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THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 1787

We the people of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

We the people of the United States, in order to create a better Union, establish Justice, ensure peace at home, provide for the common defense, promote the general well-being, and secure the blessings of Liberty for ourselves and our future generations, do hereby ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

Article I

Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

Section 1. All legislative powers granted here will be held by a Congress of the United States, which will be made up of a Senate and a House of Representatives.

Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State legislature.

Section 2. The House of Representatives will be made up of Members elected every two years by the People of the various States, and the voters in each State must meet the qualifications needed to vote for the largest branch of the State legislature.

No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.

No one can be a Representative unless they are at least twenty-five years old, have been a citizen of the United States for seven years, and are a resident of the state they are elected to represent.

Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by law Direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.

Representatives and direct taxes will be distributed among the various states in this Union based on their population. This will be calculated by adding the total number of free people, including those indentured for a period of time, and excluding untaxed Native Americans, plus three-fifths of all other individuals. An actual count will take place within three years after the first meeting of the United States Congress, and every ten years thereafter, in a manner directed by law. The number of Representatives will not exceed one for every thirty thousand people, but each state will have at least one Representative. Until this count is completed, New Hampshire will have three Representatives, Massachusetts will have eight, Rhode Island and Providence Plantations will have one, Connecticut will have five, New York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.

When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies.

When there are openings in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority will issue Writs of Election to fill those vacancies.

The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.

The House of Representatives will choose their Speaker and other Officers, and they will have the exclusive power to impeach.

Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.

Section 3. The United States Senate will consist of two Senators from each State, selected by the state's legislature, for a term of six years; and each Senator will have one vote.

Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second Year; and if vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.

Immediately after they are assembled due to the first election, they will be divided as evenly as possible into three classes. The seats of the senators in the first class will be up for election at the end of the second year, the second class after the fourth year, and the third class after the sixth year, so that one third can be chosen every two years. If vacancies occur due to resignation or other reasons during the time the state legislature is not in session, the state's executive can make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the legislature, which will then fill those vacancies.

No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.

No one can be a Senator unless they are at least thirty years old, have been a citizen of the United States for nine years, and are a resident of the state they are elected to represent at the time of the election.

The Vice-President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.

The Vice President of the United States is the President of the Senate, but has no vote unless there is a tie.

The Senate shall choose their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice-President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.

The Senate will select their other officers and also a President pro tempore in the absence of the Vice President or when he is performing the duties of the President of the United States.

The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.

The Senate has the exclusive authority to conduct all impeachment trials. When they sit for this purpose, they must take an oath or affirmation. When the President of the United States is being tried, the Chief Justice will preside. No one can be convicted without the agreement of two-thirds of the members present.

Judgment in cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.

Judgment in impeachment cases will only result in removal from office and disqualification from holding any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United States. However, the person convicted can still be charged, tried, judged, and punished according to the law.

Section 4. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.

Section 4. The timing, locations, and methods of conducting elections for Senators and Representatives will be determined by the Legislature of each State; however, Congress can change these regulations at any time, except for the locations for choosing Senators.

The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different Day.

The Congress must meet at least once a year, and that meeting will be on the first Monday in December, unless they decide by law to choose a different day.

Section 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may provide.

Section 5. Each House will judge the elections, results, and qualifications of its members, and a majority of each will be needed for a quorum to conduct business; however, a smaller number can adjourn from day to day and can be allowed to call in absent members, in whatever way and under whatever penalties each House decides.

Each house may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behavior, and, with the Concurrence of two-thirds, expel a Member.

Each house can set its own rules for how it operates, discipline its members for inappropriate behavior, and, with the agreement of two-thirds, expel a member.

Each house shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present, be entered on the Journal.

Each house will keep a record of its proceedings and periodically publish it, except for any parts they think should remain confidential. The votes of the members of either house on any issue will be recorded in the journal if one-fifth of those present request it.

Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.

Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the approval of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any location other than where both Houses are meeting.

Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in any other Place.

Section 6. Senators and Representatives will receive payment for their services, determined by law, and funded through the Treasury of the United States. They will be exempt from arrest in all cases except for treason, felony, and breach of the peace, while attending sessions of their respective houses and while traveling to and from them; and for any speech or debate in either house, they cannot be questioned anywhere else.

No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.

No Senator or Representative can be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States during their elected term, if that office was created or its pay increased during that time; and no one holding any office under the United States can be a member of either House while they remain in office.

Section 7. All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.

Section 7. All bills to raise revenue must start in the House of Representatives; however, the Senate can suggest or agree to amendments just like it can with other bills.

Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become a Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objections to that House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that house shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be determined by Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which case it shall not be a Law.

Every bill that passes the House of Representatives and the Senate must be presented to the President of the United States before it can become law. If he approves, he will sign it; if he doesn't, he will return it with his objections to the House where it originated, which will record the objections in their journal and reconsider the bill. If, after reconsideration, two-thirds of that House agree to pass the bill, it will be sent along with the objections to the other House, which will also reconsider it. If two-thirds of that House approve it, it will become law. In all such cases, the votes of both Houses will be recorded as "yeas" and "nays," with the names of the people voting for and against the bill entered in the journal of each House. If the President does not return a bill within ten days (excluding Sundays) after it has been presented to him, it will become law just as if he had signed it, unless Congress has adjourned and prevented its return, in which case it will not become law.

Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives, according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.

Every order, resolution, or vote that requires the agreement of both the Senate and the House of Representatives (except for decisions on adjournment) must be presented to the President of the United States. For it to take effect, it must be approved by the President, or if he disapproves it, it must be repassed by two-thirds of both the Senate and the House of Representatives, following the rules and limitations set for bills.

Section 8. The Congress shall have Power to lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;

Section 8. Congress has the power to impose and collect taxes, duties, tariffs, and excises to cover debts and ensure the common defense and general welfare of the United States; however, all duties, tariffs, and excises must be uniform across the United States;

To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;

To borrow money using the credit of the United States;

To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;

To manage trade with foreign countries, between the various states, and with Native American tribes;

To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;

To create a consistent set of rules for naturalization and uniform laws regarding bankruptcies across the United States;

To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;

To create money, control its value and that of foreign currency, and set the standard for weights and measures;

To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States;

To ensure punishment for counterfeiting the securities and current currency of the United States;

To establish Post Offices and Post Roads;

To set up Post Offices and Postal Roads;

To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;

To encourage the advancement of science and practical arts by granting authors and inventors exclusive rights to their writings and inventions for a limited time;

To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;

To create courts that are lower than the supreme Court;

To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offenses against the Law of Nations;

To define and punish piracy and crimes committed on the high seas, as well as offenses against international law;

To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;

To declare war, issue Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and set rules about capturing things on land and in water;

To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer term than two Years;

To raise and support armies, but no funds allocated for that purpose shall be for more than two years;

To provide and maintain a Navy;

To create and keep a Navy;

To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;

To create rules for managing and regulating the land and naval forces;

To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;

To allow for the mobilization of the Militia to enforce the laws of the Union, put down uprisings, and defend against invasions;

To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;

To organize, equip, and train the Militia, and to manage those who may be on duty for the United States, while allowing each State to appoint its Officers and maintain the authority to train the militia according to the standards set by Congress;

To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, Dockyards, and other needful Buildings;—And

To have exclusive authority to create laws in all situations concerning a specific area (not more than ten miles square) that can be designated as the Seat of the Government of the United States by the agreement of certain states and the acceptance of Congress, and to have similar power over all locations acquired with the approval of the legislature of the state in which they are located, for building forts, storage facilities, armories, shipyards, and other necessary structures;—And

To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.

To create all the laws that are necessary and appropriate for executing the powers mentioned above, and all other powers granted to the Government of the United States by this Constitution, or to any Department or Officer of it.

Section 9. The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a Tax or Duty may be imposed on such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.

Section 9. The migration or importation of people that any of the current states think is appropriate to allow cannot be banned by Congress until the year 1808. However, a tax or duty may be charged on such importation, up to a maximum of ten dollars per person.

The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may require it.

The right to the writ of habeas corpus may not be suspended, except in cases of rebellion or invasion where public safety requires it.

No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.

No Bill of Attainder or retroactive law shall be enacted.

No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken.

No capitation or other direct tax shall be imposed unless it's in proportion to the census or enumeration mentioned earlier.

No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.

No tax or duty will be imposed on articles exported from any state.

No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.

No regulation related to commerce or revenue shall favor the ports of one state over those of another, nor will vessels traveling to or from one state be required to enter, clear, or pay duties in another state.

No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from time to time.

No money shall be taken from the Treasury except as a result of appropriations made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published periodically.

No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.

No titles of nobility will be given by the United States; and no person holding any position of profit or trust under them may, without the approval of Congress, accept any gift, payment, job, or title of any kind from any king, prince, or foreign government.

Section 10. No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.

Section 10. No State can enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; issue Letters of Marque and Reprisal; mint Money; create Bills of Credit; make anything other than gold and silver Coin a valid payment for debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law that damages the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of Nobility.

No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the Congress.

No state may, without the consent of Congress, impose any taxes or duties on imports or exports, except what is absolutely necessary to enforce its inspection laws. The net revenue from all taxes and duties imposed by any state on imports or exports shall go to the U.S. Treasury, and all such laws are subject to review and control by Congress.

No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as will not admit of delay.

No state can, without Congress's approval, impose any tonnage fees, maintain troops or warships during peacetime, enter into any agreements or compacts with another state or foreign power, or go to war unless actually invaded or in such imminent danger that there's no time to wait.

ARTICLE II

Section 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President chosen for the same Term, be elected, as follows:

Section 1. The executive power will be held by a President of the United States of America. He will serve in his role for a term of four years, and, along with the Vice President elected for the same term, will be chosen as follows:

Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.

Each State will designate, in a way directed by its Legislature, a number of Electors equal to the total number of Senators and Representatives that the State is entitled to in Congress. However, no Senator or Representative, or anyone holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be appointed as an Elector.

The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an equal Number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from each State having one Vote; a Quorum for this Purpose shall consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.

The Electors will meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for two people, with at least one of them not being a resident of the same state as them. They will create a list of all the people voted for and the number of votes each received; this list will be signed, certified, and sent sealed to the seat of government of the United States, addressed to the President of the Senate. The President of the Senate will, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and then the votes will be counted. The person with the most votes will be the President, provided that number is a majority of all the Electors appointed. If more than one person has that majority and an equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives will immediately choose one of them for President by ballot. If no person has a majority, then the House will choose the President from the five with the highest votes in the same manner. When electing the President, the votes will be taken by states, with each state's representation having one vote; a quorum for this purpose will consist of members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all states is necessary for a choice. In every case, after the President is chosen, the person with the most votes among the Electors will be the Vice President. However, if there are two or more with equal votes, the Senate will choose the Vice President from them by ballot.

The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the United States.

The Congress can decide when to choose the Electors and the day they will cast their votes; that day will be the same across the United States.

No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.

No one except a natural born citizen or a citizen of the United States at the time this Constitution was adopted can be eligible for the office of President; nor can anyone who has not reached the age of thirty-five years and has been a resident of the United States for at least fourteen years be eligible for that office.

In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed, or a President shall be elected.

In the event that the President is removed from office, dies, resigns, or is unable to perform the duties of the office, the Vice President will take over those responsibilities. Congress can create a law that outlines what happens if both the President and Vice President are removed, die, resign, or are unable to serve, specifying which official will act as President until the situation is resolved or a new President is elected.

The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be encreased nor diminished during the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United States, or any of them.

The President will receive a salary at specified times for his services, which cannot be increased or decreased during his elected term, and he will not receive any other compensation from the United States or any of its entities during that time.

Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:—"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States."

Before he begins his duties, he shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:—"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United States."

Section 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States, when called into the actual Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United States, except in Cases of impeachment.

Section 2. The President is the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States and the Militia of the various States when they are called into actual service. He can ask for written opinions from the heads of each executive department on any topic related to their duties, and he has the power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.

He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.

He has the power, with the advice and approval of the Senate, to make treaties, as long as two-thirds of the Senators present agree; he can nominate and, with the Senate’s advice and consent, appoint ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointments are not otherwise provided for, and that are established by law. However, Congress can, by law, give the President alone, the courts, or the heads of departments the authority to appoint such lower-level officers as they see fit.

The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next session.

The President has the power to fill any vacancies that occur during the Senate's recess by issuing commissions that will expire at the end of their next session.

Section 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress Information of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States.

Section 3. He will periodically inform Congress about the State of the Union and recommend any measures he considers necessary and beneficial; he can, in special circumstances, call both Houses or either one of them to meet, and if there's a disagreement about when to adjourn, he can set the adjournment time as he sees fit; he will receive ambassadors and other public officials; he will ensure that the laws are faithfully executed and will commission all the officers of the United States.

Section 4. The President, Vice President and all civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.

Section 4. The President, Vice President, and all civil Officers of the United States can be removed from office through impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other serious crimes and misdemeanors.

ARTICLE III

Section 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good behavior, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during their Continuance in Office.

Section 1. The judicial power of the United States is vested in one supreme Court and in any lower Courts that Congress may establish over time. The Judges of both the supreme and lower Courts will hold their positions as long as they behave properly, and they will receive a salary at regular intervals, which cannot be reduced while they are in office.

Section 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Authority;—to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls;—to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;—to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party;—to Controversies between two or more States;—between a State and Citizens of another State;—between Citizens of different States; —between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.

Section 2. The judicial power will cover all cases in law and equity that arise under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made or to be made under their authority;—to all cases involving ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls;—to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction;—to controversies involving the United States as a party;—to controversies between two or more states;—between a state and citizens of another state;—between citizens of different states;—between citizens of the same state claiming lands under grants from different states; and between a state, or its citizens, and foreign states, citizens, or subjects.

In all cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.

In all cases involving Ambassadors, other public Ministers, and Consuls, as well as those where a State is a party, the Supreme Court will have original jurisdiction. In all other cases mentioned earlier, the Supreme Court will have appellate jurisdiction, both regarding law and fact, with exceptions and regulations that Congress will establish.

The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may by Law have directed.

The trial for all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, will be by jury; and this trial will take place in the state where the crime was committed. If the crime wasn’t committed in any state, the trial will happen at a location or locations as directed by Congress through law.

Section 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.

Section 3. Treason against the United States consists solely of waging war against them or supporting their enemies by providing them assistance and comfort. No one can be convicted of treason unless there is testimony from two witnesses to the same overt act, or a confession made in open court.

The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.

The Congress has the authority to declare the punishment for Treason, but no Attainder of Treason will cause Corruption of Blood or Forfeiture, except during the lifetime of the person affected.

ARTICLE IV

Section 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records, and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect thereof.

Section 1. Each State shall fully recognize the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other State. Congress may establish by general Laws the way in which these Acts, Records, and Proceedings should be proven, along with their effects.

Section 2. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.

Section 2. The citizens of each state are entitled to all privileges and protections of citizens in the various states.

A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State, shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.

A person charged in any state with treason, felony, or other crime, who flees from justice and is found in another state, shall be handed over, upon the request of the executive authority of the state from which they fled, to be returned to the state that has jurisdiction over the crime.

No person held to Service or Labor in one State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labor, But shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or Labor may be due.

No one who is required to serve or work in one state and escapes to another shall be freed from that service or work because of any law or regulation in the new state. Instead, they must be returned upon request by the person to whom that service or work is owed.

Section 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new States shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.

Section 3. New States may be admitted by Congress into this Union; however, no new States can be created within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor can any State be formed by the joining of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the legislatures of the States involved as well as Congress.

The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any particular State.

The Congress has the authority to manage and create all necessary rules and regulations regarding the territory or any property owned by the United States; and nothing in this Constitution should be interpreted in a way that harms any claims of the United States or any specific State.

Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against domestic Violence.

Section 4. The United States will ensure that every State in this Union has a Republican Form of Government and will protect each of them from invasion; and at the request of the Legislature, or the Executive (when the Legislature cannot meet), against domestic violence.

ARTICLE V

The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the ninth Section of the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of it's equal Suffrage in the Senate.

The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses see fit, will propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, if two-thirds of the state Legislatures request it, will call a Convention to propose Amendments. These Amendments, in either case, will be valid for all purposes as part of this Constitution once ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the states, or by Conventions in three-fourths of the states, depending on how Congress suggests ratification. However, no Amendment made before the year 1808 will affect the first and fourth Clauses in the ninth Section of the first Article; and no state will be deprived of its equal representation in the Senate without its consent.

ARTICLE VI

All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.

All debts incurred and commitments made before the adoption of this Constitution will be just as valid against the United States under this Constitution as they were under the Confederation.

This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.

This Constitution, along with the laws of the United States that are made in accordance with it, and all treaties made, or which will be made, under the authority of the United States, will be the highest law of the land. Judges in every state will be required to follow it, regardless of anything in the constitution or laws of any state that says otherwise.

The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office or public Trust under the United States.

The Senators and Representatives mentioned earlier, along with the Members of the various State Legislatures and all executive and judicial Officers of both the United States and the individual States, must take an Oath or Affirmation to support this Constitution. However, no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification for any Office or public Trust under the United States.

ARTICLE VII

The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.

The approval of the conventions from nine states will be enough to establish this Constitution among the states that ratify it.

Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty seven and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth. In Witness whereof We have hereunto subscribed our Names,

Done in convention with the unanimous agreement of the states present on September 17, 1787, in the year of our Lord, and the twelfth year of the United States' independence. In witness whereof, we have hereunto subscribed our names,

Go. WASHINGTON—
Presid. and deputy from Virginia

Go. WASHINGTON—
President and deputy from Virginia

New Hampshire

John Langdon
Nicholas Gilman

Massachusetts

Nathaniel Gorham
Rufus King

Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King

Connecticut

Wm. Saml. Johnson
Roger Sherman

Wm. Samuel Johnson
Roger Sherman

New York

NYC

Alexander Hamilton

Hamilton

New Jersey

Wil: Livingston
David Brearley
Wm. Paterson
Jona: Dayton

Pennsylvania

B Franklin
Thomas Mifflin
Robt Morris
Geo. Clymer
Thos FitzSimons
Jared Ingersoll
James Wilson
Gouv Morris

Delaware

Geo: Read
Gunning Bedford jun
John Dickinson
Richard Bassett
Jaco: Broom

Geo: Read
Gunning Bedford Jr.
John Dickinson
Richard Bassett
Jaco: Broom

Maryland

James Mchenry
Dan of St Thos. Jenifer
Danl Carroll

James McHenry
Dan of St. Thomas Jenifer
Daniel Carroll

Virginia

John Blair—
James Madison Jr.

North Carolina

Wm. Blount
Rich'd Dobbs Spaight
Hu Williamson

South Carolina

J. Rutledge
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
Charles Pinckney
Pierce Butler

Georgia

William Few
Abr Baldwin

Attest:
William Jackson, Secretary

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