, grip, trendy.

Frēon, to love: friend, friendship.

Freon, to love: buddy, camaraderie.


Gal-an, to sing: gale, yell, nightingale.

Gal-an, to sing: shout, yell, nightingale.

Gang-an, to go: gang, gangway, ago.

Gang-an, to go: gang, gangway, ago.

Gnag-an, to bite: gnaw, gnat, nag (to tease).

Gnag-an, to bite: gnaw, gnat, nag (to tease).

Graf-an, to dig, cut: grave, engrave, graft, groove, carve.

Graf-an, to dig, cut: grave, engrave, graft, groove, carve.

Grīp-an, to seize: grip, gripe, grasp, grab, grope.

Grīp-an, to seize: grip, complain, grasp, grab, grope.

Gyrd-an, to surround: gird, girdle, garden, yard, vineyard.

Gyrd-an, to surround: gird, girdle, garden, yard, vineyard.


Hæl-an, to heal: hale, holy, hallow, health, hail, whole, wholesome, wassail.

Hail, to heal: healthy, sacred, bless, wellness, greet, complete, nutritious, cheers.

Hebb-an, to raise: heave, heaven, heavy, (heave-offering).

Hebb-an, to raise: lift, sky, weighty, (lifting-offering).

Hlāf, bread, loaf: loaf, lord (hlāford, loaf-keeper), lady (hlœfdīge = loaf-kneader).

Bread, loaf: loaf, lord (lord, loaf-keeper), lady (lady = loaf-kneader).


Licg-an, to lie: lie, lay, layer, lair, outlay.

Licg-an, to lie: lie, lay, layer, lair, outlay.

Loda, guide: lead, lodestar, lodestone.

Loda, guide: leader, guiding star, magnet.


Māg-an, to be able: may, main, might, mighty.

Māg-an, to be able: can, may, might.

Māw-an, to cut: mow, math, aftermath, mead, meadow (mown spot).

Māw-an, to cut: mow, math, aftermath, mead, meadow (cut area).

Mōn-a, moon: month, moon, (moonshiner).

Mōn-a, moon: month, moon, (moonshiner).


Nasu, nose: nose, nasal, nostril, nozzle.

Nasu, nose: nose, nasal, nostril, nozzle.


Penn-an, to shut up: pen, pin, pound, impound.

Penn-an, to shut up: pen, pin, pound, impound.

Pīc, point: pike, peak, picket, pike (a fish), peck, pecker.

Pīc, point: pike, peak, picket, pike (a fish), peck, pecker.


Rēaf, clothing, spoil: rob, robber, reave, bereave, reever, robe.

Rēaf, clothing, spoil: steal, thief, raid, take away, plunder, robe.


Scēap-an, to form: shape, ship, scape (landscape).

Scēap-an, to shape: form, ship, landscape.

Scēot-an, to throw: shoot, shot, shut, sheet, shutter, shuttle, scud.

Scēot-an, to throw: shoot, shot, shut, sheet, shutter, shuttle, scud.

Scer-an, to cut: shear, share, shire, scar, scare, score, sharp, short, shirt, skirt, shred, scrip, scrap.

Scer-an, to cut: shear, share, shire, scar, scare, score, sharp, short, shirt, skirt, shred, scrip, scrap.

Scuf-an, to push: shove, shovel, shuffle, scruffle, sheaf, scoop.

Scuf-an, to push: shove, shovel, shuffle, scruffle, sheaf, scoop.

Sitt-an, to sit: sit, set, seat, settle.

Sitt-an, to sit: sit, set, seat, settle.

Slē-an, to strike: slay, slaughter, slog, sledge.

Slē-an, to strike: kill, butcher, hit, pound.

Slīp-an, to slip: slop, slipper, sleeve.

Slip-an, to slip: slop, slipper, sleeve.

Snīc-an, to crawl: sneak, snake, snail.

Snīc-an, to crawl: sneak, slither, snail.

Stede, place: stead, instead, homestead, steady, steadfast.

Stede, place: home, instead, homestead, stable, reliable.

Stici-an, to stick: stick, stitch, stake, stock, stockade, stock-still.

Stici-an, to stick: stick, stitch, stake, stock, stockade, stock-still.

Stīg-an, to climb: stair, stile, stirrup, sty.

Stīg-an, to climb: stair, stile, stirrup, sty.

Styr-an, to direct: steer, stern, steerage.

Styr-an, to direct: steer, back, steering.

Sweri-an, to declare: swear, answer (and-, against), forswear.

Sweri-an, to declare: swear, respond (and-, against), renounce.


Tæc-an, to teach: teach, teacher, token, taught.

Tæc-an, to teach: teach, teacher, sign, instructed.

Tell-an, to account: tell, tale, talk, toll, teller.

Tell-an, to account: tell, story, chat, charge, narrator.

Tēon, to draw: tow, tug.

Tēon, to pull: tow, tug.

Thæc, roof: thatch, deck.

Thæc, roof: thatch, deck.

Tred-an, to walk: tread, treadle, trade, tradesman.

Tred-an, to walk: tread, treadle, trade, tradesman.

Trūwa, good faith: true, truth, troth, betroth.

Trūwa, good faith: true, truth, promise, engage.

Twā, two: twain, twelve, twenty, twig, twine, twist.

Two, two: two, twelve, twenty, twig, twine, twist.


Wana, lacking: wan, wane, want, wanton.

Wana, lacking: weak, fade, need, reckless.

Wef-an, to weave: weaver, web, woof.

Wef-an, to weave: weaver, web, woof.

Warū, defense: war, wary, aware, ward, guard, guardian.

Warū, defense: war, cautious, conscious, protect, shield, protector.

Wit-an, to know: wit, wise, wisdom, wistful, witness.

Wit-an, to know: wit, wise, wisdom, wistful, witness.

Wraest-an, to wrest: wrest, wrestle, wrist.

Wraest-an, to wrest: wrest, wrestling, wrist.


LATIN WORDS AND DERIVATIVES.

English and the French of the Norman conquerors continued to live side by side for about two centuries, neither materially affecting the other. About 1300 an extensive borrowing of literary (Parisian) French words began, and during the next two hundred years the majority of the thousands of French words we now use were taken over into English.

English and the French of the Norman conquerors remained side by side for about two centuries, without significantly impacting each other. Around 1300, a major borrowing of literary (Parisian) French words started, and over the next two hundred years, most of the thousands of French words we use today were adopted into English.

Latin words began to be used in England while yet there was no English language; many came in with the introduction of Christianity. This borrowing has gone on steadily ever since. As has just been said, English borrowed extensively from literary French. Now, as French is only Latin in a corrupt form, it is often impossible to determine whether a particular word was taken directly from Latin or French. It is estimated that one-fourth of the English vocabulary is derived from Latin.

Latin words started being used in England before the English language even existed; many arrived with the spread of Christianity. This borrowing has continued consistently ever since. As mentioned earlier, English has borrowed heavily from literary French. Since French is essentially a corrupted version of Latin, it's often difficult to tell if a specific word was borrowed directly from Latin or from French. It's estimated that about a quarter of the English vocabulary comes from Latin.

The Latin stem or stems have been indicated, as, acr-, acrid; audīt-, auditor. The letters (Fr.) occurring after a word indicate that the Latin stem has been modified in passing through the French into the English language.

The Latin root or roots have been noted, such as acr-, acrid; audīt-, auditor. The letters (Fr.) appearing after a word show that the Latin root has been altered as it made its way through French into English.

Ac-, sharpāc-er (acr-) sharp; ăc-us, needle, ac-uo, I sharpen: acid, acerbity, acrid, acrimony, acute, acu-men, eager (Fr. aigre, sharp, sour), vin-egar (Fr. vin, wine, + aigre), acetic.

Ac-, sharpāc-er (acr-) sharp; ăc-us, needle, ac-uo, I sharpen: acid, bitterness, pungent, harshness, sharp, sharpness, eager (Fr. aigre, sharp, sour), vinegar (Fr. vin, wine, + aigre), acetic.

aed-es, a building; aedi-fic-āre (see facio), to build (up): edi-fice, edi-fy.

, a building; aedi-fic-āre (see __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__), to build (up): edifice, edify.

aes, moneyaes-tim-are to value: estim-ate, in-estim-able, esteem, aim (Fr.).

aes, moneyaes-tim-are to value: estimate, invaluable, esteem, intention (Fr.).

ăger (agr-), field, country; per-agr-are, to travel through: agr-arian, per-egr-inate, pil-gr-im (Ital. pellegrino = peragr-), agri-culture (see colo).

agr (agr-), field, country; per-agr-are, to travel through: agrarian, peregrinate, pilgrim (Ital. pellegrino = peragr-), agriculture (see colo).

ăg-o (ag-ito), I drive, perform; act-us, performed: ag-ent, co-g-ent, agitate, act-ion, actor, act-ive, ag-ile, ex-act, transact, amb-ig-uous.

ăg-o (ag-ito), I drive, perform; act-us, performed: agent, cogent, agitate, action, actor, active, agile, exact, transact, ambiguous.

ali-us, other; al-ter, the other: ali-en, alienate, inalienable, ali-as, ali-bi (= else-where); alter, alternate, altercation, sub-alter-n.

ali-us, other; al-ter, the other: ali-en, alienate, inalienable, ali-as, ali-bi (= elsewhere); alter, alternate, altercation, sub-alter-n.

ăl-tus, high: alt-ar, altitude, ex-alt, ali-ment, ali-mony, alto (Ital.).

ăl-tus, high: alt-ar, altitude, ex-alt, ali-ment, ali-mony, alto (Ital.).

ăm-o (amāt-), I love; amī-cus, friend: am-ity, amor-ous, amatory, amour, amic-able, ami-able, in-imic-al, en-emy and enamoured (Fr.).

ăm-o (amāt-), I love; amī-cus, friend: am-ity, amor-ous, amatory, amour, amic-able, ami-able, in-imic-al, en-emy and enamoured (Fr.).

anim-a, air, breath of life; anim-us, mind: anim-al, anim-ate, anim-osity, anim-advert (see verto), un-anim-ous, equ-anim-ity (aequus), animalcule.

anim-a, air, breath of life; anim-us, mind: anim-al, anim-ate, anim-osity, anim-advert (see verto), un-anim-ous, equ-anim-ity (aequus), animalcule.

ann-us, year: ann-als, ann-uity, anni-versary (verto), annual, per-enn-ial.

ann-us, year: ann-als, ann-uity, anni-versary (verto), annual, per-enn-ial.

antiqu-us (anticus), ancient: antique, antiquary, antiquity, antic.

antiqu-us (anticus), ancient: antique, collector, ancient times, prank.

apt-us, fitted, suitable; in-ept-us, senseless: apt, aptitude, ad-apt, in-ept.

apt, fitted, suitable; inept, senseless: apt, aptitude, adapt, inept.

aqua, water: aqu-atic, aqueous, aquarium, aque-duct (duco).

aqua, water: aquatic, aqueous, aquarium, aqueduct (duco).

arbiter, (arbitr-), umpire: arbiter, arbitrate, arbitra-ment, arbitrary.

arbiter, (arbitr-), umpire: arbiter, arbitrate, arbitra-ment, arbitrary.

ar-, joinar-ma, fittings, arms; ar-tus, joint: arm, armour, army, armament, article, articulate; armada and armadillo (Span.), armi-stice (sto).

ar-, joinar-ma, fittings, arms; ar-tus, joint: arm, armor, army, weaponry, article, articulate; armada and armadillo (Spanish), truce (sto).

ar-s (same root as above), skill: art, artisan, artist, artifice (fac-), in-ert.

ar-s (same root as above), skill: art, craftsman, creator, cleverness (fac-), in-ert.

audi-o (audīt-), hear; aur-is, ear; ob-oedi-o, (hearken to), obey: audience, ob-edi-ence, audit, auditor, audit-orium, audible, aur-al, aur-icle, aurist.

audi-o (audīt-), to hear; aur-is, ear; ob-oedi-o, (to listen to), to obey: audience, obedience, audit, auditor, auditorium, audible, aural, auricle, aurist.


Bell-um, old form duellum, war: bellicose, belli-ger-ent, re-bel, revel (Fr.).

Bell-um, formerly duellum, war: belligerent, bellicose, rebel, revel (Fr.).

bĕnĕ, well, bŏnus, good: bene-dic-tion, beni-son; bene-factor, bene-ficent, benefit (facio); bene-vol-ent (vŏlo); beni-gn, boon and bounty (Fr.).

bĕnĕ, well, bŏnus, good: benediction, benison; benefactor, beneficent, benefit (facio); benevolent (vŏlo); benign, boon and bounty (Fr.).

bis, bi, twice; bini, two by two: bi-cycle, bi-ennial, bi-sect, bi-weekly, bis-cuit (twice baked), bin-ary, combine.

bis, bi, twice; bini, two by two: bi-cycle, bi-annual, bi-sect, bi-weekly, bis-cuit (twice baked), bin-ary, combine.

brev-is, short: brevity, brief (Fr.), breviary, ab-breviate.

brev-is, short: brevity, brief (Fr.), breviary, abbreviate.


Caballus, a nag: through Fr., caval-ier, cheval-ier, cavalry, chivalry.

Caballus, a horse: through French, caval-ier, cheval-ier, cavalry, chivalry.

căd-o (cĭd-), I fall; căs-us, a fall: cad-ence, c(h)a-nce, de-cad-ence, de-cay, de-cid-uous, in-cident, cas-e, casu-al, cas-cade.

căd-o (cĭd-), I fall; căs-us, a fall: cad-ence, c(h)a-nce, de-cad-ence, de-cay, de-cid-uous, in-cident, cas-e, casu-al, cas-cade.

caed-o (caes-), I cut; in-cīd-o, (in-cīs-) I cut in: de-cide, incisive, precise.

caed-o (caes-), I cut; in-cīd-o, (in-cīs-) I cut in: de-cide, incisive, precise.

camp-us, plain, field: encamp, campaign, champion and champaign (Fr.).

camp-us, plain, field: set up camp, political campaign, support and champagne (French).

cand-, be white, glowcand-idus, white; in-cend-o (cens-), kindle: candor, candid, candidate, candle, in-candescent, incend-iary, incense.

cand-, be white, glowcand-idus, white; in-cend-o (cens-), kindle: candor, candid, candidate, candle, incandescent, incendiary, incense.

can-o (cant-), cant-o (cantāt-), I sing: can-orous, cant-icle, canto, cant.

can-o (cant-), cant-o (cantāt-), I sing: canorous, canticle, canto, chant.

căp-io, (capt-), ac-cip-io (cept-), take, receive: capacity, capt-ive, caption, captious, re-cip-ient, de-ceive and re-ceipt (Fr.), re-cipe, ac-cept, precept, cap-able, sus-cept-ible, cape.

cap-io, (capt-), ac-cip-io (cept-), take, receive: capacity, captive, caption, captious, recipient, deceive and receipt (Fr.), recipe, accept, precept, capable, susceptible, cape.

căpŭt (căpĭt-), head: cape (headland), capital, capitol, capit-ulate, captain, chapter (Fr. chapitre), catt-le and chattel (Fr.); pre-cipit-ate.

căpŭt (căpĭt-), head: cape (headland), capital, capitol, capit-ulate, captain, chapter (Fr. chapitre), cattle and chattel (Fr.); pre-cipit-ate.

căro (carn-) flesh: carnal, in-carn-ate, carnat-ion; through Fr. and Ital.

căro (carn-) flesh: carnal, in-carn-ate, carnat-ion; through French and Italian.

car-us, dear; cāritas, dearness, love: charity, cherish (Fr. cher = cār-).

car-us, dear; cāritas, dearness, love: charity, cherish (Fr. cher = cār-).

cast-us, pure; castīgo (castigāt-), punish: castigate, chaste.

cast us, pure; castigo (castigāt-), punish: castigate, chaste.

caus-a, cause; -cūs- in verbs: cause, causal, causation, ac-cuse, accusation.

caus-a, cause; -cū- in verbs: cause, causal, causation, ac-cuse, accusation.

cav-us, hollow: cave, cavern, cavity, con-cave, cage and cajolery (Fr.).

cav-us, hollow: cave, cavern, cavity, concave, cage, and flattering (Fr.).

ced-o (cess-), go, yield, leave off: cede, accede, cease, cessation, proceed.

ced-o (sess-), go, yield, give up: cede, accede, cease, cessation, proceed.

cens-eo, I assess, judge: census, censor, censure.

cens-eo, I evaluate, criticize: census, censor, censure.

cent-um hundred: cent, century, centurion, centenary, centi-grade.

cent-um hundred: cent, century, centurion, centenary, centi-grade.

cern-o (crēt-), I distinguish, decide; cert-us, fixed: dis-cern, dis-cri-minate, discreet, con-cern, decree, se-crete, secret-ary, certain, certi-ficate.

cern-o (crēt-), I distinguish, decide; cert-us, fixed: dis-cern, dis-cri-minate, discreet, con-cern, decree, se-crete, secret-ary, certain, certi-ficate.

circ-um, around; circ-us, circle: circle, circular, circuit (ĭ-), circum-spect.

circ-um, around; circ-us, circle: circle, circular, circuit (ĭ-), circum-spect.

cīvi-s, citizen; cīvi-tas, state, city: civic, civilize, civilian, city and citadel.

cīvi-s, citizen; cīvi-tas, state, city: civic, civilize, civilian, city, and citadel.

clam-o, (clamāt-), I cry out: claim, exclaim, declamation.

clam-o, (clamāt-), I shout: claim, exclaim, speech.

claud-o, (claus-), I shut; in compounds, -clūdo (clūs-): clause, close, ex-clude.

claud-o, (claus-), I shut; in compounds, -clūdo (clūs-): clause, close, ex-clude.

clīv-us, slope; in-clīno (clīnāt-), bend: de-clivity, in-clination, declension.

clīv-us, slope; in-clīno (clīnāt-), bend: declivity, inclination, declension.

colo, (cult-), I till, revere; colon-us, farmer: colony, cult, culture.

colo, (cult-), I cultivate, honor; colon-us, farmer: colony, cult, culture.

cōmmodus, convenient: commodity, incommode, accommodate.

cōmmodus, convenient: convenience, hassle, help out.

cōpia, plenty: copious, copy, cornucopia.

cōpia, plenty: abundant, copy, cornucopia.

cŏr (cord-), heart: cord-ial, con-cord, dis-cord, record, core, cour-age (Fr.).

cŏr (cord-), heart: cordial, concord, discord, record, core, courage (Fr.).

cŏrōn-a, garland, crown; corolla (lit. little crown) chaplet: crown, coronal, coronet, coronation, coroner, corolla, corollated, corollary.

cŏrōn-a, garland, crown; corolla (lit. little crown) chaplet: crown, coronal, coronet, coronation, coroner, corolla, corollated, corollary.

corpus (corpŏr-), body: corps, corpse, corporal, corporate, corpus-cle.

corpus (corpŏr-), body: corps, corpse, corporal, corporate, corpus-cle.

crēd-o (crēdit-), I trust, believe: credential, credit, ac-credit, creed, credible, incredulous, recreant (Fr.).

cred-o (credit-), I trust, believe: credential, credit, accredit, creed, credible, incredulous, recreant (Fr.).

crĕ-o (creāt-), produce, crēsc-o (crēt-), grow, creator, cresc-ent.

crĕ-o (creāt-), produce, crēsc-o (crēt-), grow, creator, crescent.

crĕm-o (crĕmāt-), I burn: cremate, cremationist, crematory.

crĕm-o (crĕmāt-), I burn: cremate, cremationist, crematory.

crux (crŭc-), cross: crucial, crucify, excruciating, crusade (Span.), cross, cruise.

crux (krŭks), cross: crucial, crucify, excruciating, crusade (Spanish), cross, cruise.

cŭp-id-us, desiring: cupidity, covet (Fr.), covetousness.

cŭp-id-us, wanting: greed, covet (Fr.), greediness.

cūra, care; cūr-o (cūrāt-) care for: cur-ious, cure, curate, curacy, curé (Fr.), accurate, procure, se-cure = sure (Fr.), (sē = without).

cūra, care; cūr-o (cūrāt-) care for: cur-ious, cure, curate, curacy, curé (Fr.), accurate, procure, se-cure = sure (Fr.), (sē = without).

curr-o (curs-), I run: cur-rent, cursive, in-cur, suc-cor; course.

curr-o (curs-), I run: current, cursive, incur, succor; course.


Damnum, loss; damn-o (damnāt-), condemn: damn, condemnation, indemnity, dam-age (Fr.).

Loss, loss; condemn (condemn), condemn: damn, condemnation, indemnity, damage (Fr.).

dēbe-o (dēbit-), I owe: debit, debt (Fr.), debenture.

dēbe-o (dēbit-), I owe: debit, debt (Fr.), debenture.

decem, ten: December (orig. the tenth month), decim-al, decennial.

decem, ten: December (originally the tenth month), decimal, decennial.

dĕc-et, it is becoming; dĕc-us (dĕcŏr-), ornament: dec-ent, decor-um.

dĕc-et, it's becoming; dĕc-us (dĕcŏr-), ornament: decent, decorum.

dens (dent-), tooth: dental, dentist, dentition, in-dent, tri-dent.

dens (dent-), tooth: dental, dentist, dentition, in-dent, tri-dent.

dĕ-us, God: deity, de-ist, deify, deiform.

God: deity, deist, deify, divine.

dīc-o (dĭct-), say; dĭc-o (dĭcāt-), proclaim: dictum, diction, diction-ary, dictate, indict, verdict (vērus), ab-dicate, predicate.

dīc-o (dĭct-), say; dĭc-o (dĭcāt-), proclaim: dictum, diction, dictionary, dictate, indict, verdict (true), abdicate, predicate.

dĭ-es, day: dial, diary, diurnal = journal (Fr.), ad-journ (Fr.), meri-dian.

dĭ-es, day: dial, diary, daily = journal (Fr.), adjourn (Fr.), meridian.

dign-us, worthy; dign-itas, worth: dignity, dainty (Fr.), dignify, in-dign-ant, condign, deign and dis-dain (Fr.).

dign-us, worthy; dign-itas, worth: dignity, dainty (Fr.), dignify, indignant, fitting, deign and disdain (Fr.).

disc-o, I learn; dŏce-o (doct-) I teach: disciple, docile, doctor, doct-rine.

disc-o, I learn; dŏce-o (doct-) I teach: disciple, docile, doctor, doctrine.

do (dăt-), dōn-o (dōnāt-), I give, present: data, date, dative, donor, donate, add (= ad + do), render (Fr.; re-, back), dotal, dowry (Fr.), dowager.

do (dăt-), dōn-o (dōnāt-), I give, present: data, date, dative, donor, donate, add (= ad + do), render (Fr.; re-, back), dotal, dowry (Fr.), dowager.

dŏl-eo, I grieve; dŏl-or, grief, pain: dole (= grief), doleful, dolor, dolorous, condole, in-dolent.

dŏl-eo, I grieve; dŏl-or, grief, pain: dole (= grief), doleful, dolor, dolorous, condole, indolent.

dŏm-o (dŏmĭt-) I subdue; dŏmin-us, lord, master: in-domitable, dominant.

dŏm-o (dŏmĭt-) I subdue; dŏmin-us, lord, master: indomitable, dominant.

dŏm-us, house: domestic, domicile.

dŏm-us, house: home, residence.

dormi-o (dormīt-), I sleep: dormitory, dormant and dormer (Fr.).

dormi-o (dormīt-), I sleep: dormitory, dormant, and dormer (Fr.).

duc- leadduc-o (dŭct-); ēdŭc-o (educāt-), I rear; dux (dŭc-), leader: re-duce, ductile, conduct, conduit (Fr.), deduction, traduce, education.

duc- leadduc-o (dŭct-); ēdŭc-o (educāt-), I raise; dux (dŭc-), leader: re-duce, ductile, conduct, conduit (Fr.), deduction, traduce, education.

duo, two: dual, duel (see bellum), double (Fr.; duplus), doublet, duplex.

duo, two: dual, duel (see bellum), double (Fr.; duplus), doublet, duplex.


Ĕm-o (empt-), I buy; ex-emp-lum, example: pre-empt, ex-emption, exemplify, per-emptory, sample (Fr.), redeem, ransom (Fr.; red-imo).

Ĕm-o (empt-), I buy; ex-emp-lum, example: pre-empt, ex-emption, exemplify, per-emptory, sample (Fr.), redeem, ransom (Fr.; red-imo).

ĕs-se, to be; ab-s-ens (absent-), being away; fŭtūrus about to be: ess-ence (lit., being, existence), present, ent-ity, futurity, inter-est.

ĕs-se, to be; ab-s-ens (absent-), being away; fŭtūrus about to be: essence (lit., being, existence), present, entity, future, interest.


Făber (făbr-), workman; fabric-a, workshop: fabric, fabricate, forge (Fr.).

Făber (făbr-), worker; fabric-a, workshop: fabric, fabricate, forge (Fr.).

făci-es, form, face: facial, efface, super-ficies = sur-face (Fr.), façade (Fr.).

făci-es, form, face: facial, efface, super-ficies = surface (Fr.), facade (Fr.).

făci-o, (fact-), I make; ef-fĭci-o (effect-); făcil-is, easy: fact, fact-ion, fashion (Fr.), factor, pro-fici-ent, affect, defection, suffice, feat (Fr.), feature, facile, feasible (Fr.), faculty, artificer.

făci-o, (fact-), I make; ef-fĭci-o (effect-); făcil-is, easy: fact, faction, fashion (Fr.), factor, proficient, affect, defection, suffice, feat (Fr.), feature, facile, feasible (Fr.), faculty, artificer.

fall-o, (fals-), I deceive: fallacy, infallible, false, fail and fault (Fr.).

fall-o, (fals-), I deceive: fallacy, infallible, false, fail and fault (Fr.).

fānum, temple; fēstus, festal: fane, fanatic, pro-fane, festive.

fānum, temple; fēstus, festal: fane, fanatic, profane, festive.

fā-, speakfāri (fāt-, fān-), to speak; fā-bula, tale; fā-ma, a report: in-fant, infantry, pre-face, fate, fatality, fable, affable, fabulous, infamous.

fā-, to speakfāri (fāt-, fān-), to speak; fā-bula, story; fā-ma, a report: infant, infantry, preface, fate, fatality, fable, affable, fabulous, infamous.

fē-, producefēmina, a woman; fēlix, happy: feminine, female, felicity.

fē-: produce—fēmina, a woman; fēlix, happy: feminine, female, happiness.

fend-, strike, fend—occurs in compound verbs, e.g., de-fend-o, (-fens-), ward off: defend, offend, offence, fence, in-fes-t.

fend-, strike, fend—shows up in compound verbs, e.g., de-fend-o, (-fens-), ward off: defend, offend, offense, fence, in-fes-t.

fĕr-o, (lāt-), I bear; fertilis, productive: fertile, in-fer, differ, elated.

fer-o, (late-), I bear; fertilis, productive: fertile, infer, differ, elated.

fĭd-es, faith; fĭdēlis, fid-us, trusty; foed-us (foeder-), treaty: fidelity, infidel, diffident, feder-al, defy, af-fi-ance, fi-ancé, faith, fealty.

fid-es, faith; fĭdēlis, fid-us, trustworthy; foed-us (foeder-), agreement: fidelity, infidel, hesitant, federal, defy, affiance, fiancé, faith, loyalty.

fīlius, son, (fīlia daughter): filial, affiliate, Fitz- (Fitzedward) (Fr.).

son, daughter: related, member, Fitz- (Fitzedward) (Fr.).

fing-o, (fĭct-, fĭg-), I fashion, make up: figment, figure, fictile, fiction, effigy; through Fr., feign, feint, faint.

fing-o, (fĭct-, fĭg-), I create, invent: figment, figure, fictile, fiction, effigy; through Fr., feign, feint, faint.

fīnis, end; fīni-o (fīnīt-), I end: fine, con-fine, final, finable, finical, affinity, infinitude; through Fr., finance, finish, finesse.

fin, end; finis (finit-), I finish: fine, confine, final, finable, finicky, affinity, infinitude; through French, finance, finish, finesse.

firm-us, steadfast; firm-o (firmat-), I strengthen, strength: firm, confirmation, affirmative, firmament (lit. support), farm (through Ang. Sax.).

firm-us, steadfast; firm-o (firmat-), I strengthen, strength: firm, confirmation, affirmative, firmament (literally support), farm (through Ang. Sax.).

flagr-o (flagrāt), I burn; flam-ma, flame: flagrant, inflame, flambeau (Fr.).

flagr-o (flagrāt), I burn; flam-ma, flame: flagrant, inflame, flambeau (Fr.).

flect-o (flex-), I bend: in-flect, flex, flex-ible, flexor, flexion, flexure.

flect-o (flex-), I bend: in-flect, flex, flexible, flexor, flexion, flexure.

flōs (flōr-), flower; floresc-ĕre, to blossom: flora, florid, florist, florescent.

flōs (flōr-), flower; floresc-ĕre, to blossom: flora, florid, florist, fluorescent.

flu-o (flux-), flow; fluct-us a wave: flu-ent, fluid, influence, flux, fluctuate.

flu-o (flux-), flow; fluct-us a wave: fluent, fluid, influence, flux, fluctuate.

fŏli-um, leaf; fŏliāt-us leaved: foliage, folio, foil (Fr.), trefoil, portfolio.

fŏli-um, leaf; fŏliāt-us leaved: foliage, folio, foil (Fr.), trefoil, portfolio.

fōns (font-), a spring: font, fount, fountain (Fr.), fontal.

font (font-), a spring: font, fount, fountain (Fr.), fontal.

fōrm-a, shape; form-o (formāt-), I shape: form, formal, formula, perform.

fōrm-a, shape; form-o (formāt-), I shape: form, formal, formula, perform.

forti-s, steadfast, brave: forti-tude, fortify; through Fr., comfort, effort, force, forte, fort, fortress.

strong, steady, courageous: strength, strengthen; through Fr., support, effort, power, strong point, stronghold, fort.

frag-, frang-o (fract-), I break: fragile, fragment, fracture, in-fringe.

frag-, frang-o (fract-), I break: fragile, fragment, fracture, in-fringe.

frāter, brother: fraternal, fraternity, fratricide (caedo), friar (Fr.).

frāter, brother: fraternal, fraternity, fratricide (caedo), friar (Fr.).

frīgidus, be cold; frīger-are, make cold: frigidity, refrigerate, refrigerant.

frīgidus, be cold; frīger-are, make cold: frigidity, refrigerate, refrigerant.

frons (front-), forehead: front, frontal, affront, effrontery and frontier.

frons (front-), forehead: front, frontal, confront, boldness and boundary.

frūg-, fru-i (fruct-), to enjoy; frūg-es, fructus, fruit; frugi, useful: fructify, frugi-ferous, frugi-vorous, fruit, fruition, frugal.

frūg-, fru-i (fruct-), to enjoy; frūg-es, fructus, fruit; frugi, useful: fructify, frugi-ferous, frugi-vorous, fruit, fruition, frugal.

fŭgi-o (fŭgit-), I flee: fugitive, refuge, subterfuge, febrifuge (febris, fever).

fŭgi-o (fŭgit-), I flee: fugitive, refuge, subterfuge, febrifuge (febris, fever).

fulge-o (fuls-), shine; fulmen, lightning: refulgent, fulminate.

fulge-o (fuls-), shine; fulmen, lightning: refulgent, explode in thunder.

fŭnd-o (fūs-), I pour; fū-tilis, vain: re-fund (= pay back), fusible, refuse, confuse, effusion, confound and foundry (Fr.), fount (of type), futile.

fŭnd-o (fūs-), I pour; fū-tilis, vain: re-fund (= pay back), fusible, refuse, confuse, effusion, confound and foundry (Fr.), fount (of type), futile.

fund-us, bottom; fund-āre (fundāt-), to found: fundament = foundation (Fr.), pro-fundity; Fr., profound, (to) found, (to) founder, fund, refund.

fund-us, bottom; fund-āre (fundāt-), to found: fundament = foundation (Fr.), pro-fundity; Fr., profound, (to) found, (to) founder, fund, refund.

fung-i (funct-), perform: de-funct, function (Fr.) perfunctory.

fung-i (funct-), perform: defunct, function (Fr.) perfunctory.


Gĕl-, gelid-us, icy cold; gĕl-āre (gelāt-), to congeal, glacies, ice: gelid, gelatine, glacier, glacial, jelly (Fr.).

Gĕl-, gelid-us, icy cold; gĕl-āre (gelāt-), to congeal, glacies, ice: gelid, gelatine, glacier, glacial, jelly (Fr.).

gĕn- (birth)—gĕn-us (gĕnĕr-), (birth), race; gen-s (gent-), nation; gigno (genit-), give birth: general, generate, congener, gentle, gentile, congenital, ingenious, genius, gender (Fr.), ingenuous.

gen- (birth)—gen-us (gĕnĕr-), (birth), race; gen-s (gent-), nation; gigno (genit-), give birth: general, generate, congener, gentle, gentile, congenital, ingenious, genius, gender (Fr.), ingenuous.

gĕr-o (gĕst-), bear: belli-gerent, gesture, di-gest, register and jest (Fr.).

gĕr-o (gĕst-), bear: belli-gerent, gesture, di-gest, register and jest (Fr.).

grăd-i (gressus), to walk, go; grăd-us, a step: gradi-ent, gradation, e-gress, gradual, degrade, aggressive, degree (Fr.).

grăd-i (gressus), to walk, go; grăd-us, a step: gradi-ent, gradation, e-gress, gradual, degrade, aggressive, degree (Fr.).

grandis, great: grand, grandee (Span.), grandeur (Fr.), grandiose.

grandis, great: grand, nobleman (Spanish), magnificence (French), extravagant.

gran-um, a grain: granule, granary, granite, ingrain, garner and grange.

gran-um, a grain: granule, granary, granite, ingrained, gather and farm.

grātus, acceptable; grātia, favour; grātiae, thanks; gratul-āri, to congratulate: gratitude, grateful, gratify, ingratiate, grace ("say grace" = ăgĕre grātiās), gracious, gratis, gratuitous, gratulation, agree (Fr.).

grātus, acceptable; grātia, favor; grātiae, thanks; gratul-āri, to congratulate: gratitude, grateful, gratify, ingratiate, grace ("say grace" = ăgĕre grātiās), gracious, free of charge, unnecessary, congratulation, agree (Fr.).

grăvis, heavy: gravity, grave (= serious; Fr.), aggravate, grief.

grăvis, heavy: gravity, grave (= serious; Fr.), aggravate, grief.

grĕx (grĕg-), a flock: gregarious, e-greg-ious, aggregation.

flock: gregarious, e-greg-ious, aggregation.


Hăbe-o (hăbit-), I have; in compounds -hibeo, prohibeo, prevent; habilis, suitable: habit, habitude, exhibit, prohibitive, able (Fr.).

Hăbe-o (hăbit-), I have; in compounds -hibeo, prohibeo, prevent; habilis, suitable: habit, habitude, exhibit, prohibitive, able (Fr.).

haere-o (haes-), I stick: ad-here, in-her-ent, hesit-ate.

haere-o (haes-), I stick: adhere, inherent, hesitate.

hēres (hērēd-), heir: hered-ity, heir (Fr.), co-heir, in-her-it (Fr.), heir-loom.

heirs (heir-ed-), heir: heredity, heir (Fr.), co-heir, inherit (Fr.), heirloom.

hŏmo (hŏmĭn-), man; humān-us, human; humus, ground; humil-is, lowly: homi-cide, inhumanity, ex-hume, humility, humble and homage (Fr.).

hŏmo (hŏmĭn-), man; humān-us, human; humus, ground; humil-is, lowly: homi-cide, inhumanity, ex-hume, humility, humble and homage (Fr.).

hŏspes (hŏspĭt-), host, also guest; hŏspĭti-um, inn; hŏstis, enemy: hospital (= hostel, hotel, Fr.; hence) hostelry, hostler; host (army), hostile.

hŏspes (hŏspĭt-), host, also guest; hŏspĭti-um, inn; hŏstis, enemy: hospital (= hostel, hotel, Fr.; hence) inn, stable worker; host (army), hostile.


Idem, same; item, likewise; ĭ-terum, a second time; iterāre, to repeat: identity, identify, item, itemize, iterate, reiteration.

Idem, same; item, also; ĭ-terum, a second time; iterāre, to repeat: identity, identify, item, itemize, iterate, reiteration.

impero (imperāt-), I command; imperium, rule: imperative, empire (Fr.).

impero (imperāt-), I command; imperium, rule: imperative, empire (Fr.).

insŭla, island: insular, pen-insula, insulate = isolate (Fr.), isle (Fr.).

insŭla, island: insular, peninsula, insulate = isolate (Fr.), isle (Fr.).

in-teg-er, whole (= in-tac-t; from tag-, see tango): integer, entire (Fr.).

integer, whole (= in-tact; from tag-, see tango): integer, complete (Fr.).

intellego (intellect-), I understand: intelligent, intellect, intellectualism.

intellego (intellect-), I get it: smart, intellect, intellectualism.

īra, anger, irāsc-i, to be angry: irate, iracund, irascible, ire (Fr.)

īra, anger, irāsc-i, to be angry: irate, irritable, short-tempered, anger (Fr.)

ĭ-, go—This root is found in ĕo (ĭt-), I go; ī-tio, ĭ-tus, a going; iter (ĭtĭner-), a going, march; ĭn-ĭ-tium, a beginning: amb-ĭ-ent, amb-ĭ-tion, se(d)-ĭ-tion (sē = apart), adit, exit, circuit, itinerant, initial.

ĭ-, go—This root appears in ĕo (ĭt-), I go; ī-tio, ĭ-tus, a going; iter (ĭtĭner-), a going, march; ĭn-ĭ-tium, a beginning: amb-ĭ-ent, amb-ĭ-tion, se(d)-ĭ-tion (sē = apart), adit, exit, circuit, itinerant, initial.


Jac-, throwjăcĭo (ject- in compounds), I throw; jăct-ūra, jăculātio, casting; jac-ēre, to lie (down): jactitation, abject, project, adjective, rejection, conjecture, ejaculation; adjacent, circumjacent; through Fr., jet (= jut), jetty, jetsam, gist and joist (from jacēre).

Jac-, throwjăcĭo (ject- in compounds), I throw; jăct-ūra, jăculātio, casting; jac-ēre, to lie (down): jactitation, abject, project, adjective, rejection, conjecture, ejaculation; adjacent, circumjacent; through Fr., jet (= jut), jetty, jetsam, gist and joist (from jacēre).

jŏcus, jest; jŭcundus, pleasant: jocose, jocular, joke, jocundity, juggler and jeopardy (jeu parti = even chance) (Fr.).

jŏcus, jest; jŭcundus, pleasant: jocose, jocular, joke, jocundity, juggler and jeopardy (jeu parti = even chance) (Fr.).

jūdex (jūdic-), a judge; jūs (jūr-), right; jūrāre, to swear; justus, just; judicial, prejudice, justice; Fr., judge, jury, jurist, injury, adjust.

jūdex (jūdic-), a judge; jūs (jūr-), right; jūrāre, to swear; justus, just; judicial, prejudice, justice; Fr., judge, jury, jurist, injury, adjust.

jŭg-um, yoke; jung-o (junct-), I join; juxta, near to: jugular, conjugal, conjugate, juncture, adjunct, conjunction, juxtaposition; through, Fr. join, joiner, joint.

jug-um, yoke; jung-o (junct-), I join; juxta, near to: jugular, conjugal, conjugate, juncture, adjunct, conjunction, juxtaposition; through, Fr. join, joiner, joint.

jŭvĕnis, young: juvenile, juvenescent, junior, rejuvenate.

jŭvĕnis, young: youth, juvenile, junior, rejuvenate.

jūv-o (jūt-), I aid: adjutant, co-adjutor, aid and aide (Fr.).

jūv-o (jūt-), I help: assistant, co-helper, aid and helper (Fr.).


Lāb-, glide downlapsus, a gliding, fall: lapse, collapse, elapse, relapse.

Lāb-, glide downlapsus, a gliding, fall: lapse, collapse, elapse, relapse.

laed-o (laes-), strike, hurt; col-līdo (-līs-), dash together: collide, elide.

laed-o (laes-), strike, hurt; col-līdo (-līs-), crash together: collide, elide.

lătu-s (lătĕr-), side: lateral, collateral, multilateral, equilateral (aequus).

lătu-s (lătĕr-), side: side, related to the side, involving multiple sides, equal-sided (aequus).

laud-o (laudāt-), I praise; laus, praise: laud, laudable, laudatory, laudation.

laud-o (laudāt-), I praise; laus, praise: laud, commendable, praising, praise.

lăv-o (lăvāt) I wash; lăvanda (things) to be washed; lŭ-ĕre, wash: lavatory, al-luv-ial, pollution, dilute, lave, lavender, laund-ry, de-luge.

lăv-o (lăvāt) I wash; lăvanda (things) to be washed; lŭ-ĕre, wash: lavatory, alluvial, pollution, dilute, lave, lavender, laundry, deluge.

lag-, langue-o, to be languid-us, faint, dull; lax-us, open, loose: languor, languid, lax, laxity, relaxation; through Fr. lease, leash, release.

lag-, langue-o, to be languid-us, weak, inactive; lax-us, open, slack: languor, languid, lax, laxity, relaxation; through Fr. lease, leash, release.

lēx (lēg-), law; lēg-o (lēgāt-), I send, depute; collēga, colleague: legal, leal, loyal (Fr.), legitimate, legate, legatee, legacy, allegation, college.

lēx (lēg-), law; lēg-o (lēgāt-), I send, depute; collēga, colleague: legal, faithful, loyal (Fr.), legitimate, legate, legatee, legacy, claim, college.

lĕg-o (lĕct-), I choose, read; lĕg-i legion: legible, legend, lecture, lection = lesson (Fr.), elegant, legionary, coil and cull (colligo).

lĕg-o (lĕct-), I choose, read; lĕg-i legion: legible, legend, lecture, lection = lesson (Fr.), elegant, legionary, coil and cull (colligo).

lĕvis, light, lĕv-o (lĕvāt-), I raise, lighten: levity, levant, elevator, alleviate.

lĕvis, light, lĕv-o (lĕvāt-), I raise, lighten: levity, levant, elevator, alleviate.

lĭber (lĭbr-), book; lĭbēll-us, pamphlet: library, libel, libellous.

liber (libr-), book; libellus, pamphlet: library, libel, libelous.

līber, free; līber-o (līberāt-), set free: liberal, liberty, libertine, liberate.

līber, free; līber-o (līberāt-), set free: liberal, liberty, libertine, liberate.

lībra (dimin. libella), a balance; libr-o (lībrāt-), I balance: equi-librium, level (Fr.), libration, deliberate.

lībra (dimin. libella), a balance; libr-o (lībrāt-), I balance: equi-librium, level (Fr.), libration, deliberate.

lĭg-o (lĭgāt-), I tie: ligature, ligament; through Fr., league, liable, lien.

lig-o (ligate), I tie: ligature, ligament; through French, league, liable, lien.

līnquo, (rĕ-lĭct-), I leave: de-linquent, derelict, relinquish, relic.

līnquo, (rĕ-lĭct-), I leave: delinquent, derelict, let go, leftover.

līn-um, flax; līnea, a thread: line, lineal, lineament, delineate, linen.

līn-um, flax; līnea, a thread: line, linear, feature, outline, linen.

lĭqu-ere, be moist; lĭquid-us, flowing: liquid, liquidation.

liquid, moisture; flowing: liquid, liquidation.

littera, a letter: literal, literature, illiterate, obliterate, letter (Fr.).

letter, a letter: literal, literature, illiterate, obliterate, letter (Fr.).

lŏc-us, a place; lŏc-o (lŏcāt-), I place: local, allocate = allow (Fr.).

lŏc-us, a place; lŏc-o (lŏcāt-), I place: local, allocate = allow (Fr.).

long-us, long: longitude, elongated, prolong = purloin (Fr.), lunge (Fr.).

long-us, long: longitude, stretched out, extend = steal (Fr.), thrust (Fr.).

lŏqui (lŏcut-), to speak; lŏqu-ax, talkative: loquacious, eloquent, colloquial.

lŏqui (lŏcut-), to speak; lŏqu-ax, talkative: loquacious, eloquent, conversational.

luc-: this root is seen in lūx (lūc-), lumen (lūmin-), light; lūna, moon: lucidity, luminary, luminous, lunatic, illustration.

luc-: this root is found in lūx (lūc-), lumen (lūmin-), light; lūna, moon: lucidity, luminary, luminous, lunatic, illustration.


Mag-: this root appears in magn-us, great, maior, greater, maxim-us, greatest, and magister, master: magnitude, magnify, magn-animous, majority, maximum, maxim, magnate, mayor and master (Fr.).

Mag-: this root shows up in magn-us, great, maior, greater, maxim-us, greatest, and magister, master: magnitude, magnify, magnanimous, majority, maximum, maxim, magnate, mayor, and master (Fr.).

male, badly; malus, bad: mali-gn (see gĕn-), malignant, male-volent, malice and malady (Fr.); malediction, malefactor, etc.

male, badly; malus, bad: mali-gn (see gĕn-), malignant, malevolent, malice and malady (Fr.); malediction, malefactor, etc.

măne-o (mans-), I remain: per-manent, im-manent, remnant, mansion (staying (-place)), manse, manor and menial (Fr.).

măne-o (mans-), I stay: permanent, immanent, remnant, mansion (staying (-place)), manse, manor, and menial (Fr.).

măn-us, hand; mand-o (mandāt-), entrust: manual, manacle, mandate, emancipate, commend, manu-mission (mitto); through Fr., amend, command, maintain (teneo), manœuvre (Fr. œuvre = opera, work).

man-us, hand; mand-o (mandāt-), entrust: manual, manacle, mandate, emancipate, commend, manu-mission (mitto); through Fr., amend, command, maintain (teneo), maneuver (Fr. œuvre = opera, work).

măre, sea: marine, mariner, maritime.

măre, sea: ocean, sailor, nautical.

māter, mother; materia, stuff, matter: maternal, material, matron.

mother; stuff, matter: maternal, material, matron.

mĕd-eri, to heal; medic-us, physician: medical, re-medy.

mĕd-eri, to heal; medic-us, doctor: medical, remedy.

medi-us, middle: medium, mediocre, mediator, mean and means (Fr.).

medi-us, middle: medium, mediocre, mediator, mean and means (Fr.).

mĕmor, mindful; mĕmŏro (mĕmŏrāt-), I recount: memory, memorandum.

memory, mindful; I recount: memory, memorandum.

mens (mĕnt-), mind; re-min-isci, I remember: mental, reminiscent, comment.

men (mĕnt-), mind; reminisce, I remember: mental, reminiscent, comment.

mĕre-o (mĕrit-), I deserve: merit, meritorious.

mĕre-o (mĕrit-), I deserve: merit, worthy.

merx (merc-), wares; mercor (mercāt-), I purchase; merces (mercēd-), hire: merchant, mercantile, market = mart, mercenary.

merx (merc-), goods; mercor (mercāt-), I buy; merces (mercēd-), payment: merchant, commercial, marketplace = mart, mercenary.

mēt-iri (mens-), to measure: mensuration, dimension, measure (Fr.).

mēt-iri (mens-), to measure: measurement, dimension, measure (Fr.).

miles (mīlĭt-), soldier: military, militant, militia.

miles (mīlĭt-), soldier: military, fighter, militia.

mille, thousand: mile, millesimal, million and millimetre (Fr.), etc.

thousand: mile, millesimal, million, and millimeter (Fr.), etc.

mōns (mŏn-), mountain: mount and mountain (Fr.), promontory.

mōns (mŏn-), mountain: mount and mountain (Fr.), headland.

mĭnu-o (mĭnut-), lessen; minor, less; minister, servant: minu-end, minute, diminutive, minority, minimum, ministry, ministration, minstrel (Fr.).

mĭnu-o (mĭnut-), lessen; minor, less; minister, servant: minu-end, minute, diminutive, minority, minimum, ministry, ministration, minstrel (Fr.).

mīr-āri (mīrāt-), to wonder at: miracle, Fr., mirage, mirror, marvel.

mīr-āri (mīrāt-), to be amazed by: miracle, Fr., mirage, mirror, marvel.

misce-o (mixt-), I mix: mixture, promiscuous, miscellaneous.

misce-o (mix-), I mix: mix, promiscuous, miscellaneous.

mitto (mĭss-), I send: com-mit, missile, mission, dismissal, manu-mit.

mitto (mĭss-), I send: commit, missile, mission, dismissal, manu-mit.

mŏd-us and modul-us, a measure; verb stems mŏderāt-, mŏdul-āt-: modesty, modal, modify, moderate, modulation; (Fr.), model, mode = mood.

mod-us and modul-us, a measure; verb stems mŏderāt-, mŏdul-āt-: modesty, modal, modify, moderate, modulation; (Fr.), model, mode = mood.

mōles, mass: mole (i.e., dam), molecule, demolish, demolition.

mōles, mass: mole (i.e., dam), molecule, tear down, destruction.

mŏne-o, (mŏnĭt-), I warn; monstr-um, warning, prodigy: monu-ment, monition, remonstrate, admonish and monster (Fr.).

mŏne-o, (mŏnĭt-), I warn; monstr-um, warning, prodigy: monument, notification, protest, advise, and monster (Fr.).

morbus, disease; mors (mort-), death: morbid, mortal, mortify.

disease, death: morbid, mortal, mortify.

morde-o (mors-), I bite: mordant, mordacious, morsel (Fr.), remorse.

morde-o (mors-), I bite: biting, harsh, snack (Fr.), regret.

mōs, custom, pl. mōres, manners: moral, moralize, morose, demure (Fr.).

mos, custom, pl. mores, manners: moral, moralize, morose, demure (Fr.).

mŏve-o (mōt-), I move; mobilis, movable: movement, motion, remote, motive, mobile (Fr.), mobility, mob (= Lat. mobĭlĕ), move (Fr.).

move (moov), I move; mobile, movable: movement, motion, remote, motive, mobile (Fr.), mobility, mob (= Lat. mobĭlĕ), move (Fr.).

mūni-o (munīt-), I fortify; mūr-us, a wall: muniment, munition, mural, intra-, extra-mural, ammunition.

mūni-o (munīt-), I strengthen; mūr-us, a barrier: muniment, munition, mural, intra-, extra-mural, ammunition.

mūnis, obliging; mūnus (mūner-), service, gift; municeps, citizen: munificent (facio), immunity, remuneration, municipal.

mūnis, helpful; mūnus (mūner-), service, gift; municeps, citizen: munificent (make), immunity, payment, city-related.

mūt-o (mūtāt-); mūtu-us, borrowed: mutable, per-mutation, commute.

mūt-o (mūtāt-); mūtu-us, borrowed: changeable, variation, commute.


Nāsc-i (nāt-), to be born: nasc-ent, natal, nativity, nation, nature, cognate.

Nāsc-i (nāt-), to be born: nascent, natal, nativity, nation, nature, cognate.

nāvis, ship; nauta, sailor: naval, navy, nautical.

nāvis, ship; nauta, sailor: naval, navy, nautical.

nect-o (nex-), I bind: con-nect, nexus, an-nex, annexation.

nect-o (nex-), I bind: connect, nexus, annex, annexation.

nĕg-o (nĕgāt-), I deny: negation; deny, re-negade (Span.).

nĕg-o (nĕgāt-), I deny: negation; deny, renounce (Spanish).

neuter (neutr-), neither: neuter, neutrality, neutralize.

neuter (neutr-), neither: neuter, neutrality, neutralize.

nō-, older; gnō-, know; nobilis, noble; nōtus, well known; nō-men (nōmĭn-), name; ignōr-āre, not to know; nobility, i-gnoble (i = in, not), en-noble, notice and notify, notion, notorious, noun (Fr.), nominal, ignomin-ious, nominate, nomina-tive, denominator, ignorant.

nō-, older; gnō-, know; nobilis, noble; nōtus, well known; nō-men (nōmĭn-), name; ignōr-āre, not to know; nobility, i-gnoble (i = in, not), en-noble, notice and notify, notion, notorious, noun (Fr.), nominal, ignomin-ious, nominate, nomina-tive, denominator, ignorant.

nŏce-o, I harm; nox-ius, hurtful: in-noc-ent, innocuous, noxious, nuisance.

nŏce-o, I harm; nox-ius, harmful: in-noc-ent, harmless, noxious, annoyance.

norma, a rule; root nō- as in nōtus: normal, abnormal, enormous.

norma, a rule; root nō- like in nōtus: normal, abnormal, enormous.

nota, a mark; nŏt-o, (nŏtāt-), I mark: note and notable (Fr.), notary.

note, a mark; not-o, (notāt-), I mark: note and notable (Fr.), notary.

nŏvus, new; nuntius, news: novel and novice (Fr.), in-nov-ation, denunciate, an-nunciation = announcement (Fr.), pronounce (Fr.).

nŏvus, new; nuntius, news: novel and novice (Fr.), innovation, denounce, announcement (Fr.), pronounce (Fr.).

nox (noct-), night: noct-urnal, equi-nox, equinoctial.

nox (noct-), night: nocturnal, equinox, equinoctial.

nūbĕre (nupt-), to marry: con-nubial, nuptial.

nūbĕre (nupt-), to marry: connubial, nuptial.

nutri-o (nutrīt-), I nourish; nutrix (nutrīc-), a nurse: nutri-ent, nutri-ment, nutritious; through Fr., nurse, nursling, nourish, nurture.

nutri-o (nutrīt-), I nourish; nutrix (nutrīc-), a nurse: nutrient, nourishment, nutritious; through French, nurse, nursling, nourish, nurture.


Ŏculus, eye: ocular, oculist, ocellus.

Oculus, eye: ocular, optometrist, ocellus.

omnis, all: omnibus, omni-scient, omnipotent.

all: omnibus, omniscient, omnipotent.

ŏnus (ŏnĕr-), burden: onerous, ex-onerate.

ŏnus (ŏnĕr-), burden: burdensome, exonerate.

ops, means; ōptimus, best: opulent, optimist, optimates.

ops, means; ōptimus, best: luxurious, hopeful, elites.

ŏpus (ŏpĕr-), work; ŏpĕra, service: operate, operative, co-operation, opera.

Opus (op-er-), work; Opera, service: operate, operative, cooperation, opera.

opt-o (optāt-), I desire: option, adopt, adoptive, optative.

opt-o (optāt-), I want: option, adopt, adoptive, optative.

ordo (ordĭn-), order, row; ordĭn-o (ordĭnāt-), I set in order; orno (ornāt-), I deck: ordinal, extra-ordinary, ordination, co-ordinate, in-subordination, orna-ment, ad-orn, ornate; through Fr., order, ordain.

ordo (ordĭn-), order, row; ordĭn-o (ordĭnāt-), I set in order; orno (ornāt-), I deck: ordinal, extraordinary, ordination, coordinate, insubordination, ornament, adorn, ornate; through Fr., order, ordain.

oriens, rising (sōl oriens, the east); orīgo (orīgĭn-), source: orient, orientalist, orientation, origin (Fr.), originality.

oriens, rising (sōl oriens, the east); orīgo (orīgĭn-), source: orient, orientalist, orientation, origin (Fr.), originality.

ōs (ōr-), mouth; ōr-o (ōrāt-), I speak, pray; ōmen (omin-), token: oral, or-acle, o-rotund, ori-fice (facio), os-cul-ation, adore, oration = orison.

ōs (ōr-), mouth; ōr-o (ōrāt-), I speak, pray; ōmen (omin-), token: oral, oracle, orotund, orifice (facio), osculation, adore, oration = orison.

ōvum, egg; ōvātio, an ovation: oval, ovary, ovi-form, ovi-parous (pario).

ōvum, egg; ōvātio, an ovation: oval, ovary, ovi-form, ovi-parous (pario).


Paenīt-ēre, to be sorry: through Fr., penitent, repentance, penance.

Paenīt-ēre, to feel regret: through French, penitent, remorse, atonement.

pāgus, country district: pagan, page (boy) and peasant (Fr.).

pāgus, country district: pagan, page (boy) and peasant (Fr.).

par, equal: parity; through Fr., pair, peer, compeer, dis-parage, um-pire.

par, equal: equality; from French, pair, peer, compeer, disparage, umpire.

păro (părāt-), make ready: com-par-able, ap-paratus, pre-paration; through Fr., repair, reparation, comparison, parry, parade, para-sol (Port.).

păro (părāt-), get ready: com-par-able, ap-paratus, pre-paration; from Fr., repair, reparation, comparison, parry, parade, para-sol (Port.).

pār-ēre, be visible: ap-parent; through Fr., appear, peer (= to peep).

pār-ēre, be visible: apparent; from Fr., appear, peer (= to look in).

pars (part-), part; partīt-us, divided: partitive, partition, participate (căpio); through Fr., part, parcel, partner, parse.

pars (part-), part; partīt-us, divided: partitive, partition, participate (căpio); through Fr., part, parcel, partner, parse.

pătēre, to be open; pandĕre (pans-, pass-), to extend: patent, paten, patella = pail (Fr.), expand; through Fr. pass, passage, pace, pan.

pătēre, to be open; pandĕre (pans-, pass-), to extend: patent, paten, patella = pail (Fr.), expand; through Fr. pass, passage, pace, pan.

pater (patr-), father; patria, fatherland; patricius, patrician: paternal, patron, patrimony, patrician, ex-patriate.

pater (patr-), father; patria, homeland; patricius, noble: paternal, patron, inheritance, noble, expatriate.

păt-i (pass-), to suffer: patient, com-pat-ible, passion, compassion, passive.

pat-i (pass-), to suffer: patient, compatible, passion, compassion, passive.

paucus, few, little; pauper, poor: paucity, pauperism; through Fr., poverty, poor, im-poverish.

paucus, few, little; pauper, poor: paucity, pauperism; through Fr., poverty, poor, im-poverish.

pectus (pectŏr-), breast: pectoral, expectorate, para-pet (Ital. petto, breast).

pectus (pectŏr-), breast: pectoral, expectorate, para-pet (Ital. petto, breast).

pecunia, money; peculium, personal property: pecuniary, im-pecunious, peculiar, peculation.

pecunia, money; peculium, personal property: financial, broke, unique, embezzlement.

pell-o (puls-), beat, drive; pulso (pulsāt-), push, strike: com-pel, re-pellent, ex-pulsion, pulse, pulsation.

pell-o (puls-), beat, drive; pulso (pulsāt-), push, strike: compel, repellent, expulsion, pulse, pulsation.

pend-ēre (pens-), to hang (1); pĕnd-ĕre (pens-), to weigh, pay (2); pŏndus (pŏnder-), weight: (1) pendent, pendant (Fr.), im-pending, pendulous, pendulum, de-pend; (2) ex-pend, spend, dis-pense, compensate, recompense (Fr.), compendium, suspension, pensive, poise (Fr.); ponder (Fr.).

pend-ēre (pens-), to hang (1); pĕnd-ĕre (pens-), to weigh, to pay (2); pŏndus (pŏnder-), weight: (1) pendent, pendant (Fr.), impending, pendulous, pendulum, depend; (2) expend, spend, dispense, compensate, recompense (Fr.), compendium, suspension, pensive, poise (Fr.); ponder (Fr.).

pēs (pĕd-), foot; ex-pedi-o (expĕdīt-), I set free: pedal, ped-estrian, pedestal (Span.), expedite, impediment.

pes (pĕd-), foot; expedio (expĕdīt-), I set free: pedal, pedestrian, pedestal (Spanish), expedite, impediment.

ping-o (pĭct-), I paint: pig-ment, picture, pictorial, depict, paint (F.).

ping-o (pict), I paint: pigment, picture, pictorial, depict, paint (French).

pĭus, dutiful: pious, piety = pity (Fr.).

pious, dutiful: religious, devotion = compassion (Fr.).

plăc-ēre, to be pleasing; plāc-āre (plācāt-), to quiet: placid, com-placent, complaisance (Fr.), please and pleasure (Fr.), placable, placate.

pleasure, to be enjoyable; pacify (pacified), to calm: tranquil, self-satisfied, amiability (Fr.), please and pleasure (Fr.), forgiving, appease.

planta, a plant, sole: sup-plant, plantation, plantain (Fr.).

planta, a plant, sole: supplant, plantation, plantain (Fr.).

planus, level: plane; through Fr., plain, plan, explain; piano (soft; Ital.).

planus, level: plane; derived from French, plain, plan, explain; piano (soft; Italian).

plaud-o (plaus-), I clap (ex-plōdo): plaudit, ap-plause, plausible, explode.

plaud-o (plaus-), I clap (ex-plōdo): plaudit, applause, plausible, explode.

ple-o (plēt-), I fill; plēnus, full: de-plete, complement; expletive.

ple-o (plēt-), I fill; plēnus, full: deplete, complement; expletive.

plĭc-āre (plĭcĭt-), to fold; plect-ĕre (plex-), I weave: du-plicate, implicit, complex; through Fr., ply, reply, display, triplet; replica (Ital.).

plicare (plicit-), to fold; plectere (plex-), I weave: duplicate, implicit, complex; through French, ply, reply, display, triplet; replica (Italian).

plumbum, lead: plumbago; through Fr., plumb, plummet, plunge.

plumbum, lead: plumbago; from French, plumb, plummet, plunge.

plūs (plūr-), more: plus, plural, plu-perfect, surplus (Fr.).

plús (plūr-), more: plus, plural, pluperfect, surplus (Fr.).

poena, punishment; pūni-o (pūnīt-), I punish: through Fr., penal, penalty, pain, punitive, impunity, punish.

poena, punishment; pūni-o (pūnīt-), I punish: from French, penal, penalty, pain, punitive, impunity, punish.

pōno (pŏsit-), I place: post-pone, deponent, posit, opposite, expositor, depositary; through Fr., posture, position, post, compost, compound.

pōno (pŏsit-), I place: postpone, deponent, position, opposite, expositor, depositary; through French, posture, position, post, compost, compound.

pŏpulus, people; pūblicus, of the people: popular; public, publish.

pŏpulus, people; pūblicus, of the people: popular; public, publish.

porta, gate; portus, harbour; portāre, to carry: through Fr., port, porte, portal, porter, import, etc., portly, deportment, port-cullis, op-portune.

porta, gate; portus, harbour; portāre, to carry: through French, port, porte, portal, porter, import, etc., portly, deportment, portcullis, opportune.

posse, to be able; potens (able): potent, potential, possible.

posse, to be able; potens (able): potent, potential, possible.

praeda, booty; prehendo (prehens-), I seize: predatory, depredation, prehensile, apprehend, apprentice, prey and prison (Fr.).

praeda, loot; prehendo (prehens-), I grab: predatory, plundering, prehensile, apprehend, trainee, prey and jail (Fr.).

prĕc-āri (prĕcāt-), to pray: precarious, deprecate, pray and prayer (Fr.).

prĕc-āri (prĕcāt-), to pray: precarious, deprecate, pray and prayer (Fr.).

prem-o (prĕss-), I press: through Fr., re-prim-and, compress, print.

prem-o (press), I press: from French, re-primand, compress, print.

prĕtium, price: through Fr., precious, depreciate, appraise, price = prize.

prĕtium, price: from French, valuable, lose value, evaluate, cost = reward.

pri-, beforeprior, former; prīmus, first; prin-ceps (prīncĭp-), chief: prior, prime, primal, primitive, principal, pristine; through (Fr.), primate, primer, premier, primrose, prince, principle.

pri-, beforeprior, former; prīmus, first; prin-ceps (prīncĭp-), chief: prior, prime, primal, primitive, principal, pristine; through (Fr.), primate, primer, premier, primrose, prince, principle.

prŏbus, good; prŏb-o (prŏbāt-), I test: probity, probable, approve.

prŏbus, good; prŏb-o (prŏbāt-), I test: integrity, likely, approve.

prŏpĕ, near; proximus, nearest: propinquity, approximate, approach (Fr.).

proximity, nearest: propinquity, approximate, approach (Fr.).

pung-o (punct-), I prick, pierce: pungent, puncture, expunge, compunction; through Fr., punctual, punctuate, point, poignant.

pung-o (punct-), I prick, pierce: pungent, puncture, expunge, compunction; through Fr., punctual, punctuate, point, poignant.

purus, clean, pure; purg-o (purgāt-), cleanse; put-o (putāt-), trim, reckon: purify, puritan, purge, am-putate (am- = about), compute, deputy (Fr.).

pure, clean, clear; purg-o (purgāt-), cleanse; put-o (putāt-), trim, count: purify, puritan, purge, amputate (am- = about), calculate, deputy (Fr.).


Quaer-o (quaesīt-), I seek [-quīro (-quīsīt-) in compounds]: query, acquire, inquisition, exquisite, quest and inquest (Fr.), question.

Quaer-o (quaesīt-), I seek [-quīro (-quīsīt-) in compounds]: query, acquire, investigation, exquisite, quest and inquest (Fr.), question.

qualis, of what kind; quantus, how great: quality, quantity.

qualis, of what kind; quantus, how great: quality, quantity.

quăti-o, I shake; -cŭtio (-cuss-) in compounds: dis-cuss, quash (Fr.).

quăti-o, I shake; -cŭtio (-cuss-) in compounds: discuss, quash (Fr.).

quŏtus, what number?: quota, quotidian (dies), quote and quotient (Fr.).

quŏtus, what number?: quota, daily (days), cite and result (Fr.).


Rādix (rādīc-), root: radicle, eradicate, radish and radical (Fr.).

Rādix (rādīc-), root: radicle, eliminate, radish, and radical (Fr.).

răpi-o (răpt-), carry off; răp-ax (răpāc-), grasping: rapac-ious, rapt, rapture; through Fr., rapine, ravine, rapid, ravishing, ravenous.

răpi-o (răpt-), carry off; răp-ax (răpāc-), grasping: rapacious, rapt, rapture; through Fr., rapine, ravine, rapid, ravishing, ravenous.

rĕg-o (rect-), regn-o, I rule, direct; rex, king; rēgula, a rule; rĕg-io, district: reg-ent, regnant, regi-men, cor-rig-ible, rector, rectitude, di-rect, rectangle, regal, regalia, regular, region; through Fr., regime, regiment, reign, rectify, dress (Lat. di-rect-), rule (Lat. rēgula).

rĕg-o (rect-), regn-o, I rule, direct; rex, king; rēgula, a rule; rĕg-io, district: reg-ent, regnant, regi-men, cor-rig-ible, rector, rectitude, di-rect, rectangle, regal, regalia, regular, region; through Fr., regime, regiment, reign, rectify, dress (Lat. di-rect-), rule (Lat. rēgula).

rēs, thing: through Fr., real, realty, realize, republic; rebus.

res, thing: through French, real, property, realize, republic; thing.

rīd-ere (rīs-), to laugh: de-ride, derision, ridi-cule and ris-ible (Fr.).

rīd-ere (rīs-), to laugh: de-ride, derision, ridi-cule and ris-ible (Fr.).

rīpa, river bank: riparian, river (Fr. rivière), ar-rive (Fr.).

rīpa, river bank: riparian, river (Fr. rivière), ar-rive (Fr.).

rīvus, a brook: rivulet; through Fr., rival, de-rive, derivation. (For river and arrive see ripa).

rīvus, a brook: small stream; from French, rival, de-rive, derivation. (For river and arrive see ripa).

rog-o (rŏgāt-), I ask: ar-rogant, ab-rogate, interrogation, de-rogatory, (Fr.).

rog-o (rŏgāt-), I ask: ar-rogant, ab-rogate, interrogation, de-rogatory, (Fr.).

rŏta, a wheel; rŏt-ula, dimin.; rŏt-undus, round: rot-ary, rotate, rotunda, Fr., roll, rowel, roulette (all from rotula), roué, round.

rŏta, a wheel; rŏt-ula, dimin.; rŏt-undus, round: rotary, rotate, rotunda, Fr., roll, rowel, roulette (all from rotula), roué, round.

rumpĕre, to break; ruptus, broken: rupture (Fr.), ab-rupt, e-rupt-ive, dis-ruption, bank-rupt (bank = bench, table of money changer); through Fr., rout (lit. a division), route and rut (= a path).

rumpĕre, to break; ruptus, broken: rupture (Fr.), abrupt, eruptive, disruption, bankrupt (bank = bench, table of money changer); through Fr., rout (lit. a division), route and rut (= a path).


Săcer (săcr-), sacred; sacr-āre, sanc-īre, consecrate: sacrifice, sacrilege, sacerdotal, sacrament, de-secration, sanctity, sanctuary, saint (Fr.).

Săcer (săcr-), sacred; sacr-āre, sanc-īre, consecrate: sacrifice, sacrilege, sacerdotal, sacrament, desecration, sanctity, sanctuary, saint (Fr.).

sal, salt: salary (i.e., salt-money), saliferous; through Fr., saline, salad, sauce (= salsus, salted).

sal, salt: salary (i.e., salt money), salt-producing; through French, saline, salad, sauce (= salsus, salted).

săli-o (sălt-), I leap (-silio, -sult-, in compounds): sali-ent, re-sili-ent, ex-ultant, saltation, in-sult, de-sultory; through Fr., sally, assail, assault.

săli-o (sălt-), I leap (-silio, -sult-, in compounds): sali-ent, re-sili-ent, ex-ultant, saltation, in-sult, de-sultory; through Fr., sally, assail, assault.

salv-us, safe; sălus (sălūt-), health, greeting: salubrious, salute; through Fr., salvation, salvage, save, salutary, saviour (Lat. salvator).

salv-us, safe; sălus (sălūt-), health, greeting: salubrious, salute; through Fr., salvation, salvage, save, salutary, saviour (Lat. salvator).

sānus, sound; sān-āre (sānāt-), to heal: sane, sanitary, sanatorium.

sānus, healthy; sān-āre (sānāt-), to heal: sane, sanitary, sanatorium.

săpor, taste; săpi-o, săp-ĕre, have taste, be wise: sapi-ent, sapor-ific, in-sip-idity, savour and sage (Fr.).

savor, flavor; savor it, to savor, have flavor, be wise: sapient, flavorful, insipidity, savor and sage (Fr.).

satis, enough; satur, full: satisfy (Fr.), satiate, asset (Fr.).

satis, enough; satur, full: satisfy (Fr.), satiate, asset (Fr.).

scando (scans-), I climb; scāla, stairs: a-scend, scale; scan, e-scalade.

scando (scans-), I climb; scāla, stairs: ascend, scale; scan, escalade.

sci-o, I know; scĭentia, knowledge; conscius, privy to: science (Fr.), nescient, scientific, conscious, prescience (Fr.), sciolist.

sci-o, I know; scĭentia, knowledge; conscius, aware of: science (Fr.), ignorant, scientific, aware, foresight (Fr.), dabbler.

scrīb-o (script-), I write: scribe (Fr.), scripture, manu-script, conscription.

scrīb-o (script-), I write: scribe (Fr.), scripture, manuscript, conscription.

sĕc-o (sĕct-), I cut: secant, sectile, section (Fr.), segment, bisect.

sĕc-o (sĕct-), I cut: secant, sectile, section (Fr.), segment, bisect.

sĕde-o (sĕss-), I sit; as-sĭdeo, sit by: sedentary, sediment, sedate, sedative, as-siduous, as-sessor, pos-session, subside, re-sidue (Fr.), supersede.

sĕde-o (sĕss-), I sit; as-sĭdeo, sit by: sedentary, sediment, sedate, sedative, as-siduous, as-sessor, pos-session, subside, re-sidue (Fr.), supersede.

sĕnĕx, old man: senile, senior, senate, seignorial (Fr.).

sĕnĕx, old man: elderly, older adult, senate, landowner (Fr.).

senti-o (sēns-), I feel: sentient, sentiment; through Fr., sentence, sense.

senti-o (sēns-), I feel: sentient, sentiment; through French, sentence, sense.

sĕquor (sĕcut-), I follow; secundus, following; secta, a party, school; socius, companion: con-sequent, sequence, sequel; through F., obsequies, obsequious, execute, suit, suite, second, social.

sĕquor (sĕcut-), I follow; secundus, following; secta, a group, branch; socius, friend: consequent, sequence, sequel; via F., obsequies, obsequious, execute, suit, suite, second, social.

sĕr-o (sert-), I join, compose: series, assert, desert, exert, insert, concert.

sĕr-o (sert-), I join, compose: series, assert, desert, exert, insert, concert.

servo (servāt-), I save: con-serve, conservator, preservation, conservatory.

servo (servāt-), I save: conserve, conservator, preservation, conservatory.

servus, a slave; serv-īre, to serve: servile, servant, sergeant, serf, service.

servus, a slave; serv-īre, to serve: servile, servant, sergeant, serf, service.

signum, mark, sign; sign-o (signāt-), I mark, seal: signal, signet, signature, signatory, significant, assign-ment, re-signation (a signing back).

signum, mark, sign; sign-o (signāt-), I mark, seal: signal, signet, signature, signatory, significant, assignment, re-signation (a signing back).

similis, like; simul, together; simul-o (simulāt-), I pretend: similar and similitude (Fr.), as-similate, simul-taneous, simulate, assembly (Fr.).

similis, like; simul, together; simul-o (simulāt-), I pretend: similar and similitude (Fr.), as-similate, simult-aneous, simulate, assembly (Fr.).

sōl, sun: solar, sol-stice (= sol-stit-ium; stare) (Fr.), para-sol (par-, ward off).

sōl, sun: solar, solstice (= sol-stit-ium; stare) (Fr.), parasol (par-, ward off).

sŏlidus (and soldus), firm; also a gold coin (military pay): solidify and solder (Fr.), solidarity (Fr.), consolidate, con-sols, soldier (Fr.).

sŏlidus (and soldus), firm; also a gold coin (military pay): solidify and solder (Fr.), solidarity (Fr.), consolidate, con-sols, soldier (Fr.).

sōlus, alone: through Fr., sole, solitude, solitary, solitaire, de-solate, solo.

sōlus, alone: through Fr., sole, solitude, solitary, solitaire, desolate, solo.

solv-o (sŏlūt-), I loose, pay: solvent, ab-solve, soluble (Fr.), dis-solute.

solv-o (sŏlūt-), I release, settle: solvent, absolve, soluble (Fr.), dissolute.

somnus, sopor, sleep: in-somnia, somnolence, somn-ambulist, sopori-fic.

somnus, sopor, sleep: insomnia, drowsiness, sleepwalker, soporific.

sŏn-āre, to sound: consonant, sound, sonor-ous, sonnet, per-son, unison (unus).

sŏn-āre, to sound: consonant, sound, sonorous, sonnet, person, unison (unus).

sparg-o (spars-), I scatter, sprinkle: sparse, di-sperse, a-spersion.

sparg-o (spars-), I scatter, sprinkle: sparse, disperse, dispersion.

spĕci-o (spect-), I look; su-spici-o (suspect-), look up, mistrust; species, appearance: speci-men, specious and specify (Fr.), spectacle and spectre (Fr.), aspect, spectator, despise and spite (= de-spite) (Fr.).

spĕci-o (spect-), I look; su-spici-o (suspect-), look up, distrust; species, appearance: speci-men, specious and specify (Fr.), spectacle and specter (Fr.), aspect, spectator, despise and spite (= de-spite) (Fr.).

spēr-o (sperāt-), I hope: desperate, despair and prosper (Fr.).

spēr-o (sperāt-), I hope: desperate, despair, and prosper (Fr.).

spīr-o (spirāt-), I breathe; spīrĭtus, breath: a-spirant, inspire, conspiracy.

spīr-o (spirāt-), I breathe; spīrĭtus, breath: aspirant, inspire, conspiracy.

stāre (stăt-), sĭst-ĕre, stand; stătu-o, I set: di-stant, extant, substance (Fr.), station, stable, insist, obstacle and e-stablish (Fr.); state and statue (Fr.), statute, rest (= remainder), armi-stice and sol-stice (Fr.).

stāre (stăt-), sĭst-ĕre, stand; stătu-o, I set: distant, existing, substance (Fr.), station, stable, insist, obstacle, and establish (Fr.); state and statue (Fr.), statute, rest (= remainder), armistice, and solstice (Fr.).

stern-ĕre (strāt-), to spread, extend, cover; consternation, prostrate, stratum, stratify, street (through Ang. Sax.).

stern-ĕre (strāt-), to spread, extend, cover; shock, lay flat, layer, classify, street (through Old English).

string-o (strĭct-), I draw together: stringent, strain and strait (Fr.), strict, stricture, district, stress (Fr.).

string-o (strĭct-), I bring together: stringent, strain and strait (Fr.), strict, stricture, district, stress (Fr.).

strŭ-ĕre (struct-), to build: con-struct, structure, construe, destroy (Fr.).

strŭ-ĕre (struct-), to build: construct, structure, construe, destroy (Fr.).

sūm-o (sumps-), I take, use; sumptus, expense: as-sume, sumptuous.

sūm-o (sumps-), I take, use; sumptus, expense: assume, sumptuous.

super, above; super-āre, to overcome; supremus, summus, topmost: superb (Fr.), superior, supernal, insuperable, supremacy, sum and summit.

super, above; superare, to overcome; supremus, summus, topmost: superb (Fr.), superior, supernal, insuperable, supremacy, sum and summit.

surg-o (surrect-), I rise (see rĕgo): through Fr., in-surgent, surge = source, resource, resurrect.

surg-o (surrect-), I rise (see rĕgo): from French, insurgent, surge = source, resource, resurrect.


Tag- (touch)—tang-o (tact-), I touch, in-tĕger, whole: tangent, con-tingent, tangible, con-tag-ion, intact, disintegration, contiguous, tact (Fr.).

Tag- (touch)—tang-o (tact-), I touch, in-tĕger, whole: tangent, con-tingent, tangible, con-tag-ion, intact, disintegration, contiguous, tact (Fr.).

tĕg-o (tect-), I cover: tegmen, tegument, protective.

tĕg-o (tect-), I cover: cover, protective layer.

tempt-o (temptāt-), I try, test: at-tempt (Fr.), temptation, tentative (Fr.).

tempt-o (temptāt-), I try, test: at-tempt (Fr.), temptation, tentative (Fr.).

tempus (tempor-), time; temper-o (temperāt-), I regulate; tempes-tas, season: temporal, temporize (Fr.), tense (n; Fr.), temper (Fr.), tempest (Fr.).

tempus (tempor-), time; temper-o (temperāt-), I regulate; tempes-tas, season: temporal, temporize (Fr.), tense (n; Fr.), temper (Fr.), tempest (Fr.).

tend-o (tent-, tens-), stretch; tenuis, thin: tendency, extent, intend, tense (adj.), tension, attend, pretence, ostentation, tenuity, extenuate.

tend-o (tent-, tens-), stretch; tenuis, thin: tendency, extent, intend, tense (adj.), tension, attend, pretence, ostentation, tenuity, extenuate.

tĕne-o (tent-), I hold: per-tinent, tenable (Fr.), tenet, tenant (Fr.), sus-tenance, tenor, abs-tain (Fr.), detention, continue and retinue (Fr.).

tĕne-o (tent-), I hold: pertinent, tenable (Fr.), tenet, tenant (Fr.), sustenance, tenor, abstain (Fr.), detention, continue and retinue (Fr.).

ter-o (trīt-), rub, wear away; tribul-āre, to afflict: trite, attrition, detriment, contrite, tribulation.

ter-o (trīt-), rub, wear away; tribul-āre, to afflict: trite, attrition, detriment, contrite, tribulation.

terra, land: terrestrial; through F., terrace, in-ter, tureen, territory.

terra, land: relating to land; derived from French, terrace, in-ter, tureen, territory.

testis, a witness; testor (testāt-), I bear witness: testify (Fr.), testimony, attest, detest, testament, testator.

testis, a witness; testor (testāt-), I bear witness: testify (Fr.), testimony, attest, detest, testament, testator.

tex-o (text-), I weave: text (Fr.), texture, textile, pretext and tissue (Fr.).

tex-o (text-), I weave: text (Fr.), texture, textile, pretext and tissue (Fr.).

tōrque-o (tŏrt-), I twist: torment and torture (Fr.), tortuous, contort, extortionate, torch and tortoise (Fr.).

tōrque-o (tŏrt-), I twist: torment and torture (Fr.), tortuous, contort, extortionate, torch and tortoise (Fr.).

trăh-o (tract-), I draw; tract-o (tractāt-), I handle: sub-trahend, tract, tractable, abs-tract; through Fr., trait, por-tray, re-treat, train, trail.

trah-o (tract-), I draw; tract-o (tractāt-), I handle: sub-trahend, tract, tractable, abs-tract; through Fr., trait, por-tray, re-treat, train, trail.

trēs, tria, three: trinity (Fr.), ternary, ter-centenary, triangle, tri-dent.

trēs, tria, three: trinity (Fr.), ternary, ter-centenary, triangle, tri-dent.

trĭbu-ĕre, to give, pay; trĭbūtum, payment: at-tribute, re-tributive, tribute.

tribute, to give, pay; payment: at-tribute, re-tributive, tribute.

tueri (tuit-), to see, watch: tuition, in-tuitive, tutor, tutelage, tutelary.

tueri (tuit-), to see, watch: tuition, intuitive, tutor, tutelage, tutelary.

tŭm-ēre, to swell; tuber, swelling: tumid, tubercle, protuberant.

tŭm-ēre, to swell; tuber, swelling: swollen, tubercle, bulging.


Ultra, beyond: ultimus, farthest: outrage (Fr.), ulterior, ultimate.

Ultra, beyond: ultimate, farthest: outrage (Fr.), ulterior, ultimate.

und-o (undāt-), overflow: ab-undant, abound (Fr.), inundate.

und-o (undāt-), overflow: abundant, abound (Fr.), inundate.

ungu-o (unct-), I anoint: unguent = ointment (Fr.), unction, unctuous.

ungu-o (unct-), I anoint: unguent = ointment (Fr.), unction, unctuous.

ūnus, one: unit, union (Fr.), unite, unique (Fr.), uni-son (sonus, sound).

ūnus, one: unit, union (Fr.), unite, unique (Fr.), uni-sound (sonus, sound).

ūt-ī, to use; usus, use; utilis, useful: utensil (Fr.), usury (Fr.), utility.

ūt-ī, to use; usus, use; utilis, useful: utensil (Fr.), usury (Fr.), utility.


Vād-o (vās-), I go: invade, evasion, pervasive, vade mēcum (lit. go with me).

Vād-o (vās-), I go: invade, evasion, pervasive, vade mēcum (lit. come with me).

văle-o, am strong; valid, valour, value, convalesce, prevail.

văle-o, I'm strong; valid, courage, worth, recover, succeed.

vānus, empty: through Fr., vain, vanish, vaunt.

vānus, empty: from French, vain, vanish, boast.

vĕh-o (vĕct-), I carry: vehicle, vehement, in-veigh and invective (Fr.).

vĕh-o (vĕct-), I carry: vehicle, vehement, inveigh, and invective (Fr.).

vĕll-o (vuls-), I pluck, tear: con-vulse, convulsive, divulsion, revulsion.

vĕll-o (vuls-), I pluck, tear: convulse, convulsive, divulsion, revulsion.

vēlum, cover, veil; vēl-o (vēlāt-), I cover: (Fr.), re-veal, revelation, unveil.

veil, cover, veil; veil (veil-), I cover: (Fr.), re-veal, revelation, unveil.

vĕni-o (vĕnt-), I come: con-vene, convenient, intervention; through Fr., con-vent, covenant, venture, re-venue.

veni-o (vent-), I come: convene, convenient, intervention; through French, convent, covenant, venture, revenue.

verbum, word: verbal, verb (Fr.), verbose, verbiage (Fr.), proverb.

verbum, word: verbal, verb (Fr.), verbose, verbiage (Fr.), proverb.

vert-o (vers-), I turn: version, adverse, versatile.

vert-o (vers-), I turn: version, adverse, versatile.

vērus, true; vērax, truthful: veracious; very, verify, aver, verdict.

true, true; truthful, truthful: veracious; very, verify, affirm, judgment.

vĭa, way: de-vious, deviate, trivial (Fr.), impervious; through Fr., convey.

via, way: devious, deviate, trivial (Fr.), impervious; through Fr., convey.

vĭcis, alternation: vicarious, vicar (Fr.), vicissitude, vice-regal.

vĭcis, alternation: vicarious, vicar (Fr.), vicissitude, vice-regal.

vĭde-o (vīs-), I see; vīs-o (visit-), go to see: e-vident, provident, prudent, visage and vision (Fr.), invidious = envious (Fr.), visual (Fr.), visitation.

video (vee-doh), I see; viso (visit-), go to see: evident, provident, prudent, visage and vision (French), invidious = envious (French), visual (French), visitation.

vĭge-o, am vigorous; vigour, vigil (Fr.), vegetate.

vĭge-o, I am vigorous; vigor, vigil (Fr.), vegetate.

vĭnc-o (vĭct-), I conquer: convince, invincible and vanquish (Fr.), victor.

vinc-o (vict-), I conquer: convince, invincible and vanquish (Fr.), victor.

vir, man; virtus, worth, valour: virile and virtue (Fr.), virago, trium-vir.

man, man; worth, value, courage: masculine and virtue (Fr.), strong woman, trio of men.

vita, life; vīvus, living: vital, vivid, vivacity, vivify (Fr.).

vita, life; vīvus, living: vital, vivid, vivacity, vivify (Fr.).

vŏco (vŏcāt-), I call; vox (vōc-), voice: ad-vocate, vocation, revoke (Fr.).

vŏco (vŏcāt-), I call; vox (vōc-), voice: advocate, vocation, revoke (Fr.).

vŏl-o, am willing: bene-volent, voluntary, volunteer (Fr.), volition.

vol-o, I am willing: benevolent, voluntary, volunteer (Fr.), volition.

volv-o (vŏlūt-), I roll; vōlumen, a roll: de-volve, voluble (Fr.), evolution.

volv-o (vŏlūt-), I roll; vōlumen, a roll: de-volve, voluble (Fr.), evolution.

vŏr-o, I swallow up: de-vour (Fr.), voracious, carni-vorous.

vŏr-o, I swallow up: devour (Fr.), voracious, carnivorous.

vŏve-o (vōt-), I vow: vote (Fr.), votive, votary, devotion, devout (Fr.).

vŏve-o (vōt-), I vow: vote (Fr.), votive, votary, devotion, devout (Fr.).

vulgus, the people: vulgar, divulge, vulgate.

vulgus, the people: common, reveal, vernacular.


GREEK ROOT-WORDS AND DERIVATIVES.

To Greek, also, English is indebted for a considerable number of words, especially in the language of science and medicine; for the ancient physicians were commonly Greeks. Since the great revival of Greek studies in England in the 16th Century, Greek literature and art have exerted an enormous influence upon English thought and literature.

To Greek, English also owes a significant number of words, especially in the fields of science and medicine; the ancient doctors were mostly Greek. Since the major revival of Greek studies in England during the 16th Century, Greek literature and art have had a huge impact on English thought and literature.

Agō, I lead: strat-egy.

Agō, I lead: strategy.

a-dam-as (= in-dom-itable), steel: adamant, diamond (= Fr. diamant).

a-dam-as (= indomitable), steel: adamant, diamond (= Fr. diamant).

aēr, air: air (Fr.), aerial, aerate.

aēr, air: air (Fr.), aerial, aerate.

athlos, a contest: athlete.

athlos, competition: athlete.

aesthēsis, perception, feeling: aesthetic, an-aesthesia.

aesthēsis, perception, feeling: aesthetic, numbness.

akouō, I hear: acoustics.

akouō, I hear: sound.

akros, top: acro-bat, acropolis.

akros, top: acrobat, acropolis.

allos, other: allo-path, par-allel.

allos, other: allo-path, parallel.

anemos, wind: anemometer.

anemos, wind: wind meter.

angelos, messenger: angel, ev-angel.

angelos, messenger: angel, evangel.

anthropos, man: anthropoid, anthropology, mis-anthrope.

anthropos, man: human-like, human studies, misanthrope.

arktos, a bear: arctic, antarctic.

Arktos, A bear: Arctic, Antarctic.

archē, beginning, rule; arch-, (prefix), chief: archetype, an-archy, archangel.

archē, start, governance; arch-, (prefix), main: archetype, an-archy, archangel.

aster, astron, a star: asterisk, astrology, dis-aster (Fr.), astral (Lat.).

aster, astron, a star: asterisk, astrology, disaster (Fr.), astral (Lat.).

autos, self: auto-crat, auto-graph, auto-matic, auto-nomy.

cars, self: auto-crat, auto-graph, automatic, autonomy.


Ball-o, I throw; bolē, throwing: dia-bol-ical, hyper-bole.

Ball-o, I throw; bolē, throwing: diabolical, hyperbole.

bapto, dip: baptise.

bapto, dip: baptize.

barus, heavy; baros, weight: barytone, barograph, barometer.

barus, heavy; baros, weight: barytone, barograph, barometer.

basis, a going, foundation: base (Fr.), basis, basement.

basis, a going, foundation: base (Fr.), basis, basement.

biblion (dimin. of biblos), book; bible, biblio-graphy, biblio-mania.

biblion (dimin. of biblos), book; bible, biblio-graphy, biblio-mania.

bios, life: amphi-bious, bio-logy.

bios, life: amphibious, biology.

botane, herbage, a plant: botany.

botany: herbs, a plant.

bronchos, windpipe: bronchial.

bronchi, trachea: bronchial.

Character, a mark: character.

Character, a symbol: character.

cheir, hand: chiro-graphy, chiro-mancy, chiro-pod-ist, chir-urgeon.

hand: chirography, chiromancy, chiropodist, surgeon.

chīlio- (e.g. chilio-pous), thousand: kilo-gramme and kilo-metre (Fr.).

chīlio- (e.g. chilio-pous), thousand: kilo-gram and kilo-meter (Fr.).

chlōros, green: chlorate, chlorine.

chlōros, green: chlorate, chlorine.

cholē, bile: choler, melancholy.

cholē, bile: anger, sadness.

choros, a dance in a ring, chorus: chorus, choral, choir (Fr.).

choros, a dance in a circle, chorus: chorus, choral, choir (Fr.).

chriō, anoint: Christ, chrism (holy oil).

chriō, anoint: Christ, chrism (holy oil).

chronos, time: chronic, chronicle, chronometer, ana-chronism.

chronos, time: chronic, chronicle, chronometer, anachronism.


Daimōn, divinity, spirit: demoniac.

Daimōn, deity, spirit: demonic.

deka, ten: decade, deca-logue.

deka, ten: decade, deca-log.

demos, the people: demo-crat, dem-agogue, epi-demic.

demos, the people: democrat, demagogue, epidemic.

derma (dermat-), skin: epi-dermis, hypo-dermic, pachy-dermatous.

derma (dermat-), skin: epi-dermis, hypo-dermic, thick-skinned.

despotēs, lord: despotic, despotism.

despotēs, lord: despotic, despotism.

diaita, mode of living: diet (Fr.).

diet

diskos, quoit: disc, dish and desk.

diskos, quoit: disc, plate, and desk.

dogma, doxa, opinion: dogma, dogmatic, heterodox.

dogma, opinion: dogma, dogmatic, unconventional.

dosis, a giving; dotos, given: dose, anti-dote, an-ec-dot-al.

dosis, a giving; dotos, given: dose, antidote, anecdotal.

draō, I do: dra-ma, drastic.

draō, I do: dra-ma, drastic.

dromos, running: dromedary, hippo-drome, aero-drome.

dromos, running: dromedary, hippodrome, aerodrome.

dunamis, power, force: dynamic.

dunamis, power, force: dynamic.


Eidos, form; eidōlon, image; idea, form, look (all from id-, see): ideograph, idol, kal-eido-scope.

Eidos, form; eidōlon, image; idea, form, appearance (all from id-, see): ideograph, idol, kaleidoscope.

eikōn, image: icon, iconoclast.

eikōn, image: icon, rebel.

electron, amber: electric, electrify.

electron, amber: powered, charge.

ergon, work; en-ergeia, energy: organ-ize, en-ergetic, metall-urgy.

ergon, work; en-ergeia, energy: organize, energetic, metallurgy.

ethnos, nation: ethnic, ethnology.

ethnos, nation: ethnic, cultural studies.

eu, well; as a prefix: eucharist, euphony, euphemism, ev-angel.

eu, well; as a prefix: eucharist, euphony, euphemism, ev-angel.


Gamos, marriage: mono-gamous.

Gamos, marriage: monogamous.

gaster (gastr-), stomach: gastric.

gaster (gastr-), stomach: gastric.

gen-, begetgenos, race; genesis, origin: genea-logy, genesis, genetic.

gen-, beget—genos, race; genesis, origin: genealogy, genesis, genetic.

, the earth: ge-o-graphy, ge-o-logy, ge-o-metric.

, the earth: geography, geology, geometric.

glōssa (glōtta), tongue: glossary, glottis, epiglottis, poly-glot.

glōssa (glōtta), tongue: glossary, glottis, epiglottis, polyglot.

gnō-sis, knowledge: gnome, gnostic.

gnosis, knowledge: gnome, gnostic.

gōnia, angle: diagonal, pentagon.

gōnia, angle: diagonal, pentagon.

grapho, write; gramma, writing: graphic, epi-graphy, grammar.

grapho, writes; gramma, written: graphic, epi-graphy, grammar.

gumnos, naked; gumnazo, I exercise: gymnasium, gymnastic.

gumnos, naked; gumnazo, I work out: gym, gymnastics.

gunē (gunaiko-), a woman: gyn-archy, gynaeco-logy, miso-gynist.

gunē (gunaiko-), a woman: gynarchy, gynecology, misogynist.


Haima (haimato-), blood: hemal, hematite, hemorrhage, an-aemia.

Haima (haimato-), blood: hemal, hematite, hemorrhage, anemia.

hairesis, a taking: heresy (Fr.).

, taking: heresy (Fr.).

heteros, other: hetero-dox, hetero-geneous.

heteros, other: heterodox, heterogeneous.

hex, six: hex-agon, hexameter.

hex, six: hexagon, hexameter.

hēlios, sun: heliacal, peri-helion.

helios, sun: heliacal, perihelion.

hēmera, day: ep-hemeral.

hēmera, day: ephemerally.

hieros, sacred; hiereus, priest: hierarchy, hieratic, hiero-glyph.

hieros, sacred; hiereus, priest: hierarchy, hieratic, hieroglyph.

hippos, horse: hippo-drome.

hippos, horse: hippo-drome.

historeō, I enquire: history (shortened in) story.

historeō, I inquire: history (shortened to) story.

(h)odos, way: ex-odus, epis-ode, met-hod, peri-od.

(h)odos, way: exodus, episode, method, period.

homos, same; homoi-os, like: homo-centric, homo-geneous, hom-ily (ilē, throng), homoeo-pathic.

homos, same; homoi-os, like: homo-centric, homo-genous, hom-ily (ilē, throng), homoeo-pathic.

(h)orizo, define, bound: horizon.

horizon, define, limit: horizon.

hudōr, water; hydrant, hydr-aulic, hydro-gen.

hudōr, water; hydrant, hydraulic, hydrogen.

Idios, private, peculiar; idiōtēs, private person: idiom, idiot.

Idios, private, peculiar; idiōtēs, private person: idiom, idiot.

ion, violet; iōdēs, dark-colored: iodide, iodine.

ion, violet; iodide, dark-colored: iodine.

isos, equal: iso-sceles, iso-thermal.

isos, equal: isosceles, isothermal.


Kakos, bad: cacography, cacophony.

Kakos, bad: poor writing, loud noise.

kalos, beautiful: calligraphy, callis-thenics (sthenos, strength).

beauty: calligraphy, calisthenics (strength).

kaluptō, kruptō, I conceal: apo-calypse, eu-calyptus, crypt.

kaluptō, kruptō, I hide: apo-calypse, eu-calyptus, crypt.

kaustos, burnt; kautērion, a branding: caustic, cautery, cauterize.

kaustos, burnt; kautērion, branding: caustic, cautery, cauterize.

kīneō, I move; kīnētikos, for moving: kinetics, kinematics.

kīneō, I move; kīnētikos, for moving: kinetics, kinematics.

kosmos, order, ornament, universe: cosmetic, cosmic, cosmo-gony.

cosmos, structure, decor, universe: cosmetic, cosmic, cosmogony.

krateō, am strong, rule: auto-crat, demo-cracy, aristo-crat.

krateō, am strong, rule: autocrat, democracy, aristocrat.

kri-, to separate; krisis, a separating, deciding: crisis, critic.

kri-, to separate; krisis, a separating, deciding: crisis, critic.

kuklos, wheel: cycle, cyclic, cyclone.

kuklos, wheel: cycle, cyclic, whirlwind.


Lab-, take; lēpsis, a taking: syl-lable, epi-lepsy, cataleptic.

Lab-, take; lēpsis, a taking: syllable, epilepsy, catalepsy.

legō, I pick out, say; lexis, speech; logos, discourse, reason: ec-lectic (ek, out of), lexi-con, dialect, logic.

legō, I choose, say; lexis, language; logos, conversation, reason: ec-lectic (ek, out of), lexi-con, dialect, logic.

leipō (lĭp-), I leave: el-lipsis, ec-lipse.

leipō (lĭp-), I leave: el-lipsis, ec-lipse.

lithos, stone: lithia, lithograph.

lithos, stone: lithia, lithograph.

luō, I loose; lusis, a loosing: ana-lyze, dia-lysis, paralytic, (palsy is a contraction of paralysis).

luō, I release; lusis, a release: analyze, dialysis, paralytic, (palsy is a shortened form of paralysis).


Mania, madness: mania, maniac, Anglo-mania.

Mania, madness: mania, maniac, Anglo-mania.

math-, learn; mathēma, learning: mathematics, philo-math, poly-math.

math, learn; mathēma, learning: mathematics, philosopher, polymath.

martus (martur-), a witness: martyr.

martus (martur-), a witness: martyr.

mega (megal-), large; as a prefix: mega-cephalous (kephalē, head), megalithic, megaphone.

mega (megal-), large; as a prefix: mega-cephalous (kephalē, head), megalithic, megaphone.

melas (melan-), black: melancholy.

melas (melan-), black: sadness.

melos, song: mel-ody (ōdē).

melos, song: melody (ōdē).

metron, a measure: metre, symmetry, diameter, geometric.

metron, a measurement: meter, balance, diameter, geometric.

mēchanē, Lat. māchina: mechanic, mechanism.

machine, Lat. māchina: mechanic, mechanism.

mikros, small: microbe (bios), micro-cosm, micro-scope.

mikros, small: microbe (life), microcosm, microscope.

mīseo, I hate: misanthrope.

mīseo, I'm not a fan: misanthrope.

mnē-mon-euō, I remember: mnē-monics, a-mnē-sty (a = not).

mnē-mon-euō, I remember: mnē-monics, a-mnē-sty (a = not).

monos, alone, one: monad, mon-arch, monk (Ang. Sax.), monastery, monopoly.

monos, alone, one: monad, monarch, monk (Anglo-Saxon), monastery, monopoly.

morphē, shape: a-morphous, morph-ology, meta-morphose.

morphē, shape: amorphous, morphology, metamorphose.

mousa, muse: music, museum.

mousa, muse: music, gallery.

mūthos, a tale, legend: myth.

mūthos, a story, legend: myth.


Naus, a ship: nausea, nautilus, aëro-naut (nautēs, sailor.)

Naus, a ship: nausea, nautilus, aëro-naut (nautēs, sailor.)

nekros, dead: necro-polis.

nekros, dead: necropolis.

neuron, cord, nerve: neural, neur-algia (algos, pain), neuritis.

neuron, cord, nerve: neural, neur-algia (algos, pain), neuritis.

nomos, a law: eco-nomy (oikos), astro-nomy, anti-nomian.

nomos, a law: eco-nomy (oikos), astro-nomy, anti-nomian.


Ōdē, a song: ode, hymnody, parody.

Ōdē, a song: ode, hymn, parody.

oikos, oikia, house; oikēsis, inhabiting, dwelling: eco-nomy (Lat. oeconomia), di-ocese (= di-oikesis), parish (paroikia, Fr. par-oisse).

oikos, oikia, house; oikēsis, inhabiting, dwelling: economy (Lat. oeconomia), diocese (= di-oikesis), parish (paroikia, Fr. par-oisse).

onoma (onuma), name: syn-onym.

onoma (onuma), name: synonym.

op-, see; optika, pertaining to sight; oph-thalmos, eye: op-tics, optician, syn-opsis, synoptic, my-opia.

op-, see; optics, related to vision; ophthalm, eye: optics, optician, synopsis, synoptic, myopia.

organon, an instrument: organic.

Organon, a tool: organic.

orthos, right, straight: ortho-doxy, ortho-graphy.

orthos, right, straight: orthodoxy, orthography.

osteon, a bone: oste-itis, osteo-pathy.

osteon, a bone: osteitis, osteopathy.

oxus, sharp: oxy-gen, oxy-tone, par-oxysm.

oxus, sharp: oxygen, octave, paroxysm.


Pais (paid-), a child; paideia, training, learning: ped-agogue, pedant.

Pais (child), paideia, training, learning: pedagogue, pedant.

pan (pant-, pas-), all: pan-acea (akos, remedy), pan-oply, (hopla, arms), pan-orama ((h)oraō, see).

pan (pant-, pas-), all: panacea (akos, remedy), panoply (hopla, arms), panorama ((h)oraō, see).

păthos, suffering, feeling: pathology, pathetic, sympathy.

pathos, suffering, emotion: pathology, pathetic, sympathy.

pauo, I stop; pausis, cessation (Lat. pausa): pause and pose.

pauo, I stop; pausis, break (Lat. pausa): pause and pose.

pente, five: pent-agon, pentameter, penta-teuch (teuchos, book), Pente-cost [pentecostē = fiftieth (day)].

pente, five: pentagon, pentameter, penta-teuch (teuchos, book), Pentecost [pentecostē = fiftieth (day)].

petra, a rock; petros, a stone: petrify and pier (Fr.), Peter, petrology, petroleum, petrescent.

petra, a rock; petros, a stone: petrify and pier (Fr.), Peter, petrology, petroleum, petrescent.

plassō, I mould, fashion: plastic, plasm, proto-plasm (prōtos, first).

plassō, I shape, create: plastic, plasm, proto-plasm (prōtos, first).

pleura, a rib: pleurisy, pleuritic.

pleura, a rib: pleurisy, pleuritic.

plēgē, plēxis, a blow, stroke: plague (Lat. plāga), apoplexy, pleximeter.

plēgē, plēxis, a blow, stroke: plague (Lat. plāga), apoplexy, pleximeter.

pneuma, air; pneumon, lungs: pneumatic, pneumonia, pneumatomer.

pneuma, air; pneumon, lungs: pneumatic, pneumonia, pneumatomer.

poieō, I make: poet (Lat. poēta).

poieō, I create: poet (Lat. poēta).

polis, a city; polītēs, citizen; politeia, government: metro-polis, polity, politic, police.

polis, a city; polītēs, citizen; politeia, government: metro-polis, polity, politic, police.

polus, many, poly-gon.

polus, many, polygon.

pous (pod-), a foot: poly-pus, polyp, antipodes.

pous (pod-), a foot: poly-pus, polyp, antipodes.

praktos, done: practice.

praktos, done: practiced.

prōtōs, first: prot-agonist, protomartyr, prototype, protoplasm.

prōtōs, first: protagonist, protomartyr, prototype, protoplasm.

pur, fire: pyre, pyrites, pyro-latry (= worship), pyrotechnics.

pur, fire: pyre, pyrites, fire worship (= worship), fireworks.

pōleō, I sell: biblio-pole, mono-poly.

pōleō, I sell: book seller, monopoly.

phagein, to eat: sarcophagus (sarx, flesh).

phagein, to eat: sarcophagus (sarx, meat).

phainō (phan-, phēn-, phas-), I show: phan-tom, phan-tasm, phant-asy = fancy (Fr.), phen-omenon, phase.

phainō (phan-, phēn-, phas-), I show: phantom, fantasy = fancy (Fr.), phenomenon, phase.

pherō, I bear; phora, a carrying: peri-pher-y, meta-phor, phos-phorus (phōs), sema-phore, (sēma, sign).

pherō, I carry; phora, a carrying: peri-pher-y, meta-phor, phos-phorus (phōs), sema-phore, (sēma, sign).

phēmi, I say: eu-phem-ism, blas-pheme (blapsis, injury), pro-phet.

phēmi, I say: euphism, blaspheme (blapsis, harm), prophet.

philos, dear, friend: phil-tre, philo-sophy.

philos, dear, friend: love of wisdom.

phōnē, a sound: phonic, phonetic, phono-graph, eu-phony, caco-phony, sym-phony.

phone, a sound: phonic, phonetic, phonograph, euphony, cacophony, symphony.

phōs (phōt-), light: phos-phor, photo-graph, photometer.

phōs (phōt-), light: phosphor, photograph, photometer.

phrasis, speech: phrase, peri-phrasis, para-phrase, phraseology.

phrases, speech: phrase, periphrasis, paraphrase, phraseology.

phrēn, the midriff, mind: frenzy and frantic (Fr.), phrenology.

phren, midriff, mind: frenzy and frantic (Fr.), phrenology.

phusis, nature; phuton, a plant: physi-cal, physics, physi-o-logy, meta-physics, neo-phyte.

phusis, nature; phuton, a plant: physical, physics, physiology, metaphysics, neophyte.


Rheō, flow; rheuma, a flow; rhuthmos, regular motion: cata-rrh, rheumatic, rhythm.

Rheō, flow; rheuma, a flow; rhuthmos, regular motion: cata-rrh, rheumatic, rhythm.

rhētor, orator: rhetoric, rhetorician.

rhetor, orator: rhetoric, rhetorician.


Sarx (sark-), flesh: sarcasm.

Sarx (sark-), flesh: sarcasm.

sitos, food: para-site.

sites, food: para-site.

skopeo, skept-omai, look at, consider; skop-os, watcher, mark, aim: scep-tical, scope, hor-o-scope (hōrā, season), epi-scop-al, bishop [epi-scop-os].

skopeo, skept-omai, look at, consider; skop-os, watcher, mark, aim: scep-tical, scope, hor-o-scope (hōrā, season), epi-scop-al, bishop [epi-scop-os].

sophos, wise: sophist, philosophy.

Sophos, wise: thinker, philosophy.

stă-, stand; sta-sis, a placing; statos, placed: ec-sta-sy, sy-ste-m (sun, together), static, hydro-statics, apo-state.

stă-, stand; sta-sis, a placing; statos, placed: ec-sta-sy, sy-ste-m (sun, together), static, hydro-statics, apo-state.

stellō (stol-), I send: apo-stle (= apostolos; apo, away), epi-stle.

stellō (stol-), I send: apo-stle (= apostolos; apo, away), epi-stle.

stichos, a line: di-stich, hemi-stich.

stichos, a line: double line, half line.

stratos, army: stratagem, strategy.

stratos, army: plan, strategy.

strophē, a turning: strophic, anti-strophe, apo-strophe, catastrophe.

strophē, a turning: strophic, anti-strophe, apo-strophe, catastrophe.

sphaira, a ball: sphere, atmo-sphere.

sphaira, a ball: sphere, atmosphere.

schizō, split: schism, schist.

schizō, split: division, split rock.

schole, leisure, school: scholastic.

school, leisure, education: scholarly.


Tax-is, arrangement; tak-tos, ordered: syn-tax, taxi-dermist.

Tax is, arrangement; tak-tos, ordered: syn-tax, taxi-dermist.

taphos, a tomb: epi-taph (epi, upon).

taphos, a tomb: epitaph (epi, upon).

temno, I cut; tomē-, tom-os, a cutting: ana-tomy, tome (Fr.), a-tom.

temno, I cut; tomē-, tom-os, a cutting: ana-tomy, tome (Fr.), a-tom.

technē, art: tech-nic, technology.

techne, art: tech, technology.

tele, afar: tele-phone.

phone, distant: telephone.

theos, God: theism, theo-cracy.

theos, God: theism, theocracy.

thermos, hot: thermal, isothermal, thermo-meter, thermo-dynamics.

thermos, hot: thermal, insulated, thermometer, thermodynamics.

the-, place; thesis, a placing; thema, proposition; thē-kē, case, chest: thesis, theme, hypo-thesis, epi-thet, ana-thema.

the-, place; thesis, a placing; thema, proposition; thē-kē, case, chest: thesis, theme, hypo-thesis, epi-thet, ana-thema.

topos, a place: topic, topography, u-topia, (u = ou, not—i.e., land of No-place).

topos, a place: topic, topography, u-topia, (u = ou, not—i.e., land of No-place).

toxicon, poison: toxin, anti-toxin, intoxicate.

toxicon, poison: toxin, antitoxin, intoxicate.


Zēlos, emulation: through Fr., zeal.

Zēlos, emulation: from Fr., zeal.

zōon, animal: zo-diac (zōdion, dimin.), zo-ology.

zōon, animal: zodiac (zōdion, dimin.), zoology.


Words, Phrases, and Notable Sayings.

From the Greek, Latin and Modern Languages.

From Greek, Latin, and modern languages.

A bas (Fr.). Down, down with.

A bas (Fr.). Down with.

ab initio (L.). From the beginning.

From the start.

ab ovo (L.). From the egg, from the beginning.

ab ovo (L.). From the egg, from the start.

ad captandum vulgus (L.). To attract or please the rabble.

ad captandum vulgus (L.). To attract or please the masses.

ad infinitum (L.). To infinity.

to infinity

ad libitum (L.). At pleasure.

At will.

ad nauseam (L.). To disgust or satiety.

ad nauseam (L.). To the point of being sickening or excessive.

ad rem (L.). To the purpose, or point.

To the point.

ad valorem (L). According to the value.

ad valorem (L). Based on the value.

aequo animo (L.). With an equable mind, with equanimity.

aequo animo (L.). With a balanced mind, with calmness.

affaire d' amour (F.). A love affair.

affaire d' amour (F.). A love affair.

affaire d'honneur (F.). An affair of honor; a duel.

affaire d'honneur (F.). A matter of honor; a duel.

affaire du coeur (Fr.). An affair of the heart.

affaire du coeur (Fr.). A romantic affair.

a fortiori (L.). With stronger reason.

a fortiori. With stronger reasoning.

à la mode (Fr.). According to the custom or fashion.

à la mode (Fr.). According to current trends or styles.

alter ego (L.). My other self.

alter ego (L.). My other me.

alma mater (L.). Gracious mother; the college of which one is a graduate.

alma mater (L.). Gracious mother; the university or college from which someone has graduated.

amende honorable (Fr.). Satisfactory apology; reparation.

amende honorable (Fr.). Apology; reparation.

amor patriae (L.). Love of country.

Love of country.

amour propre (Fr.). Self-love; vanity.

self-love; vanity

anno domini (L.). In the year of our Lord.

anno domini (L.). In the year of our Lord.

ante meridiem (L.). Before noon.

Before noon.

a posteriori (L.). Reasoning from effect to cause.

a posteriori (L.). Reasoning from effect to cause.

a priori (L.). Reasoning from cause to effect.

a priori (L.). Reasoning from cause to effect.

apropos (Fr.). Suited to the occasion.

apropos (Fr.). Relevant to the situation.

argumentum ad hominem (L.). An argument to the individual man, i.e., to his interests and prejudices.

argumentum ad hominem (L.). An argument directed at a person's individual characteristics, i.e., to their interests and biases.

ars est celare artem (L.). It is true art to conceal art.

Art is about hiding art (L.). It truly is an art to keep the artistry hidden.

ars longa, vita brevis (L.). Art is long, life is short.

ars longa, vita brevis (L.). Art lasts forever, but life is fleeting.

artium magister (L.). Master of Arts.

Master of Arts.

au contraire (Fr.). On the contrary.

On the contrary.

au courant (Fr.). Fully acquainted with matters.

up to date. Fully familiar with current issues.

au fait (Fr.). Well acquainted with; expert.

au fait (Fr.). Very familiar with; skilled.

aurea mediocritas (L.). The golden or happy mean.

aurea mediocritas (L.). The golden or happy medium.

au revoir (Fr.). Adieu until we meet again.

goodbye (Fr.). See you later until we meet again.

autant d'hommes, autant d'avis (Fr.). So many men, so many minds.

autant d'hommes, autant d'avis (Fr.). So many men, so many opinions.

aut Cæsar aut nullus (L.). Either Cæsar or nobody.

aut Cæsar aut nullus (L.). Either Caesar or no one.

aut vincere aut mori (L.). Either to conquer or to die; death or victory.

aut vincere aut mori (L.). Either to conquer or die; it's victory or death.


Baccalaureus in artibus (L). Bachelor of Arts (B.A.).

Baccalaureus in artibus (L). Bachelor of Arts (B.A.).

beau ideal (Fr.). An ideal beauty.

ideal beauty

beau monde (Fr.). The fashionable world.

beau monde (Fr.). The fashion scene.

bel esprit (Fr.). A person of wit or genius; a brilliant mind.

bel esprit (Fr.). A person with wit or talent; a brilliant mind.

bête noire (Fr.). A black beast; a bugbear.

bête noire (Fr.). A dark creature; a source of dread.

bis dat qui cito dat (L.). He gives twice who gives quickly.

bis dat qui cito dat (L.). You give twice when you give quickly.

bon ami (Fr.). Good friend.

Good friend.

bon jour (Fr.). Good day; good morning.

bon jour (Fr.). Good day; good morning.

bon soir (Fr.). Good evening.

Good evening.


Cacoethes loquendi, scribendi (L.). An itch for speaking, writing.

Cacoethes loquendi, scribendi (L.). A desire to talk and write.

carpe diem (L.). Enjoy the present day; improve the time.

carpe diem (L.). Seize the day; make the most of your time.

carte blanche (Fr.). A white card; full power.

carte blanche (Fr.). A blank card; complete authority.

casus belli (L.). The occasion or cause of war.

casus belli (L.). The reason or justification for war.

cela va sans dire (Fr.). That goes without saying.

cela va sans dire (Fr.). That goes without saying.

c'est à dire (Fr.). That is to say.

c'est à dire (Fr.). In other words.

ceteris paribus (L.). Other things being equal.

ceteris paribus (L.). All other things being equal.

chacun à son goût (Fr.). Every one to his taste.

chacun à son goût (Fr.). Everyone has their own taste.

chère amie (Fr.). A dear (woman) friend.

dear friend. A dear (woman) friend.

chef d'œuvre (Fr.). A masterpiece.

masterpiece

ci devant (Fr.). Formerly; heretofore.

formerly

comme il faut (Fr.). As it should be.

comme il faut (Fr.). The way it should be.

compagnon de voyage (Fr.). A travelling companion.

compagnon de voyage (Fr.). A travel companion.

con amore (It.). With love; very earnestly.

con amore (It.). With love; very seriously.

corrigenda (L.). Corrections to be made.

corrigenda (L.). Corrections needed.

coup d'état (Fr.). A sudden decisive blow in politics; a stroke of policy.

coup d'état (Fr.). A sudden and decisive political action; a significant policy shift.

coup de grace (Fr.). A finishing stroke.

coup de grâce (Fr.). A final blow.

cui bono? (L.). For whose advantage? to what end?

cui bono? (L.). For whose benefit? To what purpose?

cuisine (Fr.). A kitchen; cookery.

cuisine (Fr.). A kitchen; cooking.

cul de sac (Fr.). The bottom of a bag; a place closed at one end.

cul de sac (Fr.). The end of a bag; a place that is closed off at one end.

cum grano salis (L.). With a grain of salt; with some allowance.

cum grano salis (L.). With a grain of salt; with some flexibility.


Debut (Fr.). First appearance.

Debut (Fr.). First show.

de gustibus non est disputandum (L.). There is no disputing about tastes.

de gustibus non est disputandum (L.). You can't argue about tastes.

dei gratiâ (L.). By the grace of God.

dei gratiâ (L.). By the grace of God.

de jure (L.). From the law; by right.

de jure (L.). By law; legally entitled.

de mortuis nil nisi bonum (L.). (Say nothing but good of the dead.)

de mortuis nil nisi bonum (L.). (Speak only well of the deceased.)

de novo (L.). Anew.

from scratch

deo adjuvante (L.). God assisting.

God willing.

deo gratias (L.). Thanks to God.

Thanks, God.

Deo volente (L.). God willing.

God willing.

de profundis (L.). Out of the depths.

de profundis (L.). From the depths.

dernier ressort (Fr.). A last resource.

last resort

desipere in loco (L.). To jest or be jolly at the proper time.

desipere in loco (L.). To joke or be jolly at the right time.

de trop (Fr.). Too much or too many; not wanted.

Excessive; not wanted.

Dieu et mon droit (Fr.). God and my right.

Dieu et mon droit (Fr.). God and my right.

Dieu vous garde (Fr.) God protect you.

God bless you.

docendo discimus (L.). We learn by teaching.

docendo discimus (L.). We learn by teaching.

dolce far niente (It.). Sweet doing-nothing; sweet idleness.

dolce far niente (It.). The pleasure of doing nothing; blissful idleness.

dulce et decorum est pro patriâ mori (L.). It is sweet and glorious to die for one's country.

dulce et decorum est pro patriâ mori (L.). It is sweet and noble to die for one's country.

dum spiro, spero (L.). While I breathe I hope.

dum spiro, spero (L.). While I’m breathing, I’m hoping.


Ecce homo (L.). Behold the man!

Ecce homo (L.). Check out the man!

édition de luxe (Fr.). A splendid and expensive edition of a book.

luxury edition (Fr.). A beautiful and pricey edition of a book.

élite (Fr.). A select body of persons.

elite (Fr.). A select group of people.

emeritus (L.). Retired after long service.

emeritus (L.). Retired after many years.

en avant (Fr.). Forward.

Forward.

en déshabillé (Fr.). In undress.

In casual wear.

en masse (Fr.). In a body.

as a group

en rapport (Fr.). In harmony; in agreement.

en rapport (Fr.). In harmony; in agreement.

en route (Fr.). On the way.

on the way

en suite (Fr.). In company; in a set.

en suite (Fr.). Together; as part of a group.

entente cordiale (Fr.). Cordial understanding.

entente cordiale (Fr.). Friendly agreement.

entreé (Fr.). Entry; a side dish.

entrée (Fr.). Entry; a side dish.

entre nous (Fr.). Between ourselves.

entre nous (Fr.). Between us.

e pluribus unum (L.). One out of many; one composed of many.

e pluribus unum (L.). One from many; one made up of many.

esprit de corps (Fr.). The animating spirit of a collective body, as a regiment.

esprit de corps (Fr.). The motivating spirit of a group, like a military unit.

et cetera (L.). And the rest.

etc.

et tu, Brute! (L.). And thou also, Brutus!

et tu, Brute! (L.). And you too, Brutus!

eureka (Gr.). I have found it.

I found it!

exceptio probat regulam (L.). The exception proves (or tests) the rule.

exceptio probat regulam (L.). The exception confirms (or checks) the rule.

exceptis excipiendis (L). The due exceptions being made.

exceptis excipiendis (L). The necessary exceptions being noted.

exempli gratiâ (L.). By way of example.

for example (L.). By way of example.

ex pede Herculem (L.). From the foot we recognize him as a Hercules; we judge of the whole from the specimen.

ex pede Herculem (L.). From the foot, we recognize him as a Hercules; we judge the whole based on this example.

experientia docet stultos (L.). Experience instructs fools.

experientia docet stultos (L.). Experience teaches fools.

extra muros (L.). Beyond the walls.

Beyond the walls.

ex uno disce omnes (L.). From one judge of all the rest.

ex uno disce omnes (L.). From one, learn about all the others.

Facile princeps (L.). Easily pre-eminent; indisputably the first.

Facile princeps (L.). Easily the best; clearly the first.

facilis est descensus averni (or averno) (L.). The descent to avernus (or hell) is easy.

facilis est descensus averni (or averno) (L.). Getting to Avernus (or hell) is easy.

fait accompli (Fr.). A thing already done.

fait accompli (Fr.). Something that has already been completed.

faux pas (Fr.). A false step.

social blunder

festina lente (L.). Hasten slowly.

festina lente (L.). Hurry slowly.

fiat justitia, ruat cælum (L.). Let justice be done though the heavens should fall.

fiat justitia, ruat cælum (L.). Let justice be served even if the sky falls.

fiat lux (L.). Let there be light!

fiat lux (L.). Let there be light!

fidei defensor (L.). Defender of the faith.

fidei defensor (L.). Defender of the faith.

fide non armis (L.). By faith, not by arms.

fide non armis (L.). By faith, not by weapons.

fides Punica (L.). Punic or Carthaginian faith; treachery.

fides Punica (L.). Punic or Carthaginian trust; betrayal.

fidus Achates (L.). Faithful Achates; a true friend.

fidus Achates (L.). Faithful Achates; a real friend.

finem respice (L.). Look to the end.

finem respice (L.). Look to the end.

finis coronat opus (L.). The end crowns the work.

finis coronat opus (L.). The end crowns the work.

flagrante delicto (L.). In the commission of the crime.

flagrante delicto (L.). Caught in the act of committing a crime.

fortiter in re (L.). With firmness in acting.

fortiter in re (L.). With determination in acting.

fortuna favet fortibus (L.). Fortune favors the bold.

Fortuna favet fortibus (L.). Fortune favors the bold.


Garçon (Fr.). A boy; a waiter.

Garçon (Fr.). A boy; a server.

gardez bien (Fr.). Take good care.

gardez bien (Fr.). Take care.

gaudeamus igitur (L.). So let us be joyful.

gaudeamus igitur (L.). So let's be happy.

Gloria in Excelsis (L.). Glory to God in the highest.

Gloria in Excelsis (L.). Glory to God in the highest.

Gloria Patri (L.). Glory be to the Father.

Gloria Patri (L.). Glory to the Father.

gnothi seauton (Gr.). Know thyself.

Know thyself.

grace à Dieu! (Fr.). Thanks to God!

Thanks, God!

grand merci (Fr.). Many thanks.

Thanks a lot.


Hoi polloi (Gr.). The many; the vulgar; the rabble.

Hoi polloi (Gr.). The masses; the common people; the crowd.

homo sum; humani nihil a me alienum puto (L.). I am a man; I count nothing human indifferent to me.

I'm human; I consider nothing human to be alien to me.

honi soit qui mal y pense (O. Fr.). Evil be to him who evil thinks.

honi soit qui mal y pense (Old French). Shame on him who thinks evil.

hors de combat (Fr.). Out of the struggle; disabled.

hors de combat (Fr.). Out of the fight; unable to continue.

humanum est errare (L.). To err is human.

humanum est errare (L.). Everyone makes mistakes.


Ibidem (L.). At the same place (in a book).

Ibidem (L.). At the same place (in a book).

ich dien (Ger.). I serve.

I serve.

id est (L.). That is; contracted to i.e.

id est (L.). That is; shortened to i.e.

impedimenta (L.). Baggage.

Baggage.

imperium in imperio (L.). A government or rule within another.

imperium in imperio (L.). A government or authority operating within another.

index expurgatorius (L.). A list of prohibited books.

index expurgatorius (L.). A list of banned books.

in esse (L.). In being; in actuality.

in esse (L.). In being; in real life.

in extenso (L.). At full length.

in extenso (L.). In full.

in extremis (L.). At the point of death.

in extremis (L.). At the moment of death.

infra dignitatem (L.). Below one's dignity.

Below one's dignity.

in loco parentis (L.). In the place of a parent.

in loco parentis (L.). In the role of a parent.

in medias res (L.). Into the midst of things.

in medias res (L.). In the middle of things.

in memoriam (L.). To the memory of; in memory.

in memoriam (L.). In memory of; in remembrance.

in perpetuum (L.). For ever.

in perpetuum (L.). Forever.

in posse (L.). In possible existence; in possibility.

in posse (L.). In possible existence; in possibility.

in præsenti (L.). At the present moment.

Right now.

in propria persona (L.). In one's own person.

in propria persona (L.). In one's own person.

in re (L.). In the matter of.

Regarding.

in situ (L.). In its original situation.

in situ (L.). In its original place.

in statu quo (L.). In the former state.

in statu quo (L.). In the previous state.

inter alia (L.). Among other things.

Among other things.

inter nos (L.). Between ourselves.

Between us.

in toto (L.). In the whole; entirely.

in toto (L.). Totally; entirely.

intra muros (L.). Within the walls.

intra muros (L.). Inside the walls.

in vino veritas (L.). There is truth in wine; wine discloses the secrets of the breast.

in vino veritas (L.). There is truth in wine; wine reveals the secrets of the heart.

ipse dixit (L.). He himself said it; a dogmatic assertion.

ipse dixit (L.). He said it himself; a firm statement.

ipsissima verba (L.). The very words.

The exact words.

ipso facto (L.). In the fact itself.

ipso facto (L.). By the fact itself.

Jacta est alea (L.). The die is cast.

Jacta est alea (L.). The die has been cast.

jeu de mots (Fr.). A play on words.

jeu de mots (Fr.). A play on words.

jeu d'esprit (Fr.). A display of wit; a witticism.

jeu d'esprit (Fr.). A clever remark; a witty comment.

jure divino (L.). By divine law.

By divine law.

juste milieu (Fr.). The golden mean.

golden mean


Labor omnia vincit (L.). Labor conquers everything.

Labor omnia vincit (L.). Hard work conquers everything.

laissez faire (Fr.). Let alone; suffer to have its own way.

laissez faire (Fr.). Let it be; allow it to take its own course.

lapsus calami, — linguae, — memoriae (L.) A slip of the pen, tongue, memory.

slip of the pen, tongue, memory (L.) A mistake made while writing, speaking, or recalling something.

lares et penates (L.). Household gods.

Household gods.

laudator temporis acti (L.). One who praises the past.

laudator temporis acti (L.). A person who praises the past.

le beau monde (Fr.). The fashionable world.

le beau monde (Fr.). The stylish world.

le jeu n'en vaut pas la chandelle (Fr.). The game is not worth the candle; the object is not worth the trouble.

le jeu n'en vaut pas la chandelle (Fr.). The game isn't worth the effort; it's not worth the hassle.

lése majesté (Fr.). High treason.

lése majesté (Fr.). Treason.

l'homme propose, et Dieu dispose (Fr.). Man proposes and God disposes.

Man plans, and God laughs.

limæ labor et mora (L.). The labour and delay of the file; the slow and laborious polishing of a literary composition.

limæ labor et mora (L.). The work and delay of the file; the slow and painstaking polishing of a written piece.

loco citato (L.). In the place cited.

loco citato (L.). In the location mentioned.

lusus naturæ (L.). A sport or freak of nature.

lusus naturæ (L.). A natural anomaly or oddity.


Ma chère (Fr.). My dear (fem.).

My dear.

ma foi (Fr.). Upon my faith.

Upon my faith.

magnum bonum (L.). A great good.

magnum bonum (L.). A great good.

magnum opus (L.) A great work.

magnum opus (L.) A masterpiece.

mal à propos (Fr.). Ill timed.

ill-timed

mal de mer (Fr.). Sea-sickness.

sea sickness

mal de tête (Fr.). Headache.

mal de tête (Fr.). Migraine.

mauvaise honte (Fr.). False modesty.

mauvaise honte (Fr.). Fake humility.

mauvais goût (Fr.). Bad taste.

Bad taste.

medio tutissimus ibis (L.). In a medium course you will be safest.

medio tutissimus ibis (L.). In a moderate path, you will be safest.

mega biblion, mega kakon (Gr.). A great book is a great evil.

mega biblion, mega kakon (Gr.). A great book is a great evil.

me judice (L.). I being judge; in my opinion.

me judice (L.). In my opinion; I am the judge.

memento mori (L.). Remember death.

Remember you will die.

mens sana in corpore sano (L.). A sound mind in a sound body.

mens sana in corpore sano (L.). A healthy mind in a healthy body.

menu (Fr.). A bill of fare.

menu. A list of food.

meum et tuum (L.). Mine and thine.

meum et tuum (L.). Mine and yours.

mirabile dictu, (visu) (L.). Wonderful to relate, (to see).

mirabile dictu, (visu) (L.). Amazing to tell, (to see).

modus operandi (L.). Manner of working.

modus operandi (L.). Way of working.

mon ami (Fr.). My friend (masc.).

My friend.

mon cher (Fr.). My dear (masc.).

my dear

more suo (L.). In his own way.

more suo (L.). In his own style.

multum in parvo (L.). Much in little.

multum in parvo (L.). A lot in a small package.

mutatis mutandis (L.). The necessary changes being made.

mutatis mutandis (L.). The necessary changes being made.


Necessitas non habet legem (L.). Necessity has no law.

Necessitas non habet legem (L.). Necessity has no law.

née (Fr.). Born; maiden name.

née (Fr.). Born; maiden name.

nemine dissentiente (L.). No one dissenting; without a dissenting voice.

nemine dissentiente (L.). No one dissenting; without any disagreement.

nemo me impune lacessit (L.). No one assails me with impunity.

nemo me impune lacessit (L.). No one can attack me without facing consequences.

ne plus ultra (L.). Nothing further; perfection.

ne plus ultra (L.). Nothing more; perfection.

nihil ad rem (L.). Nothing to the point.

Not relevant.

nihil quod tetigit non ornavit (L.). He touched nothing without embellishing it.

nihil quod tetigit non ornavit (L.). He didn't touch anything without making it better.

nil admirari (L.). To be astonished at nothing; not to lose mental balance.

nil admirari (L.). To be amazed by nothing; to maintain mental composure.

nil desperandum (L.). There is no reason for despair.

nil desperandum (L.). There's no reason to lose hope.

n'importe (Fr.). It matters not.

It doesn't matter.

noblesse oblige (Fr.). Rank imposes obligations.

noblesse oblige. Rank comes with responsibilities.

nolens volens (L.). Willing or unwilling.

nolens volens (L.). Whether you like it or not.

nolle prosequi (L.). To abandon prosecution.

nolle prosequi (L.). To drop charges.

nom de guerre (Fr.). A war name; a pseudonym; a pen name.

nom de guerre (Fr.). A war name; a nickname; a pen name.

nom de plume (Fr.). A pen name. (Incorrect for nom de guerre.)

nom de plume (Fr.). A pen name. (Incorrect for nom de guerre.)

non compos mentis (L.). Not of sound mind.

non compos mentis (L.). Not mentally sound.

non omnia possumus omnes (L.). We cannot, all of us, do everything.

non omnia possumus omnes (L.). Not all of us can do everything.

non sequitur (L.). It does not follow.

non sequitur (L.). It's unrelated.

nota bene (L.). Mark well.

Nota bene (L.). Note well.


Obiit (L.). He, or she, died.

Obiit (L.). They died.

œuvres (Fr.). Works.

Works.

omnia vincit amor (L.). Love conquers all things.

omnia vincit amor (L.). Love conquers all.

on dit (Fr.). They say; people say.

on dit (Fr.). They say; people say.

onus probandi (L.). The burden of proof.

onus probandi (L.). The burden of proof.

ora et labora (L.). Pray and work.

ora et labora (L.). Pray and work.

o tempora! o mores! (L.). Alas for the times! Alas for the manners!

Oh, the times! Oh, the manners!

otium cum dignitate (L.). Ease with dignity.

otium cum dignitate (L.). Leisure with dignity.


Pace (L.). Not to give offence to. — pace tua, with your consent.

Pace (L.). Not to cause offense. — pace tua, with your permission.

palmam qui meruit ferat (L.). Let him who has won the palm wear it.

palmam qui meruit ferat (L.). Let him who has earned the victory wear it.

par excellence (Fr.). By way of eminence; preëminently.

par excellence (Fr.). As the best; outstandingly.

pari passu (L.). With equal pace; step for step.

pari passu (L.). At the same rate; step for step.

particeps criminis (L.). Accomplice in a crime.

particeps criminis (L.). Accomplice in a crime.

parvenu (Fr.). An upstart.

parvenu (Fr.). An upstart.

passim (L.). Everywhere.

passim (L.). Everywhere.

pax vobiscum (L.). Peace be with you.

pax vobiscum (L.). Peace be with you.

per capita (L.). By the head; on each person.

per capita (L.). For each person; per person.

per se (L.). By itself considered; of itself.

per se (L.). Considered by itself; on its own.

poeta nascitur, non fit (L.). A poet is born, not made.

poeta nascitur, non fit (L.). A poet is born, not made.

pour prendre congé (Fr.). To take leave.

pour prendre congé (Fr.). To say goodbye.

prima facie (L.). On the first face; at first sight.

prima facie (L.). At first glance; on the surface.

pro aris et focis (L.). For our altars and hearths.

pro aris et focis (L.). For our altars and homes.

pro bono publico (L.). For the good of the public.

pro bono publico (L.). For the benefit of the public.

pro patria (L.). For native land.

pro patria (L.). For your homeland.

protégé (Fr.). One protected by another.

protégé (Fr.). Someone supported by another.


Quantum mutatus ab illo (L.). How changed from what he once was.

Quantum mutatus ab illo (L.). How changed from what he once was.

quantum sufficit (L.). As much as suffices; a sufficient quantity.

quantum sufficit (L.). As much as is enough; a sufficient amount.

quelque chose (Fr.). Something; a trifle.

something

quid pro quo (L.). Something in return; an equivalent.

quid pro quo (L.). Something in exchange; an equivalent.

quod erat demonstrandum (L.). Which was to be proved.

quod erat demonstrandum (L.). Which was to be proven.

quot homines, tot sententiae (L.). Many men, many minds.

quot homines, tot sententiae (L.). So many people, so many opinions.


Raison d'être (Fr.). The reason for a thing's existence.

Raison d'être (Fr.). The reason something exists.

rara avis (L.). A rare bird.

rara avis (L.). A rare find.

recherché (Fr.). Choice, elegant.

recherché (Fr.). Select, stylish.

reductio ad absurdum (L.). Reduction to an absurdity.

reductio ad absurdum (L.). Reducing something to an absurdity.

requiescat in pace (L.). May he, she, rest in peace.

requiescat in pace (L.). May they rest in peace.

resurgam (L.). I shall rise again.

I shall rise again.

revenons à nos moutons (Fr.). Let us return to our sheep; let us return to our subject.

revenons à nos moutons (Fr.). Let's get back to our topic; let's return to our subject.

ruat cælum (L.). Let the heavens fall.

ruat cælum (L.). Let the sky fall.


Sang froid (Fr.). Cold blood.

Sang froid (Fr.). Composure.

sans peur et sans reproche (Fr.). Without fear and without reproach.

sans peur et sans reproche (Fr.). Without fear and without blame.

sans souci (Fr.). Without care.

sans souci (Fr.). Carefree.

sartor resartus (L.). The tailor patched or mended.

sartor resartus (L.). The tailor fixed or repaired.

sauve qui peut (Fr.). Let him save himself who can.

sauve qui peut (Fr.). Whoever can, let him save himself.

savoir faire (Fr.). The knowing how to act; tact.

savoir faire (Fr.). The ability to act appropriately; social skill.

séance (Fr.). A sitting.

séance (Fr.). A session.

semper idem;—paratus (L.). Always the same, always ready.

semper idem;—paratus (L.). Always the same, always ready.

sic semper tyrannis (L.). Ever so to tyrants.

sic semper tyrannis (L.). Always thus to tyrants.

sic transit gloria mundi (L.). Thus passes away the glory of this world.

sic transit gloria mundi (L.). And so the glory of this world fades away.

similia similibus curantur (L.). Like things are cured by like.

similia similibus curantur (L.). Similar things are healed by similar things.

si monumentum quæris, circumspice (L.). If you seek his monument, look around you.

si monumentum quæris, circumspice (L.). If you're looking for his monument, just look around.

sine die (L.). Without a day being appointed.

sine die (L.). Without a date being set.

sine qua non (L.). An indispensable condition.

sine qua non (L.). An essential condition.

sola nobilitas virtus (L.). Virtue the only nobility.

sola nobilitas virtus (L.). Virtue is the only true nobility.

spero meliora (L.). I hope for better things.

spero meliora (L.). I’m hoping for better things.

splendide mendax (L.). Nobly untruthful; untrue for a good object.

splendide mendax (L.). Beautifully untrue; false for a good reason.

sponte suâ (L.). Of one's own accord.

sponte suâ (L.). On one's own initiative.

suaviter in modo, fortiter in re (L.). Gentle in manner, resolute in deed.

suaviter in modo, fortiter in re (L.). Kind in approach, strong in action.

sub judice (L.). Under consideration (by the court).

sub judice (L.). Currently being considered (by the court).

sub rosa (L.). Under the rose, privately.

sub rosa (L.). Secretly, behind closed doors.

sub voce (L.). Under such or such a word.

sub voce (L.). Under this or that word.

sui generis (L.). Of its own peculiar kind.

sui generis (L.). Unique to its own kind.

summum bonum (L.). The chief good.

summum bonum (L.). The ultimate good.

suum cuique (L.). Let everyone have his own; honor to whom honor is due.

suum cuique (L.). Let everyone have what belongs to them; respect to whom respect is due.


Tant mieux; tant pis (Fr.). So much the better; so much the worse.

Tant mieux; tant pis (Fr.). That's good; that's too bad.

tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur in illis (L.). Times change, and we with them.

tempora mutantur, nos et mutamur in illis (L.). Times change, and we change along with them.

tempus fugit (L.). Time flies.

Time flies.

tenax propositi (L.). Tenacious of purpose.

tenacious of purpose.

terra firma (L.). Solid earth.

terra firma (L.). Solid ground.

terra incognita (L.). An unknown country.

terra incognita (L.). An unknown land.

tête-à-tête (Fr.). Face to face; in close conversation.

tête-à-tête (Fr.). Face to face; having an intimate conversation.

to kalon (Gr.). The beautiful.

to kalon (Gr). The beautiful.

toujours prêt (Fr.). Always ready.

Always ready.

tour de force (Fr.). A feat of strength or skill.

tour de force (Fr.). A display of strength or skill.

tout-à-fait (Fr.). Wholly; entirely.

completely; entirely

tout ensemble (Fr.). The whole taken together.

tout ensemble (Fr.). The whole brought together.

Ubi bene, ibi patria (L.). Where it is well, there is one's country.

Ubi bene, ibi patria (L.). Where things are good, that's where home is.

Ultima Thule (L.). The utmost boundary or limit.

Ultima Thule (L.). The farthest boundary or limit.

un fait accompli (Fr.). An accomplished fact.

un fait accompli (Fr.). A done deal.

ut infra; ut supra (L.). As below; as above.

ut infra; ut supra (L.). As below; as above.


Vade mecum (L.). Go with me; a constant companion.

Vade mecum (L.). Come with me; a steady companion.

vae victis (L.). Woe to the vanquished.

vae victis (L.). Woe to the defeated.

veni, vidi, vici (L.). I came, I saw, I conquered (Caesar's laconic message to the senate when he overcame Pharnaces, king of Pontus.)

veni, vidi, vici (L.). I came, I saw, I conquered (Caesar's brief message to the senate when he defeated Pharnaces, king of Pontus.)

verbatim et literatim (L.). Word for word and letter for letter.

verbatim et literatim (L.). Word for word and letter for letter.

verbum sat sapienti (L.) A word is enough for a wise man.

verbum sat sapienti (L.) A word is enough for a wise man.

vérité sans peur (Fr.). Truth without fear.

fearless truth

via media (L.). A middle course.

through media (L.). A balanced approach.

vĭcĕ (L.). In the place of.

in place of

vice versa (L.). The terms being exchanged.

vice versa (L.). The terms are being swapped.

videlicet (L.). To wit, namely (viz.).

namely

vi et armis (L.). By force of arms.

vi et armis (L.). By using force.

vincit omnia veritas (L.). Truth conquers all things.

vincit omnia veritas (L.). Truth conquers all.

vis à vis (Fr.). Facing.

vis-à-vis (Fr.). Facing.

viva voce (L). By the living voice; orally.

viva voce (L). By the living voice; orally.

vive le roi (Fr.). Long live the king.

vive le roi (Fr.). Long live the king.

voila (Fr.). Behold; there is; there are.

voila (Fr.). Look; here is; there are.

vox et præterea nihil (L.). A voice, and nothing more; sound but no sense.

vox et præterea nihil (L.). A voice, and nothing more; sound but no meaning.

vox populi, vox Dei (L.). The voice of the people is the voice of God.

vox populi, vox Dei (L.). The voice of the people is the voice of God.

vulgo (L.). Commonly.

Commonly.


Zeitgeist (Ger.). The spirit of the times.

Zeitgeist (Ger.). The prevailing vibe of the era.


Commonly Used Abbreviations and Contractions.

a or @.—At.

A.B.—Bachelor of Arts.

B.A.—Bachelor of Arts.

Abp.—Archbishop.

Abp. — Archbishop.

a/c. or acct.—Account.

a/c or acct—Account.

A.D. (L. Anno Domini).—In the year of our Lord.

A.D. (L. Anno Domini).—In the year of our Lord.

A.D.C.—Aide-de-camp.

A.D.C.—Assistant to the commander.

Adj.—Adjective.

Adj.—Adj.

Adjt.—Adjutant.

Adjt. — Adjutant.

Ad lib., or Ad libit. (L. Ad libitum.)—At pleasure.

Ad lib., or Ad libit. (L. Ad libitum.)—As you like.

Adm.—Admiral.

Adm. — Admiral.

Adv.—Adverb; Advocate.

Adv.—Adverb; Advocate.

Advp. or avoir.—Avoirdupois.

Avoirdupois.

Advt.—Advertisement.

Ad—Advertisement.

Ae. or Aet. (L. aetatis).—Of age; aged.

Ae. or Aet. (L. aetatis).—Of age; elderly.

A.F. & A.M.—Ancient Free and Accepted Masons.

A.F. & A.M.—Ancient Free and Accepted Masons.

Ala.—Alabama.

Ala.—Alabama.

Ald.—Alderman.

Ald.—Alderman.

Alg.—Algebra.

Algebra

Alta.—Alberta.

Alta.—Alberta.

A.M.—(L. ante meridiem), before Noon. Master of Arts.

A.M.—(L. ante meridiem), before noon. Master of Arts.

Amt.—Amount.

Amt.—Amount.

Anon.—Anonymous.

Anon.—Anonymous.

Ans.—Answer.

Ans.—Response.

A.O.U.W.— Ancient Order of United Workmen.

A.O.U.W.— Ancient Order of United Workmen.

Ap. or Apr.— April.

Apr.— April.

A.R.A.—Associate of the Royal Academy.

A.R.A.—Associate of the Royal Academy.

Arith.—Arithmetic.

Math.—Mathematics.

Ariz.—Arizona.

AZ—Arizona.

Ark.—Arkansas.

Ark. — Arkansas.

A.S. or Ang. Sax.—Anglo-Saxon.

A.S. or Ang. Sax.—Anglo-Saxon.

Asst.—Assistant.

Asst. — Assistant.

Astron.—Astronomy.

Astron.—Astronomy.

Atty., Atty. Gen.—Attorney; Attorney General.

Atty., Atty. Gen.—Attorney; Attorney General.

Aug.—August.

Aug.—August.

Ave.—Avenue.

Ave.—Avenue.


b.—born.

b.—born.

B.A.—Bachelor of Arts.

B.A. — Bachelor of Arts.

Bal.—Balance.

Bal.—Balance.

Balt.—Baltimore.

Balt.—Baltimore.

Bart. or Bt.—Baronet.

Bart. or Bt.—Baronet.

B.A.Sc.—Bachelor of Applied Science.

B.A.Sc.—Bachelor of Applied Science.

Bbl. or bbl.—Barrel.

Bbl. or bbl.—Barrel.

B.C.—Before Christ. British Columbia.

B.C.—Before Christ. British Columbia.

B.C.L.—Bachelor of Civil Law.

B.C.L.—Bachelor of Civil Law.

B.D.—Bachelor of Divinity.

B.D.—Bachelor of Divinity.

Bk., Bkk.—Book; Books.

Bk., Bkk.—Book; Books.

B.LL.—Bachelor of Laws.

LL.B.—Bachelor of Laws.

B.M.—Bachelor of Medicine.

B.M.—Bachelor of Medicine.

B. Mus.—Bachelor of Music.

B.Mus.—Bachelor of Music.

Bot.—Botany.

Bot.—Botany.

Bp.—Bishop.

Bishop.

B. Paed.—Bachelor of Pedagogy.

B. Ed. — Bachelor of Education.

Brig. Gen.—Brigadier General.

Brig. Gen.—Brigadier General.

Brit.—Britain; British.

Brit. — UK; British.

Bro(s).—Brother(s).

Bro(s).—Bro(s).

B.Sc.—Bachelor of Science.

B.Sc.—Bachelor of Science.

Bt.—Bought.

Bt.—Purchased.

Bu. or bu.—Bushel.

Bu. or bu.—Bushel.


C. Cap. (L. Caput.).— Ch., chap., chapter.

C. Cap. (L. Caput.).— Ch., chap., chapter.

C.A.—Chartered accountant.

C.A.—Certified accountant.

Cal.—California.

Cal.—California.

Can.—Canada.

Can.—Canada.

Capt.—Captain.

Capt. — Captain.

C.B.—Cape Breton. Commander of the Bath.

C.B.—Cape Breton. Commander of the Bath.

C.C.—County Clerk. County Commissioner. Church Clerk.

C.C.—County Clerk. County Commissioner. Church Clerk.

C.E.—Civil Engineer.

C.E.—Civil Engineer.

C. or Cent.—Hundred.

C. or Cent.—Hundred.

Cf. or cf. (L. confer).—Compare.

Cf. or cf. (L. confer).—Compare.

Chem.—Chemistry.

Chem. — Chemistry.

Cin.Cincinnati.

Cincinnati

C.J.—Chief Justice.

C.J.—Chief Justice.

C.M.—Common meter.

C.M.—Common meter.

C.M.G.—Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George.

C.M.G.—Companion of the Order of St. Michael and St. George.

C.N.R.(O.)—Canadian Northern Railway (of Ontario).

C.N.R.(O.)—Canadian Northern Railway (Ontario).

Co.—Company. County.

Co.—Company. County.

c/o.—In care of.

In care of.

C.O.D.—Cash (or collect) on delivery.

C.O.D.—Cash on delivery.

Col.—Colonel.

Col.—Colonel.

Coll.—College.

Coll.—College.

Colo.—Colorado.

Colo. — Colorado.

Comp.—Compound.

Comp.—Compound.

Conn. or Ct.—Connecticut.

Conn. or Ct.—Connecticut.

Conj.—Conjunction.

Conj.—Conjunction.

Con. (L. contra).—Against; in opposition.

Against; in opposition.

Cor.—Corner. Corinthians.

Cor.—Corner. Corinthians.

Corp.—Corporal.

Corp.—Corporal.

Cor. Sec.—Corresponding Secretary.

Cor. Sec.—Corresponding Secretary.

C.P.R.—Canadian Pacific Railway.

C.P.R.—Canadian Pacific Railway.

Cr.—Credit. Creditor.

Credit. Creditor.

Ct(s). Cent(s). Connecticut.

CT Cents Connecticut.

Cur. or Curt.—Current; this month.

Cur.—Current; this month.

Cwt.—Hundredweight.

Cwt. — Hundredweight.


d.—Penny or pence. Died.

Penny or pence. Deceased.

D.—Five hundred.

D.—500.

D.A.G.—Deputy Adjutant General.

Deputy Adjutant General.

Dak.—Dakota.

Dak.—Dakota.

D.C.—District of Columbia.

D.C.—District of Columbia.

D.C.L.—Doctor of Civil Law.

D.C.L.—Doctor of Civil Law.

D.D.—Doctor of Divinity.

D.D. — Doctor of Divinity.

D.D.S.—Doctor of Dental Surgery. Doctor of Dental Science.

D.D.S.—Doctor of Dental Surgery. Doctor of Dental Science.

Dec.—December.

Dec.—December.

Deg.—Degree.

Deg.—Degree.

Del.—Delaware.

Del.—Delaware.

Dep.—Deputy.

Dep. — Deputy.

Dept.—Department.

Dept. — Department.

Dis. or Disct.—Discount.

Dis. or Disct.—Discount.

Dist.—District.

Dist.—District.

D.Mus.—Doctor of Music.

D.Mus.—Doctor of Music.

Do. (Ital. ditto).—The same.

Do. (Ital. ditto).—The same.

Dol., Dols., $.—Dollar(s).

Dol., Dols., $.—Dollars.

Doz.—Dozen.

Dozen.

Dr.—Debtor. Doctor. Drachm.

Dr. — Debtor. Doctor. Drachm.

D.Paed.—Doctor of Pedagogy.

D.Paed.—Doctor of Education.

D.R.A.—Dominion Rifle Association.

D.R.A.—Dominion Rifle Assoc.

D.Sc.—Doctor of Science.

D.Sc.—Doctor of Science.

D.V. (L. Deo volente).—God willing.

D.V. (God willing).

D.V.S.—Doctor of Veterinary Science.

D.V.S.—Doctor of Veterinary Science.

12 mo.—Duodecimo (folded in 12).

12 mo.—12th (folded in 12).

Dwt.—Pennyweight.

Dwt.—Pennyweight.


E.—East, eastern.

E.—East, eastward.

ea.—each.

ea.—each.

Ed.—Editor; edition.

Ed.—Editor; edition.

Edin.—Edinburgh.

Edin.—Edinburgh.

Edwardus Rex (King Edward).

King Edward

E.E.—Electrical Engineer.

E.E.—Electrical Engineer.

e.g. (L. exempli gratia).—For example.

e.g. — For example.

E.I.—East Indies.

East Indies

Emp.—Emperor; Empress.

Emp.—Emperor; Empress.

Eng.—England; English.

Eng.—England; English.

Esq. or Esqr.—Esquire.

Esq. — Esquire.

et al. (L. et alii)—And others.

et al.—And others.

etc. or &c. (L. et cetera).—And the rest; and so forth.

etc. or &c. (L. et cetera).—And the rest; and so on.

Ex(x).—Example(s).

Ex(x).—Exemplar(s).

Exec. Com.—Executive Committee.

Exec. Com.—Executive Committee.

E. and O.E.—Errors and omissions excepted.

E. and O.E.—Errors and omissions excepted.


F., Fahr.—Fahrenheit.

F. — Fahrenheit.

Feb.—February.

Feb.

Fig.—Figure. Figurative.

Fig. — Figure. Figurative.

Fla.—Florida.

FL—Florida.

F.O.B.—Free on board.

F.O.B.—Free on board.

Fr.—Franc. France. French.

Fr. — France. French.

F.R.A.S.—Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.

F.R.A.S.—Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.

F.R.C.P.—Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.

F.R.C.P.—Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians.

F.R.C.S.—Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons.

F.R.C.S.—Fellow of the Royal College of Surgeons.

F.R.G.S.—Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.

F.R.G.S.—Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society.

F.R.S.—Fellow of the Royal Society.

F.R.S.—Fellow of the Royal Society.

F.R.S.C.—Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

F.R.S.C.—Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

Fri.—Friday.

Fri.—Friday.

Ft.—Foot.

Ft.—Foot.

Fut.—Future.

Fut.—Future.

Ga.—Georgia.

Ga.—GA.

Gal.—Gallon.

Gal.—Gallon.

G.B.—Great Britain.

G.B.—UK.

G.C.M.—Greatest common measure.

G.C.M.—Greatest common divisor.

Gen(l).—General.

Gen. — General.

Geog.—Geography.

Geog.—Geo.

Geol.—Geology.

Geology.

Geom.—Geometry.

Geom.—Geom.

G.R. (L. Georgius Rex).—King George V.

King George V.

G.R. et I.—George, King and Emperor.

G.R. et I.—George, King and Emperor.

Ger.—German, Germany.

Ger.—German, Germany.

Gov.—Governor.

Gov. — Governor.

G.M.—Grand Master.

G.M.—Grand Master.

G.P.O.—General Post Office.

G.P.O.—General Post Office.

Gr.—Greek, Gross. Grain.

Gr.—Greek, Gross, Grain.

gr.—Gramme.

g.—Gram.

H.B.C.—Hudson's Bay Company.

H.B.C.—Hudson's Bay Co.

H.B.M.—His (Her) Britannic Majesty.

H.B.M.—His (Her) British Majesty.

Hdkf.—Handkerchief.

Hdkf.—Kleenex.

Hf. bd.—Half-bound.

Half-bound.

Hhd.—Hogshead.

Hhd.—Hogshead.

H.I.H.—His (Her) Imperial Highness.

H.I.H.—His (Her) Imperial Highness.

Hist.—History.

Hist.—History.

H.M.S.—His majesty's service, or ship.

H.M.S.—His Majesty's Service or Ship.

Hon.—Honorable.

Hon. — Honorable.

H.P. or h.p.—Horse power.

hp—Horsepower.

H.R.H.—His (Her) Royal Highness.

H.R.H.—His (Her) Royal Highness.


I.—Island.

Island.

Ia.—Iowa.

Ia.—Iowa.

Ib. or Ibid. (L. ibidem).—In the same place.

Ib. or Ibid. (L. ibidem).—In the same location.

Id.—the same.

Id.—same thing.

i.e. (L. id est).—That is.

i.e. — That is.

I.H.S. (originally Gr. Iēs(ous); usually looked upon as standing for Jesus, hominum Salvator). Jesus, Saviour of men.

I.H.S. (originally Gr. Iēs(ous); typically seen as representing Jesus, the Savior of humanity). Jesus, Savior of people.

Ill.—Illinois.

Ill.—Illinois.

In.—Inch(es).

In.—Inch(es).

Incog. (Ital. Incognito).—Unknown.

Incog. (Ital. Incognito).—Anonymous.

Ind.—Indiana.

Ind.—Indiana.

Inst.—Instant; the present month.

Inst.—Instant; this month.

Int.—Interest.

Int.—Interest.

Introd.—Introduction.

Intro.

I.O.F.—Independent Order of Foresters.

I.O.F.—Independent Order of Foresters.

I.O.G.T.—Independent Order of Good Templars.

I.O.G.T.—Independent Order of Good Templars.

I.O.O.F.—Independent Order of Oddfellows.

I.O.O.F.—Independent Order of Odd Fellows.

I.O.U.—I owe you; an acknowledgement for money.

I.O.U.—I owe you; a recognition of debt for money.

Isl.—Island.

Isl. — Island.

Ital.—Italic; Italian.

Ital.—Italic; Italian.


J.—Judge, Justice. JJ.—Justices.

J.—Judge, Justice. JJ.—Justices.

Jam.—Jamaica.

Jam. — Jamaica.

Jan.—January.

Jan.—January.

J.C.—Jesus Christ.

J.C.—Jesus Christ.

J.H.S.—See I.H.S.

J.H.S.—See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

J.P.—Justice of the Peace.

J.P.—Justice of the Peace.

Jr., Jun.—Junior.

Jr.—Junior.


Kan.—Kansas.

Kansas

K.C.—King's Counsel.

K.C.—King's Counsel.

K.C.B.—Knight Commander of the Bath.

K.C.B.—Knight Commander of the Bath.

K.C.M.G.—Knight Commander of St. Michael and St. George.

K.C.M.G.—Knight Commander of St. Michael and St. George.

Ken. or Ky.—Kentucky.

Ken. or Ky.—Kentucky.

K.G.—Knight of the Garter.

K.G.—Knight of the Garter.

Kilog.—Kilogramme.

Kilo.—Kilogram.

Kilom.—Kilometre.

Kilom.—Kilometer.

K.L.H.—Knight of the Legion of Honour.

K.L.H.—Knight of the Legion of Honor.

K.M.—Knight of Malta.

K.M.—Knight of Malta.

Knt. or Kt.—Knight.

Knt. or Kt.—Knight.

K.P.—Knight of St. Patrick.

K.P.—Knight of St. Patrick.

K.T.—Knight of the Thistle. Knight Templar.

K.T.—Knight of the Thistle. Knight Templar.


L.—Fifty. Lake.

L.—Fifty. Lake.

L., l. or £ (L. libra).—Pound or pounds (sterling).

Pound or pounds (sterling).

La.—Louisiana.

La.—Louisiana.

Lat.—Latin. Latitude.

Lat.—Latin. Latitude.

L., lb.—Pound (weight).

L., lb.—Pound.

l.c. (L. loco citato).—In the place quoted. Lower case.

l.c. (L. loco citato).—In the location mentioned. Lower case.

L.D.S.—Licentiate of Dental Surgery.

L.D.S.—Licentiate in Dental Surgery.

Lex.—Lexicon.

Lexicon.

L.I.—Long Island.

L.I.—Long Island.

Lib. (L. liber).—Book. Liberal.

Lib. (L. liber).—Book. Liberal.

Lieut.—Lieutenant.

Lieutenant.

Lieut. Col.—Lieutenant Colonel.

Lieutenant Colonel

LL.B.—Bachelor of Laws. (LL. is written because the word is plural.)

LL.B.—Bachelor of Laws. (LL. is used because the word is plural.)

LL.D.—Doctor of Laws.

LL.D.—Doctor of Laws.

L.M.—Long Metre.

L.M. — Long Meter.

loc cit.—see l.c.

loc cit.—see __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Lon(g).—Longitude.

Lon(g).—Longitude.

L.S.—Place of the seal.

L.S. — Seal location.

L.S.D. (L. Libræ, Solidi, Denarii).—Pounds, shillings, pence.

L.S.D. (L. Libræ, Solidi, Denarii).—Pounds, shillings, pence.

Lt.—see Lieut.

Lt. — see __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Ltd.—Limited.

Ltd.—Limited.


M.—(L. mille), thousand. (L. meridies), noon. Mile.

M.—(L. mille), thousand. (L. meridies), noon. Mile.

M. (Fr. Monsieur).—Sir.

M. (Fr. Monsieur).—Sir.

m.—metre, minute.

m.—meter, minute.

M.A.—Master of Arts.

M.A.—Master of Arts.

Ma. or Minn.—Minnesota.

Ma. or Minn.—MN.

Maj.—Major.

Major.

Man.—Manitoba.

Man. — Manitoba.

Mar.—March.

Mar.—March.

Mass.—Massachusetts.

Mass. — Massachusetts.

Math.—Mathematics.

Math.

Max.—Maximum.

Max.—Maximum.

M.B.—Bachelor of Medicine.

M.B.—Bachelor of Medicine.

Mch.—March.

Mar.—March.

M.D.—Doctor of Medicine.

M.D.—Doctor of Medicine.

Md.—Maryland.

Md.—MD.

Mdlle. or Mlle.—Mademoiselle.

Mlle. — Mademoiselle.

Mdse.—Merchandise.

Merch.

M.E.—Mining, Military, Mechanical Engineer. Methodist Episcopal.

M.E.—Mining, Military, Mechanical Engineer. Methodist Episcopal.

Me.—Maine.

Me.—Maine.

Mem(o).—Memorandum or memoranda.

Mem(o).—Memo or memos.

Messrs. or MM.—Messieurs, Gentlemen.

Gentlemen.

Mex.—Mexico.

Mex.—Mexico.

Mfg.—Manufacturing.

Mfg.—Manufacturing.

Mfr.—Manufacturer.

Mfr.—Manufacturer.

Mgr.—Monsignor. Manager.

Monsignor—Monsignor. Manager.

Mich.—Michigan.

Mich. — Michigan.

Mil. Acad.—Military Academy.

Military Academy.

Min.—Minute.

Min.—Min.

Minn.—See Ma.

Minn.—Check __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Miss.—Mississippi.

Ms.—Mississippi.

M.L.A.—Member of the Legislative Assembly.

M.L.A.—Member of the Legislative Assembly.

mm.—Millimetres.

mm.—Millimeters.

Mme.—Madame.

Madam.

Mo(s).—Month(s). Missouri.

Mo(s).—Month(s). MO.

Mon.—Monday. Montana.

Mon. — Monday. MT.

M.P.—Member of Parliament.

M.P.—Member of Parliament.

M.P.P.—Member of Provincial Parliament.

M.P.P.—Member of Provincial Parliament.

Mr.—Master (pronounced Mister).

Mr.—Mister.

M.R.C.P.—Member of the Royal College of Physicians.

M.R.C.P.—Member of the Royal College of Physicians.

M.R.C.S.—Member of the Royal College of Surgeons.

M.R.C.S.—Member of the Royal College of Surgeons.

Mrs.—Mistress.

Mrs.—Ms.

MS(S).—Manuscript(s).

MS(S).—Manuscripts.

Mt.—Mount; Mountain.

Mt. — Mountain

Mus. B(ach).—Bachelor of Music.

B.Mus. — Bachelor of Music.

Mus. D(oc).—Doctor of Music.

Doctor of Music.


N.—Noon. North. Number, Noun, Neuter.

N.—Noon. North. Number, Noun, Neuter.

N.A.—North America.

N.A.—North America.

N.B.—New Brunswick; (L. Nota Bene), note well, take notice.

N.B.—New Brunswick; (L. Nota Bene), pay attention, take notice.

N.C.—North Carolina.

North Carolina

N.D(ak).—North Dakota.

N.D.—North Dakota.

N.E.—New England. North-east.

N.E.—New England. Northeast.

Neb.—Nebraska.

Nebraska

Nem. con. (L. nemine contradicente)—No one contradicting; unanimously.

Nem. con. (L. nemine contradicente)—No one is disagreeing; unanimously.

Nem. Dis. (L. nemine dissentiente)—No one dissenting.

Nem. Dis. (L. nemine dissentiente)—No one disagreed.

Net., Nett.—Free from all deductions.

Net—Free from all deductions.

Neut.—Neuter.

Neut.—Neuter.

Nev.—Nevada.

Nev. — Nevada.

New Test., N.T.—New Testament.

New Test, N.T.—New Testament.

N.F., Nfd.—Newfoundland.

N.F., Nfd.—Newfoundland.

N.H.—New Hampshire.

N.H.—New Hampshire.

N.J.—New Jersey.

N.J. — New Jersey.

N. Lat.—North Latitude.

N. Lat.—North Lat.

N. M(ex).—New Mexico.

N. M(ex).—New Mexico.

N.N.E.—North North-East.

N.N.E.—North-Northeast.

No. (L. numero).—Number.

No. (L. numero).—No.

Nom.—Nominative.

Nom.—Nominative case.

Nov.—November.

Nov. — November.

N.P.—Notary Public.

Notary Public.

N.S.—Nova Scotia. New style.

Nova Scotia. New style.

N.S.W.—New South Wales.

N.S.W.—New South Wales.

N.W.M.P.—North-West Mounted Police.

N.W.M.P.—Northwest Mounted Police.

N.Y.—New York.

N.Y.—New York.


O.—Ohio.

O.—Ohio.

Ob. (L. obiit).—He (she) died.

Ob.—He (she) died.

Obt.—obedient.

Obt.—obedient.

Oct.—October.

October

O.H.M.S.—On His Majesty's Service.

O.H.M.S.—On His Majesty's Service.

O.K.—"All correct."

Okay—"All correct."

Old Test., O.T.—Old Testament.

OT—Old Testament.

O.T.Oklahoma Territory.

O.T.—Oklahoma Territory.

Ont.—Ontario.

Ont.—Ontario.

Ore.—Oregon.

Ore.—OR.

Oz.—ounce.

Oz.—ounce.


P., p., pp.—Page; pages; participle.

P., p., pp.—Page; pages; participle.

Pa.—Pennsylvania.

Pa.—Pennsylvania.

Par.—Paragraph.

Par.—Para.

Parl.—Parliament.

Parl.—Parliament.

Pay't.—Payment.

Pay.—Payment.

P.C.—Police Constable. Privy Council.

P.C.—Police Constable. Advisory Council.

Pd.—Paid.

Paid.

P.E.I.—Prince Edward Island.

P.E.I.—Prince Edward Island.

Penn.See Pa.

Penn.See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Per an. (L. Per annum).—By the year.

By the year.

Per ct. or cent.—By the hundred.

Per cent. — By the hundred.

Phar.—Pharmacy.

Pharmacy.

Ph.D.—Doctor of Philosophy.

Ph.D. — Doctor of Philosophy.

Phm. B.—Bachelor of Pharmacy.

Pharm. B. — Bachelor of Pharmacy.

Pk.—Peck.

Pk.—Peck.

Pkg(s).—Package(s).

Pkg(s).—Packages.

Pl., Plur.—Place. Plural.

Pl., Plur.—Place. Plural.

P.M. (L. Post Meridiem).—afternoon. Post Master. Past Master. Police Magistrate.

P.M. (L. Post Meridiem).—afternoon. Post Master. Past Master. Police Magistrate.

P.M.G.—Postmaster-general.

P.M.G.—Postmaster General.

P.O.—Post office.

P.O.—Postal office.

P.O.O.—Post office order.

P.O.O.—Postal order.

Pop.—Population.

Pop.—Populace.

P.P.—Parish Priest.

P.P.—Pastor.

P.P.C. (Fr. Pour prendre congé).—To take leave.

P.P.C. (Fr. Pour prendre congé).—To say goodbye.

P.Q.—Province of Quebec.

P.Q.—Quebec Province.

Pres.—President.

Pres.—President.

Prin.—Principal.

Principal.

Prof.—Professor.

Prof. — Professor.

pr(s).—Pair(s).

pr(s).—Pairs.

Pro tem. (L. Pro tempore).—For the time being.

For now.

Prox. (L. proximo).—Next, or of the next month.

Prox. (L. proximo).—Next, or of the following month.

P.S. (L. post scriptum).—Postscript.

P.S. (post scriptum)—Postscript.

Pt.—Part. Pint. Point. Port.

Part. Pint. Point. Port.

Pte.—Private.

Private.

P.T.O.—Please turn over.

P.T.O. — Please flip over.

Pub.—Publisher.

Pub.—Publisher.

Pwt.—See Dwt.

Pwt.—See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__


Q.—Query; question.

Q.—Question.

Q.E.D. (L. Quod erat demonstrandum).—Which was to be proved.

Q.E.D. (L. Quod erat demonstrandum).—Which was to be proven.

Q.E.F. (L. quod erat faciendum).—Which was to be done.

Q.E.F. (L. quod erat faciendum).—Which was to be done.

Q.M.—Quarter-master.

Quartermaster.

Q.M.G.—Quarter-master-general.

Q.M.G.—Quartermaster General.

Qr.—Quarter. Quire.

Qr.—Quarter. Quire.

Qt.—Quart.

Qt.—Quarter.

Qto.—Quarto; folded in four.

Qto.—Quarto; folded in quarters.

Qu.—See Q.

Q.—See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Que.—Quebec.

Que.—Québec.

Q.V. (L. quod vide).—Which see.

See.


R. (L. recipe)—Take.

R. (L. recipe)—Get started.

R. (L. Rex; regina).—King; Queen.

King; Queen.

R.—River. Rod. Rood.

River. Rod. Rood.

R.A.—Royal Academy or Academician. Royal Artillery. Rear Admiral.

R.A.—Royal Academy or Academician. Royal Artillery. Rear Admiral.

R.C.—Roman Catholic.

R.C.—Roman Catholic.

R.C.P.—Royal College of Physicians.

R.C.P.—Royal College of Physicians.

R.D.—Rural Dean.

R.D.—Rural Dean.

R.E.—Royal Engineers.

R.E.—Royal Engineers.

Rec'd.—Received.

Got it.

Rec. Sec.—Recording Secretary.

Rec. Sec.—Recording Secretary.

Rem.—Remarks.

Rem.—Comments.

Rev(d).—Reverend.

Rev. — Reverend.

R.G.S.—Royal Geographical Society.

R.G.S.—Royal Geographical Society.

R.I.—Rhode Island.

R.I.—Rhode Island.

R.I.P. (L. requiescat in pace).—May he (she) rest in peace.

R.I.P. (L. requiescat in pace).—May he (she) rest in peace.

R.M.—Royal Mail.

R.M.—Royal Mail.

R.N.—Royal Navy.

Royal Navy.

R.S.V.P. (Fr. Répondez s'il vous plait).—Answer, if you please.

Please reply.

Rt. Hon.—Right Honorable.

Rt. Hon.—Right Honorable.

R.W.—Right Worthy.

R.W.—Right Worthy.

R.W.G.M.—Right Worshipful Grand Master.

R.W.G.M.—Right Worshipful Grand Master.

Ry.—Railway.

Ry.—Train.


S.—Saint. South. Sunday. Sun.

S.—Saint. South. Sunday. Sun.

s.—Second or seconds. Shilling.

s.—Sec. Shilling.

S.A.—South America. South Australia. South Africa.

S.A.—South America. South Australia. South Africa.

Sask.—Saskatchewan.

Saskatchewan.

Sat.—Saturday.

Sat.—Saturday.

S.C.—South Carolina.

S.C. — South Carolina.

Sc. (L. scilicet).—To wit; namely.

To wit; namely.

Scot.—Scotland.

Scot.—Scotland.

S.D(ak).—South Dakota.

SD—South Dakota.

S.E.—South-east.

S.E.—Southeast.

Sec., Secy.—Secretary.

Sec., Secy.—Secretary.

Sen., Senr., Sr.—Senior.

Sen.—Senior.

Sept.—September.

Sept.—September.

Serg., Sergt.—Sergeant.

Sgt.—Sergeant.

S.G.—Solicitor General.

S.G.—Solicitor General.

Shak.—Shakespeare.

Shak.—Shakespeare.

S.J.—Society of Jesus.

S.J.—Jesuits.

Soc., Socy.—Society.

Soc.—Society.

Sig. (L. Sigillum).—Seal.

Seal.

S. Lat.—South latitude.

S. Lat.—South latitude.

S.M.—Short meter.

Short meter.

Sol. Gen.—See S.G.

Sol. Gen.—See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

Sov(s).—Sovereign(s).

Sov(s).—Sovereign(s).

S.P.C.A.—Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.

S.P.C.A.—Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals.

Sp. gr.—Specific gravity.

Sp. gr.—Specific gravity.

Sq., Square.—Sq. ft., in., m., yd(s) = square foot (feet), inch(es), mile(s), yard(s).

Sq., Square.—Sq. ft., in., m., yd(s) = square foot (feet), inch(es), mile(s), yard(s).

Sr.—Senior.

Sr.—Senior.

SS.—Saints.

St.—Saints.

S.S.—Sunday (Sabbath) School.

S.S.—Sunday School.

S.S.—Steamship.

S.S.—Steamship.

S.S.E.—South-south-east.

S.S.E.—South-southeast.

St.—Saint. Street. Strait.

St.—Saint. St. Street. Strait.

Ste. Sainte.—A woman saint.

Sainte.—A woman saint.

S.T.D.—Doctor of Sacred Theology.

S.T.D. — Doctor of Sacred Theology.

Ster., stg.—Sterling.

Ster., stg.—Sterling.

Str.—Steamer. Street.

Str.—Steamer. Street.

Sun.—Sunday.

Sun.—Sun.

Supt.—Superintendent.

Supt.—Superintendent.

Surg.—Surgeon.

Surg.—Surgeon.

Surv. Gen.—Surveyor General.

Surv. Gen.—Surveyor General.

s.v. (L. sub voce)—Under the word.

s.v. (L. sub voce) — See under.

S.W.—South-west.

S.W. — Southwest.

Syn.—Synonym.

Syn.—Synonym.


T., Ter.—Territory.

T., Ter.—Region.

Tel.—Telegram. Telephone.

Tel.—Text. Phone.

Tenn.—Tennessee.

Tenn. — Tennessee.

Tex.—Texas.

Tex.—Texas.

Th., Thurs.—Thursday.

Thursday.

T.O.—Turn Over.

T.O.—Turn Over.

Tp.—Township.

Tp.—Township.

Tr.—Transpose.

Tr.—Transcribe.

Treas.—Treasurer.

Treasurer.

T.T.L.—To take leave.

T.T.L.—To leave.

Tu., Tues.—Tuesday.

Tue.—Tuesday.


U.K.—United Kingdom.

U.K.—United Kingdom.

Ult. (L. ultimo)—Last, of the last month.

Ult. (L. ultimo) — Last month.

Unit.—Unitarian.

Unit.—Unitarian.

Univ.—University.

Uni—University.

U.S.A.—United States of America. United States Army.

U.S.A.—United States of America. United States Army.

U.S.N.—United States Navy.

USN—United States Navy.

V. (L. vide).—See.

See.

Vs. (L. versus).—Against.

Vs. (L. versus).—Against.

V.A.—Vice-Admiral.

V.A.—Vice Admiral.

Va.—Virginia.

Va.—Virginia.

Vb.—Verb.

Verb.

V.C.—Vice-Chancellor. Vice-Consul. Victoria Cross.

V.C.—Vice-Chancellor. Vice-Consul. Victoria Cross.

Ven.—Venerable.

Ven. — Venerable.

Vet.—Veterinary.

Vet. — Veterinary.

V.G.—Vicar-General.

V.G.—Vicar General.

v.g. (L. verbi gratia).—For example.

e.g. (L. exempli gratia).—For example.

Vice-Pres., V.P.—Vice-President.

V.P. — Vice President.

vid. (vide).—See.

vid. (vide).—Check it out.

Vis(c).—Viscount.

Viscount

viz. (L. videlicet).—To wit; namely.

as follows

Vol.—Volume.

Volume.

vs.—See V.

vs.—See __A_TAG_PLACEHOLDER_0__

V.S.—Veterinary Surgeon.

V.S.—Vet.

Vt.—Vermont.

VT.—Vermont.

Vul(g).—Vulgate (Latin version of the Bible).

Vul(g).—Vulgate (Latin version of the Bible).


W.—West.

W.—West.

W.A.—West Australia.

W.A.—Western Australia.

Wash.—Washington.

Wash.—Washington.

Wed.—Wednesday.

Wed.—Wednesday.

w.f.—Wrong font (of type).

w.f.—Wrong font type.

Wis.—Wisconsin.

Wis.—WI.

W.I.—West Indies.

W.I.—West Indies.

Whf.—Wharf.

Whf.—Dock.

W. Long.—West longitude.

W. Long.—W. longitude.

W.S.W.—West-south-west.

W.S.W.—WSW (West-south-west).

Wt.—Weight.

Wt.—Weight.

W. Va.—West Virginia.

W. Va.—West Virginia.

Wyo.—Wyoming.

Wyo.—Wyoming.


X. Xt.—Christ.

X. Xt.—Christ.

Xmas.—Christmas.

Christmas.


yd.—Yard.

Yard.

Ye.—The.

Ye. — The.

Y.M.C.A.—Young Men's Christian Association.

Y.M.C.A.—Young Men's Christian Association.

Y.W.C.A.—Young Women's Christian Association.

Y.W.C.A.—Young Women's Community Association.

Yrs.—Years. Yours.

Yrs. — Years. Yours.


Zool.—Zoology.

Zool.—Biology.

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTE

NOTE FROM THE TRANSCRIBER

Breves and macrons are accurately represented (ă ĕ ā ē etc). Letter e with a dot above is represented by ė. Letters a and u with a diaeresis underneath are shown as a̤ and ṳ (using Unicode combining diacritical), and shown as ą and ų on handheld devices. ą and ų on handheld devices.

Breves and macrons are accurately represented (ă ĕ ā ē etc). The letter e with a dot above is represented by ė. Letters a and u with a diaeresis underneath are shown as a̤ and ṳ (using Unicode combining diacritical), and displayed as ą and ų on mobile devices. ą and ų on mobile devices.

Obvious punctuation errors have been corrected after careful comparison with other occurrences within the text and consultation of external sources.

Obvious punctuation errors have been fixed after careful comparison with other instances in the text and review of external sources.

Except for those changes noted below, all misspelling in the text, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.

Except for the changes mentioned below, all misspellings in the text and any inconsistent or outdated usage have been kept.


Pg 42. '—un' replaced by 'un—'.
Pg 53. 'an add' replaced by 'and add'.
Pg 55. 'easier' is out of order, but has not been moved.
Pg 71. 'un ' replaced by 'un— '.
Pg 88. 'always, ' inserted before 'a̤l´wāysąl´wāys'.
Pg 88. 'length, ' inserted before 'leng´th'.
Pg 88. 'orphan, ' inserted before 'or´-phan'.
Pg 88. 'several, ' inserted before 'sev´ėr-al'.
Pg 144. 'brethren, ' inserted before 'breTH´-ren'.
Pg 144. 'cemetery, ' inserted before 'cem´-ē-ter-y'.
Pg 144. 'February, ' inserted before 'Feb´rṳ-a-ryFeb´rų-a-ry'.
Pg 144. 'history, ' inserted before 'his´-to-ry'.
Pg 144. 'pumpkin, ' inserted before 'pump´-kin'.
Pg 150. ' e' replaced by ' —e'.
Pg 169. 'suppliant' replaced by 'supplicant'.
Pg 181. 'carabine' replaced by 'carbine'.
Pg 213. 'innalienable' replaced by 'inalienable'.
Pg 237. 'Cincinatti' replaced by 'Cincinnati'.
Pg 240. 'Oklohama' replaced by 'Oklahoma'.
Pg 241. 'Pa.' replaced by 'See Pa.'.


Pg 42. '—un' replaced by 'un—'.
Pg 53. 'an add' replaced by 'and add'.
Pg 55. 'easier' is out of order, but has not been moved.
Pg 71. 'un ' replaced by 'un— '.
Pg 88. 'always, ' inserted before 'alwaysalways'.
Pg 88. 'length, ' inserted before 'leng´th'.
Pg 88. 'orphan, ' inserted before 'or´-phan'.
Pg 88. 'several, ' inserted before 'sev´ėr-al'.
Pg 144. 'brethren, ' inserted before 'breTH´-ren'.
Pg 144. 'cemetery, ' inserted before 'cem´-ē-ter-y'.
Pg 144. 'February, ' inserted before 'FebruaryFebruary'.
Pg 144. 'history, ' inserted before 'his´-to-ry'.
Pg 144. 'pumpkin, ' inserted before 'pump´-kin'.
Pg 150. ' e' replaced by ' —e'.
Pg 169. 'suppliant' replaced by 'supplicant'.
Pg 181. 'carabine' replaced by 'carbine'.
Pg 213. 'innalienable' replaced by 'inalienable'.
Pg 237. 'Cincinatti' replaced by 'Cincinnati'.
Pg 240. 'Oklohama' replaced by 'Oklahoma'.
Pg 241. 'Pa.' replaced by 'See Pa.'.


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